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U. S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS ROYAL MEEKER, Commissioner /WHOLE BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES \ BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS/ * * ’ \NUMBER WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR SER IES: No. WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR IN THE BUILDING AND REPAIRING OF STEAM RAILROAD CARS: 1907 TO 1913 163 15 CONTENTS. Building and repairing of steam railroad cars: Summary............................................................................................................. Change of base................................................................................................... Change in method of computing the industry relatives................................ Explanation of scope and method.................................................................... Change of base year............................................................................................ Method of computing relative numbers......................................................... Change in method of computing relative numbers for the industry........... T a b l e I.—Average and classified rates of wages per hour in the United States, by years, 1907 to 1913.................................................... T a b l e II.—Average and classified rates of wages per hour in each year, by States, 1912 and 1913................................................................ T a b l e III.—Average and classified full-time hours of work per week in the United States, by years, 1907 to 1913............................. T a b l e IV.—Average and classified full-time hours of work per week in each year, by States, 1912 and 1913....................................... T a b l e V.—Average full-time hours of work per week and average full-time weekly earnings, by States, 1912 and 1913............................. Appendix.—Relative full-time hours per week and rates of wages per hour in the principal occupations in car building and repairing, 1890 to 1912....................................... .................................. . 3 Page. 5-15 12,13 13-15 15 19, 20 2 0 -22 22-25 26-31 32-39 40-44 45-52 53-56 57-59 BULLETIN OF THE U. S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS. WHOL E NO. 163. W A S H IN G T O N . OCTOBER 28, 1914 WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR IN THE BUILDING AND REPAIRING OF STEAM RAILROAD CARS: 1907 TO 1913. SUMMARY. This report, based on information obtained from representative establishments, shows the full-time weekly earnings, the full-time hours of labor per week and the rates of wages (or earnings) per hour, in the principal occupations in the building and repairing of steam railroad cars in the United States. Figures relating to full-time hours of labor per week and rates of wages (or earnings) per hour are presented for the years 1907 to 1913, inclusive. Average full-time weekly earnings are also presented for the years 1910 to 1913, inclusive. Earlier reports of this Bureau present wages and hours of labor in the industry from 1890 to 1912, inclusive.1 Briefly summarized the average full-time weekly earnings of em ployees engaged in building and repairing steam railroad cars in 1913 were 5.5 per cent higher than such earnings in 1912, 6 per cent higher than in 1911, and 8.9 per cent higher than in 1910. Thefull-time hours of labor per week in this industry in 1913 were 0.7 per cent lower than in 1912, 0.4 per cent lower than in 1911, and 1.1 per cent lower than in 1910. Rates of wages or earnings per hour in 1913 were 6.3 per cent higher than in 1912, 6.4 per cent higher than in 1911, and 9.9 per cent higher than in 1910. The most significant facts concerning the occupations covered by this report are summarized in the table following. The data for the years 1907 to 1911 were secured in 1911. Owing to the difficulty of finding establishments having records extending back for a period of years and also owing to the amount of work involved, data for 1907 to 1909 were secured from a smaller number of establishments, some of them, perhaps, less representative than those which have furnished data for the later years. According to the plan of the 1 Previous reports on wages and hours of labor in the building and repairing of steam railroad have been published by the Bureau, as follows: Nineteenth Annual Report, covering 1890 to 1903; Bulletin No. 59 (July, 1905), covering 1903 and 1904; Bulletin No. 65 (July, 1906), covering 1904 and 1905; Bulletin No. 71 (July, 1907), covering 1905 and 1906; Bulletin No. 77 (July 1908), covering 1906 and 1907; arid Bulletin No. 137 (December, 1913), covering 1907 to 1912, inclusive. 6 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS. table, direct comparisons can be made properly between the data for two or more successive years only when the data are from identical establishments. The figures for identical establishments for succes sive years are grouped. The data are for one pay-roll period in each year, the period ending nearest May 15th being selected, except in a very few establishments in which conditions in May were abnormal. The figures for rates of wages per hour and hours of labor per week for the years 1907 to the first presentation for 1912 are reproduced from Bulletin No. 137. The average full-time weekly earnings for 1910 to 1912 have been computed for this Bulletin from the data gathered for those years. The average full-time weekly earnings have not been computed for the period 1907 to 1910. It will be observed that the average full-time weekly earnings are not exactly the same as the product of the average rate of wages per hour and the average full-time hours per week. This difference is explained and illustrated on page 18. In 1913 the average full-time weekly earnings of employees en gaged in building and repairing steam railroad cars, represented by 13 occupations, varied from $10.58 for laborers to $19.50 for uphol sterers. The average full-time hours of labor per week in 1913 varied from 54.5 to 57.2 hours in the several occupations, the average for all occupations being 56 hours. Only a very few females were found employed in this industry and in only one occupation; the number being so insignificant, data relative to them have been omitted from this report. The table follows: AVERAG E AND CLASSIFIED FULL-TIME HOURS OF W O R K PER W E E K , AND R ATES OF W AGES PE R HOUR, AND A VERAG E FULL-TIME W E E K L Y EARNINGS IN EACH OF THE PRINCIPAL OCCUPATIONS IN CAR BUILDING AND R E PA IR IN G , 1907 TO 1913. [The figures set opposite each group of years are for identical establishments.] Per cent of employ ees whose full time hours per week were— Num Aver age ber full Occupation, and num Year. of time Over em ber of establishments. 54 ploy hours 60 per Un ees. week. der 54 and and un over. 54 der 60 Aver age rate of wages per hour. Per cent of employees earning each classified rate of wages per hour. Aver age full time 20 25 30 week Un and and and 40 ly der un un un Cts. earn 20 der der der and ings. 30 cts. 25 40 over. cts. cts. cts. Cabinetmakers: 16 establishments. 1907 1908 1909 1910 686 520 573 658 34 establishments. 1910 1911 1,169 1,155 54.9 14.9 38.8 33.0 13.3 55.0 15.5 36.8 35.1 12.6 .3227 .3254 .5 ' 7.8 30.4 53.9 7.5 $17.68 .2 4.2 32.4 53.0 10.2 17.85 34 establishments. 1911 1912 1,161 1,183 55.0 14.9 37.3 35.4 12.5 54.9 12.3 48.9 26.8 11.9 .3247 .3354 .2 .6 4.0 33.2 52.4 10.2 17.82 .9 27.0 58.7 12.8 18.37 36 establishments. 1912 1913 1,190 1,473 54.9 12.8 48.7 26.6 11.9 54.6 15.2 54.5 20.2 10.1 .3353 .3487 .6 .3 1.0 26.9 58.7 12.8 18.36 1.1 17.4 62.7 18.3 19.03 54.7 8.7 60.6 22.0 54.6 11.7 68.1 11.0 54.6 12.6 60.6 18.5 54.6 11.1 60.6 20.1 8.6 $0.3345 9.2 .3207 8.4 .3149 8.2 .3423 'Not computed. 0.4 .2 .2 5.4 4.4 5.4 1.8 23.2 31.3 33.3 24.9 61.8 9.1 0 ) 62.5 1.5 57.6 3.5 62.8 10.6 0 ) 8 WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1907 TO 1913---- CAR BUILDIXG. 7 AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED FULL-TIME IIOURS OF W O R K PER W E E K , AND RATES OF W AGES PE R HOU R, AND AVERAGE FULL-TIME W E E K L Y EARNINGS IN EACH OF THE PRINCIPAL OCCUPATIONS IN CAR BUILDING AND RE PA IR IN G, 1907 TO 1913—Continued. Per cent of employ Per cent of employees ees whose full earning each classified time hours per rate of wages per hour. Aver week were— Num age Aver ber full age rate of Occupation, and num Year. of time Over em hours 20 25 30 ber of establishments. 54 per Un and and and 40 ploy per Un 60 ees. week. der 54 and and hour. der un un un cts. un 20 der der der and 54 der over. cts. 25 30 40 over, 60 cts. cts. cts. Carpenters and car builders, wood: 20 establishments. Avertime week ly earn ings. 1907 1908 1909 1910 4,139 2,594 3,323 3,649 55. 6.2 55.5 18.8 55.5 12.6 49.7 21.4 55.8 8.3 46.7 23.8 55.6 7.8 51.1 22.1 55 establishments. 1910 1911 8,156 7,801 56.3 8.4 33.8 29.3 28.4 56.0 10.5 2' 25.0 .2955 .2945 8.0 23.5 22.4 33.6 12.6 $16.56 4.4 24.6 25. 36.5 8.9 16.42 63 establishments. 1911 1912 7,979 7,543 56.1 10.3 39.5 23.2 27.0 56.4 10.5 35.8 18. 34.8 .2917 .2851 3.9 24.8 28. 35.2 8.0 25.1 28.1 31.3 56.7 8.7 32. 18.9 39.8 56.2 16.1 30.0 24. 29.1 .2854 .3065 8.3 24.5 28.0 31.6 7.4 16.10 2.7 21.5 27. 34.7 13.3 17.11 65 establishments. 1912 1913 Car repairers: 16 establishments. 1907 1908 1909 1910 2,332 56.7 56.5 1/ 2, 111 55.6 55.7 2,; 11.4 15.7 16.2 15.0 19.0 22.3 33.8 31.9 39.3 35. 33.3 36.7 19.5 SO. 3027 16.4 .2942 21.1 .2820 19.0 .3182 3.2 1.1 3.1 1.5 21.8 22.5 27.9 19.1 30.1 28.8 31.1 25.0 31.2 13.7 C1) 43.2 4.3 (*) 34.1 3.7 (l) 35.7 18.8 (1) 7.6 16.29 7.6 15.98 30.3 26.1 16.7 16.4 .2467 16.0 43.9 20.1 18.4 .2442 17.4 46.9 17.2 17.6 .2411 11.2 49.8 26.7 10.7 .2575 8.0 46.1 21.6 22.9 1.6 1.0 1.5 1.3 0) 0) 0) C1) 48 establishments. 1910 1911 6,877 6,592 55.9 12.7 39.4 19.7 28.3 55.5 15.0 43.8 16.4 24.7 .2436 21. 43.8 15.2 16.4 .2510 18.2 43.6 16.9 17.9 2.7 13.58 3.5 13.90 58 establishments. 1911 1912 7,539 9,334 55.9 13.0 17.3 29.9 56. 8.7 40. ( 18.3 32.0 .2578 15.1 43.2 16.5 20.7 .2589 13.3 38.0 25.7 19.2 4.5 14.39 3.9 14.59 59 establishments. 1912 9,395 1913 10,221 Fitters: 9 establishments.. 1910 1,739 1911 1,478 56.5 8. ’ 40.6 18.8 31.9 56.0 12. ( 40.2 19.0 28.2 .2589 13.4 37.9 25.6 19.2 .2716 7.1 39.4 26.3 19.2 3.9 14.60 7.8 15.15 57.4 55.3 3.2 24.6 48.2 24.0 9.1 42.8 37.1 11.1 .2441 42. 18.2 16.3 14.8 8.0 13.84 .2730 27.8 17.1 15. ‘ 29.0 10.7 15.00 11 establishments. 1911 1912 1,761 1,700 56.0 56.6 7.7 35.9 33.6 22.8 3.8 30. 38.7 26.9 .2606 35.5 16.0 13.9 25.3 .2501 37.2 19.6 16.5 18.0 12 establishments. 1912 1913 Machine woodworkers: 20 establishments. 1907 1908 1909 1910 1,782 2,305 56.8 56.6 3.6 29.2 37.0 30.2 4. 35.9 31.7 27.9 .2503 35. 20.5 17.7 17.7 8.3 14.08 .2853 18.6 27.3 13.8 22.3 18.1 15.99 58 establishments. 1910 1911 1,512 1,331 55.9 9.7 35.4 34.3 20.6 56.0 10.6 32.3 33. 23.5 .2667 13.2 27.1 27. 29.7 .2731 12.9 22.1 29.9 33.1 2.2 14.80 2.2 15.22 68 establishments. 1911 1912 1,443 i ,r ~ 32.3 30.9 26.9 56.2 56.1 11.1 31.6 29.5 27.8 .2703 13.3 22.5 31.6 30.6 .2790 9.0 21.8 31.8 35.2 2.0 15.11 2.3 15.56 70 establishments. 1912 1913 Machinists: 12 establishments. 1907 1908 1909 1910 1,319 1,507 56.5 11.0 30.4 25. 33.0 55.8 13.2 38.4 23.5 24.9 .2771 10.1 22.8 30.6 34.3 .2928 3.5 22.7 30.0 39.3 2.2 15.54 4.5 16.26 584 473 488 602 308 259 304 342 38 establishments. 1910 1911 55.6 9.2 50.7 17.5 54.9 13.3 58.1 15.9 55.4 11.3 49.6 21.8 55.0 9.0 64.3 14.7 22.6 12.7 17.4 12.1 .2829 .2879 19.2 36.4 19.7 3.1 18.1 3.6 22.5 3.2 .3008 .3150 .3065 .3249 55.3 18.4 39.4 30.3 11.9 54.4 23.3 42.3 25.9 8.5 .3072 .3158 56.0 54.2 54.3 54.3 13.6 16.6 14.5 12.3 30.8 60.6 63.8 62.0 4.8 3.8 4.0 2.7 21.1 17.3 21.3 23.8 16.6 10.4 11.5 5. 33.6 32. 28.7 29.2 38.0 34.7 34.9 33.6 38.7 45.7 43.9 41.2 9.4 14.45 8.7 14.03 1.9 .6 2.0 3.2 39.3 6.2 40.5 14.3 45.7 7.9 45.0 15.5 7.7 43.6 40.9 6.5 42.9 41.4 0) 0) (l) C1) C1) C1) 0) C1) 7.6 16.92 8.9 17.15 .2 14.5 29.6 44.2 11.6 17.75 34 establishments. 1911 1912 588 555 56.7 56.6 9.2 22.6 38.0 30.3 9.2 27.0 33.0 30.8 .3145 .3142 3.9 14.8 28.8 38.4 14.1 17.67 35 establishments. 1912 1913 562 56.6 9.1 26.7 32.5 31.7 56.2 10.6 30.3 43.8 15.4 .3139 . 3187 3.9 14.8 28.6 38.8 13.9 17.66 3.0 9.2 30. l U 2 .4 15.3 17.81 710 1 Not computed. 8 BU LLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS. AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED FULL-TIME HOURS OF W O R K PER W E E K , AND RATES OF WAGES PER H OU R, AND AVERAGE FULL-TIME W E E K L Y EARNINGS IN EACH OF THE PRINCIPAL OCCUPATIONS IN CAR BUILDING AND R E PA IR IN G , 1907 TO 1913—Continued. i Per cent of employ ees whose full time hours per week were— Num Aver age ber 1 full Occupation, and num Year. of Over em time ber of establishments. 54 ploy hours 60 per Un ees. week. der 54 and and un 54 over. der 60 Aver age rateof wages per hour. Per cent of employees earning each classified rate of wages per hour. Aver age full time 20 25 30 week Un and and and 40 iy der un un un cts. earn 20 der der der and ings. 40 over. cts. 25 30 cts. cts. cts. Painters: 19 establishments. 1907 1908 1909 1910 1,146 874 1,098 1,348 55.2 54.8 56.0 54.8 60 establishments. 1910 1911 2,664 2,911 55.5 14.5 39.2 26.7 19.6 55.4 13.5 43.6 25.8 17.1 .2959 10.5 20.4 23.7 31.3 14.2 $16.34 .3037 8.1 20.3 22.3 33.9 15.5 16.76 69 establishments. 1911 1912 3,102 2,846 55.7 12.4 41.4 24.8 21.5 55.5 12.1 44.9 20.6 22.5 .3029 .3092 7.8 21.2 22.4 33.7 14.9 16.79 5.5 20.9 22.9 34.3 16.4 17.09 72 establishments. 1912 1913 Pipe fitters: 18 establishments. 1907 1908 1909 1910 2,996 3,205 55.8 11.5 42.7 19.6 26.3 55.5 16.0 41.6 20.4 22.0 .3040 .3221 8.1 21.4 22.3 32.6 15.6 16.85 2.9 19.6 19.1 38.4 19.8 17.77 266 222 258 303 55.0 54.7 54.9 54.8 19.5 13.2 16.7 7.7 18.2 11.6 15.2 11.6 .3039 .3024 .2942 .3283 1.6 11.7 44. 7 30.8 11.3 1.4 11.7 38.7 45.9 2.3 1.2 12.8 44.6 38.4 3.1 1.6 7.3 37.0 28.4 25.8 48 establishments. 1910 1911 593 651 55.2 16.2 40.8 30.1 12.8 54.9 14.3 46.9 28.1 10.8 .3052 .3177 3.0 13.8 36.8 32.0 14.3 16.73 1.2 14.1 30.6 35.6 18.4 17.40 50 establishments. 1911 1912 678 515 55.7 10.0 42.5 26.1 21.4 55.2 12.2 49.3 25.7 12.8 .3210 .3244 1.7 11.7 28.3 40.3 18.0 17.95 5.0 7.2 25.0 43.9 18.9 17.85 52 establishments. 1912 1913 Riveters and buckers: 14 establishments.. 1910 1911 541 576 55.6 11.6 44.7 24.7 18.9 55.1 16.3 45.3 23.9 14.4 .3190 .3382 5.6 1.4 1,524 802 56.0 4.0 16.1 71.3 8.6 55.3 21.9 29.2 35.4 13.5 .3127 19.3 16.4 16.3 28.3 19.7 $17.51 .2812 16.5 30.5 16.7 24.4 11.8 15.50 16 establishments.. 1911 1912 1,160 1,220 56.7 15.6 20.5 24.5 39.4 56.8 4.3 19.7 48.6 27.5 .2734 19.2 27.8 19.8 24.7 8.5 15.44 .3056 11.9 22.4 17.9 29.4 18.4 17.27 17 establishments.. 1912 1913 Tinners: 15 establishments.. 1907 1908 1909 1910 1,407 1,655 57.2 57.2 3.3 17.8 42.2 36.8 4.4 18.1 43.9 33.5 .2943 16.5 23.3 17.9 26.4 15.8 16.73 .3414 6.3 16.7 21.3 26.3 29.5 19.41 228 178 280 456 54.5 54.4 54.5 54.2 5.7 3.9 5.0 .7 .3422 .3350 .3228 .3724 .4 1.2 .8 .4 48 establishments.. 1910 1911 745 745 54.8 13.2 50.3 26.7 9.8 54.9 13.3 47.1 27.8 11.8 .3424 .3439 .3 .6 7.1 23.8 41.3 27.5 18.70 6.2 20.1 47.9 25.0 18.80 54 establishments.. 1911 1912 785 632 55.2 12.6 44.6 26.2 16.6 54.7 15.3 46.2 28.0 10.4 .3424 .3403 .7 5.4 5.7 21.4 48.2 23.9 18.82 3.5 19.1 46.7 25.3 18.59 56 establishments.. 1912 1913 Truck builders: 14 establishments.. 1907 1908 1909 1910 635 679 54.9 15.3 45.0 28.2 11.5 54.5 19.6 45.7 28.0 6.8 .3394 .3546 5.4 1.2 4.3 19.2 46.0 25.2 18.53 4.4 15.3 47.4 31.5 19.28 421 276 327 393 55.5 55.2 55.3 55.2 44 establishments.. 1910 1911 1,011 907 16.8 22.4 18.4 14.0 10.2 12.2 12.4 11.2 15.8 20.2 15.4 10.1 44.6 48.1 44.5 60.0 57.1 63.5 57.8 62.0 51.3 51.1 55.7 69.5 21.8 16.2 22.7 15.7 27.2 24.7 23.9 19.7 6.8 3.7 8.1 3.8 22.4 21.4 19.7 17.7 21.8 22.9 22.2 20.5 32.9 16.1 45.0 7.1 43.7 6.3 39.9 18.2 (l) C1) (l) (l) (i) (l) (l) C1) 9.8 26.1 40.7 18.0 17.65 5.0 25.0 44.8 23.8 18.56 4.4 4.5 7.9 2.0 24.6 24.2 22.1 11.6 43.4 27.2 57.3 12.9 65.4 3.9 44.5 41.5 0) 0) (*) 0) 22.8 18.5 16.2 13.0 .2477 19.5 40.4 20.4 17.6 .2493 6.8 51.1 24.6 16.3 .2442 9.4 51.1 22.3 16.5 .2568 4.1 48.3 26.2 20.4 2.2 1.2 .6 1.0 56.1 16.8 34.7 26.7 21.7 55.0 18.5 43.0 20.8 17.6 .2449 23.5 36.5 21.1 17.6 .2538 13.9 38.7 26.4 19.6 1.3 13.57 1.4 13.86 44 establishments.. 1911 1912 943 55.4 17.6 37.9 21.3 23.2 891: 55.7 14.0 33.9 27.7 24.4 .2534 13.6 40.4 25.8 18.8 .2645 11.2 39.5 22.1 23.5 1.5 13.93 3.7 14.64 41 establishments.. 1912 1913 923; 56.2 13.5 31.0 2G. 3 29.1 961: 55.6 14.6i 35.2 27.9 22.4 .2607 13.6 40.4 20.8 21.6 .2768 3.9 36.7 30.7 21.6 3.6 14.55 6.8 15.31 21.9 28.6 18.3 10.9 39.9 35.9 43.1 51.9 15.4 17.0 22.3 24.2 16.8 $0.3066 13.4 .2912 14.3 .2967 10.3 .3174 1 Not computed. ( l) 0) i l> 0) WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1907 TO 1913— CAR BUILDING. 9 AVERAG E AND CLASSIFIED FULL-TIME HOURS OF W O R K PER W EE K , AND RATES OF WAGES PER H OU R, AND AVERAG E FULL-TIME W E E K L Y EARNINGS IN EACH OF THE PRINCIPAL OCCUPATIONS IN CAR BUILDING AND RE PA IR IN G , 1907 TO 1913—Concluded. Per cent of employ ees whose full time hours per Aver week were— Num age Aver ber age Occupation, and num Year. rate of of time em hours Over ber of establishments. wages 54 per ploy per Un 60 hour. ees. week. der 54 and and un over. 54 der 60 Per cent of employees earning each classified rate of wages per hour. Aver age full time 30 20 25 Un and and and 40 week ly der un un un cts. 20 der der der and earn. ings. 40 over. cts. 25 30 cts. cts. cts. i i i 27.3| 58.9 6.1 29.11 63.1 1.1 30.61 64.3 20. 8! 60.2 *ii*5 Upholsterers: 18 establishments.. 1907 1908 1909 1910 231 179 196 269 54.6 54.4 54.6 54.5 42 establishments.. 1910 1911 477 500 55.1 14.0 45.3 25.6 15.1 54.9 13.8 52.2 20.0 14.0 .3232 .3449 46 establishments.. 1911 1912 506 473 54.9 17.6 48.6 19.7 14.0 54.9 13.3 52.4 19.5 14.8 .3440 .3514 : : : : : 2.2 25.9 44.9 27.1 18.82 1.5 22.2 45.2 31.1 19.23 46 establishments.. 1912 1913 474 511 54.9 13.3 52.7 19.2 14.8 54.8 16.0 51.3 20.2 12.5 .3513 .3573 " " .2 1.5 22.2 45.4 31.0 19.23 2.0 17.8 46.6 33.5 .19.50 13.4 19.0 16.8 13.4 61.9 61.5 58,2 68.4 8.2 $0.3276 0.4 7.8 .3170 7.7 .3169 ’ **.*5 6.7 .3433 .4 16.5 11.8 17.3 11.5 7.4 6.7 4.6 4.1 .8 11.1 24.7 i 52.2 11.1 $17.74 2.4 25.8 44.4 27.4 1 18.87 14 16 Un and and der un un 14 der der cts. 16 18 cts. cts. Laborers: 20 establishments.. 1907 1908 1909 1910 4,671 1,907 2,963 3,823 56.0 7.2 42.0 22.1 56.0 15.4 32.6 23.0 55.8 14.2 38.9 23.3 55.2 9.6 45.4 28.7 0) 0) 0) 0) 18 and 25 un cts. der and 25 over. cts. 28.7 29.0 23.5 16.4 .1813 .1873 .1823 .1986 5.3 7.7 5.9 1.8 60 establishments.. 1910 10,114 1911 7,695 56.1 9.6 26.3 43.7 20.5 56.0 12.8 29.6 35.5 22.1 .1751 .1760 7.4 38.0 26.8 19.3 7.8 36.3 27.8 18.7 68 establishments.. 1911 1912 8,001 8,208 56.2 12.3 27.5 33.1 27.2 56.3 7.9 29.6 36.7 25.8 .1731 10.7 38.3 24.7 17.7 8.6 9.69 .1786 9.7 29.1 34.2 16.4 10.6 10.02 72 establishments.. 1912 1913 8,546 9,818 56.4 7.6 28.7 35.5 28.2 56.1 11.9 26.3 37.4 24.4 .1784 .1892 21.2 23.1 29.2 10.7 48.5 33.6 34.1 36.9 16.2 ' 20.0 18.0 33.1 8.8 15.5 12.8 17.3 8.3 9.4 0) 0) (l) ( l) 9.78 9.69 9.7 28.5 35.0 16.5 10.3 10.04 6.7 15.0 38.2 28.8 11.3 10.58 1 Not computed. Wages and hours of labor vary in different establishments; hence, the inclusion or exclusion of an establishment in a group, if it differs considerably from the average, may raise or lower the average for the group. In the above table it is seen that data for carpenters and car builders, for instance, are reported for 63 identical estab lishments for 1911 and 1912, and 65 identical establishments for 1912 and 1913. This does not necessarily mean, however, that all of the 63 establishments in the former period are included in the 65 establishments in the latter period. Some of them may have dropped out and others secured to take their places; hence, if the average earnings of employees in the establishments which were dropped out 10 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS. vary materially from the average of those secured to replace them, the average earnings for the latter period would be increased or decreased accordingly. In this occupation it is seen that the average full-time weekly earnings decreased from $16.29 in 1911 to $15.98 in 1912 in the 63 establishments, and increased from $16.10 in 1912 to $17.11 in 1913 in the 65 establishments reported. Since the two groups of establishments do not show exactly the same earnings for 1912, being $15.98 in 63 establishments and $16.10 in 65, it would not be a correct comparison to state that the earnings increased from $16.29 in 1911 to $17.11 in 1913. The movement from one year to another is indicated with the greater degree of certainty by the figures for identical establishments. The difference between $16.29 and $15.98 represents the decrease from 1911 to 1912, and the difference between $16.10 and $17.11 represents the increase from 1912 to 1913 as nearly as can be determined from the data available. In the table the com parable data for identical establishments are grouped together. Owing to the change in the number of establishments from year to year and the consequent change in the yearly averages it is difficult to determine from the actual data the extent of the changes during the period. To aid in the determination of the extent of such changes relative (or index) numbers have been computed from the averages in the preceding table for full-time hours per week, rates of wages per hour, and full-time weekly earnings for each occupation, for the years 1910 to 1913, inclusive. These relative numbers are simply per centages in which the figures for 1913 are taken as the base or 100 per cent. The relative for each year is the per cent that the average in that year is of the average for 1913, as determined by the method explained on page 20. Thus for example, in the table below, the full time weekly earnings of cabinetmakers in 1910 were 92.7 per cent of the full-time weekly earnings in 1913. It will be observed that the general tendency of the several occu pations is toward a reduction of working hours and an increase in rates of wages per hour and of earnings per full week. No data are available to show the amount of work afforded employees each year or the variation from year to year. The relative full-time hours per week indicate the change in the hours of labor of employees working full time, and do not reflect in any way the greater or less amount of full-time work afforded. This point is further discussed on page 17. 11 WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, UMJ7 TO 1913---- CAK BUILDING. R E LATIVE FULL-TIME HOURS PER W EE K , RATES OF WAGES PER HOUR, AND FULL TIME W E E K L Y EARNINGS IN THE PRINCIPAL OCCUPATIONS IN CAR BUILDING AND REPAIRIN G, 1910 TO 1913. (1913=100.0) Carpenters and car builders. Cabinetmakers. Year. 1910.. 1911.. 1912.. 1913.. Rela tive full time hours per week. 100.5 100.7 100.5 100.0 100.5 100.4 100.5 100.0 92.7 93.6 96.5 100.0 92.3 93.1 96.2 100.0 100.9 100.4 100.9 100.0 92.6 91.8 94.9 100.0 90.9 91.4 94.3 100.0 102.4 101.8 100.9 100.0 89.7 93.3 94.3 100.0 95.6 95.3 93.1 100.0 96.7 95.9 94.1 100.0 100.7 100.0 100.9 100.0 Machine woodworkers. Pipe fitters. 1910.. 1911.. 1912.. 1913.. Fitters. Rela Rela Rela Rela Rela Rela Rela Rela Rela Rela tive tive tive tive tive tive tive tive tive tive full full rate full full full rate full of of time of time rate of time time rate time time wages weekly hours wages weekly hours wages weekly hours wages per per per per earn per earn per earn per hour. week. hour. week. hour. ings. week. hour. ings. ings. Laborers. 1910.. 1911.. 1912.. 1913.. Car repairers. 1 i 101.2 101.4 101.3 100.0 89.5 91.7 94.6 100.0 90.2 92.8 95.6 100.0 101.1 99.8 100.0 100.0 85.8 77.1 86.2 100.0 87.1 77.1 86.2 100.0 92.9 95.0 96.4 100.0 Machinists. 102.6 100.9 100.7 100.0 Riveters and buckers. 91.9 95.6 95.1 100.0 92.1 94.9 95.3 100.0 95.9 98.6 98.5 100.0 95.9 96.3 95.7 100.0 81.7 91.4 87.7 100.0 83.7 90.7 88.1 100.0 Painters. 98.3 99.6 99.2 100.0 Tinners. 101.5 101.7 100.7 100.0 103.1 99.3 100.4 100.0 Rela tive full time weekly earn ings. 101.1 100.9 100.5 100.0 90.1 92.5 94.4 100.0 90.8 93.2 94.8 100.0 Truck builders. 96.8 97.3 96.1 100.0 102.6 100.5 101.1 100.0 87.1 90.2 94.2 100.0 88.5 90.4 95.0 100.0 Upholsterers. 1910.. 1911.. 1912.. 1913.. 100.5 100.2 100.2 100.0 90.2 96.2 98.3 100.0 90.7 96.5 98.6 100.0 A like table of relative numbers is next shown for the industry as a whole, as determined by a combination of the data for the several occupations covered. Data were obtained for the principal occupa tions of the industry, but not for all occupations. The method of computing this table is explained on page 22. R E LA T IV E FULL-TIME HOURS PE R W E E K , RATES OF WAGES PE R HOUR, AND F U L L TIME W E E K L Y EARNINGS IN CAR BUILDING AND RE PA IR IN G , 1910 TO 1913. (1913=100.0.) Years. 1910.................................. 1911.................................. 1912.................................. 1913.................................. Relative full-time hours per week. 101.1 100.4 100.7 100.0 Relative rate of wages per hour. 91.0 94.0 94.1 100.0 Relative full-time weekly earnings. 91.8 94.3 • 94.8 100.0 12 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAN OF LABOR STATISTICS. From the table it is seen that the relative (or index) number for full time hours per week in the industry decreased from 101.1 in 1910 to 100.4 in 1911, increased to 100.7 in 1912, and decreased to 100 in 1913. The relative or index number for rate of wages per hour increased from 91 in 1910 to 100 in 1913, or, in other words, the relative rate of wages per hour in 1910 was 91 per cent of the relative rate in 1913. The increase in full-time weekly earnings was nearly the same as the increase in wages per hour, it being from an index of 91.8 in 1910 to 100 in 1913. CHANGE OF BASE. In examining the relative or index numbers for the several occu pations and for the industry as a whole in the tables above, it will be observed that they have been computed with 1913 taken as a base, or 100 per cent. In the preceding reports of the Bureau relating to this industry, relative numbers for rates of wages per hour and for hours of labor per week for the several occupations were presented back to 1890 and the base or 100 per cent was not the average rate of wages per hour, or the average full-time hours per week in any one year, but the average rate of wages per hour and the average full-time hours per week for the 10-year period, 1890-1899. The table of such relative numbers for the years 1890 to 1912 appears in the appendix on page 56. There are several reasons for changing the base to the most recent year. The primary reason for the change is that as the scope of the inquiry has been enlarged in recent years it has seemed necessary, in order to represent the industry adequately, to include additional occu pations. As no data were available for these occupations for 1890 to 1899, no relatives or index numbers could be computed for them with such period as a base. By using the last year as a base, how ever, it is possible to compute relatives for such additional occupa tions. Again, relative or index numbers are most frequently used to compare the present year with different preceding years, and generally with the few years immediately preceding. Probably comparison between 1913 and 1912 will be made more often than between any other two years, and a comparison of any relative number with 100 conveys a clearer idea than a comparison with any other number. For example, the ratio 91.8 : 100 is more clearly grasped than the equal ratio 132.6 : 144.4. A third reason for a change of base from 1890-1899 to 1913 is that imperfections, if any (due, for example, to a small number of estab lishments), in the index in earlier years are continued when additions are made from year to year to an old series of index numbers. The data for 1913 are the most comprehensive and satisfactory that have WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1907 TO 1913---- CAR BUILDING. 13 been gathered in any year and the data back to 1910 are more satis factory than in the earlier years. This reason for the change of base is further explained on page 19. For this Bulletin relative numbers have been computed back to the year 1910 on the basis of 1913 equals 100 per cent. They were not computed for earlier years because data were available only from a considerably smaller number of establishments, and further because of the large amount of work involved. The relative numbers for the several occupations were computed in both from the old and the new series by the same process, which is explained on page 20. The rela tive numbers for the occupations differ, of course, in the new and Ihe old series because of the change of the base; but the ratio existing between any two years is the same in both series. The relative num bers for the industry as a whole have likewise been recomputed with 1913 as the base. CHANGE IN METHOD OP COMPUTING THE INDUSTRY RELATIVES. In addition to making a change of the base year, a change has also been made in the method of computing the industry relatives; and, because of this change, the relatives for the industry as a whole here presented not only differ from the relatives computed by the old method but show a slightly different ratio of change from year to year. Heretofore, the relative numbers for an industry were aver ages of the relative numbers of the several occupations. For each year, for example, the relative rate of wages per hour of each occu pation was multiplied (weighted) by the number of employees in that occupation. The products thus computed for the several occu pations were added, and the sum of the products for all occupations divided by the total number of employees in all occupations. In computing the relative numbers from 1910 to 1913 for the in dustry as a whole, as presented in this Bulletin, a combination was made, not of the relative numbers for the several occupations, but of the actual hours and wages of the several occupations. For each year the average hours and wages were computed for all employees in all occupations and the average for each preceding year was com pared with the average for 1913 to determine the index. It was deemed necessary to make this change in method because by com puting the industry relative by averaging the occupation relatives a change in the industry is not always accurately reflected by the rela tive thus computed. This reason is more fully explained on page 22. In addition to the relative numbers shown for the several occupa tions and for the industry, three tables are here presented showing the per cent of increase or decrease in full-time hours of labor per week, rates of wages per hour, and full-time weekly earnings in 1913, as compared with each preceding year back to 1910. The figures of 14 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS. these tables are computed from the relative numbers shown on page 11, and simply reverse the method of comparison. Each of the three tables also shows the increase or decrease in 1912 as compared with 1911, and in 1911 as compared with 1910. Referring to the first line of the first table below it is seen that the full-time hours of labor of cabinetmakers in 1913 were 0.5 per cent lower than in 1910, 0.7 per cent lower than in 1911, and 0.5 per cent lower than in 1912. Further, it is seen that the full-time hours of labor in this occupation were 0.2 per cent lower in 1912 than in 1911, and 0.2 per cei*t higher in 1911 than in 1910. The other figures of the .table are read in like manner. P E R CENT OF INCREASE OR DECREASE IN FU LL-TIM E HOURS P E R W EEK, 1913 COM PARED W ITH EACH OF THE 3 YEARS PRECEDING, 1912 COMPARED W ITH 1911, AND 1911 COMPARED W ITH 1910. Per cent higher ( + ) or lower ( —) in 1913 than i n - Per cent higher ( + ) or lower ( —) in— Occupation. 1910 -0 .5 - .9 Cabinetmakers.............................................. Carpenters and car builders......................... Car repairers.................................................. Fitters............................................................ Laborers........................................................ Machine woodworkers.................................. Machinists..................................................... Painters......................................................... Pipe fitters.................................................... Riveters and buckers.................................... Tinners........................................... : ............. Truck builders.............................................. Upholsterers.................................................. —3.0 - .5 - 1.2 - 2 .5 - 1.1 - 2 .3 - 1.1 -1 .5 - 2 .5 - .5 The industry....................................... - 1.1 1911 -0 .7 - .4 (l)+ .7* - .4 -1 .4 - .9 - .9 - 1.8 + .2 -1 .7 - .5 - .2 - 1912 than in 1911 1912 .4 —0.5 - .9 - .9 - .4 - .5 - 1 .3 - .7 - .5 - .9 (1) -ill - .2 - .7 - 0.2 + .5 + .9 + 1.1 + .1 - .1 - .2 - .4 - .9 + .2 - 1.0 + .6 (’ ) + .3 1911 than in 1910 + 0.2 - .5 - .7 -3 .7 - .1 + .2 - 1 .7 - .2 - .6 - 1 .3 + .2 - 2.0 - .3 - .7 i No changc. PE R CENT OF INCREASE OR DECREASE IN RATES OF WAGES P E R HOUR, 1913 COM PARED W ITH EACH OF THE 3 YEARS PRECEDING, 1912 COMPARED W ITH 1911, AND 1911 COMPARED W ITH 1910. Per cent higher ( + ) or lower ( —) in 1913 than i n - Per cent higher ( + ) or lower ( —) i n - Occupation. 1910 1911 1912 1912 than in 1911 1911 than in 1910 Truck builders.............................................. Upholsterers.................................................. + 8.3 + 4.6 + 8.6 +22.4 + 10.0 +11.7 + 4.3 + 11.0 +11.5 + 1.6.6 + 4.3 +14.8 +10.9 + 7.4 + 4.9 ' + 5.4 + 9.4 + 9.4 + 9.1 + 1.4 + 8.1 + 7.2 +29.7 + 3.8 +10.9 + 4.0 + 4.0 + 7.4 + 4.9 +14.0 + 6.0 + 5.7 + 1.5 + 5.9 + 6.0 +16.0 + 4.5 + 6.2 + 1.7 + 3.3 - 2.3 + .4 - 4.0 + 3.2 + 3.2 - .1 + 2.1 + 1.1 + 11.8 .6 + 4.4 + 2.2 + 0.9 .3 + 3.0 +11.9 + .6 + 2.5 + 2.8 + 2.7 + 4.0 - 10.1 + .4 + 3.6 + 6.7 The industry....................................... + 9.9 + 6.4 + 6.3 + + 3.3 Cabinetmakers.............................................. Carpenters and car builders......................... Car repairers.................................................. Fitters............................................................ Laborers........................................................ Machine woodworkers.................................. Machinists..................................................... Painters......................................................... Pipe fitters.................................................... Riveters and buckers................................... .1 WAGES AND HOUBS OF LABOR, 1907 TO 1913— CAR BUILDING. 15 P E R CENT OF INCREASE OR DECREASE IN FU LL-TIM E W E E K L Y EARNINGS, 1913 COM PARED W ITH EACH OF THE 3 Y EA R S PRECEDING, 1912 COMPARED W ITH 1911, AND 1911 COMPARED W IT H 1910. Per cent higher ( + ) or lower ( —) in 1913 than i n - Per cent higher ( + ) or lower ( —) i n - Occupation. 1910 1911 1912 1912 than in 1911 1911 than in 1910 Cabinetmakers.............................................. Carpenters and car builders......................... Car repairers.................................................. Fitters............................................................ Laborers........................................................ Machine woodworkers.................................. Machinists..................................................... Painters................................ ........................ Pipe fitters..........*......................................... Riveters and buckers................................... Tinners.......................................................... Truck builders.............................................. Upholsterers.................................................. + 7.9 + 3.4 + 7.6 +19.5 + 8.0 +10.9 + 1.7 + 10.1 + 8.8 +14.8 + 3.3 +13.0 +10.3 + 6.8 + 4.3 + 5.3 +10.3 + 8.9 + 7.8 + .4 + 7.3 + 4.6 +29.7 + 2.8 + 10.6 + 3.6 + 3.6 + 6.3 + 3.7 +13.5 + 5.4 + 4.6 + .8 + 5.5 + 5.2 +16.0 + 4.1 + 5.3 + 1.4 + 3.1 - 1.9 + 1.5 - 2.9 + 3.4 + 3.0 .4 + 1.7 - .5 + 11.8 - 1.2 + 5.1 + 2.2 + 1.0 - .8 + 2.3 + 8.4 - .9 + 2.9 + 1.3 + 2.6 + 4.0 —11.5 + .5 + 2.1 + 6.4 The industry....................................... + 8.9 + 6.0 + 5.5 + + 2.7 .5 In addition to the text tables already presented, five general tables are given, namely: Table I.— Average and classified rates of wages per hour in the United States, by years, 1907 to 1913. Table II.—Average and classified rates of wages per hour in each year, by States, 1912 and 1913. Table III.— Average and classified full-time hours of work per week in the United States, by years, 1907 to 1913. Table IV.— Average and classified full-time hours of work per week in each year, by States, 1912 and 1913. Table V„—Average full-time hours per week and average weekly earnings, by States, 1912 and 1913. In Tables I and III, in addition to actual data, percentages com puted therefrom are given. The data from these two tables are sum marized in the text table on pages 6 to 9. When data for a State are available in sufficient amount to warrant presentation, such data are presented by States in Tables II and IV . In Tables II and IV the data for 1912 and 1913 are for identical estab lishments, hence the figures for these years are directly comparable. A brief description of the occupations named in this report was pub lished in Bulletin 137 of the Bureau of Labor Statistics, and the reader is referred to that volume for such information. EXPLANATION OF SCOPE AND METHOD. This report includes information obtained from establishments engaged in building and repairing steam railroad cars, both passenger and freight, and both wood and steel 68014°—Bull. 163—15----- 2 16 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS. All information was secured from pay rolls of the various establish ments by the agents of the Bureau. The number of establishments for which data were secured varied considerably during the period included in this report, as follows: 1907 to 1910...................................................... 22 identical establishments. 1910 to 1911...................................................... 61 identical establishments. 1911 to 1912...................................................... 70 identical establishments. 1912 to 1913...................................................... 73 identical establishments. The data for 1907 to 1911 were secured in 1911 and the number of establishments included for the full period for 1907 to 1910, inclusive, was limited, owing to the difficulty of finding establishments that had preserved complete records for those years and also owing to the large amount of work involved. Data were not secured from a greater number of establishments in more recent years, because of the limited funds available for the purpose. The establishments also vary from year to year as certain establish ments go out of business or cease to be representative and new estab lishments must be substituted in the wage study. Occasionally occupations are dispensed with in a shop or new occupations are introduced and sometimes data are not available for all occupations desired from an establishment. Data for a group of establishments in any year will not be precisely the same as for another group of establishments in the same year, even though nearly all of the estab lishments may be common to both groups. In using the actual figures in this report comparison from year to year should be made only between data coming* from identical establishments. In the tables the data from identical establishments are grouped together. Data from an establishment are not included in the report unless the infor mation for at least two years is available. In selecting establishments from which to secure data the Bureau undertook to represent all States in which steam railroad car building and repairing is of material importance, the measure of importance being the number of employees. A few States having a considerable number of employees in the industry are not represented, because the employees are so scattered in small repair shops as to make it impracticable to get data from them. The table which follows shows by States the number of employees in car building and repairing as reported by the United States Census Office for 1910, the total number on the pay roll in the establishments for which the Bureau secured data for 1913, and the number in the selected occupations for whom data for 1913 are shown. WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1907 TO 1913---- CAR BUILDING. 17 TO T AL NUMBER OF EM PLOYEES IN CAR BUILDING AND R E PA IR IN G AND NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES IN ESTABLISHMENTS FOR WHICH DATA A R E SHOWN FOR 1913. State. Establishments for which data are shown b y Bureau of Labor Statis tics for 1913. Number of employees reported by united Number of employees— States Census Of Number of fice, 1910. establish For whom ments. data are °?oF shown. Pennsylvania.. THinnis. _________ _______ __________________ _______ Ohio.................................................................................... New Y ork........................................................................... Indiana............................................................................... 54,411 34,076 23,010 18,841 16,968 8 5 9 2 7 12,574 16,622 5,453 1,808 4,710 6,880 7,957 3,287 1,208 2,796 Missouri.............................................................................. Texas.................................................................................. Michigan.......................................................................... California............................................................................ Wisconsin........................................................................... 11,786 9,782 9,503 9,488 9,189 7 4 2 2 2 4,722 1 826 2,477 1,725 3,678 2,813 1,293 994 1,379 2,567 3 2,161 8,320 Minnesota__ *.................................................................... Kansas................................................................................ 2 1,435 8,213 3 7,669 Virginia............................................................................... 2,150 7,501 Iowa.................................................................................... 2 844 6,768 New Jersey......................................................................... 1,615 1,135 1,408 613 Tennessee............................................................................ Georgia............................................................................... Alabama............................................................................. Maryland............................................................................ West Virginia..................................................................... 6,670 6,413 6,388 6,096 5,975 6 2,800 1,744 4 2,015 1,560 Massachusetts..................................................................... Kentucky........................................................................... Other States 1..................................................................... 5,778 5,741 46,674 2 3 1,810 2,531 1,257 1,775 Total.......................: ................................................ 325,260 73 71,341 42,281 i Includes States having less than 5,000 employees in 1910. According to the census of 1910 niore than 77.7 per cent of the total number of employees in the industry are found in the States in which the establishments furnishing information to the Bureau of Labor Statistics are located. The number of employees in the establish ments from which the Bureau obtained 1913 data was equal to 21.9 per cent of the total in the industry in 1910, and the^number of such employees for which the Bureau presents detailed information for 1913 was equal to 13.0 per cent of the total in the industry in 1910. The pay-roll period taken each year was the one nearest May 15, except in a very few establishments where abnormal conditions.made it desirable to take a pay roll for some other time of the year. The full-time hours of labor per week shown in the tables of the report are the regular full-time hours of work of the occupation under normal conditions in the establishment. The working time is the hours on duty including intervals of waiting for w~ork. The full-time hours per week and the relatives based thereon do not in any way indicate the extent of unemployment. Employees may work over time, or broken time, or be laid off, or a temporary reduction may be 18 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS. made in working hours, without such change affecting the full-time hours per week as presented in this Bulletin. The rates of wages per hour appearing in the tables include the wages of time workers and the earnings of pieceworkers. All time rates by the day or w^eek have been reduced to rates per hour, and the earnings of pieceworkers or of persons working at both time and piece rates have been reduced to rates per hour by dividing the earnings by the hours worked. The time workers and pieceworkers of each occupation are combined in one group. The full-time weekly earnings are the earnings per week of em ployees working full time and the earnings on broken time reduced to equivalent earnings for a full week. In considering changes in full-time earnings per week, notice should also be taken of changes in full-time hours of labor per wTeek. A reduction in the hours of a pieceworker may reduce his earnings in a week and leave his earn ings per hour unchanged, while a reduction of hours for a week worker will, if his weekly rate remains the same, increase his rate per hour. The averages of full-time hours per week, rates of wages per hour, and full-time weekly earnings are computed by adding the data for the individual employees and dividing the total by the number of employees. It will be observed that the average full-time weekly earnings is not, in some instances, exactly the same as the result that would be obtained by multiplying the average rate per hour by the average hours per week owing to the fact that hourly rates for individual employees are based on varying hours per week, thus each rate is weighted and affects the average according to the hours worked. A hypothetical illustration shows the difference. Employees. Full-time hours per week. Rate of wages per week. Rate of wages per hour. 1....................................... 1....................................... 1........................................ 1........................................ 48 54 54 60 $15.00 14.00 16.00 12.00 $0.3125 .2593 .2963 .2000 Total (4)................ 216 57.00 1.0681 Average........................... 54 14.25 .2670 The product of $0,2670 multiplied by 54 is $14.42, while the aver age earnings per week is $14.25. WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1907 TO 1913— CAR BUILDING. 19 CHANGE OP BASE YEAR. The change of the basis of comparison in computing the relative (or index) numbers from the average of 1890-1899 to 1913 is in part explained on page 12. One of the reasons for the change of the base from 1890-1899 to the last year is that as the relative (or index) number for each suc ceeding year was computed from and added to the series of old rela tive numbers the result of any defect in the data for the earlier years was perpetuated. The data for the period 1890-1899 were obtained mostly in 1901 from old pay rolls, and because of their age and imperfections it was sometimes difficult to classify the employees into the several occupations. For the 10-year period 1890-1899 data were obtained from only 49 establishments, while data were ob tained for 1912 and 1913 from 73 establishments. The number of establishments varied in the intervening years. While the average of 49 establishments possibly might have been a fairly acceptable base, the average of 73 establishments canvassed becomes more nearly representative of the industry, and thus a more satisfac tory base. Data are available for 70 establishments for 1911 and 1912 and from 61 establishments for 1910 and 1911. Were the rela tive numbers for the occupations recomputed back to 1890 with 1913 as the base, the possible defectiveness of the relative number of earlier years would still exist, but the defectiveness in such early years would not impair the accuracy of the relatives for the later years. With either period as the base, the relative numbers would show with the same degree of accuracy the trend from one year to the next. With 1890-1899 as the base, however, any fault in the rela tive number for the early years is continued, and the relative for 1913 as an abstract number will be at fault as compared with the base. But with the last year as the base, the relative number for recent years, as an abstract number, is as nearly correct as can be determined, and is not affected by any fault of the relative number of the earlier years. In one series the relative number if beginning in fault, continues in fault even though the basic data of later years be entirely satisfactory. In the other series with the larger volume of data for 1913 as the base, any weakness of earlier years does not appear except in such years. To illustrate the change in the relatives produced by the change of base, relative full-time hours of labor and relative rates of wages per hour of “ carpenters and car builders, wood,” for the years 1910 to 1913 are given in the table following, computed with 1913 as the base, and with the average 1890-1899 as the base, so that the relative numbers computed on the two bases may be compared. 20 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS. R E LA TIV E FULL-TIME HOURS PER W E E K AND RATES OF WAGES PER HOUR OF CAR PENTERS AND CAR BUILDERS COMPUTED ON TWO BASES, AVERAG E 1890-1899=100, AND 1913=100. Rela tive full-time hours Relative rate of wages per week. per hour. Year. 1910.............. 1911.............. 1912.............. 1913.............. Relative, Relative, Relative, Relative, average average equals 1890-1S99 1913 equals 1890-1899 1913100. 100. equals 100. equals 100. 96.9 96.4 96.9 96.0 100.9 100.4 100.9 100.0 130.9 130.5 127.6 137.0 95.6 95.3 93.1 100.0 The first column of relative numbers indicates that the hours per week in 1910 were 96.9 per cent of the average hours in the period 1890 to 1899; that they decreased to 96.4 in 1911, increased to 96.9 in 1912, and decreased again to 96 in 1913. The second column shows a decrease in full-time hours per week from a relative of 100.9 in 1910 to 100.4 in 1911, an increase to 100.9 in 1912, and a reduction to 100 in 1913. The first series of relative wages per hour shows an in crease from relative 130.9 in 1910 to relative 137.0 in 1913; the differr ence between 130.9 and 137.0 is 6.1, and 6.1 is 4.7 per cent of 130.9. Hence the relative numbers show an increase of 4.7 per cent between 1910 and 1913. The second series shows an increase from 95.6 in 1910 to 100.0 in 1913; the difference between 95.6 and 100.0 is 4.4, which difference, 4.4, is 4.6 per cent of 95.6. Hence the increase between 1910 and 1913, as shown by this series of relative numbers, is 4.6 per cent. The relative numbers are expressed in decimals to one decimal place and thus are not exact. Had common fractions been used rather than decimals, the two series of relative numbers would have shown the same increase between 1910 and 1913. The difference of 0.1 in the percentages of increase is due to the gain and loss in the terminal decimals. METHOD OF COMPUTING RELATIVE NUMBERS. Relative or index numbers for the several occupations and for the industry as a whole are presented on page 11. The method of com puting such relative or index numbers for an occupation can best bo explained bv an illustration. The rates of wages per hour of labor ers is taken as an example. WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1907 TO 1913---- CAR BUILDING, Number of identi cal es tablish ments. [ Rates of wages per hour............................i .................. < 1 Relative rates of wages per hour computed therefrom. 60 68 72 Rates of wages per hour in identical establishments covering the full four years....................................... Relative rates of wages per hour computed therefrom. 57 21 Year. 1910 1911 $0.1751 $0.1760 . 1731 90.9 91.4 $0.1720 90.1 $0.1747 91.5 1912 1913 $0.1786 .1784 ’ "$(*).'i892 100.0 94.3 $0.1800 94.3 1909 100.0 Tho average for 1913 is taken as the base (100), then, $0.1784 divided by $0.1892 equals 94.3, the relative for 1912. The ratio of 1911 to 1912 is $0.1731 to $0.1786. The relative just determined, 94.3, multiplied by $0.1731, divided by $0.1786 equals 91.4, the relative for 1911. The ratio of 1910 to 1911 is $0.1751 to $0.1760. The relative for 1911, 91.4 multiplied by $0.1751, divided by $0.1760 equals 90.9, the relative for 1910. The method of computing relative numbers over a period of years, as illustrated above, is used because of the changes in the number of establishments. Any method of computing a series of relative numbers should take into account changes in establishments from year to year, as changes naturally occur, some establishments discontinuing operations or ceasing to be representative, and new establishments entering the field. The method, explained above, bringing in the new establishments, has been followed in computing the relatives in this report; otherwise no use could have been made in the index of the data from the additional establishments obtained for the later years. Of the 60 establishments reporting data for laborers for 1910-11, 3 dropped out later and only 57 reported for the entire period. The average rates of wages per hour for the 57 establishments reporting for the entire period are shown also in the above table, with relatives computed therefrom. As might be expected, these relatives differ from the relatives based on the greater number of establishments. Presumptively they are not as nearly representative as are the relatives based on the greater number of establishments, but they are given here as an illustration of the difference shown by relatives based on different amounts of data. Data concerning rates of wages and hours of labor for the period 1907 to 1910, being available from a preceding Bulletin, are here reproduced, but as before stated, owing to the small number of establishments in that period, and limited funds, it has not been deemed advisable to compute relative numbers therefor, and average full-time weekly earnings have not been computed for that period. 22 BULLETIN OF T IIS BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS. A word of caution is given as to the use of relative numbers. The per cent of increase or decrease from one year to another is not the difference between the relative numbers for the years. Thus, in the table above, the relative rate of wages per hour increased from 90.9 in 1910 to 100 in 1913, an increase in the relative of 9.1 over the relative 90.9 making an increase of 10 per cent. CHANGE IN METHOD OF COMPUTING RELATIVE NUMBERS FOR THE INDUSTRY. While the base for the computation of the lelative numbers for the several occupations has been changed from the average of 18901899 to 1913, the method of computation has remained the same. The relative numbers for the industry as a whole, however, have been computed for this Bulletin not only with a change of base but in a different manner than for preceding Bulletins and hence may be expected to show some variations in results. The change is referred to on page 13. The relative numbers for the industry here presented, covering 1910 to 1913, are computed directly from the average hours of labor, rates of wages per hour, and weekly earnings of all employees in all occupations combined into one group. In other words, the relatives for the industry as a whole have been computed for this report in the same manner as the relatives for each occupa tion. It was deemed necessary to make this change because, by this method, the changes in the industry are more accurately reflected by the relative thus computed than by computing the industry relative from the relatives of the several occupations. The following table for a hypothetical industry illustrates how a change in the industry as a whole may not be reflected by a combina tion of the relatives of the occupations. . Actual wages 1912 1913 Em ployees. Rate of wages per day. Occupation A ............................................... Occupation B ............................................... 20 20 SI. 20 3.60 Total................................................... Average......................................................... Relative........................................................ 40 Occupation. Em ployees. Rate of wages per day. $24.00 72.00 30 10 $1. 33§ 4.00 96.00 2.40 120.0 40 Aggre gate. ! ; Aggre gate. $40.00 40.00 80.00 2.00 100.0 Relative wages. Occupation A ............................................... ! Occupation B ............................................... ! 20 20 90 j 1,800 90 | 1,800 Total..-................................................1 40 ............... ! 3,600 ................ ............... | 90.0 Average.........................................................; ! 30 I 100 10 1 100 3.000 1.000 40 1............... 4,000 100.0 WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1907 TO 1913---- C A R BUILDING, 23 In this hypothetical tabic it is assumed that there were two occu pations, A and B. Each occupation received an advance of wages in 1913, but there was a change in the number of employees in the two occupations, a larger proportion of less-skilled employees being employed. The average rate of wages of both occupations combined in 1912 was $2.40 and in 1913 it was $2. Taking 1913 as the base, the relative for the industry for 1912 would be 120. On the other hand, com puting the relative for each occupation, combining the relatives, and making the average thereof, the relative for 1912 is 90 as against 100 for 1913. Computed from occupation relatives the relative rate of wages for the industry appears to increase from 90 to 100, while the relative for the industry, as a whole, computed from the average rates, because of the change in number of employees in the occupation, actually decreased from 120 to 100. The general tendency of many industries is toward an increase in the proportion of unskilled or low skilled employees to highly-skilled employees, because of specializa tion and the increasing efficiency of machinery. Even though it were possible to cover the same number of estab lishments each year, it would not be possible to cover identical estab lishments for a considerable number of years, as firms go out of busi ness or for some reason it becomes impossible to get acceptable data from some firms. The desire of the Bureau is to enlarge the scope of the study from time to time by covering a larger number of estab lishments. In computing the relative from year to year, it is neces sary, therefore, to use the method described on page 21, grouping the data for identical establishments in groups of two or more years as available. This method is necessary whether the industry relative be computed from the actual average wages and hours of all occupa tions or an average of the relatives of all occupations. In the neces sary use of the method described, a material statistical error may result if the industry relative is computed from the relatives of the occupatiors instead of the average for the industry. If the estab lishments should remain identical through a period of a few *years and wages and hours in a later year return to the same wages and hours as in a preceding year, industry relatives computed from actual averages will be the same for the same averages occurring in the differ ent years. If, however, the industry relative be computed from the relatives of the several occupations, like averages will not be repre sented by like relatives. The subject is illustrated in the table below, showing a hypothetical industry of three occupations, A, B, and C, of one employee each. 24 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS. 1911 Occupation. (1) Employ ees. 1012 Relative | Rate of wages per day. (2) (3) pared with 1912. C4» R »teof i waf es i per day* I ; $1.00 2.00 3.00 100.00 1 «).00 I 06. f:7 : 6.00 2.00 240.67 I S2.22 i Relative computed from ocou nation relatives by method described. 1913 equa s 100.......................... 102. 7S j Occupation A ............................. Occupation B ............................. Occupation C.............................. Total.................................. Average............................. ij 3 | 1| (5) si. 00 2.50 4.50 S. 00 2.66* Relative average rate 1911, (S2) compared with averasre rate 1912 (S2.66H)............... 75. (K) !............... Relative computed from average rate of all occupa tions. 1913 equals 100............................................... 100.00 1.............. 1013 Relative wage, as Rate of com wages pared per day. with 1913. Relative wage. (7) (X) 100.00 125.00 150.00 81.00 2.00 3.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 375.00 125.00 G. 00 2.00 300.00 100.00 («) 125.00 100.00 133.33 100.00 In this table column 7 shows the wages of each employee in 1913, and the average wages, $2. Columns 3 and 5 show the detailed wages and average wages in 1911 and 1912, respectively. Column 8 shows the relative wages with 1913 as the base (100). Column 6 shows the relative wage of each occupation as compared wTith 1913 and the average of such relatives, namely, 125. Column 4 shows the relatives for- 1911 as compared with 1912 and the average of such relatives based on 1912, namely, 82.22. Below the line of the average is the relative for the industry as computed from the averages of the several occupation relatives by the method explained on page 20, with 1913 equal to 100. The relative for 1912 is 125 as compared with 1913. Computing 82.22 per cent of 125 produces the relative 102.78, the relative for 1911 on the basis of 1913 equal to 100. Thus, the relatives for the industry computed from the relatives of the occupations, beginning with 1913 as 100 and working back to 1911, are: 1913 equals 100; 1912 equals 125; 1911 equals 102.78 The actual average wages, however, are: $2, $2.66§, and $2. Thus, the same average wage for the industry is not represented by the same relative. Comparing $2.66§, the average rate for 1912, with $2, the average rate for 1913, the relative is found to be 133.33. Com paring the average rate for 1911 ($2) with the average rate for 912 ($2.66§), the relative is 75, and 75 per cent of 133.33, the relative for 1912, is 100, the relative for 1911 on the basis of 1913 equal to 100, as computed by the described method from the average wages of the industry. Thus, the illustration shows that the industry relative computed from the average wages for the industry by the described method in identical establishments gives like industry relatives for like industry averages, but that if the industry relative be computed from the WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1907 TO 1913— OAR BUILDING. 25 relatives of the several occupations, the industry relative may not be the same for the same average wages for the industry in another year. The industry relatives given in this Bulletin have been computed from the actual average full-time hours per week, rates of wages per hour, and full-time weekly earnings for all employees reparted for the industry in the same manner as for each separate occupation. While this method always produces like relatives to represent like actual wages and hours when applied to the data for two groups of estab lishments, both having one and the same average for any year, it must not be understood that the like relatives will appear for the same concrete numbers when the relatives are computed from data where different groups of establishments show different averages for one and the same year. Thus, on page 21, it is shown that the relative rate per hour in 1910 as computed through successive pairs of comparable data is 90.9, although $0.1751, the average rate for 1910 in 60 establishments, is 92.5 per cent of $0.1892, the average rate shown for 1913 in 72 establishments. 26 BULLETIN OF THE BUBEJPU OF LABOR STATISTICS. T able I . —AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED KATES OF WAGES PER HOUR IN THE UNITED STATES, BY YEARS, 1907 TO 1913. [The figures set opposite each group of years are for identical establishments.] NU M BER. Employees earning each classified rate of wages per hour. Aver age Num full Occupation, and num ber of establish Year. ber of time em hours ments. ploy per ees. week. Aver age rate of wages per hour. 10 12 and and un un der der 12 14 cts. cts. 14 18 16 and and and un un un der der der 16 18 20 cts. cts. cts. 20 and un der 25 cts. 25 and un der 30 cts. 30 and un der 40 cts. 2 1 1 37 23 31 12 159 163 191 164 424 325 330 413 62 8 20 65 3 2 2 47 49 385 374 608 112 612 111 7 7 40 50 and and 60 un un cts. der der and 50 60 over. cts. cts. Cabinetmakers: 16 establishments. 1907 1908 1909 1910 685 520 573 658 34 establishments. 1910 1911 1,169 1,155 54.9 .3227 .3254 34 establishments. 1911 1912 1,169 1,183 55.0 54.9 .3247 .3354 1 1 1 3 3 2 91 11 3oo 319 630 80 695 147 6 5 33 establishments. 1912 1913 Carpenters and car builders, wood: 20 establishments. 1907 1908 1909 1910 1,190 1,473 54.9 54.6 .3353 .3487 1 3 2 2 4 12 16 320 257 699 148 924 257 5 13 4,139 2,594 3,323 3,649 55.6 7 1 10 5 12 55.8 55.6 1 .3027 .2942 .2820 *’ *4 .3182 2 16 11 17 7 26 2 94 24 51 28 55 establishments. 1910 1911 8,156 7,801 56.3 56.0 .2955 .2945 2 4 14 12 113 57 63 establishments. 1911 1912 7,979 7,543 56.1 56.4 .2917 .2851 3 4 12 16 65 establishments. 1912 8,288 1913 8,660 Car repairers: 16 establishments. 1907 2,332 1938 1,703 1909 2,111 1910 2,399 56.7 56.2 .2854 .3065 4 2 56.7 56.5 55.6 55.7 .2467 __ . 2442 .2411 .2575 . ... 1 54.7 $0.3345 54.6 .3207 54.6 .3149 .3423 i 9011,245 1,292 5841 747 1,120 928 1,035 1,134 696 914 1,302 1 1 2 494 76 103 9 115 8 580 102 2 396 130 122 1,918 1,824 2,742 889 129 134 1,916 2,010 2,849 624 53 7 12 48 72 119 413 124 1,975 2,279 2,812 548 88 1,892 2,117 2,358 539 49 41 10 3 17 7 75 29 449 130 151 2,034 2,321 2,618 571 45 72 1,860 2,408 3,007 987 135 3 23 1 1 2 40 48 48 25 74 34 55 33 260 1,023 215 798 133 1,052 132 1,105 469 293 564 519 429 299 225| 550 32 15 32 32 4 1 1 1 48 establishments. 1910 1911 6,877 6,592 55.9 55.5 .2436 .2510 . ... 6 7 79 43 379 1,038 3,013 1,044 1,129 171 258 888 2,871 1,113 1,181 213 16 17 2 1 5S establishments. 1911 1912 7,539 9,334 55.9 56.4 .2578 .2589 . ... 2 9 29 17 155 950 3,260 1,245 1,561 313 173 1,038 3,545 2,395 1,792 336 21 27 3 2 59 establishments. 1912 9,395 1913 10,221 Fitters: 9 establishments.. 1910 1,739 1911 1,478 56.5 56.0 .2589 .2716 ***i 9 3 17 26 188 1,042 3,558 2,408 1,808 336 166 532 4,030 2,692 1,965 719 27 64 2 23 57.4 55.3 .2441 .2730 46 10 161 103 314 177 198 118 316 253 283 230 257 136 428 153 3 5 11 establishments. 1911 1912 1,761 1,700 56.0 56.6 .2606 .2501 1 14 2 100 131 81 335 282 145 166 281 334 245 280 445 156 306 147 5 2 12 establishments. 1912 1913 Laborers: 20 establishments. 1907 1908 1900 1910 1,782 2,305 56.8 56.6 .2503 .2853 81 89 284 183 169 150 366 630 315 317 316 147 513 402 2 15 4,671 1,907 2,963 3,823 56.0 56.0 55.8 55.2 .1813 . 1873 . 1823 .1986 2! 100 | 6 i 36! 208 2fii 128 lfi1 8 60 990 2,267 441 640 864 1,010 410 1,411 174 104 115 838 586 277 419 430 307 224 281 353 74 71 92 291 27 2 5 21 2 60 establishments. 1910 10,114 1911 7,695 56.1 56.0 .1751 124 627 3,848 2,713 1,144 . 1760 88 515 2,790 2,141 731 812 707 469 503 352 207 24 13 1 68 establishments. 1911 1912 8,001 8*208 56.2 56.3 .1731 88 767 3,065 1,979 . 1786 100 699 2,386 2,810 751 637 661 706 483 485 198 353 9 32 72 establishments. 1912 1913 8,546 9,818 56.4 56.1 .1784 101 730 2.432•2.991 .1892 64* 592 1,472 3,752 738 490 9871,837i 600 356 415 32 99 25 1 1 3 WAGES AND I10UBS OF LABOR, 1007 TO 1013— CAR BUILDING. 27 I . —AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED RATES OF WAGES PER HOUR IN THE UNITED STATES, BY YEARS, 1907 TO 1913—Continued. T able N U M B E R —Continued. Employees earning each classified rate of wages per hour. Num ber of Occupation,and num ber of establish Year. em ments. ploy ees. Aver age full time hours per week. Aver age rate of wages per hour. 10 12 and and un un der der 12 14 cts. cts. 14 and un der 16 cts. 16 and un der 18 cts. 18 and un der 20 cts. 20 and un der 25 cts. 25 and un der 30 cts. 30 and un der 40 cts. 40 50 and and 60 un un Cts. der der and 50 60 over. cts. cts. Machine woodwork ers: 20 establishments. 1907 1908 1909 1910 584 473 488 602 54.9 55.4 55.0 $0 2829 2879 2859 2899 3 2 8 6 10 4 17 10 10 12 123 82 104 143 198 154 140 176 226 216 214 248 11 3 9 19 58 establishments. 1910 1811 1,512 1,331 55.9 56.0 2667 2731 15 6 90 102 93 62 410 294 422 398 449 440 33 28 1 68 establishments. 1911 1912 1,443 1,268 56.2 56.1 2703 2790 6 7 115 52 71 55 324 276 456 403 442 446 28 27 1 1 1 70 establishments. 1912 1913 Machinists: 12 establishments. 1907 1908 1909 1910 1,319 1,507 56.5 55.8 .2771 .2928 8 3 55 13 68 35 301 342 404 452 453 593 27 62 1 5 1 1 308 259 304 342 56.0 54.2 54.3 54.3 3008 3150 3065 3249 51 27 35 20 117 90 106 115 121 105 139 154 19 37 24 51 2 38 establishments. 1910 1911 860 889 55.3 51.4 3072 3158 1 3 66 58 375 381 352 368 63 72 3 7 34 establishments. 1911 1912 588 555 56.7 56.6 .3145 .3142 14 1 8 85 82 174 160 260 213 64 77 4 1 35 establishments. 1912 1913 Painters: 19 establishments. 1907 1908 1909 1910 562 710 56.6 56.2 .3139 .3187 14 17 8 4 83 65 161 214 218 77 301 103 1 5 1 1,146 874 1,098 1,348 55.2 54.8 56.0 54.8 .3066 .2912 .2967 .3174 59 257 250 32 187 200 80 •216 244 47 238 276 377 145 393 62 480 68 538 228 37 2 1 13 4 6o establishments. 1910 1911 2,664 2,911 4 69 establishments. 1911 1912 1 1 1 1 3 4 11 1 1 1 2 7 1 55.5 55.4 .2959 .3037 *” 2 4 3 40 16 107 54 128 159 544 592 632 648 833 352 988 421 20 28 3,102 2,846 55.7 55.5 .3029 .3092 2 3 1 18 16 55 62 162 78 659 595 696 1,045 431 652 975 404 31 63 72 establishments. 1912 1913 Pipe fitters: 18 establishments. 1907 1908 1909 1910 2,996 3,205 55.8 55.5 .3040 .3221 *4 2 1 17 10 70 26 154 55 641 629 668 977 404 613 1,23] 543 63 89 266 55.0 222 54.7 258 54.9 303 54.8 .3039 .3024 .2942 .3283 2 2 2 1 2 1 1 4 31 26 33 22 119 86 115 112 82 102 99 86 30 5 g 76 2 48 establishments. 1910 1911 593 651 55.2 54.9 .3052 .3177 2 3 6 13 2 82 92 218 199 190 82 232 118 3 2 50 establishments. 1911 1912 678 515 55.7 55.2 .3210 .3244 2 1 2 15 7 10 79 37 192 129 273 120 226 93 2 g 1 1 1 15 7 14 53 29 141 144 220 93 258 134 3 3 4 x 52 establishments. 1912 1913 Riveters and buckers: 14 establishments. 1910 1911 541 576 55.6 55.1 .3190 .3382 1,524 802 56.0 55.3 .3127 ___ 16 .2812 3 .... 32 14 158 64 89 51 250 245 248 134 431 168 196 78 88 13 44 4 16 establishments. 1911 1912 1,160 1,220 56.7 56.8 .2734 .3056 3 2 2 6 25 21 101 59 91 57 322 273 230 218 287 81 359 205 14 20 4 17 establishments. 1912 1913 Tinners: 15 establishments. 1907 1908 1909 1910 1,407 1,655 57.2 57.2 .2943 .3414 3 1 7 ,3 24 11 64 48 135 39 328 277 252 352 371 203 20 436 314 129 228 178 280 456 54.5 54.4 54.5 54.2 .3422 .3350 .3228 .3724 1 10 8 22 9 56 43 62 53 1 1 1 1 1 2 99 62 102 23 183 11 203 185 4 45 BULLETIN OF THE BUBEAU OF LABOR STATISTICS. 28 I . —AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED RATES OF WAGES PER HOUR IN THE UNITED STATES, BY YEARS, 1907 TO 1913—Continued. T able N U M BE R —Concluded. Employees earning each classified rate of wages per hour. Num ber of Occupation, and num ber of establish Year em ploy ments. ees. Aver age full time hours per week. Aver age rate of wages per hour. 10 and un der 12 cts. 12 and un der 14 cts. 14 and un der 16 cts. 16 and un der 18 cts. 18 and un der 20 cts. 20 and un der 25 cts. 25 30 40 50 and and and and un un un un cts. der der der der and 30 40 50 60 over. cts. cts. cts. cts, Tinners—Continued. 48 establishments. 1910 1911 745 745 54.8'SO. 3424 54.9; . 3439 53 46 177 150 357 54 establishments. 1911 1912 785 632 55.2! .3424 54.7i . 3403 45 22 168 121 378 295 56 establish ments. 1912 1913 Truck builders: 14 establishments. 1907 1908 1909 1910 635 54.9 54.5 .3394 . 3546 27 30 122 104 292 322 421 276 32; 393 55.5 55.2 55.3 55.2 .2477 .2493 .2442 .2568 170 141 167 190 68 73 103 74 45 54 SO 44 establishments. 1910 1911 1,011 907 56.1 55.0 .2449 .2538 369 351 213 178 178 1911 1912 943 893 55.4 55. .2534 .2645 381 352 243 197 177 209 41 establishments. 1912 1913 Upholsterers: 18 establishments. 1907 1908 1909 1910 923 961 56.2 . 260*3 55. G .27« 373 353 192 295 199 231 17! 196 209 54.6 54.4! 51.6j 54.5; . 3276 .3170 .3169 . 3433 17 .12 9 11 42 establishments. 1910 1911 4' 500 55.1* . 3232 54.9! .3449 53 12 40 establishments. 19U 1912 506 473 54. 9: 54.9! .3440 .3514 4Gestablishments. 1912 1913 474 511 54.9 54.8 .3513 . 3573 44 establishments, 105 36 33 136 113 126 118 129 249 222 131 105 227 214 10 105 91 215 238 5.4 4.4 5.4 1.8 23.2 31.3 33.3 24.9 61.8 62.5 57.6 62.8 PER CENT. Cabinetmakers: 10 establishments. 1907 1908 1909 1910 686 520 573 65S 34 establishments. 1910 1911 1,169 1,155 34 establishments. 1911 1912 1,161 1,183 36 establishments. 1912 1913 Carpenters and car builders, wood: 20 establishments. 1907 1908 1909 1910 1,190 1,473 i 54.7 SO. 3345 54.6! .3207 54.6. .3149 54. f»j . 3423 i 51.9; . 3227 55.0: . 3254 I 55.0! . 3247 54.9; .3354 0.1 0.3 .2 .2 .1 .3 .2 7.8 30.4 53.9 6.8 4.2 32.4 53.0 9.6 .5 .6 '" '.i " ’ .’ 3 .2 .2 4.0 33.2 52.4 9.6 .9 27.0 58.7 12.4 .6 .4 1.0 26.9 58.7 12.4 1.1 17.4 62.7 17.4 .4 .9 0.1 .3353 . 3487 9.0 0.1 1.5 3.5 9.9 **.*5 .1 .3 .1 .2 .2 4,139 2,594 3.323 3,649 54.9; 54.6! I i 55. 6: 55.51 55.8; 55. 6; .3027 (l) 0.2 .3 . 2942 (l) . 2820 o .i .3 ” *.’ 5 .3182 .1 .1 .3 .4 .2 .7 .2 2.3 .9 1.5 .8 55 establishments. 1910 1911 8.156 7; 801 56.3 56.0 . 2955 (l) .2945 .1 .2 .2 1.4 .7 4.9 1.7 1.5 23.5 22.4 33.6 10.9 1.6 1.7 24.0 25.8 36.5 8.0 . 7 63 establishments. 1911 1912 7,979 7,543 50.1 56.4 .2917 0) .2851 .1 .2 ! .(* .2 1.0 1.5 5.5 1.6 24.8 28. 6 35.2 6.9 1.2 25.1 28.1 31.3 7.1 65 establishments. 1912 1913 8,288 56.7 8,660|i 56.2; .2 .2854 (1) .9 5.4 .3065 0) .1 .3 1.5 1 Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. 21.8 22.5 27.9 19.1 30.1 28.8 31.1 25.0 31.2 11.9 1.8 43.2 4.0 .3 34.1 3.5 .2 35.7 15.9 2.8 “ \*i .1 .2 .6 .1 .5 (*) 1.8 24.5 28.0 31.6 6.9 .5 (l) .3 .8 21.5 27.8 34.7 11.4 1.6 29 WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1907 TO 1913— OAR BUILDING. I . —AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED RATES OP WAGES PER HOUR IN THE UNIT.ED STATES, BY YEARS, 1907 TO 1913—Continued. T able P E R CEN T—Continued, Employees earning each classified rate of wages per hour. Aver Num age ber of full Occupation,and num ber of establish Year. em time ploy hours ments. ees. per week. Car repairers: 16 establishments. 1907 2,332 1908 1,703 1909 2,111 1910 2,399 Aver age rate of wages per hour. 10 12 and and un un der der 12 14 cts. cts. 56.7 $0.2467 56.5 .2442 55.6 .2411 55.7 .2575 0) 14 and un der 16 cts. 16 and un der 18 cts. 18 and un der 20 cts. 20 and un der 25 cts. 25 and un der 30 cts. 30 and un der 40 cts. 40 50 and and 60 un un cts. der der and 50 60 over. cts. cts. 1.7 2.8 2.3 1.0 3.2 11.1 43.9 20.1 18.4 1.4 .2 ....... 2.0 12.6 46.9 17.2 17.6 .9 .1 2.6 6.3 49.8 26.7 10.7 1.5 (l) 1.4 5.5 46.1 21.6 22.9 1.3 (}) 48 establishments. 1910 1911 6,877 6,592 55.9 55.5 .2436 .2510 .1 .1 1.1 .7 5.5 15.1 43.8 15.2 16.4 2.5 3.9 13.5 43.6 16.9 17.9 3.2 .2 (l) .3 (l) 58 establishments. 1911 1912 7,539 9,334 55.9 56.4 .2578 .. . . 0 ) .1 .4 .2 2.1 12.6 43.2 16.5 20.7 4.2 1.9 11.1 38.0 25.7 19.2 3.6 .3 (1) .3 (l) 59 establishments. 1912 9,395 1913 10,221 Fitters: 9 establishments.. 1910 1,' 1911 1,478 56.5 56.0 .1 .2589 .2716 YlV (*) .2 .3 2.0 11.1 37.9 25.6 19.2 3.6 1.6 5.2 39.4 26.3 19.2 7.0 .3 (1) .6 0.2 57.4 55.3 .2441 1.4 2.6 .2730 .1 .7 1,761 1,700 56.0 56.6 .2501 12 establishments. 1912 1,782 1913 2,305 Laborers: 20 establishments. 1907 4,671 1908 1,907 1909 2,963 1910 3, r~~ 56. 56.6 .2503 .2853 56.0 56.0 55.8 55.2 .1813 0.8 4.5 21.2 .1873 1.0 6.7 23.1 .1823 .5 5.4 29.2 .2 1.6 10.7 60 establishments. 1910 10,114 1911 7,r ~ 56.1 56.0 .1751 1.2 6.2 38.0 26.8 11.3 .1760 1.1 6.7 36.3 27.8 9.5 8.0 9.2 4.6 6.5 3.5 2.7 .2 (*) .2 68 establishments. 1911 1912 8,001 56.2 56.3 .1731 1.1 9.6 38.3 24.7 .1786 1.2 8.5 29.1 34.2 8.3 8.6 6.0 5.9 2.5 4.3 .1 .4 72 establishments. 1912 1913 Machine woodwork ers: 20 establishments. 1907 1908 1909 1910 8,546 9,818 56.4 56.1 .1784 1.2 8.5 28.5 35.0 7.9 8.6 .7 6.0 15.0 38.2 10.1 18.7 5.7 6.1 4.2 .4 4.2 1.0 584 473 488 602 55.6 54. 55.4 55.0 .2879 .5 .4 1.4 1.3 2.0 .7 2.9 2.1 2.0 2.0 33.6 32.6 28.7 29.2 58 establishments. 1910 1911 1,512 1,331 55.9 56.0 .2667 . .. . .2731 1.0 .5 6.0 7.7 6.2 27.1 27.9 29.7 2.2 4.7 22.1 29.9 33.1 2.1 **.*i 68 establishments. 1911 1912 1,443 1,268 56.2 56.1 .2703 .2790 . ... .4 .6 8.0 4.1 4.9 22.5 31.6 30.6 1.9 4.3 21.8 31.8 35.2 2.1 .1 .1 **‘ .‘ i 70 establishments. 1912 1913 Machinists: 12 establishments. 1907 1908 1909 1910 1,319 1,507 56.5 55.8 .2771 .1 .1 .6 .2 4.2 .9 5.2 22.8 30.6 34.3 2.0 2.3 22.7 30.0 39.3 4.1 .i .3 308 259 304 342 56.0 54.2 54.3 54.3 .3008 .3150 .3065 .3249 39.3 6.2 40.5 14.3 45.7 7.9 45.0 14.9 .6 55.3 54.4 .3072 .3158 7.7 43.6 40.9 7.3 6.5 42.9 41.4 8.1 .3 .8 11 establishments. 1911 1912 38 establishments. 1910 1911 34 establishments. 1911 1912 588 555 56.7 56.6 .3145 .3142 35 establishments. 1912 1913 Painters: 19 establishments. 1907 1908 1909 1910 562 710 56.6 56.2 .3139 .3187 1,146 874 1,098 1,348 55.2 54.8 56.0 54.8 .3066 .2912 . 296' .3174 9.3 18.1 11.4 18.2 16.3 14.8 7.8 7.0 12.0 8.0 17.1 15.6 29.0 10.4 .2 .3 .1 .8 .1 5.9 7.4 19.0 4.8 16.6 8.2 16.0 13.9 25.3 8.9 9.8 19.6 16.5 18.0 8.6 .3 .1 ...:2 .1 5.6 .3 4.5 15.9 3.9 7.9 9.5 20.5 17.7 17.7 8.2 6.5 27.3 13.8 22.3 17.4 .1 .7 48.5 3.7 33.6 5.5 34.1 3.9 36.9 21.9 9.4 7.8 12.5 6.6 14.5 11.7 14.1 9.5 11.2 9.2 21.1 17.3 21.3 23.8 16.6 10.4 11.5 5.8 .1 .3 38.0 34.7 34.9 33.6 1.6 0.6 (l) 3.7 .1 3.1 .2 7.8 .5 ’(V)‘ 38.7 1.9 45.7 .6 43.9 1.8 *0*2 41.2 3.2 ....... 2.5 .2 14.5 29.6 44.2 10.9 1.4 14.8 28.8 38.4 13.9 .*2 1.4 14.8 28.6 38.8 13.7 .6 9.2 30.1 42.4 14.5 .2 .7 5.1 3.7 7.3 3.5 ::::: 2.5 2.4 .3 .3 1.0 .1 .1 *.*i .6 .1 1Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. 22.4 21.4 19.7 17.7 21.8 22.9 22.2 20.5 .1 .1 *.*i .2 32.9 12.7 3.2 45.0 7.1 43.7 6.2 *‘ .‘ i 39.9 16.9 1.0 **\*3 30 BULLETIN OF TH E BUREAU OF LABOK STATISTICS. I , —AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED RATES OF WAGES PER HOUR IN THE UNITED STATES, BY YEARS, 1907 TO 1913—Continued. T able P E R CEN T—Concluded. Num Occupation, and num ber of ber of establish Year. em ments. ploy ees. Painters—Continued. 00 establishments. 1910 1911 2,664 2,911 09 establishments. 1911 3,102 1912 2,846 Average full time hours per week Employees earning each classified rate of wages per hour. ivverage rate of wages per hour. 16 18 20 and and and un un un der der der IS 20 25 cts. cts. cts. 25 and un der 30 cts. 10 12 and and un un der der 12 14 cts. cts. 14 and un der 16 cts. 55.5 $0.2959 0.2 55.4 . 3037 'o.'i .1 1.5 .5 4.0 1.9 4.8 20.4 23.7 31.3 13.2 0.8 0.2 5.5 20.3 22.3 33.9 14.5 1.0 ....... 30 and un der 40 cts. 40 and un der 50 cts. 50 and 60 un cts. der and 60 over. cts. 55.7 55.5 .3029 .1 .1 .3092 . . . . 0 ) .6 .6 1.8 2.2 5.2 21.2 22.4 33.7 13.9 1.0 2.7 20.9 22.9 34.3 14.2 2.2 ....... .6 .3 2.3 .8 5.1 21.4 22.3 32.6 13.5 2.1 1.7 19.6 19.1 38.4 16.9 2.8 ” \’ i ..... .8 .9 .8 .3 .8 11.7 44.7 30.8 11.3 .5 11.7 38.7 45.9 2.3 .4 12.8 44.6 38.4 3.1 1.3 7.3 37.0 28.4 25.1 . 7 ....... 2.2 13.8 36.8 32.0 13.8 .3 14.1 30.6 35.6 18.1 1.0 11.7 28.3 40.3 17.7 1.9 7.2 25.0 43.9 18.1 .5 .3 ....... .3 .6 " " .2 “72 establishments. 1912 1913 2,996 3,205 55.8 55.5 .3040 .1 .3221 *‘ .*i 0 ) 1907 1908 1909 1910 266 222 258 303 55.0 54.7 54.9 54.8 .3039 . 3024 .2942 .3283 48 establishments. 1910 1911 50 establishments. 1911 1912 593 651 678 515 55.2 54.9 55.7 55.2 .3052 .3 ....... .3177 .3210 . . . . *\’ i ***.3 .3244 . . . . . . . . •2 .5 .9 .3 2.9 52 establishments. 1912 1913 Riveters and buckers: 14 establishments 1910 1911 541 576 55.6 55.1 .3190 .3382 2.8 2.6 1.2 ....... 1,524 802 56.0 55.3 .3127 1.0 .2812 *\*4 2.1 10.4 1.7 8.0 5.8 16.4 16.3 28.3 11.0 5.8 6.4 30.5 16.7 24.4 9.7 1.6 16 establishments. 1911 1912 1,100 1,220 56.7 50.8 .2734 .3056 .3 .2 .2 ‘.5 2.2 1.7 8.7 4.8 7.8 27.8 19.8 24.7 7.0 1.2 .3 4.7 22.4 17.9 29.4 16.8 1.6 ....... 17 establishments. 1912 1913 Tinners: 15 establishments. 1907 1908 1909 1910 1,407 1,655 57.2 57.2 .2943 .3414 2 !l .5 .2 1.7 .7 4.5 2.9 9.6 23.3 17.9 26.4 147 4 1.4 2.4 16.7 21.3 26.3 19.0 7.8 ‘ *2.*7 228 178 280 456 54.5 54.4 54.5 54.2 .3422 .3350 .3228 .3724 .6 .6 .4 48 establishments. 1910 1911 745 745 54. S 54.9 .3424 .3439 . . . . ....... 54 establishments. 1911 1912 785 032 55.2 54.7 56 establishments. 1912 1913 Truck builders: 14 establishments. 1907 1908 1909 1910 635 679 Pipe fitters: 18 establishments. .2 **.*2 ....... 9.8 26.1 40.7 17.2 5.0 25.0 44.8 23.3 .6 .2 .5 ....... 2.9 .5 .4 .4 4.4 4.5 7.9 2.0 .1 .3 .5 7.1 23.8 41.3 27.0 6.2 20.1 47.9 24.8 .5 .1 **’ ."i . 3424 .3403 . . . . *\*3 ’ **.*2 .1 4.6 .6 .3 5.7 21.4 48.2 23.7 3.5 19.1 46.7 24.5 .1 .5 54.9 54.5 .3394 .3546 . . . . 4.6 .4 .3 .4 4.3 19.2 46.0 24.4 .5 .3 4.4 15.3 47.4 30.3 1.2 ....... 421 276 327 393 55.5 55.2 oo. 3 55.2 ,5 1.0 .2477 .2493 .... .2442 *1.2 .2568 . . . . . . . . ....... 44 establishments. 1910 1911 1,011 907 56.1 55.0 .2449 .253S 44 establishments. 1911 1912 943 891 55.4 55. 7 41 establishments. 1912 1913 Upholsterers: 18 establishments. 1907 1908 1909 1910 923 961 .3 .1 .2 .3 .4 24.6 24.2 22.1 11.6 43.4 27.2 57.3 12.9 65.4 3.9 44.5 40.6 ’ *.*9 .1 .3 4.5 13.5 40.4 20.4 17.6 1.7 .5 . . . . . 4.3 2.5 51.1 24.6 16.3 .4 .4 6.7 1.5 51.1 22.3 16.5 . .3 .3 2.8 1.3 48.3 26.2 20.4 1.0 . . . . ....... 6.0 3.1 6.9 10.4 36.5 21.1 17.6 1.2 .1 6.8 4.0 38.7 26.4 19.6 1.4 . . . . ....... .2534 .2645 3.3 1.0 6.6 4.5 3.7 40.4 25.8 18.8 1.5 5.7 39.5 22.1 23.5 3.7 . . . . ....... 56.2 55.6 .2607 .2768 ‘ V i 1.0 .4 4.4 .8 8.2 40.4 20.8 21.6 3.6 2.7 36.7 30.7 21.6 6.1 *\*4 "*’ .*3 231 179 196 269 54.6 54.4 54.6 54.5 ,3276 .3170 .3169 .3433 42 establishments. 1910 1911 477 500 55.1 54.9 ,3232 .3449 40 establishments. 1911 1912 506 473 54.9 54.9 .3440 .3514 46 establishments. 1912 1913 474 511 54.9 54.8 .3513 .3573 .2 .... .4 58.9 3.9 63.1 1,1 64.3 CO. 2 14.5 .9 .6 11.1 24.7 52.2 10.9 2.4 25.8 44.4 27.2 .2 .5 .4 .2 7.4 6.7 4.6 4.1 27.3 29.1 30.6 20.8 2.2 25.9 44.9 26.9 1.5 22.2 45.2 30.9 **.2 ....... .2 ....... * Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. 1.5 22.2 45.4 30.8 2.0 17.8 46.6 33.3 1.3 ’ *.’2 .2 .2 .2 ....... WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1907 TO 1913— CAE BUILDING. 31 T a b l e I I . — AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED RATES OF WAGES PER HOUR IN EACH YEAR, BY STATES, 1912 AND 1913. C A B IN E T M A K E R S. [The figures for 1912 and 1913 are for identical establishments, hence all figures for 1913 are directly com parable with those for 1912.] Year and State. Num ber of estab lish ments. Aver Num age ber of full em time ploy hours per ees. week. Number of employees earning each classified rate of wages per hour. Aver age rate of wages per hour. i 10 ! 12 and jand un 1un der der 12 14 cts. cts. 14 and un der 16 cts. 16 and un der 18 cts. 18 and un der 20 cts. 20 and un der 25 cts. 25 and un der 30 , cts. 30 and un der 40 cts. 40 and un der 50 cts. 50 and 60 un cts. der and 60 over. cts. 1913. California............... Illinois................... Indiana.................. Massachusetts....... Minnesota.............. 2 4 6 2 2 38 443 41 74 19 54.0 §0.3737 54.0 .3438 54.5 .3212 53.3 .2934 56.9 .2905 Missouri................. Ohio....................... Pennsylvania........ Other States.......... 4 3 2 11 55 122 129 269 58.5 55.1 55.2 55.9 1 .2820 .3313 .3882 ___!___ 1 .3199 36 1> 190 54.9 .3353 Total............ i i i i 1 | 2 1 ....... !........ I 1 3| 4 5 i 29 47 ; 355 16;' 22 52; 22 15 4 9 39 2 14 31 37 62 "* i7 55 10 64 26 129, 110 4 320j 699 148 5 43 11 31 17 1 28 544 16 49 5 8 122 8 1 1 7 30 14 104 39 64 42 137 21 69 29 1 3 8 16 257 924 257 13 253 54 125 43 4 59 248 85 82 273 19 339 447 157 91 64 28 179 56 20 15 10 118 181 129 12 73 179 215 146 198 57 108 72 254 14 4 299 49 122 20 10 44 6 39 143 44 2 10 798 78 139 234 84 39 93 131 91 95 317 71 96 24 8 4 1 1 72 13 1 151 2,034 2,321 2,618 571 45 3 22 356 648 151 81 115 3i 210 87 48 4 42 9 2 4 10 2 . 1 . ....... 1........ i 1 3} 2 12 1 5 2 2 2 6 1 4 i ....... 1913. California............... Illinois................... Indiana.................. Massachusetts....... Minnesota.............. 2 4 6 2 2 36 714 39 80 22 54.0 53.9 53.4 53.3 57.2 .3714 .3579 .3396 .3082 .2937 ! Missouri................. Ohio....................... Pennsylvania........ Other States.......... 4 3 2 11 51 122 129 280 56.8 55.2 55.2 55.9 .3063 .3350 .3937 .3324 1 1 . i ....... Ij 1 36 1,473 54.6 .3487 ; 2 Total............ . .1 . CA R PE N TE R S AND C A R BU ILDERS. 1913. Alabama................ California............... Illinois................... Indiana.................. Kansas................... Kentucky.............. 2 23 2 426 4 1,202 6 357 2 318 3 380 54.0 $0.3320 54.0 .3205 54.7 .3097 54.4 .3213 51.5 .2902 58.6 .2834 Massachusetts.. . . . Michigan................ Minnesota.............. Missouri................. New Jersey............ New York.............. 2 261 2 689 3 327 7 1,100 2 138 2 388 53.3 58.9 58.1 58.8 54.2 56.6 .2856 .2817 .2539 2 .2451 9 .3007 . 2964 ' " 2 *"’ 2 Ohio....................... Pennsylvania........ Tennessee.............. Texas..................... Virginia................. Wisconsin.............. 7 6 6 4 3 2 351 411 417 403 206 891 53.6 58.4 57.8 55.6 56.1 60.0 .3465 .2836 .2727 .3144 .3752 .2256 65 8,288 56.7 .2854 75 449 2 22 2 460 4 1,622 384 6 2 438 3 446* 54.0 54.0 55.3 55.1 51.4 59.01 .3418 .3197 .3175 5 6 .3492 .2961 .2771 ___■___ ....... 13 Total............ 5 1 4 17 9 19 27 4 2 30 52 47 1 11 376 3 10 14 6 14 1 10 2 12 20 5 1 2 1913. ■Vlabama................ California............... Illinois................... Indiana.................. Kansas................... Kentucky.............. 68014°— Bull. It3—15----- 3 18 4 286 50 2 74 73 390 73 305 253 BULLETIN OF TH E BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS. 32 T able I I .—AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED RATES OF WAGES PER HOUR IN EACH YEAR, BY STATES, 1912 AND 1913—Continued. C A R PE N T E R S AND C A R B U ILD E R S—Concluded. Year and State. Num ber of estab lish ments. Num ber of em ploy ees. Aver age full time hours per week. Number of emploj’ees earning each classified rate of wages per hour. Average rate of wages per hour. 10 | 12 and; and un un der der 12 14 cts. cts. 1 16 and un der 18 cts. 14 and un der 16 cts. 20 and un der 25 cts. 18 and un der 20 cts. 25 and un der 30 cts. 30 and un der 40 cts. 40 and un der 50 cts. 50 and 60 un cts. der and 60 over. cts. 1 9 1 3 —Concluded. Missouri................. New Jersey............ New York.............. 2 2 3 7 2 2 239 314 380 839 211 362 53.3 $0.3016 3085! 58.1 58.0 .2654!___ 57.2 2846| 54.2 32061 2 3610 379 778 284 393 53.3 56.9 57.3 Virginia................. Wisconsin.............. 7 6 6 4 3 2 942 Total............ 54.0 60.0 .3356’___ .3407i___ . 29951___ .31841*. 3983 . 2347 56.2 .3065 2 22 1 8 59 163 143 8 28 92 61 205 215 103 55 138 169 12 283 58 154 1 20 41 112 19 13 2 852 92 221 100 54 27 89 150 140 145 321 63 1 70 294 6 3 45 13 3 5 1 1 28 2 72 1,860 2,408 3,007 987 135 23 22 5 190 89 38 22 43 23 1 1 2 48 1 270 812 c»5 12o ! ini 1 1 27 27 233 44 14 1 24 4 188 1,042 3,5o8 2,408 1,808 336 27 2 65 36 11 14 8 1 4 103 24 1 5 6 6 6 4 1 5 1 2j 1 7 29 130 35 8 42 91 ***25 2 3 C A R R E PA IR E R S. 19 12, Alabama................ California............... Illinois................... Indiana.................. JTfl.nsn.s................... Kentucky.............. Minnesota.............. Missouri................. New Jersey............ Ohio........\............ Pennsylvania........ Tennessee.............. Texas..................... Virginia................. W isconsin.............. Other States.......... Total............ 4 1,185 2 221 4 574 5 567 2 165 3 577j 54.0!SO. 2389 54.0 .2511 53.5 .2841 53.8 . 2578 50.4 .2466 5.8.4 .2407 3 609; 5 303; 541 2 759 7 6 1,600 59.4 56.9 • 56. 8 56.3' 58.7 ! 50.9 57.3i 55.3 ! 60.0I 53.4 j 4 4 3 2 3 609 404 565 827 376 59 9,395 7 . 2158 .2396 . 1953 .2981 .3071 3 37 4 2 7 4 46 28 64 11 572 23 143 298 22 273 544 193 151 116 36 270 2 36 42 51 83 175 606 127 2 105 170 3 38 154 297 1 25 5 502 10 421 209 105 323 159 153 124 162 2 165 ..... f *'i i . 2315 .2333 .313ii .1991! .2532 52 14 7 19 1 l 4 .2589!___ 56.5 ______ ;__ 9 17 2 1 1 2 3 3 9 12 31 4 5 38 1 25 7 3 14 15 49 4 13 26 166 9 10 1913. Alabama................ California............... Illinois................... TnHinriD................... Kansas................... 4 1,013 2 327 4 693 5 629 2 237 54.01 54.0 53.5j 53.61 50.3: .2512!___ .2511 1 .2918 .2761 . 2684 Kentucky.............. Minnesota.............. Missouri................. New Jersey............ Ohio....................... 3 3 5 2 7 58.0 59.3 58.0 55.7 55.6 .2454 . 2230 . 2487 .2075 .3281 Pennsylvania........ Tennessee.............. Texas..................... Virginia................. Wisconsin.............. Other States.......... 6 1,748 57.3 6371 56.8 4 4 373‘ 57.4 581' 54.0 3 863i 60.0 2 509! 51 o 3 .3112 .2446 .2349 .3398 .2070 .2764 Total............ 683 689 248 103 S88 59 10,221 56.0j .2716 451 46 205 286 116 448 272 175 129 37 78 9 229 113 69 19 91 118 356 686 77 3 122 291 3 67 2 110 31 6 261 11 1 211 28 12 154 13 40 2 1 6 278 303 147 37 860 57 . 239 272 91 192 2 362 798 34 42 216 255 2 1 114 1 18 2 51 15 1 532 4,030 2,692 1,965 719 64 33 8 1! 3 1 28 23 33 WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1907 TO 1913— CAR BUILDING. T able IT.—AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED RATES OF WAGES PER HOUR IN EACH YEAR, BY STATES, 1912 AND 1913—Continued. F IT T E R S . Year and State. Num ber of estab lish ments. Aver Num age ber of iullem time ploy hours per ees. week. Number of employees earning each classified rate of wages per hour. Aver age rate of wages per hour. 10 and un der 12 cts. 12 and un der 14 cts. 55.3 $0.2903 55.7 2582 "* 2 59.9 1647 53.0 2684 58.3 2222 59.8 .2432 8 2 89 21 21 32 1 14 and un der 16 cts. 16 and un der 18 cts. 18 and un der 20 cts. 20 and un der *25 cts. 25 and un der 30 cts. 30 and un der 40 cts. 40 and un der 50 cts. 50 and 60 un cts. der and 60 over. cts. 1912. Illinois................... Indiana.................. Missouri................ O h io ..................... Pennsylvania. Other States._____ Total............ 2 2 2 2 2 2 712 166 219 130 451 104 12 1,782 56.8 .2503 999 248 320 183 440 115 54.9 57.4 59.9 52.6 58.4 59.8 3443 2814 1907 3571 2434 .2500 12 2,305 56.6 .2853 41 3 23 21 72 9 108 26 35 31 129 37 I ll 61 2 16 89 36 214 34 3 33 22 10 118 7 4 3 89 10 35 16 127 7 2 2 100 81 284 169 366 315 316 147 2 4 14 32 118 1 15 3 40 14 35 33 24 4 161 26 61 77 237 68 82 44 32 28 113 18 332 89 4 24 43 21 366 19 1 15 1 4 6 2 18 65 1 5 6 89 183 150 630 317 513 402 15 13 8 1 1913. Illinois................... Indiana.................. Missouri................. Ohio....................... Pennsylvania. .*.... Total............ 2 2 2 2 2 2 L A B O R E R S. 1912. 310 76 4 3 13 2 330 227 75 211 281 66 299 30 6 67 92 39 6 27 57 15 17 10 1 1 . 1500 .1916 ..1833 . 1752 . 1564 .2015 . 1874 16 4 173 32 1 5 413 79 115 95 86 217 176 284 137 298 14 48 52 16 26 68 19 37 24 15 47 116 20 10 2 3 4 12 26 44 28 5 57.4 58.9 55.4 55.2 60.0 54.0 .2072 . 1384 .1672 . 1662 . 1639 .1933 190 34 173 1 2 47 16 466 250 92 90 8 411 14 301 173 171 66 104 1 237 2 299 226 23 3 1 7 8 15 23 29 9 1 72 8,546 56.4 .1784 101 730 2,432 2,991 676 738 490 356 32 Alabama................ California............... Illinois................... Indiana.................. Kansas................... Kentucky ......... 4 366 2 83 5 1,486 7 806 2 186 3 344 54.0 54.0 55.8 55.4 51.3 58.5 292 .1330 .2077 .1943 2 .1897 7 . 1670 5 . 1504 "is 1 Massachusetts. . . . Michigan.............. Minnesota.............. M issouri............... New Y o r k ............ Ohio....................... 2 2 3 7 2 9 4 390 2 111 5 1,015 7 595 2 154 54.0 $0.1329 54.0 .2414 55.8 .1780 54.5 . 1679 51.2 .1642 Massachusetts....... M ichigan.............. Minnesota ......... Missouri .............. New York .......... Ohio....................... 3 2 2 3 7 2 9 289 177 316 257 747 350 652 58.4 53.2 58.4 57.8 58.9 55.7 54.2 Pennsylvania........ Tennessee............ Texas.................. Virginia.............. W isconsin......... Other States ____ 8 1,956 0 474 4 396 3 375 2 180 1 112 Total............ Alabama................ California .......... Illinois................... Indiana __ Kansas................... Kentucky.............. 19 1 1913. 209 53.2 266 57.6 240 58.0 544 58.2 337 53.7 970 54.1 .1850 .2008 .1775 .1623 .2117 .2016 l 72 1 1 4 104 92 223 572 267 34 94 220 186 46 5 81 628 156 13 2 2 48 55 1 14 28 8 20 124 42 18 33 144 15 113 20 26 59 4171 8 1 1 116 19 175 304 188 299 19 8 14 31 1 3 177 2 15 68 2 32 31 10 2 4 1 34 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS. T able I I .—AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED RATES OF WAGES PER HOUR IN EACH YEAR, BY STATES, 1912 AND 1913— Continued. L A B O R E R S —Concluded. Year and State. Num ber of estab lish ments. Number of employees earning each classified rate of wages per hour. Aver- Aver Num age ber of S t rate of em time wages ploy hours per per ees. week. hour. 10 and un der 12 cts. 12 and un der 14 cts. 14 16 18 20 25 30 40 and and and and and and and un un un un un un un der der der der der der der 16 18 20 25 30 50 40 cts. cts. cts. cts. cts. cts. cts. 50 and 60 un cts. der and 60 over. cts. 1913—Concluded. Pennsylvania........ Tennessee.............. Texas..................... Virginia................. Wisconsin.............. Other States.......... 8 2,346 C 485 4 329 447 3 221 2 1 153 Total............ 72 9,818 1 14 57.3 $0,2165 59.1 1410 25 207 2 55.7 .1666 54.0 1729 *’is 55 60.0 1665 54.0 .2071 56.1 .1892 367 217 85 85 3 908 18 238 223 214 82 64 592 1,472 3,752 120 7 3 9 4 5 255 6 1 15 315 5 36 9 30 26 10 987 1,837 600 415 99 24 25 7 8 32 9 13 27 31 35 21 36 95 38 2 12 3 6 2 1 29 24 45 8 20 38 18 18 37 6 40 10 10 1 11 16 55 19 17 7 22 32 4 14 25 3 56 33 18 28 301 404 4 280 86 M ACH IN E W O O D W O R K E R S . 1 1912. Alabama....... California....... Illinois........... Indiana......... Kansas.......... Kentucky------ 4 2 5 6 2 3 55 48 157 92 40 55 54.0 an 2921 3294 54.0 54.1 .3006 54.0 .2853 51.8 .2713 58.0 .2776 Massachusetts. Michigan....... Minnesota___ Missouri......... New York....... Ohio............... 2 2 3 7 2 8 49 70 43 155 44 119 53.3 01.8 58.5 58.8 56.5 54.3 .2877 .2421 .2474 .2223 .3100 .2863 Pennsylvania. Tennessee____ Texas............. Virginia......... Wisconsin___ Other States.. 8 6 4 3 2 1 120 91 29 48 90 14 58.3 58.3 56.7 55.3 60.0 50.0 . 2866 .2727 .2981 .3451 .2378 .3127 70 1,319 56.5 .2771 Total— 2 2 5 1 1 2 15 2 11 32 3 1 25 2 3 12 3 8 4 .. J .... __!..... . . . . ! .... 1 8 68 3 4 1 1 453 27 1 1 39 36 155 54 22 22 5 4 14 6 13 13 95 15 20 32 20 6 19 45 10 38 29 6 1 10 21 55 37 27 4 15 40 3 57 32 22 20 1 11 15 9 5 1 452 593 62 5 1 65 55 9 11 1913. Alabama....... California....... Illinois........... Indiana.......... Kansas.......... Kentucky___ 4 2 5 6 2 3 56 54 335 103 42 60 54.0 54.0 54.4 55.0 51.7 57.7 .2990 . 3363 .2966 .3226 .3027 .2842 Massachusetts Michigan....... Minnesota___ Missouri......... New York___ Ohio.............. 2 2 3 2 8 49 38 50 124 44 133 53.3 58.7 58.4 58.1 53.9 54.4 .3031 .2487 . 2507 .2446 .3183 .2993 Pennsylvania. Tennessee___ Texas............. Virginia......... Wisconsin___ Other States.. 8 6 4 3 2 1 146 80 33 50 96 14 57.8 58.1 56.0 54.0 60.0 50.0 . 303S .2795 .2965 .3677 . 2473 .3128 70 1,507 55.8 . 2928 Total__ 1 80 20 1 1 1 2 10 28 2 25 30 30 7 29 1 1 3 1 33 16 7 55 1 3 13 35 342 4 11 WAGES AND HOURS 0F LABOR, 1901 TO 1913— OAR BUILDING. 35 Tablb I I . —AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED RATES OF WAGES PER HOUR IN EACH YEAR, BY STATES, 1912 AND 1913—Continued. M A C H IN IST S . Year and State. Num ber of estab lish ments. Aver Num age ber of full em time ploy hours per ees. week. Number of employees earning each classified rate of wages per hour. Aver age rate of wages per hour. 10 and un der 12 cts. 12 and un der 14 cts. 14 and un der 16 cts. 16 and un der 18 cts. 18 and un der 20 cts. 20 and un der 25 cts. 25 and un der 30 cts. 30 and un der 40 cts. 40 and un der 50 cts. 50 and 60 un cts. der and 60 over. cts. 1913. Tlljnm’s r., r............ Tnrtiana....... .............. Massachusetts....... Missouri................. 5 3 2 4 87 48 44 85 55.8 $0.3146 55.7 .3180 53.3 .3142 59.5 .2715 1 2 26 55.2 4 23 54.5 3 140 58.0 109 55.9 12 Other States. .3146 .2713 .3148 .3520 14 7 35 562 56.6 .3139 14 8 Illinois . t-nitrrr___ Indiana......... MaspaeVmsetts....... Missouri- r 5 3 2 4 170 86 51 93 55.1 57.4 53.4 58.6 .3311 .3201 .3125 .2748 New York.............. Ohio....................... Pennsylvania.... . . Other States......... 2 4 3 12 27 37 148 98 52.2 54.8 57.7 55.6 .3096 .2783 .3152 .3636 Total............ 35 710 56.2 .3187 New York.............. Ohio....................... Pftnnsyl van ia.„ __ ......... Total............ 4 1 1 24 37 9 17 49 44 36 26 12 4 8 32 9 10 8 23 8 10 7 18 65 46 27 83 161 218 77 5 1 61 22 17 49 82 63 34 25 21 15 11 29 42 1 41 37 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 19 1 3 . 1 15 1 3 1 17 3 7 28 5 7 18 28 12 17 4 65 214 301 103 5 44 4 1 19 8 1 125 26 9 84 14 12 107 26 10 36 12 93 370 57 17 6 12 146 18 25 11 38 44 40 55 2 34 90 23 51 39 1 31 33 12 8 83 32 35 14 22 7 6 89 2 86 39 16 3 70 14 104 28 45 12 8 22 15 4 641 668 977 404 63 43 17 225 36 20 22 3 9 4 PA IN T E R S . 1912. Kansas*.................. Kentucky.............. 4 2 5 7 2 3 70 117 782 136 73 126 54.0 $0.2409 54.0 .3359 53.9 .3273 54.0 .3155 51.9 .3860 58.9 .2413 Massachusetts....... Michigan.................. Minnesota.............. Missouri................. New York.............. Ohio....................... 2 2 3 7 2 9 170 164 100 243 86 180 53.2 59.1 57.6 58.7 54.4 54.5 .2693 .2179 .2592 .2513 .4002 .3290 Pennsylvania........ Tennessee.............. Texas ................... Virginia................. Wisconsin.............. Other States.......... 8 6 4 3 2 1 268 120 69 81 168 43 57.7 58.2 55.3 55.5 60.0 50.0 .3390 .2556 . . . . .3088 .4380 .2521 .3324 72 2,996 55.8 .3040 Alabama. . . . . . . . . . California............... Illinois................... Tndia.na . ................... Total............ 2 1 8 1 1 11 46 8 76 1 4 2 8 8 1 1 2 1 27 1 2 17 70 9 1 3 51 47 15 1 56 6 1 39 21 5 1913. Alabama................ California............... Illinois................... Tnriia.na. . . . . Kansas................... Kentucky.............. Massachusetts. . . . Michigan................... Minnesota.............. Missouri................. New York.............. 4 2 5 7 2 3 76 149 885 169 79 150 54.0 54.0 54.1 54.8 51.9 59.1 .2528 .3397 .3477 .3296 .3650 .2502 2 2 3 7 2 178 79 100 197 99 53.2 58.1 57.7 57.4 50.9 .2855 .2841 .2653 .2658 .4321 1 4 .... 3 14 1 1 10 1 85 23 8 106 13 16 129 31 16 25 20 116 423 65 25 19 5 17 50 14 41 43 2 44 21 45 51 1 77 17 14 75 17 6 2 10 1 76 2 1 BULLETIN OF TH E BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS. 36 T ables II.—AVERAGE AND CDASSIFIED RATES OF WAGES PER HOUR IN EACH YEAR, BY STATES, 1912 AND 1913—Continued. P A IN T E R S —Concluded. Year. Num ber of estab lish ments. AverNum age Aver age ber of full rate of ein- time wages ploy- hours per per hour. week. Number of employees earning each classified rate of • wages per hour. 10 12 and and un un der der 12 14 cts. jets. 14 10 ; 18 25 30 40 20 and and and and and and and un un- i un un un un un der der I der der der der der 25 30 40 50 IS 20 16 c ts .; cts. cts, cts. cts. cts. cts. 50 ! and | GO un- cts. der ! and 00 lover, c ts .! 19 13—Concluded. Ohio....................... Pennsylvania........ Tennessee............ . Texas..................... Virginia................. Wisconsin............. Other States.......... 193 346 121 76 86 181 41 Total............ ,205 54.5 $0.3248 57.6 .3410 58.4 .2681 55.8 . 3095 54.0 .4265 60.0 .2656 50.0 .4009 55.5 63 137j 4l! 48 11 48 15 .3221 10 26! 629 6131,231 33 70 13;14|. 2 33 221 18 4 " k llllll 543 891 1 PIPE F IT T E R S . 1912. California Illinois................... Indiana .............. Kentucky.............. Massachusetts . 2 5 7 3 2 68 108 28 28 23 54.0 $0.3206 54.6 .3861 54.3 58.1 .3166 53.1 .3005 l 2 Missouri................. New York.............. Ohio....................... Pennsylvania........ Other States 7 2 4 4 16 60 25 34 54 113 58.2 5o. 7 54.8 57. 4 55. 6 .2314 .3178 12 5 ! 329S . 2S7° 1 2 ! .......!........ Total............ 52 541 55. 6 .31901 California............... Illinois................... Indiana .............. Kentucky__. . . . . . Massachusetts___ 2 7 3 2 75 123 36 31 24 54.0 : 54.3 ! 54.0 ■ 58.5 53.2 . 3199 .?m i . 3390 Missouri................. New York.............. Ohio....................... Pennsylvania Other States ....... 7 2 4 4 16 66 21 41 55 104 57.8 53.8 54. 8 56.3 54. 6 Total............ 52 576 55.1 ! .3382'___ | l 15 2 14 19 6 2 5 52 18 11 26 16 1 2 4 14 2 1 2 25 24 11 3 11 46 5 9 16 31 36 3 6 8 2 3 1 14 53 141 220 93 3 1 2 4 9 26 9 1 4 65 12 11 30 20 1 82 12 1 21 0 5 19 44 19 8 22 24 47 6 13 9 11 1 1 144 253 134 3 !____ I 80 29 6 3 89 38 97 20 15 4 5 2 2 66 6 1913. . 3204 ! . 2087;---- 1 7 18 . 3588! . 3295!1 . 3215I 3 2 1 7 29 1 RIV E TE R S AND BU C K E R S. 1912. Illinois................... TnrHflnq................... Missouri................. Ohio....................... 3 2 2 2 344 132 126 71 55.6 . $03428 55.7 .3028 59.9 .1934 ” *2 52.3 .2494 Pennsylvania ____ Tennessee.............. Other States.......... 2 2 4 512 52 170 57.7 .3177 59. *6 .2526 59.5 .2253 1 57.2 3 Total............ 17 1,407 .2943 1 1 4 8 10 3 3 7 39 5 18 8 6 12 41 17 59 32 8 8 1 3 4 4 2 10 7 74 112 13 54 95 215 8; 14 31! 7 76 1 1 1 7 24 64 135 328 252? 371 203 20 37 WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 190*7 TO 1913---- CAR BUILDING. T able I I . —AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED RATES OF WAGES PER HOUR IN EACH YEAR, BY STATES, 1912 AND 1913—Continued. R IV E T E R S AND B U C K E R S—Concluded. Number of employees earning each classified rate of wages per hour. Year and State. Num ber of estab lish ments. Aver Aver Num age age ber of full rate of 10 12 14 em time and and and hours ployper un un un per der der week. hour. der 12 14 16 cts. cts. cts. 16 and un der 18 cts. 18 and un der 20 cts. 20 and un der 25 cts. 25 and un der 3t) cts. 30 and un der 40 cts. 40 and un der 50 cts. 50 and 60 un cts. der and 60 over. cts. 1913. Illinois........... Indiana.......... Missouri......... Ohio............... 412 177 126 131 55.4 $0.4058 57.7 .3680 59.8 .2244 53.2 .2941 Pennsylvania. Tennessee___ Other States.. 580 44 185 57.7 59.7 59.4 .3299 .2991 .3321 Total... 17 1,655 57.2 .3414 47 19 39 lOi 84 63 10 23 33 58 6 27 125 14 224 14 103 3 3 352 436 314 129 20 7 20 10 66 17 6 21 112 5 1 2 35 47 25 75 8 21 TINNERS. 1912. Illinois................... Indiana.................. Massachusetts. . . . . Missouri................. 5 5 2 7 204 33 28 64 54.0 $0 3837 53.8 3507 53.3 .2828 58.8 .2349 Ohio....................... Pennsylvania........ Tennessee.............. Other States.......... 5 6 6 20 59 79 27 141 54.9 55.9 57.9 53.9 Total............ 56 635 54.9 .3394 Illinois.................... Indiana.................. Massachusetts....... Missouri................. 5 5 2 7 250 36 27 46 54.0 54.3 53.3 57.2 .3896 . 3370 .3028 .2942 Ohio....................... Pennsylvania........ Tennessee.............. Other States.......... 5 6 6 20 54 91 28 147 54.8 56.0 57.8 53.3 .3401 . 3739 .3317 .3256 Total............ 56 679 54.5 .3546 2 2 2 i 1 2 5 25 .3407 .3700 .3184 .3178 2 3 29 1 6 1 1 10 9 8 2 46 2 27 122 292 155 3 3 5 2 78 11 23 27 143 3 1 5 5 23 12 4 8 4 8 1 5 7 6 1 43 35 36 26 86 7 40 1 1 1 1 9 1913. 1 1 2 3 13 3 3 30 104 322 206 1 2 2 5 12 2 1 13 25 37 37 44 16 10 6 7 18 44 4 30 1 13 12 1 25 25 3 24 4 32 53 19 14 9 6 32 15 5 3 1 1 3 3 1 20 13 1 13 56 28 9 3 5 2 192 199 33 2 TR U C K BU ILD ERS. J 1 1912. California............... Illinois................... Indiana.................. Kansas................... Massachusetts....... 2 3 5 2 2 63 101 60 73 45 Michigan............... Minnesota.............. Missouri................. New York............. 2 2 6 2 72 61.9 59 56.4 103 58.4 38 56.1 .2229 .2284 .2110 . 2377 Ohio....................... Pennsvlvania........ Texas..................... Other States.......... 5 3 3 4 107 71 43 88 53.9 57.9 54.4 58.8 .3059 .2942 .2386 .2141 2 1 2 5 20 25 33 64 Total............ 41 923 56.2 .2670 9 41 76 373 54.0 SO. 2853 54.9 .3110 53.7 .2771 55.2 .2801 53.1 .2476 8 2 BULLETIN OF TH E BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS. 38 T able I I .—AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED RATES OF WAGES PER HOUR IN EACH YEAR, BY STATES, 1912 AND 1913—Concluded. T R U C K B U ILD E R S —Concluded. Year and State. Num ber of estab lish ments. Aver Num age ber of full em time ploy- hours per week. Number of employees earning each classified rate of wages per hour. Aver age j rate of 10 i 12 wages land and per un un hour. der der 12 14 cts. Icts. 14 16 18 20 25 30 40 50 and and and and and and and and 60 un un un un un un un un cts. der der der der der der der der and 16 18 20 25 30 40 50 60 over. cts. cts. cts. cts. cts. cts. cts. cts. 1913. California....... Illinois........... Indiana......... Kansas.......... Massachusetts 83 107 65 80 50 54.0 $0.2843 .3262! 54. . 3148 54. 55.5 . 2868* 53.3 .2624 Michigan....... Minnesota___ Missouri......... New York___ 35 69 129 42 57.9 56.6 56.3 54.0 .2842 .2301 .2324 .2645 Ohio.............. Pennsylvania. 109 51 44 54.2 57.5 54.4 58.8 .3164 .3246 . 2556 961 55.6 Other States.. T otal... 41 19 63 62 13 27 3 28 72 l!... 26 353 295 208 59 2 1 1 38 40 16 21 7 93 7 94 3 3 8 7 2 1 84 17 18 10 1 7 105 215 146 1 1 6 107 19 15 23 1 170 1 U P H O L STE R E R S. ! j 1913. California.. . . . ___ ................... Missouri................. Ohio....................... Pennsylvania Other States.......... Total............ 48 2 4 144 Illinois 6 24 4 41 2 26 28 191 54 ftSO. 3263 53.6 .3988 58.2 .3027 54.7 .3781 55.6 .4060 55.7 .3122 46 474 54.9 . 3513 2 50 Illinois 4 161 6 30 4 47 22 2 28 201 54.0 53.9 56.3 54.8 55.5 55.4 .3415 .4057 .2982 .3706 .4102 .3225 511 54.8 . 3573 1913. California............... ................... Missouri....... Ohio....................... Pennsylvania....... Other States.......... Total.. 46 1 j i ; i ! . I *! 1 I j | ' ; ..... |....... i........ : t . i 1 ____i ! i \ ____ ! 1 1 1 2 5 9 4 8 71 42 48 20 23 7 98 10 91 238 WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1907 TO 1913— CAR BUILDIXG. 39 I I I .—AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED FULL-TIME HOURS OF WORK PER WEEK IN THE UNITED STATES, BY YEARS, 1907 TO 1913. T able [The figures set opposite each group of years are for identical establishments.] NU M BER. Employees whose full-time hours per week were— Aver age full time Over 57 hours Under 54 and Over per 54 and under 60 54 60 week. under 60 57 Year. Num ber of em ploy ees. 1907 1908 1909 1910 686 520 573 658 54.7 54.6 54.6 54.6 60 61 72 73 416 354 347 399 146 52 98 125 5 8 7 59 48 48 54 34 pstahl ish mmi ts __........... ...... 1910 1911 1,169 1,155 54.9 55.0 174 179 453 425 341 356 45 50 156 145 34 establishments...................... 1911 1912 1,161 1,183 55.0 54.9 173 146 433 579 356 261 54 56 145 141 36 establishments...................... 1912 ' 1913 1,190 1,473 54.9 54.6 152 224 579 803 261 243 56 54 142 149 1907 1908 1909 1910 4,139 2,594 3,323 3,649 55.6 55.5 55.8 55.6 257 327 277 284 2,297 1,289 1,551 1,866 562 300 469 561 214 254 323 246 791 407 699 674 18 17 4 18 55 establishments...................... 1910 1911 8,156 7,801 56.3 56.0 689 818 2,756 2,871 1,321 1,113 1,072 1,050 2,300 1,931 18 18 63 establishments...................... 1911 1912 7,979 7,543 56.1 56.4 818 793 3,152 2.699 888 576 964 852 2,139 2,623 18 65 establishments.................... 1912 1913 8,288 8,660 56.7 56.2 725 1,398 2.699 2,602 716 927 852 1,209 3,296 2,524 1907 1908 1909 1910 2,332 1,703 2,111 2,399 56.7 56.5 55.6 55.7 265 267 341 359 443 379 714 766 683 338 486 633 234 274 217 248 670 414 345 382 37 31 8 11 48 establishments...................... 1910 1911 6,877 6,592 55.9 55.5 872 992 2,709 2,890 733 607 616 476 1,930 1,610 17 17 58 establishments..................... 1911 1912 7,539 9,334 55.9 56.4 982 814 2,989 3,819 748 878 561 834 2,242 2,884 17 105 59 establishments...................... 1912 1913 9,395 10,221 56.5 56.0 814 1,286 3,819 4,107 928 1,125 834 819 2,884 2,833 116 51 1910 1911 1,739 1,478 57.4 55.3 56 135 428 632 660 394 177 153 174 164 244 11 establishments........... 1911 1912 1,761 1,700 56.0 56.6 135 64 632 521 394 427 198 231 402 457 12 establishments............... 1912 1913 1,782 2,305 56.8 56.6 64 105 521 827 427 320 231 411 539 642 1907 1908 1909 1910 4,671 1,907 2,963 3,823 56.0 56.0 55.8 55.2 336 293 421 366 1,960 622 1,154 1,736 939 369 533 985 94 71 158 109 1,342 547 697 622 5 60 establishments...................... 1910 1911 10,114 7,695 56.1 56.0 966 986 2,657 2,275 3,134 1,512 1,281 1,221 1,903 1,696 173 5 68 establishments...................... 1911 1912 8,001 8,208 56.2 56.3 986 647 2,197 2,430 1,486 1,945 1,159 1,064 2,168 2,119 5 3 72 establishments...................... 1912 8,546 1913 * 9,818 56.4 56.1 647 1,165 2,455 2,585 1,968 2,319 1,064 1,358 2,409 2,391 3 Occupation, and number of estab lishments. Cabinetmakers: 16 establishments...................... Carpenters and car builders, wood: 20 establishments...................... Car repairers: 16 establishments...................... Fitters: 9 establishments....................... Laborers: 20 establishments.................... 5 40 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS. T a b l e I I I . — AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED FULL-TIME HOURS OF WORK PER WEEK IN THE UNITED STATES, BY YEARS, 1907 TO 1913—Continued. N U M B E R —Continued. Occupation, and number of estab lishments. Machine woodworkers: 20 establishments...................... Year. Number of employees. i j ! j j Employees whose full-time hour; were— Avera»e fulltime hours per week. i ! j Under | 54 ; 54 Over 54 and under 57 '■ 57 j and ; under j 00 ; | Over no 60 1907 1908 1909 1910 584 473 488 602 55.6 54.9 55.4 55.0 54 63 55 54 296 275 212 387 88 59 75 66 14 16 31 22 58 establishments...................... 1910 1911 1,512 1,331 55.9 56.0 146 141 536 430 301 256 217 191 312 I 313 ! 68 establishments...................... 1911 1912 1,443 1,268 56.2 56.1 142 141 466 401 256 210 191 164 388 j 352 ! 70 establishments...................... 1912 1913 1,319 1,507 56.5 55.8 145 199 401 578 173 195 164 160 1907 1908 1909 1910 | 308 259 304 342 56.0 54.2 54.3 54.3 42 43 44 42 95 157 194 212 59 51 55 . 77 420 ! 375 i ! 112 | 8| 1 | 1 i 38 establishments...................... 1910 1 1911 ' 860 889 55.3 54.4 158 207 339 1 376 187 152 74 78 71 ! 76 ! 34 establishments.................. 1911 !I 1912 : 588 555 56. 7 56.6 54 51 133 150 145 116 78 67 171 | 35 establishments...................... 1912 1913 502 710 50.6 5G.2 51 75 150 215 116 112 67 199 1907 1908 1909 1910 1,146 874 1,098 1,348 55.2 54.8 56.0 54.8 192 196 202 189 511 420 489 809 218 116 176 176 32 25 74 35 1910 | 1911 2,664 2,911 55.5 55.4 385 394 1,045 1,270 462 462 251 288 521 497 69 establishments...................... ! 1911 j 1912 3,102 2.S46 55.7 55.5 385 344 1,283 1,278 483 392 284 193 667 637 72 establishments...................... ! 1912 j 1913 2,996 3,205 55.8 55. 5 344 513 1,278 1,334 394 387 193 267 785 704 1907 1908 1909 1910 266 9‘>2 258 303 55.0 54. 7 54.9 54.8 27 27 32 34 152 141 149 188 45 30 40 39 7 7 7 7 35 17 30 35 48 establishments...................... 1910 1911 593 651 55. 2 54.9 96 93 242 305 107 124 72 59 74 70 50 establishments...................... 1911 1912 678 515 55.7 55.2 68 63 288 254 3.24 i4 53 55 145 65 52 establishments...................... 1912 1913 541 576 55.6 55.1 63 94 242 261 77 82 57 56 101 83 1910 1911 1,524 802 56.0 55.3 61 176 245 234 933 126 154 158 131 108 16 establishments...................... 1911 1912 1.160 1,220 56.7 56.8 181 52 238 240 126 457' 158 136 457 335 17 establishments...................... 1912 1913 1,407 1,655 57.2 57.2 46 73 250 300 457 421 136 306 518 555 1907 190S 1909 1910 228 178 280 456 54.8 54.4 54.5 54.2 36 36 43 46 i 117 91 156 317 61 41 62 83 1 3 5 7 13 7 14 3 Machinists: 12 establishments...................... Painters: 19 establishments...................... 60 establishments...................... Pipe fitters: 18 establishments...................... Riveters and buckers: 14 establishments...................... Tinners: 15 establishments...................... 132 60 85 73 • 1 ; ; 178 ! 109 | ; 193 117 157 139 41 WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1907 TO 1913— CAR BUILDING. I I I .—AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED FULL-TIME HOURS OF WORK PER WEEK IN THE UNITED STATES, BY YEARS, 1907 TO 1913—Continued. T able N U M BE R —Concluded. Occupation, and number of estab lishments. Year. Num ber of em ploy ees. Aver age full time hours per week. Employees whose full-time hours per week were— Under 54 54 Over 57 54 and and Iunder under 60 | 57 Over 60 60 i... .... .. Tinners—Concluded. 48 establishments...................... 1910 1911 745 745 54.8 54.9 98 99 375 351 158 168 41 39 73 1 88 54 establishments...................... 1911 1912 785 632 55.2 54.7 99 97 350 292 168 143 • 38 34 130 66 ; 56 establishments...................... 1912 1913 635 679 54.9 54.5 97 133 286 310 143 143 36 47 73 ! 46 ! 1907 1908 1909 1910 421 276 327 393 55.5 55.2 55.3 55.2 92 79 60 43 168 99 141 204 59 42 60 77 6 5 13 18 96 ■ 51 ! 53 ! 51 44 establishments...................... 1910 1911 1,011 907 56.1 55.0 170 168 351 390 180 126 90 63 163 1 160 i 44 establishments...................... 1911 1912 943 891 55.4 55.7 166 125 357 302 130 194 71 53 219 1 217 : 41 establishments...................... 1912 1913 923 961 56.2 55.6 125 140 286 338 190 193 53 75 243 i 215 : 1907 1908 1909 1910 231 179 196 269 54.6 54.4 54.6 54.5 31 34 33 36 143 110 114 184 36 20 30 27 2 1 4 4 19 ! 14 ; 15 i 18! 42 establishments...................... 1910 1911 477 500 55.1 54.9 67 69 216 261 92 77 30 23 46 establishments...................... 1911 1912 506 473 54.9 54.9 89 63 246 248 77 70 23 22 72 1 70 ; i 71 ! 70 I 46 establishments...................... 1912 1913 474 511 54.9 54.8 63 82 250 262 j 69 80 22 23 60.6 68.1 60.6 60.6 21.3 10.0 17.1 19.0 0.7 1.0 1.4 1.1 8.6 9.2 8.4 8.2 38.8 36.8 29.2 30.8 3.8 4.3 13.3 12.6 37.3 48.9 30.7 22.1 4.7 4.7 12.5 11.9 Truck builders: 14 establishments...................... Upholsterers: 18 establishments...................... 57 26 70 ! i PER CENT. Cabinetmakers: 16 establishments.................... 1907 1908 1909 1910 686 520 573 658 54.7 54.6 54.6 54.6 8.7 11.7 12.6 11.1 1910 1911 1,169 1,155 54.9 55.0 14.9 15.5 34 establishments.................... 1911 1612 1,161 1,183 55.0 54.9 14.9 12.3 36 establishments.................... 1912 1913 1,190 1,473 54.9 54.6 12.8 15.2 48.7 54.5 21.9 16.5 4.7 3.7 11.9 10.1 1907 1908 1909 1910 4,139 2,594 3,323 3,649 55.6 55.5 55.8 55.6 6.2 12.6 8.3 7.8 55.5 49.7 46.7 51.1 13.6 11.6 14.1 15.4 5.2 9.8 9.7 6.7 19.1 15.7 21.0 18.5 0.4 .7 .1 .5 55 establishments. 1910 1911 8,156 7,801 56.3 56.0 8.4 10.5 33.8 36.8 16.2 14.3 13.1 13.5 28.2 24.8 .2 .2 63 establishments. 1911 1912 7,979 7,543 56.1 56.4 10.3 10.5 39.5 35.8 11.1 7.6 12.1 11.3 26.8 34.8 .2 65 establishments. 1912 1913 8,288 8,660 56.7 56.2 8.7 16.1 32.6 30.0 8.6 10.7 10.3 14.0 39.8 29.1 34 establishments.................... Carpenters and car builders, wood: 20 establishments.................... 1 42 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS. T a b l e I I I . — AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED FULL-TIME HOURS OF WORK PER WEEK IN THE UNITED STATES, BY YEARS, 1907 TO 1913—Continued. P E R CEN T—Continued. Num ber of em ploy* Aver age full time hours per week. 1907 1908 1909 1910 2,332 1,703 2,111 2,399 48 establishments.. 1910 1911 58 establishments. 59 establishments. Occupation, and number of estab lishments. Y ear. Employees whose full-time hours per week were— Over 57 54 and and under under 60 57 Under 54 54 56.7 56.5 55.6 55.7 11.4 15.7 16.2 15.0 19.0 22.3 33.8 31.9 29.3 19.8 23.0 26.4 10.0 16.1 10.3 10.3 28.7 24.3 16.3 15.9 6,877 6,592 55.9 55.5 12.7 15.0 39.4 10.7 9.0 7.2 28.1 24.4 1911 1912 7,539 9,334 55.9 56.4 13.0 8.7 40.9 9.4 7.4 8.9 29.7 30.9 1.1 1912 1913 9,395 10,221 56.5 56.0 8.7 12.6 40.6 40.2 11.0 9.9 8.9 8.0 30.7 27.7 1.2 .5 1910 1911 1,739 1,478 57.4 55.3 3.2 9.1 24.6 42.8 38.0 26.7 10.2 10.4 10.0 11.1 14.0 11 establishments 1911 1912 1,761 1,700 56.0 56.6 7.7 3.8 35.9 30.6 22.4 25.1 11.2 13.6 22.8 26.9 12 establishments., 1912 1913 1,782 2,305 56.8 56.6 3.6 4.6 29.2 35.9 24.0 13.9 13.0 17.8 30.2 27.9 1907 1908 1909 1910 4,671 1,907 2,963 3,823 56.0 56.0 55.8 55.2 7.2 15.4 14.2 9.6 42.0 32.6 38.9 45.4 20.1 19.3 18.0 25.8 2.0 3.7 5.3 2.9 28.7 28.7 23.5 16.3 *.*i 60 establishments.. 1910 1911 10,114 7,695 56.1 56.0 9.6 12.8 31.0 19.6 12.7 15.9 18.8 22.0 1.7 .1 68 establishments.. 1911 1912 8,001 8,208 56.2 56.3 12.3 7.9 27.5 29.6 18.6 23.7 14.5 13.0 27.1 25.8 72 establishments.. 1912 1913 8,546 9,818 56.4 56.1 7.6 11.9 28.7 26.3 23.0 23.6 12.5 13.8 24.4 1907 1908 1909 1910 584 473 488 602 55.6 54.9 55.4 55.0 9.2 13.3 11.3 9.0 50.7 58.1 49.6 64.3 15.1 12.5 15.4 11.0 2.4 3.4 6.4 3.7 22.6 12.7 17.4 12.1 58 establishments. 1910 1911 1,512 1,331 55.9 56.0 9.7 10.6 35.4 32.3 19.9 19.2 14.4 14.4 20.6 23.5 68 establishments. 1911 1912 1,443 1,268 56.2 56.1 11.1 32.3 31.6 17.7 16.6 13.2 12.9 26.9 27.8 70 establishments.. 1912 1913 1,319 1,507 56.5 55.8 11.0 13.2 30.4 38.4 13.1 12.9 12.4 10.6 31.8 24.9 1907 1908 1909 1910 308 259 304 342 56.0 54.2 54.3 54.3 13.6 16.6 14.5 12.3 30.8 60.6 63.8 62.0 19.2 19.7 18.1 22.5 36.4 3.1 3.6 3.2 38 establishments.. 1910 1911 860 889 55.3 54.4 18.4 23.3 39.4 42.3 21.7 17.1 8.3 8.5 34 establishments.. 1911 1912 588 555 56.7 56.6 9.2 9.2 22.6 27.0 24.7 20.9 13.3 12.1 30.3 30.8 35 establishments.. 1912 1913 562 710 56.6 56.2 9.1 10.6 26.7 30.3 20.6 15.8 11.9 28.0 31.7 15.4 1907 1908 1909 1910 1,146 874 1,098 1,348 55.2 54.8 56.0 54.8 16.8 22.4 18.4 14.0 44. 48. 44. _ 60.0 19.0 13.3 16.0 13.1 2.9 6.7 2.8 16.8 13.4 14.3 10.3 Car repairers: 16 establishments., Fitters: 9 establishments.. Laborers: 20 establishments. Machine woodworkers: 20 establishments.. Machinists: 12 establishments.. Painters: 19 establishments., i Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. 2.6 60 Over 60 1.6 1.8 .4 .5 .2 .3 C 1) 0) 3.6 43 WAGES AND HOUBS OF LABOK, 1907 TO 1913-----CAE BUILDING. I I I .—AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED FULL-TIME HOURS OF WORK PER WEEK IN THE UNITED STATES, BY YEARS, 1907 TO 1913—Concluded. T able P E R CEN T—Concluded. Num ber of em ploy- Aver age full time hours per week. 1910 1911 2,664 2,911 69 establishments. 1911 1912 72 establishments. Occupation, and number of estab lishments. Y ear. Employees whose full-time hours per week were— Over 57 54 and and under under 60 57 Over 60 54 54 55.5 55.4 14.5 13.5 39.2 43.6 17.3 15.9 9.4 9.9 19.6 17.1 3,102 2,846 55.7 55.5 12.4 12.1 41.4 44.9 15.6 13.8 9.2 6.8 21.5 22.4 0.1 1912 1913 2,996 3,205 55.8 55.5 11.5 16.0 42.7 41.6 13.2 12.1 6.4 8.3 26.2 22.0 .1 1907 1908 1909 1910 266 222 258 303 55.0 54.7 54.9 54.8 10.2 12.2 12.4 11.2 57.1 63.5 57.8 62.0 16.9 13.5 15.5 12.9 2.6 3.2 2.7 2.3 13.2 7.7 11.6 11.6 48 establishments. 1910 1911 651 55.2 54.9 16.2 14.3 40.8 46.9 18.0 19.0 12.1 9.1 12.5 10.8 .3 50 establishments. 1911 1912 678 515 55.7 55.2 10.0 12.2 42.5 49.3 18.3 15.0 7.8 10.7 21.4 12.6 .2 52 establishments. 1912 1913 541 576 55.6 55.1 11.6 16.3 44.7 45.3 14.2 14.2 10.5 9.7 18.7 14.4 .2 1910 1911 1,524 802 56.0 55.3 4.0 21.9 16.1 29.2 61.2 15.7 10.1 19.7 8.6 13.5 16 establishments 1911 1912 1,160 1,220 56.7 56.8 15.6 4.3 20.5 19.7 10.9 37.5 13.6 11.1 39.4 27.5 17 establishments. 1912 1913 1,407 1,655 57.2 57.2 3.3 4.4 17.8 18.1 32.5 25.4 9.7 18.5 36.8 33.5 1907 1908 1909 1910 228 178 280 456 54.5 54.4 54.5 54.2 15.8 20.2 15.4 10.1 51.3 51.1 55.7 69.5 26.8 23.0 22.1 18.2 .4 1.7 1.8 1.5 5.7 3.9 5.0 .7 48 establishments. 1910 1911 745 745 54.8 54.9 13.2 13.3 50.3 47.1 21.2 22.6 5.5 5.2 9.8 11.8 54 establishments. 1911 1912 785 632 55.2 54.7 12.6 15.3 44.6 46.2 21.4 22.6 4.8 5.4 16.6 10.4 56 establishments. 1912 1913 635 679 54.9 54.5 15.3 19.6 45.0 45.7 22.5 21.1 5.7 6.9 11.5 6.8 1907 1908 1909 1910 421 276 327 55.5 55.2 55.3 55.2 21.9 28.6 18.3 10.9 39.9 35.9 43.1 51.9 14.0 15.2 18.3 19.6 1.4 1.8 4.0 4.6 22.8 18.5 16.2 13.0 44 establishments. 1910 1911 1,011 907 56.1 55.0 16.8 18.5 34.7 43.0 17.8 13.9 8.9 6.9 16.1 17.6 44 establishments. 1911 1912 55.4 55.7 17.6 14.0 37.9 33.9 13.8 21.8 7.5 5.9 23.2 24.4 41 establishments. 1912 1913 961 56.2 55.6 13.5 14.6 31.0 35.2 20.6 20.1 5.7 7.8 26.3 22.4 1907 1908 1909 1910 231 179 196 54.6 54.4 54.6 54.5 13.4 19.0 46.8 13.4 61.9 61.5 58.2 68.4 15.6 11.2 15.3 10.0 .9 .6 2.0 1.5 8.2 7.8 7.7 6.7 42 establishments. 1910 1911 477 500 55.1 54.9 14.0 13.8 45.3 52.2 19.3 15.4 6.3 4.6 15.1 14.0 46 establishments. 1911 1912 506 473 54.9 54.9 17.6 13.3 48.6 52.4 15.2 14.8 4.5 4.7 14.0 14.8 46 establishments. 1912 1913 474 511 54.9 54.8 13.3 16.0 52.7 51.3 14.6 15.7 4.6 4.5 14.8 12.5 Painters—Concluded. 60 establishments. Pipe fitters: 18 establishments. Riveters and buckers: 14 establishments. Tinners: 15 establishments. Truck builders: 14 establishments. Upholsterers: 18 establishments. 60 5.6 2.8 1 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS. 44 T a b l e I V . — AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED FULL-TIME HOURS OF WORK PER WEEK IN EACH YEAR, BY STATES, 1912 AND 1913. C A B IN E T M A K E R S. [The figures for 1912 and 1913 are for identical establishments, hence all figures for 1913 are directly com parable with those for 1912.] Year and State. Num ber of estab lish ments. Number of employees whose full-time hours per week were— Aver , Num age full ber Over time i of 54 ;employ- hours Under and per ! ees. 60 j Over and 54 ; 60 under under week. 60 1912. California................... Illinois....................... Indiana...................... Massachusetts........... Minnesota................. Missouri..................... Ohio........................... Pennsylvania............ Other States.............. 2 * 4 1 ! 6 2 2 4 3 2 11 Total............... 3S 443 41 74 19 54.0 54.0 54.5 53.3 56.9 i i \ | | 55 122 129 269 5S. 5 55.1 55.2 55.9 i. ; i | h 190 54.9 152 54.0 53.9 53.4 53.3 57.2 |.......... i 60 | 16 j 55 i.......... 38 424 3 19 32 i. ‘isT 96 I 120 579 ! 261 1913, California.................. Illinois....................... Indiana..................... Massachusetts........... Minnesota................. Missouri............ ........ Ohio.......................... Pennsylvania............ Other States............. Total............... 51 122 129 280 36 1.473 56.8 j. 55.2 U 55.2 :. 54.6 i 36 !.......... 654 !.......... 3 ‘ 14 22 !. 93 38 I 224 803 i 97 119 ; 149 j. 243 i 149 |. CARPE N TE R S AND C A R BU ILD ER S. 1912. Alabam a.. California.. Illinois___ Indiana__ Kansas___ Kentucky. 2 2 4 6 9 3 23 426 1,202 357 318 380 54.0 54.0 54.7 54.4 51.5 58. 6 Massachusetts. Michigan......... Minnesota....... Missouri.......... New Jersey___ New Y ork .___ 2 2 3 7 o o 261 689 327 1,100 138 388 53. 3 58.9 58.1 58.8 54.2 56. 6 Ohio................ Pennsylvania.. Tennessee____ Texas.............. Virginia......... . Wisconsin___ 7 6 6 4 3 i o 351 411 417 403 206 891 53. 6 58. 4 57.8 55. 6 56.1 60. 0 Total. 23 ;.......... 426 301 ;.......... :........... 110 791 !.......... 56 .......... | 301 .......... i 49 l........... 269 S7 1.......... .......... i 293 •........... ! ! 195 66 I.......... 125 !.......... .......... 1 564 i........... .......... 105 216 6 .......... 1S7 !_____ 170 743 ‘ .......... .......... i 133 '........... ___219 i...................... .......... i 369 ;.......... i . I.......... !........... 95 ! 77 ; 179 .......... :........... i 131 .......... 1 280 ........... 165 I 127 125 96 307 73 133 891 65 ; 8,2S8 50. 7 j 725 ! 2,< 2 22 2 460 4 1,622 6 384 2 • 438 3 i 416 54.0 54.0 55.3 55.1 51.4 59.0 1 479 i 63 !. 377 j. 716 852 \3,296 207 499 i 114 ! 1913. Alabam a.. California.. Illinois___ Indiana__ Kansas___ Kentucky. 22 460 644 61 !. 373 L WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1907 TO 1913---- CAR BUILDING. 45 I V .—AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED FULL-TIME HOURS OF WORK PER WEEK IN EACH YEAR, BY STATES, 1912 AND 1913—Continued. T able C A R P E N T E R S AND C A R B U ILD E R S—Concluded. Year and State. Number of employees whose full-time hours per week were— Num Num Aver age ber ber full of time Over of 57 estab employ 54 hours and Over lish Under 54 per and under ees. 60 54 ments. 60 under week. 57 1 913—Concluded. Massachusetts..................... Michigan............................. Minnesota........................... . Missouri....... ........................ New Jersey........................... New York............................. 314 380 839 211 362 53.3 58.1 58.0 57.2 54.2 55.1 Ohio...................................... Pennsylvania....................... Tennessee............................. Texas.................................... Virginia................................ Wisconsin........................... . 379 778 284 393 167 942 53.3 56.9 57.3 55.8 54.0 60.0 Total........................... 97 251 226 7 178 131 66 62 110 278 167 182 414 2,602 927 1,185 221 281 274 213 217 5 263 184 302 62 115 942 56.2 65 124 350 204 1,209 2,524 C A R R E PA IR E R S. 1913. Alabama........................................... California .......................................... Illinois.............................................. Indiana............................................. Kansas.............................................. Kentucky......................................... 4 2 4 5 2 3 1,185 221 574 567 165 577 54.0 54.0 53.5 53.8 50.4 58.4 Minnesota......................................... Missouri............................................ New Jersey....................................... Ohio.................................................. Pennsylvania................................... 3 5 2 7 6 609 303 54 759 1,600 59.4 1>6.9 56.8 56.3 58.7 Tennessee......................................... Texas................................................ Virginia............................................ Wisconsin......................................... Other States..................................... 4 4 3 2 3 609 404 565 827 376 56.9 57.3 55.3 60.0 53.4 221 155 Total....................................... 59 9,395 56.5 814 3,819 928 1913. Alabama........................................... California.......................................... Illinois.............................................. Indiana............................................. Kansas............................................. Kentucky......................................... 4 2 4 5 2 3 1,013 327 693 629 237 683 54.0 54.0 53.5 53.6 50.3 58.0 355 116 229 1,013 327 338 304 209 Minnesota......................................... Missouri.....................................___ New Jersey....................................... Ohio.................................................. Pennsylvania................................... 3 689 5 248 2 103 7! 888 6 1,748 59.3 58.0 55.7 55.6 57.3 Tennessee. ....................................... Texas................................................ Virginia............................................ Wisconsin......................................... Other States..................................... 4 4 3 2 3 637 373 581 863 509 56.8 57.4 54.0 60.0 51.9 504 5 Total....................................... 59 10,221 56.0 1,286 4,107 293 80 158 62 7 423 154 130 29 474 39 232 158 163 513 338 15 25 266 765 178 145 221 118 827 834 2,884 286 i.......... 183 447 82 51 273 187 209 656 365 8 30 193 732 166 161 213 310 160 581 116 8 453 230 53 73 546 167 60 56 51 863 1,125 819 2,833 51 46 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS. I V .—AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED FULL-TIME HOURS OF WORK PER WEEK IN EACH YEAR, BY STATES, 1912 AND 1913—Continued. T able F IT T E R S . Number of employees whose full-time hours per week were— Aver ' Num age ber full i of of time Over estab employ 57 hours IUnder 54 lish and Over 54 ees. per and under 60 ments. I 54 60 week. under 60 57 | _______ Nuin- Year and State. 1912. Illinois.............................................. Indiana............................................. Missouri............................................ Ohio.................................................. Pennsylvania................................... Other States..................................... 2 2 2 2 2 2 712 166 219 130 451 104 55.3 55. 7 59.9 53.0 58.3 59.8 64 Total....................................... 12 1,782 56.8 64 1913. Illinois.............................................. Indiana............................................. Missouri............................................ Ohio.................................................. Pennsylvania................................... Other States..................................... 2 2 2 2 2 2 999 248 320 183 440 115 54.9 57.4 59.9 52.6 58.4 59.8 105 Total....................................... 12 2,305 56.6 105 521 166 66 195 521 827 191 18 201 22 256 82 427 231 539 62 172 186 35 285 18 260 97 411 642 78 180 827 320 390 111 366 116 420 LA BO R E R S. 1912. Alabama........................................... California.......................................... Illinois ............................................ Tnrjinnfi.............................................. Kansas............................................. Kentucky............................. *.......... 4 2 5 7 2 3 390 111 1,015 595 154 289 54.0 54.0 55.8 54.5 51.2 58.4 Massachusetts.................................. Michigan.................... ..................... Minnesota........................................ Missouri............................................ New Y ork........................................ Ohio.................................................. 2 2 3 7 2 9 177 316 257 747 350 652 53.2 58.4 57.8 58.9 55. 7 54.2 Pennsylvania................................... Tennessee......................................... Texas .............................................. Virginia............................................ W isconsin........................................ Other States.................................... 8 6 4 3 2 1 1,956 474 396 375 180 112 57.4 58.9 55.4 55.2 60.0 54.0 72 ; 8,546 56.4 647 359 63 162 Total....................................... 1913. Alabama ......................... ............ ; California ................................ Illinois.............................................. : Indiana.............................................. Kansas ........................................ Kentucky 4 2 5 7 2 3 366 83 1.486 806 186 344 54.0 54.0 55.8 55.4 51.3 58.5 Massachusetts.................................. Michigan ............ Minnesota ................... M issouri......................................... New York . . . . Ohio.................................................. 2 2 3 7 2 9 209 266 240 544 337 970 53.2 57.6 58.0 58.2 53.7 54.1 8 2.346 '485 0 329 4 3 447 2 221 1 | 153 l 72 I1 9,818 57.3 59.1 55.7 54.0 60.0 54.0 Pennsylvania Tennessee Texas Virginia W isconsin Other States Total .............................. .. . __ .................. 50.1 211 59 135 438 19 212 77 145 97 32 84 105 253 157 116 101 193 398 1,034 132 200 787 223 92 78 180 3 2,455 1,968 1,064 2,409 3 366 83 523 155 331 604 257 93 106 150 160 41 258 124 78 163 941 273 93 51 304 297 112 88 177 213 191 232 40 449 97 32 106 136 169 610 42 49 236 447 1,285 24 256 221 153 1,165 2,585 2,319 1,358 2,391 WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1907 TO 1913---- CAR BUILDING. 47 I V .—AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED FULL-TIME HOURS OF WORK PER WEEK IN EACH YEAR, BY STATES, 1912 AND 1913—Continued. T able M ACHINE W O O D W O RK ER S. Year and State. Number of employees whose full-time hours per week were— Num Num Aver age ber ber full of Over of time 57 estab employ hours 54 and Over lish 54 per Under and ees. 60 54 ments. 60 under under week. 60 57 1912. ............................. Alabama . California.......................................... Illinois.............................................. Indiana............................................. Kansas______________ Kentucky......................................... 4 2 5 6 2 3 55 48 157 92 40 55 54.0 54.0 54.1 54.0 51.8 58.0 Massachusetts.................................. Michigan.................. . , ________ ____ Mirrnftsol a ____________ Missouri............................................ New York......................................... Ohio.................................................. 2 2 3 7 2 8 49 70 43 155 44 119 53.3 61.8 58.5 58.8 56.5 54.3 Pennsylvania................................... Tennessee......................................... Texas................................................ Virginia............................................ Wisconsin......................................... Other States..................................... 8 6 4 3 2 1 120 91 29 48 90 14 58.3 58.3 56.7 55.3 60.0 50.0 14 Total....................................... 70 1,319 56.5 145 1913. Alabama........................................... California.......................................... .Illinois.............................................. Tnrlin/nfl...................................... Kansas.............................................. Kentucky......................................... 4 2 5 6 2 3 56 54 335 103 42 60 54.0 54.0 54.4 55.0 51.7 57.7 59 14 35 Massachusetts.................................. Michigan.......................................... Minnesota......................................... Missouri............................................ New Y ork ........................................ Ohio.................................................. 2 2 3 7 2 8 49 38 50 124 44 133 53.3 58.7 58.4 58.1 53.9 54.4 Pennsylvania.............................. ..... Tennessee......................................... Texas................................................ Virginia............................................ Wisconsin......................................... Other States .................................. 8 6 4 3 2 1 146 80 33 50 96 14 57.8 58.1 56.0 54.0 60.0 50.0 14 Total....................................... 70 1,507 55.8 199 31 17 33 55 48 85 16 41 59 7 37 18 34 16 15 6 19 26 36 11 48 10 67 18 22 69 67 36 11 21 73 47 13 10 90 401 173 164 420 56 54 240 16 46 36 27 14 23 45 30 13 48 17 10 19 77 39 11 23 16 38 j 1 23 34 15 8 27 16 31 33 8 22 22 50 84 51 7 37 96 578 195 160 375 M A CH IN ISTS. 1912. Illinois...................... Indiana..................... Massachusetts.......... Missouri.................... 5 3 2 4 87 48 44 85 New York................. Ohio.......................... Pennsylvania............ Other States.............. 2 4 3 12 26 23 140 109 55.2 54.5 58.0 55.9 2 4 65 Total............... 35 562 56.6 51 150 68014°—Bull. 16a—15--- 4 55.8 15 55.7 53.3 '* ’ *30* 59.5 38 ii 4 21 8 16 34 48 17 64 1 15 84 25 67 178 5 13 55 116 16 48 BULLETIN or THE BUREAU OP LABOR STATISTICS. T a b l e I V . — AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED FULL-TIME HOURS OF WORK PER WEEK IN EACH YEAR, BY STATES, 1912 AND 1913—Continued. M A C H IN IS T S —Concluded. Year and State. Number of employees whose full-time hours per week were— Num Num Aver age ber full ber of 57 Over time of estab employ 54 and hours Over lish and under 54 60 per Under ees. 54 60 ments. under week. 60 57 1913. Illinois.............................................. Indiana............................................. Massachusetts.................................. Missouri............................................ 5 3 2 4 170 86 51 93 18 55.1 57.4 53.4 "'* 2 9 ' 58.6 New York......................................... Ohio.................................................. Pennsy1vani a................................... Other States..................................... 2 4 3 12 27 37 148 98 52.2 54.8 57.7 55.6 21 2 5 6*1 Total....................................... 35 710 56.2 75 215 112 21 22 7 40 65 86 6 9 26 65 112 8 81 22 199 109 PAINTERS. I 19153. California ..................................... Illinois ....................................... i Indiana............................................. i Kansas..............................................! Kentucky.........................................: 4 2 5 2 3 2 2 3 70 117 782 136 73 126 54.0 54.0 53.9 54.0 51.9 58.9 53.2 59.1 57.6 58.7 54.4 54.5 47 34 59 142 Massachusetts.................................. • Michigan ......................................... Minnesota......................................... Missouri............................................ New York......................................... Ohio.................................................. 2 9 170 164 100 243 86 180 Pennsylvania................................... Tennessee......................................... Texas................................................ Virginia............................................ Wisconsin......................................... Other States..................................... 8 6 4 3 2 1 268 120 69 81 168 43 57.7 58.2 55.3 55.5 60.0 50.0 43 Total....................................... 72 2,996 55.8 344 1913. Alabama........................................... California.......................................... Illinois............................................. Indiana............................................. Kansas.............................................. Kentucky......................................... 4 2 5 7 2 3 76 149 885 169 79 150 54.0 54.0 54.1 54.8 51.9 59.1 113 41 64 Massachusetts.................................. Michigan........................................... Minnesota......................................... Missouri............................................ New York......................................... Ohio.................................................. 2 2 3 2 9 178 79 100 197 99 193 53.2 58.1 57.7 57.4 50.9 54.5 Pennsylvania................................... Tennessee......................................... ! Texas................................................ Virginia............................................ Wisconsin......................................... Other States..................................... 8 6 4 3 2 1 346 121 76 86 181 41 57.6 58.4 55.8 54.0 60.0 50.0 41 72 3,205 55.5 513 Total....................................... 19 70 117 700 7 | 95 i 35 14 i______ 103 | 23 28 24 51 38 80 43 140 15 128 6 34 77 118 130 25 22 111 65 15 20 168 2 1,278 394 193 785 2 76 149 726 11 59 46 58 47 39 76 54 14 49 9 30 18 158 73 23 33 54 61 15 128 22 149 29 25 72 90 15 54 124 1 30 53 86 157 181 1,334 l 387 267 1 704 49 WAGES AND. HOUES OF LAB OK, m l TO 1913---- CAE BUILDING. T able IV *—AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED FULL-TIME HOURS OF WORK PER WEEK IN EACH YEAH, BY STATES, 1912 AND 1913—Continued. PIPE F ITT E R S . Year and State. Number of employees whose full-ume hours per week were— Aver Num Nuin- i age ber ber ! full of Over of | time 57 estab employ-; hours 54 and lish Over 54 and under ees. ; per Under 60 54 ments. 60 week. under 60 57 1912. | 2 5 68 86 4 9 2 3 2 108 28 28 23 54.0 54.6 54.3 58.1 53.1 Missouri............................................ New Y o r k ....................................... ................................ Ohio Pennsylvania................................... Other States..................................... 2 4 4 16 60 25 34 54 113 58.2 55.7 54.8 57.4 55.6 29 29 20 30 8 4 5 19 42 i 1 Total....................................... 52 541 55.6 63 212 77 57 1(51 | 1 1913. California.......................................... Illinois.............................................. Indiana............................................. Kentucky......................................... Massachusetts.................................. 2 5 7 3 2 75 123 36 31 24 75 90 5 8 4 13 12' 7 Missouri............................................ New York......................................... Ohio.................................................. Pennsvlvan ia................................... Other States..................................... 7 2 4 4 16 66 21 41 55 104 57.8 53.8 54.8 56.3 54.6 Total....................................... 52 576 55.1 ! Illinois............................................. Indiana .............................. Kentucky ..................................... Massachusetts .............................. 8 5 21 12 18 14 ' 54.0 54.3 21 11 54.0 58.5 53.2 " * ‘ 20" 14 19 | 34 29 94 14 7 23 28 16 5 38 25 34 10 18 8 3 6 13 21 261 ! ; 82 56 20 13 19 S3 •.......... R IV E TE R S AND S U C K E R S. 1912. Illinois.............................................. Indiana............................................. Missouri............................................ Ohio.................................................. 3 2 2 2 344 132 126 71 55.6 55. 7 59.9 52.3 Pennsylvania................................... Tennessee......................................... Other States..................................... 2 2 4 * 512 52 170 57.7 59.6 59.5 Total....................................... 17 1,407 57.2 46 250 1913. Illinois.............................................. Indiana..:......................................... Missouri............................................ Ohio................................................. 3 2 2 2 412 177 126 131 55.4 57.7 59.8 53.2 14 283 Pennsylvania................................... Tennessee......................................... Other States..................................... 2 2 4 580 44 185 57.7 59.7 59.4 Total....................................... 17 1,655 57.2 237 46 132 10 116 19 212 33 157 457 136 518 21 115 156 21 105 25 300 13 59 72 328 17 73 300 107 421 14 252 30 168 306 555 50 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.* I V .—AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED FULL-TIME HOURS OF WORK TER WEEK IN EACH YEAR, BY STATES, 1912 AND 1913—Continued. T able TIN N ERS. Number of employees whose full-time hours per week were— Aver Num age ber full of time of estab employ hours U nder ° M r and 57 lish Over per 54 ees. 60 54 ments. 60 under !u^ er week. 57 60 Num- Year and State. 1912. 1 Illinois.............................................. 1 Indiana............................................. Massachusetts.................................. Missouri............................................ 0 5 2 7 204 33 28 64 54.0 53.8 53.3 58.8 30 10 20 170 Ohio.................................................. Pennsylvania................................... Tennessee......................................... Other States..................................... 5 0 0 20 59 79 27 141 54.9 55.9 57.9 53.9 1 16 36 9 74 Total....................................... 56 635 54.9 97 286 1913. Illinois.............................................. Indiana............................................ Massachusetts.................................. Missouri............................................ 5 5 2 250 36 27 46 54.0 54.3 53.3 57.2 51 11 20 190* Ohio.................................................. Pennsylvania................................... Tennessee......................................... Other States..................................... 5 6 6 20 54 91 28 147 54.8 56.0 57.8 53.3 1 16 50 Total....................................... 56 679 54.5 133 8 9 7 18 4 23 25 30 4 3 12 15 16 143 36 73 17 9 8 42 63 15 37 72 10 69 ” ” i7’ 310 143 23 5 4 3 15 15 11 47 46 T R U C K B U ILD ERS. 1912. California......... Illinois............. Indiana........... Kansas............ Massachusetts. 2 3 5 2 2 63 101 60 73 45 54.0 54.9 53.7 55.2 53.1 j 1 ! i 1 i i 1 ! 2 2 6 2 72 59 103 38 61.9 56.4 58.4 56.1 5 3 3 4 107 71 43 88 53.9 57.9 54.4 58.8 20 L jl 923 56.2 125 2 83 107 65 80 50 54.0 54.8 54.9 55.5 53.3 19 12 36 33 Michigan......... Minnesota....... Missouri.......... New York....... 2 2 0 2 35 69 129 42 57.9 56.6 56.3 54.0 Ohio................ Pennsylvania.. Texas.............. Other States... 5 3 3 4 109 51 44 97 54.2 57.5 54.4 58.8 15 T o ta l.... 41 961 55.6 140 Michigan......... Minnesota....... Missouri.......... New York....... Ohio................ Pennsylvania.. Texas.............. Other States... Total. 1913. California......... Illinois............. Indiana........... Kansas............ Massachusetts. 1 I ! i 2 3 5 13 18 35 39 63 67 42 21 38 6 20 24 25 24 51 63 34 83 68 37 3 63 190 53 243 36 20 17 17 12 13 19 25 41 19 338 44 23 56 76 22 26 72 29 193 26 63 13 8 40 17 286 8 16 34 17 6 22 3 72 75 215 26 WAGES AND- HOURS OF L A B O R /1007 TO 1913— CAR BUILDING. 51 T a b l e I V . — AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED FULL-TIME HOURS OF WORK PER WEEK IN EACH YEAR, BY STATES, 1912 AND 1913— Concluded. U P H O LSTE R E R S. Year and State. 1912. California.......................................... Illinois.............................................. Missouri............................................ Ohio.................................................. Pennsylvania................................... Other States..................................... Total....................................... 1913. California.......................................... Illinois............................................. Missouri. ..................................... Ohio.................................................. Pennsylvania................................... Other States..................................... Total....................................... Number of employees whose full-time hours per week were— Num Num Aver age ber full ber of of Over time estab employ 57 54 hours Under Over and lish 54 and under per 60 ees. ments. 54 60 under week. 60 57 2 4 6 4 2 28 48 144 24 41 26 191 48 54.0 135 53.6 9 5 58.2 10 54.7 2 55.6 55.7 " " 5 2 “ **52* 46 474 54.9 2 4 6 4 2 28 - 50 161 30 47 22 201 54.0 53.9 56.3 54.8 55.5 55.4 46 511 54.8 63 250 20 2 50 141 16 10 60 82 13 6 29 21 19 5 4 64 69 22 70 14 45 35 18 27 4 5 64 262 80 23 64 52 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS. V .—AVERAGE FULL-TIME HOURS OF WORK PER WEEK AND AVERAGE FULL-TIME WEEKLY EARNINGS, BY STATES, 1912 AND 1913. T able C A B IN E T M A K E R S. 1912 1913 Number of estab Number Average Average Number Average Average lish of em full-time full-time full-time full-time ments. of em hours ployees. hours per weekly per weekly week. earnings. ployees. week. earnings. Occupation and State. California..................................... Illinois......................................... Indiana........................................ Massachusetts............................. Minnesota.................................... 2 4 6 2 2 38 443 41 74 19 54.0 54.0 54.5 53.3 56.9 §20.18 18.55 17.52 15.63 16.55 36 714 39 80 22 54.0 53.9 53.4 53.3 57.2 $20.05 19.29 18.02 16.43 16.80 Missouri....................................... Ohio............................................. Pennsylvania.............................. Other States................................ 4 3 2 11 55 122 129 269 58.5 55.1 55.2 55.9 16.48 18.25 21.43 17.76 51 122 129 280 56.8 55.2 55.2 55.9 17.40 18.49 21.76 18.58 Total.................................. 36 1,190 54.9 18.36 1,473 54.6 19.03 C A R PE N T E R S AND C A R BU ILD ER S. Alabama...................................... California..................................... Illinois......................................... Indiana........................................ Kansas........................................ Kentucky.................................... 2 2 4 6 2 3 23 426 1,202 357 318 380 54.0 54.0 54. 7 54.4 51.5 58.6 SI7.93 17.31 16.91 17.46 14.92 16.55 22 460 1,622 384 438 446 54.0 54.0 55.3 55.1 51.4 59.0 $18.46 17.26 17.48 19.13 15.18 16.34 Massachusetts............................. Michigan..................................... Minnesota.................................... Missouri....................................... New Jersey.................................. New York.................................... 2 2 3 7 2 2 261 689 327 1,100 138 388 53.3 58.9 58.1 58.8 54.2 56.6 15.21 16.58 14.71 14.38 16.30 16.69 239 314 380 839 211 362 53.3 58.1 58.0 57.2 54.2 55.1 16.07 17.91 15.38 16.20 17.36 19.91 Ohio............................................. Pennsylvania.............................. Tennessee.................................... Texas........................................... Virginia....................................... Wisconsin................................... 7 6 6 4 3 2 351 411 417 403 206 891 53. 6 08. 4 57.8 55.6 56.1 60.0 18.57 16.52 15.74 17.43 21.04 13.53 379 778 284 393 167 942 53.3 56.9 57.3 55.8 54.0 60.0 17.86 19.24 17.12 17.73 21.51 14.08 Total.................................. 05 8,288 56. 7 16.10 8,660 56.2 17.11 i C A R R E P A IR E R S . Alabama...................................... California..................................... Illinois......................................... Indiana........................................ Kansas......................................... Kentucky.................................... 4 2 4 5 2 3 1,185 221 574 567 165 577 54.0 54.0 53.5 53.8 50.4 58.4 $12.90 13.56 15.20 13.87 12.44 14.06 1,013 327 693 629 237 683 54.0 54.0 53.5 53.6 50.3 58.0 $13.57 13.56 15.62 14.75 13.51 14.26 Minnesota.................................... Missouri....................................... New Jersey.................................. Ohio............................................. Pennsylvania.............................. 3 5 2 7 0 609 303 54 759 1,600 59.4 56.9 56.8 56.3 58.7 12.80 13.69 11.09 16.73 17.95 689 248 103 888 1,748 59.3 58.0 55.7 55.6 57.3 13.22 14.43 11.54 18.17 17.81 Tennessee.................................... Texas........................................... Virginia....................................... Wisconsin................... *............... Other States................................ 4 4 3 2 3 609 404 565 827 376 56.9 57.3 55.3 60.0 53.4 13.12 13.32 17.35 11.95 13.52 637 373 581 863 509 56.8 57.4 54.0 60.0 51.9 13.82 13.42 18.35 12.42 14.35 Total.................................. 59 9,395 56.5 14.60 10,221 56.0 15.15 WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1007 TO 1913---- CAR BUILDING. 53 Table V.—AVERAGE FULL-TIME HOURS OF WORK PER WEEK AND AVERAGE FULL-TIME WEEKLY EARNINGS, BY STATES, 1912 AND 1913— Continued. F IT T E R S . 1912 1913 Number of estab Number Average Average Average Average lish of em full-time full-time Number full-time full-time of em hours ments. per weekly ployees. hours per weekly ployees. week. week. earnings. earnings. Occupation and State. Illinois......................................... Indiana........................................ Missouri....................................... Ohio............................................. Pennsylvania-............................. Other States................................ 2 2 2 2 2 2 712 166 219 130 451 104 55.3 55.7 59.9 53.0 58.3 59.8 $15.94 14.39 9.86 14.34 12.92 14.55 999 248 320 183 440 115 54.9 57.4 59.9 52.6 58.4 59.8 $18.78 16.21 11.41 13.44 14.20 14.96 Total.................................. 12 1,782 56.8 14.08 2,305 56.6 15,99 LABORERS. Alabama...................................... California..................................... Illinois.......................................... Indiana........................................ Kansas......................................... Kentucky.................................... 4 2 5 7 2 3 390 111 1,015 595 154 289 54.0 54.0 55.8 54.5 51.2 58.4 13.03 9.88 9.15 8.41 8.74 00 rH r-I 366 83 1,486 806 186 344 54.0 54.0 55.8 55.4 51.3 58.5 $7.18 11.22 10.81 10.51 8.56 8.77 Massachusetts............................. Michigan...................................... Minnesota.................................... Missouri....................................... New York.................................... Ohio............................................. 2 2 3 7 2 9 177 316 257 747 350 652 53.2 58.4 57.8 58.9 55.7 54.2 10.19 10.72 10.12 9.21 11.14 10.15 209 266 240 544 337 970 53.2 57.6 58.0 58.2 53.7 54.1 9.83 11.58 10.30 9. 45 11.23 10.91 Pennsylvania.............................. Tennessee.................................... Texas........................................... Virginia....................................... Wisconsin.................................... Other States................................ 8 6 4 3 2 1 1,956 474 396 375 180 112 57.4 58.9 55.4 55.2 60.0 54.0 11.84 8.17 9.24 9.12 9.83 10.44 2,346 485 329 447 221 153 57.3 59.1 55.7 54.0 60.0 54.0 12.33 8.34 9.25 9.34 9.99 11.19 Total.................................. 72 8,546 56.4 10.04 ; 9,818 56.1 10.58 1 M ACH IN E W O O D W O R K E R S. Alabama...................................... i California..................................... Illinois......................................... Indiana........................................ Kansas......................................... Kentucky. . ............................... 4 2 5 6 2 3 55 48 157 92 40 55 54.0 54.0 54.1 54.0 51.8 58.0 $15. 77 17.79 16.12 15.43 14.05 16.11 56 54 335 103 42 60 54.0 54.0 • 54.4 55.0 51.7 57.7 $16.15 18.16 16.09 17.73 15.60 16.41 Massachusetts............................. Michigan..................................... Minnesota.................................... Missouri....................................... New York.................................... Ohio............................................. 2 2 3 7 2 8 49 70 43 155 44 119 53.3 61.8 58.5 58.8 56.5 54.3 15.34 14.89 14.44 13.04 17.29 15.52 49 38 50 124 44 133 53.3 58.7 58.4 58.1 53.9 54.4 16.15 14.53 14.63 14.11 16.86 16.26 Pennsylvania.............................. Tennessee.................................... Texas........................................... Virginia....................................... Wisconsin.................................... Other States................. ............ 8 6 4 3 2 1 120 91 29 48 90 14 58.3 58.3 56.7 55.3 60.0 50.0 16.59 15.85 16.81 19.06 14.27 15.64 146 i 80 ; 33 50 96 14 57.8 58.1 56.0 54.0 60.0 50.0 17.49 16.19 16.53 19.86 14.84 15.64 70 1,319 56.5 15.54 | ; 55.8 16.26 Total.................................. j 1.507 i 54 BULLETIN OJ? THE BV .REA U OF LABOR STATISTICS. T a b l e V . — AVERAGE FULL-TIME IIOURS OF WORK PER WEEK AND AVERAGE FULL-TIME WEEKLY EARNINGS, BY STATES, 1912 AND 1913—Continued. M A C H IN IS T S . 1912 Occupation and State. 1913 Number of estab Average | Average Number Average lish Number full-time full-time ments. of em hours per j full-time of em hours weekly per ployees. week. earnings. ployees. week. Average full-time weekly earnings. Illinois......................................... Indiana........................................ Massachusetts............................. Missouri....................................... » 3 2 4 87 48 44 85 55.8 55.7 53.3 59.5 $17.47 17.71 16.75 16.13 170 86 51 93 55.1 57.4 53.4 58.6 $18.18 18.39 16.68 16.07 New Y ork................................... Ohio............................................. Pennsylvania.............................. Other States................................ 2 4 3 12 26 23 140 109 55.2 54.5 58.0 55.9 17.28 14.77 18.03 19.59 27 37 148 98 52.2 54.8 57.7 55.6 16.08 15.25 17.96 20.09 Total.................................. 35 562 56.6 17.66 710 56.2 17.81 P A IN T E R S . Alabama..................................... California..................................... Illinois......................................... Indiana........................................ Kansas........................................ Kentucky................. ................. 4 2 5 7 2 3 70 117 782 136 73 126 54.0 54.0 53.9 54.0 51.9 58.9 $13.01 18.14 17.64 17.00 19.82 14.16 76 149 885 169 79 150 54.0 54.0 54.1 54.8 51.9 59.1 $13.65 18.34 18.83 18.02 18.77 14.74 Massachusetts............................. Michigan.................................. Minnesota...................... ............. Missouri....................................... New Y ork................................... Ohio............................................. 2 2 3 7 2 9 170 164 100 243 86 180 53.2 59.1 57.6 58.7 54.4 54. o 14.32 12.79 14 92 14.74 21.74 17.92 178 79 100 197 99 193 53.2 58.1 57.7 57.4 50.9 54.5 15.17 16.34 15.31 15.21 21.92 17.68 Pennsylvania.............................. Tennessee.................................... Texas........................................... Virginia....................................... Wisconsin................................... Other States................................ 8 6 4 3 2 1 268 120 69 81 168 43 57.7 58.2 55.3 55. 5 60.0 50.0 19.48 14.79 17.10 24.36 15.12 16.62 346 121 76 86 181 41 57.6 58.4 55.8 54.0 60.0 50.0 19.61 15.56 17.25 23.03 15.93 20.05 Total.................................. 72 2,996 55.8 16.85 3,205 55.5 17.77 PIPE F IT T E R S . Indiana........................................ Kentucky.................................... Massachusetts............................. 2 5 7 3 2 68 108 28 28 23 54.0 54.6 54.3 58.1 53.1 $17.31 20.99 17.63 18.42 15.95 75 123 36 31 24 54.0 54.3 54.0 58.5 53.2 $17.27 21.63 18.37 19.45 17.03 Missouri...................................... New York................................... Ohio............................................. Pennsylvania.............................. Other States................................ 7 2 4 4 16 60 25 34 54 113 58.2 55.7 54.8 57.4 55.6 13.48 17.66 19.57 18.92 15.87 66 21 41 55 104 57.8 53. 8 54.8 56.3 54.6 15.38 19.20 19.64 18.54 17.49 52 541 55. 6 17.65 576 55.1 18.56 California..................................... Total.................................. • R IV E T E R S AND B U C K E R S. Illinois......................................... Indiana........................................ Missouri....................................... Ohio............................................. 3 2 2 2 344 132 126 71 55.6 55. 7 59.9 52.3 $18.90 16.87 11.59 13.04 412 177 126 131 55. 4 57.7 59.8 53.2 $22.25 21.23 13.41 15.58 Pennsylvania.............................. Tennessee.................................... Other States................................ 2 2 4 512 52 170 57. 7 59.6 59. 5 18.30 15.06 13.39 580 44 185 57.7 59.7 59.4 19.01 17.84 19.71 17 i 1.407 | 57.2 16.73 J 1,655 57.2 19.41 Total.................................. ! ! WAGES AXD -H O U R S OF LABOR, ltX)7 TO 1013— CAE BUILJDIXG. 55 V .—AVERAGE FULL-TIME HOURS OF WORK PER WEEK AND AVERAGE FULL-TIME WEEKLY EARNINGS, BY STATES, 1912 AND 1913—Concluded. T able TIN N E R S. 1912 Occupation and State. 1913 of estab Average Average Number Average Average lish Number full-time full-time full-time of em hours per full-time ments. of em hours weekly per weekly ployees. week. earnings. ployees. week. earnings. Illinois......................................... Indiana........................................ Massachusetts............................. Missouri....................................... 5 5 2 7 204 33 28 64 54.0 53.8 53.3 58.8 $20.69 18.72 15.06 13.71 250 36 27 46 54.0 54.3 53.3 57.2 $21.03 18.08 16.12 16.68 Ohio............................................. Pennsylvania.............................. Tennessee.................................... Other States................................ 5 6 6 20 59 79 27 141 54.9 55.9 57.9 53.9 18.70 20.62 18.38 17.04 54 91 28 147 54.8 56.0 57.8 53.3 18.64 20.82 19.08 17.31 Total.................................. 56 635 54.9 18.53 679 54.5 19.28 T R U C K B U ILD ERS. California..................................... Illinois......................................... Indiana........................................ Kansas........................................ Massachusetts............................. 2 3 5 2 2 63 101 60 73 45 54.0 54.9 53.7 55.2 53.1 $15.40 16.97 14.76 15.16 13.16 83 107 65 80 50 54.0 54. 8 54.9 55.5 53.3 $15.35 17.80 17.11 15.57 13.99 Michigan..................................... Minnesota................................... Missouri.................... .................. New York................................... 2 2 6 2 72 59 103 38 61.9 56.4 58.4 56.1 13.71 12.89 12.33 13.29 35 69 129 42 57.9 56.6 56.3 54.0 16.38 13.03 13.07 14.29 Ohio............................................. Pennsylvania.............................. Texas........................................... Other States................................ 5 3 3 4 107 71 43 88 53.9 57.9 54.4 58.8 16.57 17.03 13.01 12.51 109 51 44 97 54.2 57.5 54.4 58.8 17.16 18.74 13.93 13.14 Total.................................. 41 923 56.2 14.55 961 55.6 15.31 U P H O L STE R E R S. California..................................... Illinois......................................... Missouri....................................... Ohio............................................. Pennsylvania.............................. Other States................................ Total.................................. i i 2 4 6 4 2 28 48 144 24 .41 26 191 54.0 53.6 58.2 54.7 55.6 55.7 $18.16 21.40 17.63 20.69 22.53 17.29 50 161 30 47 22 201 54.0 53.9 56.3 54.8 55.5 55.4 $18. 44 21.87 16.80 20.31 22.76 17.74 46 474 54.9 19.23 511 54.8 19.50 APPENDIX. In order that the summary figures in regard to rates of wages and hours of labor in the steam railroad car building and repairing in dustry covered in this Bulletin, heretofore published for the years 1890 to 1912; may be available for reference, the following table is reproduced from Bulletin No. 137: RELATIVE FULL-TIME HOURS PER W E E K AND RATES OF WAGES P E R HOUR IN THE PRINCIPAL OCCUPATIONS IN CAR BUILDING AND REPAIRING, 1890 TO 1912.. [Data are included from 49 establishments, 1890-1903; 52 establishments, 1903, 1904; 46 establishments, 1904, 1905; 46 establishments, 1905, 1906; 47 establishments, 1906, 1907; 22 establishments, 1907-1910; 61 establishments, 1910,1911; and 70 establishments, 1911, 1912.] Blacksmiths. Rela tive rate of wages per hour. Rela tive full time hours per week. 100.0 100.0 100.0 101.9 102.3 103.7 100.9 103.3 Year. Average, 1890-1899.. i I Carpenters and Boiler makers. ; Brass finishers, j Cabinetmakers. car builders, wood, i 1890. 1891. 1892. 1893. 1894. 101.5 1896. 98.1 98.8 98.1 100.8 Rela tive full time hours per week. Rela tive rate of wages per hour. Rela tive full time hours per week. Relar tive rate of wages per hour. Rela tive full time hours per week. 100.0 i 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.4 1 100.2 99.2 101.8 100.8 100.3 100.4 101.3 99.1 99.8 105.8 105.1 104.2 107.0 87.9 100.1 107.6 107.3 102.3 105.4 86.5 101.2 100.4 101.3 100.5 97.9 101.6 91.8 97.9 97.2 99.3 104.7 99.0 98.9 98.6 98.4 97.5 98.2 97.8 Rela tive rate of per hour. 99.8 101.0 101.6 101.8 101.1 102.6 97.2 97.2 97.4 101.5 101.1 98.7 99.1 98.7 99.4 100.5 99.6 99.8 99.6 100.5 100.5 93.8 98.5 99.1 98.2 100.3 100.1 100.0 101.1 101.8 102.2 96.1 99.4 97.0 97.5 1900. 1901. 1902.. 1903. 1904. 101.9 100.9 100.7 99.9 98.4 97.9 99.2 100.4 104.4 111.5 101.8 100.2 101.9 102.7 105.5 113.4 118.3 ! 100.5 I 100.3 ! 100.4 ! 94.0 ! 93.3 105.5 101.0 112.0 120.6 130.6 100.2 1905. 1906. 1907. 1908.. 1909.. 97.8 97.0 96.3 107.8 110.9 119.4 97.4 96.9 96.5 120.7 121.5 128.9 (2) 92.8 92.8 93.0 C2) 113.7 117.7 122.4 (2) 92.0 92.0 92.0 91.8 91.8 120.1 91.8 93.4 93.2 131.2 132.3 136.7 101.1 96.6 (2) (2) 94.8 99.8 98.5 98.5 (2) 1910.. 1911.. 1912. 1 Reported as carpenters, 1890 to 1906. 56 100.3 99.9 99.9 100.0 99.4 99.6 93.4 91.9 106.9 112.7 122.5 130.4 132.3 122.9 128.2 122.9 120.7 Rela tive rate of wages hour. 100.0 101.4 102.9 104.6 96.9 101.2 101.0 100.8 101.3 100.6 100.6 .100.7 99.0 97.5 97.3 96.9 97.0 96.8 97.3 96.4 96.9 2 Report on this occupation discontinued. 102.3 105.9 109.7 113.4 115.5 119.0 124.5 121.0 116.0 130.9 130.5 127.6 WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1907 TO 1913---- CAR BUILDING. 5' R ELATIVE FULL-TIME HOURS PER W EE K AND RATES OF WAGES PE R HOUR IN’ THE PRINCIPAL OCCUPATIONS IN CAR] BUILDING AND REPAIRIN G, 1890 TO 1912Continued. Year. Car repairers. Coppersmiths. Rela tive full time hours per week. Rela tive full time hours per week. Rela tive rate of wages per hour. 100.0 Relatire rate of pethour. Average, 1890-1899. 1890., 1891., 105.6 304.1 103.7 101.7 93.4 1893. 1894. 1895. 1896. 1897. 1898. 1899. 1910., 1911., 1912., 2 98.3 2 104.3 2 97.6 2 107.5 2 98.5 2 108.0 1890. 1891. 100.0 101.2 100.6 101.0 101.3 102.9 99.8 100.3 97.5 102.3 101.9 99.6 110.3 100.0 0) 100.0 0) 2 99.0 2 97.7 Machinists. Average, 1890-1899.. 100.0 101.4 101.3 100.3 102.4 100.9 101.6 102.8 2 99.7 2 98.1 100.0 100.2 100.6 103.0 2 100.0 Rela tive rate of wages per hour. 99.4 99.0 100.4 102.5 107.5 101.7 2 100.0 Rela tive full time hours per week. 99.9 *100.0 3100.0 3 96.3 3 111.8 3 97.3 3 107.3 Molders, brass. ! Molders, iron. 99.3 99.3 98.8 99.8 100.1 96.4 99.1 95.4 99.1 100.9 100.5 100.3 103.1 104.4 106.3 100.6 .101.7 107.8 109.4 111.9 115.6 112.5 94.2 93.7 94.0 92.8 115.4 118.1 122.9 125.1 124.2 122.6 123.2 127.1 92.9 93.1 92.9 125.9 128.9 133.1 Painters. 99.6 99.7 96.1 94.0 100.8 106.0 113.7 115.9 Pattern makers. 100.0 100.0 ! 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 i 100.0 101.0 101.3 100.7 100.1 105.6 I 100.4 106.9 100.8 102.5 102.4 101.6 100.8 101.1 100.7 94.5 99.4 • 98.7 98.4 100.3 99.9 99.5 99.4 98.9 101.2 101.0 100.2 101.1 101.2 101.6 101.0 101.1 101.7 101.4 101.3 99.3 98.5 100.6 102.1 104.8 110.7 115.2 101.5 99.7 101.1 101.8 109.2 117.5 121.4 100.2 95.5 94.9 1905.. 1906.. 1907.. 1908.. 1909.. 96.7 96.3 93.2 93.4 115.8 118.6 126.0 131.9 128.3 94.6 95.3 95.9 123.6 127.2 130.6 97.0 97.0 96.5 1910.. 1911.. 1912.. 93.4 91.9 91.7 136.0 139.8 139.7 100.9 96.3 101.6 0) 101.0 104.4 94.2 96.4 97.0 102.1 0) 100.8 100.7 96.4 100.7 101.2 96.9 100.2 99.3 97.8 0) 105.1 103.7 104.5 108.5 99.2 99.1 92.6 96.2 95.5 95.7 97.9 98.8 101.2 106.0 101.1 101.3 101.4 98.2 99.1 99.0 98.1 100.2 100.4 100.8 99.8 99.7 110.1 113.1 119.0 129.6 0) 95.3 95.2 94.5 96.6 94.5 94.3 94.0 101.6 103.1 97.8 96.5 98.7 100.8 98.3 97.3 99.4 101.5 105.4 111.4 113.7 115.3 118.0 112.1 114.2 122.2 125.4 128.0 1 Report on this occupation discontinued. 2 Data for 1890 to 1906 not available; computed with 1907=100.0. 3 Data for 1890 to 1909 not available; computed with 1910=100.0. 100.7 101.2 101.2 98.9 100.0 102.9 106.0 100.4 102.5 97.3 100.5 101.3 95.9 1900.. 1901.. 1902.. 1903.. 1904.. 100.0 100.8 Rela tive rate of wages per hour. 100.0 101.4 101.4 1898.. 97.2 98.1 98.5 97.2 97.5 Rela tive full time hours per week. 100.0 100.3 1895., 1896.. 99.7 99.2 100.7 112.3 j Machine woodI workers. 102.0 102.2 1894. Rela tive rate of wages per hour. 99.8 99.6 99.1 100. 2 102.1 1905. 1906., 1907. 1908., 1909., Rela tive full time hours per week. Laborers. 101.4 99.2 97.4 96.2 99.5 96.6 95.5 95.7 1900. 1901. 1902., 1903. 1904. Fitters. 100.9 101.6 101.7 97.8 97.7 97.1 101.8 102.5 101.2 103.4 100.9 99.0 95.8 97.0 101.0 100.0 101.8 98.7 101.7 100.1 101.5 98.3 97.5 102.5 108.5 110.7 97.1 112.6 115.8 122.7 101.0 0) 102.1 0) 58 BULLETIN OF TIIE B ITBEAU OF LABOR STATISTICS. RE LA T IV E FULL-TIME HOURS PER W EEK AND RATES OF W AGES PE R HOUR IN THE PRINCIPAL OCCUPATIONS IN CAR BUILDING AND R E PA IR IN G , 1890 TO 1912— Concluded. ripe fitters. Riveters and buekers. Tinners. Truck builders. Upholsterers. Rela tive full time hours per week. Rela ! Relative full i tive of time ;; rate hours wages per i , p er week. 1 hour. Rela tive full time hours per week. Rela tive rate of wages per hour. Average, 1890-1899.. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 1890........................... 1891........................... 1892........................... 1893........................... 1894........................... 102.5 102. 7 103.3 102.5 94.5 103.6 97.0 95.7 101.7 102.5 102.1 101.1 101.1 100.6 97.3 98.2 97.1 102.9 101.4 97.8 100.7 100.9 100.9 101.1 98.5 108.0 105.3 105.1 107.0 92.9 1895 ......................... 1896........................... 1897 ......................... 1898 ......................... 1899........................... 96. 7 96.3 96.4 102.1 103.0 99.5 99.2 99.6 101.4 99.9 98.6 98.6 98.2 101.3 101.2 99.3 101.8 102.3 96.6 102.6 98. 7 99.5 99.0 100.2 100.6 97.0 94.9 96.2 96.2 97.2 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 ......................... ................... ......................... ......................... ......................... 102.9 101.4 101.4 100.5 99.3 99.1 101.2 100.1 106.5 110.4 102.0 100.7 100.3 97.6 96.5 103.4 103.4 112.2 119.1 121.7 101.0 100.5 100.0 94.9 91.9 98.1 100.0 103.9 111.8 123.1 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 ......................... ......................... ......................... ......................... ......................... 99.0 98.9 98.5 98.0 98.4 108.5 113.8 119.9 119.3 116.1 1910........................... 1911........................... 1912......................... 98.2 97.7 96.8 129.6 134.9 136.3 Year. Rela* tive full time hours per week. ! Rela- i Relative ' 1! Relative ; fulltive rate of time s; rate of wages hours wages per per per hour. hour. week. ! • 1 1 i i ! i 2 100.0 2 98.8 2 99.0 2 100.0 2 89.9 2 100.3 Rela tive rate of wages per hour. 95.9 95.0 94.8 94.6 94.8 121.8 130.0 138.1 i ioo. a 1100.0 135.2 99.5 100.7 99.7 98.6 130.3 94.3 94.5 93.6 150.3 151.0 150.1 99.5 98.5 99.0 103.7 107.5 112.2 1 Data for 1S90 to 1906 not available; computed with 1907=100.0. 2 Data for 1890 to 1909 not available; computed with 1910=100.0. 92.0 113.9 92.6 | 118.8 92.8 | 126.2 92.5 1 122.1 122.1 92.8 92.6 1 92.3 ' 92.3 ! 132.3 141.2 144.2
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