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U. S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
ROYAL MEEKER, Commissioner
/WHOLE
1 NUMBER
BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES )
BU REA U OF LABOR STA TISTICS J
W AG ES
AND
HOURS
OF
LABOR
S E R IE S :
No.
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR IN THE
BOOT AND SHOE AND HOSIERY AND
UNDERWEAR INDUSTRIES: 1907 TO 1913
MAY 22, 1914
WASHINGTON
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
1914
154
13
CONTENTS.
Page.
Boot and shoe manufacturing................................................................................... 5-76
Summary.............................................................................................................. 5-14
Explanation of scope and method.................................................................... 14-25
Description of the principal productive occupations..................................... 25-35
Table I.—Average rates of wages per hour, average full-time weekly earn
ings, and average and classified full-time hours of work per week in the
United States, by years, 1907 to 1913............................................................ 35-49
Table II.—Average rates of wages per hour, average full-time weekly earn
ings, and average and classified full-time hours of work per week in each
year, by States, 1912 and 1913....................................................................... 50-62
Table III.—Average rates of wages per hour, average full-time weekly earn
ings, and average and classified full-time hours of work per week in each
State, by years, 1912 and 1913...................................................................... 63-70
Table IV.—Average full-time hours of work per week, and average and
classified rates of wages per hour, by States, 1913...................................... 71-76
Hosiery and underwear manufacturing................................................................. 77-118
Summary............................................................................................................. 77-83
Explanation of scope and method.................................................................... 83-87
Description of the principal productive occupations..................................... 88-93
Table I.—Average rates of wages per hour, average full-time weekly earn
ings, and average and classified full-time hours of work per week in the
United States, by years, 1907 to 1913......................................................... 94-103
Table II.—Average rates of wages per hour, average full-time weekly earn
ings, and average and classified full-time hours of work per week in each
year, by States, 1912 and 1913................................................................... 104-109
Table III.—Average rates of wages per hour, average full-time weekly earn
ings, and average and classified full-time hours of work per week, in each
State, by years, 1912 and 1913................................................................... 110-114
Table IY .—Average full-time hours of work per week, and average and
classified rates of wages per hour, by States, 1913................................... 115-118
Appendix.—Relative full-time hours per week and* relative rates of wages per
hour in boot and shoe manufacturing and hosiery and underwear manufac
turing, 1890 to 1912............................................................................................. 119-131
3
BULLETIN OF THE
U. S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.
WHOLE NO. 154.
WASHINGTON.
MAY 22, 1914.
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR IN THE BOOT AND
SHOE AND HOSIERY AND UNDERWEAR INDUSTRIES:
1907 TO 1913.
BOOT AND SHOE MANUFACTURING.
SUMMARY.
This report, based on information obtained from representative
establishments, shows the full-time weekly earnings, the full-time
hours of labor per week, and the rates of wages (or earnings) per hour
in the principal occupations in the boot and shoe industry in the
United States. Figures relating to full-time hours of labor per week
and rates of wages (or earnings) per hour are presented for the years
1907 to 1913, inclusive, and for full-time weekly earnings for the
years 1910 to 1913, inclusive.
Earlier reports of this Bureau present wages and hours of labor in
the industry from 1890 to 1912.1
Briefly summarized, the average full-time weekly earnings of
employees engaged in boot and shoe manufacturing in 1913 were 7.4
per cent higher than such earnings in 1912; 6.7 per cent higher than
in 1911; and 8.9 per cent higher than in 1910. The full-time hours
of labor per week in this industry in 1913 were 0.9 per cent lower than
in 1912, and 2.4 per cent lower than in 1911, and 2.6 per cent lower
than in 1910. Rates of wages or earnings per hour in boot and shoe
manufacturing in 1913 were 8.1 per cent higher than in 1912; 8.9
per cent higher than in 1911; and 11.4 per cent higher than in 1910.
The summary figures concerning the occupations covered by this
report are presented in Table I (pp. 35-49). The data for the years
i Previous investigations of wages and hours of labor in boot and shoe manufacturing have been made
and published by the Bureau, as follows: Nineteenth Annual Report, covering 1890 to 1903; Bulletin No. 59
(July, 1905), covering 1903 and 1904; Bulletin No. 65 (July, 1906), covering 1904 and 1905; Bulletin No. 71
(July, 1907), covering 1905 and 1906; Bulletin No. 77 (July, 1908), covering 1906 and 1907; and Bulletin No.
134 (August, 1913), covering 1907 to 1912.
5
6
BULLETIN OF TH E BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.
1907 to 1911 were secured in 1911. Owing to the difficulty of finding
establishments haying records extending back for a period of years
and also owing to the amount of work involved, data for 1907 to 1909
were secured from a smaller number of establishments, some of them
perhaps less representative, than have furnished data for the later
years.
According to the plan of the table, direct comparisons can be
made properly only between two or more successive years where the
data are for identical establishments. Data from identical establish
ments for successive years are indicated by a brace before each
group of years.
The data are for one pay-roll period in each year, the period ending
nearest February 15 being selected, except in a very few establish
ments in which conditions in February were abnormal.
The figures for the years 1907 to the first presentation for 1912 are
reproduced from Bulletin No. 134, except the average full-time
weekly earnings, which figures have been computed for this Bulletin
from the data gathered for the earlier years. The average full-time
weekly earnings have not been computed for the period 1907 to 1910
owing to the lack of funds. It will be observed that the average full
time weekly earnings are not exactly the same as the product of the
average rate of wages per hour and the average full-time hours per
week. This difference is explained and illustrated on pages 17 and 18.
Referring to Table I (pp. 35-49), it is seen that in 1913 the average
full-time weekly earnings of males engaged in boot and shoe manufac
turing, represented by 29 occupations, varied from $14.46 for assem
biers to $27.60 for Goodyear welters. The average full-time weekly
earnings of females, represented by 10 occupations, varied from
$8.56 for treers or ironers, hand, to $13.45 for vampers.
The full-time hours of labor per week in 1913 in the several establish
ments did not exceed 60, and the average was about 55.
Wages and hours of labor differ in different establishments. Hence
the inclusion or exclusion of an establishment in a group, if the
wages and hours therein differ considerably from the average, may
raise or lower the average for the group. In Table I it is seen that
data for cutters of cloth lining, for instance, are reported for 31 iden
tical establishments for 1911 and 1912, and 72 identical establish
ments for 1912 and 1913. The average full-time weekly earnings in
this occupation increased from $14.87 in 1911 to $15.23 in 1912, in 31
establishments, and increased from $15.89 in 1912 to $16.99 in 1913
in the 72 establishments reported. As the two groups of establish
ments do not show the same average earnings for 1912, it would not be
correct to state that earnings had increasedfrom$14.87 in 1911 to $16.99
in 1913. The movement from one year to another is indicated with
the greater degree of certainty by the figures for identical establish
7
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1907 TO 1913— BOOTS AND SHOES.
ments. The difference between $14.87 and $15.23 represents the
change between 1911 and 1912, and the difference between $15.89 and
$16.99 represents the change between 1912 and 1913, as nearly as can
be determined from the data available.
Owing to the change in the number of establishments from year to
year it is difficult to make a comparison of the actual data over a
period of several years which will give an exact measure of the
changes. To aid in the making of such a comparison relative (or
index) numbers have been computed from the averages in Table I
for full-time hours per week, rates of wages per hour, and full-time
weekly earnings for each occupation for the years 1910 to 1913,
inclusive. These relative numbers are simply percentages in which
the figures for 1913 are taken as the base or 100 per cent. The
relative for each year is the per cent that the average in that year is
of the average for 1913, as determined by the method explained on
page 20. Thus, in the table below, the full-time weekly earnings of
cutters, lining, cloth, in 1911 were 91.3 per cent of the full-time
weekly earnings in 1913.
It will be observed that the general tendency of the several occupa
tions is toward a reduction of working hours and an increase in
rates of wages per hour and of earnings per full week. No data are
available to show the amount of work afforded employees each year
or the variation from year to year. The relative full-time hours per
week indicate the change in the hours of labor of employees working
full time, but do not reflect in any way the greater or less amount
of full-time work afforded. This point is further discussed on
page 16.
R E LA TIV E FULL-TIME HOURS PE R W E E K , R ATES OF W AGES P E R HOUR, AND FULL,
TIME W E E K L Y EARNINGS IN THE PRINCIPAL OCCUPATIONS IN BOOT AND SHOE
MANUFACTURING, 1910 TO 1913.
(1913
= 100.0.)
Cutting department.
Cutters, lining, cloth,
male.
Year.
1910..
1911..
1912..
1913..
Rela
tive
full
time
hours
per
week.
C1)
102.6
101.5
100.0
Cutters, vamp and whole Cutters, vamp and whole
shoe, hand, male.
shoe, machine, male.
Rela Rela
Rela
tive
tive
tive
full
full
rate of time
time
wages weekly hours
per
per
earn
hour.
week.
ings.
0)
89.1
92.3
100.0
C1)
91.3
93.5
100.0
102.8
103.1
100.9
100.0
Rela
Rela
tive
tive
full
rate of time
.wages weekly
per
earn
hour.
ings.
89.4
88.9
91.6
100.0
92.2
91.6
92.3
100.0
i No data.
Rela
tive
full
time
hours
per
week.
104.7
103.6
100.9
100.0
Rela Rela
tive
tive
full
rate of time
wages weekly
per
earn
hour.
ings.
95.5
95.1
96.9
100.0
99.3
98.5
97.7
100.0
Skivers, upper,
machine, male.
Rela
tive
full
time
hours
per
week.
100.7
100.7
100.4
100.0
Rela
Rela tive
tive
full
rate of time
wages week
per
ly
hour. earn
ings.
87.8
95.7
94.5
100.0
88.9
96.5
94.9
100.0
BU LLETIN OF TH E BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.
8
R E L A T IV E FULL-TIM E HOURS PE R W E E K , R ATES OF W AGES PE R HOUR, AND F U LL
TIME W E E K L Y EARNINGS IN THE PRINCIPAL OCCUPATIONS IN BOOT AND SHOE
M AN UFACTU RIN G, 1910 TO 1913—Continued.
Cutting departmentconcluded.
Fitting or stitching
department.
Sole-leather department.
Skivers, upper, machine, Channelers, insole and
outsole, male.
female.
Cutters, outsole, male.
Backstay stitchers,
female.
Year.
Rela
tive
full
time
hours
per
week.
1910..
1911..
1912..
1913..
103.7
104.2
100.7
100.0
Rela
Rela Rela
tive
tive
tive
full
full
rate of time
time
wages weekly hours
per
earn
per
hour.
ings. week.
84.2
84.7
92.2
100.0
87.8
88.0
93.0
100.0
102.5
102.4
100.9
100.0
Rela
Rela Rela
tive
tive
tive
full
full
rate of time
time
wages weekly hours
per
per
earn
hour.
ings. week.
86.8
89.5
90.2
100.0
84.7
87.3
89.4
100.0
Rela
Rela Rela
tive
tive
tive
full
full
rate of
time
time
wages weekly hours
per
earn
per
hour.
week.
ings.
102.0
101.8
101.4
100.0
89.3
90.5
93.0
100.0
91.0
92.1
94.4
100.0
103.1
103.1
100.7
100.0
Rela
Rela tive
tive
full
rate of time
wages week
per
ly
hour. earn
ings..
92.4
94.4
96.3
100.0
95.1
97.1
97.1
100.0
Fitting or stitching department—Continued.
Button fasteners,
female.
1910..
1911..
1912..
1913..
0)
101.8
100.9
100.0
0)
76.2
88.7
100.0
0)
77.7
89.3
100.0
Buttonhole makers,
female.
0)
102.4
100.7
100.0
0)
90.5
92.8
100.0
0)
91.9
93.1
100.0
Closers-on, female.
104.8
104.8
101.1
100.0
92.5
92.1
95.7
100.0
96.7
96.3
96.6
100.0
Lining makers, female.
103.5
103.5
100.7
100.0
87.6
86.6
89.3
100.0
90.0
88.9
89.7
100.0
Fitting or stitching department—Concluded.
Tip stitchers, female.
1910..
1911..
1912..
1913..
lS .5
100.4
100.0
C1)
90.2
95.0
100.0
C1)
91.2
95.1
100.0
Top stitchers or under
trimmers, female.
104.0
103.8
100.5
100.0
94.1
95.4
94.2
100.0
90.7
92.2
93.9
100.0
Vampers, male.
101.1
101.5
100.4
100.0
93.8
97.2
95.7
100.0
94.7
98.5
95.9
100.0
Vampers, female.
103.7
103.3
100.7
100.0
95.5
95.6
93.6
100.0
99.1
98.8
94.3
100.0
Lasting department.
Assemblers, for pulling- Bed-machine operators, Hand-method lasting
machine operators, male.
male.
over macnine, male.
1910..
1911..
1912..
1913..
(*)
101.6
100.5
100.0
C1)
94.2
91.0
100.0
(*)
95.7
91.4
100.0
102.4
101.8
100.7
100.0
94.2
97.4
91.5
100.0
92.3
95.9
90.9
100.0
103.1
102.9
100.7
100.0
1910..
1911..
1912..
1913..
103.2
101.6
100.7
100.0
93.1
92.6
88.9
100.0
96.3
94.1
89.5
100.0
Turn lasters, male.
C1)
0)
101.1
100.0
0)
P)
88.8
100.0
90.3
91.2
91.5
100.0
102.0
101.6
100.0
100.0
87.5
92.8
94.9
100.0
89.2
94.1
94.8
100.0
Bottoming department.
Lasting department—Concluded.
Pullers-over, machine,
male.
87.9
88.8
91.0
100.0
Pullers-over, hand,
male.
S .7
100.0
1No data.
Buffers, male.
0)
101.3
101.3
100.0
C1)
86.9
90.7
100.0
C1)
87.9
91.6
100.0
Edge setters, male.
101.8
101.8
100.9
100.0
87.9
89.5
91.7
100.0
89.4
91.0
92.4
100.0
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1907 TO 1913— BOOTS A STD SHOES.
9
R E LA T IV E FULL-TIME HOURS PE R W E E K , RATES OF W AGES P E R HOUR, AND FU LL
TIME W E E K L Y EARNINGS IN THE PRINCIPAL OCCUPATIONS IN BOOT AND SHOE
MANUFACTURING, 1910 TO 1913—Concluded.
Bottoming’department—Continued.
Edge trimmers, male.
Year.
Rela
tive
full
time
hours
per
week.
1910..
1911..
1912..
1913..
101.6
101.3
100.9
100.0
Goodyear stitchers,
male.
Rela
Rela Rela
tive
tive
tive
full
full
rate of time
time
wages weekly hours
per
per
week. earn
ings. week.
91.5
93.5
92.6
100.0
92.9
94.4
93.3
100.0
101.8
101.3
101.3
100.0
Goodyear welters,
male.
Rela
Rela Rela
tive
tive
tive
full
full
rate of time
time
wages weekly hours
per
earn
per
hour.
ings. week.
91.3
94.8
94.3
100.0
93.1
96.2
95.4
100.0
101.6
101.3
100.9
100.0
Heel breasters, male.
Rela Rela Rela
tive
tive
tive
full
full
rate of time
time
wages weekly
hours
per
per
hour. earn
ings. week.
83.4
88.5
89.0
100.0
84.7
89.5
89.7
100.0
C1)
101.6
100.9
100.0
Rela
Rela tive
full
tive
rate of time
wages week
per
ly
hour. earn
ings.
C1)
90.9
94.4
100.0
C1)
91.8
94.7
100.0
Bottoming department—Continued.
Heel burnishers, male.
1910.
1911.
1912.
1913.
0)
101.6
101.3
100.0
C1)
91.4
93.3
100.0
92.5
94.3
100.0
Heelers, male.
I& 6
101.4
100.0
C1)
92.0
89.0
100. t)
Heel scourers, male.
0)
93.8
90.4
100.0
C1)
99.8
101.1
100.0
C)
91.0
92.0
100.0
C1)
92.0
92.7
100.0
Heel-seat nailers, male.
101.6
100.0
(*)
96.0
86.9
100.0
C1)
97.5
88.3
100.0
Bottoming department— Continued.
Heel sluggers, male.
1910.
1911.
1912.
1913.
C1)
(*)
89.3
0)
100.9
91.0
100.0
100.0
101.1
100.0
89.7
91.5
Heel trimmers or
shavers, male.
102.2
102.0
101.1
100.0
Bottoming depart
ment—Concluded .
Rough rounders, male.
1910..
1911..
1912..
1913..
102.4
102.0
101.3
100.0
80.8
87.1
87.6
100.0
82.4
88.6
88.5
100.0
92.6
93.8
93.7
100.0
94.2
95.4
94.5
100.0
Levelers, male.
C1)
101.5
101.3
100.0
C1)
90.6
94.3
100.0
(*)
91.4
95.0
100.0
McKay sewers, male.
102.0
101.3
100.9
100.0
92.7
92.8
89.6
100.0
94.0
93.4
90.4
100.0
Finishing department.
Treers or ironers, hand,
male.
100.7
101.1
100.9
100.0
95.8
96.1
100.0
96.2
96.7
•95.0
100.0
Treers or ironers, hand,
female.
106.8
106.6
99.6
90.7
91.1
97.0
96.9
97.2
100.0 100.0 100.0
1No data.
A like table of relative numbers is next shown for the industry as a
whole, as determined by a combination of the data for the several occu
pations covered. Data were obtained for the principal occupations
of the industry but not for all occupations. The method of comput
ing this table is explained on page 11.
10
BULLETIN OP THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.
R E LA TIV E FULL-TIME HOURS PER W EE K , RATES OF W AGES PER HOUR, AND FU LL
TIME W E E K L Y EARNINGS IN BOOT AND SHOE M ANUFACTURING, 1910 TO 1913.
( 1913= 100.0.)
Year.
1910...................................
1911...................................
1912..................................
1913...................................
Relative
full-time
hours
per week.
102.7
102.5
,100.9
100.0
Relative
rate of
wages per
hour.
89.8
91.8
92.5
100.0
Relative
full-time
weekly
earnings.
91.9
93.7
93.1
100.0
From the table it is to be seen that the relative or index number for
full-time hours per week in the boot and shoe industry as a whole
decreased from 102.7 in 1910 to 100 in 1913, or, in other words, full
time hours per week were. 102.7 per cent in 1910 of what they were in
1913. The relative or index number for rate of wages per hour in
creased from 89. 8 in 1910 to 100 in 1913. Owing to the reduction of
hours the increase in full-time weekly earnings was somewhat less
than the increase in wages per hour, it being from an index of 91.9 in
1910 to 100 in 1913.
In examining the relative or index numbers for the several occupa
tions on pages 7 to 9 and for the industry as a whole in the table above,, it
will be observed that they have been computed with 1913 taken as a
base or 100 per cent. In the preceding reports of the Bureau, relat
ing to this industry, relative numbers for rates of wages per hour and
for hours of labor per week were presented back to 1890 and the base or
100 per cent was not the average rate of wages per hour or the average
full-time hours per week in any one year, but the average rate of wages
per hour and the average full-time hours per week for the 10-year pe
riod, 1890-1899. The table of such relative numbers for the years
1890 to 1912 appears in the Appendix, page 119.
There are several reasons for changing the base to the most recent year.
The primary reason for changing the base to the last available year
is that as the scope of the inquiry has been enlarged in recent years it
has seemed necessary in order to represent the industry adequately to.
include additional occupations. As no data were available for these
occupations for 1890 to 1899, no relatives or index numbers could be
computed for them with such period as a base. By using the last year
as a base, however, it is possible to compute relatives for such addi
tional occupations.
Again, relative or index numbers are most frequently used to com
pare the present year with different preceding years, and generally with
the few years immediately preceding. Probably comparison between
1913 and 1912 will be made more often than between any other two
years, and a comparison of any relative number with 100 conveys a
clearer idea than a comparison with any other number. For ex
ample, the ratio 99.4 :100 is more clearly grasped than the equal
ratio 154.4:155.4.
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1907 TO 1913— BOOTS AND SHOES.
11
A third reason for a change of base from 1890-1899 to 1913 is that
any imperfections, due, for example, to a small number of estab
lishments, in the data for earlier years are continued when additions
are made from year to year to an old series of index numbers. The
data for 1913 are the most comprehensive and satisfactory that have
been gathered in any year and the data back to 1910 are more satis
factory than in the earlier years. This reason for the change of base is
further explained on page 18.
For this bulletin relative numbers have been computed back to the
year 1910 on the basis of 1913 equal to 100 per cent. They were not
computed for earlier years because data were available from a consid
erably smaller number of establishments, and further because of the
large amount of work involved. The relative numbers for the several
occupations were computed in both the old and the new series by the
same process, which is explained on page 20. The relative numbers
for the occupations shown in the new series here presented differ
from those of the old series, shown in preceding reports, because of
the change of the base; but the ratio existing between any two years
is the same in both series. The relative numbers for the industry
as a whole have likewise been recomputed with 1913 as the base.
In addition to making a change of the base year, a change has also
been made in the method of computing the industry relatives; and,
because of this change, the relatives for the industry as a whole here
presented not only differ from the relatives computed by the old
method but show a slightly different ratio of change from year to year.
In Bulletin No. 129, the relative numbers for this industry were
averages of the relative numbers of the several occupations. For each
year, for example, the relative rate of wages per hour of each occupa
tion was multiplied (weighted) by the number of employees in that
occupation. The products thus computed for all occupations were
added, and the sum divided by the total employees.
In computing the relative numbers from 1910 to 1913 for the indus
try as a whole, as presented in this Bulletin, a combination was made,
not of the relative numbers for the several occupations, but of the
actual hours and wages of the several occupations. For each year
the average hours and wages were computed for all employees in all
occupations and the average for each preceding year was compared
with the average for 1913 to determine the index.
It was deemed necessary to make this change in method because
a change in the industry is not always accurately reflected by the
relative computed by averaging the occupation relatives. The reason
is more fully explained on page 21.
In addition to the relative numbers shown for the several occu
pations and for the industry three tables are here presented showing
the percent of increase or decrease in full-time hours of labor per week,
rates of wages per hour, and full-time weekly earnings in 1913, as
12
BU LLETIN OF TH E BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.
compared with each preceding year back to 1910. The figures of
these tables are computed from the relative numbers shown on pages 7
to 10, and simply reverse the method of comparison. Each of the
three tables also shows the increase or decrease in 1912 as compared
with 1911, and in 1911 as compared with 1910.
Referring to the second line of the first table, it is seen that the full
time hours of labor of cutters, vamp and whole shoe, hand, in 1913
were 2.7 per cent lower than in 1910, 3 per cent lower than in 1911,
and 0.9 per cent lower than in 1912. Further, it is seen that the full
time hours of labor in this occupation were 2.1 per cent lower in 1912
than in 1911 and 0.3 per cent higher in 1911 than in 1910. The other
figures of the table are read in like manner.
P E R CENT OF INCREASE OR DECREASE IN FULL-TIME HOURS PER WEEK, 1913 COM
PA R E D W ITH EACH OF THE 3 Y E A R S PRECEDING, 1912 COMPARED W ITH 1911, AND
1911 COMPARED W IT H 1910.
Per cent higher ( + ) or lower ( —)
in 1913 than in —
Occupation.
1910
Cutting department:
Cutters, lining, cloth, m ale...................
Cutters, vamp and whole shoe, hand,
male.....................................................
Cutters, vamp and whole shoe, ma
chine, male..........................................
Skivers, upper, machine, male.............
Skivers, upper, machine, female..........
Sole-leather department:
Channelers, insole and outsole, male...
Cutters, outsole, male............................
Fitting or stitching department:
Backstay stitchers, female.....................
Button fasteners, female........................
Buttonhole makers, female...................
Closers-on, female...................................
Tuning makers, female...........................
Tip stitchers, female..............................
Top stitchers or undertrimmers, female
Vampers, male.......................................
Vampers, female.....................................
Lasting department:
Assemblers, for pulling-over machine,
male......................................................
Bed-machine operators, m ale...............
Hand-method lasting machine oper
ators, male..........................................
Pullers-over, hand, male........................
Pullers-over, machine, male..................
Turn lasters, hand, m ale......................
Bottoming department:
Buffers, male..........................................
Edge setters, male..................................
Edge trimmers, male.............................
Goodyear stitchers, male.......................
Goodyear welters, male.........................
Heel breasters, male..............................
Heel burnishers, male............................
Heelers, male..........................................
Heel scourers, male................................
Heel-seat nailers, male...........................
Heel sluggers, male................................
Heel trimmers or shavers, male............
Levelers, male.........................................
McKay sewers, male..............................
Rough rounders, male...........................
Finishing department:
Treers or ironers, hand; male................
Treers or ironers, hand, female..............
The industry.......................................
1No data.
1911
Per cent higher ( + ) or
lower ( —) in —
1912 than
in 1911
1912
1911 than
in 1910
—2.5
—1.5
—1.1
—2.7
—3.0
— .9
—2.1
+0.3
—4.5
— .7
—3.6
—3.5
— .7
—4.0
— .9
— .4
— .7
—2.6
— .3
—3.4
—1.1
(2)
+ .5
—2.4
—2.0
—2.3
—1.8
— .9
—1.4
—1.5
— .4
— .1
— .2
—3.0
0)
(i)
—4.6
—3.4
— .7
— .9
— .7
—1.1
— .7
— .4
— .5
— .4
— .7
—2.3
— .9
—1.7
—3.5
—2.7
—1.1
—3.2
—1.1
—2.5
(2)
(1—3.8
—1.1
—3.6
—3.0
—1.8
—2.3
—4.6
—3.4
—1.5
—3.7
—1.5
—3.2
(' i , 3
—1.6
—1.8
— .5
— .7
—1.1
—1.1
0)
— .6
—3.0
—2.0
—3.1
0)
—2.8
—1.6
—1.6
(*)
— .7
«—1.1
.7
—2.1
—1.6
— .9
0)
— .2
— .4
—1.6
0)
0)
—1.8
—1.6
—1.8
—1.6
0)
0)
(*)
(,i z o
—2.3
—1.3
—1.8
—1.3
—1.3
—1.3
—1.6
—1.6
—1.6
+ .2
—1.6
—1.1
—2.0
—1.5
—1.3
—2.0
—1.3
— .9
— .9
—1.3
— .9
— .9
—1.3
—1.4
—1.1
—1.6
— .9
—1.1
—1.3
— .9
—1.3
— .7
—6.4
—1.1
—6.2
— .9
+ .4
— .2
—6.6
+ .4
— .2
—2.6
—2.4
“
—1.6
— .2
C1)
i1)
(1)
0
—2.2
2 No change.
-9
(ai . 9
— .4
«— .4
.7
— .3
— .2
+1.3
(S1 . 2
— .9
— .2
— .4
— .7
0)
(!)
(2)
(2)
0)
— .2
+ .4
— .4
C1)
(2)
— .3
— .5
— .3
C1)
C1)
i1)
m
c1)
— .2
(,)- . 7
— .4
13
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1907 TO 1913— BOOTS AND SHOES.
PER CENT OF INCREASE OR DECREASE IN BATES OF WAGES PER HOUR, 1913 COM
P A RE D W ITH EACH OF THE 3 Y E A R S PRECEDING, 1912 COMPARED W ITH 1911, AND
1911. COMPARED W IT H 1910.
Per cent higher ( + ) or lower ( —)
in 1913 than in —
Per cent higher ( + ) or
lower ( —) in —
Occupation.
1910
Cutting department:
Cutters, lining, cloth, m ale...................
Cutters, vamp and whole shoe, hand,
m ale....................................................
Cutters, vamp and whole shoe, mafihine, m ale______ ______ _________
Skivers, upper, machine, male.............
SlrivATSj nppftr; maohinAj famalft _f____
Sole-leather department:
Channelers, insole and outsole, m ale.. .
Cutters, outsole, male............................
Fitting or stitching department:
■Rartirstay stitchers, female...................Button fasteners, female........................
■RifttnnhnlA malrers, female _ ________
Closers-on, female...................................
Lining makers, female
...........................
Tip stitchers, female...............................
Top stitchers or undertrimmers, female
Vampers, male.......................................
Vampers, female.....................................
Lasting department:
Assemblers, for pulling-over machine,
male.....................................................
Bed-machine operators, male................
Hand-method lasting machine, oper
ators, m ale..........................................
Pullers-over, hand, male.......................
Pullers-over, machine, male..................
Turn lasters, hand, male........................
Bottoming department:
Buffers, male..........................................
Edge setters, male..................................
Edge trimmers, male.............................
Goodyear stitchers, male.......................
Goodyear welters, male.........................
Heel breasters, male...............................
Heel burnishers, male............................
Heelers, male..........................................
Heel scourers, male................................
Heel-seat nailers, male...........................
Heel sluggers, male................................
Heel trimmers or shavers, male............
Levelers, male.........................................
McKay sewers, male..............................
Rough rounders, male...........................
Finishing department:
Treers or ironers, hand, male.................
Treers or ironers, hand, female.............
The industry.......................................
1911
1912
1912 than
in 1911
1911 than
in 1910
C1)
+12.2
+ 8.3
+ 3.6
+11.9
+12.5
+ 9.2
+ 3.0
—0.6
+ 4.7
+13.9
+18.8
+ 5.2
+ 4.5
+18.1
+ 3.2
+ 5.8
+ 8.5
+ 1.9
— 1.3
+ 8.9
— .4
+9.0
+ .6
+18.1
+12.0
+14.5
+10.5
+11.9
+ 7.5
+ 2.4
+ 2.8
+3.1
+1.3
+ 8.2
C1)
C1)
+ 8.1
+14.2
(*)
+10.3
+ 6.6
+ 4.7
+ 5.9
+31.2
+10.5
+ 8.6
+15.5
+10.9
+ 8.5
+ 2.9
+ 4.6
+ 3.8
+12.7
+ 7.8
+ 4.5
+12.0
+ 5.3
+ 6.5
+ 4.5
+ 6.8
+ 2.0
+16.4
+ 2.5
+ 3.9
+ 3.1
+ 5.3
+ 1.8
— 1.5
— 2.1
+2.2
C1)
0)
— .4
—1.1
C1)
+ 1.7
+3.6
+ .1
0)
+ 8.3
+ 6.2
+ 4.3
+ 9.9
+10.0
— 3.4
— 5.2
0)
+13.8
+14.3
+ 7.4
C1)
+12.6
+ 7.8
+ 8.0
0)
+ 9.9
+ 5.4
+12.5
+12.6
+ 2.5
+ 2.3
— 4.0
C1)
+23.8
+15.1
+11.7
+ 7.0
+ 5.5
+13.0
+10.0
+ 9.4
+ 8.7
+ 9.9
+ 4.2
+12.0
+ 6.6
+10.4
+ 7.8
+14.8
+10.3
+ 9.1
+ 8.0
+ 6.0
+12.4
+ 5.9
+ 7.2
+12.4
+ 8.7
+15.1
+ 9.9
+ 6.7
+ 6.0
+11.6
+14.2
+
+
—
—
+
+
+
—
+
—
+
—
+
—
+
+ 4.4
+10.3
+ 4.1
+ 9.8
+ 6.0
+ 3.1
— 1.9
+ 6.5
+ .3
+ .4
+11.4
+ 8.9.
+ 8.1
+
+2.2
? 1 ,8
+ 9.3
+ 9.5
+19.9
C1)
0)
0)
0
0)
0)
+ 8.0
1 No data.
4.4
2.5
1.0
.5
.6
3.9
2.1
3.3
1.1
9.5
1.9
.1
4.1
3.4
.6
.8
(*) .
+3.9
+1.0
+6.1
— .5
0)
(° + , 8
+2.2
+3.8
+6.1
0)
(i)
C1)
0)
(V
s
(,)+ . l
+7.8
14
BU LLETIN OF TH E BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.
PER CENT OF INCREASE OR DECREASE IN FULL-TIME W EEKLY EARNINGS, 1913
COMPARED W IT H EACH OF THE 3 Y E A R S PRECEDING, 1912 COMPARED W ITH 1911,
AND 1911 COMPARED W ITH 1910.
Per cent higher ( + ) or lower ( —)
in 1913 than in —
Per cent higher ( + ) or
lower ( —) in —
Occupation.
1910
Cutting department:
Cutters, lining, cloth, m ale...................
Cutters, vamp and whole shoe, hand,
male......................................................
Cutters, vamp and whole shoe, manhinftj mala - r„, ____ _______ _____
Skivers, upper, machine, m ale.............
f!lriv«rs, 11PPPT, TnarVhvpA, ffirnala . . . . . . .
Sole-leather department:
Channelers, insole and outsole, m ale...
Cutters, outsole, male............................
Fitting or stitching department:
Bank^tay stit^nfirs, female.___________
Button fasteners, female........................
Buttonhole jnakers, fem ale..................
Closers-on, female. / . ...............................
Lining makers, female...........................
Tip stitchers, female..............................
Top stitcher or undertrimmers, female..
Vampers, male.......................................
Vampers, female.....................................
Lasting department:
Assemblers for pulling-over machine,
m ale....................................................
Bed-machine operators, male................
Hand-method lasting machine oper
ators, male...........................................
Pullers-over, hand, male........................
Pullers-over, machine, male..................
Turn lasters, hand, male........................
Bottoming department:
Buffers, male..........................................
Edge setters, male..................................
Edge trimmers, male.............................
Goodyear stitchers, male.......................
Goodyear welters, male.........................
Heel breasters, male...............................
Heel burnishers, male............................
Heelers, male..........................................
Heel scourers, male................................
Heel-seat nailers, male...........................
Heel sluggers, male................................
Heel trimmers or shavers, male............
Levelers, male........................................
McKay sewers, male..............................
Rough rounders, male...........................
Finishing department:
Treers or ironers, hand, male................
Treers or ironers, hand, female..............
The industry.......................................
1No data.
1911
1912
1912 than
in 1911
1911 than
in 1910
C1)
+ 9.5
+ 7.0
+ 2.4
+ 8.5
+ 9.2
+ 8.3
+
.8
- 0 .7
+ .7
+12.5
+13.9
+ 1.5
+ 3.6
+13.6
+ 2A
+ 5.4
+ 7.5
— .8
— 1.7
+ 5.7
— .8
+8.5
+ .2
+15.2
+ 9.9
+11.7
+ 8.6
+10.9
+ 5.9
+ .8
+ 2.5
+3.1
+ 1.2
+ 5.2
C1)
C1)
+ 3.4
+11.1
0)
+ 6.3
+ 5.6
+ .9
+ 3.0
+28.7
+ 8.8
+ 3.8
+12.5
+ 9.6
+ 4.8
+ 1.5
+ 1.2
+ 3.0
+12.0
+ 7.4
+ 3.5
+11.5
+ 5.2
+ 6.2
+ 4.3
+ 6.0
(2)
+14.9
+ 1.3
+ .3
+ .9
+ 4.3
— 1.3
— 2.6
— 4.6
+2.1
(0
(1)
— .4
—1.2
0)
+1.4
+ 4.0
— .3
0)
+ 6.2
+ 4.5
+ 2.7
+ 9.4
+ 9.3
— 4.5
— 6.1
0)
+10.7
+12.1
+ 3.8
0)
+ 9.6
+ 6.3
+ 6.3
C1)
+ 9.3
+ 5.5
+11.7
+11.5
+ .3
+ .7
— 4.9
C1)
+ 1.0
+5.5
—2.3
0)
+ 9.2
+ 8.2
+ 7.2
+ 4.8
+11.5
+ 5.6
+ 6.0
+10.6
+ 7.9
+13.3
+ 9.3
+ 5.8
+ 5.3
+10.6
+13.0
+
+
—
—
+
+
+
—
+
—
+
+
—
—
0)
(l)
+ 6.4
+21.4
+13.8
+ 9.9
+ 5.9
+ 4.0
+11.7
+ 8.9
+ 8.1
+ 6.6
+ 8.7
+ 2.6
+11.5
+ 4.8
+ 9.4
+ 7.1
+12.9
+ 4.0
+ 3.5
+ 3.4
+ 3.2
+ 5.3
+ 2.9
— 1.8
+ .3
+ .5
+ .3
+ 8.9
+ 6.7
+ 7.4
— .6
+2.0
% .9
+ 7.6
+ 7.4
+18.1
(0
(0
C1)
0)
C1)
4.2
1.5
1.2
.8
.2
3.2
1.9
3.6
.8
9. 4
2.0
.9
3.9
3.2
.1
0)
+3.4
+1.8
+ 1.6
+ 3.3
i +5.7
(i)
i1)
n\
+1.3
0)
— .6
+7.5
2No change.
EXPLANATION OF SCOPE AND METHOD.
This report on boot and shoe manufacturing includes establish
ments whose principal or only products are shoes made by the welt,
McKay, or turn process. Men’s, women’s, and children’s shoes are
included in the product of these factories. No data are included from
establishments whose main or sole products are nailed, screwed, or
pegged shoes, or specialties such as slippers, leggings, felt boots, etc.,
nor from establishments doing only fitting or making sole stock.
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1907 TO 1913— BOOTS AND SHOES.
15
All information in this report was secured from pay rolls of the
various establishments by the agents of the Bureau. The number of
establishments for which data were secured varied considerably during
the period included in this report, as follows:
1907 to 1910...................................................... 26 identical establishments.
1910 and 1911................................................... 60 identical establishments.
1911 and 1912................................................... 81 identical establishments.
1912 and 1913................................................... 88 identical establishments.
The data for 1907 to 1911 were secured in 1911 and the number of
establishments included for the full period for 1907 to 1910, inclusive,
was limited owing to the difficulty of finding establishments that had
preserved complete records for those years and also owing to the
large amount of work involved. Data were not secured from a
greater number of establishments in the more recent years because
of the limited funds available for the purpose.
The establishments vary from year to year as establishments go
out of business or cease to be representative and new establish
ments must be substituted in the wage study. Occasionally occu
pations are dispensed with in a factory or new occupations introduced
and sometimes data are not available for all occupations desired from
a factory. Data for a group of establishments in any year will
not be precisely the same as for a different group in the same
year, even though nearly all of the establishments may be common
to both groups. In using the actual figures in this report comparison
from year to year should be made only between data coming from
identical establishments. In the tables the data from identical
establishments are bracketed together. Data from an establishment
are not included in the report unless the information for at least two
years is available.
In selecting establishments from which to secure data the Bureau
undertook to represent all States in which boot and shoe manufac
turing is of material importance, the measure of importance being the
number of employees reported by the United States Census of Manu
factures. The table which follows shows by States the number of em
ployees in boot and shoe manufacturing, as reported by the United
States Census Office, 1910; the total number on the payroll in the
establishments from which the Bureau secured data for 1913; and
the number in the selected occupations for whom data for 1913 are
shown.
16
BULLETIN OF TH E BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.
TO TAL NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES IN BOOT AND SHOE MANUFACTURING, AND NUM
BER OF EM PLOYEES IN ESTABLISHMENTS FOR WHICH DA TA A R E SHOWN FOR
1913.
State.
Establishments for which data are
shown by the Bureau of Labor
Statistics for 1913.
Number of
employees
reported
by United
Number of employees—
States Cen
sus Office, Number of
establish
1910.
For whom
ments.
data are
°rnoBay
shown.
Massachusetts.....................................................................
New Y ork...........................................................................
Missouri..............................................................................
Ohio....................................................................................
74,710
20,545
16,336
15,693
27
U
11
7
22,515
7,412
5,683
5,611
7,597
2,504
1,834
1,728
New Hampshire.................................................................
Pennsylvania.....................................................................
Maine..................................................................................
Illinois.................................................................................
13,042
10,576
6,508
5,588
7
8
5
4
5,046
3,944
3,033
2,815
1,722
1,406
886
1,103
Wisconsin...........................................................................
New Jersey.........................................................................
Virginia...............................................................................
Other States1.....................................................................
5,081
4,084
2,677
10,276
2
4
2
1,245
1,299
592
410
491
229
Total..........................................................................
185,116
88
59,195
19,910
i Includes States having less than 2,675 employees in 1910.
According to the census of 1910 more than 94 per cent of the total
number of employees in the industry are found in the States in which
the establishments furnishing information to the Bureau of Labor
Statistics are located.
The number of employees in the establishments from which the
Bureau obtained 1913 data was equal to 32 per cent of the total in the
industry in 1910; and the number of such employees for which the
Bureau presents detailed information for 1913 was equal to 10.8 per
cent of the total in the industry in 1910.
The pay-roll period taken each year was the one nearest February
15, except in a very few establishments where abnormal conditions
made it desirable to take a pay roll for some other time of the year.
The full-time hours of labor per week shown in the tables of the re
port are the regular full-time hours of work of the occupation under
normal conditions in the establishment. The working time is the
hours on duty including intervals of waiting for work. The full-time
hours per week and the relatives based thereon do not in any way
indicate the extent of unemployment. Employees may work over
time, or broken time, or be laid off, or a temporary reduction may be
made in working hours, without such change affecting the full-time
hours per week as presented in this Bulletin.
The rates of wages per hour appearing in the tables include the
wages of time workers and the earnings of pieceworkers. All time
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR,
TO 1913— BOOTS AND SHOES.
17
rates by the day or week have been reduced to rates per hour, and the
earnings of pieceworkers or of persons working at both time and
piece rates have been reduced to rates per hour, by dividing the earn
ings by the hours worked. The time workers and pieceworkers of
each occupation are combined as one group.
The majority of boot and shoe employees are paid at piece rates.
In a considerable number of establishments visited in preceding
years the records of the hours worked by individual pieceworkers
were so inadequate that it was not deemed advisable to attempt to
tabulate classified rates of wages or earnings per hour.
In 1913, however, where there was no record regularly kept in the
factory, of the actual time worked by pieceworkers the firms at the
request of the Bureau kept a special record for the pay period taken,
making it possible to present the classified rates shown in Table IV.
The importance of such a record for factory purposes is causing more
firms each year to keep a record of time worked by all employees.
A change in the earnings per hour of pieceworkers does not of
necessity indicate a change in piece rates. Without a change in
piece rates, a change in methods or of machinery, a speeding up, or
more steady work resulting from greater volume of business may
increase the hourly earnings; or, on the other hand, changes in
methods, a slowing down in speed, or a lull in business may reduce
the hourly earnings. Varying intervals of waiting for work while
on duty may also affect hourly earnings.
The full-time weekly earnings tabulated are the earnings per week
of employees working full-time, or the earnings on broken time
reduced to equivalent earnings for a full week. In considering
changes in full-time earnings per week notice should also be taken of
changes in full-time hours of labor per week. A reduction in the
hours of a pieceworker may reduce his earnings in a week and leave
his earnings per hour unchanged, while a reduction of hours for a
week worker will, if his weekly rate remains the same, increase his
rate per hour.
The averages of full-time hours per week, rates of wages per hour,
and full-time weekly earnings are computed by adding the data for
each individual employee and dividing the total by the number of
employees.
It will be observed that the average full-time weekly earnings gen
erally are not exactly the same as the result that would be obtained
by multiplying the average rate per hour by the average hours
per week, owing to the fact that hourly rates for individual em
ployees are based on varying hours per week, which has the effect
18
BULLETIN OF TH E BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.
of changing the relative weighting of the wages of the several em
ployees. A hypothetical illustration shows the difference:
Employees.
Full-time
hours per
week.
Rates of
wages per
week.
Rates of
wages per
hour.
1 .....................
1 .....................
1 .....................
1 .....................
48
54
54
60
$15.00
14.00
16.00
12.00
$0.3125
.2593
.2963
.2000
Total......................
216
57.00
1.0681
54
14.25
.2670
Average.................
The product of $0.2670 multiplied by 54 is $14.42, while the
average earnings per week is $14.25.
The change of the basis of comparison in computing the relative
or index numbers from the average of 1890-1899 to 1913 is in part
explained on page 10.
One of the reasons for the change of the base from 1890-1899 to the
last year is that any imperfections in the data for earlier years are
continued and compounded in the relative numbers when additions
are made from year to year to an old series of relative numbers.
The data for the period 1890-1899 were obtained mostly in 1901
from old and often incomplete pay rolls, and it was sometimes diffi
cult to classify the employees into the several occupations.
For the 10-year period, 1890-1899, data were obtained from only
46 establishments, while data were obtained for 1912 and 1913 from
88 establishments. The number of establishments varied in the
intervening years. While the average of 46 establishments possibly
might have been a fairly acceptable base, the average of nearly twice
as many establishments recently canvassed becomes more nearly
representative of the industry, and thus a more satisfactory base.
Data are available from 81 establishments for 1911 and 1912 and
from 60 establishments for 1910 and 1911.
Were the relative numbers for the occupations recomputed back
to 1890 with 1913 as the base, any imperfections in the data for the
earlier years would, of course, be carried into the relative numbers
for those years, but would not appear in the relative numbers for the
later years.
With either period as the base the relative numbers would show
with the same degree of accuracy the trend from one year to the
next. With 1890-1899 as the base, however, any fault in the data
for the early years is continued, and the relative for 1913 will be at
fault. But with the last year as the base the relative number for any
of the recent years is as nearly accurate and representative as the
data collected for such years, and does not contain in itself any im
perfections that may have been in data gathered in earlier years.
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1907 TO 1913— BOOTS AND SHOES.
19
In one series the relative number, if beginning in fault, continues
in fault even though the data of later years be entirely satisfactory.
In the other series with the data for 1913 as the base, any imper
fections in data for the earlier years will not appear except in such
years.
To illustrate the change in the relatives produced by the change of
base, relative full-time hours of labor and relative rates of wages per
hour of female vampers for the years 1910 to 1913 are given in the
table following, computed with 1913 as the base, and with the aver
age 1890-1899 as the base, so that the relative numbers computed on
the two bases may be compared.
RE LA TIV E FULL-TIME HOURS PER W E E K AND RATES OF WAGES PER HOUR OF
FEMALE VAMPERS COMPUTED ON TWO BASES: AVERAGE 1890-1899=100; AND
AV E R AG E F O R 1913=100.
Relative full-time
hours per week.
Year.
1910..............
1911..............
1912..............
1913..............
Relative rate of wages
^per hour.
Relative,
Relative,
Relative,
Relative,
average
average
1913
1913
1890-1899 equals
1890-1899 equals
100.
100.
equals 100.
equals 100.
97.5
97.2
94.8
94.1
103.7
103.3
100.7
100.0
130.3
130.5
127.8
136.5
95.5
95.6
93.6
100.0
The first column of relative numbers indicates that the hours per
week in 1910 were 97.5 per cent of the average hours in the period
1890-1899, while the next column shows the hours in 1910 to be 103.7
per cent of the hours in 1913. Both series of relatives indicate prac
tically the same change from 1910 to 1913, the first making a decrease
of 3.49 per cent and the other a decrease of 3.57 per cent. Allowing
for decimals dropped in computing the relatives, the results would be
identical.
The first series of relative wages per hour shows an increase from
relative 130.3 in 1910 to relative 136.5 in 1913, an increase of 4.76
per cent. The second series shows an increase from 95.5 in 1910 to
100 per cent in 1913, an increase of 4.71 per cent. Here again, allow
ing for terminal decimals, the results would be identical.
The relative rates of wages per hour and the relative full-time hours
per week from 1890 to 1912 on the basis of 1890-1899, equal to 100
for the industry and for the several occupations published in Bulletin
No. 134, are reproduced in this Bulle’tin, on pages 119 to 126.
Relative or index numbers for the several occupations and for the
industry as a whole from 1910 to 1913 are presented on pages 7 to 10.
20
BULLETIN OF TH E BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.
The method of computing such relative or index numbers for an
occupation can best be explained by an illustration. The rates of
wages per hour of bed-machine operators are taken as an example:
Number
of iden
tical es
tablish
ments.
f
Rates of wages per hour................................................ \
1
Relatives rates of wages per hour computed therefrom
Rates of wages per hour in identical establishments
covering the full four years.......................................
Relative rates of wages per hour computed therefrom.
1912
1913
1910
1911
35
54
65
$0.3108
$0.3229
.3210
92.4
95.9
$0.3042
.3004
90.9
$0.3304
100.0
29
.3129
95.4
.3268
99.7
.3025
92.3
.3279
100.0
The rate per hour for 1913 is taken as the base (100), then $0.3004
divided by $0.3304 equals 90.9, the relative for 1912. The ratio of
1911 to 1912 is $0.3210 to $0.3042. The relative for 1912 just deter
mined, 90.9 multiplied by $0.3210, divided by $0.3042 equals 95.9, the
relative for 1911. The ratio of 1910 to 1911 is $0.3108 to $0.3229.
The relative for 1911, 95.9, multiplied by $0.3108, divided by $0.3229
equals 92.4, the relative for 1910.
The method of computing relative numbers over a period of years,
as illustrated above, is used because of the changes of establishments
which occur.
Any method of computing a series of relative numbers should take
into account changes in establishments from year to year, as changes
naturally occur, some establishments discontinuing operations or
ceasing to be representative, and new establishments entering the field.
The method explained above, bringing in the new establishments, has
been followed in computing the relatives in this report. Otherwise
no use could have been made in the relative or index of the data from
the additional establishments obtained for the later years.
Of the 35 establishments reporting data for 1910-11, 6 dropped out
later and only 29 reported for the entire period. The average rates
of wages per hour for the 29 establishments reporting for the entire
period are shown also in the above table, with relatives computed
therefrom. As might be expected, these relatives differ from the
relatives based on the greater number of establishments. Pre
sumptively they are not as nearly representative as are the relatives
based on the greater number of establishments, but they are given
here as an illustration of the difference shown by relatives based on
different amounts of data.
Data concerning rates of wages and hours of labor for the period
1907 to 1910, being available from a preceding Bulletin, are here
reproduced, but, as before stated, owing to the small number of estab
lishments in that period, and limited funds, it has not been deemed
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1907 TO 1913---- BOOTS AND SHOES.
21
advisable to compute relative numbers therefor, and average full
time weekly earnings have not been computed for that period.
A word of caution is given as to the use of relative numbers. The
per cent of increase or decrease from one year to another is not the
difference between the relative numbers for the years. Thus, in the
table above, the relative rate of wages per hour increased from 92.4
in 1910 to 100 in 1913, an increase in the relative of 7.6 over the rela
tive 92.4, making an increase of 8.2 per cent, 7.6 being 8.2 per cent
of 92.4, the relative from which comparison is made.
While the base for the computation of the relative numbers for the
several occupations has been changed from the average of 1890-99
to 1913, the method of computation has remained the same.
The relative numbers for the industry as a whole, however, have
been computed for this Bulletin not only with a change of base but
in a different manner than for preceding bulletins and hence may be
expected to show some variations in results. The change is referred
to on page 10. The relative numbers for the industry published in
Bulletin No. 134 were computed from the relative numbers of the
several occupations. The relative numbers for the industry here
presented, covering 1910 to 1913, are computed directly from the
average hours of labor, rates of wages per hour, and weekly earnings
of all employees in all occupations combined. In other words, the
relatives for the industry as a whole have been computed for this
report in the same manner as the relatives for each occupation.
It was deemed necessary to make this change in method, because
by computing the industry relative from the relatives of the occupa
tions, the change in the industry is not accurately reflected by the
relative thus computed.
The following table for a hypothetical industry illustrates how a
change in the industry as a whole may not be reflected by a com
bination of the relatives of the occupations:
1912
Occupation.
Actual wages:
Occupation A .........................................
Occupation B .........................................
Total....................................................
Average..................................................
Relative..................................................
Em
ployees.
Rate of
wages
per day.
20
20
$1.20
$3.60
40
Relative wages:
Occupation A .........................................
Occupation B .........................................
20
20
Total....................................................
Average..................................................
40
90
90
1913
Em
ployees.
Rate of
wages
per day.
$24.00
$72.00
30
10
$1.33$
$4.00
$96.00
$2.40
120.0
40
1,800
1,800
30
10
3,600
90.0
40
Aggre
gate.
Aggre
gate.
$40.00
$40.00
$80.00
$2.00
100.0
100
100
3.000
1.000
4.000
100.0
22
BULLETIN OF TH E BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.
In this hypothetical table it is assumed that there were two occu
pations, A and B. Each occupation received an advance of wages in
1913, but there was a change in the number of employees in the two
occupations, a larger proportion of lower skilled employees being
employed.
The average rate of wages of both occupations combined in 1912
was $2.40, and in 1913 it was $2. Taking 1913 as the base, the
relative for the industry for 1912 would be 120. On the other hand,
computing the relative for each occupation, combining the relatives,
and making the average thereof, the relative for 1912 is 90 as against
100 for 1913. Computed from occupation relatives, the relative rate
of wages for the industry appears to increase from 90 to 100, while
the relative for the industry as a whole, computed from the average
rates, because of the change in number of employees in the occupa
tions, actually decreased from 120 to 100.
The general tendency of many industries is toward an increase in
the proportion of unskilled or low-skilled employees to highly skilled
employees, because of specialization and the increasing efficiency of
machinery.
Even though it were possible to cover the same number of estab
lishments each year, it would not be possible to cover identical estab
lishments for a considerable number of years, as firms go out of
business or for some reason it becomes impossible to get acceptable
data from some firms. The desire of the Bureau is to enlarge the
scope of the study from time to time by covering a larger number of
establishments. In computing the relative from year to year, it is
necessary, therefore, to use the method described on page 20, grouping
the data for identical establishments in groups of two or more years
as available. This method is necessary whether the industry relative
be computed from the actual average wages and hours of all occu
pations or an average of the relatives of all occupations.
In the necessary use of the method described, a material statistical
error may result if the industry relative is computed from the rela
tives of the occupations instead of the average for the industry. If
the establishments should remain identical through a period of a few
years and wages and hours in a later year return to the same wages
and hours as in a preceding year, industry relatives computed from
actual averages will be the same for the same averages occurring in
the different years. If, however, the industry relative be computed
from the relatives of the several occupations, like averages will not
be represented by like relatives.
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1907 TO 1913— BOOTS AND SHOES.
23
The subject is illustrated in the table below showing a hypothetical
industry of three occupations, A, B, and C, of one employee each:
1912
1911
Occupation.
Em
ployees.
(1)
(2)
of Relative
of
Rate of Relative
wage, as Rate
wage, as Rate
wages compared
wages Relative
wages compared
wage.
per day. with 1912. per day. with 1913. per day.
(3)
(4)
$1.00
2.00
3.00
100.00
80.00
66.67
6.00
Total..................................
3
2.00
Average.......................................
Relative computed from occu aation rekitives by
method described. 1913 equal s 100...
Relative average rate 1911 ($2) compared vrith averagrft rate 1912 (12.6631________
Relative computed from average rate of all occupa
tions. 1913 equals 100.............. ................................
246.67
82.22
Occupation A ..............................
Occupation B ..............................
Occupation C ..............................
1
1
1
1913
102.78
(5)
$1.00
2.50
4.50
8.00
2.66|
(6)
(7)
(8)
100.00
125.00
150.00
$1.00
2.00
3.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
375.00
125.00
6.00
2.00
300.00
100.00
125.00
100.00
133.33
100.00
75.00
100.00
In this table column 7 shows the wages of each employee in 1913,
and the average wages, $2. Columns 3 and 5 show the detailed wages
and the average wages in 1911 and 1912, respectively. Column 8
shows the relative wages with 1913 as the base (100). Column 6
shows the relative' wage of each occupation for 1912 as compared with
1913 and the average of such relatives, namely, 125. Column 4 shows
the relatives for 1911 as compared with 1912 and the average of such
relatives based on 1912, namely, 82.22.
Below the line of the average is the relative for the industry as
computed from the averages of the several occupation relatives by
the method explained on page 20, with 1913 equal to 100. The
relative for 1912 is 125 as compared with 1913. Computing 82.22
per cent of 125 produces the relative 102.78, the relative for 1911 on
the basis of 1913 equal to 100. Thus, the relatives for the industry
computed from the relatives of the occupations for 1912 beginning
with 1913 as 100 and working back to 1911, are: 1913 equals 100;
1912 equals 125; 1911 equals 102.78. The actual average wages, how
ever, are: $2, $2.66§, and $2. Thus, the same average wage for
the industry is not represented by the same relative.
Comparing $2.66§, the average rate for 1912, with $2, the average
rate for 1913, the relative is found to be 133.33. Comparing the
average rate for 1911 ($2) with the average rate for 1912 ($2.66§), the
relative is 75, and 75 per cent of 133.33, the relative for 1912, is 100,
the relative for 1911 on the basis of 1913 equal to 100, as computed by
the described method from the average wages of the industry.
Thus, the illustration shows that the industry relative computed
from the average wages for the industry by the described method in
identical establishments gives like industry relatives for like industry
averages, but that if the industry relative be computed from the
24
BU LLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.
relatives of the several occupations, the industry relative may not be
the same for the same average wages for the industry in another year.
The industry relatives given in this bulletin have been computed
from the actual average full-time hours per week, rates of wages per
hour, and full-time weekly earnings for all employees reported for the
industry in the same manner as for each separate occupation. While
this method always produces like relatives to represent like actual
wages and hours when applied to the data for two groups of establish
ments, both having one and the same average for any year, it must not
be understood that the like relatives will appear for the same concrete
numbers when the relatives are computed from data where different
groups of establishments show different averages for one and the
same year.
Thus, on page 20 it is shown that the relative rate per hour in 1910
as computed through successive pairs of comparable data is 92.4,
although $0.3108, the average rate for 1910 in 35 establishments, is
94.1 per cent of $0.3304, the average rate shown for 1913 in 65
establishments.
The relative numbers for the boot and shoe manufacturing industry
as a whole, computed by both methods, are brought into comparison
in the table given below.
It will be observed that the results obtained by the two methods
differ to some extent.
R ELA TIV E FULL-TIME HOURS P E R W EE K AND RATES OF WAGES PER HOUR IN
THE BOOT AND SHOE MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY COMPUTED ON TW O BASES:
1913 = 100; AND AVERAGE 1890-1899 = 100.
Method used in this report (1913
equals 100).
Method used in pre
ceding report (aver
age 1890-1899 equals
100).
Relative
full-time
hours per
week.
Relative
rates of
wages per
hour.
Relative
full-time
weekly
earnings.
Relative
full-time
hours per
week.
102.7
102.5
100.9
100.0
89.8
91.8
92.5
100.0
91.9
93.7
93.1
100.0
95.5
95.3
93.9
0)
Year.
1910.................................................................
1911................................................................
1912.................................................................
Relative
rates of
wages per
hour.
129.6
131.7
132.8
0)
i Not computed.
The figures computed according to the present method show a
decrease of relative hours of labor from 102.7 in 1910 to 100.9 in 1912,
a decrease of 1.8 per cent. The figures by the other method show a
decrease of relative hours from 95.5 in 1910 to 93.9 in 1912, or 1.7
per cent.
Relative rates of wages per hour computed by the present method
show an increase from relative 89.8 in 1910 to 92.5 in 1912, an
increase of 3.0 per cent. According to the figures by the other
method, the increase was from 129.6 in 1910 to 132.8 in 1912, an
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR; 1907 TO 1913— BOOTS AND SHOES.
25
increase of 2.5 per cent. Relative full-time earnings were not com
puted by the other method.
Four general tables are presented for the boot and shoe industry,
as follows:
Table I.—Average rates of wages per hour, average full-time weekly
earnings, and average and classified full-time hours of work per week
in the United States, by years, 1907 to 1913.
Table II.—Average rates of wages per hour, average full-time
weekly earnings, and average and classified full-time hours of work
per week in each year, by States, 1912 and 1913.
Table III.—Average rates of wages per hour, average full-time
weekly earnings, and average and classified full-time hours of work per
week in each State, by years, 1912 and 1913.
Table IV.—Average full-time hours of work per week, and average
and classified rates of wages per hour by States, 1913.
In Table I, in addition to actual data, percentages computed there
from are given.
When sufficient data for a State are available to warrant presenta
tion such data are presented by States in Tables II, III, and IV.
Table III repeats the data for the several States given in Table II,
rearranged for the convenience of the reader.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PRINCIPAL PRODUCTIVE OCCUPATIONS.
The kinds of boots and shoes manufactured by the establishments
furnishing data for this report are given on page 14.
So far as the staple products covered by this report are concerned,
the processes of manufacture are practically standardized, and the
operations are highly specialized. In a modern shoe factory there
are more than 100 separate operations, each generally performed by
a different person.
Of these 100 or more operations, more than 50 may be performed
by machines. The number of operations, both hand and machine,
varies with the process and product and the equipment of the factory.
A shoe factory usually has the following departments: Cutting, soleleather, fitting or stitching, lasting, bottoming, finishing, and packing.
In the cutting department are cut the several parts of the uppers,
the lining, and the trimmings. These parts pass to the fitting or
stitching department, where they are sewed together, forming the
whole upper.
In the sole-leather department the soles are cut, and heels, counters,
and boxes made. Frequently these parts are bought ready-made
from factories making a specialty of such manufacture.
In the lasting department the upper, insole, counter, and box are
assembled and fitted together on the shoe last. From this depart
26
B U LLETIN OF TH E BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.
ment the lasted shoe is sent to the bottoming department, where the
welt (in welt shoes) is sewed on, the outer sole sewed on, the heel
attached, and the heel and the edge of the sole trimmed to shape
and finished.
In the finishing department the shoe is smoothed with a hot iron,
scratches rubbed down, stains removed, and the shoe given a final
cleaning and inspection. From this department the shoes go to the
packing department, where they are boxed and cased for shipment.
Figures as to wages and hours of labor are presented in this report
for 36 of the principal occupations of the industry. Hand and
machine work on the same process are presented as separate occupa
tions, except in lining cutting, in which occupation they are combined.
The sex of the employees is shown for each occupation. Some occu
pations include both males and females in such numbers that data
are presented for both sexes. Other occupations are filled largely or
entirely by one sex; the few employees of the other sex in such occu
pations are not reported. Of the 36 occupations tabulated, data are
shown for males alone in 26 occupations, for females alone in 7 occu
pations, and for both males and females in 3 occupations.
Nine of the 10 occupations represented by females are machine
operations. Of all the employees reported for 1913, 27 per cent were
females.
The occupations for which data are shown are here listed in alpha
betical rather than process order, under each department. The
departments, however, are listed in process order.
Cutting department:
Cutters, lining, cloth, male.
Cutters, vamp and whole shoe, hand,
male.
Cutters, vamp and whole shoe, ma
chine, male.
Skivers, upper, machine, male.
Skivers, upper, machine, female.
Sole-leather department:
Channelers, insole and outsole, male.
Cutters, outsole, male.
Fitting or stitching department:
Backstay stitchers, female.
Button fasteners, female.
Buttonhole makers, female.
Closers-on, female.
Lining makers, female.
Tip stitchers, female.
Top stitchers or undertrimmers, fe
male.
Vampers, male.
Vampers, female.
Lasting department:
Assemblers, for pulling-over machine,
male.
Bed-machine operators, male.
Lasting department—Concluded.
Hand-method lasting machine oper
ators, male.
Pullers-over, hand, male.
Pullers-over, machine, male.
Turn lasters, hand, male.
Bottoming department:
Buffers, male.
Edge setters, male.
Edge trimmers, male.
Goodyear stitchers, male.
Goodyear welters, male.
Heel breasters, male.
Heel burnishers, male.
Heelers, male.
Heel scourers, male.
Heel-seat nailers, male.
Heel sluggers, male.
Heel trimmers or shavers, male.
Levelers, male.
McKay sewers, male.
Bough rounders, male.
Finishing department:
Treers or ironers, hand, male.
Treers or ironers, hand, female.
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1907 TO 1913---- BOOTS AND SHOES.
27
CUTTING DEPARTMENT.
All operations of the cutting department here shown are usually
performed by men, except skiving, on which operation women also
are employed.
CUTTERS, LINING, CLOTH.
Included in this occupation are the men who cut the cloth lining
of the upper of the shoe. The work may be performed by hand or
machine. The hand cutter receives the cloth folded 8 to 12 thick.
He lays his patterns on the cloth and draws a knife along the edge
of the pattern, cutting through the several thicknesses of cloth. The
machine operator uses a die which, under the pressure of a power
machine, cuts 24 to 32 thicknesses at one time.
CUTTERS, VAMP AND WHOLE SHOE, HAND.
This occupation includes the men who cut by hand the entire top
or outside of the shoe. It covers the men who cut the vamp and
possibly some or all of the other parts of the top also, but does not
include cutters of minor parts only. The vamp is the most important
part of the upper and requires the greatest skill in cutting. It con
sists of the part or parts of the upper attached to the sole. The
upper, according to the style of the shoe, may have other parts also,
as quarters, tongue, tip, backstay, and foxing. The operator has a
bench upon which he spreads the skin; he lays the pattern in the
desired place and draws a knife along the edge of the pattern, cutting
the part to the desired shape. For each different part of the upper
there is a separate pattern. Incidental to the outside cutting care
must be exercised in selecting like qualities and weights of stock for
the same parts in a pair of shoes.
CUTTERS, VAMP AND WHOLE SHOE, MACHINE.
These operators cut the same part or parts as the hand cutters
described above. Instead of patterns and a knife they use dies
operated by a power press. Different dies are required for each
part of each style and size of shoe. The cutting board is similar to
that used by the hand worker, but has a beam over it which can be
swung either to the left or right and to any position over the board.
The cutter places the die in the desired position on the leather, grasps
the handle of the beam of the machine and swings it over the
die, with a downward pressure. A clutch is placed in operation,
which brings the beam downward, pressing the die through the
leather. After the cut the beam automatically returns to its full
height and remains there until the handle is pressed again.
28
BU LLETIN OF TH E BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.
SKIVERS, UPPER, MACHINE.
Skiving consists of cutting away, on the flesh side, the edge of a
piece of leather, so that the edge may be turned and pasted back,
thus giving a finished rather than a raw edge of the same thickness as
the other parts of the leather. The machine used has a sharp-edged
revolving disk so shaped as to cut the desired bevel or shoulder on
the leather fed to it.
SOLE-LEATHER DEPARTMENT.
The two operations of this department for which data are shown
are performed by men.
CHANNELERS, INSOLE AND OUTSOLE.
The operator has a machine that cuts a slit near the edge of a welt
insole or a McKay outsole. The slit extends only part way through
the sole and is cut at an acute angle. The lip or lid of the channel
is turned back by a channel turner. The channel in the outsole of
the welt shoe is cut by the rough rounder. The channel in the welt
insole avoids a seam inside the shoe and permits the insole, the welt,
and the upper to be stitched together while on the last. In the
outsole the channel permits the seam to be countersunk or embedded
in the sole. After the outsole is stitched on, the lip of the channel is
cemented down on the thread, protecting it from wear.
CUTTERS, OUTSOLE.
The operator cuts the outsole from a side of leather by means of a
die and a heavy descending power beam. The leather is laid upon
the cutting table, the cutter places the die, and with his foot presses
a lever, releasing the beam, which comes down upon the die with
sufficient force to press it through the leather. The operator sets
the die so as to have as little waste leather as possible, and to have
the same quality of leather throughout the sole.
FITTING OR STITCHING DEPARTMENT.
Women are employed so generally in this part of the manufacture
of a shoe that data are shown for females alone in all occupations
reported except vamping, in which occupation wages are shown for
both sexes. All of these are machine operations.
BACKSTAY STITCHERS.
The back of the shoe is usually strengthened by an additional strip
running all or part of the way from the top to the sole of the shoe.
This stay is sewed on over the back seam. This work is also called
back stripping.
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1907 TO 1913— BOOTS AND SHOES.
29
BUTTON FASTENERS.
This is an automatic machine operation. The buttons are fastened
on the shoe by either thread or wire. The upper comes to the oper
ator with the place marked for each button. The operator has
only to put the top of the shoe in position and start and stop the
machine.
BUTTONHOLE MAKERS.
The upper is received by the operator with the position of each
buttonhole marked. The machine cuts and works the buttonhole
automatically. The operator has only to hold the upper in position
and control the machine.
CLOSERS-ON.
This operation consists of stitching the lining to the top of the
upper, both of these parts having been made previously. The work
is also called inseaming. This operation is not performed on all
shoes. In some shops it is omitted entirely; in others the lining is
pasted on to hold it to the top until the upper is top-stitched.
LINING MAKERS.
These employees are sewing-machine operators who sew together
the several parts of the shoe lining. In some shops the work is sub
divided, two or more persons doing a part of the work on each lining.
This operation of sewing the cloth lining requires less skill than the
leather-sewing operations, to which lining makers are usually ad
vanced as they acquire skill.
TIP STITCHERS.
The tip is a separate piece of leather generally put over the toe of
the shoe. It is stitched to the vamp by machine.
TOP STITCHERS OR UNDERTRIMMERS.
When the lining has been closed on to the top of the upper, it is
folded inside of the upper covering the closing-on seam and passed
to the top stitcher who stitches, by machine, the edge of the folded-in
seam. This operation is also called undertrimming. In some shops
this top stitching is done without a previous closing-on, the lining
being held in position or previously pasted.
VAMPERS.
The vamp is the part of the upper to which the sole is attached.
Vamping is the process of sewing together the vamp or lower part of
the shoe upper and the top part, known as top or quarter. Pumps or
slippers having no tops or quarters do not require vamping. Vamp
ing is the most important and best-paid operation in the fitting room.
30
BULLETIN OF TH E BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.
The operator uses either a single or double needle power vamp sew
ing machine. Either males or females may operate the machine;
women’s shoes being light can be vamped by females, but men’s shoes
being heavier are usually vamped by men; however, in many plants
making men’s shoes only, there are women vampers.
LASTING DEPARTMENT.
Men are employed almost exclusively in the operations of the last
ing room.
ASSEMBLERS, FOR PULLING-OVER MACHINE.
The assembler receives the last with the insole tacked on it. He
wets the leather, shellacs the toe box or the tip or both, places the
toe box and counter between the lining and the upper, and then puts
the last inside the upper. Having centered the upper on the last,
he places the last on the spindle of the assembling machine. By
pressing a lever the machine automatically drives small tacks through
the upper and insole into the bottom of the last at the toe, the heel,
and either side, the tacks holding the upper in place temporarily.
The shoe goes from the assembler to the machine puller-over. When
the pulling-over is a hand operation, the assembling is done by the
hand puller-over.
BED-MACHINE OPERATORS.
Lasting is the next operation after the shoe has been pulled over
the last. The bed-machine operator places the shoe on the ma
chine and by levers moves a series of wipers (friction pullers) which
draw the upper over the edge of the insole at the toe and heel.
Some factories designate this as toe and heel lasting. The shoe is
placed with the sole up and the operator determines whether the shoe
is properly lasted by placing his hand under the toe or heel. The
wipers are kept in motion until the operator is satisfied that the upper
has been wiped into the desired position. Under the welt system, the
operator drives a tack through the upper and insole and partly into
the last at one side and passes a fine wire from it around the drawn-in
upper at the toe to the opposite side of the last and drives a tack,
around which he winds the wire. The wire holds the toe of the upper
in position as drawn in over the last. Under the McKay system,
instead of the wire used on the toe of welt shoes, tacks are used. The
upper at the heel is fastened by tacks driven in by hand. In case the
side is lasted by the bed-machine laster the side or instep is lasted
by hand with pincers. The operator draws the upper tightly over the
last so that there are no wrinkles and tacks it down by hand. Last
ing is one of the most important operations in the making of a shoe.
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1907 TO 1913— BOOTS AND SHOES.
31
HAND-METHOD LASTING MACHINE OPERATORS.
In this method of lasting, which is done on a machine known either
as “ consolidated” or “ niggerhead,” the operator holds the edge of
the shoe so that the pincers of the machine grasp the upper and draw
it evenly and closely about the last. Immediately following the
pincers as fast as the upper is drawn into position, there is a device on
the machine that drives tacks automatically into the last to hold the
upper in its proper place. In case any part of the shoe has not been
properly lasted, the operator pulls the tacks and does the work over.
Under the welt system this machine is often used to last only the side
or instep while the bed machine lasts the toe and heel, thus cutting
out the operation of hand lasting the side or instep, which is necessary
in plants using only the bed machines.
PULLERS-OVER, HAND.
The hand puller-over is his own assembler, which occupation is
described above. With the parts assembled, he takes hand pincers
and draws the upper over the last and insole, taking care that the
upper keeps its proper position, and drives a tack at the toe and two
on either side to hold the upper in position for the laster.
PULLERS-OVER, MACHINE.
Where shoes are pulled over by machine, they are first assembled
and put over the last by the assembler. The machine puller-over
places the shoe in the machine and the pincers of the machine grasp
the leather at different points on each side of the shoe. The operator
stands so that he can see when the upper is properly centered. He
presses a foot lever closing the pincers, which draw the leather securely
against the last. The machine stops at this point and the operator
can start or stop the machine at will. The operator now examines
the shoe to see whether all the parts have been evenly pulled over the
last. Where a part has not been properly pulled over it can be
adjusted to the desired point by levers. When satisfied that the shoe
is properly adjusted, the operator presses a foot lever, the pincers
move toward each other, drawing the leather around the last, and
at the same time the machine automatically drives two tacks on each
side and one at the top through the upper and insole into the last to
hold the upper in position.
TURN LASTERS, HAND.
The turn laster, working by hand, uses only hand tools, as pincers,
hammers, etc. He pulls the upper, inside out, over the last upon
which he has already placed the outsole. When he has pulled the
upper smoothly over the last he tacks it to the sole. Sometimes the
work is divided between first and second lasters. After the opera
32
BULLETIN OF TH E BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.
tions described above, which are performed by the first laster, the
shoe goes to the Goodyear stitching-machine operator to be sewed.
After sewing, all tacks are removed and all surplus upper stock
trimmed off. The last is then removed and the shoe turned right
side out. The second laster straightens out the upper and lining
and inserts a shank piece which extends from the back of the heel
to the ball of the shoe. He drives one tack into this shank piece and
sticks it to the sole with glue. This is to stiffen the shank. He then
inserts a last and smoothes the shoe.
BOTTOMING DEPARTMENT.
All operations in the bottoming department are usually performed
by men.
BUFFERS.
After the shoe has been bottomed, the buffer removes stains from
the sole and gives it a smooth, finished appearance by holding it
against a revolving roll or wheel covered with sandpaper or emery
paper.
EDGE SETTERS.
The edge setter holds the edge of the sole against a machine having
hot irons shaped to fit the edge of the sole, which irons vibrate rapidly
and give a lasting polish to the edge.
EDGE TRIMMERS.
The operator holds the edge of the sole against a machine having
a series of revolving knives that trim the edge smooth and to the
desired shape. This operation comes after the bottom has been
sewed on and precedes edge setting.
GOODYEAR STITCHERS.
The operator uses a Goodyear outsole lock-stitch machine to stitch
the outsole to the welt. The seam is run in the channel in the out
sole through both outsole and welt on the outside of the shoe. The
stitches show on the upper surface of the welt and are covered on the
under surface of the sole by cementing down the lip of the channel.
GOODYEAR WELTERS.
The welt is a narrow strip of leather to which the outsole is to be
stitched. It extends around the edge of the sole as far back as the
breast o f’the heel. By one operation of the machine both the upper
and the welt are sewed to the insole, the thread passing through the
lip of the channel in the insole. The outsole is stitched to the welt
in a later operation.
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1907 TO 1913— BOOTS AND SHOES.
33
HEEL BREASTERS.
The heel breaster operates a machine having a knife which cuts to
shape and trims evenly the breast or front surface of the heel, cutting
down to the outsole, but not cutting into it.
HEEL BURNISHERS.
The final operation on the heel is the burnishing. The operator
holds the shoe with his hand in such position that the heel comes in
contact with a wheel on the burnishing machine, which gives it a hard,
smooth surface. Hot wax is carried to the heel by a small disk and
applied by a series of rubbing blows, which beat the wax thoroughly
into the heel. A revolving brush on the same machine brings the
heel to a perfectly smooth surface.
HEELERS.
The heels come to the heeler ready-made, except for the top lift or
last layer of leather. A helper sticks nails into a steel plate. The
helper places the shoe on a jack or metal last, puts the heel in position,
swings the nail plate into place over the heel when the nails are
dropped into another plate over the heel. By operating a foot lever
another part of the machine drives the nails down through the heel,
the insole, and- the upper folded between the insole and the heel, and
clinches the nails back into the leather of the insole. The nails pro
trude slightly above the unfinished heel. The top lift, coated with
cement, is then pressed down by the machine on the protruding nails.
HEEL SCOURERS.
This operator holds the shoe by hand so the heel, trimmed but yet
not smooth, comes in contact with rolls covered with sandpaper,
which smooth the heel. The next operation on the heel is burnishing.
HEEL-SEAT NAILERS.
The heel seat is the heel end of the sole. The insole, the outsole,
and the part of the upper brought in between them are nailed together
by machine. Small brass nails are driven automatically through the
parts and clinched on the insole side. The shoe is placed on a jack
and the work of the operator is to guide it during the nailing.
HEEL SLUGGERS.
The slugger operates a machine which drives small pieces of brass
or other metal, called “ slugs,” into the toplift of the heel to protect
it from wear. The operator of this machine adjusts the plate so as
to place accurately the desired number of slugs, and the machine
automatically cuts off and drives the slugs as they are drawn from a
coil of wire.
45968°— Bull. 154— 14------3
34
BU LLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.
HEEL TRIMMERS OR SHAVERS.
The heel, when the shoe is received from the heeler, is rough and
larger than the required size. The trimmer or shaver holds the shoe
by hand in such position that the heel comes in contact with a series
of revolving knives on his machine which cut away the heel to conform
to the desired contour, as indicated by the top lift, which is of exact
size when put on by the heeler. The machine has two sets of knives.
With the first set the trimmer shaves that part of the heel from the
top lift to the sole, then with the other set he trims the edge of the
sole, taking care not to cut the upper.
LEVELERS.
The operation of leveling to correct any unevenness in the bottom
of the shoe is done with an automatic sole-leveling machine. The
operator places the shoe on a jack or metal last, which he attaches to
the machine, where it is securely held by the spindle and a toe rest.
He presses a foot lever and the shoe passes automatically beneath a
roll under heavy pressure. This roll moves with a vibrating motion
over the middle of the sole of the shoe from the toe down to and into
the shank and passes back again to the toe. The roll then cants to
the right and repeats the operation on that side of the sole, returning
to the toe as before. It then cants to the left, repeating the operation
on that side, after which the shoe automatically drops forward and
is relieved from the pressure. While one shoe is under pressure the
operator is preparing another shoe for the operation.
McKAY SEWERS.
This operator uses a McKay sewing machine to sew together the
outsole, the upper, and the insole— the three parts being sewed
together in one operation, except the heel seat, which is nailed.
No welt is used in the McKay process, the seam being embedded in
the channel of the outsole; the opposite side of the seam is on the
inside of the shoe instead of on the top of the welt outside the shoe,
as in the welt process of manufacture.
ROUGH ROUNDERS.
This operation consists of trimming by machine the edge of the
outsole and welt so that they will extend a uniform distance from
the upper. It is the first operation on the edge of the sole in the
Goodyear process. The machine also cuts a channel in the outsole,
in which the thread is embedded, when the Goodyear stitching is
done later.
35
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 190*7 TO 1913---- BOOTS AND SHOES.
FINISHING DEPARTMENT.
TREERS OR IRONERS, HAND.
The treer places the shoe on a form, the shape of a last, supported
on a frame. By pressing a foot lever the form is expanded so that
the shoe fits tight over it. The tools of the treer are a hot iron,
brush, cloth, etc. The treer brushes the shoe, cleans spots and dis
colorations, remedies any slight cut or blemish, and rubs the upper
with a hot iron to take out wrinkles and produce a smooth surface.
As females are engaged in this occupation to a considerable extent,
data are shown for both sexes.
I . —AVERAGE RATES OF WAGES PER HOUR, AVERAGE FULL
TIME W EEKLY EARNINGS, AND AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED FULL
TIME HOURS OF WORK PER WEEK IN THE UNITED STATES, BY
YEARS, 1907 TO 1913.
T able
[The figures set opposite each bracketed group of years are for identical establishments.]
N U M BER.
Occupation, sex, and num
ber of establishments.
Employees whose full-time hours
Aver
per week were—
Num- Aver Aver
age
age
age
full
lullfull
rate
of time
time Over
Year. em
of
Over
51
57
54
wages week 48
ploy hours
and
and
ly
per
per
and
54
and under
60
ees. week. hour. earn under under
under
54
ings.
60
51
57
C u ttin g D epartm ent.
Cutters, lining, cloth, male:
31 establishments.............. /\ 1911
1912
1912
72 establishments.............. /\ 1913
Cutters, vamp and whole
shoe, hand, male:
f 1907
1 1908
20 establishments
1 1909
( 1910
115 55.4 $0.2701 $14.87
128 54.8
.2800 15.23
16
20
7
12
27
43
17
14
45
34
3
5
40
7
297 55.2
258 54.4
.2902
.3143
15.89
16.99
35
37
18
18
90
110
66
49
48
37
919
907
907
852
54.9
54.8
54.7
54.7
.3250
.3323
.3399
.3448
C1)
(i)
(v
C1)
11
6
14
13
157
175
159
176
343
331
346
278
252
283
286
291
156
112
102
94
1,650
48 establishments.............. /\ 1910
1911 1,602
56.0
56.2
.3188
.3169
17.86
17.75
13
14
176
158
405
425
395
398
319
311
342
296
1911 2,066
64 establishments.............. /\ 1912
1,906
56.2
55.0
.3127
.3222
17.50
17.63
217
158
162
589
720
587
272
384
323
348
212
/ 1912 1,995
\ 1913 1,987
55.0
54.5
.3215
.3511
17.58
19.05
242
231
162
224
738
803
297
364
336
313
220
52
/ 1910
\ 1911
235
226
57.8
57.2
.3013
.3000
17.23
17.09
13
15
70
75
98
102
54
34
/ 1911
\ 1912
270
300
57.0
55.5
.3126
.3186
17.69
17.54
29
24
59
69
113 .........
87
85
55
49
1912
33 establishments.............. /\ 1913
Skivers, upper, machine,
male:
/ 1910
19 aofo K11o*Hm Q*nfo
\ 1911
490
549
55.8 ! .3134
.3234
55.3
17.36
17.77
29
32
24
27
186
213
41
117
124
121
86
39
74
79
54.7
54.7
.2878
.3139
15.80
17.15
49
52
13
21
12
6
Oft oQfohlicthmDTifa
/ 1911
\ 1912
136
146
54.8
54.6
.2921
.2885
15.98
15.73
10
92
100
24
11
20
24
1
32 establishments
/ 1912
\ 1913
156 54.7
134 54.5
.2824
.2987
15.41
16.23
10
11
105
87
11
24
29
12
1
71 establishments..............
Cutters, vamp and whole
shoe, machine, male:
17 establishments..............
OAoafahllohmanfc
1Not computed.
BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.
36
I . —AVERAGE RATES OF WAGES PER HOUR, AVERAGE FULLTIME WEEKLY EARNINGS, AND AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED FULL
TIME HOURS OF WORK PER WEEK IN THE UNITED STATES, B Y
YEARS, 1907 TO 1913—Continued.
T able
N U M BE R —Continued.
Occupation, sex, and num
ber of establishments.
Employees whose full-time hours
Aver
per week were—
Num Aver- Aver
age
age
ber
full
rate
of time
time Over
Year. em
of
Over 57
51
54
wages week 48
ploy hours
and
ly
54
per
per
and
and and
60
ees. week. hour. earn under under
under under
54
ings.
60
51
57
C u ttin g D epartm ent—Con.
Skivers, upper, machine, fe
male:
13 establishments..............
1907
1908
1909
1910
74
70
79
85
49 establishments..............
1910
1911
338
314
57.0
57.3
.1749
.1757
$9.94
9.97
1
2
60 establishments..............
1911
1912
374
345
57.0
55.1
.1758
.1914
9.97
10.54
67 establishments..............
1912
1913
371
439
55.0
54.6
.1925
.2088
10 establishments..............
1907
1908
1909
1910
23
23
23
23
55.1
55.1
54.7
54.7
.2829
.2962
.3057
.3004
n\
(I)
44 establishments..............
1910
1911
138 56.3
140 56.2
.2963
.3056
57 establishments..............
1911
1912
157 56.3
149 55.5
.2889
.2956
1912
1913
200 55.9
196 55.4
10 establishments..............
1907
1908
1909
1910
50 54.8
47 54.5
49 54.5
54 54.4
31 establishments..............
1910
1911
143
129
36 establishments..............
1911
1912
42 establishments..............
1912
1913
56.1 $0.1875
56.5
.1918
.1914
56.3
56.0
.1954
8
7
11
8
37
27
31
35
29
36
37
42
30
25
40
25
81
84
86
94
100
84
9
25
26
33
158
113
50
108
91
95
11
10.58
11.38
9.
12
26
32
179
231
59
104
87
60
11
(l)
(1)
4
4
4
4
8
8
10
10
2
2
2
2
9
9
7
7
16.61
17.12
4
4
7
7
39
37
22
31
48
48
18
13
16.21
16.35
7
12
46
61
38
30
45
39
21
7
.2979
.3334
16.62
18.42
12
17
63
71
52
59
57
44
16
5
.3144
.3075
.3065
.3089
C1)
(i)
38
35
37
42
5
10
10
10
7
2
2
2
56.6
56.5
.2735
.2770
15.44
15.62
48
40
29
34
46
39
20
16
146
161
56.6
56.4
.2784
.2861
15.70
16.09
2
43
56
43
34
39
48
21
21
177
196
56.2
55.4
.2813
.3025
15.75
16.69
2
16
66
83
39
46
49
51
21
81 56.6
78 56.5
91 56.3
95 56.2
.1708
.1858
.1770
.1793
n\
0)
15
13
21
16
18
23
25
25
48
42
45
54
C1)
C1)
C1)
0)
Sole-leather Department.
Channelers, insole and out
sole, male:
75 establishments..............
Cutters, outsole, male:
Fitting or Stitching
Department.
Backstay stitchers, female:
I1)
16 establishments..............
1907
1908
1909
1910
49 establishments..............
1910
1911
307
299
56.6
56.6
.1765
.1802
9.95
10.16
1
1
32
28
35
36
88
79
84
99
67
56
67 establishments..............
1911
1912
392
378
56.5
55.2
.1854
.1893
10.42
10.42
11
28
8
69
203
110
41
121
97
64
18
78 establishments...........
1912
1913
426
389
55.1
54.7
.1874
.1945
10.31
10.62
12
11
8
12
231
208
48
114
109
44
18
1 Not computed.
37
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1907 TO 1913---- BOOTS AND SHOES.
T a b l e I . — AVERAGE
RATES OF WAGES PER HOUR, AVERAGE FULL
TIME WEEKLY EARNINGS, AND AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED FULL
TIME HOURS OF WORK PER WEEK IN THE UNITED STATES, BY
YEARS, 1907 TO 1913—Continued.
N U M BE R —Continued.
Occupation, sex, and num
ber of establishments.
Num Aver- Aver
age
ber
rate
&
of time
Year. em
of
wages
ploy hours
per
per
ees. week. hour.
Employees whose full-time hours
Aver
per week were—
age
full
time
Over 57
week Over
51
48
54
and
and
ly
and
54
and under
60
earn under under
under
54
ings.
60
51
57
F itting or S titch in g De
p artm en t—Continued.
Button fasteners, female:
/ 1911
26 establishments............ . \ 1912
55
70
/ 1912
\ 1913
205
232
56.4 $0.1572
55.9
.1831
$8.88
10.21
55.3
54.8
.1768
.1993
9.78
10.95
/ 1911
\ 1912
108 56.3
168 55.4
.1757
.1801
9.83
9.96
/ 1912
\ 1913
468 55.1
517 54.7
.1796
.1936
9.87
10.60
18 establishments.,
1907
1908
' 1909
1910
104 55.3
100 55.1
101 55.1
95 55.0
.2003
.1901
.2072
.1979
(i)
(v
(i)
(i)
49 establishments..
/ 1910
\ 1911
262
277
57.1
57.1
.1784
.1776
10.13
10.09
65 establishments..
/ 1911
\ 1912
350
331
56.9
54.9
.1796
.1865
/ 1912
\ 1913
344
349
55.0
54.4
72 establishments............
Buttonhole makers, female:
33 establishments............
74 establishments..
Closers-on, female:
74 establishments...
Lining makers, female:
19 establishments__
1907
1908
1909
1910
5
6
9
28
12
2
26
34
3
15
17
101
127
19
22
58
56
9
2
17
29
79
23
8
48
64
6
27
41
257
306
41
70
111
94
20
17
20
19
23
25
21
19
19
34
41
45
34
28
18
18
19
1
1
23
5
34
36
57
89
60
72
87
74
10.18
10.21
15
5
16
62
178
108
36
88
71
87
15
.1857
.1941
10.17
10.53
15
18
16
1.7
182
206
40
73
76
35
15
124 56.2
112 56.1
122 56.0
154 55.9
.1754
.1654
.1730
.1634
(i)
(i)
(i)
(i)
24
24
28
33
44
42
46
55
56
46
48
66
3
10
12
6
53 establishments.,
/ 1910
\ 1911
585
576
56.5
56.5
.1639
.1619
9.19
9.08
2
3
88
81
76
75
145
162
141
154
133
101
72 establishments..
/ 1911
t 1912
721
706
56.5
55.0
.1656
.1709
9.28
9.36
21
81
39
136
373
190
85
189
161
125
27
/ 1912
\ 1913
764
854
55.0
54.6
.1699
.1902
9.31
10.38
21
29
39
47
391
469
98
199
188
110
27
/ 1911
\ 1912
134
137
55.8
55.2
.2049
.2157
11.38
11.87
10
12
38
68
32
17
49
40
5
/ 1912
79 establishments..
\ 1913
Top stitchers or undertrim
mers, female:
f 1907
I 1908
17 establishments..
1 1909
I 1910
335
337
54.9
54.7
.2076
.2186
11.36
11.94
17
27
186
175
48
78
68
47
6
151
144
156
164
56.3
56.3
56.3
56.0
.1849
.1898
.1957
.2002
C1)
30
31
31
32
45
41
47
49
76
72
78
83
53 establishments.
/ 1910
\ 1911
721
742
56.9
56.8
.1884
.1915
10.69
10.83
3
4
64
63
111
109
148
169
192
232
203
165
73 establishments..
/ 1911
\ 1912
911
950
56.7
54.9
.1941
.1978
10.95
10.82
29
63
81
183
521
212
80
268
212
185
27
82 establishments..
/ 1912 1,033
\ 1913 1,070
29
25
81
96
572
573
96
237
228 ....2 7
139
80 establishments..
Tip stitchers, female:
36 establishments .
10
10
h
C1)
.1976 10.81
54.9
.2104 11.47
54.6
i Not computed.
BU LLETIN OF TH E BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.
38
I . — AVERAGE RATES OF WAGES PER HOUR, AVERAGE FU LL
TIME WEEKLY EARNINGS, AND AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED FULL
TIME HOURS OF WORK PER WEEK IN THE UNITED STATES, B Y
YEARS, 1907 TO 1913—Continued.
T able
N U M BE R —Continued.
Occupation, sex. and num
ber of establishments.
Employees whose full-time hours
per week were—
Aver Aver
Num Aver
age
age
age
full
ber full
rate
time
of
of
fear. em
time
Over 57
week Over
51
48
wages
54
and
ploy hours
and
ly
per
per
and
54
and under
60
ees. week. hour. earn under under
under
54
ings.
60
51
57
Fitting or Stitching De
partment-Concluded .
Vampers, male:
(i)
(n
m
(l)
13 establishments............
1907
1908
1909
1910
167
99
150
134
54.9 $0.3175
55.2
.2869
54.6
.2867
54.5
.2941
33 establishments..
1910
1911
263
249
55.5
55.7
.2927 $16.24
.3034 16.88
51 establishments..
1911
1912
343
435
55.5
54.9
.3147
.3100
17.42
16.97
1912
1913
483
554
55.0
54.8
.3059
.3195
22 establishments.,
1907
1908
1909
1910
351
321
391
366
55.7
55.9
55.5
55.5
53 establishments..
1910
1911
863
909
71 establishments..
79 establishments.............
7
18
58
48
119
41
51
46
9
15
21
18
32
25
20
22
48
21
67
69
63
81
57
53
28
25
15
21
56
138
199
94
57
61
93
29
15
16.76
17.47
15
12
56
74
215
227
67
164
112
72
18
5
.2463
.2424
.2526
.2570
(J)
w
(i)
4
3
5
6
54
18
77
39
56
60
66
67
105
119
123
129
132
121
120
125
56.9
56.7
.2378
.2382
13.46
13.43
20
26
39
45
125
138
206
229
241
268
232
203
1911 1,124
1912 1,019
56.5
55.1
.2384
.2334
13.46
12.84
21
15
45
66
191
546
291
107
315
237
261
48
1912 1,088
1913 1,072
55.1
54.7
.2305
.2462
12.68
13. 45
15
14
66
72
575
620
121
216
263
150
48
1911
1912
218
228
55.4
54.8
.2739
.2645
15.14
14.45
31
93
102
69
37
49
47
7
11
1912
1913
542
532
55.8
55.5
.2376
.2611
13.21
14.46
31
14
26
31
174
201
96
134
131
121
84
31
15 establishments............
1907
1908
1909
1910
246
300
307
300
54.7
54.8
54.8
55.0
.3497
.3336
.3424
.3214
C1)
(i)
C1)
54
23
31
15
126
194
189
169
22
31
34
36
44
52
53
80
35 establishments..
1910
1911
513
568
56.4
56.1
.3108
.3229
17.50
18.09
15
26
169
172
77
159
153
113
99
98
54 establishments..
1911
793
1912 1,004
56.1
55.5
.3210
.3042
17.96
16.88
26
99
263
438
201
151
183
218
120
98
1912 1,127
. 1913 1,220
55.6
55.2
.3004
.3304
16.67
18.21
99
123
446
502
216
354
246
200
120
41
39
48
39
51
60
41
36
29
66 establishments..
Vampers, female:
Lasting Department.
Assemblers, for pulling-over
machine, male:
17 establishments............
50 establishments............
Bed-machine operators, male:
65 establishments.............
Hand-method lasting ma
chine operators, male:
i1)
6 establishments..
1907
1908
1909
1910
99
89
75
80
57.1
56.6
56.7
56.1
.3111
.3070
.3088
.3223
C1)
(0
C1)
(1)
33 establishments..
1910
1911
325
352
57.4
57.3
.3062
.3094
17.49
17.65
4
5
39
45
90
94
86
107
106
101
39 establishments..
1911
. 1912
477
478
57.0
55.8
.3164
.3242
17.96
18.03
26
94
184
137
86
112
97
134
85
41 establishments..
•1912
. 1913
456
449
.3251 18.05
55.7
.3572 19.72
55.3
1Not computed.
26
13
167
200
102
144
83
66
78
26
39
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1907 TO 1913— BOOTS AND SHOES.
T a b l e I . — AVERAGE
RATES OF WAGES PER HOUR, AVERAGE FULL
TIME W EEKLY EARNINGS, AND AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED FULL
TIME HOURS OF WORK PER WEEK IN THE UNITED STATES, BY
YEARS, 1907 TO 1913—Continued.
N U M BE R —Continued.
Occupation, sex, and num
ber of establishments.
Aver
Num Aver
age
age
ber full
rate
of
of
Fear. em
time
wages
ploy hours
per
per
ees. week. hour.
Employees whose full-time hours
Aver
per week were—
age
full
time
Over
week Over
51
57
48
54
and
and
ly
54
and
and under
60
eam- under under
under
54
CO
51
57
L asting D epartm ent—Con.
Pullers-over, hand, male:
13 establishments..............
1907
1908
1909
1910
345
330
366
384
56.6 $0.2558
.2490
56.6
.2867
56.2
55.9
.2763
35 establishments..............
1910
1911
784
784
56.4
56.2
.2913 $16.38
.3809 17.28
45 establishments..............
1911
1912
897
899
56.3
55.4
.3121
.3190
1912 1,036
1913
937
55.3
55.3
1910
1911
251
266
43 establishments..............
1911
1912
60 establishments..............
Turn lasters, hand, male:
28 establishments..............
77
74
111
105
73
63
82
99
195
193
173
180
5
7
19
27
207
204
178
206
228
234
147
106
17.50
17.62
24
27
111
263
297
234
188
219
212
154
67
.3155
.3326
17.41
18.37
24
111
65
343
342
287
332
195
190
76
8
57.4
56.5
.3204
.3188
18.37
17.95
50
77
36
91
85
47
80
51
328
305
56.1
55.6
.3253
.3124
18.18
17.31
15
34
110
113
120
43
52
47
46
53
1912
1913
402
421
55.8
55.4
.3124
.3513
17.39
19.42
7
5
34
19
148
183
64
107
82
82
67
25
1912
1913
452
524
55.6
55.0
.2573
.3100
15.25
17.00
106
140
56
122
74
89
127
149
89
24
1911
1912
174
170
55.8
55.8
.2940
.3068
16.37
17.06
5
5
51
52
49
48
67
58
2
7
1912
1913
338
354
56.0
55.3
.2889
.3186
16.09
17.57
21
23
107
123
67
134
105
57
38
17
18 establishments.............
1907
1908
1909
1910
134
142
150
163
56.0
56.2
56.1
55.9
.3999
.3509
.3806
.3852
31
29
35
34
50
48
53
58
53
65
62
71
54 establishments.............
1910
1911
560
573
56.3
56.3
.3733
.3800
20.94
21.31
97
113
142
148
146
147
100
101
G8 establishments..............
1911
1912
722
698
56.3
55.8
.3800
.3892
21.29
21.63
191
257
170
149
177
142
124
98
7S establishments.............
Edge trimmers, male:
1912
1913
789
815
55.8
55.3
.3785
.4129
21.05
22.78
273
300
190
276
171
148
103
?
23 establishments.............
1907
1908
1909
1910
283
302
287
305
55.3
55.1
55.2
55.0
.4043
.3863
.3975
.4010
93
67
113 * 79
93
83
97
83
77
62
65
67
55 establishments.............
1910
1911
573
615
56.4
56.2
.3818
.3899
21.44
21.80
117
139
137
175
137
140
121
102
71 establishments.............
1911
1912
765
751
56.1
55.9
.3890
.3855
21.73
21.48
220
264
200
146
174
192
116
98
81 establishments.............
1912
1913
827
838
55.9
55.4
.3797
.4100
21.15
22.66
285
314
176
285
214
160
101
30
52 establishments..............
Pullers-over, machine, male:
31 establishments..............
B ottom in g D epartm ent.
Buffers, male:
36 establishments..............
72 establishments.............
Edge setters, male:
i Not computed.
BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.
40
I . —AVERAGE RATES OF WAGES PER HOUR, AVERAGE FULL
TIME W EEKLY EARNINGS, AND AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED FULL
TIME HOURS OF W ORK PER WEEK IN THE UNITED STATES, BY
YEARS, 1907 TO 1913—Continued.
T able
N U M BE R —Continued.
Occupation, sex, and num
ber of establishments.
Employees whose full-time hours
per week were—
Aver Aver
age
Num Aver
age
age
ber full
full
rate
of
time Over
Over 57
time
Year. em
of
51
54
wages week 48
ploy hours
and
and
ly
per
54
per
and under
and
60
ees. week. hour. earn under under
under
54
60
ings.
51
57
B o tto m in g D epartm ent—
Continued.
Goodyear stitchers, male:
(i)
(i)
(i)
0)
93
92
76
77
45
59
66
70
54
42
53
56
88
106
96
118
89
81
69
62
38
184
221
133
103
no
105
74
95
60
232
267
125
184
128
119
104
12
0)
22
23
27
29
19
18
21
20
26
29
26
32
24.49
25.88
79
78
62
79
61
52
52
51
.4520
.4544
25.21
25.27
132
162
93
68
77
84
63
57
55.8
55.3
.4453
.5006
24.75
27.60
177
188
91
139
98
85
60
16
76
77
56.1
55.7
.2906
.3017
16.23
16.74
20
23
20
19
31
23
3
4
163
171
55.9
55.4
.2952
.3127
16.36
17.27
48
57
38
56
40
34
21
7
106
108
55.6
55.4
.3062
.3127
16.97
17.31
42
45
27
25
34
30
1
3
/ 1912
74 establishments.............. \ 1913
Heelers, male:
/ 1911
31 establishments.............. \ 1912
254
268
56.1
55.4
.2921
.3130
16.31
17.29
84
108
57
83
63
51
37
11
115
124
55.8
55.7
.4034
.3906
22.52
21.71
33
46
26
25
44
39
2
6
/ 1912
\ 1913
254
269
56.2
55.4
.3777
.4242
21.17
23.41
87
114
49
83
69
52
40
8
/ 1911
\ 1912
125
154
54.8
55.5
.2908
.2940
16.12
16.25
44
59
30
24
42
52
2
4
/ 1912
\ 1913
342
364
56.0
55.4
.2885
.3135
16.09
17.35
116
123
67
122
89
66
50
17
/ 1911
\ 1912
43
43
55.8
55.8
.2987
.2706
16.61
15.04
17
19
10
9
15
13
1
2
/ 1912
72 establishments.............. \ 1913
Heel sluggers, male:
/ 1911
34 establishments.............. \ 1912
141
135
56.4
55.5
.2537
.2918
14.22
16.11
40
47
26
38
43
33
22
5
77 55.9
79 55.8
.2848
.2901
15.79
16.11
27
31
19
17
28
27
3
4
182 56.0
179 1 55.5
.2817
.3097
15.65
17.10
57
61
43
65
48
37
22
7
1907
1908
21 establishments............. ' 1909
1910
215
214
221
224
55.3 $0.4034
55.1
.3759
.3944
55.3
55.2
.3875
/ 1910
45 establishments.............. \ 1911
366
398
56.3
56.0
.3739 $20.97
.3879 21.65
/ 1911
61 establishments.............. \ 1912
529
562
55.9
55.9
.3868
.3847
21.56
21.40
/ 1912
70 establishments.............. \ 1913
Goodyear welters, male:
1907
1908
14 establishments.............. ' 1909
1910
627
642
55.9
55.2
.3757
.3986
20.96
21.96
67
70
74
81
55.9
56.0
55.7
55.6
.4087
.4087
.4435
.4222
0)
C1)
/ 1910
45 establishments.............. \ 1911
275
289
56.2
56.0
.4373
.4637
/ 1911
60 establishments.............. \ 1912
392
411
56.0
55.8
/ 1912
70 establishments.............. \ 1913
Heel breasters, male:
/ 1911
35 establishments.............. \ 1912
466
472
/ 1912
75 establishments.............. \ 1913
Heel burnishers, male:
/ 1911
33 establishments.............. \ 1912
67 establishments..............
Heel scourers, male:
35 establishments..............
•
78 establishments..............
Heel-seat nailers, male:
28 establishments..............
/ 1912
78 establishments.............. \ 1913
V)
i Not computed.
10
20
41
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1907 TO 1913— BOOTS AND SHOES.
I . —AVERAGE RATES OF WAGES PER HOUR, AVERAGE FULL
TIME W EEKLY EARNINGS, AND AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED FULL
TIME HOURS OF WORK PER WEEK IN THE UNITED STATES, BY
YEARS, 1907 TO 1913—Continued.
T able
NUMBER—Continued.
Occupation, sex, and num
ber of establishments.
Num
ber
of
Year. employ-
Employees whose full-time hours
per week were—
Aver- Aver Aver
age
age
age
full
full
rate
time Over
Over 57
time
of
51
54
hours wages week 48
and
and
ly
54
and
per
per
and under
60
under
week. hour. eara- under under
54
60
57
51
B o tto m in g D e p a r tm e n tConcluded.
Heel trimmers or shavers,
male:
25
15
12
17
24
22
22
21
29
29
28
31
21
18
20
22
17
16
27
29
54
59
50
52
40
36
23.32
23.10
16
18
47
70
80
56
60
63
43
32
.4199
.4482
23.39
24.74
18
30
75
90
61
91
66
59
32
7
55.8
55.7
.3090
16.49
17.13
7
7
32
37
23
22
37
30
3
6
1912
1913
55.9
55.2
.3037
15.90
16.74
25
35
80
95
63
90
62
62
38
7
5 establishments...............
1907
1908
1909
1910
55.2
55.3
55.7
55.2
.3113
.2737
.2787
11
9
8
7
9
7
11
9
28 establishments............ .
1910
1911
95
107
57.1
56.7
.2897
.2900
16.46
16.35
30 establishments............ .
1911
1912
129 56.5
128 56.3
.2956
.2854
1912
1913
131
136
56.1
55.6
.2856
.3186
15 establishments....... .
1907
1908
1909
1910
48
49
54
56
56.0
56.0
55.8
55.5
.3874
.3683
.4342
.4115
44 establishments..............
1910
1911
165
167
56.7
56.5
.4056
.4375
22.85
24.56
60 establishments.............
1911
1912
56.3
55.9
.4364
248
24.44
24.41
69 establishments..............
1912
1913
273
265
55.9
55.2
.4352
.'4967
24.21
27.37
17 establishments..............
1907
1908
1909
1910
381
364
377
444
54.7
54.5
54.6
54.5
.3047
.2941
.2925
.2876
44 establishments..............
1910
1911
832
786
55.9
56.1
.2594
63 establishments..............
1911 1,006
1912 1,076
56.0
55.9
73 establishments.............
1912 1,143
1913 1,110
55.8
55.3
55.1 $0.4382
55.2
.4387
.4465
55.3
55.2
.4430
23 establishments............ .
1907
1908
1909
1910
91
55 establishments............
1910
1911
189
193
56.6
56.5
.4096 $23.03
.4152 23.34
71 establishments............ .
1911
1912
246
56.5
56.0
.4154
.4148
1912
1913
252
277
56.0
55.4
1911
1912
102
102
81 establishments............ .
Levelers, male:
36 establishments............ .
75 establishments............ .
McKay sewers, male:
32 establishments..............
Rough rounders, male:
221
1
1
14
9
9
10
10
13
5
7
24
29
30
43
25
14
16.63
16.10
13
3
9
24
49
40
43
50
15
11
16.00
17.70
3
5
26
35
42
62
52
30
8
4
13
13
18
19
15
16
16
16
20
20
20
21
41
39
40
59
44
33
39
35
2
23
65
88
68
50
43
50
43
37
23
27
93
99
60
84
56
47
41
8
107
107
105
173
153
132
124
110
72
102
113
114
49
23
35
47
14.42
14.50
173
100
140
156
225
250
150
141
144
139
.2668
.2618
14.84
14.57
100
115
265
334
311
239
181
239
149
149
.2817
14.76
15.54
115
125
385
407
263
319
220
220
160
39
1
1
1
1
F in ish in g D epartm ent.
Treers or ironers, hand, male:
Not computed.
42
BU LLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.
T able I . —AVERAGE RATES OF WAGES PER HOUR, AVERAGE FULL
TIME WEEKLY EARNINGS, AND AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED FULL
TIME HOURS OF WORK PER WEEK IN THE UNITED STATES, BY
YEARS, 1907 TO 1913—Continued.
N U M B E R —Concluded.
Occupation, sex, and num
ber of establishments.
Employees whose full-time hours
per week were—
Aver Aver
Num Aver
age
age
age
full
ber full
rate
time Over
of time
Year. em
of
Over 57
51
54
wages week 48
and
and
ploy hours
ly
per
54
and under
CO
per
and
ees. week. hour. eam- under under
under
54
51
57
Finishing D epartm entConcluded.
Treers or ironers, hand, fe
male:
8 establishments..............
1910
1911
11 establishments............
1911
1912
105
58.1
54.3
.1446
.1539
8.32
8.35
13 establishments............
/ 1912
\ 1913
108
110
54.4
54.6
.1530
.1578
8.32
8.56
57.8 $0.1432
57.7
.1439
$8.19
8.21
25
20
22
37
11
PER CENT.
Cutting Department.
Cutters, lining, cloth, male:
31 establishments............
1911
1912
115
128
55.4 $0.2701 $14.87
54.8
.2800 15.23
13.9
15.6
6.1
9.4
23.5
33.6
14.8
10.9
39.1
26.6
2.6
3.9
1912
1913
297
258
55.2
54.4
.2902
.3143
11.8
14.3
6.1
7.0
30.3
42.6
22.2
19.0
16.2
14.3
13.5
2.7
1907
1908
1909
1910
919
907
907
852
54.9
54.8
54.7
54.7
.3250
.3323
.3399
.3448
1.2
.7
1.5
1.5
17.1
19.3
17.5
20.7
37.3
36.5
38.1
32.6
27.4
31.2
31.5
34.2
17.0
12.3
11.2
11.0
......
......
48 establishments..
1910 1,650
1911 1,602
56.3
56.2
.3188
.3169
17.86
17.75
.8
.9
10.7
9.9
24.5
26.5
23.9
24.8
19.3
19.4
20.7
18.5
64 establishments..
1911 2,066
1912 1,906
56.2
55.0
.3127
.3222
17.50
17.63
11.4
7.6
8.5
28.5
37.8
28.4
14.3
18.6
16.9
16.8
11.1
1912 1,995
1913 1,987
55.0
54.5
.3215
.3511
17.58
19.05
12.1
11.6
8.1
11.3
37.0
40.4
14.9
18.3
16.8
15.8
11.0
2.6
1910
1911
235
226
57.8
57.2
.3013
.3000
17.23
17.09
5.5
6.6
29.8
33.2
41.7
45.1
23.0
15.0
1911
1912
270
300
57.0
55.5
.3126
.3186
17.69
17.54
8.0
21.9
37.7
25.6
9.7
32.2
28.3
20.4
16.3
1912
1913
490
549
55.8
55.3
.3134
.3234
17.36
17.77
5.9
5.8
4.9
4.9
38.0
38.8
8.4
21.3
25.3
22.0
17.6
7.1
1910
1911
74
79
54.7
54.7
.2878
.3139
15.80
17.15
66.2
65.8
17.6
26.6
16.2
7.6
28 establishments.,
1911
1912
136
146
54.8
54.6
.2921
.2885
15.98
15.73
6.8
67.6
68.5
17.6
7.5
14.7
16.4
.7
32 establishments..
1912
1913
156
134
6.4
8.2
67.3
64.9
7.1
17.9
18.6
9.0
.6
72 establishments.
Cutters, vamp and whole shoe,
hand, male:
20 establishments..
71 establishments.........
Cutters, vamp and whole shoe,
machine, male:
17 establishments.........
20 establishments.
33 establishments.........
Skivers, upper, machine, male:
12 establishments.........
15.89
16.99
(1)
A)
(1)
h
.2824 15.41
54.7
54.5
.2987 16.23
1Not computed.
......
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1907 TO 1913— BOOTS AND SHOES.
43
I . — AVERAGE RATES OF WAGES PER HOUR, AVERAGE FULL
TIME WEEKLY EARNINGS, AND AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED FULL
TIME HOURS OF WORK PER WEEK IN THE UNITED STATES, BY
YEARS, 1907 TO 1913—Continued.
T able
P E R CEN T—Continued.
Occupation, sex, and num
ber of establishments.
Aver
Num Aver
age
age
ber full
of time rate
of
Year. em
ploy- hours
per
per
week. hour.
Employees whose full-time hours
Aver
per week were—
age
fuUtime
Over 57
week Over
51
48
54
and
and
ly
and under
54
and under
60
earn under
under
54
ings.
60
51
57
Cutting Departm entConcluded.
Skivers, upper,
female:
machine,
13 establishments............
1907
1908
1909
1910
74
70
79
85
49 establishments............
1910
1911
338
314
57.0
57.3
.1749
.1757
$9.94
9.97
0.3
60 establishments............
1911
1912
374
345
57.0
55.1
.1758
.1914
9.97
10.54
67 establishments............
1912
1913
371
439
55.0
54.6
.1925
10.58
11.38
10 establishments.........
1907
1908
1909
1910
23
23
23
23
55.1
55.1
54.7
54.7
.2829
.2962
.3057
.3004
44 establishments..
1910
1911
138
140
56.3
56.2
.2963
.3056
16.61
17.12
57 establishments..
1911
1912
157
149
56.3
55.5
.2956
1912
1913
200
196
55.9
55.4
.2979
.3334
10 establishments..
1907
1908
1909
1910
50
47
49
54
54.8
54.5
54.5
54.4
.3144
.3075
.3065
31 establishments..
1910
1911
143
129
56.6
56.5
.2735
.2770
15.44
15.62
36 establishments..
1911
1912
146
161
56.6
56.4
.2784
.2861
15.70
16.09
42 establishments.
1912
. 1913
177
196
56.2
55.4
.2813
.3025
15.75
16.69
1907
1908
1909
1910
81
78
91
95
56.6
56.5
56.3
56.2
.1708
.1858
.1770
.1793
0)
16 establishments............
49 establishments..
1910
1911
307
299
56.6
.1765
.1802
9.95
10.16
67 establishments..
1911
1912
392
378
56.5
55.2
.1854
10.42
10.42
78 establishments..
1912
1913
426
56.1 $0.1875
56.5
.1918
.1914
56.3
.1954
56.0
10.8
10.0
13.9
9.4
50.0
38.6
39.2
41.2
39.2
51.4
46.8
49.4
8.9
8.0
11.8
8.0
24.0
26.8
25.4
29.9
29.6
26.8
2.6
6.7
7.5
8.8
45.8
30.2
14.5
28.9
26.4
25.4
3.2
2.4
2.7
7.0
7.3
48.2
52.6
15.9
23.7
23.5
13.7
3.0
34.8
34.8
43.5
43.5
8.7
8.7
8.7
8.7
39.1
39.1
30.4
30.4
5.1
5.0
28.3
26.4
15.9
22.1
34.8
34.3
13.0
9.3
16.21
16.35
4.5
8.1
29.3
40.9
24.2
20.1
28.7
26.2
13.4
4.7
16.62
18.42
6.0
8.7
31.5
36.2
26.0
30.1
28.5
22.4
8.0
2.6
76.0
74.5
75.5
77.8
10.0
21.3
20.4
18.5
14.0
4.3
4.1
3.7
33.6
31.0
20.3
26.4
32.2
30.2
14.0
12.4
1.2
29.5
34.8
29.5
21.1
26.7
29.8
14.4
13.0
1.1
8.2
37.3
42.3
22.0
23.5
27.7
26.0
11.9
18.5
16.7
23.1
16.8
22.2
29.5
27.5
26.3
59.3
53.8
49.5
56.8
10.4
9.4
11.4
12.0
28.7
26.4
27.4
33.1
21.8
18.7
Sole-Leather Department.
Channelers, insole and outsole,
male:
72 establishments..
Cutters, outsole, male:
17.4
17.4
17.4
17.4
2.9
2.9
Fitting or Stitching De
partment.
Backstay stitchers, female:
8
0)
.1874 10.31
55.1
.1945 10.62
54.7
i Not computed.
7.1
2.9
2.1
17.6
53.7
28.1
10.8
30.9
25.7
16.3
4.8
2.8
2.8
1.9
3.1
54.2
53.5
11.3
29.3
25.6
11.3
4.2
BU LLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.
44
AVERAGE RATES OF WAGES PER HOUR, AVERAGE FULL
TIME WEEKLY EARNINGS, AND AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED FULL
TIME HOURS OF WORK PER WEEK IN THE UNITED STATES, BY
YEARS, 1907 TO 1913—Continued.
T able I . —
P E R CEN T—Continued.
Occupation, sex, and num
ber of establishments.
Employees whose full-time hours
Aver
per week were—
Num Aver Aver
age
age
age
full
ber full
rate
time
of
Year.
Over 57
of
51
week Over
em time wages
48
54
and
and
ploy hours
ly
per
and
per
54
and under
60
ees. week. hour. earn under under
under
54
ings.
60
51
57
F itting or S titch in g De
p artm ent—Continued.
Button fasteners, female:
/ 1911
26 establishments............ 1
1912
55
70
/ 1912
\ 1913
56.4 $0.1572
.1831
55.9
$8.88
10.21
9.1
8.6
16.4
40.0
21.8
2.9
47.3
48.6
5.5
205
232
55.3
54.8
.1768
.1993
9.78
10.95
7.3
7.3
49.3
54.7
9.3
9.5
28.3
24.1
4.4
/ 1911
\ 1912
108
168
56.3
55.4
.1757
.1801
9.83
9.96
1.9
10.1
26.9
47.0
21.3
4.8
44.4
38.1
5.6
/ 1912
\ 1913
468
517
55.1
54.7
.1796
.1936
9.87
10.60
5.8
7.9
54.9
59.2
8.8
13.5
23.7
18.2
4.3
18 establishments..
f 1907
1 1908
1 1909
I 1910
104
100
101
95
55.3
55.1
55.1
55.0
.2003
.1901
.2072
.1979
0)
0)
C1)
(1)
16.3
20.0
18.8
24.2
24.0
21.0
18.8
20.0
32.7
41.0
44.6
35.8
26.9
18.0
17.8
20.0
49 establishments..
/ 1910
\ 1911
262
277
57.1
57.1
.1784
.1776
10.13
10.09
.4
.4
8.8
1.8
13.0
13.0
21.8
32.1
22.9
26.0
33.2
26.7
65 establishments..
/ 1911
\ 1912
350
331
56.9
54.9
.1796
.1865
10.18
10.21
4.5
1.4
4.8
17.7
53.8
30.9
10.9
25.1
21.5
24.9
4.5
/ 1912
\ 1913
344
349
55.0
54.4
.1857
.1941
4.4
5.2
4.7
4.9
52.9
59.0
11.6
20.9
22.1
10.0
4.4
.1754
.1654
.1730
.1634
10.17
10.53
(!)
C1)
(1)
m
19 establishments..
f
J
1
I
1907
1908
1909
1910
124
112
122
154
56.2
56.1
56.0
55.9
19.4
21.4
23.0
21.4
35.5
37.5
37.7
35.7
45.2
41.1
39.3
42.9
53 establishments..
/ 1910
\ 1911
585
576
56.5
56.5
.1639
.1619
9.19
9.08
.3
.5
15.0
14.1
13.0
13.0
24.8
28.1
24.1
26.7
22.7
17.5
72 establishments..
/ 1911
\ 1912
721
706
56.5
55.0
.1656
.1709
9.28
11.2
9.36 "3*0* 5.5
18.9
52.8
26.4
12.0
26.2
22.8
17.3
3.8
/ 1912
\ 1913
764
854
55.0
54.6
.1699
.1902
9.31
10.38
5.1
5.5
51.2
54.9
12.8
23.3
24.6
12.9
3.5
/ 1911
\ 1912
134
137
55.8
55.2
.2049
.2157
11.38
11.87 .........
7.5
8.8
28.4
49.6
23.9
12.4
36.6
3.7
29.2 .........
/ 1912
79 establishments............ \ 1913
Top stitchers or undertrim
mers, female:
1907
1908
17 establishments............
1909
1910
335
337
54.9
54.7
.2076
.2186
11.36
11.94
5.1
8.0
55.5
51.9
14.3
23.1
20.3
13.9
151
144
156
164
56.3
56.3
56.3
56.0
.1849
.1898
.1957
.2002
(i)
C1)
0)
(i)
19.9
21.5
19.9
19.5
29.8
28.5
30.1
29.9
50.3
50.0
50.0
50.6
53 establishments..
/ 1910
•\ 1911
721
742
56.9
56.8
.1884
.1915
10.69
10.83
.4
.5
8.9
8.5
15.4
14.7
20.5
22.8
26.6
31.3
28.2
22.2
73 establishments..
/ 1911
’ \ 1912
911
950
56.7
54.9
.1941
.1978
10.95
10.82
3.1
6.9
8.5
20.1
54.8
23.3
8.4
29.4
22.3
20.3
2.8
82 establishments..
/ 1912 1,033
' \ 1913 1,070
54.9
54.6
.1976
.2104
10.81
11.47
2.8
2.3
7.8
9.0
55.4
53.6
9.3
22.1
22.1
2.6
13.0 .........
72 establishments..........
Buttonhole makers, female:
33 establishments..........
74 establishments..
Closers-on, female:
74 establishments...
Lining makers, female:
80 establishments..
•Tip stitchers, female:
36 establishments..
i Not computed.
1.5
4.3
2.6
1.2
2.7
3.4
3.0
3.0
1.8
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1907 TO 1913-----BOOTS AND SHOES.
45
I . —AVERAGE RATES OF WAGES PER HOUR, AVERAGE FULL
TIME W EEKLY EARNINGS, AND AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED FULL
TIME HOURS OF WORK PER WEEK IN THE UNITED STATES, BY
YEARS, 1907 TO 1913—Continued.
T able
F lill CEN T—Continued.
Occupation, sex, and num
ber of establishments.
Employees whose full-time hours
Aver
per week were—
Num Aver Aver
age
age
age
ber full
full
rate
of
time Over
Fear.
Over 57
of
em time
51
54
wages week 48
ploy hours
and
ly
54
per
per
and and
and
60
ees. week. hour. earn under under
under under
CO
54
ings.
57
51
Fitting or Stitching De
partment-Concluded.
Vampers, male:
4.1
18.2
38.7
35.8
71.3
41.4
34.0
34.3
5.4
15.2
14.0
13.4
19.2
25.3
13.3
16.4
55.5
55.7
.2927 $16.24 ......... 18.3
8.4
.3034 16.88
25.5
27.7
24.0
32.5
21.7
21.3
10.6
10.0
343
435
55.5
54.9
.3147
.3100
17.42
16.97
3.4
6.1
12.9
40.2
45.7
27.4
13.1
17.8
21.4
8.5
3.4
1912
1913
483
554
55.0
54.8
.3059
.3195
3.1
2.2
11.6
13.4
44.5
41.0
13.9
29.6
23.2
13.0
3.7
.9
22 establishments............ .
1907
1908
1909
1910
351
321
391
366
55.7
55.9
55.5
55.5
.2463
.2424
.2526
.2570
16.76
17.47
(!)
(i)
1.1
.9
1.3
1.6
15.1
5.6
19.7
10.7
16.0
18.7
16.9
18.3
29.9
37.1
31.5
35.2
37.6
37.7
30.7
34.2
53 establishments.............
1910
1911
863
909
56.9
56.7
.2378
.2382
13.46
13.43
2.3
2.9
4.5
5.0
14.5
15.2
23.9
25.2
27.9
29.5
26.9
22.3
71 establishments.............
1911 1,124
1912 1,019
56.5
55.1
.2384
.2334
13.46
12.84
1.9
1.5
4.0
6.5
17.0
53.6
25.9
10.5
28.0
23.3
23.2
4.7
79 establishments.............
1912 1,088
1913 1,072
55.1
54.7
.2305
.2462
12.68
13.45
1.4
1.3
6.1
6.7
52.8
57.8
11.1
20.1
24.2
14.0
4.4
1911
1912
218
228
55.4
54.8
.2739
.2645
15.14
14.45
42.7
13.6 ......... 44.7
31.7
16.2
22.5
20.6
3.2
4.8
1912
1913
542
532
55.8
55.5
.2376
.2611
13.21
14.46
4.8
5.8
32.1
37.8
17.7
25.2
24.2
22.7
15.5
5.8
15 establishments............
1907
1908
1909
1910
246
300
307
300
54.7
54.8
54.8
55.0
.3497
.3336
.3424
.3214
C1)
i1)
m
t1)
22.0
7.7
10.1
5.0
51.2
64.7
61.6
56.3
8.9
10.3
11.1
12.0
17.9
17.3
17.3
26.7
35 establishments............
1910
1911
513
568
56.4
56.1
.3108
.3229
17.50 .........
18.09
2.9
4.6
32.9
30.3
15.0
28.0
29.8
19.9
19.3
17.3
54 establishments............
1911
793
1912 1,004
56.1
55.5
.3210
.3042
17.96
16.88 : : : : : :
3.3
9.9
33.2
43.6
25.3
15.0
23.1
21.7
15.1
9.8
65 establishments............
1912 1,127
1913 1,220
55.6
55.2
.3004
.3304
16.67 ......... 8.8
18.21
10.1
39.6
41.1
19.2
29.0
21.8
16.4
10.6
3.4
13 establishments............ .
1907
1908
1909
1910
167
99
150
134
54.9 $0.3175
55.2
.2869
54.6
.2867
.2941
54.5
33 establishments.............
1910
1911
263
249
51 establishments..............
1911
1912
66 establishments.............
Vampers, female:
(J)
n\
n\
Lasting Department.
Assemblers, for pulling-over
machine, male:
17 establishments............ .
50 establishments............ .
Bed-machine operators, male:
iN o tc !ompute<1.
5.7
2.6
46
B U LLETIN OF TH E BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.
T a b l e I . — AVERAGE
RATES OF WAGES PER HOUR, AVERAGE FULL
TIME W EEKLY EARNINGS, AND AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED FULL
TIME HOURS OF WORK PER WTEEK IN THE UNITED STATES, BY
YEARS, 1907 TO 191.3—Continued.
P E R CEN T—Continued.
Occupation, sex, and num
ber of establishments.
Aver
Num Aver
age
age
ber full
rate
of
Year. em
time
of
wages
ploy hours
per
per
ees. week. hour.
Employees whose full-time hours
Aver
per week were—
age
full
time
Over 57
week Over
51
48
54
and
and
ly
54
and under
and under
60
earn under
under
ings.
54
60
51
57
L asting D epartm ent—Con,
Hand-method lasting ma
chine operators, male:
(i)
(i)
39.4
53.9
52.0
63.8
60.6
46.1
48.0
36.3
12.0
1.2
1.4 ......... 12.8
27.7
26.7
26.5
30.4
32.6
28.7
19.7
38.5
28.7
18.0
23.5
20.3
28.1
17.8
36.6
5.7
2.9 ......... 44.5
22.4
32.1
18.2
14.7
17.1
5.8
22.3
22.4
30.3
27.3
21.2
19.1
22.4
25.8
56.5
58.5
47.3
46.9
2.4
3.4
26.4
26.0
22.7
26.3
29.1
29.8
18.7
13.5
3.0
2.7* 12.3
29.3
33.0
26.1
20.9
24.4
23.6
17.2
7.5
.3155
.3326
17.41
2.3 10.7
18.37 ......... 6.9
33.1
36.5
27.7
35.4
18.8
20.3
7.3
.9
57.4
56.5
.3204
.3188
18.37
17.95
19.9
28.9
14.3
34.2
33.0
17.7
31.9
19.2
328
305
56.1
55.6
.3253
.3124
18.18
33.5
17.31 *4.9* * ii.T 37.0
36.6
14.1
15.9
15.4
14.0
17.4
f 1912
( 1913
402
421
55.8
55.4
.3124
.3513
17.39
19.42
8.5
4.5
36.8
43.5
15.9
25.4
20.4
19.5
16.7
5.9
f 1912
452 *55.6
524 55.0
.2753
.3100
15.25
23.5
17.00 ......... 26.7
12.4
23.3
16.4
17.0
28.1
28.4
19.7
4.6
174
170
55.8
55.8
.2940
.3068
16.37
17.06 .........
2.9
2.9
29.3
30.6
28.2
28.2
38.5
34.1
1.1
4.1
16.09
17.57 .........
6.2
6.5
31.7
34.7
19.8
37.9
31.1
16.1
11.2
4.8
23.1
20.4
23.3
20.9
37.3
33.8
35.3
35.6
39.6
45.8
41.3
43.6
1907
1908
1909
1910
99
89
75
80
( 1910
t 1911
325
352
57.4
57.3
.3062 $17.49
.3094 17.65
1911
( 1912
477
478
57.0
55.8
.3164
.3242
17.96
18.03
5.4
f 1912
1913
456
449
55.7
55.3
.3251
.3572
18.05
19.72
13 establishments............
1907
1908
1909
1910
345
330
366
384
56.6
56.6
56.2
55.9
.2558
.2490
.2867
.2763
0)
0)
0)
(i)
35 establishments............
f 1910
(. 1911
784
784
56.4
56.2
.2913
.3089
16.38
17.28
45 establishments............
r 1911
( 1912
897
899
56.3
55.4
.3121
.3190
17.50
17.60
f 1912 1,036
937
t 1913
55.3
55.3
f 1910
1911
251
266
| 1911
( 1912
6 establishments..............
33 establishments............
39 establishments............
41 establishments............
Pullers-over, hand, male:
52 establishments............
Pullers-over, machine, male:
31 establishments............
43 establishments............
60 establishments............
Turn-lasters, hand, male:
28 establishments............
( 1913
57.1 $0.3111
56.6
.3070
.3088
56.7
.3223
56.1
0)
I1)
.6
.9
1.7
1.2
B o tto m in g D epartm ent.
Buffers, male:
36 establishments............ . f 1911
1912
f 1912
72 establishments............ . L 1913
Edge setters, male:
r 1907
I 1908
18 establishments.............
1909
[ 1910
338
354
56.0
55.3
.2889
.3186
134
142
150
163
56.0
56.2
56.1
55.9
.3999
.3509
.3806
.3852
(i)
54 establishments.............. rL1910
1911
560
573
56.3
56.3
.3733
.3800
20.94
21.31
.5
.7
12.9
10.5
17.3
19.7
25.4
25.8
26.1
25.7
17.9
17.6
r 1911
68 establishments.............. k 1912
722
698
56.3
55.8
.3800
.3892
21.29
21.63 .........
8.3
7.4
26.5
36.8
23.5
21.3
24.5
20.3
17.2
14.0
1912
78 establishments............. r. 1913
789
815
55.8
.3785
55.3 1 .4129
21.05
22.78 .........
6.6
7.9
34.6
36.8
24.1
33.9
21.7
18.2
13.1
3.3
0)
C1)
(i)
1 Not computed.
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1907 TO 1913— BOOTS AND SHOES.
47
T a b l e I ___ AVERAGE
RATES OF WAGES PER HOUR, AVERAGE FULL
TIME WEEKLY EARNINGS, AND AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED FULL
TIME HOURS OF W ORK PER WEEK IN THE UNITED STATES, BY
YEARS, 1907 TO 1913—Continued.
P E B CE N T—Continued.
Occupation, sex, and num
ber of establishments.
Employees whose full-time hours
Aver
per week were—
Num Aver Aver
age
age
age
ber
full
rate
full
of
time Over
Year. em
Over 57
time
of
51
wages week 48
54
ploy hours
and
ly
per
per
and
54
and and
CO
ees. week. hour. earn under under
under under
60
54
ings.
57
51
Bottoming Department—
Continued.
Edge trimmers, male:
23 establishments..............
1907
1908
1909
1910
283
302
287
305
55.3 $0.4043
.3863
55.1
55.2
.3975
55.0
.4010
16.3
15.9
16.0
19.0
32.9
37.4
32.4
31.8
23.7
26.2
28.9
27.2
27.2
20.5
22.6
22.0
55 establishments..
1910
1911
573
615
56.4
56.2
.3818 $21.44
.3899 21.80
10.1
8.9
20.4
22.6
23.9
28.5
23.9
22.8
21.1
16.6
71 establishments..
1911
1912
765
751
56.1
55.9
.3890
.3855
21.73
21.48
7.2
6.8
28.8
35.2
26.1
19.4
22.7
25.6
15.2
13.0
81 establishments___
1912
1913
827
838
55.9
55.4
.3797
.4100
21.15
22.66
6.2
5.8
34.5
37.5
21.3
34.0
25.9
19.1
12.2
3.6
21 establishments........
1907
1908
1909
1910
215
214
221
224
55.3
55.1
55.3
55.2
.4034
.3759
.3944
.3875
0)
C1)
(L)
0)
10.7
9.8
......... 11.8
9.4
43.3
43.0
34.4
34.4
20.9
27.6
29.9
31.3
25.1
19.6
24.0
25.0
45 establishments..
1910
1911
366
398
56.3
56.0
.3739
.3879
20.97
21.65
5.7
7.0
24.0
26.6
26.2
29.6
24.3
20.4
18.9
15.6
61 establishments..
1911
1912
529
562
55.9
55.9
.3868
.3847
21.56
21.40
5.3
6.8
34.8
39.3
25.1
18.3
20.8
18.7
14.0
16.9
1912
1913
627
642
55.9
55.2
.3757
.3986
20.96
21.96
6.1
9.3
37.0
41.6
19.9
28.7
20.4
18.5
16.6
1.9
14 establishments..
1907
1908
1909
1910
67
70
72
81
55.9
56.0
55.7
55.6
.4087
.4087
.4435
.4222
0)
0)
(i)
(i)
32.8
32.9
36.5
35.8
28.4
25.7
28.4
24:7
38.8
41.4
35.1
39.5
45 establishments..
1910
1911
275
289
56.2
56.0
.4373
.4637
24.49
25.88
6.9
9.3
28.7
27.0
22.5
27.3
22.2
18.0
18.9
17.6
60 establishments.,
1911
1912
392
411
56.0
55.8
.4520
. 4544
25.21
25.27
6.9
9.7
33.7
39.4
23.7
16.5
19.6
20.4
16.1
13.9
1912
1913
466
472
55.8
55.3
.4453
.5006
24.75
27.60 .........
8.6
9.3
38.0
39.8
19.5
29.5
21.0
18.0
12.9
3.4
1911
1912
76
77
56.1
55.7
.2906
.3017
16.23
2.6
16.74 ......... 10.4
26.3
29.9
26.3
24.7
40.8
29.9
3.9
5.2
1912
1913
163
171
55.9
55.4
.2952
.3127
16.36
17.27 .........
9.8
9.9
29.4
33.3
23.3
32.7
24.5
19.9
12.9
4.1
1911
1912
106
108
55.6
55.4
.3062
.3127
16.97
17.31 .........
1.9
4.6
39.6
41.7
25.5
23.1
32.1
27.8
.9
2.8
Goodyear stitchers, male:
70 establishments___
Goodyear welters, male:
70 establishments..
Heel breasters, male:
35 establishments..
75 establishments...
Heel burnishers, male:
33 establishments...
m
m
0)
0.5
.7
.8
.8
•
.7
.7
1912
1913
254
268
56.1
55.4
.2921
.3130
16.31
17.29 .........
5.1
5.6
33.1
40.3
22.4
31.0
24.8
19.0
14.6
4.1
Heelers, male:
31 establishments..
1911
1912
115
124
55.8
55.7
.4034
.3906
22.52
21.71
8.7
6.5
28.7
37.1
22.6
20.2
38.3
31.5
1.7
4.8
67 establishments..
1912
1913
254
269
56.2
55.4
.3777
.4242
21.17
23.41 .........
3.5
4.5
34.3
42.4
19.3
30.9
27.2
19.3
15.7
3.0
74 establishments.,
1Not computed.
BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.
48
I . —AVERAGE RATES OF WAGES PER HOUR, AVERAGE FULL
TIME WEEKLY EARNINGS, AND AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED FULL
TIME HOURS OF WORK PER WEEK IN THE UNITED STATES, BY
YEARS, 1907 TO 1913—Continued.
T able
P E R CE N T—Continued.
Occupation, sex, and nun
ber of establishments.
Employees whose full-time hours
per week were—
Aver Aver
Num Aver
age
age
age
ber full
full
rate
time Over
of
Over 57
STear. em
time
of
51
54
wages week 48
and
ploy hours
ly
per
54
and under
per
and and
60
ees. week.
earn
under under
hour. ings. under 54
60
57
51
Bottoming Departm entConcluded.
Heel scourers, male:
35 establishments............ .
78 establishments............ .
Heel-seat nailers, male:
28 establishments............ .
1911
1912
125
154
54.8 $0.2908 $16.12
55.5
.2940 16.25
1912
1913
342- 56.0
364 55.4
.2885
.3135
16.09
17.35
5.6
9.7
35.2
38.3
24.0
15.6
33.6
33.8
1.6
2.6
5.8
33.9
33.8
19.6
33.5
26.0
18.1
14.6
4.7
39.5
44.2
23.3
20.9
34.9
30.2
2.3
4.7
28.4
34.8
18.4
28.1
30.5
24.4
15.6
3.7
35.1
39.2
24.7
21.5
36.4
34.2
3.9
5.1
6.6
5.0
31.3
34.1
23.6
36.3
26.4
20.7
12.1
25.3
17.9
14.6
18.7
24.2
26.2
29.3
34.5
34.1
34.1
21.2
21.4
24.4
24.2
9.0
8.3
14.3
15.0
30.6
26.5
26.9
21.2
18.7
6.5
7.5
19.1
29.3
32.5
23.4
24.4
26.4
17.5
13.4
1911
1912
43
43
55.8
55.8
.2987
.2706
16.61
15.04
72 establishments............
Heel sluggers, male:
34 establishments............
1912
1913
141
135
56.4
55.5
.2537
.2918
14.22
16.11
1911
1912
77
79
55.9
55.8
.2848
.2901
15.79
16.11
78 establishments............
Heel trimmers or shavers,
male:
23 establishments............
1912
1913
182
179
56.0
55.5
.2817
.3097
15.65
17.10 .........
1907
1908
1909
1910
99
84
82
91
55.1
55.2
55.3
55.2
.4382
.4387
.4465
.4430
55 establishments..
*1910
1911
189
193
56.6
56.5
.4096
.4152
23.03
23.34
71 establishments..
1911
. 1912
246
239
56.5
56.0
.4154
.4148
23.32
23.10 .........
81 establishments.,
Levelers, male:
36 establishments.,
1912
. 1913
252
277
56.0
55.4
.4199
.4482
23.39
24. 74
7.1
10.8
32.5
24.2
32.9
26.2
21.3
12.7
2.5
1911
k 1912
102
102
55.8
55.7
.2968
.3090
16.49
17.13
6.9
6.9
31.4
36.3
22.5
21.6
36.3
29.4
2.9
5.9
75 establishments.
McKay sewers, male:
r 1912
■ 1913
268
289
55.9
55.2
.2864
.3037
15.90
9.3
16.74 ......... 12.1
29.9
32.9
23.5
31.1
23.1
21.5
14.2
2.4
5 establishments.,
1907
1908
1909
, 1910
34
25
28
26
55.2
55.3
55.7
55.2
.2880
.3113
.2737
.2787
41.2
36.0
......... 32.1
......... 38.5
32.4
36.0
28.6
26.9
26.5
28.0
39.3
34.6
28 establishments..
r 1910
L1911
95
107
57.1
56.7
.2897
.2900
16.46
16.35
10.5
12.1
5.3
6.5
25.3
27.1
31.6
40.2
26.3
13.1
30 establishments.,
r 1911
l 1912
129
128
56.5
56.3
.2956
.2854
16.63
10.1
16.10 ......... 2.3
7.0
18.8
38.0
31.3
33.3
39.1
11.6
r 1912
I 1913
131
136
56.1
55.6
.2856
.3186
16.00
17.70
19.8
25.7
32.1
45.6
39.7
6.1
2.9
15 establishments.
f 1907
1 1908
I 1909
[ 1910
48
49
54
56
56.0
56.0
55.8
55.5
.3874
.3683
.4342
.4115
27.1
26.5
33.3
33.9
31.2
32.7
29.6
41.7
40.8
37.0
37.5
44 establishments.
r 1910
[ 1911
165
167
56.7
56.5
.4056
.4375
22.85
24.56
24.8
23.4
24.2
35.3
26.7
19.8
23.6
21.0
60 establishments.,
f 1911
L1912
221
248
56.3
55.9.
.4364
.4388
24.44
24.41
.9
9.3
29.4
35.5
30.
20.2
19.5
20.2
19.5
14.9
69 establishments..
r 1912
, 1913
273
265
55.9
55.2
.4352
.4967
8.4
10.2
34.1
37.4
22.0
31.7
20.5
17.7
15.0
3.0
32 establishments...
Rough rounders, male:
1Not computed.
7.1
0.5
.5
1.1
.9
2.3
3.7
.6
22.1
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1907 TO 1913---- BOOTS AND SHOES.
49
I . —AVERAGE RATES OF WAGES PER HOUR, AVERAGE FULL
TIME W EEKLY EARNINGS, AND AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED FULL
TIME HOURS OF WORK PER WEEK IN THE UNITED STATES, BY
YEARS, 1907 TO 1913—Concluded.
T able
P E R CENT—Concluded.
Occupation, sex, and num
ber of establishments.
Employees whose full-time hours
per week were—
Aver Aver
Num- Aver
age
age
age
full
full
rate
of time
time Over
Year. em
of
Over 57
51
wages week 48
54
ploy hours
and
ly
per
per
54
and under
and and
60
ees. week.
earn
hour. ings. under 54
under under
60
51
57
F in ish in g D ep artm en t.
Treers or ironers, hand, male:
f 1907
1 1908
17 establishments.............. 1 1909
I 1910
381
364
377
444
54.7 $0.3047
54.5
.2941
54.6
.2925
54.5
.2876
44 establishments.............. /\ 1910
1911
832
786
1,006
63 establishments.............. /\ 1911
1912 1,076
28.1
29.4
27.9
39.0
40.2
6.3
32.9
24.8
18.9
28.0
30.0
25.7
12.9
6.3
9.3
10.6
55.9
56.1
.2594 $14.42
20.8
.2602 14.50 ......... 12.7
16.8
19.8
27.0
31.8
18.0
17.9
17.3
17.7
56.0
55.9
.2668
.2618
14.84 ......... 9.9
14.57
10.7
26.3
31.0
30.9
22.2
18.0
22.2
14.8
13.8
1912 1,143
1913 1,110
55.8
55.3
.2656
.2817
14.76
15.54
33.7
36.7
23.0
28.7
19.2
19.8
14.0
3.5
1910
19U
74
70
57.8
57.7
.1432
.1439
8.19
43.2
29.7
8.21 ......... ......... 32.9 ......... 35.7
27.0
31.4
1911
11 establishments.............. /\ 1912
85
105
58.1
54.3
.1446
.1539
8.32 .........
27.1
29.4
43.5
8.35 ......... *io.*5* 63.8 *1.2.*4* 13.3 .........
13 establishments.............. /\ 1912
1913
108
110
54.4
54.6
.1530
.1578
8.32 ......... 10.2
18.2
8.56
/
73 establishments.............. \
Treers or ironers, hand, female:
8 establishments............... /
I
0)
m
(i)
m
1 Not computed.
45968°—Bull. 154— 14------ 4
10.1
11.3
62.0 12.0 15.7 .........
55.5 ......... 26.4 .........
50
BULLETIN" OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.
I I . —AVERAGE RATES OF WAGES PER HOUR, AVERAGE FULL
TIME W EEKLY EARNINGS, AND AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED FULL
TIME HOURS OF WORK PER WEEK IN EACH YEAR, BY STATES, 1912
AND 1913.
T able
[The figures are for identical establishments in both years.]
C U TTIN G D E PA RTM E N T.
Num Num
ber of berof
Occupation, sex, year, and estab emState.
lish ployments.
Number of employees whose full-time
hours per week were—
Aver Aver
age
age
full
time rate of time Over 51
Over 57
54
48
hours
per weekly
and
54
earn and under
per hour.
and and
60
week.
ings. under 54
under under
60
51
57
Aver-
CUTTERS, LINING, CLOTH,MALE.
1912.
120
56
121
53.2 $0.3337 $17.69
.3061 16.80
54.9
57.2
13.67
35
12
297
55.2
.2902
15.89
35
18
108
51
52.9
54.0
56.2
.3321
.2845
17.51
17.93
15.93
258
54.4
.3143
16.99
37
872
111
296
191
525
53.1
59.5
54.6
56.4
56.7
.3371
.2992
.3467
.3218
17.83
17.81
18.87
18.15
16.19
242
71 1,995
55.0
.3215
17.58
855
112
324
204
492
53.0
56.8
53.9
55.6
56.5
.3608
.3241
216
.3723
.3195
19.06
18.31
19.92
20.62
17.98
71 1,987
54.5
.3511
19.05
231
191
84
63
75
77
53.6
58.4
57.3
55.3
57.9
.3621
.2452
.3019
.3406
.2501
19.42
14.26
17.29
18.63
14.47
29
490
55.8
.3134
17.36
29
201
85
116
67
80
53.6
57.8
56.1
53.3
57.5
19.80
14.85
16.79
19.40
15.80
32
.2591
.2997
.3647
.2754
549
55.3
.3234
17.77
32
Massachusetts.
New York.......
Other States...
72
Total.
2
6
32
90
48
40
1913.
Massachusetts.
New York.......
Other States...
72
Total.
10
18
110
49
37
100
446
9
160
112
11
54
17
” 62
24
5
214
19
*306'
162
738
297
336
167
385
60
232
102
24
63
24
35
10
256
77
212
364
313
52
23
18
CUTTERS, VAMP AND WHOLE
SHOE, HAND, MALE.
1912.
Massachusetts.
Missouri...........
New York.......
Ohio................
Other States...
Total.
13
102
31
74
220
1913.
Massachusetts.
Missouri..........
New York.......
Ohio................
Other States...
Total.
15
’ *57
224
CUTTERS, VAMP AND WHOLE
SHOE, MACHINE, MALE.
1912.
Massachusetts—
Missouri...............
New Hampshire..
New York............
Other States........
Total.
33
139
19
22
45
24
28
19
40
24
186
41
124
144
29
24
1913.
Massachusetts__
Missouri..............
New Hampshire.
New Y ork..........
Other States........
Total.
33
27
40
27
213
39
72
"21
117
121
51
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1907 TO 1913— BOOTS AND SHOES.
I I . —AVERAGE RATES OF WAGES PER HOUR, AVERAGE FULL
TIME W EEKLY EARNINGS, AND AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED FULL
TIME HOURS OF WORK PER WEEK IN EACH YEAR, BY STATES, 1912
AND 1913—Continued.
T able
CUTTING DEPARTMENT—Concluded.
Num
ber of
Occupation, sex, year, and estab
State.
lish
ments.
SKIVERS,
Aver
Num age
ber of full
em time
ploy hours
ees. per
week.
Number of employees whose full-time
hours per week were—
Aver Aver
age
age
full
rate of time Over
Over 57
wages weekly 48
51
54
per
and
and
earn
54
and under
and
60
hour. ings. under under
under
54
60
51
57
UPPER, MACHINE,
MALE.
1912.
MassaoTiusetts..........................
Other States.............................
17
15
114
42
54.1 $0.2932 $15.87
56.2
.2532 14.16
10
Total...............................
32
156
54.7
105
8
3
29
105
11
29
1
.2824
15.41
10
98 54.2
.3053
Massachusetts..........................
17
.2806
Other States.............................
15
36 55.5
16.53
15.42
1
10
85
2.
9
15
3
9
16.23
11
87
24
12
20
69
40
6
28
41
1
1
1
58
46
59
87
34
11
1
1913.
32
134
54.5
.2987
Massachusetts..........................
...................................
Missouri
New Hampshire......................
New York................................
Ohio..........................................
Other States...........................
18
6
5
9
6
23
98
40
40
47
41
105
53.5
54.0
57.2
55.2
54.0
56.4
.2017
.1856
.1898
.2168
.1697
.1856
10.85
11.94
9.17
10.45
Total..............................
67
371
55.0
.1925
10.58
9
26
179
Massachusetts.........................
...................................
Missouri
New Hampshire....................
New York................................
Ohio.........................................
Other States............................
18
6
5
9
6
23
113
57
45
54
49
.2252
.1831
.2056
.2537
.1857
.1960
12.06
9.89
11.46
13.56
9.99
7
27
79
57
3
2
5
121
53.6
54.0
55.7
53.6
53.8
56.3
1 1 .0 2
46
47
2
70
49
Total..............................
67
439
54.6
.2088
11.38
12
32
231
104
60
55.1 $0.3236 $17.85
.3066 16.58
54.4
.2704 15.42
57.1
5
7
43
9
11
28
3
21
12
1
44
3
13
16
Total...............................
SKIVERS,
UPPER, MACHINE,
FEMALE.
1913.
10.77
9
1 0 .0 2
40
11
11
1913.
SOLE-LEATHER DEPARTMENT.
CHANNELERS,
INSOLE
OUTSOLE, MALE.
AND
1912.
25
10
40
88
23
89
75
200
55.9
.2979
16.62
12
63
52
57
Massachusetts.........................
New York................................
Other States............................
25
10
40
85
24
87
54.4
53.6
56.9
.3649
.3428
.3001
19.85
18.33
17.05
10
7
46
14
11
27
3
29
42
5
Total..............................
75
196
55.4
.3334
18.42
17
71
59
44
5
Massachusetts..........................
New York................................
Other States............................
Total..............................
,
1913.
2
52
BU LLETIN OF TH E BUREAU OF LABOE STATISTICS.
I I . —AVERAGE RATES OF WAGES PER HOUR, AVERAGE FULL
TIME WEEKLY EARNINGS, AND AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED FULL
TIME HOURS OF WORK PER WEEK IN EACH YEAR, B Y STATES, 1912
AND 1913—Continued.
T able
SOLE-LEATHER .DEPARTMENT—Concluded.
Num
ber of
Occupation, sex, year, and estab
State.
lish
ments.
Aver
Num age
ber of full
em time
ploy hours
ees. per
week.
Number of employees whose full-time
hours per week were—
Aver Aver
age
age
full
rate of time
Over 57
51
wages weekly Over
54
48
per
and
54
earn
and and
and
60
hour. ings. under under
under under
60
54
57
51
CUTTERS, OUTSOLE, MALE.
1913.
Massachusetts..........................
Missouri...................................
Other States............................
16
2
24
82
26
69
Total..............................
42
177
56.2
.2813
Massachusetts..........................
Missouri....................................
Other States............................
16
2
24
86
44
66
54.6
55.6
56.2
Total..............................
42
196
55.4
54
19
2
12
20
9
12
28
14
7
15.75
- 2
66
39
49
21
.3187
.3243
.2668
17.34
18.00
14.97
14
22
42
30
11 ' ' *24
8
14
29
.3025
16.69
16
83
51
54.9 $0.3039 $16.64
.2893 17.23
59.5
.2515 14.13
56.5
1913.
2
46
FITTING OR STITCHING DEPARTMENT.
BACKSTAY STITCHERS, FEMALE.
1912.
159
25
Massachusetts..........................
Missouri...................................
27
8
New Hampshire......................
57
6
................................
New York
52
9
32
Ohio.........................................
6
99
Other States............................
24
Total..............................
53.7 $0.2095 $11.26
54.0
.1469
7.93
57.1
.1661
9.49
56.0
.1730
9.61
.1774
9.58
54.0
56.5
.1860 10.50
11
4
144
27
1
4
26
32
2
48
49
48
109
57
3
78
426
55.1
.1874
10.31
12
8
231
Massachusetts..........................
Missouri...................................
New Hampshire......................
New York................................
Ohio.........................................
Other States.............................
25
8
6
9
6
24
130
37
58
30
32
102
53.6
54.0
55.4
53.7
53.9
56.3
.2183
.1693
.1791
.1784
.1708
.1941
11.72
9.14
9.94
9.53
9.20
10.91
8
10
112
37
51
7
3
2
27
30
2
63
37
Total..............................
78
389
54.7
.1945
10.62
11
12
208
114
44
Massachusetts..........................
Missouri...................................
New York................................
Ohio.........................................
Other States.............................
23
7
10
6
28
130
48
86
55
149
53.8
54.0
54.9
54.0
57.0
.2164
.1620
.1659
.1564
.1696
11.64
8.75
9.06
8.45
9.68
5
17
7
10
108
48
46
55
Total..............................
74
468
55.1
.1796
9.87
12
27
257
Massachusetts..........................
Missouri...................................
New York................................
Ohio.........................................
Other States.............................
23
7
10
6
28
157
52
88
57
163
53.8
54.0
53.5
53.9
56.8
.2166
.1844
.1897
.1563
.1897
11.66
9.96
10.13
8.42
10.81
3
27
3
12
2
127
52
72
55
Total..............................
74
517
54.7
.1936
10.60
6
41
306
18
18
1913.
BUTTONHOLE MAKERS,
FEMALE.
1912.
1
2
40
109
41
111
1913.
1
69
94
70
94
20
20
53
WAGES AND HOTJBS OP LABOR, 1907 TO 1913-----BOOTS AND SHOES.
I I . —AVERAGE RATES OF WAGES PER HOUR, AVERAGE FULL
TIME W EEKLY EARNINGS, AND AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED FULL
TIME HOURS OF WORK PER WEEK IN EACH YEAR, B Y STATES, 1912
AND 1913—Continued.
T able
FITTING OB STITCHING DEPARTMENT—Continued.
Num
Occupation, sex, year, and ber of
estab
State.
lish
ments.
Number of employees whose full-time
. hours per week were—
Aver- Aver Aver
Num
age
age
ber of f X
full
em time rate of time Over
Over 57
51
ploy hours wages
48
54
per weekly
and
earn and under
ees. per hour.
54
and and
60
week.
ings. under 54
under under
60
51
57
CLOSERS-ON, FEMALE.
1913.
Massachusetts..........................
Missouri....................................
New Hampshire......................
New York................................
Ohio.........................................
Other States.............................
23
8
5
11
5
22
99
33
21
69
31
91
74
344
55.0
.1857
10.17
15
16
182
Massachusetts..........................
Missouri...................................
New Hampshire......................
New York................................
Ohio.........................................
Other States.............................
23
8
5
11
5
22
98
46
17
72
28
88
53.6
54.0
55.4
53.2
53.9
56.3
.2165
.1717
.1739
.1928
.1903
. 1869
11.60
9.27
9.64
10.21
10.25
10.52
9
6
83
46
9
9
2
51
26
Total..............................
74
349
54.4
.1941
10.53
18
17
206
Massachusetts..........................
Missouri...................................
New Hampshire......................
New York................................
Ohio.........................................
Other States.............................
26
6
6
11
6
25
260
42
77
95
80
210
53.8
54.0
57.1
54.9
54.0
56.5
.1941
.1557
.1288
.1661
.1698
.1595
10.43
8.41
•7.37
9.03
9.17
9.01
13
18
229
42
8
21
34
80
6
Total..............................
80
764
55.0
.1699
9.31
21
39
391
26
6
6
11
6
25
283
60
91
109
94
217
53.7
54.0
55.4
53.0
54.0
56.6
.2124
.1684
.1585
.1989
.1830
.1792
11.44
9.09
8.80
10.59
9.87
10.11
11
28
244
60
18
16
3
71
91
3
115
99
80 ’ 854
54.6
.1902
10.38
29
47
469
199
no
Total..............................
53.7 $0.2096 $11.25
8.53
54.0
.1580
57.3
.1839 10.55
9.90
54.5
.1839
.1742
9.41
54.0
9.96
.1756
56.8
7
3
89
33
8
13
29
31
2
21
2
38
53
40
76
15
3
2
15
15
1913.
55
33
73
35
2
77
3
96
108
98
188
80
4
11
LINING MAKERS, FEMALE.
1912.
27
27
1913.
Massachusetts.........................
Missouri...................................
New Hampshire......................
New York.............................
Ohio.........................................
Other States.............................
Total...........................
TIP STITCHERS, FEMALE.
1912.
Massachusetts..........................
Other States....................
25
54
122
213
53.8
55.5
.2409
.1885
12.96
10.44
6
4
12
5
101
85
3
45
68
6
Total..............................
79
335
54.9
.2076
11.36
10
17
186
48
68
6
25
54
114
223
53.7
55.1
.2473
.2040
13.29
11.25
5
5
21
6
88
87
78
47
79
337
54.7
.2186
11.94
10
27
175
78
47
1913.
Massachusetts........................
Other States...........................
Total..............................
54
BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.
I I . —AVERAGE RATES OF WAGES PER HOUR, AVERAGE FULL
TIME W EEKLY EARNINGS, AND AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED FULL
TIME HOURS OF WORK PER WEEK IN EACH YEAR, B Y STATES, 1912
AND 1913—Continued.
T able
F IT T IN G O R S T IT C H IN G D E P A R T M E N T —Concluded.
i
Num
ber of
Occupation, sex, year, and estab
State.
lish
ments.
TOP
Aver
Num age
ber of full
em time
ploy hours
ees. per
week.
Number of employees whose full-time
hours per week were—
Aver Aver
age
age
full
rate of time
Over
51
wages weekly Over
57
54
48
per
and
and
earn
54
and
and under
60
hour.
under
ings. under 54
under
60
51
57
STITCHERS OR UNDERTRIMMERS, FEMALE.
1912.
53.7 $0.2189 $11.76
.1715
54.0
9.26
57.1
.1608
9.18
54.9
.2097 11.42
.1832
9.89
54.0
.1872 10.60
56.7
24
63
318
93
5
18
61
97
3
1
107
2
95
119
82 1,033
54.9
.1976
10.81
29
81
572
96
228
375
102
144
117
98
234
53.7
54.0
55.6
53.4
53.9
56.6
.2310
.1951
.1653
.2294
.1992
.2067
12.41
10.53
9.19
12.22
10/74
11.70
16
77
282
102
9
15
4
92
94
3
115
1
29
121
110
82 1,070
54.6
.2104
11.47
25
96
573
237
139
Massachusetts__
New Hampshire.
New Y ork..........
Other States........
22
6
10
28
304
63
38
78
54.0
57.2
54.6
57.2
.3215
.2404
.3325
.2849
17.35
13.74
18.08
16.28
15
40
207
33
16
4
4
7
27
5
63
11
33
14
Total.
66
483
55.0
.3059
16.76
15
56
215
67
112
18
22
6
10
28
310
65
39
140
53.9
55.7
54.3
56.3
.3443
.2488
.3456
.2902
18.57
13.88
18.78
16.32
12
59
192
15
10
25
39
50
14
61
8
15
49
5
66
554
54.8
.3195
17.47
12
74
227
164
72
5
25
8
6
9
6
25
327
98
106
141
136
280
53.8
54.0
57.1
55.6
54.0
56.8
.2464
.2189
.2171
.2506
.2126
.2197
270
98
79 1,088
55.1
.2305
14
13.23
43
11.82
12.39
1
13.84
23
11.48
12.45 .........1.........
i
12.68
15
66
25
8
6
9
6
25
312
110
117
140
142
251
53.7
54.0
55.4
53.7
53.9
56.8
.2654
.2457
.2264
.2764
.2195
.2302
14.26
13.27
12.56
14.83
11.83
13.07
13
49
250
110
1
17
6
121
136
3
79 1,072
54.7
.2462
13.45
14
72
620
Massachusetts___
Missouri..............
New Hampshire.
New Y ork..........
Ohio....................
Other States........
Total.,
26
8
6
11
6
25
405
93
107
114
97
217
27
27
1913.
Massachusetts___
Missouri...............
New Hampshire..
New Y ork.......... .
Ohio.....................
Other States........
Total......................
26
8
6
11
6
25
VAMPERS, MALE.
1913.
4
1913.
Massachusetts___
New Hampshire..
New Y ork.......... .
Other States........
Total......................
VAMPERS, FEMALE.
1912.
Massachusetts___
Missouri...............
New Hampshire..
New Y ork.......... .
Ohio.....................
Other States........
Total.
1
106
68
136
3
120
157
575
121
263
100
1
17
115
133
216
150
1
1913.
Massachusetts___
Missouri...............
New Hampshire..
New Y ork.......... .
Ohio.....................
Other States........
Total.
48
48
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1907 TO 1913---- BOOTS AND SHOES.
55
I I . —AVERAGE RATES OF WAGES PER HOUR, AVERAGE FULL
TIME W EEKLY EARNINGS, AND AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED FULL
TIME HOURS OF WORK PER WEEK IN EACH YEAR, B Y STATES, 1912
AND 1913—Continued.
T able
LASTING DEPARTMENT.
Num
ber of
Occupation, sex, year, and estab
State.
lish
ments.
Aver
Num age
ber of full
em time
ploy hours
ees. per
week.
Number of employees whose full-time
hours per week were—
Aver Aver
age
age
full
rate of time Over
Over 57
51
wages weekly 48
54
and
per
and under
54
and and
60
hour. earn
under under
ings. under 54
60
51
57
ASSEMBLERS, FOR PULLINGOVER MACHINE, MALE.
1912.
14
8
3
5
4
16
188
71
55
91
35
102*
53.9 $0.2781 $15.00
58.5
.2103 12.36
57.4
.2171 12.47
54.6
.2375 12.90
57.3
.2156 12.31
57.1
.2005 11.46
31
50
542
55.8
.2376
13.21
Massachusetts___
Missouri...............
New Hampshire..
New York.......... .
Ohio.....................
Other States........
14
8
3
5
4
16
165
82
44
89
43
109
54.2
56.7
56.6
53.7
57.1
57.0
.3208
.2293
.2326
.2346
.2509
.2316
Total.
50
532
55.5
21
5
4
9
5
21
543
62
112
131
59
220
Massachusetts__
Missouri..............
New Hampshire.
New York.......... .
Ohio.....................
Other States........
Total..
2
5
55
93
17
59
3
49
26
51
9
4
8
29
69
31
26
174
96
131
84
17.38
12.98
13.18
12.60
14.33
13.22
14
6
82
44
58
5
7
23
31
.2611
14.46
14
54.4
59.9
57.2
54.7
57.9
56.6
.3037
.2735
.2297
.3458
.3297
.3011
65 1,127
55.6
21
5
4
9
5
21
560
92
132
134
58
244
65 1,220
14
18
1913.
25
64
9
2
‘ "2 1
9
46
25*
61
31
201
134
121
31
16.52
16.38
13.14
18.87
19.04
17.00
58
383
76
13
57
41
46
14
3
20
8
112
13
5
112
11
105
.3004
16.67
99
446
216
246
120
54.3
57.1
55.8
54.0
55.9
56.6
.3428
.3300
.2522
.3572
.3600
.3226
18.63
18.80
14.09
19.28
20.11
18.22
84
361
44
89
74
19
4
26
7
35
41
39
97
21
21
126
18
114
55.2
.3304
18.21
123
502
354
200
BED-MACHINE
OPERATORS,
MALE.
1912.
Massachusetts........................ .
Missouri...................................
New Hampshire.................... .
New Y ork.............................. .
Ohio.........................................
Other States............................
Total..............................
i.3
37
1913.
Massachusetts....... .
Missouri................. .
New Hampshire__
New Y ork...............
Ohio........................
Other States.......... .
Total.............
41
56
BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.
I I , —AVERAGE RATES OF WAGES PER HOUR, AVERAGE FULL
TIME WEEKLY EARNINGS, AND AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED FULL
TIME HOURS OF WrORK PER WEEK IN EACH YEAR, BY STATES, 1912
AND 1913—Continued.
T able
L A S T IN G D E P A R T M E N T —Continued.
Num
ber of
Occupation, sex, year, and estab
State.
lish
ments.
Aver
Num age
ber of full
em time
ploy hours
ees. per
week.
Number of employees whose full-time
hours per week were—
Aver Average
tS rate of time
Over
wages weekly Over 51
57
54
48
per
and
and
earn
54
and
and under
60
hour. ings.
under
under 60
under 54
51
57
HAND-METHOD LASTING M A
CHINE OPERATORS, MALE.
1912.
Massachusetts........................
Missouri..................................
New Hampshire....................
New York..............................
Ohio........................................
Other States...........................
12
6
2
3
6
12
194
66
33
46
56
61
53.9 $0.3441 $18.57
.2877 16.91
58.7
57.0
.2911 16.59
55.9
.3529 19.54
.3365 18.69
55.6
57.4
.2916 16.73
26
Total.............................
41
456
55.7
.3251
18.05
26
167
Massachusetts........................
Missouri..................................
New Hampshire....................
New Y ork..............................
Ohio........................................
Other States...........................
12
6
2
3
6
12
149
72
39
44
66
79
54.2
56.2
55.0
54.2
54.9
57.6
.3749
.3306
.2766
.3782
.3766
.3599
20.31
18.51
15.21
20.49
20.63
20.74
13
75
46
61
37
42
39
7
15
22
9
57
Total.............................
41
449
55.3
.3572
19.72
13
200
144
66
26
17
2
7
5
21
543
70
73
65
285
54.3
57.0
54.2
58.8
56.4
.3209
.2620
.3355
.3232
.3115
17.37
14.93
18.18
18.96
17.54
24
110
28
70
2
59
12
13
9 ‘ i65* **'95'
8
52 1,036
55.3
.3155
17.41
24
99
14
69
25
29
8
14
11
102
52
‘ *'33*
i3
13
50
83
78
1913.
i
26
PULLERS-OVER, HAND, MALE.
1912.
Massachusetts........................
New Hampshire....................
New York..............................
Ohio........................................
Other States...........................
Total.............................
111
262
52
16
111
343
287
195
224
134
27
5
5
161
22
72
31
15
39
129
8
342
332
190
8
121
5
35
3
44
34
12
10
5
24
4
5
31
2
40
76
1913.
Massachusetts........................
New Hampshire....................
New York..............................
Ohio.......................................
Other States...........................
17
2
7
5
21
445
27
77
75
313
54.4
55.0
54.1
56.7
56.4
.3413
.2686
.3598
.3390
.3177
18.57
14.77
19.48
19.24
17.91
65
Total.............................
52
937
55.3
.3326
18.37
65
Massachusetts........................
Missouri..................................
New Hampshire....................
New York..............................
Other States...........................
19
8
4
8
21
170
54
31
65
82
54.4
59.4
57.2
54.8
56.9
.3139
.2970
.2649
.3650
.2958
17.04
17.64
15.15
19.89
16.79
7
Total.............................
60
402
55.8
.3124
17.39
7
34
148
64
82
67
Massachusetts........................
Missouri..................................
New Hampshire.....................
New York...............................
Other States...........................
19
8
4
8
21
173
59
38
45
106
54.3
57.0
55.8
53.9
56.8
.3699
.3277
.2968
.3771
.3428
20.09
18.59
16.59
20.33
19.43
5
7
115
29
38
25
12
28
11
"*28*
5
36
8
5
10
59
Total...........................
60
421
55.4
.3513
19.42
5
19
183
107
82
PULLERS-OVER, MACHINE,
MALE.
1912.
12
8
1913.
25
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1907 TO 1913— BOOTS AND SHOES.
57
I I . —AVERAGE RATES OF WAGES PER HOUR, AVERAGE FULL
TIME W EEKLY EARNINGS, AND AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED FULL
TIME HOURS OF WORK PER WEEK IN EACH YEAR, B Y STATES, 1912
AND 1913—Continued.
T able
LASTING DEPARTMENT—Concluded.
Num
ber of
Occupation, sex, year, and estab
State.
lish
ments.
AverNum
ber of &
em time
ploy hours
ees. per
week.
Number of employees whose full-time
hours per week were—
Aver Aver
age
age
full
rate of
time Over
Over 57
wages weekly
51
54
48
per
and
and
earn
54
and under
and
60
hour. ings.
under under
under
54
60
51
57
TURN LASTERS, HAND, MALE.
1912.
Massachusetts..........................
Missouri...................................
New Y ork................................
Ohio.........................................
Other States.............................
*
Total...............................
4
3
7
3
11
39
74
150
27
162
53.8 $0.3379 $18.18
.2444 14.66
60.0
.3224 16.92
52.7
57.3
.2625 15.08
.2330 13.28
56.6
16
22
90
20
27
12
2 "*46
’ iii'
28
452
55.6
.2753
15.25
106
56
74
127
4
46 54.1
3
79 55.8
7 173 52.2
36 56.4
3
190 57.2
States
11
.3437
.3234
.3220
.3312
.2814
18.64
17.95
16.77
18.78.
16.07
21
119
8
55
37
19
3
17
55
17
132
524
.3100
17.00
140
122
89
149
24
9
2
54
3
24
1
74
13
15
89
1913.
Massachusetts..........................
Missouri...................................
New York................................
O h i o .....................................
...........................
Other
Total..............................
28
55.0
17
24
BOTTOM ING DEPARTMENT.
BUFFERS, MALE.
1913.
Massachusetts.................
Missouri...........................
New Hampshire...............
New York.........................
Ohio..................................
Other States.................... .
26
8
6
6
6
20
344
30
54
24
29
57
54.9 $0.3190 $17.46
59.1
.2395 14.12
.2509 14.34
57.1
.3527 18.68
52.7
56.4
.2707 15.21
.2570 14.70
57.1
5
79
4
48
16
7
15
2
1
3
15 ' ‘ ’ 40
11
72
338
56.0
.2889
16.09
21
107
67
38
Massachusetts................. .
Missouri........................... .
New Hampshire...............
New York.........................
Ohio..................................
Other States.................... .
26
8
6
6
6
20
141
38
55
25
32
63
54.6
57.1
55.4
53.0
55.2
56.6
.3530
.2691
.2646
.3871
.3365
.2827
19.25
15.25
14.71
20.62
18.49
16.04
11
71
18
12
Total.......................
72
354
55.3
.3186
17.57
Massachusetts..................
Missouri............................
New Hampshire...............
New York.........................
Ohio..................................
Other States......................
26
8
6
9
6
23
324
64
72
94
73
162
54.6
59.5
57.1
54.7
56.8
56.6
.4101
.3276
.3047
.4104
.3540
.3606
22.36
19.52
17.42
22.37
20.00
20.33
Total.......................
78
789
55.8
.3785
21.05
Total......................
105
1913.
50.
9*
3
8
17
12
19
3
47
1
7
29
6
31
23
123
134
57
17
32
184
4
92
5
53
20
52
30
3
9
11
78
11
7
72
81
273
190
171
EDGE SETTERS, MALE,
1913.
___
52
i.3
32
10.3
B U LLETIN OP TH E BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.
58
T a b l e I I . — AVERAGE
RATES OF WAGES PER HOUR, AVERAGE FULL
TIME WEEKLY EARNINGS, AND AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED FULL
TIME HOURS OF WORK PER WEEK IN EACH YEAR, BY STATES, 1912
AND 1913—Continued.
B O T T O M IN G D E P A R T M E N T —Continued.
AverNum Num age
ber of ber of full
Occupation, sex, year, and estab em- time
State.
lish pioy- hours
per
ments.
week.
Number of employees whose full-time
hours per week were—
Aver Average
fS
f.
rate of time Over
Over 57
51
wages weekly 48
54
and
and
per
54
and
60
and under
earn
hour. ings. under under
under
54
51
57
e d g e s e t t e r s , m a l e — con
cluded.
1913.
Massachusetts........................
Missouri..................................
New Hampshire....................
New York..............................
Ohio........................................
Other States...........................
311 54.4 *0.4520 $24.59
.3866 21.94
65 57.0
.3107 17.26
88 55.5
.4531 24.43
96 53.9
.4039 22.50
78 55.9
.3867 21.86
177 56.7
48
158
32
91
27
16
27
78
815
55.3
.4129
22.78
64
300
276
Massachusetts__
Missouri...............
New Hampshire..
New York.......... .
Ohio....................
Other States........
26
54.7
59.3
57.2
55.3
56.9
57.0
.3877
.3249
.3417
.4178
.3784
.3818
21.15
19.26
19.56
22.95
21.46
21.62
30
211
6
102
25
366
58
92
92
64
155
Total.
81
827
55.9
.3797
21.15
51
26
334
70
94
69
172
54.5
57.1
55.5
54.0
55.9
56.9
.4307
.3731
.3298
.4958
.3844
.3944
23.45
21.30
18.35
26.80
21.46
22.38
838
55.4
.4100
22.66
266
61
60
69
58
113
54.4
59.9
57.2
55.4
56.8
56.6
.3954
.3337
.2717
.4479
.2946
.4046
20.00
55
15.56
24.51
16.66
22.76
17
26
627
55.9
.3757
20.96
Massachusetts__
Missouri..............
New Hampshire.,
New Y ork..........
Ohio.....................
Other States........
52
71
67
53
131
54.3
§5.9
55.8
53.9
55.8
56.7
.3585
.2839
.4646
.3124
.4210
23.25
19.99
15.82
25.00
17.34
23.77
Total.,
642
55.2
Total............................
148
EDGE TRIMMERS, MALE.
1912.
45
21
19
29
101
285
1913.
Massachusetts__
Missouri..............
New Hampshire.
New York..........
Ohio...................
Other States.......
Total.............................
81
49
182
32
104
314
285
177
55
30
160
30
GOODYEAR STITCHERS, MALE.
1912.
Massachusetts___
Missouri...............
New Hampshire..
New York............
Ohio.....................
Other States........
Total.,
70
21.66
55
38
232
125
128
104
1913.
21.96
60
155
35
57
48
*52"
4
14
57
267
184
12
119
12
59
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1907 TO 1913---- BOOTS AND SHOES.
I I . —AVERAGE RATES OF WAGES PER HOUR, AVERAGE FULL
TIME W EEKLY EARNINGS, AND AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED FULL
TIME HOURS OF WORK PER WEEK IN EACH YEAR, B Y STATES, 1912
AND 1913—Continued.
T able
B O T T O M IN G D E P A R T M E N T —Continued.
Num
ber of
Occupation, sex, year, and estab
State.
lish
ments.
GOODYEAR
Aver
Num age
ber of M iem time
ploy hours
ees. per
week.
Number of employees whose full-time
hours per week were—
Aver Aver
age
age
full
rate of time
Over
Over
51
57
wages weekly 48
54
and
per
and
54
and and
earn
60
hour. ings. under under
under
under
54 .
60
51
57
W ELTEBS, UALE<
1912.
220
39
42
40
40
85
54.4 $0.4687 $25.49
.4396 26.36
59.9
57.2
.3520 20.16
54.8
.5218 28.46
56.7
.3755 21.14
.4304 24.30
56.7
30
141
New York................................
Ohio..........................................
Other States.............................
22
6
4
9
6
23
10
15
18
3
Total...............................
70
466
55.8
.4453
24.75
40
177
91
98
60
Massachusetts..........................
Missouri....................................
Nfiw Hampshire. .....................
New York................................
Ohio..........................................
Other States...........................
22
6
4
9
6
23
201
40
50
47
40
94
54.3
56.8
55.7
54.1
55.6
56.8
.5513
.4936
.3623
.5367
.4034
.4920
29.97
27.90
20.23
29.03
22.34
27.82
34
115
21
44
8
3
12
16
Total...............................
70
472
55.3
.5006
27.60
44
188
139
85
16
Massachusetts..........................
Other States.............................
26
49
66
97
54.7
56.7
.3250
.2749
17.77
15.41
8
8
32
16
22
16
3
37
1
20
Total..............................
75
163
55.9
.2952
16.36
16
48
38
40
21
Massachusetts..........................
Other States............................
26
49
66
105
54.5
56.0
.3514
.2883
19.17
16.07
11
6
30
27
21
35
4
30
7
Total..............................
75
171
55.4
.3127
17.27
17
57
56
34
7
Massachusetts..........................
Missouri....................................
New Hampshire......................
New York................................
Ohio..........................................
Other States.............................
26
8
6
8
6
20
108
24
29
26
22
45
54.7
59.1
57.3
55.4
57.1
56.8
.3257
.2168
.2441
.3296
.2827
.2655
17.81
12.79
14.00
18.15
16.17
15.07
5
62
3
35
2
17
8
9
8
2
2
3
17
4
4
29
26
Total..............................
74
254
56.1
.2921
16.31
13
84
57
63
37
Massachusetts..........................
Missouri...................................
New Hampshire.....................
New York................................
Ohio.........................................
Other States.............................
26
8
6
8
6
20
111
29
24
29
29
46
54.5
57.0
55.5
53.8
56.4
57.0
.3540
.2540
.2586
.3528
.2857
.2717
19.30
I
14.32
i
14.40
18.96 ....... 1
16.18
15.46
7
61
14
38
11
8
5
4
4
Total..............................
74
2G8
55.4
.3130
17.29
!
15
40
5
4
3
36
42
7
5 ....... 3
5
17
39 ‘ **43*
1913.
10
***38*
28
9
21
8
3
40
11
51
HEEL BREASTERS, MALE.
1912.
1913.
HEEL BURNISHERS, MALE.
1912.
i
7
11
1913.
’ ” 26'
1
20
11
5
2
19
13
25
83
51
108
11
60
BU LLETIN OF TH E BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.
AVERAGE RATES OF WAGES PER HOUR, AVERAGE FULL
TIME W EEKLY EARNINGS, AND AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED FULL
TIME HOURS OF WORK PER WEEK IN EACH YEAR, B Y STATES, 1912
AND 1913—Continued.
T able H . —
B O T T O M IN G D E P A R T M E N T —Continued.
Occupation, sex, year, and
State.
Num
ber of
estab
lish
ments.
Num
ber of
em
ploy
ees.
Aver
age
full
time
hours
per
week.
Aver
age
rate of
wages
per
hour.
Number of employees whose full-time
Aver
hours per week were—
age
full
time Over
Over 57
51
weekly 48
54
and
earn and and
54
and under
60
ings. under under
under
54
60
57
51
HEELERS, MALE.
1912.
Massachusetts..........................
Missouri....................................
New Y ork................................
Ohio..........................................
Other States.............................
22
8
8
6
23
96
25
29
29
75
Total..............................
67
Massachusetts..........................
Missouri....................................
New York................................
Ohio..........................................
Other States.............................
Total...............................
54.8 $0.4013 $21.96
.3514 20.87
59.4
.3823 20.99
54.7
57.2
.3425 19. 51
.3681 20.94
57.2
8
1
53
2
22
10
27
..
5
3
3
3
20
2
15
4
17
58
254
56.2
.3777
21.17
9
87
49
69
40
22
8
8
6
23
96
30
38
32
73
54.6
56.1
54.3
55.9
56.5
.4783
. 3859
.4467
.3595
.3853
26.08
21.48
24.26
19.98
21.74
11
49
19
30
14
2
30
--
6
3
8
7
39
11
32
67
269
55.4
.4242
23.41
12
114
83
52
8
Massachusetts..........................
Missouri....................................
New Hampshire......................
New York................................
Ohio..........................................
Other States.............................
25
8
6
9
6
24
127
34
49
38
32
62
54.5
59.2
57.1
55.4
56.5
56.6
.3150
.2365
.2263
.3439
.2655
.2897
17.16
13.99
12.94
18.92
15.07
16.35
15
76
4
29
2
26
5
18
16
2
6
3
29
5
4
49
Total...............................
78
342
56.0
.2885
16.09
20
116
67
89
50
Massachusetts..........................
Missouri....................................
New Hampshire......................
New York................................
Ohio..........................................
Other States............................
25
8
6
9
6
24
127
41
43
41
36
76
54.4
57.1
55.4
53.8
55.7
56.7
.3498
.2822
.2357
.3829
.2732
.2953
19.04
15.98
13.07
20.63
15.31
16.88
23
59
19
38
17
13
7
5
6
Total..............................
78
364
55.4
.3135
17.35
22
50
48
93
54.5
57.3
.3098
.2248
72
'
141
56.4
22
47
88
135
1913.
1
HEEL SCOURERS, MALE.
1912.
31
9
13
1913.
HEEL-SEAT
23
19
3
37
5
6
36
11
37
36
123
122
66
17
16.87
12.85
8
2
26
14
11
15
2
41
1
21
.2537
14.22
10
40
26
43
22
54.5
56.0
.3257
.2737
18.02
15.23
7
5
25
22
12
26
3
30
*’ *5
55.5
.2918
16.11
12 1
47
38
33
5
NAILERS, MALE.
1912.
Massachusetts..........................
Other States.............................
Total...............................
1913.
I..
Massachusetts.......................... !
Other States.............................
1
Total...............................
60
61
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1907 TO 1913— BOOTS AND SHOES.
I I . —AVERAGE RATES OP WAGES PER HOUR, AVERAGE FULL
TIME WEEKLY EARNINGS, AND AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED FULL
TIME HOURS OF WORK PER WEEK IN EACH YEAR, B Y STATES, 1912
AND 1913—Continued.
T able
BOTTOMING DEPARTMENT—Continued.
Num
ber of
Occupation, sex, year, and estab
State.
lish
ments.
Num
ber of
em
ploy
ees.
Aver
age
full
time
hours
per
week.
Aver
age
rate of
wages
per
hour.
Number of employees whose full-time
hours per week were—
Aver
age
full
time Over
Over 57
51
weekly 48
54
and
earn and under
54
and and
60
ings. under 54
under under
60
51
57
HEEL SLUGGERS, MALE.
1912.
6
6
41
16
23
20
3
45
2
20
15.65
12
57
43
48
22
.3749
.2725
20.46
15.18
5
4
35
26
21
44
4
33
7
55.5
.3097
17.10
9
61
65
37
7
97
31
124
54.7
55.0
57.3
.4399 24.04
.4715 '25.74
.3913 22.28
11
7
49
13
13
30
4
27
4
3
59
3
4
25
81
252
56.0
.4199
23.39
18
75
61
66
32
Massachusetts..........................
New York................................
Other States...........................
26
10
45
97
34
146
54.4
54.0
56.3
.4948
.5623
.3906
26.94
30.37
21.98
21
9
43
20
27
28
5
58
54
7
Total...............................
. 81
277
55.4
.4482
24.74
30
90
91
59
7
Massachusetts..........................
New York................................
Ohio.........................................
Other States.............................
23
10
6
36
85
43
35
105
54.8
53.6
56.5
57.4
.3209
.3358
.2462
.2516
17.54
18.00
13.85
14.41
7
18
41
18
17
4
31
4
4
24
4
58
2
3
14
19
Total...............................
75
268
55.9
.2864
15.90
25
80
63
62
38
Massachusetts..........................
Npw Yorlr
. T, .
Ohio.........................................
Other States
................
23
10
6
36
92
54
27
116
54.6
53.1
55.9
56.6
.3331
.3241
.2826
.2759
18.18
17.31
15.80
15.55
13
22
40
29
11
15
33
3
7
47
9
47
7
Total...............................
75
289
55.2
.3037
16.74
35
95
90
62
7
Massachusetts..........................
Other States.............................
26
52
75
107
54.7 $0.3067 $16.74
.2642 14.87
56.8
Total...............................
78
182
56.0
.2817
Massachusetts..........................
Other States.............................
26
52
65
114
54.6
56.1
Total...............................
78
179
Massachusetts..........................
New York................................
Other States.............................
26
10
45
Total...............................
1913.
HEEL TRIMMERS OR SHAVERS,
MALE.
1912.
1913.
5
LEVELERS, MALE.
1912.
1913.
6
62
B U LLETIN OF TH E BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.
T a b l e I I . — AVERAGE
RATE OF WAGES PER HOUR, AVERAGE FULL
TIME W EEKLY EARNINGS, AND AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED FULL
TIME HOURS OF WORK PER WEEK IN EACH YEAR, BY STATES, 1912
AND 1913—Concluded.
B O T T O M IN G D E P A R T M E N T —Concluded.
Occupation, sex, year, and
State.
Num
ber of
estab
lish
ments.
Num
ber of
em
ploy
ees.
Aver
age
full
time
hours
per
week.
Number of employees whose full-time
hours per week were—Aver Aver
age
age
full
rate of time Over
Over
wages weekly 48
51
57
54
per
and
and
and under
54
and under
60
hour. earn under
under
ings.
54
60
51
57
MCKAY SEWERS, MALE.
1912.
54.9 $0.3073 $16.85
.2735 15.53
56.8
3
10
16
32
10
2
50
8
131
56.1
.2856
16.00
3
26
42
52
8
10
22
51
85
54.8
56.1
.3409
.3052
18.66
17.13
5
12
23
32
30
2
28
4
32
136
55.6
.3186
17.70
5
35
62
30
4
22
6
4
54.5
59.9
57.2
54.9
56.5
56.3
.4741
.3690
.3799
.4663
.3158
.4582
25.84
22.12
21.76
25.48
17.79
25.71
11
66
24
i2
10
13
4
5
4
27
3
2
2
23
26
3 ....... 5
11
22
Massachusetts......................
Other States.........................
10
22
47
84
Total...........................
32
Massachusetts......................
Other States.........................
Total...........................
1913.
ROUGH ROUNDERS, MALE.
1912.
Massachusetts......................
Missouri................................
New Hampshire...................
New York.............................
Ohio......................................
Other States.........................
6
22
106
25
26
35
28
53
Total...........................
69
273
55.9
.4352
24.21
23
93
60
56
41
Massachusetts......................
Missouri................................
New Hampshire...................
New York.............................
Ohio......................................
Other States.........................
22
6
4
9
6
22
103
20
28
33
24
57
54.3
56.9
55.6
53.9
55.9
56.5
.5353
.4542
.3795
.5355
.3889
.5226
29.11
25.70
21.17
28.92
21.61
29.39
16
60
10
23
8
11
4
2
6
Total...........................
69
265
55.2
.4967
27.37
9
1913.
17
10
2
22
5
6
28
8
27
27
99
84
47
8
94
359
153
11
86
21
13
13
7
8
95
10
12
76
122
FIN ISH IN G DEPA RTM E N T.
TREERS OR IRONERS, HAND,
MALE.
1912.
Massachusetts..........................
Missouri....................................
New Hampshire......................
New York................................
Ohio.........................................
Other States.............................
Total...............................
25
7
5
7
6
23
627
98
76
57
68
217
54.4 $0.2808 $15.28
59.9
.2165 12.96
57.4
.2321 13.34
55.5
.2693 14.78
58.3
.2127 12.39
56.8
.2712 15.31
16
47
73 1,143
55.8
.2656
14.76
115
385
263
220
160
25
7
5
7
6
23
569
104
81
52
72
232
54.3
56.9
56.3
53.7
56.1
56.8
.2996
.2687
.2425
.2519
.2225
.2823
16.27
15.11
13.70
13.50
12.50
15.98
104
298
52
146
21
13
34
39
73 |1, n o
55.3
.2817
15.54
1913.
Massachusetts..........................
Missouri....................................
New Hampshire......................
New Y ork................................
Ohio.........................................
Other States.............................
Total...............................
21
” *47’
5
26
26
19
5
102
27
125
125
407 j 319
220
39
63
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR; 1907 TO 1913— BOOTS AND SHOES.
T a b l e I I I . — AVERAGE
RATES OF WAGES PER HOUR, AVERAGE FULL
TIME W EEKLY EARNINGS, AND AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED FULL
TIME HOURS OF WORK PER WEEK IN EACH STATE, B Y YEARS, 1912
AND 1913.
[The figures set opposite each bracketed group of years are for identical establishments.]
C U T T IN G D E P A R T M E N T .
Occupation, sex, State, and
number of establishments.
Number of employees whose full-time
Aver
hours per week were—
Num Aver- Aver
age
age
full
lullber
rate
as.
time Over
of
Over 57
Year. em
time
of
51
54
hours wages week 48
and
and
ploy per
ly
and
54
and under
per
60
ees., week. hour. earn under under
under
54
ings.
60
57
51
CUTTERS, LINING, CLOTH, MALE.
Massachusetts:
26 establishments............
New York:
11 establishments............
12
10
54
44
10
15
7
3
2
6
8
22
31
19
12
3
6
100
167
446
385
54
63
17
24
13
1912
1913
120
108
1912
1913
56
51
54.9
54.0
.3061
.3321
16.80
17.93
1912
1913
872
855
53.1
53.0
.3371
.3608
17.83
19.06
1912
1913
111
112
59.5
56.8
.2992
.3241
17.81
18.31
/ 1912
V 1913
296
324
54.6
53.9
.3467
.3695
18.87
19.92
1912
1913
191
204
56.4
55.6
.3218
.3723
18.15
20.62
1912
1913
191
201
53.6
53.6
.3621
.3696
19.42
19.80
1912
1913
84
85
58.4
57.8
.2452
.2591
14.26
14.85
1912
1913
63
116
57.3
56.1
.3019
.2997
17.29
16.79
1912
1913
75
67
55.3
53.3
.3406
.3647
18.63
19.40
24
27
28
40
1912
1913
114
98
54.1
54.2
.2932
.3053
15.87
16.53
1
105
85
1912
1913
98
113
53.5
53.6
.2017
.2252
10.77
12.06
20
27
69
79
1912
1913
40
57
54.0
54.0
.1856
.1831
10.02
9.89
1912
1913
40
45
57.2
55.7
.1898
.2056
10.85
11.46
1912
1913
47
54
55.2
53.6
.2168
.2537
11.94
13.56
3
1912
1913
41
49
54.0
53.8
. 1697
.1857
9.17
9.99
2
53.2 $0.3337 $17.69
.3332 17.51
52.9
35
36
CUTTERS, VAMP AND WHOLE
SHOE, HAND, MALE.
Massachusetts:
26 establishments............
Missouri:
5 establishments..............
New York:
11 establishments............
Ohio:
6 establishments..............
242
216
102
52
9
60
62
57
160
232
24
35
19
15
112
.102
5
10
77
29
32
139
144
22
24
1
1
31
74
CUTTERS, VAMP AND WHOLE
SHOE, MACHINE, MALE.
Massachusetts:
13 establishments............
Missouri:
5 establishments..............
New Hampshire:
2 establishments..............
New York:
5 establishments..............
SKIVERS,
72
45
39
63
44
23
UPPER, MACHINE,
MALE.
Massachusetts:
17 establishments............
SKIVERS,
20
17
19
29
8
9
3
34
40
11
1
1
1
UPPER, MACHINE,
FEMALE.
Massachusetts:
18 establishments............
Missouri:
6 establishments..............
New Hampshire:
5 establishments..............
New York:
9 establishments..............
Ohio:
6 establishments...............
9
7
40
57
6
5
28
46
41
47
11
64
BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.
I I I . — AVERAGE RATES OF WAGES PER HOUR, AVERAGE FULL
TIME WEEKLY EARNINGS, AND AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED FULL
TIME HOURS OF WORK PER WEEK IN EACH STATE, BY YEARS, 1912
AND 1913—Continued.
T able
SOLE-LEATHER DEPARTMENT.
Occupation, sex, State, and
number of establishments.
CHANNELERS, INSOLE
OUTSOLE, MALE.
Number of employees whose full-time
hours per week were—
Aver AverNum Average
age
ber full
rate
time Over
of
Year. emtime
of
Over 57
51
hours wages week 48
54
pioy- per
ly and and 54 and and 60
per
under
week. hour. earn
under under
54
ings. under
51
57
AND
Massachusetts:
25 establishments............
New York:
10 establishments............
1912
1913
85
1912
1913
55.1 $0.3236 $17.85
54.4
19.85
54.4
53.6
.3066
.3428
16.58
18.33
54.9
54.6
.3039
.3187
16.64
17.34
.3243
17.23
18.00
14
CUTTERS, OUTSOLE, MALE.
Massachusetts:
16 establishments............
Missouri:
2 establishments..............
1912
1913
82
1912
1913
59.5
55.6
14
14
30
FITTING OR STITCHING DEPARTMENT.
BACKSTAY STITCHERS, FEMALE.
Massachusetts:
25 establishments..............
Missouri:
8 establishments...............
New Hampshire:
6 establishments...............
New York:
9 establishments...............
Ohio:
6 establishments...............
1912
1913
159
130
1912
1913
27
37
54.0
54.0
.1469
.1693
7.93
9.14
1912
1913
57
58
57.1
55.4
.1661
.1791
9.49
9.94
1912
1913
52
30
56.0
53.7
.1730
.1784
9.61
9.53
1912
1913
32
32
54.0
53.9
.1774
.1708
9.58
9.20
1912
1913
130
157
53.8
53.8
.2164
.2166
11.64
11.66
1912
1913
48
52
54.0
54.0
.1620
.1844
8.75
9.96
1912
1913
86
88
54.9
53.5
.1659
.1897
9.06
10.13
1912
1913
55
57
54.0
53.9
.1564
.1563
8.45
8.42
1912
1913
99
98
53.7
53.6
.2096
.2165
11.25
11.60
1912
1913
33
46
54.0
54.0
.1580
.1717
8.53
9.27
1912
1913
21
17
57.3
55.4
.1839
.1739
10.55
9.64
1912
1913
69
72
54.5
53.2
.1839
.1928
9.90
10.21
’ 1912
1913
31
28
54.0
53.9
.1742
.1903
9.41
10.25
53.7 $0.2095 $11.26
.2183 11.72
53.6
11
8
4
10
144
112
27
37
51
1
3
4
26
27
2
32
30
17
27
108
127
57
7
3
18
1
1
2
20
15
21
2
2
3
2
BUTTONHOLE MAKERS, FE
MALE.
Massachusetts:
23 establishments............
Missouri:
7 establishments............
New York:
10 establishments..........
Ohio:
6 establishments............
5
3
48
52
7
3
10
12
46
72
2
55
55
3
6
89
83
CLOSERS-ON, iE M A L E .
Massachusetts:
23 establishments.........
Missouri:
8 establishments..........
New Hampshire:
5 establishments..........
New York.:
11 establishments........
Ohio:
5 establishments..........
7
9
33
46
8
9
13
9
2 1
29
51
31
26
15
WAGES AN D HOURS OF LABOR, 1907 TO 1913— BOOTS AND SHOES.
65
I I I . —AVERAGE RATES OF WAGES PER HOUR, AVERAGE FULL
TIME W EEKLY EARNINGS, AND AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED FULL
TIME HOURS OF WORK PER WEEK IN EACH STATE, BY YEARS, 1912
AND 1913—Continued.
T able
F IT T IN G O B S T IT C H IN G D E P A R T M E N T —Concluded.
Occupation, sex, State, and
number of establishments.
Number of employees whose full-time
hours per week were—
Aver Aver
Num Aver
age
age
age
#,iY
i
ber full
lullrate
time Over
of
Year. em
Over
time
of
51
57
hours wages week 48
54
and
and
ploy per
ly
54
and under
60
per
and
ees. week,
under
earn
under
under 60
hour. ings.
54
51
57
LINING MAKERS, FEMALE.
Massachusetts:
/ 1912
26 establishments.............. \ 1913
Missouri:
f 1912
\ 1913
New Hampshire:
/ 1912
\ 1913
New York:
/ 1912
11 establishments.............. \
1913
Ohio:
/ 1912
\ 1913
260
283
53.8 $0.1941 $10.43
53.7
.2124 11.44
42
60
54.0
54.0
.1557
.1684
8.41
9.09
77
91
57.1
55.4
.1288
.1585
7.37
8.80
95
109
54.9
53.0
.1661
.1989
9.03
10.59
80
94
54.0
54.0
.1698
.1830
9.17
9.87
1912
1913
122
114
53.8
53.7
.2409
.2473
12.96
13.29
/ 1912
\ 1913
405
375
53.7
53.7
.2189
.2310
11.76
12.41
f 1912
\ 1913
93
102
54.0
54.0
.1715
.1951
9.26
10.53
/ 1912
\ 1913
107
144
57.1
55.6
.1608
.1653
9.18
9.19
/ 1912
\ 1913
114
117
54.9
53.4
.2097
.2294
11.42
12.22
/ 1912
\ 1913
97
98
54.0
53.9
.1832
.1992
9.89
10.74
304
310
54.0
53.9
.3215
.3443
17.35
18.57
63
65
57.2
55.7
.2404
.2488
13.74
13.88
38
39
54.6
54.3
.3325
.3456
18.08
18.78
327
312
53.8
53.7
.2464
.2654
13.23
14.26
no 54.0
98
54.0
.2189
.2457
11.82
13.27
106
117
57.1
55.4
.2171
.2264
12.39
12.56
141
140
55.6
53.7
.2506
.2764
13.84
14.83
136
142
54.0
53.9
.2126
•2195
11.48
11.83
13
11
18
28
229
244
42
60
21
16
34
71
3
80
91
6
5
12
21
101
88
24
16
63
77
318
282
8
18
80
77
11
2
4
3
27
TIP STITCHERS, FEMALE.
Massachusetts:
25 establishments
TOP
STITCHERS OR TJNDERTRIMMERS, FEMALE.
Massachusetts:
OAaqtfthl ichm Anf q
Missouri:
8 establishments
New Hampshire:
fi ft^tflhlkhTnAntc
New York:
11 establishments..............
Ohio:
6 establishments
.3
93
102
5
9
18
15
61
92
4
97
94
40
59
207
192
115
107
29
1
1
2
27
33
39
5
8
4
50
63
15
VAMPERS, MALE.
Massachusetts:
22 establishments..... ........ ( 1912
I 1913
New Hampshire:
/ 1912
fi AQt.Qh 1icthitiah+q
\ 1913
New York:
/ 1912
10 establishments
\ 1913
15
12
16
15
4
10
43
49
270
250
7
14
11
v am p ers, fe m a le .
Massachusetts:
25 establishments.. . . . . . . . / 1912
\ 1913
Missouri:
/ 1912
\ 1913
New Hampshire:
/ 1912
1 1913
New York:
1912
9 establishments............... /\ 1913
Ohio:
6 establishments............... /\ 1912
1913
45968°— Bull. 154— 14------ 5
14
13
98
110
100
1
1
23
17
68
121
6
136
136
1
1
106
17
48
66
BU LLETIN OP THE BUREAU OF LABOB STATISTICS.
T a b l e I I I . — AVERAGE
RATES OF WAGES PER HOUR, AVERAGE FULL
TIME W EEKLY EARNINGS, AND AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED FULL
TIME HOURS OF WORK PER WEEK IN EACH STATE, B Y YEARS, 1912
AND 1913—Continued.
LA ST IN G DEPA RTM E N T.
Occupation, sex, State, and
number of establishments.
Number of employees whose full-time
hours per week were—
Aver Aver
Num- Aver
age
age
age
full
lullfull
rate
of time
time Over
Year. em
of
Over 57
51
wages week 48
54
ploy hours
and
and
ly
per
and
per
54
and under
60
ees. week. hour. earn under under
under
ings.
54
60
51
57
ASSEMBLERS, FOR PTJLLINGOVER MACHINE, MALE.
Massachusetts:
14 astfthl ish m atits.............. / 1912
\ 1913
Missouri:
/ 1912
\ 1913
New Hampshire:
/ 1912
\ 1913
New York:
/ 1912
\ 1913
Ohio:
/ 1912
\ 1913
BED-MACHINE OPERATORS,
MALE.
188
165
53.9 $0.2781 $15.00
54.2
.3208 17.38
31
14
6
93
82
59
58
2
5
3
5
7
49
31
71
82
58.5
56.7
.2103
.2293
12.36
12.98
55
44
57.4
56.6
.2171
.2326
12.47
13.18
91
89
54.6
53.7
.2375
.2346
12.90
12.60
35
43
57.3
57.1
.2156
.2509
12.31
14.33
/ 1912
\ 1913
543
560
54.4
54.3
.3037
.3428
16.52
18.63
/ 1912
\ 1913
New Hampshire:
1912
4 establishments............... /\ 1913
New York:
/ 1912
Qaqto hi icTimati
\ 1913
Ohio:
/
1912
aofo K1iclityiontc
\ 1913
HAND-METHOD LASTING MA
CHINE OPERATORS, MALE.
62
92
59.9
57.1
.2735
.3300
16.38
18.80
112
132
57.2
55.8
.2297
.2522
13.14
14.09
131
134
54.7
54.0
.3458
.3572
18.87
19.28
59
58
57.9
55.9
.3297
.3600
19.04
20.11
Massachusetts:
12 establishments..........
Missouri:
/ 1912
\ 1913
194
149
53.9
54.2
.3441
.3749
18.57
20.31
/ 1912
\ 1913
New Hampshire:
2 establishments............... / 1912
\ 1913
New York:
/ 1912
\ 1913
Ohio:
/
6 establishments............... \ 1912
1913
66
72
58.7
56.2
.2877
.3306
16.91
18.51
33
39
57.0
55.0
.2911
.2766
16.59
15.21
46
44
55.9
54.2
.3529
.3782
19.54
20.49
25
37
8
7
56
66
55.6
54.9
.3365
.3766
18.69
20.63
29
42
14
15
9
/ 1912
\ 1913
543
445
54.3
54.4
.3209
.3413
17.37
18.57
262
224
110
134
28
22
/ 1912
\ 1913
70
27
57.0
55.0
.2620
.2686
14.93
14.77
/ 1912
73
77
54.2
54.1
.3355
•3598
18.18
19.48
59
72
12
5
2
\ 1913
1912
1913
65
75
58.8
56.7
.3232
.3390
18.96
19.24
13
31
5
39
Massachusetts:
01
irianfo
Missouri:
17
44
21
26
25
58
84
14
51
64
26
13
18
9
9
8
9
25
383
361
76
89
13
26
13
5
7
57
41
44
41
39
55
23
97
112
35
46
74
20
21
11
14
19
8
21
18
99
75
69
61
13
37
14
46
52
26
33
39
13
13
PULLERS-OVER, HAND, MALE.
Massachusetts:
17 establishments..............
New Hampshire:
2 establishments...............
New York:
7 establishments...............
Ohio:
5 establishments...............
24
111
65
27
8
70
52
67
WAGES AN D HOUBS OF LABOR, 1907 TO 1913— BOOTS AND SHOES.
T a b l e I I I . — AVERAGE
RATES OF WAGES PER HOUR, AVERAGE FULL
TIME W EEKLY EARNINGS, AND AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED FULL
TIME HOURS OF WORK PER WEEK IN EACH STATE, B Y YEARS, 1912
AND 1913—Continued.
L A S T IN G D E P A R T M E N T —Concluded.
Occupation, sex, State, and
number of establishments.
Num
ber
of
Year. employ-
Aver- Average
full
rate
time
of
hours
per
per
week. hour.
Aver-
Number of employees whose full-time
hours per week were—
time
51
week Over
48
and
ly
and under
earn under
54
ings.
51
54
Over 57
54
and and
under under
60
57
PULLERS-OVER* MACHINE,
MALE.
Massachusetts:
/ 1912
19 establishments............ \ 1913
Missouri:
1912
8 establishments.............
1913
New Hampshire:
1912
4 establishments.............
1913
New York:
1912
8 establishments.............
1913
170
173
121
115
54.4 $0.3139 $17.04
54.3
20.09
44
25
54
59
59.4
57.0
.2970
.3277
17.64
18.59
31
38
57.2
55.8
.2649
15.15
16.59
65
45
54.8
53.9
.3650
.3771
19.89
20.33
53.8
54.1
.3379
.3437
18.18
18.64
22
60.0
55.8
.2444
.3234
14.66
17.95
55
52.7
52.2
.3224
16.92
16.77
57.3
56.4
.2625
.3312
15.08
18.78
12
TURN LASTERS, HAND, MALE.
Massachusetts:
1912
4 establishments..............
1913
Missouri:
1912
3 establishments..............
1913
New York:
/ 1912
7 establishments............. \ 1913
Ohio:
1912
3 establishments..............
1913
150
173
74
24
90
119
13
17
15
B O T TO M IN G DEPA RTM E N T.
BUFFERS, MALE.
Massachusetts:
26 establishments.
Missouri:
8 establishments.........
New Hampshire:
6 establishments.........
New York:
6 establishments.........
Ohio:
6 establishments.........
1912
1913
144
141
1912
1913
30
38
59.1
57.1
.2395
.2691
14.12
15.25
1912
1913
54
55
57.1
55.4
.2509
.2646
14.34
14.71
1912
1913
24
25
52.7
53.0
.3527
.3871
18.68
20.62
1912
1913
29
32
56.4
55.2
.2707
.3365
15.21
18.49
1912
1913
324
311
54.6
54.4
.4101
.4520
22.36
24.59
1912
1913
64
65
59.5
57.0
.3276
.3866
19.52
21.94
1912
1913
72
88
57.1
55.5
.3047
.3107
17.42
17.26
1912
1913
94
96
54.7
53.9
.4104
.4531
22.37
24.43
1912
1913
73
78
56.8
55.9
.3540
.4039
20.00
22.50
54.9 $0.3190 $17.46
54.6
.3530 19.25
50
24
17
47
11
EDGE SETTERS, MALE.
Massachusetts:
26 establishments____
Missouri:
8 establishments.........
New Hampshire:
6 establishments.........
New York:
9 establishments.........
Ohio:
6 establishments.........
184
158
27
72
13
27
68
BULLETIN OF TH E BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.
T a b l e I I I . — AVERAGE
RATES OF WAGES PER HOUR, AVERAGE FULLTIME WEEKLY EARNINGS, AND AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED FULL
TIME HOURS OF WORK PER WEEK IN EACH STATE, BY YEARS, 1912
AND 1913—Continued.
B O T T O M IN G D E P A R T M E N T-C ontinued.
Occupation, sex, State, and
number of establishments.
!
Number of employees whose full-time
Aver
hours per week were—
Aver
Aver
Num age
age
age
full
ber full
rate
time Over
of time
Year. emof
Over 57
51
wages week 48
54
and
ploy- hours
ly
per
54
per
and
and and
60
earn
week. hour. ings. under under
under under
54
60
51
57
EDGE TRIMMERS, MALE.
Massachusetts:
26 establishments..........
Missouri:
8 establishments............
New Hampshire:
6 establishments............
New York:
10 establishments..........
Ohio:
6 establishments............
1912
1913
366
334
1912
1913
1912
1913
92
1912
1913
54.7
54.5
►.3877 821.15
.4307 23.45
59.3
57.1
.3249
.3731
19.26
21.30
57.2
55.5
.3417
19.56
18.35
55.3
54.0
.4178
.4958
22.95
26.80
1912
1913
64
56.9
55.9
.3784
.3844
21.46
21.46
1912
1913
266
54.4
54.3
.3954
.4263
21.66
1912
1913
59.9
55.9
.3337
.3585
20.00
1912
1913
57.2
55.8
.2717
15.56
15.82
55.4
53.9
.4479
.4646
24.51
25.00
56.8
55.8
.2946
.3124
16.66
17.34
30
31
211
182
102
104
6
32
21
18
15
17
8
7
8
45
30
83
92
16
41
66
6
10
5
24
29
11
18
22
177
155
55
57
7
11
6
6
5
55
12
19
29
GOODYEAR STITCHERS, MALE.
Massachusetts:
23 establishments............
Missouri:
6 establishments..............
New Hampshire:
4 establishments..............
New York:
8 establishments..............
Ohio:
6 establishments..............
1912
1913
67
1912
1913
23.25
21
45
19.99
35
52
17
15
60
19
25
48
10
4
17
26
23
6
14
16
141
115
40
44
5
8
4
3
3
36
16
26
GOODYEAR WELTERS, MALE.
Massachusetts:
22 establishments............
Missouri:
6 establishments..............
New Hampshire:
4 establishments..............
New York:
9 establishments..............
Ohio:
6 establishments..............
1912
1913
220
201
54.4
54.3
.4687
.5513
25.49
29.97
1912
1913
40
59.9
56.8
.4396
.4936
27.90
1912
1913
57.2
55.7
.3520
.3623
20.16
20.23
1912
1913
54.8
54.1
.5218
.5367
28.46
29.03
1912
1913
56.7
55.6
.3755
.4034
21.14
22.34
54.7
54.5
.3250
.3514
17.77
19.17
30
34
21
38
10
10
42
12
15
28
7
9
5
18
21
5
8
11
32
30
22
21
3
4
3
1
HEEL BREASTERS, MALE.
Massachusetts:
26 establishments..........
1912
1913
66
8
11
1
69
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1907 TO 1913— BOOTS AN D SHOES.
I I I . —AVERAGE RATES OF WAGES PER HOUR, AVERAGE FU LL
TIME W EEKLY EARNINGS, AND AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED FU LL
TIME HOURS OF WORK PER WEEK IN EACH STATE, BY YEARS, 1912
AND 1913—Continued.
T able
BOTTOMING DEPARTMENT—Continued.
Occupation, sex, State, and
number of establishments.
Aver
Num- Aver
age
age
rate
full
of
Year. em
time
of
hours wages
ploy per
per
ees. week. hour.
Aver-
Number of employees whose full-time
hours per week were—
time Over
week
51
48
and
ly
and under
earn under
ings.
54
51
54
Over
57
54
and
and under
under
60
57
60
HEEL BURNISHERS, MALE.
Massachusetts:
ishm Ar» -
/ 1912
\ 1913
Missouri:
8 Pf4a.hlishTriATi*R________ /\ 1912
1913
New Hampshire:
/ 1912
\ 1913
New York:
/ 1912
\ 1913
Ohio:
/ 1912
\ 1913
108
111
54.7 $0.3257 $17.81
54.5
.3540 19.30
24
29
59.1
57.0
.2168
.2540
12.79
14.32
29
24
57.3
55.5
.2441
.2586
14.00
14.40
26
29
55.4
53.8
.3296
.3528
18.15
18.96
22
29
57.1
56.4
.2827
.2857
16.17
16.18
96
96
54.8
54.6
.4013 21.96
.4783 ’ 26.08
25
30
59.4
56.1
.3514
.3859
20.87
21.48
29
38
54.7
54.3
.3823
.4467
20.99
24.26
29
32
57.2
55.9
.3425
.3595
19.51
19.98
/ 1912
\ 1913
127
127
54.5
54.4
.3150
.3498
17.16
19.04
/ 1912
\ 1913
34
41
59.2
57.1
.2365
.2822
13.99
15.98
/ 1912
\ 1913
49
43
57.1
55.4
.2263
.2357
12.94
13.07
/ 1912
\ 1913
38
41
55.4
53.8
.3439
.3829
18.92
20.63
/ 1912
\ 1913
32
36
56.5
55.7
.2655
.2732
15.07
15.31
Massachusetts:
/ 1912
22 establishments.............. \ 1913
48
47
54.5
54.5 ,
.3098
.3257
16.87
18.02
75
65
54.7
54.6
.3067
.3749
16.74
20.46
5
7
62
61
35
38
3
14
20
8
8
4
5
2
4
4
17
11
29
4
9
20
2
1
8
11
3
5
13
53
49
27
30
5
6
3
3
3
20
8
3
2
7
11
HEELERS, MALE.
Massachusetts:
/ 1912
22 establishments.............. \ 1913
Missouri:
/ 1912
\ 1913
New York:
/ 1912
8 establishments
\ 1913
Ohio:
/ 1912
\ 1913
8
11
2
19
1
1
22
30
1
7
10
14
4
7
11
76
59
29
38
5
7
2
4
5
26
17
15
HEEL SCOURERS, MALE.
Massachusetts:
OKAQfnhl IflhmATltfl
Missouri:
New Hampshire:
New York:
Qao+oKIicshtnanf!Q
Ohio:
15
23
4
19
37
49
6
18
23
6
5
16
19
3
6
11
8
7
26
25
11
12
2
3
1
6
5
41
35
23
21
3
2
5
13
9
13
HEEL SEAT NAILERS, MALE.
HEEL-SLUGGERS, MALE.
Massachusetts:
j 1912
26 establishments.............. \ 1913
4
70
BULLETIN OF TH E BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.
I H . —AVERAGE RATES OF WAGES PER HOUR, AVERAGE FULL
TIME WEEKLY EARNINGS, AND AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED FULL
TIME HOURS OF WORK PER WEEK IN EACH STATE, BY YEARS, 1912
AND 1913—Concluded.
T able
BOTTOM ING DEPARTMENT—Concluded.
Occupation, sex, State, and
number of establishments.
Num
ber
of
Year. em
ploy
ees.
Number of employees whose full-time
hours per week were—
Aver Aver Aver
age
age
age
full
full
rate
time Over
Over
time
of
51
57
54
hours wages week 48
and
and
ly
54
per
per
and under
and under
60
earn
under 60
week. hour. ings. under 54
51
57
HEEL TRIMMERS OR SHAVERS,
MALE.
Massachusetts:
f 1912
26 establishments............ . ) 1913
New York:
10 establishments............ . 1912
1913
54.7 $0.4399 $24.04
54.4
.4948 26.94
30
55.0
54.0
.4715
.5623
25.74
30.37
1912
1913
54.8
54.6
.3209
.3331
17.54
18.18
/ 1912
\ 1913
53.6
53.1
.3358
.3241
18.00
17.31
/ 1912
\ 1913
56.5
55.9
.2462
13.85
15.80
1912
1913
54.9
54.8
.3073
.3409
16.85
18.66
54.5
54.3
.4741
.5353
25.84
29.11
56.9
.4542
22.12
25.70
57.2
55.6
.3799
.3795
21.76
21.17
.5355
25.48
28.92
5
.3158
17.79
21.61
11
LEVELERS, MALE.
Massachusetts:
23 establishments............ .
New York:
10 establishments............ .
Ohio:
6 establishments...............
2
31
18
3
14
MCKAY SEW ERS, MALE.
Massachusetts:
10 establishments.............
32
ROUGH ROUNDERS, MALE.
Massachusetts:
1912
22 establishments.............
1913
Missouri:
1912
6 establishments...............
1913
New Hampshire:
/
1912
4 establishments............... \ 1913
New York:
1912
9 establishments.. ..•........
1913
Ohio:
1912
6 establishments...............
1913
106
103
28
54.9
53.9
56.5
55.9
22
FINISHING DEPARTMENT.
TREERS OR IRONERS, HAND,
MALE.
Massachusetts:
25 establishments............
Missouri:
7 establishments.............
New Hampshire:
5 establishments........ .
New York:
7 establishments..............
Ohio:
6 establishments..............
1912
1913
627
569
54.4 $0.2808 $15.28
54.3
16.27
1912
1913
104
59.9
56.9
.2165
.2687
12.96
15.11
1912
1913
57.4
56.3
.2321
.2425
13.34
13.70
1912
1913
55.5
53.7
.2693
.2519
14.78
13.50
58.3
56.1
.2127
.2225
12.39
12.50
1912
1913
72
94
104
359
153
146
52
47
21
21
10
21
11
12
13
86
76
34
13
26
16
13
19
27
47
71
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1907 TO 1913— BOOTS AND SHOES.
I V , — AVERAGE FULL-TIME HOURS OF WORK PER WEEK, AND
AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED RATES OF WAGES PER HOUR, BY
STATES, 1913.
T able
C U TTIN G DEPA RTM E N T.
Aver
Num Num age
ber
ber full
Occupation, sex, and of esof
State.
tab- em time
lish- ploy hours
per
ments. ees. week.
Number of employees earning each classified rate of
wages per ]hour.
Aver
age
rate
6
8 10 12
of
and and and
wages and
un
un un
un
per
der der der
hour. der
8 10 12 14
cts. cts. cts. cts.
14
and
un
der
16
cts.
16
and
un
der
18
cts.
2
18
and
un
der
20
cts.
20
and
un
der
25
cts.
25
and
un
der
30
cts.
30
and
un
der
40
cts.
40
and 50
un cts.
der and
50 over.
cts.
28
9
28
34
30
42
29
4
1
7
3
1.......
5
39;
Cutters, lining, cloth,
male:
Massachusetts.......
New York.............
Other States.........
26
11
35
108
51
99
52.9 $0. 3332
54.0 .3321
56.2 .2845
1
1
2
1
1
2
10
3
5 "16
Total..................
72
258
54.4
.3143
1
1
4
4
8
Cutters, vamp and
whole shoe, hand,
male:
Massachusetts.......
Missouri.................
New Y ork.............
Ohio......................
Other States.........
26
5
11
6
23
855
112
324
204
492
53.0
56.8
53.9
55.6
56.5
.3608
.3241
.3695
.3723
.3195
1
5
1
1
1
3
16
20 104 573
5 32 64
1 13 40 162
1 13 26 85
16 102 88 164
88
11
99
63
81
8
13
24
25
19 153 290 1048 342
108
Total..................
71 1,987
54.5
.3511
2
Cutters, vamp and
w h o le s h o e , m a
chine, male:
Massachusetts.......
Missouri.................
New Hampshire..
New Y ork.............
Other States.........
13
5
2
5
8
201
85
116
67
80
53.6
57.8
56.1
53.3
57.5
.3696
.2591
.2997
.3647
.2754
1
2
8
1
1 ***2
3
3
Total..................
33
549
55.3
.3234j
1
7
Skivers, upper, ma
chine, male:
Massachusetts.......
Other States.........
17
15
98
36
54.2
55.5
. 3053I
.2806
2
Total..................
32
134
54.5
. 2987j
Skivers, upper, ma
chine, female:
Massachusetts.......
Missouri................
New Hampshire..
New Y ork.............
Ohio......................
Other States.........
18
6
5
9
6
23
113
57
45
54
49
121
53.6
54.0
55.7
53.6
53.8
56.3
.2252
.1831
.2056
.2537
.1857
.1960
Total..................
67
439
54.6
.2088
25
65 106
63
6
4
2
4
3
25
21
8
19
12 169
20 19
33 46
6 22
24 21
14
5
10
14
5
13
16
76
95 277
48
16
3
4
3
1
2
10
32
2
53
8
7
3
1
3
2
3
4
4
12
34
61
10
4
11
12
9
4
8
13
14
13
27
24
13
43
27
6
4
12
5
12
18
2
7
2
57 134
66
31
4
1
2
4
4
7
6
1
9
4
1
1
4
8
4
8
8
11
21
10
3
5
7
19
3
20
26
33
65
3
.
12
6
SO LE -L EA T H E R DEPA RTM E N T.
Channelers, insole and
outsole, male:
Massachusetts.......
New York.............
Other States.........
25
10
40
85
24
87
Total..................
75
Cutters, outsole, male:
Massachusetts.......
Missouri.................
Other States.........
Total..................
54.4 $0.3649
53.6 .3428
56.9 .3001
1
2j
17
15
5
24
44
16
34
20
3
7
5
2
196
55.4
.3334
2
2
18
44
94
30
6
16
2
24
86
44
66
54.6
55.6
56.2
.3187
.3243
.2668
33
i
20
22
48
44
20:
5
3;
42
196
55.4
.3025
3j
1
20
55 112
5
|
1
72
BU LLETIN OF TH E BUBEAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.
T able I V . —AVERAGE FULL-TIME HOURS OF WORK PER WEEK, AND
AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED RATES OF WAGES PER HOUR, B Y
STATES, 1913—Continued.
FITTING OR STITCHING DEPARTMENT.
Aver- Aver-
Occupation, sex, and
State.
Num Num
ber
ber
rate
8 10 12
6
of
of es
time
of
em hours
and and and and
tab
un un un
lish- ploy- per
per un
der
ments.
week. hour. der der der
8 10 12 14
cts. cts. cts. cts.
Backstay
stitchers,
female:
Massachusetts.......
Missouri................
New Hampshire..
New Y ork.............
Ohio......................
Other States.........
Total.
Button fasteners, fe
male:
Total................
Buttonhole makers,
female:
Massachusetts___
Missouri...............
New Y ork...........
Ohio....................
Other States.......
Total.
25
24
130
37
58
30
32
102
65
72
54.8
.1993
27
33
30
53.
54.0
53.5
57 *53.
163 56.8
.2166
.1844
.1897
.1563
.1897
54.7
.1936
53.
54.0
55.4
53.2
53.9
56.3
.2165
.171'
.1739
.1928
.1903
74
517
Total..
56 110
67
12
60
10
10
22
114
223
53.7
55.1
.2473
.2040
79
337
54.7
.2186
18
26
375
144
117
98
234
53.7
54.0
55.6
53.4
53.9
56.6
.2310
.1951
.1653
.2294
.1992
.2067
21
82 1,070
54.6
.2104
310
65
39
140
53.
55.7
54.3
56.3
.3443
554
54.8
.3195
66
21
23
11
54.6j . 1902;
102
18
40
10
854
Vampers, male:
Massachusetts___
New Hampshire.,
New Y ork ...........
Other States.......
63
53.7
54.0
55.4
53.0
54.0
56.6
Tip stitchers, female:
Massachusetts___
Other States.......
Total.,
43
283
60
91
109
94
217
Total.,
40
and
un
der
50
cts.
24
55
27
16
54.4
Lining makers, fe
male:
Massachusetts......
Missouri................
New Hampshire..
New Y ork............
Ohio.................... .
Other States.. —
30
and
un
der
40
cts.
15
349
74
25
and
un
der
30
cts.
15
57
88
20
and
un
der
25
cts.
10
35
157
52
18
and
un
der
20
cts.
39
.1945
Missouri................
Top stitchers or un
dertrimmers, female:
Massachusetts___
Missouri...............
New Hampshire..
New Y ork...........
Ohio....................
Other States.___
53. 6 $0. 218S
1693
54.0
55.4
1791
1784
53.7
53.9
1708
1941
56.3
16
and
un
der
18
cts.
54.7
New Hampshire.
New Y ork...........
Ohio....................
Other States.......
Total.
14
and
un
der
16
cts.
78
Closers-on, female:
Massachusetts....
Total.
Number of employees earning each classified rate of
wages per hour.
.2124
.1684
.1585
.1989
.1830
. 1792
43
48
39
15
46
41
18
30
4
75
29
20
97
81 105 107 226
47
11
46
48
45
21
124 114 131 307 176
.3456
.2902
73
23
2 11 17
115 227
12
WAGES AND HOUBS OF LABOR, 1907 TO 1913— BOOTS AND SHOES.
73
I V . —AVERAGE FULL-TIME HOURS OF WORK PER WEEK, AND
AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED RATES OF WAGES PER HOUR, BY
STATES, 1913—Continued.
T able
F IT T IN G O R S T IT C H IN G D E P A R T M E N T —Concluded.
Occupation, sex, and
State.
Vampers, female:
Massachusetts.......
Missouri................
New Hampshire .
New Y ork.............
Ohio............
Other States
Total........
ber
of establishments.
25
g
6
9
6
25
ber
of
em
ploy
ees.
Average
full
time
hours
per
week.
312
110
117
140
142
251
79 1,072
Number of employees earning each classified rate of
wages per hour.
Average
rate
6 8 10 12
of
and and and
wages and
un
un un
per der un
der der
hour. 8 der
10 12 14
cts. cts. cts. cts.
53.7 $0.2654
54.0 .2457
55.4 .2264
53.7 .2764
53.9 .2195
56.8 .2302
54.7
.2462
20
and
un
der
25
cts.
25
and
un
der
30
cts.
30
and
un
der
40
cts.
19 101
15 39
23 37
11 32
19 54
23 67
85
21
25
31
25
48
67
24
13
31
9
37
13
1
13
1
5
3
86 110 330 235 181
32
4
14
and
un
der
16
cts.
16
and
un
der
18
cts.
1
4
7
3
2
5
19
7
1
3
5
11
25
18
10
13
11
14
20
12
30
52
1
18
and
un
der
20
cts.
40
and 50
un cts.
der and
50 over.
cts.
L A ST IN G DEPA RTM E N T.
Assemblers, for pullingover machine, male:
Massachusetts.......
Missouri................
New Hampshire..
New Y o r k ............
Ohio......................
Other States.........
14
8
3
5
4
16
165
82
44
89
43
109
54.2 $0.3208
56.7 .2293
56.6 .2326
53.7 .2346
57.1 .2509
57.0 .2316
Total..................
50
532
55.5
.2611
21
5
4
9
5
21
560
92
132
134
58
244
54.3
57.1
55.8
54.0
55.9
56.6
65 1,220
12
6
2
3
6
12
Bed-machine
tors, male:
4
5
4
1
1
3
1
1
4
1
10
2
7
2
7
1
6
6
10
19
25
.3428
.3300
.2522
.3572
.3600
.3226
2
1
2
55.2
.3304
2
149
72
39
44
66
79
54.2
56.2
55.0
54.2
54.9
57.6
.3749
.3306
.2766
.3782
.3766
.3599
5
4
5
8
5
17
22
23
25
32
15
41
86
5
2
9
7
12
25
1
44 158 120 121
29
35 153 254
6 21 54
51 34 24
6 20 76
4 11 27
23 62 112
86
10
1
26
13
34
28
29 125 301 547 170
40
25
29
10
25
11
20
1
2
opera
Missouri................
New Hampshire..
New Y ork ............
Ohio......................
Other States.........
Total..................
Hand-method lastingmachine operators,
male:
Massachusetts.......
Missouri................
New Hampshire..
New Y ork ............
Ohio......................
Other States.........
Total.................
3
6
4
is
1
6
16
16
13
6
4
5
80
48
12
18
35
39
37
5
11
1
5
3
11
3
4
12
12
19
19
5
4
3
1
3
38
60 232
92
23
11
1
34 106 213
7
9 11
7
7 41
9
8 43
54 63 133
80
1
16
13
43
4
1
5
21
1
2
41
449
55.3
.3572
Pullers-over,
hand,
male:
Massachusetts.......
New Hampshire..
New Y ork ............
Ohio.................... .
Other States.........
17
2
7
5
21
445
27
77
75
313
54.4
55.0
54.1
56.7
56.4
.3413
.2686
.3598
.3390
.3177
1
1
1
5
8
Total................ .
52
937
55.3
.3326
1
3
6
9 113 195 437 152
Pullers-over, machine,
male:
Massachusetts___
Missouri...............
New Hampshire.
New Y ork...........
Other States.......
19
8
4
8
21
173
59
38
45
106
54.3
57.0
55.8
53.9
56.8
.3699
.3277
.2968
.3771
.3428
1
1
2
2
1
1
60
421
55.4
.3513
1
Total...............
1
1
5
3
4
1
3
3
8
7
2
7
4
6
27
96
15
15
22
51
43
14
2
13
21
9
2
1
4
3
71 199
93
19
22
17
9
4
19
BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.
74
I Y . —AVERAGE FULL-TIME HOURS OF WORK PER WEEK, AND
AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED RATES OF WAGES PER HOUR, BY
STATES, 1913—Continued.
T able
L A S T IN G D E P A R T M E N T —Concluded.
Number of employees earning each classified rate of
wages per hour.
AverNum Num Averber
ber
rate
10 12
of
Occupation, sex, and of estime
of
em hours
and and and and
tabState.
wages
un
un
un
un
lish- ploy per
per
ments. ees. week. hour. der der der der
8 10 12 14
cts. cts. cts. cts.
Turn lasters, hand,
male:
Massachusetts___
Missouri...............
New Y ork .............
Ohio.................
Other States. . .
Total.............
28
79
173
36
190
54.1 $0.3437
55.8 .3234
52.2 .3220
56.4 .3312
57.2 .2814
524
55.0
14
and
un
der
16
cts.
16
and
un
der
18
cts.
18
and
un
der
20
cts.
5
17
1
1
20
and
un
der
25
cts.
25 30
and and
un un
der der
30 40
cts. cts.
40
and
un
der
50
cts.
63
.3100
63 144 252
30
6
14
19
1
4
13
24
7
19
4
6
13
79
11
14
6
13
11
26
1
3
8
5
12
4
2
73 134
52
9
76 122
16 37
51
4
28 39
32 29
71 39
92
1
*27
10
26
156
B O T TO M IN G D E PA RTM E N T.
Buffers, male:
New Hampshire..
New Y ork.............
Ohio......................
Other States.........
26
8
6
6
6
20
141
38
55
25
32
63
54.6 $0.3530
57.1 .2691
55.4 .2646
53.0 .3871
55.2 .3365
56.6 .2827
2
l
2
1
3
2
4
3
1
2
5
2
l
2
1
6
17
57
2
2
2
6
1
Total..................
72
354
55.3
.3186
Edge setters, male:
M assachusetts.......
Missouri................
New Hampshire..
New Y ork............
Ohio......................
Other States.........
26
8
6
9
6
23
311
65
88
96
78
177
54.4
57.0
55.5
53.9
55.9
56.7
.4520
.3866
.3107
.4531
.4039
.3867
2
2
2
10
19
9
25
2
5
27
Total..................
78
815
55.3
.4129
2
4
22
87 274 270
Edge trimmers, male:
Massachusetts.......
Missouri................
New Hampshire..
New Y ork.............
Ohio......................
Other States.........
26
8
6
10
6
25
334
70
99
94
69
172
54.5
57.1
55.5
54.0
55.9
56.9
.4307
.3731
.3298
.4958
.3844
.3944
3
3
12
3
11
|
2
Total..................
81
838
55.4
.4100
1
5
7
Goodyear stitchers,
male:
Massachusetts.......
Missouri................
New Hampshire..
New Y ork.............
Ohio......................
Other States.........
23
6
4
8
6
23
268
52
71
67
53
131
54.3
55.9
55.8
53.9
55.8
56.7
.4263
.3585
.2839
.4646
.3124
.4210
2
1
1
Total..................
70
642
55.2
.3986
Goodyear w e l t e r s ,
male:
Massachusetts ...
Missouri................
New Hampshire...
New Y ork.............
Ohio......................
Other States.........
22
6
4
9
6
23
201
40
50
47
40
94
54.3
56.8
55.7
54.1
55.6
56.8
.5513
.4936
.3623
.5367
.4034
.4920
Total..................
70
472
55.3
.5006
4
1
___i___
3
2
18
27
16
22
1
6
24
79 132
26 23
39 23
21 29
39 23
60 38
43
1
30
44
96 264 268
154
3
7
15
1
3
7
9 107 95
54
5 25
4
8
28 27
7 19 *i5 "” 24
5
23 22
20 42 27 ’ *35
36
92 242 146
121
7
4
28
5
17
19
56
10
16
10
15
18
138
24
1
1
1
4
3
3
10
5
21
80 125
241
1
2
78
2
29
4
46
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1907 TO 1913— BOOTS AND SHOES.
75
I V . —AVERAGE FULL-TIME HOURS OF WORK PER WEEK, AND
AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED RATES OF WAGES PER HOUR, BY
STATES, 1913—Continued.
Table
B O T T O M IN G D E P A R T M E N T —Continued.
Num Num
ber
ber
Occupation, sex, and of esof
State.
tab- em
lish- ployments.
Aver- Aver-
rate
10
time
of
and and and
hours
un
un
un
per
per
week. hour. der der der
10 12
cts. cts.
Heel breasters, male:
Massachusetts.......
Other States.........
26
66
105
54.5 $0.3514
56.0
Total..................
75
171
55.4
.3127
54.5
57.0
55.5
53.8
56.4
57.0
.3540
.2540
.2586
.3528
.2857
.2717
74
55.4
.3130
22
54.
56.1
54.3
55.9
56.5
.4783
.3859
.4467
.3595
.3853
55.4
.4242
Heel burnishers, male:
Massachusetts.......
Missouri................
New Hampshire...
New Y ork.............
Ohio.................... .
Other States....... .
Total..................
Heelers, male:
Massachusetts___
Missouri..............
New Y ork...........
Ohio.....................
Other States.......
111
29
24
29
29
46
23
Total................
Heel scourers, male:
Massachusetts___
Missouri..............
New Hampshire..
New Y ork...........
Ohio....................
Other States.......
Number of employees earning each classified rate of
wages per hour.
12
and
un
der
14
cts.
14
and
un
der
16
cts.
16
and
un
der
18
cts.
18
and
un
der
20
cts.
20
and
un
der
25
cts.
22
41
.2822
.2357
.3829
.2732
.2953
78
364
55.4
.3135
47
54.5
56.0
.3257
.2737
135
55.5
.2918
65
114
54.6
56.1
.3749
.2725
179
55.5
.3097
97
34
146
54.4
54.0
56.3
.5623
277
55.4
.4482
92
54
27
116
54.6
53.1
55.9
56.6
.3331
.3241
.2826
.2759
Total................
55.2
.3037
McKay sewers, male:
Massachusetts___
Other States.......
54.8
56.1
.3409
.3052
14
55.
.3186
20
Total................
72
Total................
78
Heel trimmers or shav
ers, male:
Massachusetts___
New Y ork...........
Other States.......
Total................
Levelers, male:
Massachusetts___
New Y ork........... .
Ohio....................
Other States.......
Total.................
81
136
51
26
50
cts.
and
over.
52
95
42
8
11
6
16
60
54.4
57.1
55.4
53.8
55.7
56.7
Heel sluggers, male:
Massachusetts___
Other States.......
40
and
un
der
50
cts.
10
127
41
43
41
36
76
Total................
30
and
un
der
40
cts.
14
16
25
Heel-seat nailers, male:
Massachusetts___
Other States.......
25
and
un
der
30
cts.
55
85
26
4
10
25
20
15
29
14
48
21
31
14
30
100
18
20
15
12
45
58
31
35
50
23
12
76
BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.
T able T V .—AVERAGE FULL-TIME HOURS OF WORK PER WEEK, AND
AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED RATES OF WAGES PER HOUR, BY
STATES, 1913—Concluded.
BOTTOMING DEPARTMENT—Concluded.
Occupation, sex, and
State.
Num
ber
of establishments.
Aver
Num age
ber full
of
time
em hours
ploy per
ees. week.
Number of employees earning each classified rate of
wages per hour.
Aver
age
rate
of
6
8 10 12 14 16 18 20 25 30 40
wages and and and and and and and and and ■and and 50
per un un un un un un un un un un un cts.
hour. der der der der der der der der der der der and
8 10 12 14 16 18 20 25 30 40 50 over.
cts. cts. cts. cts. cts. cts. cts. cts. cts. cts. cts.
Bough rounders, male:
Massachusetts.......
Missouri................
New Hampshire..
New Y ork.............
Ohio......................
Other States.........
22
6
4
9
6
22
103
20
28
33
24
57
54.3 $0.5353
56.9 .4542
55.6 .3795
53.9 .5355
55.9 .3889
56.5 .5226
1
Total..................
69
265
55.2
1
1
2
2
1
4
4
12
2
18
11
8
7
31
8
8
4‘"
9
12
5
12
58
72
117
4
2
1
.4967
59
g
i6
3
31
FINISHING DEPARTMENT.
Treers or ironers, hand,
male:
Massachusetts.......
Missouri................
New Hampshire...
New Y ork.............
Ohio......................
Other States .
Total..................
Treers or ironers, hand,
female:
Total..................
25
7
5
7
6
23
569
104
81
52
72
232
19 119 163 218
8 24 13 44
7 28 24 12
4 15
2 12
7 12 14 10
15 47 59 57
5
1
13
10
1
21
27
55
60 245 275 353
59
14
5
29
24
13
14
1
73 1,110
55.3
.2817
13
54.6
.1578
no
4
11
8
8
13
11
39
1
1
6
13
3
2
2
4
9
7
54.3 $0.2996
56.9 .2687
56.3 .2425
53.7 .2519
56.1 .2225
56.8 .2823
1
2
8
9
4
2
HOSIERY AND UNDERWEAR MANUFACTURING.
SUMMARY.
In this report, based on information obtained from representa
tive establishments, are shown the full-time weekly earnings, the
full-time hours of labor per week, and the rates of wages (or earnings)
per hour in the principal occupations of the hosiery and underwear
industry of the United States. Figures relating to full-time hours
of labor per week and rates of wages (or earnings) per hour are pre
sented for the years 1907 to 1913, inclusive, and for full-time weekly
earnings for the years 1910 to 1913, inclusive.
Earlier reports1-of this Bureau have presented wages and hours
of labor in the industry from 1890 to 1912 under the designation
Hosiery and Knit Goods. The data, however, in those reports were
secured from establishments whose product was principally hosiery
and underwear.
Summarized briefly, the average full-time weekly earnings of the
employees in this industry in 1913 were 5.5 per cent higher than in
1912, 9.8 per cent higher than in 1911, and 10.4 per cent higher than
in 1910.
The average full-time hours of labor per week in 1913 were 1.8 per
cent lower than in 1912, 3.5 per cent lower than in 1911, and 3.7 per
cent lower than in 1910.
The average rates of wages or earnings per hour in 1913 were 7.5
per cent higher than in 1912, 14.3 per cent higher than in 1911, and
14.7 per cent higher than in 1910. Owing to the reduction of hours,
the increase in full-time weekly earnings between 1910 and 1913 was
not so much as in rates of wages per hour.
The summary figures concerning the several occupations covered by
this report are presented in Table I (pp. 94-103). The data for the
years 1907 to 1911 were secured in 1911. Owing to the difficulty of
finding establishments having records extending back for a period of
years and also owing to the amount of work involved, data for 1907
to 1909 were secured from a smaller number of establishments, some
of them perhaps less representative than have furnished data for the
later years.
i Previous investigations of wages and hours of labor in hosiery and underwear manufacturing
been made and published by the Bureau, as follows: Nineteenth Annual Report, covering 1890 to
Bulletin No. 59 (July, 1905), covering 1903 and 1904; Bulletin No. 65 (July, 1906), covering 1904 and
Bulletin No. 71 (July, 1907), covering 1905 and 1906; Bulletin No. 77 (July, 1908), covering 1906 and
and Bulletin No. 134 (August, 1913), covering 1907 to 1912.
77
have
1903;
1905;
1907;
78
BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.
According to the plan of the table, direct comparisons can be made
properly only between two or more successive years where the data
are for identical establishments. Data for successive years from iden
tical establishments are indicated by a brace before each group of
years.
The data are for one pay-roll period in each year, the period ending
nearest May 15 being selected, except in a very few establishments
in which conditions in May were abnormal.
The figures for the years from 1907 to the first presentation for
1912 are reproduced from Bulletin No. 134, except"the average full
time weekly earnings, which figures have been computed for this
Bulletin from the data gathered for the earlier years. The average
full-time weekly earnings have not been computed for the period 1907
to 1910, owing to the lack of funds. It will be observed that the
average full-time weekly earnings generally are not exactly the same
as the product of the average rate of wages per hour and the average
full-time hours per week. This difference is explained and illustrated
on pages 17 and 18.
Referring to Table I (pp. 94-103), it is seen that in 1913 the average
full-time weekly earnings of males engaged in the industry, repre
sented by 7 occupations, varied from $8.67 for knitters, footers or
toppers, hosiery, to $13.96 for knitters, web or tube, underwear.
The average full-time weekly earnings of females in 1913, repre
sented by 16 occupations, varied from $7.80 for fine menders of
hosiery to $10.69 for buttonhole makers on underwear.
Wages and hours of labor often differ materially in different estab
lishments. Hence the inclusion or exclusion of an establishment in a
group, if the wages and hours therein differ greatly from the aver
age, may raise or lower the average for the group. In Table I it is
seen that the average full-time weekly earnings of boarders in 32
establishments increased from $10.74 in 1911 to $12.04 in 1912. In
41 establishments there was an increase from $11.92 in 1912 to $12.15
in 1913. Therefore, the inclusion of 9 additional establishments,
changed the average weekly earnings for 1912 from $12.04 to $11.92.
Consequently it would not be correct to state that the increase was
from $10.74 in 1911 to $12.15 in 1913. The movement from one
year to another is indicated with a greater degree of certainty by
the figures for identical establishments. The difference between
$10.74 and $12.04 represents the increase from 1911 to 1912, and
the difference between $11.92 and $12.15 represents the change
between 1912 and 1913 as nearly as can be determined from the
data available.
Owing to the change in the number of establishments from year to
year, it is difficult to make a comparison of the actual data over a
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1907 TO 1913— K N IT GOODS.
79
period of several years, or to get an exact measure of the changes.
To aid in the making of such a comparison, relative (or index) numbers
have been computed from the averages in Table I for full-time hours
per week, rates of wages per hour, and full-time weekly earnings for
each occupation for the years 1910 to 1913, inclusive.
These rela
tive numbers are simply percentages in which the figures for 1913 are
taken as the base, or 100 per cent. The relative for each year is the
per cent that the average in that year is of the average for 1913, as
determined by the method explained on page 20. Thus in the table
below the full-time weekly earnings of boarders in 1910 were 89.1
per cent of the full-time weekly earnings in 1913.
It will be observed that the general tendency of each occupation
is toward a reduction of working hours and an increase in rates of
wages per hour and of earnings per full week. No data are available
to show the amount of work afforded employees each year or the varia
tion from year to year. The relative full-time hours per week* indi
cate the change in the hours of labor of employees working full time,
but do not reflect in any way the greater or less amount of full-time
work afforded. This point is further discussed on page 16.
R E LA TIV E FULL-TIME HOURS PER W EE K , RATES OF WAGES PER HOUR, AND FU LL
TIME W E E K L Y EARNINGS IN THE PRINCIPAL OCCUPATIONS IN H O SIE R Y AND
U N D E R W E A R MANUFACTURING, 1910 TO 1913.
(1913=100.0.)
Boarders, male.
Year.
1910..
1911..
1912..
1913..
Rela
tive
full
time
hours
per
week.
102.3
102.3
100.0
100.0
Rela Rela
tive
tive
full
rate of time
wages weekly
per
earn
hour.
ings.
86.8
85.3
98.0
100.0
89.1
87.5
98.1
100.0
Cutters, hand, under
wear, female.
1910..
1911..
1912..
1913..
104.1
104.1
100.9
100.0
84.2
85.3
93.9
100.0
88.1
89.1
95.0
100.0
Knitters, footers or
toppers, hosiery, female.
1910..
1911..
1912..
1913..
102.1
102.1
100.2
100.0
89.7
91.1
93.0
100.0
91.7
93.2
93.3
100.0
Buttonhole makers,
underwear, female.
Rela
tive
full
time
hours
per
week.
105.5
105.8
104.2
100.0
Rela
Rela Rela
tive
tive
tive
full
full
rate of time
time
wages weekly hours
per
earn
per
hour.
week.
ings.
82.2
84.2
85.9
100.0
86.9
89.2
89.3
100.0
Finishers, underwear,
female.
106.4
106.2
104.4
100.0
82.7
82.5
85.6
100.0
88.5
88.2
89.6
100.0
Knitters, “ lady hose,”
male.
102.3
101.9
99.5
100.0
Button sewers, under
wear, female.
89.8
90.1
97.2
100.0
91.7
91.8
96.8
100.0
106.6
107.0
105.1
100.0
Cutters, hand, under
wear, male.
Rela
Rela Rela
tive
tive
tive
full
full
rate of time
time
wages weekly hours
per
earn
per
hour.
week.
ings.
86.7
85.6
86.4
100.0
92.7
91.7
90.8
100.0
107.1
106.4
106.4
100.0
Rela
Rela tive
full
tive
rate of time
wages week
per
ly
hour. earn
ings.
88.5
91.2
84.6
100.0
94.5
96.9
90.0
100.0
Inspectors and folders, Knitters, footers or
toppers, hosiery, male.
female.
104.5
104.7
102.9
100.0
87.9
88.0
90.5
100.0
92.0
92.3
93.3
100.0
Knitters, “ lady hose,”
female.
101.5
101.5
99.8
100.0
99.3
100.4
115.1
100.0
100.9
101.9
115.2
100.0
100.3
100.0
99.5
100.0
93.5
96.4
103.7
100.0
94.4
96.7
103.3
100.0
Knitters, rib, hosiery,
male.
102.5
102.3
100.7
100.0
90.4
90.6
96.0
100.0
92.5
92.5
96.4
100.0
80
BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.
R E LA T IV E FULL-TIME HOURS PE R W EE K , R ATES OF W AGES PE R HOUR, AND FU LL
TIME W E E K L Y EARNINGS IN THE PR IN C IPA L OCCUPATIONS IN H O SIE R Y AND
U N D E R W E A R M ANUFACTURING, 1910 TO 1913—Concluded.
(1913=100.0.)
Knitters, rib, hosiery,
female.
Year.
1910..
1911..
1912..
1913..
Rela
tive
full
time
hours
per
week.
103.1
103.4
99.8
100.0
Knitters, web or tube,
underwear, male.
Rela
Rela Rela
tive
tive
tive
full
full
rate of time
time
wages weekly hours
per
per
earn
hour.
week.
ings.
7*4
93.0
90.9
100.0
82.0
96.4
91.1
100.0
105.7
105.9
104.2
100.0
Knitters, web or tube,
underwear, female.
Rela
Rela Rela
tive
tive
tive
full
full
rate of time
time
wages weekly hours
per
per
earn
hour.
week.
ings.
78.4
83.9
90.3
100.0
83.1
88.9
94.2
100.0
104.2
103.5
100.7
100.0
Menders, fine, hosiery, Menders, rough, hosiery,
female.
female.
1910..
1911..
1912..
1913..
102.5
102.5
99.6
100.0
96.9
98.5
101.3
100.0
99.4
101.3
101.0
100.0
Seamers, underwear,
female.
1910..
1911..
1912..
1913..
105.9
106.3
105.3
100.0
81.9
81.2
86.4
100.0
87.2
87.0
91.1
100.0
101.1
101.1
100.2
100.0
91.4
91.8
98.2
100.0
92.5
92.9
98.4
100.0
84.8
88.0
99.4
100.0
116.2
110.5
92.3
100.0
117.6
114.7
93.1
100.0
Pressers, male.
103.2
103.2
101.6
100.0
Welters, female.
102.5
102.5
100.2
100.0
Rela Rela
tive
tive
full
rate of
time
wages weekly
per
earnhour.
ingi.
81.1
84.9
89.0
100.0
Loopers, female.
Rela
tive
full
time
hours
per
week.
102.0
102.0
100.2
100.0
Rela
Rela tive
tive
full
rate of time
wages week
per
ly
hour. earn
ings.
92.1
89.8
97.6
100.0
94.7
92.3
98.1
100.0
Press hands, female.
83.7
87.6
90.3
100.0
106.3
105.9
103.0
100.0
78.3
78.1
80.9
100.0
82.7
82.4
83.2
100.0
Winders, female.
87.5
90.7
99.8
100.0
105.7
105.5
102.9
100.0
84.6
86.3
92.8
100.0
89.8
91.4
95.9
100.0
A like table of relative numbers is next shown for the industry
as a whole, as determined by a combination of the data for the
several occupations.
Data were obtained for the principal occupations of the industry
but not for all occupations. The method of computing this table
is explained on page 11.
R E LA TIV E FULL-TIME HOURS PER W E E K , RATES OF W AGES PER HOUR, AND F U L L
TIME W E E K L Y EARNINGS IN H O SIE R Y AND U N D E R W E A R MANUFACTURING, 1910
TO 1913.
(1913=100.00
Year.
1910..................................
1911..................................
1912..................................
1913...................................
Relative
full-time
hours ^ r
week.
103.8
103.6
101.8
100.0
Relative
rates of
wages per
hour.
87.2
87.5
93.0
100.0
Relative
full-time
weekly
earnings.
90.6
91.1
94.8
100.0
From the table it is seen that the relative or index number for full
time hours per weekan the industry as a whole decreased from 103.8
in 1910 to 100 in 1913, or, in other words, full-time hours per week
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1907 TO 1913— K N IT GOODS.
81
were 103.8 per cent in 1910 of what they were in 1913. The relative
or index number for rates of wages per hour increased from 87.2
in 1910 to 100 in 1913. Owing to the reduction of hours the increase
in full-time weekly earnings was slightly less than the increase in
wages per hour, the increase being from an index of 90.6 in 1910
to 100 in 1913.
In examining the relative or index numbers for the several occupa
tions on pages 79 and 80, and for the industry as a whole in the table
above, it will be observed that they have been computed with 1913 taken
as the base, or 100 per cent. In the preceding reports of the Bureau
relating to this industry, relative numbers for rates of wages per hour
and for hours of labor per week were presented back to 1890 and the
base, or 100 per cent, was not the average rate of wages per hour
or the average full-time hours per week in any one year, but the
average rate of wages per hour and the average full-time hours
per week for the 10-year period 1890-1899. The table of such
relative numbers for the years 1890 to 1912 appears in the appendix,
page 127.
The reasons for changing the base of the relative numbers to the
most recent year are stated on pages 10 and 18. The relative numbers
for the occupations shown in the new series here presented differ from
those of the old series, shown in preceding reports, because of the
change of the base, but the ratio existing between any two years
is the same in both series. The relative numbers for the industry
as a whole have likewise been recomputed with 1913 as the base.
In addition to making a change of the base year a change has also
been made in the method of computing the industry relatives, and
because of this change the relatives here presented for the industry
as a whole not only differ from the relatives computed by the old
method, but show a slightly different ratio of change from year
to year.
In Bulletin No. 134 the relative numbers for this industry were
averages of the relative numbers of the several occupations. For
each year, for example, the relative rate of wages per hour of each
occupation was multiplied (weighted) by the number of employees
in that occupation, the products thus computed for the several occu
pations were added, and the sum divided by the total employees.
In computing the relative numbers from 1910 to 1913 for the
industry as a whole as presented in this Bulletin, a combination was
made, not of7the relative numbers for the several occupations, but
of the actual hours and wages of the several occupations. For each
year the average hours and wages were computed for all employees
in all occupations and the average for each preceding year was com
pared with the average for 1913 to determine the index. It was
45968°— Bull. 154— 14------ 6
82
BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.
deemed necessary to make this change in method because a change
in the industry is not always reflected by the relative computed
by averaging the occupation relatives. This reason is more fully
explained on page 18.
In addition to the relative numbers shown for the several occupa
tions and for the industry, three tables are here presented showing
the per cent of increase or decrease in the full-time hours of labor
per week, rates of wages per hour, and full-time weekly earnings
in 1913 as compared with each preceding year back to 1910. The
figures of these tables are computed from the relative numbers shown on
pages 79 and 80, and simply reverse the method of comparison. Each
of these tables also shows the increase or decrease in 1912 as com
pared with 1911, and in 1911 as compared with 1910. Referring
to the second line of the first table, it is seen that the full-time hours
of buttonhole makers, underwear, in 1913 were 4 per cent lower than
in 1912, 5.5 per cent lower than in 1911, and 5.2 per cent lower than
in 1910. Further, it is seen that the full-time hours of labor in this
occupation were 1.5 per cent lower in 1912 than in 1911 and 0.3 per
cent higher in 1911 than in 1910. The figures of the several tables
are read in like manner.
PE R CENT OF INCREASE OR DECREASE IN FU LL-TIM E HOURS P E R W EEK, 1913
COMPARED W IT H EACH OF THE 3 Y E A R S PRECEDING, 1912 COMPARED W ITH 1911,
AND 1911 COMPARED W IT H 1910.
Per cent higher ( + ) or lower (—)
in 1913 than i n -
Per cent higher ( + ) or
lower ( —) in—
Occupation.
Boarders, male............................................ .
Buttonhole makers, underwear, female___
Button sewers, underwear, female............ .
Cutters, hand, underwear, male................ .
Cutters, hand, underwear, female...............
Finishers, underwear, female......................
Inspectors and folders, female.................... .
Knitters, footers or toppers, hosiery, m ale..
Knitters, footers or toppers, hosiery, female.
Knitters, “ lady hose,” male...................... .
Knitters, “ lady hose,” female................... .
Knitters, rib, nosiery, male........................ .
Knitters, rib. hosiery, female......................
Knitters, wet) or tube, underwear, m ale...
Knitters, web or tube, underwear, female.
Loopers, female.............................................
Menders, fine, hosiery, female.................... .
Menders, rough, hosiery, female..................
Pressers, male...............................................
Press hands, female.....................................
Seamers, underwear, female........................
Welters, female.............................................
Winders, female.......................................... .
The industry..................................... .
-
2.2
-5.2
-
6.2
6.6
-3.9
-
6.0
-4.3
- .3
-
2.1
2 .2
-1.5
-2.4
-3.0
-5.4
-4.0
-
2.0
2.2
- 5 .5
-6 .5
-
-
6.0
- 3 .9
- 5 .8
-4 .5
0)
-
2.1
- 1 .9
-1 .5
-
2 .2
-3 .3
- 5 .6
-3 .4
0)
- 4 .0
- 4 .9
-
6 .0
- .9
- 4 .2
- 2.8
+ .5
-
.2
+ .5
+ .2
-
.7
+ .2
- 4 .0
- .7
-3 .5
1.8
(1—3.1
- 1 .7
- 1 .7
- .5
- 1 .9
- 2 .4
- 1 .7
- 1.6
- 3 .5
- 1.6
- 2 .3
- .9
-
- 3 .7
-
-
1.1
+ .4
-
-3 .1
- 5 .6
- 5 .9
-2 .4
-5 .2
2.2
- 1 .5
.2
2.0
-2 .4
-
-
.2
-
-2.4
- 1.1
-3.1
-5.9
-5.6
-2.4
-5.4
i No change.
1912 than
in 1911
1912
1911
1.6
- 2 .9
- 5 .0
-
.2
-
1 .6
- 2.8
-
0)
+0.3
+ .4
- .7
0)
-
.2
+ .2
0)
C)
-
.4
.2
+ .3
+ .2
- .7
1.8
2.8
1.6
- 2 .7
- .9
-
1911 than
in 1910
2 .2
- 2 .5
-1.7
- .4
+ .4
C1)
-
.2
-
.2
83
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1907 TO 1913---- KNIT GOODS.
P E R CENT OF INCREASE OR DECREASE IN RATES OF WAGES PER HOUR, 1913 COM
P A RE D W IT H EACH OF THE 3 Y E A R S PRECEDING, 1912 COMPARED W ITH 1911, AND
1911 COMPARED W IT H 1910.
Per cent higher ( + ) or lower ( —)
in 1913 than in—
Per cent higher ( + ) or
lower ( —) i n -
Occupation.
1910
1911
1912
1912 than
in 1911.
1911 than
in 1910
Boarders, male..............................................
Buttonhole makers, underwear, female____
Button sewers, underwear, female..............
Cutters, hand, underwear, male..................
Cutters, hand, underwear, female...............
Finishers, underwear, female......................
Inspectors and folders, female.....................
Knitters, footers or toppers, hosiery, male. .
Knitters, footers or toppers, hosiery, female.
Knitters, “ lady hose,” male........................
Knitters, “ lady hose,” female.....................
Knitters, rib, hosiery, male..........................
Knitters, rib, hosiery, female.......................
Knitters, web or tube, underwear, m ale...
Knitters, web or tube, underwear, female..
Loopers, female.............................................
Menders, fine, hosiery, female......................
Menders, rough, hosiery, female..................
Pressers, male................................................
Press hands, female......................................
Seamers, underwear, female.........................
Welters, female..............................................
Winders, female............................................
+15.2
+21.7
+15.3
+13.0
+18.8
+20.9
+13.8
+ 7.0
+11.5
+11.4
+ .7
+ 10.6
+25.9
+27.6
-1 3 .9
+ 8.6
+ 3.2
+ 9.4
+23.3
+27.7
+ 22.1
+17.9
+18.2
+17.2
+18.8
+16.8
+ 9.6
+17.2
+ 21.2
+13.6
+ 3.7
+ 9.8
+ 11.0
— .4
+10.4
+ 7.5
+19.2
- 9.5
+11.4
+ 1.5
+ 8.9
+17.8
+28.0
+23.2
+13.6
+ 15.9
+ 2.0
+16.4
+15.7
+18.2
+ 6.5
+16.8
+10.5
- 3.6
+ 7.5
+ 2.9
—13.1
+ 4.2
+ 10.0
+10.7
+ 8.3
+ 2.5
— 1.3
+ 1.8
+12.4
+23.6
+15.7
+ .6
+ 7.8
+14.9
+ 2.0
+ .9
— 7.2
+ 10.1
+ 3.8
+ 2.8
+ 7.6
+ 2.1
+ 7.9
+14.6
+ 6.0
— 2.3
+ 7.6
-1 6 .5
+ 8.7
+ 2.8
+ 7.0
+ 4.8
+ 3.6
+ 6.4
+13.0
+ 7.5
— 1.7
+ 2.4
— 1.3
+ 3.1
+ 1.3
— .2
+ .1
+ 3.1
+ 1.6
+ .3
+ 1.1
+ .2
+17.1
+ 7.0
- 4.9
— 2.5
+ 1.7
+ .4
+ 4.7
— .3
— .9
+ 3.8
+ 2.0
The industry.......................................
+14.7
+14.3
+ 7.5
+ 6.3
+
.3
PER CENT OF INCREASE OR DECREASE IN FULL-TIME W EEKLY EARNINGS, 1913,
COMPARED W ITH EACH OF THE 3 YE A R S PRECEDING, 1912 COMPARED W ITH 1911,
AND 1911 COMPARED W ITH 1910.
Boaders, male................................................
Buttonhole makers, underwear, female___
Button sewers, underwear, female..............
Cutters, hand, underwear, male..................
Cutters, hand, underwear, female................
Finishers, underwear, female.......................
Inspectors and folders, female......................
Knitters, footers or toppers, hosiery, male. .
Knitters,footers or toppers, hosiery, female.
Knitters, “ lady hose,” male........................
Knitters, “ lady hose,” female......................
Knitters, rib, hosiery, male..........................
Knitters, rib. hosiery, female.......................
Knitters, web or tube, underwear, m ale...
Knitters, web or tube, underwear, female..
Loopers, female.............................................
Menders, fine, hosiery, female......................
Menders, rough, hosiery, female..................
Pressers, male................................................
Press hands, female.......................................
Seamers, underwear, female.........................
Welters, female..............................................
Winders, female............................................
+ 12.2
+15.1
+ 7.9
+ 5.8
+13.5
+13.0
+ 8.7
+ 5.9
+ 9.1
+ 9.1
- .9
+ 8.1
+ 22.0
+20.3
-1 5 .0
+ 5.6
+ .6
+ 8.1
+19.5
+20.9
+14.7
+14.3
+11.4
+14.3
+ 12.1
+ 9.1
+ 3.2
+ 12.2
+13.4
+ 8.3
+ 3.4
+ 7.3
+ 8.9
- 1.9
+ 8.1
+ 3.7
+12.5
- 12.8
+ 8.3
- 1.3
+ 7.6
+ 14.2
+21.4
+14.9
+10.3
+ 9.4
+ 1.9
+ 12.0
+ 10.1
+ 11.1
+ 5.3
+ 11.6
+ 7.2
- 3.2
+ 7.2
+ 3.3
-1 3 .2
+ 3.7
+ 9.8
+ 6.2
+ 7.4
+ 1.9
- 1.0
+ 1.6
+10.7
+ 20.2
+ 9.8
+ .2
+ 4.3
+ 12.1
+ .1
- 1.0
- 7.1
+ 6.6
+ 1.6
+ 1.1
+ 6.8
+ .1
+ 5.4
+13.1
+ 4.2
- 5.5
+ 6.0
-1 8 .8
+ 6.3
- .3
+ 5.9
+ 3.1
+ 1.0
+ 4.7
+ 10.0
+ 4.9
The industry.......................................
+10.4
+ 9.8
+ 5.5
+ 4* 1 |
- 1.8
+ 2.6
- 1.1
+ 2.5
+ 1.1
- .3
+ .3
+ 2.4
+ 1.6
+ .1
+ 1.0
C1)
+17.6
+ 7.0
- 2.5
- 2.5
+ 1.9
+ .4
+ 4.7
- .4
- .2
+ 3.7
+ 1.8
+
.6
i No change.
EXPLANATION OF SCOPE AND METHOD,
This report on hosiery and underwear manufacturing includes estab
lishments engaged primarily in the manufacture of hosiery or under
wear. No data are included from establishments whose main prod
ucts are mittens, gloves, caps, mufflers, athletic goods, shawls, special
84
BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.
ties, etc. All information in this report was secured, from pay
rolls of the various establishments by the agents of the Bureau.
The number of establishments from which data were secured has
varied considerably during the period included in this report, as
follows:
1907 to 1910....................................................
1910 and 1911.................................................
1911 and 1912.................................................
1912 and 1913.................................................
15 identical
62 identical
62 identical
69 identical
establishments.
establishments.
establishments.
establishments.
The data for 1907 to 1911 were secured in 1911 and the number
of establishments included in the full period from 1907 to 1910,
inclusive, was limited owing to the difficulty of finding establish
ments that had preserved records for those years and also to the
large amount of work involved. Data were not secured from a greater
number of establishments in the more recent years because of the
limited funds available for the purpose. The establishments vary
from year to year, as establishments go out of business or cease
to be representative and new establishments must be substituted
in the wage study. Occasionally occupations are dispensed with
in a factory or new occupations are introduced, and sometimes data
are not available for all occupations in a factory.
Data for a group of establishments in any year will not be precisely
the same as for a different group in the same year, even though
nearly all of the establishments may be common to both groups.
In using the actual figures in this report comparison from year to
year should be made only between data coming from identical estab
lishments. In the tables the data from identical establishments are
bracketed together. Data from an establishment are not included in
the report unless the information for at least two years is available.
In selecting establishments from which to secure data the Bureau
undertook to represent all States in which hosiery and underwear
manufacturing is of material importance, the measure of importance
being the number of employees as reported by the United States
Census of Manufactures. The table which follows shows, by States,
the number of employees in this industry as reported by the United
States Census Office, 1910; the total number on the pay roll in the
establishments from which the Bureau secured data for 1913; and the
number in the selected occupations for whom data for 1913 are shown.
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1907 TO 1913-----K N IT GOODS.
85
TOTAL NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES IN HOSIERY AND U N D E R W E A R MANUFACTUR
ING AND NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES IN ESTABLISHMENTS FOR WHICH DATA ARE
SHOWN FOR 1913.
State.
Establishments for which data are
shown by the Bureau of Labor
Statistics for 1913.
Number of
employees
reported
by United
Number of employees—
States Cen Number
sus Office, of estab
1910.
For whom
lishments.
data are
!
shown.
°?or
Pennsylvania.....................................................................
New Y ork...........................................................................
Massachusetts.....................................................................
North Carolina...................................................................
.....................................................
.....................
W isconsin
Connecticut........................................................................
Ohio....................................................................................
38,133
35,613
9,935
5,151
4,263
3,338
3,142
14
18
3
4
4
3
5
7,796
7,963
5,426
1,336
1,516
1,154
793
4,131
3,501
2,759
813
902
554
504
Tennessee............................................................................
New Hampshire................................................................
Illinois.................................................................................
Georgia................................................................................
Michigan.............................................................................
Indiana...............................................................................
Other States 1.....................................................................
3,117
3,067
2,885
2,743
2,537
1,933
12,851
2
3
3
3
3
2
2
985
1,068
630
940
767
1,769
480
672
534
320
631
521
456
199
Total.........................................................................
128,708
69
32,623
16,497
i Includes States having less than 2,500 employees (except as entered in detail) in 1910.
According to the census of 1910, more than 90 per cent of the total
number of employees in the industry are found in the States in which
the establishments furnishing information to the Bureau of Labor
Statistics are located. The number of employees in the establish
ments from which the Bureau secured 1913 data was equal to 25.3
per cent of the total in the industry in 1910, and the number for
which the Bureau presents detailed information for 1913 was equal
to 12.8 per cent of the total in the industry in 1910. The pay-roll
period taken each year was that ending nearest May 15, except in a
very few establishments where abnormal conditions made it desirable
to take a pay roll for some other time of the year.
The full-time hours of labor per week shown in the tables of the
report are the regular hours of work of the occupations under normal
conditions in the establishments. The working time is the hours on
duty, including intervals of waiting for work. The full-time hours
per week and the relatives based thereon do not in any way indicate
the extent of unemployment. Employees may work overtime,
broken time, or be laid off, or a temporary reduction may be made in
working hours without such change affecting the full-time hours per
week as presented in this Bulletin.
The rates of wages per hour appearing in the tables include the
wages of time workers and the earnings of pieceworkers. All time
rates by the day or week have been reduced to rates per hour, and the
earnings of pieceworkers or of persons working at both time and piece
86
BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.
rates have been reduced to rates per hour, by dividing the earnings by
the hours worked. The time workers and pieceworkers of each
occupation are combined as one group.
A majority of the employees in this industry are paid at piece rates.
In a considerable number of establishments visited in preceding years
the records of the hours worked by individual pieceworkers were so
inadequate that it was not deemed advisable to attempt to tabulate
classified rates of wages or earnings per hour.
In 1913, however, where there was no record regularly kept in the
factory of the actual time worked by pieceworkers, the firms at the
request of the Bureau kept a special record for the pay period taken,
making it possible to present the classified rates shown in Table IV.
The importance of such a record for factory purposes is causing more
firms each year to keep a record of time worked by all employees.
A change in the earnings per hour of pieceworkers does not of neces
sity indicate a change in piece rates. Without a change in piece
rates, a change in methods or of machinery, a speeding up, or more
steady work resulting from greater volume of business may increase
the hourly earnings; or, on the other hand, changes in methods, a
slowing down in speed, or a lull in business may reduce the hourly
earnings. Varying intervals of waiting for work while on duty may
also affect hourly earnings.
The full-time weekly earnings tabulated are the earnings per
week of employees working full time, or the earnings on broken time
reduced to equivalent earnings for a full week. In considering
changes in full-time earnings per week, notice should also be taken
of changes in full-time hours of labor per week. A reduction in the
hours of a pieceworker may reduce his earnings in a week and leave
his earnings per hour unchanged, while a reduction of hours for a
week worker will, if his weekly rate remains the same, increase his
rate per hour.
The averages of full-time hours per week, rates of wages per hour,
and full-time weekly earnings are computed by adding the data for
each individual employee and dividing the total by the number of
employees.
It will be observed that the average full-time weekly earinngs gen
erally are not exactly the same as the result that would be obtained
by multiplying the average rate per hour by the average hours per
week, owing to the change in the relative weight of the items. This
point is illustrated on pages 17 and 18.
The change of the basis of comparison in computing the relative
numbers from the average of 1890-1899 to 1913 is referred to on page
81. A more extended explanation is also given on pages 11 and 18.
The relative rates of wages per hour and the relative full-time hours
per week from 1890 to 1912 on the basis of 1890-1899 equals 100,
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1907 TO 1913---- KNIT GOODS.
87
published in Bulletin No. 134, are reproduced in this Bulletin on
pages 127 to 131.
The method used in computing the relative or index numbers for
the several occupations is explained and illustrated on page 20.
A word of caution is given as to the use of relative numbers. The
per cent of increase or decrease from one year to another is not the
difference between the relative numbers for the years. Thus, as
shown in the table on page 80, the full-time weekly earnings in this
industry increased from 90.6 in 1910 to 100 in 1913, an increase of
9.4 in the relative for 1913 over the relative for 1910, which number
(9.4) is 10.4 per cent of 90.6, thus making the increase in full-time
earnings per week of 10.4 per cent in 1913 over 1910.
The base for the computation of the relative numbers of the several
occupations, as stated above, has been changed from the average of
1890-1899 to 1913. The same change of base has been made in
computing the relative numbers for the industry as a whole. In
addition to the change of base in computing the relative numbers for
the industry, a change has been made in the method of computation.
The relative numbers for the industry here presented, covering 1910
to 1913, are computed directly from the average hours of labor, rates
of wages per hour, and weekly earnings of all employees in all occu
pations combined. In other words, the relatives for the industry as
a whole have been computed for this report in the same manner
as the relatives for each occupation. This change of method is
explained and illustrated on pages 20 to 24.
Four general tables are presented for the hosiery and underwear
industry, as follows:
Table I.—Average rates of wages per hour, average full-time weekly
earnings, and average and classified full-time hours of work per week
in the United States, by years, 1907 to 1913.
Table II.—Average rates of wages per hour, average full-time
weekly earnings, and average and classified full-time hours of work
per week in each year, by States, 1912 and 1913.
Table III.—Average rates of wages per hour, average full-time
weekly earnings, and average and classified full-time hours of work
per week in each State, by years, 1912 and 1913.
Table IV.—Average full-time hours of work per week, and average
and classified rates of wages per hour by States, 1913.
In Table I, in addition to actual data, percentages computed there
from are given.
When available data for a State are sufficient to warrant presenta
tion such data are presented by States in Tables II, III, and IV.
Table III repeats the data for the several States given in Table II,
rearranged for the convenience of the reader.
88
BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PRINCIPAL PRODUCTIVE OCCUPATIONS.
The data presented in this Bulletin were obtained from establish
ments whose sole or main products are hosiery or underwear or both.
Figures are shown for 18 occupations: Seven are common to the
making of both hosiery and underwear; 5 pertain to hosiery mak
ing only, and 6 to underwear making only. While some of the mills
do their own spinning and nearly all do dyeing, figures are not shown
for such departments. The wages of spinning*and dyeing are fairly
covered in an earlier Bulletin on the cotton and woolen industries.
The principal departments or subdivisions in order of work in a
hosiery mill are usually winding, knitting, looping, mending, board
ing, pressing, and folding. In an underwear mill the principal de
partments in order are usually winding, knitting, cutting, seaming,
finishing, boarding, pressing, and folding.
The occupations for which data are presented in this report are:
Boarders, male.
Buttonhole
makers,
underwear,
female.
Button sewers, underwear, female.
Cutters, hand, underwear, male.
Cutters, hand, underwear, female.
Finishers, underwear, female.
Inspectors and folders, female.
Knitters, footers or toppers, hosiery,
male.
Knitters, footers or toppers, hosiery,
female.
Knitters, “ lady hose, ” male.
Knitters, “ lady hose, ” female.
Knitters, rib, hosiery, male.
Knitters, rib, hosiery, female.
Knitters, web or tube, underwear,
male.
Knitters, web or tube, underwear,
female.
Loopers, female.
Menders, fine, hosiery, female.
Menders, rough, hosiery, female.
Pressers, male.
Press hands, female.
Seamers, underwear, female.
Welters, female.
Winders, female.
Hosiery and underwear manufacturing is to a very great extent a
woman’s industry. Many occupations are filled entirely or mainly
by females.
Of the 18 occupations reported 11 are so largely filled by women
that wages are presented for females only. In 5 of the occupations
the number of each sex warrants the presentation for each sex sepa
rately. Two of the occupations, boarders and pressers, require such
heavy labor that men are employed almost exclusively.
BOARDERS.
While this occupation occurs in the manufacture of both hosiery
and underwear, it belongs mainly to hosiery. Practically all hosiery
is boarded, while comparatively little underwear is boarded. The
hosiery boarder receives the hose damp from the dyehouse. He draws
the hose by hand, while yet damp, over a board shaped to the outline
of the human foot and leg. When he has drawn the hose smooth over
the board, he sets several boards in a rack and puts the rack in a hot
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1907 TO 1913— K N IT GOODS.
89
drying kiln. When the hose are dry he takes the rack from the kiln
and removes the hose from the boards. The hose keep the shape
given by the board. While racks of hose are drying others are being
filled. Underwear boarding is similar to hosiery boarding. The
board is shaped to the outline of the human body. Boarding is hard,
hot work, and is always done by men.
BUTTONHOLE MAKERS, UNDERWEAR.
The operator uses a special power sewing machine which works and
also cuts the buttonhole. The operator usually marks the place
for the buttonhole, but the marking may be done by another person.
Women are usually employed on this work.
BUTTON SEWERS, UNDERWEAR.
The operator uses a special power machine. The button is placed
in position in the machine by hand, and the operation of the machine
sews the button on the garment. Usually the operator marks the
place for the button. The work is usually done by women.
CUTTERS, HAND, UNDERWEAR.
The material comes to the cutter in the form of a long flat tube
or double thick web, or, in other words, a cylinder flattened down,
rolled in a bundle. A portion of the web is spread on a long table.
The cutter examines the material for defects, and then cuts off a
section of this web to garment lengths, lays a pattern on the section,
marks the pattern on the goods, and cuts out the garment with a
pair of shears.
Or the process may be varied. Several sections of garment lengths
may be put in a pile and all cut at one time with a large hand-operated
knife worked up and down vertically through a slot in the table.
Both men and women are employed on this work. In some mills
machines are used to cut several thicknesses at one time, but the
wage data shown in this report do not include the operators of such
machines.
FINISHERS, UNDERWEAR.
After the garment has been sewed together by the seamer and the
seam has been covered by the cover seamer, the garment is ready
for the finisher. The finisher uses a power sewing machine. This
work consists in stitching straps, suspender tapes, and bands on
drawers, stitching facings on shirts, and also various reseaming
operations to strengthen or ornament the garment. Women are
employed on this work.
90
BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.
INSPECTORS AND FOLDERS.
The occupations of inspecting and folding are here combined, for
the reason that in a considerable number of mills employees are
engaged on both interchangeably. Inspecting in this case consists
in looking the garment over for defects in work or for holes in mate
rial. In many cases the inspectors also mend the imperfections found,
and they also cut off threads or little pieces of material, such as tapes,
bands, etc. The finished article is then folded to the size desired for
packing in a box. Inspecting and folding are done by women.
KNITTERS, FOOTERS OR TOPPERS, HOSIERY.
This knitter is sometimes called a footer, a topper, or a transfer
knitter. The operator starts his work with a section of ribbing pre
viously knit on a rib machine. This section may be but 3 or 4 inches
long, as placed at the top of men’s or children’s hose, or it may be a
leg length of children’s hose. The knitter first sets up the section of
ribbing stitch by stitch, by hand, on the quills of a cylinder fitted to
his machine, and transfers the stitching from the quills to the needles
of his machine. The machine is then started. Automatically it
knits onto the ribbing the remainder of the leg and the foot of the
hose. The setting of the rib top on the quills preparatory to knitting
is done in some instances by a boy or girl helper. A knitter can
operate from six to nine machines when the quilling is done by a
helper; doing both the transferring and the knitting, the knitter can
operate from one to three machines. The machine knits the hose
complete and seamless, except an opening across the toe, which must
be looped together by another operation. Women greatly outnumber
men in this occupation. This occupation is not found in the making
of women’s hose.
All knitters in this and other operations receive their yarn on cones.
Their duties are to prepare the machines for work and see that they
run properly and produce a perfect fabric, to tie broken yarn, and to
replace empty cones, etc.
KNITTERS, “ LADY HOSE.”
This is a term quite generally applied to persons operating machines
knitting women’s seamless hosiery. The operation is also known
as string work. The operator can attend from 10 to 16 machines,
which knit the hose from the top to the toe, one hose after another,
automatically. The machine drops and picks up stitches to knit the
heel, and, after knitting the foot, again drops and picks up stitches to
form the toe. The machine knits the hose complete and seamless,
except an opening across the toe, which must be looped together by
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1907 TO 1913---- KNIT GOODS.
91
another operation. Men and women are found in this occupation
in about equal numbers.
KNITTERS, RIB, HOSIERY.
This knitter operates a machine which knits the rib that is used later
as the top of men’s and children’s hose. One person can attend 20 or
more machines. The rib is knit as a long cylinder or tube. Stitches
are dropped at intervals to indicate where the rib is to be cut later
in lengths for hose tops. Both men and women are employed on these
machines. These tops when cut go to a knitter, known as a footer
or topper.
KNITTERS, WEB OR TUBE, UNDERWEAR.
The knitting machines are cylindrical in shape and vary in size
according to the size of garment to be made from the knit fabric.
They knit a tube or cylinder which, when laid flat, forms a continuous
piece of goods of double thickness and as wide as the garment to be
cut therefrom. The knitter attends from 10 to 15 machines. These
machines are either of the latch or spring needle type. The spring
needle is one used for light or what is known as flat work; the latch
needle is used for the heavier or rib work, which is more elastic and
will stretch more than the flat fabric. In all mills it was not possible
to separate the latch and spring needle knitters. Usually they do
not work interchangeably, but in several mills where they have a few
of each class of machines an operator can run either machine. Both
men and women are employed at these machines.
LOOPERS.
In hosiery mills this operation consists of looping together the open
edges at the toe of the hose as left to this extent unfinished by the
knitter. Each edge is set up, stitch by stitch, by hand, on the points
of a looping machine, stitches exactly opposite in the opening being
placed on the same point. The open edges are then fastened together
by the machine. This work requires care and nimble fingers and it
takes some time to learn to become an expert operator. Each
machine requires an operator. This operation is necessary whether
the hose was knit by a footer or topper or a “ lady hose” knitter.
Females are usually employed on this work.
In an underwear factory this operation consists of looping cuffs to
the sleeves of shirts and the ankles of drawers, and in a few cases
attaching sleeves to shirts. Mills generally, however, sew on these
parts rather than loop them.
92
BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.
MENDERS, FINE HOSIERY.
This work is performed after the hose has been dyed, boarded, and
pressed. It consists of examining the hose and correcting by hand
with needle and yarn the little faults disclosed by such inspection.
The work is done by women. Pairing is sometimes done in connec
tion with this work.
MENDERS, ROUGH, HOSIERY.
This work, sometimes termed first mending or white mending, is
usually performed next after the hose has been looped. The hose is
first stretched over a board shaped like a leg and foot. The mender
examines the hose and corrects the defects found, by hand, using a
needle and yarn.
PRESSERS.
Both hosiery and underwear are pressed to give them a smooth
finished appearance. Generally the presser receives the hosiery or
underwear after they have been piled for pressing by a press hand.
The presser places the pile of garments in the press, removes it when
sufficiently pressed and returns it to the press hand. This is heavy
work and is nearly always done by men. In some mills the presser
also does the work of the press hand, which is described below. The
presses are of various kinds, running from the old-style hand lever or
screw press to the modern power, steam, or hydraulic press.
PRESS HANDS.
Press hands, usually women, lay up the hose or underwear pre
paratory to pressing and strip out the garments after they have been
pressed.
In laying up hose several hose are spread on a large pasteboard,
and a pile built up of alternate layers of pasteboard and hose.
In laying up underwear the garment is put on a pasteboard,
another board is laid on and the protruding arms of the shirt or legs
of the drawers are folded over, and a pile made of alternate layers
of pasteboards and garments. The piles are laid up as high as can
be handled by the presser, who receives the pile from the press hands
and puts it on the press.
After being pressed a sufficient time the piles of hosiery or under
wear are returned to the press hands, who remove the garments from
between the pasteboards.
SEAMERS, UNDERWEAR.
This term is here used to include cover seamers also, as in many
mills the operators work interchangeably. The operators, usually
women, use power sewing machines. The seamer receives the parts
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1907 TO 1913— K N IT GOODS.
93
of the garment from the cutter and stitches them together. The
cover seamer then takes the garment and with a double-needle ma
chine runs over the same seams. This operation covers and strength
ens the seam. Other terms applied to this work are felling, cannon
ing, double needling, etc.
WELTERS.
This is a sewing machine operation also known as hemming. A
power machine is used. The tops of stockings and bottoms of under
shirts are turned back and stitched. This prevents raveling and gives
strength to the top of the stocking and a finish to the shirt. Women
usually do this work.
WINDERS.
Winders operate machines that wind yam onto cones for the
knitting machines. The cones hold from 2 to 3| pounds of yarn.
The winding machine brushes out knots and the tension reveals weak
spots in the yarn by breaking it. From 10 to 24 cones are attended
by one person, who sees that the machines work properly, puts on
and removes bobbins and cones, and ties breaks in the yarn. Wind
ing is usually done by women.
94
BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.
I . —AVERAGE RATES OP WAGES PER HOUR, AVERAGE FU LL
TIME WEEKLY EARNINGS, AND AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED FULL
TIME HOURS OF WORK PER WEEK IN THE UNITED STATES, BY YEARS,
1907 TO 1913.
T a b le
[The figures set opposite each bracketed group of years are for identical establishments.]
NUMBER.
Occupation, sex, and num
ber of establishments.
Employees whose full-time hours per
week were—
Aver Aver Aver
age
Num age
age
ber full rate full
Over 51
Over 57
time
Over
of
Year.
time
of
54 and
GO
em hours wages week Un 48 and
ploy per
ly
der and un 54 and un 60 and
per earn
un
un
un
ees. week. hour.
ings. 48 der der
der der
der
54
60
63
51
57
Boarders, male:
8 establishments..........
1907
1908
1909
1910
33 establishments.........
1910
1911
32 establishments.........
1911
1912
41 establishments.........
Buttonhole makers, under
wear, female:
21 establishments.........
203
210
220
237
58.4 $0.2180
58.1 .2111
58.2 .2037
57.1 .2186
C1)
C1)
0)
C1)
168
196
206
35
14
14
14
397
428
239
239
138
152
127
57.0
57.0
.1926 $10.97
.1893 10.77
56.9
55.6
.1891 10.74
.2173 12.04
38
307
435
454
266
959
123
126
1912
1913
1,153
1,172
55.8
55.8
.2145 11.92
.2189 12.15
310
319
531
539
156
168
149
138
1910
1911
178
167
57.8
58.0
.1624
.1663
9.41
9.66
27 establishments.........
1911
1912
191
194
58.0
57.1
.1640
.1672
9.53
9.54
28 establishments.........
Button sewers, underwear,
female:
21 establishments.........
1912
1913
196
205
57.0
54.7
.1675 9.55
.1951 10.
1910
1911
159
151
58.1
58.3
.1490
.1471
8.57,.
27 establishments.........
1911
1912
171
182
58.2
57.2
.1457
.1471
1.50'.
i. 42 .
28 establishments.........
Cutters, hand, underwear,
male:
12 establishments.........
1912
1913
183
57.2
54.4
.1471
.1702
1910
1911
130
123
59.3
58.9
12.82
.2236 13.15
18 establishments.........
1911
1912
138
162
58.
58.6
.2265 13.26
.2101 12.32
1912
1913
148
158
58.5
55.0
.2145 12.56
.2535 13.95
4 establishments...........
1907
1908
1909
1910
90
58.6
57.9
58.0
56.5
.1441
.1570
.1448
.1436
10 establishments.........
1910
1911
182
154
56.5
56.5
.1374
.1391
7.79
7.
14 establishments.........
1911
1912
161
192
56.4
54.7
.1387
.1527
7.85
8.37
118
129
45
12 establishments........
1912
1913
193
202
54.7
54.2
.1521
.1620
8.33
8.77
121
165
45
37
18 establishments.........
Cutters, hand, underwear,
female:
10
47
150
58
57
39
171
11
26
19
27
14
57
106
.. 7
7
83
1Not computed.
11
144
122
14
14
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1907 TO 1913— K N IT GOODS.
95
T a b l e I . — AVERAGE
RATES OP WAGES PER HOUR, AVERAGE PULLTIME WEEKLY EARNINGS, AND AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED FULLTIME HOURS OF WORK PER WEEK IN THE UNITED STATES, B Y YEARS,
1907 TO 1913—Continued.
N U M B E R —Continued.
Occupation, sex, and num
ber of establishments.
Finishers, underwear, fe
male:
Employees whose full-time hours per
week were—
Aver Aver
Num Aver
age
age
age
ber full
full
Over
Over
of time rate
time
Over
Year. em
51
of
57
60
54 and
48 and
hours wages week Un and
and
ploy- per
ly
der un un 54 un un 60 and
per earn
un
hour. ings. 48 der der
der
der der
54
63
51
57
5 establishments...........
1907
1908
1909
1910
555
516
533
519
23 establishments.........
1910
1911
1,443
1
57.
57.8
.1500 $8.71
.1497
27 establishments.........
1911
1912
1,533
1,715
57.9
56.9
.1479
.1533
8.73
1912
1913
1,
1,934
57.0
54.6
.1540
.1800
8.79
9.81
1910
1911
1,241
1,—
57.7
57.8
.1256
.1258
7.25
7.27
52 establishments.........
1911
1912
1,311
1,354
57.6
56.6
.1261
.1297
7.26
7.34
56 establishments.........
Knitters, footers or toppers,
hosiery, male:
4 establishments...........
1912
1913
l1,411
,r „
56.7
55.1
.1299
.1435
7.37
7.90
1910
1911
152
133
58.2
58.0
.1359
.1400
7.
8.07
12 establishments.........
1911
1912
172
209
57.8
57.5
.1465
.1576
8.43
9.01
14 establishments.........
Knitters, footers or toppers,
hosiery, female:
1912
1913
257
314
57.7
58.0
.1558
.1503
78
113
1907
1908
1909
1910
154
175
145
116
58.1
58.1
58.1
56.1
.1234
.1337
.1332
.1328
145
166
136
32 establishments.........
1910
1911
1,851
1,740
57.5
57.5
.1213
.1232
6.96
7.07
577
510
697
653
463
465
33 establishments.........
1911
1912
2,174
2,208
57.2
56.1
.1348
.1376
7.71
7.72
294 1,114
532
400
231
1912
1913
2,
2,905
56.1
56.0
.1490
7.77
8.33
1910
1911
235
57.6
57.4
.1746 10.01
.1753 10.04
13 establishments.........
1911
1912
215
278
57.4
56.0
.1757 10.09
10.64
16 establishments........
1912
1913
324 55.7
307 56.0
29 establishments.........
Inspectors and folders, fe
male:
47 establishments.........
3 establishments...........
37 establishments.........
Knitters, "lady hose,”
male:
12 establishments.........
58.7 $0.1579
58.6 .1508
58.7 .1480
57.8 .1541
349
350
342
206
166
191
204
599
615
252
509
511
49
33
627
301
295
313
550
33
473
1,476
301
255
313
197
671
19
31
530
522
238
235
396
400
58
38
31
347
534
304
265
174
439
471
38
320
242
213
130
481
126
0)
8
315
0)
23
22
19
85
54
38
112
37
.1880 10.45
.1934 10.80..........................
1 Not computed.
294 1,585
1,439
140
127
90
9
9
4
279
261
128
122
67
110
100
125
115
55
BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.
96
I . — AVERAGE RATES OF WAGES PER HOUR, AVERAGE FULL
TIME WEEKLY EARNINGS, AND AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED FULL
TIME HOURS OF WORK PER WEEK IN THE UNITED STATES, BY YEARS,
1907 TO 1913—Continued.
T a b le
N U M BE R —Continued.
Employees whose full-time hours per
week were—
Aver Aver
Num Average
age
age
ber full
full
rate time
Over 51
Over
of
Occupation, sex, and num Year.
time
of week
57
em- hours
ber of establishments.
48 and
54 and
wages
Un and
ploy- per
ly
per
der un un 54 and un
earn
un
week. hour. ings. 48 der der
der der
54
60
51
57
Knitters, “ lady hose,” fe
male:
12 establishments.........
1910
1911
277
56.2 $0.1540 $8.62
56.2 .1557 8.70
11 establishments.........
1911
1912
252
55.
54.9
.1615
.1852 10.17
12 establishments.........
Knitters, rib, hosiery, male:
17 establishments.........
1912
1913
328
55.2
55.3
.1886 10.43
.1638 9.05
56.6
56.5
.1992 11.23
.1996 11.23
21 establishments.........
1911
1912
92
57.3
56.4
.1892 10.81
.2004 11.26
21 establishments.........
Knitters, rib, hosiery, fe
male:
14 establishments.........
1912
1913
102
110
56.8
56.4
.1944 10.99
.2025 11.40
1910
1911
57.4
57.6
.1299
.1520
7.45
8.76
13 establishments.........
1911
1912
57.1
55.1
.1473
.1440
8.43
7.97
16 establishments.........
Knitters, web or tube, un
derwear, male:
1912
1913
55.9
56.0
.1414
.1556
1910
1911
111
104
60
104
183
217
152
10
4 establishments..........
1907
1908
1909
1910
101
107
110
100
58.5
58.3
58.5
57.0
.2194
.2087
.2131
.2135
14 establishments.........
1910
1911
212
209
58.0
58.1
.2012 11.
.2153 12.51
106
99
22 establishments.........
1911
1912
253
261
57.9
57.0
.2111 12.24
105
58
1912
1913
246
219
56.9
54.6
.2309 13.15
.2557 13.96
1907
1908
1909
1910
101
113
109
96
58.3
58.4
58.5
56.9
.1433
.1448
.1316
.147:
0)
0)
0)
C1)
16 establishments.........
1910
1911
245
205
57.4
57.0
.1721
.1636
9.59
9.36
145
130
19 establishments.........
1911
1912
216
181
56.9
55.4
.1618
.1352
9.23
7.49
138
35
14 establishments........
1912
1913
176
166
55.3
54.9
.1344
.1456
7.43
7.
20 establishments.........
Knitters, web or tube, un
derwear, female:
3 establishments..........
74
.2273 12.97!
1Not computed.
74
142
75
77
106
84
97
WAGES AND HOURS OP LABOR, 1907 TO 1913— K N IT GOODS.
I . — AVERAGE RATES OP WAGES PER HOUR, AVERAGE FULL
TIME WEEKLY EARNINGS, AND AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED FULL
TIME HOURS OF WORK PER WEEK IN THE UNITED STATES, B Y YEARS,
1907 TO 1913—Continued.
T able
N U M BE R —Continued.
Num Aver
age
ber fall
of
Occupation, sex, and num Year.
time
em hours
ber of establishments.
ploy per
ees. week.
Aver
age
rate
of
wages
per
hour.
Employees whose full-time hours per
week were—
Aver
age
full
Over
Over 57
Over
time
51
54
week Un 48 and
60
and
and
and
ly
54
60 and
un un
un un
earn der
un
der
der
48
ings.
der 54
der 60
der
57
Loopers, female:
9 establishments.........
1907
1908
610
58.4 $0.1403
58.2 .1279
58.2 .1385
57.5 .1389
1910
582
43 establishments....... .
1910
1911
2,013
1,904
57.3
57.3
.1326 $7.59
.1293 7.40
44 establishments....... .
1911
1912
V
2,262
57.1
56.1
.1343
.1459
7.
8.17
1912
1913
2,524
2,542
56.1
56.0
.1464
.1500
8.21
1907
1908
1909
1910
112
8 establishments......... .
58.5
57.9
57.8
57.5
.1446
.1324
.1313
.1375
30 establishments....... .
1910
1911
385
57.2
57.2
.1320
1342
27 establishments....... .
1911
1912
359
297
57.2
55.6
.1344
.1382
28 establishments....... .
Menders, rough, hosiery,
female:
1912
1913
326
276
55.4
55.
.1424
.1406
5 establishments.........
1907
1908
1909
1910
147
134
123
122
58.4
58.3
58.4
57.5
.1108
.1260
.1276
.1216
29 establishments....... .
1910
1911
704
648
57.0
57.0
.1219
.1225
30 establishments....... .
1911
1912
728
681
56.9
56.4
.1318
.1409
35 establishments....... .
Pressers, male:
1912
1913
782
813
56.5
56.4
.1408
.1434
7 establishments..........
1907
1908
1909
1910
32
35
40
33
59.2
59.1
58.9
.1910
.1670
.1714
.1850
34 establishments....... .
1910
1911
155
151
58.0
58.0
.1774
.1856
33 establishments.......
1911
1912
151
157
57.7
56.8
.1874
.1964
39 establishments.......
1912
1913
204
56.9
56.0
.1846 10.45
.2075 11.57
49 establishments....... .
Menders, fine, hosiery, fe
male:
1
132
115
110
202
Not computed.
45968°— Bull. 1 5 4 -1 4 -
57
8.37
48
12
14
164
202
446
539
507
277
103
800
734
759
722
401
375
1,021
12
63
486 1,159
6191,094
924 317
4131 318
520
514!
335
289
80
130
113j
87
7.53
136
156
181
155
15
105
127
125
151
128
107
132
103
25
14
7.67
13
116
112
100
40
45;.
31 .
221.
23 j.
27j.
357
325
145
147
171
148
114
332
273
252
174
107
108
114
306
224
218
126
133
12
20
16
19
18
21
36
60
23
48
19
15
5
21
2 Sixty-three hours per week.
21
98
BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.
I . —AVERAGE RATES OF WAGES PER HOUR, AVERAGE FULL
TIME WEEKLY EARNINGS, AND AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED FULL
TIME HOURS OF WORK PER WEEK IN THE UNITED STATES, B Y YEARS,
1907 TO 1913—Continued.
T able
N U M BE R —Concluded.
Employees whose full-time hours per
week were—
Aver Aver
Num Aver
age
age
age
ber full
full
rate time
Over 51
Over 57
of
Over
Occupation, sex, and num Year.
time
of week
em hours
48
ber of establishments.
54
60
wages
Un
and and
ploy per
and and
and
ly
per
der
un
54
un
60
ees. week. hour. earn 48 un der
un der
un
ings.
der 54
der 60
der
51
57
63
Press hands, female:
( 1907
I 1908
1 1909
I 1910
100
107
115
94
58.0 $0.1188
58.0 .1182
58.0 .1055
56.0 .1281
13 «jstq.hlishmftT»ts_____ / 1910
\ 1911
207
208
57.7
57.5
.1186 $6.83
.1183 6.80
4
5
100
111
45
33
45
52
13
7
/ 1911
12 establishments......... \
1912
196
206
57.4
55.8
.1157
.1198
6.65
6.72
5
95
108
49
22
12
54
50
7
/ 1912
10 establishments......... \ 1913
Seamers, underwear, fe
male:
1907
1908
5 establishments..........
1909
1910
207
196
55.8
54.2
.1197
.1480
6.70
8.05
91
158
57
22
12
13
47
390
426
439
433
58.6
58.5
58.6
57.2
.1443
.1564
.1576
.1436
0)
)i)
m
269
323
307
121
103
132
135
23 establishments......... /\ 1910
1911
1,181
1,197
57.8
58.0
.1429
. 1417
8.26
8.24
/ 1911
\ 1912
1,280
1,265
58.1
57.6
.1411
.1501
8.22
8.61
29 establishments......... /\ 1912
1913
Welters, female:
/ 1910
\ 1911
1,321
1,371
57.2
54.3
.1487
.1721
8.52
9.35
250
282
57.6
57.6
.1205
.1250
6.95
7.20
/ 1911
23 establishments......... \
1912
288
303
57.4
56.1
.1272
.1437
7.30
8.03
26 establishments......... /\ 1912
1913
Winders, female:
1907
1908
6 establishments..........
1909
1910
302
334
56.1
56.0
.1445
.1454
8.08
8.10
266
276
262
276
58.8
58.7
58.6
57.5
.1403
.1625
.1515
.1492
C1)
C1)
(i)
(*)
/ 1910
38 establishments......... \
1911
1,020
960
58.0
57.9
.1292
.1318
7.51
7.64
45 establishments......... /\ 1911
1912
1,001
982
57.8
56.4
.1302
.1400
7.54
7.91
15
2
2
1912
53 establishments......... \i 1913
1,099
1,119
56.4
54.8
.1392
.1500
7.87
8.21
15
3
2
2
0)
C1)
0)
i Not computed.
94
3
298
100
107
115
22
28
524
508
163
149
408
453
64
59
14
28
330
514
162
170
205
509
554
59
14
372
1,137
176
162
205
69
554
3
2
3
107
122
76
80
65
77
2
3
110
135
99
92
25
58
67
2
111
151
85
70
36
46
67
67
166
177
177
100
99
85
104
411
4-11
243
217
246
254
119
77
12
265
408
311
250
115
252
274
77
269
690
386
280
122 305
106
38
1
172
1
1
99
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1907 TO 1913— KNIT GOODS.
I . — AVERAGE RATES OP WAGES PER HOUR, AVERAGE FULL
TIME WEEKLY EARNINGS, AND AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED FULL
TIME HOURS OF WORK PER WEEK IN THE UNITED STATES, B Y YEARS,
1907 TO 1913—Continued.
T able
P E R CENT.
Employees whose full-time hours per
week were—
Aver AverNum Aver
age
age
ber full
rate time
Over 51
Over 57
Occupation, sex, and num Year.
of
Over
time
of
54 and
48 and
60
em hours
ber of establishments.
wages week Un and
and
ploy per
ly
per earn der un un 54 un un 60 and
ees. week. hour.
un
ings. 48 der der
der der
der
60
54
51
57
63
Boarders, male:
8 establishments..........
1907
1908
1909
1910
203
210
220
237
58.4 $0.2180
58.1 .2111
58.2 .2037
57.1 .2186
33 establishments.........
/ 1910
\ 1911
808
862
57.0
57.0
.1926 $10.97
.1893 10.77
32 establishments......... /\ 1911
1912
869
959
56.9
55.6
.1891 10.74 .......
.2173 12.04
0.2
.8 4.4 50.1 30.6 14.2
.4 32.0 47.3 6.9 13.1
/ 1912
\ 1913
1,153
1,172
55.8
55.8
.2145 11.92 .......
.2189 12.15
.3
.3
.3 26.9 46.1 13.5 12.9
.4 27.2 46.0 14.3 11.8
/ 1910
\ 1911
178
167
57.8
58.0
.1624
.1663
9.41 ....... .......
9.66
3.4 43.3 16.3 31.5
3.0 38.9 16.2 36.5
5.6
5.4
/ 1911
191
194
58.0
57.1
.1640
.1672
9.53 .......
9.54
"*2.‘ i
2.6 37.7 15.7 39.3
23.2 22.7 12.4 39.7
4.7
/ 1912
28 establishments......... \ 1913
Button sewers, underwear,
female:
/ 1910
?1 establishments.........
I 1911
196
205
57.0
54.7
.1675 9.55 .......
.1951 10.69
159
151
58.1
58.3
.1490
.1471
8.66 ....... ....... .......
8.57
1.3 40.9 16.4 36.5
2.6 34.4 16.6 39.1
5.0
7.3
1911
27 establishments......... /\ 1912
171
182
58.2
57.2
.1457
.1471
8.50
....... 2.3 33.3 16.4 41.5
8.42 : : : : : *’ 2.7
20.9 20.9 14.3 41.2
6.4
/ 1912
28 establishments......... \ 1913
Cutters, hand, underwear,
male:
12 establishments......... /\ 1910
1911
183
208
57.2
54.4
.1471
.1702
8.42 .......
9.27
130
123
59.3
58.9
.2168 12.82
.2236 13.15
24.6 11.5 43.1 20.8
30.1 11.4 47.2 11.4
18 establishments......... j\ 1911
1912
138
162
58.6
58.6
.2265 13.26
.2101 12.32
34.8 13.8 41.3 10.1
3.1 21.0 10.5 65.4
18 establishments......... /\ 1912
1913
Cutters, hand, underwear,
female:
f 1907
4 establishments........... I 1908
1 1909
I 1910
148
158
58.5
55.0
.2145 12.56
.2535 13.95
82
90
98
96
58.6
57.9
58.0
56.5
.1441
.1570
.1448
.1436
0)
0)
C1)
(l)
72.0 28.0
7.8 83.3 8.9
7.1 80.6 12.2
86.5
13.5
1910
10 establishments......... /\ 1911
182
154
56.5
56.5
.1374
.1391
7.79
7.88j
79.1 10.4 10.4
79.2 9.1 11.7
14 establishments......... / 1911
\ 1912
161
192
56.4
54.7
.1387
.1527
7.85*
8.37.......
80.1
3.6 ....... 61.5 23.4
12 establishments........ /\ 1912
1913
193
202
54.7
54.2
.1521
.1620
8.33!.......
8.77! .
3.6 ....... 62.7 23.3 .......
81.7 18.3
41 establishments.........
Buttonhole makers, under
wear, female:
21 establishments.........
27 establishments......... \ 1912
82.8 17.2
93.3 6.7
93.6 6.4
53.6 40.5 5.9
C1)
O)
C1)
(!)
i Not computed.
.......
0.6
.6
3.6 49.1 29.6 17.1
4.4 49.7 27.7 17.6
2.0 ....... 24.0 22.4 12.2 39.3 .......
73.2 13.2 13.2
.5
2.7 ....... 21.3 20.8 14.2 41.0 .......
82.2 9.1 8.2
.5
3.4 23.0 11.5 62.2
.6
56.3 28.5 14.6
8.7 11.2
11.5 .......
10.4 .......
100
BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.
T a b l e I . — AVERAGE
RATES OF WAGES PER HOUR, AVERAGE FULL
TIME W EEKLY EARNINGS, AND AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED FULL
TIME HOURS OF WORK PER WEEK IN THE UNITED STATES, BY YEARS,
1907 TO 1918—Continued.
P E R CEN T—Continued.
Employees whose full-time hours per
week were—
Aver Aver
Num Aver
age
age
age
ber full
full
rate time
Over
Over 51
of
Over
Occupation, sex, and num Year.
time
of week
57
54
em hours
48 and
ber of establishments.
60
Un and
and
and
ploy per
ly der un un 54 un un 60 and
per earn
ees.
un
week. hour. ings.
der der
der der
der
54
60
51
Finishers, underwear, fe
male:
5 establishments.........
1907
1908
1909
1910
555
516
533
519
23 establishments.......
1910
1911
1,443
1,439
27 establishments....... .
1911
1912
29 establishments.......
Inspectors and folders, fe
male:
47 establishments....... .
1912
1913
57
63
58.7 $0.1579
58.6 .1508
58.7 .1480
.154]
57.
62.9 37.1
67.8 32.2
64.2 35.8
39.3
60.7
57.9
57.8
.1500
.1497
1.6 41.5 18.2 35.3
1. 42.7 17.5 35.5
1,533
1,715
57.9
56.9
.1479
.1533
1.8 40.9 19.2 35.9
27.3 17.6 18.3 34.0
1,8
1,9
57.0
54.6
.1540
.1800
26.2 16.6 17.3 37.1 . . .
.3
76.3 13.2 10.2
1910
1911
1,241
1,226
57.7
57.8
.1256
.1258
7.25
7.27
1911
1912
1,311
1,354
57.
56.6
.1261
.1297
7.26
7.34
1912
1913
1,411
56.7
55.1
.1299
.1435
7.37
7.90
1910
1911
152
133
58.2
58.0
.1359
.1400
7.
8.07
12 establishments...
1911
1912
172
209
57.8
57.5
.1465
.1576
8.43
9.01
44.8 23.8 31.4
18.2 19.6 23.0 39.2
14 establishments...
Knitters, footers or toppers,
hosiery, female:
1912
1913
257
314
57.7
58.0
.1558
.1503
8.96
8.67
14.8 16.0 30.4
8.0 16.2 36.0
;8.9
1907
1908
1909
1910
154
175
145
116
58.1
58.1
58.1
56.1
.1234
.1337
.1332
.1328
C1)
94.2
94.9
5.8
5.1
0)
32 establishments.......
1910
1911
1,851
1,740
57.5
57.5
.1213
.1232
6.96
7.07
1.4
1.5
33 establishments.......
1911
1912
2,174
2,208
57.2
56.1
.1348
.1376
7.71
7.72
1.6 4.0 33.5 42.5 18.4
1.7 13.3 50.5 24.1 10.5
37 establishments.......
Knitters, “ lady hose,”
male:
12 establishments.......
1912
1913
2,
56.1
56.0
.1386
.1490
7.77
8.33
1910
1911
235
220
57.6
57.4
.1746 10.03
.1753 10.04
26.0 54.5 16.2
3.6 29.5 55.5 11.4
13 establishments.......
1911
1912
215
278
57.4
56.0
.1757 10.09
.1895 10.64
3.7 31.2 53.5 11.6
30.9 39.
19.8 9.7
16 establishments.......
1912
1913
324
307
55.7
56.0
.1880 10.45
.1934 10.80
43.2 27.8 19.4 9.
41.4 21.5 23.1 14.0
52 establishments.......
56 establishments.......
Knitters, footers or toppers,
hosiery, male:
4 establishments___
3 establishments.........
1,
2,905
1.5 42.7 19.2 31.9
2.5 42.6 19.2 32.6
1.4
1.6
1.3
1.6
.1
0.3 2.4 40.7 20.2 33.5
1.3 25.6 22.5 12.9 34.
1.2 24.0 22.7 15.1 34.1
63.9 17.3
96.6
.2
1.0
9.0
55.
51.1
44.1
48.9
8
1Not computed.
9.3
6.2
3.4
4.8 31.2 37.7 25.0
37.5 26.7
4.9
1.3 10.2 54.8 24.1
1.3 15.1 49.5 23.9
9.7
9.0
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1907 TO 1913— K N IT GOODS.
101
I . —AVERAGE RATES OP WAGES PER HOUR, AVERAGE FULL
TIME W EEKLY EARNINGS, AND AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED FULL
TIME HOURS OF WORK PER WEEK IN THE UNITED STATES, BY YEARS,
1907 TO 1913—Continued.
T able
P E R CE N T—Continued.
Occupation, sex, and num
ber of establishments.
Employees whose full-time hours per
week were—
Aver Aver Aver
age
Num age
age
ber full rate fuilOver 57
Over 51
time
Over
ol
Year. em
time
oi
54 and
60
48 and
wages week Un and
and
ploy hours
ly
der un un 54 un un 60 and
per
per
ees. week.
un
der
der
hour. earn
48
der 60
der 54
ings.
der
51
57
63
Knitters, “ lady hose/’
female:
12 establishments.......
1910
1911
277
260
56.2 10.1540 $8.62
56.2 .1557 8.70
11 establishments.......
1911
1912
252
269
55.8
54.9
.1615 8.99
.1852 10.17 .......
1912
1913
328
282
55.2
55.3
.1886 10.43
.1638 9.05
1910
1911
55
47
56.6
56.5
.1992 11.23
.1996 11.23
7.3 56.4 16.4 20.0
10.6 53.2 19.1 17.0
1911
1912
92
86
57.3
56.4
.1892 10.81
.2004 11.26
5.4 25.0 58.7 10.9
12.8 38.4 40.7 8.1
1912
1913
102
110
56.8
56.4
.1944 10.99
.2025 11.40
9.8 32.4 45.1 12.7
18.2 31.8 49.1
.9
1910
1911
49
38
57.4
57.6
.1299
.1520
7.45
8.76 ....... .......
1911
1912
45
52
57.1
55.1
.1473
.1440
6.7
8.43
26.7 51.1 15.6
7.97 ....... ....... 25.0 **i.*9 57.7 7.7 7.7 .......
1912
1913
68
64
55.9
56.0
.1414
.1556
7.92
8.69 .......
4 establishments.........
1907
1908
1909
1910
101
107
no
100
58.5
58.3
58.5
57.0
.2194
.2087
.2131
.2135
I1)
I1)
14 establishments.......
1910
191
212
209
58.0
58.1
.2012 11.69
.2153 12.51
22 establishments.......
1911
1912
253
261
57.9
57.0
.2111 12.24
6.3 41.5 10.3 35.6 6.3
.2273 12.97 ....... ***.*4 ....... 28.4 22.2 9.2 39.8 .......
1912
1913
246
219
56.9
54.6
.2309 13.15
.2557 13.96
3 establishments.........
1907
1908
1909
1910
101
113
109
96
58.3
58.4
58.5
56.9
.1433
.1448
.1316
.1477
(i)
C1)
0)
(1)
85.1 14.9
78.8 21.2
77.1 22.9
78.1
21.9
16 establishments.......
1910
1911
245
205
57.4
57.0
.1721
.1636
9.59
9.36
59.2 18.0 17.1
63.4 17.1 17.6
19 establishments.......
1911
1912
216
181
56.9
55.4
.1618
.1352
9.23
1.4 63.9 16.2 16.7 1.9
7.49 ....... ‘ *7*7 ....... 42.5 19.3 14.9 15.5 .......
14 establishments.......
1912
1913
176
166
55.3
54.9
.1344
.1456
7.43
7.98
12 establishments.......
Knitters, rib, hosiery,
male:
17 establishments.......
21 establishments.......
21 establishments.......
Knitters, rib, hosiery,
female:
14 establishments.......
13 establishments.......
16 establishments.......
Knitters, web or tube, un
derwear, male:
20 establishments.......
Knitters, web or tube, un
derwear, female:
17.0 40.1 34.7
18.8 40.0 31.5
.....
"3*i
4.0 19.4 41.3 32.5
3.7 23.4 68.0 1.9
2.8
3.0 .......
3.0 18.9 66.2 9.5
2.8 24.1 53.9 19.1
2.4
2.0
2.6
19.1
6.3
---
34.7 36.7 26.5
31.6 34.2 31.6
1.5 44.1 22.1 13.2
60.9 18.8 10.9 .......
73.3 26.7
83.2 16.8
76.4 23.6
74.0
26.0
C1)
(i)
1Not computed.
8.3
9.6
50.0 10.8 32.5
47.4 10.5 34.4
30.1 23.6
64.8 27.4
8.0
6.6
7.7
9.8 36.6
7.8
43.8 19.9 14.2 14.2
63.9 20.5 13.3 2.4
5.7
2.0
102
BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.
I . —AVERAGE RATES OF WAGES PER HOUR, AVERAGE FULL
TIME W EEKLY EARNINGS, AND AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED FULL
TIME HOURS OF WORK PER WEEK IN THE UNITED STATES, BY YEARS,
1907 TO 1913—Continued.
T able
P E R CENT—Continued.
Occupation, sex, and num Year.
ber of establishments.
Loopers, female:
Num
ber
of
em
ploy
ees.
Employees whose full-time hours per
week were—
Aver Aver- Aver
age
age
full
full rate
Over
Over 57
time
51
time
of week
54
Un 48 and
hours
and and
ly
der and un
per earn
per
un
un
un
week. hour. ings. 48 der der
der der
54
60
51
57
58.4 $0.1403
58.2 .1279
58.2 .1385
57.5 .1389
9 establishments..
1907
1908
1909
1910
610
637
603
582
43 establishments..
1910
1911
2,013
1,904
57.3
57.3
.1326 $7.59
.1293 7.40
44 establishments..
1911
1912
2,089
2,262
57.1
56.1
.1343
.1459
7.69
8.17
3.2 36. 44.2
21.5 45.1 18.3
1912
1913
2,524
2,542
56.1
56.0
.1464
.1500
8.21
8.37
19.3 45.9 20.
24.4 43.0 20.2
1907
1908
1909
1910
112
132
115
110
58.5
57.9
57.
57.5
.1446
.1324
.1313
.1375
i 1)
8 establishments..
30 establishments..
1910
1911
385
399
57.2
57.2
.1320
.1342
7.53
7.67
1.3
1.3
27 establishments.
1911
1912
297
57.2
55.6
.1344
.1382
7.
7.67
1.9 4.2 35.4 42.1
1.7 35.4 42.1 4.4
1912
1913
326
276
55.4
55.6
.1424
.1406
7.S
7.8
39.3 40.5
1.8 38.8 37.3
5 establishments.
1907
1908
1909
1910
147
134
123
122
58.4
58.3
58.4
57.5
.1108
.1260
.1276
.1216
0)
C1)
(l)
0)
29 establishments..
1910
1911
704
57.0
57.0
.1219
. 1225
6.93
6.96
3.6 50.7 20.6
3.5 50.2 22.7
30 establishments..
1911
1912
728
681
56.
56.4
. 1318
.1409
7.49
7.
1.
3.2 45.6 34.6
1.8 16.7 40.1 25.6
1912
1913
782
813
56.5
56.4
.1408
.1434
7.94
8.07
1907
1908
1909
1910
32
35
40
33
59.3
59.2
59.1
58.9
.1910
.1670
.1714
.1850
0)
7 establishments..
34 establishments.
1910
1911
155
151
58.0
58.0
.1774 10.23
.1856 10.70
1.3 31.6 25.2
1.3 31.8 23.8
33 establishments.
1911
. 1912
151
157
57.7
56.8
.1874 10.75
.1964 11.09
1.3 40.4 19.2
6.4 47.
6.4
39 establishments.
1912
1913
204
202
56.9
56.0
.1846 10.45
.2075 11.57
5.4 47.5 10.8
30.7 39.1 12.4
49 establishments..
Menders, fine, hosiery, fe
male:
28 establishments.
Menders, rough, hosiery,
female:
35 establishments.
Pressers, male:
73.1
84.6
84.1
34.7 47.6
0.2
.4
71.4
98.5
98.3
20.0 79.1
0)
0)
C1)
St
0)
1Not computed.
2.4 39.7 37.7
3.5 38.6 37.9
3.6 35.3 47.0
3.8 39.1 38.8
7.7
5.1
78.9
83.6
81.3
32.8
1.0
1.5 14.6 39.1 28.6
1.6 16.4 37.9
37.5
45.7
47.5
54.5
WAGES AND HOURS OP LABOR, 1907 TO 1913---- KNIT GOODS.
103
T a b l e I . — AVERAGE
RATES OF WAGES PER HOUR, AVERAGE FULL
TIME WEEKLY EARNINGS, AND AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED FULL
TIME HOURS OF W ORK PER WEEK IN THE UNITED STATES, B Y YEARS,
1907 TO 1913—Concluded.
P E R C E N T —Concluded.
Num Aver- Aver
age
ber
Occupation, sex, and num Year.
of time rate
of
em
ber of establishments.
hours wages
ploy- per
per
week. hour.
Press hands, female:
Employees whose full-time hours per
week were—
Aver
age
full
Over 51
time
Over 57
Over
54
week Un 48 and
60
and and
and
ly der and un
un
60
un der
earn 48 un der
un
der 54
der 60
der
51
57
63
1907
1908
1909
1910
100
107
115
94
58.0 $0.1188
58.0 .1182
58.0 .1055
56.0 .1281
13 establishments........
1910
1911
207
57.7
57.5
.1186 $6.83
.1183 6.80
1.9 48.3 21.7 21.7
2.4 53.4 15.9 25.0
6.3
3.4
12 establishments........
1911
1912
196
206
57.4
55.8
.1157
.1198
6.65
6.72
2.6 55.1 11.2 27.6
46.1 23.
5.8 24.3
3.6
1912
1913
207
196
55.8
54.2
.1197
.1480
6.70
8.05
44.0 27.5
80.6 11.2
5 establishments..........
1907
1908
1909
1910
390
426
439
433
58.6
58.5
58.6
57.2
.1443
.1564
.1576
.1436
23 establishments....... .
1910
1911
1,181
1,197
57.8
58.0
.1429
.1417
8.26
8.24
1.9 44.4 13.8 34.5
2.3 42.2 12.4 37.8
27 establishments....... .
1911
1912
1,265
58.1
57.6
.1411
.1501
8.22
8.61
2.2 40.2 13.3
26.1 12.8 16.2 43.8
29 establishments....... .
Welters, female:
23 establishments....... .
1912
1913
1,321
1,371
57.2
54.3
.1487
.1721
8.52
9.35
13.3 15.5 41.9
11.
.2
5.0
1910
1911
250
57.6
57.6
.1205
.1250
6.95
7.20
42.
23 establishments....... .
1911
1912
57.4
56.1
.1272
.1437
26 establishments....... .
Winders, female:
1912
1913
302
334
56.1
56.0
.1445
.1454
6 establishments.........
1907
1908
1909
1910
266
276
262
276
58.8
58.7
58.6
57.5
.1403
.1625
.1515
.1492
38 establishments.......
1910
1911
1,020
960
58.0
57.9
.1292
.1318
7.51
7.64
40.3 23.8 24.1
42.8 22.6 26.5
45 establishments.......
1911
1912
1,001
57.8
56.4
.1302
.1400
7.54
7.91
1.2 40.8 25.0 25.2
27.0 31.7 11.7 27.9
53 establishments.......
1912
1913
1,099
1,119
56.4
54.8
.1392
.1500
7.87
8.21
24.5 35.1 11.1 27.
61.7 25.0 9.5 3.4
2 establishments..........
10 establishments....... .
Seamers, underwear, fe
male:
100.0
100.0
(l)
0)
100.0
100.0
5.8 22.7
6.6
69.0 31.0
75.8 24.3
69.9 30.1
31.2
30.4 26.0
28.4 27.3
1.0 46.9 31.9 20.1
36.3 32.7 8.3 22.1
8.08
8.10
36.8 28.1 11.9 22.2
45.2 21.0 13.8 20.0
I
62.4 37.61.
64.1 35.9.
67.6; 32.4.
37,7.
62.3
Not computed.
104
BULLETIN OP THE BUREAU OP LABOR STATISTICS.
I I . — AVERAGE RATES OP WAGES PER HOUR, AVERAGE FULL
TIME W EEKLY EARNINGS, AND AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED FULL-TIME
HOURS OF WORK PER WEEK IN EACH YEAR, B Y STATES, 1912 AND 1913.
T able
[The figures are for identical establishments in both years.]
BOARDERS: Male.
Num Num Average- Aver
age
ber
ber fullof
of
of
time rate
wages
estab em hours
per
lish ploy per
ments. ees. week. hour.
Year and State.
1912.
Georgia................................
Massachusetts.....................
North Carolina...................
Pennsylvania......................
Wisconsin...........................
Other States........................
Total.........................
1913.
Georgia................................
Massachusetts.....................
North Carolina...................
Pennsylvania......................
W isconsin...........................
Other States........................
Total.........................
3
3
4
11
3
17
62
273
89
364
72
293
58.5 $0.1456
54.0 .2164
59.7 .1669
55.3 .2478
55/0 .2590
56.6 .1893
Number of employees whose full-time hours
per week were—
Aver
age
full
time
Over 51
Over
Over 57
week Un 48 and
54 and
60
and
ly
un 54 and un 60 and
earn der
un
un
un
der
der
ings. 48 der 54
der der
60
51
57
63
$8.53
11.69
9.97
13.70
14.24
10.67
3
3
41 1,153
55.8
.2145 11.92
3
3
4
11
3
17
58.6
54.0
59.7
55.1
55.0
56.3
.1509
.2180
.1579
.2537
.2865
.2001
64
272
102
368
56
310
41 1,172
55.8
8.81
11.77
9.42
13.99
15.76
11.22
.2189 12.15
273
8
27
27
84
12
4
3
34
5
352
69
97
129
26
4
310
531
156
149
8
26
30
272
3
5
47
6
368
56
101
96
3
5
319
539
168
138
142
12
BUTTONHOLE M AKERS, UNDERWEAR: Female.
1912.
New York...........................
Other States........................
16
12
108
88
58i 9 $0.1712 $10.08
54.8 .1630 8.91
4
47
22
22
9
15
77
Total..........................
28
196
57.0
.1675
4
47
44
24
77
New York...........................
Other States........................
16
12
112
93
54.4
55.1
.2035 11.08
.1849 10.23
103
47
27
9
18
1
Total..........................
28
205
54.7
.1951 10.69
150
27
27
1
9.55
1913.
BUTTON SEWERS, UNDERWEAR: Female.
1912.
New York...........................
Other States........................
16
12
111
72
58.7 $0.1499 $8.79
54.8 .1429 7.84
39
26
12
10
16
75
5
Total..........................
28
183
57.2
.1471
8.42
5
39
38
26
75
New York...........................
Other States........................
16
12
128
80
54.0
55.2
.1725
.1664
9.32
9.18
128
43
19
17
1
Total.........................
28
208
54.4
.1702
9.27
171
19
17
1
1913.
105
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1907 TO 1913— K N IT GOODS.
T a b l e I I . — AVERAGE
RATE OF WAGES PER HOUR, AVERAGE FULL
TIME WEEKLY EARNINGS, AND AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED FULL-TIME
HOURS OF WORK PER WEEK IN EACH YEAR, BY STATES, 1912 AND 1913—
Continued.
CUTTERS, HAND, UNDERWEAR: Male.
Year and State.
Num Num Average- Aver
age
ber fullber
of
of
time rate of
estab em hours
wages
per
lish ploy per
hour.
ments. ees. week.
Number of employees whose full-time hours
per week were—
Aver
age
full
time
Over 51
Over 57
Over
week Un 48
60
54 and
and
and
and
ly
der
54 un un 60 and
earn 48 un un
un
der der
der der
der
ings.
54
60
51
57
63
1912.
New York...........................
Other States........................
11
7
126
22
59.0 $0.2121 $12.52
55.5 .2283 12.76
5
22
12
13
4
91
1
Total..........................
18
148
58.5
.2145 12.56
5
34
17
92
11
7
132
26
54.9
55.5
.2517 13.81
.2628 14.63
84
5
29
16
19
4
1
55.0
.2535 13.95
89
45
23
1
67
114
120
12
6
665
473
161
104
36
473
301
313
671
6
1913.
New York...........................
Other States........................
Total..........................
18
158
FINISHERS, UNDERWEAR: Female.
1912.
Connecticut........................
New York...........................
Pennsylvania......................
Other States........................
Total..........................
3
16
3
7
123
940
224
521
29 1,808
54.8 $0.1552 $8.50
59.0 .1606 9.48
56.6 .1258 7.13
54.2 .1537 8.33
50
.1540
50
57.0
8.79
1913.
Connecticut........................
3
109 56.8 .1723 9.80
New York...........................
16 1,016 54.0 .1935 10.45
Pennsylvania......................
3
260 56.5 .1488 8.41
Other States........................
7 549 54.2 .1715 9.31
Total..........................
29 1,934
54.6
.1800
1,016
9.81
1,476
48
55
131
76
129
13
255
197
6
9
41
21
20
38
116
63
359
460
INSPECTORS AND FOLDERS: Female.
1912.
Connecticut........................
Georgia................................
Massachusetts.....................
New York...........................
...................
Ohio.....................................
Pennsylvania......................
Other States........................
Total..........................
3
3
2
16
83
68
281
538
56.4 $0.1321 $7.44
58.7 .1009 5.92
54.0 .1363 7.36
58.8 .1346 7.90
North
4 Carolina
49 59.9
62 50.9
5
10
155 55.7
175 56.1
13
56 1,411
56.7
22
281
1
.1271
.1062
.1244
.1296
7.61
5.41
6. S3
7.28
19
.1299
7.37
19
4
22
39
48
13
19
122
72
17
339
320
213
481
13
8
22
23
31
36
33
55
16
1913.
Connecticut.........................
Massachusetts.....................
...........................
New York
North Carolina...................
Ohio.....................................
Pennsylvania......................
Other States........................
Total..........................
66 58.3 .1486
3
3
67 58.7 .1154
Georgia................................
292 54.0 .1416
2
511 54.0 .1531
16
8.65
6.79
7.64
8.27
292
511
50
72
156
184
59.9
53.8
55.7
56.0
.1321
.1200
.1418
.1421
7.91
6.45
7.90
7.95
2
56 1,398
55.1
.1435
7.90
2
4
5
10
13
4
4
66
1
49
25
122
98
34
51
10
894
242
130
126
106
BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.
AVERAGE RATES OF WAGES PER HOUR, AVERAGE FULL
TIME WEEKLY EARNINGS, AND AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED FULL-TIME
HOURS OF WORK PER WEEK IN EACH YEAR, BY STATES, 1912 AND 1913—
Continued.
T able I I . —
KNITTERS, FOOTERS OR TOPPERS, HOSIERY: Female.
Year and State.
Num
ber
of
estab
lish
ments.
Number of employees whose full-time hours
per week were—
Aver- Aver Aver
age
Num agefull
ber fullage
Over 57
time
Over 51
Over
of
time rate of week
48 and
54 and
60
em hours
Un and
per
ploy per
ly
un 54 and un 60 and
der
un der
un
ees. week. hour. earn 48 un der
der 54
der
der
ings.
51
57
63
1912.
116
127
144
152
59.1 $0.1476 $8.69 .
57.1 .1161 6.61 .
59.0 .1029 6.07 .
54.0 .1353 7.31 .
Michigan..............
New Hampshire..
North Carolina.. .
Ohio......................
127
134
120
52
53.7
58.0
59.1
53.6
.1487
.1371
.1027
.1223
7.99 .
7.95 .
6.04 .
6.56.
Pennsylvania.......
Tennessee............
Wisconsin............
Other States........
1,390
195
219
115
55.5
58.5
55.0
55.5
.1470
.1308
.1474
.1336
8.17.
7.65 .
8.10 .
7.41 .
Total..........
37 2,891
56.1
.1386
7.77
Connecticut.........
Georgia.................
Illinois..................
Massachusetts___
111
130
166
195
59.1
57.3
55.6
54.0
.1568
.1094
.1279
.1470
9.25
6.27
7.12
7.94
Michi:
New
North Carolina
Ohio...............
141
132
138
63
53.7
58.0
59.2
51.0
.1433
.1526
.0890
.1265
7.6
8.8
5.23
6.46
Pennsylvania.
Tennessee___
Wisconsin___
Other States..
1,311
186
195
137
55.6
58.
55.0
55.9
.1659
.1388
.1483
.1361
9.23
8.14
8.16
7.
T otal...
37 2,905
56.0
.1490: 8.33
Connecticut,........
Georgia.................
Illinois..................
Massachusetts___
54
152
54
46
101
100
42
21
1,193
134
197
147
48
2i9
37
294 1,585
279
1913.
113
195
50
110
‘ *2i
132
115
23
1,078
195
233
126
60
44
28
439 1,439
261
KNITTERS, “ LADY H OSE” : Male.
1912.
Massachusetts___
New Hampshire..
Pennsylvania___
Other States.........
Total..........
16
126
55
70
73
54.0 $0.1864 $10.07
58.0 .1650 9.57
55.4 .2222 12.30
57.3 .1751 10.01
126
14
70.
20
324
55.7
.1880 10.45
140
90
63
.1920 10.37
.1796 10.42
13.23
.1794 10.25
113
.1934 10.80
127
66
71
55
31
31
1913.
2
2
2
Massachusetts___
New Hampshire..
Pennsylvania.......
Other States.........
10
113 54.0
64 58.0
48 55.4
57.7
Total..........
16
307
56.0
14
43
43
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1907 TO 1913— K N IT GOODS.
107
I I . -A V E R A G E RATES OF WAGES PER HOUR, AVERAGE FULL
TIME W EEKLY EARNINGS, AND AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED FULL-TIME
HOURS OF WORK PER WEEK IN EACH YEAR, BY STATES, 1912 AND 1913—
Continued.
Table
KNITTERS, “ LADY HOSE” : Female.
Num Num Average Aver
ber
ber full
age
of
of
rate of
estab em time wages
hours
lish ploy per
per
ments. ees. week.
hour.
Year and State.
Number of employees whose full-time hours
^per week were—
Aver
age
full
Over 51
Over 57
time
54 and
week Un 48 and
ly der and un 54 and un
un der
earn 48 un der
der 54
der 60
ings.
57
51
19 12.
Pennsylvania..
Wisconsin.......
Other States...
12
Total...........
120
97
111
55.3 $0.2001 $11.06
55.0 .1729 9.51
55.4
10.53!
10
120
97
62.......
31
328
55.2
.1886 10.43
10
62
31
61
91
130
55.3
55.0
55.5
.1411
.1681
.1716
7.81
9.24
9.50
282
55.3
.1638
9.05
217
19 13.
Pennsylvania..
Wisconsin.......
Other States...
Total.
12
54
152
54
KNITTERS, WEB OR TUBE, UNDERWEAR: Male.
1912.
New York...........................
Other States........................
13
7
128
118
59.1 $0.2363 $13.99
54.5 .2251 12.24
74
18
40
20
4
90
Total..........................
20
246
56.9
.2309 13.15
74
58
24
90
New York...........................
13
113 54.7 .2744 15.01
Other States........................
7
106 54.6 .2357 12.84
85
57
15
45
1*3
4
142
60
17
6
48
33
63
1913.
Total..........................
20
219
54.6
.2557 13.96
IiOOPERS: Female.
1912.
Connecticut.........................
Georgia................................
Illinois.................................
Indiana................................
Massachusetts.....................
3
3
3
2
3
90
75
80
94
404
57.6 $0.1707 $9.83
58.7 .1364 7.99
59.1 .1116 6.59
55.0 .1403 7.72
54.0 .1413 7.63
Michigan.............................
New Hampshire.................
New York............... ...........
North Carolina...................
2
3
3
4
72
129
89
190
53.9
58.0
58.4
59.6
.1638
.1429
.1689
.1224
8.83
8.29
9.88
7.29
Pennsylvania......................
Tennessee............................
Wisconsin...........................
Other States........................
13
2
3
5
961
108
182
50
55.5
58.3
55.0
55.3
.1519
.1303
.1602
.1394
8.45
7.60
8.81
7.71
49 2,524
56.1
.1464
8.21
Total.........................
12
404
5
94
67
129
28
16
821
7
12
12
15
30
36
17
182
12
486 1,159
61
174
140
91
17
16
520
335
108
BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.
I I . —AVERAGE RATE OF WAGES PER HOUR, AVERAGE FULL
TIME WEEKLY EARNINGS, AND AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED FULL-TIME
HOURS OF WORK PER WEEK IN EACH YEAR, B Y STATES, 1912 AND 1913—
Continued.
T able
L O O P E R S : F em ale-C oncluded.
Year and State.
Num Num Average- Aver
ber
ber fullage
rate of
of
of
estab em time wages
per
lish ploy hours
per hour.
ments. ees. week.
Number of employees whose full-time hours
per week were—
Aver
age
full
Over 51
Over
time
Over
57
54 and
week Un 48 and
60
ly
der and un 54 and un 60 and
un der
un
earn 48 un der
der
der 54
der 60
ings.
51
57
63
1913.
TnHifl/na.. . ..........................
Massachusetts.....................
3
3
3
2
3
97
89
91
87
413
58.1 $0.1778 $10.34
59.0 .1268 7.47
57.2 .1240 7.10
55.0 .1451 7.98
54.0 .1505 8.13
Michigan.............................
New Hampshire.................
New York...........................
North Carolina...................
2
3
3
4
81
128
93
198
53.9
58.0
54.0
59.5
.1507 8.12
.1617 9.38
.1991 10.75
.1130 6.72
Pennsylvania......................
Tennessee ..........................
W isconsin ........................
Other States.......................
13
2
3
5
936
110
149
70
55.5
58.5
55. ft
55.2
.1543
.1327
. 1578
.1464
8.57
7.76
8.68
8.02
12
7
56. Oj .1500
8.37
12
14
Total.........................
49 2,542
33
413
7
18
5
**’ 87
46
34
58
33
50
74
128
93
20
178
805
131
82
149
10
35
619 1,094
514
6
28
289
M EN DERS, FINE, H O S IE R Y : Fem ale.
1912.
Massachusetts. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Pennsylvania......................
Other States
3
8
17
105
117
104
54.0 $0.1333 $7.20
55.2 .1646 9.08
57.2 .1265 7.21
3
23
110
22
7
18
38
Total.........................
28
326
55.4
.1424
7.88
3
128
132
25
38
1913.
Massachusetts.....................
Pennsylvania ....................
Other States.......................
3
8
17
88
83
105
54.0
55.1
57.2
.1243
.1716
.1299
6.71
9.46
7.40
2
5
19
83
20
14
45
Total.........................
28
276
55.6
.1406
7.80
2
5
107
103
14
45
10
69
29
33
105
88
M EN DERS, RO U G H , H O S IE R Y : Fem ale.
1913.
Georgia
........................
TnrHanfl................................
Massachusetts
.... ....
New Hampshire.................
N orth Carolina...................
Pennsylvania......................
Tennessee...........................
Wisconsin .........................
Other States.......................
3
2
3
2
2
9
2
2
10
72
69
87
55
61
184
68
92
94i
Total.........................
35
782| 56.5
1913.
Georgia................................
Indiana..............................
Massachusetts .................
New Hampshire.................
North Carolina...................
Pennsylvania......................
Tennessee............................
Wisconsin...........................
Other States........................
3
2
3
2
2
9
2
2
10
79
52
109
54
69
207
78
81
84
Total.........................
35
813
58.4 $0.1074 $6.27
55.0 .1523 8.37
54.0 .1453 7.85
58.0 .1299 7.53
59.4 .1064 6.33
56.1 .1740 9.78
58.5 .1204 7.05
55.0 .1327 7.30
56.fi .1404 7.93
12
27
.1408
7.94
12
114
58.4
55.0
54.0
58.0
59.2
56.1
58.5
55.0
55.7
.1104
.1525
.1456
.1406
.1117
.1731
.1257
.1322
.1482
6.45
8.39
7.86
8.15
6.61
9.70
7.36
7.27
8.23
8
13
24
56.4
.1434
8.07
8
13
133
87
55
7
128
92
56
50
54
18
34
21
306
224
126
14
52
30
35
109
54
11
150
81
308
58
57
57
21
20
19
218
133
109
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1907 TO 1913-----K N IT GOODS.
I I . —AVERAGE RATES OF WAGES PER HOUR, AVERAGE FULL
TIME W EEKLY EARNINGS, AND AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED FULL-TIME
HOURS OF WORK PER WEEK IN EACH YEAR, B Y STATES, 1912 AND 1913—
Concluded.
T able
SEA M ER S, UNDERWEAR: Female.
Year and State.
Num Num Average- Aver
ber
ber fullage
of
of
of
time rate
estab em hours
wages
lish ploy per
per
ments. ees. week. hour.
Number of employees whose full-time hours
per week were—
Aver
age
full
time
Over 51
Over
Over 57
week Un 48
54 and
60
and
and
and
ly
54 un un 60 and
un un
earn der
un
der
ings. 48 der 54
der der
der
60
57
51
63
1913.
Other States.......................
Total..........................
16
2
3
2
6
770
62
111
69
309
86
134
63
27
48
23
4
176
205
554
69
80
13
47
256
22
3
1,137
162
69
3
59.1 $0.1503 $8.89
54.0 .1343 7.25
56.3 .1281 7.22
54.4 .1553 8.47
54.2 .1538 8.34
14
42
268
8.52
14
372
29 1,321
57.2
. 1487
16
2
3
2
6
812
69
116
80
294
54.0
54.0
56.2
55.0
54.4
.1780 9.61
.1621 8.75
.1482 8.34
.2084 11.46
. 1579 8.61
29 1,371
54.3
.1721
62
550
1913.
New Y ork...........................
Ohio
.........................
Pennsylvania ...................
Wisconsin .........................
Other States......................
Total.........................
812
69
9.35
W ELTERS: Female.
1912.
107
Massachusetts.....................
Pennsylvania......................
Other States........................
3
6
17
107
81
114
54.0 $0.1450 $7.83
55.5 .1615 8.96
58.6 .1319 7.70
1
2
4
75
10
6
30
67
Total.........................
26
302
56.1
.1445
8.08
1
2
111
85
36
67
3
6
17
132 .54.0
64 55.7
138 58.0
.1401
.1791
.1347
7.57
9.97
7.75
132
19
55
15
9
37
67
26
334
.1454
8.10
151
70
46
67
18
11
1913.
Massachusetts.....................
Pennsylvania.....................
Other States......................
Total
......................
56.0
W INDERS: Female.
1912.
Connecticut .......................
Massachusetts ...................
New York
...
.......
P ennsvlvania......................
Other States.......................
Total.........................
55.8 $0.1379 $7.74
54.0 .1356 7.32
58.5 .1520 8.89
55.5 .1310 7.28
56.3 .1270 7.13
15
53 1,099
56.4
.1392
7.87
15
35
259
396
238
191
57.6
54.0
54.0
55.6
56.2
.1484
.1415
.1702
.1370
.1363
8.55
7.64
9.19
7.63
7.63
3
2
53 1,119
54.8
.1500
8.21
3
2
3
3
15
11
21
44
229
395
266
165
229
2
40
2
269
109 " ’ i6 ‘ *270
43
223
54
45 " '2 4
386
122
305
10
17
8
35
193
77
45
44
30
690
280
106
38
1913.
Connecticut........................
Massachusetts.....................
New York
....................
Pennsylvania
.....
Other States.......................
Total.........................
3
3
15
11
21
259
396
110
BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.
T a b l e I I I . — AVERAGE
RATES OF WAGES PER HOUR, AVERAGE FULL
TIME WEEKLY EARNINGS, AND AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED •FULL
TIME HOURS OF WORK PER WEEK IN EACH STATE, BY YEARS, 1912
AND 1913.
[The figures are for identical establishments in both years.]
BOARDERS: Male.
I
Number of employees whose full-time
hours per week were—
Aver Aver
Num Aver
age
age
age
ber full rate full
Over 51
of
time
Over
Over
Year. em
time
of
57
48 and
54 and
60
wages week Un and
ploy hours
and
ly
per earn
der
un 54 un un 60 and
ees. per hour.
un
un
week.
ings. 48 der der
der der
der
54
60
51
63
57
State, and number of
establishments.
Georgia:
3 establishments.
Massachusetts:
3 establishments.
North Carolina:
4 establishments.
Pennsylvania:
11 establishments
Wisconsin:
3 establishments.
1912
1913
58.5 $0.1456 $8.53
58.6 .1509 8.81
/ 1912
\ 1913
273
272
54.0
54.0
.2164 11.69
.2180 11.77
1912
1913
89
102
59.7
59.7
.1669
.1579
/ 1912
\ 1913
364
55.3
55.1
.2478 13.70
.2537 13.99
55.0
55.0
.2590 14.24
.2865 15.76
1912
1913
27
273
272
9.97
9.42
352
12
56
BUTTONHOLE M AKERS, UNDERWEAR: Female.
New York:
16 establishments......... /\ 1912
1913
108
112
58.9 $0.1712j$10.oJ....
54.4 .2035 11.08 ....
103
22
9
9
77
26
10
75
22
29
13
19
91
BUTTON SEWERS, UNDERWEAR: Female.
New York:
/ 1912
16 establishments......... \ 1913
111
128
58.7 $0.1499 $8.79
54.0 .1725 9.32
128
CUTTERS, HAND, UNDERWEAR: Male.
New York:
/ 1912
11 establishments......... \ 1913
126
132
59.0 $0.2121 $12.52
54.9 .2517 13.81
84
FINISHERS, UNDERWEAR: Female.
Connecticut:
3 establishments..........
New York:
16 establishments.........
Pennsylvania:
3 establishments... —
1912
1913
123
109
54.8 $0.1552 $8.50
56.8 .1723 9.80
1912
1913
940
1,016
59.0
54.0
.1606 9.48
.1935 10.45
1912
1913
224
260
56.6
56.5
.1258
.1488
7.13
8.41
67
55
1,016
161
114
104
131
120 .
129 .
665 .
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1907 TO 1913-----K N IT GOODS.
I ll
I I I . —AVERAGE RATES OF WAGES PER HOUR, AVERAGE FULL
TIME WEEKLY EARNINGS, AND AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED FULL
TIME HOURS OF WORK PER WEEK IN EACH STATE, B Y YEARS, 1912
AND 1913—Continued.
T a b le
INSPECTORS AND FOLDERS: Female.
State and number of
establishments.
Connecticut:
3 establishments..
Georgia:
3 establishments..
Massachusetts:
2 establishments..
New York:
16 establishments.
North Carolina:
4 establishments..
Ohio:
5 establishments..
Pennsylvania:
10 establishments.
Number of employees whose full-time
hours per week were—
Aver Aver
Num Aver
age
age
age
full
ber full rate
Over 51
Over 57
time
of
Year. em
of
time
48 and
54 and
wages week Un and
ploy hours
ly
per
der un un 54 and un
per
ees. week.
un der
der
hour. earn
48
der 54
der 60
ings.
51
57
1912
1913
83
66
56.4 $0.1321 $7.44
58.3 .1486 8.65
1912
1913
68
67
58.7
58.7
.1009
.1154
5.92
6.79
1912
1913
281
292
54.0
54.0
.1363
.1416
7.36
7.64
281
292
1912
1913
538
511
58.8
54.0
.1346
.1531
7.90
8.27
511
1912
1913
49
50
59.9
59.9
.1271
.1321
7.61
7.91
1912
1913
62
72
50.9
53.8
.1062
.1200
5.41
6.45
1912
1913
155
156
55.7
55.7
.1244
.1418
6.93
7.90
22
116
122
122
34
KNITTERS, FOOTERS OR TOPPERS, HOSIERY: Female.
Connecticut:
2 establishments..........
Georgia:
3 establishments..........
Illinois:
3 establishments..........
Massachusetts:
3 establishments..........
Michigan:
A
.
New Hampshire:
, -. ,
.
/ 1912
\ 1913
116
111
59.1 $0.1476 $8.69
59.1 .1568 9.25
/ 1912
\ 1913
127 * 57.1
130 57.3
.1161
.1094
6.61
6.27
/ 1912
\ 1913
144
166
59.0
55.6
.1029
.1279
6.07
7.12
113
/ 1912
\ 1913
152
195
54.0
54.0
.1353
.1470
7.31
7.94
152
195
/ 1912
\ 1913
127
141
53.7
53.7
.1487
.1433
7.99
7.69
/ 1912
\ 1913
134
132
58.0
58.0
.1371
.1526
7.95
8.85
North Carolina:
O 4
. -UT -U
J.
Ohio:
O , -UT U
/ 1912
\ 1913
120
138
59.1
59.2
.1027
.0890
6.04
5.23
.
/ 1912
\ 1913
52
63
53.6
51.0
.1223
.1265
6.56
6.46
/ 1912
\ 1913
1,390
1,311
55.5
55.6
.1470
.1659
8.17
9.23
J 1912
4\ 1913
Wisconsin:
/
1912
i establishments.. . . . . .
\ 1913
195
186
58.5
58.6
.1308
.1388
7.65
8.14
219
195
55.0
55.0
.1474
.1483
8.10
8.16
Pennsylvania:
o
,
Tennessee:
A 4. Wl- -U
54
50
27
31
54
52
62
59
46
53
27
27
101
53
43
100
110
134
132
21
23
7
28
10
7
99
115
42
21
1,193
1,078
197
233
147
126
219
195
48
60
112
BULLETIN OP THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.
T a b l e I I I . — AVERAGE
RATES OF WAGES PER HOUR, AVERAGE FULL
TIME WEEKLY EARNINGS, AND AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED FULL
TIME HOURS OF WORK PER WEEK IN EACH STATE, BY YEARS, 1912
AND 1913—Continued.
KNITTERS, “ LADY H O SE ” : Male.
State and number of
establishments.
Massachusetts:
2 establishments..
New Hampshire:
2 establishments..
Pennsylvania:
2 establishments..
Niimber of employees whose full-time
hours per week were—
Aver Aver
Num Average
age
age
ber full rate full
Over 51
of
time
Over 57
Over
Year. emtime
of week
48 and
54 and
60
Un and
ploy- hours
and
ly
per
per earnder un un 54
un 60 and
un
un
week. hour.
48 der der
der der
der
54
51
57 60
63
1912
1913
126 54.0 $0.1864 $10.07
113! 54.0 .19201 10.37
1912
1913
55; 58.0
64i 58.0
.1650 9.57
.1796 10.42
1912
1913
70
55.4
55.4
.2222 12.3o!
48i
.2389 13.231
126
113
!
KNITTERS, “ LADY HOSE ” : Female.
Pennsylvania:
4 establishments...........
Wisconsin:
2 establishments...........
/ 1912
\ 1913
120
61
/ 1912
\ 1913
97
91
55.3 $0.2001 $11.06
55.3 .1411 7.81
120
61
9.51
9.24
97
91
55.0
55.0
.1729
.1681
KNITTERS, WEB OR TUBE, UNDERW EAR: Male.
New York:
/ 1912
13 establishments......... \ 1913
128
113
59.1;$0.2363 $13.99
54.7 .2744 15.01
85
18
15
20
13
90
LOOPERS: Female.
Connecticut:
3 establishments...
Georgia:
3 establishments...
Illinois:
3 establishments...
Indiana:
2 establishments...
Massachi setts:
3 establishments...
Michigan:
2 establishments...
New Hanpshire:
3 establishments..,
New York:
3 establishments..
North Carolina:
4 establishments...
Pennsylvania:
13 establishments..
Tennessee:
2 establishments...
Wisconsin:
3 establishments..
1912
1913
90
97
57.6 $0.1707 $9.83
58.1 .1778 10.34
1912
1913
75
89
58.7
59.0
.1364
.1268
7.99
7.47
1912
1913
80
91
59.1
57.2
.1116
.1240
6.59
7.10
1912
1913
94
87
55.0
55.0
.1403
.1451
7.72
7.98
1912
1913
404
413
54.0
54.0
.1413
.1505
7.63
8.13
1912
1913
72
81
53.9
53.9
.1638
.1507
8.83
8.12
1912
1913
129
128
58.01
! .1429
58.0 , .1617
8.29
9.38
1912
1913
89
93
1912
1913
190
198
59.6| .1224
59.5 .1130
7.29
6.72
1912
1913
961
936
55.5
55.5
.1519
.1543
8.45
8.57
1912
1913
108
110
58.3
58.5
.1303
.1327
7.60
7.76
1912
1913
182
149
55.0
55.0
.1602
.1578
8.81
8.68
58.4
54.0
12
30.
33.
18
33
87
404
413
129
128
.1689 9.88
.1991 10.75
61
174
178
821
805
140
131
91
182
149
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1907 TO 1913— K N IT GOODS.
113
I I I . —AVERAGE RATES OF WAGES PER HOUR, AVERAGE FULL
TIME WEEKLY EARNINGS, AND AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED FULL
TIME HOURS OF WORK PER WEEK IN EACH STATE, BY YEARS, 1912
AND 1913—Continued.
T able
MENDERS* FINE, H O SIE R Y : Female.
State, and number of
establishments.
Num
ber
of
Year. em
ploy-
Massachusetts:
3 establishments.,
Pennsylvania:
8 establishments..
Number of employees whose full-time
hours per week were—
Aver Aver- Aver
age
age
full
full rate time
Over
Over 51
Over 57
time
of
54 and
60
week Un 48 and
hours
and
and
ly
per
der un un 54
un 60 and
per earn
un
un
der
der
week. hour. ings. 48 der
der
der 60
54
51
57
1912
1913
105
54.0 $0.1333 $7.20
54.0 .1243 6.71
1912
1913
117
83
55.2
55.1
.1646
. 1716
105
9.08
110
83
\ 9- i-
MENDERS, ROUGH, H O SIE R Y : Female.
Georgia:
3 establishments.
Indiana:
2 establishments.
Massachusetts:
3 establishments.
New Hampshire:
2 establishments.
North Carolina:
2 establishments.
Pennsylvania:
9 establishments.
Tennessee:
2 establishments.
Wisconsin:
2 establishments.
1912
1913
72
79
58.4 $0.1074 $6.27
58.4 .1104 6.45
1912
1913
69
52
55.0
55.0
.1523
.1525
8.37
8.39
1912
1913
87
109
54.0
54.0
.1453
.1456
7.85
7.86
1912
1913
55
54
58.0
58.0
.1299
.1406
7.53
8.15
1912
1913
61
69
59.4
59.2
.1064
.1117
6.33
6.61
1912
1913
184
207
56.1
56.1
.1740
.1731
9.78
9.70
1912
1913
68
78
58.5
58.5
.1204 7.05
.1257| 7.36
1912
1913
92
81
55.0
55.0
.1327| 7.30
.1322j 7.27
10
14
29
33.
52.
87 .
109 .
55 .
54.
54.
58.
7.
11 .
128
150
56.
57.
50
57
18.
21.
92.
81 .
SEAM ERS, UNDERW EAR: Female.
New York:
16 establishments.........
Ohio:
2 establishments__
Pennsylvania:
3 establishments.. . . . . .
Wisconsin:
2 establishments...........
/ 1912
\ 1913
770
812
59.1 $0.1503 $8.89
54.0 .1780 9.61
/ 1912
\ 1913
62
69
54.0
54.0
.1343
.1621
7.25
8.75
j 1912
\ 1913
111
116
56.3
56.2
.1281
.1482
7.22
8.34
/ 1912
\ 1913
69
80
812
86
134
63
69
48
47
550
62
69
54.4 .1553 8.47
55.0 . .2084 11.46
42
27
80
'
1
W ELTERS: Female.
Massachusetts:
/
\
Pennsylvania:
6 establishments.. . . . . . /
\
1912
1913
107
132
1912
1913
81
64
54.0 $0.1450 $7.83
54.0 .1401 7.57
55.5
55.7
. 1615
.1791
8.96
9.97
107
132
75
55
6
9
1
45968°— Bull. 154—14------ 8
-
114
BULLETIN OP THE BUREAU OP LABOR STATISTICS.
T a b l e H I . — AVERAGE
RATES OF WAGES PER HOUR, AVERAGE FULL
TIME W EEKLY EARNINGS, AND AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED FULL
TIME HOURS OF WORK PER WEEK IN EACH STATE, B Y YEARS, 1912
AND 1913—Concluded.
W INDERS: Female.
State, and number of
establishments.
Connecticut:
3 establishments..
Massachusetts:
3 establishments..
New York:
15 establishments.
Pennsylvania:
11 establishments.
Num
ber
of
Year. empioy-
1912
1913
Average
full
time
hours
per
week.
Aver
age
rate
of
wages
per
hour.
Number of employees whose full-time
hours per week were—
Aver
age
full
Over
Over 51
time
Over
57
54 and
week Un 48 and
60
and
and
ly
54 un un 60 and
earn der un un
un
der
der
der 54
der
ings.
der
60
51
57
63
55.8 $0.1379 $7.74
57.6 .1484 8.55
10
1912
1913
229
259
54.0
54.0
.1356
.1415
7.32
7.64
229
259
1912
1913
395
396
58.5
54.0
.1520
.1702
9.19
396
1912
1913
266
238
55.5
55.6
.1310
.1370
7.28
7.63
109
223
193
270
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1907 TO 1913---- K N IT GOODS.
115
T a b l e I V . — AVERAGE
AVERAGE AND
STATES, 1913.
FULL-TIME HOURS OF WORK PER WEEK, AND
CLASSIFIED RATES OF WAGES PER HOUR, BY
BOARDERS: Male.
Aver
Num age
ber of full
em time
ploy hours
per
ees.
week.
Num
ber of
estab
lish
ments.
State.
3
3
4
U
3
17
Georgia........................
Massachusetts..............
North Carolina............
Pennsylvania..............
Wisconsin....................
Other States................
64 58.6 $0.1509
272 54.0 .2180
102 59.7 .1579
368 55.1 .2537
56 55.0 .2865
310 56.3 .2001
41 1,172
Total.....................
Number of employees earning each classified rate of
wages per hour.
Aver
age
rate of 5
7
8
wages and and and
per un un un
hour. der der der
7 8
9
cts. cts. cts.
55.8
.2189
9
and
un
der
10
cts.
10
and
un
der
12
cts.
12
and
un
der
14
cts.
14
and
un
der
16
cts.
5
1
6
3
9
13
9
5
23
23
14
45
27
20
47
16
and
un
der
18
cts.
18
and
un
der
20
cts.
18
20
21
19
2
51 ”
11
28
14
12
20
and
un
der
25
cts.
25
and
un
der
30
cts.
1
92 57
21
1
7
63 121 *97
21
10 23
71 39
26
1
12
28
7
43
88 153 131 100 244 241
35
30
cts.
and
over.
165
BUTTONHOLE M AKERS, UNDERWEAR: Female.
New Y ork...................
Other States................
16
12
112
93
54.4 $0.2035
55.1 .1849
1
1
2
4
4
5
5
18
16
14
24
23
51
17
9
8
1
2
Total.....................
28
205
54.7
.1951
1
1
6
9
23
30
47
68
17
3
BUTTON SEW ERS, UNDERWEAR: Female.
New Y ork....................
Other States................
16
12
128
80
54.0 $0.1725
55.2 .1664
1
Total.....................
28
208
54.4
1
. 1702
1
2
2
10
5
15
11
19
15
20
21
27
14
31
8
3
2
1
1
4
15
26
34 . 41
41
39
5
1
CUTTERS, HAND, UNDERWEAR: Male.
New York...................
Other States................
11
7
132
26
54.9 $0.2517
55.5 .2628
2
3
2
2
19
1
11
2
31
5
34
5
33
8
Total.....................
18
158
55.0
.2535
5
4
20
13
36
39
41
44
44
40
18
5
2
CUTTERS, HAND, UNDERWEAR: Female.
Total............................
12
202
54.2 $0.1620
3
4
6
3
15
18
FINISHERS, UNDERWEAR: Female.
Connecticut.................
New York...................
Pennsylvania..............
Other States................
3
109
16 1,016
3
260
7 549
56.8 $0.1723
54.0 .1935 * " i
56.5 .1488
54.2 .1715 *’ i4
Total.....................
29 1,934
54.6
.1800
15
2
" ' 2
10
7
9
9► 6
6
14 21
I
10
9 16 31 27 13
4
7
49 105 103 140 161 294 129 ' " i s
34 47 77 52 16 16
2
39 60 71 90 121 101 15 " ’ l2
25 129 221 267 313 325 424 150
INSPECTORS AND FOLDERS: Female.
Connecticut.................
Georgia........................
Massachusetts..............
New Y ork...................
North Carolina............
Ohio.............................
Pennsylvania..............
Other States................
Total.....................
3
3
2
16
4
5
10
13
66 58.3 $0.1486
67 58.7 .1154
292 54.0 .1416 *ii
511 54.0 .1531
50 59.9 .1321
72 53.8 .1200
156 55.7 .1418
184 56.0 .1421
4
14
13
2
14
2
1
4
5
4
1
11
18
5
1 12
7 25
18 40
15 102
3
8
3
6
13 35
9 40
11
50
48
56 1,398
55.1
.1435
15
13
45
89
17
7
24
47
7
2
39
41
1
24
61
16
15
11
23
7
2
6
69 268 257 252 188 114 117
24
10
12
65
85
14
22
12
32
19
2
31
85
4
9
12
26
30
116
BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.
I V .—AVERAGE FULL-TIME HOURS OF WORK PER WEEK, AND
AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED RATES OF WAGES PER HOUR, BY
STATES, 1913—Continued.
T able
KNITTERS, FOOTERS OR TOPPERS, HOSIERY: Male.
Aver
Num age
ber of full
em time
ploy hours
ees. per
week.
Num
ber of
estab
lish
ments.
State.
Total............................
14
314
Number of employees earning each classified rate of
wages per hour.
Aver
age
rate of 5
7 8
wages and and and
per un un un
hour. der der der
7 8
9
cts. cts. cts.
58.0 $0.1503
1
3
12
9
and
un
der
10
cts.
10
and
un
der
12
cts.
9
63
12
and
un
der
14
cts.
14
and
un
der
16
cts.
16
and
un
der
18
cts.
18
and
un
der
20
cts.
20
and
un
der
25
cts.
1
I
73 47
j1
40
29
23
25
and 30
un Cts.
der and
30 over.
cts.
6
g
KNITTERS, FOOTERS OR TOPPERS, HOSIERY: Female.
Connecticut.................
Georgia........................
Illinois..........................
Massachusetts..............
Michigan......................
New Hampshire.........
North Carolina............
Ohio.............................
Pennsylvania..............
Tennessee.....................
Wisconsin....................
Other States................
111
2
3
130
3
166
3
195
2
141
3
132
3
138
3
63
8 1,311
2
186
2
195
3
137
Total.....................
37 2,905
59.1 $0.1568
57.3 .1094
6
55.6 .1279
54.0 .1470
53.7 .1433
58.0 .1526
59.2 .0890 39
51.0 .1265
55.6 .1659 "’ *6 ”
58.6 .1388
55.0 .1483
55.9 .1361
2
56.0
.1490
53
1
15
1
3
4
2
19
5
12
10
30
33
18
2
32
8
5
32
2
4
3
7
12
7
75
13 15 30 27 U 12
5
43 24 U
1
62 61 24 12
4
24 35 60 33 27
31 25 22 22 11 12
9
10 41 34 25 13
1
22 12
3
5
17 21 13
3
2
92 137 203 306 195 241
g
6
33 90 32 17
42 45 27 26 19 23
28 38 21 14
8
8
80 112 417 544 480 495 296 315
1
30
4
2
1
34
4
KNITTERS, “ LADY H O SE ” : Male.
Massachusetts..............
New Hampshire.........
Pennsylvania..............
Other States................
2
2
2
10
113
64
48
82
54.0 $0.1920
58.0 .1796
55.4 .2389
57.7 .1794
1
1
1
Total.....................
16
307
56.0
.1934
1
1
2
1
5
6
3
8
1
16
7
8
2
9
26
13
4
16
28
23
3
8
37
11
17
12
6
1
21
9
3
11
28
26
59
62
77
37
3
KNITTERS, “ LADY H O SE ” : Female.
Pennsylvania..............
Wisconsin....................
Other States................
4
2
6
61
91
130
55.3 $0.1411
55.0 .1681
55.5j .1716
Total......................
12
282
55.3j .1638
....
3
1
3
4
8
1
1
1
14
6
9
16
28
16
8
24
14
16
18
4
10
23
2
24
21
3
8
5
9
21
53
48
48
37
47
11
19
14
11
6
20
9
19
16
19
2
4
7
3
1
KNITTERS, RIB, HOSIERY: M a le .'
21
Total............................
110
56.4|$0.2025
1
1
10
KNITTERS, RIB, HOSIERY: Female.
Total............................
16
64
56.0|$0.1556
2
2
8
KNITTERS, WEB OR TUBE, UNDERWEAR: Male.
New Y ork...................
................
13
7
113 54.7i$0.2744
106
Other
States
54.6
.2357
6
2
2
4
1
16
9
3
40
20
26
35
37
18
Total......................
20
219
6
2
2
4
17
12
60
61
55
54.6
.2557
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1907 TO 1913— K N IT GOODS.
117
I V .—AVERAGE FULL-TIME HOURS OF WORK PER WEEK, AND
AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED RATES OF WAGES PER HOUR, BY
STATES, 1913—Continued.
T able
KNITTERS, WEB OR TUBE, UNDERWEAR: Female.
State.
Total............................
Num
ber of
estab
lish
ments.
14
Aver
Num age
ber of full
em time
ploy hours
ees. per
week.
166
Number of employees earning each classified rate of
wages per hour.
Aver
age
rate of 5
8
7
wages and and and
per un un un
hour. der der der
8 9
7
cts. cts. cts.
5
54.9 $0.1456
9
and
un
der
10
cts.
10
and
un
der
12
cts.
12
and
un
der
14
cts.
14
and
un
der
16
cts.
16
and
un
der
18
cts.
18
and
un
der
20
cts.
20
and
un
der
25
cts.
6
42
23
35
21
8
16
5
25
and 30
un Cts.
der and
30 over*
cts.
1
4
LOOPERS: Female.
•
Connecticut.......
Georgia..............
Illinois...............
Indiana..............
Massachusetts...
Michigan............
New Hampshire.
New York.........
North Carolina..
Pennsylvania...
Tennessee..........
Wisconsin..........
Other States___
Total...........
3
3
3
2
3
2
3
3
4
13
2
3
5
97
89
91
87
413
81
128
93
198
936
110
149
70
49 2,542
58.1 $0.1778
59.0 .1268
3 10
57.2 .1240
1
55.0 .1451
2
3
54.0 .1505 ***4
8 10
53.9 .1507
11
4
58.0 .1617
54.0 .1991
59.5 .1130
5 **i3 "31
55.5 .1543 19 33 27
58.5 .1327
55.0 .1578 ___
6
3
55.2 .1464
56.0
.1500
28
77
6
3
7
50
1
1
1
27
46
3
8
3
6 13 18 15 16 26
26 16 14
8
2
4
36 32 16
3
15 16
9 16
9 10
32 68 77 62 42 56
1
14
8 14
9
3 12
3
7
7 14 24 64 11
1
4
9 14 24 32
5
55 28 20 15
4
129 136 142 130 116 121 30
5
4
3
8
35 54
29 22 17 20 17 26 ***4
12 21
9
5
5
9
88 153 397 432 377 366 253 306
46
3
2
3
7
1
2
1
19
MENDERS, FINE, H OSIERY: Female.
Massachusetts..............
Pennsylvania..............
Other States................
Total.....................
3
8
17
88
83
105
54.0 $0.1243
55.1 .1716
57.2 .1299
2
2
3
2
24
5
13
11
7
22
12
6
44
18
12
8
7
11
8
5
10
2
3
28
4
1
28
276
55.6
8
7
42
40
62
38
26
17
35
1
!
3
18
17
7
6
18
9
15
18
2
13
19
7
1
31
1
9
10
1
4
8
1
1
4
9
2
31
65
1
2
4
9
’3
5
38 179 190j 111
93
53
88
14
1
6
.1406
MENDERS, ROUGH, HOSIERY: Female.
Georgia........................
Indiana........................
Massachusetts..............
New Hampshire..........
North Carolina............
Pennsylvania..............
Tennessee.....................
Wisconsin....................
Other States................
3
2
3
2
2
9
2
2
10
79
52
109
54
69
207
78
81
84
58.4 $0.1104
55.0 .1525
54.0 .1456
58.0 .1406
59.2 .1117
56.1 .1731
58.5 .1257
55.0 .1322
55.7 .1482
Total.....................
35
813
56.4
.1434
7
4
5
2
7
1
5
6
11
9
3
1
31
14: 13
1
20
3
2
34
6
17
4
39
15
29
15
20
18
5
30
33
8
11
38
28
19
5
PRESSERS: Male.
Total............................
39
202
56.0 $0.2075
5
14
32
33
20
55
20
31
21
34
25
15
25
8
62 104 112 126 120 204
11 11
7
9
8 19
14 28 25 20
6 14
6
6
4
1
3 12
23 43 57 70 43 34
52
27 116 192 205 226 180 283
70
23
PRESS H ANDS: Female.
Total............................
10
196
54.2j$0.1480
5
13
6
13
SEAMERS, UNDERWEAR: Female.
New Y ork...................
Ohio.............................
Pennsylvania..............
Wisconsin....................
Other States................
Total.....................
16;
2
3
2
6
812
69
116
80
294
54.0 $0.1780 14
1
54.0 .1621
1
56.2 .1482
55.0 .2084
54.4 .1579 *"’ 3
29 1,37lj 54.3
.1721
19
1
5
6
3
1
5
5
4
12
18
8
2
2
6
9
7
16
16
2 .......
23
118
BULLETIN OP THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.
I V .—AVERAGE FULL-TIME HOURS OF WORK PER WEEK, AND
AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED RATES OF WAGES PER HOUR, B Y
STATES, 1913—Concluded.
T able
W ELTERS: Female.
State.
Num
ber of
estab
lish
ments.
Aver
Num age
ber of full
em time
ploy hours
ees. per
week.
Number of employees earning each classified rate of
wages per hour.
Aver
age
rate of 5
7 8
9 10 12
wages and and and and and and
per un un un un un un
hour. der der der der der der
9 10 12 14
8
7
cts. cts. cts. cts. cts. cts.
14 16 18 20 25
and and and and and 30
un un un un un cts.
der der der der der and
16 18 20 25 30 over.
cts. cts. cts. cts. cts.
Massachusetts..............
Pennsylvania..............
Other States................
3
6
17
132
64
138
54.0 $0.1401
55.7 .1791
58.0 .1347
*4
13
1
5
5
2
11
12
2
12
11
8
25
15
4
28
24
8
20
18
6
12
16
8
10
13
20
7
4
4
1
Total.....................
26
334
56.0
.1454
9
19
18
26
44
47
52
36
34
40
8
1
1
19
4
2
19
3
29
29
32
37
11
63
52
88
31
8
76
81
60
28
8
51
72
30
20
1
10
60
8
14
3
5
91
3
10
6
45 130 245 253 181
93 112
12
5
W INDERS: Female.
Connecticut..........
Massachusetts..............
New Y ork...................
Pennsylvania..............
Other States................
Total.....................
35
259
396
238
191
57.
54.0
54.0
55.6
56.2
1484
.1415
.1702
.1370
.1363
2
2
2
3
1
3 **io
12 12
53 1,119
54.8
.1500
5
18
3
3
15
11
21
1
25
6
APPENDIX.
In order that the summary figures in regard to rates of wages and
hours of labor in the two industries covered in this Bulletin, hereto
fore published for the years 1890 to 1912, may be available for refer
ence, the tables following are reproduced from Bulletin No. 134.
T a b le
1 .—R E LA T IV E FULL-TIME HOURS PER W E E K AND R E L A T IV E RA TE S OF
W AGES PE R HOUR IN BOOT AND SHOE M ANUFACTURING, 1890 TO 1912.
[Data are included from 46 establishments, 1890-1903; 50 establishments, 1903, 1904; 52 establishments,
1904, 1905; 52 establishments, 1905, 1906; 54 establishments, 1906, 1907; 26 establishments, 1907-1910; 60
establishments, 1910,1911; and 81 establishments, 1911,1912.]
Year.
Relative
full-time
hours per
week.
Relative
rate of
wages per
hour.
Average, 1890-1899.
100.0
100.0
189
189
189
189
189
0
1
2
3
4
100.3
100.6
100.2
100.0
100.0
98.5
97.5
99.3
100.6
99.8
189
189
189
189
189
5
6
7
8
9
100.0
100.0
99.8
99.7
99.6
' 101.4
100.5
100.7
100.5
101.8
190
190
190
190
190
0
1
2
3
4
99.3
99.6
98.4
97.0
97.1
104.1
104.1
108.0
113.2
116.9
190
190
190
190
190
5
6
7
8
9
96.8
96.3
96.0
95.9
95.7
119.9
121.8
128.0
125.5
130.4
191 0
191 1
191 2
95.5
95.3
93.9
129.6
131.7
132.8
119
120
BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.
T a b l e 2 .— R E LA T IV E FULL-TIME
HOURS PE R W E E K AND R E LA T IV E RATES OF
W AGES PE R HOUR IN THE PRINCIPAL OCCUPATIONS IN BOOT AND SHOE MANU
FACTURING, 1890 TO 1912.
[Data are included from 46 establishments, 1890-1903; 50 establishments, 1903, 1904; 52 establishments,
1904.1905; 52 establishments, 1905, 1906; 54 establishments, 1906, 1907; 26 establishments, 1907-1910; 60
establishments, 1910,1911; and 81 establishments, 1911,1912.]
Cutting department.
Cutters, vamp
Cutters, vamp
Cutters, lining, and
whole shoe, and whole shoe,
cloth, male.
hand,1male.
machine, male.
Skivers, upper,
machine, male.
Skivers, upper,
machine, female.
Year.
Rela
tive
full
time
hours
per
week.
Rela
tive
rate of
wages
per
hour.
Average:
1890-1899
100.0
100.0
1890...................
1891 .................
1892 ................
1893...................
1894...................
100.1
100.2
100.2
100.2
100.0
99.9
99.4
99.8
100.4
93.0
1895...................
1896...................
1897...................
1898...................
1899...................
99.8
100.0
99.9
100.0
99.7
100.0
99.1
101.0
99.7
102.8
1900...................
1901...................
1902...................
1903...................
1904...................
99.7
99.8
98.4
96.6
96.9
103.3
102.6
107.4
110.8
114.2
1905...................
1906...................
1907...................
1908...................
1909...................
96.2
95.8
95.5
95.3
95.1
117.3
118.8
126.8
129.7
132.7
1910...................
1911................... 4100.0 4100.0
1912................... <98.9 *103.7
95.1
94.9
92.9
134.6 3 100.0
133.8 399.0
137.9 3 96.4
Rela
tive
full
time
hours
per
week.
Rela
tive
rate of
wages
per
hour.
Rela
tive
full
time
hours
per
week.
Relative Relative Relative Relative Relative
rate of full-time rate of full-time rate of
wages
hours
wages
hours
wages
per
per
per
per
per
hour.
hour.
week.
week.
hour.
3 100.0
3 99.6
8101.5
3100.0
3 100.0
3 99.6
8100.0
8109.1
8 107.8
2 100.0
2 100.7
2100.3
2 100.0
2 102.3
2102.1
2 99.8
2 100.3
2 97.0
2 104.2
2 104.7
2 114.0
1 Employees in this occupation were reported as cutters, upper, for 1890 to 1907.
2 Data for 1890 to 1906 not available; computed with 1907—100.0.
8 Data for 1890 to 1909 not available; computed with 1910=100.0
* Data for 1890 to 1910 not available; computed with 1911=100.0.
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1907 TO 1913---- APPENDIX.
121
T a b le 2 .— R E L A T IV E
FULL-TIME HOURS P E R W E E K AND R E L A T IV E R A TE S OF
W AGES P E R HOUR IN THE PRINCIPAL OCCUPATIONS IN BOOT AND SHOE MANU
FACTURING, 1890 TO 1912—Continued.
Sole-leather department.
Channelers,
Cutters,
insole and
outsole, male. outsole, male.
Fitting or stitching department.
Backstay
stitchers,
female.
Button
fasteners,
female.
Buttonhole
makers,
female.
Closers-on,
female.
Year.
Rela Rela Rela Rela Rela
tive
tive
tive
tive
tive
full rate of full
full
time rate of time wages time
hours per hours per hours
per hour.
per
per
week.
week. hour. week.
Average:
Rela Rela Rela Rela
Rela Rela
tive Rela
tive
tive
tive
tive
tive
tive
full
rate of time rate of full rate of full
rate of
time
time
wages hours wages hours wages hours wages
per
per
per
per
per hour.
per
per
hour. week.
week. hour. week. hour.
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
1890.
1891.
1892.
1893.
1894.
100.2
101.7
100.2
99.8
99.7
102.0
99.5
99.1
100.1
96.8
100.3
100.5
99.9
100.1
100.1
90.7
96.8
98.3
100.4
103.6
1895.
1896.
1897..
1898..
1899..
99.8
99.7
99.6
99.7
99.7
100.2
98.8
101.2
101.4
100.6
99.6
99.7
99.7
100.4
99.7
98.4
103.3
105.2
100.1
102.9
1900..
1901.
1902..
1903.
1904..
99.8
99.6
99.6
98.2
98.6
102*2
99.5
99.3
99.4
102.4
105.5
103.4
108.4
106.1
109.9
111.9
114.3 1100.0 1 100.0
111.8 199.8 1 108.8
111.4 199.5 1 103.6
112.3 199.3 1 104.9
113.7 199.3 1 107.1 2 100.0 2 100.0 2100.0 2100.0
116.8 197.0 1 109.3 299.1 2116.5 298.4 2102.5
1890-1899.
1905..
1906..
1907..
1908..
1909..
1100.0 1100.0
1100.0 1104.7
199.3 1108.1
98.5
98.0
98.0
97.5
97.5
1910..
1911..
1912..
199.3 1106.2
i 99.1 1109.5
197.7 1112.0
97.3
97.1
96.8
100.5
103.5
106.0
109.2
1 Data for 1890 to 1906 not available; computed with 1907=100.0.
* Data for 1890 to 1910 not available; computed with 1911=100.0.
98.4
96.4
96.4
93.0
109.0
111.1
112.3
106.6
116.2
111.0
110.5
114.7
122
BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.
TABLE 2 .— R E L A T IV E
FULL-TIME HOURS P E R W E E K AND R E LA T IV E RATES OF
W AGES P E R HOUR IN THE PRINCIPAL OCCUPATIONS IN BOOT AND SHOE MANU,
FACTURING, 1890 TO 1912—Continued.
Fitting or stitching department—Concluded.
Lining makers,
female.
Tip stitchers,
female.
Top stitchers or
undertrimmers,
female.
Rela
tive
full
time
hours
per
week.
Rela
tive
full
time
hours
per
week.
Rela
tive Relative Relative Relative Relative Relative
full
rate of full-time rate of full-time rate of
time
wages
hours
wages
hours
wages
per
per
hours
per
per
per
per
hour.
hour.
week.
hour.
week.
week.
Vampers, male.
Vampers, female.
Year.
Rela
tive
rate of
wages
per
hour.
Rela
tive
rate of
wages
per
hour.
Average:
1890-1899
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
1890...................
1891...................
1892...................
1893...................
1894...................
95.8
101.9
102.4
100.2
99.7
112.3
97.3
92.4
95.6
89.4
100.4
100.2
100.4
100.1
99.9
99.9
93.7
98.3
101.6
102.3
1895...................
1896...................
1897...................
1898...................
1899...................
99.8
100.0
100.2
100.3
99.5
90.7
101.5
111.4
103.0
106.7
99.9
99.6
99.5
100.1
99.8
103.2
102.0
100.8
99.4
98.5
1900...................
1901...................
1902...................
1903...................
1904...................
100.5
100.1
99.4
93.9
96.3
110.6
106.0
114.7
127.1
124.4
99.7
99.6
99.2
98.5
98.5
103.0
103.9
104.5
110.5
110.7
1905...................
1906...................
1907................... i 100.0 i 100.0
1908 ................. 1 99.8 1 94.3
1909................... 1 99.6 1 98.6
1910...................
1911...................
1912...................
i 99.4
1 99.4
196.8
1 93.1
1 92.0
194.9
2 100.0 2 100.0
2 98.9 2 105.3
1 100.0
1 100.0
1 100.0
1100.0
1 102.7
i 105.9
96.5
96.1
96.4
96.9
95.8
120.4
127.5
128.2
115.8
115.7
98.6
98.2
97.8
98.2
97.5
115.4
120.9
124.9
122.9
128.1
1 99.5
i 99.3
i 96.2
1 108.3
i 110.1
i 112.2
95.6
95.9
94.9
118.7
123.0
121.2
97.5
97.2
94.8
130.3
130.5
127.8
i Data for 1890 to 1906 not available; computed with 1907=100.0.
a Data for 1890 to 1910 not available; computed with 1911=100.0.
123
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1907 TO 1913---- APPENDIX.
T ab le 2 .—RELA TIV E
FULL-TIME HOURS PER W E E K AND R E LA T IV E RATES OP
W AGES PER HOUR IN THE PRINCIPAL OCCUPATIONS IN BOOT AND SHOE MANU
FACTURING, 1890 TO 1912—Continued.
Lasting department.
Assemblers, Bed-machine Hand-method
for pullinglasting ma
Lasters, ma
over machine, operators,
chine opera chine,! male.
male.
male.
tors, male.
Pullers-over,
hand, male.
Pullers-over,
machine,
female.
Year.
Rela Rela Rela Rela Rela Rela Rela Rela Rela Rela Rela Relative
tive
tive
tive
tive
tive i tive
tive
tive
tive
tive
tive
full
full
of full
rate of full rate of full rate of full ;rate of
time rate of time rate
time
time
time
time
wages
wages hours wages
wages hours wages
hours wages
per hours
per
per
per hours
per hours
per
per
per
per
per
per
per
week. hour. week. hour. week. hour. week. hour. week. hour. week. hour.
Average:
1890-1899
100.0
100.0
1890...................
1891...................
1892...................
1893...................
1894...................
99.5
100.2
100.0
99.8
100.6
97.3
98.1
101.2
96.1
101.3
1
1895...................
1896...................
1897...................
1898...................
1899...................
100.5
100.5
100.0
98.6
100.3
101.1
103.9
97.6
103.9
100.6
I
!
!
!..........
1900...................
1901...................
1902...................
1903...................
1904...................
98.8
99.9
98.5
97.8
98.0
103.0
106.6
114.4
120.1
125.4
98.0
97.6
96.6
128.0
132.4
135.2 2100.0 2100.0
2100.0 2 97.3
2 99.3 2112.0
1905...................
1906...................
1907...................
1908...................
1909...................
UOO.O 2100.0 2100.0 2100.0
2100.2 2 95.4 2 99.1 2 98.7
2100.2 2 97.9 2 99.3 2 99.3
2100.6 2 91.9 2 98.2 2103.6
1910...................
1911................... 4100.0 4100.0 2100.1 2 95.5 2 98.0 2104.7
4 98.9
1912...................
4 96.6 2 99.0 2 90.5 2 95.9 2107.3
i
j
i
.......... i...........
.......... i *
2 98.8 2107.9 3100.0 3100.0
2 98.5 2114.4 3 98.4 3 99.5
2 96.9 2116.9 3 97.5 3 95.5
1 Employees reported as lasters, machine, for 1890 to 1907, are reported for subsequent years as bedmachine operators and hand-method lasting-machine operators.
2 Data for 1890 to 1906 not available; computed with 1907=100.0.
3 Data for 1890 to 1909 not available; computed with 1910=100.0.
4 Data for 1890 to 1910 not available; computed with 1911=100.0.
124
BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.
TABLE 2 .— R E LA T IV E
FULL-TIM E HOURS PER W E E K AND R E LA TIV E RATES OF
WAGES PER HOUR IN THE PRINCIPAL OCCUPATIONS IN BOOT AND SHOE MANU
FACTURING, 1890 TO 1912—Continued.
Bottoming department.
Buffers,
male.
Edge setters,
male.
Edge trim
mers, male.
Goodyear
stitchers,
male.
Goodyear
welters,
male.
Heel breast
ers, male.
Year.
Rela
tive
full
time
hours
per
week.
Rela
Rela Rela Rela
Rela Rela
tive Rela
R .ela- tive Rela
tive
tive Rela
tive ?$e
tive
tive
tive
tive
full
E n- ! tive
full rate
fuHrate
of
rate of time rate of time rateof full
of
of
time
time
tim e rate
wages hours
wages
hours per hours
hours
hours per
per
per
per
per
per
per
per
hour. week. hour.
hour.
week. hour. week. hour.
iSSL
Average:
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.8
100.8
101.0
100.8
97.7
97.2
99.2
105.1
101.3
1897.
1898.
99.5
99.7
99.9
98.5
99.2
103.1
99.2
100.4
99.9
99.0
1900..
1901..
1902..
1903..
1904..
98.2
99.2
97.3
95.8
95.7
105.3
105.0
110.1
114.7
116.4
98.7
95.1
94.4
94.6
115.6
117.3
121.7
131.0
133.2
95.6
94.9
95.1
94.8
95.0
118.7
118.9
127.1
121.4
124.9
94.9
94.2
94.0
93.7
94.0
130.2
128.1
132.2 1100.0 1100.0
123.2 U00.2 1100.0
129.3 199.7 1108.5
94.7 126.0
94.4 i 128.7
94.1 127.5
93.8
93.3
93.3
127.0 199.5 U03.3
131.7 199.1 1109.5 2100.0 2 100.0
131.0 198.7 1110.1 2 99.3 2 103.8
1890-1899.
1890.
1891.
1892.
1893.
1894.
1905..
1906..
1907..
1908..
1909.
1910.
1911.
1912.
1100.0 1100.0
1100.4 187.8
U00.2 1 95.2
2100.0 2100.0
2100.0 2 1 0 4 .4
196.4
198.1
198.9 1100.5
100.6
100.5
100.7
99.5
100.0
93.9
96.5
96.4
99.6
100.9
98.6
108.4
106.6
110.4
1 Data for 1890 to 1906 not available; computed with 1907=100.0.
2 Data for 1890 to 1910 not available; computed with 1911=100.0.
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1907 TO 1913— APPENDIX.
125
T a b le 2 . —R E LA T IV E
FULL-TIME HOURS P E R W E E K AND R E L A T IV E R A TE S OF
W AGES P E R HOUR IN THE PRINCIPAL OCCUPATIONS IN BOOT AND SHOE MANU
FACTU RIN G, 1890 TO 1912—Continued.
Bottoming department—Continued.
Heel burnish Heel scourers,
male.
ers, male.
Heel-seat
nailers,
male.
Heel sluggers,
male.
Heel trim
mers or
shavers,1
male.
Heelers,
male.
Year.
Rela
tive
full
time
hours
per
Rela Rela Rela Rela Rela Rela
Rela Rela
tive
tive
tive Rela
tive
tive
tive
tive
tive
tive
full
full
of full
rate of
rate of time rate of full
time rate of time rate
time
wages
wages hours wages
wages hours
per hours
per hours
per
per
per
per
per
per hour.
per
hour. week.
week. hour. week. hour. week. hour.
Average:
Rela Rela
tive
tive
full
of
time rate
hours wages
per
per
week. hour.
100.0
100.0
1890.
1891.
1892.
1893.
1894.
101.6
100.7
100.7
100.4
99.7
91.9
90.8
97.0
104.7
102.3
1895.
1896.
1897.
99.4
99.4
99.3
99.6
99.1
103.6
101.0
102.3
105.0
101.5
1900..
1901..
1902..
1903..
1904..
97.7
97.6
96.7
96.2
95.7
104.8
105.5
106.9
115.7
122.0
1905..
1906..
1907..
1908..
1909..
96.1
95.0
94.7
94.9
95.1
125.1
127.4
129.6
129.7
132.0
94.9
94.7
93.9
131.0
132.8 2100.0
132.6
1890-1899.
1910..
1911.
1912..
UOO. 0 2100.0 2100.0 2100.0 2100.0 2100.0 2100.0 2100.0
U02.1 2101.3 2101.1 2 100.0 2 90.6
2101.9
i Employees in this occupation were reported as heel trimmers for 1890 to 1907.
a Data for 1890 to 1910 not available; computed with 1911=100.0.
2100.0
126
BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.
T able 2.—R E LA T IV E FULL-TIME HOURS P E R W E E K AND R E LA T IV E R ATES OP
W AGES P E R HOUR IN THE PRINCIPAL OCCUPATIONS IN BOOT AND SHOE MANU
FACTURING, 1890 TO 1912—Concluded.
Bottoming department—Concluded.
Levelers,
male.
Year.
McKay sewers, Rough rounders, Treers or ironers,
male.
hand, male.
male.
Rela
tive
rate of
wages
per
hour.
Average:
1890-1899...
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
1890...................
1891...................
1892...................
1893...................
1894...................
101.6
101.5
100.4
100.4
99.8
95.0
94.1
99.3
104.4
100.6
100.1
100.7
99.4
99.0
99.7
101.4
97.4
98.8
100.4
101.4
1895...................
1896...................
1897...................
1898...................
1899...................
100.2
99.8
99.1
98.5
98.6
104.3
98.9
101.2
102.6
99.6
100.9
100.3
99.9
100.3
99.7
100.9
101.6
97.9
97.7
102.6
1900...................
1901...................
1902...................
1903...................
1904...................
96.4
98.0
96.7
96.6
96.3
99.9
99.1
100.7
103.6
103.5
99.6
99.8
98.2
96.0
95.9
107.9
105.5
110.0
123.4
123.3
1905...................
1906...................
1907...................
1908...................
1909..................
95.8
95.7
95.2
95.4
96.1
102.2
104.3
101.0 1100.0
109.2 1 100.0
96.0 1 99.6
1 100.0
1 95.1
1 112.1
95.9
95.2
95.5
95.1
95.3
126.0
122.3
135.6
130.9
130.2
1 106.2
1 114.5
1 115.1
95.1
95.4
95.2
128.0
128.4
126.0
3
Rela
tive
rate of
wages
per
hour.
100.0 3 100.0
3 99.8 3 104.1
95.2
94.5
94.2
97.8
97.9
94.5
Treers or ironers,
hand, female.
Rela
tive Relative Relative Relative Relative Relative
rate of full-time rate of full-time rate of
full
time
hours
wages
wages
hours
wages
per
per
per
hours
per
per
per
hour.
week.
hour.
hour.
week.
week.
Rela
tive
full
time
hours
per
week.
1910...................
1911...................
1912...................
Rela
tive
full
time
hours
per
week.
Finishing department.
199.1
1 98.8
1 98.1
i Data for 1890 to 1906 not available; computed with 1907=100.0.
a Data for 1890 to 1909 not available; computed with 1910= 100.0.
s Data for 1890 to 1910 not available; computed with 1911=100.0.
2 100.0
299.8
293.3
2 100.0
2 100.5
2 107.0
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1907 TO 1913— APPENDIX.
127
TABLE 3.— R E LA T IV E FULL-TIME
HOURS P E R W E E K AND R E LA T IV E RATES OF
W AGES P E R HOUR IN H OSIERY AND U N D E R W E A R MANUFACTURING, 1890 TO 1912.
[Data are included from 8 establishments, 1890-1903 ; 9 establishments, 1903, 1904; 22 establishments, 1904,
1905; 25 establishments, 1905, 1906; 30 establishments, 1906, 1907; 15 establishments, 1907-1910; 62 estab
lishments, 1910,1911; 62 establishments, 1911,1912.]
128
BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.
T a b le 4 .— R E LATIVE
FULL-TIME HOURS PE R W EE K AND RELATIVE RATES 0 7
WAGES PE R HOUR IN THE PRINCIPAL OCCUPATIONS IN HOSIERY AND UN DER
W E A R MANUFACTURING, 1890 TO 1912.
[Data are included from 8 establishments, 1890-1903; 9 establishments, 1903, 1904; 22 establishments, 1904,
1905; 25 establishments, 1905, 1906; 30 establishments, 1906, 1907; 15 establishments, 1907-1910; 62 estab
lishments, 1910,1911; and 62 establishments, 1911,1912.]
Boarders, male.
Year.
Buttonhole makers, Button sewers, un Cutters, hand, un
derwear, female.
underwear, female.
derwear, male.
Relative Relative Relative Relative Relative Relative Relative Relative
full-time rate of full-time rate of full-time rate of full-time rate of
hours per wages per hours per wages per hours per wages per hours per wages per
week.
hour.
week.
hour.
week.
hour.
hour.
week.
Average, 1890-1899..
100.0
100.0
1890......................
1891......................
1892......................
1893......................
1894......................
101.3
101.3
101.3
99.7
98.2
107.9
100.3
90.3
106.8
91.5
1895......................
1896......................
1897......................
1898......................
1899......................
99.4
99.7
99.7
99.7
99.8
110.8
99.9
99.0
99.3
94.2
1900......................
1901......................
1902......................
1903......................
1904......................
99.6
99.2
99.2
98.2
98.4
91.9
116.2
107.8
125.4
123.5
1905......................
1906......................
1907......................
1908......................
1909......................
98.3
98.4
97.5
97.0
97.2
127.9
132.6
148.6
143.9
138.8
1910......................
1911......................
1912......................
95.4
95.4
93.2
148.9
146.4
168.2
Cutters, hand, un
derwear, female.
1 100.0
1 100. 0
198.6
1 100.0
i 102.4
1 104.4
Finishers, under
wear, female.
1 100.0
1 100. 2
198.5
1 100.0
198.7
199.6
1 100.0
199.3
199.3
1
I n s p e c t o r s and
menders, under
wear, female.
Folders, female.
100.0
100.0
1890......................
1891......................
1892......................
!
1893......................
1894...................... ............... 1................
101.3
101.3
101.3
101.0
91.3
106.6
113.2
105.2
97.4
92.4
1895 .................
1896......................
1897 ...............
1898......................
1899......................
101.1
100.8
100.8
100.6
100.6
93.4
1
!
100.9 ............... i................
|................
98.8
1
100.7
92.3
Average, 1890-1899
i
1
1900......................
1901......................
1902......................
1903 .................
1904..
98.1
97.8
98.1
96.0
96.7
99.3
103.4
118.7
121.3
119.7
i
.......... 1...........
1
1
•
1905
.. .
1906......................
1907......................
1908.....................
1909....................
2 100. 0
2 98.8
2 99.0
2 100. 0
2 109.0
2 100.5
96.2
94.4
95.0
94.8
95.0
128.0
137.0
145.8
139.2
136.6
2 100.0
299.7
2 100.2
2 100.0
296.1
2 109.2
1910......................
1911......................
1912......................
2 96.4
2 96.4
2 93.5
299.7
2 100.9
2 111. 1
93.5
93.3
91.7
142.2
141.9
147.1
298.O
2 97.8
2 95.8
2 109.3
2 108.6
2 111.2
1100.0
1 103.1
198.1
1 Data for 1890 to 1909 not available; computed with 1910=100.0.
2 Data for 1890 to 1906 not available; computed with 1907=100.0.
1 100.0
1100.0
199.0
1100.0
1101.0
1104.2
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1901 TO 1913— APPENDIX.
129
T a b le 4 .— RELATIVE FULL-TIME
HOURS PE R W E E K AND R E LA TIV E RATES OF
W AGES PE R HOUR IN THE PRINCIPAL OCCUPATIONS IN HOSIERY AND UNDER
W E A R MANUFACTURING, 1890 TO 1912—Continued.
Knitters,1 male.
Year.
Knitters,1 female.
Knitters, footers or
toppers,2 male.
Knitters, footers or
toppers,2 female.
Relative Relative Relative Relative Relative Relative Relative Relative
full-time rate o f full-time rate of full-time rate of full-time rate of
hours per wages per hours per wages per hours per wages per hours per wages per
week.
week.
hour.
hour.
week.
hour.
week.
hour.
Average, 1890-1899..
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
1890......................
1891......................
1892......................
1893......................
1894......................
102.8
102.8
102.8
100.5
91.3
107.7
118.6
99.8
113.4
110.0
100.5
100.6
100.6
100.5
95.7
104.9
104.8
99.0
97.4
101.1
1895......................
1896......................
1897......................
1898......................
1899......................
100.3
100.1
99.9
99.8
99.8
112.2
90.4
81.8
85.4
80.7
100.4
100.5
100.5
100.5
100.5
104.6
98.5
98.7
96.2
94.5
1900......................
1901......................
1902......................
1903 ....................
1904 ....................
98.7
98.7
98.7
97.4
97.6
90.9
92.3
95.7
123.9
115.4
99.3
99.6
99.3
98.6
98.2
91.5
103.1
112.4
116.6
111.4
1905......................
1906......................
1907......................
1908......................
1909......................
97.3
99.0
96.9
119.2
126.2
128.1
98.1
97.6
97.1
124.1
130.8
135.5
4100.0
499.7
499.2
1910......................
1911......................
1912......................
Knitters, “ lady
hose,” 2 male.
Knitters, “ lady
hose,” 2 female.
4100.0
<99.7
4 97.3
4 100.0
4 100.0
<98.4
4 100.0
4 103.0
4 110.8
Knitters, rib, ho
siery,2 male.
3 100.0
3 100.0
3 100.0
3 100.0
3 108.0
3 108.0
396.6
396.6
394.7
3 107.7
3 109.4
3 111.7
Knitters, rib, ho
siery,2 female.
Average, 1890-1899
1890 ....................
1891......................
1892......................
1893 ...................
1894......................
1895......................
1896......................
1897
. .
1898 ...................
1899
1900....................
1901
1902
..............
1903
1904......................
1905
1906
1907
1908
1909
................
...............
1910......................
1911......................
1912......................
4 100.0
<100.4
4 108.3
4 100.0
4 101. 1
4 115.9
4100.0
4 99.8
498.2
4 100.0
4 100.2
4 106.1
4100.0
4 100.4
496.9
4100.0
4 117.0
4 114.4
i Employees reported as knitters for 1890 to 1907 are reported for subsequent years as knitters, footers or
toppers; knitters, “ lady hose” ; knitters, rib, hosiery; and knitters, web or tube, underwear.
8 Employees in this occupation were reported as knitters for 1890 to 1907.
3 Data for 1890 to 1906 not available; computed with 1907=100.0.
<i Data for 1890 to 1909 not available; computed with 1910=100.0.
45968°— Bull. 154—14------ 9
OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.
VE FULL-TIME HOURS PER W E E K AND R E L A T IV E R A TE S OF
UR IN THE PRINCIPAL OCCUPATIONS IN H O SIE R Y AND UNDER^TURING, 1890 TO 1912—Continued.
Knitters, web or
tube, underwear,i
male.
Knitters, web or
tube,underwear,^
female.
Loopers, female.
Menders,2 female.
Relative Relative Relative Relative Relative Relative Relative Relative
full-time rate of full-time rate of full-time rate of full-time I rate of
hours per wages per hours per wages per hours per wages per hours per,wages per
week.
hour.
week.
hour.
week.
hour.
week.
hour.
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
108.9
105.5
99.6
100.8
92.4
100.0
101.9
102.0
103.3
102.0
1891.
1892.
1893.
1894.
101.6
91.5
104.2
95.9
101.8
101.8
101.8
99.5
95.9
1895.
1896.
1897.
1898.
1899.
101.3
99.9
99.9
99.9
99.9
106.7
117.4
91.0
93.3
88.5
99.4
99.7
100.1
100.2
99.8
113.4
97.8
92.1
95.8
93.8
1900.
1901.
1902.
1903.
1904.
98.3
98.2
98.2
98.2
98.1
80.7
94.3
92.9
106.1
93.3
99.2
98.8
99.0
98.6
98.6
104.1
92.3
112.2
110.5
106.1
98.4
97.8
97.0
96.7
96.7
99.4
105.5
110.2
100.5
108.8
98.2
98.0
97.4
113.7
117.2
122.1
95.5
95.5
109.1
106.4
115.6
1905.
1906.
1907.
1908.
1909.
3100.0
3 99.7
3 100.0
3 100.0
3 95.1
3 97.1
97.4
97.1
95.6
3 97.3
3104.1
3 112.1
1910.
1911.
1912.
3
3
3
Menders, fine, ho
siery,4 female.
3
3
3
100.0
100.2
100.4
3 100.0
3 101.1
3 91.9
97.6
96.9
94.3
3 103.1
3 98.0
3 81.9
3
3
3
Menders, rough, ho
siery,4 female.
Pressers, male.
Press hands, female.
erage
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
1890.
1891.
1892.
1893.
1894.
101.1
107.4
105.2
92.6
98.9
94.6
102.4
102.4
102.4
99.0
99.0
110.8
102.3
101.5
99.8
109.6
1895.
1896.
1897.
1898.
1899.
100.7
100.7
100.7
100.7
100.7
94.4
100.9
103.9
101.4
99.0
99.0
99.0
99.0
99.0
91.4
105.4
97.9
1900.
1901.
1902.
1903.
1904.
98.3
97.4
99.0
99.3
99.5
106.6
103.6
107.1
116.2
112.9
99.0
99.0
99.0
99.0
97.2
107.1
104.0
110.3
100.9
122.3
1905.
1906.
1907.
1908.
1909.
1910.
1911.
1912.
Emp]
Emp]
siery,
101.1
101.1
100.8
92.3
3
100.0
3 99.0
3
3
3
98.3
98.3
95.5
3 100.0
3 91.6
3 90.8
3 95.1
3 96.7.
99.4
3
100.8
88.8
92.9
100.0
399.8
3 100.0
3 100.0
3 113.7
3 115.1
99.6
99.4
99.6
99.4
99.2
120.5
123.7
137.1
119.9
123.1
98.5
98.6
98.5
98.5
98.5
131.7
137.6
135.9
135.2
120.7
98.5
98.5
97.6
3 109.7
3 110.2
3*117.8
98.9
98.7
97.2
132.9
139.0
144.3
95.1
94.8
93.6
146.6
146.2
153.6
3
3
3
3
occupation were reported as knitters for 1890 to 1907.
d as menders for 1890 to 1907 are reported for subsequent years as menders, fine,
rough, hosiery.
16not available; computed with 1907=100.0.
occupation were reported as members for 1890 to 1907.
WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR, 1907 TO 1913---- APPENDIX.
131
T a b le 4 .— R E LA T IV E
FULL-TIME HOURS PER W E E K AND R E L A T IV E R A TE S OF
W AGES PER HOUR IN THE PRINCIPAL OCCUPATIONS IN H OSIERY AND UNDER
W E A R MANUFACTURING, 1890 TO 1912—Concluded.
Ribbers, female.
Year.
Welters, female.
Winders, female.
Relative Relative Relative Relative Relative Relative Relative Relative
full-time rate of full-time rate of full-time rate of full-time rate of
hours per wages per hours per wages per hours per wages per hours per wages per
hour.
week.
hour.
hour.
week.
week.
week.
hour.
Average, 1890-1899...
100.0
100.0
1890......................
1891......................
1892......................
1893......................
1894......................
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.5
112.3
103.1
103.4
91.8
1895......................
1896......................
1897......................
1898......................
1899......................
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
98.8
87.2
92.0
96.4
114.4
1900......................
1901....*...............
1902......................
1903......................
1904......................
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
110.1
112.8
120.9
119.0
117.3
1905......................
1906......................
1907......................
1908......................
1909......................
100.0
100.0
. 99.7
(2)
122.6
127.0
137.6
(2)
1910......................
1911......................
1912......................
Seamers, underwear,
female.
_________ i__________
1100.0
199.8
1100.0
1100.0
1108.4
1 109.2
197.6
197.6
196.8
199.5
198.7
1 105.0
8100.0
100.0
3 97.7
3
s 100.0
103.7
117.1
3
3
1 Data for 1890 to 1906 not available; computed with 1907*=100.0.
2 Occupation discontinued.
8 Data for 1890 to 1909 not available; computed with 1910=100.0.
1100.0
199.8
199.6
1100.0
1 115.8
1108.0
197.7
197.2
194.8
1 106.4
1 108.5
1 116.7
@FedFRASER