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U N IT E D S T A T E S D E P A R T M E N T OF L A B O R Frances Perkins, Secretary BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS Isador Lubin, Commissioner (on leave) A . F. Hinrichs, A cting Commissioner + Wages in Department and Clothing Stores Large Cities, Spring and Summer 1943 Prepared by D IVISIO N OF W A G E A N A L Y S IS ROBERT J, MYERS, Chief B ulletin 7^o. 801 UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON s 1944 For sale by the][Superintendent o f Documents, U . S. Governm ent Printing Office Washington 25, D. C. - Price 5 cents Contents Page Summary----------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------Characteristics of establishments studied-------------------- ---------------------------Types of stores-----------The labor force________ Working conditions____ Method and scope of survey. Hourly earnings----------------< n i) 620030— 44 1 1 Letter o f Transm ittal U n it e d S t a t e s D e p a r t m e n t o f L a b o r , B u r e a u o f L a b o r St a t is t ic s , Washington , D . C ., November 20, 1944• The Se c r e ta r y of L a b o r : I have the honor to transmit herewith a report on wages in department and clothing stores in large cities, spring and summer of 1943. This report was prepared by Joseph M. Sherman, under the direction of Harry Ober, in the v Bureau's Division of Wage Analysis. A. F. H o n . F r a n c e s P e r k in s , Secretary o f Labor . (IV) H i n r i c h s , Acting Com m issioner . B ulletin T^o. 801 o f the U nited States B ureau o f Labor Statistics [Reprinted from the M onthly L ab or R e v ie w , Novem ber 1944] Wages in Department and Clothing Stores in Large Cities, Spring and Summer of 1943 Summary Median hourly rates of pay of workers in department, generalmerchandise, and clothing stores in selected large cities in the spring and summer of 1943 ranged from 39 cents an hour for women bundle Wrappers and stock girls to $1.18 (including commissions) for furniture salesmen. These findings are based on information collected in 60 cities of 100,000 or more population. Kates of pay were appreciably higher for selling than for nonselling workers. The highest earnings among broad geographic regions were reported for Pacific Coast workers, while rates of pay were lowest in southern cities. Earnings of some workers in the Seattle-Tacoma area exceeded $2 an hour. Many rates below 35 cents an hour were found in the South. Wage rates were also found to differ substantially by size of city. In every occupation, the highest median rates were found in places of 500,000 or more, while the lowest were generally found in Communities of 100,000 to 250,000. Characteristics of Establishments Studied Retail-trade employees constitute an important group of “ whitecollar” workers. In recent months more than 6,000,000 persons have been employed in various branches of retailing. A substantial proportion of these perform fairly similar functions— selling and maintaining records in department, general-merchandise, dry-goods, and clothing stores. During the war years, the importance of this branch of the economy as an employer of labor has been eclipsed by the dramatic increase in labor requirements in the industries that are directly involved in the production and transportation of war supplies for our armed forces. Wage levels in retailing were generally lower than those in manufacturing industries, even before the war. Moreover, because of the relative decline in the demand for retail employees, the small extent of union organization, and the traditional rigidity of whitecollar wages, the pre-war difference has probably increased. With interest currently shifting to employment opportunities in peacetime pursuits, however, the role of retail trade as a prospective employer of labor assumes more importance. In evaluating this role, a cross (1 ) 2 section of current wage rates in representative branches of retail trade should be of considerable interest. TYPES OF STORES According to the census of 1939 the branches of retail trade represented in this study— department, general-merchandise, drygoods, and clothing*stores— accounted for about a fifth (about 900,000) of all employees in retail trade, and for an equal proportion of the total retail pay roll. These stores constitute an important segment of the business life of all urban communities, but they are, as a group, particularly important in cities with a population of 100,000 or more. This concentration in the larger cities is most pronounced in the case of the department and clothmg stores. The dry-goods and generalmerchandise stores, on the other hand, tend to be more important in the smaller urban localities. There is no, clear line of demarcation between department stores and other types of stores engaged in general merchandising. At one extreme, to be sure, it is possible to distinguish the large modern store that is highly departmentalized in selling as well as adminis tration. At the other extreme is the small store that sells a wide variety of merchandise but in which departmental specialization in selling and accounting is nonexistent. Between these extremes there are stores that sell a wide variety of merchandise and tend toward departmental specialization in varying degrees. It is mainly for this reason that the usual dividing line between department and other stores is more or less arbitrary; stores with annual sales of $100,000 or more are often classified as department stores while those with lesser annual sales are considered general-merchandise stores. In view of the general similarity of the functions and the labor force in these different types of stores it was found practicable to group them for study. The 1939 census of retail trade shows the corporation to be the dominant legal form of organization in all branches of retail trade included in the study, with the exception of dry-goods and generalmerchandise stores. The corporate form of business organization, for example, was found in 92 percent of all department stores, and these accounted for 97 percent of total sales. Individual proprietorships and partnerships, on the other hand, were found in 85 percent of the dry-goods and general-merchandise stores and accounted for about three-fifths of the sales of such stores. In 1939, department stores averaged 111 full-time employees per store, while the other types of stores included in the study were much smaller. As is pointed out below, however, the smallest stores in all lines were excluded from the scope of the study. THE LABOR FORCE Typical functions of the employees in the stores studied include selling directly to customers, packing and unpacking goods, main taining stock records, and performing a variety of clerical office functions relating to management and administration. There are, of course, considerable differences in the duties of sales clerks; the chief differentiating factors seem to be in the costliness of the items 3 sold and the amount of information that is entailed in presenting various products to customers. Thus, employees engaged in selling such items as furniture, pianos, men’s and women’s clothing, and precious jewelry generally represent the more experienced and versatile group of the Tabor force. On the other hand, employees who sell inexpensive, standard items usually require little training or experience. Department and clothing stores have historically been among the most important employers of women. About 1 of every 25 women gainfully employed in the United States in June 1943 worked in such stores. Several of the branches of retail trade under discussion have had a much higher proportion of women employees than retail trade as a whole. Thus, in 1939, women formed about a third of the labor force in retail trade as a whole, but two-thirds in department and cloth ing stores, seven-eighths in women’s ready-to-wear stores, and fiveninths in family clothing stores. In men’s and boys’ clothing stores, on the other hand, only a sixth were women. In recent years the growing labor shortage has induced many stores to place women in positions normally filled by men. W ORKING CONDITIONS Employment in the branches of retail trade studied is highly seasonal. Peak employment is usually reached in December. This is followed by a drop in January and February, and a secondary peak is reached in April. The level of employment is rather low in June, July, and August, but thereafter it rises gradually as the Christmas shopping period is approached. These swings in employment are generally quite violent, and in some years the number of employees in December is twice that in February. Characteristically the peaks of employment are met by augmenting the regular labor force with substantial numbers of part-time workers. In. 1939, about 1 of every 5 employees in the branches of retail trade studied was employed part time. The ratio of part-time to full-time employees in depart ment stores at the Christmas peak is generally about 1 to 3. Unionization in retail trade is not very extensive. Of the stores studied only about 13 percent had union agreements covering sub stantial proportions of the employees. A higher proportion of unionization was found among the larger stores and in the larger cities. Unionization of department and clothing stores was most common in the far western areas. All department stores studied in Tacoma and Seattle were unionized. In the Northeast, unionization was more common than in the United States as a whole, while in the South few stores were unionized. Typically, retail clerks in department and clothing stores receive incentive payments in addition to their basic rates. The incentive payments consist of some kind of commission on sales. In some instances the commissions are paid as a flat percentage of total sales, and in others they apply only to sales above a set quota or to sales of particular items. The latter commissions are often referred to as “ P. M .’s” (postmortems or push money) or “ Reds” (reductions), to denote a reward for special effort in promoting sales of slow-moving or especially profitable items. Some workers are on a “ draw commis sion” basis; that is, they draw a weekly salary related to sales in a previous period. The actual commission earned is calculated from 4 time to time, and any excess over the amount drawn is credited to the employee. This form of commission is most commonly found in clothing, furniture, and floor-covering departments. Method and Scope of Survey Information on earnings of employees in department, generalmerchandise, dry-goods, and clothing stores was obtained in connec tion with the Bureau’s Occupational Wage Rate Project covering characteristic industries in selected urban areas. The information for each city covered by the survey is based upon all, or a representa tive sample of, such stores with 9 or more employees. The limita tion on size excluded numerous small dry-goods, general-merchandise, and independent clothing stores.1 Moreover, in view of the fact that the data presented in this study are limited to cities with a population of 100,000 or more, the wage information is considerably influenced by department and chain clothing stores. Of the cities in this size group, data are presented for 12 of the 14 cities with half a million or more inhabitants, and for three-fifths of the cities with population of 100,000 to 500,000. The data for most of the selected cities refer to a pay-roll period in the spring or summer of 1943. In examining the cross section of wage rates during this period, it would be well to bear in mind that wage rates in department and clothing stores have increased sub stantially since that time. A study of the trend in urban wage rates,2 for example, indicates that from April 1943 to April 1944 wage rates in these stores in the United States as a whole have increased about 13 percent. In general, higher wage increases have been re ported in the regions with relatively lower wage levels than in those regions where the highest wage levels typically prevail. Thus, the highest increase (23.5 percent) was found in the Southwest, while the lowest increase (4.6 percent) was in the Pacific Coast area. Wage increases in the Southeast, Great Lakes, and Middle West have also been higher than the average for the country as a whole. The wage information presented in this article was obtained from pay rolls and other related store records by field representatives of the Bureau. Premium overtime payments and shift differentials were excluded. In instances where employees were receiving commissions based on sales volume, such earnings were included in the data pre sented. Uniform occupational descriptions were used in all establish ments to assure comparability in the classification of workers from store to store. Of the numerous job classifications found in the stores covered, the few selected occupations for which data are presented in this report accounted for a large majority of the labor force. In all, the employ ment in these occupations amounted to about 90,000 in the selected cities. Of these, retail clerks accounted for about three-fourths of the employees, and the nonselling occupations for the remainder. Women employed as general clerks and as saleswomen in women’s clothing departments were numerically by far the most important retail clerical groups. Among the nonselling occupations studied, 1 In some areas, however, clothing stores with as few as 5 employees were included in the study. 2 See Wartime Wage Movements and Urban Wage-Bate Changes in Monthly Labor Beview for October 1944 (p. 684). (Beprinted as Serial No. K. 1684.) 5 cashiers were the most numerous classifications. Salesmen of men’s clothing and furniture were among the least numerous retail-clerk classifications. The job classifications included for study are limited to characteristic store occupations; office employees, whose duties in stores do not differ materially from those in other business or in dustrial establishments, were omitted. Hourly Earnings Median city average hourly earnings for selected selling and non selling job classifications are presented in table 1. These median averages were derived from a simple array of individual city averages for each classification. Although no attempt has been made to assign different weights to individual cities, based on relative employment, the data are useful in this form for purposes of rough comparison. Detailed information on average hourly earnings by city and method of wage payment may be observed in table 2. Among the retail clerks the type of merchandise sold has a very pronounced influence on straight-time average hourly earnings. The highest median earnings, for example, were received by furniture salesmen and amounted to $1.18. Employees selling men’s and women’s clothing and shoes also earned appreciably more than other sales clerks. In selling these commodities, however, men generally earned appreciably more than women; thus, men selling men’s clothing averaged $1.05 per hour whereas women selling women’s clothing averaged 58 cents per hour. Salesmen of men’s shoes averaged 24 cents more than the saleswomen of women’s shoes. The lowest average earnings (49 cents per hour) of specialized sales clerks were received by women selling cosmetics and toiletries and hosiery. Gen eral clerks’ earnings also varied considerably by sex; men averaged 83 cents and women 50 cents per hour. Earnings among the five selected nonselling occupations did not show so much variation as those among the sales personnel; stock girls and bundle wrappers earned on the average 39 cents per hour, and women cashiers grades I and II, 50 and 43 cents per hour, re spectively. A fairly consistent relationship between size of city and average wage rates may be observed in table 1. As would be expected, average earnings were appreciably higher in the largest cities (500,000 or more population) than in the cities with a population o f 100,000 to 250,000. Among retail clerks, the differences ranged from 36 cents for men’s clothing salesmen to 5 cents in women’s hosiery departments. In the nonselling jobs, also, average hourly earnings tended to vary with size of city. Thus, cashiers in the largest cities earned 5 cents more, stockgirls 3 cents more, bundle wrappers 6 cents more, and stockmen 8 cents more, than in cities with 100,000 to 250,000 population. Although earnings varied appreciably from region to region the contrast between earnings levels of northern and southern localities does not appear to be so pronounced in retail trade as in manufacturing industries. Earnings in cities of the Far West, however, were gen erally highest, while those in the South were generally lowest. Since none of the southern cities is included in the “ 500,000 and over” group, it is apparent that the wage variation by size of city, discussed 6 above, is due in part to regional differences. It will be noted, however, that variation by size of city is also apparent within individual regions. T a b l e 1.— M edian H ou rly Earnings 1 in Selected Job Classifications in Department and Clothing Stores, by C ity Size and Region , Spring and Summer o f 1943 Betail clerks Male Female Region and size of city Cos Hosi Furni General Men’s metics General ery, clerks clothing Shoes and toi clerks wom ture letries en’s All cities............................................................ $1.18 $0.83 $1.05 $0.84 $0.49 $0.50 $0.49 Cities with population of— 600.000 and over......................................... 260.000 and under 600,000........................... 100.000 and under 260,000........................... 1.30 1.19 1.14 .92 .82 .84 1.24 1.12 .88 .99 .88 .80 .57 .52 .46 .60 .50 .46 .52 .52 .47 Northeastern cities........................................... Border State cities............................................ Southern cities.................................................. Middle Western cities................................... Mountain and Pacific Coast cities.................. 1.18 1.31 1.06 1.25 1.49 .84 .80 .78 .85 .89 1.04 1.13 .88 1.06 1.39 .86 .86 .77 .93 .99 .46 .51 .50 .53 .60 .51 .47 .46 .53 .64 .47 .46 .48 .50 .61 Retail clerks— Continued Region and size of city Female—Con. Shoes Nonselling occupations Male Female Wom Stock- Bundle Cash Cash iers, en’s iers, wrap clothing men pers grade I2 grade II2 Stockgirls All cities____ ____ ____ _____________ ______ $0.60 $0.58 $0.48 $0.39 $0.50 $0.43 $0.39 Cities with population of— 600.000 and over..... .................................... 260.000 and under 600,000........................... 100.000 and under 250,000........................... .71 .62 .53 .62 .61 .55 .54 .49 .46 .44 .38 .38 .53 .50 .48 .48 .42 .43 .42 .38 .39 Northeastern cities........................................... Border State cities............................................ Southern cities....... .......................................... Middle Western cities........ ............................. Mountain and Pacific Coast cities.................. .62 .52 .49 .60 .79 .57 .58 .54 .60 .83 .49 .47 .40 .51 .57 .40 .38 .35 .42 .54 .48 .48 .46 .50 .61 .43 .48 .38 .44 .57 .41 .37 .33 .40 .50 1 Exclusive of premium pay for overtime or late-shift work. 2 In general, the cashier, grade I, accepts payments on charge accounts, cashes customers’ checks, and’sells gift certificates besides assuming, whenever necessary, the duties of the cashier, grade II, who accepts pay ment for sales slips made out by clerks, makes change, and may also wrap packages. Significant differences in earnings were found between workers paid on a time basis and those on an incentive basis (table 2). The largest variations between earnings of time and incentive workers occurred among sales clerks in furniture, clothing, and shoe departments. Furniture salesmen receiving commissions earned on the average 40 cents an hour more than the corresponding time workers; men’s clothing salesmen and general clerks (male) averaged 27 and 8 cents, respectively, more per hour on an incentive than on a time basis. Women shoe clerks earned 15 cents more per hour on an incentive than on a time basis. 7 T able 2.— Average H ourly Earnings 1 in Selected Job Classifications in Department and Clothing Stores, b y M ethod o f W age Paym ent, Spring and Summer 1943 Retail clerks Male Furniture Region and city General clerks Men’s clothing All Time Incen All Time Incen All Time Incen tive work tive work tive work work work work work work work ers ers ers ers ers ers ers ers ers Northeast 600,000 population and over: Boston................................................... Buffalo............................................ New York............................................... Philadelphia.................. ............... Pittsburgh...................................... 250,000 and under 500,000 population: Providence.............................................. Rochester....................... ........................ 100,000 and under 250,000 population: Bridgeport......................................... Fall River................................ Hartford................................................ New Bedford.................................... New Haven......... ................................ Lowell................................................ Scranton-Wilkes-Barre........ ................. Springfield.............................................. Syracuse................................................. Worcester..................................... ......... $1.28 1.44 $0.95 1.69 1.57 $1.36 1.57 .97 .97 .96 (3) 1.22 1.01 .95 1.75 1.05 1.11 1.24 1.14 $1.28 1.48 $1.11 $0.92 (3) .79 .74 (3) (3) 1.22 1.01 .95 1.75 1.22 1.11 1.24 1.40 .84 .84 .81 .94 .53 (3) .64 .64 .99 .95 $1.41 $0.99 1.04 (3) 1.33 .93 1.15 (3) 1.33 (3) $1.50 1.04 1.39 (3) 1.34 1.27 .77 1.17 1.29 .77 .89 1.05 .99 .72 .80 .83 1.12 1.13 .90 .92 .70 .72 .84 .70 .75 .82 1.12 1.14 1.07 1.10 1.10 .91 .83 .84 .84 1.13 .90 .98 1.20 1.07 1.12 .93 1.20 1.13 .63 1.19 1.17 Border States 500,000 population and over: Baltimore................................................ Washington......................................... 100,000 and under 250,000 population: N orfolk................................................. Richmond....... ..................................... . .92 (3) 1.00 1.42 1.00 1.42 .90 .71 .90 .71 1.46 1.20 '".’ 70‘ 1.46 (3) .84 .76 .81 .63 .93 .95 1.19 .'88 1.23 1.19 _____ .88 .96 1.02 (3) (3) 1.23 1.19 .88 .96 1.07 (3) .79 .79 .89 .73 .69 .77 .51 .64 .53 .66 .62 .73 .85 .94 .93 .77 .76 .93 1.16 1.04 1.05 1.18 .84 (3) .82 .89 .97 .90 .57 1.24 1.11 1.06 1.28 .89 (3) 1.02 (3) .67 (3) 1.09 1.50 (3) 1.21 (3) 122 (3) 1.18 1.50 <3) .64 .63 .92 .96 .78 1.11 .64 .83 .63 .72 .60 .42 .85 .51 .50 .98 .46 .62 .42 .71 .81 .83 .96 1.16 1.05 1.28 .72 1.01 .71 .79 .62 .64 .88 .86 1.18 .84 .66 .63 .44 .57 (3) .93 .43 .55 .71 1.11 .86 1.18 .80 .79 1.39 (3) (3) .80 .95 .77 .82 .83 .96 South 250,000 and under 500,000 population: Atlanta................................................... Birmingham........................................... Dallas................................................... Houston................................................. New Orleans............. ............................. San Antonio_____________ __________ 100,000 and under 250,000 population: Charlotte.............................. ................. Chattanooga....................... ................... Fort Worth............................................ Jacksonville............................................ Knoxville................................................ Miami................................... ................. NashviHe.............................................. Oklahoma City Tampa.................................................... Tulsa................................. 1.09 .86 .40 .65 ___ 1.09 1.39 Middle West 500,000 population and over: Chicago— .............................................. Milwaukee.... ....................... St. Louis_________________ __________ 250,000 and under 500,000 population: Indianapolis............................................ Kansas City........................................ . Minneapolis-St. Paul............................ See footnotes at end of table. 1.33 (3) 1.34 1.25 1.13 1.33 1.13 1.13 (3) 1.36 1.25 1.13 .82 .83 .98 .47 .87 .84 .83 1.00 1.27 .94 1.29 1.18 .73 1.20 1.09 1.04 1.18 .61 (3) .71 1.16 1.02 1.24 8 T able 2.— Average H ou rly Earnings 1 in Selected Job Classifications in Department and Clothing Stores, b y M ethod o f W age Paym ent, Spring and Sum m er 1943 — Con. Retail clerks Male Region and city Furniture Men’s clothing General clerks All Time Incen All Time Incen All Time Incen tive work tive work tive work work work work work work workers ers ers ers ers ers ers ers Middle IFest—Continued 100,000 and under 250,000 population: Des M oines................................. Duluth-Superior.......................... Flint.............................................. Fort Wayne. . Gary________ Grand Rapids Peoria_______ South Bend.. $1.04 $1.04 1.56 1.25 1.34 1.18 $0.77 09 .94 09 1.24 $1.06 .45 1.08 .85 .74 .54 .74 .89 .58 .59 .57 $0.87 $0.82 09 .95 .83 09 1.65 1.08 1.59 1.05 $0.74 .94 .88 .64 .78 .97 .74 .41 .78 1.23 .92 $0.93 .91 1.08 1.25 1.02 .81 1.28 Mountain and Pacific 500.000 population and over: Los Angeles.................................. San Francisco.............................. 250.000 and under 500,000 population: Denver.......................................... Portland........................................ Seattle-Tacoma........ .............. . 100.000 and under 250,000 population: Sacramento................................... Salt Lake City.............................. San Diego..................................... Spokane........................................ 1.11 $1.06 1.14 1.03 1.12 1.34 .96 .89 .89 .89 1.84 1.95 1.00 1.84 2.02 1.49 .93 00 09 09 09 1.66 .88 .89 .82 .88 .89 .66 1.04 1.24 1.49 1.06 1.29 1.34 1.53 1.6l 1.51 1.39 .90 .96 1.68 1.66 1.66 1.15 1.14 1.16 09 09 1.42 Retail clerks—Continued Male—Continued Region and city Female Cosmetics and toiletries Shoes General clerks All Time Incen All Time Incen All Time Incen tive work tive work work tive work work work work work ers ers ers ers work ers ers ers ers ers Northeast 500.000 population and over: Boston........ .................................. Buffalo.......................................... New York...................... ............ . Philadelphia......................... ....... Pittsburgh................................... . 250.000 and under 500,000 population: Providence................................ . Rochester 100.000 and under 250,000 population: Bridgeport................................... . Fall River..................................... Hartford........................................ New Bedford................................ New Haven...... ........................... Lowell.......................................... . Scranton-Wilkes-Barre___ _____ Springfield................................... . Syracuse........................................ Worcester..................................... See footnotes at end o f table* $1.03 .93 1.08 $1.11 .94 09 1.01 (») .89 .78 1.10 .72 .95 .80 .77 .72 .61 .84 .72 $1.03 09 (3) .93 $0.46 $0.40 1.06 .49 .57 09 1.02 .44 .58 $0.47 .49 .59 .74 .69 .93 .86 .49 .47 .49 .42 .49 .56 .73 .60 .79 .47 .46 .54 .42 .40 .44 .39 .46 .40 .47 .46 .37 .52 .40 .40 .43 .34 .43 .46 .47 09 .81 .73 .55 .74 1.11 .75 .97 .81 .62 .72 * .63 .86 09 .91 09 .55 .54 .43 .47 .44 .50 .36 .47 $0.63 $0.56 .54 09 .69 .68 .57 $0.75 09 .69 • .57 09 09 .44 .49 .38 .51 .72 .48 .44 .42 .49 .47 .47 9 T able 2.— Average H ourly Earnings 1 in Selected Job Classifications in Department and Clothing Stores, by M ethod o f W age Paym ent, Spring and Summer 1943 —Con. Retail clerks—Continued Male—Continued Cosmetics and toiletries Shoes Region and city Female General clerks All Time Incen All Time Incen All -Time Incen tive work tive work- work- tive work work work work work work ers ers ers ers ers ers ers Border States 600.000 population and over: Baltimore...................................... Washington.................................. 100.000 and under 260,000 population: Norfolk......................................... Richmond..................................... $0.82 $0.77 .94 .60 .90 .72 $0.85 $0.51 $0.45 .97 .91 .57 .58 .43 .43 $0.52 $0.49 $0.49 . 50 .53 .52 $0.49 .53 (3) .44 .45 .38 .43 .38 .49 .53 .67 .50 .44 .45 .47 .47 .40 .49 .53 . 55 .52 .42 .40 .30 .40 .31 .30 .37 .47 .37 .45 .40 .51 .42 .53 .43 .40 .40 .60 .35 .37 .40 .45 . 33 .50 .33 .40 .34 .08 .40 .40 .48 .52 .45 .54 .52 .58 .48 .51 .09 (3) .54 .53 .58 .01 .48 .55 .59 .58 .61 .04 (3) .00 . 54 ......... .02 . 60 .54 .53 .50 .50 .41 .38 .42 . 55 .58 .63 .43 .49 .55 .48 .48 (3> .44 .61 .40 .45 .44 .57 (3) .49 .55 .45 .52 (3) (3) . 45 .54 .48 . 53 .50 .40 . 56 .50 .47 .52 . 53 .49 .43 .38 .39 .42 .47 .57 .59 .50 .59 .54 .49 .04 1.13 .51 .78 .73 1.23 .59 1.01 (3) .78 .49 .04 .89 .76 1.11 .79 .70 .74 (3) .51 .51 .58 .47 .40 .40 .40 .53 (3) .40 .48 (3> .73 .44 (3) .85 .93 .95 .70 1.20 .57 .41 . 55 .41 .44 .38 .02 .50 .41 (3) .42 .52 .38 .57 . 55 .88 (3) .59 .59 1.27 .08 (3) .54 (3) South 250.000 and under ,500,000 population: Atlanta.................................................... .70 Birmingham........................................... 1.08 Dallas..................................................... .70 Houston.................................................. .00 New Orleans........................................... .78 San Antonio........................................... (3) 100.000 and under 250,000 population: Charlotte................................................ .54 Chattanooga........................................... .85 Fort Worth............................................. .77 Jacksonville............................................ .83 Knoxville................................................ .09 Miami..................................................... .80 Nashville................................................ Oklahoma City...................................... Tampa.................................................... .88 Tulsa....................................................... .01 .49 .30 .54 .56 .39 .39 .63 .44 (3) .46 .46 Middle West 500.000 population and over: Chicago........................................................ 1.23 .75 Milwaukee.................................................. St. Louis..................................................... .97 (3) 250.000 and under 500,000 population: Indianapolis................................................ 1.26 (*> Kansas C ity............................................... 1.03 .73 Minncapolis-St. Paul............................... . 90 .66 100.000 and under 250,000 population: -73 (3) Dos M oines................................................ Duluth-Superior....................................... . 82 .08 Flint.............................................. .90 ........ (3) Fort W ayne................................................ . 90 G a ry.......... ................................................. .82 .81 Grand Rapids............................................ Peoria.......................................................... .84 .74 South Bend................................................ .98 1.28 1.06 .97 .75 .88 .90 1.01 .83 .84 (3) .52 Mountain ami Pacific 500.000 population and over: Los Angeles.................................. San Francisco............................... 250.000 and under 500.000 population: Denver.......................................... Portland....................................... Soallle-Tacoma............................ 100.000 and under 250,000 population: Sacramento................................... Salt Lake City............................. San Diego...................................... Spokane........................................ See footnotes at end of table. .99 1.09 .93 .92 1.04 1.22 .71 .08 .63 .64 .75 .70 .88 1.21 .83 .70 .90 1.34 .58 .00 .50 .59 .01 .02 (3) ...... (3) 1 I?) . 78" ’ "."75"! .......i......... I (3) (3) '."54 '."52 (3) .53 .53 .97 .67 1.00 .78 .56 .54 .47 .77 .50 . 54 .40 .80 .05 .69 10 T able 2.— Average H ou rly Earnings 1 in Selected Job Classifications in Department and Clothing Stores, b y M ethod o f W age Paym ent, Spring and Sum m er 1943— Con. Retail clerks—Continued Female—Continued Region and city Hosiery, women’s Shoes Women’s clothing All T im e Incen All Tim e Incen All Tim e Incen tive work tive workwork work work work work work tive ers ers ers ers era ers work ers ers ers Northeast 500,000 population and over: Boston............................ Buffalo........................... New York...................... Philadelphia.................................. Pittsburgh..................................... 250.000 and under 500,000 population: Providence.................................... Rochester.................. - .................. 100.000 and under 250,000 population: Bridgeport..................................... Fall River..................................... Hartford........................................ New Bedford................................ New Haven................................... Lowell........................................... Scranton-W ilkes-Barre................ Springfield..................................... Syracuse........................................ Worcester...................................... $0.49 $0.42 .49 .52 .50 .50 09 .54 .43 $0.59 .49 $0.74 (*) .69 $0.64 .55 .66 0 0 .73 .55 .51 $0.74 .72 0 .75 $0.62 $0.51 .52 .66 .64 .58 0 .66 .57 $0.63 .52 .73 0 .67 .53 .44 .49 .43 .57 .46 .62 .69 .60 .51 .63 .73 .53 .57 .51 .51 .56 .65 .47 .42 .57 .43 .44 .44 .43 .46 .47 .50 .43 .38 .52 .41 .44 .42 .34 .44 .43 .40 .52 .53 .66 .47 .42 .50 .48 .50 .51 .54 .61 .47 .64 .66 .43 .53 .45 .57 .50 .60 .48 .41 .57 .49 .43 .43 .37 .54 .39 .48 .81 .53 .68 .69 .43 .59 .46 .60 .52 .69 .64 .50 .61 .47 .59 .54 .54 .53 .49 .57 .52 .45 .55 .46 .49 .52 .40 .50 .42 .80 .55 .66 .49 .65 .57 .59 .55 .49 .62 .48 .58 .50 .54 .48 .62 .54 .69 .48 .55 .69 .62 .61 .53 .58 .62 .65 .43 .44 .39 .39 .47 .56 .49 .49 .37 .45 .51 .69 .55 .56 .46 .36 .58 .70 .49 .49 .60 .38 .39 (J) .42 .39 .39 .33 .35 .49 .51 .67 .41 .43 .61 .53 .63 .41 .44 («) 0 .52 .41 .61 .57 .63 .64 .50 09 .67 .66 .60 .48 .53 (3) .47 .52 .42 .37 .37 0 .68 .68 .61 .54 .56 .36 .39 .65 .38 ‘ .33 .47 .47 .34 .46 .55 09 .54 09 .46 .65 .45 .47 .49 .55 .56 .49 .50 .46 .60 .45 .63 .46 .31 .47 .36 .60 .42 .63 .50 .54 .64 .47 .63 .48 .47 .44 .54 .53 .68 .71 .54 .43 .34 .42 .43 .69 .36 .52 .47 .69 .53 .72 .71 .61 .41 .52 .40 .55 .41 .44 (3) .37 .47 .47 .60 .34 .60 .50 .59 .59 .37 .51 0 Border States 500.000 population and over: Baltimore...................................... Washington........... ....................... 100.000 and under 250,000 population: Norfolk.......................................... Richmond................................... South 250.000 and under 500,000 population: Atlanta.................................................... Birmingham........................................... Dallas...................................................... Houston.................................................. New Orleans. ......................................... San Antonio........................................... 100.000 and under 250,000 population: Charlotte................................................. Chattanooga............................................ Fort Worth............................................. Jacksonville........................................... Knoxville................................................ Miami..................................................... Nashville................................................. Oklahoma City....................................... Tampa.................................................... Tulsa....................................................... (3) .30 .35 .41 Middle West 500,000 population and over: Chicago........................................... Milwaukee...................................... St. Louis......................................... 25010QQapd under 500,000 population: mailhapolis.................................... Kansas City.................................... Minneapolis-St. Paul.................... See footnotes at end of table. .67 .54 .50 .48 0 .40 .61 .37 .51 .89 .53 .90 .71 .76 .75 .58 .55 .65 .46 0 .76 .59 .55 .67 .54 .52 .84 .76 .62 09 09 .84 .76 .64 .81 .60 .62 0 .63 .82 .61 .63 .46 11 T able 2.— Average H ou rly Earnings 1 in Selected Job Classifications in Department and Clothing Stores, b y M ethod o f W age Paym ent, Spring and Summer 1943 —Con. Retail clerks—Continued Female—Continued Region and city Hosiery, women's Shoes Women's clothing All Tim e Incen All Tim e Incen All Tim e Incen tive work tive work tive work work work work work work work ers ers ers ers ers ers ers ers ers Middle West—Continued 100,000 and under 250,000 population: Des Moines................................... Duluth-Superior-........................ Fort W ayne.. Gary............... Grand Rapids. Peoria............ South B end... $0.56 (3) .46 $0.43 .54 .51 .50 .46 .48 (3) .45 $0.59 $0.69 (3) .49 .45 $0.37 .63 .51 .58 .51 .57 (3) .47 .59 .48 $0.72 $0.55 .53 .51 $0.45 .60 .49 .57 .68 .45 *58 .62 .68 .56 .48 .37: . 48 .47 .54 .56 .61 .78 57 77 .64 .78 (3) .81 .76 (3) .87 .68 .60 .64 .56 .71 .67 .67 .79 .57 .61 (3) (3) (3> .40 .47 .53 .72 .73 .80 64 66 75 87 .75 .88 .85 .83 .61 .56 .88 .98 (3) .86 .55 .91 ."83 .'62 i.'l5 .58 .50 .66 $0.55 .57 .68 .71 .70 r Mountain and Pacific 500.000 population and over: Los Angeles................................... San Francisco............................... 250.000 and under 500,000 population: Denver.......................................... Portland........................................ Seattle-Tacoma............................ 100.000 and under 250,000 population: Sacramento...................... ............ Salt Lake City.............................. San Diego...................................... Spokane......................................... <3) .54 .54 Nonselling occupations Region and city Female Male Bundle- Cashiers, Cashiers, Stockmen wrappers grade I a grade II* Stock girls Northeast 500.000 population and over: Boston................... ...................... . Buffalo........................................... New York...................................... Philadelphia.................................. Pittsburgh-................................... 250.000 and under 500,000 population: Providence..................................... Rochester....................................... 100.000 and under 250,000 population: Bridgeport................................... . Fall River...................................... Hartford....................................... . New Bedford................................. New Haven.................................. . Lowell............................................ Scranton-Wilkes-Barre................. Springfield..................................... Syracuse....................................... . W orcester......................................... . $0.50 .48 .57 .49 .55 $0.40 .37 .45 .43 .49 $0.49 .47 .61 .52 .53 $0.43 .42 .49 .46 .50 $0.41 .42 .47 .40 .46 .45 .61 .42 .39 .41 .52 .41 .42 .38 .42 .50 (3) .54 .47 <3) .39 .39 .41 .58 .42 .41 .38 .38 .48 .44 .56 .39 .32 .40 .36 .36 .53 .47 .39 .50 .45 .41 .46 .41 .50 .40 .43 .46 .36 .45 .37 .42 .48 .52 .39 .42 .48 .62 .43 .53 .33 .43 .46 .40 .36 .36 .48 .47 .48 .41 •28 (*) .42 .39 .39 .47 <*) (3) .34 Border States 500.000 population and over: Baltimore....................................... Washington....... .......................... . 100.000 and under 250,000 population: Norfolk........ *............................... Richmond...................................... See footnotes at end of table. (») A 12 T able 2.— Average H ou rly Earningg1 in Selected Job Classifications in Department and Clothing Stores, b y M ethod o f W age Paym ent, Spring and Sum m er 1943 —Con. Nonselling occupations Region and city Male Female Bundle- Cashiers, Cashiers, Stockmen wrappers grade I 2 grade I I 2 Stock girls South 250,000 and under 500,000 population: Atlanta............................................................ . Birmingham........................................................... Dallas...................................................................... Houston.................................................................. New Orleans........................................................... San Antonio............................................................ 100,000 and under 250,000 population: Charlotte.................................... - .......................... Chattanooga......... >................... ........................... Fort W orth............................................................ Jacksonville_________________________________ Knoxville. ........................................................... ... Miami__________ _______ ____________________ Nashville................................................................. Oklahoma City.......... ........................................... Tampa______________________________________ Tulsa....................................................................... $0.40 .41 .40 .36 .44 .49 $0.35 .29 .37 .32 .35 .27 $0.50 .44 .51 .45 .45 .42 $0.39 .38 .42 .36 .37 .35 $0.33 .28 .35 .33 .37 .27 .41 .31 .34 .43 .31 .54 .33 .49 .38 .48 .31 .26 .38 .34 .38 .34 .37 .30 .28 .28 .40 .30 .35 .35 .54 .38 .45 .52 .45 .54 .49 .41 .47 .47 .57 .37 .38 .40 .52 .55 .57 .51 .44 .44 .39 .55 .53 .50 .51 .48 .41 .45 .40 .37 .51 .60 .56 .43 .36 .41 .52 .51 .49 .47 .42 .43 .45 .36 .40 .47 .52 .46 .51 .39 .43 .59 .43 .45 .42 (3) .41 .33 .39 .47 .60 .49 .50 .50 .46 .52 ,43 .44 .51 .47 .47 .41 .40 .45 .65 .81 .54 .62 .70 .71 .56 .61 .50 .55 .49 .67 .61 .38 .50 .56 .39 .54 .63 (3) .45 .61 .38 .48 .58 .55 .44 .55 .61 .50 .68 .55 .58 .47 .57 .53 .50 (8) .34 (3) (3) .47 .31 .37 .37 Middle West 500,000 population and over: Chicago................. ................................................ Milwaukee.............................................................. St. Louis................................................................. 250,000 and under 500,000 population: Indianapolis............................................................ Kansas City............................................................ M inneapolis-St. Paul................................................. 100,000 and under 250,000 population: Des Moines_____ _____ _______________________ Duluth-Superior.................................................... Flint........................ ............................................. Fort Wayne............................................................ Gary.................. .................................................... Grand Rapids___1................................................. Peoria........................... : .............. ......................... South Bend............................................................. .39 (*) .36 .41 .41 Mi .44 Mountain and Pacific 500,000 population and over: Los Angeles............................................................ San Francisco......................................................... 250,000 and under 500,000 population: Denver................................................................... Portland................................................................. Seattle-Tacoma...................................................... 100,000 and under 250,000 population: Sacramento ______________________________ Salt Lake C ity .................................... .................. San Diego................................................................ Spokane................................................ .................. .53 .52 .47 1 Exclusive of premium pay for overtime or late-shift work. 2 In general, the cashier, grade I, accepts payments on charge accounts, cashes customers' checks, and sells gift certificates besides assuming, whenever necessary, the duties of the cashier, grade II, who accepts payment for sales slips made out by clerks, makes change, and may also wrap packages. 3Insufficient information to justify presentation. U. S . GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : M 4 4
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