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U S. DEPARTMENT OF LAIIOR
0
INDUSTRY SERVICE
I
8tJUBnN OF THE WOMAN .IN INDUSTRY SERVICE NO. 4
AGF.S OF CANDY MAIERS IN
PHILADELPHIA IN 1919
•
IDmED BY THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATIS'l'ICS
ROYAL MEEltER. C...IIIIM I.....,
JUNE 21, 119
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U. S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
WOMAN IN INDUSTRY SERVICE
MARY VAN KLEECK, Director
BULLETIN OF THE WOMAN IN INDUSTRY SERVICE NO. 4
WAGES OF CANDY MAKE S IN
PHILADELPHIA IN 19 9
EDITED BY THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
ROYAL MEEKER, Commissioner
JUNE 28, 1919
WASHINGTON
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
1919
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TABLE OF CONTENTS.
Page.
Foreword ________ _____ ______________ · -----------~------------------7-9
Scope and method _____________________ ______________________________ _ 9-11
Facts about the confectionery ·industry _____________________ __________ _ 11-14
The workers __________ ____________________ __________ __________ ______ _ 14-16·
Wages ______________________________________ ____ _____________ __ ___ • _
16-30
Irregularity of employmenL-----------~----------------------------- 30-34
Conditions in the workroom -------------------------,------ ---------- 34-38
Recommendations __ _____ ______________________________ ______________ _
38
Appendix I-Detailed table ----------------------------------------- - 39-43
Appendix II-Schedules used in the investigations ______ ______________ _ 44-46
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LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.
u. s. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR,
wOMAN IN
INDUSTRY SERVICE,
W{l8hington, May 1, 1919.
Srn: We submit herewith a report giving the results of an investigation of the wages of candy makers in Philadelphia. The investigation was undertaken at the request of the Women's Trade-Union
League of Philadelphia. The League had received numerous complaints of the low wages of women in the candy trade and wished to
verify or disprove the accuracy of these statements.
As the Bureau of Labor Statistics had under way a nation-wia.e
survey of wages and working conditions in important industries, we
asked and secured its cooperation in this brief inquiry in Philadelphia. The Bureau assigned Miss Suzanne Wunder, Mrs. Ethel C.
Ulrich, and Miss Alice F. Mueller to work with Miss Agnes L. Peterson and Mrs. Ethel L. Best of the staff of the Woman in Industry
Service. The schedules used by the Bureau of Labor Statistics in its
larger survey were adopted in this inquiry in order that the facts
gathered might be part of the statistics secured by the Bureau for
the same industry in other communi~ies. Certain supplementary information was secured for the immediate use of the Woman in Industry Service.
Mrs. Best has been responsible for the preparation of the material
included in the report and Miss Mildred L. Jones has compiled the
statistics. In accordance with a plan of cooperation recently adopted
between the Bureau of Labor Statistics and the Woman in Industry
Service, the manuscript has been edited in the Bureau and the bulletin
is issued as a joint publication.
·
Respectfully submitted.
MARY VAN KLEECK,
Director.
The
SECRETARY OF LABOR.
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1 '
BULLETIN OF THE
WOMAN IN INDUSTRY SERVICE
NO. 4.
WASHINGTON
JUNE 28, 1919
WAGES OF CANDY MAKERS IN PHILADELPHIA IN 1919.
FOREWO RD.
Candy making may be described as ha vino- been, for a time, a war
industr y. Its products were on the list of essential supplies for the
Army in France. Its productio n during the war, however, was necesarily curtailed by restriction s on the use of sugar and other material ,
and by limitation s in the supply of fuel, as well as by the necessity
for withdraw ing men for military service and releasing as many
workers as possible, including both men and women, for the manufacture of munitions. With the signing of the armistice and the subsequent removal of these regulation s the confection ery industry a sumed its normal place as related on the one hand to the food supply
of the country, while on the other hand its product may al o be
classed as luxuries. How the women employed a candy makers
were faring, ·e specially in wages, in a ·typical city in the period following the signing of the armistice, _was the subject of this investigation.
The ubject of wages had taken on a new significance during the
war. The policy which should underlie wagv determina tion was
officially defined by several Federal agencies. The most authoritat ive
statement was contained in the report of the National War Labor
Conferenc e Board, which, as affirmed by the President , became the
guiding principle for the National War Labor Board in the ettlement of industrial disputes during the war. The paragraph s relating
to wages are as follow s :
1. The right of all workers, including common laborers, to a living wage is
hereby declared.
2. In fixing wage , minimum rates of pay hall be e tablished which will insure th subsistence of the worker and his family in health and rea ·onable
comfort.
Pre urn.ably this statement applied to all workers, in luding
women. In addition the board had de lared thatIf it shall become necessary to mploy women on work ordinarily performed
by men they must be allowed equal pay for equal work.
7
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8
WAGES OF CA DY MAKERS IN PHILADELPHIA IN 1919.
In the Standard. for the Employment of Women recommended
by the Woman in Industry Service, adopted by the vVar Labor Polii. . Board and subsequently issued as a statement of pm-poses in the
p riod of re ·onstruction, it is recognized that the principle of equal
pay for equal work is not sufficient since it is held to apply only to
those occupations in which women take the places of men and then, in
practice, the right to equality is usually recognized only if the process
be identically the ame when a woman performs it as when a man
performs it. The Woman in Industry Service held rather that wages
should be set for an occupation with recognition of the cost of living
as the first factor in determining the minimum, regardless of whether
the work was to be performed by a woman or hy a man. In the
tandards recommended by the service, therefore, the follo ing parara ph outline a policy for wage determinations:
1. Equalirty with men' i ag .-Women doing the same work as men shall
r · iv the same wages, with such proportionate increases as the men are rei viug in the same indu try. Slight chang s mad in the process or in the
arrangement of work should not be regarded as justifying a lower wage for a
w man than for a man unle s statistics of production show that the output for
the job in que tion is less wh n women are employed than when men are emin output is demonstrated, the difference in the wage
ployed. If a differ n
1·ut should b bas d upon the difference in production for the job as a whole
an<l not det rmin d arbitrarily.
2. The basis of determination of wages.-Wages should be established on the
bnsls of occupation and not on the basis of sex. Th minimum wag rate
should cover cost of living for dependents and not merely for the individual.
The application of wage standards in time of peace depends upon
the voluntary action of employers and workers and the, agreements
whi ·h these two groups adopt, except in those States which have already enacted wage legislation. The £unction of an agency of the
Federal Government in relation to this subject is limited to investigating and reporting. The emphasis upon policies £or determining
wag s whi h wa given in the various official pronouncements of the
Fed ral Government during the war, however, made the whole subj ct of wages one of peculiar importance to the Woman in Industry
ervice, charged, as it is, with the task of developing standards and
formulating policies for women in industry. The request of the
Women'. Trade-Union League o:f Philadelphia that the Service investigat wages in the andy factories in Philadelphia, on the ground
that th earnings therein were reputed to be less than the co, -t of
living, was deemed, therefore, to be of urgent importance.
Moreover, jn view of the generally prevailing opinion that because
of war conditions high w ges had be ome the universal practice in
industry, it was thought that facts were needed to show the actual conditions after the war in the trades in which before the war instances
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FOREWORD.
9
of a low wage scale had been numerous. Such an industry was
candy making, as facts obtained in official investigations had demonstrated. The wages of candy makers were included in investigations
made, for example, by the Commissioner of Labor of the United
States in 1907-8, as authorized by act of Congress, and by the New
York State Factory Investigating Commission in 1914. In both of
these important inquiries an alarmingly large proportion of the
women employed in candy making were receiving less than the minimum . accepted as essential for subsistence. The facts gathered in
these inquiries will be more fully discussed in the following report.
SCOPE AND METHOD.
As the Bureau of Labor Statistics had projected a nation-wide
survey of wages in important industries, this inquiry in Philadelphia
was planned with its cooperation, and its schedules were used as the
basis for the statistical work so that the data might form part of the
results of the Bureau's national investigation, while it would also be
available through .the Woman in Industry Service for recommendations for local action. These schedules provided for a record from
the pay roll of the hours of work, the rates of pay, and the actual
arnings of each worker in each occupational group for a pay-roll
period, with a supplementary record where possible of actual hours
of employment of pieceworkers. 1 In addition the Woman in Industry Service used three other forms of records. The first showed for
a factory the number of employees and the total wages paid in each
week in the year in order to trace fluctuations in employment. 2 The
second, a small card, was filled out by the employee, giving name,
address, conjugal condition, ·country of birth, age, length of experience in the candy trade, length of employment in this establishment,
occupation, and conditions of living; that is, whether living at home
or boarding. This personal information was combined with facts
taken from the pay roll for each employee, showing rate of pay,
days worked during the week, and hours of employment during the
same period. The facts secured from the pay roll were supplemented by an inspection of the workrooms, but this inspection was
merely incidental. The personai records were supplemented by" visits
to the homes of the workers.
·
Table 1 shows the number of men, women, and children employed
during one weekly pay-roll period in 1919 in each establishment
visited.
See Appendix II, p. 44, for the form of this schedule.
See Appendix II, pp. 45 and 46, for additional forms of records used by Woman in Industry Service.
1
2
128228°-19--2
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WAGES OF CANDY MAKERS IN PHILADELPHIA IN 1919.
ll'ABLE
1.-NUMBER OF MEN, WOMEN, AND CHILDREN EMPLOYED DURING ONE
WEEKLY PAY-ROLL PERIOD IN 1919, BY ESTABLISHMENT.
Number ofemployees.
Establishment No.
Women.
Men.
I.... .... ...... .... .... ..... ..
II.. ........... . .. . . .. .... . . ..
III..... .................... . .
IV............. .. .... ....... .
v........ . ... ... .......... . ..
VI..... . ..... . . . .............
VTI. .. . .. . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . .
VIII ................ ..... ....
IX......... . ..... ... . . .... ...
X . ................ . .. ........
XT.................. . ..... ...
XlI. ...... ........ . ... . ......
XIII................. . . . .....
XIV......... . .... .. . ...... .
xv........ ............ ... ...
XVI.... . ....... ......... ....
XVII. . ...... ... ..... . .......
XVIII. . ............. ... . ... .
XIX.........................
XX.................... .. .. ..
XXI .. :......................
20:-!
361
&3
123
102
32
26
18
15
5
12
12
6
10
536
167
lll
11
3
16
5
5
2
2
4
XXII. .............. ......... .. . ........ .
xxnr.......................
XXIV ...................... .
xxv............. ........ ...
Tot::i.1 .................. 1
35
42
:!5
26
31
25
18
12
7
2
1
38
11
-·------ ---5
......... i ..
... .... .. s".
9
7
4
2
1,505
Total.
739
529
224
221
177
133
87
82
55
47
47
40
75
90
61
64
1,047
2
... •...• ....
1
98
3
1
1
1
s
Children
under 16.1
.................
1
27
35
27
22
17
15
11
11
8
4
4
3
3
2,579
1 Tbe number of children nndcr 16, as shown in this table, was reported by t he management in the establishments investigated. 'l'he personal record cards used, for example, in Table 2, p 13, showed 26 girls
under 16. Probably the number of children of both sexes in Table 1 is underestimated.
The total number of workers in the 25 factories visited was 2,579,
of w horn 1,505, or 58.4 per cent, were women. Only 27 children under
16 were recorded, but it is quite possible that this is not an accurate
figure as no documentary proof of age was asked for and no special
emphasis was placed upon the subject of child labor in making the
investigation.
The more recent census figures .on the candy industry were secured
in the census of manufactures made by the Bureau of the Census of
the Department of Commerce in 1914. According to these figures,
the total number of wage earners employed in the confect1onery
industry in the Philadelphia metropolitan district 1 was 3,415 in 159
establi8hments. The increase in the number of wage earners since 1909
had been 282, or 9 per cent o:f the 3,133 employed in 1909. Allowing
:for the same increase be.tween 1914 and 1919, the total number of
candy makers now employed in the Philadelphia district may be estimated as 3,722. The investigation made by the Woman in Industry
Service may be assumed therefore to have included two-thirds of the
total for the city.
'
The factories investigated varied greatly in size, from the small
plant employi~g 3 workers to the establishment whose force num1
U. S. Bm·enu of tbe Census.
p. 23.
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Census of Manufa ctures, 1914, Penns,y lvania, Table 17,
SCOPE AND METHOD.
11
bered 739. It may be said therefore that typical factories in the
industry were represented in the wage study.
The investigation was beset with the usual difficulties, due primarily to the absence of records. Twenty-five factories were, visited
and brief inspections made of the working conditions- cleanliness, •
sanitation, ventilation, and light-both from the standpoint of the
worker and that of the consumer. Of these 25, 5 were small plants
which kept no pay roll and in 1 establishment the management was
unwilling to give access to the books. The current pay roll with
rate of pay and earnings was available in 19 establishments and in
10 of these it was possible to secure a contrasting pay roll in July or
August. In 18 plants the record was obtainable of the number of
workers and the total wages paid out during each week of the 12
months preceding the date of the investigation.
The cards for personal records were distributed to the workers in
21 plants and were filled out by 572 men and 970 women. This information was then correlated with the data :from the pay roll regarding each of the workers who filled out a personal-information
card. _The complete material from ho.t h pay roll and personal record
was available for 812 women and 231 men. Visits were made to the
homes of 42 women employed in the factories investigated and additional information was secured as to home conditions and the
amount contributed by the worker to the family budget.
The investigation was begun the middle of January, 1919, and
continued for a period of five weeks. As the figures on regularity of
employment and seasons will show, these weeks were the begi.nning
of the spring season and represented neither the maximum nor the
minimum period of employment from the point of view of seasonal
fluctuations. In selecting for comparison a week in July or August 1
the aim was to record the earnings in the dullest season of the year.
The advantage in securing statistics from the current pay roll was
that it enabled the investigators to correlate the facts with the personal records of workers who were then employed and could be found
in the workrooms. Had one of the maximum weeks of December
or November been chosen this correlation with personal data would
not have been possible.
FACTS ABOUT' THE CONFECTIONERY INDUSTRY.
Nine pounds o:f candy a year at 15 cents a pound for .every man,
woman, and child in the country, or a total o:f $135,000,000 worth,
represented the output of the confectionery industry in the United
1
In one factory employing three workers the pay roll for 1918 had to be taken in
December, as no· records of the period bet'ore that were preserved, and in one other
establishment the contrasting pay roll for 1918 was taken in April, which represented
season in that establishment.
the dull
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•
12
WAGES OF CANDY MAKERS IN PHILADELPHIA IN 1919.
tates in 1910, as the New York State Factory Investigating
ommi sion pointed out in its report in 1915. 1 The United States
Bureau of the Census reported the value of the products of confection ry in 1914 as somewhat over $170,000,000, with a total pay
roll of approximately $21,500,000. The number of wage earners
in the jndustry was 53,658, and these were employed in 2,391 factories.2 Every State in the Union has at least 1 confectionery establishment, but the largest number of wage earners are employed in the
manufacturing States of New York, M'assachusetts, Pennsylvania,
an<l Illinois. Pennsylvania ranked third among the States as to wa·ge
earners, having 6,465, but it ranked second in number of factories,
havino- 281 such establishments. 3 The tendency, too, is for the industry to be concentrated in the large citie . Thus, New York City 4
has 9,907 of the 10,768 workers in the candy industry of the State,
Boston has 6,323 of the 6,787 in Massachusetts,5 and Philadelphia
factories employ 3,415, or 52.8 per cent, of the total force of 6,465 in
Pennsy1vania.0
Conditions vary greatly, according to the size and character of
the establishment and the kind of product in which the firm specializes.
Perhaps the greate ·t difference noted in the candy factories visited
in Philadelphia was in their varying size and the degree of organjzation. The sjze seemed to depend largely upon the product. The products include chocolates, cream candies, hard candies, caramels, and
marshmallows. In the making of hard candies and marshmallows
and certain kinds of chocolates machinery is used, and the tendency in
making these products is therefore toward larger establishments and
a greater degree of organization. The machinery requires a larger
outlay of capital and its use tends toward more highly organized
production and specialization by the workers. The chocolate candies
which are dipped by hand and the cream candies are• made chiefly
by hand processes and it is possible, theref,ore, to make them in the
small plants. Another characteristic of the industry is the snrnll
retail shop which has its own kitchen to make cream candies, chocolates,,. and occasionally hard candies, although these last are usually
made in the larger establishments which have machinery. 7
1 N<'W York State Factory Investigating Commission, Fom·th Report, 1915, Vol. II,
p. 801.
2
• R. Bureau of tbe
ensus. Census of Manufactures, 1914, Abstract, Table 2:23,
p. Ofrn.
o [d m, Table 223, pp. 603, 604.
'Idem, New Yorlt, •rablc 20, p . 32.
11 Tdem, Mn.ssachusetts, Tu blc 17, I). 21.
o J<1cm, l'C'nnsylvania, Table, 17, p . 23.
7 Somo factories. supply a chain of their own. retail stores, while other plant.s manufacture for retailers and do not sc>ll directly to the consumer.
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13
FACTS ABOUT THE CONFECTIONERY
INDUSTRY.
,
I
Processes in the ind™try.- The cooking of ,t.he candy is always
done by men, usually assisted by boys·1 who act as helpers. Cooking
is a skilled occupation. It is highly specialized in the larger plants.
One worker makes only creams, another nougat, and another hard
candy, while before Easter an egg decorator comes in for a few
weeks and does nothing but decorate eggs. He is usually a baker by
trade and returns to his bakeshop when the Easter rush is over. In
one plant the egg decorator worked during the greater part of the
year as crane operator in a steel mill, but his vocation was apparently
ornamenting eggs, for he received $83 a week for the period before
Easter, when he was employed in a candy factory.
In the making of chocolate or cream coated candies the cooks pour
the cream or fondant into molds, which are then carried to the room.
where they are dipped into chocolate or coated with cream. After
the candies are dipped they are taken to the cooling room to harden.
From there they go to the packer, who packs th~m either in fancy
boxes or in bulk £or the retail trade. Some candies are wrapped before being packed, but both the wrapping and packing are usually
done by the same grottp of workers. Fancy packing in sep11rate boxes
for the consumer requires practice and is better paid than packing
in bulk. The rr{ost skilled process is 'the hand dipping of the chocolates, but some chocolate candies are dipped by machine, and the
tending of the machine is not .a skilled process. The tendency in
several plants is to replac{} handwork with machine dipping.
The process of making hard candies and caramels differs in that
these candies are usually made entirely by machine after the cooking
is done. The wrapping and packing are essentially the same for the
hard candies as £or the chocolates and cream candies, except that in a
few plants wrapping of caramels is done by machine.
Table 2 shows the number of workers employed in the various occupations in 19 of the factories visited.
TABLE
2.- NUMBF.R OF MEN, WOMEN, AND CHILDREN EMPLOYED DURING ONE
WEEKLY P.AY-RQLL PERIOD IN 1919, CLASSIFIED BY_OCCUPATIONS.
Number employed in each occupation.
Occupation.
Percent
,- -- -- - c - - - - - - -, ineac:h
occupat ion.
- -- - - - - ~ - -- -- - -1 - - --1 - - - - - - - - - - - Foremen or forewome
16
9 ......... .
25
1.3
l~~it;~i:•:Il:•••••••••••••••••••••:••:•••:······;;·······:1·····. ·:·
Total.. . . . . ... .. .. _. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
662
In on e plant gir ls were emp-loyed as helpers.
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1, 2-16
a See
a 15
16]
255
788
271
423
8. 4
13. 3
41. 0
14. 1
22. 0
1,923
100. 0
footnot€, Table 1, p. 10.
.,
14
WAG.ES O:E' CA DY MAIERS IN PHILADELPHIA IN 1919.
It will be n re 1 that in the o upation of ooking only men ar
rnploy ,c1, whil dipping an l packing ar lone exclusively by women.
In rnachine operating and in miscellaneous occupations both men
and w m n are employed. The mi c llancous occupations include
·al'rying tray , orting nuts, and stoning fruits. The largest group
ar employed in the process of packing.
THE WORKERS.
Pr•oportion of wo1nen.-W omen are in the majority among the
makers of conf ctionery. Throughout the country 60 of every 100
C'Onfcctionery workers a.re women. 1 In the 25 factories investigated
in Philadelphia th proportion of women in the total working for e
was lightly smaller, 58.3 per cent. In the 19 factories for which the
urrcnt pay-roll tatistics wer . cured the proportion of women was
<le icleclly laro- r, as Table 2 shows. In these factories women constituied n arly two-third. or 64.7 per cent, of the force. It should
be not d that the percentag of women vari s according to the produ 't of the plant. Referenc to Tabl 1 showsi for example, that in
establishment
. I the women number 536 of the total force of 739,
as contrasted with establishment o. II, in which only 167 women
were mployed in a working force of 529. E stabli hm nt
o. I
natnufa tur s a grea variety of product ·, including handmade
cho olat s, while in establi. hment No. II no hand dipping is done.
A yes.- andy making seems also to be the occupation of young
persons. Table 3 shows the ages of the workers who filled personal
record ar ls.
'!'AHLl~
3. - NUMBER AND 'PER CENT OF WOMAN WORKERS, 1919, CLASSIFIED DY
AGE GROUPS.
Ago group.
l4 and
15 and
rn and
11~ an<l
under 15 years •.......... . .
undor 10 y ars ••...........
tmd r 18 yen.rs ••...........
uudor 20 yeo.rs ••••.•.......
20 and und r 30 yrars_ ........ . .. .
30 and Ulld r 40 years ••••••.......
1
Number.
Por
cent.
0. 9
1.9
9
18
198
171
303
31.9
114
12.0
20. 8
18.0
Age group.
Number.
40 and under 50 years •............
50 and under 60 years ..... . ...... .
60 years and over ................. .
Total. ..................... .
I
Per
cent.
82
43
12
8.6
4.5
l.3
950
100.0
Of tho 970 women who supplied personal record card:-1, 20 did not state 1hoir age.
Thus 42 of ev ry 100 romen in the andy -factories investigate<l
were under 20 y ars of age.
s might l>, e pect din an industry employing so large a proportion of young worl ers, the large majority, 672, or 72.5 per cent of
1he !)27 r•porting as to conjugal condit1on, were sjngl . The numbt•1· (' married women was 176, or 19 per cent, ancl the widowed,
des< t'i,<'u, or divorced numberc<l 79, or 8.5 per cent.
1
45.
U. S. Bm·cn11 of the Crnsns. Census of. Manufactu1·es, 1914, Abs.tract, Table 207, p.
Tho exact percentage is 59.7.
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,15
THE WORKER S.
Age at beginning work, and nativity .-The age at beginnin g work
and the nativity of the women employe d in candy factories are shown
.
in Table 4.
TABLE
BEGINNIN G
4,-NUMBE R _OF WOMAN WORKERS , 1919,CLAS SIFIED BY AGE AT
OF SERVICE AND BY NATIVITY .
Number whose age at beginning of service wasCountry of birth.
16 and 18 years
15 and
14 and
Unde,r
and
15 under 16 under 18
14 years. under
over.
years.
years.
years.
ii~iJit:i••i•:••i•:••• ------l
Total. ... .. ........ ...... .
Per cenL . ............. .. .
75
162
236
10
12
4
6
7
12
1
3
2 ········6·
4
275
190
250
14
6"
6
5
2
8
84
291
117
Per cent.
Total.
4
8
3
6
6
6
I===
==l====
===l===20.0
F====l=
30. 7
12. 3 I
29.0
7. 9
1
782
47
36
28
17
13
25
82. 5
5.0
3.8
3.0
1.8
1. 4
2.6
948
100.0
100.0
or the age at
1
<;)f t_he 970 women who supplied personal records, 22 omi~ted either the country of birth
.
b egmnmg work.
It should be remembe red th~t the personal records on which this
table is based were filled out by the workers employe d at the time of
the investig ation. It is to be expected , therefore , that the proporti on
of the native born, who can more readily write English, would be
higher than would be probable if there had been no such factor of
selection. It is possible also that this same factor resulted in recording a larger proporti on of women who began work after the age of
16 than would be true for all the women in the industry . It seems
clear, neverthe less, that among the workers in the :factories included
in this investig ation the proporti on of the native born was very large.
I:£ the .data regardin g birthpla ce of parents were available undoubt edly the proporti on of workers of foreign extractio n would be much
larger. Of the total number of women who filled out the record cards
more than one-half , or 57 per cent, began work before they were 16
Years old.
Length of time in the trade.-T hat the workers do not stay long in
the tr~de is indicate d in Table 5.
TABLE
D BYNUM 5,-NUM13E R AND PER CENT OF WOMAN WORKERS , 1919, CLASSIJHE
BER OF YEARS IN THE TRADE.
Years in the trade.
rnder 6 m.onths ......... . .... . ... .
months and under 1 year ........
1 re~r
and qnder 2 years ..........
2 and-under
5 years ........ . .......
5 n under 10
years . _..•.........
Number.
369
77
81
153
148
Per
cent.
39.1
8.2
8.6
16. 2
15. 7
Years in the trade.
Number.
10 and under 15 years ... .. ........
15 and under 20 years ............ .
20 years and over ... _. . . .... . .......
Total. . . . ............. , .... :.
1
Per
cent.
47
35
33
5.0
3. 7
3.5
943
100.0
1
years in the trade.
Of the 970 women who supplied personal record cards, 27 did not state the number of
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16
WAGI~S OF CA DY MAKERS IN PHILADELPH IA IN 1919.
More than onc-ihinl, or 39 per cent, of the women had worked in
candy mn king less than ix months, and over one-half, or 5G per cent,
less than t;wo yearn. The record of the men showed a . m1nising
similarity, the proportion who hacl worked less than six months
being 35 per cent and those le than two year 53 per cent.
Llvvng at home or· boarding.- The majority of the women, 86
p r cent, lived at home, but the proportion of those who were boarding, 14 per cent, was not inconsidera ble nor did those who lived at
1
home lack responsibili ty for family support. Among the women
contributin g to the
were
visited, three-fourth s of the entire number
paying to the
were
them
0£
three
only
support of th family, and
a large part
or
all
turning
others
the
board,
in
hous 'hold u fixed sun
fund.
family
the
into
wages
,ir
th
of
WAGES.
0 hang es during the war.-W age rates in the candy trade in Philadr lph ia undo 1btedly increasea. during the war. The year 1918, especially, was an abnormal one for the confectione ry industry, as it
was in other trades which appeared to be morn directly connected
with th war. In Philadelphi a, with its large demand for munition
workers, employers became keenly interested in the problem 0£ gettin o- and k eping workers. Wage increases were the principal means
of competing for labor.
In every candy factory investigated the wages had been increased-som e by a direct raise in rates and others by bonuses. Two
firms xeported increases of $1 a week for each worker and an increase
in piece rates. One firm gave a bonus at Chri tmas based on a percentage of wages. Another paid a bonus of 1 for ea h year of employment in the factory, while yet another gave $200 apiece to two
for women and a bookkeeper and $100 to the chief cook, but paid no
additional amount to the other workers.
lnve.<;/i,r;ations before the war.-It was probably due to these increases durino· the war that the pay rolls showed higher rates than
ha.d been reported in some previous investigatio ns. In 1907-8 a
nation-wide survey of the condition of woman and child wage
ea.mers in the United States was made by the Commission er of
Labor in accordance with a special act of Congress, and the confecti.onery industry was included in this survey. It was found at that
time that 91.1 per cent o:f the woman workers aged 18 years and over
earned less than $8 a week in Pennsylvan ia candy factories. In no
other State except Wisconsin and Maryland was the proportion of
workers in these lower wage groups so large and in no other State
was th re so small a proportion arning $10 and over as in Penn
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1
Siee Table 12, p. 23.
17
WAGES .
1
was a
sylvan ia-onl y eight-t enths of l per cent. That confec tionery
by
shown
was
y
lovv-paid indust ry for women throug hout the countr
earned
cent
per
the fact that "in a group of some 3,500 not quite 5
twoas much as $10 a week, not quite 12 per cent made $8, while over
thirds of the whole numbe r earned le s than $6."
one
lT eelcly earnin gs.-Ta ble 6 hows the actual earnin gs during
candy
the
of
19
week for 1,246 women piece and ·week worker s in
1919.
factori es of Philad elphia , as shown by the curren t pay rolls in
IED AMOUNT DURING ONE
TABLE 6.-NU MBER OF WOMEN EARNIN G EACH CLASSIF
TIO
WEEKL Y PAY-RO LL PERIOD IN 1919, BY OCCUPA
Actual weekly earnings.
Forewomen.
Machine p ack-ers.
.
D 1ppers.
operators.
Others.
Per cent.
Total.
-- ---------- - -- - - -- - -1 - - - 1 - -- -1- - - 0Under
$1 and
2 and
a nd
1 .. ........ . ... ..... ... ... . . . .... .
under $2 ..... ·...... ...... ....... .. .
under S3 ... .......... . .. . ......... .
under S4 ..• ..... . . . . ..... . . ..... . .•
t :~~ ~~~~ ~:::: '.:: :::: :: ::::I:::::: ::::
:::: :::::I:::: ::::::
~ !~~ ::~!~ ~::::::::
. .. ...... .. . ... ......... .. .
and under 89
$9 and und er 810 .. .... ...... .......... ... .
$10 and under $11.. .. .... ..... .... ... .... .
1
$11 and under $12.. .. . . . ...... ..
$12 and under 813 .......... .......... .... .
.
..
....
.
..
....
.
..........
$14
under
$13 and
14 and under $15 . ......... . .. .. ....... . . .
1
.
..........
.
16...
15 and under
1
$16and nnder$17 ... . ... . . .... ..
SJ7 and under 18 ... . . . ... .... . ....... ... .
3
$18 and under 819..... . . ........
$19 and under 820 . ... .......... .......... .
3
20and over.... ........... .....
$8
9
Total.. . . .. . .. ... - .. ... - - Median weekly earnings. . . . . . . .
818. 50
5
5
18
1
4
3
34
15
15
22
27
25
35
103
87
127
39
55
2
38
4
1
1
29
29
26
18
1
9
27
1
8
5
3
5
10
4
12
15
19
24
11
17
20
16
12
15
6
12
3
2
2
7
31
253
812. 62
I
48
$10 . 36
2
2
3
3
2
3
7
8
35
&4
24
3
10
7
1
3
3
2
1
2
781
155
$10.22 1
$9.36 1
0. 5
3.5
1.8
1.7
2.6
3. 2
3.0
4. 6
12. 7
6
44
?,3
21
32
40
38
57
158
145
193
55
6
67
50
46
46
24
35
17
63
1,246
11. 6
15. 5
4. 4
6.9
5. 4
4.0
3. 7
3. 7
1. 9
2.
1. 4
5.1
1
100.0
10.30 , ....... ·--
who
Thi table includ es those who are paid by the piece and tho e
gs
receive a definit e weekly rate, and it is ba ed on actual earnin
·
wa
wage
rather than on rates. For the entire group the media n
than
s
le
$10.30 . That i , one-ha lf of the women record ed earned
plants
$10.30 and one-ha lf earned more during the week when the
men,
were inspec ted. The best paid group natura lly were the forewo
at
ed
with median earnin g of $18.50. The dipper s, who are employ
the most skilled work done by women in tlie trade, received a 11edian
and
of $12.62., Dippin g is an operat ion which not only require s skill
knack
practic e, but, as one manag er said," A girl must be born with a
."
to be a good dipper
Some of the dipper s are paid by the week and ome by the piece,
plant
the metho d of payme nt depend ing more upon the custom of the
payof
ds
metho
both
imes
Somet
work.
the
of
than upon the nature
n of Woman a nd Child Wage
1 S.
Doc. 645, 61st. Cong. , 2d sess., Report on Conditio
in
Vol. XVIII, IDmployr oent of Women and Children
Eamers in the United States.
elected Indu'Strie s, p. 136.
Digitized 12
for FRASER
228° -19-- 3
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
18
WAGES OF CANDY MAKERS IN PHILADELPHIA IN 1919.
ment are found in the same plant. The girls believe that they can earn
bjgher pay working by the piece than when paid a weekly rate.
I>iece rates vary acord:ing to the kind of candy c9ated and also according to the time of weighing; that is, before or after the coating.
Output.-The number o-f pound that a girl can dip in one day of 9
hours, according to one forewoman, varies from 50 to 200, according
to speed. From three firms the number o:f pounds dipped in a week
by four girls in each plant was recorded. These girls dipped different kinds of candy-almonds, cherries, creams, caramels, chips, nougat,
and strings. None of these girls dipped more than 156 pounds in a
day. The 156 pounds were dipped in a day of 8½ hours and the same
girl also dipped the greatest number of pounds ( 722) in any one
week. It was a six-day week o:f 42½ hours.
Although, as has been explained, the majority of the girls believed
that they earned higher rates when paid by the piece, there was
some difference of opinion on this point. One girl who had worked
both by piece and time preferred weekly rates because, as she said,
" You don't :feel rushed all the time and you know what you can count
on, and in summer when you can't dip much they give you packing or
wrapping to do. It is not so exciting but you feel steadier." On the
oth r hand, another girl pref rred piece rates because, "H you want
to lean back and rest or leave a bit early, no one glares a·t you."
Weelely earnings of packers.-The packers, among whom are inclu led the wrappers, al'e the ·1argest group of workers. The records
show wide variations in their earnings. Ono-half earned les. than
$10.22, and three-fourths earned less than $13. The lowest paid
gtoup wete those doing miscellaneous work such as carrying trays
and so-called floor-work. The median earnings for these were $9.36.
On the other hand, a larger proportion approached the median in
their cu.rnjng , since (30 per cent earned between $8 and $11, while the
number in the extreme groups was very few.
That the earnings of the week workers as a group are lower than
for the combined group of piece and week workers was shown on the
puy roHs. l
For the total number of week workers the median earnings were
$9.3t!, while the clipper employed as week workers had a median
wag of only . '9.30 as compared with the median wage of $12.62 for
the combined group of pjecc and week workers.
That actual earnings are Jess than the rates of pay is shown in
Table 7, which gives the rates of wages £or women employed as week
workcrr-;. Of com-. e no corresponding figures could be secured for
pieceworkers.
1 F01· clnflstfled
wc<>kly earnings by occupations for woman week workers, see Appon<Ux I, '.('auk A, p. :39.
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19
WAGES.
EACH CLASSIFI ED
7.-NUMB ER OF WOMAN WEEK WORKER S RECEIVI NG
L PERIOD IN 1919, BY
WEEKLY RATE OF WAGES DURING ONE WEEKLY PAY-ROL
OCCUPAT ION.
TABLE
I
Weekly rates of wages.
- - - - - - - - -$7 and under $8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
S8 and under S9.. ... .. ........ ..
$9 and under SlO. . ........... ...
810 and under SIL....... .......
$11 and under 812.. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
JI2 and under ~l~- ... .. .. .. ... ..
Sl3 and under 314. ........ .... ..
S14and underS15 ........... ... .
Sl5and under~l6. ........... ...
Sl6 and under S17..... ........ ..
Sl 7 and under 31 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SIS and under SHl.. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19 and under $20....... ........
$20 and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Total.... ............ .....
Median weekly rates...... ......
T ot a I . .P er cen t .
Machine P ack ers. Others.
D"1ppers . operators.
- - - ------1----1----1----1---3.5
29
6
6
17 . . . . . . . . . .
..........
19. 8
165
28
131
3
3
..........
29.1
243
40
161
27
15
..........
19. 9
166
32
104
2
28
..........
4. 7
39
34
2
2
1
10.3
86
16
47
6
17
..........
4.8
40
2
19
4
14
1
2.5
21
1
12
2
6
.... . .... .
2.2
1
4
9
5 ..........
..........
1.2
10
1
3
1
4
1
.1
1
1 ---·-·····
.......... .......... ..........
1. 2
10
1
v
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
1
3
.2
2
2
. ....... . .
.......... ..........
.5
4
1
3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........ .
Forewomen.
9
112
47
532
134
83-1
100.0
l===== l====l ====!= ===!== ==il== =
9.92 ............
39.82
,.9. 0
9. 75
310. 73
SIS. 50
The median rate for the entire group of week worker s was $9.92,
as compar ed with the median earning s of $9.34 just noted for the·
same group. For the forewom en the actual earning s were equal to
the rates ; and for the machin e operato rs higher than the rates, possibly because of overtim e. The number m the low-wa ge group 1s
. much greater when actual earning s are conside red than when only
the rates .of pay are shown. In the table showin g weekly rates no
workers were recorde d as receivin g less than $7 but in actual earning s
1 -1 of the 834 include d m the table, or 22 per cent, receive d less
than $7.
T ariations in di-flerent f actorie s.-W ages in the candy industr y are
not standar dized. The worker s are unorga nized and there is no_ de.finite and univers ally accepte d method of determ ining rates. This
lack of standar dizatio n is shown in the great diverge nce in the pay
rolls of the factorie s investig ated. The median of the weekly earn1
ings in each factory is shown in Table 8.
1
For classified weekly earnings see Appendix I, Table B, p. 40.
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20
'A DY :MAKERS IN PHILADE LPIIIA I.r
WAGES O.F
1919.
G
8.- mDIAN WEEKLY EARNINGS OF WOMAN WORKERS (NOT INCLUD1N
IN 1919, BY
FOHEWOM RN) EMPLOYE D DURING ONE WF.EKLY PAY-ROLL PERIOD
EST BLISIIMEN T.
TABLE
Establishme nt
o.
I. ............. .... . ......... .
IL ............. ............. .
l!L ............. ........... ..
lV ............. ............. .
v ............. ........ .. .... ..
vr. ............. ............
YII. ............. .......... ..
12( ............. ............. .
:::::::::::::::::
xr::::::::::
XII. ............. .......... ..
Number
of woman
workers.
483
91
124
81
99
74
51
41
37
Median
WO<'kly
earnings.
Sl0.32
9.90
12. 86
12. 03
9. 81
9.25
7. 41
9. 73
9.03
~·x ............. ............ .
7
7
3
8.90
8.90
10.18
12. 70
10.85
11.50
10.50
9.50
12. 25
15.50
Total. ............. ... .
1,237
9. 76
XIII. ............. ......... ..
XlV,_ ............. ........ ..
V .......... ........... .... .
'VI ............. ........... .
VII----···· ·············· ··.
XVIII ............. .........
'IX ............. ........... .
27
27
23
24
18
9
The median earnings varied from $7.41 to $15.50. It is natural
that in a small plant like No. XX, whero there is less specializ ation
uncl, therefore , less opp rtunity for mere repetitiv e processes the
lo :v r pai<l group. should not be r presente d. If, for example , only
three workers are employe d and two are dippers at $16 each, the
me<lian earnings will be much higher than in another establish ment
so lnrge as to justify a separate group of packers earning approxirnately $9 a week. Firms os. II, VII, and X had no dippers on
their pay rolls. In establish ment No. VI at the time of the investign,tion the workers wer on part time. But it is significa nt to note
that in the larger plants, employi ng 50 or more, the median earnings vary from $7.41 to $12.86. It is doubtful whether there is
enough variation in the scale of processes in these different plants
to warrant su h diversity in earnings . Greater standard ization
would undoubt edly be advantag eous both for worl ers and employp rs.
Basis for determin iation of wages.- The wage setting seems to be
morp or le s a matter of chance. In answer to our question as to
the basis for determin ing wages, one manufac turer .-aid, '·\Ve pay
the mark t price fo1~ labor." A second said, "We pay the sa11u'
wages as our competit ors in Lhe trade,'' while a third frankly stated,
"W·e pay what we have to.') Recogni tion of the cost of livino- as
the first fa<'tor in <let rminatio n of wages was not defined as ilrn
})Olicy in any plant.
1Vag(~s a,co01·di11g to lern,gth of r'Xperienc .-Anoth er factor in wage
rates is experien ce, resulting in variation s a ·cording to the length
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
21
WAGES.
of time in the trade in those industries in which the processes are
skilled and require practice. The relation of rates of pay to experience in the candy industry is shown in Table 9.
TABLE 9.-NUM:BER OF WOMEN EARNING EACH CLASSIFIED AMOUNT DURING ONE
WEEKLY PAY-ROLL PERIOD IN 1919, BY YEARS IN THE TRADE:
Women employed in the tradeActual weekly
earnings.
1 year
6
Under months and,
under
and
6
2
months. under
1 year. years.
2and
under
5
years.
5 and
under
10
years.
lOand 15 and
under under
15
20
years. years.
20
years
and
over.
Total.
--
-Under $2 . .......... .
$2 and under $4 .....
S4 and under 56 .....
$6 and under S8 ..•..
88 and under $10 .•..
$10 and under $12 ••.
$12 and under $14 .••
$14 and under $16 ••.
$16 and under $18 ...
818 and under $20 ••.
$20 and over ..•.....
Total .....•...
Median earnings ..•.
9
10
30
21
128
92
16
4
3
.........
-------313
$8.67
........ ......... ·······- . . ........ ......... ......... .........
1
1
. ........ ..........
.........
···-····
.........
2
2
4
2
4
8
16
15
8
3
3
2
3
8
15
18
60
74
$10.23
Per
cent.
11
11
3
2
2
$10.52
9
1
12
16
23
21
12
10
21
1
1
1
9
8
6
2
4
129
119
34
8
12
26
32
22
10
5
$12.42
$14. 21
$14.31
······r
······:f
3
3
6
5
4
1
1
7
3
4
4
5
1.2
1.5
5.6
9
12
44
48
185
172
109
75
47
30
48
23. 7
22.1
14. 0
9.6
6.0
3. 9
6. 2
779
100.0
6. 2
- -- -- -- 25
25
$16.41
$16.12
$10.53 - ---- -- -
The median earnings for those employed less than six months were
$8.67. The medians show a steady advance according to the length
of employment to the maximum median wage of $16.41 for those
who have worked 15 to 20 years. Those employed 20 years _and over
received slightly less than the median for those between 15 and 20
years, but in both these groups the numbers were small.
The chance of earning as much as $14 is slight; only 1 woman out
of 4 receives that amount. After two years of work she may be the
1 out of 3 who earns $14 or over, and if she perseveres five ye_ars or
longer her chances are about 1 out of 2 of receiving $14 or over.
Only 18 per cent of the girls earning $14 and over have been less than
two years in the trade, which means that 72 out of every 100 girls
must work two years on a wage of less than $14 and after sticking to
their jobs for two years their chances are about 1 out of 3, or 35.7 per
cent, of reaching the $14 goal.
In interpreting the fi&ures showing the relation between the earnings and length of experience it should be noted that those who have
been longest in the trade are in the skilled processes, in which .the
pay is higher. Table 10 shows the length of experience in the trade
of the women in the different processes.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
WAGES OF CANDY MAKERS IN PHILADELPH IA IN 1919.
22
TABLE
, ,•
1O,-NUM:J3ER AND PER CENT OF WOMAN WORKERS IN EACH OCCUPATIO N,
1919, CLASSIFIED BY NUMBER OF YEARS IN THE TRADE.
...w.
-- ·-
..
Dippers.
Years in the traclo.
Machine
operators,
Packers.
]'orewomen.
Others.
Total.
Per Num- Per Num- Per
Nuru- Per Num• Per Num- Per Num- cont.
ber. cent ber. cent.
ber. cent. ber. cent. ber. cent. ber.
--
Uudor Cl months ............
6n1onths and under l year ..
1 yoai· and u11dor 2 years ...
2 an<l rmcl or 5 yon,rs ..... .•.
6 aml u nd or l() years .....•..
10 and under 15 years ..•....
15 and 11nder 20 yen,rs ....•..
20 years a,nd over ......... . .
ToLal ................
27 15. 7
5 2.9
8.1
14
30 22. 7
52 30. 2
8, 7
15
8.1
14
3. 5
6
- 100.0
-172
369
77
81
153
148
44
33
32
81 38.8
47.1
10 12. 3
43 8.3
13 16.0
,13
8.3
2
l(\.
11 13. 6
84
12 14.8
61 11,8
4 4.9
2. 9
15
2.9 ...... . ······
15
2. 5 ....... .......
13
6.1
2
1 3.0
1 3. 0
2 6.1
8 24.2
4 12. 1
9.1
3
12 86. 4
65 48.9
18 13. 5
7. 5
10
17 12. 8
15 11. 3
4.5
6
.8
1
.8
1
81 100.0
33 100.0
133 100.0 1937
244
518 100.0
39.4
8,2
8.6
16.3
15. 8
4. 7
3. 5
3. 4
-100.0
of years in the trade o·
1 Of tho 070 women who supplied personal records, 33 omitted either the number
tho oC;cupation.
Nearly one-half the packers, 47 per cent, have been in the trade
less than six months, while 50.6 per cent of the dippers have worked
five years or longer in the trade. Of those employed in machine
operating, 38.3 per cent have worked less than six months, and in the
misccll. ..meous group 48.9 per cent have had but a brief experience.
Only 12 out of every 100 workers havo stayed in the industry for ten
years 01" longer. Either those who stay in the industry graduate
into the process of dipping or else the dippers as a group stay much
·'
l01~ger in the trade than packers or machine operators.
experience
of
length
through
earnings
in
Closely allied to difference
are the differences in different age groups. ' The. weekly earnings,
cJasi--:dficd by ages, for women employed as workers in candy factories
are shown in Table 11.
TABLE 11.-WEEKLY EARNINGS FOR WOMAN WORKERS EMPLOYED IN CANDY
J!'AC'ro1UES, BY AGE, AS SHOWN BY CURREN'r PAY ROLL, 1919.1
Women whose agos wereAc1;ual wcokly
ourning::;.
Total. c!i~i.
14 o,nd 1.5 and l Oand 18 and 20 and 30 and 40 and 50 and 60
under under under undor under under under under years
and
60
50
40
30
20
18
16
15
years. years. years. years. years. years. years. yeats. over.
________,__ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
--
0.1
T ::::::: :::::::
1. l
9
3 ·····2·
1
1
.9
7
.
4
......
·······
........
i
1
.....
.
.
..
.
•
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
$.1.....
tmder
$2 and
(j
•8
1
2
2
$8 n:ntl und!.w M.. . . . . . . • . . . • . . • • • . • . .
2 ........... T :::::::
2.1
17
4
3
4
2
l.
l4 ,met lmder$5...... ..
.
.....
.
._,2
30
.......
1
3.8
3
ll
12
1
$6 n:nd mHl®'• $6....... , .. • • . • •
2 .. ,., .... .... . .. .
S
2.S
rn
1
6
4
2
1·
' $6 fttid. tu1der $7.. . . .. .. .
28
3. 5
5 ·····4: ..... 4.
7
5
9
1
1
$7 and un<lor $8.. . . . . . .
12. 7
101
4
20
25
34
2
5
$8 and m1dor $9.. . . . . . .
4
12
9
10
10.
87
20
13
25
2
1
$0u.ndundor$10 .......
6 .... T
11
14
139
17. 5
39
24
40
2
1
$IO :ind under $11......
1
1
2
2
40
12
5.0
8
14
$1 J nnd u_ ntlor 812............. ,. . . . . . .
5
5
7
8
7. 2
57
18
12
2
$12 imd nnder $1:3.. . ... . ... . . . ..•....
2
6.!)
12
3
55
20
11
6
1 .......
$13 uud under $14. . . . . .
158 were not found on
1 Or tho .070 women who snppliod personal records, 17 did not state their age, and
than that
the ptiy roll_. Tho numbor or minors shown by this table, thoug:t;i probably _more nearly conect
reported that
obtttlnod from any othor source/ mu.y llo too s~all, as somo 9f Lho younget gU"ls undoubtedly
instance
such
One
law.
labor
child
the
of
rogulat1ons
tho
avoid
to
order
m
ago,
or
yours
thoy woro over 16
was discovered in the home visits, and others were suspected.
Undo1· 8l. ........ ........ ....... .......... . ...... .
$1 and under $2. .... ...
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1
1
3 . ..........
--···a·
23
WAGES.
11.-WEEKLY EARNINGS FOR WOMAN WORKERS EMPLOYED IN- CANDY
FACTORIES, BY AGE, AS SHOWN BY CURRENT PAY ROLL, 1919- Concluded.
TABLE
Women whose ages wereActual weekly
earnihgs.
14 and 15 and 16 and 18 and 20 and 30 and 40 and 50 and
60
Total. c!~i.
under under under under under under under under years
15
16
18
20
30
40
50
60
and
years . years. years. years. years. years. years. years. over.
- - - - -- --
- - - - - - - --1-- -+---c:-1- - --1 - - - - - - - - - -
$14 and
$15 and
$16 and
$17 and
$18 and
$19 and
$20 and
.......
.......
..... ..
.......
..... ..
.......
under 815.. . . . .
under $16.. . . . .
under $17.. . . . .
under $18.. . . . .
under $19.... ..
under $20......
under $21.. . . . .
1
4
10
.......
4
4
.......
3
3
.......
1
3
.. ... .. ..... ..
4
. . . .. ..
1 .... . . .
. . . . . . . . . • • .. . .
1
3
12
'20
13
12
liEI ffll~+ ?f :::::: ::<:
1
4
4
Total. .. ... .... . .
12
14
Median earnings...... . $8. 30
$7. 50
+
170
145
9
3
3
5
7
3
2
5
1
1
3
3
5
1
3 •...•••.••.•••
3
2 .. •••.•••••••• · •••• • •
5
1
1
2 ........... .. .
~ ····•2· ::::::: ::::::: :::::::
247
95
64
13
34
39
38
28
22
_22
8
15
3
7
5
3
9
4. 9
4. 7
3. 5
2. 8
2.8
795
100. 0
LO
1. 9
.4
.9
.6
.4
1.1
$9. 62 $10.13 $12.'19 $12. 69 $IL 75 $10. 91 SI2.10 $10. 66
No logical relation between ages and weekly earnings appears in
the table. It is true that the maximum median was recorded for
women between the ages of 30 and 40 but this median was larger by
only $2.03 than the mediari for the group as a whole. The fact that
so large a proportion of the workers have been in the trade so short
a time naturally results in a scale of earnings which has no relation
to age. This table, therefore, is a further indication of the casual
nature of employment in the candy industry. 1
EaTnings a,nd living conditions.- To the worker the important
fact about earnings is the standard of living which they marke possible. This is to be measured not merely in terms of the· buying
power of the dollar but also in relation to the responsibility of the
workers for the support of others besides themselves. Table 12
shows the earnings in one week for the women who live at home and
for those who board.
'
TABLE
12.~LASSIFIED WEEKLY EARNINGS OF WOMEN LIVING AT HOME AND OF
WOMEN BOARDING, DURING ONE PAY-ROLL PERIOD IN 1919:
Weekly earnings.
Women Women
living at boarding.
home.
Total.
Per cent.
- - -- - 8
11
38
39
171
152
94
69
39
26
41
688
2
2
10
7
21
25
18
7
4
7
10
13
48
46
192
177
112
76
48
30
48
1.3
1.6
6. 0
5.8
- 24.0
22. 1
14. 0
9.5
6.0
3. 8
6. 0
112
a800
100. 0
9
ro~for
OfFRASER
the 970 women wb_o s upplied personal records, 158 were not jdentified on the pay
Digitized
1 , an.d 1 2 did not g ive info.rmation as to living at home or boarding.
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p. 4i?r weekly rates of wages of woman week workers, by ages, see Appendix I, Table H,
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
24
WAGES OF CANDY MAKERS, IN PHILADELPHIA IN 1919'.
Of the 800 women for whom information as to living conditions
was obtained through the personal records, 688 lived at home and
112, or 14 per cent, were boarding. Of the women living at home 60.9
per cent earned les~ than $12 in the week for which the wage statistics were secured and 39.1 per cent earned $12 or more. The proportions for the women who w.ere boarding were almost identical. Of
these, .59.8 per cent received less than $12 and 40.2 per cent received
$12 or more. . Apparently, therefore, the earnings are not affected by
the :fact that a girl is living alone away from her :family, nor are they
affected by the supposed support which family life gives to women
workers.
Certa~n essentials a wage earner must have whether she boards or
lives at home. She must' have shelter, food, clothing, car fare, and a
surplus for health and amusements. If she boards her expenses are
more easily estimated, as a fixed sum can be ascert~ined for the cost
of living, including heat and light, and food and shelter. When a
worker lives at home she either gives all her wages to her :family or
pays .a part with no knowledge as to whether it covers her actual
share of the family budget or not. It is. certain that both the ,g irl
who boards and the girl who lives at home are subject to the same
increases in the cost of living.
The United' States Bureau of Labor Statistics found that the cost
o:f food had increased 88 per cent from January 15, 1913, to January
15, 1919. 1 In Philadelphia in the 12 months preceding September,
1918, the cost of food increased 18.4 per cent as compared to an average rise of 16.4 per-cent in 45 cities of the United States. 2 According
to these figures, the girl who in 1913 spent $5 a week for food must
in 1919 spend $9.40 for the same kind and amount. . Since the, year
1918 saw the food prices in Philadelphia advance more rapidly than
:for the rest of the country, $9.40 would not buy even an equal amount
of food in that city. This would be serious if food were the only
necessity for which the cost increased, but it has been poip.ted out
that between July, 1914, and November, 1918, the cost of clothing
increased 88.1 per cent, and sundries 55 per cent; that· the increase in
rent ranged from 11 per cent to 20 per cent in Philadelphia; that
fuel, heat, and light increased 55 per cent.3 While these, latter expense,_c; may not appear to affect the girl directly, it is obviou$ that
their cost is added to her room rent if she boards, and to an increase
in the family budget if she lives at ·home.
When, however, she buys her clothes she probably realizes most
vividly the c~ia:nge that has taken place in the past four or five years.
U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Monthly Labor Review, March, 1919, p, 91.
u. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Monthly Labo1· Review, Nove:p:1ber, 1918, ~- 97.
N.ittional Indi1strial Conference Board, War Time Changes in the CQst oif Living,
Research Report No. 14, li'ebruary, 1919, pp. 7, 23, 25.,,
:1
2
11
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
25
WAGES.
A dress which in July, 1914, she could buy :for $10, in November,
1918, would cost her $18.80, and a hat for which she paid $5 in 1914
would cost her $9.40 in 1918. It was contended by representative s of
the shipyard employees, appearing before the Labor Adjustment
Board of the Emergency Fleet Corporation, that a 1917 family budget of $1,200 £ell short by $231.30 of a sufficient sum to support a
family in 1918. 1 This seems a most conservative estimate if the
figures quoted above are correct .
ome re8ponsibiliti es.-In considering the amount that the girl
Irving at home contributes to the family budget, it is not merely the
P~oblem of th0aone who pays board to her family and assists besides
with personal services that must be considered, but the much more
comm n case of the girl who tries to support others besides herself
on her earnings. In a Government investigation 2 of the living expenses of 1,760 working girls in New York State in 1918 it was found
that 4 out of every 5 helped to support others besides themselves.
Although no statistical study of the cost of living or the home re~ponsibilities of girls was made in this investigation in Philadelphia,
1 was evident that the girls who were visited at h.ome were re ponsible in no small degree for the family support. The widow with
young children and the daughter taking care of a mother or father
no longer able to work are both included among the candy makers.
One girl who was paying $6 a week to her family for her own board
was planning and saving in order to contribute in the :future to the
support of a brother who had been badly injured in France and was
expected to return soon from overseas.
One woman whose weekly wage rate was $12 was the sole support
of herself, her mother, and a half-witted child of 7. Another girl
visited, who had ·worked for the same company for eleven years, was
earning $13 a week, which included three raises of a dollar each
that were given during 1918. She began work at $5 a week and
regrets that she did not choose another trade with better prospect
of advancement. "But," she said, "I had mother to sup .JOrt and it
might have taken me a week to find another job, and then what would
We have done~" · So close was her margin.
One middle-aged woman had been in her present job six years.
~he was a dipper and had learned the trade as a girl before she married, so when her husband died she naturally went back to chocolate
dipping. Now her daughter is 16 and old enough to work, but she
wants her to begin in an office or department store. " She would
rather come with me and learn dipping, but I tell her the work j s
Uncertain and you can't make steady money."
. 1!
!
1
Lauck-, W. J. : Cost of Living and the War. Cleveland, Ohio.
Doyle & Waltz Printing Co.
2
War Labor Board Report not published.
DigitizedNational
for FRASER
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1918, p. 33.
The
26
WAGES OF ()
:ruy l\1AK.lmS I
PHILADELPHIA IN 1919.
Two sisters who boarded and whose ·weekly wage rates were, respecti vcly, $12 and $10.50, received bonuses last year of $37.50 and
$32. The older sister e,rplained that they would each buy a dress
and a suit, as they could not afford to buy them with their regular
wag s. "Wages don't go very far these days," she added," especially
when you are paying $1.50 a week for a Liberty bond and war savings
stamps and when they ask you to give 50 cents a month to the war
chest funds."
.
One girl said she had tried work in a candy factory because she
know some girls there but she" could not afford it." "I have no one
to help me out and I can't live on $8 a week, which was what they paid
me," she explained. That was three months ago and now she is working as a clerk in an office at $17 per we.ek.
Estimates of the cost of living.-In New York State the Consumers' League, after a careful examination of girls' budgets, stated
that in the early months of 1918, $14.80 was the minimum on which
a girl could live. The Consumers' League of Eastern Pennsylvania
named $14.66 as the minimum, explaining that it made no allowance
for savino-s or health insurance, which the league considered essential
in any budget. 1 In the District of Columbia a conference composed
of representatives of employers, workers, and the public and one
representative of the minimum wage board, appointed under act
of Congress to recommend a minimum wage for the printing
and. publishing houses of the District, has just recommended to the
minimum wage board a minimum of $15.50, declaring· it to be "the
minimum wage upon which a woman without dependents can maintain herself at a proper standard of living in the District of Columbia."2
The difference between these recommendations for New York,
Pennsylvania, and the District of Columbia is slight. In none of
these reports is a wage o:f $14 or less considered adequate as a
minimum.
How nearly does the girl working in the candy industry in Philadelphia earn this essential minimum~ In a week of January, 1919~
less than one-fourth, 22.6 per cent, of the women workers in the
candy industry earned $14 and over, and one-half earned less than
$10.30. 8
How does the girl who earns less than $14 make both ends meet~
Her room probably costs $2.50 a week at the least and her board,
covering only two meals on week days, and three meals on Sunday,
will cost an additional $5. Then there are lunches, car fares, cloth, Consumel's' League of Eastern Pennsylvania. Preliminary l'eport (not in p1int).
2 The
recommendations bave since been adopted and tbc rate will go into effect
Aug. 13, 1919. For summary of the report and recommendations of tbe boa1·d see
U. S. Bu:reau of Labor Statistics' Monthly Labor Review, May, 1919, pp. 216-21 9.
8 See Table 6, p. 17.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
WAGES.
27
mg, laundry, insurance, savings and recreation, all of which am·
required as an inevitable part of the cost of living. If a worker
earns $10.30, which is the median wage in the candy industry, and
pays $7.50 :for room and board, she has left $2.80 for all other expenses. These necessities must be paid for in some s1;1ch way as was
illustrated among the candy · makers who were interviewed in this
inquiry. The first result of low earnings is that the girls must
go without proper food, clothing, or medical care, so that the industry levies a toll upon t.h eir health. In some instances chari~able
assistance was necessary. Coal and sometimes medical assistance
were obtained from public or private charity. In families where
there were two or three wage earners it was evident that either the
entire family lived at a standard lower than the requirements for
health and welfare or that those wage earners who were receiYing
. somewhat more than the minimum were contributing to the support
of those who were underpaid. If, as was the case frequently, the
.· underpaid workers have had sufficient experience to be beyond the
·stage of apprenticeship and as adults are contributing their full time
. to an industry, it is evident that, from a social point of view, the
. failure of the industry to make the cost of living the basis for de. termining the minimum wage means that the industry is securing
contributions from the wages paid in other industries or that it is
levying a tax upon the amount which should be available :for the
requirements of a proper standard of living for the workers.
Increases in wages.-Although nominal wages have unquestionably
risen since the earlier investigations referred to, the greater part
of this increase having taken place since the beginning of the war,
the improvement in actual earnings in relation to the cost of living
is not marked. In order to find just what the change has been, the
Bureau of Labor Statistics was asked to furnish figures showing
the increase in cost of living since 1908, the date of the Federal investigation which included confectionery workers in Pennsylvania.
Taking the cost of living for 18 shipbuilding centers, it was found
that it had increased by 73.4 per cent from December, 1914, to
December 1918, and that the rise in the cost of food for the same
places and period was 81.4 per cent; in other words, the rise in the
food was 11 per cent greater than that of the total cost of
cost
living. The average price of food in 1918 was 100 per cent higher
than for the year 1908, while in December, 1918, it was 123 per
cent higher than for the year 1908. If the above relation between
cost of food and total cost of living may be assumed to be fairly
steady, this means that in the year 1918 the cost of living had rise_
by 90 per cent, and by December, 1918, by 111 per cent oYer the
price for the year 1908. The present inYestigation was conducted
1919, at which time there had been little change from
in January,
or
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
28
WAGES OF CANDY MAKERS IN PHILADELPHIA IN 1919.
the December figures. It seen1s hardly justifiable, however, to take
the highest point reached in the cost of living as the norm by
which to measure usual wages, so the mean of the increase for the
year and for December of 1918 was taken, which gives a rise in
the cost of living, as compared with 1908, of 100 per cent. On this
basis, $10 in January, 1919, had a purchasing power equal to $5 in
1908, $12 at the later date equaled $6 at the earlier, and so on.
Rearranging the wage groups of the present investigation on this
basi s, and comparing them with those of the investigation of 1908,
we have the following table :
13,-DISTRIBUTION OF FEMALE CONFECTIONERY WORKERS IN 1908 AND 1919
RECEIVING WAGES OF EQUIVALENT PURCHASING POWER, BY WAGE GROUP.
TABLE
1919. 2
1908.1
Employees
receiving each
amount.
Amount received.
Purchasing
power in
terms of
l 90S wages,
equivalent
to-
umber.
Under $12 .. ....... ...... ..
Under $16 .................
Under $20....... ......... .
$20 and over ....... ..... ...
Under $6 ....
Under $8 ....
Under $10 ...
$10andover .
812
1,061
1,183
63
65.17
85. 18
94. 94
5.06
Total. ........ . . .... . -- - .. - . . - .... -
1,246
100. 00
Wage group.
;,umber.
Per
cent.
Under $6 .................. .
Under .................. .
Under 10 ................. .
SlO and over .. : ............ .
285
363
3 3
2
74. 02
94. 28
99.48
. 52
Total ... ............. .
38.3
100. 00
Employees
receiving each
amount.
Wage group.
Per
cent.
1 Fi~nros from S. Doc. G4'i, 61 st Cong., 2d scss., Report on Condition of Woman and Child Wage Earn·ers
.
ln tho United States, Vol. XVIII, p. 476.
2 Figures compiled from present report, Table 6, p. 17.
This table unquestionably shows a certain improvement in the
general situation. The proportion earning $10 or over ( or its equivalent in purchasing power, which in 1919 amounted to $20 or over),
has increased to one-twentieth of the whole group, and the proportion earning from $8 to $10 (or its equivalent, $16 to $20) has increased from 5.2 per cent to 9.76 per cent. But the improvement is
not great enough to justify much exultation. More than four-fifths
of the 1919 group received earnings the purchasing power of which
was less than the amount established in 1908 as the living wage. By
the most recent decision, that in the District of Columbia, $15.50 was
:fixed as the minimum on which a self-supporting woman could live.
The table on page 17 shows that according to the 1919 face value of
wages, 81.4 per cent of the workers studied in Philadelphia earned
lcs · than $15 a week. That is very near the proportion shown in the
above table as earning less than a living wage on the 1908 standard.
Both the :figures for 1908 and those for 1919 given above include
workers under 18. Perhaps it is hardly reasonable to expect that
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
29
WAGES.
girls of 15 and 16 who have just begun to earn should be able to make
living wages, and a fairer comparison may be between workers aged
18 or over for both periods. The following table gives the figures for
these:
14.-DISTRIBUTION OF FEMALE CONFECTIONERY WORKERS A GED 18.O R OVE-R
IN 1908 AND 1919 RECEIVING WAGES OF EQUIVALENT PURCHASING POWER, BY
WAGE GROUP.
TABLE
1919 2
1908 1
Employees
receiving each
amount.
Employees
receiving each
amount.
Wage group~
Wage group.
Purchasing
Number.
Per
cent.
Amount received.
iillil>++ -~ lQQ.01
i:I
tef~;~i 1io8 Numwages equiva- ber.
lent t o-
Under $10. ........ . .......
Under $12 .. . .. . . . . .. .. __ ..
Under $16 .••••........ . ...
Under $20............... . .
$20 and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Total. ....... . ... . ....
~
cp
enert.
Under $5 ... .
Under $6 .•..
Under $8 ... .
Under $10 . ...
$10 and over.
190
31. 7
312
52.1
483
80. 6
93.1
558
41
7.0
---Total..~................. . . ..... . . .
599
100. 0
I
Wag~
Figures compiled from S. Doc. 645, 61st Cong., 2d sess., Report on Condition of Woman and Child
Earners in the United Statesi Vol. XVIII, p. 136.
·
2
_Figures from present report, Tab e 11, p. 23.
This shows an appreciable increase in the wage level of those ageJ
18 or over in the ten years or more · which intervened between the
two investigations, but even so, the improvement is far from satis-- factory. Even in this group, which includes the higher-paid workers, and shuts out the young girls who swell the numbers in the lowe1~
earnings groups, there are still four-fifths who, according to the
standards of 1908, do not earn a living wage.
Earnings i.m, dull season.-It should be emphasized, moreover, that
the entire discussion so
has centered about the earnings in a normal week. It is characteristic of the candy industry that the sam3
level of employment is not maintained throughout the year. In
slack seasons, workers may be dismissed or employed on part time.
This prospect of no employment or work at greatly reduced pay is
constantly hanging over the workers. A widow, with three little
children, whose husband died in the fall, was taken on at a candy
factory. She worked steadily until Christmas, when she was laid
off for three weeks. She was the,n taken back but they told her they
probably would not keep her after Easter, so that she is already
wondering what will become of her and the children if she can not
find another place.
·
Table 15 shows the median wages of women in ten identical candy
factories for which comparative figures were secured, in the dull
season in 1918 as compared with a normal season in 1919.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
far
30
WAGES OF CANDY MAKERS IN PHILADELPHIA IN 1919.
TA13Ll~ 15.-+MED IAN EARNINGS OF WOMAN WORKERS EMPLOYED IN 10 IDENTICAL •
CANDY FACTORIES FOR ONE WEEKLY PAY-ROLL PERIOD I N 1918 (DULL SEASON)
AND IN 1919 (NORMAL SE.A.SON).
Establishment No.
1918 (dull 1919(normal
season).
season).
V .. _. __ .. _. _____ . . . . . . . . . . . . .
VIL .... . , . . . .. ......... . ....
I X ......... ... .. ........ .. :..
X . .... . . . . ...... .. .. .... .. .. .
XI. ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
XII.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
X III.... ..... . .. . . . .... .. ....
XVII...... . . . ... ........ . ...
XVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
$4. 06
5.55
10.38
1. 78
5. 10
4. 13
8. 41
8.75
10. 25
17.50
$9. 81
7.41
9.73
9.07
8. 90
8. 90
10. 18
10.50
9. 50
15.50
Total. .... . .. ........... .
5.62
9.60
xx..... .... .......... ... .. .. 1- - - ' - - - i - - - - - - i
The median earnings for a week in July or August, 1918, were
$5.62, as compared with $9.60 for the same factories in January. The
proportion of women receiving $13 and more is 17 per cent in the
1
normal season in January, .and but 4 per cent in the dull season.
IRREGULAR ITY OF EMPLOYMENT.
Not only are the -earnings almost split in half in the dull season
but" little more than half as many women are employed as in the busy
season. One woman reported that she had worked in canq.y factories
for 11 years, but of course it was not steady work. Last year she was ·
laid off in the dull season. War work, stitching Navy uniforms in a ·
garment factory, enabled her to find employment, but she was laid
off there after the signing of the armistice and returned to the candy,
trade. "In a candy factory one is always laid off for a couple,,of
weeks after Christmas and of course in summer," was a. statement
o:f her experience.
I:f we compare a -woman's chance of steady employment in the
candy trade with a man's, we find that in 11 plants nearly 1 of every
two women, or 45.5 per cent, lose their positions in the summer, while
only 3.3 per cent or one out of 30 of the men are turned off. The
woman workers who are kept show a drop in earnings of 41.5 per
cent and the men 40.2 per cent. In spite of_this practically equal decrease in earnings, wages of the men in dull season have a median
of $10.96, contrasted. with $5.62 :for the girls.
Fluctuations week by w:e ek.-Table 16 shows the number of workers employed and the total wages paid in 18 candy factories in each
week of the year 1918.
the number of women employed in each wage
1 See Ap-pendix I, Table C, p. 41, for
group in these 10 factories in 1918 a.s compared with 1919.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
31
ffiREGULA RITY OF EMPLOYM ENT.
TABLE
16.-TOTAL NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES AND TOTAL EARNINGS DURING EACH
WEEK OF THE YEAR 1918, IN 18 FACTORIES.
Week.
1st .••••.......... ........
2d .•............. ........
3d ............... ....... .
4th ............... ...... .
5t h ............... ... : .. .
6th ..... ............... . .
7th
8th:::::.:::::: :::::::::::
9th ... ............... ... .
10th ... ............... ... .
11th ....... .. ............ .
::::::::::::
m~::::::::::
14th ..... ... ...... . ...... .
15th .. ............... .... .
::::::::::::
m~::::::::::
18th . ............... ... .. .
19th ..... .. .............. .
20th ..... ...• ..... ... ... ..
21st ............... ....... .
22d ............... ....... .
23d ............... .......•
24th ... ... ...... ...... ..•.
25th ............. . ....... .
26th ............... ...... .
27th .•.• ...... .. ..........
Number
of
workers.
1,971
2,098
2,010
2,121
2,159
2,210
2,267
2.346
2,306
2, 333
2, 337
- 2,293
2,223
2, 149
2,122
2,084
2,056
1,972
1,874
1,820
1,792
1, 744
1,740
1, 722
1,742
1,503
1,829
Wages paid.
$14,286.46
22,233.97
20,220.80
20,738.99
24,261 . 21
24,440.53
25,503-55
26,597.33
27,895.41
27,130.56
26,996 .60
26,914.47
25, 680.31
23,165.14
23,474. 88
22,926. 06
23,238.30
21,386.03
21 ,520. 81
20,929 . 41
21 ,353.57
20,730.69
20,638 . 06
20,833.24.
21,159.83
21 , 433.56
19,712.52
Numb er
of
workers.
Week.
28th .......... .... ........
29th......... .............
30th......... ..... . .......
31st....... . . .. ............
32d ............. . ..... ....
33d........... .. .. ........
34t h............. .........
35th ............... .......
36th ............... .......
37th.... ............... ...
38th......... .............
39th.. ............... .....
40th. . ...... ... .... .......
41st... ... .. ...............
42d......... . .............
43d........... .... ........
44th. ... ........ ...... ... .
45th. ........ .. ...........
46t h. .. .. ...... ..... .... ..
47th . ............... .. . ...
48th. ............... ......
49th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . .
50th.......... .... . ... .. . .
51st.......... .............
52d.. .... ........... .. . . . .
Total......... ......
Wages paid.
1,823
1,818
1,792
1, 726
1, 702
1,699
1,725
1, 772
1, 777
1,873
1,848
1,963
1,971
2,026
2,095
2, 157
2,277
2, 175
2,188
2,295
2,335
2,544
2,473
2,459
2,298
$21,495.12
21,523.20
20,933.08
20,530.35
18,324.36
22, 025.15
19,863.64
19,522.08
20,526.31
24,880.69
25,255.92
25,971.63
25, 164.32
24,509.12
27, 480.48
29,445.00
30, 194.46
29,063.48
29,073.48
33,981.24
33,301.44
35,850.97
38,368.63
37, 766 .85
29,095.11
105,634
1,279,548.40
,---1----
The table gives the two most importan t indexes of fluctuatin g employmen t-the numbers at work and the total pay ·roll. Unemploy ment is shown in the decrease in numbers in the dull weeks. Underemployme nt or part-time employme nt is measured in a fluctuatin g
pay roll, as distinct from individua l earnings. The maximum force,
2,544, was employed in the forty-nint h week (Decembe r.) ; the minimum, 1,503, in the twenty-si xth week (June). Thus in the week of
least employm~ nt 41 of every 100 who worked in December were
superfluou s in the industry. Moreove~, in the 12 months there were 2
busy seasons and 2 periods of depression. The fluctuatio ns in total
wages were even more pronounce d. The pay roll of the first week in
January was the lowest in 1918, with a ,second low point in the
thirty-second week (August). The maximum pay roll was in the
fiftieth week of the year-in December. The minimum pay roll was
only 37 per. cent of the maximum .
Table 17 summariz es Table 16 and shows the relation of average
employme nt to the maximum and to the min~trm .
17.-MAXIM UM, MINIMUM, AND AVERAGE OF NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS
EMPLOYED AND OF AMOUNT OF WAGES PAID DURING ONE WEEKLY PAY·ROLL
PERIOD IN 1918.
T AnLE
Maximum
for 1 week.
Number of wage earners .... .. ... ....
Amount of wages paid ...............
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
2,544
$38,368.63
Minimum
for 1 week.
1,503
$14,286.46
Average
for 1 week.
2,031
$24,606.70
Per cent
maximwn
is of
average.
]27. 6
155. 9
Per cent
minimum
is of
average.
75.4
58.1
32
WAGES OF CANDY MAKERS JN PHTLADELPHIA IN 101!}.
If the average number on the pay roll and the av rage amount
paid in wages b r garded as 100 p r cent, it is foun l that the maximum pay roll is 15G ancl the minimum 58, while the number of
employees :fluctnates :from 128 to 75.
It is impossible with any deo-ree of accuracy to translate this variation in employm nt into terms of actual ip.come of the workers, but
it is obvious that their earnings are affected seriously by this irregularity in the industry. Those who are laid off in dull season
may lose three or four months in the course of a year, thereby reducing their yearly in ome by a fourth or a third. Or, as already in·c1icatecl, if they are not out of work they are employed only for part
time with earnings reduced accordingly. Although the median
earnings in a busy season are a little more than $10 a week, it is
certain that the median yearly income is not as much as $520. It
would be lib ral to estimate that $450 is the income below wl ich
half the vorkers fall.
Employment in dull season ·in other industries increases the income for some of the workers. One girl found work in a garment
:factory, making uni-forms for the Navy; another worked in a shoepotish establishment, and a third in a hosiery factory. This necessity for finding other jobs twice a year contributes, of course, to
general restlessness and drifting from factory to :factory.
1 ven in the intermediate seasons the hours worked are irregular.
t is not always possible to tell how far this is due to lack of work
and how far the worker himself is responsible. Employers comp1ain that the workers are absent or tardy. Several firms give
bonu ·es for steady attendance and for beginning work on time in
th morning. In other plants a fine is imposed for tardiness, but
ncith r system, according to the statement of the management, is
HnccessfuL The manager in one plant declared that the bonus for
good timekeeping would be discontinued, as it had had no effect in
n ouraging regularity. The fine for tardiness in one plant was
1 cent a minute, while in another, a worker coming more than five
minut s late wa:::; rharged 2 cents for every minute lost. These fines
apply to week workers, not to pieceworkers. Evidently the value
of thes work rs' time was rated at 60 cents to $1.20 an hour. "We,
have tri c1 fin s and bonuses, but neither works," said one irritated
.
employer.
The workers, on the other hand, complain that they lost time
because the routing of work from one department to another is not
carefully planned. The dippers, paid by the piece, for instance,
say that they sometimes sit idle waiting for centers or chocolate to be
br ught to them, and, in turn, the wrappers and packers may lose time
and earnings i:f the candy does not come promptly and in right quantities from the cooks and the dippers. One wrapper, visited at her
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
33
IRREGULARITY OF EMPLOYMERT.
home, ·complained that the preceding week she had worked but 30
hours out of a scheduled week of 54 hours. Without doubt the '
. knowledge that there may be insufficient work £or the girl when she
reache:$ the factory contributes to her own irregular timekeeping,
of which the employers complain. Undoubtedly both workers and
employers· are responsible, but in so far as this is a problem of or""
ganization o:f the factory, as it is in no small measure, the hope
of change rests i11-the initiative of the employers in the t rade to join
together in efforts to regularize it.
The pay rolls for J'anuary or February showed that in that sea. son, which is intermediate before the peak of the spring trade is
reach~d, of 1,237 workers for whom the data were secured, 363 worked
the full week scheduled in the :factory; 562 · worked fewer than the
regular hours, and 312 worked overtime. The median earnings for
full -time workers were $10.77 as compared with $8.37 for the parttime workers, and $12.47 for those who worked overtime.1
Table 18 shows ' the weekly earnings in relation to hours of labor
for the entire group of those working full time, part time, and
overtime.
l
•
18.-NUMBER OF WOMEN (NOT INCLUDING FOREWOMEN) WORKING EACH
CLASSIFIED NUMBER OF HOURS DURING ONE WEEKLY PAY-ROLL PERIOD IN
1919, BY ACTUAL WEEKq: EARNINGS.
TABLE
Number of women who workedActual weekly ·
12
18
24
30
3@
42
48
54
Per
earnings.
.
~de~ ~ ! r i!d~r i!d!r i!d!r
~d~r
i!d!r Total. cent.
hots ho1!s" 18
24
30
36
42
48
54
57
'·
· hours. hours. hours. hours. hours. hours. hours. hours.
~~r
~i;
~~r
-----'----l-- -1-- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
rin:J~a.er"si :
~ ··· ·33" ··•·•2· ::::::: ::::::: ::::::: ::::::: ::::::: :: :::: : :::::::
~ : ~ ::~:~ ~: : : : : : : : : ..• : .~. ' ~
1~ ... \. 3. : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :
$4 and under $5.. . .. . . . .
1
5
13
13 ..•......•.........................
$5 and under $6 . . . . • . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . .
✓2
31
i
2 .••
$6 and under $7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . .
8
6
19
.. i" · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·
$7and unp.er $8 .. --~---- ..•.... ... . .. .
2 . . ••...
8
17
21 .... "f ..... -;"
$8 and under $9.. ..•.... . . • . . . . . .. .. . .
1
2
6
16
63
57
13
$9 and under $10. . . •. . . . . .• . . . . •.••.•.
2
3
8
11
25
83
·13
$10 and under $11. . . • . . . . . • • • . . . . • • • • . .
3
2
8
7
31
74
68
$11andunder$12 ... •. ....••......•.• . .• •• . •..
1
3
5
9
19
17
$12 and under $13. . . • . . . . . . • . . . . . . • . . . . • • • . • . . . . • . . . .
4
5
14
48
15
$13and under$14. . . •. . . . . . •.. . . . .•. • •. .••.... ••••...
2
5
11
28
21
$14and under$15. .. .. .. . .. •.. . . ••• •• .. .••.. ..
1
1
3
9
24
12
$15and under $16 . . . . . .• . . .•. . . . •••••.• .••.. . . ..••...
3
1
8
19
14
$16andunder$17 .....•..•...•..•••••...••.•......•..
2
3
6
23
11
1
3
m:i::~:rnt ::::::: ::::::: ::::::: ::::::: ::::::: ::::::: .....~.
m:i::i:~t~t ::::::: ::::::: ::::::: ::::::: ::::::: ::::::: .... T
$19and under$20. ..•.... ..•.. .. ..•. •.. ..•..•. ..•.... ..•.... .......
i1
i
1~
!
.8
1
~
8
i
.iEi;ti;~: : : : : :)::: :/:: : : : : :::): : : : : : : : : :::::1: i i
Total.... ••
6
44
23
21
32
40
38
57
158
145
193
54
86
67
50
45
45
24
o.,5
3. 6
1.9
1. 7.
2. 6
3. 2
3.1
4.6
12.8
11. 7
15. 6
4. 4
7.0
5.4
4.0
3.6
3.6
· 1.9
32
2.6
17
16
1. 4
1. 3
9
11
9
5
.7
.9
•7
.4
10
•8
235 1,237
100. o
·---------,---1---1----1--1---1---1--+--10
42
24
47
64
56
97
220
442
1 See Appendix I, Tables: D, E, and F, pp. 41 and 42, for earnings in relation to hours of
labor for full-fime workers, part-time workers, and overtime workers.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1
34
WAGES OF CANDY MAKERS. IN PHILADELPH IA IN 1919i.
It is clear from this table how seriously irregularity of employmen t
affected. earnings. The number working less than 42 hours, was 340
or 27 per cent of the total included in this part of the inquiry. Those ·
1
/J
receiving less than ·$6 a week were all em.ployed for part time.
cause
important
an
is
t
employmen
irregular
that
clear
is
·
it
Thus
of low earnings in the candy indust:i;y. ·That it is not the ·only cause
is shown by the ·fact that in the columns representin g a schedule of
1
hours of 48 to 54, and 54 to 57, 2 wages of $7, $8, and $9 are recorded
and the whole group of these girls earning less than $14 a week or
even less than $12 is considerable . Nevertheles s it seems evident that
if efforts were made to regularize employmen t the incom.e of candy
ma-lrnrs as a group would be increased. - ·without such a11 effort the
most serious problems· o:f: the trade will remain unsettled.
Employers to whom this report was submitted in manuscript form
for criticism in advance of publication objected to the inclusion of.
part-time workers .in the statistics of earnings. They thought it
:fairer to judge the industry by the earnings of those employed full
time. But no description could be accurate which omitted the facts
about :i.J:'regularity of employmen t and its effect upon the income and
the standard of life of the work:ers.
CONDITIONS IN THE WORKROOMS.
•
In this investiga,tio n interest was centered. on wages, and 'the data
given are based on pay rolls and schedules. The investigator s ~lso
i~spected the workrooms, however, an~ although this inspection was
incidental and casual the resulting observations, are of practical
,
value.
is neces- factory,
candy
a
in
cleaning
the
of
·
that
problem,
first
The
sarily a difficult one. Pieces_o:f hard candy, bits of cream filling, and
chocolate drop on the floor and are trodden in. Scrubbing takes up
the ~ust and the candy that has not been stepped on but may not
r~move that which has been tramped into the flooring. In most
plants tra.ys of candies are carried from the cooking room to the·
packing room and from the dipping tables to the tables where they
are packed. This means · that the stairs and. halls as well as the
workrooms receive their share of dropped candy. A few of the factories are swept daily by cleaning women' ( or a janitor), and thoroughly scrubbed and scraped once or twice a week. Four factories
visited were immaculate ly clean and showed what could be accomplished by efflcient managemen t. In nine plants the girls making.
· the candy do the sweeping during working hours, and in some of
in com,parison with the
1 See Appendix I, Table . G, p. 43, for the actual hours worked
,
scheduled weekly hours for the establishment.
longer than 54 hours in a
2 It is a violation of the Statei labor law to employ women
week, but the pay-:r@ll record was taken · of women actually working 55¼ hours.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
CONDITIONS IN THE WORKROOMS.
35
the factories they also give the floors a weekly scrubbing. The sweeping of the floors by the girls seems to have been an established custom
in the trade. One forewoman who had worked in candy over 20
years said that until the last two years her girlS:had always done their
own cleaning. In one plant scrubbing of the tables and floor around
each seat was done on Saturday mornings. This was hard on the
pieceworkers, as their earnings ceased during the cleaning period.
A dipper paid by the piece said she hurried through her cleaning and ·
so lost only half an hour :from her work, and " I work very fast
afterwards to make up," she added. From the appearance of some
factories it was plain that scrubbing and sweeping had not been done
recently. The floors and stairs were uneven from gTolmd-in candy
and the treads of the stairs were thickly coated with starch from
the molding trays. The general condition of one plant was such that ,
it was no surprise to hear the manager reply to a question as to his
policy regarding dismissals," They don't have to be fired-they just
walk out."
The standard of cleanliness is without doubt fixed by the management both in regard to making, wrapping, and packing the candy.
This is shown with equal force when it comes to washing facilities.
All day girls who are packing and wrapping are handling candy and
many times a day they want to wash their hands. The dippers'
hands are in the melted chocolate, which gets into their nails and of
course on any part of their clothing that they touch. ·wnat are th~
Washing facilities for girls in most earidy factories? Only 8 out of
the 25 establishments visited supplied hot water and only 4 had wash
rooms. In most factories basins with one cold-water faucet were
supplied in each workroom, and in all but two instances soap was
furnished. It is not very easy to get sticky material off your hands
with ~soap and cold water, and when no towel is provided, or but one
roller towel for a department, it makes the operation more difficult.
In one factory where towels were not supplied one of the packers
Was asked how she managed: "Oh, I live near and don't need to wash
here," she answered. A girl in another plant said she wiped her
hands on her apron or petticoat.
·
It is important that wash rooms should be provided where girls
can wash thoroughly and comfortably, as well as that basins with hot
Water,,soap, and towels be placed in each workroom. These arrangetnents would allow the girls to rinse their hands frequently and to
clean up thoroughly in the wash room whenever necessarv. One foreWon1an insisted that the work tables should be spotless, but no towels
or. aprons were supplied to keep the workers immaculate. The picture so often imagined of a worker in a spotless white apron and cap
-Was not often seen. Seven of th~ firms realized the importance of
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
36
WAGES OF CANDY MAKERS IN PHILADELPHIA IN 1919.
providing and laundering aprons and caps for the workers, and two
others require them but do not provide them.
In many of the establishments the supplying and wearing of uniforms is optional with the girls themselves. The result is that some
girls wear big gingham aprons which completely cover their dresses
while others wear little waitress aprons that protect only the front
of the skirt, and many girls wear no aprons at all. One girl wore a
newspaper tied on with string, which effectually protected her dress
if not the candy. In some of the occupations, dipping especially,
it is impossible to prevent one's clothes from becoming caked with the
melted chocolate and the low temperature of the dipping room makes
it necessary to wear a woolen dress or a wrap which can not be
washed. It seems hardly more reasonable to expect the worker to be
immaculate without upplying her the means for it than to require
clean dishes from a cook when no hot water or towels are :furnished.
Caps were worn by but few of the workers, although some firms supplied them. The girls found them hot and did not like to wear them ;
as one forewoman explained," I tried them myself last summer, and
it was so warm that I did not blame the girls for losiI1g theirs." It
was suggested that a possible solution might be in caps made of net
or veiling, which would be both light and cool. When girls handle
the candy it is almost impossible to prevent their rearranging thefr
hair one minute and handling candies the next unless caps of some
kind are worn.
The location and proper equipment of the toilets is obviously of
great importance. The toilet room should not get its ventilation
through the workroom but from outside windows, and the wash room
or basin shouk1 be convenient to it. In five plants the partition between the workroom and toilet did not reach the ceiling; in one plant
it adjoined the lunch room, and in another plant trays ·of candies
were stacked around it. But little thought seems to have been spent
on the location of the toilet and in six cases the toilets were reported
as inconvenient or badly located.
The same complaint, lack of planning, was noticed when it came
to seats. In one plant the seats were actually so unique as to be interesting. They showed ingenuity and variation-an old packing
box 3 feet high for one dipper, a stool a little taller for the next, a
chair without a back for the third, and a nail keg finishing up the
line. No back rests were seen in this plant nor in many others ; in
fact only five factories supplied seats with backs and these not in
all departments. In some plants the packers stand, while in others
they sit on stools. One girl said she thought that " it would be nice
if you could stand ~ sit." This ideal would certainly seem easy
of attainment, for in certain departments of some establishments all
were seated, while in others all stood, and it would appear that it
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
CONDITIONS IN THE WORKROOMS.
37
might easily be arranged for girls to sit or stand when they choose
while at work.
It appears that not much -thought or attention is devoted to" factory housekeeping" in the candy industry. Such conveniences as
light cloakrooms with individual lockers, rest rooms, lunch rooms,
and drinking facilities are provided in but few of the plants. Six
plants have rooms where girls can eat their lunch and two of these
supply food. In the remaining 19 factories girls can go out to their
homes or near-by restaurants for their noon meal or bring it
with them and eat it at the table where they pack and wrap the
candies. This is undesirable both for ·the girls and the candies. At
the very least a separate room should be provided for the workers
who must remain in the plant. Three of the larger factories supply
rest rooms, but in the other 22 factories no provision is made :for a
girl to lie down if she feels ill or faint-unless permission for the
worker to use a wooden bench in the cloakroom when she feels ill
could be called " provision."
Even the usual wooden bench in a cloakroom would not be a possible resting place in many plants for the simple reason that there are
no cloakrooms. Eight factories made no provision for the girls'
wraps except hooks in the corner of the kitchen, and in two establishments wooden lockers only were supplied. These lockers were
not individual lockers and were so crowded that hooks in the workroom, or even in the kitchen, seemed preferable. Six cloakrooms
had no windows and were ventilated by' air from the workroo;m over
the partitions which did not reach the ceiling. In three instances,
however, the only ventilation was through the entrance door, and the
rooms were stuffy and ill-smelling. A few of the factories had light
roomy cloakrooms with individual wire lockers, but these were exceptions and not the rule.
Probably one of the most important requirements of the workers
is for well cooled water. The girls as they · work eat more or less
candy and the very smell o:f the cooking makes them thirsty. In 21
plants no special drinking water was furnished. The girls drank
the water as it came from the faucet-cold in winter and warm in
summer. Of the 4 establishments where special provision was made
for drinking water, 2 had ice-coolers, 1 a bubbler, and 1 kept a big
bottle of water on the ice coils in the chocolate cooling room. In, dividual drinking cups were supplied in but one plant, although in
a number the realization that a common drinking cup was insanitary was shown by a request that girls bring their own glasses.
The impracticability of this advice can be easily seen. In most
plants there were no cloak rooms with individual lockers where the
could be kept and if these conveniences were supplied they
glasses
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were a long way from the water faucets or coolers. "What the girls
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
88
WAGES OF CANDY MAKERS IN PHILADELPH IA IN 1919.
actually used-was a common glass, cup, or mug. In candy factories,
as elsewhere, if necessities are not provided, makeshifts are used
and discontent and restlessness result. The fact that the plants are
poorly equipped for the comfort of the workers contributes to the
shifting of the girls to other industries or to their trying first one
plant and then another in the candy trade.
RECOMMENDATIONS.
This report was ~ubmitted in manuscript form to each establishment included in the investigatio n, and to the W,orp.en's Trade-Unio n
League of Philadelphi a, , and recommend ations for action were urgently invited. One firm sent its employmen t manager to Washington to make comments, but no .recommend ations· for improvement in wages or conditions of work were made by representati ves.
o:f managemen ts.
The Women's Trade-Unio n League of Philadelphi a submitted the
·
following suggestions :
Vi7e think that two lines of action are desirable and feasible. First, since
this industry is one that directly concerns the candy consuming public, which
su~ers immediately from insanitary conditions that menace health, therefore
we think the public as well as workers and management should tak€ steps
changing at least the more serious of these conditions . which you haye found ·
so prevalent. We believe that the best way to improve conditions is through
the action of the candy trade itself, which has the most accurate knowledge
of conditions, and can thBrefore work out the most practicable methods of
altering them. Our recommendat ion is that a sanitary board of nine people
be chosen, three representing the public, three the workers, and three the
management. It should be the duty of this board to study the whole question
of sanitation · as it concerns candy making, to establish reasonable standards
for plants and to have power and an inspectorial staff for enforcing those
standards. Of course, we are not at this moment prepared to submit details
for the working out of this recommendati on. We are aware that, first of
all, expert knowledge of the trade would be necessary before undertaking such
a step, and it is on this account that we recommend having a majority of the
boara. members of the trade. Secondly, we realize that there are questions of
administrativ e machinery which would require ·considerable study, but it seems
to us that the purpose to be achieved warrants the effort. There can be no
doubt that the insanitary conditions found in some of the _.plants constitute a
health hazard of sufficient importance to the purchasing public, so that on
this ground alone, improvements should be insisted upon.
Our second recommendat ion is concerned more immediately with the workers
than with the public, though recent investigations everywhere have established
the general social significance of the minimum living ·wage. We believe that
all of Pennsylvania , but more ~specially the candy trade and our State legislature, should be acquainted with the findings of your investigation in order to
give them irrefutable testimony on the need for passing the minimum wage
·
bill now before the State senate.
Anything you can do to put this data before them seems most desirable and
worth while, or it seems obvious that no industry can be stabilized, nor its
continued existence justified, while conditions continue that permit women to
·
work for so low· as $400 to $500 yearly income.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
APPENDIX !.-DETAILED TABLES.
A.- NUMBER OF WOMAN WEEK WORKERS EARNING EACH CLASSIFIED
AMO'uNT DURING ONE WEEKLY P AY-ROLL , PERIOD IN 1919, BY OCCUPATION.
'TABLE
Actual weekly earnings.
Forewomen.
.
Machine p k
D ippers.
oper ators. ac ers.
U ndcr Sl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2
Sl and under 32. _. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6
31
$2 and under 33. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5
14
$.3 and under $4. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3
14
$4 and under $5. . ...... .. ... .. . . . . . . . . . . . .
2
3
21
85 and under $6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10
26
$6 and under $7. .. . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4
, 2
20
$7 and under $8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10,
2
33
$8 and under $9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11
5
92
$9 and under $10. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15
5
66
810 and under $11............ . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13
18
103
$11 and under $12. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
3
1
21
$12 and under $13... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9
4
33
$13 and under $14. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11
2
19
$14 and under $15... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5
3
11
$15 and under $16...............
1
1
1
13
$16 and under $17. .• . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
3
1
6
$17 and under $18.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1 . ..... .. .. ... _.. _. . _
$18 and under $19.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3 .......... ..........
5
$20 and over . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3 ... .... . _. . . . . . . . . . .
2
Total.. ... ................
Median weekly earnings....... .
Others.
2
2
3
3
2
3
6
8
33
30
19
10
7
2
1
3
Total.
Per cent.
4
39
22
20
· 28
39
32
53
141
116
153
26
56
39
19
18
12
4
8
5
0. 5
4. 7
2.6
2.4
3. 4
4. 7
3.8
6.4
16. 9
13. 9
18.3
3.1
6. 7
4. 7
2.3
2.2
1. 4
.5
1.0
.6
9
112
47.
532
134
834
l=====l=====l== ====l====!,= ===l====cl=
$18. 50
$9. 30
$10. 38
$9.19
$9.15
$9.34
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
39
100.0
TABLE
IN
EACH CLASSIFIE D AMOUNT DURING 1 WEEKLY PAY-ROLL PERIOD
B.-NTTMBE R OF WOMEN (NOT INCLUDIN G FOREW OMEN) E ARNING
1919, BY ESTABLISH MENT.
Establishme nt No.
Actual weekly
earnings.
- - ~ - - - - - - - - -- - ~ - -
I.
III.
II.
IV.
V.
VI.
VII.
-- - - - ~ - - ~ - - - , - - - ~- ~ -
IX.
X.
XI.
XII.
XIII. XIV.
- ~ - -- - ~ - - - - - - -
XV.
XVI. XVII. XVIII. XIX.
---•· - ------ -~1-- -1--- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - ---•·--+
Under SL ...•.•.•.....
Sl and under SL ..... .
$2 and under 83 .......•
!33 and under 84 .. . ...•.
$4 and under 35 ....... •
$5 and under $6 .. .•••••
$6 and under 87 ....... .
$7 and under $8 •.••••••
S8 and under 89 ....... .
$9 and under $10 ...... .
310 and under $11.. .. .•
$11 and under $12 ..... .
812 and under 813 ..... .
$13 and under 814 ..... .
$14 and under 815-. ... .
$15 and under $16 ..... .
$16 and under 817 ... . .•
SI 7 and under $18 .. ..•.
$18 and und er $19 . .... .
319 and under 320 ..... .
$20 and under $21.. ... .
$21 and under 522 ..... .
$22 and under 323 ..... .
823 and under 824 ..... .
$2-1 and over .......... .
Total....... .....
3 ••••••• •• ••• •• ••••••· ••••••· ••.• • .••• • •••9 • ••••••·
1
9
2
18
3
1
2 · ······ .......
10
2
1
3
1
2
7
6 ............. .
3
2
1
3
2
11
1
2
1
5
1
1 .... ...
2
2
2
1
1
5
.. .....
.. .. .. .
.......
.. .... .
2
·· · ••··
.. .... .
1
2
1
..•.....•. • .•.
.... . .. ·······
1
·······
1
·· · ····
...
....
...
. ...
i .... ? .....1:......3.5
~
4
24
54
50
82
25
21
22
18
29
5
11
6
4
12
3
8
1
20
16
6
14
10
4
6
7
8 ...... .
9
16
3
24
11
12
21
5
2
8
15
6
3
5
4
2
5
2
6
2
3
1
4
2
.• • ••• .
2 .••••••
···••·· ·••····
· 1 .......
.... ... ··· ····
.. ......... . ..
i
5
3
10
11
4
4
2
i
i
3
1
5
10
8
5
4
7.
13
5
2 .. .....
7
3
2
3
1
3 .... ...
5
2
3
5 . • . . •. .
3
2
2
2
1
1
.•••• •• ·•·••··
1
1 . ..... . ... ....
....•.•..... ..•..•...... ....
1 ... ... .
. . • . •. • . . . . . . .
. . • . . . . . •. . •. . •• • • • . . . . •. . . .
6
5
2
1
••. •. . .
••••••• .••••••..••.• •
1 ....... ·······
····· · · . .............
........ .. ......... . .
. ...... . .... .. ·· ·· ·· ·
•••••••
·· ·· ···
··· ····
.......
. ......
84
99
74
51
41
37
27
$9. 90 $12. 86 $12. 03
$9. 81
$9. 2.fi
$7. 41
$9. 73
$9. 07
$8. 90
91
483
Median weekly
earnings ... .... $10. 32
4
8
6
15
2
11
6
5
5
9
8
8
3
8
1
2
···•···
6
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
124
·•••••·
• • ••• ..••.. . . . • .•••• • • · · ·· • · • .••• .. ••··••· ..•••••
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... .
.. ...... .. .. ... .. . . ......... . .......... . .. ........ .. .. . .
1 .. .. . ......... . ....... . ........... .. .. .......... .
... •.... .... . .. .... ... . . ...... .. .......... .... ..........
..... i. ::::::: :::::: : :: :: ::: :::::::
..... i. :::::::
i ·······1 ...
1 ............. .
2 .. ... . .
...... .....
7
1
8
2
2
. . •. . •.
.......
.......
. . . . •. .
.. . . . ..
.......
.. .. ...
··•••·•
1
... . ...
.... . ..
· ······
1
Total.
1 .. . . .. .
2
2
4 ....... .......
2 ·······
1
1 ...... , . .. .. . . ·· ·····
1
..
.
.
.
.
.
2
3
1
10
4
1 .. . .. . . .......... . .......•..
1
....•.•
2
1
1
.5 . . . . . . .
2
1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... .. .
2 . •. ••. •
2
1 ...... .
1 .......
4
1
1
1 ······· ...... , ····•·· ....... ·· ••· ··
1
2 . . . . . . . . . . ••. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2 ...... . ..... . ............ ...... ... ... ... . .
1 ..... ......... .. ........ . .. . . .. . ......... .
1 . . ............ .......... . .. . ....... .... .. .
2 ··•···· ·· · •· ·· · · ·•·· · ······ · ····•·· ... •••.
.. . . ... ······ ......... . .. ... . ... .. . · · ···· · ...... .
.. ............ .... .. . ····· .. .. . . ............ . .. . .
.. . . ... . ...... ·· ·•· · ... ..... ......... ........ . .. .
...... . ···· · ·· ······· ······· ·· ·· ·· · ······· ··· · ···
6
44
23
21
32
40
38
57
158
145
193
54
86
67
50
45
45
24
32
17
16
9
11
9
15
3
1,237
$8. 90 $10. 18 $12. 70 810. 85 Sll. 50 $10. 50
$9. 50 $12. 25 $15. 50
$9. 76
23
0.5
3.6
1.9
l. 7
2. 6
3. 2
3.1
4.6
12. 8
11. 7
15. 6
4. 4
7.0
,5. 4
4.0
3. 6
3. 6
l. 9
2.6
1. 4
l. 3
.7
.9
•7
1. 2
- - 1 - - -- t - - - - 1- - - - - - - --
8
27
c!:t
XX.
24
18
9
~
0
41
APPENDIX I.-DETAILED TABLES.
C.- WEEKLY EARNINGS OF WOMAN WORKERS
EMPLOYED IN lO IDENTICAL CANDY FACTORIES
FOR ONE WEEKLY PAY-ROLL P E RIOD JN 1918(DULL
SEASON) AND IN 1919 (NORMAL SEASON ).
TABLE
1918
(dull
season).
Actual weekly earnings.
1919
(normal
s eason).
Under .$1.. . . . . . . . . . .. . . ...... . ........
4
$1 and under $2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14
$2 and under $3 . . . . • . . . . . . • . . . . • • • • . •
22
$3 and under $4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21
$4 and under $5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15
$5 and under $6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20
$6 and under $7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
~
$7 and under $8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12
$8 and under $9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20
$9 and under $10 . . . .. .. . .. . . . ... ·- ...
15
$10 and undBr :$11. . . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12
$11 and Ulllder'$12 .. . ..... . . . . . ......·.
4
$12 -alild Ullld.er :$13. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2
$13 and UI!lder :$14 .. --·.. . • . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
$14 and umder :$il.,5 •.••••..... • •.•••. . •
$15 and under :$16 ..- . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
$16 alild under $17 . ... . ....... . . . ........ • ... . ....
$17 and under .$18 . . . . . . .. • . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
$18 and undei:_ $19 . ....... . .. . ...... . ... . . . . .. .. .. .
$19 and unden$20 .. . ... . .... ·~.. . . .. .
1
$20 alild over.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2
3
14
10
9
12
4
10
17
.56
&O
38
13
22
18
14
5
5
3
4
3
3
Total. .. . .......... . ..... . .... .
177
323
Median weekly earnings . •. -~.... . ...,.
$5.62
$9.60
TABLE D.-NUMBER OF WOMEN (NOT 'INCLUDING FOREWOMEN) WHO WORKED •T HE
FULL-TIME WEEKLY HOURS DURING ONE WEEKLY PAY-ROLL PERIOD IN 1919
CLASSIFIED BY ACT UAL WEEKLY EARNINGS.
Number of women who w.orked a full week of- -,----:- --,-----,----,----,,----,---,---......,..- .,---.,..----,--- 1To- P er
43½ 44 45¾ 46¾ 47¾ 48½ 49 49 ¼ 50 50½ 50¾ 51¾ 52½ 53¾ 54 tal. cent .
~ s- ~~~~~-hrn.~ . hrn.~~hrn . ~~~~~~~~~s . hrn.
Actua1 weekly earnings.
- - - - - - - - - --1---1-- - - 1 --1- --1--+--t--l·- - 1 - -1- - 1 - - - - - - - -
$7 and under $8. ......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
f~andunder $9 ..... . . . . : .. 4 12 . . ... ._..
2 : ._ ·. •..· ..._._ ._. 1 : • • • • • • • • • . • • • • • • . . . . . . . • . . • 3
1
4
2 24
1 .... 9
· 60
3
l i1 3i2 i lg M
4
0. 8
16.5
i2 ··~.. i. :::: l \o·ii. ..i"'1 ..~.
~i gJ
.... .... .... 1
12
3. 3
,
2 .... .... ....
g
.
2 .... 3
1 4 19
3 46
12. 7
1 1 i :::: ··i" ""5· i ~ 3 i~ t;
$14and under $I L .... . .. --~-:::::: : : ""i" 2 . . . . 4
;ti[
i --i· ··i" t ii H
$18andunder$19
2 . . .. . .. .. 6
1 ··i· :::: ::::.··2· ··i· :: :: 13 . 3. 6
$19 and under $20. .. ....... . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . . . . . 3
1 . . . . 1 . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . 6
1. 7
$10a:1d~d~r$lk : : : ::::::.
$11 and under $12.. . . . . . . . .
m:i ~i:rnL:::::::
liH~! UL::::::::::::::: . ;.:::::::::::: ; l ::::
•••• • ••••••••• • •••••••
1
iii~!ii~;::)•:/:•••:;::i:::: i • • .-:::•:••·••t••••::• ·~ ;J
f
- - - - - -1--1--1---1---+- ~ - - - - -
Total.. .. .. .. . . . . .... 18
13
3
6
21
18
55
8
23
7
72
10
25
·- - - -
77
7 363
·NbTE.-The median earnings of these 363 full-time workers were $10.77 per week.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
•
100. 0
42
WAGES OF CANDY MAKERS IN PHILADE LPHIA IN 1919.
WHO WORKED LESS
TAnLE E.-NUMB ER OF WOMEN (NOT INCLUDIN G FOREWOM EN)
PAY-ROLL PERIOD
THAN THE FULL-TIME WEEKLY HOURS DURIN G ONE WEEKLY
IN 1919, CLASSIFIE D BY ACT .AL WEEKLY EARNI NGS.
Number of women who worked-
619
UM~
fil
M
~
W
~ ~ ~
G
%
~
fil
~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~~
un- un- un- un- un- un- un- un- un- a · cen ·
3
Actua l weekly
earnings.
un- un- un- un- under der der der der
9 12 15 18
6
his. hrs. hrs. hrs. hrs.
under
21
hrs.
under
24
hrs.
1mder d er der d er dcr der der der der der
27 30 33 36 39 42 45 48 51 55¼
hrs. hrs. hrs. hrs. Ju·s. hrs. hrs. hrs. hrs. hrs .
------ --1--1-- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
ii12::::
ii~~ec1~iicie
$2aud under $3. ..
···· ····
~ ·i4. ·24· --2· ···· ·--- ............ ··-- ............ .... ····
8 ··3· .. 9. ··•· ···· ··· · ···· ···· ·· ··· ···· ···· ··.· · ···· ····
2
.... 1
5 10 .. 2· .. i · · T : :: : :: :: :: : : ::: : : ::: ::: : : ::: ::: :
. . .. .. . . .. . . 1
...
--4~
1.1
7. 8
23
4.1
21
3. 7
$3 and under $4. ..
32
5. 7
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
7
6
9
4
2
3
1
$4 and under $5. . .. . . . . . . . .
7.1
2 ............ ....... . 10
2
3
1 .... 31
$5and under$6.. .. . ... .... .... .... .... 1
6.8
1
1
1
8.2
1~ 1~ --g· ···· ···· ~~
~
8.1
6.
...
9
14.8
..
24
19
9
7
3
3
1
1
1
...
.
....
S8 and under $9.... .... .... .... ....
3 59 10.5
9 15
8
7
4
2
6
1
2
1
$9 and under $10 ............ ....... : . . . I
7. 8
4 44
2
8
5 10
2
8
1 .... 2
$10 and under $11. .•... _... . . • . . . . . . . . . 2
3. 2
1 18
2
4
2
5
3
$11 and under $12.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
3. 9
2 22
2
4
5
4
3
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
$12 and under $13..
3. 6
2 20
2
7
2
5
$13 and under $14.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.. 1
2.3
13
2
1
5
2
1
$14 a nd under $15.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . 1
12
2.1
1
7
1
.
.
.
.
2
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
$15 an d under $16.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2. 7
4 15
1
4
3
$16andunde rS17 .. . ............ .......... ... .......... 1. . . . 1. . ....
12
2.1
1
2
6
2
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
..
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
..
..
.
.
.
.
.
.
$17 and 1mder $18.. . . . . . . . . .. . .
9
1
1. 6
2
6
.
.
$18 and under $19.. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. . . 1
5
1
1
.9
2
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
$20 and over. . . . .
+-+---+--I---t---t--+
- - 1 - - 1 - - t - - J - - t - - t---t---t41 25 562 100. o
Total....... . 10 15 27 14 10 29 18 11 53 3@ 17 33 64 86 70
1~:~a~~:~lL: :::: :::: :::: :::: :::: i
l ! !
No•r-E.-The median earnings ofihese 562 workers were $8.37 per week.
WHO WORKE1) MORE
TABLE F.-NUMB ER OF WOMEN (NOT INCLUDIN G FOREWOM EN)
PERIOD IN
THAN PULL-TIM E WEEKLY HOURS DURING ONE WEEKLY PAY-ROLL
1919, CLASSIJ!'IE D BY ACTUAL WEEKLY EARNINGS .
Number of women who workedActual weekly earnings.
51 and 54 hours
48 an d
42 and
an<!l
under 48 under 51 und er 54
over.I
homs.
hours.
hours.
$7 and under 58 ............. ............. .......... '. . . . . • . • . .. .........1 .
1
1
S8 and under $9.. ...... ... .. . . .. .. . . .. . . . .
7
2 ..........
$9 and under $10. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
10
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
...
..............
$11........
$10 and und er
2
6
$11 and under $12 • . ............. : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3
3
.
.
.
.
..
.
.
.
.
......
..
........
$13.........
under
and
$1'2
2
13
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
S13 and under $14. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4
2
S14 and under $15. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . ..
1
8
.
.
.
..
.
.
.
..
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
S15 and under $16.. . . . .
3
2
$16 and under $17........ .............. ... .. . . . . . . . .
S17 and under $18 ............ ............ ............ ............ ......3 .
$18 and under $19. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. ..
3
$19 an d under $20.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . .. . . .. . . . . .
$20 and under $21........ .............. ... . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .........1 .
$21 and under $22 ... ... ... ...... ... ... . .......... . .......... ...
3
$22 and nndcr $23.. .. . . . . .. ... . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. .
......
$23 and under $24 ............. ............. ...... . . . . .........•...
1
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
$25.
under
and
$24
1
$25 and under $30. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Total ... ..... ........... ..... .... .. .
45
36
7
13
13
67
16
12
19
12
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
8
3
5
4
'7
4
3
15
22
78
24
18
34
18
23
16
3
10
11
4
5
7
7
5
4
228
312
14
11
3
7
8
54 hours is the legal limit iTJ. Pennsylvani a, but one firm's hours were 55¼.
NOTE.-The median earnings of these 312 overtime workers were $12.47 per week.
1
Per cent.
Total.
2. 6
4. 8
7.1
25 0
17 7
.5 ,8
10.9
5. 8
7. 4
5 1
1.0
3. 2
3. 5
1.,3
1.6
2. 2 .
2. 2
1. 6
1. 3
100.0
43
APPENDI X I.-DETA ILED TABLES.
E WEEKLY
TABLE G.- NUMBER OF WOMAN WORKERS , CLASSIFIE D BY FULL-TIM
PAY-ROLL
HOURS AND BY HOURS ACTUALLY WORKED DURING ONE WEEKLY
PERIOD IN 1919.
Women whose full-time weekly hours were- - -- Hours actually ,- - -- -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - worked.
Total. cpenert.
G«~~m~~~w~~~~~~M~
-- - -- - - - - --1--1-- ~--1---1
- - -----1-- - - - - -,
1
0.1
___ _______ . ____ . _. _ .. __ ....... _ . . . . . . . . • • . . . . . .
Under 3 ............ . __ __ . _. . 1 _____
1 . _. . 1
3 and under 6. . ___ ... . _. . . . . . . 1 .. _. ____ 1
6 and under 9.. . . . . . . 2 .... __ .. 9 . _... __. __ .. . . . . . . . .
9 and under 12 . . .... _ . _. . . . . . ... . ____ ..... . _. _. ..... _
4 .. . _ 1
1
12 and under 15.. 1 . . . . . . . . 1
..
15 and under 18 ...... _... _.... _. _ 5 _. __ . . __ 1 . .. _ . ._..
.... ~
____
1
1
18 and under 21.. __ .. 2
1
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
2
1
.
.
.
.
24..
under
and
21
24 and under 27.. . . . . 2 . . _. . . . . 5 .. .. .. _. . . . . . . . . . . . .
27 and under 30.. . . . . 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . . . . . . . . .
1 ____
1
2 .. .. . .. . 3 .. . . 1
30and under33.. 1
1 . . _. I
33 and under 36 . . .. . . __ ... . . _ ....... _ . . . . 1
2
3 .. . . . .. . .. . . .. . . 1
36 and under 39.. 4
3
8
39 and under 42. . . . . . 7 . . . . . . . . 2
3
42 and under 45.. 18 30 .... .,. . . 5 . . . . 17
6
6 22 . . .. 6
3
45and under48.. . . . . 1
48 and under 51.. . . . . 43 . . . . . . . . 3 18 55 10 23 19
...
.
..
.
_
...
_
1
_..
.....
.
.
.
.....
..
......
.
.
54
under
and
51
M and under 57. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _. . . _. . . . . . . . __ .. __ _. . . . . ..
Total.. . .. : 24
94
3
58
9
18
93
18
24
2 .... ....
1
1
6 .... ....
l · .... ....
..... _.. . . . . 1
_.. _ 3 __.. 1
1 .... 2
.... .... .... 1
.... .... .... 5
...... . ......•. .
1 .... 1
1
1
2
4
1
1
3 .. . . 15
1
1 ....
5
1
11
2
1
1 80
10 32
5 34
3
....
18
5
2
15
6
2
30
8
5
13
34
26
41
78
35
188
....
....
38 509
16
58
8 157
9
15
27
14
10
29
18
11
53
39
17
33
64
121
101
272
173
239
.... ....
1
.... 2
.... ....
1 . . . ..
5
1
5
1
16
.... 22
5
2
2
4
1
3
1
2
2
7
3
6
7 ·7
5
7
41
.7
1.2
2.2
1.1
.8
2.3
1. 4
.9
4.3
3.1
1.4
2. 6
5.1
9. 7
8.1
21.8
13. 9
19.2
78 1, 246 100. O
EMPLOYE D
TABLE H.-NUMB ER IN EACH AGE GROUP OF WOMAN WEEK WORKERS
WEEKLY RATES
DURIN G ONE WEEKLY PAY-ROLL PERIOD IN 1919, CLASSIFIE D BY
OF WAGES.
Women, whose ages werePer
Total. cent .
60
30and 40and 50and
under under under years
and
60
50
40
years. years. years. over.
- -- - - - - - - - - -0.2
1
.. . . . . . .... . ............ ... .
18.5
96
4
5
1
1
8
26.
139
1
4
14
11
19. 7
102
1
6
8
11
0
6.
31
1
2
7
12. 7
4
66
4
12
13
5.0
26
.
2 ......
1
4
3. 3
17
1 .... . . .
2
3
3.1
16
1 .... .. . . . .... .
3
1.2
6
1 ........ . .... .
2
2.1
11
1 . .... . .
3
3
.2
1
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
1. 2
:
:
:
:
6
....
·
3
·
·
·
3·· · ·
Weekly rates
of wages.
14and 15and 16and 18and 20and.
under under under under under
30
20
18
16
15
years. years. years. years. years.
- - - - - - - -1
$7 and under $8 .. _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18
24
36
6
1
$8 and under $9. . . . . . . . .
29
31
45
2
2
$9 and under SlO.. . ... ..
25
15
32
2
2
$10 and under $11...... .
10
9
2
Sll and under S12 . ...... . ... _. . . . . . . . .
22
9
1
.
.
__
..
.
1
'12 and under $13... . . . .
14
3·
1
1 .. . .. ..
:13 and under $14... . .. .
9
2
$14 and under $15. _•.. . . . __ .. . . . . . . . . .
7
2
3
15andunde r$16....... ....... . .. . ...
3
.......
.......
1
under$17.. . ... . ... . . ... . ...
s16and
4
and under $19 .. _... _ . __ . _.. . . ......... _...... _..
.18
--
:: :::::::-··-·-··1 - - - - + - -~-i- - - - t - - - + -$~~ :~~ i~~e~. ~~~::: :::: ::::::: ::::::· -:::-::-·
- -·
Total. ·.. _. __.. _...
-- - -
--
10
~edian weekly rates .. _. $10. 25 · $8. 75
122
$9. 54
93
145
61
46
23
11
--I-
1
518
100.0
$9. 73 $10. 98 $11. 36 $11. 00 $10. 42 $10. 50 $1-0. 20
of the we,ek workers
i!Pf the 970 women who supplied personal records, 287 were . pieceworker s, and
_w.d not state their age, and 162 were not found on the pay roll
.
-~
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
APPENDIX II.-SCHEDUL ES USED IN THE INVESTIGATIONS.
1. Industry ............... .
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR, BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS,
WASHI GTO .
WAGES AND HOURS,
2.
4.
6.
8.
10.
3. Agent ..... .......... ..... ...... ............... .
Date.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5. Address ...................... ..... . ....... . . . . .
Establishment...... ......... ..... ... ... .......
7. Pay roll: Length .......... Ending .. . .... .. . ; .
Person furnishing data .........: ............ . .
9. Occupation .......... ...... . ..... ... ......... .. .
Department.·........ ... ......... ........... ...
Hours each day Monday to Friday... ........ Saturday...... Sunday...... Total per week .... . .
(11)
(12)
For
office
use.
Occupation
term on pay
(13)
(14)
HOURS WORKED.
roll.
(23)
EARNINGS.
(17)
(20)
(21)
(22)
Basic (19)
For
time
Preoffice
Regurate
use.
Regu- Over- Total. permium
Overlar
Total.
lar_.
time.
or
time. time. bonus.
(15)
Num- Sex.
ber.
(18)
(16)
- - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - -
--
2 •.•..•..•... .. •••.....•••.•.• . •••.•••••.• • •. •.......•..... . • ..•..... . .....• . ..... . .....•.•
3 ...... ······ .. . . ... ..... . ········ .... . .... . ..... .... ............ ·· ··· ...... . ......... ···• •
4 .............. · · ·· • ...... ····•··· ··•··· · .. •............... .. .... ····· .... . ......... .. . . ..•
.5 ........ .. ..••........ . ............•...... ....•........ ........ ..... ............. · • .. ....•
6 ........ ... . .... .. . . .. . .... ······ . ... ... ······· ..... ..... . .. .......... .. .. . .........• ··•·•
7 ... ........ . ... ... ... . .. . ... . ...... .. .
------- --- --
- ------
------ --------
-------
--- ---- -------
---- ----
9 ...... ····· · .. · ·· .·· ...... . ........••...... . ...... ·· · ·· .•. ····· .. . ...... . ... . ·••··· · . . ····•
10 .............. . ........ ... ..... ... ·... . .. · · · ··· · ....... ········ · ··· ··· · · · ···· .. .... . ······ ·
11 . . ..... . .. ............... .. ..................... .. .. ............... _. _... '. _... __.. _ ... . •..
12 . ..... ... .. . ............ . ........... ..... . ............ . .. . .. .. __ ... ... . .....• •.... ... ·· · · •
13 ......... .. . .. ..... . .... .. ............... . .. .... .. . . . _ . . ..... .. __. __ . _. . __ . _ ... __ _. .. _... .
14 . . .... .... . .. .. ...... . ........ . ..................... ......... .
15 ..................... ............. . . ..... . .... . ......... ..... .. _.. _... .. _.. _ ... .. ...... .. .
16 ................... . .............. .. .. · .; ... . ... •,• ... ... ....... . __.. __ .. , ..... .. . .. ... . .. .•
17 ..................... ..................... .................... _.. . .... . .... . ... .. .... . ...•
~!:::::::::: :: :::: ::::::::::::::::::: :: ::::::::::I::::::: :::::::: :::: ::: :: :: :::::::::: :: :: :::
20 ................ . ...... . . ········ ............. .. .... ....... . .... . ......... .. .... .. . . .. . . <'
21 ........... . ..... . ....... .. .. . ............ . ................... _. . _. _.. . ... ·. _ .. .......... ;)
22 .•••.... . . ...•.....•.• . .. . ..•.. •. . •..•...• .. ••....... __ . ..•. . . •. __ •.• . ____ •• _. .. •....••• ••
23 . .••..•••..•.•.....•• ...... ·•··•· • . ••• . . ....• • .. .•.. ... .... . ••. . •...•....•...... . .• . • • ·•••
24 ____ _________ ______________ .. _____________________ _____________________ ..... . .. .... __ _... .Y~
2 ,j_ • .. ..... .• ••• •..•.•..•.....•.. • •....... . .•.•..•.•.... .. . •. . ••..• ......•.••••.•.....•• •• , •
26 ...... ······ . ............. .... . .. .... ...... .. .... ..... ··· · ···· .. · · ··· ...... . ......... ····•
27 •..• ··• •· ...••..•.. ••·• ·• . •• .•..•••• . .• . ··•···· .• • · ··• . ...••.•. ..... _ ..•... ___ .. _.•.. •••••
~
------ -- ---- --- -- -- -- ---- -------- -- -----
.............
-- -- --- -------- -- ----- -------
-- -----
--- ---·
I
29 .. ......... ........ ...... .... . ... ······· ......... ··· · · .......... . ............. .. . . . ·· ····•
30 .... ········ ............. · ···· · ·· . . ... .. ... ........ . ..... ... .. · ····· · ······· .. ... ... . ··•••
31. ..................... ...... . ..................... ..................... ............ .. ····•
22 ............. .... .. . .. ...... .... .. . .. .................... .. ... ...... _ .. ___ . . __.... _ ...... •
33 .............. .. '... . ......... . ............ . ... . ..................... . _.. __ _.· __. .. . _ .. . . _.•
44
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
45
APPENDIX II.-SCHEDULES USED IN INVESTIGATIONS.
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR-WOMAN ·1N INDUSTRY ·
SERVICE.
INVESTIGATION OF WAGES IN CA'ND'Y 'F'.A:CTORIES IN PHIL.A:DEI,;P.HIA, BY
WEEKS, FOR ONE YEAR.
Firm_ ___ _______________ _
.
Number of
Week endmg- _em_ploye.es.
Wages.
Remarks.
1 ......................... .... . .... . ....... . ......... ........ . ..
2 •.. .• ...• .... . ... .. . ...... J ..... .... ... ...... ... ..... ... .. •....
3 . . •.•••. ....•..• .. ... ..... . . ..... . ... ·•···•·••••···••••·•····· .
4 . ............... ······ ....... ········ ·····•········•···········
5 ........•...... ···· · ··· · ·· : ·· · ······· · ····· ·····•·· ············
Weekending..:.... Number of
employees.
Wages.
27 ........................ :
28 ....•.•.• ... . ···•·••·····
29 ..•.•....•... ··• •••·• ····
30 .. ········ ··· · •·••··•····
'31 .... . ........ ············
......... .
··•······•
·· · •·· ···•
. ····· · · ·•
· ····· ····
6 ........•.................•.... . ..•........... •..•.. ............ 32 ......•..••.. ·•·•·•······ ·········•
7 • •.• ..•.•.•.•••..... ••• ... •... ..•... : .••.•..• . .••• • • • .•••• ••. ... 'BB .. .. ..• .• • ...•..••••••.•••••..•...••
8 ...... ..... .• .. ···-·•-··· · ·· ··········- · · ·······- ·············· - ··· 34 .. ·-··-···· ·· ·· - ·•······· ·· ······ ··· ·
9 ........................••...............•...........•.. : • ...... 35 •.........•......•........•........•
10 .... . ................................. · ··············: ...........
11 ........... ·- ...... . . ................. ·- ... . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . .
12 ............ _ .. ..... ..... .. ·········· ··············· ·· ·· ········
13 ................................................ .. ... ......... .. ,
14 .............................· ................ ···-·· · ... ·-- ...... ......
15 .............•.•--········-· ···· ····- ···· · ·- ···········- ········ · ····
36 .... ····· ····· ············ ··········
37 ........ ·- .......................... .
38 .............. ········ ·· ·· ....... .. .
-39 ............. ....................... .
40 ..... ·-··· ... .. ·-· ..... .... ....... .
41 .. ............ ·············· ......... .
19 ..... ..... ,...... ·· ··· ···•···• .......... ·- ··············· ·· · ··· ····
20 ................ . . ········· 1 : ............:.......................
21 .............. .' .................................................
22 ......... ·-··.. . .. ; ......... ..; . ···- .,.............. _..;;._....... ........... ;
, 23 ................................................................
45 .... ......... . ··· ········· . ....... . .
46 ............................. ...... .
'17 ........ ..•............. : .........•
iL::::: : : :•:·:·~:·::·:: :·::::·:: :·:·:·: :: : ::: ::::::::: : ::::::::::L:::: : ::::: ::: ::·:::::: : ::: :::
"4-R. ·•·--· ..••.•.•••.•,................ ............ .
49 ........... . . ..... •.... ... .........
~L:::
:::: ::: ::: :: :: :::::::: :: :::: :::::::::.:::~::::·:::: :::: :::: :: gL::::::::::: :: :::::::: :: :::: ::::::
26 ..................................... ........ .. .... . .... ... ... .. 52 ...........•..............•.......•
* Holida-y'in we-ek.
U . S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR, WOMAN I
Establishment.
Employee's No.
J
INDUSTRY SERVICE.
Department.
Name .... .. .................... . .... ... ................... ... .. . ....... . ..... .... . . ............... . .... . .
Address .............. ..... . ................. -.. • • •· •· • • •· -•·· · · ·· · · ·· ·· · · · ··· · · ·· ·· ·· ·· · · ·· ·· ····· · ·· ····
Male or female . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . .. . .
Single, married, widowed or divorced? ...........•. .. .............•.
Country of birth ....................................... ...... .. Age ................ Years ............... .
f!:ow old were you when you began to work for wages? ......... ... ... ... . .............. ...... ... ....... .. .
How long have you been in this trade or business? ... .. ............... .. . ............................... .
Bow long have you been working for this firm? .............. . ...... .. .................................. .
What is your regular w?rk here? ~............ . .................. ·.: . . .... . .......................... . .... .
. .. . .. . - ... - - . -- - . - .. - ....... - . - .. - . - - .... - - ... - - - - - - ..... - ... - - ... - . . . - - ....... - . - - - . - - . .. - - - - . - . - - .... - - .. - .
-- - .. -- - - -- - - . - - - - - - . -- - . - - - - - - .. . .... - - -- - - . - . - . - . - - .... - .. - - - - - - - : - .... - - . - ... - - . - - - - . - - - .. .. .. . - .. - - - - .
~<? you live at home? ......................... . ...... Do you board? ..................... . ............... .
~
Remarks .............. ..... . ....... ••.•••......... .. ............ . .................. . .. ....... ·........ . .. .
··---· .. ·· ................................................................................................................................................... . .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
46
WAGES OF CANDY MAKERS IN PHILADELPHIA IN 1919.
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR, WOMAN IN INDUSTRY SERVICE.
Establishment.
I Employee's No . I
Department.
Male.
Name .
Address.
. s.
Piece.
Regular
weekly
hours.
$
$
$
Month.
s
I N.R .
D.
Additions.
$
Earnings_.
Deductions.
Overtime Undertime
Hours
hours.
hours.
worked
This p,riod. [Computed fo,
this period.
regular time.
$
Country of birth.
w.
M.
½month.
Week .
Day .
Hour.
$0.
Days
worked.
Age:
CONJUGAL CONDITION.
Occupation.
Rate of
p ay .
Fem ale.
Time at work.
Began work.
$
In this trade.
$
This firm.
Age:
,,
At home.
Board.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Pay roll period.
-
days ending.
0
@FedFRASER