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U.S. Working Women: A Databook U.S. Department of Labor Bureau of Labor Statistics 1977 Bulletin 1977 U.S. Working Women A Databook U.S. Department of Labor Ray Marshall, Secretary Bureau of Labor Statistics Julius Shiskin, Commissioner 1977 Bulletin 1977 i Foreword The Bureau of Labor Statistics has long provided information about working women in as timely and useful a manner as possible. In 1975, American women joined others from all over the world to celebrate International Women’s Year and to proclaim the succeed ing years as the Decade for Women. Since then, the need for continuing data has been greatly increased as American women have continued to enter and reenterthe labor market in record numbers. Clearly, women are a permanent and important part of the labor force. Their status was featured in the 1975 BLS chartbook, U.S. Working Women. Their phenomenal growth in the work force is illustrated in the tables and text of this year’s databook. Future developments will be examined each year as part of the Bureau’s labor force analysis program. Preface This databook presents a wide array of information on the char acteristics of working women in the United States and changing trends over the past quarter of a century. The primary source of the data is the Current Population Survey, which is conducted monthly for the Bureau of Labor Statistics by the Bureau of the Census. Most of this informa tion is published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics in a series of Special Labor Force Reports and in the monthly periodicals Employment and Earnings and Monthly Labor Review. Part I provides information on the labor force participation, employment, and unemployment of women between 1950 and 1976. It also presents data on the strength of women’s attachment to the labor force as indicated by the number of weeks spent working or looking for work during the year. Part II focuses on working women’s marital and family status, and Part III reviews changes in women’s education, income, and earnings. Part IV analyzes data by race and Spanish origin. (Collection of data by Spanish origin was begun in 1973.) Part V contains additional infor mation on the job tenure of working women and moonlighting, and Part VI concludes with a glimpse of future worklife expectancy and labor force participation rates. All data, unless otherwise indicated, refer to the civilian noninstitutional population 16 years of age and over. Because of rounding, sums of individual items in the tables may not equal totals. This databook was prepared in the Division of Labor Force Studies, Office of Current Employment Analysis. It was assembled by Allyson Sherman Grossman and Beverly Johnson under the direc tion of Elizabeth Waldman. Annice Tyler, Annie Wilder, Mildred Behlin, and Fran Waters provided valuable assistance. The Division of Graphic Services of the U.S. Department of Labor prepared the layout and design. Material in this publication is in the public domain and may be reproduced without permission of the Federal Government. Please credit the Bureau of Labor Statistics and cite the name and number of the publication. Contents Page Part I. Labor Force, Employment, and Unemployment .................... 1 Charts: 1. Labor force participation rates of women and men, annual averages, 1950-76 ........................................................ 2 2. Unemployment rates of women and men, annual averages, 1950-76 ........................................................ 3 Tables: 1. Women in the labor force, annual averages, selected years, 1950-76 5 2. Labor force participation rates of women by age, annual averages, selected years, 1950-76 ............................. 5 3. Labor force participation rates of women and men, annual averages, 1950-76 ........................................................ 5 4. Labor force participation rates of women 20 years and over by year of birth and age, annual averages, selected years, 1955-76 ........................................................................... 6 5. Women employees on nonagricultural payrolls, selected industries, January 1964 and January 1976 ......................... 7 . Employed and unemployed women, annual averages, 1950-76 ...................................................................................... 8 7. Occupational distribution of employed women, annual averages, selected years, 1950-76 ......................................... 8 6 8 . Employment of women in selected occupations, 1950, 1970, and 1976 .............. 9 9. Unemployment rates of women and men, annual averages, 1950-76 ........................................................ 10 10. Unemployed women and men by age, annual averages, selected years, 1950-76 ........................................................... 10 . Unemployed women and men by reason for unemploy ment, annual averages, 1976 .................................................. 10 12. Women and men not in the labor force by desire for job and reason for nonparticipation, annual averages, 1970 and 1976 ........................................................................... 11 1 1 V Contents-Continued 13. Percent of population who worked at some time during year by sex and age, selected years, 1960-75 ...................... 11 14. Work experience of women and men in 1975 ....................... 12 15. Percent of employed women in each occupation group with year-round full-time jobs in 1975 .................................. 16. Women by work experience and reason for less than full-year work in 1975 ............................................................... 17. Women with unemployment in 1975 by number of weeks unemployed ................................................................... Part II. Marital and Family Status ............................................................... Page Pa9e 25. Arrangements made for daytime care of children 3 to 13 years old, by age of children and labor force status of mother, October 1974 and February 1975 ............................. 25 26. Birth rates and fertility rates by race, selected years, 1920-76 ...................................................................................... 26 27. Families by type, selected years, 1940-76 ............................. 26 28. Women who head families by age and marital status, March 1960, March 1970, and March 1976 ........................... 27 29. Women who head families by employment and marital status, March 1976 ................................................................... 27 Part III. Education, Income, and Earnings ......................................... 29 Tables: 30. Women and men in the labor force by years of school completed, selected years, 1952-76 ........................................ 31 31. Labor force status of women by years of school com pleted, March 1976 ................................................................... 32 32. Occupational distribution of employed women by years of school completed, March 1976 .......................................... 32 33. Women and men 25 years and over in the labor force by age and years of school completed, March 1976 ................ 33 34. Sources of income of women 14 years and over, 1975 .. 33 35. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by sex, 1967-76 ............................................... 34 36. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by sex and occupation and industry group, May 1976 ...................................................................... 34 37. Median annual earnings of year-round full-time workers 14 years and over by sex, 1955-75 ......................................... 35 12 13 13 15 Charts: 3. Labor force participation rates of women by marital status, March 1960 to March 1976 ......................................... 4. Labor force participation rates of married women, hus band present, by presence and age of own children, 1950-76 ....................................................................................... 16 17 Tables: 18. Women by labor force and marital status, selected years, 1950-76 ............................................................................ 19. Women by marital and labor force status and presence and age of own children, March 1976 .................................... 20. Employed women, full or part time, by marital status and presence and age of own children, March 1976 .................. 21. Labor force participation rates of women by age and marital status, March1976 ........................................................ 22. Labor force participation rates of married women, hus band present, by presence and age of own children, 1950-76 ....................................................................................... 19 20 21 22 22 23. Number of own children by age of children, type of family, and labor force status of mother, March 1970, March 1975, and March1976 .................................................... 23 38. Median annual earnings of women 14 years and over by weeks worked, 1975 ............................................................ 35 24. Number of own children by age of children, type of family, status of parents, March 1976 ................ 24 39. Median annual earnings of year-round full-time workers in 1975, by selected characteristics, March 1976 ......... 36 and employment VI Contents -Continued 40. Husband-wife families by number of earners and size of family, March 1976, and median family income in 1975 ___ 41. Earnings of married women, husband present, as percent of family income in 1975, by selected characteristics of husband-wife families, March 1976 ...................................... 42. Earnings of women who head families as percent of family income in 1975, by selected characteristics, March 1976 ............................................................................. 43. Poverty status in 1975 of women and men by age and years of school completed, March 1976 .............................. Page Page 51. Family status of unemployed women by race and Spanish origin, March 1976 .................................................................... 50 52. Work experience and median annual earnings of women by race and Spanish origin, 1975 ............................................ 51 53. Median annual earnings of women and men who worked year round, full time, by race and Spanish origin, 1975 ....... 52 54. Families by type, race, and Spanish origin, March 1976, and median family income in 1975 ......................................... 53 39 Part V. Additional C haracteristics....................... ................................ 55 37 38 38 Tables: Part IV. Race and Spanish O r i g i n ............................................................. 41 Charts: 5. Labor force participation rates of women and men , annual averages, by race, 1955-76, and Spanish origin, 1973-76 ................................................................................... 42 . Unemployment rates of women and men , annual averages, by race, 1955-76, and Spanish origin, 1973-76 ................................................................................... 43 6 Ta bles: 44. Labor force status of. women and men by race, annual averages, 1955-76 ................................................................... 4 4 45. Labor force status of persons of Spanish origin by sex, annual averages, 1973-76 ...................................................... 45 46. Employment status of women and men by race and Spanish origin, March 1976 ................................................... 45 47. Labor force status of women by race, Spanish origin, and marital and family status, March 1976 ................................ 46 48. Number of own children and median family income in 1975 by age of children, type of family, labor force status of mother, race, and Spanish origin, March 1976 ... 47 49. Women and men in the labor force by years of school completed, race, and Spanish origin, March 1976 ............. 48 50. Occupational distribution of employed women and men by race and Spanish origin, March 1976 ............................. 55. Length of time on current job of women and men, January 1973 ............................................................................... 57 56. Median number of years worked at current job by women and men by age, January 1973 .............. ................................. 57 57. Multiple jobholding rates of employed women and men and main reason for working at more than one job, May 1976 .................................................................................... 57 58. Percent of all wage and salary workers on unscheduled absence from work by sex and age, May 1976 ..................... 58 59. Methods used by women and men to look for work and method by which current job was obtained, January 1973 ............................................................................... 59 Part VI.The Future ................................................................................... 61 Charts: 7. Labor force participation rates of women and men, annual averages 1950-76, and projected rates for 1980, 1985, and 1990........................................................................................ 63 Tables: 49 60. Life and work expectancy at birth, selected years, 1900-1970 .................................................................................... 64 61. Population, labor force,and labor force participation rates of women and men by age, 1975 (actual) and 1980, 1985, and 1990 (projected) ........................................................ 65 Sources of Data ...................................................................................... 66 vii mmi Part I. Labor Force,Employment, and Unemployment By mid-1977, 40 million women are divorced or separated from their were in the labor force—about 41 husbands and who also have percent of the country’s entire labor dependent children at home. force and 49 percent of all women 16 • Significant increases have oc years of age and over. Following are a few highlights of curred in the proportion of women employed in professional-technical, the data shown in Part I: service, and clerical jobs. Cor * M iddle-aged women were responding declines have occurred largely responsible for the increase in operative and farm occupations. in labor force participation between The jobs held by most women are 1950 and 1965. Since 1965, the generally in the same fields in which largest gains have shifted to women women were employed 10 and 25 under age 35. In fact, a phenomenal years ago, but women have made increase has been occurring among substantial inroads in a few specific women 25 to 34 years of age. Their occupations. For example, in 1950, labor force participation rate 15 percent of all accountants were advanced by 12 percentage points to women; in 1976, 27 percent were 57 percent between 1970 and 1976, women. Among lawyers and judges, and reached 59 percent early in 1977. the proportion of women rose from This is a remarkable increase 4 to 9 percent; among doctors, from because the majority of women in 7 to 13 percent; and among bank this age group (64 percent) are officials and financial managers, married, live with their husbands, from 12 to 25 percent. and have children at home, factors which traditionally have tended to • Women have become a larger keep women out of the labor force. proportion of the unemployed over Another 10 percent are women who the past few decades. Unemployed women are more likely than men to be entering or reentering the labor force and are less likely to have lost their last job. • Women constitute about threefourths of the population outside of the labor force. Most of these women do not want jobs, but their reasons are markedly different from those of men who are not looking for jobs. The majority of women give keeping house as their reason while most men give retirement, school attendance, or illness or disability as their main reason. • In 1975, 42.9 million women had worked at some time during the year. They constituted over half (53 percent) of all women 16 years of age and over, a proportion that varied a great deal by age, marital status, and presence and age of children. Among these working women, 17.8 million had worked 50 weeks or more at full-time jobs. 1 Chart 1. Labor force participation rates of women and men, annual averages, 1950-76 2 Chart 2. Unemployment rates of women and men, annual averages, 1950-76 3 Table 1 Table 3 Women in the labor force, annual averages, selected years, 1950-76 Labor force participation rates of women and men, annual averages, 1950-76 (Numbers in thousands) Year L ab or force Women W o m en Y ear T o ta l, b o th sexes N u m b er 1950 .......................................... 1955 .......................................... 6 2 ,2 0 8 6 5 ,0 2 3 1 8 ,3 8 9 2 0 ,5 8 4 Percent o f to ta l 2 9 .6 1960 .......................................... 6 9 ,6 2 8 2 3 ,2 4 0 3 1 .6 3 3 .4 1965 .......................................... 7 4 ,4 5 5 2 6 ,2 0 0 3 5 .2 1970 .......................................... 8 2 ,7 1 5 3 1 ,5 2 0 38.1 1975 1976 .......................................... .......................................... 3 6 ,9 9 8 3 8 ,4 1 4 3 9 .9 4 0 .5 9 2 ,6 1 3 9 4 ,7 7 3 Table 2 Labor force participation of women by age, annual averages, selected years, 1950-76 Percent o f population in labor force 1950 1960 1970 1976 Total, 16 years and over .. 33.9 37.7 43.3 47.3 16 and 1 7 .................................. 18 and 1 9 .................................. 20 to 24 ................................... 25 to 34 ................................... 35 to 44 ................................... 45 to 54 .............................. '. . . 55 to 64 ................................... 65 and over .............................. 30.1 51.3 46.0 34.0 39.1 37.9 27.0 9.0 29.1 50.9 46.1 36.0 43.4 49.8 37.2 10.8 34.9 53.6 57.7 45.0 51.1 54.4 43.0 9.7 40.7 59.0 65.0 57.1 57.8 55.0 41.1 8.2 Percent of population in labor force Men 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. 33.9 34.6 34.7 34.4 34.6 86.4 86.5 86.3 86.0 85.5 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. ....... ....................................... .............................................. 35.7 36.9 36.9 37.1 37.1 85.3 85.5 84.8 84.2 83.7 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. 37.7 38.1 37.9 38.3 38.7 83.3 82.9 82.0 81.4 81.0 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. 39.3 40.3 41.1 41.6 42.7 80.7 80.4 80.4 80.1 79.8 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. 43.3 43.3 43.9 44.7 45.6 79.7 79.1 79.0 78.8 78.7 1975 .............................................. 1976 .............................................. 46.3 47.3 77.9 77.5 5 Table 4 Labor force participation rates1 of women 20 years and over by year of birth and age, annual averages, selected years, 1955-76 1955 Year of birth Age 1960 Rate Age 1970 1965 Rate Age Rate Age Rate 1951-55 ............................... 1946-50 ............................... 1941-45 ............................... 1936-40 ............................... 1976 1975 Age Rate Age Rate 20-24 64.1 20-24 65.0 20-24 57.8 25-29 57.0 25-29 59.2 20-24 50.0 25-29 45.2 30-34 51.7 30-34 54.6 20-24 46.2 25-29 38.9 30-34 44.7 35-39 54.9 35-39 57.2 1931-35 ............................... 20-24 46.0 25-29 35.7 30-34 38.2 35-39 49.2 40-44 56.8 40-44 58.5 1926-30 ............................... 25-29 35.3 30-34 36.3 35-39 43.6 40-44 52.9 45-49 55.9 45-49 57.0 1921-25 ............................... 30-34 34.7 35-39 40.8 40-44 48.5 45-49 55.0 50-54 53.3 50-54 53.1 19 1 6 -2 0 ............................... 35-39 39.2 40-44 46.8 45-49 51.7 50-54 53.8 55-59 47.9 55-59 48.1 1 9 11-15............................... 40-44 44.1 45-49 50.7 50-54 50.1 55-59 49.0 60-64 33.3 60-64 33.1 1906-10 ............................... 45-49 45.9 50-54 48.8 55-59 47.1 60-64 36.1 65-69 14.5 65-69 14.9 1901-05 ............................... 50-54 41.5 55-59 42.2 60-64 34.0 65-69 17.3 70 and over 4.8 70 and over 4.6 .......................... 55-59 35.6 60-64 31.4 65-69 17.4 70 and over 5.7 60-64 29.0 65-69 17.6 70 and over 6.1 65-69 17.8 70 and over 6.8 70 and over 6.4 1896-1901 Before ?895 ........................ / i| l 1Percent of population in labor force. 6 Table 5 Women employees on nonagricultural payrolls, selected industries, January 1964 and January 1976 Number of women Women as percent of (thousands) total employed Industry 1964 1976 1964 1976 19,096 30,711 34 40 Private ..................................................................................................................................................... M in in g ........................................................................................................................................... Construction ............................................................................................................................... Manufacturing ............................................................................................................................. Durable g o o d s ...................................................................................................................... Nondurable goods .............................................................................................................. Transportation and public utilities ............................................................................................. Communications ................................................................................................................. Wholesale and retail trade ............................................................................................................ Wholesale trade ................................................................................................................... Retail trade ........................................................................................................................ Finance, insurance, and real estate ............................................................................................. Services ......................................................................................................................................... Personal............................................................................................................................... Miscellaneous business services ........................................................................................... Medical and other h e a lth ..................................................................................................... Educational ........................................................................................................................ 15,421 34 143 4,385 1,717 2,668 706 410 4,404 686 3,718 1,445 4,304 553 333 1,474 398 24,025 236 224 5,383 2,327 3,056 981 523 7,182 1,018 6,164 2,320 7,868 519 746 3,453 640 33 6 6 26 18 37 18 50 37 22 43 50 51 60 34 78 44 38 7 7 29 22 39 22 45 42 24 47 55 56 63 37 80 51 Government ........................................................................................................................................... Federal ......................................................................................................................................... State ............................................................................................................................................. State education ................................................................................................................... Other State government ..................................................................................................... Local ........................................................................................................................................... Local education ................................................................................................................. Other local government ..................................................................................................... 3,675 520 692 245 448 2,463 1,831 633 6,686 801 1,417 594 823 4 468 3,133 1,335 39 22 38 40 37 46 63 26 45 29 Total, nonagricultural industries .............. 44 44 45 50 62 34 NOTE: Because some industries are not included in this table, subgroups do not always add to total for major industry division. 7 Table 6 Table 7 Employed and unemployed women, annual averages, 1950-76 Occupational distribution of employed women, annual averages, selected years, 1950-76 (Numbers in thousands) Women Women Year Total, both sexes (Percent distribution) Unemployed Employed Number Percent of total employed Total, both sexes Number Percent of total unemployed 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 ................. ................. ................. ................. ................. 58,918 59,961 60,250 61,179 60,109 17,340 18,181 18,568 18,749 18,490 29.4 30.3 30.8 30.6 30.8 3,288 2,055 1,883 1,834 3,532 1,049 834 698 632 1,188 31.9 40.6 37.1 34.5 33.6 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 ................. ................. ................. ................. ................. 62,170 63,799 64.071 63,036 64,630 19,551 20,419 20,714 20,613 21,164 31.4 32.0 32.3 32.7 32.7 2,852 2,750 2,859 4,602 3,740 998 1,039 1,018 1,504 1,320 35.0 37.8 35.6 32.7 35.3 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 ................. ................. ................. ................. ................. 65,778 65,746 66,702 67,762 69,305 21,874 22,090 22,525 23,105 23,831 33.3 33.6 33.8 34.1 34.4 3,852 4,714 3,911 4,070 3,786 1,366 1,717 1,488 1,598 1,581 35.5 36.4 38.0 39.3 41.8 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 ................. ................. ................. .............. .................. 71,088 72,895 74,372 75,920 77,902 24,748 25,976 26,892 27,807 29,084 34.8 35.6 36.2 36.6 37.3 3,366 2,875 2,975 2,817 2,831 1,452 1,324 1,468 1,397 1,428 43.1 46.1 49.3 49.6 50.4 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 .................. .................. .................. .................. .................. 78,627 79,120 81,702 84,409 85,936 29,667 29,875 31,072 32,446 33,417 37.7 37.8 38.0 38.4 38.9 4,088 4,993 4,840 4,304 5,076 1,853 2,217 2,205 2,064 2,408 45.3 44.4 45.6 48.0 47.4 84,783 87,485 33,553 35,095 39.6 40.1 7,830 7,288 3,445 3,320 44.0 45.6 1975 .............. 1976 ........ Digitized 8 for FRASER 19501 1960 1970 1976 Women as percent of all workers in occupation group, 1976 Total ................................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 40.1 Professional-technical............. Managerial-administrative, except fa r m ............................. Sales ......................................... Clerical ....................................... Craft .......................................... Operatives, including transport ........................... Nonfarm laborers .............. Service, except private household ............................ Private household ................... Farm ..................................... 12.5 12.4 14.5 16.0 42.0 4.4 8.7 27.8 1.5 5.0 7.7 30.3 1.0 4.5 7.0 34.5 1.1 5.5 6.7 34.9 1.6 20.8 42.9 78.7 4.8 19.6 0.8 15.2 0.4 14.5 0.5 11.8 1.1 31.3 9.3 12.4 8.7 3.6 14.8 8.9 4.4 16.5 5.1 1.8 17.9 3.1 1.3 57.8 97.3 16.2 Occupation group 'Data are for women 14 years and over in April 1950. Table 8 Employment of women in selected occupations, 1950, 1970, and 1976 (Numbers in thousands) Women Both sexes Percent of all workers in occupation Number Occupation 1950 1970 1976 1950 1970 1976 1950 1970 1976 Professional-technical ................................................................... Accountants ........................................................................ Engineers ............................................................................. Lawyers-judges ................................................................... Physicians-osteopaths .......................................................... Registered nurses................................................................. Teachers, except college and university ............................. Teachers, college and university1 ...................................... Technicians, excluding medical-dental ............................... Writers-artists-entertainers .................................................. 4,858 377 518 171 184 403 1,123 123 102 124 11,452 711 1,233 277 280 836 2,750 492 339 761 13,329 866 1,190 413 368 999 3,099 537 897 1,099 1,947 56 6 7 12 394 837 28 21 50 4,576 180 20 13 25 814 1,937 139 49 229 5,603 233 21 38 47 965 2,198 168 122 381 40.1 14.9 1.2 4.1 6.5 97.8 74.5 22.8 20.6 40.3 40.0 25.3 1.6 4.7 8.9 97.4 70.4 28.3 14.5 30.1 42.0 26.9 1.8 9.2 12.8 96.6 70.9 31.3 13.6 34.7 Managerial-administrative, except farm ...................................... Bank officials-financial managers ...................................... Buyers-purchasing agents .................................................. Food service workers .......................................................... Sales managers-department heads; retail trade ................... 4,894 111 64 343 142 6,387 313 361 323 212 9,315 546 376 505 322 673 13 6 93 35 1,061 55 75 109 51 1,942 135 89 177 114 13.8 11.7 9.4 27.1 24.6 16.6 17.6 20.8 33.7 24.1 20.8 24.7 23.7 35.0 35.4 Clerical ......................................................................................... Bank tellers ........................................................................ Bookkeepers........................................................................ Cashiers ............................................................................... Office machine operators .................................................. Secretaries-typists .............................................................. Shipping-receiving clerks ..................................................... 6,865 62 716 230 143 1,580 287 13,783 251 1,552 824 563 3,814 413 15,558 371 1,688 1,256 726 4,368 440 4,273 28 556 187 116 1,494 19 10,150 216 1,274 692 414 3,686 59 12,245 338 1,519 1,101 535 4,303 76 62.2 45.2 77.7 81.3 81.1 94.6 6.6 73.6 86.1 82.1 84.0 73.5 96.6 14.3 78.7 91.1 90.0 87.7 73.7 98.5 17.3 1 Includes college and university presidents. 9 Table 9 Table 10 Unemployment rates of women and men, annual averages, 1950-76 Unemployed women and men by age, annual averages, selected years, 1950-76 Year Both sexes Women Men Ratio of women's unemployment rates to men's Percent of labor force unemployed 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 ......................... ......................... ......................... ......................... ......................... 5.3 3.3 3.0 2.9 5.5 5.7 4.4 3.6 3.3 6.0 5.1 2.8 2.8 2.8 5.3 1.1 1.6 1.3 1.2 1.1 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 ......................... ......................... ......................... ......................... ......................... 4.4 4.1 4.3 6.8 5.5 4.9 4.8 4.7 6.8 5.9 4.2 3.8 4.1 6.8 5.3 1.2 1.3 1.1 1.0 1.1 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 ......................... ......................... ......................... ......................... ......................... 5.5 6.7 5.5 5.7 5.2 5.9 7.2 6.2 6.5 6.2 5.4 6.4 5.2 5.2 4.6 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.3 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 ......................... ......................... ......................... ......................... ......................... 4.5 3.8 3.8 3.6 3.5 5.5 4.8 5.2 4.8 4.7 4.0 3.2 3.1 2.9 2.8 1.4 1.5 1.7 1.7 1.7 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 ......................... ......................... ......................... ......................... ......................... 4.9 5.9 5.6 4.9 5.6 5.9 6.9 6.6 6.0 6.7 4.4 5.3 4.9 4.1 4.8 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.5 1.4 1975 ......................... 1976 ......................... 8.5 7.7 9.3 8.6 7.9 7.0 1.2 1.2 1 0 for FRASER Digitized Number (thousands) Percent distribution Sex and age 1950 Both sexes, 16 years and over .................... 1960 1970 1976 1950 3,288 3,852 4,088 7,288 100.0 1960 1970 1976 100.0 100.0 100.0 Women, 16 years and o v e r .............................. 16 to 19 .................. 20 to 24 .................. 25 and over ............ 1,049 1,366 1,853 3,320 286 195 506 773 214 184 386 746 864 961 1,800 670 31.9 5.9 5.6 20.4 35.5 7.4 5.6 22.4 45.3 12.4 9.4 23.5 45.6 10.6 10.2 24.7 Men, 16 years and over .............................. 16 to 19 .................. 20 to 24 .................. 25 and over ............ 2,239 2,486 2,235 3,968 425 318 599 928 369 924 377 478 1,545 1,689 1,158 2,117 68.1 9.7 11.5 47.0 64.5 11.0 9.6 43.8 54.7 14.7 11.7 28.3 54.4 12.7 12.7 29.0 Table 11 Unemployed women and men by reason for unemployment, annual averages, 1976 Reason Number (thousands) Percent distribution Women Men Women Men Total unemployed . . . . . . . 3,320 3,968 100.0 100.0 Lost last job .......................... Left last job ............................ Reentered labor force .......... Looking for first job .............. 1,235 493 1,128 464 2,389 393 768 418 37.2 14.8 34.0 14.0 60.2 9.9 19.4 10.5 Table 12 Table 13 Women and men not in the labor force by desire for job and reason for nonparticipation, annual averages, 1970 and 1976 Percent of population who worked at some time during year by sex and age, selected years, 1960-75 Sex and age 1960 1965 1970 1975 Total, 16 years and o v e r .................... 48.0 48.8 52.5 53.0 and 1 7 ................................................... and 1 9 ................................................... to 24 ..................................................... to 34 ..................................................... to 44 ..................................................... to 54 ..................................................... to 59 ..................................................... to 64 ..................................................... to 69 ..................................................... and over ................................................ 45.1 66.8 62.1 47.4 53.7 58.0 50.9 39.9 25.6 10.2 43.7 64.9 66.5 50.1 54.6 57.9 53.1 42.5 22.9 9.4 45.5 71.0 73.0 56.5 58.5 60.4 54.7 47.2 24.8 9.3 46.0 70.1 73.6 63.9 62.4 59.0 52.3 40.8 21.0 6.3 Total, 16 years and o v e r ................... 87.1 84.9 84.1 80.7 16 and 1 7 ................................................... 18 and 1 9 ................................................... 20 to 24 ..................................................... 25 to 34 ..................................................... 35 to 44 ..................................................... 45 to 54 ..................................................... 55 to 59 ..................................................... 60 to 64 ..................................................... 65 to 69 ..................................................... 70 and over ................................................ 62.7 84.1 92.9 98.1 97.9 96.6 93.4 85.1 58.4 33.4 61.2 85.5 92.4 98.0 97.8 96.0 91.7 84.1 55.1 23.2 60.4 82.6 88.9 97.0 97.5 95.6 91.7 83.2 54.1 24.5 54.1 80.2 88.9 95.6 95.6 91.9 85.8 73.4 41.9 19.2 1976 1970 Item W om en M en W om en M en Total not in labor force (thousands) . 41,210 13,065 42,784 16,341 Do not want a job now (thousands) ....... P ercent......................................... 38,535 100.0 11,863 100.0 39,236 100.0 14,745 100.0 Ill or disabled ..................................... Home responsibilities ....................... Going to school ................................ Retired ................................................ Other reasons ................................... 4.7 82.9 7.8 1.8 2.7 17.2 1.7 25.8 44.0 11.3 5.4 77.8 8.1 4.5 4.1 17.6 1.5 21.7 46.2 13.0 Want a job now (thousands) ................... P ercent......................................... 2,675 100.0 1,200 100.0 3,548 100.0 1,596 100.0 Ill or disabled ..................................... Home responsibilities ....................... Going to school ................................ Think cannot find job ....................... Other reasons ................................... 10.5 33.9 19.1 15.6 20.9 17.3 10.4 16.6 20.3 33.0 19.7 17.5 — 45.2 20.1 17.1 W OM EN 16 18 20 25 35 45 55 60 65 70 MEN — 46.9 18.4 17.3 11 Table 14 Table 15 Work experience of women and men in 1975 Percent of employed women in each occupation group with year-round full-time jobs in 1975 Work experience Women Men 80,834 72,346 44,778 55.4 59,664 82.5 Persons who worked: Number (thousands) ....................................... P e rce n t.............................................................. 42,881 100.0 58,359 100.0 Worked at full-time jobs: 50 to 52 w e e k s ........................................... 27 to 49 w e e k s ........................................... 1 to 26 weeks ............................................. 41.4 12.2 13.5 63.9 13.3 10.3 Worked at part-time jobs: 50 to 52 w e e k s ........................................... 27 to 49 w e e k s ........................................... 1 to 26 weeks ............................................. 11.8 8.3 12.8 4.4 3.0 5.1 Population (thousands) ................................................ Persons who worked or looked for work during 1975: Number (thousands) ....................................... Percent of population ...................................... Digitized1 2for FRASER Occupation group Percent who worked year round, full time All occupations ....................................... 41.4 Professional-technical ........................................... Managerial-administrative, except farm .............. Sales ....................................................................... C le ric a l................................................................... Craft ....................................................................... Operatives, except transport ................................ Transport equipment operatives ......................... Nonfarm laborers .................................................. Service, except private household....................... Private household .................................................. Farm ....................................................................... 52.0 64.5 25.8 49.6 43.1 38.7 17.4 32.7 26.5 13.1 25.3 Table 16 Table 17 Women by work experience and reason for less than full-year work in 1975 Women with unemployment in 1975 by number of weeks unemployed Number Percent (thousands) distribution Number (thousands) Percent ^ ., . distribution _ , Duration of unemployment Total, 16 years and o v e r ........................................ 80,834 100.0 Total working or looking for w o r k ..................................... 44,778 100.0 Worked all year (50 to 52 weeks) ................ Worked part year (1 to 49 weeks) ................ Did not work at all ......................................... Looked for work during 1975 ................ Did not look for work during 1975 ........................................................ 22,788 20,093 37,953 1,897 28.2 24.9 47.0 2.3 w ith no unemployment during year .......................... With unemployment during year ................................ 35,607 9,171 79.5 20.5 Total unem ployed.............................................................. 9,171 100.0 36,056 44.6 Year-round workers unemployed 1 or 2 weeks ....................................................................... 266 2.9 Worked part year ......................................................... Ill or disabled ......................................................... Home responsibilities ........................................... Going to school .................................................... Unemployed1 ......................................................... Retired .................................................................... Other reasons ........................................................ 20,093 1,318 8,591 4,218 4,574 231 1,161 100.0 6.6 42.8 21.0 22.8 1-1 5.8 Part-year workers unemployed: 1 to 4 weeks ........................................................... 5 to 14 weeks ......................................................... 15 to 26 w e e k s ....................................................... 27 weeks or lo n g e r................................................ 1,973 2,242 1,441 1,352 21.5 24.4 15.7 14.7 Did not work but looked for work: 1 to 4 weeks ........................................................... 5 to 14 weeks ......................................................... 15 to 26 w e e k s ....................................................... 27 weeks or lo n g e r................................................ 731 435 201 530 8.0 4.7 2.2 5.8 Item Did not work: Looked for work .................................................... Ill or disabled .................................................. Home responsibilities .................................... Going to school ............................................. Unable to find work ....................................... Other reasons ................................................ 1,897 74 620 245 918 40 100.0 39 32.7 12.9 48.4 2.1 Did not look for work ........................................... Ill or disabled .................................................. Home responsibilities .................................... Going to school ............................................. Think cannot find a job ................................ Retired ............................................................. Other reasons ................................................ 36,056 4,192 25,137 3,192 114 3,173 248 100.0 11.6 69.7 8.9 0.3 8.8 0.7 1A total of 7,274 part-year women workers experienced someunemploymentduring the year, of whom 4,574 reported unemployment as the major reason for part-year work. 13 Part II. Marital and Family Status The marital status of women has changed significantly over the past quarter of a century. Between 1950 and 1976, the proportion of married women in the female population dropped from 65 to 59 percent, while their proportion in the female labor force rose from 49 to 57 percent. The number of married women in the labor force nearly tripled, reaching 21.6 million in 1976. In recent years, the number of single (never married) women in the labor force also has increased rapidly, more than doubling since 1950. In addition, young persons in the 1970’s are remaining single longer than in pre vious decades. The proportions of working women who are separated or divorced, although compara tively small, are on the rise. Following are some other high lights of the data in Part II: • The great majority of employed women—3 out of 4, on average— work full time, that is, they usually work 35 hours or more per week. The proportion working full time varies by marital and family status, but it is high even for married women with children under the age of 3—66 percent of these women worked full time in 1976. • Nearly half (46 percent) of the children under age 18 had mothers in the labor force in 1976, up from 39 percent in 1970. Over this period, the number of children in the popula tion dropped by 6 percent to 61.7 million, but the number of children whose mothers worked or looked for work rose by 10 percent to 28.2 million. The mothers of 6.4 million children under age 6 were in the labor force in 1976. • Of the children in ages 3 to 13 whose mothers were in the labor force, more than 3 out of 5 were cared for by a parent when they were not in school. • In 1976, both the birth rate (births per 1,000 population) and the fertility rate (births per 1,000 women aged 15 to 44 years) were the lowest ever recorded in the United States. • Women who head families are more likely to be in the labor force than wives living with their hus bands. This is especially true for divorced women, of whom 3 of every 4, on average, were working or look ing for work in 1976. 15 Chart 3. Percent of population in labor force Labor force participation rates of women by marital status, March 1960 to March 1976 16 1960 1965 1970 NOTE: Before 1967, data are for women 14 years and over; for 1967 and later years, data are for women '16 years and over. 1975 1980 Chart 4. Labor force participation rates of married women, husband present, by presence and age of own children, 1950-76 17 Table 18 Women by labor force and marital status, selected years, 1950-76 Item A pril 1950 March 1960 March 1970 March 1976 Item March 1970 March 1976 2,641 1,224 1,222 2,406 1,422 1,927 2,542 1,801 3,146 2,233 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 27.7 49.4 6.0 17.0 19.8 57.4 5.7 5.7 11.3 22.3 58.8 4.6 6.2 8.1 24.3 57.0 4.8 8.3 5.9 28.3 34.5 42.6 46.8 46.3 21.6 46.6 44.1 30.5 51.8 71.6 29.8 53.0 40.8 52.1 71.5 26.4 58.9 45.0 57.3 71.4 22.3 LABO R FORCE - Continued P O P U LA TIO N N um ber (thousands) Number (thousands)- Total, 16 years and over .............. 54,988 61,911 73,261 80,834 Continued Never m arried ................................................ Married, husband present .......................... Married, husband absent ............................ D ivorced .......................................................... W idowed .......................................................... 9,305 35,574 2,001 1,373 6,735 9,603 40,176 2,362 1,707 8,063 13,141 45,055 2,730 2,695 9,640 15,409 47,852 3,145 4,408 10,020 M arried, husband absent ............................ D ivorced .......................................................... ... W idow ed .......................................................... J Percent d is trib u tio n Total March 1960 A pril 1950 Percent d is trib u tio n Total .................................................. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Never m arried ................................................ M arried, husband present .......................... Married, husband absent ............................ D ivorced .......................................................... W idowed .......................................................... 16.9 64.7 3.6 2.5 12.2 15.5 64.9 3.8 2.8 13.0 17.9 61.5 3.7 3.7 13.2 19.1 59.2 3.9 5.5 12.4 LABOR FORCE N um ber (thousands) 15,560 21,329 31,233 37,817 Never m arried ................................................ Married, husband present .......................... 4,304 7,682 4,233 12,244 6,965 18,377 9,083 21,554 .................................................. Never m arried ................................................ Married, husband present .......................... Married, husband absent ............................ D ivorced .......................................................... ... W idow ed .......................................................... J LABOR FORCE P A R T IC IP A T IO N RATE1 Total Total .................................................. 933 .................................................. Never m arried ................................................ Married, husband present .......................... M arried, husband absent ............................ D ivorced .......................................................... W idow ed .......................................................... _T 32.6 'P ercent of population in labor force. 19 Table 19 Women by marital and labor force status and presence and age of own children, March 1976 (Numbers in thousands) W ith children under 18 years Item T otal, 16 years and over ...................................... In labor force .................................................... Labor force participation rate ................ Total W ith no children under 18 years 80,834 37,817 50,265 22,923 46.8 14 to 17 years, none younger 6 to 13 years, none younger 30,568 14,895 48.7 4,831 2,767 11,787 6,571 57.3 8.8 5.2 653 297 29 Total 6,170 7,781 2,631 55.7 7.1 10.2 33.8 15.4 155 81 180 290 18 99 99 55.1 22.3 34.1 25.9 9,559 5,076 53.1 6.4 5,044 2,227 6,774 2,197 32.4 8.5 45.6 8.3 .............................................. 15,409 14,756 .................................................... 9,083 8,786 58.9 11.7 59.5 11.4 45.4 (1) 52.4 20.0 (1) 11.3 47,852 21,554 22,490 9,860 25,361 11,693 3,984 2,194 .............................. 45.0 7.1 43.8 6.2 46.1 7.9 55.1 4.7 Married, husband absent, to ta l ........................... In labor force .................................................... Labor force participation rate ................ U nem ploym ent rate .............................. 3,145 1,801 57.3 13.7 1,410 821 58.2 9.7 1,735 980 56.5 17.1 198 119 60.2 D iv o rce d ,to ta l ....................................................... In labor force .................................................... Labor force participation rate ................ 4,408 3,146 71.4 2,294 2,114 1,571 .............................. 7.5 6.8 Widowed, to ta l ....................................................... In labor force .................................................... 10,020 2,233 9,315 Never married, to ta l In labor force Labor force participation rate Unem ploym ent rate ................ .............................. Married, husband present, to ta l ......................... In labor force .................................................... Labor force participation rate ................ Unem ploym ent rate U nem ploym ent rate ................ 22.3 1,880 20.2 .............................. 6.1 5.5 Labor force participation rate U nem ploym ent rate 1,576 68.7 74.3 8.1 20 11.3 331 272 82.2 3.4 44.1 8.7 664 412 408 61.5 13.6 248 60.1 1,086 852 479 78.5 7.6 19.1 329 68.7 10.1 13.8 461 205 44.3 25.3 218 117 53.8 17.9 705 354 289 323 55 164 154 23 38 13 50.2 9.5 56.6 9.4 47.6 8.6 <1 ) (1) (1) 1 R ate n o t show n w here base is less th a n 7 5 ,0 0 0 . N O T E : C h ild re n are d e fin e d as " o w n ” c h ild re n o f th e fa m ily head and in clu d e never-m arried sons and daughters, s te p c h ild re n , and ad opte d c h ild re n . E xcluded are o th e r related c h ild re n such as g ra n d c h ild re n , nieces, nephew s, and cousins, and u n relate d c h ild re n . Under 3 years 2,926 47.4 .............................. Unem ploym ent rate 3 to 5 years, none younger (1 ) La bor fo rc e p a rtic ip a tio n rate equals pe rcent o f p o p u la tio n in labo r fo rce . U n e m p lo y m e n t rate equals p e rcent o f la b o r fo rce u n em plo yed. Table 20 Employed women, full or part time, by marital status and presence and age of own children, March 1976 (Numbers in thousands) With children under 18 years Total W ith no children under 18 years Total 14 to 17 years, none younger 6 to 13 years, none younger 3 to 5 years, none younger Under 3 years 34,609 21,027 13,582 2,623 2,227 15,172 9,391 1,859 6,105 4,221 2,628 1,803 1,509 ........................... 24,563 10,046 5,854 4,191 764 1,884 825 718 ............................................... Item T otal, employed women 16 years and over .................................................... Worked fu ll tim e Worked part tim e Never married, to ta l .............................. 8,024 7,787 237 77 73 5,132 4,947 185 15 9 72 ......................................... 66 52 58 ...................................... 2,892 2,839 52 6 6 25 15 20,023 14,241 9,523 7.162 10,770 7,079 2,091 1,422 4,751 3,092 2,034 1,894 1,241 5,783 2,091 3,692 669 1,659 1,323 711 Married, husband absent, to ta l ........................... Worked fu ll tim e ......................................... Worked part tim e ...................................... 1,553 1,253 300 742 812 598 144 655 156 106 89 17 353 287 D ivorced,total ....................................................... Worked fu ll tim e ......................................... Worked part tim e ...................................... 2,912 2,517 395 1,469 1,273 196 1,443 1,244 199 263 237 788 671 26 Widowed, to ta l 2,097 320 148 102 36 W orked fu ll tim e W orked part tim e Married, husband present, to ta l ......................... Worked fu ll tim e ......................................... Worked part tim e ...................................... ....................................................... Worked fu ll tim e W orked part tim e ......................................... 1,421 1,776 1,192 229 ...................................... 676 584 92 N O T E : C h ild re n are d e fin e d as " o w n " c h ild re n o f th e fa m ily head and in clu d e never-m arried sons and da ughters, s te p c h ild re n , and a d opte d c h ild re n . E x c luded are o th e r related c h ild re n as g ra n d ch ild re n , nieces, nephew s, and cousins, and unrelate d c h ild re n . 46 652 153 200 154 46 126 27 116 296 260 36 96 76 20 141 20 11 104 14 8 7 3 66 F u ll-tim e w o rke rs are those w h o usually w o rk 35 o r m ore hours per w eek; p a rt-tim e w orke rs are those w h o u su ally w o rk 1 to 3 4 hours per w eek, 21 Table 21 Table 22 Labor force participation rates of women by age and marital status, March 1976 Labor force participation rates of married women, husband present, by presence and age of own children, 1950-76 Percent o f population in labor force Age Total, 16 years and o v e r .................. 16 20 25 35 45 55 65 to 19 ................ to 24 ................ to 34 ................ to 44 ................ to 54 ................ to 64 ................ and o v e r .......... A ll women Never married Married, husband present Married, husband absent Divorced 46.8 58.9 45.0 57.3 71.4 46.2 63.5 56.8 58.1 54.4 41.9 8.5 46.1 72.6 84.5 76.4 76.7 64.5 16.7 44.8 55.3 49.8 54.3 50.1 36.4 7.2 55.1 59.4 65.6 62.1 59.6 52.1 13.0 59.2 72.3 78.2 78.8 76.9 67.8 19.2 'R ate not show n w here base is less than 75,000. Percent o f population in labor force Year1 Widowed 22.3 ( 1) n 51.0 64.1 61.8 46.3 7.7 W ith children under 18 years W ith no children under 18 Total 6 to 17 years, none younger 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 ............................................. ............................................. ............................................. ............................................. ............................................. ............................................. ............................................. ............................................. ............................................. ............................................. 30.3 31.0 30.9 31.2 31.6 32.7 35.3 35.6 35.4 35.2 18.4 20.5 20.7 22.4 22.7 24.0 24.5 25.3 26.5 27.9 28.3 30.3 31.1 32.2 33.2 34.7 36.4 36.6 37.6 39.8 11.9 14.0 13.9 15.5 14.9 16.2 15.9 17.0 18.2 18.7 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 ............................................. ............................................. ............................................. ............................................. ............................................. ............................................. ............................................. ............................................. ............................................. ............................................. 34.7 37.3 36.1 37.4 37.8 38.3 38.4 38.9 40.1 41.0 27.6 29.6 30.3 31.2 32.0 32.2 33.2 35.3 36.9 38.6 39.0 41.7 41.8 41.5 43.0 42.7 43.7 45.0 46.9 48.6 18.6 20.0 21.3 22.5 22.7 23.3 24.2 26.5 27.6 28.5 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 ............................................. ............................................. ............................................. ............................................. ............................................. ............................................. ............................................. 42.2 42.1 42.7 42.8 43.0 43.9 43.8 39.7 39.7 40.5 41.7 43.1 44.9 46.1 49.2 49.4 50.2 50.1 51.2 52.3 53.7 30.3 29.6 30.1 32.7 34.4 36.6 37.4 'D ata were collecte d in A pril o f 1951-55 and M arch of all o th e r years. NOTE: For d e fin itio n of children, see note to table 23. 22 Under 6 years Table 23 Number of own children by age of children, type of family, and labor force status of mother, March 1970, March 1975, and March 1976 (In thousands) Children under 18 years Children 6 to 17 years Children under 6 years Item 1970 19751 1976 1970 19751 1976 1970 19751 1976 65,755 25,554 61,697 46,149 44,636 44,058 19,606 18,134 28,159 32,828 19,954 25,627 21,138 21,720 5,590 22,800 21,708 13,923 6,512 11,532 17,639 6,439 39,550 62,770 27,650 34,332 11,120 58,399 21,982 52,813 51,586 40,479 37,081 36,255 15,332 22,868 17,206 5,380 36,417 30,176 28,718 19,875 17,488 18,767 5,431 ......................................................... 17,035 23,444 17,920 4,947 15,732 22,637 12,973 10,302 9,952 Children in fam ilies headed by w om en2 ............................................ M other in labor force .................................................................. M other not in labor force ......................................................... 6,695 3,562 9,168 9,401 5,102 2,227 2,919 7,173 4,232 2,312 5,291 6,856 3,931 1,593 5,013 643 1,059 3,133 4,155 4,110 2,183 2,925 2,942 950 1,081 1,230 Children in fam ilies headed by men2 ................................................. 661 788 710 568 699 630 93 90 80 Total children ................................................................. M other in labor force ............................................ M other not in labor force ................................... Children in husband-wife fam ilies ....................................................... M other in labor force .................................................................. M other not in labor force ^D a ta fo r March 1975 have been revised since th e ir in itia l p u b lic a tio n . W idow ed ; div o rc e d ; m a rrie d , spouse absent; and never-m arried fa m ily heads. 1,168 N O T E : C h ild re n are d e fin e d as " o w n " c h ild re n o f the fa m ily head and includ e never-m arried sons and daughters, s te p ch ild re n , and a d opte d c h ild re n . E xcluded are o th e r related c h ild re n such as g ra n d ch ild re n , nieces, nephew s, and cousins, and unrelate d c h ild re n . 23 Table 24 Number of own children by age of children, type of family, and employment status of parents, March 1976 (In thousands) Children under 18 years Children under 18 years Children 6 to 17 years Item Total Total 14 to 17 years 6 to 13 years Under 6 years A LL C H ILD R EN 44,058 21,720 20,035 1,685 21,708 15,680 8,262 7,724 538 7,071 28,378 13,458 12,311 1,147 14,637 17,639 6,439 5,593 846 11,120 | Total ................................................. M other in labor f o r c e .............. Em ployed ............................... U nem ployed .................... .. M other not in labor fo rce . . . . 51,586 22,868 21,049 1,819 28,718 36,255 17,488 16,303 1,185 18,767 12,865 6,769 6,387 383 6,096 23,389 10,719 9,916 802 12,670 15,332 5,380 4,746 634 9,952 Father em ployed ........................... M other in lab o r f o r c e ............... Em ployed ............................... U nem ployed ........................... M other not in labor fo rc e . . . . 45,576 20,412 18,956 1,457 25,163 32,156 15,676 14,726 950 16,481 11,403 6,066 5,783 303 5,317 20,753 9,590 8,943 647 11,164 13,419 4,736 4,230 | 507 8,683 Father in A rm ed Forces ............. M other in labor f o r c e ............... E m ployed ............................... 1,092 429 378 599 285 265 152 76 73 447 209 192 493 144 113 51 663 20 314 3 75 17 238 30 349 C H ILD R EN IN H U S B A N D -W IFE FAM ILIES U nem ployed ........................... M other not in labor fo rce .. , . 'W idow ed; divorced; married, spouse absent; and never-m arried fa m ily heads. Digitized 2 4 for FRASER Total Total 14 to 17 years 6 to 13 years Under 6 years C H ILD R E N IN 61,697 28,159 25,628 2,531 32,828 Total ................................................ M other in labor f o r c e .............. E m ployed .............................. U nem ployed .......................... M other not in labor f o r c e ___ Children 6 to 17 years Item H USBAND-W IFE F A M IL IE S Continued Father un e m p lo ye d ................ M o th e r in la b o r f o r c e .......... E m ployed .......................... U ne m p lo ye d ...................... M o th e r not in labor fo rc e .. 2,486 1,133 902 231 1,353 1,544 764 621 143 781 455 228 181 47 227 1,090 536 439 96 554 942 369 281 88 573 Father not in labor fo rc e . . . . M o th e r in la b o r f o r c e .......... E m ployed .......................... U n e m p lo ye d ...................... M o th e r not in la b o r fo rc e .. 2,433 894 813 81 1,539 1,955 763 692 71 1,192 856 379 350 29 477 1,099 384 342 42 714 478 130 121 10 347 9,401 5,291 4,579 712 4,110 7,173 4,232 3,732 500 2,942 2,468 1,493 1,338 155 975 4,706 2,739 2,394 345 1,967 2,227 1,059 847 212 1,168 710 630 347 283 80 C H ILD R EN IN O THER FAM ILIES In fa m ilie s headed by w o m e n 1 ................................... M o th e r in la b o r f o r c e .......... E m ployed .......................... U n e m p lo ye d ...................... M o th e r n o t in la b o r fo rce .. In fa m ilie s headed by m e n 1 . . . NOTE: C hildren are defined as “ o w n ” child re n of th e fa m ily head and includ e never-m arried sons and daughters, step childre n, and adopted ch ild re n . E xcluded are oth er related children such as gra n d ch ild re n , nieces, nephews, and cousins, and unrelated children. Table 25 Arrangements made for daytime care of children 3 to 13 years old by age of children and labor force status of mother, October 1974 and February 19751 (Percent distribution) Care in someone else's home Care in own home Item Total Child's parent Child cares fo r self Total children 3 to 13 years o Other relative Nonrelative Relative Day care center Other Nonrelative . . . 100.0 81.7 4.6 5.2 1.4 2.9 3.2 0.8 ................................. 100.0 82.0 0.1 3.6 1.3 5.1 6.2 1.6 0.2 - .............................. 100.0 81.5 6.8 6.0 1.5 1.8 1.6 0.4 0.4 ................ 100.0 5.6 11.5 6.9 15.2 1.6 2.9 0.4 - 66.9 13.2 8.8 6.9 9.7 2.7 100.0 100.0 64.6 59.2 9.4 3 to 6 ............................................ 7 to 13 ......................................... 2.6 3.0 3.3 3 to 6 7 to 13 W ith m other in labor force W ith m other employed 0.4 ......................... 100.0 62.0 7.4 55.1 9.5 7.6 5.9 100.0 10.1 0.4 2.9 3 to 6 ............................................ 7 to 13 ......................................... 3.2 100.0 64.8 14.0 10.3 2.8 12.5 3.2 16.9 3.5 100.0 100.0 100.0 50.9 42.6 54.2 13.1 0.7 12.5 9.2 3.6 4.1 17.9 13.8 3.4 7.5 15.6 4.3 100.0 100.0 100.0 95.7 96.9 95.0 0.7 — 2.1 1.3 1.1 2.5 0.3 0.2 0.4 0.8 1.0 0.6 W ith m other employed fu ll tim e . . . . 3 to 6 ............................................ 7 to 13 ......................................... W ith mother not in labor f o r c e ........... 3 to 6 ............................................ 7 to 13 ......................................... 1 Data fo r c h ild re n 3 to 6 years o ld o b ta in e d fro m F e b ru a ry 1 9 75 C u rre n t P o p u la tio n S urvey; data fo r c h ild re n 7 to 13 years o ld o b ta in e d fro m O c to b e r 19 74 C u rre n t P o p u la tio n Survey. 2 3.8 0.7 0.6 1.8 4.2 0.5 0.8 0.6 9.3 21.6 4.5 2.4 6.1 1.0 0.6 0.8 0.2 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 — Includes a sm all n u m b e r o f ch ild re n w ith no m o th e r present, n o t show n separately. 25 Table 26 Birth rates and fertility rates by race, selected years, 1920-76 B irth rate1 Year Total White F e rtility rate Black and other races Total White 2 Table 27 Families by type, selected years, 1940-76 (Numbers in thousands) Black and other races Other families Year1 ........................... ........................... .......................... ........................... ........................... ........................... ........................... ........................... ........................... ........................... ........................... 27.7 25.1 21.3 18.7 19.4 20.4 24.1 25.0 25.3 23.7 19.4 26.9 24.1 20.6 17.9 18.6 19.7 23.0 23.8 24.0 22.7 18.3 35.0 34.2 27.5 25.8 26.7 26.5 33.3 34.7 35.3 32.1 27.6 117.9 106.6 89.2 77.2 72.9 85.9 106.2 118.5 122.9 118.0 96.6 115.4 103.3 87.1 74.5 77.1 83.4 102.3 113.8 117.7 113.2 91.4 1970 ........................... 1971 ........................... 1972 ........................... 1973 ........................... 1974 ........................... 1975 ........................... 1976P ........................... 18.4 17.2 15.6 14.9 14.9 14.8 14.7 17.4 16.2 14.6 13.9 14.0 13.8 25.1 24.7 22.9 21.9 21.4 21.2 (3) 87.9 81.8 73.4 69.2 68.4 66.7 65.6 84.1 77.5 69.2 65.3 64.7 63.0 1920 1925 1930 1935 1940 1945 1950 1955 1957 1960 1965 (3) ^ = provisional. 'B irth s per 1,000 population. 2B irths per 1,000 wom en aged 15 to 44 years. 3N ot available. 26 for FRASER Digitized (3) 137.5 134.0 105.9 98.4 102.4 106.0 137.3 155.3 163.0 153.6 133.9 113.0 109.5 100.3 94.3 91.0 89.3 (3) 1940 1947 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 19753 1976 ................ ................. ................. ................. ................. ................. ................. ................. ................. ................. ................. ................ ................ A ll families 32,166 35,794 39,303 41,951 45,062 47,836 51.227 51,947 53,280 54,361 55,041 55,699 56,244 Husband-wife fam ilies2 26,971 31,211 34,440 36,378 39,293 41,649 44,415 44,735 45,743 46,308 46,810 47,069 47,318 Headed by women Headed by men2 Total 1,579 1,186 1,184 1,339 1,275 1,181 1,239 1,262 1,353 1,453 1,433 1,400 1,444 3,616 3,397 3,679 4,234 4,494 5,006 5,573 5,950 6,184 6,600 6,798 7,230 7,482 As percent o f all fam ilies 'D ata were co llecte d in A pril of 1940, 1947, and 1955 and M arch of all o th e r years, in c lu d e s men in Arm ed Forces living o ff post or w ith th e ir fam ilie s on post. 3Data fo r 1975 have been revised since th e ir in itia l pu b lica tio n . 11.2 9.5 9.4 10.1 10.0 10.5 10.9 11.5 11.6 12.1 12.4 13.0 13.3 Table 28 Table 29 Women who head families by age and marital status, March 1960, March 1970, and March 1976 Women who head families by employment and marital status, March 1976 N u m b e r (th o u s a n d s ) P e rc e n t d is tr ib u tio n (Numbers in thousands) A ge and m a rita l s ta tu s A ll w o m e n 1960 1970 1976 1960 1970 1976 L a b o r fo rc e sta tu s fa m ilie s AGE T o ta l, 16 y e a rs a n d o v e r ................................. 4 ,4 9 4 U n d e r 25 ................................. 25 to 34 ................................... 35 to 44 ................................... 180 620 921 45 to 54 ................................... 94 8 55 to 64 ................................... 65 a n d o v e r ............................ M e d ia n a g e w h o head ............................ 5 ,5 7 3 437 7 ,4 8 2 10 0.0 10 0 .0 10 0 .0 738 919 1 ,0 7 5 1 ,7 6 9 1,5 9 9 4.0 13.8 9 .9 2 3 .6 2 1 .4 1,2 8 0 970 2 0 .0 16.4 17.1 78 2 1 ,1 1 5 917 20 .5 21.1 17.4 7.8 16.5 19.3 1,0 43 1,1 1 5 1,1 2 5 2 3 .2 2 0 .0 13.0 15.0 5 0 .5 4 8 .2 4 2 .7 — — — Population................ Labor force ........... Labor force participation rate1 ......... Employed ......... Unemployed — ' Unemploy ment rate2............... N ever m a rrie d M a rrie d , h u sb a n d D iv o rc e d W id o w e d ab sen t 7,482 4,169 975 563 1,771 1,000 2,359 1,760 2,376 846 55.7 3,759 410 55.7 489 74 56.5 864 136 74.6 1,629 131 35.6 777 69 9.8 13.1 13.6 7.4 8.2 M A R IT A L S T A T U S 'L a b o r force as percent of population. U n e m p lo y e d as percent of labo r force. T o ta l, w o m e n w h o ............ 4 ,4 9 4 5 ,5 7 3 7 ,4 8 2 100.0 10 0.0 100.0 N e v e r m a r r ie d ..................... M a r r ie d , h u s b a n d a b s e n t ..................................... 521 610 97 5 11.6 10.9 13.0 98 0 75 0 2 ,2 4 3 1,3 2 4 1,771 23.7 2 ,3 5 9 2 ,3 7 6 21.8 16.7 23 .7 1 ,2 5 8 2 ,3 8 9 2 2 .5 4 2 .8 31 .5 3 1 .8 h e a d f a m ilie s D iv o r c e d W id o w e d ................................. ................................. 4 9 .9 27 Part III. Education, Income, and Earnings Working women, on average, had more formal schooling than work ing men in the 1950’s, but since then, their level of education has not risen as rapidly as men’s. Still, the pro portion of women with 4 years or more of college has almost doubled since 1952. Generally, the more edu cation women have, the more likely they are to be in the labor force and the less likely to be unemployed. The more education they bring to their jobs, the higher their earnings. Nevertheless, the great majority of working women have not yet attained parity with working men in earned income. Median usual weekly earnings of women on full time jobs in 1975 were about 60 per cent of those of men. For year-round full-time workers, women’s median annual earnings were only 59 per cent of men’s, a ratio that ranged from 39 percent for sales workers to 66 percent for professional-tech nical workers. Despite their comparatively low earnings, women make a substan tial contribution to their family’s economic well-being, and the family with more than one earner has become a prominent feature of American life. In nearly half of all husband-wife families in 1976, both the husband and wife were earners. Wives’ earnings accounted for, on average, 26 percent of the total family income in 1975, and as much as 39 percent in families where wives worked year round, full time. 29 Table 30 Women and men in the labor force by years of school completed, selected years, 1952-76 P e rc e n t d is tr ib u tio n Years o f s ch o o l c o m p le te d D a te an d sex T o ta l Less th a n 5 years (in c lu d in g n o n e ) M e d ia n years o f H ig h s ch o o l sch o o l c o m p le te d C o lle ge 5 t o 8 years 1 t o 3 years 4 years 1 t o 3 years 4 yea rs o r m o re O c to b e r 1 9 5 2 W om en M en ......................................................................... 1 0 0 .0 5 .5 2 5 .6 1 8 .3 3 4 .0 8 .9 7.7 1 2 .0 ............................................................................... 1 0 0 .0 8 .3 3 2 .9 1 8 .9 2 3 .7 8.1 8.1 1 0 .4 ......................................................................... 1 0 0 .0 3 .0 1 8 .8 1-8.8 3 8 .7 1 1 .2 9 .5 1 2 .2 ............................................................................... 1 0 0 .0 5 .4 2 4 .2 1 9 .6 2 8 .7 1 0 .4 11 .7 1 2 .0 M a rc h 1 9 6 2 W om en M en M a rc h 1 9 7 2 W om en M en ......................................................................... 1 0 0 .0 1.4 1 0 .2 1 9 .2 4 4 .7 1 3 .2 1 1 .4 1 2 .4 ............................................................................... 1 0 0 .0 2 .5 1 4 .5 1 9 .2 3 5 .0 1 3 .8 1 5 .0 1 2 .4 M a rc h 1 9 7 6 W om en M en ......................................................................... 1 0 0 .0 1 .0 7 .4 17.1 4 4 .6 1 5 .9 1 4 .0 1 2 .6 ............................................................................... 1 0 0 .0 1.9 1 0 .3 17.1 3 6 .5 1 6 .0 1 8 .2 1 2 .6 N O T E : Persons 18 years and over fo r 1952 and 19 62; 16 years and over fo r 1972 and 1976. 31 Table 31 Table 32 Labor force status of women by years of school completed, March 1976 Occupational distribution of employed women by years of school completed, March 1976 (Numbers in thousands) 8 years Ite m O c c u p a tio n g ro u p C o lle g e H ig h s ch o o l o r less (in c lu d in g none) T o ta l, 16 y e a rs a n d o v e r ........................... 1 3 ,4 6 4 1 to 3 years 4 yea rs 1 to 3 4 yea rs years o r m o re 3 1 ,8 7 8 1 1 ,0 2 3 8 ,1 1 0 4 yea rs o f 1 to 3 4 yea rs o f h ig h s c h o o l years o f m o re o f h ig h s c h o o l o n ly c o lle g e c o lle g e T o t a l e m p lo y e d .......................... 8 ,4 1 7 1 5 ,4 3 2 5 ,6 3 7 5 ,1 2 3 P e r c e n t .................................. 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 P r o f e s s io n a l- t e c h n ic a l ................... 1.8 6 .0 18.7 6 7 .8 7 .9 ( th o u s a n d s ) 1 6 ,3 5 9 Less th a n 4 yea rs o f M a n a g e r ia l- a d m in is t r a t iv e , In la b o r f o r c e ............................. 3 ,1 6 9 6 ,4 6 3 1 6 ,8 5 2 6 ,0 2 6 5 ,3 0 7 L a b o r fo r c e p a r t ic ip a t io n r a te 1 ............................... U n e m p lo y e d .......................... U n e m p lo y m e n t r a te 2 ...................................... 2 3 .5 332 10.5 3 9 .5 5 2 .9 5 4 .7 6 5 .4 883 1 ,4 2 0 389 184 13.7 8 .4 6.5 3 .5 e x c e p t f a r m ......................................... 3 .2 5 .9 7 .0 S a le s ......................................................... 7 .0 7 .2 7 .6 C l e r i c a l .................................................... 15 .3 4 7 .9 2 .0 1.6 1.1 1 6 .0 0 .4 2 5 .4 1 0 .2 2 .9 1.2 1.0 2 .3 0 .7 0 .9 0 .4 0 .6 0.1 0 .2 3 0 .9 9 .4 1 7 .2 1 3 .4 1.6 0 .8 1.0 3 .3 0 .2 0 .5 0 .3 C r a ft ......................................................... 4 6 .7 ' 2 .8 O p e ra tiv e s , e x c e p t tra n s p o rt ............................................. T r a n s p o r t e q u ip m e n t 'P ercent o f populatio n in labo r force. 2Percent of labo r force unem ployed. 3 2 for FRASER Digitized o p e r a tiv e s .......................................... N o n fa r m la b o r e r s ............................ S e rv ic e , e x c e p t p r iv a te h o u s e h o ld ........................................... P r iv a te h o u s e h o ld ............................ F a rm ......................................................... 1.7 Table 33 Table 34 Women and men 25 years and over in the labor force by age and years of school completed, March 1976 Sources of income of women 14 years and over, 1975 N um ber o f wom en T y p e o f In c o m e Sex a n d years o f s c h o o l c o m p le te d T o ta l, 2 5 yea rs an d ove r 25 to 34 3 5 to 4 4 4 5 to 5 4 5 5 yea rs years years yea rs an d o ve r T o ta l W OM EN N u m b e r (th o u s a n d s ).. P e r c e n t ............................... ........................ ....................................................................... N o n fa r m s e lf- e m p lo y m e n t in c o m e 2 7 ,8 9 6 9 ,0 1 6 6 ,8 0 6 6 ,6 1 7 5 ,4 5 7 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 E le m e n ta r y s c h o o l: 1 0 .5 3 .8 7.3 12.8 2 2 .8 H ig h s c h o o l: 1 t o 3 y e a r s ............................... 1 4 .4 1 0 .5 16 .6 15.7 16 .8 4 y e a rs ........................................ 4 4 .6 4 3 .9 4 7 .5 4 7 .7 3 8 .5 1 t o 3 y e a r s ............................... 14 .5 1 8 .4 12 .3 11.1 ..................... 15 .9 2 3 .3 14.0 14.7 1 1 .3 1 0 .8 4 3 ,5 1 7 1 0 0 .0 14,121 1 0 ,3 9 3 10,231 8,771 1 0 0 .0 10 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 4 .3 5.1 12.2 18.1 27.1 C o lle g e : 4 y e a rs o r m o r e ............................................................................................. W a g e o r s a la r y in c o m e T o ta l in la b o r fo r c e : 8 y e a rs o r le s s (th o u s a n d s ) F a rm s e lf- e m p lo y m e n t in c o m e ............................................. 6 0 ,8 0 7 4 1 ,4 8 9 2 ,0 2 4 ....................................................... 361 ..................................................................................... 1 4 ,6 6 5 S o c ia l s e c u r it y a n d r a ilr o a d r e t ir e m e n t in c o m e ................. O th e r r e t ir e m e n t in c o m e .................................................................. 1 4 ,5 0 6 P r o p e r t y in c o m e S u p p le m e n t a l s e c u r it y in c o m e ....................................................... P u b lic a s s is ta n c e o r w e lf a r e in c o m e ......................................... 2 ,7 6 3 2 ,1 3 3 3 ,1 9 3 V e te r a n s ’ a n d u n e m p lo y m e n t b e n e fits a n d w o r k e r s ’ c o m p e n s a t io n ....................................................................................... 4 ,5 8 7 O th e r in c o m e 3 .1 2 9 ............................................................................................ NOTE: Because som e wom en receive incom e fro m m ore than one source, the sum of the individual com pone nts is greater than the total. MEN T o ta l in la b o r fo r c e : N u m b e r (th o u s a n d s ).. P e r c e n t ............................... E le m e n ta r y s c h o o l: 8 y e a r s o r le s s ........................ H ig h s c h o o l: 1 t o 3 y e a r s ............................... 13.8 10.1 14 .0 1 6 .4 16 .5 4 y e a rs 3 5 .4 3 7 .6 3 7 .0 35.1 3 0 .4 ........................................ C o lle g e : 1 t o 3 y e a r s ............................... 15 .3 20.1 14.7 1 2 .3 11 .6 4 y e a rs o r m o re 2 1 .2 27.1 2 2 .2 18 .0 14 .3 ..................... 33 Table 35 Table 36 Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by sex, 1967-76 Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by sex and occupation and industry group, May 1976 U sual w e e k ly e a rn in g s Year W o m e n 's O c c u p a tio n and e a rn in g s as In c u r r e n t d o lla rs W om en M en In 1 9 6 7 d o lla rs W om en M en in d u s tr y g ro u p p e rc e n t o f U sual w e e k ly e a rnings W o m e n 's ea rn in g s as W om en M en p e rc e n t o f m e n 's $218 187 111 147 149 121 73 58 45 64 61 60 121 109 107 $299 320 244 228 243 202 216 166 170 122 $113 167 ( 1) 137 148 127 190 148 113 144 66 160 173 $129 244 280 231 235 222 270 240 188 270 n 224 269 88 68 59 63 57 70 62 60 53 71 64 m e n 's O C C U P A T IO N May of: 1967 .................. 1969 .................. 1970 .................. 1971 .................. 1972 .................. 1973 .................. 1974 .................. 1975 .................. 1976 .................. P r o f e s s io n a l- t e c h n ic a l .......................... $ 78 86 94 100 106 116 124 137 145 34 for FRASER Digitized $125 142 151 162 168 188 204 221 234 $78 79 81 83 85 88 85 86 86 $125 130 131 134 135 143 140 138 138 62 61 62 62 63 62 61 62 62 M a n a g e r ia l- a d m in is t r a t iv e , e x c e p t f a r m ............................................... S a le s ............................................................... C l e r i c a l ........................................................... C r a ft ............................................................... O p e ra tiv e s , e x c e p t t r a n s p o r t .............................................................. T r a n s p o r t e q u ip m e n t o p e r a tiv e s ................................................ N o n fa r m la b o r e r s .................................. S e rv ic e ......................................................... F a rm .............................................................. ( 1) — 73 64 88 IN D U S T R Y A g r ic u lt u r e ........................................... C o n s t r u c t io n ....................................... M in in g ................................................ M a n u f a c t u r in g .................................. D u r a b le g o o d s ........................... N o n d u r a b le g o o d s ...................... T r a n s p o r t a t io n a n d p u b lic u t ilit ie s ....................................................... W h o le s a le t r a d e ....................................... R e ta il t r a d e ................................................ F in a n c e , in s u r a n c e , a n d re a l e s ta te ................................... P riv a te h o u s e h o ld .......................... M is c e lla n e o u s s e rv ic e s .......... P u b lic a d m i n i s t r a t i o n ................. Median not shown w here base is less than 75,000. — — Table 37 Table 38 Median annual earnings of year-round full-time workers 14 years and over by sex, 1955-75 Median annual earnings of women 14 years and over by weeks worked, 1975 A n n u a l ea rn in g s Year W o m e n 's e a rn in g s as p e rc e n t o f m e n 's W om en M en $ 2 ,7 1 9 2 ,8 2 7 $ 4 ,2 5 2 6 3 .9 4 ,4 6 6 6 3 .3 3 ,0 0 8 4 ,7 1 3 6 3 .8 1955 ......................................................... 1956 1 9 57 ......................................................... ......................................................... 1 9 58 ........................................................ 3 ,1 0 2 4 ,9 2 7 6 3 .0 1959 ......................................................... 3 ,1 9 3 5 ,2 0 9 6 1 .3 1960 ......................................................... 3 ,2 9 3 5 ,4 1 7 6 0 .8 1961 ......................................................... 3,351 5 ,6 4 4 5 9 .4 1 9 62 ......................................................... 3 ,4 4 6 5 ,7 9 4 5 9 .5 19 6 3 ......................................................... 3,561 5 ,9 7 8 5 9 .6 1964 ......................................................... 3 ,6 9 0 6 ,1 9 5 5 9 .6 W o rk e xp e rie n c e T o ta l w h o w o r k e d a t a n y t im e in 1 9 7 5 ......................................... W o r k e d a t f u ll- t im e jo b s ......................................................... 3 ,8 2 3 6 ,3 7 5 6 0 .0 1966 19 67 ......................................................... ......................................................... 3 ,9 7 3 5 8 .0 5 7 .8 1 9 68 ......................................................... 4 ,4 5 7 6 ,8 4 8 7 ,1 8 2 7 ,6 6 4 1 9 69 ......................................................... .4 ,9 7 7 8 ,2 2 7 6 0 .5 1 9 70 1971 ......................................................... ......................................................... ......................................................... ......................................................... ......................................................... 8 ,9 6 6 9 ,3 9 9 1 0 ,2 0 2 5 9 .4 19 7 2 1973 1974 5 ,3 2 3 5 ,5 9 3 5 ,9 0 3 1 9 75 ......................................................... 6 ,3 3 5 6 ,9 7 0 7 ,5 0 4 1 1 ,1 8 6 1 1 ,8 8 9 1 2 ,7 5 8 4 ,1 5 0 W o m e n 's e a rn in g s as p e rc e n t o f m e n 's $ 3 ,9 5 3 4 0 .9 .................................... 5 ,8 5 3 5 3 .6 5 0 to 52 w e e k s ................................................ 7 ,5 0 4 27 to 49 w e e k s ................................................ 4,551 5 8 .8 5 9 .4 26 w e e k s o r le ss 1,291 6 2 .3 10 5 .6 11 4.2 ........................................... .................................. 1 ,2 7 4 50 to 5 2 w e e k s ............................................... 2 ,7 9 9 27 to 4 9 w e e k s ............................................... 1,8 6 7 W o r k e d a t p a r t- t im e jo b s 26 w e e k s o r le ss 1 9 65 Annual ea rnings ........................................... 628 93.1 9 4 .9 5 8 .2 5 9 .5 5 7 .9 5 6 .6 5 8 .6 5 8 .8 NOTE: Data fo r 1955 to 1966 are fo r w age and salary w orke rs o n ly and exclude self- em ployed persons. 35 Table 39 Median annual earnings of year-round full-time workers in 1975, by selected characteristics, March 1976 N u m b e r e m p lo y e d y e a r r o u n d , f u ll tim e (th o u s a n d s ) Ite m W o m e n 's e a rn in g s as p e rc e n t o f m e n 's W om en M en W om en M en ............................................................... 17 ,451 3 7 ,2 5 5 $ 7 ,5 0 4 $ 1 2 ,6 3 1 5 9 .4 ............................................................................................................... 3 ,5 1 6 4 ,6 5 7 7 ,5 2 2 8 ,8 4 9 8 5 .0 ......................................................................................... 9 ,9 7 2 3 0 ,0 2 3 7 ,4 8 3 1 3 ,3 3 4 56.1 ............................................................................................ 861 808 6 ,7 3 3 1 0 ,4 6 8 6 4 .3 T o ta l, 16 yea rs a n d o v e r N e ver m a rrie d A n n u a l e a rn in g s M a rrie d , spouse p re s e n t M a rrie d , spouse a b se n t D iv o rc e d ........................................................................................................................ 1 ,9 3 3 1 ,4 0 4 7 ,9 2 2 1 2 ,3 2 1 6 4 .3 W id o w e d ........................................................................................................................ 1 ,1 6 8 363 7 ,3 9 7 1 1 ,5 7 7 6 3 .9 W h ite ............................................................................................................................... 1 5 ,0 9 7 3 3 ,9 3 9 7 ,5 1 4 1 2 ,8 8 4 5 8 .3 B la c k ............................................................................................................................... 2 ,0 3 6 2 ,7 6 8 7 ,2 3 7 9 ,7 1 0 7 4 .5 629 1,511 6 ,4 3 1 9 ,4 1 3 6 8 .3 S pa n ish o r ig in ............................................................................................................... Y ea rs o f s c h o o l c o m p le te d : ..................................................................................................... 3 ,1 9 4 8,8 7 1 5 ,6 8 2 1 0 ,0 4 0 5 6 ,6 ............................................................................................................... 8 ,3 9 2 1 4 ,1 3 9 7 ,1 0 3 1 2 ,2 6 0 5 7 .9 3,0 4 1 8 ,1 6 7 1 0 ,5 1 9 1 7 ,1 2 9 6 1 .4 3 ,3 2 1 6 ,4 1 7 1 0 ,5 2 4 1 5 ,9 6 8 6 5 .9 1 ,4 2 4 6 ,4 7 8 9 ,1 2 5 1 5 ,9 0 3 5 7 .4 7 ,1 6 6 2 ,4 5 3 7 ,5 6 2 1 2 ,1 3 6 6 2 .3 1 ,9 4 0 3 ,7 9 6 6 ,2 4 1 1 0 ,9 5 3 5 7 .0 2 ,2 7 5 2 ,6 3 7 5 ,4 1 4 9 ,4 9 1 5 7 .0 Less th a n 12 12 o n ly 16 o r m o re ......................................................................................................... O c c u p a tio n : P ro fe s s io n a l a n d te c h n ic a l ......................................................................... M anagers an d a d m in is tra to r s , e x c e p t fa r m C le ric a l ...................................... ............................................................................................................... O p e ra tiv e s , e x c e p t tr a n s p o r t .................................................................. S e rv ic e , e x c e p t p riv a te h o u s e h o ld ......................................................... In m e tr o p o lita n areas1 : .................................................................................................. 5,8 41 1 0 ,0 8 8 7 ,8 4 5 1 2 ,4 3 5 63.1 W h ite ..................................................................................................... 4 ,4 3 5 8 ,2 0 2 7 ,8 8 0 1 2 ,8 8 6 6 1 .2 B la c k ..................................................................................................... C e n tra l c itie s 1 ,2 3 4 1 ,6 0 2 7 ,5 8 4 1 0 ,6 4 0 7 1 .3 ..................................................................................... 353 760 6 ,1 1 6 9 ,3 9 5 65.1 ............................................................................................................... 6 ,9 7 7 1 5 ,7 4 4 8 ,0 1 9 1 4 ,1 9 9 5 6 .5 S pa nish o r ig in S u b u rb s W h ite ..................................................................................................... 6 ,4 0 9 1 4 ,9 7 9 8 ,0 0 2 1 4 ,3 5 7 5 5 .7 B la c k ..................................................................................................... 452 538 7 ,9 8 9 1 0 ,2 2 4 78.1 216 506 7 ,0 5 1 1 0 ,0 5 2 70.1 S pa n ish o r ig in ..................................................................................... S ta n d a r d M e tro p o lita n S ta tis tic a l Areas. Table 40 Husband-wife families by number of earners and size of family, March 1976, and median family income in 1975 (Number of families in thousands) Size o f fa m ily N u m b e r o f earne rs T o ta l, h u s b a n d -w ife fa m ilie s W ith n o earne rs 2 person s 3 persons 4 persons 5 pe rsons 6 persons 7 persons o r m o re 4 7 ,3 0 8 1 7 ,0 2 7 9 ,8 5 8 1 0 ,1 2 2 5 ,6 8 8 2 ,6 4 9 1 ,9 6 5 $ 1 4 ,9 0 0 .................................................................................. 4 ,6 8 4 4 ,0 6 5 327 13 5 65 46 47 6 ,0 0 0 3 ,2 2 6 3 ,6 1 9 1 ,8 9 5 787 436 1 2 ,7 0 0 2 ,7 8 6 3 ,4 6 5 1 ,8 0 4 732 401 1 3 ,0 0 0 56 25 12 9 ,0 0 0 24 1 1 ,7 0 0 1 6 ,4 0 0 1 5 ,6 6 4 5,7 0 1 ......................................................................... 1 3 ,9 6 2 4 ,7 7 4 .................................................................................. 1 ,2 4 6 928 H u s b a n d o n ly O th e r re la tiv e o n l y ............................................................... W ith t w o ea rne rs M e d ia n f a m ily in c o m e ............................. W ith o n e e a r n e r .................................................................................. W ife o n ly 1 T o ta l W ith th re e earne rs o r m o re 35 30 2 ,0 6 2 758 506 1 6 ,1 0 0 1 9 ,7 4 9 7,261 4 ,9 4 0 4 ,2 2 2 1 6 ,6 8 3 7,261 3 ,7 7 6 3 ,4 0 3 1 ,4 9 8 500 247 ................................ 2 ,7 1 4 - 1 ,0 1 8 711 516 233 234 1 7 ,9 0 0 ......................................................... 352 - 146 10 9 48 25 24 1 5 ,1 0 0 ...................................................... 7 ,2 1 1 _ 1 ,3 6 5 2 ,1 4 6 1 ,6 6 6 1 ,0 5 8 976 2 2 ,1 0 0 5 ,6 5 2 - 1 ,3 6 5 1 ,7 4 0 1 ,1 9 5 740 612 2 2 ,0 0 0 ............................ 1 ,4 2 7 - - 364 1 ,1 9 5 293 330 2 2 ,9 0 0 ......................................................... 131 - - 42 31 24 34 1 6 ,1 0 0 ......................................................... H u s b a n d a n d w ife ea rners ............................................... H u s b a n d an e a rn e r, w ife n o n e a rn e r H u s b a n d is n o n e a rn e r 69 - H u s b a n d a n d o th e r re la tiv e , o n ly H u s b a n d is n o n e a rn e r 85 456 ............................................................................... H u s b a n d a n d w if e o n ly 141 299 1 In co m e ro u n d e d to nearest $ 1 0 0 . 37 Table 41 Table 42 Earnings of married women, husband present, as percent of family income in 1975, by selected characteristics of husbandwife families, March 1976 Earnings of women who head families as percent of family income in 1975, by selected characteristics, March 1976 C h a ra c te ris tic Num ber M e d ia n p e rc e n t o f o f w ive s f a m ily in c o m e a c c o u n te d (th o u s a n d s ) f o r b y ea rn in g s o f w ife 2 3 ,7 0 9 2 6 .3 Age of husband: U n d e r 25 y e a rs 2 ,2 5 9 1 1 ,5 5 4 3 0 .7 U n d e r 2 5 y e a rs .................................... 432 7 6 .8 2 5 .3 25 to 4 4 y e a rs ....................................... 2 ,3 5 6 7 5 .3 9 ,9 0 6 2 6 .5 4 5 y e a rs a n d o v e r ................................ 1 ,5 5 0 5 0 .2 9,871 3 8 .8 2 ,3 2 9 7 7 .2 841 1,7 7 7 2 ,4 6 6 2 ,0 7 8 2 ,7 0 9 5 9 .5 4 4 .7 3 9 .2 3 6 .9 33.1 162 88 7 8 5 .2 82.1 M e d ia n p e rc e n t o f f a m ily in c o m e a c c o u n te d (th o u s a n d s ) f o r b y e a rnings o f head w ith e a r n in g s ................................................ 4 ,3 3 8 6 6 .0 A g e o f head: ........................................ 25 to 4 4 y e a rs ........................................... 45 y e a rs a n d o v e r ................ ................... W ife w o r k e d 50 to 52 w e e k s fu ll tim e N um ber o f wom en T o t a l, f e m a le f a m ily h e a d s T o ta l, w iv e s w ith e a r n i n g s ............................................. C h a ra c te ris tic ............................................................... F a m ily in c o m e : U n d e r $ 1 0 ,0 0 0 ................................. $ 1 0 ,0 0 0 to $ 1 4 ,9 9 9 .......................... $ 1 5 ,0 0 0 to $ 1 9 ,9 9 9 .......................... $ 2 0 ,0 0 0 to $ 2 4 ,9 9 9 .......................... $ 2 5 ,0 0 0 a n d o v e r ............................. H e a d w o r k e d 50 to 5 2 w e e k s f u ll tim e ............................................................ F a m ily in c o m e : U n d e r $ 5 ,0 0 0 ............................... $ 5 ,0 0 0 to $ 9 ,9 9 9 ................ $ 1 0 ,0 0 0 to $ 1 4 ,9 9 9 ............ $ 1 5 ,0 0 0 a n d o v e r .................. 698 581 7 6 .5 5 6 .2 M e d ia n f a m ily M e d ia n f a m ily in c o m e $ 1 9 ,6 9 9 — W ife w o r k e d 27 to 49 w e e k s fu ll tim e ................................................................ W ife w o r k e d 1 to 26 w e e k s fu ll tim e o r 1 to 52 w e e k s p a rt tim e ............................................................. 3 8 for FRASER Digitized in c o m e ............................................. $ 1 2 ,3 5 1 — H e a d w o r k e d 27 t o 4 9 w e e k s 3 ,1 1 6 3 0 .7 f u ll tim e ............................................. 559 7 1 .5 1,451 3 3 .3 H e a d w o rk e d 1 to 26 w e e k s f u ll tim e o r 1 to 52 w e e k s 1 0 ,7 2 2 11 .8 p a r t t im e ............................................. Table 43 Poverty status in 1975 of women and men by age and years of school completed, March 1976 S e x a n d yea rs o f sc h o o l c o m p le te d T o ta l, 16 yea rs 1 6 a n d 17 18 to 21 22 to 34 35 to 44 4 5 to 54 55 t o 64 6 5 years an d o ve r years years years years years years and o v e r W OMEN T o ta l (th o u s a n d s ) T o ta l in p o v e r ty : P e rc e n t E le m e n ta ry s c h o o l: H ig h s c h o o l: 4 ,1 0 8 8 ,1 7 0 2 1 ,4 9 2 1 1 ,7 1 2 1 2 ,1 5 6 1 0 ,4 4 7 1 2 ,7 4 9 1 0 ,0 6 0 641 1 ,2 2 7 2 ,3 8 4 1 ,2 4 8 1 ,0 2 9 1 ,2 2 9 2 ,3 0 3 ............................................................................................ 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 6 5 .7 . . 3 5 .2 1 8 .3 8 .6 1 7 .8 32.1 3 7 .6 4 7 .9 ............................................................................... 2 9 .2 7 9 .7 3 7 .2 29.1 2 9 .2 2 6 .5 2 2 .4 15.7 ................... ..................................................................... 25.1 2 .0 3 6 .9 3 5 .6 3 0 .0 2 7 .4 2 2 .4 12 .0 1 0 .6 — 17 .2 1 7 .4 8 .7 8 .4 7.2 6 .6 8 ,9 1 3 8 yea rs o r less (in c lu d e s n o n e c o m p le te d ) 1 t o 3 years 4 y e a rs C o lle g e : 8 0 ,8 3 4 ............................................................... ............................................................................................................ N u m b e r (th o u s a n d s ) 1 y e a r o r m o re .................................................................................. MEN T o ta l (th o u s a n d s ) T o ta l in p o v e r ty : P e rc e n t E le m e n ta ry s c h o o l: H ig h s c h o o l: 4 ,2 0 2 7 ,8 0 2 2 0 ,6 2 0 1 1 ,1 0 7 1 1 ,2 9 6 9 ,3 2 0 5,9 5 1 597 836 1 ,3 3 5 712 679 781 1,0 1 3 ............................................................................................ 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 8 years o r less (in c lu d e s n o n e c o m p le te d ) . . 3 8 .6 2 7 .3 9 .0 1 7 .5 3 6 .6 4 8 .5 5 9 .4 76.1 ............................................................................... 2 7 .4 7 1 .5 4 4 .0 2 1 .8 24.1 19 .9 14 .4 12.5 ........................................................................................ 19 .2 1.2 2 9 .5 2 8 .8 2 4 .4 19.7 1 6 .6 6 .5 1 4 .8 - 1 7 .5 3 1 .8 1 4 .9 11.9 9 .6 4 .8 1 to 3 years 4 years C o lle g e : 7 3 ,2 6 0 ............................................................... ........................................................................................................... N u m b e r (th o u s a n d s ) 1 y e a r o r m o re .................................................................................. 39 Part IV. Race and Spanish Origin Nowadays white women are nearly as likely as black women to be in the labor force. In past decades, the labor force participation rate for black women was as much as 12 per centage points higher than that for white women. Over the past 10 years, the rate for black women has shown little change, while the rate for white women, particularly married women, has risen at a slow but steady pace. In 1976, the partici pation rate for black women, at 50 percent, was only 3 percentage points above the rate for white women. Recent data show that His panic women are less likely to be in the labor force than either black or white women. Following are a few other highlights of the data in Part IV: • The unemployment rate is high est for black women and lowest for white women, with that for His panic women usually closer to the rate for black than white women. • For all three groups, labor force participation rates vary a great deal by age, marital and family status, and education. One of every 4 un employed black women is the head of her family, compared with about 1 of every 10 white or Hispanic women. • The proportions of black and Hispanic women in white-collar work lag far behind that of white women. • Thirty-six percent of all black families are headed by women, com pared with 21 percent of all His panic families and 11 percent of all white families. On average, families headed by black and Hispanic women are twice as likely to have in comes below the poverty level as families headed by white women. 41 Chart 5. Labor force participation rates of women and men, annual averages, by race, 1955-76, and Spanish origin, 1973-76 42 Percent of population in labor force Percent of civilian labor force unemployed Chart 6. 15-------------------------------------------------- Unemployment rates of women and men, annual averages, by race, 1955-76, and Spanish origin, 1973-76 W h ite m e n Ol_______________I______________ I______________ I______________ I_ 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 43 Table 44 Labor force status of women and men by race, annual averages, 1955-76 (Numbers in thousands) W om en P o p u la tio n Y ea r W h ite B la c k an d o th e r M en L a b o r fo rc e . . . i p a r tic ip a tio n ra te W h ite B la c k an d o th e r U n e m p lo y m e n t ra te W h ite 2 B la c k an d o th e r P o p u la tio n W h ite B la c k an d o th e r L a b o r fo rc e . . . 1 p a r tic ip a tio n ra te W h ite B la c k an d o th e r U n e m p lo y m e n t ra te W h ite B la c k and o th e r 1955 ............................................... 5 1 ,8 0 3 5 ,7 7 2 3 4 .5 46 .1 4 .3 8 .4 4 7 ,0 7 7 5 ,0 3 4 8 5 .4 8 5 .0 3 .7 1956 ............................................... 5 2 ,3 7 2 5 ,8 5 7 3 5 .7 4 7 .3 4 .2 8 .9 4 7 ,6 0 4 5 ,1 2 0 8 5 .6 85.1 3 .4 7 .9 1957 ................................................ 5 2 ,9 9 7 5 ,9 5 2 3 5 .7 4 7 .2 4 .3 7 .3 4 8 ,1 2 2 5 ,1 9 4 8 4 .8 8 4 .3 3 .6 8 .3 1958 ............................................... 5 3 ,6 4 5 6 ,0 4 7 3 5 .8 4 8 .0 6 .2 1 0 .8 4 8 ,7 4 7 5 ,2 8 7 8 4 .3 8 4 .0 6.1 1 3 .8 1959 ............................................... 5 4 ,3 9 3 6 ,1 4 4 3 6 .0 4 7 .7 5 .3 9 .4 4 9 ,4 1 0 5 ,3 8 4 8 3 .8 8 3 .4 4 .6 1 1 .5 8 .8 1960 ............................................... 5 5 ,2 1 5 6 ,3 6 9 3 6 .5 4 8 .2 5 .3 9 .4 5 0 ,0 6 7 5 ,5 9 5 8 3 .4 8 3 .0 4 .8 1 0 .7 1961 ................................................ 5 5 ,9 9 4 6 ,4 8 9 3 6 .9 4 8 .3 6 .5 1 1 .8 5 0 ,6 1 0 5 ,6 7 7 8 3 .0 8 2 .2 5 .7 1 2 .8 1962 ................................................ 5 6 ,6 6 0 6 ,6 6 3 3 6 .7 4 8 .0 5 .5 1 1 .0 5 1 ,0 5 5 5 ,7 7 7 82.1 8 0 .8 4 .6 1 0 .9 1963 ............................................... 5 7 ,6 7 2 6 ,8 2 3 3 7 .2 48.1 5 .8 1 1 .2 5 2 ,0 3 3 5 ,8 8 8 8 1 .5 8 0 .2 4 .7 1 0 .5 1964 ................................................ 5 8 ,6 6 5 6 ,9 7 2 3 7 .5 4 8 .5 5 .5 1 0 .6 5 2 ,8 6 9 5 ,9 7 8 81.1 8 0 .0 4.1 8 .9 1965 ................................................ 5 9 ,6 0 1 7 ,1 3 0 38.1 4 8 .6 5 .0 9 .2 5 3 ,6 8 3 6 ,1 0 1 8 0 .8 7 9 .6 3 .6 7 .4 1966 ................................................ 6 0 ,5 0 3 7 ,2 9 2 3 9 .2 4 9 .3 4 .3 8 .6 5 4 ,0 6 3 6 ,2 0 0 8 0 .6 7 9 .0 2 .8 6 .3 1967 ................................................ 6 1 ,4 9 2 7 ,4 7 7 40.1 4 9 .5 4 .6 9.1 5 4 ,6 0 8 6 ,2 9 8 8 0 .7 7 8 .5 2 .7 6 .0 1968 ................................................ 6 2 ,5 1 3 7 ,6 6 6 4 0 .7 4 9 .3 4 .3 8 .3 5 5 ,4 3 5 6 ,4 1 3 8 0 .4 7 7 .6 2 .6 5 .6 1969 ................................................ 6 3 ,5 6 4 7 ,8 7 3 4 1 .8 4 9 .8 4 .2 7 .8 5 6 ,3 4 9 6 ,5 4 9 8 0 .2 7 6 .9 2 .5 5 .3 1970 ................................................ 6 4 ,6 2 4 8 ,1 1 0 4 2 .6 4 9 .5 5 .4 9 .3 5 7 ,4 8 8 6 ,7 7 3 8 0 .0 7 6 .5 4 .0 7 .3 1971 ................................................ 6 5 ,6 9 7 8 ,3 4 5 4 2 .6 4 9 .2 6 .3 1 0 .8 5 8 ,7 6 2 6 ,9 7 3 7 9 .6 7 4 .9 4 .9 9.1 1972 ................................................ 6 7 ,1 3 8 8 ,7 3 0 4 3 .2 4 8 .7 5 .9 1 1 .3 6 0 ,2 2 1 7 ,2 3 7 7 9 .6 7 3 .7 4 .5 8 .9 1973 ................................................ 6 8 ,0 9 0 9 ,1 0 2 44.1 49.1 5 .3 1 0 .5 6 1 ,2 1 3 7 ,5 3 2 7 9 .5 7 3 .8 3 .7 7 .6 1974 ................................................ 6 9 ,0 6 4 9 ,4 4 5 4 5 .2 49 .1 6.1 1 0 .7 6 2 ,3 1 1 7 ,7 7 9 7 9 .4 7 3 .3 4 .3 9.1 1975 ................................................ 7 0 ,1 1 5 9 ,7 5 0 4 5 .9 4 9 .2 8 .6 1 4 .0 6 3 ,3 8 6 8 ,0 1 7 7 8 .7 7 1 .5 7 .2 13.7 ................................................ 7 1 ,1 4 7 4 6 .9 5 0 .2 7 .9 7 8 .4 7 0 .7 6 .4 12 .7 1976 1Percent o f p o p u la tio n in la b o r fo rc e . 2 P ercent o f la b o r fo rc e u n e m p lo y e d . 44 1 0 ,0 5 6 1 3 .6 6 4 ,4 2 2 8 ,2 7 9 2 Table 45 Labor force status of persons of Spanish origin by sex, annual averages, 1973-76 P o p u la tio n Sex a n d y e a r (th o u s a n d s ) L a b o r fo rc e . . . i p a r tic ip a tio n ra te U n e m p lo y m e n t Sex an d y e a r ra te 2 W OMEN P o p u la tio n (th o u s a n d s ) L a b o r fo rc e . . . i p a r tic ip a tio n ra te U n e m p lo y m e n t 6 .7 ra te 2 MEN 19 73 1974 ................................... ................................... 3 ,1 5 9 3 ,3 6 4 4 2 .3 9 .0 9 .4 1 9 73 1 9 74 ............................ ............................ 1975 ................................... 3 ,5 5 7 43.1 1 3 .6 19 75 19 76 ................................... 3 ,6 5 0 4 4 .0 12 .9 1 9 76 4 0 .9 2 ,8 3 8 8 1 .5 ............................ 3 ,0 6 0 3 ,1 3 2 8 1 .7 8 0 .7 ............................ 3 ,1 9 3 7 9 .6 7 .3 11 .4 10.7 'P ercent of po pulatio n in labor force. 2Percent of labor force unem ployed. Table 46 Employment status of women and men by race and Spanish origin, March 1976 (Numbers in thousands) S pa nish o r ig in Ite m W h ite B la c k T o ta l M e x ic a n -A m e ric a n P u e rto R ican O th e r W OMEN 3 2 ,7 9 9 4 ,3 7 7 1 ,5 1 6 876 171 468 .................................................................. 4 6 .3 5 0 .5 4 2 .9 4 3 .9 3 0 .5 48.1 ........................................................................................................................... 3 0 ,2 2 2 3 ,8 0 4 1 ,3 2 5 753 148 425 U n e m p lo y e d ........................................................................................................................ 2 ,5 7 7 573 190 123 24 43 ........................................................................................ 7 .9 13.1 1 2 .5 1 4 .0 1 3 .9 9 .3 ........................................................................................................................ 3 8 ,0 5 9 4 ,2 9 8 2 ,0 1 5 1 ,1 1 9 390 506 L a b o r fo r c e , 16 years a n d o v e r ............................................................................................... L a b o r fo r c e p a r tic ip a tio n r a te 1 E m p lo y e d U n e m p lo y m e n t r a te 2 N o t in la b o r fo r c e MEN L a b o r fo r c e , 1 6 ye a rs a n d o v e r ............................................................................................... L a b o r fo r c e p a r tic ip a tio n ra te 1 4 9 ,6 5 1 4 ,7 0 2 2 ,4 2 0 1 ,5 1 7 301 601 .................................................................. 7 7 .4 6 6 .6 7 7 .7 8 0 .3 6 8 .2 7 7 .0 544 ........................................................................................................................... 4 6 ,0 8 7 4 ,0 1 4 2 ,1 6 0 1 ,3 5 8 259 U n e m p lo y e d ........................................................................................................................ 3 ,5 6 5 689 260 160 43 57 U n e m p lo y m e n t ra te 2 ........................................................................................... 7 .2 1 4 .6 1 0 .7 1 0 .5 14 .2 9 .5 1 4 ,4 7 6 2 ,3 5 4 693 373 14 0 18 0 E m p lo y e d N o t in la b o r fo r c e ........................................................................................................................ P e r c e n t o f p o p u la tio n in la b o r fo rc e . 2 Percent o f la b o r fo rc e u n e m p lo y e d . 45 Table 47 Labor force status of women by race, Spanish origin, and marital and family status, March 1976 W h ite C iv ilia n L a b o r fo rc e la b o r fo rc e p a r tic ip a tio n (th o u s a n d s ) ra te ......................... 3 2 ,7 9 9 4 6 .3 7 .9 4 ,3 7 7 5 0 .5 ................................................ 7 ,7 5 4 6 1 .2 1 0 .2 1 ,1 2 8 4 6 .5 M a rita l an d f a m ily s ta tu s T o ta l, 16 years an d o v e r N e ver m a rrie d B la c k M a rrie d , spouse p re s e n t U n e m p lo y m e n t rate C iv ilia n L a b o r fo rc e la b o r fo rc e p a r tic ip a tio n (th o u s a n d s ) ra te S pa nish o r ig in C iv ilia n L a b o r fo rc e la b o r fo rc e p a r tic ip a tio n (th o u s a n d s ) ra te 13.1 1 ,5 1 6 4 2 .9 1 2 .5 2 2 .3 386 5 0 .5 1 3 .0 U n e m p lo y m e n t ra te U n e m p lo y m e n t ra te ......................... 1 9 ,2 8 5 44.1 6 .9 1 ,9 0 3 5 6 .7 9 .3 832 4 1 .6 1 3 .2 16 t o 3 4 y e a r s ...................... 7 ,9 0 6 5 0 .0 9 .5 840 64.1 13 .7 417 4 3 .9 1 6 .3 3 5 years an d o v e r ................... 1 1 ,3 7 9 4 0 .8 5.1 1 ,0 6 3 5 2 .0 5 .8 415 3 9 .6 9 .6 9 ,0 3 0 4 3 .4 6 .0 691 5 0 .0 8.1 244 42 .1 (1) ......................................... 1 0 ,2 5 6 4 4 .8 7 .7 1 ,2 1 2 6 1 .5 1 0 .0 588 4 1 .4 (1) ...................... 6 ,5 1 6 5 2 .7 5 .7 647 6 5 .4 7.1 301 4 8 .9 (1) (1) W ith no o w n c h ild re n u n d e r 18 yea rs ......................................... W ith o w n c h ild re n u n d e r 18 yea rs 6 t o 17 yea rs 14 t o 17 years . . . . 2 ,0 1 9 5 5 .0 4 .5 15 2 5 6 .4 6.1 81 5 1 .7 6 to 13 yea rs . . . . 4 ,4 9 8 5 1 .7 6 .3 495 6 8 .7 7 .4 219 4 7 .8 (1) ...................... 3 ,7 3 9 3 5 .5 1 1 .0 564 5 7 .5 13 .2 287 3 5 .8 (1) ................................ 5 ,7 6 0 3 9 .8 8 .0 1 ,3 4 6 4 6 .5 1 0 .7 298 3 8 .8 10.1 U n d e r 6 yea rs O th e r m a rita l s ta tu s ^D ata n o t available. Includes w id o w e d ; d iv o rc e d ; and m a rrie d , husband absent. 2 N O T E : La bor fo rc e p a rtic ip a tio n rate equals pe rce n t o f p o p u la tio n in labo r force. U n e m p lo y m e n t rate equals pe rce n t o f labo r fo rc e u n e m p lo y e d . 46 O w n c h ild re n in clu d e never-m arried sons and daughters, s te p ch ild re n , and ad opte d ch ild re n E xcluded are o th e r related c h ild re n such as g ra n d c h ild re n , nieces, nephew s, and cousins, and u n relate d c h ild re n . Table 48 Number of own children and median family income in 1975 by age of children, type of family, labor force status of mother, race, and Spanish origin, March 1976 F a m ilie s headed b y w o m e n 1 H u s b a n d -w ife fa m ilie s Ite m W h ite B la c k S pa nish o r ig in W h ite B la c k S pa nish o rig in N u m b e r (th o u sa n c s), M a rc h 1 9 7 6 ............................................ 4 5 ,9 7 2 4 ,5 7 0 3 ,6 7 0 921 1 9 ,7 8 9 2 ,6 1 3 1 ,4 2 9 5 ,8 8 5 3 ,5 7 9 3 ,4 2 7 ................................................... 1 ,6 5 7 347 ......................................... 2 6 ,1 8 3 1 ,9 5 6 2 ,2 4 2 2 ,3 0 7 1 ,7 7 0 573 .................................................................................. 1 1 ,5 0 4 1 ,1 4 4 675 1 ,6 1 0 838 209 5 ,9 7 1 667 298 1 ,0 6 5 417 94 .................................................................. 5 ,5 3 3 477 377 545 422 115 ..................................................................................... 2 0 ,8 3 4 2 ,1 0 4 1 ,6 7 3 2 ,9 5 6 1 ,2 2 7 680 1 ,8 5 4 1 ,7 0 8 857 450 9 ,2 8 5 .................................................................. 1 1 ,5 4 9 876 993 1 ,1 0 2 851 274 ..................................................................................... 1 3 ,6 3 4 1 ,3 2 2 1 ,3 2 3 1 ,3 2 0 880 261 4 ,5 3 2 719 451 660 383 76 9 ,1 0 2 603 872 660 497 18 5 $ 4 ,7 3 0 T o ta l c h ild r e n u n d e r 1 8 years M o th e r in la b o r fo rc e M o th e r n o t in la b o r fo rc e C h ild re n 14 t o 17 years M o th e r in la b o r fo r c e ............................................................................ M o th e r n o t in la b o r fo rc e C h ild re n 6 t o 1 3 yea rs M o th e r in la b o r fo r c e ............................................................................ M o th e r n o t in la b o r fo r c e C h ild re n u n d e r 6 yea rs M o th e r in la b o r fo rc e ............................................................................ M o th e r n o t in la b o r fo r c e .................................................................. 177 M e d ia n f a m ily in c o m e , 1 9 7 5 ............................................ $ 1 6 ,0 8 0 $ 1 1 ,8 7 3 $ 1 1 ,3 5 6 $ 5 ,9 6 7 $ 4 ,5 6 9 .................................................. 1 7 ,5 8 8 14,461 1 3 ,6 8 6 7 ,7 7 8 5 ,7 5 2 6 ,0 4 9 ......................................... 1 4 ,7 9 6 8 ,9 1 2 9 ,8 4 9 3 ,9 7 5 3 ,7 6 4 4 ,3 0 6 .................................................................................. $ 1 8 ,6 2 3 $ 1 3 ,1 3 1 $ 1 3 ,2 1 3 $ 7 ,8 7 3 $ 4 ,9 4 9 $ 5 ,6 7 7 1 9 ,7 7 9 15,781 1 6 ,0 7 3 9 ,4 7 8 6 ,4 2 6 6 ,9 0 4 .................................................................. 1 7 ,2 2 4 1 0 ,0 2 8 1 0 ,6 0 3 5 ,1 6 2 4 ,0 5 5 4 ,7 4 7 ..................................................................................... $ 1 6 ,4 9 6 $ 1 1 ,8 5 8 $ 1 1 ,8 3 7 $ 6 ,1 6 4 $ 4 ,7 7 5 $ 4 ,8 7 5 1 7 ,8 0 4 1 4 ,5 7 0 1 3 ,991 7 ,7 8 6 5 ,8 1 5 6 ,2 1 4 .................................................................. 1 5 ,2 6 8 8 ,9 1 7 1 0 ,3 9 9 4,1 1 1 3 ,9 1 5 4 ,5 2 9 ..................................................................................... $ 1 3 ,6 7 8 $ 1 1 ,0 5 6 $ 9 ,9 5 7 $ 4 ,0 1 4 $ 3 ,9 1 4 $ 3 ,9 4 1 1 4 ,4 7 7 1 3 ,3 2 3 1 1 ,8 0 8 5 ,3 4 0 4 ,9 4 6 4 ,7 8 7 1 3 ,2 9 0 8 ,6 3 0 8 ,9 1 0 3 ,1 5 4 3 ,5 4 2 3 ,5 2 3 T o ta l c h ild re n u n d e r 18 yea rs M o th e r in la b o r fo rc e M o th e r n o t in la b o r fo r c e C h ild re n 14 t o 17 years M o th e r in la b o r fo r c e ............................................................................ M o th e r n o t in la b o r fo r c e C h ild re n 6 t o 1 3 years M o th e r in la b o r fo r c e ............................................................................ M o th e r n o t in la b o r fo r c e C h ild re n u n d e r 6 yea rs M o th e r in la b o r fo r c e ............................................................................ M o th e r n o t in la b o r fo rc e i .................................................................. W id o w e d ; d iv o rc e d ; m a rrie d , husband absent; and never-m arried fa m ily heads. N O T E : C h ild re n are de fin e d as " o w n " c h ild re n o f th e fa m ily head and in clu d e never-m arried sons and daughters, ste p ch ild re n , and ad opte d ch ild re n . E xcluded are o th e r related c h ild re n such as g ra n d ch ild re n , nieces, nephew s, and cousins, and unrelate d ch ild re n . 47 Table 49 Women and men in the labor force by years of school completed, race, and Spanish origin, March 1976 S panish o r ig in Sex an d yea rs o f s c h o o l c o m p le te d W h ite S pa nish o r ig in S ex a n d yea rs o f B la c k T o ta l M e x ic a n - P u e rto A m e ric a n R ica n O th e r s c h o o l c o m p le te d W O M EN MEN T o ta l: N u m b e r (th o u T o ta l: N u m b e r (th o u 3 2 ,7 9 9 4 ,3 7 7 1 ,5 1 6 876 171 468 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 ..................... 7 .6 14.1 2 7 .6 3 1 .5 2 7 .5 20.1 1 to 3 y e a r s ......... .................. 1 6 .3 2 3 .8 1 8 .6 2 1 .9 18.1 1 2 .6 1 t o 3 y e a r s ................ 4 y e a rs ..................................... 4 5 .4 3 9 .8 3 7 .0 3 3 .6 42.1 4 1 .5 4 y e a rs ......................... C o lle g e : 1 to 3 y e a r s ............................ 4 y e a rs o r 1 6 .3 1 2 .6 11 .6 9.9 8 .2 1 6 .0 C o lle g e : 1 to 3 y e a r s ................ s a n d s ) .............................. P e r c e n t ................................ E le m e n ta r y s c h o o l: 8 y e a rs o r le s s ........................................ 4 8 for FRASER Digitized T o ta l M e x ic a n - P u e rto A m e ric a n R ican O th e r 4 9 ,6 5 1 4 ,7 0 2 2 ,4 2 0 1 ,5 1 7 301 601 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 10 0.0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 1 .2 2 3 .3 3 3 .9 3 9 .5 3 3 .8 2 0 .0 1 6 .4 2 4 .7 2 6 .5 3 4 .0 2 0 .5 27.1 2 0 .7 3 6 .8 2 4 .8 2 8 .8 1 7 .0 32.1 1 6 .5 1 1 .3 1 0 .7 9 .6 7 .3 1 5 .3 1 9 .0 6 .7 7 .8 5 .5 3 .6 1 5 .6 E le m e n ta r y s c h o o l: H ig h s c h o o l: m o re s a n d s ) ..................... P e r c e n t ..................... W h ite B la c k 8 y e a r s o r le s s ......... H ig h s c h o o l: 4 y e a rs o r 1 4 .3 9 .7 5 .2 3.0 4.1 9 .8 m o re ............................ Table 50 Occupational distribution of employed women and men by race and Spanish origin, March 1976 W om en Spanish origin O c c u p a tio n group W h ite Black T o ta l T o ta l e m p lo y e d : M en N u m b e r (th o u s a n d s ) M exican - Puerto A m erican Rican Spanish origin W h ite Black O ther T o ta l M exican- Puerto A m erican Rican O th e r ............. 3 0 ,2 2 2 3 ,8 0 4 1 ,3 2 5 753 18 4 425 4 6 ,0 8 7 4 ,0 1 4 2 ,1 6 0 1 ,3 5 8 259 544 ......................................... 100.C 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 ............................................................................................... 6 6 .2 4 2 .4 4 6 .5 4 4 .1 4 2 .8 5 1 .5 4 3 .8 2 1 .0 2 3 .8 18.1 22.1 3 8 .6 1 6 .5 13.1 7 .8 6 .0 8.1 1 0 .8 1 6 .0 7 .2 7 .7 5 .5 6.1 1 3 .6 ......................... 6.1 2 .6 3.1 3 .2 0 .5 3 .8 15.1 4 .4 6 .7 5 .6 5 .9 9 .9 .................................................................................................. 7 .2 2 .3 4 .8 4 .8 4 .5 4 .7 6 .5 1.9 3 .0 2.1 3 .8 4 .8 ............................................................................................ 3 6 .4 2 4 .4 3 0 .8 30.1 2 9 .7 3 2 .2 6 .2 7 .5 6 .4 4 .9 6 .3 1 0 .3 B lu e c o lla r ...................................... ' .......................................................... 1 4 .0 1 8 .8 3 0 .0 2 7 .0 3 9 .0 3 1 .7 4 3 .8 5 6 .9 5 7 .5 6 2 .4 51.1 4 7 .7 C r a ft ................... .............................................................................. 1.5 1.0 2 .7 3 .0 2 .7 1.9 2 1 .0 1 5 .7 1 9 .4 19.1 1 5 .0 22.1 O p e ra tiv e s , in c lu d in g t r a n s p o r t ............................................ 1 1 .4 1 6 .6 2 5 .8 2 2 .3 3 4 .5 2 8 .9 1 6 .4 2 6 .7 2 6 .5 2 9 .0 2 7 .6 1 9 .5 ............................................................ 1.1 1.2 1.5 1.7 1.8 0 .9 6 .4 1 4 .5 1 1 .6 1 4 .3 8 .5 6.1 ........................................................................................................ 1 8 .8 3 8 .4 22.1 2 6 .3 18.1 1 6 .2 8.1 1 8 .4 13.1 1 0 .9 2 4 .0 1 3 .6 8.1 1 8 .2 13.1 10.9 2 4 .0 1 3 .6 P e rc e n t W h ite c o lla r P ro fe s s io n a l-te c h n ic a l ............................................................... M a n a g e ria l-a d m in is tra tiv e , e x c e p t fa r m Sales C le ric a l L a b o re rs , e x c e p t fa r m S ervice S e rv ic e , e x c e p t p riv a te h o u s e h o ld ...................................... 1 6 .6 2 7 .4 1 7 .3 2 0 .8 1 6 .0 1 1 .5 ...................................................................... 2 .2 1 1 .0 4 .8 5 .5 2.1 4 .7 F a r m ............................................................................................................... 1.0 0 .2 1.6 2 .6 — ................................................... 0 .2 0.1 0.1 0.1 — ............................................ 0 .8 0.1 1.5 2 .5 - P riv a te h o u s e h o ld F a rm e rs a n d fa r m m anagers F a rm la b o re rs a n d s u p e rviso rs 0 .2 - 0 .2 — 0 .2 — — 4 .3 3 .7 5 .7 8 .4 2 .8 0 .8 0 .4 0 .6 1.5 2 .9 5 .3 7.8 — 2 .7 — 2 .7 — 0 .6 0 .2 0 .4 49 Table 51 Family status of unemployed women by race and Spanish origin, March 1976 Spanish origin F a m ily status W h ite Black T o ta l M ex ic a n -A m e ric a n O th e r1 N u m b e r (t housands) T o ta l, 16 yea rs an d o v e r In fa m ilie s , t o t a l Head ........................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................................................. W ife , h u s b a n d p re s e n t C h ild o f head ........................................................................................................................................ ................... .............................................................................................................................................................................. O th e r re la tiv e o f h e a d .............................................................................................................................................................. U n re la te d in d iv id u a ls ........................................................................................................................................................................... 2,577 2,283 254 1,305 627 95 294 573 533 144 170 189 31 40 189 179 21 109 39 10 10 123 120 12 71 30 7 3 68 61 9 38 10 3 7 100.0 97.6 9.8 57.7 24.4 5.7 2.4 100.0 (2) (2) <2) (2) <2i <2) Percent d is trib u tio n T o ta l, In fa m ilie s , t o t a l H ead 16 yea rs a n d o v e r ........................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................................................. W ife , h u s b a n d p re s e n t C h ild o f head ........................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................... .................. O th e r re la tiv e o f h e a d .............................................................................................................................................................. U n re la te d in d iv id u a ls ........................................................................................................................................................................... 'includes Puerto Rican women. Percent not shown where base is less than 75,000. 2 Digitized 50 for FRASER 100.0 88.6 9.9 50.6 24.3 3.7 11.4 100.0 93.0 25.1 29.7 33.0 5.4 7.0 100.0 94.7 11.1 57.7 20.6 5.3 5.3 Table 52 Work experience and median annual earnings of women by race and Spanish origin, 1975 Spanish origin W h ite Ite m Black T otal M ex ic a n -A m e ric a n Puerto Rican O ther -I T o ta l (th o u s a n d s ) W o rk e d d u rin g 1 9 7 5 : 8 ,6 7 4 3 ,5 3 0 ..................................................................................... 3 7 ,4 6 3 4 ,6 7 5 1 ,6 9 8 1 ,0 1 2 193 494 .................................................................................................................. 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 2 7 t o 4 9 w e e ks 561 6 6 .3 7 1 .9 7 3 .8 7 1 .5 73.1 7 8 .7 ........................................................................................................................ 4 1 .0 4 3 .7 3 7 .5 3 2 .2 4 2 .5 4 6 .4 ................................................................................................................................................. 50 to 52 w eeks 1 ,9 9 5 974 7 0 ,8 4 8 N u m b e r (th o u s a n d s ) P e rce n t F u ll tim e ............................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................ 12.1 1 2 .9 1 6 .0 1 6 .3 14.5 1 5 .8 ........................................................................................................................... 1 3 .2 1 5 .3 2 0 .4 2 3 .0 16.1 1 6 .6 ................................................................................................................................................. 2 1 .3 1 t o 2 6 w e e ks 3 3 .7 28.1 2 6 .3 2 8 .5 2 6 .9 5 0 to 5 2 w e e k s ........................................................................................................................ 1 1 .9 1 0 .7 7 .8 8 .8 8 .8 5 .3 2 7 t o 4 9 w e eks ........................................................................................................................ 8 .7 6 .0 5 .9 6 .0 7 .3 5 .3 ........................................................................................................................... 13.1 1 1 .4 1 2 .5 1 3 .6 10 .9 10 .7 P a rt t im e 1 t o 2 6 w e eks W ith som e u n e m p lo y m e n t in 1 9 7 5 : 67 ......................................................... 7 ,5 4 0 1 ,4 9 3 499 289 ..................................................................................... 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 <2 ) 1 0 0 .0 3.1 2.1 1.6 0 .7 <2 ) 1.4 N u m b e r (th o u s a n d s ) P e rce n t Y e a r-ro u n d w o rk e rs w it h 1 o r 2 w e e ks o f u n e m p lo y m e n t ............................................ 145 P art y e a r w o rk e rs w ith u n e m p lo y m e n t o f : 1 to 4 w eeks 5 t o 14 w e eks .............................................................................................................................. 23.1 1 2 .7 2 0 .0 2 3 .9 (2 ) 13.1 ........................................................................................................................... 2 5 .6 1 9 .0 2 2 .2 20.1 (2 ) 2 4 .8 3 0 .3 3 1 .2 3 4 .9 3 7 .4 (2 ) 3 4 .5 1 7 .9 3 5 .0 2 1 .2 1 8 .0 (2 ) 2 6 .2 15 w e e k s o r m o re .................................................................................................................. D id n o t w o r k b u t lo o k e d f o r w o r k S pe lls o f u n e m p lo y m e n t f o r p a rt-y e a r w o rk e rs : ............................................................................... N u m b e r (th o u s a n d s ) ................................ 5 ,9 6 2 938 385 234 ............................................................ 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 ........................................................................................................................................... 72.1 6 8 .0 7 1 .4 ........................................................................................................................................ 1 6 .4 1 6 .4 1 3 .8 3 sp e lls o r m o r e ........................................................................................................................ 1 1 .5 1 5 .6 $ 4 ,0 8 5 7 ,5 1 4 P e rc e n t 1 spe ll 2 sp e lls M e d ia n a n n u a l e a rn in g s , 1 9 7 5 .................................................................................................................. Y e a r-ro u n d , f u ll- t im e w o rk e rs 1 ..................................................................................................... The survey was conducted in March 1976 and counted women 16 years and over as of the survey date. 2 46 105 (2 ) 1 0 0 .0 7 0 .8 (2 ) 7 0 .5 14 .2 (2 ) 1 4 .3 15.1 1 5 .0 <2 ) 1 5 .2 $ 3 ,9 4 9 $ 3 ,6 1 8 $ 3 ,0 6 0 $ 4 ,4 5 7 $ 4 ,5 2 2 7 ,2 3 7 6,4 3 1 5 ,9 8 7 7 ,1 4 4 6 ,7 8 7 Percent not shown where base is less than 75,000. 51 Table 53 Median annual earnings of women and men who worked year round, full time by race and Spanish origin, 1975 Spanish origin W h ite Sex and earnings Black T otal M ex ic a n -A m e ric a n Puerto Rican O th e r W OM EN ..................................................................... 1 5 ,3 7 1 2 ,0 4 3 636 326 82 229 ..................................................................................................................................................... 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 W o rk e d y e a r r o u n d , f u ll tim e in 1 9 7 5 P e rc e n t (th o u s a n d s ) ........................................................................................................................ 4 .5 4 .2 4 .6 5 .8 2 .5 3 .5 $ 2 ,0 0 0 t o $ 4 ,9 9 9 .................................................................................................................. 1 5 .4 2 1 .4 2 3 .0 2 7 .6 1 8 .5 18 .4 $ 5 ,0 0 0 t o $ 9 ,9 9 9 U n d e r $ 2 ,0 0 0 2 .................................................................................................................. 5 4 .6 5 3 .2 5 8 .0 5 5 .2 6 4 .2 6 0 .5 $ 1 0 ,0 0 0 t o $ 1 4 ,9 9 9 ............................................................................................................... 2 0 .3 1 8 .4 1 2 .9 10.1 1 4 .8 14 .9 $ 1 5 ,0 0 0 t o $ 2 4 ,9 9 9 ............................................................................................................... 4 .7 2 .8 1.6 0 .9 - 2 .6 ..................................................................................................................... 0 .5 0.1 0 .2 0 .3 — — $ 7,4 4 1 $ 7 ,2 2 3 $ 6 ,3 8 8 $ 5 ,9 4 5 ..................................................................... 3 3 ,9 7 5 2 ,7 7 5 1,511 907 201 404 ..................................................................................................................................................... 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 $ 2 5 ,0 0 0 o r m o re M e d ia n a n n u a l e a rn in g s, 1 9 7 5 ............................................................................ $ 7 ,1 4 4 $ 6 ,7 5 8 MEN W o rk e d y e a r ro u n d , f u ll t im e in 1 9 7 5 1 (th o u s a n d s ) P e rc e n t ........................................................................................................................ 2.1 1 .8 1.5 1.4 1.5 1.5 $ 2 ,0 0 0 t o $ 4 ,9 9 9 .................................................................................................................. 4.1 1 0 .8 7 .7 9 .6 5 .0 5 .0 $ 5 ,0 0 0 to $ 9 ,9 9 9 U n d e r $ 2 ,0 0 0 2 .................................................................................................................. 2 3 .3 4 0 .0 4 6 .3 4 5 .8 5 7 .2 4 1 .6 $ 1 0 ,0 0 0 t o $ 1 4 ,9 9 9 ............................................................................................................... 3 3 .0 3 2 .9 2 8 .7 2 7 .6 2 7 .9 3 2 .2 $ 1 5 ,0 0 0 t o $ 2 4 ,9 9 9 ............................................................................................................... 2 8 .8 1 3 .5 1 3 .4 1 3 .6 7 .5 16.1 ..................................................................................................................... 8 .6 0 .9 2 .3 1.9 1.0 4 .0 $ 1 2 ,8 7 7 $ 9 ,0 9 8 $ 9 ,4 1 3 $ 9 ,2 4 7 $ 8 ,5 1 2 $ 1 0 ,1 9 7 $ 2 5 ,0 0 0 o r m o re M e d ia n a n n u a l e a rn in g s, 1 9 7 5 ............................................................................ *The survey was conducted in March 1976 and counted persons 16 years and over as of the survey date who worked 50 to 52 weeks in 1975, usually full time (35 hours or more per week). Digitized 52 for FRASER 2 Includes workers with no earnings or a loss, Table 54 Families by type, race, and Spanish origin, March 1976, and median family income in 1975 M edian fa m ily incom e N u m b e r o f fam ilies (thousands) T y p e o f fa m ily A ll fa m ilie s 1 W h ite Black Spanish origin W h ite Black Spanish origin 4 9 ,8 7 3 5 ,5 8 6 2 ,4 9 9 $ 1 4 ,2 6 8 $ 8 ,7 7 9 $ 9 ,5 5 1 4 3 ,3 1 1 3 ,3 5 2 1 ,8 9 6 1 5 ,1 2 5 1 1 ,5 2 6 1 0 ,9 5 0 1 8 ,6 0 9 1 ,9 0 3 790 1 7 ,5 5 0 1 4 ,3 5 5 1 3 ,821 ..................................................................................................... 2 4 ,7 0 2 1 ,4 4 9 1 ,1 0 7 1 3 ,0 4 2 8 ,5 4 3 9 ,1 9 1 ........................................................................................................................ 5 ,3 8 0 2 ,0 0 4 522 7,6 5 1 4 ,8 9 8 4 ,7 8 5 ........................................................................................................................ •. . 1 ,1 8 2 230 82 1 3 ,7 9 3 8 ,9 5 5 1 0 ,4 1 5 .............................................................................................................................................................. H u s b a n d -w ife fa m ilie s ........................................................................................................................... W ife in p a id la b o r fo r c e ........................................................................................................... W ife n o t in p a id la b o r fo r c e O th e r fa m ilie s : H e ad ed b y w o m e n H e ad ed b y m en 1 Families as of March 1976. 2 Persons 14 years and over are classified in the paid labor force if they were employed as wage and salary workers or self-employed workers during the survey week (in March 1976) or were looking for work at the time and had last worked as wage and salary or self-employed workers. 53 Part V. Additional Characteristics • Women have been on their cur rent job a substantially shorter time, on average, than men. The largest differences are for persons age 45 to 64. • Women are less likely than men to hold two or more jobs. However, as employment of women has grown, the number of women who are multiple jobholders and their proportion of all multiple job holders has increased—in May 1976, 23 percent of all multiple job holders were women, up from 16 percent in 1970. Their main reasons for “moonlighting” are similar to men’s—to meet regular expenses or because they enjoy the work. • Women are considerably more likely than men to be absent from work because of illness. • When jobseeking, the most fre quent methods used by women, as well as men, were applying directly to the employer, asking friends, and answering local newspaper ads. 55 Table 55 Length of time on current job of women and men, January 1973 Table 57 Multiple jobholding rates of employed women and men and main reason for working at more than one job, May 1976 (Percent distribution) L e n g th o f tim e o n jo b W om en Ite m M en W om e n M en N u m b e r o f p e r s o n s w ith m o r e th a n o n e T o ta l 1 y e a r o r le s s .......................................................................... .............................................................. 1 0 0 .0 2 9 .3 1 0 0 .0 2 2 .4 O v e r 1 t o 2 y e a rs .................................................... 14.1 10.5 O v e r 2 t o 5 y e a rs ................................................................. 2 3 .0 2 0 .4 .............................................................. 1 5 .7 ............................................................ 12 .2 16.8 16 .4 O v e r 2 0 y e a rs .......................................................................... 5 .7 13.7 O v e r 5 to 10 y e a rs O v e r 10 t o 2 0 y e a rs ............................................................................ .................................................................... 911 3 ,0 3 7 M u ltip le jo b h o ld e r s as p e r c e n t o f to ta l e m p lo y e d ...................................................................... 2.6 5.8 10 0.0 100.0 28 .7 3 0 .4 5.0 8.6 6.3 5.5 8.2 6.7 8.3 3.9 8.3 19.1 15.6 9.5 2 0 .0 15.9 MAIN REASON FOR W ORKIN G AT MORE THA N ONE JOB A ll re a s o n s : P e r c e n t M e d ia n n u m b e r o f y e a r s o n c u r r e n t jo b jo b ( th o u s a n d s ) 2 .8 y e a rs ........................................................... 4 .6 y e a rs M e e t r e g u la r e x p e n s e s ............................................................. P a y o ff d e b ts .................................................................................. S a v e f o r th e f u t u r e ...................................................................... G e t e x p e r ie n c e ............................................................................. H e lp fr ie n d o r re la tiv e ............................................................... Table 56 Median number of years worked at current job by women and men by age, January 1973 B u y s o m e th in g s p e c ia l ............................................................. E n jo y th e w o r k ................................................................................ O th e r r e a s o n s .................................................................................. M e d ia n n u m b e r o f yea rs A g e g ro u p W om en M en T o ta l, 16 y e a rs a n d o v e r ............................... 2.8 16 to 19 20 to 24 25 to 34 ..................................................................................... ..................................................................................... ..................................................................................... 0 .6 1.2 2.2 35 to 4 4 .................................................................................. 3 .6 6.7 45 to 5 4 ..................................................................................... 5 .9 11.5 55 to 64 ..................................................................................... 8 .8 14.5 65 a n d o v e r .............................................................................. 10 .9 13.9 4.6 0.6 1.2 3.2 57 Table 58 Percent of all wage and salary workers on unscheduled absence from work by sex and age May 1976 A b sen t p art o f the w eek T o ta l absent A b sen t the entire w e e k Sex and age T o ta l Illness O th e r T o ta l Illness O th e r T o ta l Illness O th e r 0 .8 W OMEN .................................................................................. 8 .6 5.1 3 .4 6 .0 3 .4 2 .6 2 .5 1.7 16 t o 19 ..................................................................................................... 7 .9 4.1 3 .8 6 .3 3 .5 2 .9 1.4 0 .7 0 .7 2 0 to 2 4 ..................................................................................................... 8 .3 5 .0 3 .3 6 .4 4 .0 2 .4 1.9 1.0 0 .9 25 to 34 ..................................................................................................... 9 .7 5 .6 4.1 6 .4 3 .7 2 .7 3 .3 1.8 1.4 35 to 4 4 ..................................................................................................... 8 .0 5 .0 3 .0 6.1 3 .5 2 .7 1.9 1.5 0 .3 T o ta l, 16 years and o v e r 45 to 54 ..................................................................................................... 8 .2 4 .9 3 .3 5 .7 2 .9 2 .7 2 .6 2 .0 0 .6 55 to 64 ..................................................................................................... 7 .9 5 .0 2 .9 5.1 2 .8 2 .3 2 .8 2 .2 0 .6 10 .2 7 .4 3 .3 3 .7 2 .0 2 .0 6 .6 5 .3 1.2 6 5 an d o v e r ............................................................................................... MEN .................................................................................. 5 .2 3 .3 1.9 3 .3 1.8 1.5 1.9 1.5 0 .4 16 t o 19 ..................................................................................................... 6 .6 3 .0 3 .7 5 .6 2 .2 3 .3 1.1 0 .7 0 .4 0 .5 T o ta l, 16 yea rs an d o v e r 2 0 to 24 ..................................................................................................... 5 .7 3 .2 2 .5 4 .3 2 .2 2.1 1.5 1.0 25 to 34 ..................................................................................................... 4 .8 3 .0 1.8 3 .4 1.9 1.5 1.4 1.1 0 .3 35 to 44 ...................................................................................................... 4 .4 2 .8 1 .6 2 .6 1.5 1.2 1.7 1.3 0 .4 45 to 54 ..................................................................................................... 5 .2 3 .5 1.7 3 .0 1.7 1.2 2 .2 1.8 0 .4 ..................................................................................................... 6 .0 4 .5 1.5 2 .8 1.6 1.1 3 .2 2 .9 0 .3 8 .5 4 .2 4 .2 5 .0 1.0 4 .0 3 .5 3 .3 0 .2 55 to 64 6 5 and o v e r ............................................................................................... NOTE: Data exclude agricultural and private household workers and those who held more than one job. 58 for FRASER Digitized Table 59 Methods used by women and men to look for work and method by which current job was obtained, January 1973 Percent w h o used each m etho d M e th o d M e th o d used to get jo b M eth o d W om en M en W om en M en ( th o u s a n d s ) ..................... P e r c e n t ................................. 4 ,6 8 8 5 ,7 4 9 ( 1) 4 ,6 8 8 1 0 0 .0 5 ,7 4 9 1 0 0 .0 A p p lie d d ir e c t ly t o e m p l o y e r .............. 6 4 .4 6 7 .3 3 4 .6 35.1 W e n t to p la c e w h e r e e m p lo y e r s A b o u t jo b s w h e r e t h e y w o r k ............ 4 7 .2 5 3 .8 10.7 P la c e d a d s in n e w s p a p e rs : A b o u t jo b s e ls e w h e r e 3 6 .6 4 5 .9 4 .8 13 .8 6 .2 Percent w ho used M eth o d used to each m ethod get job W om en M en W om en M en T o t a l jo b s e e k e r s ( 1) A s k e d f r ie n d s : S c h o o l p la c e m e n t o f f i c e ................ C iv il S e r v ic e te s t ................................. 13.0 15.2 1 2 .0 1 5 .4 2.8 3.1 1.6 A s k e d te a c h e r o r p r o fe s s o r 11.8 9 .2 1.6 1.2 0.7 2 .0 0 .2 0.1 0 .4 — 0.1 c o m e to p ic k u p p e o p le ........................ A s k e d re la tiv e s : A b o u t jo b s w h e r e t h e y w o r k ............ 25.1 3 1 .0 5.1 6 .9 A b o u t jo b s e ls e w h e r e 2 3 .9 30.1 1.7 2.7 ....................... A n s w e r e d n e w s p a p e r a d s: ......... .............. L o c a l ..................................................... 1.4 1.7 N o n lo c a l 0.2 0.7 ........................................ .............................. 2.6 6.7 0 .3 0 .5 U n io n h ir in g h a ll ................................ 1.1 0.1 5.7 9 .9 5.5 2 .6 0 .7 o r t r a d e jo u r n a ls L o c a l ......................................................... 4 7 .5 4 4 .6 14 .5 1 4 .2 1.1 10 .3 1.4 C o n t a c t e d lo c a l o r g a n iz a t io n . . . . .............. 8.6 2 2 .4 1 9 .9 7 .9 3 .8 ................... 2 9 .2 37.1 5 .2 5 .0 o r t r a d e jo u r n a ls .............................. O th e r ........................................................ P riv a te e m p lo y m e n t a g e n c y S ta te e m p lo y m e n t s e r v ic e 'Because some respondents indicated the use of more than one method, the sum of the components exceeds 100 percent. (2) A n s w e r e d a d s in p r o fe s s io n a l N o n lo c a l .................................................... 2.8 0 .9 P la c e d a d s in p r o fe s s io n a l 0.4 0.8 11.5 11 .9 (2) 5 .3 — 5.1 2Less than 0.05 percent, 59 Part VI. The Future The Bureau of Labor Statistics has an ongoing program which con stantly assesses and reassesses the projections of labor force participa tion in light of new developments. Recent data show that the number of years worked by U.S. women during their lifetimes has expanded enormously since the beginning of this century. Worklife expectancy of women at birth climbed from 6.3 years in 1900 to 22.9 years in 1970. The most recent projections indi cate that between 1975 and 1990 nearly 12 million women will be added to the labor force. By 1990, over 481/2 million women are pro jected to be in the labor force, some what more than 1 of every 2 in the population 16 years old and over. Most of the increase is expected to be among women in the prime work ing ages, 25 to 54. Labor force participation rates for these women, most of whom are married, average about 55 percent today and are pro jected to rise to 60 or 65 percent by 1990. 61 Percent of population in labor force 1 0 0 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Actual 60 Projected Digitized64 for FRASER Table 60 Life and work expectancy at birth, selected years, 1900-70 (In years) Item 19001 19402 19502 I9 6 0 2 1970 50.7 6.3 44.1 65.7 12.1 53.6 71.0 15.1 55.9 73.1 20.1 53.0 74.8 22.9 51.9 Life expectancy ..................... Work life ........................ Outside labor force ........ 48.2 32.1 16.1 61.2 38.1 23.1 65.5 41.5 24.0 66.8 41.1 25.7 67.1 40.1 27.0 Women’s worklife as percent of men’s ............................... 19.6 31.6 36.3 48.6 57.1 W OM EN Life expectancy ..................... Work life ........................ Outside labor force ........ MEN ^ a t a f o r 1 9 0 0 a r e f o r w h i t e p e r s o n s in t h o s e S t a t e s w h i c h r e g i s t e r e d d e a t h s . 2F i g u r e s a d j u s t e d t o r e m o v e 1 4 - a n d 1 5 - y e a r o l d s f r o m t h e l a b o r f o r c e t o b e c o n s i s t e n t w i t h 1 9 7 0 ( 1 9 0 0 is n o t c o m p a r a b l e ) . N O T E : T h e e x p e c t a n c i e s in t h i s t a b l e r e f l e c t t h e a v e r a g e n u m b e r o f y e a r s a n i n d i v i d u a l w o u l d h a v e l i v e d a n d w o r k e d if m o r t a l i t y a n d l a b o r f o r c e p a r t i c i p a t i o n r a t e s h a d h e l d c o n s t a n t t h r o u g h o u t h i s o r h e r l i f e t i m e a t t h e l e v e l r e c o r d e d in t h e y e a r o f t h e i n d i v i d u a l ’s b ir th . Table 61 Population, labor force, and labor force participation rates of women and men by age, 1975 (actual), and 1980, 1985, and 1990 (projected) (Numbers in thousands) P o p u la tio n , J u ly 1 Sex and age Labor fo rce p a rtic ip a tio n rates, annual averages Labor fo rc e , annual averages Projected Projected 1975 Projected 1975 1980 1985 1990 1 1975 1980 1985 1990 1980 1985 1990 51.4 W O M EN 79,921 86,111 90,781 9 4 ,5 8 8 3 6 ,9 9 8 4 1 ,6 7 3 4 5 ,6 9 9 4 8 ,6 1 9 4 6 .3 4 8 .4 50.3 16 t o 19 ........................ 8 ,2 2 5 8 ,1 6 0 7,018 6,612 4 ,0 3 8 4 ,2 2 6 3,762 3,649 49.1 51.8 53.6 55.2 20 t o 24 ........................ 9 ,4 8 6 10,327 10,115 8,8 5 2 6,0 6 9 7,0 6 6 7 ,329 6,6 5 9 64 .0 68.4 72.5 75.2 25 t o 34 ....................... 1 5,514 18,108 19,967 2 0 ,5 8 2 8 ,4 5 6 10,394 12,210 13,077 54.5 57.4 61.2 63.5 35 t o 4 4 ....................... 1 1,618 1 3,084 15,903 18,525 6 ,4 9 3 7 ,6 3 3 9 ,7 2 3 11,678 55.9 58.3 61.1 63.0 45 t o 54 ........................ 1 2,206 11,577 11,437 12,885 6,665 6,6 0 9 6,761 7,7 9 5 54.6 57.1 59.1 60.3 55 t o 64 ........................ 10,349 11,035 11,238 10,671 4 ,2 4 4 4 ,6 2 8 4 ,7 4 0 4,5 1 4 4 1 .0 41.9 42.2 4 2 .3 .................. 12,521 13,820 15,103 16,461 1,033 1,117 1,174 1,250 8.2 8.1 7.8 7.6 77.3 T o t a l , 16 y e a r s a n d o v e r . . . . 65 a n d o v e r MEN T o t a l , 16 y e a r s a n d o v e r ... 7 1 ,4 6 8 7 7 ,0 8 9 8 1 ,1 1 9 8 4 ,3 7 9 55 ,6 1 5 6 0 ,0 0 0 6 2 ,9 0 3 6 5 ,2 2 0 77.8 77.8 77.5 16 t o 19 ........................ 8 ,0 4 9 8 ,0 3 7 6 ,8 7 0 6,4 8 5 4 ,7 6 0 4 ,9 0 5 4,181 3,976 59.1 61.0 60.9 61.3 20 t o 24 ....................... 8 ,7 6 9 9 ,5 8 4 3,986 8 ,1 2 9 7 ,3 9 8 8 ,0 6 9 7,795 6,671 84.4 84.2 83.0 82.1 95.1 95.7 95.2 94.9 94.7 95.5 95.1 94.8 25 t o 34 ....................... 14,566 1 7,196 18,997 19,590 13,854 16,369 18,021 18,545 35 t o 44 ........................ 10,745 12,147 14,917 17,471 10,288 11,600 14,192 16,571 45 t o 54 ........................ 11,330 10,841 10,721 12,085 10,426 9 ,892 9,7 0 9 10,901 90.6 90.2 9,791 10,000 9 ,592 6,982 7,2 7 5 7,162 6,7 0 4 92.0 75.7 91.2 ........................ 9,221 74.3 71.6 69.9 .................. 8 ,7 8 4 9,4 9 2 10,228 11,027 1,906 1,890 1,843 1,852 21.7 19.9 18.0 16.8 55 t o 64 65 a n d o v e r 1Percent of population in labor force. 65 66 Sources of Data Table No. Part I. 1, 2, 3, 4 5 6 U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), Handbook of Labor Statistics 1975—Reference Edition and Employment and Earnings, January 1977. BLS, Employment and Earnings, May 1976 and BLS, Monthly Labor Review, May 1974, “Where Women Work” . BLS, Handbook of Labor Statistics 1975—Reference Edition and BLS, Employment and Earnings, January 1976 and January 1977. 7 8 U.S. Census of Population 1950, P-E No. 1B, Occupational Characteristics, and BLS, Employment and Earnings, December 1969, January 1971, and January 1977. U.S. Census of Population 1950, P-E No. 1B, Occupational Characteristics, U.S. Census of Population 1970, PC (2) 7-A, Occupational Characteristics, and BLS, Employment and Earnings, January 1977. 9, 10 BLS, Handbook of Labor Statistics, 1975—Reference and Employment and Earnings, January 1977. 11 BLS, 12 13 14, 15, 16, 17 Employment and Earnings, January 1977. BLS, unpublished 1970 CPS data, and January 1977. ings, Edition Employment and Earn U.S. Department of Labor, Employment and Training Report of the President, 1976, and BLS Special Labor Force Report 192, Work Experience of the Population, 1975. BLS, Special Labor Force Report 192, Work Experience of the Population, 1975. Part II. 1& U.S. Census of Population 1950; P-E No. 1A, Employment and Personal Characteristics, and P-E No. 20, Marital Status (labor force adjusted for ages 16 and over), BLS, Special Labor Force Reports 13 (population and laborforce adjusted forages 16and over), 130,183, and U.S. Department of Labor, news release77191 (BLS data). 19, 20, 21 U.S. Department of Labor, news release 77-191, and unpub lished March 1976 CPS data. Table No. Table No. 22 BLS, Division of Labor Force Studies, Special Labor Force Reports. 23, 24 U.S. Department of Labor, news release 77-165 (BLS data). 25 26 27, 28 Bureau of the Census, Current Population Reports Series P-20, No. 298, “ Daytime Care of Children: October 1974 and Feb ruary 1975” . Bureau of the Census, Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial Times to 1970, Bicentennial Edition, U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, National Center for Health Statistics (HRA) 77-1120, Advance Report, Final Natality Statis tics 1975; and U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Wel fare, National Center for Health Statistics, (HRA) 77-1120, Births, Marriages, Divorces, and Deaths for 1976. BLS, Special Labor Force Report 190, Women Who Head Families: A Socioeconomic Analysis, and unpublished March 41, 42 BLS, unpublished March 1976 CPS data. 43 Bureau of the Census, unpublished CPS data. Part IV. 44 BLS, Handbook of Labor Statistics, 1975—Reference and Employment and Earnings, January 1977. 45 BLS, unpublished CPS data. 46, 47 U.S. Department of Labor, news release 77-191. 48 U.S. Department of Labor, news release 77-165. 49 BLS, unpublished March 1976 data. 50 Bureau of the Census, Current Population Reports, Series P-20, Number 302, and BLS, unpublished March 1976 CPS data. 51, 52, 53 BLS, unpublished March 1976 CPS data. 54 Bureau of the Census, Current Population Reports, Series P-60, Number 103, “ Money Income and Poverty Status of Families and Persons in the United States: 1975 and 1974 Revisions (Advance Report).” 1976 CPS data. 29 BLS, unpublished March 1976 CPS data. Part III. 30 U.S. Department of Labor, Employment and Training Admini stration, Employment and Training Report of the President, 1977. Part V. 31, 32, 33 BLS, Special Labor Force Report 193, Educational Attainment of Workers, March 1976. 55, 56 34 Bureau of the Census, unpublished CPS data. 57 BLS, Special Labor Force Report No. 194, 35 U.S. Department of Labor, news release 76-1290 (BLS data). 36 BLS, unpublished May 1976 CPS data. 58 BLS, unpublished May 1976 CPS data. 37 Bureau of the Census, “ Consumer Income.” 59 BLS, Bulletin 1886, Current Population Reports, Series P-60, 38 Bureau of the Census, Current Population No. 105, “ Consumer Income.” Reports, Series P-60, 39 BLS, unpublished March 1976 CPS data. 40 U.S. Department of Labor, news release 77-191 (BLS data). May 1976. Workers. Job Tenure of Multiple Jobholders, Jobseeking Methods Used by American Part VI. 60 BLS, Special Labor Force Report No. 172, Workers, January 1973. Edition, 61 BLS, Special Labor Force Report No. 187, Life for Men and Women, 1970. Length of Working U.S. Department of Labor, news release 76-1222 (BLS data). ☆ U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1977 0 - 2 4 8 - 0 7 0 / 6 6 2 6 Bureau of Labor Statistics Regional Offices Region I 1 6 0 3 J F K F e d e r a l B u ild in g G o v ern m en t C enter B oston , M ass. 0 2 2 0 3 P h o n e: (617) 2 2 3 -6 7 6 1 Region II S u ite 3 4 0 0 1515 B roadw ay N e w Y ork, N Y. 1 0 0 3 6 P h o n e: (212) 3 9 9 - 5 4 0 5 Region III 3 5 3 5 M arket S tre e t P .O . B o x 1 3 3 0 9 P h ila d e lp h ia , Pa. 19101 P h o n e : (215) 5 9 6 -1 1 5 4 Region IV 1371 P ea c h tr e e Street, NE. A flan ta, G a. 3 0 3 0 9 P hone: (404) 8 8 1 -4 4 1 8 Region V 9th F loor F e d e r a l O ffic e B u ild in g 2 3 0 S. D e a rb o rn S t r e e t C h i c a g o , III. 6 0 6 0 4 P h o n e: (312) 3 5 3 - 1 8 8 0 Region VI S e c o n d F loor 5 5 5 G r if f in S q u a r e B u i l d i n g D allas, T ex. 7 5 2 0 2 P h o n e : (214) 7 4 9 -3 5 1 6 Regions VII and VIII* 911 W a ln u t S t r e e t K a n s a s C ity , M o . 6 4 1 0 6 P h o n e: (816) 3 7 4 -2 4 8 1 Regions IX and X** 4 5 0 G o ld en G a te A v e n u e Box 36017 S a n F r a n c i s c o , C a lif. 9 4 1 0 2 P h ofor n e FRASER : (415) 5 5 6 - 4 6 7 8 Digitized * R e g i o n s VII a n d VIII a r e s e r v i c e d b y K a n s a s C ity * * R e g i o n s IX a n d X a r e s e r v i c e d by S a n F ra n cisco U. S. Department of Labor Bureau of Labor Statistics Washington, D.C. 20212 Official Business Penalty for private use, $300 Postage and Fees Paid U.S. Department of Labor Third Class Mail Lab-441