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BUFFALO BRANCH, FEDERAL RESERVE BANK OF NEW YORK THE REGIONAL ECONOMY OF UPSTATE NEW YORK The Changing Composition of Upstate New York’s Workforce Fall 2003 Buffalo Branch, Federal Reserve Bank of New York 160 Delaware Avenue Buffalo, NY 14202 Tel: (716)849-5023 Fax: (716) 849-5218 www.newyorkfed.org/ buffalo Barbara Walter Senior Vice President and Branch Manager Reggie Melson Community Affairs Representative reggie.melson@ny.frb.org Richard Deitz, Ph.D. Regional Economist richard.deitz@ny.frb.org ▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼ To view the latest results of the Empire State Manufacturing Survey, visit: http://www.newyorkfed.org/ research/regional_economy/ empiresurvey_overview.html For the online version of this newsletter and other economic research published by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, visit: http://www.newyorkfed.org/ research/regional_economy/ upstatenews.html In recent decades, the economy of upstate New York has undergone significant structural changes—permanent shifts in the composition of economic activity. Industry employment trends are one indicator of these changes: job losses in industries like steel and automobiles, paired with job gains in services such as education and commercial banking, point to the decline of manufacturing and the attendant rise of a service economy in the region. Another important indicator of structural change, however, is a shift in the occupational makeup of the region. While workers can transfer their skills from one industry to another—moving, say, from a clerical position in a hospital to a similar position in a university—they cannot change occupations without undergoing considerable retraining. Given the difficulty of making such a change, pronounced shifts in a region’s occupational composition provide strong evidence that a fundamental restructuring of the workforce is under way. In this issue of The Regional Economy of Upstate New York, we use newly available data from the 2000 census to assess the occupational composition of the upstate New York workforce and to analyze how it has changed since the 1990 census. We also compare the evolving mix of occupations in our region with that of the nation as a whole, an approach that allows us to identify upstate New York’s areas of specialization and some unique features of the changes in the region’s labor market. Our analysis reveals that the largest occupations in the region—as in the nation— are office and administrative support, retail and sales, management, and production. Compared with the nation, upstate New York has particularly high concentrations of workers in production, education, healthcare, and community and social services. We also find that regional workers in the occupations of management, construction, community and social services, protection, and farming tend to earn higher wages than workers in those occupations on a national level, while regional wages in retail and sales and in computer and mathematical occupations tend to be lower than the nation’s. Our comparison of the 1990 and 2000 census data on occupations indicates that while upstate New York’s overall employment growth fell far short of the nation’s, some smaller occupations—education, healthcare, and community and social services—grew at roughly the same pace in the region as they did in the nation. However, the larger occupations of office and administrative support, construction, and retail and sales actually shrank in upstate New York while they grew—albeit slowly—nationwide. Generally, upstate New York gained jobs in high-paying occupations, as did the nation. But while employment in low-paying occupations grew very slowly nationwide, it contracted in upstate New York. Despite this difference, the region and the nation were alike in experiencing an increase in the share of jobs in high-wage occupations and a decrease in the share of jobs in low-wage occupations over the 1990-2000 period. The Occupational Data Advantage Regional economic research tends to focus on industry employment trends. The newly implemented North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) has made such analysis more precise by refining and updating industry categories.1 Industry employment statistics group workers according to the industries in which they work, but do not identify the type of work performed by individual workers. For example, managers in a manufacturing plant are included under the same industry code as the plant’s production and office workers despite vast differences in their skills and wages. Furthermore, industrylevel data fail to capture changes in the type of work performed within an industry. A firm may, for example, reduce its production workers but increase its research and development staff. While this change may cause little net change in industry-level employment, it represents a significant change in the nature and makeup of the workforce. THE REGIONAL ECONOMY Table 1 Occupation Employment Shares (percent) SOC Group U.S. Buffalo Rochester Albany Syracuse Utica Binghamton Office and administrative support 15.5 16.6 14.9 17.9 15.7 17.0 15.3 Retail and Sales 11.3 11.2 10.4 10.0 11.3 9.7 11.0 Management 8.6 7.8 8.5 8.5 7.6 6.4 7.4 9.7 Production occupations 8.5 9.4 10.3 5.7 9.1 10.0 Transportation and material moving 6.2 6.0 5.1 5.6 5.9 5.9 5.9 Education, training, and library 5.7 6.9 7.0 6.9 7.4 6.6 6.8 Construction and extraction 5.5 3.5 3.7 4.2 4.1 3.9 4.2 Food preparation and serving 4.8 5.6 5.0 4.7 5.2 5.2 5.3 Healthcare practitioners & technicians 4.6 6.0 5.3 5.7 5.6 6.1 5.2 Business and financial operations 4.3 4.0 3.9 5.1 3.7 3.7 3.6 Installation, maintenance, & repair 3.9 3.7 3.5 3.5 4.1 3.9 3.2 Cleaning & maintenance 3.3 2.8 2.6 2.7 3.2 3.3 3.2 Personal care and service 2.5 2.4 3.0 2.5 2.6 3.0 2.6 Computer and mathematical 2.4 1.6 3.0 2.8 1.7 1.1 3.5 Architecture and engineering 2.1 1.9 3.2 2.5 2.1 1.6 3.2 Healthcare support 2.0 2.6 2.3 2.3 2.2 3.4 2.8 1.8 Protective services 2.0 2.3 1.7 2.0 2.1 3.1 Arts, entertainment, sports, and media 1.9 1.4 1.8 1.7 1.7 1.3 1.3 Community and social services 1.5 1.8 1.8 2.1 1.9 2.2 1.8 Legal 1.1 1.2 0.8 1.6 1.0 0.7 0.7 Life, physical, and social sciences 0.9 0.8 1.2 1.3 0.7 0.5 0.6 Farming, fishing, and forestry Farmers and farm managers 0.7 0.6 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.5 0.4 14.2 12.5 15.6 15.4 12.4 9.8 14.8 9.9 10.8 10.4 12.1 10.0 10.2 9.4 Mid wage ($30,000 - $40,000) 18.6 17.3 17.9 18.4 19.1 17.8 17.3 Mid-low wage ($20,000 - $30,000) Low wage (< $20,000) 45.4 11.4 48.2 11.0 44.8 10.9 43.5 10.3 46.4 11.5 49.1 12.2 46.5 11.6 High wage (> $50,000) Mid-high wage ($40,000 - $50,000) Sources: U.S. Bureau of the Census, Summary File 3 (2000); U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Employment Survey (2001). Notes: The figures in bold represent employment shares that are approximately 20 percent higher than the corresponding U.S. shares. Wage groups are based on the median U.S. wage and aggregated from the twenty-three SOC occupation groups. Farmers and farm managers are not included in wage aggregations because median wage data are not available for this group. Upstate New York’s Occupational Distribution Occupation-level data group workers with similar education, skills, and wages. For example, office and administrative support workers are classed together, regardless of whether they work in education or business. As a consequence, occupational data can tell us much about the basic composition of the labor force. While industry employment data reveal general shifts in the relative importance of different industries, occupational data allow us to identify changes in the type of work that is actually being done and the skills that the economy demands. Thus, the occupational data can provide a much more precise characterization of restructuring in the labor force. By applying the SOC’s breakdown of occupations to the 2000 census data, we can assess the size and importance of individual occupations (Table 1). We find that in both upstate New York and the nation, the largest occupation—that is, the occupation commanding the largest share of employment—is office and administrative support. The employment share of this occupation in all upstate metropolitan areas is near the national average of 15 percent. Albany has an especially large share—nearly 18 percent—reflecting the fact that many of its workers directly or indirectly provide services for the state government. The next largest occupation in upstate New York and the nation is retail and sales, with employment shares ranging between roughly 10 and 11 percent. Management and production work also figure in the top four occupations in the nation and most upstate metro areas. To analyze data at the occupation level, we draw on the Standard Occupation Classification (SOC) system, which is currently used by all federal statistical agencies to categorize workers by occupation. Like the industrial classification system, the SOC has recently been modernized. The updated version is now being implemented by most data collection agencies.2 Buffalo Branch - FRBNY Employment shares for some occupations are markedly larger in the region than in the nation, suggesting that upstate metro 2 Table 2 Median Annual Wage by Occupation Group SOC Group U.S. Buffalo Rochester Albany Syracuse Utica Binghamton Management 64,220 66,370 73,250 71,090 67,760 59,510 65,460 Computer and mathematical 57,650 47,970 58,150 51,840 50,460 46,340 58,840 Legal 56,220 44,610 75,180 62,430 58,850 51,070 44,980 Architecture and engineering 53,630 49,220 56,280 53,610 50,720 49,470 57,140 Business and financial operations 45,720 42,460 45,640 45,800 43,760 36,010 44,580 Life, physical, and social sciences 44,770 43,810 46,720 46,210 43,820 37,550 42,010 Healthcare practitioners & technicians 42,770 39,340 40,330 41,370 39,810 38,860 36,840 Education, training, and library 36,210 35,660 37,040 40,680 40,050 38,930 34,240 Arts, entertainment, sports, and media 33,670 27,910 33,180 31,100 27,490 26,200 27,440 Installation, maintenance, & repair 33,110 33,230 36,880 33,810 32,870 29,550 30,340 Construction and extraction 32,390 37,670 34,680 36,550 34,600 32,110 32,000 Community and social services 31,440 31,320 33,010 35,730 34,280 27,820 32,730 Protective services 28,410 35,830 35,830 39,580 32,210 38,480 31,400 Office and administrative support 25,050 24,200 24,700 26,570 24,660 22,610 22,020 Production 24,570 27,650 27,170 26,520 25,280 21,820 23,240 Transportation 22,800 23,770 22,180 24,830 23,330 20,830 21,100 Healthcare support 20,490 21,730 20,960 20,390 20,610 18,940 19,970 Retail and Sales 20,040 17,880 17,860 18,860 17,940 17,650 17,130 Cleaning & maintenance 18,120 17,980 17,590 19,600 18,000 17,630 18,270 Personal care and service 17,230 15,840 16,640 18,030 17,570 15,010 15,550 Farming, fishing, and forestry Food preparation and serving 16,140 14,820 19,760 14,050 19,040 14,010 16,590 15,500 19,690 14,280 20,890 13,740 18,190 14,290 Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Employment Survey (2001). Note: Median wage data are not available for the farmers and farm managers occupation group. * This figure is the average of the 1999 and 2000 wage figures because 2001 data were unavailable. to those of workers nationwide, but with some differences (Table 2). According to the U.S. Department of Labor’s Occupational Employment Survey, the highest paid occupations in both the region and the United States are management, computer and mathematical work, law, and architecture and engineering. Nationwide, wages are lowest in farming, food preparation, and personal care; upstate, these occupations are also among the most modestly compensated. areas have certain areas of specialization. With the exception of Albany, upstate metro areas have a high concentration of production workers – nearly 10 percent, compared with 8.5 percent nationwide. Education and training also account for an above-average share of employment in upstate New York— roughly 7 percent or more compared with the national share of 5.7 percent. A third area of specialization is healthcare, where two occupation groups—practitioners and healthcare support—have combined employment shares that are 1 to 2 percentage points higher in the region than in the nation. In addition, community and social services account for a larger share of employment in every upstate metro area than in the nation. Also notable are the relatively high concentrations of some occupations in particular upstate metro areas: architects and engineers in Rochester, Albany, and Binghamton; the life, physical, and social sciences in Rochester and Albany; and business and financial operations in Albany. In general, upstate workers in management, construction, social services, protection, and farming tend to earn higher wages than workers in these same occupations nationwide, while the region’s wages tend to be below the nation’s in computer and mathematical work and in retail and sales. Production workers earn relatively high wages in Buffalo, Rochester, and Albany. Wages in almost every occupation group in Rochester and Albany tend to roughly equal or exceed the corresponding national wages, and Rochester’s median wage in legal occupations is particularly high. Workers in most occupation groups in Utica and Binghamton earn less than workers nationwide, although three of the four most highly compensated occupations pay more in Binghamton than in the nation. Buffalo and Syracuse present a mixed picture: wages for managers in both metropolitan areas exceed the national median, while wages in many of the remaining high-wage occupations tend to fall below the national median. Some occupations are, however, less well represented in upstate New York than in the nation as a whole. Construction accounts for a markedly lower share of employment in all of the region’s metro areas than in the nation. Moreover, computer and mathematical occupations have a relatively low employment share in Buffalo, Syracuse, and Utica. Earnings by Occupation A review of annual earnings in the various SOC occupational groups reveals that upstate workers’ wages are broadly comparable We also stratified occupations into five wage groups, from high-paying occupations to low-paying occupations, to compare 3 THE REGIONAL ECONOMY Table 3 Percentage Employment Growth by Occupation Group: 1990 - 2000 SOC Group U.S. Buffalo Rochester Albany Syracuse Utica Binghamton Computer and mathematical 113.4 19.4 102.4 90.8 21.2 -15.3 89.9 Community and social services 43.4 42.2 34.0 56.9 40.2 73.2 17.5 Legal 33.6 22.5 -20.2 51.2 -2.1 -26.8 -43.5 Healthcare practitioners & technicians 30.1 43.7 15.2 24.5 25.0 48.5 -5.5 Management 29.6 15.6 18.2 5.5 6.6 6.5 -1.2 Education, training, and library 29.0 31.0 25.1 21.8 31.7 26.3 7.4 Business and financial operations 25.2 13.1 5.5 21.0 -1.0 15.4 -5.6 Personal care and service 24.7 -0.8 36.9 21.5 12.7 17.8 1.3 Protective services 23.9 6.7 11.5 12.1 7.3 17.9 19.3 Installation, maintenance, & repair 21.0 2.3 -3.7 13.2 11.6 5.4 -15.3 Healthcare support 20.7 24.7 24.8 26.4 14.7 56.4 21.7 Food preparation and serving 13.6 3.0 5.7 3.3 5.6 -7.2 -7.2 Arts, entertainment, sports, and media 13.3 -32.3 -17.4 -21.7 -23.3 -34.4 -48.4 Transportation 10.5 -1.8 -0.8 0.8 -3.6 9.5 2.4 Construction and extraction 7.2 -38.1 -32.2 -11.9 -28.3 -32.0 -25.9 Retail and Sales 4.1 -13.9 -3.8 -11.5 -8.8 -13.1 -6.0 Office and administrative support 2.5 -5.2 -8.6 -13.0 -12.7 -4.4 -6.9 Cleaning & maintenance 0.4 -20.2 -21.2 -13.5 -9.6 -19.2 -17.7 -60.8 Life, physical, and social sciences -0.4 -27.6 -4.9 5.3 -40.1 -57.6 Production occupations -7.1 -10.9 -8.6 -19.9 -6.7 -10.5 -7.0 Farming, fishing, and forestry -8.9 -38.7 -24.3 -38.8 -10.4 -22.9 -18.4 Architecture and engineering Farmers and farm managers -10.6 -22.2 -29.0 -48.0 8.4 -22.4 -16.8 -23.4 -26.6 -11.8 -37.9 0.4 -12.8 -30.4 High wage (> $50,000) 30.2 6.5 22.6 13.5 -0.1 -9.7 3.9 Mid-high wage ($40,000 - $50,000) 24.4 22.6 8.9 20.7 6.5 22.3 -13.1 Mid wage ($30,000 - $40,000) 19.4 -3.3 -2.2 8.0 3.5 -0.1 -12.8 0.4 -6.3 -7.6 -13.2 -9.4 -4.7 -5.6 8.4 11.8 -6.4 -2.0 0.8 1.2 -2.7 0.5 -2.7 -2.4 -2.1 -1.3 -3.8 -6.0 Mid-low wage ($20,000 - $30,000) Low wage (< $20,000) Total Sources: U.S. Bureau of the Census, Summary File 3 (2000); U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Employment Survey (2001). Notes: Wage groups are based on the median U.S. wage and aggregated from the twenty-three SOC occupation groups. Farmers and farm managers are not included in wage aggregations because median wage data are not available for this group. Occupational Changes over the 1990s the percentage of workers employed in each group in upstate New York and the nation (Table 1, bottom five rows). Despite differences between the region and the nation in the employment shares for individual occupations, differences in employment shares for the five broad wage groups are nominal.3 About 24 percent of workers nationwide work in the two highest wage aggregations, while 57 percent work in the two lowest paying groups. The percentage of workers in high-wage occupations is slightly higher in Rochester and Albany than in the nation, with the employment share of the mid-high-wage group in Albany exceeding the share of the same group in the nation by more than two percentage points. Accordingly, the employment shares of the mid- and low-wage occupation groups are slightly lower in the Rochester and the Albany metro areas than in the nation as a whole. The percentage of workers in high-wage occupations is slightly smaller in Buffalo and Syracuse than in the nation, and significantly smaller in Utica. And Syracuse, Utica, and Binghamton all have slightly higher shares of the two lowest paying groups. While the 2000 census gives a current snapshot of the occupational landscape, we show how this landscape has changed by comparing data from the 1990 and 2000 censuses. Using comparability tables created by the U.S. Bureau of the Census to adjust for differences between the SOC occupation categories used in 1990 and those used in 2000,4 we find that education, healthcare, and community and social services—areas of specialization upstate—are among the fastest growing occupations, both nationally and regionally (Table 3). Education and training occupations achieved a rate of expansion in Buffalo and Syracuse that exceeded the nation’s already rapid rate. These occupations expanded somewhat more slowly in Rochester, Albany, and Utica than in the nation, and much more slowly in Binghamton. The highly paid healthcare practitioners occupation was the fastest growing occupation in Buffalo, and grew considerably faster in Buffalo and Utica than in the nation, but grew more slowly in remaining upstate areas and shrank in Binghamton. The relatively low-paying healthcare support occupation group was a top growth occupation upstate, 4 Buffalo Branch - FRBNY THE REGIONAL ECONOMY Table 4 Percentage Point Change in Share of Employment by Occupation Group: 1990 - 2000 SOC Wage Aggregation U.S. Buffalo Rochester Albany Syracuse Utica Binghamton High wage (> $50,000) 2.0 1.0 2.7 1.8 0.3 -0.9 1.4 Mid-high wage ($40,000 - $50,000) 1.0 2.2 0.7 2.0 0.8 2.0 -0.8 1.2 -0.2 -0.6 1.3 1.1 0.2 -1.3 -2.9 -1.0 -1.3 -1.5 -2.6 -0.1 -4.0 -0.9 -2.1 -0.1 -1.1 -0.2 0.1 0.7 Mid wage ($30,000 - $40,000) Mid-low wage ($20,000 - $30,000) Low wage (< $20,000) Sources: U.S. Bureau of the Census, Summary File 3 (2000); U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Employment Survey (2001). Notes: The percentage point change in shares is calculated as the difference between the share of employment in the wage category in 2000 and the share in 1990. Wage groups are based on the median U.S. wage and aggregated from the twenty-three SOC occupation groups. with a rate of expansion in all metro areas except Syracuse that exceeded the nation’s. Community and social services work was also among the region’s fastest growing occupations, outpacing the national growth rate in Albany and Utica. high-wage occupations, albeit at a slower pace. However, these metro areas are losing employment in lower paying occupations – something that the nation as a whole is not experiencing. Only Rochester and Albany experienced significant growth in the highest wage group; Buffalo and Binghamton saw small growth in the highest wage group, while Syracuse and Utica experienced a decline. The mid-high-wage group grew significantly and close to the U.S. rate in Buffalo, Albany, and Utica, but grew much more modestly in Rochester and Syracuse. Employment fell in the two low-wage groups in every metro area, with the exception of a small gain in Rochester’s lowest wage group. By far, the most rapidly growing group nationwide is computer and mathematical occupations, which more than doubled in size between 1990 and 2000. A relatively highpaying occupation, it is a relatively small group, employing only 2.4 percent of the workforce. This occupation grew much more slowly in Buffalo and Syracuse and shrank in Utica, but grew close to the national rate in Rochester, Albany, and Binghamton. Another small occupation that grew rapidly nationwide was legal work. This highly paid occupation grew even faster in Albany than in the nation, but it shrank in Rochester, Syracuse, Utica, and Binghamton. Coupling employment gains and losses with each occupation’s employment shares, we find that the most significant causes of job loss in upstate New York were contractions in office and administrative support, construction, production, and retail and sales occupations. The largest contributors to employment gains were management, education, food preparation, and healthcare occupations. Since job gains tended to be outweighed by losses, employment in most upstate metros contracted between 1990 and 2000. These growth patterns are altering the occupational structure of the workforce. The change is reflected in the rise or decline of the employment shares held by each of the five wage groups between 1990 and 2000 (Table 4). Because higher wage groups are growing more rapidly than lower wage groups in the United States, the three highest wage occupation groups are gaining shares of employment, while the remaining two low-wage groups are losing shares. As a result of these developments, more of the country’s workforce was employed in high-wage occupations in 2000 than in 1990. The same redistribution of the workforce toward higher wage occupations has occurred in much of upstate New York, although the underlying developments have been somewhat different: negative—not slow—growth in the lower wage groups, paired with merely modest growth in the higher wage groups. In Buffalo, Rochester, Albany, and Syracuse, the two high-wage occupation groups are gaining shares of employment, while the two lowest wage groups are losing shares. Utica and Binghamton, however, exhibit somewhat different patterns: Utica is seeing an increase in the employment share of mid-wage occupations and a reduction in the shares at the upper and lower ends of the wage spectrum. In Binghamton, the shares of the wage groups at the upper and lower ends are growing, while the shares of the midwage and mid-high-wage groups are declining. We also examined occupational changes across our five wage groupings. The national pattern clearly indicates significant growth in mid- and high-wage occupations, with little growth in the lowest two wage groups. Upstate metro areas are undergoing more significant and complex changes. With few exceptions, upstate metro areas, like the nation, are experiencing growth in While the United States experienced significant growth in total employment during the 1990s, upstate New York experienced very little. However, the pattern of employment growth and decline across occupations, although different for the region than for the nation, has had a similar impact on the shares of employment by occupational wage groups. Office and administrative support and retail and sales—the two largest occupation groups, both relatively low-paying—are growing very slowly nationwide and shrinking in all upstate metro areas. Also losing ground both nationally and regionally are production and farming occupations, as well as architecture and engineering occupations. Other occupations that contracted significantly in upstate New York were construction, arts, design and entertainment, cleaning and maintenance, and the life, physical, and social sciences occupations. Buffalo Branch - FRBNY 5 THE REGIONAL ECONOMY Conclusion While job gains and losses in particular industries are in important measure of structural change, shifts in the occupational composition of an economy may be a better measure of underlying workforce restructuring. Sluggish employment growth in upstate New York during the 1990s was largely the result of a loss of jobs in office and administrative support work, retail and sales, construction, and production. These jobs tend to be on the lower end of the wage spectrum. Upstate New York is gaining jobs in healthcare, education, management, and food preparation. These gains, however, have not been enough to offset employment losses in other occupations for much of the region. Our findings indicate that the structure of the upstate New York workforce is indeed undergoing significant change. While increases in mid- and high-wage occupations largely drove the expansion of the nation’s employment base during the 1990s, upstate New York experienced much more modest growth in these occupations. Moreover, that modest growth was coupled with a reduction in the number of workers in low-wage occupations. Together, these forces produced a significant structural shift in the labor force – a redistribution of employment that has increased the share of jobs in high-paying occupations and decreased the share of jobs in low-paying occupations. While the region’s economic performance was well below the nation’s in the 1990s, economic restructuring is creating a mix of occupations that, in terms of the distribution of employment in the occupational wage structure, resembles that of the nation. Notes: 1 See “The Upstate Economy under the New NAICS Classification System,” Regional Economy of Upstate New York, Federal Reserve Bank of New York, Buffalo Branch, summer 2003. 2 See Office of Management and Budget, Standard Occupational Classification Manual (Bernan Press, 2000). 3 This does not imply that the wage structure is equivalent, but that relative shares of employment in wage categories roughly correspond. 4 These tables provide estimates of the proportion of employment from the earlier SOC categories that fall into the new SOC categories (see http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/sf3occcross_menu.html). These estimates are, of course, inexact, and are only available at the national level. Proportions are likely to differ among regions and applying them to local areas introduces further inaccuracy. Nevertheless, this method of comparing occupations between the two censuses is the only one currently available, and it can provide a rough guide to regional occupational changes. Richard Deitz The views expressed in this newsletter are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the position of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York or the Federal Reserve System. Buffalo Branch Federal Reserve Bank of New York PO Box 961 Buffalo, NY 14240-0961 PRESORTED STANDARD U.S. POSTAGE PAID BUFFALO, NY PERMIT NO. 1
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