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B u l l e t i n 1518 UNffft|UB®f| COST in manufacturing TRENDS IN NINE COUNTRIES, 1950-65 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR W. Willard Wirtz, Secretary BUREAU OF LABOR S T A T IS T IC S A r t h u r M. Ross, Com m is sio ner UNIT LABOR COST IN MANUFACTURING TRENDS IN NINE COUNTRIES, 1950-65 Bulletin No. 1518 June 1966 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR W. Willard Wirtz, Secretary BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS Arthur M. Ross, Commissioner For sole by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 2 0 4 0 2 - Price 30 cents Preface Changes nations of balance of comparing in unit labor cost in manufacturing in the principal industrial the free world are an important factor in changes in the trade and the balance of payments. They are also useful in wage and price stability at home and abroad. This bulletin presents units labor cost indexes, the underlying sta tistical data from which the indexes are constructed, and related esti mates of hourly labor cost and output per man-hour in nine countries for the period 1950-65. It also presents certain conclusions drawn from the data and describes the procedures and limitations involved in making the estimates. The bulletin was prepared in the Bureau’s Office of Foreign Labor and Trade by John H. Chandler, Chief, Branch of International Com parisons, and Patrick C. Jackman, Economist, under the general direction o f William C. Shelton, Assistant Commissioner for the Office. in Contents Page Introduction _________________________________________________________ Long-term trends ____________________________________________________ Exchange revaluations_____________________ __________________________ Growth in m anufacturing____________________________________________ Hourly labor c o s t _____________________________________________________ Output per m an-hour_________________________________________________ Further research_____________________________________________________ Methods and sources__________________________________________________ United S ta tes________________________________________________________ Canada_______________________________________________________________ France _______________________________________________________________ Federal Republic of Germ any_________________________________________ I t a ly _________________________________________________________________ J a p a n ________________________________________________________________ Netherlands _________________________________________________________ Sw eden_______________________________________________________________ United Kingdom _____________________________________________________ Selected bibliography_________________________________________________ Text tables: 1. Indexes of unit labor cost in manufacturing for nine countries, 1950-65 ___________________________________________________ 2. Percent change in manufacturing production, aggregate labor compensation, and unit labor cost in nine countries, annual averages, 1950-57 and1957-64 _____________________________ 3. Indexes of average hourly labor cost of wage and salary earners in manufacturingin nine countries, 1950-64 ______ 4. Indexes of output per man-hour in manufacturing in nine coun tries, 1950-64 _____________________________________________ Appendix tables: IA. United States. Basic data on production, labor compensation, employment, and hours of work in manufacturing, 1950-64__ IB. United States. Indexes of unit labor cost, output per man hour, and average hourly compensation in manufacturing, and related indexes, 1950-64 ______________________________ 2A. Canada. Basic data on production, labor compensation, em ployment, and hours of work in manufacturing, 1950-64 ____ 2B. Canada. Indexes of unit labor cost, output per man-hour, and average hourly compensation in manufacturing, 1950-64 ____ 2C. Canada. Revised indexes of production, unit labor cost, and output per man-hour in manufacturing, 1950-64___________ 3A. France. Basic data on production, labor compensation, em ployment, and hours of work in manufacturing, 1950-64 ____ 3B. France. Indexes of unit labor cost, output per man-hour, and average hourly compensation in manufacturing, 1950-64 ____ v 1 2 5 5 8 9 10 10 12 13 14 15 15 16 17 17 18 32 4 5 9 10 19 20 21 22 22 23 23 Contents— Continued Appendix tables— Continued Page 4A. 4B. 5A. 5B. 6A. 6B. 7A. 7B. 8A. 8B. 9A. 9B. Germany (F.R.). Basic data on production, labor compensa tion, employment, and hours of work in manufacturing, 1950-64 __________________________________________________ Germany (F.R.). Indexes of unit labor cost, output per man hour, and average hourly compensation in manufacturing, 1950-64 __________________________________________________ Italy. Basic data on production, labor compensation, and hours of work in manufacturing, 1950-64 ___________ _____ Italy. Indexes of unit labor cost, output per man-hour, and average hourly compensation in manufacturing, 1950-64 ____ Japan. Basic data on production, labor compensation, em ployment, and hours of work in manufacturing, 1950-64 ____ Japan. Indexes of unit labor cost, output per man-hour, and average hourly compensation in manufacturing, 1950-64 ____ Netherlands. Basic data on production, labor compensation, employment, and hours of work in manufacturing, 1950-64 — Netherlands. Indexes of unit labor cost, output per man-hour, and average hourly compensation in manufacturing, 1950-64 __________________________________________________ Sweden. Basic data on production, labor compensation, em ployment, and hours of work in manufacturing and mining, 1950-64 __________________________________________________ Sweden. Indexes of unit labor cost, output per man-hour, and average hourly compensation in manufacturing and mining. 1950-64 _________________________________________________ United Kingdom. Basic data on production, labor compensa tion, employment, and hours of work in manufacturing, 1950-64 __________________________________________________ United Kingdom. Indexes of unit labor cost, output per man hour, and average hourly compensation in manufacturing, 1950-64 __________________________________________________ Charts: 1. Percentage changes in unit labor cost inmanufacturing: 1950-57; 1957-64 __________________________________________ 2. Indexes of unit laborcost in ninecountries, 1950-65 _____________ vi 24 25 26 26 27 27 28 28 29 29 30 31 3 6 Unit Labor Cost in Manufacturing TRENDS IN NINE COUNTRIES, 1 9 5 0 -6 5 N o t e : All United States national accounts data in this bulletin are taken from estimates published by the U.S. Department of Commerce prior to the major revisions in benchmark levels currently being com pleted. Because of anticipated changes in benchmark estimates and the reworking of constant-value output estimates in terms of 1958 dollars instead of 1954 dollars, the indexes of U.S. labor cost and productivity presented here may require changes when the national accounts revisions are completed. Introduction For many years the United States has con tinued its effort to balance its international transactions while carrying out major commit ments at home and abroad. Since the foreign trade account is by far the principal source of surplus in the U.S. balance of payments, trade occupies a crucial position in this effort. Hence, considerable importance attaches to the many factors affecting trade, including labor cost and other production costs at home and abroad.1 Compensation of labor is the principal cost factor in manufacturing as a whole (though not necessarily for individual industries) throughout the industrialized nations of the world. In the U.S. manufacturing sector, for example, employee compensation amounted to 68 percent of gross product originating in 1963; and for other industrial countries also, labor is the dominant input cost, although not necessarily as dominant as in this country. The purpose of this study is to examine trends in the relationship between industrial output and the cost of labor input for the principal indus trial countries of the free world. Unit labor cost is the ratio of labor expendi ture to production. In this bulletin, labor ex penditure includes all payments to labor, con sisting of wages and other direct payments and legally required and voluntary supplements paid to employees or into special employee benefit funds. Production, as used in this study, refers to the total physical output of the manufacturing sector. An index of unit labor cost may be calculated from indexes of labor expenditure and production rather than from volume figures of expenditure and production. The technical problems of defining and meas uring unit labor cost have been described in the Monthly Labor Review.1 2 The nine countries covered in the present study are the United States, Canada, France, Federal Republic of Germany, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, Sweden, and the United King dom. The time period covered by the indexes is from 1950 through 1965. Published informa tion and estimates on labor compensation, hours of work, production, and labor produc tivity have been included in the text or appen dix materials. The indexes of unit labor cost show the trends for all manufacturing within each country. However, the trends for specific manufacturing industries may diverge from these overall trends, and absolute unit labor cost in one country may be quite different from that of another country at any one point in time. 1See article by William C. Shelton and John H. Chandler, “ The Role o f Labor Cost in Foreign Trade,” Monthly Labor Review, May 1963, pp. 485-490. 2 See article by William C. Shelton and John H. Chandler, “ In ternational Comparisons of Unit Labor Cost: Concepts and Meth ods,” Monthly Labor Review, May 1963, pp. 538-547. l Long-Term Trends From the standpoint of labor cost per unit of output, American manufacturers in the mid1960’s have achieved a better competitive position relative to foreign producers than they held in the late 1950's. This conclusion emerges clearly from an inspection of the time series indexes in all nine countries, taking account of changes in the exchange rates in four of the countries. For analytical purposes, the 14 years following 1950 may be divided into two con trasting periods of 7 years each, although other breaks could be used. 1950 to 1957 . From 1950 to 1957, all nine countries underwent substantial inflationary pressures, varying in degree, but generally sufficient to buoy unit labor costs markedly up ward. During this early period, the Korean conflict and the Suez incident interfered with the attempts being made in many of the coun tries to overcome domestic shortages, regain pre-World War II markets, and develop new markets. Nevertheless, rationing and price con trols were greatly reduced, and the return to free market conditions increased export compe tition. Great progress was made toward liber alizing trade and reducing tariffs, but numer ous trade restrictions and exchange controls remained in effect in 1957. These restrictions and controls were particularly important in transactions affecting the dollar zone. From 1950 to 1957, unit labor cost in the United States rose about the same as the aver age in the other countries.3 As shown by the all-employee changes in chart 1, at the end of the period this country occupied a middle posi tion between Japan's decrease at the lower ex treme and Sweden's 67-percent increase. France's doubling of all-employee cost far out stripped rises in the other nations. Estimates of unit labor cost trends for wage earners in foreign countries and production workers in the United States 4 display slightly less change during 1950-57 than do the corre sponding all-employee estimates. This differen tial movement is attributable largely to a tend ency in each country for manufacturing industries to increase the proportion of mana gerial, technical, and clerical personnel to pro 2 duction workers, though differential changes in compensation had some effect. 1957 to 1965. After 1957, the international competition faced by U.S. manufacturers in creased sharply for reasons other than cost. Domestic markets in many European countries and Japan were becoming saturated, reducing the propensity to import and encouraging pro ducers to export. These countries found that they could match American competition in more and more markets, so they reduced re strictions on imports from the dollar zone and restored currency convertibility. The two deval uations of the French franc strengthened France's competitive position and permitted her to take a leading role in this movement. Imports of manufactured goods into the United States, which had been very small rela tive to U.S. manufacturing output for almost 2 decades, increased sharply after 1957. At the same time, the U.S. Government, which had been concerned about the surplus in the bal ance of payments between 1946 and 1950, be came concerned about the deficit. Under these circumstances, changes in relative unit labor cost in manufacturing among countries became highly important to the balance of payments problem. The trends from 1957 to 1965 show a great improvement in the unit labor cost position of 3 Two series o f unit labor cost indexes have been constructed for the United States. As mentioned later, series based on national accounts (Series B for the United States) are preferred for inter national comparisons of unit labor cost trends for all manufactur ing. These data are also preferred for the analysis of unit labor cost trends in manufacturing in the United States. Four of the countries covered in this article, however (Canada, Japan, the Netherlands, and Sweden), do not now publish adequate current data on the deflated value of the gross national product originating in manufacturing. For these countries, quantity indexes of industri al production have been used. For methodological comparability with these countries for which quantity indexes are used, a U.S. series based on the Federal Reserve index of manufacturing pro duction (Series A ) is included in this bulletin. From 1950 to 1957, Series B shows a 32-percent rise in unit labor cost, while Series A shows a 26-percent rise. 4 The data actually pertain to “ production and related workers” in the United States and “ wage earners” in four European coun tries. Although the two terms have somewhat similar meanings, there are important differences. Production workers in the United States include workers and working foremen engaged in production or closely associated operations. They exclude executive, profession al, technical, supervisory, clerical, sales, delivery, personnel (includ ing cafeteria), major construction, and other nonproduction em ployees. In Europe the practices vary, but the term “ wage earners” ordinarily refers to those who are paid by the hour, or perform manual work, irrespective of whether their work is closely associat ed with production. C h a r t 1. P e r c e n t a g e C h a n g e s in U n it L a b o r C o s t in M a n u f a c t u r i n g ( N o t a d ju s t e d f o r c h a n g e s in f o r e ig n e x c h a n g e ra t e s ) -30-20 -10 i------ 1------ r 1950-57 1957-64 PERCENT PERCENT 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 ----- ,------ ,------ ,------ ,------ 1-------j------ j------ 1------ 1-------1 All em ployees JAPAN -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 i----1--- 1— 1 All em plo yees UNITED STATES (Series A) GERMANY UNITED STATES (Federal Republic) (Series B) l CANADA ] UNITED STATES (Series A) UNITED STATES JAPAN (Series B) CANADA SWEDEN NETHERLANDS UNITED KINGDOM UNITED KINGDOM GERMANY SWEDEN NETHERLANDS FRANCE FRANCE (Fe de ral Re pub lic ) Wage earners or production workers ITALY GERMANY (Federal Republic) UNIT ED STATES (Series A) UN IT ED STATES (Series B) UNITED KINGDOM -----1-----1---- 1----- 1-----1-----1---- 1----- 1 U N IT ED STATES ■ ■ (Series A) ® Wage earners or production workers UNITED STATES : (Series B) SWEDEN UNIT ED K IN GD O M ITALY GERMANY SWEDEN (Fed er al Re p u b li c ) I_____ I_____L_ i i i i____ i i j ___ L_ i i____ i____ i___ L_ 3 lowed by a 3-year period of considerable cost inflation in many of the countries. From 1963 to 1964, there was some return to stability; on ly France, the Netherlands, and Italy showed significant advances. A distribution of the nine countries by per cent increase in unit labor cost for the whole period 1950-64 shows that unit labor cost in France and Sweden increased the most, fol lowed by increases in the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, and Germany. The increases were moderate in the United States and Cana da (2 to 3 percent per year), while Japan and Italy showed the least increase. Preliminary data for 1965 show a continua tion of the unit labor cost trends of the pre vious 7 years; that is, no change in the United States, slight increases in Canada and the United Kingdom, and greater increases else where. The 1965 estimates are highly tentative, however, because many are based on available indicators (of production, employment, and earnings), which are often changed significant ly as more complete data become available. the United States relative to its trading partners. For the nine countries as a whole, cost increases since 1957 have been more mod erate than during 1950-57. All of the countries with the fastest rates of increase in the earlier period managed to reduce the rate of increase, while only Italy, Japan, and Germany showed greater increases than in the initial 7 years. As these trends developed, the United States and Canada came close to achieving unit labor cost stability. For the 1957-64 period, as during 1950-57, the tendency for all-employee cost to increase at a faster pace than wage-earner and produc tion-worker cost can be observed in the trends shown in chart 1. The year-to-year indexes are presented in table 1, with 1957 serving as the base year for all series. The trends are illus trated in a series of graphs on chart 2. Over the 7-year period, there were move ments which may represent a short-term cycle, probably related to the business cycle. In the 3 years from 1957 to 1960, unit labor cost for most countries was rather stable. This was fol T able 1. I ndexes of U nit Labor Cost in Manufacturing for N ine Countries, 1950-65 [1957— 1003 Country N a t io n a l D 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 ollar 80 76 77 50 91 109 72 60 69 87 82 84 67 96 107 78 69 74 90 76 93 113 81 83 83 93 90 92 80 92 102 78 85 84 95 92 94 82 91 105 81 89 85 92 90 91 87 91 106 85 92 88 96 97 93 92 98 106 92 97 96 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 103 102 101 110 104 106 103 102 105 101 102 101 112 102 100 98 101 104 101 106 104 115 105 98 100 102 105 101 106 103 123 112 100 108 106 113 101 104 102 131 119 108 111 110 117 100 105 103 140 123 113 119 112 116 99 105 103 148 123 111 126 110 117 98 (4) 105 (154) (128) (118) (132) (4) (119) 87 83 95 89 97 92 98 95 97 94 95 92 98 98 100 100 100 100 98 99 98 102 95 100 95 99 95 100 94 100 95 (4) 88 99 107 72 75 96 111 93 106 86 86 92 102 91 83 85 86 93 100 94 90 99 101 97 97 100 100 100 100 103 98 100 103 100 91 98 102 103 91 98 103 108 92 100 109 111 99 102 111 116 109 103 109 116 114 101 110 (4) (4) (4) (4) 88 90 92 88 88 92 78 91 81 94 91 85 91 99 98 92 100 100 100 100 100 90 104 103 100 82 93 81 86 72 76 72 96 78 102 98 103 89 105 100 97 94 116 113 92 101 125 118 91 107 129 126 91 114 129 134 94 (119) (135) (139) 88 99 96 93 92 93 99 100 103 100 103 112 117 122 122 (4) 86 109 62 70 86 B a s is 6 All employees: Canada___________________ France____________________ Germany _ _______________ Netherlands_______________ Wage earners: Germany (F.R.)___________ 68 54 86 1 Preliminary. Figures in parentheses are estimates based on sources o f current production, wage, and employment data that differ from the sources used for earlier years. 2 Based on Federal Reserve Board index o f manufacturing pro duction. 8 Based on estimates o f deflated gross national product originating in manufacturing. 4 Not available. 4 19651 C u r r e n c y B a s is All employees: United States: Series A 2_____________ Series B *_ _ ______ Canada______________ _____ France..... ........... ......... ......... Germany (F.R.)___________ Japan_____________________ Netherlands----------------------Sweden 6 _________________ United Kingdom__________ Production workers: United States: Series A 2 -----------------Series B *_____________ Wage earners: Germany (F.R.)----------------Italy------------------ -------------Sweden 6__________________ United Kingdom---------------U.S. 1950 86 5 Manufacturing and mining. 6 Adjusted for changes in the official or commercial exchange rate. Until 1961, the Canadian dollar had no par value and was allowed to fluctuate freely in international exchange markets. Ad justments for France are based upon changes that occurred in 1957 and 1958. Adjustments for Germany and the Netherlands are based upon changes in par value that occurred in March 1961. Exchange Revaluations T able 2. P ercent C hange in M anufacturing P ro A ggregate L abor Compensation ,1 and U nit L abor Cost in N ine Countries, A nnual A verages, 1950-57 and 1957-64 duction, In relating changes in unit labor cost to in ternational commercial competition, it is neces sary to take account of changes in internation al exchange rates. France executed sizable devaluations in 1957 and 1958; Germany and the Netherlands revalued their currencies up ward by 5 percent in 1961; and Canada set an official exchange rate in 1961 which was significantly below the value that had prevailed under the fluctuating exchange system pre viously operating. Adjustments have been made in the unit labor cost calculations for these four countries to reflect changes in the commercial exchange rate or par value of their currencies. The adjusted figures are shown in table 1 and chart 2. Where revaluations oc curred during the middle of a calendar year, the old and new rates have been prorated into an average rate for the year without allowance for any time lag. No adjustments have been made for fluctuations in currency values with in the limits of 0.75 percent on either side of the par value, generally permitted under Inter national Monetary Fund trading regulations. The effects of currency valuation adjust ments can be seen clearly in the Canadian ex perience. When Canadian 1964 unit labor cost is measured in U.S. dollars— that is, adjusted for the exchange devaluation— it is 9 percent below the 1957 level, but it runs 3 percent above the 1957 level when measured in Cana dian dollars. For France, after taking account of currency devaluations, unit labor cost in creased by only 14 percent since 1957, as com pared to a 48-percent increase when measured in francs. In Germany and the Netherlands, on the other hand, the cost increases are augment ed when the 1961 revaluations are applied. The situation in France from 1950 to 1957 presents a special analytical problem. The legal exchange rate was held at 350 francs to the dollar, but the effective commercial rate often differed from this figure because of an elabo rate system of import charges and export in centives. This situation existed, with frequent regulatory changes in detail, from the early 1950’s until the 1957 devaluation. In the in dexes shown here, no attempt has been made to adjust the official rate to a more realistic aver- 1950-57 Country Pro duc tion All employees: United States: 4.0 Series A ------------3.1 Series B________ 4.4 Canada____________ France______________ 5.3 Germany (F.R .)_____ 11.8 Japan_______________ 17.2 6.3 Netherlands_________ 2.9 Sweden 2____________ 3.4 United Kingdom____ Production workers: United States: 4.0 Series A________ 3.1 Series B________ Wage earners: Germany (F .R .)_____ 11.8 8.5 Italy-----------------------Sweden2 __________ !_ 2.9 3.4 United Kingdom____ Adjusted for currency re valuations: Canada, all employees France, all employees. Germany: 1957-64 Labor com pen sation Unit labor cost Pro duc tion Labor com pen sation 6.7 6.7 7.4 14.2 13.3 16.1 10.5 9.9 8.6 2.6 3.5 2.9 8.4 1.3 -1 .0 4.0 6.8 5.0 4.6 3.7 4.0 5.8 8.3 15.3 6.4 6.9 3.5 4.3 4.3 4.4 11.6 12.0 17.2 10.0 8.8 6.1 -0 .3 .6 .3 5.5 3.4 1.6 3.4 1.8 2.4 5.4 5.4 1.3 2.2 4.6 3.7 3.6 3.6 -1 .0 - .1 12.8 6.9 9.5 8.5 .9 -1 .5 6.4 4.9 8.3 9.5 6.9 3.5 11.0 11.7 7.3 5.2 2.4 2.0 .4 1.6 A ll e m p l o y e e s . Wage earners__ Netherlands, all em ployees___________ Unit labor cost 4.4 7.9 -1 .7 2.8 1.3 .9 4.3 3.4 4.0 4.5 1 Aggregate labor compensation refers to total payments to labor for wages and salaries, social insurance, and voluntary supplements. 2 Manufacturing and mining. N ote: Rates o f change are computed from the least squares trend o f the logarithms o f the index numbers. age commercial rate. Nor has an attempt been made to adjust the rate for the British pound for the temporary import surtax that was in troduced in October 1964. Growth in Manufacturing Since unit labor cost is the ratio of labor ex penditure to production, trends in unit labor costs may be analyzed in terms of the trends in labor expenditure and production, which are the numerator and denominator of the frac tion. These data are set forth, in table 2, as annual rates of change for the two 7-year peri ods considered previously. In general, the United States has shown more moderate per cent increases than other countries in total manufacturing labor expenditure and in total manufacturing production. Japan, Italy, and Germany have shown the most rapid increases in production and the most rapid increases in labor expenditure. In the earlier of the two pe riods, these countries were still replacing pro duction facilities destroyed during World War 5 C hart 2. Indexes of Unit Labor Cost in N ine C ountries, 1 9 5 0 -6 5 1 9 5 7 = 1 0 0 (Sem ilogarithm ic scale) LEGEND All e m p lo y e e s Productio n w orkers A dju sted f o r c u r r e n c y r e v a lu a t io n s Index 6 Index C h a rt 2. INDEXES OF U N IT LABOR COST IN N IN E C O U N T R IE S , Index I ndex I ndex Index I ndex Index 1950-65 - Continued 7 II, but the continuation of the high industrial growth rates during 1957-64 was impressive. The most outstanding growth has occurred in Japan, where manufacturing production has more than quadrupled since 1953. There is no clear-cut relationship between growth in manufacturing and control of unit labor cost. The countries which have shown the lowest rate of increase in unit labor cost are the United States and Canada, which had slow growth rates, and Japan, which had the high est growth rate. Hourly Labor Cost Another way to measure unit labor cost is to calculate the ratio of labor compensation per man-hour to output per man-hour. As long as identical hours data are reflected in the two de nominators, this approach will yield the same result as a measurement based on the ratio of total labor expenditure to total output. The total man-hours of labor figure consti tutes a third aggregate for analysis; this figure makes it possible to determine other important ratios besides unit labor cost. When computed from aggregates, the ratios may be expressed as follows: (l) Total compensation Total output Compensation per unit of output Unit labor cost (2) Total compensation Total man-hours Compensation per man-hour Hourly labor cost (3) Total output Total man-hours = Labor productivity = Output per man-hour (4) Total man-hours Total output = Man-hours per unit of output = Unit man-hours Man-hours are not measured in a uniform manner in all countries. In the United States and certain other countries, the principal hours data represent hours for which pay is given, or “ paid hours.” Elsewhere, hours data represent hours actually spent at the workplace, or 8 “ hours worked.” An additional difficulty in es timating total man-hours is that salaried em ployees are usually compensated on a weekly or monthly basis, and many countries do not col lect hours data for this employee class. Pub lished or estimated data on total hours are pre sented in the appendix tables to this bulletin, with an indication of the hours definition used in each country. Trends in hourly labor cost are shown in index form in table 3. The United States is the only country listed that did not at least double its average hourly compensation in manufacturing between 1950 and 1964. The U.S. increase was 94 percent over the 14 years, compared to 102 percent in Canada, 144 percent in the United Kingdom, 169 percent in Italy, and over 200 percent in France, Germany, Japan, and Sweden. The relative rise from 1950 to 1957 was greater than from 1957 to 1964 in most coun tries. In the first 7 years, average hourly com pensation in the United States rose 52 percent, but in the latter 7 years, by only 28 percent. In each period, the U.S. rise was about the lowest among all countries. In spite of this slower rise, U.S. hourly labor cost is still the highest of any nation. The differences in the level of hourly compensation from one country to another are more difficult to analyze than the differences in trend. Com pensation is paid in the currency of the indi vidual country and is ordinarily spent within that country. From the welfare or benefit view point, compensation must be measured in terms of its purchasing power within the country, and that is not attempted in this bulletin. From the viewpoint of international trade, unit labor cost converted into U.S. dollars at the commercial or official rates of exchange is more meaningful than hourly labor cost.5 Nev ertheless, there are circumstances under which the comparison of hourly labor cost converted to U.S. dollars is meaningful. The following tabulation shows average hourly compensation in each country relative to the United States for all manufacturing in 1950, 1957, and 1964. The figures are based on conversions at the 5 Shelton and Chandler, “ The Role o f Labor Cost in Foreign Trade,” op. cit. official rates of exchange during the years given. considerably, but would still leave all of them below the U.S. level. Such an adjustment for each of the 3 years would also reduce the per centage increase from 1950 to 1964 for most countries, because the consumer price index for each of these countries has risen more rapidly than that of the United States. Relative o f average hourly compensation in manufacturing (U.S. = 100) United States Canada France _ Germany (F.R.) Italy 3 Japan Sweden United Kingdom . - . _ 1950 1957 196U 100 62 121 22 20 *7 33 26 100 75 24 25 20 8 42 28 100 66 (226) 39 29 (213) (254) 33 Output Per Man-Hour 1 1951. 2 Estimate. 8 Data for wage earners, compared to U.S. production workers. Although average hourly compensation in the other countries has risen at a more rapid rate than in the United States, the table shows that the level of compensation in all of the other countries is still lower than in the United States. Average compensation in Canada has generally been about one-third below the U.S. level. (The relatively high Canadian level in 1957 was due almost entirely to the peak ex change value of the Canadian dollar during that year.) The Swedish level reached an esti mated 54 percent of the U.S. level by 1964, and the level in the other countries was less than 40 percent of the U.S. level in all years. Adjustment of the hourly compensation esti mates for the lower prices of consumer goods and services abroad would raise some of the percentages (in terms of purchasing power) 6 The U.S. data are based on published estimates o f output origi nating in manufacturing. The estimates are currently being revised by the U.S. Department o f Commerce’s Office o f Business Econom ics. T able 3. Trends in output per man-hour in manufac turing, the third important ratio, are shown in table 4. The data show that output per man hour in manufacturing increased by 40 percent in the United States 6 and 45 percent in the United Kingdom. The increases in Canada and France were about 50 percent in 14 years, and the increase in Sweden appears to have been slightly higher. In the Netherlands, output per man-hour doubled, and in Germany, Italy, and Japan, it rose well over 100 percent between 1950 and 1964. The three countries with the greatest in crease in indexes of output per man-hour were those countries that suffered the heaviest dam age to manufacturing plants and equipment during World War II. Their rapid increase can be explained in part by the abnormally low lev els of output that prevailed as late as 1950, when these countries were still restoring their economies. Many of their industries were re built with newer and more efficient equipment than that of other industrial countries. Economically, there is a relationship be tween the rate of productivity gain and I ndexes of A verage H ourly L abor Cost of W age and Salary E arners in Manufacturing in N ine Countries, 1950-64 [1957=1003 Country All employees: United S tates________ __________ Canada__________________________ France____________________________ Germany (F.R.)___________________ Japan__________________ _________ Netherlands ______________________ Sweden 2__________________________ United Kingdom__________________ Production workers: United States______________________ Wage earners: Germany (F.R.)___________________ Italy______________________________ Sweden 2__________________________ United Kingdom_________________ 1 Not available. 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 66 63 43 58 63 54 52 61 73 70 61 67 66 61 62 66 78 77 71 72 75 64 73 73 82 82 75 75 82 67 77 77 86 86 79 77 88 74 81 81 89 89 85 82 93 81 87 87 94 94 91 90 97 90 99 94 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 104 106 121 109 103 104 106 106 108 109 131 115 111 107 111 111 112 115 141 129 123 118 119 119 116 116 147 143 142 136 128 127 120 120 160 162 163 152 140 133 124 123 175 174 181 166 151 139 67 75 79 84 86 89 94 100 103 106 111 113 117 121 125 58 67 51 60 67 73 61 65 71 79 73 71 74 82 77 77 77 85 81 81 82 90 86 87 90 97 95 95 100 100 100 100 109 105 106 106 115 107 110 110 129 112 117 118 144 120 126 126 162 138 137 131 176 160 148 136 192 180 0) 147 128 127 191 189 0) 191 (0 149 2 Manufacturing and mining. 9 T able 4. I ndexes of Output per M a n - hour in Manufacturing in N ine Countries, 1950-64 Country All employees: United States: Series B 1. . _ __ __ Canada __ _ _ ___ France __ _ _ _ _____ Germany (F.R.)_ __ _____ Japan. _________ ____ _ _ _ _ _ Netherlands ____________________ Sweden *_ ____ __________ _______ United Kingdom _ _______________ Production workers: United States: Series B 1 _____ _ __ Wage earners: Germany (F.R.)________ ___ ltaly__ ---------- _ _ _ --------_ _ Sweden s __________ _____ __ United Kingdom _ ______ _________ [1957=100] 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 87 82 86 68 57 75 86 89 89 84 91 70 62 78 87 90 90 86 93 77 66 79 88 88 92 89 93 81 80 86 91 91 93 92 96 85 84 91 91 96 99 98 97 90 88 96 94 99 97 100 99 93 92 98 98 98 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 101 104 111 105 97 100 104 102 106 109 117 113 112 109 110 107 106 111 122 122 126 118 117 113 109 114 120 128 143 125 121 112 115 117 122 136 150 137 127 114 118 120 126 142 160 139 135 120 81 84 86 88 91 96 96 100 104 107 109 113 118 122 126 66 61 83 86 68 69 84 87 75 71 85 86 80 77 89 90 83 83 89 94 89 91 92 97 92 96 98 97 100 100 100 100 106 107 105 103 115 117 112 108 125 123 119 115 133 129 126 116 143 139 134 118 152 147 144 125 165 156 (2) 133 1 Based on estimates o f gross national product originating in manufacturing, published by the U.S. Department of Commerce, Office o f Business Economics. changes in unit labor cost. In Japan, Germany, and Italy, sizable wage increases have been ac companied by sizable productivity gains, re sulting in relatively stable labor costs. In the United Kingdom and Sweden, productivity gains have not kept pace with wage increases, and unit labor costs have risen appreciably. But the experience of the United States and Canada stands out in contrast. Percentage in creases in productivity and hourly wages have been low in the United States and Canada rela tive to the other countries; therefore, unit la bor cost has remained comparatively stable. Other economic factors have clearly been im portant in North America; among them are the relatively high rate of unemployment and the already high level of industrial wages com pared with other countries. Further Research Further study is needed to develop compari sons of unit labor cost in absolute terms to supplement the trend comparisons presented in this bulletin. Such comparisons must be made industry by industry, and problems of data comparability are great. Two other research needs deserve mention. First, trend data for individual industries and industry groups need to be prepared, since technological change and the setting of wage patterns, through collective bargaining and other means, take place largely by industry. Research on the comparative performance of 10 1964 122 124 129 153 (2) 151 (2) 128 2 Not available, 3 Manufacturing and mining. industries heavily involved in foreign trade and of industries not directly affected by trade would be particularly useful in appraising U.S. trade prospects and balance of payments per formance, and it would also help in appraising the effect of foreign competition on domestic production. Second, there are important analytical needs. Careful examination of labor cost and produc tivity trends in relation to foreign trade should be attempted, and the relationship to employ ment, prices, and growth might also yield use ful results. The relationship to trade would be clearer if data on unit nonlabor (especially material) costs were available; but it must al ways be kept in mind that reasons other than cost frequently influence the flow of trade.7 Furthermore, time series analysis for the dec ade of the 1950’s must be done with discrimi nation because of drastic changes in nontariff trade barriers, abnormal market conditions (price controls and rationing) in many coun tries, and lack of currency convertibility. Methods and Sources Comparability of Data. The reliability of unit labor cost estimates depends, of course, on the comparability and reliability of the basic out put and compensation data. The degree of com parability achieved in the present estimates is considered to be high, although not ideal. 7 Shelton and Chandler, “ The Role of Labor Cost in Foreign T rade/' op. cit. In developing the present estimates, the Bu reau of Labor Statistics has tried to achieve a uniform basis of measurement among the countries.1 8 Data used by the Governments in preparing their national economic accounts have been applied, at least in part, to the unit labor cost estimates for each country. Aggre gate labor expenditure data for manufactur ing, used in preparing national accounts, have been obtained for France, Germany (Federal Republic), Italy, and the United Kingdom, as well as the United States. These calculations offer a more uniform approach to the measure ment of unit labor cost than can be achieved through the use of measures such as productiv ity indexes and hourly labor expenditure in dexes, since many of the countries have moved toward standard methodology in preparing their national accounts. An examination of several algebraic identi ties may be useful in illustrating the interrela tionships among the data used in the calcula tion of unit labor cost and to point out the assumption implicit when unit labor cost is used as an indicator of price changes. Let us denote the following: ULC = Unit labor cost in manufacturing V = Value of output originating in manu facturing Q = Real output originating in manufacturing E = Labor compensation R P = in manufacturing Other factor returns in manufacturing. The sum of capital consumption allow ances, indirect business taxes, and profittype income = Implicit price deflator for manufacturing 2pq = Sum of price times quantity for individ ual products L = Hours of work of all employees in manu facturing t = Current time period o = Base time period I = Input from other sectors 0 = Outputs of manufacturing not adjusted for input changes (1) Vt = Et + Rt = Soptqt — 2iptqt (2) Qt (3) Pt = 2op0qt — 2ip0qt Vt Qt (4) ULC = — Qt Et + Rt Qt Et/Lt Qt/Lt 2optqt — Siptqt 2op0qt — Sip0qt Et 2op0qt — 2ip0qt The initial equation states the national ac counting equality between the income and the product accounts, and separates the product account between manufacturing gross output and inputs or purchases from other sectors. The income side is not factorable into price and quantity elements. The second equation substitutes base period prices for current prices in the product account. This is calculat ed by deflating output and purchases separate ly, the difference being real output originating in manufacturing, in constant value. The third equation shows the calculation of the implicit price deflator, or the price change occurring within the manufacturing sector, using both the product and the income side of the ac counts. The last equation presents unit labor cost as a ratio of labor compensation to output and shows the equality of this ratio to the ratio of compensation per man-hour to output per man-hour. There remain some inadequacies or incon sistencies in the available data. To name a few, manufacturing is not defined in exactly the same way in each country; total labor expendi ture may not apply to exactly the same types of labor payment in each country; benchmarks and weighting systems used in measuring pro duction vary widely; the data collection sys tems that underlie the measures of production, hours, and compensation also vary widely; and the coverage of output and expenditure data may not always match. Some of these possible differences are not considered significant. There is an internation ally accepted definition of manufacturing,9 and most countries have adapted their systems to this definition with only slight variation. For 8 The rough estimates for 1965 must he excepted. These estimates are based on available current sources that may be entirely different from the sources for prior years. 9 International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities (New York, United Nations, 1958), Statistical Papers, Series M, No. 4 Rev. 1. 11 measurement of all manufacturing trends, the classification of borderline activities as either within or outside of manufacturing has no appreciable effect, provided that a consistent classification is followed.10 Likewise, the inclu sion or exclusion of certain minor fringe benefits from labor compensation is unlikely to affect cost trends. Other differences may influence the trends more significantly, particularly the measure ment of manufacturing production, which has always been a difficult task. Several countries, including the United States, have made sub stantial revisions in their production estimates and are expected to make more. Uniform meth ods of production measurement between coun tries have not been fully achieved. Also, differences in composition of manufacturing output (the product mix) are embodied in the production indexes. Any comparisons of pro duction would be somewhat different if the product outputs of one country were combined using the value weights of the United States or any other country. Descriptions of the series used for each country are contained in the following sections. The original source data and index derivations are presented in appendix tables for each country. The measurement of labor compensation refers only to wage and salary earners, not to the implicit labor earnings of proprietors or unpaid family workers engaged in manufactur ing production. In most countries, the number of proprietors engaged in manufacturing is very small in proportion to the paid work force, but in a few cases, notably Italy, Japan, and France, they constitute a significant pro portion. Examination of the production data leads to the conclusion, however, that the con tribution of proprietors to the measured output is largely excluded. For example, several coun tries exclude handicrafts from manufacturing production. Also, certain industries that are characterized by small entrepreneurs, such as clothing, printing and publishing, and miscella neous manufactures, are not included in the production surveys. In addition, several coun tries survey only those establishments with at least a given number of employees. It is con 12 cluded that the omission of proprietors’ com pensation from the estimates of labor compen sation does not significantly alter the trend estimates. United States Output. Two measures of manufacturing out put are available for use in calculating unit labor cost in the United States. One series, designated as Series A, is the index of manufacturing production published by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (FR B ). The other, Series B, is the measure of gross product originating in manu facturing, published by the U.S. Department of Commerce’s Office of Business Economics (OBE). Series B, based on the U.S. national ac counts, is preferred for the calculation of unit labor cost, since it is entirely consistent with the compensation data used in the calculations. However, as some of the other countries do not publish data on real gross national product originating in manufacturing, it has been necessary to use quantity indexes or other out put measures for them. For methodological comparability with these countries, U.S. data based on Series A have been included as an al ternative. Series B output is defined, from the income side of the national accounts, as the sum of em ployee compensation, indirect business taxes, capital consumption allowances, and profit-type income. Since these components are not fac torable into quantity and unit price, estimates of constant-dollar value added are obtained by deflating output and purchases separately. Current-dollar value added is then divided by the constant-dollar value added to obtain a manufacturing price index. This price index is then used to deflate the current-dollar gross product estimates arrived at through the in come method. The Federal Reserve Board index of manu facturing production (Series A) is computed as a base-weighted arithmetic average. The basic data are indicators of output which are 10 The indexes for Sweden cover manufacturing and mining com bined. developed from quantities of major products shipped, quantities of major materials con sumed in production, value of goods shipped with adjustment for price changes, or the number of production-worker man-hours ad justed for changes in productivity. The weights assigned to individual products within an industry are based upon the value of ship ments of the products during 1957. The weights assigned to industries 11 in order to combine them into an index of all manufactur ing are based upon 1957 value added at factor cost. Compensation. All-employee compensation data are those reported in the national accounts. Compensation covers wages and salaries, which include executive compensation, commis sions, tips, bonuses, and payments in kind; supplements to wages and salaries, which in clude employer contributions for social insur ance, private pension, health, and welfare funds; compensation for injuries; directors’ fees; pay for military reserve duty; and a few other items of minor importance. The compen sation data for wage earners are based upon the same source. Wages have been separated from the total wage and salary bill, by the Office of Business Economics, for the 1947-61 period, and this resulting figure has been up dated by the Bureau of Labor Statistics through 1964. A division of supplementary la bor income between wage and salaried em ployees is not made in the national accounts data, and it has been necessary to estimate this break. It is estimated that the proportion of supplements to wages alone is the same as the proportion of supplements to total wages and salaries, or, supplementary income as a percent of earnings is the same for both wage and sala ry earners. It has been necessary to make this 11 An industry, in this case, means a four-digit industry according to the Standard Industrial Classification Manual, prepared by the U.S. Bureau o f the Budget. 12 In June 1966, the DBS published the first o f a series o f revisions to the index of industrial production, covering the period 1949 through 1965. The new series for manufacturing shows significant differences from the previous series, owing mainly to the incor poration o f more recent (1959) benchmark levels. The revised index, together with revised unit labor cost and output per man hour indexes, is shown in appendix table 2C. same assumption for the three other countries (Federal Republic of Germany, Sweden, the United Kingdom) for which both wage-earner and all-employee cost indexes are estimated. Hours and Employment. The hours data are based on the monthly Bureau of Labor Statis tics survey of manufacturing establishments, covering average weekly hours of production workers, plus an estimate of hours of nonpro duction employees. The man-hours of produc tion workers include, in addition to hours ac tually at work, those hours paid for holidays and vacations, and for sick leave when pay was received directly from the firm. The hours of nonproduction employees are based on trends derived from BLS fringe benefit studies and other data. The employment figures are also obtained from the BLS establishment survey. The data report total employment and productionworker employment separately, excluding pro prietors, the self-employed, and unpaid family workers. Canada Output. Information on industrial production in Canada is prepared by the Dominion Bureau of Statistics (DBS). The DBS publishes a quantity index of manufacturing production based on weights from the Canadian 1949 in terindustry flow table.1 12 The weights represent gross domestic product valuations for 31 major manufacturing categories and census value added for more detailed product classes. The indexes are constructed from data on net out put, where possible; otherwise, they are com piled from data on gross output, deflated value, materials consumed, or man-hours. Compensation. Labor income is reported in the Canadian national accounts, covering all com pensation to Canadian wage earners and sala ried employees. It excludes earnings of self-em ployed individuals or partners. Wages and salaries, including income in kind, are estimat ed on a gross basis, that is, before tax deduc tions, contributions to unemployment insur ance, etc. Bonuses, commissions, and 13 retroactive wage increases are included for the year in which they are paid. Supplementary labor income consists of other expenditures such as employers' con tributions to social security, employee welfare funds, unemployment insurance, and work men's compensation. They are estimated from a special survey of supplementary income. Hours and Employment. Hours data for wage earners are based on a monthly survey of em ployment and payrolls for all establishments with 15 employees or more. The statistics represent hours paid for, including overtime hours actually worked. The estimated hours for salaried employees are based on an as sumed 40-hour workweek during each year. Employment data have been estimated on the basis of the monthly establishment survey and the annual census of manufactures. The establishment survey gives a consistent series of indexes of employment for the entire 1950-64 period, while the census of manufac tures shows the actual number of employees for the postwar years. The census of manufac tures data reflect revisions in the Standard In dustrial Classification and implementation of a new definition for the reporting unit— the es tablishment. The two series have been combined by set ting the index of employment equal to the cen sus employment in 1949 and deriving a consist ent series of actual numbers of persons employed. The figures for the derived series closely parallel the results from the census data except for the 1960-64 period, where the major adjustments have occurred. The census data also contain a breakdown of employment between wage and salary earners. These figures have been extrapolated to form consist ent separate wage and salary employment figures. Franc© Output. French output data show constant-val ue gross domestic product in manufacturing at 1959 market prices. Conceptually, the data are similar to those in the United States and other countries employing a national accounts14 based output series. A variety of sources are used to value production and intermediate con sumption by industry, the main sources being industry data on the value of quantities pro duced and value of deliveries by branch of ac tivity and purchaser; fiscal statistics, which provide estimates of the turnover of enter prises; information on prices and costs from public administrative agencies; and technical studies prepared by the Institut National de la Statistique et des Etudes Economiques (INSEE). The results are then reconciled with the estimates of final expenditure within the framework of an input-output table to obtain a consistent measure of constant-value gross product by industry. Compensation. Labor compensation is estimat ed from administrative statistics arising from the 5-percent payroll tax which each French employer is required to pay annually to the Government. The INSEE annually calculates and publishes data based upon a structured sample of the tax declarations. Compensation comprises gross wages and salaries, including contributions to social insurance and pensions, and payments in kind to all employees who have worked in the enterprise during the year. The data for 1953 are estimates, because the published data for that year excluded compen sation of employees in the Paris area. A linear interpolation has been used for the estimate, since 1953 compensation in the areas outside Paris fell at about the midpoint between the 1952 and 1954 figures. Hours and Employment. Average hours actual ly worked by wage-and-salary earners in manufacturing are reported by the INSEE and refer to the last full workweek in each quarter. The data are based on hours worked by em ployees in all establishments having 50 em ployees or more and about one-half of the es tablishments with 10 to 50 employees. The employment series is developed from INSEE studies on compensation, based on data arising from the 5-percent payroll tax. Two series are presented, neither of which is ade quate in itself: (1) actual yearend employment and (2) the number of employees who worked in the industry during any part of the year. A relationship between the two series, the "em ployment stability coefficient,” shows the ratio of the yearend employment to the total em ployees who worked during the year. The aver age for manufacturing industry from 1951 to 1963 was about 65 percent. The series has been developed, therefore, by assuming that the an nual average employment is 65 percent of the total number employed at any time during the year. The series based on a 65-percent employ ment stability coefficient coincides closely with other employment estimates, while remaining consistent with the aggregate data on output and compensation. Federal Republic o f Germany 13 Output. German manufacturing production data show constant-value gross product at 1958 market prices. The definition is comparable to that of the United States and other countries using a national accounts output series. The gross output data are obtained from adminis trative statistics arising from turnover taxes, supplemented by data from investigations of cost structures. The turnover tax data are available each year, but cost structure infor mation is obtained at intervals of several years only. A number of corrections are made in the estimates of gross output to arrive at figures on manufacturing gross product; these include a correction for changes in stocks, using corpo rate balance sheets and special surveys. In ad dition to the gross output data, inputs from outside the manufacturing sector and informa tion on indirect business taxes and deprecia tion are needed. A detailed survey of inputs, depreciation, and indirect taxes was made in 1950, and the ratios obtained from this survey have been supplied to subsequent years. Addi tional data obtained for 1954 and 1958 have been used to check and revise these ratios. Compensation. Data on wages and salaries in manufacturing are prepared and published an nually by the Federal Statistical Office. All es tablishments with 10 employees or more are surveyed, covering about 98 percent of manu facturing industry. Provisions in the wage bill and the salary bill include, in addition to direct earnings, pay for time not worked and bo nuses, but exclude employers' obligatory con tributions for social insurance. Data on em ployers' contributions to social security for the entire economy, however, are published. The relationship of employer social insurance con tributions to the total economy wage-and-salary bill has been calculated, and this propor tion applied to manufacturing industry. There are two reasons why any error from this procedure should be small: First, the wageand-salary bill in manufacturing is a substan tial portion of the bill for the total economy; and second, the ratio of employers' social secu rity contributions to wages and salaries over the 1950-64 period has shown an increase only from 10.7 percent in 1950 to 11.7 percent in 1964 (appendix table 4 -A ). The wage-earner total compensation bill has been calculated by using this same percentage and applying it to the wage bill. Hours and Employment. The hours data for wage earners, including apprentices, are pre pared by the Federal Statistical Office and refer to hours actually worked. The data are obtained from the same survey that provided the cost and employment information used here in the calculation of unit labor cost. Hours data for salaried employees have been estimat ed by assuming a straight 40-hour workweek during the entire period. Employment information covers all wage and salary earners, including apprentices. The data exclude homeworkers, but the omission should be of minor significance since 98 per cent of all employees in industry are covered by the survey. Employment statistics showing data separately for wage earners and all other employees are also published by the Federal Statistical Office. Italy Output. Data on Italian manufacturing output refer to constant-value gross domestic product at factor cost, taken from national accounts data published by the Istituto Centrale di Statis13 Data for Germany include the Saar and West Berlin beginning in 1960. For prior years, these two areas are excluded. 15 tica (1STA T ). The data are based mainly on a special survey of value added in large and me dium-size enterprises; they also include esti mates for smaller enterprises and handicraft activities. The output data are expressed in 1958 lire. Adjustments are made by the ISTAT to include subsidies and exclude banking, in surance, and government services. Annual out put estimates at constant prices are obtained by relating base-year prices or value to quan tity indexes for each industry and weighting them according to value added in the base peri od. Compensation, Hours, and Employment. Com pensation refers to total remuneration of wage earners, including overtime, cost-of-living al lowances, bonuses, premiums for nightwork, payments for holidays and vacations, family allowances, and payments in kind. Employer contributions for social insurance are not re ported. The data are obtained from payrolls of establishments included in a monthly survey conducted by the Ministry of Labor. Establish ments are surveyed which employ 10 wage earners or more in 27 branches of manufac turing, and all establishments are surveyed in 13 branches. In 1962, approximately 2,051,000 workers were covered. Information on hours and employment of wage earners, including apprentices, is ob tained from the same establishments that sub mit payroll data. The hours data refer to hours actually worked, including overtime. Japan Output. Data on constant-value gross product in manufacturing are not yet available for Ja pan. Therefore, a quantity index, published by the Bureau of Statistics, Office of the Prime Minister, has been used as a measure of output in manufacturing. The index has been periodi cally revised to incorporate later benchmarks. The 1950-52 data are based on 1950 weights, the 1953-57 on 1955 weights, and the 1958-64 on 1960 weights. Industry data are weighted by either value added at factor cost or gross value of output during the benchmark year. Value added has been derived from the census 16 of manufactures for privately owned establish ments with four or more employees. Weights for publicly owned establishments and for es tablishments having fewer than four em ployees are estimated from gross value in the base year. Data on the quantity of output, pre pared for 332 commodities, relate to about 62 percent of value added in 1960. These commodi ties are then combined in major industry groups and then into all manufacturing. Compensation. Wages and salaries include bon uses, overtime allowances, and payments in kind, in addition to contract earnings. The Bu reau of Statistics makes estimates of wages and salaries by multiplying the number of em ployees in each industry by the average wage or salary per employee. The number of em ployees is obtained from the latest census of population and is extrapolated for later years using the results of the monthly labor force survey conducted by the Ministry of Labor. The data on average wages or salaries per em ployee are obtained mainly from the Ministry of Labor’s monthly wage survey, a sample sur vey in two parts, one covering workers in es tablishments with 30 employees or more, and the other covering those with 5 to 29. Other wage information is available from reports compiled by the Tax Administration Agency, the National Personnel Authority, and the Ministry of Home Affairs. Other labor income, consisting of compensa tion for company directors, employers’ con tributions to social insurance, allowances for members of central and local legislative bodies, and tips, are excluded from the compensation figures. It appears, on the basis of a few Min istry of Labor estimates, that the proportion of social insurance expenditures to direct wage and salary expenditures has changed very little during 1950-64. Hours and Employment. Employment data are published with the national accounts data on compensation of employees. They refer to wage and salary earners, exclusive of executive di rectors. Hours data refer to actual hours worked by all wage and salary earners in establishments with 30 regular employees or more and are ob tained from the monthly labor survey. Tempo rary employees who have worked less than 18 days in the last 2 months, or less than 60 days in the last 6 months, are omitted. Examination of limited data on establishments with 5 to 29 employees shows that the omission of this group does not significantly alter the trends shown. Netherlands Output. The data on output refer to a quantity index of production prepared by the Central Bureau of Statistics and based on value-added weights in 1949. Constant-value gross product is not available for the manufacturing sector separately. The output in manufacturing is the aggregate of 481 individual series which are based, in most cases, on the quantity of indi vidual commodities produced. Where measures of this type are unavailable, the quantity of in dividual raw materials consumed or the number of man-hours worked are utilized. Compensation. Compensation refers to gross compensation prior to deductions for wage taxes and social security. In addition to wages and salaries, compensation includes tips, com missions, and all supplementary monetary benefits paid to employees, the monetary value of payments in kind (such as free rent or free food), and employers’ normal payments to so cial insurance institutions and pension funds. Extra contributions to pension funds paid by employers out of profits and Government con tributions to social security premiums are ex cluded. Salaries of company officials are includ ed, but not income from ownership of shares in enterprises. Imputed wages or salaries of selfemployed persons are excluded, and household members working in an enterprise owned by the head of a household are not regarded as employees unless a labor contract is expressly concluded. with the national accounts data on compensa tion. The term “ man-year” refers to 300 mandays of work during the year, irrespective of the length of the workday. Two persons work ing 150 days each thus count as 1 man-year. No data are available from the source to dis tinguish between wage and salary earners. Data on hours of work refer to wage earners and are obtained from a sample survey of major industrial establishments. The hours worked figures relate only to full-week workers and include overtime hours, paid “ short ab sences” from work, and vacations. The data prior to 1964 included hours worked by ap prentices and paid hours for traveltime be tween home and work. Under a revision of the hours worked concept introduced in 1964, ap prentice hours and traveltime are no longer in cluded. The hours and employment data are pre pared from data obtained in separate surveys, and thus may not be consistent with each other. Although data on salary earners’ hours are not separately reported, it has been esti mated that working hours are about the same for wage earners and salary earners in the Netherlands. Sweden Output. National accounts data on gross output in manufacturing are not published for Swe den. Instead, a base-weighted quantity index of combined mining and manufacturing output, prepared by the Central Bureau of Statistics, has been used as the measure of output. The indexes relate to all establishments with five or more employees (including working proprie tors), and represent almost 100 percent of to tal mining and manufacturing output. The weights used are based on census value added in 1935. The final annual figures are computed from the results of annual industrial censuses. Indexes for postcensus years are averages of adjusted monthly indexes based on value-added weights in 1947. Hours and Employment. Dutch employment and hours data are prepared by the Central Bureau of Statistics. The employment data refer to man-years of work, and are consistent Compensation. Most data on wages and sala ries in Sweden refer to establishments with five or more employees. In addition to base 17 pay, the data include pay for time not worked, overtime, family allowances, bonuses, and pay ments in kind. Supplementary benefits, except those includ ed in the wage-and-salary bill, are not availa ble separately for the manufacturing sector. Contributions by all employers for social insur ance amounted to about 7 percent of wages and salaries in 1964, a ratio that has gradually risen since the mid-1950’s. If a corresponding rise in social insurance cost has occurred in mining/manufacturing, the trend in unit labor cost shown for Sweden is slightly understated. Hours and Employment. Data on Swedish em ployment refer to wage and salary earners and unpaid family workers, and are obtained from the same source as the compensation data; i.e., direct returns from manufacturing establish ments to the Swedish Central Bureau of Sta tistics. Hours data for wage earners are also ob tained from the manufacturing establishment returns and refer to paid hours. Since informa tion for nonwage earners (salary earners and unpaid family workers) are not available, it has been necessary to assume that they work a constant 40-hour workweek. United Kingdom Output. The principal measure of manufactur ing output in the United Kingdom is an index of physical production prepared by the Central Statistical Office. The weights used are propor tionate to value added in 1958. About fivesixths of the individual product indicators are based on quantity data, and the remainder are based on raw materials consumed or labor data. The index is used in preparing estimates of the constant-value gross domestic product for the U.K. national accounts. Compensation. The estimated wage-and-salary bill includes cash earnings before deductions for income tax or insurance contributions, plus income in kind and directors’ fees, less ex penses 6f employment recognized for tax allow 18 ances. These estimates are based on tax re turns reported by the Inland Revenue De partment, which provides separate data on total wages and salaries in the manufacturing sector. The distinction between wages and sala ries is based on the 1958 Census of Production and Distribution, which also provides the data to estimate wages and salaries by industry. The estimates for 1959-64 are based upon changes in the number of employees and in wages and salaries, as reported in the Ministry of Labour’s semiannual survey of wages and annual survey of salaries. Employer contributions are the sum of pay ments to national insurance; the data are ob tained from National Insurance and Industrial Injuries Funds and private welfare plans. The data on private welfare plans are obtained from the Inland Revenue Department and the annual report of the Life Offices Association. Hours and Employment. Manufacturing em ployment data are published by the Central Statistical Office in the National Income Blue Book and are separately reported for wage earners and salary earners. The data are not entirely comparable with the compensation da ta, since the estimates of employment exclude directors paid by fee only, whereas the com pensation data include directors’ fees. The ba sic data for estimating the number of employees are obtained from the annual census of produc tion. Hours of work for wage earners refer to act ual hours of work, including overtime, reported by the Ministry of Labour. The data exclude all time lost from any cause, but include those hours not worked for which a guaranteed wage is payable. The data refer only to male adults, however, including apprentices and working foremen. This group represented 3,155,000 em ployees in 1962, or about one-half of those em ployed in manufacturing. The data are ob tained from payrolls of all establishments with 10 employees or more and some smaller estab lishments. Hours for salary earners have been estimat ed by assuming a straight 40-hour workweek for such employees. A ppendix T able 1A. UNITED STATES. B asic D ata on P roduction, L abor Compensation , E mployment , and H ours op W ork in Manufacturing , 1950-64 Gross product originating in manufacturing, Series B Year Index of manufacturing production, Series A (1957-59=100) (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) 1950_______________________ 1951_______________________ 1952________________________ 1953________________________ 1954_______________________ 1955_ ____________________ 1956_ ____________________ 1957___ ____________________ 1958_ _ ____________________ 1959_______________________ 1960_______________________ 1961_ _____________________ 1962________________________ 1963 _ __________________ 1964 _____________________ 75.8 81.9 85.2 92.7 86.3 97.3 100.2 100.8 93.2 106.0 108.9 109.6 118.7 124.9 133.1 81.9 97.4 101.5 110.5 103.8 118.7 123.3 129.1 120.9 137.0 139.7 139.9 153.5 160.4 0) 92.6 102.0 105.0 111.9 103.8 116.7 116.4 117.8 109.7 121.8 122.0 122.0 134.1 138.5 0) 88.4 95.5 96.7 98.7 100.0 101.7 105.9 109.6 110.2 112.5 114.5 114.7 114.5 115.8 (0 49.393 58.277 62.960 69.881 66.077 72.252 77.706 80.644 76.701 84.720 87.411 87.469 94.174 98.042 102.999 3.142 4.141 4.431 4.928 5.012 5.727 6.379 7.209 7.025 8.193 8.892 9.094 10.211 10.930 11.8 6.36 7.11 7.04 7.05 7.59 7.93 8.21 8.94 9.16 9.67 10.17 10.40 10.84 11.14 11.46 36.783 43.233 45.952 50.904 46.458 51.011 53.972 55.187 51.046 56.298 57.444 56.304 60.884 63.554 67.050 Year Aggregate supplements for production workers (billions of dollars) (9) (10) (ID (12) (13) (14) (15) (16) 1950_______________________ 1951_______________________ 1952_______________________ 1953_______________________ 1954_______________________ 1955_______________________ 1956__ ____________________ 1957_______________________ 1958_______________________ 1959_______________________ 1960_______________________ 1961________________________ 1962_______________________ 1963 ______________________ 1964_______________________ 2,339 3,074 3,235 3,589 3,526 4,045 4,431 4,934 4,676 5,444 5,842 5,856 6,600 7,080 7,684 52.535 62.418 67.391 74.809 71.089 77.979 84.085 87.853 83.726 92.913 96.303 96.563 104.385 108.972 114.8 39.122 46.307 49.187 54.493 49.984 55.056 58.403 60.121 55.722 61.742 63.286 62.160 67.484 70.633 74.734 15,241 16,393 16,632 17,549 16,314 16,882 17,243 17,174 15.945 16,675 16,796 16,326 16,853 16,995 17,259 12,523 13,368 13,359 14,055 12,817 13,288 13,436 13,189 11,997 12,603 12,586 12,083 12,488 12,555 12,769 40.5 40.6 40.7 40.5 39.6 40.7 40.4 39.8 39.2 40.3 39.7 39.8 40.4 40.5 40.7 32,069 34,546 35,115 36,904 33,685 35,617 36,165 35,605 32,687 34,837 34,717 33,768 35,178 35,538 36,223 26,373 28,223 28,273 29,600 26,393 28,123 28,226 27,296 24,455 26,346 25,983 25,011 26,235 26,441 27,024 Current value (billions of dollars) Constant value (billions of 1954 dollars) Implicit price deflator for manufacturing (1954=100) Aggregate compensation All employees (billions of dollars) Production workers (billions of dollars) Aggregate wages and salaries (billions of dollars) Aggregate supplements, all employees (billions of dollars) Employment All employees (thousands) Production workers (thousands) Average weekly hours of work, production workers Ratio of supplements to wages and salaries Aggregate wages (billions of dollars) Aggregate annual hours of work All employees (millions) Production workers (millions) 1 Not available. N ote: Because o f rounding, sums of components may not equal totals. M ZD Col. 1 --------------------------------- Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. Index of manufacturing production published monthly in the Federal Reserve Bulletin. Cols. 2, 3, 4 , ---------------------- U.S. Department of Commerce, Office o f Business Economics (O B E ). National accounts data published in Survey of Current Business, October 1962 and September 1964. Data are currently under revision by the OBE. Cols. 5, 6 , __________________U.S. Department of Commerce (O B E ). Unrevised national accounts data published annually in July issues o f Survey o f Current Business. Col. 7 ----------------------------------Col. 6 -f- col. 5. Col. 8 ------------------------- ---------U.S. Department of Commerce (O B E ), Survey of Current Business, May 1962. Data for 1960-64 have been revised and updated by the U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau o f Labor Statistics (B L S ). Col. 9 ______________________ Col. 7 X col. 8. Col. 1 0 _____________________U.S. Department o f Commerce (O B E ). Unrevised national accounts data published annually in July issues of Survey of Current Business. Also, col. 5 + col. 6. Col. 1 1 _____________________ Col. 8 + col. 9. Cols. 12, 13, 1 4 ____________ U.S. Department of Labor (B L S ). Establishment data pub lished monthly in Employment and Earnings. Historical data in Employment and Earnings Statistics for the United States, annual bulletins; latest, Bulletin 1312-3, issued December 1965. Cols. 15, 1 6 _______________ U.S. Department of Labor (B L S ). Unpublished data in BLS files. Data based on cols. 12, 13, and 14; for nonproduction employees, the trend is derived from BLS fringe benefit studies and other data. to o A ppendix T able IB. UNITED STATES. I ndexes op U nit L abor Cost, Output per M a n - hour, and A verage H ourly Compensation in Manufacturing , and R elated I ndexes, 1950-64 [1957=100] Year 1950_____ _______ ______ ____ 1 9 5 1 .,_____________________ 1952_______________________ 1953____ ___________ _______ 1954.________ ______________ 1955.............................. ........... 1956________________ _______ 1957................... ............. ......... 1958....................... ......... ....... 1959..______________ _______ 1960________ _______________ 1961__________ _________ _ 1962_______________________ 1963_____ __________________ 1964______ ______ ____ _____ _ Index of manufacturing production, Series A Index of constantdollar gross product in manufacturing, Series B (1) (2) 75.2 81.2 84.5 92.0 85.6 96.5 99.4 100.0 92.5 105.2 108.0 108.8 117.8 123.9 132.0 78.6 86.6 89.1 95.0 88.1 99.1 98.8 100.0 93.1 103.4 103.6 103.6 113.8 117.8 124.8 Index of unit labor cost for production workers Index of aggregate compensation (9) 1950____ _________ _________ 1951_______________________ 1952_________________ _____ _ 1953____ ______ _____________ 1954____ ___________________ 1955_______ ________________ 1956_______________________ 1957________________ _____ 1958________________________ 1959_______________________ I9 6 0 .._____ ________________ 1961________ „ _______ _____ _ 1962._____ _________________ 1963_______________________ 1964.............. ......... ......... ....... Cols. Col. Col. Col. Col. Cols, 86.6 94.8 96.8 98.5 97.1 94.9 97.7 100.0 100.2 97.6 97.5 95.0 95.2 94.8 94.1 Series B Production workers Index of unit labor cost for all employees All employees Production workers All employees (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) 90.1 97.0 98.6 103.6 94.6 100.0 101.6 100.0 91.8 97.8 97.5 94.8 98.8 99.8 101.7 96.6 103.4 103.6 108.4 96.7 103.0 103.4 100.0 89.6 96.5 95.2 91.6 96.7 96.9 99.0 79.5 87.4 90.8 92.6 94.5 92.0 96.3 100.0 103.0 100.6 101.5 101.0 100.8 100.1 99.0 76.0 82.0 86.1 89.7 91.8 89.6 96.9 100.0 102.4 102.3 105.8 106.1 104.4 105.3 104.7 59.3 71.0 76.7 85.2 80.9 88.8 95.7 100.0 95.3 105.8 109.6 109.9 118.8 124.0 130.7 65.1 77.0 81.8 90.6 83.1 91.6 97.1 100.0 92.7 102.7 105.3 103.4 112.2 117.5 124.2 Index of output per man-hour (Series B) Year Series A Index of aggregate annual hours of work All employees Production workers Average compensation of all employees per man-hour In dollars Index Series A Series B Average compensation of production workers per man-hour In dollars Index (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) (16) 82.7 88.9 91.8 95.4 94.3 92.4 98.3 100.0 99.6 99.3 101.6 99.8 98.6 99.7 99.5 87.3 89.3 90.4 91.6 93.1 99.1 97.3 100.0 101.4 105.7 106.2 109.2 115.3 118.0 122.4 81.5 83.7 86.1 87.6 91.2 96.3 95.6 100.0 103.9 107.2 108.8 113.1 118.4 121.6 125.7 1.64 1.81 1.92 2.03 2.11 2.19 2.33 2.47 2.56 2.67 2.77 2.86 2.97 3.07 3.17 66.4 73.2 77.8 82.2 85.5 88.7 94.2 100.0 103.8 108.1 112.3 115.8 120.2 124.3 128.3 1.48 1.64 1.74 1.84 1.89 1.96 2.07 2.20 2.28 2.34 2.44 2.49 2.57 2.67 2.76 67.3 74.5 78.9 83.6 86.0 88.9 93.9 100.0 103.4 106.1 110.6 112.8 116.7 121.2 125.1 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 , ______ Data are indexes o f respective series in appendix table 1A. 7 ______________________ Col. 3 col. 1. 8 ______________________ Col. 3 -j- col. 2. 9 ______________________Col. 4 -5- col. 1. 1 0 _____________________Col. 4 -r- col. 2. l l , 1 2 ________________U.S. Department o f Labor, Bureau o f Labor Statistics (B L S ). Data prepared by Division o f Productivity Meas Col. Col. Col. Col. urement, based on unrevised national accounts. Also, col. 11 equals col. 2 -f- col. 5, and col. 12 equals col. 2 -5- col. 6. 1 3 _____________________Col. 10 (table 1A) -f- col. 15 (table 1 A ). 1 4 _____________________ Index of col. 13. 1 5 _____________________ Col. 11 (table 1A) -i- col. 16 (table 1 A ). 1 6 _____________________ Index of col. 16. A ppendix T able 2A. CANADA. Basic Data on P roduction, L abor Compensation , E mployment , and H ours op W ork in Manufacturing , 1950-64 Year 1950. 1951. 1952. 1953. 1954. 1955. 1956. 1957. 1958. 1959. 1960. 1961. 1962. 1963. 1964. Index of production (1949=100) Current-value gross product originating in manufacturing (millions of Canadian dollars) Aggregate compensation of all employees (millions of Canadian dollars) Employment Index of employment (1949=100) All employees Estimated employment Production workers All employees (thousands) Production workers (thousands) Average weekly hours of work of production workers Estimated aggregate annual hours of work (millions) Exchange rate (Canadian dollars per U.S. dollar) (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (B) (9) (10) (11) 106.2 115.0 118.5 126.4 122.9 134.7 145.1 142.9 140.7 149.8 149.3 153.0 164.9 173.9 188.9 4,714 5,474 6,150 6,453 6,291 6,779 7,605 7,904 7,753 8,286 8,427 8,501 9,320 9,866 10,857 2,881 3,396 3,772 4,100 4,053 4,299 4,766 5,034 5,029 5,302 5,474 5,533 5,935 6,286 6,829 101.4 108.1 109.9 113.0 107.3 109.8 115.8 115.8 109.8 111.1 109.5 108.9 113.3 116.4 121.9 1,183,297 1,258,375 1,288,382 1,327,451 1,267,966 1,298,461 1,353,020 1,359,061 1,289,602 1,303,956 1,275,476 (1,264,946 11,368,225 1,404,566 0) 0) 952,244 1,010,588 1,025,355 1,053,226 989,030 1,010,992 1,051,723 1,045,177 981,735 997,907 971,610 969,276 951,835 985,369 0) 0) 1,188 1,266 1,287 1,323 1,256 1,286 1,356 1,356 1,286 1,301 1,282 1,275 1,327 1,363 1,428 956 1,017 1,024 1,050 980 1,001 1,054 1,043 979 996 977 977 1,025 1,050 1,099 42.3 41.7 41.5 41,3 40.7 41.0 41.0 40.4 40.2 40.7 40.4 40.6 40.7 40.8 41.0 2,585 2,723 2,757 2,824 2,650 2,727 2,876 2,842 2,685 2,743 2,688 2,683 2,797 2,879 3,027 1.0889 1.0530 .9808 .9849 .9728 .9865 .9829 .9595 .9728 .9610 .9694 1.0129 1.0698 1.0784 1.0777 } 1 Not available. Col. 1 _____________________ Dominion Bureau o f Statistics (DBS) index of manufactur ing production published monthly in the Canadian Statistical Review. Cols. 2, 3 __________________DBS: Annual publication, National Accounts Income and Expenditure. Col. 4 _____________________ DBS: Published monthly in Canadian Statistical Review. Cols. 5, 6 ___________________ DBS: Data from annual census o f manufactures published in Ccmada Yearbook; 1950-59 data are consistent, 1960-61 (first entry) are consistent, and 1961 (second entry)-1962 are consistent, but because o f changes in Standard Indus trial Classification definition and other definitions, there is not a consistent series for the entire period. Col. 7 ______________________ Estimated, using 1949 data from the annual census of manu factures as the base and using col. 4 to show the trend. Col. 8 _____________________ Estimated product of (col. 6 -r* col. 5) X col. 7. Col. 9 _____________________ DBS: Published monthly in Canadian Statistical Review. Col. 1 0 _____________________ 52 [(col. 8 X col. 9) + 40 (col. 7 — col. 8 )] Col. 1 1 _____________________Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) General Statistics. Domestic mean exchange rate. to A ppendix T able 2B. CANADA. I ndexes of U nit L abor Cost, Output per Man - hour, a n d A verage H ourly Compensation in Manufacturing , 1950-64 to [1957=100] Index of manufacturing production Year 1950_______________________ 1951„______________________ 1952______ ________________ 1953_______________________ 1954_______________________ 1955_______________________ 1956_______________________ 1957_______________________ 1958_______________________ 1959_______________________ 1960_______________________ 1961_______________________ 1962_______________________ 1963_______________________ 1964_______________________ Index of aggregate annual hours of work Index of aggregate compensation Index of exchange rate (Canadian dollars per U.S. dollar) Index of unit labor cost Canadian dollar basis U.S. dollar basis Index of output per man-hour Average compensation of all employees per man-hour In Canadian dollars Index (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) 74.3 80.5 82.9 88.5 86.0 94.3 101.5 100.0 98.5 104.8 104.5 107.1 115.4 121.7 132.2 57.2 67.5 74.9 81.4 80.5 85.4 94.7 100.0 99.9 105.3 108.7 109.9 117.8 124.9 135.7 90.9 95.8 97.0 99.3 93.2 95.9 101.2 100.0 94.5 96.5 94.6 94.4 98.4 101.3 106.5 113.5 109.7 102.2 102.6 101.4 102.8 102.4 100.0 101.4 100.2 101.0 105.6 111.5 112.4 112.3 77.0 83.9 90.3 92.0 93.6 90.6 93.3 100.0 101.4 100.5 104.0 102.6 102.1 102.6 102.7 67.8 76.4 88.4 89.6 92.3 88.1 91.1 100.0 100.0 100.3 103.0 97.2 91.6 91.3 91.4 81.7 84.0 85.5 89.1 92.3 98.3 100.3 100.0 104.3 108.6 110.5 113.5 117.3 120.2 124.2 1.11 1.25 1.37 1.45 1.53 1.58 1.66 1.77 1.87 1.93 2.04 2.06 2.12 2.18 2.26 63.0 70.4 77.2 82.0 86.4 89.0 93.6 100.0 105.8 109.1 115.0 116.4 119.8 123.3 127.4 Cols. 1, 2, 3, 4 ___________ Indexes of respective series appearing in appendix table 2A. Col. 5 ______________________ Col. 2 col. 1. Col. 6 ______________________ Col. 5 ~ col. 4. A p p e n d ix T a b l e 2C. CANADA. .Col. 1 -r- col. 3. .Col. 3 (table 1A) .Index of col. 8. Col. 7 Col. 8 Col. 9 R e v is e d I n d e x e s o f P r o d u c t i o n , U n i t L a b o r C o st, a n d O u t p u t per M a n - h o u r in M a n u f a c t u r in g , 1950-64 Index of unit labor cost Index of manufacturing production Year 1950___________________________________________________ 1951________________________ __________________________ 1952___________________________________________________ 1953___________________________________________________ 1954___________________________________________________ 1955____________________________ ______________________ 1956___________________________________________________ 1957___________________________________________________ 1958___________________________________________________ 1959_____ - ____________________________________________ 1960___________________________________________________ 1961___________________________________________________ 1962_____________ _______________ ____________________ 1963___________________________________________________ 1964___________________________________________________ Canadian dollar basis (1957=100) 1957=100 1949 =100 col. 10 (table 1 A ). United States dollar basis (1957=100) Index of output per man-hour (1957=100) (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) 106.7 115.9 120.2 128.9 126.0 138.3 151.2 150.9 148.0 159.0 161.2 166.9 181.2 193.9 211.9 70.7 76.8 79.7 85.4 83.5 91.7 100.2 100.0 98.1 105.4 106.8 110.6 120.1 128.5 140.4 80.9 87.9 94.0 95.3 96.4 93.1 94.5 100.0 101.8 99.9 101.8 99.4 98.1 97.2 96.7 71.3 80.1 92.0 92.9 95.1 90.6 92.3 100.0 100.4 99.7 100.8 94.1 88.0 86.5 86.1 77.8 80.2 82.2 86.0 89.6 95.6 99.0 100.0 103.8 109.2 112.9 117.2 122.1 126.9 131.8 i ! I Col. 1 ____________ _________ Dominion Bureau o f Statistics revised index o f production, published in the Canadian Statistical Review, June 1966, pp. i—ix. .Index of col. 1. Col. 2 i Col. 3 ---- -------------------------- —Col. 2 (table 2B) -r- col. 2. Col. 4 --------------------------- —Col. 3 -f- col. 4 (table 2B ). Col. 5 _____________ _________ Col. 2 -r- col. 3 (table 2B ). A ppendix T able 3A. FRANCE. Basic Data and on P roduction, L abor Compensation , E mployment , H ours of W ork in Manufacturing , 1950-64 Gross product originating in manufacturing Year Current value (billions of new francs) Implicit price deflator for Constant value manufacturing (1958=100) (billions of 1958 new francs) (2) (3) (4) 59.05 64.63 65.74 67.58 70.67 74.66 81.98 86.76 92.21 94.24 102.20 107.47 114.46 121,10 128.16 65.4 76.5 84.0 83.9 83.3 83.4 86.5 91.1 100.0 105.8 108.6 111.3 114.6 119.2 122.5 10,559.71 15,378.81 17,937.00 19,336.64 20,736.27 23,317.16 27,040.91 31,026.49 36,149.65 37,640.72 42,051.00 47,109.03 53,700.80 60,393.20 67,767.40 (1) 1950__________________________ 1951__________________________ 1952__________________________ 1953__________________________ 1954_ ________________________ 1955__________________________ 1956 _________________________ 1957___________________ ______ _ 1958______________ _____ ______ 1959______________________ ____ 1960__________________________ 1961__________________________ 1962___________ _______________ 1963_____________ _____ _______ 1964__________________________ 38.61 49.43 55.22 56.67 58.93 62.26 70.88 79.08 92.21 99.71 110.95 119.66 131.205 144.365 157.040 Aggregate compensation of all employees (millions of new francs) 1 Not available. 2 Estimate. Cols. 1, 2 __________________Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OCED) National Accounts Statistics. Country submittal based on the International Standard Industrial Classification. Col. 3 _____________________ Col. 1 H- col. 2. Cols. 4, 5, 6 _______________ Institute National de la Statistique et des Etudes Economiques (INSEE) annual study based on 5-percent earnings tax, formerly published in Etudes Statistiques and now published in Etudes et Conjoncture. A p p e n d ix T a b l e 3B. FRANCE. All employees (thousands) Year 1950_______________________ 1951_______________________ 1952_______________________ 1953_______________________ 1954_______________________ 1955_______________________ 1956_______________________ 1957_______________________ 1958_______________________ 1959_______________________ 1960_______________________ 1961_______________________ 1962_______________________ 1963_______________________ 1964_______________________ K) CO Cols. 1, 2, 3, 4 Col. 5 _________ Col. 6 _________ Index of aggregate compensation of all employees Aggregate annual hours of work (millions) Exchange rate (new francs per U.S. dollar) Engaged dur ing any part of year As of December 31 (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) 0) 5,015.1 4,959.0 0) 5,187.2 5,318.7 5,591.9 5,845.9 5,790.9 6,015.5 5,906.8 6,082.4 6,500.1 6,664.7 6,864.5 24,787.7 4,942.2 4,995.1 25,123.9 5,159.6 5,359.3 5,706.2 5,916.6 5,750.7 5,582.7 5,731.2 6,099.1 6,397.6 6,538.6 6,774.7 44.5 44.8 44.2 44.0 44.6 44.7 45.4 45.7 45.1 44.9 45.5 45.7 45.8 45.9 45.7 11,078.7 11,510.4 11,480.7 11,723.4 11,966.1 12,457.2 13,471.2 14,060.2 13,486.5 13,034.5 13,560.0 14,493.9 15,236.5 15,606.3 16,099.4 350 350 350 350 350 350 350 377 457 490 490 490 490 490 490 0) 7,603.4 7,684.7 0) 7,937.9 8,245.1 8,778.7 9,120.4 8,847.2 8,588.8 8,817.3 9,506.4 9,842.5 10,059.4 10,422.6 Adjusted Col. 7 ______________________Estimate based on 65 percent of col. 5. Col. 8 ______________________INSEE data published monthly in the Bulletin Mensuel de Statistique. Col. 9 ______________________Col. 7 X col. 8 X 52. Col. 1 0 _____________________Official exchange rates, except for 1957 and 1958, where the average monthly domestic mean exchange rate has been used due to changes in the official value during the year. I n d exes of U n it L abor C o st, O u t p u t per M a n - h o u r , a n d A verage H o u r ly C o m p e n s a t io n in M a n u f a c t u r in g , [1957=100] Index of constantvalue gross product in manufacturing Average weekly hours of work Index of aggregate annual hours of work Index of exchange rate (new francs per U.S. dollar) 1950-64 Index of unit labor cost Franc basis U.S. dollar basis Index of output per man-hour Average compensation of all employees per man-hour In new francs Index (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) 68.1 74.5 75.8 77.9 81.5 86.1 94.5 100.0 106.3 108.6 117.8 123.9 131.9 139.6 147.7 34.0 50.0 57.8 62.3 66.6 75.2 87.2 100.0 116.5 121.3 135.5 151.8 173.1 194.7 218.4 78.8 81.9 81.7 83.4 85.1 88.6 95.8 100.0 95.9 92.7 96.4 103.1 108.4 111.0 114.5 92.8 92.8 92.8 92.8 92.8 92.8 92.8 100.0 121.2 130.0 130.0 130.0 130.0 130.0 130.0 49.9 67.1 76.3 80.0 81.7 87.3 92.3 100.0 109.6 111.7 115.0 122.5 131.2 139.5 147.9 53.8 72.3 82.2 86.2 87.8 94.1 99.5 100.0 90.4 85.9 88.5 94.2 100.9 107.3 113.8 86.4 91.0 92.8 93.4 95.8 97.2 98.6 100.0 110.8 117.1 122.1 120.2 121.7 125.8 129.0 .953 1.336 1.562 1.649 1.733 1.872 2.007 2.207 2.680 2.888 3.101 3.250 3.524 3.870 4.209 43.2 60.5 70.8 74.7 78.5 84.8 90.9 100.0 121.4 130.9 140.5 147.3 159.7 175.4 190.7 Indexes o f respective series appearing in appendix table 3A. .Col. 2 -f- col. 1. .Col. 5 -r- col. 4. Col. 7 Col. 8 Col. 9 .Col. 1 -r- col. 3. .Col. 4 (table 3A) -f- col. 9 (table 3 A ). .Index o f col. 8. to A ppendix T able 4A . G E R M A N Y (F .R .). B asic D ata on Production, L abor Compensation , E mployment , and H ours op W ork in M anufacturing , 1950-64 Gross product originating in manufa cturing Year 1950____ . _____________ 1951.......................................... 1952....... ....................... ........... 1953. .................. ................. .. 1954___________ __________ _ 1955 _ ............ 1956 ______ 1957 ______ 1958 ______ 1959 ............ . 1960 .................. 1961_______________________ 1962._________ _____________ 1963__ ____________________ 1964_______________________ Current value (billions of DM) Constant value (billions of 1958 DM) Implicit price deflator for manufacturing (1958 =100) 1950. 1951. 1952. 1953. 1954. 1955 1956 1957. 1958. 1959. 1960 1961. 1962. 1963. 1964. Cols. 1, 2 Col. 3 Col. 4 — Col. 5 Col. 6 Col. 7 — Col. 8___ Ratio of employer contributions to total wages and salaries (total economy) Aggregate wages and salaries (millions of DM) (1) (2) ( 3) ( 4) 38.02 48.38 54.31 58.46 63.64 73.85 80.60 87.13 92.72 101.01 122.18 135.55 146.82 152.83 168.51 41.86 48.17 54.25 60.20 67.01 77.98 83.64 89.08 92.72 100.83 120.80 128.99 134.98 138.44 152.72 90.8 100.4 100.1 97.1 95.0 94.7 96.4 97.8 100.0 100.2 101.1 105.1 108.8 110.1 110.4 12,990 16,691 18,498 20,172 22,269 25,949 29,858 32,189 34,602 37,158 45,709 51,902 57,933 61,559 68,032 All employees (thousands) Wage earners (thousands) ( 9) ( 10) ( 11) ( 12) 4,225.5 4,739.2 4.903.4 5.107.9 5.419.9 5.932.4 6.338.1 6.553.2 6.616.2 6.802.4 7.439.5 7.703.8 7.789.8 7,746.7 7.804.5 .Federal Statistical Office data published annually (usually in the January issue) in Wirtschajt und Statistik. Also, OECD in National Accounts Statistics. .Col. 1 -7- col. 2. .Federal Statistical Office. Statistisches Jahrbuch and Wirtschaft und Statistik. .Basic data used in calculating these rates, but not presented here, can be found in the Statistisches Jahrbuch, Wirtschaft und Statistik, or the OECD National Accounts Statistics. .Col. 4 X col. 5. .Federal Statistical Office. Statistisches Jahrbuch and W irt schaft und Statistik. .Col. 7 X col. 6. 1,390 1,746 1,953 2,183 2,369 2,808 3,222 3,869 4,377 4,634 5,714 6,322 6,981 7,436 7,953 ( 7) 9,915 12,782 14,011 15,155 16,723 19,511 22,314 23,844 25,306 26,943 33,057 37,177 41,091 43,086 47,530 Aggregate annual hours of work Wage earners (millions of DM) 10,976 14,119 15,491 16,793 18,502 21,622 24,722 26,710 28,507 30,303 37,189 41,705 46,042 48,291 53,086 Aggregate wages (millions of DM) (6) ( 5) All employees (millions of DM) 14,380 18,437 20,452 22,353 24,638 28,757 33,080 36,058 38,979 41,792 51,423 58,224 64,914 68,995 75,985 Aggregate supplements for all employees (millions of DM) 10.70 10.46 10.56 10.82 10.64 10.82 10.79 12.02 12.65 12.47 12.50 12.18 12.05 12.08 11.69 Employment Aggregate compensation Year i | j 3.526.6 3.960.9 4.065.7 4.222.4 4.482.1 4.910.4 5.226.0 5.378.2 5.385.3 5,496.6 5.978.2 6.136.9 6.141.3 6.048.9 6.059.1 All employees (millions) Wage earners (millions) Aggregate supplements for wage earners (millions of DM) (8) 1,061 1,337 1,480 1,640 1,779 2,111 2,408 2,866 3,201 3,360 4,132 4,528 4,951 5,205 5,556 Exchange rate (DM per U.S. dollar) (13) (14) (15) 9,542 10,633 11,013 11,514 12,249 12,487 14,047 13,880 13,802 13,935 15,408 15,662 15,448 15,277 15,444 8,088 9,014 9,271 9,627 10,298 11,271 11,734 11,436 11,242 11,217 12,368 12,403 12,109 11,746 11,814 4.200 4.200 4.200 4.200 4.200 4.200 4.200 4.200 4.200 4.200 4.200 4.050 4.000 4.000 4.000 Col. 9 ____ ________________Col. 4 -4- col. 6. , Col. 10 ___ ________________Col. 7 + col. 8. Cols. 11, 12 ________________Federal Statistical Office. Statistisches Jahrbuch and Wirtschaft und Statistik. Data in cols. 11 and 12 refer to earn ings o f the employees in cols. 4 and 7. Col. 1 3 ___ ________________Col. 14 plus the difference between col. 11 and col. 12 times 40 hours a week times 52 weeks a year. Col. 14 ___ ________________Federal Statistical Office. Statistisches Jahrbuch and Wirt schaft und Statistik. Col. 15 - __ ________________ Official exchange rate, except for 1961 which represents^ a weighted average o f the official value before and after its change in March. A ppendix T able 4B. and GERMANY (F.R.). I ndexes of U nit L abor Cost, Output A verage H ourly Compensation in M anufacturing , 1950-64 per M a n - hour, [ 1957= 100] Index of unit labor cost Year Index of constant-value gross product in manufacturing Index of aggregate compensation All employees 1950....... ................................. 1951_______________________ 1952......... ........... .............. . 1953 _______ ______ _______ 1954_________ ________ _____ 1955_________ ______ _______ 1956..... ..................................... 1957_______ _______ ________ 1958______ ______ __________ 1959....... ................. ................. 1960_________ ________ _____ 1961 _ ______ ______ _________ 1962 .......................................... 1963. _________ ____________ 1964_______________________ Wage earners Index of aggregate hours of work All employees Wage earners (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) 41.1 52.9 58.0 62.9 69.3 81.0 92.6 100.0 106.7 113.5 139.2 156.1 168.2 180.8 198.7 68.7 76.6 79.3 83.0 88.2 97.2 101.2 100.0 99.4 100.4 111.0 112.8 111.3 110.1 111.3 70.7 78.8 81.1 84.2 90.0 98.6 102.6 100.0 98.3 98.1 108.1 108.5 105.9 102.7 103.3 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 96.4 95.2 95.2 95.2 85.6 95.7 93.4 91.9 91.1 91.3 97.6 100.0 103.8 102.4 105.2 111.5 118.9 123.1 122.9 88.2 99.1 95.6 93.2 92.4 92.7 98.6 100.0 102.5 100.3 102.7 107.8 111.1 116.3 115.9 Average compensation per man-hour Wage earners All employees Wage earners Wage earners All employees U.S. dollar basis All employees Wage earners 39.9 51.1 56.7 62.0 68.3 79.8 91.7 100.0 108.1 115.9 142.6 161.5 180.0 191.3 210.7 Year Ol All employees (1) Index of output per man-hour to DM basis 46.6 53.4 60.7 67.5 75.0 87.4 93.9 100.0 104.1 113.2 135.6 144.8 151.4 155.4 171.4 Index of unit labor cost— Con. 1950________ _____ _________ 1951 ______________________ 1952 ...................................... . 1953___.............................. . 1954..... ......... ................. ......... 1955_______________________ 1956_______________________ 1957_________ _____ ________ 1958_______ ______ _________ 1959........... ............... ............... 1960_____ _____ _______ _____ 1961_______________________ 1962___.................. ............... .. 1963_______________________ 1964_________ _______ ______ Index of exchange rate (DM per U.S. dollar) In DM Index In DM Index (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) (16) 85.6 95.7 93.4 91.9 91.1 91.3 97.6 100.0 103.8 102.4 105.2 115.7 124.9 129.3 129.1 88.2 99.1 95.6 93.2 92.4 92.7 98.6 100.0 102.5 100.3 102.7 111.8 116.7 122.2 121.7 67.8 69.7 76.5 81.3 85.0 89.9 92.8 100.0 104.7 112.7 122.1 128.4 136.0 141.1 153.1 65.9 67.8 74.8 80.2 83.3 88.6 91.5 100.0 105.9 115.4 125.4 133.5 143.0 151.3 165.0 1.51 1.73 1.86 1.94 2.01 2.13 2.35 2.60 2.82 3.00 3.34 3.72 4.20 4.52 4.92 58.1 66.5 71.5 74.6 77.3 81.9 90.4 100.0 108.5 115.4 128.5 143.1 161.5 173.8 189.2 1.36 1.57 1.67 1.74 1.80 1.92 2.11 2.34 2.54 2.70 3.01 3.36 3.80 4.11 4.49 58.1 67.1 71.4 74.4 76.9 82.0 90.2 100.0 108.5 115.4 128.6 143.6 162.4 175.6 191.9 Cols. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 _ indexes of respective series appearing in appendix Col. Col. Col. Col. __ Data are table 4A. 7 ___________________ __ Col. 2 -r8 ___________________ __ Col. 3 -f9 ___________________ __ Col. 7 -f1 0 __________________ __ Col. 8 -r- col. col. col. col. 1. 1. 6. 6. Col. Col. Col. Col. Col. Col. 1 1 __ 1 2 __ 1 3 __ 1 4 __ 15 _ 1 6 __ _Col. 1 - r - C O l. 4. _Col. 1 -r- col. 5. _Col. 9 (table 4A) -f- col. 13 (table 4A ). _Index of col. 13. _Col. 10 (table 4A) -r- col. 14 (table 4A ). _Index o f col. 15. to A ppendix T able 5A. Os and ITALY. B asic D ata on P roduction, L abor Compensation , H ours op W ork in Manufacturing , 1950-64 Gross domestic product originating in manufacturing Year Current value (billions of lire) 1950________________________________________ 1951________________________________________ 1952________________________________________ 1953______________________________ __________ 1954________________________________________ 1955________________________________________ 1956________________________________________ 1957________________________________________ 1958________________________________________ 1959__________ ______________________________ 1960________________________________________ 1961________________________________________ 1962________________________________________ 1963________________________________________ 1964________________________________________ Constant value (billions of 1958 lire) (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) 2,503 2,860 2,932 3,219 3,576 3,898 4,148 4,435 4,602 5,113 5,824 6,447 7,092 7,716 7,785 97.0 108.9 106.2 102.7 98.0 97.9 98.0 98.4 100.0 97.5 97.3 97.7 99.3 106.5 112.9 593.657 667.311 709.242 745.649 793.758 848.725 913.667 967.808 984.636 1,019.009 1,150.616 1,301.270 1,533.933 1,831.427 1,934.728 3,236.5 3,312.4 3,281.8 3,323.7 3,411.7 3,423.3 3,451.1 3,524.6 3,416.8 3,466.0 3,753.3 3,961.7 4,042.9 4,164.1 3,927.4 5B. ITALY. Cols. 4, 5 __________________Istituto Centrale di Statistica. Data are published in Statistiche del Lavoro and, for more recent periods, in Supplemento al Bollettino Statistiche del Lavoro. I n d e x e s of U n it L abo r C o st, O u t p u t per M a n - h o u r , a n d 1950-64 A verage H o u r ly C o m p e n s a t io n in M a n u f a c t u r in g , [1957=100] Index of constant-value gross domestic product in manufacturing Year (1) 1950____________________________ 1951____________________________ 1952.____ ______________________ 1953____________________________ 1954____________________________ 1955________________ ___________ 1956____________________________ 1957____________________________ 1958____________________________ 1959_____ _____ _________________ 1960____________________________ 1961____________________________ 1962____________________________ 1963________________ _____ ______ 1964__________________________ Cols. 1, 2, 3 Col. 4 --------Col. 5 ______ 56.4 64.5 66.1 72.6 80.6 87.9 93.5 100.0 103.7 115.3 131.3 145.4 159.9 174.0 175.5 Aggregate annual hours of work of wage earners (millions) 2,428 3,114 3,113 3,305 3,503 3,816 4,064 4,362 4,602 4,987 5,668 6,300 7,043 8,218 8,792 Cols. 1, 2 __________________ Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, National Accounts Statistics. Country submittal based on International Standard Industrial Classification. Col. 3 ______________________ Col. 1 col. 2. A p p e n d ix T a b l e Aggregate compensation of wage earners (billions of lire) Implicit price deflator for manufacturing (1958=100) Index of aggregate compensation of w^ge earners (2) 61.3 69.0 73.3 77.0 82.0 87.7 94.4 100.0 101.7 105.3 118.9 134.4 158.4 189.2 199.9 Index of aggregate hours of work of wage earners 108.7 107.0 110.9 106.1 101.7 99.8 101.0 100.0 98.1 91.3 90.6 92.4 99.1 108.7 113.9 Col. 6 Col. 7 Average compensation of wage earners per man-hour Index of output per man-hour of wage earners (4) (3) 91.8 93.9 93.1 94.3 96.8 97.1 97.9 100.0 96.9 98.3 106.5 112.4 114.7 118.1 111.4 Indexes o f respective series appearing in appendix table 5A. Col. 2 col. 1. .Col. 1 -T- col. 3. Index of unit labor cost for wage earners In lire (6) (5) ! 61.4 68.7 71.0 77.0 83.3 90.5 95.5 100.0 107.0 117.3 123.3 129.4 139.4 147.4 156.2 j 183.43 201.46 216.11 224.34 232.66 247.93 264.75 274.59 288.17 294.00 306.56 328.46 379.41 439.81 492.63 .Col. 4 (table 5A) -f- col. 5 (table 5A ). .Index of col. 6. Index (7) 66.7 73.3 78.8 81.8 84.7 90.4 96.6 100.0 105.0 107.1 111.6 119.8 138.3 160.3 179.5 A ppendix T able 6A. JAPAN. B asic D ata on P roduction, L abor Compensation , E mployment , H ours of W ork in Manufacturing , 1950-64 and Current-value gross product originating in manufacturing (billions of yen) Year 1950_____________________________________ 1951_____________________________________ 1952________ ____________________________ 1953_____________________________________ 1954_____________________________________ 1955_____________________________________ 1956_ __________________________________ 1957__________________ _________________ 1958_____________________________________ 1959_____________________________________ 1960 _ __________________________________ 1961_____________________________________ 1962_____________________________________ 1963_____________________________________ 1964_____________________________________ Aggregate compensation of all employees (billions of yen) Index of manufacturing production (1960=100) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) 19.8 27.8 30.9 38.5 42.2 45.7 56.4 66.9 65.7 79.6 100.0 119.9 130.1 143.7 166.8 2370.472 507.037 596.933 669.443 757.578 828.716 1,020.769 1,145.269 1,189.624 1,359.149 1,676.324 2,047.012 2,416.528 2,785.505 0) 24,289 4,575 4,682 4,773 5,007 5,132 5,897 6,455 6,589 6,828 7,538 8,082 8,573 8,951 0) 189.0 192.8 194.4 196.7 195.9 198.0 204.4 202.9 201.4 204.7 207.0 203.4 198.4 196.9 195.7 29,727 10,585 10,922 11,266 11,770 12,194 14,464 15,717 15,924 16,772 18,724 19,727 20,411 21,149 0) and (1) 1950____________________________ 1951____________________________ 1952____________________________ 1953____________________________ 1954____________________________ 1955____________________________ 1956____________________________ 1957____________________________ 1958____________________________ 1959____________________________ 1960____________________________ 1961____________________________ 1962____________________________ 1963____________________________ 1964_____________________ K) 29.6 41.6 46.2 57.5 63.1 68.3 84.3 100.0 98.2 119.0 149.5 179.2 194.5 214.8 249.3 Aggregate annual hours of work (millions) 0) 1,111.2 1,146.8 1,361.5 1,444.9 1,494.2 1,918.7 2,236.1 2,155.0 2,666.2 3,463.5 4,251.9 4,688.9 5,420.6 6,059.6 JAPAN. A p p e n d ix T a b l e 6 B . Index of manufacturing production Average monthly hours of work per employee (1) 1 Not available. 2 Estimate. Col. 1 ---------------------------------Economic Planning Agency. Data published annually (in Japanese) in White Paper on National Income. Col. 2 ---------------------------------Japanese Ministry o f International Trade and Industry, index of production, published by the Ministry of Labor in Yearbook of Labor Statistics. Year Employment (thousands) Cols. 3, 4 ---------------------------- Economic Planning Agency, White Paper on National Income. Col. 5 ______________________Japanese Ministry of Labor, Yearbook of Labor Statistics. A monthly establishment survey showing the number of hours of work of all employees in establishments with 30 or more employees. Col. 6 ______________________Col. 4 X col. 5 X 12 months. I n d exes of U n it L abo r C o st, O u tpu t per M a n - h o u r , A verage H o u r ly C o m p e n s a t io n in M a n u f a c t u r in g , [1957=100]1 1950-64 Index of aggregate compensation of all employees Index of output per man-hour (2) i 32.3 44.3 52.1 58.5 66.1 72.4 89.1 100.0 103.9 118.7 146.4 178.7 211.0 243.2 276.5 Index of aggregate hours of work Index of unit labor cost Average compensation of all employees per man-hour In yen (3) (4) i 109.1 106.5 112.8 101.7 104.8 106.0 105.7 100.0 105.8 99.7 97.9 99.7 108.5 113.2 110.8 i 61.9 67.3 69.5 71.7 74.9 77.6 92.0 100.0 101.3 106.7 119.1 125.5 129.9 134.6 (2) 1 Estimate. 2 Not available. Cols. 1, 2, 3 ---------------------- Indexes of respective series appearing in appendix table 6A. Col. 4 -------------------------------- Col. 2 -r- col. 1. Col. 5 Col. 6 Col. 7 (5) i 47.8 61.8 66.5 80.2 84.2 88.0 91.6 100.0 96.9 111.5 125.5 142.8 149.7 159.6 (2) (6) i 38.09 47.90 54.65 59.42 64.36 67.96 70.57 72.87 74.70 81.04 89.53 103.77 118.40 131.71 (2) ■Col. 1 - r - COI. 3 . .Col. 3 (table 6A) -f- col. 6 (table 6 A ). .Index of col. 6. Index (?) i 52.3 65.7 75.0 81.5 88.3 93.3 96.8 100.0 102.5 111.2 122.9 142.4 162.5 180.7 (2) to oo A ppendix T able 7A. NETHERLANDS. B asic D ata on Production, L abor Compensation , E mployment, and H ours of W ork in Manufacturing , 1950-64 Aggregate compensation of all employees (millions of guilders) Aggregate annual hours of work of all employees (millions) Year Current-value gross product originating in manufacturing (millions of guilders) Index of manufacturing production (1953=100) (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) 1960 ___ 1951 ___ 1952 _ __ 1953 __ 1954 __ 1955 _ __ 1956 ___ 1957 ___ 1958 _____ 1959 ____ 1960 ______ 1961 _______ 1962 _ _ 1963 ___ 1964.......................... ............. ........... 4,993 5,638 5,674 6,332 7,319 8,193 8,880 9,735 9,569 10,554 12,216 12,796 13,575 (2) (2) 88 91 91 100 111 120 125 128 127 139 155 161 170 177 194 2,765 3,088 3,200 3,376 3,906 4,413 4,986 5,565 5,680 5,945 6,772 7,586 8,228 9,171 10,645 1,151 1,162 1,133 1,148 1,201 1,229 1,252 1,263 1,237 1,257 1,295 1,327 1,285 1,309 1,331 48.8 48.5 48.6 48.8 48.8 49.0 48.8 48.6 48.6 48.8 48.8 46.5 46.5 46.6 46.1 2,920.8 2,930.8 2,863.3 2,913.2 3,047.7 3,131.5 3,177.1 3,191.9 3,126.1 3,189.8 3,286.2 3,208.7 3,107.1 3,172.0 3,190.7 3.800 3.800 3.800 3.800 3.800 3.800 3.800 3.800 3.800 3.800 3.800 3.640 3.600 3.600 3.600 1 A man-year is 300 working days regardless o f the number o f hours worked. 2 Not available. ^ Col. 1 ______________________ Central Bureau o f Statistics, Nationals rekenmgen. Constantvalue gross product figures are not published separately for the manufacturing sector. Col. 2 ______________________ Central Bureau of Statistics, Maadschrift. Employment (thousands of man-years1) Average weekly hours of work Exchange rate (guilders per U.S. dollar) Cols. 3, 4 __________________ Central Bureau of Statistics, Nationale rekeningen. Col. 5 ______________________Central Bureau o f Statistics, Sociale maandstatistiek. Col. 6 ZZZZZZ Z_________Col. 4 X col. 5 X 52 weeks. Col. 7 ______________________Official exchange rate, except for 1961 which represents a weighted average of the official value before and after its change in March. A ppendix T able 7B. NETHERLANDS. I ndexes of U nit L abor Cost, Output per Ma n - hour, and A verage H ourly Compensation in Manufacturing , 1950-64 [1957=100] Year 1950 ____________ 1951 ____________ 1952 ___________ 1953 ___________ 1954 _____________ 1955 _______________ 1956 _ ______ 1957 _______ 1958 _____ 1959 __ __ I960 ________ 1961 ................ 1962 ................ 1963 ............... 1964......................................... Cols. 1, 2, 3, 4 Col. 5 ------------Col. 6 ------------- Index of aggregate hours of work of all employees Index of exchange rate (guilders per U.S. dollar) Index of unit labor cost Average hourly compensation of all employees Index of manufacturing production Index of aggregate compensation of all employees (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) 49.7 55.5 57.5 60.7 70.2 79.3 89.6 100.0 102.1 106.8 121.7 136.3 147.9 164.8 191.3 91.5 91.8 89.7 91.3 95.5 98.1 99.5 100.0 97.9 99.0 103.0 100.5 97.3 99.4 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 95.8 94.7 94.7 94.7 72.2 78.0 80.9 77.7 81.0 84.5 91.7 100.0 102.9 98.3 100.5 108.3 111.4 119.2 126.4 72.2 78.0 80.9 77.7 81.0 84.5 91.7 100.0 102.9 98.3 100.5 113.4 117.6 125.9 133.5 75.2 77.5 79.3 85.5 90.8 95.6 98.2 100.0 100.0 108.7 117.6 125.2 136.5 139.1 151.4 .947 1.054 1.118 1.159 1.282 1.409 1.569 1.743 1.817 1.864 2.061 2.364 2.648 2.891 3.336 54.3 60.5 64.1 66.5 73.6 80.8 90.0 100.0 104.2 106.9 118.2 135.6 151.9 165.9 191.4 68.8 71.1 71.1 78.1 86.7 93.8 97.7 100.0 99.2 108.6 121.1 125.8 132.8 138.3 151.4 .Indexes o f respective series appearing in appendix table 7A. .Col. 2 - h col. 1. .Col. 5 -r- col. 4 Col. 7 Col. 8 Col. 9 Guilder basis U.S. dollar basis Index of output per man-hour In guilders .Col. 1 -f- col. 3. .Col. 3 (table 7A) -r- col. 6 (table 7A) .Index o f col. 8. Index A ppendix T able 8A. SWEDEN. B asic D ata on P roduction, L abor Compensation , E mployment , and H ours of W ork in M anufacturing and Mining , 1950-64 Year 1950_______ 1951.... ......... 1952_______ 1953_______ 1954_______ 1955_______ 1956______ 1957_______ 1958.... ......... 1959_______ 1960_______ 1961_______ 1962_______ 1963_______ 1964_______ Value added in manu facturing and mining (thousands of kronor) Index of production in manufacturing and mining 1935 =100 1959 =100 (1) (2) (3) 0) (0 12,248,173 12,490.372 13,777,764 15,019,988 16,265,527 17,646,468 18,088,632 19,296,266 21,508,265 23,938,949 25,393,199 27,089,665 0) 197 206 202 204 213 226 234 240 245 259 286 305 309 316 337 0) 79 78 79 82 87 90 93 94 100 110 119 126 133 146 Aggregate wages (thousands of kronor) Aggregate salaries (thousands of kronor) Aggregate wages to homeworkers (thousands of kronor) (4) (5) (6) 0) (0 4,983,808 5,076,084 5,544,343 6,106,169 6,557,858 6,911,426 7,080,354 7,319,163 8,082,609 8,882,601 9,594,237 10,151,904 0) 0) 0) 1,780,001 1,847,393 2,000,833 2,243,945 2,482,611 2,686,681 2,896,870 3,091,594 3,621,186 4,102,901 4,746,050 5,147,199 0) 0) (0 23,172 32,497 34,488 33,314 34,448 34,505 31,950 32,816 38,022 40,876 43,213 48,069 (0 1 Not available. 2 Estimate. Col. 1 _____________________ Central Bureau o f Statistics, Industri (annual). Data from the annual census o f production. Cols. 2, 3 __________________Central Bureau of Statistics, AUnian Manads Statistik (m onthly). A p p e n d ix T a b l e 8 B . SWEDEN. Aggregate compensation (thousands of kronor) All employees Wage earners (7) (8) 2 4,744,099 23,515,346 2 5,762,146 2 4,295,781 6,786,981 5,006,980 6,955,974 5,108,581 7,579,664 5,578,831 6,139,483 8,383,428 9,074,917 6,592,306 9,632,612 6,945,931 10,009,174 7,112,304 10,443,573 7,351,979 11,741,817 8,120,631 13,026,378 8,923,477 14,383,500 9,637,450 15,347,172 10,199,973 216,695,950 210,969,276 Employment Wage earners Year (1) 1950_______ 1951_______ 1952_______ 1953__.......... 1954.............. 1955.............. 1956.............. 1957_______ 1958............ 1959.............. 1960......... 1961_______ 1962_______ 1963_______ 1964............. K) ZD 82.1 85.8 84.2 85.0 88.7 94.2 97.5 100.0 102.1 107.9 119.2 128.0 135.5 143.0 157.0 Index of aggregate compensation All employees (2) 49.3 59.8 70.5 72.2 78.7 87.0 94.2 100.0 103.9 108.4 121.9 135.2 149.3 159.3 »173.3 Wage earners (3) 50.6 61.8 72.1 73.5 80.3 88.4 94.9 100.0 102.4 105.8 116.9 128.5 138.7 146.8 i 157.8 (4) 95.1 98.3 96.1 93.3 97.5 100.5 100.0 100.0 98.0 97.9 102.3 105.6 106.4 105.6 (1 2) Salary earners (thousands) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) 143,100 149,306 151,335 151,974 159,729 166,608 172,515 177,235 180,035 185,107 196,907 211,222 221,665 227,766 0) 1,384,018 1,427,730 1,384,715 1,334,053 1,391,818 1,430,873 1,409,168 1,399,137 1,357,618 1,345,641 1,399,140 1,427,659 1,419,199 1,393,183 0) 297,648 310,556 314,777 316,106 332,236 346,545 358,831 368,649 374,467 385,022 409,567 439,342 461,063 473,753 0) 1,681,666 1,738,286 1,699,492 1,650,159 1,724,054 1,777,418 1,767,999 1,767,786 1,732,085 1,730,663 1,808,707 1,867,001 1,880,262 1,866,936 0) Cols. 4, 5, 6 _______________ Central Bureau o f Statistics, Industri (annual). Col. 7 ___________ - _____ ___Cols. 4 ~j- 5 *4“ 6. Col. 8 _____________________Col. 4 + col. 6. Cols. 9, 10, 11 ____________ Central Bureau o f Statistics, Industri (annual). Col. 1 2 __ - _________________Col. 10 X 40 hours X 52 weeks. Col. 1 3 _____________________Col. 11 - f col. 12. I n d e x e s of U n it L abor C o st, O u t p u t per M a n - h o u r , a n d A verage Index of aggregate hours of work j All employees Wage earners (thousands) Total hours of all employees (thousands) 649,469 663,135 648,173 631,878 656,628 676,350 676,539 671,397 661,208 665,143 698,680 719,166 718,260 711,077 0) H o u r ly C o m p e n s a t io n in M a n u f a c t u r in g a n d M in in g , [1957=100] Index of production in manu facturing and mining Salary earners Aggregate annual hours of work Wage earners (5) 98.9 102.0 99.0 95.3 99.5 102.3 100.0 100.0 97.0 96.2 100.0 102.0 101.4 99.6 (2) Index of unit labor cost All employees (6) 60.0 69.7 83.7 84.9 88.7 92.4 96.6 100.0 101.8 100.5 102.3 105.6 110.2 111.3 i 110.4 1 Estimate. 2 Not available. Cols. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 __________ Indexes o f respective series appearing in appendix table 8A. Col. 6 ---------------------------------- Col. 2 -r- col. 1. Col. 7 ---------------------------------- Col. 3 -r- col. 1. Col. 8 _______________________Col. 1 -r- col. 4. Index of output per man-hour Wage earners (7) 61.6 72.0 85.6 86.4 90.5 93.8 97.3 100.0 100.3 98.1 98.1 100.4 102.4 102.7 i 100.5 Col. Col. Col. Col. Col. 1950-64 9 10 11 12 13 All employees (8) 86.3 87.3 87.6 91.1 91.0 93.7 97.5 100.0 104.2 110.2 116.5 121.2 127.3 135.4 (2) Wage earners (9) 83.0 84.1 85.1 89.2 89.1 92.1 97.5 100.0 105.3 112.2 119.2 125.5 133.6 143.6 (2) ____________________ Col. 1 ___________________ Col, 7 ____________________Index ___________________ Col. 8 _______ - ___________ Index Average compensation of Average compensation of all employees per man-hour wage-earners per man-hour In kronor Index In kronor Index (10) (11) (12) (13) 2.82 3.31 3.99 4.22 4.40 4.72 5.13 5.45 5.78 6.03 6.49 6.98 7.65 8.22 (2) 51.7 60.7 73.4 77.4 80.7 86.6 99.2 100.0 106.0 110.7 119.2 128.0 140.3 150.8 (2) 2.54 3.01 3.62 3.83 4.01 4.29 4.68 4.96 5.24 5.46 5.80 6.25 6.79 7.32 (2) 51.2 60.7 72.8 77.1 80.7 86.4 94.9 100.0 105.6 110.0 116.9 126.0 136.8 147.6 (2) ~r* col. 5. (table 8A) -r- col. 13 (table 8 A ). o f col. 10. (table 8A) col. 11 (table 8A ). o f col. 12. A ppendix T able 9A. UNITED KINGDOM. B asic D ata on P roduction, L abor Compensation , E mployment, and H ours op W ork in Manufacturing , 1950-64 00 o Gross product originating in manufacturing Year 1950 1951. 1952 1953 1954. 1955 1956. 1957. 1958 1959. 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 Year Current value (millions of pounds) Aggregate wages and salaries (millions of pounds) Aggregate supplements, all employees (millions of pounds) Ratio of supplements to wages and salaries (percent) (2) ( 3) ( 4) ( 5) ( 6) 5,742 6,023 5,812 6,163 6,583 7,003 6,933 7,073 7,003 7,423 8,053 8,053 8,053 8,404 9,104 72.5 78.4 81.5 83.0 85.3 2,460 2,743 2,976 3,194 3,450 3,806 4,119 4,371 4,502 4,745 5,221 5,599 5,765 5,940 6,495 118 138 151 167 177 198 219 232 269 279 294 337 368 393 431 4.80 5.03 5.07 5.23 5.13 5.20 5.32 5.31 5.98 5.88 5.63 Aggregate supplements for wage earners (millions of pounds) 90 101 103 123 131 146 160 168 191 197 208 242 253 268 295 88.1 93.8 97.4 100.0 100.8 102.5 106.2 108.2 108.3 111.1 Aggregate compensation Employment (thousands) 6.02 6.38 6.61 6.64 Average weekly hours of work Aggregate wages (millions of pounds) ( 7) (1) 4,161 4,725 4,738 5,116 5,618 6,169 6,505 6,890 7,003 7,484 8,257 8,556 8,711 9,098 10,114 ( 8) 1950. 1951. 1952. 1953. 1954. 1955. 1956. 1957 1958. 1959 1960 1961. 1962 1963. 1964 Constant value (millions of 1958 pounds) Implicit price deflator for manufacturing (1958=100) 1,812 2,016 2,166 2.357 2,549 2,812 3,016 3,164 3,200 3.357 3,691 3,903 3,960 4,054 4,437 Aggregate annual hours of work All employees (millions of pounds) Wage earners (millions of pounds) Salaried employees Wage earners Wage earners ( 9) ( 10) (ID ( 12) (13) (14) (15) 45.9 46.3 45.9 46.3 46.7 47.0 46.8 46.6 46.2 46.6 46.2 45.7 45.3 45.4 45.8 17,022 17,562 17,365 17,722 18,083 18,615 18,646 18,570 18,111 18,235 18,756 18,827 18,539 18,367 18,697 14,464 14,879 14,536 14,831 15,129 15,495 15,380 15,242 14,679 14,782 15,147 15,031 14,687 14,519 14,766 2,578 2,881 3,127 3,361 3,627 4,004 4,338 4,603 4,771 5,024 5,515 5,936 6,133 6,333 6,926 1,902 2,117 2,269 2,480 2,680 2,958 3,176 3,332 3,391 3,554 3,899 4,145 4,213 4,322 4,732 Cols. 1, 2 __________________Central Statistical Office, National Income and Expenditure (annu al). Col. 3 _____________________ Col. 1 -r- col. 2. Cols. 4, 5 __________________Central Statistical Office, National Income and Expenditure. Col. 6 _____________________ Col. 5 -r- col. 4. Col. 7 _____________________ Central Statistical Office, National Income and Expenditure. coi.’ 8 ___________ coi. 6 x coi. 7. 1,230 1,290 1,360 1,390 1,420 1,500 1,570 1,600 1,650 1,660 1,735 1,825 1,855 1,850 1,890 6,060 6,180 6,090 6,160 6,230 6,340 6,320 6,290 6,110 6,100 6,305 6,325 6,235 6,150 6,200 All employees (millions) Wage earners (millions) Col. 9 ______________________Central Statistical Office, National Income and Expenditure. Also, col. 4 -f- col. 5. Col. 1 0 _____________________Col. 7 + col. 8. „ _ ^ ... Cols. 11, 12 _______________ Central Statistical Office, National Income and Expenditure. Col. 13 1___________________ Ministry of Labour, Ministry of Labour Gazette. Col 1 4 ____________________ Col. 11 X 40 hours X 52 weeks + col. 15. Col. 1 5 ____________________ Col. 12 X col. 13 X 52 weeks. A ppendix T able 9B. and UNITED KINGDOM. I ndexes of U nit L abor Cost, Output per Man - hour, A verage H ourly Compensation in Manufacturing , 1950-64 [1957=1001 Year 1950_______ 1951_______ 1952_______ 1953_______ 1954........... 1955_______ 1956.............. 1957......... 1958_______ 1959_______ 1960_______ 1961.............. 1962 ............ 1968_______ 1964_______ Index of aggregate compensation Index of output per man-hour Index of unit labor cost All employees Wage earners All employees Wage earners All employees Wage earners All employees (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) 88.5 90.0 87.9 91.3 95.6 98.8 97.6 100.0 101.5 106.9 112.8 112.3 114.1 120.1 127.8 85.6 87.2 86.2 89.5 93.8 97.3 97.1 100.0 102.8 108.2 114.6 115.5 118.3 124.7 132.8 81.2 85.1 82.2 87.1 93.1 99.0 98.0 100.0 99.0 105.0 113.9 113.9 113.9 118.8 128.7 56.0 62.6 68.0 73.1 78.8 87.0 94.3 100.0 103.7 109.2 119.8 128.9 133.2 137.6 150.5 Cols. 1. 2, 3, 4, 5 ________ Indexes 9A. Col. 6 _______________________ Coi. 2 Col. 7 _______________________ Col. 3 Col. 8 _______________________ Col. 1 00 Index of aggregate hours of work Index of constantvalue gross product in manu facturing 57.1 63.4 68.1 74.4 80.4 88.8 95.3 100.0 101.8 106.7 117.0 124.4 126.4 129.7 142.0 91.7 94.6 93.5 95.4 97.4 100.2 100.4 100.0 97.5 98.2 101.0 101.4 99.8 98.9 100.7 94.9 97.6 95.4 97.3 99.3 101.7 100.9 100.0 96.3 97.0 99.4 98.6 96.3 95.3 96.9 69.0 73.6 82.7 83.9 84.6 87.9 96.2 100.0 104.7 104.0 105.2 113.2 116.9 115.8 116.9 o f respective series appearing in appendix table -f-col. 1. -r-col. 1. -r-col. 4. 70.3 74.5 82.8 85.4 86.4 89.7 97.2 100.0 102.8 101.6 103.4 109.2 111.0 109.2 110.3 Col. Col. Col. Col. Col. 9 ____ 10 — 11 — 12 — 13 — Wage earners Average compensation of Average compensation of all employees per man-hour wage earners per man-hour In pounds (10) 0.1515 .1640 .1801 .1897 .2006 .2151 .2327 .2479 .2634 .2755 .2940 .3153 .3308 .3458 .3704 Index (ID 61.1 66.2 72.7 76.5 80.9 86.8 93.9 100.0 106.3 111.1 118.6 127.2 133.4 139.1 149.4 In pounds (12) 0.1313 . 11 44 0£ 0o •loot) & 7O . 110 .1771 1 QAO .2065 .2186 .2310 .2404 .2574 ,2758 .2869 .2977 .3205 Col. 1 -r- col. 5. Col. 9 (table 9A) -r- col. 14 (table 9 A ). Index o f col. 10. Col. 10 (table 9A) -r- col. 15 (table 9A ). Index of col. 12. Index (13) 60.2 65.0 71.4 76.5 81.0 87.3 94.5 100.0 105.7 110.0 117.7 1 6 0 ,u 9 1 1Q O lo 1l «£ 136.2 146.6 S E L E C T E D B IB L IO G R A P H Y General Organization for European Economic Co-operation. A Standardized System of National Accounts. Paris, 1959. United Nations. National Accounting Practices in Sixty Countries. Provisional issue. New York, 1964. (Studies in Methods, Series F, No. 11). Canada Dominion Bureau of Statistics. Canada Yearbook (annual). Ottawa. ------ . Canadian Statistical Review (monthly). Ottawa. _____General Review of the Manufacturing Industries of Canada (annual). Ottawa. ------ . National Accounts Income and Expenditure (annual). Ottawa. ------ . Revised Index of Industrial Production, 1935—1957. Ottawa, 1959. (Refer ence Paper No. 61-502) France Institut National de la Statistique et des Etudes Economiques. “ Les Comptes de la Nation,” Etudes et Conjoncture (Paris), July 1965 and selected earlier issues. ------ . “ Methods de la Comptabilite Nationale: Cadres et definitions de la base 1959,” etudes et Conjoncture (Paris), March 1966, whole issue. ------ . “ Les salaires dans l’industrie, le commerce et les services,” Etudes Statistiques (Paris), April-June 1964 and selected earlier issues. ------ . “ Les salaires dans l’industrie, le commerce et les services en 1963,” Etudes et Conjoncture (Paris), November 1965, pp. 1-74. ------ . “ Les salaires dans l’industrie, le commerce et les services en 1964,” Etudes et Conjoncture (Paris), Supplement No, 2, February 1966, pp. 21-24. Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. General Statistics (Paris), January 1965, whole issue. ------ . National Accounts Statistics, 1955-6J+. Paris, 1966. Pp. 66-73. ------ . Statistics of National Accounts, 1950-61. Paris, 1964. Pp. 87-94. Germany Statistisches Bundesamt. Statistisches Jahrbuch (annual). Wiesbaden. ------ . Social product account data. Wirtschaft und Statistik (Wiesbaden), Jan uary or February issue of each year. Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. National Accounts Sta tistics, 1955-6U. Paris, 1966. Pp. 74-81. ------ . Statistics of National Accounts, 1950-61. Paris, 1964. Pp. 95-102. 32 Selected Bibliography—Continued Italy Ministero del Lavoro e della Previdenza Sociale. Statistiche del Lavoro (quarter ly). Rome. ------ . Supplemento al BoUettino Statistiche del Lavoro (monthly). Rome. Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. National Accounts Sta tistics, 1955-64. Paris, 1966. Pp. 106-113. ------ . Statistics of National Accounts, 1950-61. Paris, 1964. Pp. 127-134. Japan Economic Planning Agency. The Measures Concerning Improvement of National Economic Accounting. Tokyo, 1966 (Bulletin 14). ------ . White Paper on National Income (annual). Tokyo. (In Japanese) Ministry of Labor. Japan Yearbook of Labor Statistics (annual). Tokyo. Netherlands Central Bureau voor de Statistiek. Jaarcijfers voor Nederland (annual). The Hague. ------ . Nationale rekeningen (annual). The Hague. ------ . National Accounts of the Netherlands, 1960. The Hague, 1961 (Statistical Studies No. 11). Sweden Ministry of Finance, Economic Division, and National Institute of Economic Re search. The Swedish Economy (quarterly). Stockholm. Statistiska Centralbry&n. Industri (annual). Stockholm. ------ . Statistik Arsbok (annual). Stockholm. United Kingdom Central Statistical Office. The Index of Industrial Production. London, 1959. ------ . National Income and Expenditure (annual). London. ------ . National Income Statistics: Sources and Methods. London, 1956. United States Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. Federal Reserve Bulletin (monthly). Washington. ------ . Industrial Production Indexes, 1961-1964. Washington, 1965. ------ . Industrial Production Measurement in the United States: Concepts, Uses, and Compilation Practices. Washington, 1964. ------ . Industrial Production, 1957-59 Base. Washington, 1962. U.S. Department of Commerce, Office of Business Economics. “ Advance in Salaries as a Portion of Manufacturing Payrolls,” Survey of Current Business (Wash ington), May 1962, pp. 11-13. ------ . “ GNP by Major Industries,” Survey of Current Business (Washington), October 1963, pp. 6-18, and September 1964, pp. 19-20. 33 Selected Bibliography—Continued United States— Continued U.S. Department of Commerce, Office of Business Economics. National Income. 1954 edition. Washington, 1954. _____National Income. 1954 edition. Washington, 1954. _____Survey of Current Business (Washington), National income number (an nually in July). ------ . U.S. Income and Output. Washington, 1958. U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. Employment and Earnings Statistics for the United States, 1909-1965. Washington, 1965. (Bulletin 1309) ------ . Trends in Output per Man-hour in the Private Economy, 1907-58. Wash ington, 1959. (Bulletin 1249) ------ . “ Unit Labor Cost in Nine Countries. I. Recent Unit Cost Trends in U.S. Manufacturing,” Monthly Labor Review (Washington), September 1965, pp, 1056-1068, ib 34 II. 8 . GOVERNMENT P R IN T IN G O F P IC E : 1966— O 2 2 2 - 3 8 3
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