Full text of Union Wages and Hours: The Baking Industry : Union Wages and Hours in the Baking Industry, June 1, 1942 : Bulletin of the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics, No. 735

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U N IT E D S T A T E S D E P A R T M E N T O F L A B O R
Frances Perkins, Secretary
B U R E A U OF L A B O R ST A T IST IC S
Isador L ubin, Commissioner (on leave)
A . F . H inrichs, A ctin g Commissioner

Union Wages and Hours in the Baking Industry,
June 1, 1942

B ulletin 7v£o. 735
[R eprin ted fro m th e M o n th ly Labor R e v ie w ,
F eb ru ary 1943, w ith additional data]

U N IT E D ST A T E S
G O V E R N M E N T P R IN T IN G OFFICE
W A SH IN G T O N : 1943

For sale by the Superintendent o f D ocum ents, U . S. G overnm ent Printing Office
W ashington, D . C. ~ Price 10 cents




CONTENTS
Pm

Summary________________________________________________________________
Scope and method of the study___________________________________________
Average hourly rates_____________________________________________________
Changes in hourly wage rates, 1941 to 1942_______________________________
Weekly hours____________________________________________________________
Overtime________________________________________________________________
Average rates by city____________________________________________________
Wages and hours in each city_____________________________________________

1
1
2
4
5
6
7
9

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL
U n it e d S t a t e s D e p a r t m e n t of L a b o r ,
B u r e a u o f L a b o r S t a t is t ic s ,

Washington, D. C., March SO, 1943.
T he S e c r e t a r y o f L a b o r :
I have the honor to transm it herewith the annual report on union
wages and hours in the Baking Industry as of June 1, 1942.
T he Bureau of Labor Statistics has made surveys of union wage
rates and hours in the Baking Trades each year since 1907. In the
earlier surveys 39 cities were visited. The present study includes rate
quotations from 62 of the 75 cities visited in 1942.
T his bulletin was prepared in the Industrial Relations D ivision
under the supervision of Florence Peterson, Chief. K erm it B . M ohn
was in charge of the field work. T he final report was prepared by
D onald H . Gerrish and Annette V . Simi.
A. F. H

in r x c h s ,

Acting Commissioner of Labor Statistici .
H on. F r a n c e s P e r k i n s ,

Secretary of Labor.
n




B ulletin 7S[o. 735 o f the
U nited States Bureau o f Labor Statistics
[Reprinted from the M onthly L abor R e v ie w , February 1943, with additional data]

UNION WAGES AND HOURS IN THE BAKING
INDUSTRY, JUNE 1,1942
Sum m ary
T H E average hourly rate for union members in the baking industry
on June 1, 1942, was 81.9 cents. Two^thirds of the union members
had rates between 40 and 90 cents; alm ost one-third had rates between
70 and 90 cents; and over one-fifth had scales of $1.00 or m ore. Organ­
ized workers in Hebrew bakeries received the highest hourly rate on
the average ($1,340), while those in the pie and pastry branch had
the lowest average rate ($0,602).
Based on comparable quotations for both June 1, 1941, and June 1,
1942, the general level of wages advanced 9.6 percent. Bread and
cake machine shops, with an increase of 10.6 percent, reported the
greatest change in the industry. E xactly 93.0 percent of the union
m em bers received increases in rates during this period.
T he 40-hour week was predominant in the industry, 72.7 percent of
the union members being covered by such a provision. The remain­
ing workers were covered by 16 other workweek schedules ranging
from 28 to 54 hours. Overtime was practically always paid for at
time and a half, with over 87 percent of the members subject to this
premium scale.

Scope and M ethod o f Study
T his study is one of a series of annual surveys begun in 1907, cover­
ing union scales in various trades in selected cities of the United
States. T he number of cities included has been gradually increased
from 39 to 75. These cities are in 40 States and the D istrict of
Colum bia. E ffective union agreements providing wage and hour
scales for bakery workers were reported in 62 of the 75 cities in 1942.
T he current survey included 3,450 quotations of scales covering 62,098
union members. A ll the data were effective as of June 1, 1942.
Averages— T he averages and percentages of change given in this
report are weighted according to the number of union members covered
b y each scale. T he resulting aggregates (rates m ultiplied b y member­
ship) were added and their sum was divided b y the total number o f
members used in the weighting. T he average thus reflects not only
the actual scales of wages and hours provided in union agreem ents,
but also the number of members benefiting from these scales. A
weighted average of this kind is obviously more realistic than a sim ple
average of specific rates. In the latter case, a wage rate covering one
or two members would be given the same importance as a rate cover­
ing several dozen members.




1

2

U N IO N W AG ES AND H O U RS

The percent of change from Jl----'
it is the ratio between
similar aggregates computed
quoted for identical
unions and occupational classifications in both years. The weights
in both of the aggregates used in each year-to-year comparison were
the membership figures reported in the second year.
Changes in coverage.— Prior to 1939 only union members engaged
principally in bread baking were included. In the 1939 and 1940
surveys, all types of baking covered by union agreements have been
included, and all occupations except deliverymen. In the current
report, plant-maintenance workers, as well as deliverymen, are ex­
cluded from the tabulations.
A s in the 1941 survey, the data are classified according to the
various types of baking. Separate figures are shown for hand shops,
machine shops, Hebrew baking, other specialized baking, pie and
pastry shops, and cracker and cookie shops. Other specialized shops
include those baking French, Polish, Bohemian, Scandinavian,
Spanish, and Italian products.

Average H ou rly Rates
T he average hourly rate for union members in the baking industry
was $0,819 on June 1, 1942 (table 1). Actual rates ranged between
$0,266 for helpers in Latin hand shops in Tam pa to $1,714 for machineshop first hands in Hebrew bakeries in New Y ork City. Nine percent
of all union bakery workers had wage rates of less than 50 cents;
almost 28 percent had rates between 50 and 70 cents; about 30 per­
cent had rates between 70 and 90 cents; and 12 percent between 90
cents and $ 1.00. Over one-fifth were covered by scales of $ 1.00 or more.
W ages in hand shops making ordinary bread and cake averaged
$0,952 per hour, while ip machine shops the average was $0,772 per
hour. About 60 percent of the union members working in hand
shops had rates between $0.80 and $1.10 per hour compared to 36
percent in machine baking; 56.5 percent of the latter had rates under
80 cents as compared to only 23 percent in hand baking.
Union members in Hebrew shops had the highest wage rates, on
the average, in the baking industry. Members in this specialized
.branch averaged $1.34 per hour, with over three-fourths of them
having rates of $1.20 or more and only 9 percent rates of less than
$1.00 per hour. The greater proportion of the organized bakery
workers in this branch were in such metropolitan centers as New
Y ork City, Newark, and Los Angeles.
Union rates in other specialized bakeries, such as Italian, Polish,
French, Scandinavian, Bohemian, and Spanish, averaged $0,925 per
hour, with almost half of the members haying hourly scales of $1.00
or over. These specialized types of bakeries were found, usually, in
the largest cities only.
The cracker and cookie and the pie and pastry branches of the indus­
try included the lowest-paid workers, on the average, having average
hourly rates of $0,616 and $0,602, respectively. Over two-thirds of
the union members in the cracker and cookie and the pie and pastry
shops had wage rates between 40 and 70 cents per hour. The large
differences in wage rates between these branches and the rest of the
industry are attributable, in the main, to the factors of sex and skill.
W om en are employed extensively in cracker, cookie, pie, and pastry




DISTRIBUTION OF MEMBERS IN UNION BAKERIES
BY HOURLY WAGE RATES
PERCENT
OF MEMBERSHIP

JUNE 1,1942

20 I-------

PERCENT
OF MEMBERSHIP

------ 120

15
BAKING INDUSTRY

10

5

0

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OP LABOR
atIBCAII AC I ABAB C T A T ie tire




HOURLY WAGE RATE
' ^

00

4

UN IO N W AGES AND H O URS

shops where the need for skill is not nearly so great, as the shops,
especially those making crackers and cookies, are highly mechanized.
Because of the dissimilarities in occupational designations and
duties, no distribution based on particular occupations is possible.
However, mixers and ovenmen generally had the highest rates specified
in each agreement, while the lower scales applied to members in the
auxiliary and less skilled occupations, such as pan greasers, checkers,
wrappers, slicers, and general helpers.
T able 1.— D istribution o f Union M em bers in the B akery Trades by H ourly W age Rates,
June I, 1942

Type of baking

Percent of union members whose rates (in cents) per hour were—
Aver­
age
40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150
rate Un­ and
and and and and and and and and and and 160
per der un­ and
un­ un­ un­ un­ un­ un­ un­ un­ un­ un­ and
hour 40 der un­
der der der der der der der der der der der over
50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160

All baking................................... $0,819 1.1 7.9 15.4 12.2 14.7 15.4 12.0 7.2 3.0 3.0 2.5 2.5 1.6

1.5

Ordinary bread and cake, hand.. .952 .1 1.2 5.2 6.4 10.0 17.8 25.9 15.5 7.2 .7 1.9 2.5 1.9 3~7
Ordinary bread and cake, ma­
chine........................................ .772 .3 7.5 14.9 14.0 19.8 18.9 12.1 4.9 2.2 3.1 2.0 .2 .1
__
Pie and pastry..................-......... .602 2.3 32.9 27.4 9.6 8.3 10.5 2.6 4.7 1.4 .3 __ __
Cracker and cookie______ _____ .616 5.6 15.4 34.4 18.8 8.8 9.7 5.7 1.4 .2
Hebrew baking.......................... 1.340 .3 .1 .3 .8 1.2 3.6 2.7 11.1 2.7 16.3 12.4 25.9 16.5 "ii’ i
Other specialized baking1........... .925 .7 1.8 8.4 7.4 12.7 5.6 13.6 27.5 13.2 7.2 1.9 — — .......
i French, Polish, Bohemian, Scandinavian, Spanish, Italian, etc.

,

Changes in H ou rly W age Rates 1941 to 1942
M o st of the union members in the bakery trades received hourly
wage increases during the year ending June 1, 1942 (table 2 ). About
89 percent of the quotations, including 93 percent of the total union
members, showed increases. These increases raised the general level
of union wages in the baking industry b y 9.6 percent during the period
June 1, 1941, to June 1, 1942, as compared with a 3.3-percent rise for
the previous year.
Union members in the ordinary bread and cake machine shops were
m ost successful in obtaining increases, over 97 percent benefiting by
advances in rates. Hebrew bakeries ranked second, with 92.2 percent
T able 2.— N um ber o f Changes in Union W age-R ate Quotations and P ercen t o f M em bers
A ffected , June I, 1942, Com pared ivith June I, 1941

Type of baking

quotations show­
Number Number of ing—
of comparable
Quota­
No
tions
Increase Decrease change

Percent of union members af­
fected by—
Increase Decrease

No
change

All baking __________________

2,671

2,384

287

93.0

7.0

Ordinary bread and cake, hand.
Ordinary bread and cake, ma­

268

242

26

89.6

10.4

1,665
91
445
106
96

1,547
68
380
86
61

118
23
65
20
35

97.4
83.3
80.0
92.2
77.4

2.6
16.7
20.0
7.8
22.6

chine

Pie and pastry______________
Cracker and cookie _

Hebrew baking_____________
Other specialized baking l _ _

* French, Polish, Bohemian, Scandinavian, Spanish, Italian, etc.




5

BAKING IN D U STRY

of their members receiving increases, which is in marked contrast to
the 15.8 percent who received raises the previous year. Alm ost 90
percent of the members in hand shops, 83 percent in the pie and pastry
shops, 80 percent in the cracker and cookie shops, and 77 percent in
specialized bakeries other than Hebrew were recipients of higher rates.
Table 3 shows that over two-thirds of the union members received
increases of between 5 and 15 percent; 17.1 percent of the total
union membership received increases over 15 percent; while only 8.5
percent received increases of less than 5 percent.
T able 3.— N um ber o f Increases in Union W age-Rate Quotations, and P ercent o f M em bers
A ffected , by P ercent o f In crease , June I, 1942, Compared with June I, 1941
Number of quotations showing in­
creases of—

20
and
un­
der
25
per­
cent

25
and
un­
der
30
per­
cent

30
per­
cent
and
over

51

68 8.5 32.2 35.2 13.2

2.1

0.9

0.9

8

4

10 17.5 16.9 40.9 10.8

1.4

.3

1.8

61
3
29
3

£6
2
6

14.6
11.0
16.3
2.9
17.4

2.3
6.1
2.7
.3

1.1
1.4
.7

.9
1.1
.2

20
and
un­
der
25
per­
cent

25
and
un­
der
30
per­
cent

All baking.........................

149 908 849 255

104

Ordinary bread and cake,
hand..............................
Ordinary bread and cake,
machine................ .........
Pie and pastry..................
Cracker and cookie...........
Hebrew baking_________
Other specialized baking

20

80 614 568 142
6
7 34 12
17 130 123 67
16 28 28 11
5 14 30
9

Less
than
5
per­
cent

24

5
and
un­
der
10
per­
cent

88

10
and
un­
der
15
per­
cent

88

10
and
un­
der
15
per­
cent

15
and
un­
der
20
per­
cent

15
and
un­
der
20
per­
cent

Type of baking

Percent of total members affected by
increases of—

30
per­
cent
and
over

Less
than
5
per­
cent

5
and
un­
der
10
per­
cent

46 5.3 35.4 37.8
4 4.1 40.1 19.5
8 2.3 30.0 27.8
27.1 44.7; i7.2
3 ....... 1.1 11.8 44.3

2.8

^French, Polish, Bohemian, Scandinavian, Spanish, Italian, etc.

W eekly H ours
The 40-hour week was most prevalent in union agreements in the
baking industry as a whole, although a longer week than 40 hours
prevailed in the hand shops and the specialized bakeries. Nearly 73
percent of the organized workers were reported as covered by a regular
workweek of 40 hours. The remaining 27 percent of the union mem­
bers were scattered among 16 other straight-time weekly work periods.
About 10 percent of the total had a week of 48 hours and over (table
4). The number of the agreements providing workweeks of less than
40 hours was occasioned, primarily, by share-the-work plans; these
plans were most prevalent in Hebrew bakeries. The 36-hour week
was fairly common in the machine bake shops on the Pacific Coast.
The 40-hour week was almost universal in unionized cracker and
cookie bakeries, less than 1 percent of the members having a longer
workweek. Machine shops making ordinary bread and cake operated
on the 40-hour week in a majority of the cases, with 90 percent of the
union members employed on this basis. In the hand shops almost
78 percent of the union members were covered by workweeks of more
than 40 hours; over 46 percent had a normal workweek of 48
hours.
Alm ost three-fifths of the union members in specialized
bakeries, other than Hebrew shops, were covered by a workweek of
48 hours or more. In contrast, almost 42 percent of the members
working in Hebrew bakeries had workweeks of less than 40 hours,
mainly as a result of share-the-work plans.



6

UNIO N W AGES AND H O U RS

Weighting the various weekly working schedules b y the union
membership covered by each resulted in an average maximum work­
week in the baking industry of 40.9 hours. Only the average for
Hebrew bakeries was lower (39.2), while the average for hand shops
making ordinary bread and cake was the highest (44.9).
T able 4.— D istribution o f U nion M em bers in the B akery Trades by H ours p e r W eek ,
June I, 1942

Weekly hours

Avaraga wpplrly hours

All
baking

40.9

Ordinary Ordinary
bread
bread
and
and
Pie and
pastry
cake,
cake,
hand
machine
shops
shops
44.9

40.1

41.3

Cracker
and
cookie

Hebrew
baking

40.0

39.2

Other
special­
ized
baking
44.8

Percent of members with specified hours per week
28 hours___________________
30 hours...................................
32 hours . _
35 hours___________________
36 hours___________________
37£4 hours _ . . . . . . .
38 hours_______________ ____
39 hours___________________
40 hours
_
_
42 hours
42J4 hours__________________
44 hours___________________
45 hours___________________
47 hours
48 hours __________________
50 hours___________________
54 hours....................................

0.8
1.8
.2
.5
1.3
.8
.9
.3
72.7
3.2
(’)
1.5
4.5
1.1
9.8
(’)
.6

10.6
22.9
0.1
2.3

8.2

3.9

99.5

9.9

6.3
8.2
4.9

.5

.1
30.7
.7
16.9

1.6
22.2
12.5

90.0
2.3

3.8
15.3

1.6

81.4
2.4
.3
.6

1.9
.2

15.3

46.2

0)

4.1
11.9

.9
44.5
15.3

1 French, Polish, Bohemian, Scandinavian, Spanish, Italian, etc.
2Less than a tenth of 1 percent.

The average workweek decreased by 0.1 percent during the period
June 1, 1941, to June 1, 1942. Of the 2,671 comparable quotations,
58 indicated a reduced working schedule affecting 1.6 percent of the
union members (table 5). Slightly more than 0.2 percent of the
quotations, including 1.2 percent of the total ui ion members, indi­
cated a lengthened workweek.
T able 5.— N um ber o f Changes in Union H our Quotations and P ercent o f M em bers
A ffected , June 1 , 1942, Com pared with June 1 ,1 94 1

Type of baking

Number of quotations
Number
showing—
of com­
parable
quota­
No
tions
Increase Decrease change

All baking................................

2,671

Ordinary bread and cake, hand.
Ordinary bread and cake, ma­
chine...... ...............................
Pie and pastry __
Oranlrar and nnnlria
Hebrew baking....... .................
Other specialized baking1........

268
1,665
91
445
106
96

6

5
1

58

2,607

20

248

33

1,627
90
445
101
96

5

2French, Polish, Bohemian, Scandinavian, Spanish, Italian, etc.




Percent of union members
affected by—
Increase Decrease
1.2

1.8
3.5

1.6

No
change
97.2

2.4

97.6

1.6

96.6
96.5
100.0
97.6
100.0

2.4

7

BAKING IN D U STRY

Overtime
Practically all (96 percent) of the bakery agreements indicated a
penalty rate of time and a half for overtime (table 6). M ore than 87
percent of the union members were covered by this provision. Other
penalty rates covered 4.9 percent of the members, while for 7.5 per­
cent of the members no penalty rate was specified.
M o st of the members receiving straight time for overtime worked
in Hebrew bakeries where share-the-work plans were in operation.
In these cases overtime on a penalty basis was not generally allowed
until the hours stipulated in the agreement were worked, rather than
those hours called “ normal” under the share-the-work adjustment.
Generally any overtime work was discouraged and frequently a
limit was set upon the amount of overtime permitted. M a n y of the
agreements, however, in recognition of the fact that the demand for
bakery products is not uniform throughout the week, specified that
the overtime rate should apply only on the basis of weekly hours and
not on the basis of any one Shift.
Others achieved the same result
b y specifying longer regular shifts on certain days than on others.
N o t infrequently a tolerance was provided whereby a limited
amount of overtime could be worked without payment of any penalty
rate. This tolerance generally was not over 2 hours in any week.
T a b le 6 .— Overtime Rates Provided in Union B akery A greem ents, June 2, 1942
Number of quotations show­
ing initial overtime rates
ofType of baking
Time and
one-half

No pen­
alty
rates
specified

Percent of union members
having initial overtime
rates of

No pen­
Other
and
alty
penalty Time
one-half
rates
rates
specified

Other
penalty
rates

All baking__________________________

3,313

88

49

87.6

7.5

4.9

Ordinary bread and cake, hand_________
Ordinary bread and cake, machine______
Pip. and pastry. .
_
_
__
Hreplrfir and annkia
Hebrew baking______________________
Other specialized baking1_____________

268
1,977
121
776
72
99

25
18
8

6
18

12.6
1.6
1.6

3.1
3.5

27
10

14
11

84.3
94.9
98.4
100.0
20.7
77.4

54.6
11.6

24.7
11.0

i French. Polish. Bohemian, Scandinavian, Spanish, Italian, etc.

Average Rates b y C ity
Table 7 shows the average hourly rate for organized bakery workers
in each city, grouped according to the type of baking. These aver­
ages were computed by weighting each rate by the number of union
members covered by it and then dividing the total aggregates so
obtained by the total number of union members in the city. In
using this table one should bear in mind the fact that it is possible for
average rates to vary inversely with the degree of organization. I f
the union has organized all of the occupations and workers in a city
its average rate will probably be lower than that of a union that has
organized only the more skilled groups. However, the latter con­
dition is rapidly disappearing, as the unions are organizing more of
the unskilled workers each year. In several cities it was impossible
520548°— 43----- 2




8

U N IO N W AGES AND H O URS

to separate the members in hand and machine shops for the purpose
of computing an average. In these cases, all were tabulated under
that type of baking which included the greater number of members.
Portland, Oreg., had the highest average rate in hand shops mak­
ing ordinary bread and cake— $1.135— followed closely by New
Y ork with a rate of $1,130, while San Francisco ($1,063) was third
in line. Rochester ($0,980) and Cincinnati ($0,979) also had rates
above the average ($0,952) for all cities in this group. Washington,
D . C ., had the highest rate in the machine branch ($1,070), followed
b y Portland, Oreg. ($1,054).
San Francisco, Seattle, and Spokane
also had average rates of over $1.00. The cities on the Pacific coast
tended to have higher scales as well as shorter workweeks.
In the Hebrew-bakery classification, the highest average hourly
rate prevailed in New York ($1.420), followed by Los Angeles ($1,410)
and Newark ($1,374). Am ong other specialized bakeries, San
Francisco headed the list with $1,084; Buffalo was second with $1,041.
Chicago and Detroit also had rates over $1.00.
Duluth had the highest average in cracker and cookie bakeries
($0,751). New Y ork and Detroit followed with averages of $0,728
and $0,694. ' Rock Island district topped all other cities in the pie
and pastry field, with the high average of $ 0,900; and New Y ork was
second, with $0,839.
T able 7.— Average H ourly Rates fo r Union B akery W orkers in Each C ity , by T ype o f
B aking , June I, 1942
Average
hourly
rate

City and type of baking
Ordinary bread and cake—Hand shops:
Portland, Oreg
New York, N. V
San Francisco, Calif
Rochester,
Y
. _ _..
Cinp.inna.ti, Ohio _
Averaqe. fa r all aitiea

...

r_
..

....

Chicago, Til _____
Newark, N. J . . . . . . . . _
__
St. Lonis, Mo ....___ _ ..... ._
Springfield, Mass
New Haven, Conn
Cleveland, Ohio.
Duluth, Minn ____________ ____
Denver, Colo _ _
_____
Buffalo, N. Y
Toledo, Ohio ____ ____
_. _
Houston, Tex
South Bend, Ind_ __
_ _

St. Paul, Minn............... .................
Youngstown, Ohio _._
Phoenix, Ariz ___ _ _
Peoria, 111..................................... ....

Manchester, N. H ...........................
New Orleans, La..............................
Des Moines, Towa .. _ __. .
Providence, R. T _ ____. .
Minneapolis, Minn

Salt Lake City, Utah____________
Rock Island (111.) district *...............

Milwaukee, Wis_ _ ___ ______
Dallas. Tex ___ _____
_
Boston, Mass. _ .... _
.
Scranton, Pa _
_
__ r„ _. .

Tampa, Fla........... .........................
Pittsburgh, Pa _ ____ _
Indianapolis, In d ____________ . .

Birmingham, Ala..........................—
See footnotes at end of table*




$1.135
1.130
1.063
.980
.979
.962

.945
.897
.873
.872
.864
.852
.846
.837
1.804
.794
.786
.781

.777

.774
.747
.745
.729
.724
.720
.719
.706
.699
.697
.690
.667
.627
.623
.614
.605
.517
.508

Average
hourly
rate

City and type of baking
Ordinary bread and cake—Machine shops:
Washington, D. C
Portland, Oreg
San Francisco, Calif
Seattle, Wash
____
Spokane, Wash .___
Denver, Colo
Butte, Mont. ____ ___ _ r
Los Angeles, Calif
Oklahoma City, Okla
_.....
Madison, Wis__
Dnlnth, Minn __ . ..
.
Houston, Tex . ___ .__
New York, N. Y
Newark, N. J
Rochester, N_ Y

Phoenix. Ariz_______________ ___
St. Louis. Mo _____________
Kansas City, M o.
Peoria, TU
Detroit, Mich

. _

___

Average far all cities

Wichita, Kans
Des Moines, Iowa. __

_ _ _ __ _
Pittsburgh, Pa.......................... ......
Rock Island (111.) district
___
Cincinnati, Ohio
__ _
Youngstown, Ohio______________

Salt Lake City, Utah
Milwaukee, Wis ..
, ___ , „
Memphis, Tenn _ _ _____
Reading, Pa ________ !_____ _
Worcester, Mass ____ ___ _
Providence, R. I ____ _____
St. Paul. Minn
Springfield, Mass
__
Cleveland, Ohio

Minneapolis, Minn.......... .... ....... .

$1,070
1.054
1.038
*1.009
*1.006
.983
.973
.952
.904
.854
.833
.831
.809
.804
.792
.788
.782
.778
.778
.772
.772

.770
.768
.768
.768
.764
.763
.762
.757
.756
.750
.749
.735
.733
.720
.719
.710

BAKING IN D U STRY

9

T able 7.— A verage H ourly Rates fo r Union B akery W orkers in Each C ity, by T ype o f
B aking, June 1, 1942— Continued

City and type of baking
Ordinary bread and cake—Machine
shops—Continued.

Buffalo, N. Y

...............

Scranton, Pa...................................
New TTevan Onrm
BlYrninghe/m, Ala
Atlanta, Oa
Tampa, Fla
Charlotte, N". C
laolrsonvillA Rip.
Ririghamt.nn, NT, Y
Richmond, Va
"Mashvilla, Tenn
Pie and pastry:
Roolr Tslnnd (TIT1 district i*3
bTow Vorlr M V
Pt T<(vnis "Mo
Boston Maps
Average fnT(01 ciftAS
Toledo oh|o
Dulllth. Minn
Ohjeegn, TU
A/Tich
Cleveland, Ohio
Philadelphia Pa
Wichita
Providence, R. I................... -.........
Baltimore Md
Buffalo, 1ST. Y
___________
Pittsburgh, Pa
Cracker and cookie:
Duluth, Minn
New York "NT Y
Detroit, Mich
Dayton Ohio
Pas Moines Towa
Ran Francisco, Calif
Toledo, Ohio
Poston Mass
Kansas City, Mo.............................

Average
hourly
rate

$0,709
.706
.705
.704
.696
.694
.693
.679
.678
.671
.658
.652
.650
.641
.638
.620
.619
.610
.609
.606
.586
.582
.548
.537
.474
.900
.839
.807
.727
.602
.574
.568
.556
.556
.538
.509
.499
.469
.447
.435
.390
.751
.728
.694
.687
.683
.683
.642
.638
.635

City and type of baking
Cracker and cookie—Continued.
Memphis, Tenn.......................... .
Philadelphia, Pa..............................
Seattle, Wash_____ _____________
Buffalo, N. Y._...............................
Average for all cities______________
Spokane, Wash_________________
Los Angeles, Calif............................
Chicago, 111...............-.....................
Minneapolis, Minn______________
Portland, Oreg.................................
Denver, Colo___________________
St. Paul Minn................................
Wichita, Kans........................... ......
Birmingham, Ala..................... .......
Nashville, Tenn______ _____ ____
Scranton, Pa___________________
Hebrew baking:
New York, N. Y ..............................
Los Angeles, Calif............................
Newark, N. J____ ______________
Average for all cities______________
Boston, Mass...................................
Detroit, Mich__________________
Chicago, 111......................................
Cleveland, Ohio...............................
Rochester, N. Y ............ .................
Philadelphia, Pa..............................
Baltimore, Md__________________
Pittsburgh, Pa.................................
Providence, R. I____ ___________
Springfield, Mass______ _________
Worcester. Mass________________
Denver, Colo........................... .......
New Haven, Conn...........................
Milwaukee, Wis...............................
Kansas City, Mo____ ___________
Minneapolis, Minn______________
St Louis, M o....................-............
Youngstown, Ohio___ __________
Other specialized baking: *
San Francisco, Calif...... ..................
Buffalo, N. Y ...................................
Chicago, 111.............. - .................—Detroit, Mich..................................
Average for all cities______________
Cleveland, Ohio________________
New York, N. Y ..............................
Pittsburgh, Pa...... ..........................
Providence, R. I________________
Los Angeles, Calif_______________
Philadelphia, Pa___________ _____
Tampa, Fla.............. —___________

i Includes a few small machine shops—not separable.
3Includes Rock Island, 111., Moline, 111., and Davenport, Iowa.
3Includes hand shops—not separable.
* French, Polish, Bohemian, Scandinavian, Spanish, Italian, etc.
‘ Includes Hebrew bakeries—not separable.




Average
hourly
rate
$0.634
.630
.627
.620
.616
.613
.607
.589
.578
.553
.481
.463
.453
.433
.391
.389
1.420
1.410
1.374
1.840
1.332
1.290
1.233
1.198
1.189
1.172
1.143
1.132
1.094
1.075
1.073
1.066
1.053
.901
.898
.867
.856
.836
1.084
*1.041
1.039
1.020
.925

.919
.912
.906
.693
.689
.582
.398

10

UNION W AGES AND H O U RS

W ages and H ours in Each C ity
The hourly wage rates and hours per week for union bakery workers
in the cities covered in the survey on June 1, 1942, are shown i i table 8.
T a b le 8.— Union Scales o f W ages and H ours in the B akery Trades in Selected Cities,
June I, 1942, and June I, 1941
June 1,, 1942
City, type of baking, and occupation

June 1,1941

Rate per Hours
per Hours
per Rate
per
hour
hour
week
week

Atlanta, Ga.
$0,900
.750
.700
.625
.625
.600
.500
.938

40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40

l.OCO
.825
.775
.750
.500

40
40
40
40
40

.825
.650
.450

40
40
40

.800
.800
.725
.675
.600
.550
.500

40
40
40
40
40
40
40

.825
.700

40
40

.900
.800
.5"5
.475
.350

40
40
40
40
40

.750
.750
.625
.520
.475

40
40
40
40
40

.630
.570

.800
.625

40
40

.550
.500

.925
.850
.850
.750
.725
.650
.625
.425

40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40

.825
.775
.750
.650
.675
.600
.575
.375

.845
.770
.745
.695

40
40
40
40

.785
.710
.685
.635

.645

40

.585

$0,650
.550
.375
.875

:§§§
: : i i :
: : :

. oou
.450
.450
.430

SS
.450
.400

; : : : i S S S S S 3S

Bread and cake—Machine shops:
Mixers, ovenmen............ ............ ......................
Dividers, molders, wrapping-machine operators.
Bench hands.................................... ................ .
Packers........................................................... .
Pan greasers..................... .................................
General helpers, machine catchers.....................
leers and wrappers, female.................................
Shipping-room foremen......................................
Bread only—Machine shops:
Company A:
Foremen..................................................... .
Dough mixers, ovenmen............................. .
Dividers, molaermen.___ _________ ______
Benchmen, rolling-machine men.......... .......
Bread rackers, oven helpers, pan rackers__
Shipping department:
Shipping clerks.....................................
Checkers, wrapping-machine operators.
Bun trayers, hand wrappers................ .
Company B:
DoUgh mixers..... ........................................
Bakers................ ........................................
Dividers, molders, bench bands.................
Wrapping-machine operators....................
Helpers______________ _______________
Bread wrappers (helpers)...........................
Packers and slicers, female..........................
Shipping department:
Shipping clerks....................................
Helpers.................................................
Cake only—Machine shops:
Company A:
Foremen........ .............................................
Mixers, ovenmen.............. .......................
Foreladies------- -------------------- -------------leers, checkers, cutters, wrappers................
Pan greasers, cake inspectors......................
Company B :
Mixers........................................................
Bakers
Wrapping-machine operators......................
Helpers..... .................................................
Packers and icers, female............................
Shipping department:
Shipping clerks.....................................
Helpers.................................................
Baltimore, Md.




S S 5 S S S S S SSSS

Bread, cake, and sweets—Machine shops:
Company A:
Mixers....................................................................................
Dividermen......... ....................... .........................................
Oven feeders, dumpers, stockroom men.................................
Molders...... .................. ............... .........................................
Doughnut-machine operators, mixers’ helpers........................
Molders’ helpers, steam-box men.......................................... .
Pan rackers, greasers, bread packers.......................................
Doughnut packers, female......................................................
Company B:
Mixers, dividers, ovenmen.....................................................
Wrapping-machine operators................................................ .
Formulae workers..................................................................
Oven feeders, dumpers................ ..................... .................. .
Molders, shipping clerks, mixers’ and molders’ helpers, pan
rackers, greasers, steam-box men........................................

40

11

BAKING IN D U STRY
T

able

8.— Union Scales o f W ages and H ours in the B akery Trades in Selected C ities,
June I, 1942, and June I , 1941— Continued
June 1,1942
City, type of baking, and occupation

June 1,1941

Rate per Hours
per Hours
per Rate
per
hour
hour
week
week

Baltimore, M d—Continued
Bread, cake, and sweets—Machine shops—Continued.
Company B—Continued.
Flour blenders____________ ___________________________
General help________________________________________
Pan washers_________________________________________
Wrappers and icers, female
Bread only—Machine shops:
Company A:
Oven operators, dough mixers, shipping clerks....... ...............
Divider operators, “wrapping-machine operators, molder
operators, doughnut-machine operators...... ........................
Ingredient scalers, oven feeders and dumpers, mixers’ helpers,
general help, stock clerks...___ _________________ _____
Molders’ helpers; pan greasers, rackers, and washers; bread
packers and rackers; flour handlers................... ..................
Female help
. _
___ . . . . . . . _
Company B:
Dough mixers
Dividermen___ ______ _________________ _____________
Ovenmen, moldermen, slicers and wrappers, shipping help—.
Cooler feeders________________________________________
Company C:
Batchm en__________________________________________
Bench hands________________________________________
Molder operators ________________ _ _ _ _ ___________
Divider operators____________________________________
Bread wrappers, male_________________________________
Dumpers___________________________________________
Oven feeders_________________________________________
Mixers’ helpers _____________________________________
Bread packers_______________________________________
Molders’ helpers_____________________________________
Pan greasers_________________________________________
Oven helpers
_____________________________________
Pan rackers; bakery helpers, male_______________________
Storekeepers_________________________________________
Bread wrappers, female_______________________________
Bakery helpers, female
. ___ _
Cake only—Machine shops:
Company A:
]>ers
_
. . .__ . . . .
Mixers_____________________________________________
Pan greasers and helpers_______________________________
Cake wrapper foreladies_______________________________
Cake wrappers______________________________________
Company B:
Mixers_____________________________________________
Ovenm en,

first elass

..........

leers, male... __________________________________ *____
Ovenmen, second class_________________ „______________
Packers _________________________ __________________
Icing mixers____________________ _____________________
Dividers____ ________________ C___________________
Wrappers, male________________________ _____________
Cookie mixers__________ _____________________________
Pan greasers_________________________________________
Flour blenders ______________________________________
Oven feeders, bakery help ___________________________
leers, female. __________________________________ ______
Wrappers, female

____

..

Doughnuts:

Mixers or operators
Friers, .bench hands

_ _

_ _

Helpers_______ _________________________________________

Helpers, female

Hebrew baking:
Agreement A:

Ovenmen . . . . . . . ____
Second hands

Agreement B:

Dough mixers
Journeymen bakers

_
_
___

__ . . .
_

_____

...

_____

Helpers...................................................................................




$0,620
.500
.490
.425

40
40
40
40

$0.560
.440
.430
.395

40
40
40
40

.875

40

.800

40

.825

40

.750

40

.775

40

.700

40

.725
.525

40
40

.650
.450

40
40

.863
.748
.719
.633

40
40
40
40

.750
.650
.625
.550

40
40
40
40

.850
.825
.825
.725
.725
.675
.650
.625
.600
.600
.600
.550
.550
.550
.500
.450
.425

40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
48
40
40

.700
.725
.625
.650
.625
.450
.500
.450
.600
.575
.550
.550
.525
.450
.450
.375
.375

40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
48
40
40

.725
.625
.500
.475
.450

40
40
40
40
40

.725
.625
.500
.475
.450

40
40
40
40
40

.850
.800
.775
.750
.725
.700
.700
.675
.650
.550
.550
.550
.450
.450

40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40

.700
.675

40
40

.65(6
.650

40
40

.600
.600
.550
.500
.450
.405
.350

40
40
40
40
40
40
40

.550
.500
.450
.400

40
40
40
40

.500
.450
.400
.350

40
40
40
40

1.333
1.267

45
45

1.267
1.200

45
45

.792
.688
.563

48
48
48

.729
.625
.500

48
48
48

12

U N IO N W AGES AND H O URS

T able 8.— Union Scales o f W ages and H ours in the B akery Trades in Selected Cities9
June I, 1942, and June i , 1941— Continued
June 1, 1942
City, type of baking, and occupation

June 1,1941

per Hours
Rate per Hours
per Rate
per
hour
hour
week
week

$0.825
.760
.750
.725
.700
.675
.650
.625
.600
.550
.413

40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40

.750
.700
.650
.575
.413

40
40
40
40
40

.650
.600

40
40

1.700
1,575
2.550
1.550
1.525
1.500
1.500
1.450
3.400

40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40

$0.650
.525
.500

.885
.810
.785
.785
.710
.635
.585
.560
.485

40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40

.785
.710

.635
.610
.585
.510

40
40
40
40

.510
.510
.410

ssss

Binghamton, N. Y.
Bread only—Machine shops:
Utilitymen......................... ......................
Tray ovenmen..................... ................... .
Mixers............................................ ........
Traveling-oven feeders, dumpers, molders.
Dividers, ingredient scalers.......................
Bench hands............................................
Flour handlers, roll dividers.................... .
■Wrappers, pan rackers..............................
Mixers’ helpers, cooler pick-up men_____
Pan greasers, oven and machine helpers...
Female help.............................................
Cake only—Machine shops:
Ovenmen, mixers, utilitymen...................
Icing mixers..............................................
Scalers, sugar grinders.............................
leers, male__________________________
Female help............... ..............................
Shipping room—Machine shops:
Packers........ ............................ ............. .
Loaders............... ................................... .

.885
.785
.785
.710
.635
.635
.610
.585
.510

40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40

.785
.685
.660
.585
.535
.510
.510
.485
.410

40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40

.885
.850
.820
.785
.760
.740
.730
.650
.585
.510
.500

40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40

See footnotes at end of table (p. 61).




.400
.350

.585
.535
.485

sssssssss

.475
.450

ir . tf, t t t

Birmingham, Ala.
Bread and cake—Hand shops:
Mixers...............................................................................
Ovenmen_______ ________ _________________________
Head benchmen, after 6 months; checkers; shipping clerks.
Rolling-machine operators, rate A......................................
Dividers, molders............................................... .............
Benchmen, utilitymen______________________________
Rolling-machine operators, rate B.....................................
Oven helpers, bake-shop helpers, machine wrappers..........
Shipping helpers................................................................
Bread only—Machine shops:
Company A:
Mixers_________ ______________________________
Ingredient scalers.........................................................
Dividers......................................................................
Ovenmen.....................................................................
Molders......................... ............. ...............................
Feeders, dumpers........................................................
Regular helpers............................................................
Packers, sales department...........................................
Helpers, less than 3 months.........................................
Shipping department:
Wrapping-machine operators.................................
Checkers, order fillers............................................
Packers........... ......................................................
Slicers and feeders..................................................
Company B:
Mixers.......................................................................
Dividermen........... .....................................................
Ovenmen.....................................................................
Molders......................................................................
Second ovenmen.......... ...............................................
Machine wrappers.......................................................
Packers, checkers........................................................
Helpers....................................... ................................
Slicer feeders................................................................
Company C:
Head mixers................................................................
Head ovenmen...........................................................
Head benchmen, head machinemen............................
Mixers.........................................................................
Ovenmen................... ................................................
Head wrappers...... .....................................................
Benchmen, machinemen.............................................
Second wrappers........................................................ .
Bake-shop helpers........................................................
Wrapping helpers....................................................... .
Pan greasers............................................................... .

13

BAKING IN D U STRY

T able 8.— Union Scales o f W ages and H ours in the B akery Trades in Selected Cities9
June I, 1942, and June I, 1941— Continued
June 1., 1942
City, type of baking, and occupation

June 1,1941

Rate per Hours
per Hours
per Rate
per
hour
hour
week

Birmingham, Ala.—Continued
Bread only—-Machine shops—Continued.
Company C—Continued.
Shipping department:
Shippers..........................................................................
Packers___ ________________________________ _____
Company D:
Mixers....................................................................... .... .......
Roll-machine men............... ...................................................
Roll-machine helpers, moldermen, dividermen, take-off men..
Wrapping-machine operators..................................................
Oven feeders, dumpers............................................................
Pan greasers___________________ _________— ..................
Wrapping-room or bake-shop helpers, packers, bread rackers.
New helpers___________ __________ __________________
Company E:
Dough mixers......................................... - ..............................
Dividermen............................................................................
Oven operators.......................................................................
Bread wrappers.....................................................................
Ingredient scalers, checkers.....................................................
Molders...... ............................................................................
Oven helpers...........................................................................
Wrappers’ helpers...................................................................
Shipping help.................... ....................................................
Pan rackers..... .......................................................................
Cake only—Machine shops:
Company A:
Head mixers...........................................................................
Mixers....................................................................................
Ovenmen................................................................................
Icing mixers............................................................................
Ingredient scalers...................................................................
Dividermen............................................................................
Sugar grinders-......................................................................
Oven dumpers.......................................................................Bake-shop helpers...................................................................
Head icers..............................................................................
Flour dumpers__________ _______________ _______ _____
Icers, wrappers.......................................................................
Shipping clerks.......................................................................
Company B:
Mixers, head ovenmen...........................................................
Mixers’ helpers. .....................................................................
Ovenmen...............................................................................
Scalers, dumpers.....................................................................
Pan greasers-..........................................................................
Icers, wrappers-......................................................................
Stockroom clerks...................... ................................-............
Crackers and cookies:
Mixers, machine operators..................... ......................................
Sponge peelers, after 6 months; marshmallow mixers. ..................
Sponge-oven bakers________ ___ _______ __________________
Machine feeders; sweet-oven bakers; stackers; wrapping-machine
operators; checkers, male; coating mixers------------- --------------Mixers’ helpers; sponge peelers, first 6 months; sponge-oven
helpers; dough rollers; sweet-oven helpers; icing mixers; syrup
cookers.............................. ............................ ...........................
Machine helpers, male; helpers, male; mixing helpers........... .......
Checkers, trayers, sponge packers; large-carton makers; large
wafer-machine operators....................................... ...................
Packers and bundlers; helpers, female; cappers; icing-machine
feeders; caddy and carton makers. .......... .................................
Stock room:
Stock clerks.............................................................................
Issue clerks.................................................................... ........
Helpers..... .......................... ..................................................
Shipping department:
Shippers............. -..................................................................
Helpers.............................................. - ...................................




$0.610
.686

40
40

.880
.750
.730
.700
.650
.600
.550
.450

40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40

.725
.650
.600
.595
.575
.550
.475
.450
.425
.375

40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40

.960
.885
.785
.760
.735
.720
.635
.610
.585
.550
.535
.455
.610

40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40

.730
.680
.650
.585
.500
.455
.585

40
40
40
40
40
40
40

.630
.550
.525

40
40
40

.500

40

.480
.450

40
40

.430

40

.400

40

.520
.480
.450

40
40
40

.500
.450

40
40

$0,860
.785
.660
.660
.635
.620
.535
.510
.485
.500
.435
.405

40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40

14

UNION W AG ES AND H O URS

T a b le 8.— Union Scales o f W ages and H ours in the B akery Trades in Selected Cities,
June I, 1942, and June Z, 1941— Continued
June 1, 1942

See footnotes at end of table (p. 61).




$1.068
.886
.818
.773
.750

44
44
44
44
44

$0,977
.795
.727
.682
.659

.979
.875
.833
.792
.771
.708
.667
.646
.625
.583
. 5o3
.521
.500
.479
.458
.417

48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48

.938
.833
.792
.750
.729
.667
.625
.604
.583
.542
.521
.479
.458
.438
.417
.375

.938
.833
.771
.729
.688
.667
.563
.533

48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48

.875
.771
.708
.667
.625
.604
.500
.492

.875
.729
.667
.417

48
48
48
48

.875
.729
.667
.417

.875
.667
.563
.521
.417

48
48
48
48
48

.833
.625
.521
.479
.375

.780
.700
.675
.650
.450

40
40
40
40
40

.680
.600
.575
.550
.350

.995
.875

40
40

.945
.825

.825
.790
.740

40
40
40

.775
.740
.690

.938
.850
.813
.803
.763
.743

40
40
40
40
40
40

.880
.800
.750
.740
.700
.680

.663
.750
.775

40
40
40

.600
.688
.713

40

44
44
44
44
44

SSSSS &&£&£ &£&£ SSSSSSSS &£&££&£&£&&&&&£&

Boston, Mass.
Bread and cake:
Hand shops:
Company A:
Foremen, night.................................................................
Mixers............. ........................................... .....................
Assistant foremen, assistant mixers, ovenmen..................
Shippers...........................................................................
Benchmen........................................................................
Company B: *
Foremen...........................................................................
Shippers...........................................................................
Second hands...................................................................
Head benchmen....... .................................................... __
Mixers, cake decorators....................................................
Ovenmen, bread and pies.................................................
Ovenmen, cake............... .................................................
Receivers........................... ..............................................
Benchmen, frosting makers.............................................
Assistan t shippers...........................................................
Filling cooks............. - ......................................................
Floorladies........................................................ ..............
Helpers_______________________ __________________
Cleaners, greasers, machine bread-wrappers.....................
Assistant cake decorators, checkers..... ..................... .......
Frosters............................................................................
Company C:
Foremen..........................................................................
Mixers, finishers...............................................................
Benchmen.......... .............................................................
Ovenmen, cake bakers, doughnutmen.............................
Piemen............................................................................
Shippers...........................................................................
Helpers............................................................................
Wrappers, female.............................................................
Company D:_
Foremen............ ....... .....................................................
Ovenmen, dough mixers. ................................................
Benchmen........................................................................
Frosters............................................................................
Company E:
Dough mixers..................................................................
Ovenmen, bench hands...................................................
Molders, divider operators, filling cooks........ .................
Bakers' helpers, wrapping-machine operators, shippers...
Helpers, female. ..............................................................
Cake only:
All-around bakers............................................................
All-around bakers’ helpers...............................................
Stockmen, flour dumpers................ ...............................
Mixers, dougnut-machine operators............................... .
Helpers, female.............................................................. .
Machine shops:
Company A:
Mixers............................................................................
Dividermen----------------------- -------------------------- -----Moldermen, oven feeders, mixers’ helpers, ingredient
scalers.................... ....................................................
Flour blenders, wrappers............... ................................
Molders helpers, rackers, pan greasers, packers...............
Company B:
Mixers.............. ............. ................................................
Ovenmen, dividers, molder operators............................
Ingredient scalers, ovenmen’s helpers, mixers’ helpers...
Benchmen.......................................................................
Flour blenders....... .........................................................
Baking helpers, pan greasers................................... .......
Slicing-machine operators, packers, wrappers, checkers,
rackers:
First year..... ........................................................
Second to fifth year..............................................
5 years and over...................................................

Rate per Hours
Rate per Hours
per
per
hour
hour
week
week

SSSSSS S©S So

City, type of baking, and occupation

June 1,

15

BAKING IN D U STRY

T ab le 8.— Union Scales o f W ages and H ours in the B akery Trades in Selected Cities,
June I , 1942, and June I, 1941— Continued
June 1,1942
City, type of baking, and occupation

June 1,1941

Rate per Hours
per Hours
per Rate
per
hour
hour
week
wdek

Bostoni, .Mass.—Continued
Bread only—Machine shops:
Mixers
........ .
Mixers’ helpers______________ ______ _ ________________
Benchmen,‘ divider operators, molder operators, ovenmen, wrap­
ping-machine operators
_ _.
Moldfirs’ hfilpftrs *
Hackers, helpers_____________ -__________________________
Pan greasers*_______ _____ ________ _____________________
Wrapping-machine floormen_______________ _____ _________
Packers, strippers, baggers________________________________
Cake only—Machine shops:
Company A:
Mixers
..r_
__
Ovenmen.......... .....................................................................
Scalers..... ...............................................................................
Ingredient scalers____________________________ _______
Helpers, after 4 months _____ ________ _ _________
Table heads............ .................. ............................................
Helpers, first 4 months ___________ . . . _____________
Packers', icers, wrappers—
First 4 months
.............
After 4 months________________ ___________ _______
Company B:
Mixers_________ ____________________________________
Icing mixers......... ....................................................... ..........
Ovenmen __________________________________________
Ingredient scalers____________________________ ___ _____
Shippers____________ ____________ __________________
Piemen; helpers, first class___ _________________________
Mixers’, oven, and scalers’ helpers .
_ ______________
General helpers _ _________________________________
Shippers’ helpers_____________________________________
Beginners, girls (after 6 months)________________________
Pie and pastry:
Company A:
Foremen _________ ______
Ovenmen_______________________ _____________ ______
Bench hands______________________ ________ _________
Frosters________________________ __________ _________
Bakery helpers. _ _________________________________
Company B:
Foremen
Second hands _____

.......
___ . . _

__

Bench hands________________________________________
Company C:
Pie room ovenmen ___________________________________
Soft pie ovenmen, dough mixers, oven firemen____________
Flour handlers_______ _______________ ________________
Pie room helpers
.
......
Hebrew baking:
Foremen
_ ___ . . .
Second hands___________________________________________
Third hands............................. ....................................................
Crackers and cookies:
Machine captains________________________________________
Night shippers
Peelers

__
_

_ _

....

_

.

Mixers, bakers_______ ___________________________________
Car checker

__

Rollermen, oven firemen__________________ _______ ________

Head carloader

_______

___

Receivers_______________________________

Car assemblers, assemblers, shippers
Trongh pullers
_
......
_ _
Tltilitymen . . .
.........
Car loaders .
T .. _
Stock clerks
Bakers’ helpers. _
___
___
Boardmen ___ .
_

...

______________

_ _. _
_____
___
___ _ . . .
. . . ___

___ . . .
........ . . . . .

Edgers................... .......................................................................
Stockmen.....................................................................................
520548°-43------ 3




$0,885
.830

40
40

$0,785
.730

40
40

.780
.750
.725
.675
.623
.600

40
40
40
40
40
40

.680
.650
.625
.575
.523
.500

40
40
40
40
40
40

.925
.900
.835
.830
.700
.620
.600

40
40
40 i
40
40
40
40

.850
.800
.700
.700

40
40
40
40

.550

40

.440
.520

40
40

.400
.450

40
40

.850
.850
.800
.700
.680
.650
.600
.570
.570
.450

40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40

.750
.680
.680
.650
.600
.620

40
40
40
40
40
40

.570
.550
.425

40
40
40

.917
.750
.708
.583
.479

48
48
48
48
48

.875
.708
.667
.542
.438

48
48
48
48
48

.833
.688
.625

48
48
48

.833
.688
.625

48
48
48

.825
.813
.763
.688

40
40
40
40

.775
.750
.700
.625

40
40
40
40

1.458
1.354
1.250

48
48
48

1.375
1.271
1.167

48
48
48

.865
.825
.815
.795
.790
.765
.765
.740
.740
.735
.725
.725
.705
.695
.680
.655
.655

40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40

.825

40

.750
.755

40
40

.725

40

.650

40

.695
.700

40
40

.655
.625
.600

40
40
40

16

U N IO N W AGES AND H O U RS

T able 8.— Union Scales o f W ages and H ours in the B akery Trades in Selected Cities»
June I , 1942, and June I, 1941— Continued
June 1,, 1941

June 1,, 1942
City, type of baking, and occupation

per Hours
Rate per Hours
per Rate
per
hour
hour
week
week

Boston, Maw—Continued
Crackers and cookies—Continued.
Flonr-hag nlpanors_________________ _ _________________
Utility floormen
................................
...

Sponge packers, female____________________________ _____
Bundiers and labelers, handlers of broken and rejected crackers,
wav wrappine-manhina feedpts _
_ _ ________________
Dog food department:
Machine captains____________________________________
Mixers, bakers_______________________________________
Reliefmen___________________________________________
Dough feeders_______________________________________
Mixers’ halpprs, panlring flnormon
Pan feeders*.________________________________________

$0.630
.697
.695
.650
.645
.530

40
40
40
40
40
40

.520

40

.815
.790
.785
.765
.715
.680

$0,575
.542

40
40

.475

40

40
40
40
40
40
40

.745
.750
.750
.700
.675
.625

40
40
40
40
40
40

.955
.909
.568

44
44
44

.864
.818
.477

44
44
44

1.000
.955
.614

44
44
44

.909
.864
.523

44
44
44

.875
.833
.521

48
48
48

.792
.750
.438

48
48
48

.917
.875
.563

48
48
48

.834
.792
.483

48
48
48

1.025
.950
.900
.850
.800
.725

40
40
40
40
40
40

.950
.875
.825
.775
.725
.650

40
40
40
40
40
40

.675
.650
.450

40
40
40

.600
.575
.375

40
40
40

1.013
.975
.950
.900
.900
.850
.830
.800
.775
.725
.705
.700
.700

40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40

.963
.925

40
40

.850
.800
.800
.780
.750
.725
.675
.675
.650

40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40

.675
.650
.600
.525
.500

40
40
40
40
40

.625
.600
.400
.500

40
40
40
40

.480

40

.450

40

Buffalo, N. Y.
Bread and cake—Hand shops:
Agreement A:
D ayOven h$nds, mixers_________________ __________ ___
Bench hands...................................... .............................
Helpers................... ....... ................ ................................
NightOven hands, mixers............................ ............................
Bench hands_____________________________________
Helpers______________________________________ ;___
Agreement B:
D ayOven hands, mixers_______________________________
Bench hands. _ .
_ __ _ _ _____________________
Helpers_________________________________________
N ightOven hands, mixers_______________________________
Bench hands. _ ___________________________________
Helpers_________________________________________
Bread and cake—Machine shops:
Company A:
Foremen__________________________________ __________
Oven hands, mixers___________________________________
Bench hands________________________________________
Scalers.____ ________________________________________
Tngredientmen
. . . . . . .
_
__
Oven dumpers________________ _________________ ____
Helpers, pan greasers, packers, checkers, flour dumpers,
blenderS—___ _____________________________________
Bread and pan stackers________________ _______ _______
leers, wrappers . _ _
Company B: *
Foremen, bread___________________ __________________
Foremen, cake............. ............ ................ ........... .................
Wrapping-machine foremen.................................... ........ ......
Mixers.____________ _____________ _______________ _
Peel ovenmen.......................................................................
Assemblymen, traveling ovenmen.............. ................ ..........
Dividermen, bench hands............................................ .......
Machinemen, moldermen____________________________
Friedcake-machine men_____________________________
Wrapping-machine operators_____________________ _____
Foreladies, cake____________________ _________ _______
Checkers, bench helpers, oven helpers _
_
Warehouse clerks___ ______________ _______________
Utilitymen, flour handlers, coolermen, wrapping and slicing
helpers, packers_____________ _______ ______ _____
Pan greasers, machine hand helpers, warehousemen. _ ...
Pie-machine boys........................ ..........................................
Assistant foreladies___ ___________________ ____________
Cake decorators, female________________________ ______
Female—friedcake packers, icers, packers, pie-machine opera­
tors........................ ............................................................
See footnotes at end of table (p. 61).




17

BAKING IN D U STRY

T able 8.— Union Scales o f W ages and H ours in the B akery Trades in Selected C ities,
June I , 1942, and June 7, 1941— Continued
June 1, 1942
City, type of baking, and occupation

June 1, 1941

Rate per Hours
per Hours
per
per Rate
hour
hour
week
week

Buffalo, N. Y.—Continued
Bread and cake—Machine shops—Continued.
Company C :5
Fnrp.men, working ..
___
, __ __
$1,013
.900
Mixers.___ _________________________________________
.850
Ovenmen, assemblymen
.830
■pividermen, bench bands
Maehinemen, mold^rmen r_
.800
.750
Mixer’s helpers______________________________________
Bench helpers, oven feeders, dumpers, wrapping-machine
.700
operators, checkers_____________________ ____________
Coolermen, wrapping-machine helpers, flour handlers,
.675
packers (male)____________ ____ _____________________
Pan greasers, machine hand helpers __ _ r
.650
Female packers, icers, and wrappers:
Rate A
.
.575
Rate R _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ______ _____ _
.500
Company D:
.925
Mixers, cake decorators....... .............................. ....................
.875
Ovenmen, assemblymen, friedeake-maohine operators „ _ _
Pividermen, bench bands
.855
Moldcrmen/peelmen
__
_ _
.825
.809
Receiving-department foremen __ ___ ____ ____________
.775
Mixers’ helpers, doughnut friers, icing-machine operators......
.756
Receiving-department helpers _________________________
.755
Wrapping-machine operators___________________________
Bench helpers, packers, cookie-machine operators, oven
.725
helpers, flour sifters and blenders...... ....... ........ ................
Machine helpers, bake-shop helpers, doughnut fillers, flour
sifters’ helpers, flour blenders’ helpers
__
.675
Coolermen and fried cake coolers
_ ______ _ _ _
.625
Female icers, wrappers, and packers _ __
.495
Cake only—Company A:
.825
Mixers______________________________________________
Pepositors (scaling machine)
.775
Rollette mixers__ . _
_
_
__ _
.775
____
...
„_
Ovenmen
.750
.700
Clerks______ _______ _______________________________
Pan greasers, general helpers
.675
.675
Rollette cookers and helpers. ______________ ___________
.575
Foreladies_______________ ________ ___________________
Icing, packing and wrapping:
.500
Rate A__________________________________________
.460
Rate B__.............. ............................................................
.460
Rollette wrappers, female _____________________________
Rollette rollers and boxers, female __ __
_„_
.450
Cake only—Company B:
.770
Mixers, icing mixers___________________________________
.755
Depositors...______ _________________________________
.750
Ovenmen___________________ ______ ________________
.700
Assemblymen___ _________________________________
.675
Shipping-room foremen________ _______________________
.625
Pan washers_________________________________________
.625
Shipping-room men_______________________ ______ _____
.625
Helpers______ _____________ ___________ _________ ____
.600
Foreladies___ __________ ________ ____________________
Pie-machine operators, wrapping-machine operators, belt
.470
receivers................ ....... ............ .......................................
.450
Icers, packers, wrappers............... ............ .............................
Pie and pastry:
.708
Cookers, formen........................ ............ ...................... ...............
Bakers (mixers)__________________________ ___________ ___
.625
Ovenmen___________________ _________ __________________
.625
Friers, first hands................. .......................................................
.604
.521
Dough cutters, general helpers................................. ...................
.458
Friers, second hands__________________ ______ ____________
.396
Foreladies__ _________________ ______ ___________________
Female employees.___ ______ ____________________________
.375
Hebrew and Polish baking—Bread only:
D ayFirst hands.............................................................................
1.000
Second hands.........................................................................
.900
N ightFirst hands _
_ _ _____ _____ _____
1.120
Second hands............. ............................................................
1.013
See footnotes at end of table (p. 61).




40
40
40
40
40
40

$0,963
.850
.800
.780
.750
.700

40
40
40
40
40
40

40

.650

40

40
40

.625
.600

40
40

40
40

.450

40

40
40
40
40
42
40
42
40

.850
.800
.780
.750
.734
.700
.681
.680

40
40
40
40
42
40
42
40

40

.650

40

40
40
40

.600
.550
.420

40
40
40

40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40

.750
.750

40
40

40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40

.700

40

.600

40

.575

40

.480
.430

40
40

.725
.700
.725
.700
.600
.575
.550

40
40
40
40
40
40
40

.500

40

.450
.425

40
40

.542
.458
.375

48
48
48

48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48

.333

48

.280

48

40
40

.875
.813

40
40

Z7H
Z 7 }i

.987
.933

37H
37H

18

U N IO N W AG ES AND H O URS

T able 8.— Union Scales o f W ages and H ours in the B akery Trades in Selected C ities9
. June I, 1942, and June I, 1941— Continued
June 1., 1942
City, type of baking, and occupation

June 1,1941

Rate per Hours
per Hours
per Rate
per
hour
hour
week




, 40
40
40
40

$0,740
.710
.625

.915
.875
.845
.825
.815
.775
.745
.745
.745
.695
.695

40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40

.740
.700

.855
.755
.725
.695

40
40
40
40

.680

.875
.755
.675
.675
.625

40
40
40
40
40

.845
.795
.775
.725
.635
.585
.553
.545

40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40

.765
.745
.725

40
40
40

.705
.695
.645
.595
.595
.555

40
40
40
40
40
40

.570
.520
.490
.480

.545

40

.470

g

.845
.775
.725

40
40
40

.770
.700
.650

.890
.810
.780
.750
.660

40
40
40
40
40

.880
.840
.810
.790
.780

40
40
40
40
40

.740
.690
.66u

40
40
40

.770
.720
.700
.650
.470
.670

i g: g g g g g :
g: g g
g: g g :

.600
.550

gg: g g g g g

.620

i gg

.670
.620

40
40
40

ggggg;

jPgq10fs

Bakers (traveling and reel ovens)...................... ...................
Cutternmen......... ..................................................................
Sponge rollermen.................................................................. .
Sponge drawmen.................................................................. .
Oven firemen..........................................................................
Baking clerks.......... ........................................... .............. .
Graham ovenmen feeders.......................................................
Stackers................................................................................
Pan feeders, greasers...............................................................
Ritz baking:
Machine captains.............................................................
Mixers, rollermen...................... ......................................
Mixers’ helpers............................................ ...................
Spray-machine operators, oven feeders, takers-out...........
Cone department:
Assistant foremen...................................................................
Mixers........ ............................................................................
Supervisors.............................................................................
Clerks.......... ....... ....... ..........................................................
Miscellaneous baking and packing workers............................
Icing department:
Head mixers................ ....... ....... -.........................................
Mixers...................... ....................... ........................ .............
Machine set-up men...............................................................
Machinemen (mixers’ helpers)...............................................
Working supervisors...............................................................
Clerks....... .............................................................................
Machine operators..................................................................
Packers, feeders, handlers.......................................................
Assembly department:
Division heads.............. .........................................................
Assemblymen........................................................................
Clerks....................- ...............................................................
Packing department:
Pan dumpers.......... ..............................................................
Checkers, truckers-------------------------------- ----------- -..........
Working supervisors, repack girls....... ..................... .............
Sponge packers.................................................................... .
Tally clerks............................................................................
Hand bundlers, machine carton-formers................................
Sweet packers; sealers and weighers; carton closers; fillingmachine operators; hand carton-formers; “ Q” formers and
stitchers: machine operators................................................
Shipping department:
Loading foremen.....................................................................
Assemblers... .........................................................................
Car loaders............................................................................ .
Crackers and cookies—Company B:
Mixing department:
Head mixers.......................................................................... .
Sponge mixers... ............................................... ....................
Sweet mixers............ - ............................................................
Mixers’ helpers.......................................................................
Flour dumpers........................................................................
Baking department:
Machine captains..................................................................
Peelers...................................................................................
Reel-oven bakers................................................................... .
Cuttermen.............................................................................
Sponge rollermen---- --------- ------------------------- --------------Reel-oven take-out men, sponge drawmen, traveling-oven
unloaders.......................................................................... .
Traveling-oven loaders............................................ .............
Pan feeders, greasers, general help........................................ .

$0.925
.875
.815
.755

Sgg

Buffalo, N. Y —Continued
Crackers and cookies—Company A:
Mixing department:
Head mixers............................................................................
Mixers..................... ...............................................................
Mixers’ helpers...... .................................................................
Flour dumpers.......................................................................
Baking department:
Machine captains...................................................................

19

BAKING IN D U STRY

T able 8.— Union Scales o f W ages and H ours in the B akery Trades in Selected C ities,
June 7, 1942, and June 7, 1941— Continued
June 1,1942
City, type of baking, and occupation

June 1, 1941

Rate per Hours
per Hours
per Rate
per
hour
hour
week
week

Buffalo, N. 7 .—Continued
Crackers and cookies—Company B—Continued.
Baking department—Continued.
Tower men
_ __
,
.........
Stackers, female
........
Scrap girls
. .
_ , . T.
.
......
Icing and Cello-bag department:
Head icing mixers
_
__
_
, . r_ . . . . . .
Machine set-up men__________________________________
Icing mixers’ Helpers, paper cutters... ................ .......... ........
Machinemen__*____ 1. T_______________________________
Checkers, truckers, general helpers______________________
Female help:
Working supervisors
...
.„ _ .
Packcrs7 feeders __ _ _
__ _
General help__________________ _ _
_ ____ _
Packing department:
Checkers, truckers ___________________ _ ______ _ __
Working supervisors _________________ ____________
Hand bundlers, carton-formers (machine and table)________
Sweet packers; carton-formers, hand; “ Q” formers; cover
strichers; repack girls; breakage girls
General help * _. . ” _
~
Warehouse:
Receiving clerks
..............
Paper stockmen, general assemblymen

$0,570
.560
.510

40
40
40

.810
.740
.720
.690
.660

40
40
40
40
,40

.600
.510
.470

40
40
40

.660
.610
.560
.520

40
40
40
40

.510
.470

40
40

.790
.710

40
40

1.226
1.095
1.190
.670
.500

42
42
42
44
44

$1,226
1.095
1.190
.670
.500

42
42
42
44
44

.988
.925
.700
.650
.650
.600

40
40
40
40
40
40

.938
.875
.650
.600

40
40
40
40

.550

.550

40

.500

40
40
40

.988
.700
.650
.600
.550
.425

40
40
40
40
40
40

.938
.650
.600
.550
.500
.375

40
40
40
40
40
40

1.000
.900
.800

48
48
48

1.000
.900

48
48

.979
.938

48
48

.865
.823

48
48

.975
.925

48
48

.875
.825

48
48

.930
.780

40
40

.870
.720

40
40

Butte, Mont.
Break and cake—Machine shops:
Foremen, dough mixers___________________________________
Rench hands
. . . . .
...
Gvenmen
...
...
_
Wrappers, male_______________ __________________________
Wrappers, female
. . . . .......... ....
Charlotte, N. C.
Bread only—Machine shops:
"Foremen
__ .
.
Shipping foremen________________________________________
Mixers, ovenmen________________________________________
"Dividers, molders, wrappers
. .
_ .
Stockroom clerks
_
____________ _
.
__ ___
Shipping packers________________________________________
Twisters, panners, dumpers, wrapping-machine catchers, oven
loaders, pan greasers and rakers, pan packers, flour dumpers____
Cake only—Machine shops:
Foremen_______________________________________________
Mixers, scalers, ovenmen
...
......
Wrapping-machine operators______________________________
X)ougnnut-mixer operators_______ •_________________________
Dumpers, rakers, pan greasers_____________________________
leers, wrappers, packers__________________________________
Chicago, IU.
Bread and cake—Hapd shops:
Union A:
First hands, spongers, ovenmen ____
_
. _
Second hands________________________________________
Third hands _ ____________
__
_ _________ _ _
Union B:
RetailFirst hands
...... .
Feoond hands
, -,
- .
WholesaleFirst hand**, Tnixers, ovenmen, spongers
...
Second hands, henen hands, machine hands „
Bread only—Machine shops:
Agreement A:
Mixers_______________ ____________ _________ . . . _____
All others................................................................................




20

UN IO N W AG ES AND H O U RS

T able 8.— Union Scales o f W ages and H ours in the B akery Trades in Selected Cities,
June I, 1942 , and June I, 1941— Continued
June 1, 1942
City, type of baking, and occupation

June 1,1941

Rate per Hours
Rate per Hours
per
per
hour
hour
week
week

Chicago, III.—Continued
Bread only—Machine shops—Continued.
Agreement B:
Mixers______________________________________________
Ovenmen................................................................................
Dividermen____ ____ ______ _______ __________________
Traveling-oven feeders or dumpers, bench hands, moldermen.
Bake-shop helpers...................................................................
Agreement C:
Mixers..... .......... .............................. ...................................
0 venmen, dividermen, doormen...........................................
Traveling-oven feeders or dumpers, bench hands, moldermen.
Mixers helpers.... ......................... ............................ ..........
Bake-shop helpers..................................................................
Female help—
First year.................................... ....................................
Second year......................................................................
After 2 years.....................................................................
Cake only—Machine shops:
Agreement A:
Mixers_________ _______ ____ _________________ _______
Scalers, bench hands, oven receivers, cookie-machine operators_______ _______ _________________ _________ ____
Union roll-machine operators; mixers’, scalers’, and depositors’ helpers; wrapping-machine operators; receiving clerks.
Cookie-machine helpers; oven feeders; bakery (#1) helpers;
pan greasing and washing-machine operators; icing-ma­
chine operators; cake-cutting-machine operators_________
Bakery (#2) helpers; pan greasing and washing-machine
helpers; shipping-room helpers.......... ................................
Foreladies...................................... ........................................
leers, dough handlers, machine operators______ __________
Female—wrappers, packers, box makers, labelers, cookie
packers, and miscellaneous:
First year............................................................ ............
Second year........ .......................................................... .
After 2 years.....................................................................
Agreement B:
Cake mixers, icing mixers, doughnut mixers, ovenmen, first
scalers, head cookers.................................................. .........
Ingredientmen, sfonkmATi, hp.nphmp.n
All shop helpers, second scalers...............................................
Dumpers, truckers _
__ . - .
__ . _____________
Female wrapping-machine feeders and pie-machine crew____
Other female employees—
1 to 6 months...................................................................
7 to 12 months................................................................. .
1 to 5 years—.....................................................................
After 5 years
Pie and pastry:
Ingredientmen, ovenmen, cooks, dough mixers.............................
Dough breakers, fruit servicemen, male helpers............................
Pie-machine operators__________________________ __________
Toppers, wrappers, cream-pie fillers, cake icers, fruit cleaners,
female helpers, plate washers, plate sorters, inspectors..............
Bohemian baking:
Small shops:
First hands..... '....................................................... ..............
Second hands............. ............................................................
Large shops:
First hands............... ..............................................................
Second hands.........................................................................
Hebrew baking:
Foremen, first hands.....................................................................
Second hands................................................................................
Third hands..................................................................................
Italian and Greek baking:
Hand shops:
First-class bakers:
Rate A............................ .................................................
Rate B
. . . ______________________________
Second-class bakers:
Rate A..............................................................................
Rate B..............................................................................




$0.920
.870
.870
.820
.700

40
40
40
40
40

$0.850
.850
.800
.750
.550

40
40
40
40
40

.920
.870
.820
.770
.700

40
40
40
40
40

.850
.800
.750
.700
.600

40
40
40
40
40

.430
.460
.500

40
40
40

.430
.460
.500

40
40
40

.920

40

.850

40

.820

40

.750

40

.770

40

.700

40

.720

40

.650

40

. 650
.650
.550

40
40
40

.600
.575
.500

40
40
40

.430
.460
.500

40
40
40

.430
.460
.500

40
40
40

.860
.800
.720
.650
.520

40
40
40
40
40

.760

40

.660

40

.430
.450
.500
.520

40
40
40
40

.400
.410
.440

40
40
40

.800
.600
.520

40
40
40

.680
.530
.490

40
40
40

.460

40

.420

40

1.042
.979

48
48

.938
.875

48
48

1.250
1.175

48
48

1.125
1.050

40
40

1.292
1.229
1.000

48
48
48

1.271
1.208
1.000

48
48
48

.786
.766

48
48

.708

48

.730
.709

48
48

.652

48

21

BAKING IN D U STRY

T ab le 8.— Union Scales o f W ages and H ours in the B akery Trades in Selected C ities,
June I, 1942, and June I, 1941— Continued
June 1, 1942
City, type of baking, and occupation

June 1, 1941

Rate per Hours
Rate per Hours
per
per
hour
hour
week
week

C hicago, III .—Continued

Italian and Greek baking—Continued.
Machine shops:
First-class bakers________________________________ __ ___
S f t c m - i d - e l a s s b a k e r s , , ....
.
_ __
Polish baking:
Retail shops—
South Side:
Foremen, spongers____ ..
. ,
Second hands. ,,. r ... „ r
West Side:
Day work:
Foremen, spongers _
_ . „r„r.
Second han*ds ~
T ^
Night work:
Foremen, spongers
Second hands _
Wholesale shops:
Day work:
Foremen, spongers___________________________________
Second hands_____________ __________________________
Night work:
Foremen, spongers
........
...
Second hands,
, „ _ . ____ Crackers and cookies:
Mixing room:
__________________ _ _______________
Mixers
Raw-material sealers _ _ _ _ _
_
___________
Mixing-room helpers____ _____ _______ ________________
Flour dumpers
___________________________________
Sponge baking:
Machine captains
Dough feeders, rollmen
'
. _
Ovenmen
_
__
Dough entters ___ . . . . . . . . . . .
_ _
Scrap hoys
... .
,
Sweet baking:
Maehine oaptains
. .
. . .
Machine sheeters, ovenmen_______ ___
Dough feeders _
. ___ _
. . ..
Icing department:
Machinemen „ .
__
.
........ .
Head mixers
_ ______ ___ _
____________
Regular packers
.......
......
Head samplers
. . .
.
. . .
Stitchers, female; cellophane packers; samplers, helpers;
stickers; trolley packers
_ _
Plain packing:
Stacking-machine captains—
1 to 3 months ...
, , __ _
4 to 6 m onths_______________ __ _ ________________
Aft.er 6 months
. . __ .
Wrapping-machine operators________
____________
Bundlers. sponge packers_____________ _ _ ______________
General helpers, male.
Sweet packers
Carton formers
. ... _
Garten and caddy stitchers, female
... _ _ _
Stacker and feeder girls
_ .
Scalers, male
_______________________ _____________
Receiving department:
Flour unloaders
„ , rx .
___
____
Order fillers, stockmen____________ ______________________
Receiving clerks
__ _________________ _________________
Paper cutters, sugar grinders __________ _________________
Shipping department:
Head shipping clerks _ _
Men-in-charge, commission department „
Men-in-oharge, wholesale department
. . .
Stockmen....................................................................................




$0.919
.851

40
40

$0,850
.783

40
40

1.063
.938

48
48

.938
.813

48
48

1.063
.938

48
48

.958
.895

48
48

1.263
1.138

48
48

1.158
1.096

48
48

1.125
1.000

32
32

1.125
1.000

32
32

1.325
1.200

32
32

1.325
1.200

32
32

.870
.850
.750
.650

40
40
40
40

.950
.875
.800
.750
.625

40
40
40
40
40

.950
.800
.675

40
40
40

.750
.650
.550
.520

40
40
40
40

.480

40

.525
.750
.850
.700
.560
.525
.520
.500
.480
.450
.550

40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40

.720
.680
.675
.625

40
40
40
40

.900
.800
.750
.600

40
40
40
40

_ ._

22

U N IO N W AGES AND H O U R S

T a b l e 8. — Union Scales o f W ages and H ours in the B akery Trades in Selected Cities1

June 19 1942, and June I , 1941— Continued
June 1,1942
City, type of baking, and occupation

June 1;, 1941

Rate per Hours
Rate per Hours
per
per
hour
hour
week
week

Cincinnati, Ohio
Bread and cake:
Hand shops:
Foremen, first hands
___ _ _
___
$1,045
Ovenmen, mixers__ __________________________________
.963
__ . __ TT
"Ranch hands__
_
.900
Machine shops:
Foreman, first hands_
__
________
1.045
.963
Ovenmen, mixers___1............ _.......... ........... .............. .......
.900
Icing mixers, bench hands, machine hands, ingredient scalers_
.775
Helpers_____________ _______ ____________ ___________
.740
Wrapping-machine operators___________________________
.640
Packers, sh ip p ers_______ ________ ___________________
.600
Chutemen, machine helpers_________ ________ __________
.590
Utility helpers. .......... .2.......................................................
.580
Working foreladies..................................................................
Female help—
1 to 6 months_____________________________________
.480
.500
Thereafter....................... ................................ ................

40
40
40

$0,995
.913
.850

40
40
40

40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40

.995
.913
.850
.725
.690
.590
.550
.540
.550

40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40

40
40

.470

40

1.042
.938
.583

48
48
48

.938
.813
.500

48
48
48

.938
.875
.750
.550

48
48
48
45

.938
.875
.750

48
48
48

.900
.850
.800
.800
.800
.750
.750
.480

40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40

.850
.800
.750
.700

40
40
40
40

.650

40

.450

40

.780
.630
.490

40
40
40

.780
.630
.490

40
40
40

.420

40

.426

40

.750
.650
.470

40
40
40

.750
.600
.420

40
40
40

7.979
7.917
7.854

48
48
48

8.875
8.813
8.750

48
48
48

Cleveland, Ohio

Bread and cake:
Hand shops:
First hands, ovenmen, mixers______________ _____ _____
Second hands______ 1...................................................... .
Third hands, pan cleaners, doughnut friers............................
Betail shops: ®*
First hands___________________ ___________________
Second hands__________________ ________ ___ _____
Third hands................................. ...................................
Women employees............... ....... ...................................
-famine shops:
Ovenmen, mixers, ingredientmen, cake decorators_________
Bench hands, machine hands. _________________________
Mixers’ helpers_____________ __________ ______________
Oven feeders, oven helpers, oven dumpers............ .................
Bread wrapper and slicer adjuster___________ ___________
Bake-shop helpers, slicers. ____________ ______________
Open-kettle friers, shipping-room help.......................... ....... .
Female shop helpers__________________________________
Pie and pastry:
Oyenmen, fruit cookers, dough mixers _
_ __ ___
Dough cutters, bake-shop helpers__________________________
Machine girls_____________________ _____ ________ _______
Wrapper girls, box makers, fruit cleaners, cream fillers and top­
pers, apple workers_________________ __________ _________
Doughnuts:
Machine operators, doughnut mixers____________________
Shipping-room help, bake-shop help......... .............................
Female help______________ __________________________
Bohemian baking:
First hands_____________________________________________
Second hands___________________________________________
Third hands____________________________________________
Hebrew baking:
BreadFirst hands___ ________________________________ _____
Second hands________ ________________________________
Cake bakers__ _ _____________________________________
Helpers________________________________________ _____
Crackers and cookies:
Men . ______ ____ __ __________________________________
Women_______________________________________________

1.333
1.222
1.067
.800

®37H
»37H
»37H
®37^

1.244
1.133
.933
.667

«37H
®37H
«37H
®37H

.590
1®. 450

40
40

.540
».420

40
40

Columbus, Ohio
Bread—Machine shops:
Company A:
Foremen, shop_______________________________________
Foremen, wrapping _
_____ _ __________________
Mixers
____________________________
Ovenmen
__ _
____ _________
Divider operators, molder operators __ _____ ___________
Bun-machine operators, wrapping-machine operators.... .......
Twisters, panners....................................................................

1.000
.955
.795
.773
.727
.682
.659

44
44
44
44
44
44
44

See footnotes at end of table (p. 61).




23

BAKING IN D U STRY

T a b l e 8. — Union Scales o f Images and H ours in the B akery Trades in Selected C ities,

June I, 1942, and June I, 1941— Continued
June 1, 1942
City, type of baking, and occupation

June 1, 1941

Rate per Hours
per Hours
per Rate
per
hour
hour
week
week

Columbus, Ohio—Continued
Bread—Machine shops—Continued.
Company A—Continued.
Oven feeders, dumpers, benchmen, wrappers, checkers.......—
Oven helpers____ 1__1_________ ____11__1_____________
Baka-shop helpers _
_
_ __ _
Extra shop helpers____________________________________
Company B: *
Working foremen
_____
Mixers_______________________________-______________
Ovenmen, bench hands, machine hands_________________
Oheekers
.
_.
_
Wrappers___________________________________________
Shop helpers, pan greasers_______ ______________________
Flour blenders.______ _______________________________
Female wrappers, bread rackers________________________
Inexperienced help (first 60 days)_______________________

$0.636
.614
.591
.568

44
44
44
44

.966
.885
.765
.750
.675
.650
.580
.570
.475

44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44

$0,825
.675
.688
.575
.575
.550
.520
.475

44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44

.833
.761
.667
.475

48
48
48
48

.766
.700
.613
.438

48
48
48
48

1.000
.910

40
40

.919
.840

40
40

Dallas, Tex.
Bread and cake—Hand shops:
Foremen, working___________ ____________________ __ ____
Overmen, miYers, first bakers
Benchmen, second bakers_________________________________
Helpers - - ____________ - _________ - _______ -_________
Bread and cake—Machine shops:
Agreement A:
Foremen_______ __ __________________________________
Mixers______________________________________________
Benchmen, twisters, panners, dividers, oven dumpers or
loaders, bread checkers, shipping clerks______ __________
Slicing- or wrapping-machine feeders, helpers, bread or pan
raokftrs, manhine taka-off men __
Agreement B:
Working foremen______________________ ______________
Mixers
_________________________________________
Cake depositors, molders, dividers, twisters, oven dumpers or
loaders, benchmen, wrapping- or siicing-machine operators,
packers, nhenkers, ovanman, pan rankers _
__
Helpers_______ ______________________________________
Female employees:
Fnreladies _
_ _„
_ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ T
Beginners—
1 to 3 months_________________________________
4 to 6 months_________________________________
After fi months
. .. .
Bread only—Machine shops:
Foremen___________________—. . . __ *_____________________
Mixers, spongers, ovenmen_______________________ _____ ___
Benchmen. molders, twisters, pan rackers, dividers, oven dump­
ers or loaders, dicing- and wrapping-machine operators, dispens­
ing checkers_______________________________________ -__
Dispansing and stoakroom workers, halpars
_ __ __
Cake only—Machine shops:
Company A:
Waking foremen ___._........ _____
__
Ovenmen___________________________________________
Batter mixers, icing mixers.............. ......................................
Depositing or wrapping-machine operators, ingredient scalers,
banah hands
_
_
_ .......
Shipping alarks
_
_
......
___
Helpers_____________________ _______________________
Pan greasers, cake dumpers—
First yoar
Thereafter_______________ _______ ____ ____________
Female employees:
Foraladias .

Beginners—

1 to 6 months _ .
7 to 12 months

__

, _T _ . _ _ _
_

_____

. _ _ _.
___ _

Thereafter...................................................................
520548°-




.800

40

.735

40

.570

40

.525

40

.952
.910

42
40

.840

40

.857
.570

40
40

.767
.525

40
40

.514

40

.499

40

.350
.400
.450

40
40
40

.336
.368
.420

40
40
40

1.000
.910

40
40

.945
.840

40
40

.800
.570

40
40

.735
.525

40
40

1.000
.910
.850

40
40
40

.945
.840
.788

40
40
40

.800
.800
.570

40
40
40

.735
.650
.550

40
40
40

.500
.570

40
40

.450
.525

40
40

.514

40

.498

40

.350
.400
.450

40
40
40

.315
.368
.420

40
40
40

24

U N IO N W AGES AND H O U R S

T a b l e 8. — Union Scales o f W ages and H ours in the B akery Trades in Selected Cities,

June I , 1942, and June 2, 1941— Continued
June 1, 1942
City, type of baking, and occupation*7

June 1,1941

per Hours
Rate per Hours
per
per Rate
hour
hour
week
week

$0.910
.735
.683
.578

40
40
40
40

$0.735
.683
.578

•.450

40

.450

.683
.630
.578
.525
.420

40
40
40
40
40

.578

.315
.368
.420

40
40
40

.315

.875
.825
.775
.680
.550

40
40
40
40
40

.800
.750
.700
.590
.440

.875
.825
.825
.785
.775
.680
.550
.500

40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40

.800
.750
.650
.710
.700
.590
.440

.800
.750
.710
.650
.610
.590
.450

44
44
44
44
44
44
44

.800
.750
.710
.650
.590
.590
.440

.790
.740
.680

40
40
40

.730
.680

.560
.610
.670

40
40
40

.916
.757

48
48

.833

.987
.825

48
48

.896
.750

.420

£§£. SS6SS £ £££',

Dallas, Tez.—Continued
Cake only—Machine shops—Continued.
Company B:
Bake shop:
Ovenmen.....................................................................
Mixers, first scalers, ingredient scalers......................... .
Shipping room clerks............................. ......................
Second mixers, second ovenmen, second scalers______
Miscellaneous male employees in cake shop and dispens­
ing room.....................................................................
Sweet-yeast department:
Bench foremen...................... ......................................
Ovenmen.....................................................................
Mixers.........................................................................
Bench helpers...............................................................
Ovenmen’s helpers, miscellaneous male employees___
Female finishers and wrappers—
1 to 6 months.........................................................
7 to 18 months.......................................................
Thereafter.............................................................
Davenport, Iowa
(See Rock Island (111.) district.)

.688

s: :
&& $£

Denver, Colo.

Bread and cake:
Hand shops:
Day work:
Foremen................................
Bench hands, machine hands.
Night work:
Foremen..............................
Machine operators................




.610

! SS £££££££ I £££££££ SSSSS

Dayton, Ohio
Bread and cake—Machine shops:
Companies A and B:
Mixers, ovenmen........................................................
Machinemen, feeders, dumpers, henchmen................
Mixers’ helpers......... ................ ....... ........................
Helpers, pan greasers, pan setters, wrappers, packers.
Female icers, packers, or wrappers.............................
Company C:
Mixers, ovenmen.......................................................
Machinemen, feeders, dumpers, benchmcn................
Head wrappers............... ..........................................
Doughnut-machine operators.....................................
Mixers’ helpers........ .................... ..................... —
Helpers, pan greasers, pan setters, wrappers, packers.
Female icers, wrappers, and packers..........................
Miscellaneous female workers....................................
Company D:
Mixers..................................................................... .
Machinemen, ovenmen, henchmen............................
Doughnut-machine operators.....................................
Head wrappers........... .............................................. .
Pan greasers, pan setters........................................... .
Packers, wrappers......... ........................................... .
Female icers, packers, and wrappers......................... .
Crackers and cookies—Ice cream cones:
Mixers, machine captains.............................................. .
Dough carriers, slotter and cutter, handlers, shippers......
Warehousemen and shippers (less than 2 months)...........
Packers, wrappers—
First month................................................................
Second month............................................................
After 2 months...........................................................

25

BAKING IN D U STRY

T a b l e 8. — Union Scales o f W ages and H ours in the B akery Trades in Selected C ities,

June 1, 1942, and June 1 ,1 9 4 1 — Continued
June 1,1941

June 1,1942
City, type of baking, and occupation

Rate per Hours
Rate per Hours
per
per
hour
hour
week

Denver, Colo.—Continued
Bread and cake—Continued.
Machine shops:
Shift foremen—
Day work......................................................................... $1,073
1.155
Night work......................................................................
1.114
Part day and night work..................................................
Doughmixers, ovenmen—
Day work.........................................................................
.968
1.051
Night work........ .............................................................
1.009
Part day and night work..................................................
Bench hands, machine operators—
.908
Day work.........................................................................
.990
Night work......................................................................
Hebrew baking:
Foremen—
1.150
Day........................................................................................
1.205
Night.....................................................................................
1.018
Second hands............. ............. ....................................................
1.013
Bench hands, machine operators..................................................
Crackers and cookies:
Company A:
Baking department:
Machine captains, head sweet-mixers, bakers.................. • .850
.820
Peelers--------------------------------------------- ------- ----------.800
Head sponge-mixers, mixers, rollermen, drawmen............
Mixersr helpers-------------------------------------- ------ -------.670
Stackers, sweet-dough feeders, pan greasers and feeders,
.650
traveling-oven feeders, traveling-oven take-out men---.500
General help................. ..................................................
Packing and icing department:
.850
Icing mixers............ .......... ................................. -..........
Icing mixers’ helpers.................................... ....... ...........
.700
.490
Graham department—Sponge packers, bundlers, scalers........
Warehousemen. ...................................... ..............................
.650
Female employees:
.460
Machine operators, “ Q” formers, stitchers. ....................
.440
Sweet and icing packers..................................................
All other employees:
Males, minimum rate......................................................
.500
Females, minimum rate...................................... ...........
.350
Company B:
Bake shop :
Machinemen.................... ...............................................
12.800
Sweet or sponge head mixers, ovenmen, peelers, sponge
12.775
relief men..... ................................................................
12.725
Rollermen, mixers. ..........................................................
Dough feeders-............................................................... .
12.625
Mixers’ helpers............................................................... .
12.600
Pan greasers, sponge-oven helpers................ ...................
12.575
General help—
First month.............................................................. .
.450
2 to 6 months... ............. —___________________
.475
7 to 12 months......................................................... .
.525
Thereafter-..................... ......... ................................ .
.600
Packing doormen:
Wrapping and labeling machinemen. ............................ .
12.750
Head caser and paper cutting-machine operators.............
12.650
Wrapping- and labeling-machine helpers, scalers........... .
12.575
Basement:
Lard men, warehouse assistant foremen...........................
12.650
Stock clerks.............................. ........................-...........
12.610
Icing room—Jelly, cream, and icing mixers, machinemen----12.725
Jelly, cream, and icing mixers’ helpers, marshmallow
12.575
men, scalers.............. ............ .......................................
General help (packing floor, basement, and icing room)—
First month...............................................................
12.400
2 to 6 months.......... ..................................................
12.425
12.475
7 to 12 months.................................................... .....
Thereafter...................................................... ............
12.550
Female employees—
First m onth................................................. ...........
13.320
2 to 6 months.......................................... .................
14. 350
12.390
7 to 12 months..........................................................
Thereafter.............................................. -..................
12.440
See footnotes at end of table (p. 61).




40
40
40

$0,975
1.050
1.013

40
40
40

40
40
40

.880
.955
.918

40
40
40

40
40

.825
.900

40
40

40
40
40
40

1.000
1.050
.880
.875

40
40
40
40

40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40

26

UNION W AGES AND H O URS

T able 8.— Union Scales o f W ages and H ours in the B akery Trades in Selected C ities9
June I, 1942 , and June l , 1941— Continued
June 1,, 1941

June 1,, 1942
City, type of baking, and occupation

Des Moines, Iowa
Bread and cake:
Hand shops:
Foremen..................... ..........................................................
Journeymen_____ ________________ ______ . ________
Helpers________________________________ ____________
Machine shops:
Foremen, working...................................... ....... ..................
Dough mixers, ovenmen.................. ......................................
Benchmen...._.................. ................................... ........... ......
Machinemen_________________ ______ ________________
Helpers, wrappers, stockroom men—
1 to 6 months_____________________________________
7 to 12 months............... ......................................... .........
Thereafter. ........ .............................................................
Crackers and cookies:
Mixing and baking department:
Head mixers________________
_ ____ _____ ______
Machinemen_________________ _ _ ............................
Mixers_____ _________>________ _ ________________
Reliefmen, peelers.......................... ......................................
Bakers
............................ ....... ... ................................
Drawmen______________ ______________ _____ 1______
Rollermen____________________________ ______ _______
Stackers_______________________ . ______________ _
Pan passers, floormen................................. .... ............. .......
Packing 'department:
Floormen _________________________________________
Sponge packers______________ _____ _____ ___________
Machine feeders, sample-room attendants, bundlers, carton
formers___________________________________________
Miscellaneous workers____ ___________ _______________
Shipping and receiving department:
Order clerks_________________________________________
Helpers ____________________________________________
Extra help _______________________________________

per Hours
Rate per Hours
per Rate
per
hour
hour
week
week

$0,802
. 710
.642

48
48
48

$0,729
.646
.583

48
48
48

1.000
.900
.800
.800

40
40
40
40

.875
.775
.725
.675

40
40
40
40

.550
.600
.650

40
40
40

.915
.855
.820
.805
.785
.750
.690
.680
.670

40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40

.600
.550

40
40

.500
.450

40
40

.750
.600
.550

40
40
40

.900
.875
.850
.850
.800
.800
.650

40
40
40
40
40
40
40

.825
.775
.775
.725
.725
.680
.575

40
40
40
40
40
40
40

.950

47

.850

47

.850
.800

47
47

.750
.710

47
47

.800
.750
.700

47
47
47

.700
.650
.600

47
47
47

.670
.670
.550
.550

47
47
47
47

.600
.550
.500
.480

47
47
47
47

.950
.900

44
44

.850
.800

44
44
44

.970
.970
.820
.810
.790

44
44
44
44
44
44
44

.850

44

Detroit, Mich.
Bread and cake—Machine shops:
Mixers, senior bakers_____________________________________
Mixers’ helpers__________________________________________
Bakers, dividers, twisters, ovenmen’s helpers________________
Stockmen, flour blenders. ...............
.. _______________
Make-up helpers, wrappers, shipping clerks___ ____ _________
Pan cleaners __________________________________________
Wrapper girls; bakers’ helpers, female; friedcake helpers________
Bread only—Agreement A:
Mixers, ovenmen __________________ __________ __ ____
Blenders, scalers, dividers, molders, mixers’ helpers, benchmen, oven feeders, dumpers................. ..............................
Checkers ____________________________________________
Molders helpers, pan rackers, pan greasers, wrapping-ma­
chine men _______________________________________
Bread rackers, wrappers, packers, male twisters___________
Stockroom men___
_________________________________
Female employees:
Twisters______ ____ _____________________________
Rackers_________________________________________
Wrappers ______________________________________
Bun wrappers___ ________ ________________________
Bread only—Agreement B:
Mixers
______________
■Rpnehmen
__________________________
Flour blenders, ingredientmen, mixers’ helpers, dividers,
molders even feeders, dumpers
_
_____
Pan rackers greasers, wrapping-machine set-up m e n ____
Thread rackers, wrappers
_______________________
Cake only—Agreement A:
Mixers, ovenmen _ _____________ _________ - __________
Icing mixers, depositors, scalers
___________________
Dough mixers, despositors’ helpers, oven helpers, dumpers..
Packers male
_ _____ ___________________
Icing-machine operators pan greasers, cutters
Btockmeu, miscellaneous help
_ ___________________
Female icers and wrappers......................................................




.750

.750
.610

27

BAKING IN D U STRY

T able 8.— Union Scales o f W ages and H ours in the B akery Trades in Selected C ities,
June I, 1942, and June I, 1941— Continued
June 1, 1942
City, type of baking, and occupation

June 1,1941

Rate per Hours
Rate per Hours
per
per
hour
hour
week
week

Detroit, Mich.—Continued
Bread and cake—Machine shops—Continued.
Cake only—Agreement B:
Ingredient scalers, dough and icing mixers, depositors, ovenmen___________________________________ __ ________ $0,870
.850
Cookers___ ________ ____________ _______ ___ _________
.770
Oven helpers, dumpers_____ __ ___ _______ ____________
.720
Pan greasers.____2______________________ ___ _________
.700
Pan washers____________________________ ____________
Packers—
.850
Rate A....................... .....................................................
.820
Rate B...... .......... .............................. .......... ..................
.750
Rate C______________________ _
_ _____
.700
Rate D _______ ____________ ____ _ __________
.650
Rate E.......................... ................................. .................
Female employees:
.600
Decorators, icers, wrappers____ ___
_
_ ____ ___
.550
Cake-shop help. _ V _______ ___
. . _________
.500
Sweet yeast and cake wrappers
Sweet goods only:
.950
Dough mixers_________________ _____________ _________
.900
Reetoven helpers____________________________________
.900
Be n c h m e n ____________________ _________________
.850
Flour blenders, scalers, icing mixers, depositors, dividers____
.800
Pan greasers_______ 2___ T.......... _.l__________________
Female employees:
.600
Panners_________________________________________
.600
Dumpers................................. ......................................
.550
Rackers, icers. wrappers__________ _______ __________
Pie and pastry:
Company A:
Ovenmen. bakers, mixers, cake mixers (Rnstnn cream)
.850
.800
Cooks, tart peelers, tart leaders, bench leaders............... .......
Scalers, pie-dough mixers, doughnut friers, wrapping-ma­
.750
chine operators.................... ................................ ...............
.700
Miscellaneous male employees________ _ _ _ _________
Female employees—
1 to 2 months _
_
........
.430
.450
3 to 6 months________________________ ___ . . . .
7 to 12 months____________________________________
.470
.550
13 to 24 months___ ____________________ ___________
.570
Thereafter......................... ......................... ..................
Companies B and C:
.830
Cookers_____________ ___________ __________________
.750
Ovenmen, mixers................ .......................................... .......
.700
Shop helpers...........................................................................
Female employees:
.540
Machine operators_____ __________________________
.500
Wrappers________________________________________
Hebrew baking:
First hands—
1 oven............ .................. ......................................... ............
1.511
1.566
2 ovens_____________________________________________
1.511
Cake bakers..................................................................................
1.444
Second hands........................ ........................................ ...............
.889
Helpers........................................................ ................... ............
Polish baking:
First hands, ovenmen, mixers..................................................... H 1.188
1.083
Second dough mixers........ .............................................. ............
1.021
Second hands or benchmen..........................................................
.625
Third hands..................................................................................
Crackers and cookies:
Company A—Baking department:
1.000
Machine captains........................................... ....... ...............
.950
Peelers______________________________________________
Sponge or sweet mixers _ .
_ _
.940
.930
Sponge bakers__________ _____________ ________ _______
Sponge rollermen, sweet-oven men, oven firemen
_ ___
.920
.900
Sponge drawmen................. .......................... .........................
Flour dumpers, assemblymen.....
___ __ ___ . _ ____
.850
Ritz mixers______ _______________ ________ ___________
.840
.800
Stackers, pan cleaners, Ritz rollermen—.................................
.770
Pan feeders_______________ ______ ___________________
Sweet mixers' helpers, mixers' helpers....................................
.750
See footnotes at end o f table (p. 6 1 ).




44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
47
47
47
47
47

$0,850
.800
.750
.750
.700

47
47
47
47
47

47
47
47

.550
.530
.450

47
47
47

»37^
®37H
•37^
®37^
»37H

1.378
1.422
1.378
1.311
.756

45
45
45
45
45

48
48
48
48

1.083
.979
.917
.521

48
48
48
48

40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40

.900
.850
.840
.830
.820
.800
.750
.740
.700
.670
.650

40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40

40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
48
48
48
48
48

28

U N IO N W AGES AND H O U RS

'T able 8.— Union Scales o f W ages and H ours in the B akery Trades in Selected C ities,
June 1, 1942, and June I, 1941— Continued
June 1,1941

June 1, 1942
City, type of baking, and occupation

Rate per Hours
Rate per Hours
per
per
hour
hour
week
week

Detroit, Mich—Continued
Crackers and cookies—Continued.
Company A—Icing department:
Mixers.............................. ..................................................... $0.950
.750
Floormen, foreladies.... ...........................................................
.660
Working supervisors............. ................................................
.650
Machine operators................................................................
.630
Icing packers...........................................................................
.620
Clerks, other help........ .........................................................
Company A—Packing department:
.850
Working supervisors, male.....................................................
.800
Machine set-up men...............................................................
.780
Foreladies.......................................................................... .
.750
Floormen.......................
—
.680
Assistant foreladies—................ ..............................................
.660
Sponge packers working supervisors, female...........................650
Head carton-formers, machine operators______ __________
Sweet packers; hand carton-formers; “ Q” formers and stitch­
ers; weighers and closers; bundlers, hand; cripple pickers;
filling-machine operators; sealers and weighers; sweepers;
.640
staplers; container fillers; samplers; tare and weight clerks..
Company B:
.850
Mixers...................................................................................Female employees—
.400
First month........... ...........................................................
.450
2 to 6 months....................................................................
.470
7 to 12 months..................................................................
.520
Thereafter......... ..............................................................
Company C:
.600
Male help, pan greasers and cleaners, mixers’ helpers.............
Female employees—
.470
Packers, wrappers............................................................
.400
Pan feeders............................. .........................................

40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40

40

$0.850
.650
.560
.550

40
40
40
40

.520
.700
.680

.540

40

.985
.870

40
40

.755

40
40

40
40
40
40
40
40
. 40
40

Duluth, Minn.
Bread and cake—Hand shops:
Day work:
Foremen.................................................................................
Dough mixers, ovenmen.........................................................
Bench hands...........................................................................
Helpers—
1 to 150 days.....................................................................
151 to 300 days....... ..........................................................
301 to 600 days..................................................................
Thereafter.................. .....................................................
Night work:
Foremen............................................................................... .
Dough mixers, ovenmen.........................................................
Helpers.................... .............................................................
Bread and cake—Machine shops:
Day work:
Foremen, working............... ..................................................
Dough mixers, ovenmen........................................................
Shipping foremen.................................. ..............................
Bench hands, doughnut-machine operators...........................
Machinemen...... ...................................................................
Traveling-oven loaders..........................................................
Stockmen, receiving clerks.......— ....................... ................
Wrapping-machine operators, bread panners, twisters, ship­
ping clerks, truck unloaders...............................................
Foreladies..............................................................................
Hand wrappers, packers:
1 to 100 days....................................................................
Thereafter......... ..............................................................
Dishwashers............. ....... ...................................................
Helpers—
1 to 150 days....................................................................
151 to 300 days.................................................................
301 to 600 days.................................................................
Thereafter.......................................................................
See footnotes at end o f table (p. 6 1 ).




.945
.841
. 795

i«44

.514
.559
.632
.668

1644
I644
1644
I644

1.014
.909
.736

1644
1644
I644

1.055
.940
.940
. 890
.825
.825
.790

40
40
40
40
40
40
40

.760
.660

40
40

.530
.590
.548

40
40
40

.580
.630
.710
.750

40
40
40
40

1644
I644

29

BAK ING IN D U ST R Y

T a ble 8.— Union Scales o f W ages and H ours in the B akery Trades in Selected Cities,
June I, 1942, and June 1, 1941— Continued
June 1, 1942
City, type of baking, and occupation

June 1, 1941

Rate per Hours
per Hours
per Rate
per
hour
hour
week
week

Duluth, Minn.—Continued
Bread and cake—Machine shops—Continued.
Night work:
Foremen, working___ ________________________________
Dough mixers, nvemripn .. „, __ ,
Bench hands. 1_______________________________________
Machinemen.__________ ___________________ ______ ____
Wrapping-machine operators _________________________
Helpers-^
_____
Rate A_ _
.
_
Rate B
__ ,
Pie and pastry:
__________________
Fruit cookers _________________
Bakers____________ __________ __ ___________________
Female employees, night____ ____
_ ____________________
Helpers__! * _
__ ___ __
__ ___<______________
Female employees, day—
Rate A________________ ___________________________
Rate B ______________ ________
__ __________ ____
Crackers and cookies:
Daywor :
Foremen._____________ _ __ ______ _ _ __ ______
Experienced male employees __ ______ __ __ ______
Inexperienced male employees ______ _ _ _ _ _ ______
Foreladies
Female employees—
First year
After 1 year.
.
_ _
Night work:
Experienced male employees_______________________ ____
Inexperienced male employees
Female employees
__
__________ ___
Houston, Tex.
Bread and cake:
Hand shops:
Foremen.................................................................. ..............
Doueh mixers, ovenmen_____ __
Benchmen____ _____________________________________
Machine shops—Agreement A:
Forex, n_________ ____________ ___________ ______ ___
Dough mixers, ovenmen, spongers _ ___
___ _
Benchmen, machinemen....................................................... .
Counters, checkers.____ ___ __________________________
Oven dumpers, oven loaders, peel-oven helpers __ _____ .
Wrappers..................................................................... .........
__ __ _ _ __
Pan rackers, bread rackers _
Weigh-up men................ ........................................................
Machine shops—Agreement B:
Foremen
_
...
_ _
Dough mixers, ovenmen, spongers
_
_
Benchmen, machinemen
Counters, checkers_______ ________________ ___________
Oven dumpers, oven loaders, peel-oven helpers
Wrappers........ ............ ..........................................................
Pan rackers, bread rackers
Indianapolis, Ind.
Bread and cake:
Hand shops—Bread only:
Foremen
_ _________ ___
_
_
First hands ____ .
Second hands. __
_
.. . __ ... ... .
Helpers....................... ..........................................................
Machine shops:
Mixers . . .
__
_ _ _r ...
Molders, dividers.
...
Stockroom men
_____
_ . _
Traveling-oven men .
__
__ _ .
Mixers’ helpers................................. .... .................. .............
Wrapping- and slicing-machine operators, bread rackers____
Bake-shop helpers_______________________ ____________
Bread only—Company A:
Mixers........ ....................................................................
See footnotes at end of table (p. 61).




$1.130
1.015
.965
.900
.835

40
40
40
40
40

$1.060
.945
.895
.830

40
40
40
40

.825
.705

40
40

.755

40

.825
.750
.575
.550

40
40
40
40

.475
.400

40
40

1.038
.838
.788
.588

40
40
40
40

.488
.513

40
40

.913
.863
.588

40
40
40

.938
.792
.750

48
48
48

.844
.677
.635

48
48
48

1.071
.905
.857
.833
.786
.738
.726
.667

42
42
42
42
42
42
42
42

.964
.774
.726
.726
.679
.643
.631
.583

42
42
42
42
42
42
42
42

1.023
.864
.818
.795
.750
.705
.693

44
44
44
44
44
44
44

.920
.739
.693
.693
.648
.614
.602

44
44
44
44
44
44
44

.656
.613
.503
.372

48
48
48
48

.625
.583
.479
.354

48
48
48
48

.825
.803
.800
.770
.693
.682
.638

40
40
40
40
40
40
40

.750
.730
.727
.700
.630
.620
.580

44
44
44
44
44
44
44

.900

W40

30

U N IO N W AGES AND H O U R S

T ab le 8.— Union Scales o f W ages and H ours in the B akery Trades in Selected C ities,
June I , 1942, and June I, 1941— Continued
June 1,, 1942
City, type of baking, and occupation

June 1,1941

Rate per Hours
Rate per Hours
per
per
hour
hour
week
week

Indianapolis, Ind.—Continued

40
40
40
40
40
40
40

$0,850
.750
.750
.700
.655
.655
.600

.850
.825
.800
.775
.675
.660
.640

40
40
40
40
40
40
40

.750
.725
.700
.675
.575

.830
.810
.810
.740
.650

40
40
40
40
40

.750
.730
.700

.825
.803
.800
.770
.693
.682
.638
.628

40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40

.830
.810
.780
.700

40
40
40
40

.750
.730
.700
.600

.550
.500

40
40

.450
.450

1.000
.850
.750
.700
.575

40
40
40
40
40

1.000

.830
.810
.750
.590

40
40
40
40

.750
.730
.675
.550

.550
.500

40
40

.450
.450

.750
.675
.625
.400

40
40
40
40

650
.575

.800
.775
.750
.700

40
40
40
40

.540

.750
.650
.700
.550

40
40

sssssss

.900
.850
.800
.800
.750
.700
.650

$ $ $ $ $ $ ................ ..

1740
1*40
1740
1740

$$$$$

$0,860
.800
.700
.680

$$

Bread and cake—Continued.
Machine shops—Continued.
Bread only—Company A—Continued.
Ovenmen, machinemen....................................................
Wrapping-machine operators............................................
Helpers.............................................................................
Wrapping-machine helpers...............................................
Bread only—Company B:
Mixers................... ...................................................... .
Oven feeders, dumpers, bench hands, machine hands___
Slicers, head wrappers............................... .................... .
Assistant head checkers..................................... ........... .
Wrappers, packers....................................................... .
Bake-shop helpers.......................................................... .
Flour dumpers..................................................................
Bread only—Company C:
Scalers..............................................................................
Dividers, ovenmen............................................. .............
Mixers.............. ......................................................... .
Molder-machine men........................................ .............
Twisters...........................................................................
Helpers........................................................................ .
Shipping-room employees.................................................
Bread only—Company D:
Dough mixers...................................................................
Ovenmen, dividers, molders, oven dumpers....................
Mixers’ helpers.......................................................... .
Wrapping-machine operators............... ...........................
Helpers, rackers, greasers, reliefmen.................................
Bread only—Company E:
Mixers______________________ ____________________
Molders, dividers........................................................... .
Stockroom men........ ................ ......................................
Traveling-oven men.............................................. ..........
Mixers’ helpers............................................. .......... .........
Bread rackers.................................................. ................
Bake-shop helpers............ ............................ .................
Wrapping- ana slicing-machine operators........................
Bolls only:
Dough mixers...................................................................
Ovenmen........................................................................
Bench hands...................................................................
Helpers........ ........................................ ...........................
leers and wrappers—
Rate A.......................................................................
Rate B.__...................................................................
Cake only—Company A:
Mixers............................................................................
Bench hands, oven hands, pastry mixers.........................
Doughnut-machine operators........................................
Pan boys, helpers.............................................................
Wrappers, icers................................................................
Cake only—Company B:
Mixers.............................................................................
Ovenmen.............. .........................................................
Bench hands, machine hands..........................................
General helpers, stockmen, pan washers..........................
Icers and wrappers—
Rate A ...................................................................... .
Rate B......................... ...........................................
Cake only—Company C:
Ingredient scalers, mixers, icing mixers, depositors, oven­
men, wrapping-machine operators............................... .
Depositors’ helpers..... .......................... ......................... .
Dumpers, helpers, shipping-room employees.................. .
Female employees........................................................... .

.300

Bread—Machine shops:
Head ovenmen.......
Mixers...................
Dividers, wrappers.
Molders..................
See footnotes at end o f table (p. 6 1 ).




.600
.550
.550

ssss

Jacksonville, Fla.

31

BAKING IN D U ST R Y

T a b l e 8.— Union S cales o f W ages and H ours in the B akery Trades in Selected C ities,

June Z, 1942, and June 2, 1941— Continued
June 1, 1942
City, type of baking, and occupation

June 1,1941

Rate per Hours
per Hours
per Rate
per
hour
hour
week
week

Jacksonville, Fla—Continued
Bread—Machine shops—Continued.
Roll-machine operators, benchmen_____________________ ____
Greasers
* ____ _________________ ________________
Paimers, rackers________________________________________
Panners, female_________________________________________
Cake—Machine shops:
Mixers
*
_ ____ _____-______ _________________
Combination depositors and oven operators................... .............
Doughnut mixers and operators____________________________
Checkers __ ________ *__________________________________
Selectors_______________________________________________
Foreladies _ - ________________________________________
Wrapping-machine catchers, carton men____________________
leers* and wrappers, female_______________________ ____ _____
Cutters........**__ I_______________ _______________________

$0,700
.575
.550
.450

40
40
40
40

.775
.775
.775
.725
.625
.525
.500
.450
.450

$0,450
.450

40
40

40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40

.600
.550
.500
.500

40
40
40
40

.450
.450
.375
.325

40
40
40
40

1.113
1.025
.963
.650
.575
.500

40
40
40
40
40
40

1.063
.975
.913
.600
.525
.450

40
40
40
40
40
40

1.238
1.150
1.088

40
40
40

1.188
1.100
1.038

40
40
40

.942
.885
.837
.592

48
48
48
48

.856
.788
.740

48
48
48

1.020
.875
.795
.775
i*. 725

44
44
44
44
44

.820
.580
.625
.560
.580

44
44
44
44
44

20.475

.650

*1.445

44
44
44

.500
.380
.370

44
44
44

.925
.900
.800
.770
.750
.700
.650
.620
.580
.580

40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40

.850
.800
.750
.720
.700
.650
.600
.570
.480
.500

40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40

.900
.845
.800
.795
22.790
.770
.750

40
40
40
10
40
40
40

.850
.770
.750
.740
22.740
.675
.700

40
40
40
40
40
40
40

.625
.600
.600

40
40
40

.550
.525
.550

40
40
40

.945
.925

40
40

.850

40

Kansas City, Mo.
Bread—Machine Shops:
Day work:
Foremen____________________________________________
Ovenmen, drawers, mixers, spongers____________________
Bench hands___ ____________ ___________ ____________
Wrappers, ingredientmen, icing makers, checkers__________
OtheYmale help______________________________________
Female help........... ............. ....... ............. ..........................
Night work:
Foremen____________ _____-__________________________
Ovenmen, drawers, mixers, spongers........... ..........................
Bench hands_________________________________________
Hebrew baking:18
Foremen
___________________________________________
Mixers, ovenmen, drawers________________________________
Bench hands _____ ___________ _________________________
Wrapping-room workers________-_________________________
Crackers and cookies:
Company A:
Head mixers_________________________________________
Icing-room men______________________________________
Rollftrmp.n
. ....... .
. _
Ovenmen _ _________________________________________
Mixers’ helpers____________________ _____________ ____
Caddy-machine operators, icing-machine operators, stock
boys______________________________________________
Cracker packers.............. .......................................................
Female wrappers and bundlers_________________________
Company B—Sweet baking:
Machinemen________________________________________
Mixers ___________________________________________
Ovenmen___________________________________________
Oven helpers________________________________________
Mixers’ helpers_____________________ _________________
Reliefmen, dough feeders______________________________
Pan feeders, pan greasers________ ______ ______ ______ _
Fig grinders_________________________________________
Cookie packers_______________________________________
Graham packers_____________________________________
Company B—Sponge baking:
Machinemen, head night mixers________________________
Peelermen_____ _____________________________________
Ovenmen, head sponge-mixers__________________________
Rollermen__________________________________________
Relief rollermen______________________________________
Ovenmen’s helpers___________________ _______ ________
Night mixers, helpers, sponge helpers, oven firemen________
Cracker packers:
1-pound cartons___________________________________
Other size cartons. _______________________________
Sack cleaners, floormen________________________________
Company C—Sweet and sponge departments:
Head mixers . ______________________________________
Machine captains...................................................................
See footnotes at end of table (p. 61).




32

UN IO N W AG ES AND H O URS

T a b l e 8.— Union Scales o f W ages and H ours in the B akery Trades in Selected C ities,

J une I, 1942, and June 1, 1941— Continued
June 1, 1942
City, type of baking, and occupation

June 1,1941

per Hours
Rate per Hours
per
per Rate
hour
hour
week
week

Kansas City, Mo.—Continued
Crackers and cookies—Continued
Company C—Sweet and sponge departments—Continued.

Rollermen/sponge and sweet drawers, cuttermen_________
Tcinc bAijws
Working supervisors__________________________________
Flour dumpers._____________________________________
Pan cleaners, conveyormen . _ _ r.
Other female help
_
__
. _ __
Company C—Cone department:
Bakers, machine captains
..........
Packers___________________________ „________________
Company C—Packing department:
Sponge packers, other female help _

......

_

Little Rock, Ark.
Bread and cake:
Machine shops—Bread only:
Foremen____________________________________________
Miners, ovenmen___ .
.
__
Head checkers ,
__ . . . . . .
Dividers____________________________________________
Benchmen, molding-machine operators. ________________
Stockroom clerks_____________________________________
Wrapping-machine operators
__ _ _
Assistant-checkers .
. . . .
_ .
Helpers—
First, fi months
. _ __
__ .
Thereafter
._
. . . . . . . _ r ,... .
Semimachine shops—Cake only:
Foremen
. . __
.
__
Mixers______________________________________________
Ovenmen, scalers, ingredientmen
_
Floorladies ________________________________________
leers, wrappers, pan girls, packers, checkers, boxers__

$0,875
.845
.845
.825
.795
.795
.755
.695
.695
.695
.675
.675
.535

40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40

$0,830
.780
.750
.670
.720
.670
.670
.6.50
.620
.600
.670
.600
.460

40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40

.795
.745
.675

40
40
40

.720
.670
.590

40
40
40

.695
.555
.555

40
40
40

.620
.480

40
40

.960
.860
.860
.800
.750
.700
.700
.700

48
40
48
40
40
40
40
48

.835
.750
.750
.700
.650
.625
.600
.600

48
40
48
40
40
40
40
48

.500
600

40
40

.450 *
.500

40
40

.720
.720
.630
.500
.400

48
40
40
40
40

.620
.620
.550
.450
.350

48
40
40
40
40

1.225
1.150

40
40

1.125
1.050

40
40

Los Angeles, Calif.
Bread and cake—Machine shops:
Bread only—Day work:
Foremen___ ______ _________________________________
Dough mixers, ovenmen__________________ _____ _____
Machine hands, bench hands, wrapping and shipping fore­
men_________________________________
.
__
Dough mixers’ helpers, doughnutmen, twisters, panners,
oven dumpers.._____________________ ______ _ ____
Oven feeders, ingredientmen, machinemen, checkers, receiv­
ing and shipping clerks______________ ______ _______
Machine helpers, bench helpers, flour dumpers, bread rackers,
hand wrappers_________________ ___________________
Conveyormen, toilers, bun sheers, packers......
__ - _
Pan washers and greasers
_r _
Bread only—Night work:
Foremen____________________________________________
Dough mixers, ovenmen _________________ _____ _ ____
Machine hands, bench hands, shipping and wrapping fore­
men______________________________________________
Dough mixers’ helpers, doughnutmen, twisters, panners,
oven dumpers___________ _____ ________________ ____
Ingredientmen, oven feeders, shipping and wrapping clerks,
checkers, machinemen....... ............. ___....... - .......... ..........
Machine helpers, bench helpers, flour dumpers, bread rackers,
hand wrappers_____________________________________
Conveyors, toilers, sliners, packers.
_ _ _______
Pan washers and greasers.......................................................




1.050

40

.950

40

1.000

40

.900

40

.950

40

.850

40

.900
.825
.775

40
40
40

.800
.725
.675

40
40
40

1.275
1.200

40
40

1.175
1.100

40
40

1.100

40

1.000

40

1.050

40

.950

40

1.000

40

.900

40

.950
.875
.825

40
40
40

.850
.775
.725

40
40
40

33

BAKING IN D U STRY

T a b l e 8. — Union Scales o f W ages and H ours in the B akery Trades in Selected C ities,

June 1, 1942, and June 1, 1941— Continued
June 1, 1942
City, type of baking, and occupation

June 1, 1941

per Hours
Rate per Hours
per
per Rate
hour
hour
week
week

Los Angeles, Calif—Continued
Bread and cake—Machine shops—Continued.
Cake only—Day work:
Foremen...................... ..........................................................
Ovenmen. __.......... ....... ....... .............................. ..................
Bench hands............................ ................. .............. ............
Mixers, icing mixers______ ______________ ________ _____
Shipping-room foremen, receiving and shipping clerks...........
Ingredient scalers............. .....................................................
Machine operators, depositors...............................................
Checkers...................... .......... ........................ ......................
Oven helpers, auxiliary workers.............................................
Pan washers, unskilled labor, packers, helpers......................
Female employees:
Foreladies_______________ ________________________
leers, machine wrappers.......................... ................... .
Other experienced help.....................................................
Inexperienced help............................................................
Cake only—Night work:
Foremen. ................................................................................
Ovenmen............................ .......... ......................................
Bench hands........ ..................................................................
Mixers, icing mixers...............................................................
Ingredien t scalers........................ ..........................................
Machine operators, depositors................................................
Checkers................................................................................
Oven helpers, auxiliary workers................. ...........................
Pan washers, unskilled labor, packers, helpers.......................
Female employees:
Foreladies____________________ ___________________
leers, wrapping-machine operators...................................
Other experienced help.....................................................
Inexperienced help............................................................
Hebrew baking:
First bands
., . ,
___
Second hands.......... ............ .........................................................
Latin hand shops:
Day work:
Foremen, ovenmen, mixers.....................................................
Mixers or ovenmen under foremen---------------------------------Benchmen_____________________________________ _____
Machine operators, hand wrappers, checkers, shipping clerks.
Shipping-room helpers............................................................
Other helpers—
First year......................... ................................................
Thereafter.................................. ......................................
Night work:
Foremen, ovenmen, mixers.................................................. —
Ovenmen or mixers under foremen.........................................
Benchmen___________________________________ _____—_
Machine operators, hand wrappers, checkers, shipping clerks.
Shipping-room helpers............................................................
Other helpers—
First year..........................................................................
Thereafter.........................................................................
Crackers and cookies:
Hand shops:
Foremen, working....... ...........................................................
Mixers _____________________________________________
Mixers’ helpers---------------------------- ----------------- --------- —
Reel-oven men..................................... ........ ....... .................
Traveling-oven feeders, traveling take-out men, drop cookiemachine operators___________________________________
Machine feeders, machine take-out men.................................
Other male help— .................................................................
Female employees:
Floorladies or key girls.....................................................
Other employees—
1 to 3 months.............................................................
4 to 6 months.................................................... -.......
Thereafter_____________ ___________ ___________
Machine shops—Agreement A:
Machinemen, head mixers. ....................................................
Peelers, ovenmen, reliefmen....................................................
Rollermen. ..... ....... ........... ..................... ....... ....................
Sponge-oven helpers, mixers’ helpers....................................
See footnotes at end of table (p. 61).




$1,150
1.075
1.050
.975
.950
.925
.900
.850
.775
.725

40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40

$1,050
.975
.950
.875
.850
.825
.800
.750
.675
.625

40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40

.775
.600
.575
.525

40
40
40
40

.675
.500
.475
.425

40
40
40
40

1.200
1.125
1.100
1.025
.975
.950
.900
.825
.775

40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40

1.100
1.025
1.000
.925
.875
.850
.800
.725
.675

.825
.650
.625
.575

40
40
40
40

.725
.550
.525
.475

40
40
40
40

1.500
1.367

937*$
937)4

1.400
1.267

*37*4
937*4

.875
.792
.708
.615
.583

48
48
48
48
48

.875
.792
.708
.615
.583

48
48
48
48
48

.542
.604

48
48

.542
.604

48
48

.896
.813
.729
.635
.604

48
48
48
48
48

.896
.813
.729
.635
.604

48
48
48
48
48

.563
.625

48
48

.563
.625

48
48

.850
.800
.700
.650

40
40
40
40

.850
.800
.700
.650

40
40
40
40

.625
.600
.550

40
40
40

.625
.600
.550

40
40
40

.500

40

.500

40

.380
.400
.440

40
40
40

.380
.400
.440

40

40
40

1.033
.983
.918
.885

40
40
40
40

1.033
.983
.918
.885

40
40
40
40

40
40
40 *
40
40
40
40
40
40

34

U N IO N W AG ES AND H O U R S

T a b l e 8.— Union Scales o f W ages and H ours in the B akery Trades in Selected Cities?

June I , 2942, and June 2, 1941— Continued
June 1, 1942
City, type of baking, and occupation

June 1, 1941

Rate per Hours
Rate per Hours
per
per
hour
hour
week
week

Los Angeles, Calif.—Continued
Crackers and cookies—Continued.
Machine shops—Agreement A—Continued.
Icing mixers, wax and cellophane wrapping-machine men___
Miscellaneous helpers in baking department, sugar-wafer
and icing helpers, pan greasers, pan feeders, sweet-dough
feeders, traveling-oven feeders, assemblymen......................
Packing supervisors............. ...................................................
Stackers, shippers, receivers—.................................................
Truckers and general help......................................................
Female employees:
Supervisors........................................................ .............
Weighers, carton formers, wrappers, cellophane bagmachine operators, sugar-wafer spreaders, sample girls,
relief girls, sponge packers, sponge stackers, sticthingmachine operators__________________ ____________
Can renovators, icing and sugar-wafer girls, sweet pack­
ers, sugar-wafer oven girls...................................... .......
Machine shops—Agreement B:
Dough mixers, machinemen..................................................
Foremen, working (packing department) ...............................
Peelers, ovenmen, reliefmen....................................................
Sheetermen.................................... ...................... .................
Sponge-machine feeders, rollermen, mixers’ helpers................
Wrapping-machine set-up men______ ___________________
Sweet-oven helpers, icing helpers, sweet-dough feeders,
pan greasers, dusters and feeders, oven-travelers, assemblymen, spray-machine operators, warehousemen, supervisors.
Receivers, stackers, wrapping-machine helpers, packingfloor supervisors, dough feeders’ helpers, oven-feeder
travelers...............................................................................
Female employees:
Foreladies__________________________________ _____
Key girls........................................................ ..................
Carton and caddy formers, machine fillers, sponge
bundlers, sponge relief-girls, sponge packers, sponge
stackers, all sponge-machine operators, stitching-machine operators, stackers, breakers, closers___________
Cellophane bag-machine operators, icing and sugar-wafer
girls, sweet packers, sweet weighers......... .....................
Louisville, Kg.
Bread—Machine shops:
Company A:
Dough mixers........... .............................................................
Proof box-oven operators, batchmen.......................................
Utilitymen................. ...........................................................
Head packers, checkers...... ...................................................
Divider operators....................................................................
Roll-machine divider operators— ......................................... .
Oven dumpers......................................... ..............................
Molder operators, oven feeders...............................................
Wrapping-machine operators.................................................
Roll-machine divider helpers................... .............................
Twisters, molders’ helpers, flour blenders..............................
Wrapping-machine operators’ helpers..................... ..............
Wrapping-machine helpers..... ................................................
Pan greasers, packers..............................................................
Bread rackers:
Rate A.................................................. — .....................
Rate B........... ..................................................................
Bakery help............................................................................
Pan rackers................................................. ..........................
Part-time bakery help............................................................
Inexperienced helpers.................................... ........................
Company B:
Head mixers............................................................................
Mixers, ovenmen...... ............................................................
Machinemen, head checkers, male wrapper operators........
Feeders, dumpers.............. ....................... ...........................
Male helpers, assistant wrapping-machine men......................
Extra male employees.............. .............................................
Female employees...................................................................




$0,870

40

$0,870

40*

.820
.800
.770
.683

40
40
40
40

.820
.800
.770
.683

40
40
40
40

.580

40

.580

40

.545

40

.545

40

.508

40

.508

40

.903
.900
.853
.820
.788
.740

40
40
40
40
40
40

.903
.900
.853
.820
.788
.740

40
40
40
40
40
40

.700

40

.700

40

.625

40

.625

40

.565
.500

40
40

.565
.500

40
40

.478

40

.478

40

.450

40

.450

40

.938
.925
.900
.850
.825
.825
.800
.775
.775
.775
.725
.725
.700
.700

40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40

.863
.850
.800
.775
.750

40
40
40
40
40

.725
.700
.675

40
40
40

.650
.625
.650
.625

40
40
40
40

.700
.675
.675
.675
.550
.550

40
40
40
40
40
40

.625
.550
.650

40
40
40

.550
.500

40
40

.835
.820
.760
.730
.650
.500
.485

40
40
40
40
40
40
40

.770
.755
.695
.665
.585
.500
.440

40
40
40
40
40
40
40

35

BAKING IN D U STRY

T a b l e 8. — Union Scales o f W ages and H ours in the B akery Trades in Selected C ities,

June 1, 1942, and June 1, 1941— Continued
June 1,1942
City, type of baking, and occupation

Madison, Wis.
Bread—Machine shops:
Foremen, -working........................................ ...............................
Ovenmeh---........ ............... .........................................................
Dough mixers, sponge mixers.......................................................
Machinemen.l. __T........... .........................................................
Bench hands................................................................................
Helpers............................................ ............................................
Shippers, wrappers...... .............. ................... ............................
Cake—Machine shops:
Ovenmen......................................................................................
Mixers............................ ............................................................
Doughnut-machine operators........................................................

June 1,1941

Rate per Hours
Rate per Hours
per
per
hour
hour
week
week

$1,050
.963
.938
.910
.878
.728
.700

48
40
40
40
40
40
40

$0,938
.838
.838
813
.784
.675
.600

48
40
40
40
40
40
40

.863
.863
.728

40
40
40

.750
.784
.663

40
40
40

.833
.729
.667

48
48
48

.792
.688
.625

48
48
48

.978
.741
.696
657
.609
.598

44
44
44
44
44
44

.889
.674
.609
.598
.544
.568

44
44
44
44
44
44

.435
.478
.598

44
44
44

.391
.435
.455

44
44
44

.924
.741
.696
.658
.609
.598
.502

44
44
44
44
44
44
44

.805
.674
.609
.598
.544
.568
.432

44
44
44
44
44
44
44

.435
.478
.502

44
44
44

.391
.435
.455

44
44
44

1.206
.934
.909
.909
.838
.781
.781
.781
.769
.725
.646

40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40

1.125
.853
.800

40
40
40

.756
.700
.688

40
40
40

.578

40

.525
.588
.646

40
40
40

.500
.550
.578

40
40
40

.975
.915
.875
.845
.835
.805
.775
.725
.705
.675
.635
.605
.545

40
40
40 ‘
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40

.900
.840
.800
.770
.760
.730
.700
.650
.630
.600
.560
.530
.470

40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40

Manchester, N. H.
Bread and pastry—Hand shops:
Foremen, mixers................................... .......................................
Second hands.......... .......................................................... ...........
Bench hands________________ ______ _____________________
Memphis, Tenn.
Bread and cake:
Combination hand and machine shops:
Foremen.................................................................................
Mixers, spongers, ovenmen............................... ....................
Bun-oven men..l________________________ ____________
Dividermen_______________________ ______
________
Machinemen__ _______ _________________
___ _____
Wrapping-machine men............... ........................... .............
Helpers—
1 to 6 months................................................................
7 to 12 months__ ................................................. ............
Thereafter_________________________ _____________
Bread only:
Foremen________________________________________
Ovenmen___________________ ______ ______________
Bun-oven men_______________________ . . . .
Dividermen_________________________ _
___ .
Machinemen___________ __________________
__
Wrapping-machine operators_______________________
Bun wrappers and packers, male........... ............. ............
Helpers—
1 to 6 months. __________________________ _____
7 to 12 months________________________________
Thereafter..................................................................
Machine shops—Bread only:
Foremen
______________________________
Mixers, spongers, ovenmen_____________________________
Bun-oven men_______________________________________
Ingredient scalers_____________________________________
Dividermen_________________________________________
Machinemen________ ______________________________
Wrapping-machine operators___________________________
Pan dumpers
__________ _
Checkers
_______________________________________
Roll pan-dumpers
. _ ______________________________
Bun wrappers and packers_____________________________
Helpers—
1 to 6 months
____ _____ :_______________________
7 to 12 months_____ ______________________________
Thereafter. _ _____ ____________________________
Crackers and cookies:
Cracker-baking department:
TTead mixers
_ __ _ __ ____________ _
Machine captains____________________________________
Assemblymen, sponge setters___________________________
Ovenmen. ______________________________ -__________
Peelers
________________________________________
Roll Arman __ ...____________________________________
Drawmen
.
_
_________________________
Assemblymen’s helpers__________________ _____________
Mixers’ assistants _____________________ ________ ____
Mixers’ helpers______________________________________
Foreladies, packing___________________________________
Supervisors, female___________________________________
Packers, female.......................................................................




40
40

36

U N IO N W AG ES AND H O U R S

T able 8.— Union Scales o f W ages and H ours in the B akery Trades in Selected C ities »
June I, 1942 , and June I, 1941— Continued
June 1, 1942
City, type of baking, and occupation

June 1, 1941

Rate per Hours
per Hours
per Rate
per
hour
hour
week
week

Memphis, Term—Continued
Crackers and cookies—Continued.
Cookie-baking department:
Mixers______________________________________________
Machine captains...................................................................
Peelers____ ___________ ______ ______________ ________
Ovenmen, rollermen...............................................................
Ovenmen’s helpers..................................................................
Pan greasers, helpers...............................................................
Packers...................................................................................
Cookie-icing department:
Icing mixers............................................................................
Machine operators.................................................................
Supervisors, female.................................................................
Other female help...................................................................
Cone department:
Bakers____________ _________________________________
Mixers______________________________________________
Assistant mixers, assistant bakers...........................................
Packers...................................................................................
Shipping department:
First car loader.......................................................................
Head warehousemen...............................................................
W arehousemen.......................................................................
Assemblymen........................................................................
Second car-loader....................................................................
Milwaukee, Wis.
Bread and cake:
Hand shops:
Foremen, working..................................................................
First bakers ..... ....... ........... ...............................................
Second bakers.................... ....................................................
Third bakers...........................................................................
Helpers..................................................................................
Machine shops:
Foremen, working.............................................................. .
Mixers, first-class ovenmen.....................................................
Bench hands, second-class ovenmen.......................................
Helpers.......... .................. ......................................................
Panners, miscellaneous help....................................................
Hebrew baking:
Bread:
Day work—Ovenmen.............................................................
Night work:
Ovenmen..........................................................................
First hand benchmen.......................................................
Second hand benchmen....................................................
Cake—Bakers................................................................................
Minneapolis, Minn.
Bread and cake:
Hand shops:
Foremen............. „ .................................................................
Mixers, ovenmen.....................................................................
Bench hands...........................................................................
Helpers........ ..........................................................................
Female hand wrappers and icers..............................................
Machine shops:
Foremen..... ............................................................................
Sponge mixers, dough mixers, oven operators, ovenmen... .......
Bench hands, dividers, moldermen, bun-machine operators,
cake-oven men, icing or batter mixers...................................
Traveling-oven feeders and dumpers, dough-room men,
bread slicing- or wrapping-machine operators...................
Fruit cookers, kettle fryers, ingredient scalers, doughnutmachine operators, depositors, drop-machine operators—. . . .
Twisters, dough-pan-men, bench-hand helpers.......................
Helpers—
1to 6 months....................................................................
After 6 months..................................................................




$0,925
.905
.835
.805
.735
.625
.515

40
40
40
40
40
40
40

$0,850
.830
.760
.730
.660
.550
.440

40
40
40
40
40
40
40

.825
.725
.625
.525

40
40
40
40

.750
.650
.550
.450

40
40
40
40

.775
.725
.655
.605

40
40
40
40

.700
.650
.580
.530

40
40
40
40

.825
.775
.705
.675
.655

40
40
40
40
40

.750
.700
.630
.600
.580

40
40
40
40
40

.821
.717
.675
.633
571

48
48
48
.48
48

.771
.667
.625
.583
.521

48
48
48
48
48

.975
.850
.800
.675
.625

40
40
40
40
40

.925
.800
.750
.625
.575

40
40
40
40
40

.938

47

.938

47

.967
.878
.788
.938

47
47
47
47

.967
.878
.788
.938

47
47
47
47

.956
.800
.778
.556
.456

45
45
45
45
45

.844
.711
.689
.489
.400

45
45
45
45
45

1.075
.925

40
40

1.000
.850

40
40

.875

40

.800

40

.815

40

.740

40

.775
.725

40
40

.700
.650

40
40

.625
.700

40
40

.550
.625

40
40

37

BAKING IN D U STRY

T a b l e 8. — Union Scales o f W ages and H ours in the B akery Trades in Selected C ities9

June 7, 1942, and June I, 1941— Continued
June 1, 1942
City, type of baking, and occupation

June 1, 1941

per Hours
Rate per Hours
per Rate
per
hour
hour
week
week

Minneapolis, Minn.—Continued
Bread and cake—Continued.
Machine shops—Continued.
Female employees:
Pnrpladies
Cake wrapping-machine operators
Finishers^wrappers, packers—
1to 6 months
„ „^ „, „ .. , _ .
Afterfi months
Hebrew baking:
Hand shops:
Foremen, all-round cake men
_
__
Ovenmen, mixers, general cake men
__ _
Machinemen, bench hands....................................... .............
Helpers
................. ... .
__ _ _
Machine shops:
Ovenmen, mixers, general cake men_
Bench hands, machinemen_____________________________
Helpers
..
_ _
Crackers and cookies:
Company A:
Machine captains __
_
__
PaaIpts
_ ... .. .
Sweet-oven men.....................................................................
Panmen, pan greasers . .. . ............. ...............................
Packers and floor hplp, femaie
Company B:
Head shippers
_
_________________ ___
Spnnge-nven men-in-charge _ _ . . . . . .
Peelers
________________________________________
Pnllprmen,sweet-oven men-in-eharge
___ _ .
Lead-oven men, receiving crew, order clerks............................
Head panmen, ovenmen, pan greasers, tray boys, take-out
men................. ..................................................................
Checkers, sponge packers........................................................
Sweet, paekers
Cafldy stitchers
_
__ ___ __
_
_ _
Bund lers, floor help

$0,725
.700

40
40

$0,550
.625

40
40

.480
.540

40
40

.420
.480

40
40

.978
.844
.800
.622

45
45
45
45

.889
.756
.711
.556

45
45
45
45

.950
.900
.700

40
40
40

.850
.800
.625

40
40
40

.870
.830
.810
.680
.520

40
40
40
40
40

.800
.760
.740
.610
.450

40
40
40
40
40

.830
.810
.790
.720
.660

40
40
40
40
40

.800
.780
.760
.690
.630

40
40
40
40
40

.640
.560
.530
.510
.470

40
40
40
40
40

.610
.550
.520
.480
.440

40
40
40
40
40

.630
.550
.475

40
40
40

.400
.450

40
40

.350
.375

40
40

Moline, III.
(See Rock Island, (111.) district.)
Nashville, Tenn.
Bread and cake—Machine shops:
M Hers, ovenmen
...
. . _ ...............
"Ranchmen, maehinemen
*
_ _ ___
Oven loaders, dumpers
Helpers—
1to 3months
After 3 months
_
...
Roll- and wrapping-machine girls—
1to 3 months _
__
__ ___
After3months. __
_ ___ . . . .
Shipping department:
Stock clerks, wrapping-machine operators, checkers ______
Helpers, loaders, packers—
1 to 3 months
__ __
After 3 months
Crackers and cookies:
Baking department:
Machinemen, reliefmen, head mixers
Peelers-in, ovenmen
........
Miners
............... . ..
..
.. ..
Rollermen, peelers-oiit, panmen
__ .
Pan catchers and greasers, mixers' helpers
___
Pan feeders and wipers
Icing department:
Machinemen __
_____________
.. ...... .
Fnroher men
_
.
Mixers’ helpers, scalers finale)
_ _____
General helpers—
Male
Female..............................................................................




.525

40

.400
.440

40
40

.500
.475
.450
.425
.400
.375

40
40
40
40
40
40

.500
.450
.400

40
40
40

.375
.325

40
40

38

U N IO N W AG ES AND H O U RS

T a b l e 8. — Union Scales o f W ages and H ours in the B akery Trades in Selected C ities,

June 2, 2942, and June 2, 1941— Continued
June 1, 1942
City, type of baking, and occupation

June 1,1941

Rate per Hours
per Hours
per Rate
per
hour
hour
week
week

Nashville, Tenn—Continued

$0,938
.833
.708

48
48
48

1.175
1.050

40
40

1.125
1.000

40
40

.940
.840
.840

40
40
40

.860
.760
.760

40
40
40

.790

40

.710

40

.765

40

.685

40

.540
.540

40
40

.500
.480

1.417
1.313

48
48

1.354
1.250

.917
.875
.833

48
48
48

.792
.750

.945
.845
.795
.785

40
40
40
40

.755

40

.850
.800
.760
.750
.700
.680
.650
.625
.600
.570
.550

40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40

.850
.800
.760
.750
.700
.680
.650
.625
.600
.570
.550

.480
.450
.430
.380

35
35
35
35

.480
.450
.430
.380

.750

40

.750

.525
.550
.570

40
40
40

.525
.550
.570

1.250
1.167
.833

48
48
48

1.146
1.063

$$$

: % $$% % $$$$$$




48
48
48

! : : ;

See footnotes at end of table (p. 61).

1.000
.896
.771

$$$

New Haven, Conn.
Bread only:
Hand shops:
Foremen................................................................................
Assistant foremen, mixers, ovenmen.....................................
Benchmen........................................................................... .
Machine shops:
Mixers............... ................................................................ Dividers, head packers. ........................................................
Assistant mixers, molders.....................................................
Oven feeders_______ ________________ _________ _______
Rackers, wrappers, packers, pan greasers, flour blenders,
molders’ helpers................. ................................................
Cake only—Machine shops:
Foremen................................................................................ .....
Dough mixers..............................................................................
Ovenmen................... ................................................................
Utilitymen after 1 year.............. .................................................
Depositors, receivers, stock clerks..............................................
Ingredient scalers.... ......................... ...................... ..................
Icing mixers................................................................................
Depositors’ helpers......................................................................
Dumpers.....................................................................................
Pan greasers................................................................................
Receivers of returns, utilitymen after 6 months...........................
Female employees:
Head icers and wrappers.......................................................
leers......................................................................................
Wrappers..............................................................................
Beginners, first 6 months.......................................................
Shipping department:
Head shipper.........................................................................
Shippersr nelpers—
1 to 6 months..................................................................
7 to 12 months.................................................................
After 1 year.....................................................................
Hebrew baking:
Foremen, ovenmen........................................................- ............
Second hands...............................................................................
Bench hands................................................................................

40
40
40

S3

Newark, N. J.
Bread and cake:
Hand shops:
Foremen, oven workers, dough workers..................................
Bench workers, second-class workers.......................................
Third-class workers................................................................
Machine shops:
Foremen, ovenmen,mixers.....................................................
Benchmen, molders, dividers..................................................
Icing makers:
Rate A................ ............................................................
RateB................................. ................ ..........................
Scalers, mixers’ helpers, oven helpers......................... — .......
Machine helpers, pan greasers, icing makers’ helpers, checkers,
shippers______________________ _______ _____________
Slicers, wrappers, packers, flour dumpers and sifters, scalers’
helpers...................... ............................ ..........................
Female employees:
leers.......... ............... .......................................................
Hand wrappers....... ........................................................
Hebrew baking: &
Foremen, ovenmen.......................................................................
Mixers, second hands...................................................................

$0,500
.450
.375

§

Crackers and cookies—Continued.
Receiving and shipping department:
Shipping clerks.................... .....................
Receiving clerks.........................................
General helpers..........................................

39

BAKING IN D U STRY

T a b l e 8. — Union Scales o f W ages and H ours in the B akery Trades in Selected Cities*

June I , 1942, and June I, 1941— Continued
June 1, 1942

New York, N. Y.
Bread and cake:
Hand shops:
Agreement A:
Foremen............................................................
Ovenmen, mixers..............................................
Bench hands.....................................................
Helpers, _..........................................................
Agreement B:
Foremen............................................................
Ovenmen, mixers..............................................
Bench hands,....................................................
Helpers.............................................................
Agreement C:
First hands.......................................................
Second hands................ ...................................
Helpers.............................................................
Agreement D:
First hands.......................................................
Second hands...................................................
Helpers..............................................................
Packers—
Male,,,.......................................................
Female........................................................
Agreement E:
First hands, oven workers, mixers.....................
Second hands.......... .........................................
Helpers..............................................................
Shippers, male.................................................
Female employees.............................................
Agreement F:
First hands.......................................................
Second hands....................................................
Helpers.......... ...................................................
Shippers, packers..............................................
Agreement G:
First hands, ovenmen.......................................
Second hands,...................................................
Third hands......................................................
Agreement H:
Ovenmen, mixers..............................................
Bench hands—
Rate A........................................................
Rate B........................................................ .
Agreement I:
First hands.......................................................
Second hands...................................................
Helpers.......... .................................................. .
Miscellaneous workers......................................
Aggreement J:
Foremen.............................................................
Bench hands, second hands.............................. .
Third hands...................................................... .
Agreement K :
First hands.........................................................
Second hands.................................................... .
Helpers............................................................. .
See footnotes at end of table (p. 61).




42
42
42

$0,725
.678
.607

27.521

42

.458

24.827
28.773
26.692
28.665
2».586
27.521

42
42
42
42
42
42

.725
.678
.607
.583
.514
.458

1.350
1.200
1.100
.950

40
40
40
40

1.300
1.150
1.100
.900

40
40
40
40

1.250
1.100
1.050
.850

1.188
1.125
.875

40
40
40

1.063
1.000
.750

1.175
1.075
.813

40
40
40

1.050
.950
.688

.659
.568

40
40

.500
.417

1.175
1.075
.875
.659
.500

40
40
40
44
44

1.100

1.175
1.075
.875
.575

40
40
40
40

1.050
.950
.750
.375

1.133
1.000
.867

45
45
45

1.133
1.000
.867

1.113

40

1.000

.963
.925

40
40

.850
.800

1.100
.950
.850
.775

40
40
40
40

.932
.795
.705
.636

1.021
.896
.792

48

1.000

.900
.700

1.000

.800
.542
.396

.979
.854

48
48

.750

48

1.000

48
48

£&&&$£ $

* $0,827
2*. 773
28.692

111!

Miscellaneous helpers, wrapping-machine operators
Machine shops:
Foremen................................................................ ..
Mixers, ovenmen, runner-in-men............................
Bench hands, dividermen.......................................
Ovenmen (bake-out)........................... -..................
Moldermen, twisters...............................................
Wrapping-machine operators...................................

Rate per Hours
per Hours
per
per Rate
hour
hour
week
week

.900
.700

S&S

New Orleans, La.
Bread and cake:
Hand shops:
Foremen..................................................................
Ovenmen, mixers....................................................
Benchmen, dividermen...........................................

June 1,

&$£ $££ £££& SS $ &&& SSSS &&SSS SS

City, type of baking, and occupation

40

UNION W AG ES AND H O U R S

T a b l e 8. — Union Scales o f W ages and H ours in the B akery Trades in Selected C ities,

June I, 1942, and June 2, 1941— Continued
June 1, 1942
City, type of baking, and occupation

June 1

Rate per Hours
per Hours
per Rate
per
hour
hour
week
week

New York, N. Y.—Continued




$0.896
.729

48
48

$0,896
.729

48
48

1.600
1.467
1.067

45
45
45

1.533
1.400
1.000

45
45
45

1.511
1.378
.978
.533

45
45
45
45

1.467
1.333
.933
.400

45
45
45
45

.864
.667
.458

48
48
48

48 !
48
48
40
40
40

1.333
.933
.533

45
45
45

.700
..:oo

40
40

.622
.444

45
45

1.068
.921
.858
.826
.788
.776
.771

40
40
40
40
40
40
40

1.005
.858
.795
.763
.725
.713
.708

1.038
.938
.913
.858
.851
.826
.816
.801
.771

40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40

.975
.875
.850
.795
.788
.763
.753
.738
.708

1.038
.938
.913
.863
.858
.851
.843
.826
.801
.771
.763

40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40

.975
.875
.860
.800
.795
.788
.780
.763
.738
.708
.700

1.038
.938
.913
.863
.858
.851
.843
.826
.801
.788
.771
.763

40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40

.975
.875
.850
.800
.795
.788
.780
.763
.738
.725
.708
.700

1.063
.963

40
40

1.000
.900

.888

40

.825

£££££££££££

£££££££££

SSSSS&S

1.500
1.050
.600

££££££££££££

.896
.688
.583

$$£

Bread and cake—Continued.
Hand shops—Continued.
Agreement L :30
Ovenmen, first hands, second hands, mixers....................
Floormen.......... ..............................................................
Retail shops:
First hands.......................................................................
Second hands................................................. ..................
Third hands.....................................................................
Cafeteria shops:
First hands.....................................................................
Second hands___________________ _______________
Third hands.................................................................. —
Helpers.............................................................................
Cake and pastry only:
First hands.......................................................................
Second hands................................................................ .
Third hands.....................................................................
Machine shops:
First hands....... .......... ..........................................................
Mixers, henchmen, ovenmen................................................ .
Helpers................................................................................ .
Packers—
First class.................................................................... .
Second class—...............................................................—
Bread only—Machine shops:
Company A—Plant A:
Mixers______ ______ - ..........................................................
Flour blenders....................................... ................ ...............
Mixers’ helpers, dividers, moiders, oven feeders or dumpers..
Checkers................................................................................
Oven or bakery helpers__________________ _____________
Pan greasers.................. .........................................................
Wrappers, packers, wrapping-machine operators...................
Company A—Plant B:
Mixers..................................................................................
Dividers................................................................................
Moiders, storekeepers............................................................
Mixers helpers. ................................................................... .
Ovenmen____ ______________ _______________ ________
Flour blenders.......................................................................
Checkers.............................................. .................................
Bakery helpers................. .....................................................
Wrapping-machine operators..................................................
Company A—Plant C:
Mixers....................................................................................
Dividers........................................................ ........................
Storekeepers.......................................................................... .
Benchmen............................................................................ .
Moiders. ................................... ............................................
Mixers’ helpers. ............. .......................................................
Checkers.............................................................................
Oven feeders or dumpers, flour blenders, pan greasers............
Moiders’ helpers, bakery helpers...........................................
Wrapping-machine operators..................................................
Crum men........ .....................................................................
Company A—Plant D:
Mixers............. ....... ............................................................. .
Dividers.......... ......................................................................
Storekeepers...........................................................................
Benchmen........................ .................................................... .
Moiders................. ....... ........................................................
Mixers’ helpers................. ............... .......... ...........................
Checkers................................................................................
Oven feeders or dumpers, pan greasers, flour blenders............
Moiders’ helpers.....................................................................
Oven or bakery helpers..........................................................
Wrappers, packers...................... ..........................................
Crum men..............................................................................
Company B:
Mixers, ovenmen..................... ..............................................
Benchmen, dividermen............... ..........................................
Molder operators....................................................................
See footnotes at end of table (p. 61).

41

BAKING IN D U STRY

T a b l e 8. — U nion Scales o f W ages and H ours in the B akery Trades in Selected C ities,

June I, 1942, and J une 19 1941— Continued
June 1, 1942
City, type of baking, and occupation

June 1, 1941

Rate per Hours
Rate per Hours
per
per
hour
hour
week
week

New York, N. Y —Continued
Bread only—Machine shops—Continued.
Company B—Continued.
Soft-bun molder operators................................................... —
Mixers’ helpers, oven feeders, soft-roll scalers, head machine
wrappers...........................................................................—
Checkers.............. ..................................................................
Oven dumpers, pan greasers. _______ _____________ _____
Flour dumpers, general helpers.............................................
Rack pushers, restaurant wrappers, bread wrappers..............
Company C:
Mixers, peel-oven men...........................................................
Relief mixers...........................................................................
Dividers..... ............................................................................
Benchmen..............................................................................
Molders, mixers’ helpers----------------- ------ ----------------------Junior benchmen ........................ r.........................................
Oven helpers.............. .............................................. .............
Flour blenders........................................................................
Ingredient scalers---- ------------ ------------------ ------------------Bench helpers, machine helpers, key slicers cfr wrappers,
head checkers...................... ...................................... .........
Packers, checkers, slicers, wrappers.-....................................
Company D:
Mixers, ovenmen............ .......................................................
Benchmen scalers (dividermen)..............................................
Oven loaders (pushers)...........................................................
Junior benchmen.............................................. ....................
Oven dumpers____________ _______________ __________
Mixers’ helpers, ingredient scalers, molder operators, packers,
checkers___________________________________________
Oven helpers, pullman helpers, pan greasers, flour blenders. _
General bakers or wrappers....... ............................................
Company E:
Mixers, dividermen____________________ ______________
Ovenmen, blenders, panners, twisters, rackers......................
Checkers.................................................................................
Floormen, general...................................................................
Shipping clerks .......................................................................
Bread wrappers......................................................................
Floormen, wrappers................................................................
Cake only—Machine shops:
Company A:
Foremen..... .......................................................................... .
Ovenmen, mixers.-................................................................
Bench hands...........................................................................
TTp.Ippirs
.
Company B:
Mixers, ovenmen....................................................................
Icing makers........ ..................................................................
Dough scalers, mixers helpers, ovenmen’s helpers (feeders)__
Ingredient scalers, milk men.................... .............................
Scalers’ helpers, ovenmen’s helpers (dumpers), cake dumpers.
Icing helpers, traymen, trayboys............................................
Female employees, cake wrappers..........................................
Company C:
'•
Mixers, ovenmen.....................................................................
Benchmen...............................................................................
Depositors (scalers).................................................................
Friers
____ _.
Junior benchmen....................................................................
Ingredient scalers............... -...................................................
Griddle men, pan greasers......................................................
General helpers............... —.....................................................
Female helpers........................................................................
Company D:
Ovenmen...............................................................................
Dough mixers.........................................................................
Icing mixers, shipping-department checkers...........................
Cookers____________________________________________
Dough scalers, ingredient scalers.............................................
TTfilpprs
.... .
Female employees...................................................................




$0,863

40

$0.800

40

.838
.813
.788
.763
.738

40
40
40
40
40

.775
.750
.725
.700
.675

40
40
40
40
40

1.058
1.003
.958
.938
.898
.888
.848
.823
.818

40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40

.995
.940
.895
.875
.835
.825
.785
.760
.755

40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40

.793
.763

40
40

.730
.700

40
40

1.038
.938
.888
.863
.838

40
40
40
40
40

.975
.875
.825
.800
.775

40
40
40
40
40

.813
.788
.763

40
40
40

.750
.725
.700

40
40
40

.925
.875
.855
.825
.805
.805
.755

40
40
40
40
40
40
40

.850
.800
.780
.735
.785
.735
.685

40
40
40
40
40
40
40

1.125
.925
.825
.675

40
40
40
40

1.125
.925
.825
.675

40
40
40
40

1.038
.863
.838
.813
.788
.738
.538

40
40
40
40
40
40
40

.975
.800
.775
.750
.725
.675
.475

40
40
40
40
40
40
40

1.013
.938
.913
.888
;838
.813
.788
.741
.538

40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40

.950
.875
.850
.825
.775
.750
.725
.678
.475

40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40

.963
.863
.813
.766
.763
.713
.526

40
40
40
40
40
40
40

.900
.800
.750
.703
.700
.650
.463

40
40
40
40

40

40
40

42

UN IO N W AG ES AND H O U R S

T a b l e 8. — Union Scales o f W ages and H ours in the B akery Trades in Selected C ities,

June J, 1942, and June I , 1941— Continued
June 1, 1942
City, type of baking, and occupation

June 1, 1941

Rate per Hours
per Hours
per
per Rate
hour
hour
week
week

New York, N. Y.—Continued
Pie and pastry:
Agreement A:
First hands _________________________________________
Second hands, mixers_________________________________
Third hands. 1_______________________________________
Helpers _________ . . . . . . . _____ ________ ___ . . . _______
Agreement B:
Foremen, oven workers__________ _____________________
Meringue fillers, fruit mixers............................ .....................
Machine hands______________________________________
Helpers _______ ___ . . . . _____________ ___ _____________
Crullers:

Benchmen___________________________________ -______
Doughnut-machine operators, ingredient scalers.....................
Helpers, checkers....... ........... ................................................
Packers, sugarers_____________________________________
Doughnuts:
Machine operators________________________ - __________
Helpers, belt attendants_______________________________
Box*makers__________________________________________
Packers . . . . . . _. . . __________________________________
Bohemian baking:
Large shops:
First hands _______________________________________
Second or bench hands________________________________
Small shops:
First hands__________________________________________
Second or bench hands________________________________
French baking:
Bread:
Agreement A—Day work:
Foremen_________________________________ ______
Ovenmen _____________________________________
Head slicers_____________________________________
Mixp.rs
______________________________
Bench hands________________________________________
Slicers
_____________________________________
Agreement A—Night work:
Ovenmen ______________________________________
Mixers__________________________________________
Bench hands____________________________ ______
Agreement B:
Foremen _ _________________________________ _
Second bands________________________________ ____
Third hands......................................................................
Pastry:
Foremen
_______ _______________________________
Ovenmen, mixers_______ _________________________ . . .
Benchmen __________________________________________
Bakery helpers_______________________________________
Packers, pan cleaners, pan greasers______________________
Hebrew baking:
Hand shops—
Union A:
....
First hands __ Second hands____. . . . ____________________________
Helpers____. . . . . . . __ ________ ___________________
Union B:
First hands________________________ ______________
Second hands_____________________________________
Third hands (helpers).............. ........ .............................
Union C:
First hands (formen)_______________________________
Mixers, oven workers..................... .................................
Second hands____ _________________ ___________ .
Third hands (helpers)____________________ ______ .
Union D :31
Ovenmen, mixers________________________________
Bench hands__________________________ ______ ____
Third hands....... ..............................................................
Helpers..............................................................................
See footnotes at end o f table (p. 6 1 ).




$1,250
1.125
1.000
.875
.675

40
40
40
40
40

$1,250

40

.875
.750
.625

40
40
40

.009
.705
.682
.523

44
44
44
44

.909
.705
.682
.523

44
44
44
44

1.063
1.004
.972
.960
.911
.845
.834
.763

40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40

1.000
.941
.919
.897
.848
.782
.771
.700

40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40

.710
.600
.575
.575

40
40
40
40

.625
.525
.525
.500

40
40
40'
40

1.286
1.214

35
35

1.286
1.214

35*
35

1.071
1.000

35
35

i. 071
1.000

35
35

1.120
1.078
1.008
1.003
.957
.840

37^
37H
37H
37^
37)4
37)4

1.071
1.027
.960
.955
.911
.800

37H
37H
37H
37^
37J4
37^;

1.155
1.075
1.025

35
35
35

1.100
1.024
.976

35
35
35

1.095
1.048
1.000

35
35
35

1.000
.953
.904

35
35
35

1.150
1.100
1.000
.850
.595

40
40
40
40
42

1.075
1.025
.875
.725
.575

40
40
40
40
40

1.600
1.467
1.067

830
•30
•30

1.533
1.400
1.000

•30
•30
•30

1.533
1.400
1.000

45
45
45

1.400
1.267
1.000

45
45
45

1.413
1.350
1.250
1.025

40
40
40

1.288
1.225
1.125
.900

40
40
40
40

1.167
1.125
.875
.792

48
48

48

1.146
1.104
.854

48
48
43

48

.771

48

40

43

BAKING IN D U STRY

T a b l e 8. — Union Scales o f W ages and H ours in the B akery Trades in Selected C ities,

June I , 1942, and June I, 1941— Continued
June 1,1942
City, type of baking, and occupation

June 1,1941

Rate per Hours
per Hours
per Rate
per
hour
hour
week
week

New York, N. Y —Continued
Hebrew baking—Continued.
Hand shops—Continued.
Union E: 32
First hands........................ ......
Second hands............... ..........
Third hands (bench hands)___
Machine shops—
Union A:
First hands.............................
Second hands...........................
Helpers.....................................
Union B:
First hands...............................
Second hands...........................
Helpers................ ...................
Italian baking:
Manhattan:
Working foremen............................
Second hands................................. .
Third hands...................................
Queens:
First hands.....................................
Second hands..................................
Brooklyn:
First hands....................................
Second hands................................
Polish baking:
First hands...........................................
Second hands........................................
Helpers.................................................
Scandinavian baking:
Foremen. _.t........................................
Second hands, mixers.......... ................
Bench hands.........................................
Spanish baking:
First hands...........................................
Second hands........................................
Third hands_______ _____ _________
Crackers and cookies:
Machinemen, peelers...........................
Mixers..................................................
Rollermen, bakers................................
Bakes’ helpers..................................... .
Spreaders, trimmers_________ ______
Stackers, conveyormen, floormen...... .
Pan feeders............... ........... ..............
Icing-department packers..................... .
Female employees:
Inspectors.....................................
Cracker packers, machine operators.
Carton formers................................

$1.125
1.000
.875

40
40
40

1.714
1.571
1.143

3328
3328
3328

1.600
1.467
1.067

930
930
930

.833
.708
.583

$1.643
1.500
1.071

3328
3328
3328

48
48
48

.708
.563
.458

48
48
48

.833
.667

54
54

.704
.519

54
54

.704
.593

54
54

1.288
1.188
.988

40
40
40

1.163
1.063
.863

40
40
40

.938
.833
.729

48
48
48

.938
.833
.729

48
48
48

.896
.813
.729

48
48
48

.833
.750
.667

48
48
48

1.005
.925
.905
.875
.825
.775
.755
.605

40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40

.930
.850
.830
.800
.750
.700
.680
.530

40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40

.675
.625
.605

40
40
40

.600
.550
.530

40
40
40

1.025
.925
.825
.625

40
40
40
40

.950
.850
.750
.575

40
40
40
40

1.150
1.000
.900
.700

40
40
40
40

1.075
.925
.825
.650

40
40
40
40

.940
.840
.785
.750
.680

40
40
40
40
40

.890
.790
.735
.680
.630

40
40
40
40
40

Oklahoma City, Okla.
Bread and cake—Machine shops:
Day work:
Foremen............................................
Mixers, ovenmen....... ....... ...............
Bench hands, machine hands............
Helpers..............................................
Night work:
Foremen...........................................
Mixers, ovenmen..............................
Benchmen or machinemen................
Helpers...................... ....... .......... . . .
Omaha, Nebr.
Bread and cake—Machine shops:
Foremen...................... ................................
Dough mixers, ovenmen...............................
Benchmen, cake mixers................................
Machinemen, order checkers, oven dumpers.
Doughroom helpers............. ........................
See footnotes at end o f table (p. 6 1 ).




44

U N IO N W AG ES AND H O U R S

T a b l e 8.— Union Scales o f W ages and H ours in the B akery Trades in Selected C ities

June I , 1942, and June I, 1941— Continued
June 1, 1942
City, type of baking, and occupation

June 1, 1941

Rate per Hours
per Hours
per Rate
per
hour
hour
week
week

Omaha, Nebr.—Continued
Bread and cake—Machine shops—Continued.
Ingredient scalers.........................................
Coolermen....................................................
Bake-shop helpers—
First year._............................................
After 1 year............................................
Pan cleaners.................................................
Packers—
First year...............................................
After 1 year..................... ......................
Cake-machine operators, female...................
Hand wrappers and icers—
First year...............................................
After 1 year............................................
Peoria, Ttt.
Bread and cake:
Hand shops:34
Foremen.................................
Foremen on bench..................
Benchmen..............................
Machine shops:
Foremen.................................
Spongers, ovenmen.................
Benchmen, machine operators.
Oven helpers..........................
Bake-shop workers..................
Wrappers, male......................

$0,670
.620

40
40

$0,600
.580

40
40

.560
.650
.560

40
40
40

.525
.580
.525

40
40
40

.550
.650
.510

40
40
40

.525
.580
.470

40
40
40

.420
.475

40
40

.400
.440

40
40

.896
.729
.667

48
48
48

.854

48

1.138
1.013
.938
.700
.650
.600

40
40
40
42
42
42

1.075
.950
.875
.600
.550
.500

40
40
40
42
42
42

1.000
.925
.900

40
40
40

.860
.835
.810
.775

40
40
40
40

.725
.513

40
40

.925
.925
.925
.875

40
40
40
40

.825
.800
.685
.775.

40
40
40
40

.835
.810
.775
.750
.725
.725

40
40
40
40
40
40

.735
.685
.675
.650
.625
.565

40
40
40
40
40
40

.685
.685
.675
.675
.485

40
40
40
40
40

.575
.525
.575
.550
.430

40
40
40
40
40

.900
.800
.750
.700
.550
.430

40
40
40
40
40
40

.750
.750
.650
.650

40
40
40
40

.580
.520
.520
.460

40
40
40
40

Philadelphia, Pa.
Bread and cake—Machine shops:
Company A:
Head ovenmen...... .................................................................
Peel-oven men, cake decorators..............................................
Dough mixers, icing mixers....................................................
Benchmen, machinemen, steam-box tenders, ingredient
scalers..................................................................................
Traveling-oven feeders............................................................
Bread coolers, mixers’ helpers, dough punchers......................
Route, pastry, or bread packers; bread wrappers...................
Flour pilers, dumpers, bakery or stock-room helpers, pan
greasers......................................... *.....................................
Wrappers or icers, female......... -.............................................
Company B:
Traveling-oven supervisors.....................................................
Peel- or rotary-ovenmen.........................................................
Oil-oven firemen.....................................................................
Mixers, icing makers...............................................................
Benchmen, machinemen, doughnut-machine operators,
steam-box tenders, depositor operators, ingredient scalers. .
Traveling-oven feeders................................ ....... ....................
Mixers’ helpers........................................................................
Route packers.........................................................................
Wrapping, sandwich, or sweet-dough machine setters...........
Wrapping-machine operators..................................................
Bakery, bench, oven, depositor, or stockroom helpers;
wrapping-machine truckers; flour pilers or blenders; roll
baggers; wrappers................................................................
Tray boys............................. .... ............................................
Peel-oven helpers....................................................................
Pan greasers....... ....................................................................
Wrappers or icers, female........................................................
Cake only—Machine shops:
Foremen........................................................................................
Dough mixers................................................................................
Ovenmen.......................................................................................
Benchmen.....................................................................................
Helpers..........................................................................................
Female employees.........................................................................
Pie and pastry:
Dough mixers, cooks, ovenmen.....................................................
Custard mixers..............................................................................
Ingredient scalers..................... -...................................................
Order packers................................................................................
See footnotes at end o f table (p. 61 ).




45

BAKING IN D U ST R Y

T a b l e 8. — Union Scales o f W ages and H ours in the B akery Trades in Selected Cities,

June I, 1942, and June Z, 1941— Continued
June 1, 1942
City, type of baking, and occupation

June 1, 1941

Rate per Hours
Rate per Hours
per
per
hour
hour
week
week

Philadelphia, Pa.—Continued
Pie and pastry—Continued.
Cook or ovenmen's helpers
Toppers____________! ___________________________________
Pie makers, shell makers __________________________ -____
Dish washers.
________________________________
Apple peelers, pie wrappers, crown Tnalrcrsj lemon fillers. ______
Hebrew baking:
Bread:
Foremen, oven hands _______________________________
Second hands, dough mixers___________________________
Third hands, helpers_________________________________
Fourth hands__1_____________________________________
Cake:
Foremen, first hands
Second hands________________________________________
Third hands_________________ _______________________
Fourth hands, helpers
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ „ __ _ _
Matzo baking:
Mixers___ __________________________________________
Universal machine—
First hands _____________________________________
Second hands____________________________________
General helpers______________________________________
Italian baking:
Steam ovens:
Ovenmen __ ___ __________________________________
Dough mixers____ ___________________________________
Bench hands ______________ _______________________
Helpers
_____________________.___________________
Coal ovens:
Ovenmen __ ____________________________________
Second hand-bakers__________________________________
Helpers
_________________________________________
Polish baking:
First hands, ovenmen_____________________ _______________
Second hands, cake bakers ____________________ __________
'Third hands
_ __
_
_
Crackers and cookies:
Companies A and B:
Machine OOptains
Head mixers, spongers
_________________ __________
Sweet mixers; bakers, travel
Peelers, bakers
_____________________________
Rollermen, cuttermen ____________________ ___________
Drawmen, sweet-oven men, real-oven helpers ____________
Mixers’ helpers (mixing department), sponge mixers, sweet
mixers’ helpers, flour dumpers, tally clerks, supplymen___
Oven helpers—travel
__ __ __
________
Oven firemen________________________________ ___ ____
Pan cleaners, feeders, or dumpers; icing mixers’ helpers; ma­
chine set-up men __________________________________
Stackers, stockmen
_
______ . . . ______________
Slow-pan men, spray-machine operators_________ __ _____
Pastemen
. _____________________________________
Floormen (icing department), tallymen (8th floor)_________
Floormen (packing department)________________________
Icing-department supervisors; packing-department super­
visors, female ____________________________________
Peckers; machine operators, female

__

Other female employees, carton formers__________________
Company C:
Bakers
............... . _
__ _
Sponge mixers_______ _______________________________
Peelers
_________________________________________
Sweet mixers ___ __________________ ____ __________
Stackers. __________________________________________
leers—
Packing department_______________________________
Icing department _____________ __________________
General helpers, male ____________ ___ _______________
General helpers, female________________________________
Oven firemen....... .................... ............................................
See footnotes at end o f table (p. 61).




$0,650
.600
.600
.550
.475

40
40
40
40
40

$0,450
.520
.480
.450
.400

40
40
40
40
40

1.416
1.353
1.249
.834

45
45
45
45

1.309
1.247
1.143
.727

45
45
45
45

.940
.807
.673
.584

45
45
45
45

.833
.700
.567
.478

45
45
45
45

381.000
.970

40
40

1.000
.970

40
40

.970
.820
.770
.770
.720

40
40
40
40
40

.970
.820
.770
.770
.720

40
40
40
40
40

.750
.650
.600
.500

54
54
54
54

.700
.600
.450

54
54
54

.875
.750
.625

40
40
40

.875
.750
.625

40
40
40

.950
.925
.900
.895
.855
.835

40
40
40
40
40
40

.825
.815
.805

40
40
40

.775
.755
.745
.735
.725
.705

40
40
40
40
40
40

.675
.585
.555

40
40
40

.885
.855
.830
.680
.655

40
40
40
40
40

.505
.480
.500
.380
.320

40

40
40
40
40

46

U N IO N W AGES AND H O URS

T a b l e 8. — Union Scales o f W ages and H ours in the B akery Trades in Selected C ities,

June I , 1942, and June I, 1941— Continued
June 1, 1942
City, type of baking, and occupation

Phoenix, Ariz.
Bread and cake:
Hand shops:
Foremen______________________________ ______ _______
Dough mixers, ovenmen_______________________________
Benchmen__1............... ........................................................
Wrapping and shipping department:
Machine operators__________________ ______________
Shipping clerks
______ ____________________ _____
Machine operators’ helpers................. .............................
Checkers. JL___ _____1___________ ________________
Hand wrappers___________________________________
Pan washers—
First month__________________________________
After 1 month________________ ________________
Machine shops:
Foremen___________________________________________
Dough mixers, ovenmen_________________ ________ _____
Machinemen, bench hands....................................................
Pan washers or other unskilled help—
First 6 months ___________________________________
After 6 m onths....... .................. .................. ....... ..........
Wrapping and shipping department:
Foremen_______ ________________________________
M achine operators_______________________ _________
Shipping clerks___________________ ________ _______
Checkers_____________ _____________ _____________
Machine helpers, hand wrappers—
First 6 months...........................-..............................
After 6 months________________________________
Pittsburgh, Pa.
Bread and cake:
Hand shops:
First hands or bakers.
—
-....................................
Shop helpers__________________ ________ _____________ _
Machine shops:
Mixers, ovenmen_______________________ _______ _____
Benchman, molders, dividers _________________________
Traveling-oven feeders or dumpers________ _________ ____
Helpers_____________________________________________
Checkers______________________________ _____ _______
Wrapping-machine setters________________ ______ ______
Order assemblers............................... .....................................
Packers...................... ................... ......................................
Helpers, female____;______________________ _______ ____
Pie and pastry:
Hand shops—Female employees:
First hands, bakers, ovenwomen____ __________________
Dough mixers .
____ ______________ _______ ____
Bench hands, bakers’ helpers___________________________
Hebrew baking:
First, hands, nvanman ......... . ..
_
_ ___
Second hands, mixers ____________________ _____ ________
Third hands, bench hands.................. ................................ -.......
Cake bakers—
First hands . T. __ r„. .
__ __ _ . _ ___ .
Second hands
...
. . . __ _. .
Unskilled:
Bread wrappers, shippers. ____________________________
Cake bakers’ helpers_______ __________________________
Stock handlers.......... .................. ...........................................
Pan greasers........................................................................ .
Wrappers, female_____________________________________
Polish baking:
First hands................................... ...................................... ........
Second hands_______________________________ _______ _____
Third hands..................................................................................
Helpers_____ ___ __________________ l.....................................
Portland, Oreg.
Bread and cake:
Hand shops:
Foremen____________________________________________
Ovenmen, mixers__________ __________ ________ ______
Bench hands...........................................................................




June 1, 1941

Rate per Hours
per Hours
per Rate
per
hour
hour
week
week

$0.980
.938
.855

48
48
48

$0,875
.833
.750

48
48
48

.730
.625
.595
.575
.575

48
. 48
48
48
48

.521

48

.417
.417
.411

48
48
48

.470
.563

48
48

1.175
1.125
1.025

40
40
40

1.050
1.000
.900

40
40
40

.575
.675

40
40

.450
.500

40
40

.875
.875
.750
.625

40
40
40
40

.688
.625
.625
.500

40
40
40
40

.575
.675

40
40

.450
.500

40
40

.875
.625

45
45

.875
.625

45
45

.950
.900
.850
.790
.740
.730
.710
.670
.530

40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40

.850
.800
.750
.690
.640
.630
.610
.570
.450

40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40

.455
.375
.300

42H
42H
42^

.455
.375
.300

42H
42^
42^

1.488
1.421
1.333

45
45
45

1.467
1.400
1.311

45
45
45

1.421
1.333

45
45

1.400
1.311

45
45

.667
.655
.594
.575
.455

48
48
48
48
44

.604
.593
.531
.513
.409

48
48
48
48
44

1.000
.956
.911
.622

45
45
45
45

1.000
.956
.911
.622

45
45
45
45

1.265
1.208
1.093

40
40
40

1.155
1.100
.990

40
40
40

47

BAKING IN D U STRY

T a b l e 8.— Union Scales o f W ages and H ours in the B akery Trades in Selected C ities,

June I , 1942, and June I, 1941— Continued
June 1, 1942
City, type of baking, and occupation

June 1, 1941

Rate per Hours
per Hours
per Rate
per
hour
hour
week
week

Portland, Oreg.—'Continued
Bread and cake—Continued.
Hand shops—Continued.
Head checkers........................................................................
Assistant checkers...................................................................
Packers, hand wrappers........... .............................................
Helpers—
First year........ .................................................................
Second and third years.....................................................
Machine shops.
Foremen................................................................................
Ovenmen, mixers...................................................................
Bench hands, maehinemen...... .................... ....... ................
Head checkers, wrappers, receiving clerks, shipping clerks,
stock clerks.................................... ....................................
Wrappers, machine operators.........................._.....................
Flour blenders.......................................................................
Shipping clerks, assistant checkers.........................................
Machine operators’ helpers....................................................
Helpers _
__ _ _ ______________ _____________
Cake and pie only:
Foreladies in charge of 4 or more girls____ ____ _______
Cake decorators___________________________________
Icing girls
. _ ________ __________________
Other female employees (after 1 year)....... .......................
Crackers and cookies:
Companies A and B:
Maehinemen..........................................................................
Mixers_____________________________________________
Peelers_____________________________________________
Receiving clerks.....................................................................
Ovenmen................................................................................
Rollermen..............................................................................
Scalemen, wrappers................................................................
Mixers’ helpers...... .................................................................
Dough feeders, assemblymen, rollermen’s helpers..................
Stackers..................................................................................
Other helpers........................................................................ .
Packers, female.......................................................................
Other female employees..........................................................
Company C:
Mixers
__ ...
__ . _ _
Peelers
_
_________
________
Shipping clerks......................................................................
Ovenmen................................................................................
Rollermen...............................................................................
Stackers.................................................................................
Helpers...................................................................................
Packers, female...... .................................................................
Other female employees. .........................................................

$0,973
.845
.816

40
40
40

$0.894
.770
.743

40
40
40

.700
.861

40
40

.625
.770

40
40

1.336
1.272
1.208

36
36
36

1.222
1,161
1.100

36
36:
36

1.158
1.078
1.014
.997
.901
.764

36
36
36
36
36
36

1.069
.993
.917
.917
.825

36
36
36
36
36

.766
.714
.609
.551

40
40
40
40

.968
.930
.905
.880
.855
.820
.818
.780
.730
.710
.705
.505
.485

40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40

.868
.830
.805
.780
.755
.720
.718
.680
.630
.610
.605
.445
.425

40
40
40'
40
40'
40
40'
46
40’
4040'
40*
40

.930
.880
.880
.855
.825
.755
.705
.505
.460

40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40

.830
.755
<781
.755
.688
.655
.655
.445
.425

4C
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
46

.825
.660
.575
.500

44
44
44
44

1.125
1.000
.925
.900
.875
.825
.825
.825
.775
.720
.675

40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40

1.050
.925
.850
.700
.800
.750
.700
.755
.700
.645
.600

40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40

1.025
.925
.875

40
40
40

.9.50
.850
.800

40
40
40

Providence, R. I.
Bread and cake—Hand shops:
RenchmAn who do some mixing daily, foremen
Benchmen______________________________________________
Shippers, ^rappers
T
Pan greasers, general helpers
.r
_ __ _
Bread only—Machine shops:
Company A:
Head mixers............................................................................
Second mixers.................................................................... .
Ovenmen, dividers........................................................ ........
Head wrappers........................................................................
Molders....................................................... ..........................
First benchmen..... .................................................................
Mixers’ helpers.......................................................................
Assistant molder operators.....................................................
Benchmen, oven helpers.........................................................
Wrapping-machine operators.................................................
Pan greasers............................................................................
Company B:
Mixers, traveling-oven m en................ .................................
Head benchmen, dividers, peel-oven men..............................
Molders......................................................................... —-----




48

U N IO N W AG ES AND H O U RS

T a b l e 8.— Union Scales o f W ages and H ours in the B akery Trades in Selected C ities,

June 1, 1942, and June 1, 1941— Continued
June 1, 1942
City, type of baking, and occupation

June 1,1941

ate per Hours
Rate per Hours
per Bhour
per
hour
week
week

Providence, R. /.—Continued
$0.795

40

$0,720

40

.750
.675
.625

40
40
40

.675
.600
.550

40
40
40

.925
.850
.825
.825
.700

40
40
40
40
40

.875
.800
.775
.750
.625

40
40

1.035
.950

40
40

.960
.785

.840
.790
.730

40
40
40

.765
.715
.655

sss

.625
.650

40
40

.545
.545

ss

.475
.540

40
40

.400
.450

ss

.540
.480
.390
.350

40
40
40
40

.625
. 575
.550
.500

40
40
40
40

.575

i : : : §

1.146
1.042

40
40

1.000
.875
.775
. 750
.775
.750
.700
.675
.625
.600
.575
.525

40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40

.888
.800

40
40

.813
.731

.763
.688
.663

40
40
40

.681
.613
.621

1.050
.850
.800
.750

40
40
40
40

1.000

.700

40

.650

sss

.500
.450

ss
; |: : : : : : ; ; : ;

Bread only—Machine shops—Continued.
Company B—Continued.
Peel-oven men’s helpers........................................................ .
Ovenmen’s helpers, molders’ helpers, benchmen, head wrap­
pers, utilitymen...................................................................
Wrappers........................................................... ...................
Pan greasers................................................ ......................... .
Company C:
Mixers.......................... ........................................................
Dividers____________________ _____ _____________ ____
Molders................................................................................. .
Traveling-oven men, doughnut mixers...................................
Packers, helpers................... .............................................. .
Cake only—Machine shops:
Mixers.......................................................................................
Ovenmen....................................................................... .............
Scalers, fried-cake mixers, icing or cutting-machine operators,
icing mixers.............................................................................. .
Friers...........................................................................................
Floormen.............................................................. .....................
Helpers—
First 6 months...................... .................................................
After 6 months.. ................................................................... .
Female employees—
First 6 months............. .........................................................
After 6 months............. .........................................................
Pie and pastry:
Male employees..........................................................................
Unskilled male employees--........................................................
Female employees.......................................................................
Starting rate..........................................................................
Doughnuts:
Head mixers............. .... .......................................................
Assistant rollermen...............................................................
Floormen...............................................................................
Helpers..................................................................................
Hebrew baking:
Foremen........... ....................................................................... —
Second hands....... .... ..................................................................
Hellenic baking:
Foremen—
Rate A................. .................................................................
Rate B........... -.....................................................................
Rate C....................... ...........................................................
Rate D ......... -.......................................................................
Mixers......................... ...............................................................
Ovenmen....................................................................................
Molder operators.........................................................................
Divider operators, first benchmen...............................................
Wrapping-machine operators, checkers........................................
Benchmen...................................................................................
General or shipping-room helpers...............................................
Pan greasers.................................................................................
Reading, Pa.

99

Bread and cake—Machine shops:
Dough mixers..... ..................... ............................................ ......
Cakemen, stock clerks.................................................................
Benchmen, ovenmen, machinemen, dividermen, ingredientmen,
moldermen, wrappers...............................................................
Pan greasers....................... ........................................................
Helpers........................................................................................
Richmond, Va.

.

Molders’ helpers, wrapping-machine helpers, bread packers,
oven helpers.............................................................




.800
.750
.700

ssss

Bread—Machine shops:
Company A:
Shipping clerks...............................
Mixers............................................
Divider operators, mixers’ helpers. .

40

49

BAKING IN D U STRY

T a b l e 8.— Union Scales o f W ages and H ours in the B akery Trades in Selected C ities,

'

June 1, 1942, and June 1, 1941— Continued
June 1, 1941

June 1, 1942
City, type of baking, and occupation

Bate per Hours
per Hours
per Bate
per
hour
hour
week
week

Richmond, Va.—Continued
Bread—Machine shops—Continued.
Company A—Continued.
New employees—
First 6 months ___ _____ ir „ . . „ , , _
__
Secnnd 6 mnnth,s __ .
_ _ __________________
Third fi months _______________ __________________
Fourth 6 months
Company B:
Mixers
.. __ _
TMviriermp.n, mnldermen
, r. „
- Benchmen
Oven feeders or dumpers
Oven helpers, advanced helper**
Cooler feeders, wrappers, dough mixers* helpers___________
Flour dumpers, rackers, pan greasers, general or wrappers*
helpers
Company C:
Divider operator.*^ moldermen ____ ________ __________
Benchmen _ ________________________________
Oven feeders or dunipers

Mixers’ helpers, wrappers______________________________
Backers, pan greasers*, flour blenders, twisters, pan setters,
bench or general helpers
..................
Company D:
Mirers
Ovenmen dividers
Molders, henchmen _

.

............

. _

Backers
___ ___ _______________________________
Cake—Machine shops:
Company A:
Mixers ..........
r _
Oven tenders
Dnnghnnt-machina operators
Sealers
_
_
.
Wrappers or female employees .

T

.

__
___

_ _

_ _

Company B:

Mixers ...... . __
Machine wrappers
Oven tenders

_

.
^^

_

r .. ,

Company C:

Dnnghnnt-machina operators
Mixers, ovenmen

_

_

_ _
_

Scalers____ _________________________________________
Scalers’ helpers, oven dumpers, general helpers, female icers
or wrappers

Pan greasers
Company D:

_

_ __
_ _

__

.

Dough mixers, icing makers, ovenmen
Scaling machinemen
__
Pan greasers
Cake dumpers or all female employees

,

_

_

_ _ r

.

.

__ _
.......

$0,600
.626
.650
.675

40
40
40
40

$0.550
.575
.600
.625

40
40
40
40

.850
.750
.700
.600
.550
.500

40
40
40
40
40
40

.800
.700
.650
.550
.500
.450

40
40
40
40
40
40

.450

40

.400

40

.850
.750
.700
.600
.500

40
40
40
40
40

.800
.775
.750
.650
.400

40
40
40
40
40

.450

40

.850
.700
.650
.550

40
40
40
40

.850
.825
.800
.700
.450

40
40
40
40
40

.700
.650
.600

40
40
40

.650
.550
.500

40
40
40

.600
.500
.450

40
40
40

.400
.350

40
40

.350
.300

40
40

.550
.500
.450
.400

40
40
40
40

1.050
.963
.925
.875

40
40
40
40

1.000
.913
.875
.825

40
40
40
40

.650
.700

40
40

.600
.650

40
40

1.113
1.025
.988
.938

40
40
40
40

1.063
.975
.938
.888

40
40
40
40

.650
.813

40
40

.600
.763

40
40

Rochester, N. Y.
Bread and cake—Machine shops:
Day work:
First hands.__
_
_ _ __
Second hands_______ _________ _ _ _
Third hands___

_

_ ______

__

. . _ __
_

___

Dumpers___________________________________ ______
Helpers—
Rate A _ .
_ . _ ___ _ ___ _ _ _ _ _
Rate B ___ _
___ _____ ___
Night work:
First hands
__ _
Second hands. _
Third hands _
Dumpers
__

._ __ _____
_

_

_

_.

_ _ __ ___
__ ___ _ __ „

Helpers—
Rate A _
._
_ _ .... _ __ ________ __
Bate B............................................................................




50

U N IO N W AGES AND H O URS

T a b l e 8. — Union Scales o f W ages and H ours in the B akery Trades in Selected C itiesr

June 2, 2942, and June I, 1941— Continued
June 1,, 1942

Rock Island (III.) District
8read:
Hand shops:
Foremen.................................................................................
First bakers............................................................................
Second bakers........................................................................
Helpers............. .....................................................................
Wrappers, female..................................................................
Machine shops:
Foremen............................................................................... .
Dough mixers, ovenmen........................................................
Bench or machinemen...... .....................................................
Shipping-room foremen, checkers, shipping clerks, wrappingmachine operators....................... ..................... .................
Stockroom men, packers, wrapping-machine helpers, truck
loaders.................................... -..........................................
See footnotes at end o f table (p. 6 1 ).




44
44
44

$0,909
.830
.795

44
44
44

1.080
1.000
.966

44
44
44

.966
.886
.852

44
44
44

1.125
1.038
1.000
.575
.485

40
40
40
40
40

1.000
.913
.875
.525
.435

1.188
1.100
1.063

40
40
40

1.063
.975
.938

.950
.900
.880

40
40
40

.900
.850
.830

.850
.800
.750
.725

40
40
40
40

800
.750
.675
.675

.700
.675

40
40

.650
.625

.600
.480
.450
.400

40
40
40
40

.480
.450
.420
.370

.896
.781
.740
.625
.585
.552

48
48
48
48
48
48

.854
.740
.698
.583
.544
.510

.533
.544
.656

48
48
48

.492
.502
.615

1.302
1.198
1.042
.990

48
48
48
48

1.198
1.094
.938
.885

.900
.800
.750
.542
.438

48
48
48
48
48

.900
.800
.750
.542
.400

1.000
.900
.850

40
40
40

1.000
.900
.850

40
40
40

.725

40

.725

.650

40

.638

$$$

$1,023
.943
.909

SS5&8; 85853S SftSSSfeS

Rochester, N. Y.—Continued
Bread only:
Hand shops:
Day work:
Foremen, first hands........................................................
Second hands, ovenmen, mixers..................................... .
Third hands, bench hands...............................................
Night work:
Foremen, first hands................................................ .
Second hands, ovenmen, mixers............................... .
Third hands, bench bands.........................................
Machine shops:
Company A:
Day work:
Foremen, first hands..................................................
Second hands, ovenmen, mixers............................... .
Bench or machine hands............................................
Foreladies— ........................................................... .
Other female employees.............................................
Night work:
Foremen, first hands........ ....................................... .
Second hands, ovenmen, mixers............................... .
Bench or machine hands.......................................... .
Company B:
Mixers..............................................................................
Dividermen.....................................................................
Oven operators......... ............. ............. .......................
Machinemen, molderinen, bench hands, oven dumpers
or feeders, batchmen, assemblymen..............................
Flour blenders, mixers’ helpers........................................
Wrapping-machine operators...........................................
Flour handlers........... .................. .................. .......... .....
Pan greasers, oven helpers, hand or machine helpers,
bread rackers, bench helpers, checkers, packers (rate A).
Wrapping- or slicing-machine operators, packers (rate B)_
Female employees:
Floorladies................. ......................................
Icing-machine operators....................................
leers, wrappers.................................................
Box makers.......................................................
Bread and pastry—Machine shops:36
Foremen, first hands...........................................................
Second hands, ovenmen, mixers........ ..................................
Third hands, bench or machine hands.................................
Shipping clerks....................................................................
General helpers, wrappers...................................................
Doughnut makers, cookie fillers..........................................
Bun sugarers, etc.—
Bate A............................... -.........................................
Rate B..........................................................................
Rate C..........................................................................
Hebrew baking:
Ovenmen, mixers.--...........................................................
Bench hands........................................................................
Cake bakers.........................................................................
Third hands. .......................................................................

Rate per Hours
per Hours
per Rate
per
hour
hour
week
week

££££&

City, type of baking, and occupation

June 1,

40

51

BAKING IN D U STRY

T able 8.— Union Scales o f W ages and H ours in the B akery Trades in Selected C ities,
June I , 1942, and June I , 1941— Continued
June 1,1942
City, type of baking, and occupation

June 1, 1941

Rate per Hours
per Hours
per Rate
per
hour
hour
week
week

Rock Isiand (III.) District—Continued
Bread—Continued.
Machine shops—Continued.
Helpers—
First 6 months..................................................................
After 6 months...............................................................
leers, hand wrappers, female............................................
Pie and pastry:
Foremen________________________________________ ______
First hands_____________________________________________
Second hand, scalers.....................................................................

$0,550
.650
.475

40
40
40

$0,538
.638
.450

40
40
40

1.000
.900
.850

40
40
40

1.000
.900
.850

40
40
40

.937
.850

48
48

.894
.811

48
48

1.273
1.163
1.080
1.053
.888
.860
.738
.663
.588

40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40

1.248
1.138
1.055
1.028
.863
.835
.713
.638
.563

40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40

.650
.700

40
40

.613
.663

40
40

.525
.575
.525

40
40
40

.488
.538
.488

40
40
40

.425
.475

40
40

.388
.438

40
40

1.328
1.218
1.163
1.135
1.108
.915
.913
.763
.688
.613

40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40

1.303
1.193
1.138
1.110
1.083
.890
.888
.738
.663
.588

40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40

1.273
1.163
1.053
.860
.824

40
40
40
40
40

1.248
1.138
1.028
.835
.799

40
40
40
40
40

.650
.700

40
40

.613
.663

40
40

.525
.575
.525

40
40
40

.488
.538
.488

40
40
40

.425
.475

40
40

.388
.438

40
40

1,273
1.163
1.080
1.053
.860
.558

40
40
40
40
40
40

1.248
1.138
1.055
1.028
.835
.533

40
40
40
40
40
40

St. Louis, Mo.
Bread and cake—Hand shops:
Night work:
Foremen........ ........................................................................
Second or bench hands...........................................................
Bread only—Machine shops:
Day work:
Foremen.............. ............................................................. .
Spongers, oven hands.............................................................
First hands, scalers....... .........................................................
Bench or machine hands........................................................
Bread counters........... ............................................................
Helpers, pan greasers.............................................................
Ingredient scalers........... .................. .....................................
Wrapping- or slicing-machine operators. ................................
Beltmen.................................................................................
Auxiliary workers:
Packers, car crews—
Beginners, first 6 months...........................................
Experienced................................. .............................
Miscellaneous male help—
Beginners, first 6 months...........................................
Experienced..............................................................
Foreladies....................... .................................................
Miscellaneous female help—
Beginners, first 6 months...........................................
Experienced...............................................................
Night work:
Foremen................. ..............................................................
Spongers, oven hands.............................................................
Assistant spongers..... ..........................................................
First bench hands, scalers......................................................
Bench or machine hands.................................. ....................
Helpers, pan' greasers..............................................................
Bread counters.......................................................................
Ingredient scalers............................. ......................................
Slicing- or wrapping-machine operators..................................
Beltmen............. ....... ...........................................................
Cake only—Machine shops:
Foremen_______________________________________ _____ _
Ovenmen, mixers............ .............................................................
Machine hands.............................................................................
Helpers______ __________ _____________________ _________
Icing mixers, ingredient scalers.....................................................
Auxiliary workers:
Car crews—
Beginners, first 6 months..................................................
Experienced......................................................................
Miscellaneous male help—
Beginners, first 6 months..................................................
Experienced.....................................................................
Foreladies.................... ..........................................................
Miscellaneous female help—
Beginners, first 6 months..................................................
Experienced......................................................................
Pie and pastry:
Foremen
__
_
Mixers, ovenmen... ......................................................................
Sealers
_
_
_ _
Machine feeders............................................................................
Cooks................................................................ .......................
Fillers, coverers, markers, take-off men, bus boys.........................




52

UN IO N W AGES AND H O U R S

T able 8.— Union Scales o f W ages and H ours in the B akery Trades in Selected C ities,
June 1, 1942, and June 1, 1941— Continued
June

1 ,, 1942

City, type of baking, and occupation
R a te per
hour

June

H ou rs
per
w eek

1 , 1941

R a te per
hour

H ou rs
per
w eek

St. Louis, Mo.—Continued
Hebrew baking—Night work:
Foremen, bakers, ovenmen............. .............
Second hands............................................... .
Third hands....................................... ..........
Miscellaneous helpers...................................

$1.158
.9 8 4
.7 8 7
.3 9 4

48
48
48
48

$1.158
.9 8 4
.7 8 7
.3 9 4

48
48
48
48

.9 3 8
.833
.771
.7 5 0
.5 8 3

48
48
48
48
48

.8 7 5
.771
.7 0 8

48
48
48
48

1.075
.9 2 5
.8 7 5
.8 1 5
.8 1 5
.7 2 5

40
40
40
40
40
40

1.000
.8 5 0
.8 0 0
.7 4 0
.7 0 0
.6 5 0

40
40
40
40
40
40

.6 2 5
.7 0 0
.7 2 5

40
40
40

.5 5 0
.625
.5 5 0

40
40
40

.4 8 0
.5 4 0

40
40

.4 2 0
.4 8 0

40
40

1.075
.8 7 5

40
40

1.000

40
40

St. Paul, Minn.
Bread and cake—Hand shops:
Foremen of 6 or more employees...................................................
Foremen of 5 or less employees.....................................................
Ovenmen, mixers.........................................................................
Bench hands.............. ....... ..........................................................
Wrapping-machine operators.......................................................
Bread only—Machine shops:
Foremen............................ ........................................................
Sponge or dough mixers, ovenmen, oven operators...... ............... .
Bench hands, dividers, molders, bun-machine operators..............
Oven feeders or dumpers...................................................... .......
Slicing- or wrapping-machine operators.... ...................................
Oven or bench hand helpers, twisters, panners........................... .
Helpers—
First 6 months............. .......... ...............................................
After 6 months...................................................................... .
Fcreladies or girls-in-charge.......... ...............................................
Finishers, packers, wrappers, female—
First 6 months...................................................................... .
After 6 months.......................................................................
Cake only—Machine shops:
Foremen..___ ______________________ __________________
Mixers, icers, ovenmen.____ ______ _______________________
Ingredient scalers, fruit cookers, doughnut-machine operators,
depositor operators, drop-machine operators............................
Helpers—
First 6 months...................................................................... .
After 6 months.......................................................................
Female employees:
Foreladies................. ............................................................
Wrapping-machine operators................................................
Wrappers, packers, finishers—
First 6 months................................................................
After 6 months............................ ...................................
Crackers and cookies:
Peelers, ovenmen........... ...........................................................
Rollermen................................................................................... .
Other male employees—
First 6 months................ ................................. ................... .
7 to 12 months. .....................................................................
After 1 year................... ....................................................... .
Cookie or cracker packers, female................................................
Other female employees—
First 6 months......................................................................
7 to 12 months ....................................................................... .
Second year........... ..............................................................
After 2 years..........................................................................
Salt Lake City, Utah
Bread and cake:
Hand shops:
Foremen_______________________
Oven or doughmen............................
Bench hands.............. ......................
Wrapping or shipping helpers...........
Machine shops:
Foremen...........................................
Dough mixers or ovenmen. ..............
Scalers........... ............. ...................
Machinemen or bench hands...........
Bread wrappers, shipping clerks.......
Checkers— ____ ___________ _____
Bread rackers and pan greasers........ .
Foreladies......... .............................. .
Wrapping or shipping helpers...........
leers, female____________ _______ _
Wrappers or packers, female........... .
See footnotes at end of table (p. 61).




.688

.8 0 0

.7 7 5

40

.7 0 0

40

.6 2 5
.7 0 0

40
40

.5 5 0
.6 2 5

40
40

.7 2 5
.7 0 0

40
40

.5 5 0
.6 2 5

40
40

.4 8 0
.5 4 0

40
40

.4 2 0
.4 8 0

40
40

87.825
87.700

40
40

.8 0 0
.6 5 0

40
40

88.450
88.500
87.575
.5 2 5

40
40
40
40

.4 5 0
.5 0 0
.5 5 0
.5 0 0

40
40
40
40

8.350
89.375
1.400
1.425

40
40
40
40

.3 5 0
.3 5 0
.4 0 0
.4 0 0

40
40
40
40

.8 7 5
.7 7 1
.7 1 9
.5 7 3

48
48
48
48

.8 3 3
.7 0 2
.6 5 0
.4 6 3

48
48
48
48

40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40

1.000

40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40

1.050
.9 3 0
.8 7 0
.8 2 0
.7 5 0
.7 0 0
.6 5 0
.6 0 0
.5 5 0
.5 3 0
.4 8 0 1

.8 2 5
.810
.7 2 5
.6 7 5
.6 2 5
.5 7 5
.525
.5 2 5
.4 7 5
.4 2 5

53

BAK IN G IN D U STRY

T able 8.— Union Scales o f W ages and H ours in the B a k ery Trades in Selected C ities,
June I , 1942, and June 1, 1941— Continued
June 1, 1942
City, type of baking, and occupation

San Francisco, Calif.
Bread and cake:
Hand shops:
Agreement A:
Foremen, ovenmen, mixers....................... ...................
Bench hands..................................... ..............................
Agreement B:
Foremen, ovenmen__________________________ _____
Bench hands_______________ ___ __________________
Machine shops:
Women’s auxiliary:
Ornamental hand icers______ ______ _______________
Foreladies...... .................................................................
Hand icing girls (after 3 months)......................................
Hand icing girls (first 3 months), icing-machine girls,
supervisors, cutters, head department girls....................
Wrappers, packers, pan girls, boxers, box assorters, toast
girls, helpers, etc...........................................................
Bread only:
Foremen, ovenmen_____________________ __________
Mixers.......................................... ...................................
Bench hands............ ........... ....... ...................................
Flour blenders................... ..............................................
Helpers (after 1 year)__________ _______ _________ __
French and Italian baking:
Hand shops:
Foremen, ovenmen, mixers........... ....................................... .
Bench hands..................................... -...................................
Machine shops:
Foremen, ovenmen, mixers........... .........................................
Bench hands........................................... ..............................
Crackers and cookies:
Company A:
Machinemen, mixers, ovenmen. ......................... ..................
Reliefmen............... ...............................................................
Cellophane or wax wrapping-machine men............................
Mixers’ helpers......................................................................
leers __
Shippers, receivers____________________________________
Benchmen____ _____ ___________________________ ____
Female employees:
Supervisors......................................................................
Weighers, carton or caddy formers, wrappers, bundlers,
relief girls, stitchers, cellophane bag-machine operators. .
Icing girls, sweet packers..................................................
Companies B and C:
Machinemen, head mixers_____________________________
Peelers, ovenmen, relief men....... ....... ...................................
Rollermen_____ _____________________________________
Sponge-oven or mixers’ helpers..............................................
Wrapping-machine set-up men, icers, sugar-wafer men..........
Sweet-oven helpers; icers’ helpers; sweet-dough feeders; pan
greasers or feeders; assemblymen; traveling-oven feeders,
rate A; sugar-wafer men’s helpers........................................
Shippers or receivers.................................... .........................
Dough feeders’ helpers; traveling-oven feeders, rate B______
Wrapping-machine helpers, stackers......................... ............
Truckers or general helpers__________ ________________
Female employees:
Supervisors......................................................................
Sugar-wafer oven girls, sugar-wafer spreaders, weighers,
carton or caddy formers, wrappers or bundlers, cello­
phane bag-machine operators, sample girls, relief girls,
sponge stackers, stitching-machine operators, sponge
packers....... ......................................... ............. ....... .
Girls working part-time on sponge and part-time on
sweet------- -------------------------------------------------------Can renovators, sweet packers, icing and sugar-wafer girls.
Scranton, Pa.
Bread and cake:
Hand shops:
Company A:
Second hands...................................................................
Bench hands.....................................................................
Helpers.............................................................................




June 1, 1941

Rate per Hours
per Hours
per Rate
per
hour
hour
week
week

$1.113
1.052

42
42

$0,970
.910

42
42

1.110
1.050

40
40

.988
.919

40
40

.850
.790
.700

40
40
40

.780
.690
.600

40
40
40

.650

40

.550

40

.590

40

.500

40

1.380
1.320
1.230
1.140
.980

38
38
38
38
38

1.178
1.178
1.092
1.017
.874

36
36
36
36
30

1.123
1.024

42
42

.980
.881

42
42

1.209
1.103

39
39

1.056
.949

39
39

1.135
1.060
.998
.955
.940
.910
.860

40
40
40
40
40
40
40

1.075
1.000
.938
.895
.880
.850
.800

40
40
40
40
40
40
40

.625

40

.585

40

.590
.553

40
40

.550
.513

40
40

1.103
1.053
.988
.955
.940

40
40
40
40
40

1.043
.993
.928
.895
.880

40
40
40
40
40

.890
.860
.815
.790
.753

40
40
40
40
40

.830
.800
.755
.730
.693

40
40
40
40
40

.625

40

.585

40

.590

40

.550

40

.570
.553

40
40

.530
.513

40
40

.771
.667
.438

48
48
48

.739
.635
.417

48
48
48

54

U NIO N W AGES AND H O URS

T able 8 - - U nion Scales o f W ages and H ours in the B akery Trades in Selected C ities,
June I , 1942, and June I, 1941— Continued
June 1,1942




per Hours
Rate per Hours
per Rate
per
hour
hour
week
week

$0,760
.697
.636
.438

48
48
48
48

$0,718
.656
.594
.396

.950
.925
.875
.800
.775

40
40
40
40
40

.900
.875
.825
.750
.725

.750

40

.700

.725

40

.675

.700
.675
.625

40
40
40

.650
.625
.625

.475

40

.450

.425

40

.400

.978
.865
.810
.800
.760
.710
.675
.650
.625
.600
.550

40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40

.978
.865
.810
.800
.760
.710
.675
.650
.625
.600
.550

1.028
.950
925
.850
.815
.785
.769
.735
.725
.700
.700
.650
.625

40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40

.953
.875
.825
.775
.740
.685
.694
.660
.650
.625
.600
.550
.575

1.000

.950
.900
.825
.800
.775
.725
.700
.650

40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40

1.000

.750
.725
.700
.675
.650
.625

40
40
40
40
40
40

.725
.700
.675
.650
.625
575

.575
.550
.525
.500

40
40
40
40

.525
.500
.475
.450

40
40
40
40

.950
.900
.825
.800
.750
.700
.675
.625

£ £££££

48
48

£££££££££££ £ £ £££ £

Scranton, Pa.—Continued
Bread and cake—Continued.
Hand shops—Continued.
Company B:
First hands.....................................................................
Second hands...................................................................
Bench hands, ovenmen __................................................
Wrappers, helpers............................................................
Machine shops:
Company A:
Relief men________ _____— ................................... .
Receiving clerks. .............................................................
Mixers__________________________________________
Oven operators, stockmen, cake depositors...................
Divider or molder operators________________________
Flour blenders, doughnut-machine operators, scalers,
pan rackers, benchmen, steam-box men-------- ----------Tray-oven men, oven feeders or dumpers, mixers’ helpers,
oven bread rackers, wrapping-machine operators, smallroll men _____________________________________
Cake dumpers, twisters, bread packers or truckers,
loaders________________________________________
Industrial-pan washers, doughnut-machine helpers.........
General helpers______________ ____________________
Female employees:
Pan greasers, cake cutters, wrappers......................
Selectors, bench helpers, icers, cake shop girls,
wrappers.................................................................
Company B*
Shipping clerks...............................................................
Molders... ........................................................................
Mixers........... ..................................................................
Head benchmen__________________ _______________
Dividers, flour blenders, mixers’ helpers, firemen.......... .
Pan greasers or setters, ovenmen, proof-box men.............
Assistant shipping clerks..._____ ______ ____________
Molding-machine helpers....... ....... .............. .................
Bench hands, traveling-oven tenders, wrappers...............
Hand wrappers or packers.................... ..........................
Utilitymen, receiving clerks, helpers (extra)....................
Bread only—Machine shops:
Company A:
Shipping clerks_______________________ _______________
Utilitymen, peel-ovenmen, molder operators........................
Mixers.............. .....................................................................
Divider operators...................................................................
Flour blenders.......................................................................
Mixers’ helpers. ...................................................................
Pan greasers...........................................................................
Pan setters.......... ....... .........................................................
Assistant shipping clerks........... ....... .....................................
Traveling-oven men, molders’ helpers....................................
Wrappers.............. ................................................................
Wrappers’ helpers... ..............................................................
General helpers.... ..................................................................
Company B:
Tray-oven feeders or dumpers................................................
Mixers........... ........................................................................
Shipping clerks. .................................................. ..................
Mixers’ helpers ......................................................................
Flour blenders, oven rackers..................................................
Molder operators, dividers, general helpers............................
Bread packers____________________ ___________________
Wrapping-machine operators, pan rackers..............................
Pan greasers...........................................................................
Cake only—Machine shops:
Miscellaneous help, rate A ..........................................................
Mixers, scalers, first ovenmen.......................................................
Second ovenmen_____________________________ __________
Third ovenmen; depositors; miscellaneous help, rate B................
Icing mixers; shipping clerks; raw-material men, rate A ...............
Wrapping-machine operators___________ ________ __________
Depositors’ helpers; dumpers; raw-material men, rate B; ship­
ping-room helpers, rate A .... .....................................................
Greasers............. ..........................................................................
Box sorters, rate A ........... ............................................................
Shipping-room helpers, rate B........ .............................................

June 1

£ ££ £ £ £ £ £ £ £ £ £ ££ £ £ £ £ ££ £ ££ ££ ££ £

City, type of baking, and occupation

55

BAKING IN D U STRY

T able 8.— Union Scales o f W ages and H ours in the B akery Trades in Selected C ities,
June I , 1942, and June I, 1941— Continued
June 1, 1942
City, type of baking, and occupation

June 1,1941

Rate per Hours
per Hours
per Rate
per
hour
hour
week
week

40
40
40
40

$0,362
.412
.425
.475

.376
.426
.438
.488
.475

40
40
40
40
40

.413
.425
.475
.425

.775
.775
.725
.650
.650
.450

40
40
40
40
40
40

.775
.750
.700
.600
.625
.400

.925
.815
.750
.600
.550
.525

40
40
40
40
40
40

.925
.815
.750
.600
.550
.525

.500
.425

40
40

.500
.425

.350

40

.350

.375
.350

40
40

.375
.350

.335
.325

40
40

.335
.325

.963
.850

40
40

.875
.750

gg

.625
.688
.775

40
40
40

.575
.650

.750
.650

40
40

.563

.450
.525
.563
.600

40
40
40
40

.413
.488

1.420
1.354
1.277
.978

36
36
36
36

1.291
1.231
1.161

.972
1.094

36
36

.994

.939
1.061

36
36

.853
.964

.980
.900
.880
.840
.835
.790
.770

40
40
40
40
40
40
40

.830
.805
.780
.755
.720
.718

gg gg

g gg g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g gg g

$0,412
.462
.475
.525

g g g g g g g gg gg g g g g g: gg gg gg:

Scranton, Pa.—Continued
Cake only—Machine shops—Continued,
leers—
Rate A ................................................................................. .
Rate B... .............................................................................. .
Rate C.................................................................................. .
Rate D .......... ........................................................................
Wrappers, female—
Rate A...................................................................................
Rate B...................................................................................
Rate C...................................................................................
Rate D .......... ........................................................................
Box sorters, rate B______________________________________
Variety baking—Machine shops:
Shippers___________________________________ ______ ____
Mixers, traveling-oven feeders____________________________
Bench hands_________________________ __________________
Bench helpers. ____ _____________________________________
Wrappers_________________________________ ____________
Pan greasers or rackers, general helpers........................................
Crackers and cookies:
Mixers.............. ...........................................................................
Foremen, working. ......................................................................
Shipping clerks_____________ ___________ -............................
Marshmallow mixers.................... ....... .......................................
Ovenmen, peelers, machinemen...................................................
Assistant machinemen___________________________________
Mixers’ or ovenmen’s helpers; assistant shipping clerks; dough
rollers, rate A _________________________________________
Stackers; pan or oven feeders; dough rollers, rate B___________
Flour blenders, sugar grinders, pan catchers or greasers, general
helpers......................................................................... ............
Female employees:
Foreladies, working—
Rate A ................................... ....................... ................ .
Rate B___ _________________________ ___________
Machine operators; marshmallow operators; box machine
operators; bundlers, rate A_______________ __________ _
Stackers; packers; bundlers, rate B; and all others_________
Seattle, Wash.
Bread and cake—Machine shops:
Stockmen.............. ........ ................
Assistant stockmen, men-in-charge..
Helpers—
1 to 6 months. ...........................
7 to 12 months ..........................
After 1 year............................ .
Female employees:
Floorladies........ ........................
Assistant floorladies...................
Helpers—
1 to 3 months. ................... .
4 to 12 months .....................
13 to 24 months. ................ .
After 2 years........................
Bread only:
Foremen..... .............................
Mixers, oven or machine men...
Bench hands........ .....................
Control-room men. ...................
Helpers (day work)—
1 year’s experience...............
2 years’ experience. .............
Helpers (night work)—
1 year’s experience...............
2 years’ experience...............
Crackers and cookies:
Machinemen....................................
Mixers............................................
Peelers.................... .......................
Receiving clerks. ............................
Ovenmen.........................................
Rollermen.... ...................................
Scalers, wrappers.............................




.513

.868

56
T

able

UN IO N W AGES AND H O U R S
8.— Union Scales o f W ages and H ours in the B akery Trades in Selected C ities,
June 2, 2942, and June 2, 2942— Continued
June 1,, 1942

City, type of baking, and occupation

June 1,1941

Rate pec Hours
per Hours
per Rate
per
hour
hour
week
week

40
40
40
40
40

.500
.460
.450

40
40
40

.833
.771

48
48

.688

.771
.750

48
48

.771
.750

.688
.447
.375

48
48
48

.656
.417
.322

.950
.850
.790
.750
.730
.690
.670
.600
.550

40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40

.850

.850
.820
.800
.720
.700
.680
.650
.630
.570
.550

40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40

.750
.720
.700
.620
.600
.580
.550
.530
.470
.450

1.271
1.213
1.155
.988
.888
.888
.835

40
40
40
40
40
40
40

1.155
1.103
1.050

.520
.604

40
40

.504

si

.920
.920
.880
.805
.800
.790
.770
.760
.730
.660

40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40

.800
.690
.690
.690
.680
.690
.625
.550
.500
.530

$0.710

i ::

.610
.605

s s s s s

$0.770
.730
.705
.660
.655

SSSSSSSSSS

Seattle, Wash.—Continued
Crackers and cookies—Continued.
Ovenmen’s helpers........................................................................
Mixers’ helpers..................-........................................................
Sugar-wafer men...........................................................................
Stackers..... ........._............................. —....... ..............................
Icing helpers, pan cleaners, feeders, general helpers......................
Female employees:
Combination or experienced sponge packers...................... .
Icing or sugar-wafer department.............................................
Plain sweet packers................................................................

&£
&&&
SSSSSSSSS

.440

SSSSSSSSSS

.650
.630
.590
.570

SS

South Bend, Tnd.
Bread and cake—Hand shops:
Union A:
First hands______________ __________ —_______________
Second hands............. ...........................................................
Union B:
Company A:
Bakers, first-class. .................................................. ........
Bakers, second-class.........................................................
Company B:
Bakers, first-class...................._........................................
Bakers, second-class.........................................................
Helpers..... .......................................................................
Bread only—Machine shops:
Union A:
Ovenmen_____ _____________________________________
Mixers, dividers.................. ...................... ................... .......
Moldermen____ _________ ___ ________________________
Bake shop or mixers’ helpers, conveyormen...........................
Oven feeders................................. .........................................
Moldermen’s helpers, oven dumpers.................. ...................
Checkers........................................................ —.....................
Packers____________________________________________
Slicers, wrappers....................................................................
Union B :40
Mixers, dividermen, ovenmen, head benchmen, receiving
clerks.......... ........................................................................
Molder operators....................................................................
Benchmen....... ......................................................................
Mixers’ or molders’ helpers....................................................
Checkers........... ....... ............. ........................ —...................
Bake-shop helpers, conveyormen............................................
Stockroom men......................................................................
Packers..... ............ ................................................................
Slicers, wrappers................................................................... .
Stale checkers.........................................................................




.788
.735

si s: S S S

Spokane, Wash.
Bread and cake—Machine shops:
Foremen, mixers, ovenmen..................................
Machine hands. .................................................
Bench hands.......................................................
Dumpers’ helpers............ — ..............................
Flour blenders, packers, shipping or stock clerks.
Bread rackers, machine wrappers.....................
Helpers........................... .................................
Cake and cookie wrappers, female—
First 2 months.............................. - .............
After 2 months................ ............................
Crackers and cookies:
Company A:
Peelers..........................................................
Machinemen................. ..............................
Mixers..___ ____________________ _____
Ovenmen..... ................................................
Receiving clerks. .........................................
Scalemen or wrappers...................................
Rollermen.......... ..........................................
Ovenmen’s helpers.-....................................
Mixers’ helpers.............................................
Stackers.......................................................
See footnotes at end of table (p. 61).

57

BAKING IN D U STRY

T able 8.— Union Scales o f Wages and H ours in the B akery Trades in Selected C ities,
June I , 2942, and June 2, 1941— Continued

C ity, type of baking, and occupation

June 1, 1942

June 1, 1941

Rate per Hours
per
hour
week

Rate per Hours
per
hour
week

Spokane, Wash.— Continued
Crackers and cookies—Continued.
Com pany A—Continued.
Pan cleaners, feeders
...... ..... ........
.....
Other helpers
,
_ .
......
.... .
Floorladies_________________________________________________
Experienced sponge or plain sweet packers, female _
_ _
Experienced icing-room girls. ___ 1______ __________________
Other experienced female employees - - ...................Companies B and C:
Machinemen
. . .
Mixers
^ ............ Peelers
.........Ovenmen__________________________________________________
Rollermen
Miners’ helpers
.......
.. .......... . . . ___
Rollermen’s helpers________________________________________
Stackers
__ ______ Other helpers ...
. _ ____ ____ _
.. .. __ _ .
Floorladies
_________ __________________________________
Experienced sponge nr plain sweet packers, female „
Experienced icing-room girls________________________________
Other experienced female employees
Springfield, Mass.
Bread and cake:
Hand shops:
Foremen
__
_ _
"Hough mixers
Ren eh hands
Machine shops:
Company A :
Foremen
Honph mixers
Assistant foremen, floormen, peel-oven men
Ponveyor-oven men, bench hands
___
__
■Dividers, scalers
_
_
. ......
M older operators
- A11 other male employees
_ _ ......... ......
Foreladies
......
All other female employees _
Com pany B:
Dough mixers
..
..
Cake foremen
_. . . __ ______________________ _
Ovenmen
____________________________________
Divider operators, reliefmen, shipping-room employees—
Molder operators, cake-room helpers
________
Cake icers, female
_______ ______________
Helpers, female
.........
......
Bread only—Machine shops:
Company A:
Foremen
.
T
____ _
Hough miners
.,
„
Rench foremen
_ .......
Peel-oven m en. ___________________________________________
Rench hands, order men for retail stores _
Conveyor-oven men, dividers, scalers, pan greasers.
__
Molder operators
___
Coolermen, helpers (male)
Paeker<5, slices, receiving-room employees
_ . _ ..........
Foreladies
_ _ .. .
Helpers, female ~~
Com pany B:
Reliefmen
__
Hongh mixers
..
______
Divider operators, oven feeders
M ild er operators
All other male employees
__ _.
Hebrew baking:
Hough mixers
r .
Bench hands....... ................................................................ - ...................




$0.655
.655
.550
.480
.460
.450

40
40
40
40
40
40

$0,500

40

.420
.400
.400

40
40
40

.918
.880
.855
.805
.770
.760
.730
.680
.660
.655
.550
.480
.460
.430

40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40

.868
.830
.805
.755
.720
.710
.680
.630
.610
.605
.450
.445
.430
.400

40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40

1.000
.917
.802

48
48
48

.938
.833
.729

48
48
48

1.075
.975
.950
.825
.800
.775
.750
.575
.440

40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40

1.000
.900
.875
.750
.725
.700
.675
.525
.390

40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40

.925
.800
.775
.750
.700
.450
.400

40
40
40
40
40
40
40

1.075
.975
.950
.850
.825
.800
.775
.750
.725
.550
.440

40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40

1.000
.900
.875
.775
.750
.725
.700
.675
.650
.500
.390

40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40

.975
.925
.825
.775
.675

40
40
40
40
40

.900
.850
.750
.700
.600

40
40
40
40
40

1.173
.960

45
45

1.067
.800

45
45

58

U N IO N W AGES AND H O U R S

T a ble 8.— Union Scales o f W ages and H ours in the B akery Trades in Selected Cities,
June I , 194£, and June I, 1941— Continued
June 1, 1942
City, type of baking, and occupation

June 1, 1941

Rate per Hours
per Hours
per Rate
per
hour
hour
week
week

Tampa, Fla.
Bread and cake—Machine shops:
Company A:
Foremen..... ...........................................................................
Head cake men__...............................................................—
Mixers..... ........................................................................... .
Ovenmen.......... ..................................................................
Second cake men.............................................................. —
Bench or machine men..._______ _________ _____________
Wrapping-machine operators.................................................
Wrapping-machine helpers......................................
Helpers.......... .......................................................................
Hand wrappers..................................................................... .
Company B:
Foremen or cake men.............................................................
Bread or combination men............................... .................. .
Second cake men........... .......................................................
Doughnut men....... ............................................................. .
Bread only—Machine shops:
Company A:
Mixers..... ............................................................................. .
Ovenmen...................... .............................. .........................
Machine or bench men__ ____________________________
Machine bread-wrappers.......................................................
Helpers...................... .......................................................... .
Companies B and C:
Bake-shop foremen.................................................................
Mixers................................................................................. .
Ovenmen__________ _________ _______ _____ _________ _
Bench hands, machine wrappers.......... —........... ................
Machinemen, Company B____________________________
Machinemen, Company C................... .............. ....... ..........
Oven loaders or dumpers.......................................................
Helpers................. ................................................................
Company D:
Mixers..... ............................................................................. .
Ovenmen........ ............... .................................................... .
Bread-machine wrappers.......................................................
Cake only—Hand shops:
Head cake men . . .......................................................................
Second cake men................................ ........................ ........... .
Pie men................................................................. ................... .
Helpers------------------------ -------------------- --------------------------Cake, pie, and pastry—Machine shops:
Company A:
Head cake or pastry men. .................................................... .
Second cake or pastry men....................................................
Pie men............................................... .................................
Helpers................................................................................ .
Company B:
Head cake men......................................................................
Second cake men................................................................... .
Company C:
Head cake m en.....................................................................
Helpers___ ____ —............................................................... .
Latin hand shops:
Master bakers..................... ....................................................... .
Bakers, master dough mixers...................................................... .
Dough mixers..................................................................... ........
Benchmen..... ..............................................................................
Helpers.........................................................................................
Toledo, Ohio
Bread and cake:
Hand shops:
First hands.......................................................................... .
Second hands........................................................................ .
Third hands...........................................................................
Helpers..... .............................................................................
Machine shops:
First mixers, first peel-oven men............................................
Bread bench hands, cake-bench foremen....... .................... .
Second mixers, second peel-oven men reel-oven men, roll
bench hands_________________ ____________________ _
Ingredientmen; cake mixers, ovenmen or benchmen....... .......
Dividermen, bread-wrapper operators frymen (cake, dough­
nuts, yeast raised products).................................................




$0.841
.795
.705
.659
.614
.568
.568
— .477
.477
.432

44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44

.666
.542
.521
.375

48
48
48
48

.720
.660
.540
.480
.420

$0,625

48

.500
.417

48
48

.375
.417
.271
.292
.300

48
48
48
48
48

40
40
40
40
40

.600
.550
.450
.375

40
40
40
40

.925
.775
.725
.625
.625
.625
.600
.525

40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40 ” ”

.800
.650
.600
.525
.500
.525

40
40
40
40
40
40

.479
.438
.354

48
48
48

.458
.417
.333

48
48
48

.795
.614
.568
.477

44
44
44
44

.614
.500
.432
.341

44
44
44
44

.795
.614
.568
.477

44
44
44
44

.636
.523
.455
.386

44
44
44
44

.636
.523

44
44

.542
.438

48
48

.700
.360

50
50

.680
.340

50
50

.554
.493
.431
.349
.266

48
48
48
48
48

.482
.429
.375
.304
.232

48
48
48
48
48

.917
.799
.750
.695

48
48
48
48

.833
.729
.667
.625

48
48
48
48

.900
.850

40
40

.830
.780

40
40

.830
.820

40
40

.760
.750

40
40

.800

40

.730

40

.‘ 450’

.

40

59

BAKING IN D U STRY

T able 8.— Union Scales o f W ages and H ours in the B akery Trades in Selected C ities9
June I , 1942, and June I , 1941— Continued
June 1, 1942
City, type of baking, and occupation

June 1, 1941

Rate per Hours Rate per Hours
per
hour
hour
week
week

Toledo, Ohio—Continued
Bread and cake—Continued.
Machine shops—Continued.
Moldermen............................................................................
Automatic-machine frymen (cakes and doughnuts), bread
slicers or rackers, wrappers, helpers, shipping-room em­
ployees, general helpers............ ........................... _............
Female employees (after 9 months)........................................
Bread only:
First mixers.....................................................................
Second mixers................. ........................ ........................
Traveling-oven men, dividers, moldermen, mixers’
helpers...... ....... ....... ....................................................
Wrapping-machine men...................................................
Molaers’ helpers................... ....... ...................................
All other helpers in bake shop, wrapping, packing, or
shipping department.....................................................
Cake only:
Ingredient scalers, dough or icing mixers, depositors,
ovenmen.......................................................................
Dough mixers’ helpers.....................................................
Wrapping-machine operators....................................... .
Depositors’ helpers, dumpers...........................................
Packers, stockroom men...................................................
M iscellaneous employees, male........................................
Icing-machine operators, female.......................................
Other female employees....................................................
Pie and pastry:
Ovenmen, m ixers.......... ............................ .................................
Bench hands, fillers.............................. .......................................
Helpers, male................... ...........................................................
Female employees.......................................................................
Crackers and cookies:
Baking department:
Traveling-oven or machine men.............................................
Machinemen..........................................................................
Head mixers...........................................................................
Peelers. ........ .........................................................................
Ovenmen, roliermen....... .......................................................
Flour dumpers, machine reliefmen..................... ...................
Ovenxnen’s helpers___________________________________
Sponge mixers....... ................ ....................................... .......
Pan greasers, pan boys...........................................................
Icing department:
Machinemen________ _____ ________________ _________
Chocolate mixers....................................................................
Marshmallow mixers, icers.....................................................
General helpers.......................................................................
Female employees:
Foreladies, working................... ................... ........... ......
Icers, marshmallow-machine feeders, packers, case
formers............................................... .........................
Scalers, supply hands, assistant icers..............................
Separators............. ..........................................................
Crimp-pack operators......................................................
Packing department:
Set-up men.............................................................................
Scalers....................................................................................
General help................................................. ........................
Female employees:
Working foreladies, hand bundlers...................................
Machine bundlers..___ _________ ________ _____ _____
Bench bundlers, scalers, carton makers, sponge packers._
Wrapper feeders, sweet packers, case and caddy makers..
Packers, stackers..............................................................
General helpers.................................................................
Receiving department:
Stock clerks.............................................................................
Stockmen................................................................................
Shipping department:
Head shippers.........................................................................
Order fillers............................................................................
Stockmen.............. ................................................................
Assistant night stock clerks.....................................................
Assistant day stock clerks.......................................................
Conveyormen.........................................................................




$0,730

40

$0,660

40

.700
.520

40
40

.630
.470

40
40

.940
.890

40
40

.890
.790

40
40

.810
.790
.760

40
40
40

.740
.690
.690

40
40
40

.710

40

.640

40

.860
.760
.740
.720
.700
.670
.550
.520

40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40

.790
.690
.670
.650
.630
.600
.500
.470

40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40

.740
.640
.540
.420

48
48
48
48

.688
587

48
48

.394

48

.990
.955
.875
.875
.825
.805
.805
.805
.745

40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40

.885
.845
.715
.865
.715
.765
.685
.695
.635

40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40

.855
.825
.725
.610

40
40
40
40

.745
.715
.585

40
40
40

.645

40

.535

40

.575
.555
.540
.520

40
40
40
40

.465
.445
.410
.410

40
40
40
40

.875
.725
.645

40
40
40

.765
.615
.535

40
40
40

.645
.615
.595
.555
.520
.450

40
40
40
40
40
40

.535
.505
.485
445
.410

40
40
40
40
40

.805
.725

40
40

.695
.615

40
40

1.110
.907
.845
.820
.770
.710

40
40
40
40
40
40

1.000
.797
.735
.660
.660

40
40
40
40
40

60

U N IO N W AG ES AND H O URS

T able 8.— Union Scales o f W ages and H ours in the B akery Trades in Selected C ities9
June 2, 1942, and June 2, 1941— Continued
June 1, 1942
City, type of baking, and occupation

June 1,1941

Rate per Hours
per Hours
per Rate
per
hour
hour
week
week

$1.150
.750
.650

40
40
40

$1.100

1.350
.850
.700

40
40
40

1.300
.800
.650

1.025
.900
.800
.750
650
.700

40
40
40
40
40
40

.875
.700
.650
.550
.500

.375
.400
.450

40
40
40

.781
.583
. 542
.417
.350

48
48
48
48
48

.575
.555
.550

40
40
40

.500
.400
.350

40
40
40

1.100
.950
.905
.875
.820
.775
.737
.675
.600

40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40

1.050
.875
.825
.750
.725
.700
.675
.650
.600
.575

40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40

1.146
1.042

48
48

.700
.600

SSS fefeS

Washington, D. C.
Bread and cake—Machine shops:
Day work:
Journeymen......................
Helpers............................
Packers or wrappers.........
Night work:
Journeymen................. .
Helpers............. ..............
Packers or wrappers.........

: : :

: : :

: : ; : !

: : :

: SSSSS

Wichita, Kans.
Bread and cake—Machine shops:
Foremen.......................................................................................
Mixers, spongers or ovenmen, head pastry men...........................
Bench hands or machinemen, second pastry men.........................
Bread twisters..............................................................................
Bake-shop helpers......... .............................................................
Wrapping-machine operators, checkers........................................
Female help—
1 to 3 months............... .... ........................... .........................
4 to 6 months............ .......... ............. .................................. .
After 6 months........ ........... ........ .......................................
Pie and pastry—Hand shops:
Foremen.......................................................................................
Ovenmen, combination bakers, or soft-pie men............................
Machine operators, dough mixers, or fruit cookers.......................
Helpers.............................~ ....................................................... .
Machine helpers or shell makers, female............................... .
Crackers and cookies:
Foremen, peel-in and sweet bakers, or peel-in and sweet crew.........
Mixers.........................................................................................
Sponge or graham bakers and sweet crew..................................
Second mixers, peel-out and sweet crew, rollermen and sweet
crew, sponge- or graham-dough feeders and sweet crew, edgers,
pan greasers................................................................... - ..........
Pan feeders................................................. .................................
Packers or wrappers, female........ ................................................
Worcester, Mass.
Bread and cake—Machine shops:
Agreement A:
Foremen......................... .... ....................—........
Peel-oven men.................. ..................................
Mixers.................................................................
Molders, bench hands, shipping packers.............
Flour sifters, etc......... ........................................
Mixers’ helpers, dividers, gas-oven men, rackers-.
Wrapping-machine operators...............................
Pan boys.............................................................
General helpers...................................................
Agreement B:
Foremen.________________________________ _
Mixers.................................... ........................... .
Assistant packers................................................ .
Batchmen........................................................... .
Senior dividermen, moldermen............................
Junior dividermen, mixers’ helpers.................... .
Hand wrappers, oven loaders, or dumpers...........
Wrappers.............................................................
Helpers............................................................... .
Bread rackers.......................................................
Hebrew baking:
Foremen....................................................................
Second hands...........................................................




.
.

1.050
.875
.830
.800
.745
.723
.662
.600
.600

1.146
1.042

48
48

61

BAKING IN D U STRY

T a b l e 8.— Union Scales o f W ages and H ours in the B akery Trades in Selected C ities*
June I , 1942, and June 1 , 1941— Continued
June 1, 1942
City, type of baking, and occupation

Youngstown, Ohio
Bread:
Hand shops:
Foremen, working.......... .... ...................................................
Ovenmen, mixers............................-......................................
Bench hands...........................................................................
Helpers______ ______________________________— _____
Helpers, female......................................................................
Machine shops:
Ovenmen, mixers....................................................................
Bench or machine hands, mixers’ helpers...............................
Dumpers, feeders....................................................................
Bake-shop helpers..................................................................
Checkers, shippers..................................................................
Chutemen, wrapping-machine set-up men, bread rackers___
Packers, wrapping- or slicing-machine operators, feeders,
take-off men........................................................................
Bread rackers, female.............................................................
Hand wrappers, female...........................................................
Hebrew baking:
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n
m
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__
. ... .
Mirers

Bench hands........... .................................................................
Bench helpers..............................................................................

June 1,1941

Rate per Hours
per Hours
per Rate
per
hour
hour
week
week

$0,930
.870
.810
.600
.510

48
48
48
48
48

$0,830
.770
.710
.500
.410

48
48
48
48
48

.900
.825
.770
.730
.720
.700

40
40
40
40
40
40

.825
.750
.695
.655
.645
.625

40
40
40
40
40
40

.660
.600
.580

40
40
40

.585
.525
.505

40
40
40’

1.025
.950
.810
.600

48
48
48
48

.925
.850
.738
.502

48
48
48
48

15 cents per hour increase, July 1,1942.
2 5 cents per hour increase for head henchmen and 2J4 cents per hour increase for checkers and shipping:
clerks, July 1, 1942.
32Yi cents per hour increase, July 1,1942.
*44-hour week, June 15 to Sept. 1, in 1941 and 1942.
*2H cents per hour increase for all classifications, Aug. 1,1942.
*4 cents per hour increase, June 22,1942, and 4 cents per hour increase Oct. 1,1942, for all classifications* $1,000 per hour if employed less than 8 hours per day.
«$0,900 per hour if employed less than 8 hours per day.
* Agreement permits 45 hours.
i° Piece work permitted under a guaranty of 47 cents per hour,
n Piece work permitted under a guaranty of 44 cents per hour.
12 5 cents per hour increase, June 19,1942.
133 cents per hour increase, June 19,1942.
i* 2H cents oer hour increase, June 19, 1942.
13$1,229 pei hour when working with 2 ovens.
MAgreement permits 48 hours.
1? Agreement permits 44 hours.
13Time and one-half after 40 hours per week for all classifications.
i« $0,790 per hour, June 8,1942.
so $0,550 per hour, June 8, 1942.
2i $0,520 per hour, June 8,1942.
22 14 cents per hour less when working on flour.
236 cents per hour increase for all classifications, Sept. 1,1942.
24$0,842 per hour, Aug. 4, 1942.
23$0,787 per hour, Aug. 4,1942.
26$0,704 per hour, Aug. 4,1942.
27$0,530 per hour, Aug. 4,1942.
28$0,676 per hour, Aug. 4, 1942.
2» $0,597 per hour, Aug. 4,1942.
so 6 cents per hour increase for all classifications, June 15,1942.
312 cents per hour increase, July 1,1942, and 2 cents per hour increase, Oct. 1,1942, for all classificatlonsw
322H cents per hour increase for all classifications, June 9, 1942.
33Agreement permits 42 hours.
346U cents per hour increase, Aug. 1,1942.
35 plus an annual bonus of $250.
3610 percent increase for all classifications, July 1, 1942.
377H cents per hour increase, July 1,1942.
3810 cents per hour increase, July 1, 1942.
893H cents per hour increase, July 1, 1942.
4610 cents per hour increase for all classifications, June 24, 1942.