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U N IT E D S T A T E S D E P A R T M E N T OF L A B O R
Frances P erkin s, Secretary
B U R E A U O F L A B O R S T A T IS T IC S
Isador L u b in , C om m issioner (o n lea ve)
A . F. H in rich s, A c tin g C om m issioner
Union Wages and Hours in the Baking Industry
July 1, 1944
Bulletin T^o. 816
[R eprin ted from the M o n th ly Labor R e v ie w ,
F ebruary 1945, w ith additional data]
Letter of Transmittal
U n it e d
States D epartm ent
B ureau
of
of
L abor
L abor,
S t a t is t ic s .
Washington, D . C ., February 2 8 , 1945.
T he S e c r e t a r y
of
L abor:
I have the honor to transmit herewith the annual report on union
wages and hours in the baking industry, as of July 1, 1944.
This report was prepared in the Industrial Relations Division.
Donald H . Gerrish was in immediate charge, assisted b y Annette V .
Simi, under the general supervision of D o n Q. Crowther.
A . F . H in r ic h s ,
Acting Commissioner.
H on. F
rances
P e r k in s ,
Secretary o f Labor.
( ii)
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office
Washington 25, D. C. - Price 10 cents
Contents
Summary..................................................................... ............................- _______
Scope and method of study_____________________________________________
Trend of wage rates and hours_________ ______
Average hourly wage rates______________________
Changes in hourly wage rates, 1943 to 1944__
Average union rates and rate changes by city.
Average wage rates by size of city and region
Straight time weekly hours______________________
Overtime________________________________________
Vaeations and holidays >_;--------- ------ -------- ---------Union scales of wages and hours, by city.............
(IU )
Page
1
1
DISTRIBUTION OF UNION BAKERY WORKERS
BY HOURLY WAGE RATES
PER C ENT OF
MEMBERSHIP
20 r -
JULY 1,1944
PERCENT OF
MEMBERSHIP
— I 20
B ulletin 7^o. 816 o f the
U n ited States Bureau o f Labor Statistics
[Reprinted from the M onthly L abor R e v ie w , February 1945, with additional data]
Union Wages and Hours in the Baking Industry
July 1, 1944
Sum m ary
T H E average hourly wage rate for union bakery workers in 65 cities
was $0,853 on July 1, 1944. This represented an increase of only
0.7 percent from July 1, 1943. Union workers in Hebrew b'akeries
had the highest average, $1.49 per hour, and those in cracker and
cooky shops the lowest, 66.9 cents per hour. The highest occu
pational rate in the industry ($1,821 per hour) was reported for first
hands in Hebrew machine shops in New Y o rk ; the lowest rate (35
cents per hour) was that of female helpers during their first 30 days
of employment in cracker shops in Denver.
Straight-time hours averaged 41 per week, which was about the
same as in 1943. Over three-fourths of the bakery workers had
straight-time workweeks of 40 hours. A n initial overtime rate of
time and a half covered m ost of the union bakery workers. Practi
cally all of the union members were covered b y agreements providing
for vacations with pay, and over two-thirds received pay for a limited
number of holidays not worked.
Scope and M ethod o f Study
This study is one of a series of annual reports of union wage rates
in various trades, started in 1907. The original studies included only
39 cities, but the coverage has been gradually extended to include
75 cities in 40 States and the District of Columbia. Reports con
taining effective union scales for bakery workers were obtained in 65 1
i Union scales for bakery workers were obtained in the following cities:
Atlanta, Ga.
Kansas City, Mo.
Little Rock, Ark.
Baltimore, Md.
Binghamton, N. Y .
Los Angeles, Calif.
Birmingham, Ala.
Louisville, Ky.
Boston, Mass.
Madison, Wis.
Buffalo, N. Y.
Manchester, N. H.
Memphis, Tenn.
Butte, Mont.
Charlotte, N. C.
Milwaukee, Wis.
Chicago, 111.
Minneapolis, Minn.
Cincinnati, Ohio
Nashville, Tenn.
Newark, N. J.
Cleveland, Ohio
Columbus, Ohio
New Haven, Conn.
Dallas, Tex.
New Orleans, La.
Dayton, Ohio
New York, N. Y.
Denver, Colo.
Oklahoma City, Okla.
Des Moines, Iowa
Omaha, Nebr.
Peoria, 111.
Detroit, Mich.
Duluth, Minn.
Philadelphia, Pa.
Grand Rapids, Mich.
Phoenix, Ariz.
Houston, Tex.
Pittsburgh, Pa.
Indianapolis, Ind.
Portland, Oreg.
Providence, R. I.
Jacksonville, Fla.
a )
Reading, Pa.
Richmond, Va.
Rochester, N. Y .
Rock Island (111.) district
(includes Davenport, Iowa,
and Moline, 111.)
St. Louis, Mo.
St. Paul, Minn.
Salt Lake City, Utah
San Francisco, Calif.
Scranton, Pa.
Seattle, Wash.
South Bend, Ind.
Spokane, Wash.
Springfield, Mass.
Tampa, Fla.
Toledo, Ohio
Washington, D. C.
Wichita, Kans.
Worcester, Mass.
Youngstown, Ohio
2
of these cities in 1944, and included 3,909 quotations covering 65,860
union members.
Scales collected were those in effect on July 1, 1944. Those which
were in process of negotiation or before the W a r Labor Board at that
time, but were made retroactive to July 1, are included in this report
wherever possible.
T h e averages and percentages of change given in this report are
weighted according to the number of union members covered b y each
scale. T h e average thus reflects not only the actual scales of wages
and hours provided in union agreements, but also the number of
members benefiting from these scales.2
Since 1941 the data have been classified according to the various
types of baking; separate figures are shown for hand shops, machine
shops, pie and pastry shops, cracker and cooky shops, Hebrew baking,
and other specialized baking. Other specialized shops include
those baking French, Polish, Bohemian, Scandinavian, Spanish,
and Italian products.
Trend o f W age Rates and H ours
Based on comparable quotations for July 1, 1943, and July 1, 1944,
average hourly wage rates increased 0.7 percent during the year,
bringing the new index number to 122.0, an increase of 22 percent
since 1939 as shown in the accompanying tabulation. W age rates
have been advancing rather steadily since 1936, the first year for
which sufficient information is available for comparison. T he
greatest wage increase, 9.6 percent, occurred between 1941 and 1942;
the smallest increase occurred between 1943 and 1944.
There was no change in average straight-time weekly hours during
the year ending July 1, 1944. Straight-time hours have been gradual
ly decreasing since 1936, although the net change has been a reduction
of only 3.5 percent.
Index (1939=100) of—
Pates per Hours per
hour
week
__________________ 100.0
1939
1940
__________________ 102.7
1941
__________________ 106. 1
1942___________ _______ — 116. 3
1943
__________________ I121. 2
1944
__________________ 122.0
100.0
99.5
99. 2
99. 1
98. 6
98.6
i
Revised in 1944 to include wage changes that were retroactive to July 1, 1943, but were noted too late
to be included in the 1943 report.
Average H ou rly W age Rates
Union bakery workers in 65 cities averaged 85.3 cents per hour
on July 1, 1944 (table 1). Bakers producing Hebrew products
had b y far the highest average rate ($1.49 per hour) for any of the
individual branches of the industry. Alm ost two-thirds of the
Hebrew baking was reported in N ew Y ork C ity. Bread and cake
2 Prior to 1939 only union members engaged principally in bread baking were included. In 1939 Mid 1940
all types of baking and all occupations (except driving and other delivery work) covered by union agree
ments were added. Since that time plant-maintenance workers as well as drivers and other deliverymen
have been excluded from the tabulations. Because of these changes in coverage the averages shown in
reports through the years are not comparable. The percentage changes from year to year in wage rates
and hours and the index numbers shown above, however, are based on comparable quotations only, and
these, rather than the yearly averages, should be used to determine trends for the bakery trades.
3
hand shops ($1,039) and specialized baking shops ($1,027) had the
next highest averages. Cracker and cooky shops had the lowest
average, 66.9 cents.
Alm ost half of the union members received rates between 50 and
80 cents per hour, and over a fourth earned between 80 cents and
$1.00. W age rates of $1.00 or more were received by over 24 percent
of the members, while rates of less than 50 cents per hour were quoted
for only 2.9 percent. T h e highest union rate ($1,821) was received
b y first hands in Hebrew machine shops in New Y ork C ity, the
lowest (35 cents) b y women employees during their first 30 days in
cracker and cooky shops in Denver.
W age rates varied greatly among the individual types of baking.
Alm ost two-fifths of the bread and cake hand-shop workers had base
rates between $1.00 and $1.10; three-fourths were covered by rates
between 80 cents and $1.20. T he machine-shop workers generally had
lower rates, a substantial m ajority earning between 70 cents and $1.00.
Only 15 percent had rates of $1.00 or more. A bout two-thirds
of the pie and pastry and cracker and cooky workers fell in the 50- to
70-cent bracket. A large proportion of the workers in these groups,
as well as in the bread and cake machine shops, are women and girls
employed in wrapping and packaging the baked goods. In contrast
to the workers just mentioned, very few bakers of Hebrew products
earn less than $1.00 per hour, almost three-fourths earn $1.40 per
hour or more, and a fourth earn $1.70 or over. A s previously stated,
much of the Hebrew baking is done in N ew Y ork C ity where m ost
rates are relatively high. Three-fifths of the workers in other special
ized bake shops earned over $1.00 per hour but none earned as much
as $1.50.
T a b l e 1.— Distribution o f Union M em bers in the Bakery Trades b y H ourly W age Rates,
J u ly I, 1944
Type of baking
Percent of union members whose rates (in cents) per hour were—
Aver
age
60 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160
rate Un and
and and and and and and and and and and and 170
per der un un
un un un un un un un un un and
hour 60 der der un
der der der der der der der der der der over
60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170
All baking...................................... $0,863 2.9 16.1 14.4 16.6 13.2 12.6 9.0 3.6 2.6 2.1 1.5 1.6 1.7 2.1
Bread and cake, hand................... 1.039 .8 3.0 1.9 6.0;10.0!15.2 39.6 10..3 2.3 .5 1.9 2.7 2.0 3.8
Bread and cake, machine.............. .807 2.8 16.1 8.0 24.8/17.6 15.7 6.4 2.6 2.9 2.1 .4 .5 .2
Pie and pastry............................... .671 1.4 45.6 19.4 9.4 15.0 5.3 2.8 .8 .3
Cracker and cooky......................... .669 6.4 26.1 42.4 8.5 8.3 7.7 2.2 .3 .1
0)
Hebrew baking_________ _______ 1.490 .6 l1)
.7 .4 1.6 2.3 3.5 4.8 5.6 8.6 14.1 14.3 19.3 24.6
Other specialized baking2............. 1.027 .4 2.0 4.3 11.6 7.6jl4.1 ! , 5 20. 2jl0. 5 10.7 1.1 . . . . . . . . — *
1 Less than a tenth of 1 percent.
2 French, Polish, Bohemian, Scandinavian, Spanish, Italian, etc.
CH AN G ES IN
H O U R L Y W A G E R A T E S , 1943-44
Alm ost a fifth of the quotations, covering 14 percent of the union
members, indicated increases in wages during the period July 1, 1943,
to July 1 ,1 9 4 4 (table 2).
Hebrew bake shops had the largest per
centage (30.6) of workers who received higher rates because of wage
increases in the large cities of Detroit, N ew Y ork, Philadelphia,
Pittsburgh, and Milwaukee. Alm ost a quarter of the members in
4
other specialized bake shops also received higher scales. Bread and
cake hand-shop workers had the smallest proportion of quotations
(10 percent) calling for increases, as well as the smallest proportion
of members receiving raises (9 percent).
Over three-fourths of the quotations reporting increases, covering
the same proportion of union members receiving raises, showed changes
of less than 10 percent; 45 percent of these quotations, also covering
45 percent of the members benefiting by rate changes, provided
increases of less than 5 percent. Increases as high as 15 percent went
to fewer than 1 out of each 100 union members.
Hebrew bake shops, in which the largest group of members had
increases, reported that 78 percent of these members had raises of
less than 5 percent and none had increases as high as 10 percent.
W ith the exception of other specialized baking, a substantial number
of the members of each branch of the industry who obtained higher
rates received less than 10 percent more on July 1, 1944, than on
July 1, 1943. Union members in other specialized bake shops had
no increases of less than 5 percent, but 93.5 percent of those receiving
increases obtained between 5 and 15 percent more. This branch also
had more members than any other (1.4 percent of its total member
ship) receiving increases of 20 percent or more, as a result of
changes in very small shops which were exempt from regulations of the
National W ar Labor Board. The largest increase (43 percent) was re
ported by small Scandinavian bake shops in Brooklyn, where minimum
rates for bench hands increased from $35 to $50 and for helpers from
$28 to $40 per week. Actual rates paid were reported to be $8 per week
above these union minima for bench hands and $6 for helpers.
T a b l e 2 .— Extent o f Changes in Union W age Rates, and Percent o f M em bers Affected by
Increases, J u ly 2, 1943 , to J u ly 2, 1944
Quotations
showing in
Num
creases
ber of
com
parable
quota
Per
tions Num
cent
ber
Type of baking
Union members receiving increases
Percent receiving Increases of
Per
cent of Under
total
5 per
cent
5 and 10 and 15 and
under under under 20 per
10 per 15 per 20 per cent
cent
cent
cent and over
All baking.............................
3,683
702
19.1
14.1
6.3
4.6
2.3
0.5
0.4
Bread and cake, hand..........
Bread and cake, machine.—
Pie and pastry __ __ __ _
Cracker and cooky___...........
Hebrew baking__ __ _ >
Other specialized baking1...
243
2,160
148
900
111
121
25
363
40
219
30
25
10.3
16.8
27.0
24.3
27.0
20.7
9.0
13.3
10.2
11.8
30.6
24.8
.6
7.2
4.5
2.4
23.7
5.4
3.5
3.4
5.4
6.9
11.4
1.5
1.8
2.3
3.1
1.1
.5
.4
.3
.3
.6
11.8
.2
1.4
i French, Polish, Bohemian, Scandinavian, Spanish, Italian, etc.
AVERAGE
U N IO N R A T E S A N D R A T E
CHANGES B Y
C IT Y 3
T he highest average in the baking industry ($1,593) was found in
Hebrew baking in N ew Y ork (table 3). T he nine next highest city *
* These percentage changes are based on specific rates weighted by the number of members working at
each rate. Only those quotations showing comparable data for both 1943 and 1944 are included. Specific
increases during the 12-month period of this study will reflect larger percentage changes among those classi
fications with comparatively lower scales; thus, if cracker and cooky bakers in city A increase their scale
10 cents per hour from 50 to 60 cents, an average increase of 20 percent is registered, while if the same increase
raises the rate for cracker bakers in city B from 90 cents to $1.00 per hour the percentage change is only 11.1
percent. For this reason those cities which have lower scales tend to show greater percentage increases than
those which have higher scales.
5
averages were also found in Hebrew baking. Bread and cake machine
shops in Seattle had the highest average rate for all other branches of
the baking industry ($1,268 per hour). This average included all
hand- and machine-shop workers, as there is no difference in rates for
these two branches of the industry in Seattle.
Only 5 of 32 cities reported rate increases for bread and cake handshop workers. T he largest increase in this branch of the industry
(7 percent) was reported in South Bend. The next largest increase
(5.2 percent) was reported in Peoria.
Charlotte, N . C ., had the greatest percentage increase in the bread
and cake machine-shop branch— 11.5. Richmond, V a ., also reported
a substantial increase (7.8 percent) followed b y Nashville, Tenn. (5.5
percent).
Eighteen other cities reported increases in this branch,
and 40 reported no change.
Pie and pastry workers in Baltimore had increases amounting to
10 percent over their 1943 scales. Appreciable increases were also
reported in Toledo (8.7 percent) and Providence (8.4 percent).
T able 3.— Average H ou rly Rates for Union B akery W orkers, b y C ity and T yp e o f
Baking ,, J u ly 1, 1944
Type of baking and city
Aver Percent
of inage
hourly crease
over
rate
1943
Bread and cake, hand:
New York, N". Y
_ ____
$1.221
1.076
Portland, Oreg_____________
1.065
Cincinnati, Ohio___________
San Pranni.sen, Calif
1.065
1.053
Denver, Colo______________
A nerqg* fnr nil
1.0S9
1.012
Chicago, 111________________
Rnp.hAst.px, N- V
.976
.971
St. Louis, M o______________
SpririjrflAlrl, Mass
.945
Cleveland, Ohio
_ __
.943
Toledo, Ohio_______________
.930
.915
Butte, M o n t ______________
.893
South Bend, Ind___________
.887
Newark, N. J______________
.876
Los Angeles, C a lif_________
.863
New Haven, Conn__________
Duluth, Minn _ _ .......
.852
.849
Peoria, 111................................
Salt. Lake City, TTt.ah
.847
.822
St. Paul, Minn_____________
.802
Des Moines, Iowa__________
.783
Houston, Tex..........................
Youngstown, Ohio _ ___
.766
Minnoapolis, Minn
.753
.744
Phoenix, A r iz ______________
ManohA.st.Arj 1M. IT
.724
Orand Rapids, Mieh_
.699
Boston, Mass
.690
Rock Island (HI.) district
.684
Sorantnn, Pa
.633
.604
Tampa, Fla............ .......... ....
Indianapolis, Tnd _
„ _r
.555
Bread and cake, machine:
Seattle, Wash_____ _________ M 268
Portland, OrAg
1.197
Washington, D . C
____
1.069
Spokane, W ash ___ .
2 1.032
Denver, Colo
1.027
San Franoisoo, Calif
1.012
.958
Butte, Mont............................
See footnotes at end of table.
6 3 7 7 0 2 -4 5 -
-2
1.0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4.7
0
0
7.0
0
0
0
0
5.2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
.3
0
0
0
o
.5
0
0
0
0
0
0
Type of baking and city
Per
Aver cent
of
age
hourly increase
over
rate
1943
Bread and cake, machine—Con.
Los Angelas, Calif_
$0,939
Dnlnt.h, Minn
.883
Pansas City, Mo
.883
Houston, Tex______________
.833
St, Louis, Mo ..... . _
.833
Phoenix, Ariz______________
.828
Youngstown, Ohio__________
.822
New York, N. Y ............ .......
.821
Newark, N. J................ .....
.817
Oklahoma City, Okla_______
.811
Buffalo, N. Y .......................... 2.808
Average for all cities_________
.807
Madison, Wis______________
.796
Peoria, 111__________________
.796
Detroit, M ich______________
.793
South Bend, Ind___________
.791
Cincinnati, Ohio___________
.786
Milwaukee, Wis____ _______
.786
Chicago, 111________________
.785
Toledo, Ohio
.784
Wichita, Kans______________
.779
Philadelphia, Pa____ _______
.778
Rock Island (111.) district L ._
.777
Rochester, N. Y ____________
.773
Worcester, Mass_______ - ___
.770
Dayton, Ohio______________
.768
D a s MoinAS, Towa _
.768
Pittsburgh, Pa......................
.758
Salt Lake City, U tah___
.757
Springfield, Mass....................
.755
Columhns, Ohio
.754
Louisville, K y............. ______ • .750
Reading, Pa
___ __
.748
Cleveland, Ohio......................
.738
Indianapolis, Tnd _
.737
Providence, R. I ____________
.737
Boston, Mass
.734
St. Paul, M in n _* __ _ _ ......
.729
"NTa w Orleans, La
.720
New Haven, Conn_________
.713
Minneapolis, Minn................
.700
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
.1
0
0
1.9
0
0
2.2
0
0
3.1
1.9
0
0
.1
0
0
0
1.9
0
0
0
.5
.8
0
0
1.4
.4
0
1.1
0
0
0
0
6
T able 3.— Average H ou rly Rates fo r Union Bakery W orkers, b y C ity and T yp e o f Bakings
J u ly I, 1944 — Continued
Type of baking and city
Aver Percent
of in
age
hourly crease
over
rate
1943
Bread and cake, machine—Con.
Omaha, Nebr______________ $0,695
Dallas, Tex..............................
.693
Binghamton, N. Y .................
.667
Scranton, Pa............................
.657
Little Rock, Ark.....................
.649
Baltimore, M d ......... . . .
.643
Richmond, Va_____ ________
.635
Charlotte, N. C_.....................
.627
Memphis, Term _............. ......
.621
Tampa, Fla.............................
.601
Birmingham, Ala..................
.591
Atlanta, G a ._______________
.583
Nashville, Ten^i
.567
.555
Jacksonville, Fla.....................
Pie and pastry:
Rock Island (111.) district i___
.907
New York, N. Y .....................
.867
Boston, Mass.____ _________
.778
Los Angeles, Calif
.717
St. Paul, Minn________
.714
Cleveland, Ohio....................
.677
Philadelphia, Pa.................
.677
Average for all cities
.671
Detroit, M ich_________ ____
.651
Toledo, Ohio...........................
.623
Portland, Oreg___ ____ _____
.620
Buffalo, N. Y ..........................
.607
______ __
Chicago, 111
.605
South Bend, Ind .............._
.594
.594
Providence, R. I ................... .
Baltimore, M d ___________ .
.584
Duluth, Minn __ ............
.508
Cracker and cooky:
.776
_____
San Francisco, Calif
Duluth, Minn „ ________
.727
.727
Spokane, Wash...................
New York, N. Y .................
.710
Dayton, Ohio. ____________
.708
Boston, Mass_______ _______
.702
Detroit, Mich ____________
.691
;690
Philadelphia, Pa......... ..........
.686
Los Angeles, C a lif_________
Average for all cities_________
.669
.668
Seattle, Wash...................... .
.666
Toledo, Ohio_______________
.653
Chicago. Ill________ _______
.653
Kansas City, M o __________
.650
Buffalo, N. Y .........................
0
2.9
.3
2.7
0
0
7.8
11.5
0
0
2.6
2.4
5.5
0
0
.2
2.5
o
0
1.5
0
0
8.7
0
0
o
5.3
84
10.0
0
0
0
2.8
0
0
0
o
0
2.1
3.2
8.1
0
0
.1
Type of baking and city
Per
Aver cent
of
age increase
hourly
over
rate
1943
Cracker and cooky—Con.
Atlanta, Ga....... - __________ $0.639
.622
Milwaukee, Wis___________
Des Moines, Iowa__________
.621
Portland, Oreg.......................
.620
Memphis, Tenn______ _____
.618
Minneapolis, M inn_________
.611
Cleveland, Ohio..... ........... .
.601
Wichita, Kans____ ____ ____
. 566
St. Paul, Minn............... .......
.547
. 539
Denver, Colo______________
Birmingham, Ala...................
.513
Nashville, T en n „..................
.507
Scranton, Pa ______________
.435
Hebrew baking:
1.593
New York, N. Y ..................
Los Angeles, Calif—...............
1.616
Average for all cities. . - ______ 1.490
Detroit, M ich______ ______ _ 1.456
Newark, N. J______________
1.444
Boston, Mass______________
1.390
Chicago, 111.............. .... .........
1.356
New Haven, Conn.................
1.301
1.291
Rochester, N. Y .....................
1.289
Philadelphia, Pa....................
1.283
Cleveland, Ohio.....................
Baltimore, M d ............. ......... 1.205
1.186
W orcester, Mass....................
1.173
Springfield, Mass__________
1.086
Pittsburgh, Pa_______ ______
Providence, R. I ..................... 1.082
Denver, C o lo ..................... .
1.037
Milwaukee, W is...... ......... ....
1.019
St. Louis, M o .....................
.914
Minneapolis, M inn_________
.849
Youngstown, Ohio..............
.839
Other specialized baking: 3
Detroit, Mich—____________ 1.256
1.113
Chicago, 111.............. ..............
Buffalo, N. Y ......................... « 1.083
1.064
San Francisco, Calif________
New York, N. Y .................... 1.039
1.027
Average for all cities_________
Cleveland, Ohio...... ...............
.944
.834
Philadelphia, Pa....... ............
.777
Los Angeles Calif__________
.728
Providence, R. I __ ________
.570
Tampa, Fla....................... .
0
0
0
0
0
2.6
12.2
17.0
6.6
0
6.2
0
0
.8
0
2.7
0
0
0
0
0
4.3
0
4.3
0
0
2.0
0
0
4.3
0
0
0
11.2
*6
0
0
3.3
0
0
0
10.6
0
t Includes Bock Island and Moline, 111., and Davenport, Iowa.
* Includes hand shops—not separable.
* French, Polish, Bohemian, Scandinavian, Spanish, Italian, etc.
* Includes Hebrew bakeries—not separable.
In the cracker and cooky branch, W ichita, K an s., had the highest
average increase (17 percent); the next highest (12.2 percent) was in
Cleveland. Substantial increases were also reported in cracker shops
in Toledo, St: Paul, and Birmingham. Specialized bake shops re
ported average increases of 11.2 percent for workers in D etroit and
10.6 percent for workers in Providence. Six of the 10 cities reporting
shops in this branch had no change in scales between July 1, 1943, and
July 1, 1944.
AVERAG E W AGE RATES B Y
S IZ E
O F C IT Y A N D R E G IO N
Size of city is a significant, even though not a dominant, factor in
average wage rates in the baking industry. Cities in group I (over
7
1,000,000 population) reported an average 7 cents per hour higher
than those in group I I (500,000 to 1,000,000); cities in group I I had
an average 7.9 cents higher than those in group I I I (250,000 to
5 0 0 ,0 0 0 ); and cities in group I I I averaged 2.4 cents per hour more
than those in group I V (100,000 to 250,000).
(See table 4 .) However,
the average for group V (40,000 to 100,000) was 1.6 cents per hour
higher than that for group IV , and direct variation b y city size held
for only 2 of the 6 individual branches of the industry. The higher
average for group V cities was due partly to the absence of organized
pie and pastry and cracker and cooky shops in these cities. Low
wage scales in these branches of the industry tend to hold down the
averages for the larger cities, where they are widely organized. In
addition there are large numbers of unskilled women workers in the
larger cities, where mass-production methods are common.
Average wage rates in the N orth and Pacific region are substantially
higher than those in the South and Southwest. There are 11 possible
comparisons of average wages between the North and Pacific and the
South and Southwest regions.4 In 10 of these comparisons the North
and Pacific region has substantially higher averages than the South
and Southwest. For all bakery trades combined, the averages in the
North and Pacific region are 15.7 cents higher than those of the
South and Southwest in group I I I , 15 cents in group I V , and 8.5 cents
in group V cities. Bread and cake hand shops in group I V cities
showed the largest difference in favor of the North and Pacific over
the South and Southwest region (21.3 cents per hour).
T able 4.— Average H ourly Wage Rates in Cities o f Specified Population G roups1
Group Group
12
II 2
Trade
Group IV
Group III
Group V
South
South
North North All North South
and
All North
and
AH North
and
and
and regions and South
and South
and
regions
Pacific Pacific
Pacific west
Pacific west regions Pacific South
west
All baking.................. $0,917 $0,847 $0,768 $0,813 $0.656 $0,744 $0.771 $0.621 $0,760 $0,799
Bread and cake, hand. 1.124
Bread and cake, ma
chine....................... .815
Pie and pastry...........
.677
Cracker and cooky.. . .699
Hebrew baking—. . . . . 1.647
Other sp e cia lize d
baking8................... 1.040
$0,714
.971
.921
.928
.783
.810
'.817
.604
.803
.839
.744
.819
.674
.708
1.247
.817
.868
.608
.604
1.297
.679
.748
.637
.753
.792
.711
.616
.615
.775
.687
.646
1.140
1.023
.608
.728
.507
.570
1 Group I, over 1,000,000 population; group II, 600,000 to 1,000,000; group III, 260,000 to 600,000; group IV.
100,000 to 250,000; group V, 40,000 to 100,000.
2 No city of this size in the South or Southwest.
* French, Polish, Bohemian, Scandinavian, Spanish, Italian, etc.
Straight-Tim e W eekly H ours
b On July 1, 1944, union bakery workers in the 65 cities had straighttime hours averaging 41 per week (table 5). Cracker and cooky
workers had the shortest hohrs (40 per week), and bread and cake
hand-shop workers the longest (44.8). However, Hebrew and other *
* Comparisons are limited to cities in group III, IV, and V, as there is no city in the South or Southwest
with a population of 600,000 or more.
8
specialized shops had average straight-time weeks almost as long
(44.6 and 44.5, respectively).
Over three-fourths of the bakery workers included in the study had
straight-time workweeks of 40 hours. The next largest group (8 per
cent) worked regular weeks of 48 hours. Substantial numbers of
members also worked 45 or 42 hours per week (5.9 and 4.4 percent,
respectively). T he shortest straight-time hours (35 per week) were
recorded for production workers in Bohemian bakeries in N ew Y o r k ;
the longest (54 hours per week), for bakers of Italian bread in Brooklyn.
Am ong the individual branches of the industry, the bread and cake
hand shops and other specialized shops reported almost half of their
members on a 48-hour straight-time week, and a fourth on the 4 0 hour week. Three-fifths of the Hebrew shop workers had a 45-hour
week. All of the cracker and cooky workers and over 90 percent
of the bread and cake machine-shop and pie and pastry workers had
40-hour straight-time weeks.
Practically all of the bakery workers (99.3 percent) operated under
the same straight-time hour scales in 1944 as in 1943. A few hour
increases were reported for Hebrew and other specialized baking
shops, where prior to the war very short weekly hours had been the
rule because of “ share the work” plans. Bread and cake hand and
machine shops reported a few straight-time hour decreases.
T able 5.— D istribution o f Union M em bers in the B akery Trades, b y Straight-Tim e
H ours p er W eek , J u ly 1, 1944
Percent of union members with specified hours per week—Weekly hours
All
baking
35 hours _
36 hours____ _
37H hours.................................
38 hours......................................
40 hours..... ................... .............
42 hours_____________________
43 hours
_
44 hours__________________ _
45 hours.......... ........... ...............
48 hours
_
51 hours
54 hours _ _ _ _
Total.................................
Average weekly hours.
.
.1
1.5
.1
.8
77.8
4.4
.2
.9
5.9
8.0
.1
.2
Bread
Bread
and cake, and cake,
hand
machine
Pie and
pastry
Cracker
and
cooky
Hebrew
baking
Other
special
ized
baking1
3.7
2.7
3.1
25.5
7.9
1.5
90.1
3.7
5.4
14.2
47. U
.7
.2
1.1
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
41.0
44.8
40.1
40.4
90.9
8.5
15.1
26.3
14.3
.2
60.4
14.1
1.7
1.9
45.3
100.0
100.0
100.0
40.0
44.6
44.5
100.0
6.7
.7
1.7
5.4
* French, Polish, Bohemian, Scandinavian, Spanish, Italian, etc.
Overtime
M o st (96.7 percent) of the bakery workers were covered b y an
initial overtime rate of time and a half (table 6). Other overtime
rates included only 1.2 percent of the members, and 2.1 percent did
not receive any extra pay other than regular rates for work beyond
the regular hours.
9
T able 6.— Overtime Rates Provided in Union B akery Agreements, J u ly 2, 1944
Percent of union members
having initial overtime rates
Number of quotations show
ing initial overtime rates
Type of baking
Time
and a
half
Other
No over
time rate overtime
specified
rates
Time
and a
half
Other
No over
time rate overtime
rates
specified
All baking.............................. ..................._
3,849
34
26
96.7
2.1
1.2
Bread and cake, hand_______ __________
Bread and cake, m achine__ ___ ________
Pie and pastry ______ ____ __ _______
Cracker and cooky
________ _______
Hebrew baking__________ _____________
Other specialized baking1 ___________
232
2,339
145
922
90
121
11
9
4
3
6
8.5
1.0
.7
1.9
.4
10
11
6
89.6
98.6
99.3
100.0
82.7
93.7
9.7
7.6
6.3
1 French, Polish, Bohemian, Scandinavian, Spanish, Italian, etc.
Vacations and H olidays
Vacations.— Practically all (98 percent) of the union bakery workers
included in this survey were covered b y agreements providing for
annual vacations with pay. Two-thirds of these members received 1
week’s paid vacation after 1 year of service. Over 40 percent of those
receiving 1 week after 1 year of service also received a second week
after 5 years, and 12 percent received the second week after only 2
years of service. Agreements providing 2 weeks’ vacation after 1 year
of service, covered about 8 percent of the members.
Paid holidays.— Over two-thirds of the organized bakery workers
received pay for a limited number of holidays not worked: Over half
of these workers received pay while shops were closed for the six
national holidays, and about 20 percent received pay for one or more
additional local or religious holidays. Alm ost 15 percent received five
holidays with pay. The remainder were paid for from one to four
holidays per year. In m ost cases, if members were required to work
on these holidays they received time and a half or double the regular
rate.
,
U nion Scales o f W ages and H ou rs b y C ity
Table 7 lists the union scales of wages and hours in effect on July 1,
1944, and July 1, 1943, b y type of baking and by occupation, in each
of the cities covered b y the survey.
It will be noted that frequently there are two or more union rates
for the same occupation in the same city. This m ay be attributed to
one union having different agreements with different employers, to
two or more unions having different scales, or to both situations.
Where more than one union rate is in effect, all are listed, the letters
A , B , C, etc., indicating the different agreements, The sequence of
the letters is not intended to indicate the relative importance of the
agreements or quotations so designated.
10
T able 7.— Union Scales o f W ages and H ours in the B akery Trades in Selected Cities*
J u ly I , 1944, and J u ly 1, 1943
July 1, 1944
July 1
City and classification
rtate per Hours per Rate per 1
week
hour
week
hour
$0,958
.920
.895
.770
.720
.670
.645
40
40
40
40
.770
.720
.670
.645
.620
.520
40
40
.620
.520
.700
.525
.500
.480
.460
.450
.450
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
.600
.450
.450
. 425
.400
.400
.380
1.000
.825
.775
.750
.500
40
40
40
40
40
1.000
.825
.775
.750
.500
.900
.800
.600
.575
.520
.500
.475
.400
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
.900
.800
.600
. 575
.520
.500
.475
.400
.825
.725
.650
.500
.480
40
40
40
40
40
.825
.725
.650
.500
.480
.450
.475
40
40
.450
.475
1.000
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
1.000
.800
.750
.725
.700
.675
.600
.800
.750
.725
.700
.675
.600
££££§
40
40
40
So ©SSSS
$0.958
.920
.895
S gS S S S o SS SSSS SSS
Atlanta, Ga«
.550
40
.550
.945
.750
.650
.625
.600
.550
.520
.475
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
.945
.750
.650
.625
.600
.550
.520
.475
.825
.800
40
40
.825
.800
40
40
.650
.500
.450
40
40
40
.550
.400
.400
40
40
40
SSS&S o
Bread and cake—Machine shops:
Agreement A:
Foremen, shipping clerks........
Mixers, ovcnmen, doughnut-machine operators.............
Checkers............................. ........... ................................
Mixers' helpers, dividers, molders, wrapping-machine
operators........................................................................
Bench hands.................................. ................................
Selectors....................................... ...................................
Pan greasers.,............................ ...................................
Twisters, panners, molders, oven loaders and dumpers,
bread rackers, machine catchers, {’ackers................. .
Women icers and wrappers............................ ..................
Agreement B:
Mixers............ ...... ..........................................................
Ovenmen......... ........... ................................ ....................
Dividers, scalers..............................................................
Wrapping-rnachine operators................................. .........
Icers, dumpers.................................. .......... ................
Hand wrappers, wrapping-machine helpers...................
Packers, general help_________________________ _____
Agreement C:
Bread department*
Foremeu....... ...................... .................... .................
Dough mixers, ovenmen, dumpers______ ______
Dividers---------------------------------------------------------Molders, henchmen, rolling-machine m e n ............ .
Bread rackers, oven helpers, pan greasers...............
Cake department:
Foremen................................... .................................
Mixers, ovenmen___________________________ J...
Scaling-machine operators............. ................ ..........
Foreladies..... ............................................................ .
Supervisors, female_________ ____ ______________ _
Wrapping-machine operators.......... ........................
Cutters, wrappers, packers, icers, checkers............ .
Dumpers, pan greasers............... ............................ .
Shipping department:
Shipping clerks.........................................................
Bread wrapping-machine operators........ ................
Bun wrapping-machine operators, checkers........ .
Bread w*rapping-machine helpers.............................
Bun wrapping-machine helpers----- --------- ----------Bun trayers, hand wrappers:
First 9 months................................................... .
Alter 9 months................... ..............................
Agreement D:
Bread department:
Foremen............ .....................................................
Dough mixers, head ovenmen..................................
Ovenmen.............. .............................. .....................
Dividers, molders. bench hands.............................
Roll-machine operators, bread checkers...................
W rapping-machine operators.................................
Oven loaders, dumpers.............................................
Mixers’ helpers, set-off men, bread rackers’ helpers,
pan greasers..............................................
Cake department:
Foremen.......................................................
Mixers, ovenmen.........................................
Enrobermen...............................................
Wrapping-machine operators___________
Ingredientmen, scaling-machine operators.
Checkers........ ........................... ............... .
Cake dumpers, pan greasers, general help.
Women packers, icers, general help--------Shipping department:
Shipping clerks—bread.............................. .
Shipping clerks—cake................................ .
Cake only—Machine shop:
Mixers..................................................................... .
Ovenmen’s helpers, tvrappers------ ------- ------------General helpers........................................................
40
40
40
11
T able 7.— Union Scales o f Wages and Hours in the B akery Trades in Selected Cities,
J u ly I , 1944, and J u ly I , 1943— Continued
July 1, 1944
City and classification
July 1
late per Hours per Rate per !
hour
week
hour
week
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
$0.995
.965
.935
.895
.865
.825
.795
.670
.625
.945
.925
.865
.815
.745
.695
.645
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
.945
.925
.865
.815
.745
.695
.645
.845
.795
.745
.695
.645
.545
40
40
40
40
40
40
.845
.795
.745
.695
.645
.545
.645
.545
40
40
.645
.545
.795
.745
.735
40
40
40
.795
.745
.735
.695
.645
.550
40
40
40
.695
.645
.550
.645
.565
.555
40
40
40
.645
.565
.555
.545
.535
.550
40
40
40
.545
.535
.550
.875
.825
.750
.690
.675
.650
.625
.583
.500
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
.875
.825
.750
.690,
.675
.650
.625
.583
.500
.875
.825
.800
.750
.725
.700
.675
.600
.583
.550
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
.875
.825
.800
.750
.725
.700
.675
.600
.583
.550
.500
.475
40
40
.500
.475
40
40
SSSSSS SSSSSSS SSSSSSSSS
$0.995
.965
.935
.895
.865
.825
.795
.670
.625
SSS SSS SSS SSS
Crackers and cookies:
Sponge department:
Head mixers......................................................................
Head bakers........................................... .........................
Machine captains............................................................
Mixers...............................................................................
Bakers................................................................................
Rollermen......... ................................................................
Rollermen—Ritz................................. ............................
Clerks, sponge and sweet.................................................
Tally clerks, sponge and sweet........................... ..........
Sweet department:
Head mixers.................................................. r. ...............
Machine captains.............................................................
Bakers..............................................................................
Mixers. .......... ..................................... ............ ...............
Ovenmen................... .......................................................
Mixer’s helpers, dough feeders........................................
Pan cleaners and feeders..................................................
Icing department:
Head mixers...................................... ..............................
Mixers’ helpers........ .........................................................
Base cake weighers...........................................................
Machine set-up m en........................................................
Floormen..........................................................................
Machine operators............ .............................................
Women employees:
Working supervisors..................................................
General help. ................. ..........................................
Packing and shipping departments:
Working supervisors, supplymen, paper stockmen.......
Pastemen, assemblers............. ............ , .........................
Assemblymen______________ ______ ________________
Machine set-up men, wrapping-machine operators,
car loaders.............................. .............. .......................
Floorm en......................... .............................. ...............
Beginners, male................................. ..............................
Women employees:
Working supervisors....... .................... ....................
Sponge packers_____ ______ ____________________
Bundlers, sealers and weighers......... ............... .......
Wrapping-machine operators, Q formers and
stitchers............. ................................................. .
Weighers and closers, sweet packers........................
Beginners....................................................................
S S S S S S S S S S SSSSSSiSSS
Atlanta, Ga.—Continued
Baltimore, Md.
Bread and cake—Machine shops:
Bread department:
Mixers------- --------- ------ ------------------- _------------...
Ingredient scalers, tray ovenmen, bench hands___
Dividers, molders................................ ....................
Wrapping-machine operators.............................. .
Oven dumpers and helpers............................ ........
Oven feeders............................................................
Mixers’ helpers, bread packers................................
Flour blenders, pan greasers, male general helpers.
Women helpers.........................................................
Cake and sweet department:
Mixers.......................................................................
Ingredient mixers........................................ ............
Ovenmen (first class)................ ............ ................
Ovenmen (second class), cake packers.......... .
Icing mixers, cake decorators......... ...................
Utility men, depositor operators.............................
COoky mixers........................................ ..................
Oven feeders......................... ....................................
Pan greasers, flour blenders, bakery help ^ „._.___
Bakery helpers, cake...........................— I...........
Women employees:
Cake icers...........................................................
Cake wrappers...................................................
12
T able 7.— Union Scales o f Wages and H ours in the B akery Trades in Selected Cities,
J u ly I , 1944, and J u ly 1, 1943— Continued
July 1, 1944
City and classification
July 1
itate per Hours per Rate per i
week
hour
week
hour
Baltimore, Md.—Continued
Bread only—Machine shops:
Oven operators, dough mixers, shipping clerks...... ..............
Bench hands, doughnut-machine operators, divider and
molder operators, wrapping-machine operators_________
Ingredient scalers, oven feeders and dumpers, mixers’
helpers, doughnut-room men, stock clerks. .......................
Pan greasers, molders’ helpers, pan rackers, flour handlers,
chute and bread packers, pan washers, selectors or order
packers......... ........... ............... ...........................................
Helpers, women...................... ..............................................
Cake only—Machine shops:
Foremen, mixers.....................................................................
leers-------------------------------------------------- ------------- ---------Scalers, ovenmen, mixers’ and icers’ helpers.........................
Pan greasers and helpers___________ _____ ____________
Wrapper foreladies......................... .............. ........................
Wrappers.................... ......................................................... .
Doughnuts:
Machine operators, yeast dough mixers, enrobing-machine
operators, chief shippers..... .............. ................ ................
Bench hands, fryers, miscellaneous yeast employees............
Packers and wrappers (after 6 months)..............................
Hebrew shops:
Agreement A—Hand:
Ovenmen.......................... .................... ........................
Second hands....... ............................... ......................... .
Agreement B—Hand and machine:
Dough mixers.......... ....................................................... .
Journeymen bakers............ ...... ..................................... .
Helpers................... ........................................................
$0,800
40
$0,800
40
.750
40
.750
40
.700
40
.700
40
.650
.600
40
40
.650
.600
40
40
.950
.675
.525
.450
.425
.400
40
40
40
40
40
40
.950
.675
.525
.450
.425
.400
40
40
40
.650
.600
.500
40
40
40
.600
.550
.450
1.400
1.333
45
45
1.333
1.267
.833
.729
.604
48
48
48
.833
.729
.604
.850
.820
.805
.800
.770
.750
.745
.720
.700
.670
.650
.600
.500
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
.850
.820
.805
.800
.770
.750
.745
.720
.700
.670
.650
.600
.475
.800
.750
.725
.600
40
40
40
40
.800
.750
.725
.600
.720
.700
40
40
.720
.700
.750
.625
.600
.575
40
40
40
40
.750
.625
.600
.575
.550
.475
.425
40
40
40
.550
.475
.425
.885
.810
.785
.710
.635
40
40
40
40
40
.885
.810
.785
.710
.635
Binghamton, N . Y .
Bread and cake—Machine shops:
Bread department:
Utility men.......................................................................
Supervisors of checkers..................... ...............................
Tray ovenmen.. ............ .......... ........... ......... .................
Mixers____________________ _____________ _________
Checkers, molders, traveling-oven feeders and dumpers.
Dividers...................... .................... ................. ............ .
Bench hands................................................... ................
Ingredient scalers...................... ................................... .
Flour handlers.......... ...................................................... .
Wrappers, pan rackers....................................................
Mixers’ helpers, cooler pick-up men...............................
Oven and machine helpers..............................................
Pan greasers and women helpers.....................................
Cake and cruller department:
Mixers...............................................................................
Icing mixers..................................................................... .
Cake scalers..................................................................... .
Helpers..............................................................................
Shipping department:
Cruller-box makers......................................................... .
Packers, loaders...................................... .........................
Birmingham, Ala.
Bread and cake—Machine shops:
Agreement A:
Mixers............................................................ ................. .
Ovenmen....... ........... ............... ......................................
Head benchmen, rolling-machine operators (rate A ) ...
Dividers and molders_____________________________
Benchmen, utility men, rolling-machine operators (rate
B )---------------------------------- --------- ------------- ---------Oven helpers, bake shop helpers, machine wrappers__
Pan greasers, shipping helpers..............................- .........
Agreement B:
Bread department:
Mixers.......... ............................................... ............
Ingredient scalers.................................. ...................
Dividers, ovenmen.................... ............... ...............
Molders..................... ........................ ........................
Feeders and dumpers............. ............ ....................
40
40
40
40
40
T able 7.— Union Scales o f W ages and Hours in the B akery Trades in Selected Cities,
J u ly I , 1944, and J u ly I , 1943— Continued
July 1,1944
City and classification
July 1,1943
Rate per Hours per Rate per Hours per
hour
week
hour
week
Birmingham, Ala,—Continued
Bread and cake—Machine shops—Continued.
Agreement B—Continued.
Bread department—Continued.
Helpers:
Under 3 months ____ ___
_ ___
3 months and over___________ ____ __________
Cake department:
W orking foremen
.
_ _ _
Mixers________________________________________
Oven m en_________________________________________
___
__
Teing mixers
Ingredient scalers___ _____ ___ ____ _____________
Dividermen___________________________________
Sugar grinders_________________________________
Head icers_____________________________________
Oven dumpers............................................................
Flour dumpers. ______ _________ ______ __________
Bake shop helpers:
First 3 m onths.._______ ____ _____ __________
After 3 months______ _____ _____ ___________
Icers and wrappers:
First 3 months_____________ ____ ___________
After 3 months_____________________________
Shipping department:
Wrapping-machine operators............. ................... .
Checkers and order fillers_____ __________________
Packers_______________________________________
Agreement C:
Bread department:
Head mixers___________________________________
Head ovenmen_____________________ ___________
Head machinemen, head henchmen______________
Mixers________ i ______________________________
Ovenmen______________________________________
Head w r a p p e r s ____________________________
■Rpnphmpn, machinamen
Second wrappers
Bake shop helpers______________________________
Pan greasers___________________________________
Wrapping helpers
.
Cake department:
Head ovenmen, mixers._________________________
fiyenmen
Mixers’ helpers............................................ . _ .......
dealers
Dumpers, stock darks
Pan greasers
Tears, wrappers
..
_
.........
_
_
. ....
Shipping department:
Shippers
Pap.kers
_
. .. ..
_ _ _
_
Bread only—Machine shops:
M ixers_______________________________________________
■Dividers, nyenmen
M olders__________________ ____________________________
Machine wrappers___________________________________ _
Peco^d ovenman
Packers, checkers______________________________________
Helpers____________________ __________________________
Slicer feeders__________________________________________
Crackers and cookies:
Machine operators_____________________________________
Head mixers__________________________________________
Mixers, sponge peelers (after 6months), sponge-oven bakers,
head marshmallow mixers..................................................
Machine feeders, stackers, sweet-oven bakers, marshmallow
mixers, wrapping-machine operators, checkers, greasers,
shipping clerks______________________________________
Mixers’ helpers, sponge- and sweet-oven helpers, sponge
peelers (first 6 months), dough rollers, tray men, icing
mixers, syrup cookers, issue clerks_____________________
Sponge packers, sample girls, large-carton makers, largewafer-machine operators, cold-run packer3, checkers, tray-
ers, tray and pan dumpers, stock room helpers
.. _ _
Deneral helpers, male
_
.
.......... . _ . _
Packers and bundlers__________________________________
Women helpers, stacker learners, caddy and carton makers.
6 37702— 45--------3
$0.485
.585
40
40
$0,485
.585
40
40
.960
.885
.785
.760
.735
.720
.635
.595
.585
.535
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
.960
.885
.785
.760
.735
.720
.635
.550
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
.535
40
.485
.585
40
40
.485
.585
40
40
.400
.500
40
40
.355
.455
40
40
.700
.610
.585
40
40
40
.635
.610
.560
40
40
40
.885
.850
.820
.800
.760
.740
.730
.650
.585
.550
.510
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
.885
.850
.820
.785
.760
.740
.730
.650
.585
.500
.510
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
.750
.700
.680
.635
.585
.500
.500
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
.730
.650
.680
.585
.585
.500
.455
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
.610
.585
40
40
.610
.585
40
40
.885
.785
.710
.650
.635
.610
.585
.510
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
.885
.785
.710
.635
.635
.610
.585
.510
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
.730
.710
40
40
.700
.680
40
40
.630
40
.600
40
.580
40
.550
40
.560
40
.530
40
.510
.480
.460
.430
40
40
40
40
.480
.450
.430
.400
40
40
40
40
40
14
T able 7.— Union Scales o f W ages and H ours in the B akery Trades in Selected C ities,
J u ly I , 1944, and J u ly I , 1943— Continued
July 1,1944
City and classification
Boston, Mass.
Hand shops:
Agreement A—Bread and rolls:
Night foremen..................................................................
Mixers...............................................................................
Ovenmen...........................................................................
Benehmen.........................................................................
Agreement B—Bread and pastry:
Dough mixers.......- .................................. , .......................
Ovenmen, bench hands..................................... - .............
Molders, aivider operators..............................................
Bakers’ helpers, wrapping-machine operators, shippers..
Women helpers..................................................................
Agreement C—Pie, bread, and pastry:*
Foremen, second hands, mixers, cake decorators............
Head henchmen....................... ........................................
Ovenmen....... ...................................................................
Frosting makers— ............................................................
Filling rooks.....................................................................
Benehmen........................................................................
Greasers, bread wrapping-machine operators, general
helpers, shippers.................................................... ........
Frosters, after 1 year.........................................................
Agreement D—Bread and pastry:
Foremen............................................................................
Ovenmen and dough mixers.............................................
Benehmen.............................................................. ..........
Frosters.......... .............. ....................................................
Bread and cake—Machine shops:
Agreement A:
Mixers.......................................................... ................... .
Dividermen....................................... .............................
Mixers’ helpers, ingredient scalers, moldermen, oven
feeders......................... ................ .......................... ......
Flour blenders, wrappers.................................................
Floormen................... .................... ..................................
Molders’ helpers, rackers, pan greasers, packers______
Agreement B:
Mixers........... —......... ............ ............... ................ ........
Ovenmen, molder operators, machinemen....... ..............
Mixers’ helpers, ingredient scalers, ovenmen’s helpers. _
Benehmen....... ........... ................ .....................................
Bakery helpers, pan greasers......... .................................
Checkers and rackers, packers, wrappers, and slicingmachine operators:
First year...................... ..............................................
Second to fifth year......... ..........................................
5 years and after.........................................................
Bread only—Machine shops:
Mixers............... ......................................................................
Divider operators.................................. .................................
Mixers’ helpers........................................................................
Molder operators............................................... .....................
Wrapping-machine operators.................................................
Ovenmen, benehmen, benchwomen....... ............ .................
Bakery helpers........................................................................
Wrapping-machine helpers................................... .................
Packers.................................................................. .................
Stockmen, flour dumpers............................... .......................
Roll packers, trippers, baggers...............................................
Cake only—Machine shops:
Agreement A:
Mixers.................................................. ................. ..........
Ovenmen.................................................... ......................
Ingredient scalers..............................................................
Helpers:
First 3 months............................................................
After 3 months..........................................................
Table heads..... .................................................................
Women helpers. ...............................................................
Packers, icers, wrappers:
First 3 months............................................................
After 3 months................................ ......................... .
July 1,1943
late per Hours per Rate per Hours per
week
hour
hour
week
$1,068
.886
.818
.750
44
44
44
44
$1,068
.958
.750
.646
.604
.500
48
48
48
48
48
.958
.750
.646
.604
.500
.909
.886
.841
.795
.750
.727
44
44
44
44
44
44
.909
.545
.477
44
44
.990
.844
.781
.510
48
48
48
48
.792
1.080
.960
40
40
1.070
.950
.910
.875
.860
.825
40
40
40
40
.900
.865
.850
.815
1.013
.925
.888
.878
.818
40
40
40
40
40
1.013
.925
.738
.825
.850
40
40
40
.738
.825
.850
1.000
.900
.870
.860
.830
.820
.780
.715
.680
.650
.600
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
.900
.870
.860
.830
.820
.780
.715
.680
.650
.600
.945
.920
.850
40
40
40
.925
.900
.830
40
40
40
.620
.720
.640
.540
40
40
40
40
.620
.520
40
40
.818
.750
.795
.750
.727
.477
.458
,818
.460
40
.540
40
1 Sept. 1 to M ay 31,48-hour week at reduced hourly rates. Agreement provided same weekly rate through
out the year.
15
T able l .—^-TJnion Scales o f W ages and H ours in the Bakery Trades in Selected Cities*
J u ly I , 1944, and J u ly 1 , 1943— Continued
July 1,1944
City and classification
July 1,1943
Rate per Hours per Rate per Hours per
hour
week
week
hour
Boston, Mass.—Continued
Cake only—Machine shops—Continued.
Agreement B:
M ixers..............................................................................
Icing mixers.......................................................... ............
Ovenmen_________________________________________
Ingredient scalers..............................................................
Shippers............................. ...............................................
Helpers................................................... .........................
Table heads......................................................................
Wrappers, female:
First 3 months___;_____________________________
After 3 months_________________________________
Pie and pastry:
Agreement A:
Ovenmen...........................................................................
Soft-pie ovenmen, oven firemen, pie dough mixers........
Flour handlers.............................. ...................................
Helpers.............................................................................
Agreement B:
Foremen....... ....................................................................
Ovenmen, bench hands............................. ......................
Wrappers and frosters......................................................
Bakery helpers..................................................................
Crackers and cookies:
Sponge department:
Machine captain...............................................................
Peelers.......... ......................................... ...........................
Mixers, bakers..................................................................
Mixers’ helpers...... ..........................................................
Rollermen......... ........................ ......................................
Through-pullers.................................. ............................
Utility men....... ...............................................................
Bakers’ helpers.................................... .............................
Boardmen.........................................................................
Edgers............................................................................
Flour-bag cleaners.............................................................
Floormen...........................................................................
Dog-food department:
Mixers, machine captains---------------------------------- -----Bakers........ .........................................................„...........
Reliefmen............................... .........................................
Dough feeders................................. .................................
Mixers’ helpers........................................................ .........
Pan feeders____________________ _______ ___________
Kibblers............ .................................... ...........................
Packing department:
Receiving clerks................................................................
Receivers.............................. ............................................
Wax-wrapping-machine feeders.......... .............................
Floormen and coopers, dog-food packing. ......................
W orking supervisors........................................................
Carton formers..................... ...........................................
Sponge packers and caddy stitchers...............................
Bundlers and labelers, dog-food packers, wax-wrappingmachine feeders, handlers of broken and rejected
goods ............................................................................
Shipping department:
Night shippers..................................................................
Car checkers......................................................................
Head carloaders.................................................................
Shippers, assemblers, car assemblers...............................
Carloaders........................................................................
Stock clerks.......................................................................
Stockmen..........................................................................
Hebrew shops:
Foremen...................................................................................
Second hands...........................................................................
Third hands...................... ....... ............................................
$0,950
.925
.900
.830
.800
.750
.620
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
.440
.520
40
40
.900
.888
.838
.763
$0,950
.925
.900
.830
.800
.750
.620
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
.900
.888
.838
.763
40
40
40
40
.958
.800
.613
.500
48
48
48
48
.908
.750
.563
.450
48
48
48
48
.965
.890
.870
.845
.840
.785
.775
.745
.730
.705
.680
.675
40
40
40
40
40
40.
40
40
40
40
40
40
.965
.890
.870
.845
.840
.785
.775
.745
.730
.705
.680
.675
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
.865
.840
.835
.790
.740
.705
.675
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
.865
.840
.835
.790
.740
.705
.675
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
.830
.780
.790
.740
.635
.590
.570
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
.830
.780
.790
.740
.635
.590
.570
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
.560
40
.560
40
.865
.830
.805
.780
.765
.745
.695
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
.865
.830
.805
.780
.765
.745
.695
40
40
40
40
40
40
1.536
1.415
1.294
48
48
48
1.536
1.415
1.294
48
40
48
48
16
T able 7.— Union Scales o f W ages and H ours in the B akery Trades in Selected C ides9
J u ly J, 1944, and J u ly 1 , 1943— Continued
July 1,1944
City and classification
July 1,1943
Rate per Hours per Rate per Hours per
week
hour
week
hour
Buffalo, N. Y.
Bread and cake—Hand and semimachine shops:
Day work: 3
Oven hands and mixers.................................................. Bench hands...................- ................................ - .............Helpers.............................................................................
Bread and cake—Machine shops:
Agreement A:
Foremen....... .............. .....................................................
Oven hands and mixers...................... ............................
Bench hands------------------------------------ ---------- - .........
Scalers, machine operators .............. ................................
Ingredientmen................... ..................................... .........
Oven dumpers------------------------------- -----------------------Helpers, pan greasers, packers, checkers, flour dumpers
and blenders....... ......... ........................ ........: ........—
Bread and pan stackers......... ........................................ .
Women icers and wrappers........ ......... ...........................
Agreement B:
Mixers, cake decorators_____________________________
Fried-cake machine operators, ovenmen....... ............ .
Dividermen, bench hands............. ................................ .
Moldermen...................... ................................. .............
Receiving department foremen............................... ........
Mixers’ helpers, doughnut fryers....... ............ ................
Receiving department helpers__________ _______ _____
Wrapping-machine operators____ ___________________
Flour sifters and blenders, bench helpers, packers,
cooky-machine operators, oven helpers............. .........
Flour sifters’ and blenders’ helpers, -washing-machine
operators, bake-shop helpers............................ ............
Fried-cake coolers, cooler mefi........................................
Women icers, wrappers, and packers____ ____________
Agreement C;
Bread:
Foremen......................................................................
Mixers......... .......... ..................................................
Assemblymen, traveling-ovenmen............. ............ .
Dividermen, bench hands_______________________
Machine ana molder men.........................................
Wrapping-machine operators, male..........................
Bench helpers, oven helpers, checkers.....................
Flour handlers..______ _______________________ _
Wrapping and slicing helpers, utility men, packers,
cooler men.......... ....................................................
Pan greasers, male......................................................
Women employees:
Dividers...............................................................
Cooler women............................................... ......
Wrapping-machine operators.............................
Bench helpers. _....................................................
Oven helpers............................... ..................... .
Pan greasers_______________________________
Cake:
Foremen......................................................................
Mixers.........................................................................
Assemblymen, traveling ovenmen............................
Scalers.........................................................................
Fried-cake machine m en...........................................
Wrapping-machine operators...................................
Machine helpers, oven helpers..................................
Pan greasers..............................................................
Pie-machine boys (after 6 months)...........................
Women employees:
A ssemblywomen___________________ ________
Forp.ladifts
......
_ _ ......
Ovpn hplpprs
Cake decorators.............. ...... .......................... .
Icers, packers, wrappers, pie-machine operators.
$0,955
.909
.682
344
3 44
344
$0,955
.909
.682
3 44
344
844
1.100
1.050
1.000
.925
.875
.800
4 40
<40
4 40
4 40
4 40
4 40
1.100
1.050
1.000
.925
.875
.800
4 40
4 40
4 40
4 40
4 40
4 40
.750
.725
.575
4 40
440
4 40
.750
.725
.575
4 40
4 40
4 40
1.000
.950
.930
.900
.884
.850
.831
.830
42
42
42
42
42
42
42
42
1.000
.950
.930
.900
.884
.850
.831
.830
42
42
42
42
42
42
42
42
.800
42
.800
42
.750
.700
.570
42
42
42
.750
.700
.570
42
42
42
1.113
1.000
.950
.930
.900
.825
.800
.775
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
1.073
.960
.910
.890
.860
.785
.760
.739
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
.775
.750
40
40
.735
.710
40
40
.830
.775
.725
.700
.700
.650
40
40
40
40
40
40
.790
40
.685
.660
40
40
1.065
.990
.940
.920
.865
.815
.790
.740
.690
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
1.025
.950
.900
.880
.825
.775
.750
.700
.650
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
.840
.795
.690
.590
.570
40
40
40
40
40
.800
.755
.650
.550
.530
40
40
40
40
40
* $2 weekly bonus for night workers.
* 48 hours guaranteed, time and a half after 44 hours. Base rates for members working less than 48 hours
are higher than those reported.
4 48 hours guaranteed, time and a half after 40 hours. Base rates for members working less than 48 hours
are higher than those reported.
17
T able 7.— Union Scales o f W ages and H ours in the Bakery Trades in Selected Cities9
J u ly I , 1944, and J u ly 1 , 1943— Continued
July 1,1943
July 1,1944
City and classification
Rate per Hours per Rate per Hours per
week
hour
week
hour
Buffalo, N. Y.—Continued
Bread and cake—Machine shops—Continued.
Agreement D:
Foremen, working______________________ __________
Assemblymen, ovenmen____________________________
Manbine and mnlder men . __ _
__
Mixers’ helpers___________________________________
Bench helpers, oven feeders and dumpers, wrappingCooler men, wrapping-machine helpers, flour handlers,
packers......... .........- ......... - .......................................
Cake only—Machine shops:
Agreement A:
Helpers, shipping-room foremen___________ __________
Miscellaneous helpers.....................................................
Foreladies
____________ _________________ _______
Agreement B:
Mixers __________________________________________
Rollette mixers, sealing-machine depositors
___
Ovenmen. _ _______________________________________
Icing mixers_____________- ________________________
.Tam cookers, helpers
.................
.......
Foreladies_____________________________ ___________
Women:
leers, packers, wrappers, rollers, boxers
- .
Pie and pastry:
Doughnuts:
Machine operators_________________________________
Packers and wrappers, female
...
_
Crackers and cookies:
Agreement A:
Mixing department:
Head mixers
__ .................. .
Sponge mixers . .
.............. _ .
Sweet m ixers_______________________________ ■__
Mixers’ helpers_________________________________
Flour dumpers
Baking department:
Machine, captains
_ _
Peelers_______________________________________
Reel-oven bakers........
Cuttermen____________________________________
Sponge rollermen_______________________________
Traveling-oven unloaders, sponge drawmen, reeloven take-out men
._
_ _
Traveling-oven loaders__________________________
Pan feeders and greasers, general helpers__________
Towermen_____________________________________
Women stackers
..........
_________________________________
Scrap girls
Icing and cello-bag department:
Head mixers. _________________________________
Machine set-up men_____________ .______________
Paper cutters, icing mixers’ helpers
Machinemen _________________________________
Checkers, truckers, general help. _
.
Women employees:
Working supervisors________________________
Packers and feeders
___ _ _ _
General helpers_______________ _ ________
Packing department:
Checkers and truckers, men....................................
Working Supervisors
. _ ........
Sponge packers_________________________________
Hand bundlers, carton formers (machine)...............
Sweet packers, carton formers (hand), “ Q” formers,
cover stickers, repack and breakage girls
General helpers.........................................................
$1.113
1.000
.950
.930
.900
.850
.825
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
$1,073
.960
.910
.890
.860
.810
.785
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
.800
40
.760
40
.775
.750
.600
40
40
40
.735
.710
40
40
.825
.800
.750
.725
.700
.675
.575
.500
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
.825
.800
.750
.725
.700
.675
.575
.500
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
.875
.825
.800
.750
.725
.625
40
40
40
40
40
40
.875
.825
.800
.750
.725
.625
40
40
40
40
40
40
.510
40
.510
40
.750
.575
40
40
.750
.575
40
40
.945
.875
.835
.805
.715
40
40
40
40
40
.945
.875
.835
.805
.715
40
40
40
40
40
.935
.895
.865
.845
.835
40
40
40
40
40
.935
.895
.865
.845
.835
40
40
40
40
40
.795
.745
.715
.625
.615
.565
40
40
40
40
40
40
.795
.745
.715
.625
.615
.565
40
40
40
40
40
40
.865
.795
.775
.745
.715
40
40
40
40
40
.865
.795
.775
.745
.715
40
40
40
40
40
.665
.565
.525
40
40
40
.665
.565
.525
40
40
40
.715
.665
.615
.575
40
40
40
40
.715
.665
.615
.575
40
40
40
40
.565
.525
40
40
.565
.525
40
40
18
T able 7.— Union Scales o f W ages and H ours in the B akery Trades in Selected Cities,
J u ly I , 1944, and J u ly I , 1943— Continued
July 1, 1944
City and classification
July 1, 1943
Rate per Hours per Rate per Hours per
week
week
hour
hour
Buffalo, N. Y.—Continued
Crackers and cookies—Continued.
Agreement B:
Mixing department:
Head mixers___________________________________
Sponge mixers_________________________________
Sponge helpers _ ______ _ ____ _______________
Flour dumpers_________________________________
Baking department:
Machine captains ,
.
. _
Bakers, traveling- and peel-oven
...
Cuttermen _
_ _ __________________________
Sponge rollermen_______________________________
Sponge drawmen _ _
_____________________
Bakery clerks, graham-oven feeders, oven firemen..
__
Stackers, pan feeders and greasers
Ritz baking department:
Machine captains
Mixers, rollermen______________________________
Mixers’ helpers. . . . . ___________________________
Spray-macfiine operators, oven feeders and takersout
_____________ __ _____________________
Icing department:
Head mixers___________________________________
Mixers _ ____________________________________
Machinemen, mixers’ helpers__ _______________
Machine set-up men____________________________
Wording supervisors, woman
Clerks____ ___ _____ ___________________________
Machine operators_____________________________
Packers, feeders, handlers _ _
...........
Cone department:
Assistant- foremen
_ ......___ _ _ __
Mixers________________________________________
Clerks, supervisors_____________________________
Miscellaneous baking and parking workers .
Warehouse and assembly departments:
Piyision heads
.
__ _ _
A ssemblymen________ _________________________
Clerks . ____________________________________
Packing department:
Pan dumpers__________________________________
Checkers and truckers__________________________
Working supervisors, repack girls________________
Sponge packers, tally clerks_____________________
Hand bundlers, carton formers (machine)________
Sweet packers, scalers and weighers, carton closers,
filling-machine operators, carton formers (hand),
“ Q” formers and stitchers, machine operators___
Shipping department:
Loading foreman
Assemblers, oar load erf?
r.
..........
.......
Hebrew and Polish shops:
Night work:
First hands________________________________________
Second hands ,
... ___
...
.
.
Day work:
First hands________________________________________
Second hands n. . . . . . . .
$1,020
.895
.835
.775
40
40
40
40
$0,945
.895
.835
.775
40
40
40
40
.935
.895
.865
.845
.835
.795
.765
.715
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
.935
.895
.865
.845
.835
.795
.765
.715
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
.875
.775
.745
40
40
40
,875
.775
.745
40
40
40
.715
40
.715
40
.925
.875
.815
.795
.655
.605
.575
.565
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
.925
.875
.815
.795
.655
.605
.575
.565
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
.895
.775
.695
.645
40
40
40
40
.895
.775
.695
.645
40
40
40
40
.785
.765
.765
40
40
40
.785
.765
.745
40
40
40
.725
.715
.665
.615
.575
40
40
40
40
40
.725
.715
.665
.615
.575
40
40
40
40
40
.565
40
.565
40
.865
.795
40
40
.865
.795
40
40
1.173
1.067
37H
37H
1.173
1.067
37H
37H
1.050
.950
40
40
1.050
.950
40
40
1.270
1.133
.542
44
44
44
1.270
1.133
.542
44
44
44
1.274
1.167
.818
.542
42
42
1.274
1.167
.818
.542
42
42
Butte, Mont.
Hand shops:
_T . ... m
..........
Journeymen____ _____________ _____ ___________________
W omen wrappers. n_______
Machine shops:
Foremen
Foremen, dongh mixers, ovenmen
Bench hands
. . .
.
___
. . . . . .
Men wrappers_________________________________________
Women wrappers......... ..........................................................
44
44
44
44
19
T able 7.— Union Scales o f W ages and H ours in the Bakery Trades in Selected Cities,
J u ly I , 1944, and J u ly 19 1943— Continued
July 1,1944
City and classification
July 1,1943
Rate per Hours per Rate per Hours per
week
week
hour
hour
Charlotte, N. C.
Bread and cake—Machine shop:
Bread:
Ovenmen_____________________________________________
Mixers____________________________________________
Dividers, wrappers_________________________________
M olders_....... IT.......... ............ .......... ...................................
Scalers..______ _________ _____ - .....................................
Receiving clerks, selectors _
_ _______
Oven loaders, dumpers, twisters, panners, rackers.........
Pan greasers_____ ____ __
_______
Bread-wrapping-machine catchers, bread packers,
bread line-up men.............. .......................... .....................
Carton makers
.
_ _ ___
___
Cake:
Ovenmen___________ _ _ __________________________
Mixers, doughnut-machine operators________________
Wrapping-machine operators*
Depositor operators. ! ................................... .....................
Mixers’ helpers___ _____ ______ ______ ______________
Dumpers, rackers, pan greasers. .
Tcers,*wrappers, women packers
____ _
......
$0,860
.826
.800
.750
.725
.675
.610
.605
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
$0,800
.775
.750
.700
.675
.625
.550
.575
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
.560
.500
40
40
.500
.400
40
40
.850
.825
.800
.775
.725
.560
.530
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
.800
.775
.750
.725
.695
.500
.450
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
1.041
.941
.841
48
48
48
1.041
.941
.841
48
48
48
1.020
48
48
1.020
.979
48
48
Chicago, 111.
Bread and cake—Hand shops:
Agreement A:
First hands or spongers, ovenmen
_ _
Second hands______________________________________
Third hands. _
_
Agreement B:
Retail:
First hands .
_
Second h a n d s.. _
_
.. ..
. „ .
Wholesale:
First hands, mixers, ovenmen, spongers__________
Second hands, bench and machine hands, molders,
dividers.______________ ______________________
Bread and cake—Machine shops:
Bread only:
Working foremen____ ______________________________
Ingredient scalers, mixers___________________________
Ovenmen, dividermen______________________________
Dough dumpers, soft-roll scaling-machine men, molders,
traveling-oven dumpers and feeders, bench hands___
Bake-shop helpers:
First, fid days
60-90 days
After 90 days
_
. . . .
_ .
... . . . _ .. . __
. . . . ______
. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cake only:
Agreement A:
Cake mixers, iceing mixers, ovenmen, first scalers,
doughnut mixers, head cookers
Tngredientmen, stockmen, henchmen
_
_ _
Mixers’ helpers, oven helpers, second senders, fill
other shop helpers
Dumpers and truckers..................... ...........................
Wrapping-machine feeders, pie-machine crew_____
Women helpers:
First 6 months
_
Second 6 mont hs . _ _ _ _ _ _
1-5 years
_ _
.
After 5 years _
Agreement B:
W orking foremen _
_ _
_
_____ __
. ..
...
M ixers_______________________________________
Scalers, cake and yeast oven feeders and dumpers,
cooky-machine operators
_
_ _
_ .
Bench hands___________________________________
Helpers:
First 60 days
- 60-90 days
_
_
...
After 90 days..................................................
.979
1.075
40
1.075
40
1.025
40
1.025
40
1.125
40
40
40
1.125
1.020
.970
40
40
40
.920
40
.920
40
.600
.700
.810
40
40
40
.600
.700
.810
40
40
40
.910
.850
40
40
.860
.800
40
40
.770
.700
.570
40
40
40
.720
.650
.520
40
40
40
.480
.500
.550
.570
40
40
40
40
.430
.450
.500
.520
40
40
40
40
1.125
40
40
1.125
1.020
1.020
40
40
.970
.920
40
40
.970
.920
40
40
.600
.700
.810
40
40
40
.600
.700
.810
40
40
40
1.020
.970
20
T able 7.— Union Scales o f W ages and H ours in the B akery Trades in Selected Cities9
J u ly 2 , 2944, and J u ly 2 , 2943— Continued
July 1,1944
City and classification
July 2
Elate per Hours per Rate per Hours per
week
hour
hour
week
40
40
.500
.550
.850
.650
.570
.540
40
40
40
40
.850
.650
.570
.510
.550
40
40
.510
.550
.970
.950
.850
.750
40
40
40
40
.970
.950
.850
.750
1.050
.975
.900
.850
.725
40
40
40
40
40
1.050
.975
.900
.850
.725
1.050
.900
.775
40
40
40
1.050
.900
.775
.850
.750
.610
.585
40
40
40
40
.850
.750
.610
.585
.540
40
.540
.950
.800
.700
.650
.620
.580
.560
.540
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
.950
.800
.700
.650
.620
.580
.560
.540
.820
.780
.775
.725
40
40
40
40
.820
.780
.775
.725
1.000
.900
.850
.700
40
40
40
40
1.000
.900
.850
.700
.970
.920
.625
40
40
40
.970
.920
.625
1.060
1.020
.970
.825
.725
40
40
40
40
40
1.060
1.020
.970
.825
.725
.970
.920
40
40
.970
.920
SS
.500
.550
SSSfeS SfefeS
$0,750
.650
.600
S SSSS
40
40
40
SS S S S S S SSS
$0,750
.650
.600
i ooo ss s s s
Chicago, 111.—Continued
Bread and cake—Machine shops—Continued.
Cake only—Continued.
Agreement B—Continued.
Women employees:
Foreladies............... ............................................
leers....................................................................
Dough handlers, machine feeders.....................
General helpers:
First year.....................................................
After 1 year..................................................
Pie and pastry:
Ingredientmen, ovenmen, cooks, dough mixers...................
Dough breakers, fruit mixers or servicemen, men helpers—
Pie-machine operators............................................................
Apple slicers................................ -........... ............................
Toppers; wrappers; cream-pie fillers; cake icers; fruit clean
ers; plate washers, sorters, or inspectors; women helpers:
Rate A ..............................................................................
Rate B ..................................................................... .......
Crackers and cookies:
Agreement A:
Mixing room:
Mixers........................................................................
Raw-material scalers....... .........................................
Mix-room helpers....................................................
Flour dumpers.........................................................
Sponge-baking department:
Machine captains.....................................................
Dough feeders, rollmen.............................................
Ovenmen...................................................................
Dough cutters................................................. .........
Scrap boys.................................................................
Sweet-baking department:
Machine captains..................................... -..............
Machine sheeters, ovenmen.....................................
Dough feeders...................................... - ...................
Icing department:
Machinemen.............................................................
Head mixers..............................................................
Packers......................................................................
Head sample girls.....................................................
Cellophane packers, sample helpers, female stitch
ers, trolley packers.................................................
Packing department:
Stacking-machine captains (after 3 months)...........
Wrapping-machine operators...................................
Scalers, men...............................................................
General helpers, men................................................
Bundlers, sponge packers. ......................................
Sweet packers............................................................
Carton formers..........................................................
Women carton and caddy stitchers.........................
Receiving department:
Flour unloaders.........................................................
Order fillers, stockmen.-............................................
Receiving clerks........................................................
Paper cutters, sugar grinders...................................
Shipping department:
Head shipping clerks.................. .............................
Men-in-charge, commission department.................
Men-in-charge, wholesale department.....................
Stockmen...................................................................
Agreement B:
Sponge-mixing department:
Mixers. ......................................................................
Mixers’ helpers.........................................................
General helpers.........................................................
Sponge-baking department:
Machine captains......................................................
Peelers-in...................................................................
Rollermen..................................................................
Draw boys.................................................................
Stackers.....................................................................
Sweet-mixing department:
Mixers........................................................................
Mixers’ helpers..........................................................
21
T able 7.— Union Scales o f Wages and H ours in the Bakery Trades in Selected Cities9
J u ly I , 1944, and J u ly I , 1943— Continued
July 1,1944
City and classification
July 1,1943
Rate per Hours per Rate per Hours per
week
hour
hour
week
Chicago, 111.— Continued
Crackers and cookies—Continued.
Agreement B—Continued.
Sweet-baking department:
Ovenmen....... .............. .............................................
Machinemen............. ............................... ..................
Ovenmen’s helpers....... .............................................
Pan feeders and greasers............................................
Icing room:
Machinemen...............................................................
Mixers....... ..................................................................
Packers...................... .................................................
Feeders and stackers..................................................
Packing department:
Wrapping-machine m en............................................
Fiber-case stitchers and sealers..................................
Sponge packer.............................................................
Sweet packers........... ................................................
Glassine packers, sample-room girls, fiber-case
sealers, women.......................................................
Hebrew shops:
Foremen or first hands............................................................
Second hands...........................................................................
Third hands......... ..................... .............................................
Bohemian shops—Bread:
Small shops:
First hands................................................................... .
Second hands.....................................................................
Large shops:
First hands............................................... ........................
Second hands.................................................................
Italian and Greek shops—Bread:
Hand shops:
First-class bakers:
Without unemployment insurance............ ..............
With unemployment insurance.................................
Second-class bakers:
Without unemployment insurance...........................
With unemployment insurance.................................
Machine shops:
First-class bakers .................... ........................................
Second-class bakers...........................................................
Polish shops:
Betail shops:
Day work:
Foremen, spongers......................................................
Second hands..............................................................
Night work:
Foremen, spongers......... ............................................
Second hands..............................................................
Wholesale shops:
Day work:
Foremen, spongers......................................................
Second hands..............................................................
Night work:
Foremen, spongers......................................................
Second hands..............................................................
Machine shops:
Day work:
Foremen, spongers................... .................................
Second hands....................................... ......................
Night work:
Foremen, spongers......................................................
Second hands................. ...........................................
South-side shops:
Foremen, spongers...................... .....................................
Second hands....................................................................
$0,900
.850
.825
.650
40
40
40
40
$0 900
.850
.825
.650
40
40
40
40
.850
.800
.560
.510
40
40
40
40
.850
.800
.560
.510
40
40
40
40
.820
.800
.620
.580
40
40
40
40
.820
.800
.620
.580
40
40
40
40
.540
40
.540
40
1.385
1.323
1.094
48
48
48
1.385
1.323
1.094
48
48
48
1.042
.979
48
48
1.042
.979
48
48
1.250
1.175
40
40
1.250
1.175
40
40
.938
.917
48
48
.938
.917
48
48
.875
.854
48
48
.875
.854
48
48
1.100
1.025
40
40
1.100
1.025
40
40
1.125
1.000
48
48
1.063
.938
48
48
1.325
1.200
48
48
1.263
1.138
48
48
1.229
1.104
48
48
1.229
1.104
48
48
1.429
1.304
48
48
1.429
1.304
48
48
1.100
1.000
48
48
1.100
1.000
48
1.200
1.000
48
48
1.200
1.000
48
1.188
1.063
48
48
1.188
1.063
48
48
1.065
40
1.065
40
1.065
.983
.920
.795
40
40
40
40
1.065
.983
.920
.795
40
40
40
40
48
48
Cincinnati, Ohio
Bread and cake—Hand shops:
Foremen, first hands...............................................................
Bread and cake—Machine shops:
Foremen or first hands............................................................
Ovenmen, mixers...................................................................
Bench and machine hands, icing mixers, ingredient scalers..
Helpers........................................ ............................................
637 7 0 2 — 45-
4
22
T able 7.— Union Scales o f W ages and H ours in the B akery Trades in Selected C ities,
J u ly 1, 1944, and J u ly 1 , 1943— Continued
July 1, 1944
City and classification
July 1,1943
Rate per Hours per Rate per Hours per
week
hour
hour
week
40
40
40
40
40
$0,760
.660
.620
.610
.600
.530
.550
40
40
.630
.650
1.066
1.003
.878
.589
48
48
48
48
1.021
.950
.900
40
40
.940
.890
.850
40
.840
.800
40
.790
.700
.530
40
40
! 520
.950
.850
.800
.640
40
40
40
40
.940
.840
.790
.630
.550
40
.540
.880
.780
.730
.530
40
40
40
40
.800
1.400
1.289
1.133
.867
45
45
45
45
1.400
1.289
1.133
.867
.979
.917
48
48
.979
.917
1.042
.938
48
48
1.042
.938
.750
48
.750
£
1.100
1.050
.875
.850
.800
.750
.725
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
1.100
1.050
.875
.850
.800
.750
.725
.700
.675
.650
.625
40
40
40
40
.700
.675
.650
.625
1.603
.900
.820
.800
40
40
40
40
1.063
.885
.765
.765
40
40
SS S S S S S
$0,760
.660
.620
.610
.600
fcfclfcSt £ £ £ £ £ £ £
Cincinnati, Ohio—Continued
Bread and cake—Machine shops—Continued.
Machine-wrapper operators........................
Packers and shippers...................................
Chutemen and machine helpers.................
Utility helpers..............................................
Foreladies, working.....................................
Women helpers:
First 6 months.......................................
After 6 months.......................................
& £
ftSSS SSSS S SSSS SS
. uou
.470
£& £ £
.958
.833
.566
SS £ £ £ £
Cleveland, Ohio
Hand shops—Bread and cake:
First hands...............................................................................
Second hands...........................................................................
Third hands.............................................................................
Women, all classes...................................................................
Bread and cake—Machine shops:
Ovenmen, mixers, ingredientmen, cake decorators...............
Bench ana machine hands.....................................................
Mixers’ helpers, oven feeders and dumpers, wrapper and
slicer adjusters....... ..............................................................
Bread slicers, open-kettle fryers, bake-shop and shipping
room helpers.........................................................................
Women:
Bread wrappers, slicers, bake-shop and shipping room
helpers.......... ......... .......................................................
Inexperienced employees..................................................
Pie and pastry:
Ovenmen, fruit cookers, dough mixers...................................
Doughnut-machine operators........... .....................................
Dough cutters, bake-shop helpers__________________ _____
Machine girls...........................................................................
Box makers, fruit cleaners, cream fillers and toppers, apple
workers, wrapper girls.........................................................
Crackers and cookies—Machine shops:
Mixers, ovenmen, machinemen, peelers, cracker ovenmen..
Rollers....................... ............ ............ ...................................
Mixers’ helpers, bake-shop helpers and cake oven helpers. _
Women helpers, all classes. ....................................................
Hebrew shops:
Oven workers, dough mixers..................................................
Bench workers.........................................................................
Cake bakers.............................................................................
Helpers............ ..................... ..................................................
Bohemian shops:
First hands. .............................................................................
Second hands...........................................................................
Polish shops:
First hands, ovenmen, mixers................................................
Second hands...........................................................................
Third hands, shipping clerks, doughnut fryers, pan
cleaners..................................................................................
Columbus, Ohio
Bread—Machine shops:
Agreement A:
Foremen:
Baking department....................................................
Wrapping department...............................................
M ixers...............................................................................
Ovenmen...........................................................................
Divider and molder operators, bun-machine operators.
Wrapping-machine operators...........................................
Twisters and panners.......................................................
Wrappers, checkers, oven feeders and dumpers, benchmen.................................................................................
Oven helpers..... ................................................................
Bake-shop helpers.............................................................
Extra bake-shop helpers...................................................
Agreement B:
Working foremen...............................................................
Mixers................................................................................
Ovenmen............................................................................
Bench and machine hands, checkers...............................
23
T able 7.-— Union Scales o f W ages and H ours in the B akery Trades in Selected Cities9
J u ly 1 , 1944, and J u ly I , 1943— Continued
July 1,1944
City and classification
July 1,1943
Rate per Hours per Rate per Hours per
week
hour
hour
week
Columbus, Ohio— Continued
Bread—Machine shops—Continued,
Agreement B—Continued.
Stockmen...........................................................................
Wrappers..........................................................................
Shop helpers, pan greasers................................................
Flour blenders............................. .....................................
Agreement C:
Mixers, ovenmen..............................................................
Oven helpers, feeders and dumpers, divider and molder
operators, head wrappers....................... ......................
Mixers’ helpers..................................................................
Wrapping-machine operators...........................................
Backers, molders’ helpers, pan greasers..........................
Flour blenders..................................................................
Agreement D:
Mixers, ovenmen..............................................................
Wrapping-machine operators...........................................
Bench foremen.......... .......................................................
Bench and machine operators, oven feeders and dumpers.
Checkers............................................................................
Flour dumpers, rackers and packers, bake-shop helpers~
Women:
Rackers and packers..................................................
Pan cleaners................................................................
$0,720
.700
.670
.650
40
40
40
40
$0,675
.650
.580
40
40
40
.845
40
.845
40
.795
.745
.700
.670
.630
40
40
40
40
40
.795
.745
.700
.670
.630
40
40
40
40
40
.900
.875
.850
.800
.750
.700
40
40
40
40
40
40
.900
.800
.850
.800
.750
.700
40
40
40
40
40
40
.650
.550
40
40
.650
.550
40
40
1.020
.920
40
40
1.020
.920
40
40
Dallas, Tex.
Bread and cake—Machine shops:
Agreement A:
Working foremen.............................................................
Mixers...............................................................................
Benchmen, twisters, panners, dividers, oven dumpers
and loaders, bread checkers, shipping clerks...............
Agreement B:
Working foremen..............................................................
Mixers............................................ : ................................
Twisters, benchmen, wrapping- and slicing-machine
operators........................................................................
Helpers...................... .......................................................
Packers, checkers.............................................................
Women employees:
Foreladies...................................................................
General helpers:
First 3 months.....................................................
4-6 months...........................................................
After 6 months.....................................................
Agreement C:
Bread:
/
Working foremen...... ...............................................
Mixers.........................................................................
Machine operators.....................................................
Slicing-machine operators and feeders......................
Helpers.......................................................................
Cake:
Working foremen.......................................................
Bench, oven, and machine operators........................
Foreladies..................................................................
Cake decorators, wrapping-machine operators,
helpers.....................................................................
leers and wrappers (after 3 months).........................
Agreement D:
Bread:
Working foremen.......................................................
Mixers, spongers, ovenmen.......................................
Benchmen, molders, twisters, pan rackers, dividers,
oven dumpers and loaders, slicing- and wrappingmachine operators...................................................
Helpers.......................................................................
Cake:
Working foremen. .....................................................
Batter and icing mixers...... .......................................
Ovenmen....................................................................
Shipping clerks..........................................................
Bench hands, ingredient scalers, depositors.............
Helpers, pan greasers, dumpers............................... .
.810
40
.810
40
1.020
.920
40
40
1.020
.920
40
40
.810
.600
.600
40
40
40
.800
.600
40
40
.600
40
.514
40
.400
.450
.500
40
40
40
.350
.400
.450
40
40
40
1.100
.920
.880
.810
.630
45
45
45
45
45
1.010
.1)20
.810
.810
.580
45
45
45
45
45
1.020
.850
.650
45
45
45
.600
.500
45
45
1.020
.920
40
40
1.020
.920
40
40
.810
.630
40
40
.810
.600
40
40
1.020
.920
.900
.810
.810
.600
40
40
40
40
40
40
1.000
.850
.900
.810
.800
40
40
40
40
40
24
T able 7.— Union Scales o f W ages and H ours in the B akery Trades in Selected Cities,
J u ly I , 1944, and J u ly I , 1943— Continued
July 1,1944
City and classification
July 1, 1943
Rate per Hours per Rate per Hours per
week
week
hour
hour
Dallas, Tex.—Continued
Bread and cake—Machine shops—Continued.
Agreement D—Continued.
Cake—Continued,
Women:
Fnreladies ...
.
Helpers:
1-3 months_______________ ___ _____________
4-6 months________ ______________________
After 6 months_________ _________ ____ ___
Cake only—Machine shops:
Mixers, first scale’s
..... .
.
Ovenmen_____________________________________________
Ingredient scalers______________________________________
Shipping-room clerks
______
_____________________
Second mixers, ovenmen, scalers
___________________
Miscellaneous male helpers in cake shop and dispensing
r o o m _______________________________________________
Finishers and wrappers, female:
First 3 m onths___ ________________________________
4-6 months _____________________________________
After 6 months____________ ______ ______ ___________
$0,600
40
$0.514
40
.400
.450
.500
40
40
40
.350
.400
.450
40
40
40
.920
.900
.810
.810
.750
40
40
40
40
40
.900
.805
.753
.638
40
40
40
40
.550
40
.520
40
.400
.450
.500
40
40
40
.865
.720
44
44
.785
.640
44
44
.852
.800
.750
.590
.450
44
44
44
44
44
1.023
.840
.840
.750
.725
.650
.550
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
.852
.800
.750
.710
.650
.590
.450
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
.915
.865
.840
.825
.815
.720
40
40
40
40
40
40
.915
.865
.840
.825
.815
.720
40
40
40
40
40
40
.800
.720
40
40
.800
.720
40
40
Davenport, Iowa
(See Rock Island (HI.) District)
Dayton, Ohio
Bread and cake—Semimachine shops:
Agreement A:
Dividermen, moldermen_________________________ __
Wrapping-machine m e n ...____________ __ __________
Agreement B:
Foremen
_
.
_________
M ixers____________________ ______________________
Ovenmen, henchmen_______________________________
Wrappers and packers______________________________
Women icers, wrappers, and packers________________
Agreement C:
Working foremen...........................................................
M ixers___________________________________________
Bench and machine hands
____________________
Doughnut-machine operators_____ ,_________________
Head wrappers and slicers________ ________________
Men wrappers and packers_________________________
Women icers______________ ________________________
Bread and cake—Machine shops:
Production department:
Mixers, oven operators__
____ _________________
Dividermen, moldermen, oven feeders and dumpers......
Benchmen________________________________________
Doughnut-machine operators_______________________
Mixers’ helpers____________________________________
Other bake-shop helpers____________________________
Wrapping department:
Set-up m en__ ____ ________________________________
Wrapping-machine helpers________________ ____ ____
Women icers, wrappers, and packers (on cakes, buns,
and rolls)________________________________________
Crackers and cookies—Ice cream cones:
Mixers, machine captains______________________________
Dough carriers, slotters and cutters, handlers, and shippers.
Packers and wrappers__________________________________
.550
40
.550
40
.790
.740
.670
40
40
40
.790
.740
.670
40
40
40
_
1.140
1.010
.950
48
48
48
1.140
1.010
.950
48
48
48
......
1.185
1.085
48
48
1.185
1.085
48
48
Denver, Colo.
Bread and cake—Hand shops:
Day work:
Foremen
Ovenmen and dnngh mixers
Ben eh hands.
___
_
Night work:
Foremen
_
. . . . . .
.
..
_
.
Ovenmen and dough mixers.............................................
25
T able 7.— Union Scales o f W ages and H ours in the B akery Trades in Selected Citiesr
J u ly I , 1944, and J u ly I , 1943— Continued
July 1,1944
City and classification
July 1,1943
Rate per Hours pei• Rate per Hours per
week
hour
week
hour
Denver, Colo.—Continued
Bread and cake—Machine shops:
Foremen:
Day work...............................................- ..........................
Nijfht wnrir..
Part night work................................................................
Dough mixers and ovenmen:
Day work..........................................................................
Night work....................................................... ...............
Part night work— ................................ .........................
Bench hands and machine operators:
Day work..........................................................................
Night work........................................................................
Part night work......................................... ......................
Crackers and cookies:
Agreement A:
Machine captains.............................................................
Head sponge and sweet mixers, peelers...........................
Bakers...............................................................................
Mixers, rollermen, drawmen, icing mixers......................
Mixers’ helpers, stackers..................................................
General helpers (men):
First 3 months............................................................
4-6 months— ..............................................................
7-9 months— ..............................................................
10-12 months................................................... ...........
# 13-16 months...............................................................
After 15 months..........................................................
Women employees:
Sponge packers..— ....................................................
Bundlers, machine operators, “ Q” formers and
stitchers...................................................................
Sweet and icing packers............... .............................
Starting rate...............................................................
Agreement B:
Baking department:
Machinemen...............................................................
Sponge and sweet head-mixers, ovenmen, peelers,
sponge reliefmen.... .............. ........... ........... ...........
Rollermen, dough mixers...........................................
Dough feeders........................................... .................
Mixers’ helpers........................ ............ ....................
Pan greasers, sponge ovenmen’s helpers...................
Packing department:
Wrapping- and labeling-machine men.....................
Head casers, paner-cutting machine operators.........
Scalers, wrapping- and labeling-machine helpers___
Basement:
Lard m an...................................................................
Stock clerks.................................................................
Icing room:
Jelly, cream, and icing mixers; machinemen............
Jelly, cream, and icing helpers; scalers; marshmal
low men........... .......................................................
Women helpers:
First month..........................................................
, 2-6 months............................................................
7-12 months..........................................................
After 1 year..........................................................
General helpers, all departments (men):
First month..........................................................
2-6 months....................... ...................................
7-12 months..........................................................
, After 1 year..........................................................
Hebrew shops:
Foremen of 1 to 5 journeymen:
Day work............................ .............................................
Night work........................................................................
Foremen of more than 5 journeymen:
Day work............................ .............................................
Night work............................. ..........................................
Part night work— ..........................................................
Dough mixers, spongers, ovenmen:
Daywork.........................................................................
Night work........................................................................
Part night work...............................................................-
$1.110
1.193
1.151
40
40
40
$1.110
1.193
1.151
40
40
40
1.010
1.093
1.051
40
40
40
1.010
1.093
1.051
40
40
40
.950
1.033
.991
40
40
40
.950
1.033
.991
40
40
40
.885
.835
.805
.785
.685
40
40
40
40
40
.885
.835
.805
.785
.685
40
40
40
40
40
.535
.565
.595
.625
.655
.685
40
40
40
40
40
40
.535
.565
.595
.625
.655
.685
40
40
40
40
40
40
.525
40
.525
40
.495
.475
.385
40
40
40
.495
.475
.385
40
40
40
.850
40
.850
40
.825
.775
.675
.650
.625
40
40
40
40
40
.825
.775
.675
.650
.625
40
40
40
40
40
.800
.700
.625
40
40
40
.800
.700
.625
40
40
40
.700
.660
40
40
.700
.660
40
40
.775
40
.775
40
.625
40
.625
40
.350
.375
.440
.490
40
40
40
40
.350
.375
.440
.490
40
40
40
40
.450
.475
.525
.600
40
40
40
40
.450
.475
.525
.600
40
40
40
40
1.140
1.223
40
40
1.140
1.223
40
40
1.110
1.193
1.151
40
40
40
1.110
1.193
1.151
40
40
40
1.010
1.093
1.051
40
40
40
1.010
1.093
1.051
40
40
40
26
T able 7.— Union Scales o f W ages and H ours in the B akery Trades in Selected Cities9
J u ly 1 , 1944, and J u ly 2 , 1943— Continued
July 1,1944
City and classification
Rate per
hour
July 1,1943
Hours per
week
Rate per Hours per
week
hour
$0.950
1.033
.991
40
40
40
$0.950
1.033
.991
.889
.781
48
48
48
.889
.781
.688
.900
.800
40
40
40
1.000
.900
.800
.600
.650
40
40
40
.550
.600
.650
.990
.930
.895
.880
.860
.825
.765
.755
.745
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
.990
.930
.895
.880
.860
.825
.765
.755
.745
.675
.600
40
40
.675
.600
.500
40
40
.550
.500
.825
.675
40
40
.825
.675
1.000
40
1.000
.970
.945
40
40
.970
.945
.920
40
.920
.870
40
.870
.720
.720
40
40
.720
.720
1.100
.990
.940
.900
.740
.640
.610
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
1.100
.950
.900
.900
.850
.800
.700
.600
.550
1.000
40
SSS
Denver, Colo.—Continued
Hebrew shops—Continued.
Bench hands, machine operators:
Day work................................
Night work................. ..........
Part night work......................
SS g g g g s S S S S
.688
1.000
S o § SSS £&&
Des Moines, Iowa
Bread and cake—Hand shops:
First hands..............................................................................
Second hands.................................... 1...................................
Third hands............................................................................
Bread and cake—Machine shops:
W orking foremen..................................... ..............................
Dough mixers, ovenmen. pan setters and dumpers..............
Benchmen, machinemen, checkers........................................
Helpers:
First 6 months..................................................................
7-12 months......................................................................
After 1 year....... ...............................................................
Crackers and cookies:
Mixing and baking department:
Head mixers......................................................................
Machinemen.....................................................................
Mixers..............................................................................
Reliefmen, peelers............................................................
Bakers............................................................................. .
Drawmen............................. ...........................................
Rollermen.........................................................................
Stackers............. ......... .....................................................
Pan passers and floormen................................................
Packing department:
Floormen_____ - --------- --------------------- --------- ----- ____
Sponge packers............. ....................................................
Machine feeders, sample room attendants, carton
formers—........................................... ............................
Female helpers_____ _____________________________
Shipping and receiving department:
Order clerks..................................................................... .
Helpers..............................................................................
Wrapping-machine operators, receiving clerks................
Bread rackers, pan greasers..............................................
Icers....................................................................................
Panners, wrappers............................................................
Agreement C : 5
Ovenmen, bread and roll mixers, bakers (expert bench
hands), formulamen, cake mixers, cake decorators----Bakers (all-round bench hands) icing and filling cook
ers, ingredient scalers, senior stockmen, receiving
stockmen.
___ _____________ . . . . . . . . . .
Bread-wrapping-machine operators, bread-divider
operators, doughnut fryers, cake depositor operators..
.950
40
.920
40
: £££££££ S S S S S S S
Detroit, Mich.
Bread and cake—Machine shops:
Agreement A:
M ixers..............................................................................
Senior bakers, dividermen, bun panners, benchmen,
ovenmen.........................................................................
Mixers’ helpers................................................... .............
Oven feeders and dumpers, bread rackers, stockmen,
flour blenders, shipping clerks, twisters......................
Shipping clerks’ helpers, bread wrappers, pan cleaners,
setters, rackers and greasers........................................ .
Women wrappers, dumpers, rackers, packers, panners,
icers............................................................................... .
Cake wrappers..................................................................
Agreement B:
Foremen............................................................................
Mixers, oven operators................................................... .
Bench hands.................................................................... .
Dividermen, moldermen..................................................
44
44
8Rates for inexperienced employees in each classification (during their first 3 to 6 months of employment)
are somewhat lower than those reported.
27
T able 7.— Union Scales o f W ages and Hours in the Bakery Trades in Selected Cities,
J u ly I , 1944, and J u ly 1, 1943— Continued
City and classification
July 1,1944
July 1,1943
Rate per Hours per
hour
week
Rate per Hours per
hour
week
Detroit, Mich.— Continued
Bread and cake—Machine shops—Continued.
Agreement C—Continued.
Bread-oven loaders, machine operators (not otherwise
classified), pan pullers to washing machines, shippingroom servicemen, junior stockmen, washing-machine
operators_____________________ ______ ____________
Bread rackers, oven helpers, pan conditioners and
general bakery workers, bakers’ helpers.....................
Decorators, finishing department.....................................
Women helpers:
Starting rate................................................................
2-3 months.................................................................
4-12 months......................... ......................................
After 1 year............................................. ...................
Agreement D:
Bread department:
Mixers, ovenmen-.......................................................
Benchmen.................................................................
Flour blenders, ingredientmen, mixers’ helpers,
divider and molder men, oven feeders and dumpers.
Pan rackers and greasers, wrapping-machine set-up
men............................ _............................................
Bread rackers, wrapping-machine helpers...............
Cake and sweet-goods department:
Dough mixers, ovenmen. ........... ......... ....................
Cookers, scalers, icing mixers, depositors..................
Oven helpers and d u m p e r s .___________________
Packers, miscellaneous help____ ___________ _____
leers (cake shop)............... ................. ................. .
Wrappers............ ................... .................................
leers, wrappers, panners (sweet goods).....................
Bread only—Machine shops:
Mixers, ovenmen........................................ ............... ..........
Blenders, scalers, dividers, molders, mixers’ helpers, benchmen, oven feeders, dumpers.................... ...........................
Molder helpers, pan rackers, greasers, wrapping-room set-up
men, checkers..... ...... ........... ......................... ....................
Packers, bread rackers, machine wrappers_________ ______
Stockroom men......... .......................................................... .
Women employees:
Bun panners...................... ...............................................
Wrappers, bun wrappers.......................... ......................
Sweet-goods department:
Dough mixers..... ........... ........... .......................................
Benchmen, reel-oven helpers........................ ......... ........
Flour blenders, scalers, icing mixers, cookers, deposi
tors, dividers.................... .............................................
Pan greasers................ ........................... .......................
Dumpersj panners........................... .......... ..............—
Rackers, icers, wrappers.................. ..............................
Cake only—Machine shops:
Agreement A:
Dough mixers, oven operators.........................................
Ingredient scalers, icing mixers, depositors............ ........
Mixers’ helpers, oven helpers and dumpers....................
Depositor helpers, wrapping-machine operators.............
Pan greasers.......................................................................
Packers, men............................. .......................................
Icing-machine operators, cutters........ ............................
Stockroom men................................................................
Women employees:
Icers, wrappers...........................................................
General helpers...........................................................
Agreement B:
Dough mixers..... .............................................................
Ingredient scalers, icing mixers, depositor-men, bench
hands, doughnut-machine operators............................
Shipping-room helpers, receiving clerks’ helpers............
Miscellaneous helpers, men:
First 6 months............................................................
After 6 months............................................................
Women helpers:
First 30 days...............................................................
30 to 90 days................................................................
3 to 6 months..........................................................
After 6 months............................................................
$0,900
40
.850
.750
40
40
.550
.600
.650
.720
40
40
40
40
1.000
.950
40
40
$0.970
.920
40
40
.900
40
.870
40
.850
.800
40
40
.820
.770
40
40
.930
.900
.830
.760
.650
.610
.630
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
.890
.890
40
40
1.000
40
.960
40
.900
40
.860
40
.850
.800
.750
40
40
40
.810
.760
.710
40
40
40
.650
.620
40
40
.560
40
1.000
.950
40
40
.960
.910
40
40
.900
.850
.650
.620
40
40
40
40
.900
.810
.610
.560
40
40
40
40
1.000
.970
.850
.820
.820
.810
.790
.750
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
.970
.970
.820
.820
.700
.810
.790
.750
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
.620
.610
40
40
.610
.610
44
44
.970
40
.970
40
.900
.800
40
40
.900
.800
40
40
.700
.750
40
40
.700
.750
40
40
.500
.550
.570
.600
40
40
40
40
.500
.550
.570
.600
40
40
40
40
28
T able 7.— Union Scales o f W ages and H ours in the B akery Trades in Selected C ities,
J u ly I , 1944, and J u ly 1, 1943— Continued
July 1,1944
City and classification
July 1,1943
Rate per Hours per Rate per Hours per
week
week
hour
hour
Detroit, Mich.— Continued
Cake only—Machine shops—Continued.
Agreement C:
Depositors, cake mixers, head icing mixers, oven opera
tors_____________________________________ _______
Cooky mixers, finish leaders, icing mixers, shippingroom leaders, swing men___ ______________________
Doughnut mixers, head ingredient scalers, wrappingmachine operators__________________ ________ _____
Shipping clerks, miscellaneous helpers:
First 3 months___________ _____________________
4-6 months______________ ____ ___ ______ ________
After 6 months____________ ___________ ______ _
Miscellaneous helpers, women:
First 3 months_________________________________
4-6 months_____ ______________ ________ ________
After 6 m onths....... ................................................ .
Agreement D:
Full-fledged bakers............................... .......................... .
Production workers:
First 3 m onths............... ..........................................
4-9 months_____________________________ ______ _
10-18 months ____________________________ ____ _
19-36 months__________ ____ ____________ ______ _
After 3 years.................... ..........................................
General workers:
First month __________________________________
After 1 month __ __________________ _______ ____
After 3 months_________ ____ ______________ ____
Women employees:
Cone-machine and muffin workers:
Day work:
First 3 months__________________________
After 3 months__________________________
Night work:
First 3 months________________ _______ _
After 3 months_____ ____ _______________
Decorators (day work, after 3 months)___________
Panners, cooky packers, cake icers:
Day work:
First 3 months__________________________
After 3 m onths_________________________
Night work:
First 3 months _________________________
After 3 m onths_________________________
General workers:
Day work:
First month
_________________________
_________________________
1-3 months
After 3 m onths_________________________
Night work:
First month____________________________
1-3 months ___________________________
After 3 m onths_________________________
Pie and pastry:
Agreement A:
Cookers_______________________ ________ ____ _______
Ovenmen, mixers..................................................... ........
Shop helpers......................................................................
Pan washers_______ ________________________________
Women:"
Machine operators.... ...............................................
Wrappers______________________________________
Agreement B:
Bakers, Boston-cream mixers, dough mixers, bench
leaders, head icing mixers_________________________
Cooks, tart leaders and peelers, icing mixers_________
Ingredient scalers, dough mixers, machine wrappers___
Miscellaneous men helpers__________________________
Miscellaneous women helpers:
First 3 months
________________ - __________ ..
4-6 months _______________________ ______ ____
After 6 months............................................................
$0,900
40
$0,900
40
.860
40
.850
40
.800
40
.800
40
.650
.700
.750
40
40
40
.650
.700
.750
40
40
40
.500
.550
.600
40
40
40
.500
.550
.600
40
40
40
1.075
40
1.075
40
.855
.895
.925
.950
1.000
40
40
40
40
40
.730
.805
.875
40
40
40
.692
.722
40
40
.692
.722
40
40
.722
.752
.725
40
40
40
40
40
40
.670
.692
40
40
.722
.752
.725
♦
.670
.692
.700
.722
40
40
.700
.722
40
40
.615
.648
.670
40
40
40
.615
.648
.670
40
40
40
.645
.678
.700
40
40
40
.645
.678
.700
40
40
40
.880
.800
.750
.630
40
40
40
40
.880
.800
.750
.630
40
40
40
40
.590
.550
40
40
.590
.550
40
40
.900
.850
.800
.750
40
40
40
40
.900
.850
.800
.750
40
40
40
40
.500
.550
.600
40
40
40
.500
.550
.600
40
40
40
40
40
29
T able 7.— Union Scales o f Images and H ours in the Bakery Trades in Selected Cities
J u ly I , 2944, and J u ly 2 , 1943— Continued
July 1,1943
July 1,1944
City and classification
Rate per Hours per Rate per Hours per
week
hour
hour
week
i
Detroit, Mich.— Continued
Crackers and cookies:
Agreement A:
Baking department:
Machine captains_________ ______ ______________
Peelers__________ _____________ _____ ______ ____
Sponge and sweet mixers______ ____ ____________
Sponge bakers.___ ______ _______________ _______
Sponge rollermen, sweet ovenmen, oven firemen
Sponge drawmen_______ _______________ ______
Flour dumpers, assemblymen________ ________
Ritz mixers.._____ ________ _____ ____ ___________
Ritz rollermen, stackers and pan cleaners...... .........
Pan feeders.................... ........................... ................
Mixers’ helpers________________________________
Icing department:
Head m ixers.._________________________________
Working supervisors___ ____ ________________ . . . .
Machine operators_______ _____ ____________ . . . .
Icing packers.................. .............. .............. ............ .
Clerks, other help_______ _____ _________________
Packing department:
Working supervisors, men_______________________
Machine set-up men____ _______________________
Foreladies______ _______ ________ _______________
Floormen......... ......... ................................................
Assistant foreladies.....................................................
Sponge packers, working supervisors, women_____
Machine operators, head carton formers__________
Sweet packers, hand carton formers, “ Q” formers
and stitchers, weighers and closers, hand bundlers,
cripple-pickers, filling-machine operators, sealers
and weighers, staplers, container-fillers, weight
clerks, sample-room girls---------------------------------Agreement B:
Mixers (after 1 year)_______________________________
Women employees (after 1 year)______ 1_____________
Agreement C:
Mixers.___________________________________________
Women employees:
First month_____________________________ ____ _
2-6 months_____ ______________________ ____ . . .
7-12 months____________________________________
After 1 year____________________________________
Hebrew shops:
First hands (2 ovens)______ ___________________________
First hands (1 oven), cake helpers_______________________
Second hands---------- ----------------------------- ------------ --------Helpers___________ ______ _____________________________
Polish shops:
First hands (handling 2 ovens or mixing dough)------ --------First hands (1 oven)_________ __________________________
Second hands___________________________________ ______
Partial dough mixers_____ ________ ________ ____________
$1,000
.950
.940
.930
.920
.900
.850
.840
.800
.770
.750
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
$1,000
.950
.940
.930
.920
.900
.850
.840
.800
.770
.750
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
.950
.660
.650
.630
.620
40
40
40
40
40
.950
.660
.650
.630
.620
40
40
40
40
40
.850
.800
.780
.750
.680
.660
.650
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
.850
.800
.780
.750
.680
.660
.650
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
.640
40
40
40
1.500
.550
40
40
1.000
40
1.000
40
.400
.450
.500
.550
40
40
40
40
.400
.450
.500
.550
40
40
40
40
1.556
1.511
1.444
.889
6 45
645
645
« 45
1.556
1.511
1.444
.889
7 45
7 45
745
7 45
1.188
1.021
1.096
40
40
40
.640 1
1.500
.550
1.363
1.313
1.146
1.221
40 .
40
40
40
Duluth, Minn.
Bread and cake—Hand shops:
Day work:
Foremen______________ _________________________ _
Dough mixers, ovenmen___________ ________________
Bench hands______________________________________
Helpers:
First 150 days____________________ _____________
151-300 d ay s....________________________________
301-600 days_______ ---------------- ------ -------------------'•
After 600 days_____________________________ ____
Night work:
Foremen..----------- -------------------- ---------------------------Dough mixers, ovenmen.............. .................. ......... ........
Helpers (after 600 days)............................. .........- ......... 6 51 hours per week guaranteed, time and a half after 45 hours.
748 hours per week guaranteed, time and a half after 45 hours.
6 37702— 45--------5
.945
.841
.795
44
44
44
.945
.841
.795
44
44
44
.514
.559
.632
.668
44
44
44
44
.514
.559
.632
.668
44
44
44
44
1.014
.909
.736
44
44
44
1.014
.909
.736
44
44
44
30
T able 7.— Union Scales o f W ages and H ours in the B akery Trades in Selected C ities,
J u ly I , 1944, and J u ly I , 1943— Continued
July 1,1944
City and classification
July 1
ate per Hours per Rate per
week
hour
horn
Hours per
week
40
40
40
40
40
40
$1.055
.940
.890
.825
.793
.760
.630
.710
.750
.660
40
40
40
40
.630
.710
.750
.660
.530
.590
40
40
.530
.590
.530
.548
40
40
.530
.548
.940
.850
.790
40
40
40
.940
.850
.790
.630
.710
.760
40
40
40
.630
.710
.760
.825
.750
.550
40
40
40
.825
.750
.550
.400
.475
40
40
.400
.475
SS SSS SSS SSS SS
1.038
40
1.038
.788
.838
40
40
.788
.838
.588
.488
.513
40
40
40
.588
.488
.513
.840
.780
.750
.730
.620
.470
48
48
48
48
48
48
.840
.780
.750
.730
.620
.470
.938
.792
.750
48
48
48
.938
.792
.750
1.023
.864
.818
.795
.750
.705
.693
.636
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
1.023
.864
.818
.795
.750
.705
.693
.636
S$
SSSS $£$£&£
$1.055
.940
.890
.825
.793
.760
&
Duluth, Minn.—Continued
Bread and cake—Machine shops:
Day work: 8
Working foremen................................ ............................
Dough mixers, ovenmen................................ .................
Bench hands, doughnut-machine operators................ ..
Machinemen (dividers, molders), traveling-oven loaders.
Wrapping-machine operators. ..........................................
Bread panners and twisters............................................
Helpers:
First 150 days................................... .........................
151-300 d a y s .................. ............... ....................... .
After 300 days.................... ......................................
Foreladies............. ........... ...................... ..........................
Hand wrappers and packers:
First 100 days..................................... ...... ......... ......
After 100 days................................................. ...........
Dishwashers:
First 100 days.............................................................
After 100 days......................... .................... ..............
Shipping department:
Foremen................
................................... ............
Shipping clerks (when only 1 in plant)____ ______
Stockmen, receiving clerks........................................
Shipping clerks and truck loaders:
First 30 days........................................................
31-90 days....................... .................................
After 90 days.....................................................
Pie and pastry:
Fruit cookers..................... ...................................... .............
Bakers.............................................................................. .......
Helpers....................................................................................
Women employees:
First 150 days........................................... ............ ...........
After 150 days_____________ ____ ___ ________________
Crackers and cookies:
Day: s
Forem en............... .......................... ...............................
Men employees:
Inexperienced.............. ......................................... .
Experienced......................... ............... ....................
Women employees:
Foreladies............................. ....................................
Inexperienced....... .....................................................
Experienced...............................................................
Sfc&fcSSfe
Grand Rapids, Mich.
Bread—Machine shops:
Mixers, dividermen, bread ovenmen...
Ovenmen (rolls and mixed goods)____
Machine wrappers____ _____ _____ _
Benchmen_________________________
Q eneral helpers_________ ______ ____
Women hand wrappers (after 2 years).
££££:££:£:£
Houston, Tex.
Bread and cake—Hand shops:
Foremen___________ ____ _____ ___________
Dough mixers, ovenmen_____ ______________
Benchmen____________________ .....................
Bread and cake—Semimachine shops:
Foremen_____________ ______ _______ _______
Dough mixers, ovenmen, spongers..................
Benchmen, m achinem en...._____________ _
Counters, checkers___________________ _____
Oven dumpers and loaders, peel-oven helpers.
Wrappers_______________ _____________ ____
Pan and bread rackers.............. ........................
Weigh-up men__________ _______ ____ ______
8 $3 per week additional for night work.
31
T able 7.— Union Scales o f W ages and H ours in the B akery Trades in Selected Cities,
J u ly 1 , 1944, and J u ly 1 ,1 9 4 3 — Continued
July 1,1944
City and classification
July 1,1943
Rate per Hours per Rate per Hours per
week
hour
hour
week
Houston, Tex.—Continued
Bread and cake—Machine shops:
Foremen..___________ _____________ ______________ ____
Dough mixers, ovenmen________ ____ ___________________
Benchmen, machinemen....... ............................... ................
Counters, checkers................. ...............................................
Oven dumpers and loaders, peel-oven helpers____________
Wrappers.......... ............................... ............... ............ .........
Pan and bread rackers--................... .......... ........................
Weigh-up men.......................................................... ............
Indianapolis, Ind.
Bread—Hand shops:
Foremen................................ ...................... ..........................
First hands...............................................................................
Second hands.................................................... ............ , ........
Helpers.................................................... .................................
Bread and cake—Machine shops:
Agreement A:
Bread department:
Mixers.................... ....................................................
Oven feeders and dumpers, bench and machine
hands............................... ..................... ..................
Head wrappers and slicers, assistant head checkers..
Wrappers, packers....... .............................................
Bake-shop helpers......................................................
Flour dumpers............................................................
Cake department:
Mixers............ ...........................................................
Bench hands, oven hands, pastry mixers.................
Doughnut-machine operators......................... .........
Pan boys and helpers........................... ........... .........
Wrappers and icers_____ ___ ____ _______ ____ ___
Agreement B:
Bread department:
Scalers............................... ...... ........... ....................
Dividermen, ovenmen......... ................................. ..
Mixers................. ........... ................... ........................
Molder-machine men— ....... .......... ........................
Helpers_______________________________ ________
Shipping-room employees....... .................................
Cake department:
Ingredient scalers, mixers, icing mixers, depositor
men, ovenmen, wrapping-machine operators........
Depositor helpers.......................................................
Dumpers....................................................................
Shipping-room employees and all other helpers.......
Women employees:
First 30 days........................................ ...............
2-12 months.......... ................. ............................
1-3 years................- .............................................
After 3 years................... - ...................................
Agreement C:
Bread department:
Dough mixers.............................................................
Ovenmen, dividers, molders, oven dumpers,
mixers’ helpers........................................................
Wrapping-machine operators-----------------------------Helpers, rackets, greasers, reliefmen....... ............... .
Roll department:
Dough mixers.......... ............... ......................... ........
Ovenmen, bench hands................... .........................
Helpers........................ ...... ......................................
Icers and wrappers:
Inexperienced................. ...... ..............................
Experienced........ ................................................
Cake department:
Mixers......... ................................................................
Bench and machine hands, ovenmen.......................
General helpers, stockroom men, pan washers........
Bread only—Machine shops:
Agreement A:
Mixers..................................................... .........................
Ovenmen, machinemen............. ........... ......................
Wrapping-machine operators__________ ________ _____
Helpers__________________ ____ ____________________
Wrapping-machine helpers___________ ______________
$1.071
.905
.857
.833
.786
.738
.726
.667
42
42
42
42
42
42
42
42
$1,071
.905
.857
.833
.786
.738
.726
.667
42
42
42
42
42
42
42
42
.701
.655
.538
.409
48
48
48
48
.701
.655
.538
.409
48
48
48
48
.940
40
.940
40
.890
.840
.790
.740
.690
40
40
40
40
40
.890
.840
.790
.740
.690
40
40
40
40
40
1.040
.890
.790
.740
.615
40
40
40
40
40
1.040
.890
.790
.740
.615
40
40
40
40
40
.875
.850
.825
.800
.685
.665
40
40
40
40
40
40
.875
.850
.825
.800
.685
.665
40
40
40
40
40
40
.800
.725
.700
.675
40
40
40
40
.800
. 725
.700
.675
40
40
40
40
.400
.450
.500
.550
40
40
40
40
.400
.450
.500
.550
40
40
40
40
.900
40
.900
40
.850
.800
.680
40
40
40
.850
.800
.680
40
40
40
.900
.850
.750
40
40
40
.900
.850
.750
40
40
40
.550
.580
40
40
.550
.580
40
40
.900
.850
.630
40
40
40
.900
.850
.630
40
40
40
.900
.860
.800
.750
.730
40
40
40
40
40
.900
.860
.800
.700
.680
40
40
40
40
40
32
T able 7.— Union Scales o f W ages and H ours in the B akery Trades in Selected Cities,
J u ly I , 1944, and J u ly I , 1943— Continued
July 1,1944
City and classification
July 1,1943
Rate per Hours per Rate per Hours per
week
week
hour
hour
Indianapolis, Ind.—Continued
Bread only—-Machine shops—Continued.
Agreement B:
Mixers.................................................- ..........................—
Traveling ovenmen, molders, dividers...........................
Stockroom men....... .................................................. ......
Slicing- and wrapping-machine operators....... .......... .
Mixers’ helpers..................................................................
Bread rackers....................................................................
Bake-shop helpers.............................................................
Agreement C:
M ixers...................................................................... ........
Traveling ovenmen, stockroom men, molders, dividers
Slicing- and wrapping-machine operators....................
Mixers’ helpers........ ........................................................
Bread rackers..............................................................—
Bake-shop helpers.............................................................
$0,900
.860
.850
.800
.770
.682
.680
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
$0.900
.860
.850
.800
.770
.682
.680
.900
.850
.800
.780
.682
.680
40
40
40
40
40
40
.900
.800
.800
.780
.682
.680
.800
.775
.750
.700
.575
40
40
40
40
40
.800
.775
.750
.700
.575
.550
.450
40
40
. 550
.450
.775
.525
.500
40
40
40
.775
.525
.500
.450
.400
40
40
.450
.400
.625
.500
40
40
.625
.500
1.222
1.121
1.050
.650
.575
.500
40
40
40
40
40
40
1.222
1.121
1.050
.650
.575
.500
1.347
1.246
1.175
40
40
40
1.347
1.246
1.175
.965
.945
.875
.865
.845
.815
.795
.765
.715
.695
.545
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
. 965
.945
.875
.865
.845
.815
.795
. 765
.715
. 695
.545
.815
.765
.665
.715
40
40
40
40
.815
.765
.665
.715
.715
.575
40
40
.715
.575
Jacksonville, Fla.
Bread and cake—Machine shops:
Bread department:
Oven operators.......................................... — ------ -----Mixers......................... ................. ...... ......... ...................
Dividers, wrappers....................... ........................... ......
Molders, roll-machine operators, henchmen........... ........
Pan greasers................. ....................................................
Pan rackers, oven loaders and dumpers, bread rackers,
flour dumpers....................................................... ........
Roll panners, women..... ...............................................
Cake department:
Mixers, doughnut-machine operators, combination
depositors and oven operators_____________________
Foreladies.---- ------- -------- ------ -------------------- ---------- Pan greasers, men cake helpers.......................................
Machine cutters, doughnut catchers and packers,
women icers, wrappers, and packers_______________
Women helpers (first 6 months).......................... ...........
Shipping department:
Selectors..... ............. ......................... ................ .............
.Wrapping-machine catchers, carton men_____________
Kansas City, Mo.
Bread—Machine shops:
Day work:
Foremen.------- -------------------- ---------------------------------Ovenmen, drawers, mixers, spongers......... ............ ........
Bench hands....................................... ................... ........
Wrappers, ingredientmen, icing makers, head checkers.
Men helpers...------- ------ ---------------------------------------Women helpers_______________ ____________________
Night work:
Foremen______ _______ ______ ____ _________________
Ovenmen, drawers, mixers, spongers_________________
Bench hands_____ ______ __________________________
Crackers and cookies:
Agreement A:
Sweet and sponge departments:
Head mixers__________ _____________ __________
Machine captains_____ _____ ____ _____ _________
Mixers.......... .............. ......... .......... ......... ..............
Peelers.............................. ......................... ................
Bakers....................... .................... .......... ................
Drawers, rollermen, icing mixers________________
Mixers’ helpers_______ ______ ___________ _______
Flour dumpers, dough feeders..................... .............
Stackers, working supervisors___________________
Pan cleaners, conveyormen___ _______ ___________
Women helpers________________________________
Cone department:
Bakers, machine operators______________________
Mixers_______ _______ _____ ____________________
Packers.............................. ......... .............. ................
Packers, working supervisors.................... ...............
Packing department:
Working supervisors...................................................
Sponge packers, sealers, weighers, other female help.
33
T able 7.— Union Scales o f Wages and Hours in the B akery Trades in Selected C ities,
J u ly I , 1944, and J u ly 1 , 1943— Continued
July 1,1943
July 1,1944
City and classification
Rate per Hours per Rate per Hours per
week
week
hour
hour
Kansas City, Mo.—Continued
Crackers and cookies—Continued.
Agreement B:
Sweet baking:
Machinemen— ___________ _____ _____________
Head mixers
______________________________
Ovenmen _________ ____ ________________ _____
Oven helpers..............................................................
Mixers’ helpers........ .................................................
Reliefmen, dough feeders _________ _____________
Pan greasers and feeders__________ _ ....................
Cooky packers, graham packers_________________
Sponge baking:
Machinemen, head mixers_____________________ _
Peelermen_ _____________ ____________________
Ovenmen, mixers........................ ................._...........
Rollermen..................................................... ............
Ovenmen’s helpers______________________ _______
Mixers’ helpers, oven firemen, sponge helpers_____
Tray boys and edgers ..............................................
1-pound-carton packers._________________________
Other carton packers, sack cleaners, doormen_____
Stitchers___ _______ 1.................... 1_____ _________
Agreement C:
Head mixers...... .............. ........... .....................................
Head machinemen ________________________________
Head icing-room men___ ____ ______ ______ _____ ____
Ovenmen.... ...........
_ __________ _
.................
Rollermen
_ _
_ _________ _ ____ _________
Mixers’ helpers, caddy- and icing-machine operators,
stock boys........................ ...... ................... ...................
Cracker p a c k e rs...........................................................
Women sweet-work wrappers and bundlers__................
$0,965
.940
.840
.810
.790
.740
.690
.620
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
$0,965
.940
.840
.810
.790
.740
.690
.620
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
.940
.885
.840
.830
.810
.790
.710
.665
.640
.620
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
.940
.885
.840
.830
.810
.790
.710
.665
.640
.620
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
1.100
.970
.950
.875
.825
40
40
40
40
40
1.100
.970
.950
.875
.825
40
40
40
40
40
.725
.600
.570
40
40
40
.725
.600
.570
40
40
40
.960
.860
.800
.750
40
40
40
40
.960
.860
.800
.750
40
40
40
40
.700
.650
.630
40
40
40
.700
.650
.630
40
40
40
.500
.550
.600
40
40
40
.500
.550
.600
40
40
40
.720
.630
.500
40
40
40
.720
.630
.500
40
40
40
.500
.400
40
40
.500
.400
40
40
1.038
.975
.892
.642
48
48
48
48
1.038
.975
.892
.642
48
48
48
48
1.123
1.055
.964
44
44
44
1.123
1.055
.964
44
44
44
1.225
1.150
40
40
1.225
1.150
40
40
1.050
40
1.050
40
1.000
40
1.000
40
Little Rock, Ark.
Bread and cake—Machine shops:
Bread department:
Foremen
_ __ .
__ ________________________
Mixers, ovenmen, head checkers______ ______ ________
Dividers_____ ________ _ _________ _____ _________
Benchmen, molding-machine operators_____ _________
Wrapping-machine operators, stockroom clerks, assist
ant checkers_________________ _____________ _____
Assistant wrapping-machine operators__ ____________
Twisters. ________
_______ _______ __________
Helpers:
First 6 months....... __........................ ............... ........
7-12 months . .
_______________ _ _______
After 12 months ___ __________________ ______
Cake department:
Foremen, mixers_______ __________________________
Ovenmen, scalers, ingredientmen_____ ____ __________
Helpers, male......... ........... ......... ................... _........... —Women:
Floorladies_________ ________________ _________
leers, wrappers, pan girls, packers, checkers, boxers.
Los Angeles, Calif.
Bread and cake:
Hand shops:
Working foremen__________________________________
Ovenmen, mixers______ _____ ____________ _______ __
Benchmen_______________________ _____ __ r..............
Helpers__________________________ ____ ____________
Semimachine shops:
Working foremen____ ______ _____________ __________
Ovftnmfin, dongh mixprs . .
_
Benchmen________________________________________
Bread—Machine shops:
Day work: 9
Foremen__________________________________________
Dough, mixers, ovenmen____________________________
Shipping-department foremen, machine and bench
hands___________ *_____ ___ ____ _________________
Twisters, moldermen, doughnut men, dough mixers*
helpers, panners, oven dumpers...................................
•$2 per week additional for night work.
34
T able 7.— Union Scales o f W ages and H ours in the B akery Trades in Selected Cities,
J u ly 1 , 1944, and J u ly 19 1943— Continued
July 1,1944
City and classification
Rate per
hour
July 1,1943
Hours per
week
Rate per Hours per
hour
week
9 $2 per week additional for night work.
$0,950
40
$0,950
.900
.825
.775
40
40
40
.900
.825
.775
1.225
1.150
1.050
1.000
.950
.900
.855
.800
.775
.725
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
1.225
1.150
1.050
1.000
.950
.900
.855
.800
.775
.725
.850
.700
.675
40
40
40
.850
.700
.675
.550
.650
40
40
.550
.650
1.076
.967
.914
.816
.755
.751
.718
.697
.588
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
1.076
.967
.914
.816
.755
.751
.718
.697
.588
.676
.641
.590
.588
.540
40
40
40
40
40
.676
.641
.590
.588
.540
.515
.588
.500
40
40
40
.515
.588
.500
1.093
1.043
.978
.943
.930
40
40
40
40
40
1.093
1.043
.978
.943
.930
SSooo
.880
.860
.830
.745
40
40
40
40
.880
.860
.830
.745
.660
40
.660
£ SSSo
Los Angeles, Calif.— Continued
.625
.588
40
40
.625
.588
40
40
1.050
1.000
.950
.850
40
40
40
40
.900
40
.850
.750
40
40
4C
SSS SSSSS £&&&&&&&& SS £ £ £
Bread—Machine shops—Continued.
Day work—Continued.
Oven feeders, ingredientmen, machinemen, shipping
checkers, receiving and shipping clerks_____________
Hand wrappers, machine and bench hand helpers, flour
dumpers, bread rackers__________________ ________
Conveyormen, tailers, bun slicers, packers.....................
Pan washers and greasers................................................
Cake—Machine shops:
Day work: 9
Foremen....... ............... ...................................................
Ovenmen, mixers, icing mixers.......................................
Bench hands, depositors, machine operators..................
Shipping-room foremen------------------ -----------------------Ingredient scalers, receiving clerks..................................
Checkers.................... .......................................................
Oven helpers.......... ........................ ......... ........................
Auxiliary workers......................................... .............. .
Packers, helpers----------------------- ----------------------------Pan washers, unskilled laborers......................................
Women employees:
Foreladies........... - ........ ................. ..........................
Machine wrappers......... ..........................................
leers.......................................................................—
Helpers:
Inexperienced- ................. - .............. —...............
Experienced....................
—
Pie and pastry:
Foremen.......... ........................................................................
Head ovenmen.......................................................................
Head cream cooks, fruit cooks__________________________
Second ovenmen, dough mixers, cake mixers........................
Second cream cooks............................................. ................
Head checkers...... ...................................
—
Topping mixers.............. ........................................................
Scalers------------------------ ---------- ----------------- -----------------Pan washers, order fillers, wrappers......................................
Women employees:
Cream baggers, roller women.........................................
General helpers........................................... ....................
Foreladies............. ............................................................
Order fillers, pan washers................................................
Machine operators............................................................
Wrappers:
Rate A ........................................................................
Rate B — ............................................. ......................
Beginners..........................................................................
Crackers and cookies:
Agreement A:
Machinemen, head mixers...............................................
Peelers, ovenmen, reliefmen........................................... .
Rollermen____............ .....................................................
Sponge-oven and mixers’ helpers................................... .
Wrapping-machine men, icing and sugar-wafer mixers
Sweet-oven helpers, sweet-dough feeders, pan greasers
and feeders, traveling-oven feeders and take-out men,
icing mixers’ helpers, assemblymen, wax and cello
phane wrapping-machine helpers, sugar-wafer mixers’
helpers....... ................................................................... .
Packing-department supervisors, men............................
Stackers, shippers, receivers........................................... .
General helpers, men...................................................... .
Women employees:
Supervisors.................................................................
Icing and sugar-wafer girls, sugar-wafer oven girls,
spreaders, weighers, carton and caddy formers,
wrappers, bundlers, cello-bag-machine operators,
sample and relief girls, sponge stackers and
packers...................................................................
Sweet packers, can renovators................................. .
Agreement B:
Working foremen.............................................................
Assistant foremen............................................................ .
Mixers, head machinemen ..............................................
Mixers’ helpers................................................................
35
T able 7.— Union Scales o f W ages and Hours in the Bakery Trades in Selected Cities9
J u ly I , 1944, and J u ly I , 1943— Continued
July 1, 1944
City and classification
July 1,
Rate per Hours per Rate per I
week
hour
hour
week
Los Angeles, Calif.—Continued
Crackers and cookies—Continued.
Agreement B—Continued.
Reel ovenmen....................................................................
Traveling-oven feeders and take-out men, drop-cookymachine operators.........................................................
Machine feeders and take-out men.................................
Miscellaneous helpers....... ..............................................
Women employees:
Floorladies, key girls..................................................
Helpers:
First 3 months.....................................................
4-6 months. ........................................................ .
After 6 months.....................................................
Hebrew shops—Bread only:
First hands.......................... - ..................................................
Second hands...................... .................................................. .
Latin hand shops:
Foremen, ovenmen, mixers....................................................
Mixers and ovenmen under a foreman..................................
Benchmen......... ........................................................... ..........
Machine operators, hand wrappers, checkers, shipping
clerks................................................................................... .
Helpers:
First year......................................................................... .
Second year.......................................................................
Shipping room................................................................. .
$0,800
40
$0,700
40
.725
.700
.650
40
40
40
.675
.650
.600
40
40
40
.640
40
.550
40
.500
.530
.530
40
40
40
.400
.420
.490
40
40
40
1.610
1.457
45
45
1.610
1.457
45
45
.979
.896
.812
48
48
48
.979
.896
.812
48
48
48
.718
48
.718
48
.646
.708
.687
48
48
48
.646
.708
.687
48
48
48
.938
.925
.900
.850
.825
.800
40
40
40
40
40
40
.938
.925
.900
.850
.825
.800
40
40
40
40
40
40
.775
40
.775
40
.725
40
.725
40
.700
.675
.550
40
40
40
.700
.675
.550
40
40
40
.905
.890
40
40
.905
.890
.830
.800
.720
.555
40
40
40
40
.830
.800
.720
.555
1.050
.963
.938
.910
.878
.560
48
40
40
40
40
40
1.050
.963
.938
.910
.878
.560
.863
.728
.420
40
40
40
.863
.728
.420
.875
.700
.616
.560
.532
48
40
40
40
40
.875
.700
.616
.560
.532
Louisville, K y.
Bread—Machine shops:
Agreement A:
Dough mixers....................................................................
Batchmen, proof-box oven operators...............................
Utility men......................................................................
Head packers and checkers..............................................
Divider operators.............................................................
Oven dumpers.............................. .......... ........................
Wrapping-machine operators, divider operators’ help
ers, roll-machine helpers, oven feeders, molder opera
tors, reliefmen— ..........................................................
Wrapping-machine operators’ helpers, bread twisters
and helpers, flour blenders--------------- j........................
Wrapping-machine helpers, packers’ helpers, pan greas
ers, bread rackers (rate A )...........................................
Bread rackers (rate B), bakery help, pan rackers......... .
Inexperienced help................. ........................................ .
Agreement B!
Head mixers......................................................................
Mixers, ovenmen....................... ......................................
Benchmen, machinemen, head checkers, head wrappers
and slicers..................................................................... .
Feeders, dumpers............................................................ .
Slicing- and wrapping-machine men, helpers................ .
Women helpers......... ........................... ......................... .
Madison, Wis.
Bread and cake—Machine shops:
Bread department:
Working foremen. .....................
Ovenmen____________________
Dough and sponge mixers......... .
Bench hands.....................................................
Helpers............................................................ .
Cake department:
Ovenmen, mixers............................................ .
Doughnut-machine operators..........................
Women wrappers and icers (after 6 months)..
boremen..
Shippers, checkers, wrapping-machine operators-.
Truck loaders..........................................................
Hand wrappers, helpers..........................................
Pan cleaners............................................................
36
T able 7.— Union Scales o f W ages and H ours in the B akery Trades in Selected Cities9
J u ly I , 1944, and J u ly I , 1943— Continued
July 1,1944
City and classification
July 1, 1943
Rate per Hours per Rate per Hours per
week
hour
week
hour
Manchester, N. H.
Bread and pastry—Hand shops:
Foremen, mixp.rs
_ ___
Second hands_________________________________________
Bench hands
_
____
$0,833
.729
.667
48
48
48
$0,833
.729
.667
48
48
48
.935
.709
.666
.628
.583
1040
1040
1040
1040
1040
.935
.709
.666
.628
.583
io 40
1040
io 40
1° 40
1° 40
.416
.457
.480
1040
1040
1040
.416
.457
.480
10 40
1° 40
1040
1.206
.934
.909
.838
40
40
40
40
1.206
.934
.909
.838
40
40
40
40
.781
.769
.725
40
40
40
.781
.769
.725
40
40
40
.525
.588
.646
40
40
40
.525
.588
i .646
40
40
40
.788
.675
.625
.625
.575
40
40
40
40
40
.788
.675
.625
40
40
40
.425
.475
.525
40
40
40
.425
.475
.525
40
40
40
.750
.730
.700
.680
.630
.600
.580
.520
.500
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
.400
.440
.480
40
40
40
.945
.935
.845
.825
.755
.645
.535
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
.945
.935
.845
.825
.755
.645
.535
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
.845
.745
40
40
.845
.745
40
40
.645
.545
40
40
.645
.545
40
40
.995
.935
.895
40
40
40
.995
.935
.895
40
40
40
Memphis, Tenn.
Bread and cake—Combination hand and machine shops:
Working foremen______________________________________
Bread ovenmen, mixers, spongers_______________________
Bun ovenmen._1______________________________________
TDividermen
Maehinemen ___
Helpers:
First year_________________________________________
Second year_______________________________________
After 2 years__________________________ _____________
Bread only—Machine shops:
Foremen______________________________________________
Mixers, spongers, bread ovenmen______________ ______ __
Ingredient scalers, bun ovenmen________________________
Dividermen__________________________________________
Machine and bench hands, pan dumpers (bread), wrappingmachine operators____________________________________
Checkers...! _________________________________ ______ __
Pan dumpers (rolls)_______________________________ ____
Helpers: “
First 6 months. .............................. .................................
Second 6 months________________________________ __
After 1 year_______________________________________
Cake only—Machine shops:
Agreement A:
Ovenmen_________________________________________
Foreladies________________ ____ _______________ ____
Scaling-machine helpers____________________________
Head icers______________________________________ __
Assistant foreladies______________________________ __
Women helpers:
First 6 m onths..........................................................
Second 6 months_________________________ ____
After 1 year________________ ____ _______________
Agreement B:
Cake mixers_______________________________________
Icing mixers________________________________ _____ _
Ovenmen. _ ______________________________ _______ _
Ingredient scalers____
___________________ ___ ___
Scaling-machine operators___________________________
Shipping clerks_____________________________ ______
Scaling-machine helpers.............................. .................
Shipping helpers____ ______ ________________________
Cake dumpers, pan greasers_________________________
Women helpers:
First 6 months_____________________ ___________
Second 6 months............... ................... ....................
After 1 year____________________________________
Crackers and cookies:
Sweet-baking department:
Head mixers............................................................... .
Machine captains....... ................... ................................
Bakers...............................................................................
Rollermen_________________________________________
Ovenmen____________________________________ _____
Pan Cleaners and feeders..................................................
Packers____________________________________ _____ _
Icing department:
Mixers....... ........................ ................................... ...........
Machine operators...........................................................
Women employees:
Supervisors_________________________________ __
Helpers................... .....................................................
Sponge-baking department:
Head mixers_______________________________________
Machine captains.................................................. .........
Mixers, assistant foremen.................................................
10
44 hours guaranteed, time and a half after 40 hours. Base rates for members working less than 44 hours
are higher than those reported.
37
T able 7.— Union Scales o f W ages and H ours in the B akery Trades in Selected Cities9
J u ly I , 1944, and J u ly I , 1943— Continued
July 1,1943
July 1,1944
City and classification
Rate per Hours per Rate per Hours per
week
week
hour
hour
Memphis, Tenn.— Continued
Crackers and cookies—Continued.
Spon ge-baking department—Continued.
Bakers.......... ........................................................... ........
Peelers.................... ................................ ............ .........
Rollermen____________________ __ _ _ .
__________
Drawmen_______________________ . ____ __________
Assemblymen....................... ...........................................
Assistant mixers__________ _____ _ __ _ _________
Mixers’ helpers.............................................................. .
Women employees:
Working foreladies, supervisors........... ....................
Sponge packers__ .............. ............................. .........
Cone department:
Bakers............. .................................................................
Mixers____________ _____ __________________________
Assistant mixers and bakers _ _
_
Packers_ ___
. ...
$0,865
.855
.825
.795
.745
.725
.695
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
$0,865
.855
.825
.795
.745
.725
.695
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
.645
.565
40
40
.645
.565
40
40
.795
.745
.675
.625
40
40
40
40
.795
.745
.675
.625
40
40
40
40
.975
.890
.875
.825
.725
.725
40
40
40
40
40
40
.975
.850
.850
.800
.705
.700
40
40
40
40
40
40
.970
.900
.890
.870
.850
.830
.800
.750
.700
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
.970
.900
.890
.870
.850
.830
.800
.750
.700
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
.570
.550
.520
.500
40
40
40
40
.570
.550
.520
.500
40
40
40
40
.992
45
.950
47
1.042
1.021
45
45
1.000
.980
47
47
.970
.814
.792
45
45
45
.970
.814
.792
45
45
45
.414
.514
.570
45
45
45
.414
.514
.570
45
45
45
.414
.470
45
45
.414
.470
45
45
1.075
.925
40
40
1.075
.925
40
40
Milwaukee, Wis,
Bread and cake—Machine shops:
Working foremen______________________________________
Mixers.^_____________________ _________________________
Ovenmen............ ....................................... ....... ....................
Bench hands, moldermen.......................................................
Helpers........................ ............................................................
Panners, miscellaneous helpers...............................................
Crackers and cookies:
Machine captains................................ ...................................
Head sweet mixers___ . . . . . .
_
. . ...
Peelers.
_
___ . . .
Head sponge mixers.................................................................
Bakers, mixers’ helpers, rollermen, icing mixers___________
Draw men...................... .........................................................
Ovenmen, assembly clerks _
_
Pan cleaners, assemblymen _
. _
Stackers, conveyors.
_ _
_ _ ...
Women employees:
Working supervisors . . . . .
Sponge packers, icing supervisors .
Sweet packers, bundlers, “ Q” formers__*____________
General workers in icing department
Hebrew shops—Bread and cake:
Day bread workers and cake bakers. __
_ _ .
.......
Night work:
Bread workers...................................................................
First-hand bread men. _
Minneapolis, Minn.
Bread and cake—Hand shops:
Foremen.......... ......................................................................
Mixers, ovenmen__
_
..
.
_ .
Bench hands___
__
Helpers:
First 6 months..
. . .
7-24 months _
After 2 years......................................................................
Women—hand wrappers and icers:
First 2 months . ..
_
_
_ ....
__
After 2 months_________ _____________ _____________
Bread and cake—Machine shops:
Foremen. _____ _____ __________________________________
Sponge and dough mixers, oven operators, ovenmen. __
Bench hands, dividers, moldermen, bun-machine operators,
cake ovenmen, icing and batter mixers.
____
Traveling-oven feeders and dumpers, slicing- and wrappingmachine operators, dough-room men
Fruit cookers, kettle fryers, ingredient scalers (cake), dough
nut-machine operators, depositors, drop-machine opera
tors____ _____________ ________________ ______________
Twisters, dough panners, oven and bench helpers
Helpers:
First fi months
___ _
___
After 6 months..................................................................
637 7 0 2 — 45--------6
.875
40
.875
40
.815
40
.815
40
.775
.725
40
40
.775
.725
40
40
.625
.700
40
40
.625
.700
40
40
38
T able 7.— Union Scales o f W ages and H ours in the Bakery Trades in Selected Cities,
J u ly I , 1944, and J u ly I , 1943— Continued
July 1,1944
July 1,1943
City and classification
Rate per Hours per Rate per Hours per
hour
week
hour
week
Minneapolis, Minn.— Continued
Bread and cake—Machine shops—Continued.
Women employees:
Foreladies......................... .
Wrapping-machine operators (cake) .
Finishers, wrappers, packers:
First 6 months........................ ...
After 6 months........................
Crackers and cookies:
Agreement A:
Baking department:
Sponge mixers........ ...............
Sweet mixers......... .
Assembly sweet mixers______
Assistant assembly sweet mixers
Syrup mixers............. ...... .....
Sponge department:
Ovenmen..............................
Peelers.........................
_
Rollermen using paste....................
Lead ovenmen......................
Take-out men, stackers____
Sweet department:
Oven firemen. ...................... .
Ovenmen..............................
Ovenmen’s helpers, pan men
Icing department:
Mixers, machinemen_______
Machinemen’s helpers______
Floormen.............. ........
Checker girls...____________
Miscellaneous girls______
Packing department:
Wrapping-machine men.............................................
Floormen_____________
Checkers and relief workers, women___ . .
Caddy stitchers, carton formers _ _
Bimdlers, miscellaneous girls. . .
Agreement B:
Baking department:
Machine captains...............................
Mixers, sponge and sweet..........................................
Peelers................. ...... _ _
Rollermen, sweet bakers _. _
Drawmen...............
Sweet ovenmen................... .
Mixers’ helpers___________ _
Flour dumpers, stackers, pan cleaners, and feeders..
Dough feeders, convevormen_______
Icing department:
Mixers.................. .
Floormen................... ..............
Women employees:
Working supervisors............................................
Helpers:
First 3 vears.
After 3 years...................................................
Packing department:
Machine set-up men.................................................
Floormen; working supervisors, women...................
Bundlers, machine operators, scalers and weighers,
carton formers, weighers and closers, “ Q” formers
and stitchers, sample room girls.............................
Sponge packers:
First 3 years........................................................
After 3 years.........................................................
Sweet packers:
First 3 years........................................................
After 3 years.........................................................
Cellophane bag girls..... ............................................
Hebrew hand shops:
Foremen, all-round cakemen............ ..................................
Mixers, ovenmen, general cakemen........................................
Bench hands................................................................
Helpers:
Inexperienced-...................................................................
Experienced.......................................................................
$0,725
.700
40
40
$0,725
.700
40
40
.480
.540
40
40
.480
.540
40
40
.815
.805
.765
.725
.745
40
40
40
40
40
.790
.780
.740
.700
.720
40
40
40
40
40
.895
.875
.835
.750
.725
40
40
40
40
40
.870
.850
.810
.730
.700
40
40
40
40
40
.845
.805
.725
40
40
40
.790
.780
.700
40
40
40
.850
.725
.665
.585
.505
40
40
40
40
40
.780
.700
.640
.560
.480
40
40
40
40
40
.745
.665
.615
.545
.505
40
40
40
40
40
.720
.640
.590
.520
.480
40
40
40
40
40
.900
.870
.850
.800
.780
.750
.725
.700
.680
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
.900
.870
.850
.800
.780
.750
.725
.700
.680
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
.780
.650
40
40
.780
.650
40
40
.620
40
.620
40
.510
.540
40
40
.540
40
.680
.650
40
40
.680
.650
40
40
.540
40
.540
40
.550
.590
40
40
.590
40
.540
.560
.510
40
40
40
.540
.560
.510
40
40
40
.978
.844
.800
45
45
45
.978
.844
.800
45
45
45
.467
.622
45
45
.467
.622
45
45
39
T able 7.— Union Scales o f JFages and H ours in the B akery Trades in Selected Cities,
J u ly 2 , 2944, and J u ly 2 , 1943— Continued
July 1,1943
July 1,1944
City and classification
Rate per Hours per Rate per Hours per
week
week
hour
hour
Minneapolis, Minn.—Continued
Hebrew machine shops:
Mixers, ovenmen, general cakemen........................................
Bench hands, machinemen.....................................................
Helpers.....................................................................................
$0,950
.900
.700
40
40
40
$0,950
.900
.700
40
40
40
.730
.630
.570
40
40
40
.700
.600
.540
40
40
40
.490
.520
40
40
.460
.490
40
40
.400
.425
.450
40
40
40
.375
.400
.425
40
40
40
.610
.590
.490
40
40
40
.580
.560
.460
40
40
40
.630
.605
.575
.555
.530
.500
.480
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
.630
.605
.575
.555
.530
.500
.480
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
.625
.550
.500
.475
.415
40
40
40
40
40
.625
.550
.500
.475
.415
40
40
40
40
40
.600
.550
.475
40
40
40
.600
.550
.475
40
40
40
1.000
.896
.771
48
48
48
1.000
.896
.771
48
48
48
1.175
1.050
.940
.840
40
40
40
40
1.175
1.050
.940
.840
40
40
40
40
.790
.765
.715
.540
40
40
40
40
.790
.765
.715
.540
40
40
40
40
1.644
1.533
.889
45
45
45
1.644
1.533
.889
45
45
45
.917
.875
.833
48
48
48
.917
.875
.833
48
48
48
Moline, I1L
See Rock Island (111.) District
Nashville, Tenn.
Bread—Machine shops:
Mixers, ovenmen................................................................... .
Bench and machine men.........................................................
Oven helpers, dumpers........ ............................. .............. ......
Helpers:
First 3 months....................................................- .............
After 3 months.—..............................................................
Women roll wrappers:
First 3 months...................................................................
4r-6 months.......................................................................
After 6 months...................................................................
Shipping department:
Wrapping-machine operators............... — ......................
Checkers......................... ....................................... - .........
Helpers, loaders, packers..................................................
Crackers and cookies:
Baking department:
Machinemen, relief for machinemen and peelers............
Sponge mixers, ovenmen, peelers-in.....................—........
Sweet mixers.................... ........................ ........................
Panmen, peelers-out, rollermen.........................- .............
Pan catchers and greasers...................... ..........................
Mixers’ helpers...... ......................................... ...... ...........
Pan feeders and wipers....... ................... —.......................
Icing and sugar-wafer department:
Machinemen.-......... .........................................................
Enrobermen.......................................... - .............—.........
Scalers, mixers’ helpers— ................................................
General workers, men .............................. ......................
General workers, women..................................................
Receiving and shipping department:
Shipping clerk......... ..............................................................
Receiving clerk........................................................................
General helpers........................................................................
Newark, N. J.
Bread and cake—Hand shops:
Foremen, oven workers, dough workers.................................
Bench workers, second class...................................................
Third class workers...............................................................
Bread and cake—Machine shops:
Ovenmen, mixers....................................................................
Benchmen, molders, dividers.................................................
Icing makers, cake............ ......................................................
Peelers, scalers, mixers’ helpers, oven helpers, dumpers.......
Machine helpers, pan greasers, checkers, icing makers’
helpers, shippers.................................................. ...............
Slicers, wrappers, packagers, flour dumpers and sifters.........
Bread rackers.................... .....................................................
Women icers and hand wrappers...........................................
Hebrew shops—Bread only:
Foremen, ovenmen..................................................................
Second hands, mixers..............................................................
Bread carriers, helpers............................................................
New Haven, Conn.
Bread and cake—Hand shops:
Foremen..................................................................................
Assistant foremen, mixers, ovenmen......................................
Benchmen................................................................................
40
T able 7.— Union Scales o f Wages and H ours in the B akery Trades in Selected Cities9
J u ly I , 1944, and J u ly I , 1943— Continued
July 1 1944
City and classification
July 1,1943
Rate per Hours per Rate per Hours per
week
hour
hour
week
New Haven, Conn.—Continued
Bread and cake—Machine shops:
Bread:
Mixers...............................................................................
Dividers, oven feeders.....................................................
Assistant mixers...............................................................
Molders.............................................................................
Wrappers (rate A )...... .......................................... ..........
Pan rackers and greasers.............................................
Wrappers (rate B )........... ...............................................
Bake-shop helpers, inexperienced-................................. .
Cake:
Foremen..... ......................................................................
Dough mixers....................................................................
Ovenmen......................................................................... .
Head shippers.................. ............ ........... .......................
Depositors, receivers, stock clerks...................................
Ingredient scalers............................................................ .
Icing mixers..................................................................... .
Depositors’ helpers.......................................................... .
Dumpers...... ......................... .........................................
Pan greasers, utilitymen, shippers helpers:
First 6 months...........................................................
7-12 months............... ................................................
After 1 year............................................................... .
Women employees:
Head icers, head wrappers....................................... .
leers............................ ...............................................
Hebrew shops—Bread and rolls:
Foremen, ovenmen................................................................ .
Second hands...........................................................................
$0.975
.875
.850
.825
.820
.785
.760
.650
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
$0,975
.875
.850
.825
.820
.785
.760
.650
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
.970
.920
.900
.870
.820
.800
.770
.745
.720
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
.970
.920
.900
.870
.820
.800
.770
.745
.720
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
.645
.670
.690
40
40
40
.645
.670
.690
.580
.550
40
40
.580
.550
1.354
1.271
48
48
1.354
1.271
.845
.785
.705
.598
42
42
42
42
.845
.785
.705
.530
42
. 530
1.267
1.133
1.000
45
45
45
1.267
1.133
1.188
1.125
.875
40
40
40
1.188
1.125
.875
1.175
1.075
.875
40
40
40
1.175
1.075
.875
.659
.500
44
44
.659
.500
1.175
1.075
.813
40
40
40
1.175
1.075
.813
.725
.625
40
40
.659
.568
1.175
1.075
.875
.575
40
40
40
40
1.175
1.075
.875
.575
1.125
1.000
.938
48
48
48
1.125
New Orleans, La.
Bread and cake—Hand and machine shops:
Foremen.................................................................................
Oven and mixer men......................... ................................... .
Bench hands, molders, dividers, reliefmen............................
Ingredientmen.......... ................................................. ..........
Wrapping-machine operators and helpers, mixers’ helpers,
flour blenders, pan greasers, bakers’ helpers, crumb pack
ers, rackers...........................................................................
New York, N. Y.
Bread and cake—Hand shops:
Agreement A:
First hands......................................................................
Second hands...................................................................
Third hands.....................................................................
Agreement B:
First hands......................................................................
Second hands...................................................................
Third hands.....................................................................
Agreement C:
First hands........- ............................................................
Second hands................ - .................................................
Helpers............................................................................
Shipping department:
Men...........................................................................
Women............ .........................................................
Agreement D:
First hands................................................. ....................
Second hands...................................................................
Helpers.............................................................................
Packers:
M e n ..........................................................................
Women......................................................................
Agreement E:
First hands.......................................................................
Second hands.................................................................
Helpers.............................................................................
Shippers, packers..... .......................................................
Agreement F:
Foremen...........................................................................
Bench and second hands.................................................
Third hands.....................................................................
1.000
1.000
.938
41
T able 7.— Union Scales o f W ages and H ours in the Bakery Trades in Selected Cities9
J u ly I , 1944, and J u ly 2, 1943— Continued
July 1,1943
July 1,1944
City and classification
Rate per Hours per Rate per Hours’per
week
week
hour
hour
New York, N. Y.—Continued
Bread and cake—Hand shops—Continued.
Agreement G:
"First hand cake baker
.............
First hand bread baker______________________ •______
Second hands______________________________________
__
Helpers
T
Agreement H:
Ovenmen, mixers_________________________ _________
Bench ha,rids
__ .
Packers, slicers_____________________________________
Agreement I:
First hands________________________________________
Second bands
Helpers _________________________________________
Miscellaneous workers
Frankfurter rolls—Hand shops:
Mixers
_ _
Ovenmen
_
__
_
..
Maehine feeders
___
Floormen ___________________________________________
Cafeterias and restaurants—Hand shops:
First hands _ ________________________________________
Second hands_________________________________________
Third hands__________________________________________
Cake and pastry—Hand shops:
First hands___________________________________________
Second hands_________________________________________
Retail—Hand shops:
First hands___________________________________________
pecnnd bauds
. . . . . . . . . .
Third hands__________________________________________
Bread and cake—Semimachine shops:
Agreement A:
Foremen _
__ __
_ .....
Ovenmen, miners
_
Bench hands.
_
_
_
_.
_. _ _
Agreement B:
Foremen
_
___ ________________ _________
Oyenmen and mixers
Bench hands
_
Helpers
_
.
......
Packers and slicers _ .......
Bread and cake—Machine shops:
Agreement A:
Bread department:
Mixers, ovenmen
__
......
Dividermen
_ ,„ _
, . .
Benchmen
_
......
Molder operators
....
_ _
Mixers’ helpers
.
_
Ingredient scalers. . . ____________________________
Oven loaders and feeders
Oven dumpers, flour dumpers..... ............................
Head wrappers, rackers, packers, slicers, checkers..
Oven and bakery helpers, pan greasers _
_
Slicers, wrappers.______________________________
Wrapping-machine operators, packers
Machine cleaners ...
_ _.
. ..
Cake department:
Ovenmen
Fryers
......
._ , .
„.
.. _ ,
Depositors_____________________________________
Benchmen
_
_ _
Mixers________________________________________
Griddle men
.
_
Icing makers
Ingredient scalers and cookers .
_ . . . __
pan greasers, dongh scalers.
_ _
Cake dumpers.
.
... _.
General helpers
Women helpers, cake wrappers__
. _
Agreement B:
Tray-oven operators
___ _
Mixers
_ __
___
_ __ _________
Confectioners, dividermen, steam-box operators
Tray-oven helpers.............................................................
$1,300
1.250
1.175
1.000
48
48
48
48
$1.125
1.125
1.000
.875
48
48
48
48
1.175
1.050
.750
40
40
48
1.175
1.050
.750
40
40
48
1.100
.950
.850
.775
40
40
40
40
1.100
.950
.850
.775
40
40
40
40
1.000
.937
.916
.813
48
48
48
48
.896
.896
.854
.729
48
48
48
48
1.600
1.467
1.067
45
45
45
1.600
1.467
1.067
45
45
45
1.200
.975
48
48
.979
.771
48
48
1.700
1.567
1.167
45
45
45
1.700
1.567
1.167
45
45
45
1.425
1.275
1.175
40
40
40
1.350
1.200
1.100
40
40
40
1.375
1.175
1.050
.925
.750
40
40
40
40
40
1.375
1.175
1.050
.925
.750
40
40
40
40
40
1.043
.943
.923
.883
.873
.863
.853
.833
.813
.793
.783
.773
.763
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
1.043
.943
.923
.883
.873
.863
.853
.833
.813
.793
.783
.773
.763
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
.983
.957
.943
.923
.913
.851
.843
.803
.793
.783
.733
.533
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
.983
.957
.943
.923
.913
.851
.843
.803
.793
.783
.733
.533
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
.960
.950
.920
.910
40
40
40
40
42
T able 7.— Union Scales o f W ages and H ours in the B akery Trades in Selected Cities,
J u ly I , 1944, and J u ly I , 1943— Continued
July 1,1944
City and classification
July 1,1943
Rate per :Hours per 1
week
hour
hour
Hours per
week
New York, N. Y.— Continued
Bread and cake—Machine shops—Continued.
Agreement B—Continued.
Ring twisters, roll-in operators, oven operators, dough
brake operators, mixers’ helpers.................. ................
Icing makers. _______________ _______ ____________
Ring makers, depositors, blenders...................................
Icing-machine operators________________ ____ ______ _
Benchmen, finishers, scalers, cooky bakers.................
Benchmen’s helpers, finishers’ helpers, kitchen oper
ators................................................................................
Packers, pan greasers......................................................
Women employees:
Pie workers................................................................
General workers........................................................
Agreement C :
Oven tenders_____ ______ _______________ _______ ___
Dividermen, mixers...................... ...................................
Oven-room helpers, blenders, panners, twisters, rackers..
Checkers.........................................................................
Flour handlers, general floormen.....................................
Bread wrappers, shipping clerks......................................
Wrapping floormen...........................................................
Agreement D:
Head ovenmen..................................................................
Mixers__________________ _________________________
Dividermen, bread............... ............................................
Dividermen and platemen, English muffins...................
Molder operators, bread...................................................
Roundermen, English muffins.........................................
Ovenmen, mixers’ helpers, wrappers...............................
Ingredient scalers, flour handlers____________________
General bakery help, box carriers, packers, shipping men.
Cake only—Machine shops:
Agreement A:
First hands........................................................................
Mixers, ovenmen, benchmen...........................................
Helpers, packers (first class).............................................
Washers, packers (second class).......................................
Agreement B:
Foremen....... ............... ....................................................
Ovenmen, mixers..............................................................
Bench hands......................................................................
Helpers..............................................................................
Agreement C:
Ovenmen...........................................................................
Benchmen.........................................................................
Mixers................................................................................
Icing makers......................................................................
Checkers............................................................................
Sweet-yeast men...............................................................
Packers, floormen.............................................................
Bake-shop helpers.............................................................
Helpers...................... .......................................................
Women wrappers and icers..............................................
Pie and pastry:
Agreement A:
Foremen............................................................................
First hands.......................................................................
Second hands....................................................................
Third hands................................ ....................................
Helpers. ........................................................................... .
Agreement B:
Foremen, oven workers.................................................. .
Meringue fillers, fruit mixers.......................................... .
Machine hands................................................................ .
Helpers....... .................................................................... .
Agreement C—Crullers:
Assistant foremen............................................................
M ixers.............................................................................
Cruller fryers...................................................................
Cooks, relief mixers.........................................................
Benchmen................................... ...................................
Doughnut-machine operators, ingredient scalers...........
Helpers, checkers.............................................................
Sugarers, packers.............................................................
$0,900
.890
.880
.870
.860
40
40
40
40
40
_
.
.
_
.
.820
.750
40 .
40 .
.700
.590
40 .
40 .
1.070
.960
.910
.890
.860
.840
.790
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
$1,070
.960
.910
.890
.860
.840
.790
1.100
1.050
1.000
.975
.925
.875
.850
.825
.800
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
1.100
1.060
1.500
1.050
.750
.650
40
40
40
40
1.500
1.050
.750
.650
1.250
1.100
1.000
.900
40
40
40
40
1.250
1.100
1.000
.900
.983
.923
.913
.843
.813
.793
.773
.733
.713
.533
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
.965
.890
.830
.795
.780
.720
.685
.665
.655
.490
1.250
1.125
1.000
.875
.750
40
40
40
40
40
1.250
1.125
.909
.705
.682
.523
44
44
44
44
.909
.705
.682
.523
1.123
1.067
1.035
1.023
.974
.908
.897
.826
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
1.123
1.067
1.035
1.023
.974
.908
.897
.826
1.000
.975
.925
.875
.850
.825
.800
1.000
.875
.750
43
T able 7.— Union Scales o f Wages and H ours in the B akery Trades in Selected C ities,
J u ly I , 1944, and J u ly I , 1943— Continued
July 1,1943
July 1,1944
City and classification
Rate per Hours per Rate per Hours per
week
week
hour
hour
New York, N. Y.— Continued
Pie and pastry—Continued.
Agreement D—Doughnuts:
Foremen............................................................................
Machine operators............................................................
Foreladies..................................................................... .
Helpers.............. ........ ............... ......................... ............
Assistant foreladies............................ ..............................
Packers................... ................................... ......................
Agreement E—Doughnuts:
Machine operators....... ....................................................
Belt attendants.................................................................
Packers............................................................................ .
Crackers and cookies:
Agreement A:
Machinemen, peelers........................................................
Mixers............ ...................................................................
Rollermen, bakers...........................................................
Bakers’ helpers.................. .............................. ..............
Spreaders, trimmers, assemblers, carloaders, shippers..
Stackers, conveyormen, floormen............... ....................
Pan feeders. ......................................................................
Women employees:
Inspectors.......................................................... .........
Cracker packers, machine operators..........................
Carton formers; packers, icing department..............
Agreement B—Dog food:
Machine operators, tally girls.........................................
Fillers, scalers, weight girls..............................................
Hebrew hand shops:
Agreement A:
First hands........................................................................
Second hands.....................................................................
Third hands.......................................................................
Agreement B:
First hands...... ..................................................................
Second hands.....................................................................
Helpers. .............................................................................
Agreement C:
First hands........................................................................
Second hands............................................................. ......
Third hands....... ...............................................................
Agreement D:
First hands........................................................................
Mixers and ovenmen........................................................
Second hands.....................................................................
Third hands......... .............................................................
Agreement E:
Ovenmen and mixers........................................................
Bench hands......................................................................
Third hands.......................................................................
Helpers. .............................................................................
Hebrew machine shops:
First hands..............................................................................
Second hands...........................................................................
Helpers.....................................................................................
Bohemian shops:
Agreement A—Large shops:
First hands.......................................................................
Second hands....................................................................
Agreement B—Small shops:
First hands.......................................................................
Second hands....................................................................
Helpers..............................................................................
French shops:
Bread:
Agreement A—Night work:
Mixers.................................................................... .
Ovenmen.....................................................................
Bench hands...............................................................
Agreement B:
Day work:
Working forem en..............................................
Second hands.......................................................
Third hands.........................................................
Night work:
Working foremen .................................................
Second hands.......................................................
Third hands.........................................................
$1,000
.790
.735
.650
.625
.570
40
40
40
40
40
40
$1,000
.790
.735
.650
.625
.570
40
40
40
40
40
40
.790
.650
.575
40
40
40
.710
.600
.575
40
40
40
1.025
.945
.925
.895
.845
.795
.775
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
1.025
.945
.925
.895
.845
.795
.775
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
.695
.645
.625
40
40
40
.695
.645
.625
40
40
40
.595
.575
40
40
.595
.575
40
40
1.740
1.607
1.207
45
45
45
1.700
1.567
1.167
45
45
45
1.700
1.567
1.167
45
45
45
1.700
1.567
1.167
45
45
45
1.500 *
1.250
1.000
40
40
40
1.500
1.250
1.000
40
40
40
1.463
1.400
1.300
1.075
40
40
40
40
1.463
1.400
1.300
1.075
40
40
40
40
1.266
1.224
.974
.891
48
48
48
48
1.229
1.188
.938
.854
48
48
48
48
1.821
1.679
1.250
42
42
42
1.821
1.679
1.250
42
42
42
1.286
1.214
35
35
1.286
1.214
35
35
1.214
1.143
.722
35
35
45
1.214
1.143
.722
35
35
45
1.238
1.210
1.185
37*4
37*4
37*4
1.238
1.210
1.185
35
35
35
1.156
1. I ll
1.067
45
45
45
1.089
1.044
1.000
45
45
45
1.238
1.190
1.143
42
42
42
1.167
1.119
1.071
42
42
42
44
T able 7.— Union Scales o f W ages and H ours in the B akery Trades in Selected Cities,
J u ly I , 1944, and J u ly I , 1943— Continued
July 1,1944
City and classification
July 1
Late per Hours per Rate per '
week
hour
hour
week
$1.150
1.100
1.000
.850
.595
1.019
.926
.778
54
54
54
1.019
.926
.778
.852
.778
.685
54
54
54
.852
.778
.685
1.288
1.188
.988
40
40
40
1.288
1.188
.988
1.250
1.146
1.042
.833
48
48
48
48
.938
.833
.729
.583
1.C41
.978
48
48
.895
.813
2 22 2 22
40
40
40
40
42
&£
$1.150
1.100
1.000
.850
.595
feSSSo
New York* N. Y.— Continued
French shops—Continued.
Pastry:
Foremen..................................................
Ovenmen and mixers............................ .
Benchmen...............................................
Bakery helpers..................................... .
Pan cleaners, packers............................
Italian shops:
First hands:
Rate A ....................................................
Rate B ....................................................
Rate C....................................................
Second hands:
Rate A ................................................... .
Rate B ... ................................................
Rate C_....................... . .........................
Polish shops:
First hands....................................................
Second hands............................................... .
Helpers..........................................................
Scandinavian shops:
Foremen.......................................................
Second hands........................... ....................
Bench hands................................................ .
Helpers....................................................... .
Spanish shops:
First hands....................................................
Second hands............................................... .
1.025
.925
.825
.625
40
40
40
40
1.025
.925
.825
.625
1.150
1.000
.900
.700
.550
40
40
40
40
40
1.150
1.000
.900
.700
.550
1.030
.910
.890
.830
.820
.810
.780
.730
.710
.650
.590
.570
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
1.030
.910
.890
.830
.820
.810
.780
.730
.710
.650
.590
.570
.590
.630
.680
40
40
40
.590
.630
.680
.760
.580
.500
40
40
40
.760
.580
.500
.450
.470
.500
40
40
40
.450
.470
.500
SfeSSS SSSS
Oklahoma City, Okla.
Bread and cake—Machine shops:
Day work:
Foremen.......... ......................................................
Mixers, ovenmen...................................................
Bench and machine hands......... .........................
Wrapping-machine operators, helpers..................
Night work:
F orem en................. ..............................................
Mixers and ovenmen....... ........... .................... .
Bench and machine men..... ........................ ........
Helpers...................................................................
Wrapping-room helpers.........................................
£ ££ $ ££ SSS S S S S S S S S S S 6 S
Omaha, Nebr.
Bread and cake—Machine shops:
Working foremen........... .............................................
Cake decorators..... ......................................................
Dough mixers, ovenmen........... ..................................
Benchmen. ............................................ .....................
Cake mixers........ .........................................................
Ingredient scalers, machinemen___ ____ ___________
Oven dumpers, pie mixers, ovenmen, order checkers.
Fruit cookers........ .......................................................
Dough-room helpers.....................................................
Cooler m en..................................................................
Pan cleaners......... ........................................................
Helpers, other than bake-shop........................... ........
Bake-shop helpers and packers:
First 6 m onths.....................................................
Second 6 months..................................... ..............
After 1 year....... .....................................................
Women employees:
W orking foreladies___ ______ ___________ _____
Cake and roll wrapping-machine operators........
Pie fillers and wrappers.........................................
Hand wrappers and icers:
First 6 months.................................................
Second 6 months...................... .......................
After 1 year......................................................
45
T able 7.— Union Scales o f W ages and H ours in the Bakery Trades in Selected Cities,
J u ly I , 1944, and J u ly I , 1943— Continued
July 1,1944
City and classification
July 1,1943
Rate per Hours per Rate per Hours per
hour
week
hour
week
Peoria, 111.
Bread and cake—Hand shops:
Foremen...................................................................................
Foremen on bench__________ _____ ___________ _________
Benchmen_________________________ ____________ ______
Bread and cake—Machine shops:
Foremen.............................. ..................................... ..............
Spongers, ovenmen_________ ________________ ___________
Benchmen, machine operators_________________ _______
Oven helpers..................... ...... ................................. ..........
Bake-shop helpers:
First 3 months......... ........................................................
After 3 months.................................................... ............
Wrappers, men:
First 3 months................. .......... ........... ..........................
After 3 months............... ..................................................
Wrappers, women:
First 3 months...................... ..................... ................ ......
After 3 m o n t h s .------ ------------------------------------------- -
$1.000
.833
.771
48
48
48
$0,958
.792
.729
48
48
48
1.188
1.063
.988
.750
40
40
40
42
1.188
1.063
.988
.750
40
40
40
42
.600
.700
42
42
.600
.700
42
42
.550
.650
42
42
.550
.650
42
42
.500
.600
42
42
.500
.600
42
42
1.000
.950
40
40
1.000
.950
40
40
.910
.860
.850
.825
.800
40
40
40
40
40
.910
.860
.850
.825
.800
40
40
40
40
40
.775
.560
40
40
.775
.560
40
40
1.025
1.000
.975
.950
40
40
40
40
1.025
1.000
.975
.950
40
40
40
40
.910
.850
40
40
.910
.850
40
40
.825
.775
40
40
.825
.775
40
40
.620
.600
.560
40
40
40
.620
.600
.560
40
40
40
1.075
1.000
.975
40
40
40
1.075
1.000
.975
40
40
40
.935
.910
.885
40
40
40
.935
.910
.885
40
40
40
Philadelphia, Pa.
Bread and cake—Machine shops:
Agreement A:
Traveling-oven supervisors, peel-, oil-, and rotary-oven
men___________________ _______________ ____ _____
M ixers...------- -------- ---------------------------------------------Traveling-oven feeders and deliverymen, bench and ma
chine men, doughnut-machine operators, steam-box
tenders, depositor operators, ingredient scalers_______
Sandwich-wrapping and sweet-dough machine setters.. .
Mixers' helpers.................. ........................ ........... ...........
Route packers_____________________________________
Wrapping-machine operators ______________________
Bakery, oven, bench, and depositors’ helpers, wrappingmachine truckers, tray boys, crumb-department men,
stockroom helpers, flour pilers and handlers, roll bag
gers, men wrappers, flour blenders, pan greasers.........
Women wrappers and icers.............................................
Agreement B;
Shippers, receivers................. ..........................................
Oven supervisors, rotary ovenmen..................................
Steam-box tenders........................ ................................. .
Mixers___________ ____ _______________ ____________
Benchmen, greasing-machine operators, dividers, icingmachine and depositor operators, ingredient scalers,
moldermen, decorators, oven feeders and deliverymen.
Mixers’ helpers__ ____ ___________________ ____ _____
Wrapping-machine operators (cake and sweet goods),
bread selectors, flour blenders...................... ..............
Pan greasers, bakery helpers............................. ..............
Women employees:
Floor girls, wrappers..................................................
Deposit girls...................... ................... ................. .
All other girls. .............................................. .......... .
Agreement C:
Head ovenmen.................................................................
Cake decorators, peel ovenmen.......................................
Dough and icing mixers........................ ........................
Bench and machine men, steam-box tenders, ingredient
scalers........................................ — ........... ...................
Traveling-oven feeders and deliverymen........................
Bread coolers, mixers’ helpers, dough punchers_______
Route packers, pastry packers, bread wrappers and
packers..._____________________ _____ ___________
Flour pilers and dumpers, pan greasers, bakery and
stockroom helpers...........................................................
Women wrappers and icers..............................................
Cake—Machine shops:
Working foremen.....................................................................
Dough mixers, ovenmen.........................................................
Benchmen...............................................................................
Helpers............ .......................................................................
Women employees............................................. ....................
.850
40
.850
40
.800
.583
40
40
.800
.583
40
40
.985
.885
.785
.635
.515
40
40
40
40
40
.970
.870
.770
.620
.500
40
40
40
40
40
46
T able 7.— Union Scales o f Wages and H ours in the B akery Trades in Selected Cities9
J u ly I , 1944, and J u ly I , 1943— Continued
July 1,1944
July 1,1943
City and classification
Rate per Hours per Rate per Hours per
hour
week
hour
week
Philadelphia, Pa.—Continued
Pie and pastry:
Agreement A:
First hands........................................................................
Second hands.....................................................................
Third hands......................................................................
Women helpers:
Machine operators......................................................
Wrappers....................................................................
Agreement B:
Ovenmen, cooks, dough and custard mixers...................
Cooks’ helpers, ovenmen’s helpers, ingredient scalers,
order packers................ ......... ......................................
Pie makers, toppers, shell markers..................................
Dishwashers, u tility m e n ------ ------------------------ -------Apple peelers, pie wrappers, crown makers, lemon
fillers, women.................................................................
Crackers and cookies:
Agreement A:
Mixing department:
Supervisors.................................................................
DoUgh mixers.................... .........................................
Dough mixers’ helpers, assemblers...........................
Mixing-room laborers___________________________
Bake house:
Machinemen................................................ ..............
Ovenmen....................................................................
Rollermen........... .......................................................
Stockroom packing material:
Stockmen. ............ .....................................................
Paper-cutting machine operators, packing-material
helpers.....................................................................
Icing, wrapping, and packing departments:
Set-up men........... .......................- .............................
Women employees:
W orking supervisors................................ ...........
Packers, bundlers, inspectors, hand carton
formers, weighers, stitchers, machine opera
tors, sugarers and stackers of lady fingers,
lady finger baggers and bag crimpers..............
Miscellaneous helpers..........................................
Agreement B:
Sponge and sweet baking:
Machine captains, sponge......................... ...............
Head mixers, sponge____________________________
Sweet mixers and travel-oven bakers....... ................
Sponge peelers and bakers........................................
Rollermen............................ .....................................
Drawmen, ovenmen, reel-oven helpers----------------Mixers’ helpers......................................... ...............
Travel-oven helpers....................................................
Oven firemen.............................................................
Pan cleaners, feeders..................................................
Stackers......................................................................
Slow-pan men, spray-machine operators..................
Packing and icing departments:
Supply men, tally clerks....... .................................. .
Icing-machine set-up men and mixers’ helpers.........
Stockmen...................................................................
Pastemakers................................................................
Tally men...................................................................
Sealers and weighers...................................................
Floormen.............. ......................................................
Women employees:
Working supervisors............................................
Machine operators, general packers...................
Other packers, carton formers.............................
Agreement C:
M ixers...............................................................................
Bakers, ovenmen, peelers-in.............................................
Stackers.................... .......................................................
General helpers, male........................................................
Women employees:
Packing helpers...........................................................
Baking and icing helpers............................................
$1,000
.910
.775
40
40
40
$1,000
.910
.775
40
40
40
.600
.560
40
40
.600
.560
40
40
.835
40
.835
40
.735
.685
.635
40
40
40
.735
.685
.635
40
40
40
.560
40
.560
40
1.045
.970
.845
.770
40
40
40
40
1.025
.970
.825
40
40
40
.970
.920
.875
40
40
40
.970
.920
.875
40
40
40
.945
40
.895
40
.770
40
.770
40
.820
40
.820
40
.695
40
.695
40
.605
.535
40
40
.605
.535
40
40
.970
.945
.920
.915
.875
.855
.845
.835
.825
.795
.775
.765
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
.970
.945
.920
.915
.875
.855
.845
.835
.825
.795
.775
.765
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
.845
.840
.775
.755
.745
.735
.725
40
40
40
40
40
• 40
40
.845
.840
.775
.755
.745
.735
.725
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
.695
.605
.575
40
40
40
.695
.605
.575
40
40
40
.905
.880
.705
.630
40
40
40
40
.905
.880
.705
.630
40
40
40
40
.555
.530
40
40
.555
.530
40
40
47
T able 7.— Union Scales o f Wages and H ours in the B akery Trades in Selected Cities9
J u ly I , 1944, and J u ly 19 1943— Continued
July 1, 1944
City and classification
July 1, 1943
Rate per Hours per Rate per Hours per
week
hour
week
hom’
Philadelphia, Pa.— Continued
Hebrew shops—Bread:
Foremen, oven hands.................................
Second hands, dough mixers.......................
Third hands, help ers................................
Fourth hands...............................................
Hebrew shops—Cake:
First hands, foremen.......... ........................
Second hands...............................................
Third hands.................................................
Fourth hands...............................................
Italian shops:
Ovenmen, dough mixers........ .....................
Bench hands................................................
Helpers.........................................................
$1,482
1.420
1.316
.900
45
45
45
45
$1.416
1.353
1.249
.834
45
45
45
45
.940
.807
.673
.684
45
45
45
45
.940
.807
.673
.584
45
45
45
45
.917
.792
.667
48
48
48
.917
.792
.667
48
48
48
.979
.938
.864
.730
.625
48
48
48
48
48
.979
.938
.854
.730
.625
48
48
48
48
48
.521
.595
.575
48
48
48
.521
.595
.575
48
48
48
.470
.563
48
48
.470
.563
48
48
1.175
1.125
1.025
.675
40
40
40
40
1.175
1.125
1.025
.675
40
40
40
40
.875
.750
.625
40
40
40
.875
.750
.625
40
40
40
.575
.675
40
40
.575
.675
40
40
.950
.900
.850
.790
.740
.730
.710
.670
.550
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
.950
.900
.850
.790
.740
.730
.710
.670
.550
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
1.556
1.489
1.400
45
45
45
1.533
1.4671.378
45
45
45
1.489
1.400
45
45
1.467
1.378
45
45
.688
.675
.615
.596
.477
48
48
48
48
48
.667
.655
.594
.575
.455
48
48
48
48
48
Phoenix, Ariz.
Bread' and cake—Hand shops:
Foremen..................................................................
Dough mixers, ovenmen. ................................... .
Benchmen...................... ...... ..................................
W rapping-machine operators.............. .................
Shippmg clerks. ............ ........................................
Wrapping-machine helpers:
First 3 months..................................................
After 3 months..................................................
Checkers, hand wrappers. ....................................
Pan washers:
First month— ..................................................
After 1 m onth..................................................
Bread and cake—Machine shops:
Production department:
Foremen..........................................................
Dough mixers, ovenmen. .............................. .
Machinemen, bench hands.. ...........................
Pan washers, unskilled help (after 6 months).
Wrapping and shipping department:
Foremen, machine operators...........................
Shipping clerks........... ...................... ..............
Checkers.......... .................................................
Machine helpers:
First 6 months.......................................... .
After 6 months..........................................
Pittsburgh, Pa.
Bread and cake—Machine shops:
Mixers, ovenmen.............. .......................... ..........
Benchmen, machine hands, molders, dividers__
Traveling-oven feeders and dumpers....................
Bake-shop helpers___________________ ________
Checkers, stock handlers.......................................
Wrapping-machine setters...................................
Order assemblers........ ......... ........... ....................
Packers............ ......................................................
Women helpers.....................................................
Hebrew shops:
Bread:
First hands......................................................
Second hands..................................................
Third hands...................................................
Cake:
First hands.....................................................
Second hands...................................................
Unskilled help:
Shippers, bread wrappers...............................
Cake bakers’ helpers................................... .
Stock handlers.................................................
Pan greasers................................................. .
Women wrappers.
48
T able 7.— Union Scales o f W ages and H ours in the B akery Trades in Selected Cities^
J u ly I , 1944, and J u ly I , 1943— Continued
July 1,1944
City and classification
July 1,1943
Rate per Hours per Rate per Hours per
week
hour
week
hour
Portland, Oreg.
Bread and cake—Hand shops:
Foremen........................ - .............................. .............. .........
Ovenmen, mixers-------------------------------- ---------------- ------Bench hands............... ........................................ ...................
Head checkers........... ................ .........................................
Assistant checkers.................... .............................................
Helpers:
First year............ .......... ............................. ............... .
After 1 year......................... .........................................
Packers, hand wrappers....... .................................... ..............
Bread and cake—Machine shops:
Foremen__________________ ________ ______________ ____
Ovenmen, mixers...................................... ........................ .
Bench hands, machinemen...................................... ..............
Head checkers and wrappers, receiving clerks, stock clerks,
head shipping clerks.............................................. ......... .
W rapping-machine operators..................... ..................... .
Flour blenders._______ _____ ___________________________
Shipping clerks, assistant checkers..................................... .
Machine operators’ helpers.................................................. .
Pan greasers (first year)............ ............................................
Women employees:
Foreladies (in charge of 4 or more girls)..... .....................
Cake decorators______________ _____________________
Icing girls...........................................................................
Other helpers (after 1 year)..............................................
Crackers and cookies:
Agreement A:
Machinemen......................................................................
Mixers................................................................................
Peelers_______ ___ _____________ ___________________
Ovenmen .........................................................................
Rollermen..........................................................................
Scalemen, wrappers................. ........................................
Mixers’ helpers.................................................................
Miscellaneous helpers.......................................................
Dough feeders, rollermen’s helpers, assemblymen.........
Stackers_____ _____ ___________ _______ _____ ____ _
Women employees:
Packers....... ......... ............................................................
leers and other helpers.....................................................
Agreement B:
Mixers................................................................................
Peelers, shipping clerks. ..................................................
Ovenmen........................ ..................................................
Rollermen. ........................................................................
Stackers..............................................................................
Women employees:
Packers...................... ................................................
Other helpers-............................................................
$1.265
1.208
1.093
.973
.845
40
40
40
40
40
$1.265
1.208
1.093
.973
.845
40
40
40
40
40
.700
.861
.816
40
40
40
.700
.861
.816
40
40
40
1.336
1.272
1.208
36
36
36
1.336
1.272
1.208
36
36
36
1.158
1.078
1.014
.997
.901
.764
36
36
36
36
36
36
1.158
1.078
1.014
.997
.901
.764
36
36
36
36
36
36
.796
.744
.649
.591
40
40
40
40
.796
.744
.649
.591
40
40
40
40
1.015
.980
.955
.905
.850
.845
.810
.765
.760
.740
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
1.015
.980
.955
.905
.850
.845
.810
.765
.760
.740
40
40
40
40
40
40
to
40
40
40
.555
.535
40
40
.555
.535
40
40
.930
.880
.855
.825
.755
40
40
40
40
40
.930
.880
.855
.825
.755
40
40
40
40
40
.505
.460
40
40
.505
.460
40
40
.825
.660
.575
.500
44
44
44
44
.825
.660
.575
.500
44
44
44
44
.976
.926
.876
40
40
40
.976
.926
.876
40
40
40
• .851
.726
40
40
.851
.726
40
40
1.125
.925
.900
.875
.825
.775
.720
.675
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
1.125
.925
.900
.875
.825
.775
.720
.675
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
Providence, R . I.
Bread and cake—Hand shops:
Working foremen, benchmen who do some mixing daily___
Benchmen........................ —....................................................
Shippers, wrappers..................................................................
Pan greasers, general helpers..................................................
Bread—Machine shops:
Agreement A:
Mixers................................................................................
Dividers.............................................................. ..............
Molders..............................................................................
Traveling ovenmen, doughnut mixers, bread wrappers,
machine adjusters..........................................................
Utilitymen, helpers, packers, doughnut wrappers.........
Agreement B:
Head m ixers....................................................................
Ovenmen, dividers............................................................
Head wrapping operators. ...............................................
Molders..............................................................................
First benchmen, mixers’ helpers......................................
Oven helpers, benchmen..................................................
Wrapping-machine operators...........................................
Pan greasers.......................................................................
49
T able 7.— Union Scales o f Wages and Hours in the Bakery Trades in Selected Cities,
J u ly 1, 1944, and J u ly 1, 1943— Continued
July 1,1944
City and classification
July 1,1943
Rate per Hours per Rate per Hours per
week
hour
hour
week
Providence, R. I.— Continued]
Bread—Machine shops.—Continued.
Agreement C:
Mixers, traveling ovenmen_________________________
Dividers, peel ovenmen, head henchmen
M o ld e r s -___________ _____________________________
Ingredient, scalers_______________ ___________ _______
Ovenmen’s helpers, molders’ helpers, henchmen, head
wrappers, utilitymen_____________________________
Wrappers. I_______________________________________
Agreement D:
Mixers____________________________________________
Dividers............................................................................
Molders_______________ _____________ _________ ___
Batchmen, ingredient scalers________
__
_____
Ovenmen’s and molders’ helpers. ................................. .
Wrappers (after 4 weeks), flourm en.......... ....................
Pan greasers__________ 1___ ______ _____________ ___
Cake—Machine shops:
Mixers ______________________________________________
Ovenmen_____________________________________________
Scalers, fried-cake mixers, icing and cutting-machine opera
tors, icing mixers____________________ ________________
Fryers___ ~............ ......... .......................................................
Wrapping floormen......... ................... ...................................
Cake and' fried-cake helpers:
First 6 m onths.................................................................
After 6 months__________________________ _______ _
Women helpers:
First 6 months____________________________________
After 6 months____________________________________
Pie and pastry:
Night bakers_______________ ___ ______________________
Cooks________________________________________________
■Rakers
_
.....
........
Receiving clerks_________________________________
___
Filling mixers________ __________ _____________________
Dough breakers and helpers_______________________ . __
Washers, cleaners, miscellaneous workers
Women employees:
Wrappers_________________________________________
Machine operators
Hebrew shops:
Foremen_____________________________________________
Second hands
Hellenic shops:
Working foremen
Mixers ______________________________________________
Ovenmen_____________________________________________
Molder operators.. __________ __________ ____________
Divider operators, first benchmen......... !_________________
Wrappin g-m ach in e operators, eh eckers
Benchmen____________________________________________
General helpers________________________________________
Pan greasers
___
$1.025
.925
.875
.825
40
40
40
40
$1,025
.925
.875
.825
40
40
40
40
.750
.675
40
40
.750
.675
40
40
1.025
.025
.875
.775
.750
.725
.685
40
40
40
40
. 40
40
40
1.025
.925
.875
.775
.750
.725
.685
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
1.035
.950
40
40
1.035
.950
40
40
.840
.790
.730
40
40
40
.840
.790
.730
40
40
40
.625
.650
40
40
.625
.650
40
40
.475
.540
40
40
.475
.540
40
40
.750
.720
.680
.660
.635
.630
.590
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
.690
.690
.650
.630
.605
.590
.550
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
.470
.490
40
40
.425
.445
40
40
1.146
1.042
48
48
1.146
1.042
48
48
1.000
.875
.875
.775
.750
.700
.650
.600
.550
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
.875
.775
.750
.700
.675
.625
.600
.575
.525
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
.888
.800
40
40
.888
.800
40
40
.763
.688
.663
40
40
40
.763
.688
.663
40
40
40
1.125
.890
.870
.820
40
40
40
40
1.090
.840
.790
.790
40
40
40
40
.740
.590
40
40
.740
.590
40
40
Reading, Pa.
Bread and cake—Machine shops:
Doughnut,-machine operators, mixers
Cakemen, stock clerks...........................................................
Benchmen, ovenmen, machinemen, dividermen, ingredientmen, moldermen, wrappers_____________ _______ ______
Pan greasers___________________________________________
Helpers
Richmond, Va.
Bread and cake—Machine shops:
Agreement A:
Bread department:
Shipping foremen______________________________
Divider operators_______________:____________ __
Wrapping-machine operators _
Molder operators, oven feeders__________________
Molders’ helpers, wrapping-machine helpers, oven
helpers, bread packers
_
_
Flour blenders............................................................
50
T able 7.— Union Scales o f W ages and H ours in the Bakery Trades in Selected Cities,
J u ly I , 1944, and J u ly I , 1943— Continued
July 1, 1944
City and classification
July 1, 1943
Rate per Hours per Rate per Hours per
week
hour
hour
week
Richmond, Va.—Continued
Bread and cake—Machine shops—Continued.
Agreement A—Continued.
Cake department:
Foremen_______________________________________
M ixers._______________________________________
Oven tenders__________________________________
Doughnut machinists___________________________
Women employees:
Foreladies__________________________________
Wrapping-machine operators__________ ______
Slicers, icers, depositor operators, wrappers,
general helpers___________________________
Agreement B f
Dough mixers____________________ ^________________
Dividers ____________ •____________________________
Ovenmen _______________________________________
Cake mixers_______________________________________
Machine wrappers, molders_________________________
R ackers___________________________________________
Wrapping-machine helpers_____________________ ____
Pan greasers, oven set-up men_______________________
Agreement C:
Bread department:
Dough mixers______________ ___________________
Divider operators........................................ .............
Benchmen ___________________________________
Oven feeders and dumpers______________________
M oldermen __________________________________
Bread packers__________________________________
Pan greasers, flour blenders_____________________
Cake department:
Head ovenmen_________________________________
Scaling-machine men___________________________
Dumpers, pan greasers, women helpers___________
Women wrappers ____________________________
Shipping department:
f?hippipg f‘lorlrsJpnplrprs
. .
Agreement D:
Bread:
Dough mixers__________________________________
Dividermen, moldermen________________________
Roli-machine operators__ ______________________
Oven feeders and dumpers______________________
Wrapping-machine operators____________________
Flour dumpers___________________________ _____
Cooler feeders _______________________________
Rackers.. _____________________________________
Wrappers’ helpers______________________________
General helpers ______________________________
Pan greasers__________________________________
$1.125
.890
.865
.840
40
40
40
40
.750
.625
40
40
.470
.850
.825
.750
.700
.650
.650
.600
.500
$0,890
.865
.840
40
40
40
40
.470
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
.850
.700
.700
.700
.650
.550
40
40
40
40
40
40
.920
.800
.750
.750
.700
.625
.600
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
.850
.750
.700
.600
.700
.550
.450
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
.850
.700
.600
.475
40
40
40
40
.550
40
.550
40
.860
.750
.750
.700
.690
.570
.550
.550
.500
.470
.450
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
.850
.750
40
40
.600
40
.450
.550
.450
.450
.450
.450
40
40
40
40
40
40
Rochester, N. Y .
Bread and cake—Hand shops:
Day work: u
Foremen or first hands______________________ - ______
Ovenmen, mixers
______________________________
Bench hands_____________________________________
Bread and cake—Machine shops:
Agreement A:
First hands ______________________________________
Second hands ___________________________________
Third hands_______________________________________
Skilled helpers_____________________________________
Foreladies . _____________________________________
Women pm pinypcs
__ ___
__
_______
Agreement B:
Mixers
_________________ _____________________
Dividermen ____ ______________________________
Oven operators, assemblymen, hatchmen, machinemen, moldermen, dividermen, bench hands, oven
dumpers and feeders . _________________________
Flour blenders, mixers’ helpers.......................................
11$2.50 per week additional for night work.
12 $4.50 per week addit ional for night work.
h
1.023
.943
.909
44
44
44
1.023
.943
.909
44
44
44
1.050
ii. 963
ii. 925
12.700
.650
.540
40
40
40
40
44
44
ii 1.050
ii. 963
n.925
12.700
.650
.540
40
40
40
40
44
44
1.000
.950
40
40
1.000
.950
40
40
.900
.850
40
40
.900
.850
40
40
51
T able 7.— Union Scales o f W ages and H ours in the Bakery Trades in Selected Cities,
J u ly 1 , 1944, and J u ly I , 1943— Continued
July 1,1944
City and classification
July 1,1943
Rate per Hours per Rate per Hours per
hour
week
hour
week
Rochester, N. Y.—Continued
Bread and cake—Machine shops—Continued,
Agreement B —Continued.
Wrapping-machine operators_________________ ____ _.
Flour handlers_____I______________________________
Oven and machine helpers, bench helpers, bread
rackers, pan greasers, checkers and packers_________
Wrapping and slicing helpers______ _________________
Women employees: ~
Floorladies _ _________________________ _______
Icing-machine operators............... .............................
leers, wrappers___________________ _____________
Box makers_________________ _____ ____________
Hebrew shops:
Ovenmen, mixers............................................................... ___
Bench hands............................................................................
First cake bakers___________ ____________ . . . . _
Second cake bakers............................- ......... ......... ................
Third hands.............. ............................................... ..............
$0,800
.775
40
40
$0,800
.775
40
40
.750
.725
40
40
.750
.725
40
40
.620
.500
.470
.420
40
40
40
40
.620
.500
.470
.420
40
40
40
40
1.406
1.302
1.250
1.146
1.094
48
48
48
48
48
1.406
1.302
1.250
1.146
1.094
48
48
48
48
48
.910
.810
.760
.577
.448
48
48
48
48
48
.910
.810
.760
.577
.448
48
48
48
48
48
1.010
.910
.860
.735
40
40
40
40
1.010
.910
.860
.735
40
40
40
40
.590
.670
40
40
.590
.670
40
40
.410
.485
40
40
.410
.485
40
40
1.010
.910
.860
40
40
40
1.010
.910
.860
40
40
40
1.042
.946
48
48
1.042
.946
48
48
1.318
1.208
1.125
1.098
.933
.905
.788
.713
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
1.318
1.208
1.125
1.098
.933
.905
.788
.713
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
.705
.750
40
40
.705
.750
40
40
.700
.750
.638
40
40
40
.700
.750
.638
40
40
40
.575
.625
.575
40
40
40
.575
.625
.575
40
40
40
.475
.525
40
40
.475
.525
40
40
Rock Island (111.) District
Bread—Hand shops:
Foremen___________________ ____ _____________________
First bakers___________________ ______ ____________ ____
Second bakers_____________ ____ ______________________
Helpers___________ _____ _______ ___ ____ ______________
Women hand wrappers_______________________ _________
Bread and rolls—Machine shops:
Working foremen-. ___________________________ . . . __
Dough mixers, ovenmen................... _....................................
Benchmen, machinemen______________________________
Shipping-room foremen, checkers, shipping clerks________
Stockroom men, packers, wrapping-machine helpers, truck
loaders, general helpers:
First 6 months ____________________________________
After 6 m onths__________ __________ ______ ________
Women hand wrappers and icers:
First 6 months................. ............... - ..............................
After 6 m onths____________________________ _____
Pie and pastry:
Working foremen__________________ _____ _____ ________
First hands___ ____ __________________________ ____ ____
Second hands and scalers ______ ____ __________________
St. Louis, Mo.
Bread and cake—Hand shops, night work:
Foremen__________________________________ ___________
Second hands, bench hands......... ................ ................ .........
Bread—Machine shops:
Day work:
Foremen___ ___________________________________ ___
Spongers, oven hands ____________________________
First bench hands, scalers......... ................................
Bench and machine hands..............................................
Counters_______________ _____ ___ ____ ____________
Pan greasers, helpers_______________________________
Ingredient scalers______ _________________ ___________
Wrapping- and slicing-machine operators......................
Packers:
Inexperienced_________________________________
Experienced...............................................................
Car crews:
Inexperienced_____________ ____ ________________
Experienced___ _______________ ____ ___________
Beltmen.............. ......................................................... .
Miscellaneous helpers:
Inexperienced__________________________________
Experienced- ___________ _____________________
Foreladies..........................................................................
Women helpers:
Inexperienced__________________________________
Experienced........................................................... .
52
T able 7.— Union Scales o f Wages and H ours in the B akery Trades in Selected C ities,
J u ly 1, 1944, and J u ly i , 1943— Continued
July 1, 1944
City and classification
July 1, 1943
Rate per Hours per Rate per Hours per
week
hour
hour
week
St. Louis, M o.—Continued
Bread—Machine shops—Continued.
Night work:
Foremen................. ...........................................................
Spongers, oven hands....... .......................................... .
First bench hands, scalers................................................
Bench and machine hands.............................................
Counters.................. ................ ........................................
Pan greasers, helpers............ ........... ................................
Ingredient scalers......... ..................... ............................ .
Slicing- and wrapping-machine operators.......................
Beltmen................... ......... ........... ....................................
Cake—Machine shops:
Foremen..................................... . .............. ............................
Ovenmen, mixers........... ....................................................... .
Machine hands......................... .......... ................................
Helpers________ ________________________ _____________
Icing mixers, ingredient scalers............................................
Miscellaneous helpers:
Inexperienced....................................................................
Experienced----------- ------- ------------------------ ------ -------Foreladies............................... ................................................
Women helpers:
Inexperienced-................................................................ .
Experienced.......................... ...........................................
Hebrew hand'shops:
Foremen, ovenmen, bakers............................................... ...
Second hands.............. ..........................................................
Third hands......... .................... ............................................
Miscellaneous helpers..............................................................
$1.373
1.263
1.180
1.153
.988
.960
.843
.768
.693
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
$1.373
1.263
1.180
1.153
.988
.960
.843
.768
.693
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
1.318
1.208
1.098
.905
.874
40
40
40
40
40
1.318
1.208
1.098
.905
.874
40
40
40
40
40
.575
.625
.575
40
40
40
.575
.625
.575
40
40
40
.475
.525
40
40
.475
.525
40
40
1.250
1.042
.788
.438
48
48
48
48
1.250
1.042
.788
.438
48
48
48
48
.979
.875
.813
.792
48
48
48
48
.979
.875
.813
.792
48
48
48
48
.458
.563
48
48
.458
.563
48
48
.896
.833
.813
48
48
48
.896
.833
.813
48
48
48
1.075
.925
.875
40
40
40
1.075
.925
.875
40
40
40
.815
.725
40
40
.815
.725
40
40
.625
.700
40
40
.625
.700
40
40
St. Paul, Minn.
Bread and cake—Hand shops:
Agreement A—Bakery association members:
Foremen of 6 or more..................................................... .
Foremen of 5 or less, first hands......................................
Ovenmen, mixers................... ..........................................
Bench hands......................................................................
Helpers:
First 2 years................................................................
After 2 years...............................................................
Agreement B—Shops with under 8 employees:
Foremen of 5 or less, first hands................. ....................
Ovenmen, mixers................... ...................................... .
Bench hands................................................ ....................
Bread—Machine shops:
Foremen...................................................................................
Sponge and dough mixers, oven operators, ovenmen............
Bench hands, dividers, molders, bun-machine operators—
Oven feeders and dumpers, slicing- and wrapping-machine
operators...............................................................................
Oven and bench helpers, twisters, panners...........................
Helpers:
First 6 months...................................................................
After 6 months..................................................................
Women employees:
Foreladies, girls-in-charge.................................................
Finishers, packers, wrappers:
First 6 months............ ...............................................
After 6 months............................................................
Cake—Machine shops:
Foremen. .................................................................................
Mixers, icers, ovenmen..................................... .....................
Ingredient scalers, fruit cookers, depositor- and drop-machine
operators..... ................................ ...................................... .
Helpers:
First 6 months...................................................................
After 6 months............................................................... .
Women employees:
Foreladies.......................... ...............................................
Wrapping-machine operators...........................................
Wrappers, packers, finishers:
First 6 m onths...........................................................
After 6 months............................................................
.725
40
.725
40
.480
.540
40
40
.480
.540
40
40
1.075
.875
40
40
1.075
.875
40
40
.775
40
.775
40
.625
.700
40
40
.625
.700
40
40
.725
.700
40
40
.725
.700
40
40
.480
.540
40
40
.480
.540
40
40
53
T able 7.— Union Scales o f W ages and H ours in the B akery Trades in Selected Cities,
J u ly I , 1944, and J u ly I , 1943— Continued
July 1,1944
City and classification
July 1,1943
Rate per Hours per Rate per Hours per
week
hour
week
hour
St. Paul, Minn.—Continued
Pie and pastry:
Foremen_____________________ _______________ _________
Second m en........................... ............ ...................................
Helpers:
1-6 months________________________________________
7-12 months_________ _____ ________________________
After 1 year_______________________________________
Women employees:
First 6 months_____________________________________
After 6 months____________________________________
Crackers and cookies:
Head sweet-dough mixers______________________________
Peelers, reliefmen, sponge ovenmen_____________________
Head sponge mixersl__ *1_______________________________
Assistant sponge-dough mixers__________________________
___ ___
_______
Rollermen* 1 __ T__ __________
Marshmallow mixers, sweet ovenmen....... ...........................
Firemen, draw boys.l_______________________ ________
Pangreasers .
. . _________________________ ___________
Unclassified helpers:
First 6 months___________________ ______ _________
Second 6 months...............................................................
After 1 year_______________________________________
Women employees:
Packers............ _......................... ..................... ..............
Cooky packers............................................................... .
Wrappers............ ........................................ ....................
Unclassified helpers:
First 6 months_________________________________
Second 6 months................................... . ............ .
Second year.._______ . . . _______________________
" After 2 years___________________________________
$1,000
.890
40
40
$1,000
.890
40
40
.650
.600
.650
40
40
40
.550
.600
.650
40
40
40
.480
.540
40
40
.480
.540
40
40
.935
.910
.860
.820
.800
.780
.760
.740
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
.925
.900
.850
.800
.775
.750
.725
.700
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
.625
.650
.700
40
40
40
.625
.650
.700
40
40
40
.600
.575
.550
40
40
40
.575
.550
.500
40
40
40
.450
.475
.500
.525
40
40
40
40
.400
.410
.450
.475
40
40
40
40
.990
.833
48
48
.990
.833
48
48
1.070
.950
.890
.840
.770
.720
.670
.570
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
1.070
.950
.890
.840
.770
.720
.670
.570
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
.620
.550
.500
40
40
40
.620
.550
.500
40
40
40
1.131
1.063
40
40
1.131
1.063
40
40
1.113
1.052
42
42
1.113
1.052
42
42
Bench hands________________________________ ___ ______
Flour blenders.... ..................... .........................................
1.380
1.320
1.230
1.140
.980
38
38
38
38
38
1.380
1.320
1.230
1.140
.980
38
38
38
38
38
Women employees:
Foreladies__________ _______ _____________________ _
Icing girls:
First 3 months............................................................
After 3 months..... ................... ......... ........................
Ornamental work_____________________
_____
Icing-machine operators, supervisors, cutters, department
heads___ __________ ______ ___________ _____ _________
Hand and machine wrappers, packers, pan girls, boxers,
box assorters, toast girls, other helpers...............................
.790
40
.790
40
.650
.700
.850
40
40
40
.650
.700
.850
40
40
40
.650
40
.650
40
.590
40
.590
40
Salt Lake City, Utah
Bread and cake—Hand shops:
Foremen.................................... ..............................................
_____
Oven and dough men, bench hands___ _ ______
Bread and cake—Machine shops:
Foremen...................................................................................
Dough mixers, ovenmen.... ..................................... ..............
Scalers........ ......... ........................... .....................................
Machinemen, bench hands....................................................
Shipping clerks, head wrappers_____ ___________________
Checkers............................................................ .....................
Bread rackers, pan greasers______ ______________________
Helpers (first year)..................................................................
Women employees:
Foreladies__________ _______________ ______ _____ ___
leers, wrappers, packers, labelers, sweet-roll panners...
Wrapping-machine operators
San Francisco, Calif.
Bread and cake—Hand shops:
Dairy lunches, restaurants and cafeterias:
Foremen, ovenmen........ .................... ................... .........
Bench hands______________________________ _____ _
Retail shops:
Foremen, ovenmen, mixers............. ............................. .
Bench hands......................... ................. ......... ...............
Bread and cake—Machine shops:
Foremen....................................... ............................. .........
Depositor men, dough mixers, ovenmen.
...
_ _
_
Helpers (after 1 year)________ _ ___
T able 7.— Union Scales o f Wages and H ours in the B akery Trades in Selected Cities,
J u ly I , 1944, and J u ly I , 1943— Continued
July 1, 1944
City and classification
July 1,1943
Bate per Hours per Rate per Hours per
week
hour
week
hour
San Francisco, Calif.—Continued
Crackers and cookies:
Agreement A:
Machinemen, head mixers...............................................
Peelers, oveninen, reliefmen.............................................
Rollermen.........................................................................
Mixers’ and sponge-oven helpers____________________
Wax and cellophane wrapping-machine set-up men,
icing men, sugar-wafer men......... ................................
Sweet-oven helpers, icing helpers, sweet-dough feeders,
pan greasers and feeders, assemblymen, sugar-wafer
helpers............................................................................
Shippers, receivers............................................................
Traveling-oven feeders, dough feeders’ helpers..............
General help, bench boys, packers. ................................
Women employees:
Stackers........ ..............................................................
Supervisors..................................... ...........................
Sponge stackers and packers, stitching-machine
operators, wrappers, bundlers, weighers, carton
formers, sugar-wafer oven girls and spreaders,
cellophane-bag-machine operators, sample girls,
relief girls.......... ......... ...........................................
Can renovators, icing and sugar-wafer girls, swTeet
packers...................................................................
Agreement B:
Machinemen, mixers, ovenmen......................................
Cellophane and wax wrapping-machine operators.........
Icing men....... .......................................... ........................
Shippers, receivers...........................................................
Benchmen......... ...............................................................
Women employees:
Supervisors__________ ______________________ _
Weighers, carton and caddy formers, wrappers,
bundlers, relief girls, stitchers, cellophane-bagmachine operators...................................................
Icing girls, sw^eet packers...........................................
French and Italian hand shops:
Foremen, ovenmen, mixers....................................................
Bench hands............................................. ..............................
French and Italian machine shops:
Foremen, ovenmen, mixers.....................................................
Bench hands............................................................................
$1.113
1.063
.998
.966
40
40
40
40
$1,113
1.063
.998
.965
40
40
40
40
.950
40
.950
40
.900
.870
.825
.763
40
40
40
40
.900
.870
.825
.763
40
40
40
40
.800
.635
40
40
.800
.635
40
40
.600
40
.600
40
.563
40
.563
40
1.145
1.008
.950
.920
.870
40
40
40
40
40
1.145
1,008
.950
.920
.870
40
40
40
40
40
.635
40
.635
40
.600
.563
40
40
.600
.563
40
40
1.123
1.024
42
42
1.123
1.024
42
42
1.179
1.075
40
40
1.179
1.075
40
40
.813
.708
.479
48
48
48
.813
.708
.479
48
48
48
.844
.729
.542
.500
.417
48
48
48
48
48
.844
.729
.542
.500
.417
48
48
48
48
48
1.058
.980
.905
.850
.840
.798
.755
.740
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
1.058
.980
.905
.850
.840
.798
.755
.740
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
.730
.655
40
40
.730
.655
40
40
.843
.763
.668
.593
40
40
40
40
.843
.763
.668
.593
40
40
40
40
.513
.500
40
40
.513
.500
40
40
Scranton, Pa.
Bread and cake—Hand shops:
Agreement A:
Ovenmen, dough mixers..................................................
Bench hands.....................................................................
Helpers..............................................................................
Agreement B:
Mixers, ovenmen, first hands. ........................................
Bench hands, oven helpers...............................................
Shippers............ ...............................................................
W rappers, utilitymen................................................. .
General helpers.. ..... ......................................................
Bread and cake—Machine shops:
Agreement A:
Bread and rolls department:
Shipping clerks...........................................................
Mixers, molders............................... ........................
Oven and proof-box men, dividers.................... .......
Assistant shipping clerks...........................................
Flour blenders, mixers’ helpers, third mixers...........
Pan setters_________________ _____ _____________
Wrappers, traveling-oven feeders and receivers.......
Pan greasers__________________________ _____ ___
Bench h&nds, hand wrappers, packers, moldingmachine helpers......................................................
General helpers...........................................................
Cake department:
General utilitymen.....................................................
Ovenmen, mixers.......................................................
Depositor operators, pan greasers..............................
General helpers..........................................................
Women employees:
Machine operators...............................................
leers, other helpers...............................................
55
T able 7.— Union Scales o f W ages and Hours in the Bakery Trades in Selected Cities,
J u ly 19 1944, and J u ly I , 1943— Continued
July 1,1943
July 1,1944
City and classification
Rate per Hours per Rate per Hours per
week
week
hour
hour
Scranton, Pa.—Continued
Bread and cake—Machine shops—Continued.
Agreement B:
Bread department:
Mixers, sponge-dough scalers................................... .
Traveling-oven feeders and dumpers, shipping
clerks......... ..............................................................
Assistant mixers, .......................................................
Bread rackers.............................................................
Dividers, molder operators, reliefmen......................
Receiving clerks, flour blenders................................
Assistant shipping clerks...........................................
Molders’ helpers, wrapping-machine operators........
Pan greasers ..............................................................
Cake department:
Working foremen, receiving clerks............................
Mixers, scalers.................... ......................................
Shipping clerks, ovenmen, depositors.......................
Icing" mixers.......... ......................................................
Oven helpers, wrapping-machine operators, depositors’ helpers............................................................
Dumpers, stockmen...................................................
Pan greasers. ..............................................................
Packers.......................................................................
Box sorters.................................................................
Women employees:
Wrapping machine operators..............................
Boxmakers, packers........................................... .
Wrappers, icers:
First 6 months...............................................
Second 6 months...........................................
After 1 year....................................................
Variety department:
Shippers, sponge and dough mixers, traveling-oven
feeders and dumpers...............................................
Dough mixers and scalers..........................................
Wrapping-machine operators...................................
Junior shipping clerks...............................................
Assistant dough rollers and bench hands, machine
panners, machine operators ....................................
Bun packers................................. .............................
Pan greasers and rackers, variety rackers............... .
Agreement C :
Reliefmen.........................................................................
Receiving clerks. .............................................................
Mixers..............................................................................
Stockmen, cake depositors, oven operators....................
Divider and molder operators, industrial pan washers. _.
Scalers, pan rackers, doughnut-machine operators, flour
blenders, benchmen, steam-box men, depositors’ help
ers...................... ..................... ......................................
Oven bread rackers, mixers’ helpers, oven feeders and
dumpers, wrapping-machine operators, tray ovenmen, small-roll workers, pan greasers...........................
Bread packers and truckers, cake' dumpers, loaders,
carton makers.............................................. ............... .
Industrial pan washers’ helpers, doughnut-machine
helpers, general baking helpers................. ...................
Women employees:
Pan greasers, cake cutters, machine wrappers, bread
rackers, depositor girls..................................... ......
Doughnut-machine helpers, selectors, bread and
roll girls, bench helpers, floor girls, icers, hand
wrappers, cake shop girls........................................
Bread only—Machine shops:
Shipping clerks.......................................................................
Peel-ovenmen, molder operators, mixers, divider operators,
utilitymen____ _____ ________________ ___________ ____
Flour blenders...................... ................... ............................. .
Mixers’ helpers....................... ...............................................
Molder’s helpers............................. ..................................... .
Pan greasers__________________________________________
Traveling-oven dumpers and feeders, assistant shippers___
Machine wrappers...................... ............................................
Bread rackers and pick-up men:
First, fi months
After 6 months..................................................................
$1,025
40
$1,025
40
.975
.900
.875
.825
.800
.775
.750
.700
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
.975
.900
.875
.825
.800
.775
.750
.700
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
.950
.775
.725
.715
40
40
40
40
.950
.775
.725
.715
40
40
40
40
.685
.635
.610
.580
.555
40
40
40
40
40
.650
.600
.575
.525
.500
40
40
40
40
40
.530
.530
40
40
.488
.475
40
40
.450
.530
.543
40
40
40
.400
.425
.475
40
40
40
.825
.775
.715
.700
40
40
40
40
.825
.775
.700
.700
40
40
40
40
.690
.555
.555
40
40
40
.675
.525
.500
40
40
40
.975
.950
.900
.825
.800
40
40
40
40
40
.975
.950
.900
.825
.800
40
40
40
40
40
.775
40
.775
40
.750
40
.750
40
.725
40
.725
40
.700
40
.700
40
.550
40
.550
40
40
.500
40
.500
1.058
40
1.058
40
.980
.845
.815
.805
.799
.755
.730
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
.980
.845
.815
.805
.799
.755
.730
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
.655
.755
40
40
56
T able 7.— Union Scales o f Wages and H ours in the B akery Trades in Selected Cities,
J u ly I , 19449 and J u ly 1 , 1943— Continued
July 1,1944
City and classification
July 1,1943
Rate per Hours per Rate per Hours per
week
hour
hour
week
Scranton, Pa.—Continued
Pie and cake:
M ixers__________________________________________ ____
Ovenmen, fruit cookers ________________________ ____ __
Shipping clerks „ ______________ ______________ _______
Ovenmen’s helpers, scalers_____________________________
Pan greasers, depositor operators_______________________
Cak«Tdumpers .**______ t ____ ____ ____ _________________
Bowl and pan washers; depositors and fruit cookers’ helpers;
women icers, packers, box makers, hand and machine
wrappers________ ____ _____ _________________________
Crackers and cookies:
Agreement A:
Mixers____________________________________ _____ __
W orking foremen__________________________________
Shipping clerks______ ___ ____ ____________ _________
Marshmallow mixers„ ____________________________
0 venmen, peelers, machinemen______________ ^______
Assistant machinemen_____________________________
Assistant shipping clerks, mixers and dough rollers,
ovenmen’s helpers _________________ - _________
Stackers, pan feeders, dough rollers, oven feeders______
General helpers, flour blenders, sugar grinders, pan
catchers and greasers_____________________________
U tilitymen__ 7___ _____________________ __ ________
Women employees:
Working foreladies:
Rate A ........ ........... ......... ......... .................... .
Rate B ___________________ ____ ______ ______
Machine operators and handlers, marshmallow
operators, box maker operators____ ___________
Packers, bundlers, stackers, other helpers...............
$0.900
.875
.763
.625
.600
.575
40
40
40
40
40
40
.500
40
.935
.875
.750
.660
.610
.585
40
40
40
40
40
40
$0.935
.875
.750
.660
.610
.585
40
40
40
40
40
40
.560
.485
40
40
.560
.485
40
40
.410
.385
40
40
.410
.385
40
40
.410
.385
40
40
.410
.385
40
40
.370
.360
40
40
.370
.360
40
40
1.420
1.354
1.277
.978
36
36
36
36
1.420
1.354
1.277
.978
36
36
36
36
.972
1.094
36
36
.972
1.094
36
36
.963
.850
40
40
.963
.850
40
40
.625
.688
.775
40
40
40
.625
.688
.775
40
40
40
.825
.775
40
40
.750
.700
40
40
.500
.575
.613
.650
40
40
40
40
.450
.525
.563
.600
40
40
40
40
1.620
1.554
1.477
36
36
36
1.620
1.554
1.477
36
36
36
1.139
1.261
1.061
36
36
36
1.139
1.261
1.061
36
36
36
1.080
1.000
.980
.940
.935
.890
.870
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
1.060
.980
.960
.920
.915
.870
.850
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
Seattle, Wash.
Bread and cake—Hand and machine shops:
Day work:
Foremen__________________________________________
Mixers, ovenmen, machinemen ____________________
Beneh hands
. . .
Control-room men_________________________________
Helpers:
After 1 year
........
After 2 years___________________________________
Unskilled help:
Stockmen______________________________________
Men-in-charge, assistant stockmen_______________
General helpers:
1-fi months
........
.......
7-12 months .. __ __________________________
After 1 year________________________________
Women:
Floorladies __ __ __________________________
Assistant floorladies_________________________
General workers:
First 3 months ________________________
4-12 months____________________________
13-24 months _ ________________________
After 2 years____________________________
Night work:
Foremen.............................................................................
Mixers, ovenmen, machinemen_________________ : ___
Bench hands....... .............................................................
Helpers:
After 1 y e a r ___________________________________
After 2 years_________________________ _____ ____
Control-room men_________________________________
Crackers and cookies:
Agreement A:
Machinemen _____________________________________
Mixers__ _
. _______________ ____ ____________
Peelers............ 1................ .................................................
Receiving clerks___________________________________
Ovenmen_________________________________________
Rollermen _ ______________________________________
Scalers, wrappers, oven helpers........................................
57
T able 7.— Union Scales o f W ages and H ours in the Bakery Trades in Selected Cities,
J u ly I , 1944, and J u ly 1, 1943— Continued
July 1,1944
City and classification
July 1,1943
ate per Hours per Rate per Hours per
week
week
hour
hour
Seattle, Wash—Continued
Crackers and cookies—Continued.
Agreement A—Continued.
Mixers’ helpers................................................................ .
Icing helpers....... .......... .................................................
Pan cleaners, feeders, and other helpers:
First 6 months....... ....................................................
After 6 months...........................................................
Women employees:
Experienced sponge packers, combination packers..
leers and sugar-wafer girls.........................................
Plain sweet packers...................................................
Agreement B:
Mixers, machinemen_______________________________
Peelers, ovenmen__________________________________
Rollermen, scalers, wrappers, oven helpers....................
Mixers’ helpers.................................................................
Pan cleaners, feeders, and other helpers:
First 6 months............. ............................................
After 6 months...........................................................
Women employees:
Experienced sponge packers..... ................................
Icing and sugar-wafer girls, plain sweet packers,
combination packers..............................................
$0,830
.755
40
40
$0.810
.735
40
40
.705
.755
40
40
.685
.735
40
40
.600
.560
.550
40
40
40
.580
.540
.530
40
40
40
1.250
1.100
1.000
.900
40
40
40
40
.700
.850
40
40
.620
40
.570
40
1.146
1.042
48
48
1.042
.938
48
48
.771
.500
.375
48
48
48
.771
.500
.375
48
48
48
.875
.625
.375
48
48
48
.875
.625
.375
pp«
48
48
48
.950
.920
.900
.820
.800
.780
.750
.730
.670
.650
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
.950
.920
.900
.820
.800
.780
.750
.730
.670
.650
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
.950
.840
.740
.700
.670
.650
.600
.540
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
.950
.840
.740
.700
.670
.650
.600'
.540
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
.900
.850
42
42
.900
.850
42
42
.780
.750
.680
.630
40
40
40
40
.750
.720
.650
.600
40
40
40
40
.550
.500
40
40
.520
.470
40
40
South Bend, Ind.
Bread and cake—Hand shops:
Agreement A:
First hands.............. ............................. ................. .........
Second hands...................................................................
Agreement B:
BakerS:
First class......................... .......... ............................
Second class..------------- ------------------------ ------------Helpers.............................................................................
Agreement C:
Bakers:
First class..................................................................
Second class__________________ ______ __________
Helpers............ .............. ........................——...................
Bread—Machine shops:
Agreement A:
Mixers, dividermen, ovenmen, head benchmen, receiv
ing clerks........... ........... ............................................
Molder operators.................. ......... .................................
Benchm en............................... .......................*..............
Mixers’ helpers, molders’ helpers................................... .
Checkers____________________________ ____________ _
Conveyormen, bake-shop helpers.._______ __________
Stockroom men...................... ............ ......... ................. .
Packers............ ..................... ........... ........................ .......
Slicers, wrappers. ....................................... ....................
Stale checkers....................................................................
Agreement B:
Mixers, dividers, ovenm en..-........................................ .
Mixers’ helpers, moldermen................. ......................... .
Molders’ helpers....... ...... ............................................... .
Oven feeders and dumpers.............................................
Checkers_________________ _________________ ______
Conveyormen, bake-shop helpers..................................
Packers........................................... ................................ .
Slicers, wrappers......... ......................... ............... ..........
Agreement C:
Mixers, dividermen, ovenmen, benchmen, molder
operators............................................ .........................
Wrappers..........................................................................
Pie and pastry:
Loaders, doughmen, cookers, ingredient mixers.--------------Receiving clerks, foremen______________________ _______
Fruit mixers, receivers.--------- ------------------------ ---------- Dough choppers, machine operators, oven helpers............. .
Women employees:
Supervisors.......................................................................
Helpers.............. .................................... .......... ............ .
58
T able 7.— Union Scales o f W ages and H ours in the B akery Trades in Selected Cities,
J u ly I , 1944, and J u ly I , 1943— Continued
July 1,1944
City and classification
July 1, 1943
Rate per Hours per Rate per Hours per
week
week
hour
hour
Spokane, Wash.
Bread and cake—Hand and machine shops:
Foremen, mixers, ovenmen........ ............................................
Machine hands.--------------------- ----------------- ------------ -----Bench hands____________________ _______ ______ ________
Oven dumpers helpers------------- ---------- ------------------------ Shipping and stock clerks, conveyormen, flour blenders,
packers, bread rackers, machine wrappers______________
Women cake and cooky wrappers:
First 2 months...................................... ...... .....................
After 2 months...............................................................
Crackers and cookies:
Agreement A:
Machinemen.....................................................................
Mixers..................................................... .........................
Peelers....................... .................................. ....................
Receiving clerks............. ............................................... .
Ovenmen....... .............. ................................................ ..
Rollermen....................................................... .................
Scalemen, wrappers....................................... .................
Ovenmen’s helpers________________________________
Mixers’ helpers____________________________ ________
Dough feeders, rollermen’s helpers, assemblymen..........
Stackers___________________________________________
Pan cleaners and feeders, icing helpers, other helpers...
Women employees:
Working supervisors____________________________
Experienced sponge, and plain sweet packers,
stackers, other helpers_____________ ___________
Experienced icing room girls.............. ......................
Agreement B:
Machinemen.......... ................................... ......................
Mixers............................................................................. Peelers.............................................................................
Ovenmen, receiving clerks__________________________
Rollermen ............................ ..................................... .
Dough feeders, rollermen’s helpers. ................................
Stackers...... ................ .................... .................... ..........
Icing helpers, pan cleaners and feeders other helpers___
Women employees:
Floorladies_____________________ _______________
Experienced icing room girls, experienced sponge
and plain sweet packers, other helpers............... .
$1.271
1.213
1.155
.988
40
40
40
40
$1,271
1.213
1.155
.988
40
40
40
40
.888
40
.888
40
.520
.604
40
40
.520
.604
40
40
1.000
.970
.945
.920
.895
.860
.857
.850
.820
.770
.750
.745
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
.988
.950
.925
.900
.875
.840
.838
.830
.800
.750
.730
.725
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
.645
40
.570
.550
40
40
.550
.530
40
40
1.020
.970
.910
.890
.860
.770
.750
.745
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
1.000
.950
.890
.870
.840
.750
.730
.725
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
.645
40
.620
40
.560
40
.540
40
1.100
1.000
48
48
1.100
1.000
48
48
1.000
1.000
.900
.825
.825
.800
.800
.775
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
.975
.900
.825
.825
.800
.775
40
40
40
40
40
40
.775
40
.550
.500
40
40
.500
.450
40
40
1.075
1.000
.975
.900
.900
.850
.825
.825
.800
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
1.075
1.000
.975
.900
40
40
40
40
.850
.825
40
40
.650
.600
.550
40
40
40
.650
40
.550
45
Springfield, Mass.
Bread, cake, and pies—Hand shops:
Foremen..................................... ..............................................
Second hands, dough mixers, bench hands.......................... .
Bread and cake—Machine shops:
Agreement A:
Dough mixers..... ..............................................................
Ovenmen....... ......... ................................ ........................
Reliefmen_____________ ___________ ________ ________
Shipping-room workers.....................................................
Divider operators....... ..................... ...............................
Molder operators.__________ _____________ __________
Oven helpers ____________________________________
Cake-room helpers............................................. ............ .
Women employees:
Icing girls....... .................................. .........................
Helpers............................................................ ...........
Agreement B:
Foremen............... ........................................................... .
Dough mixers, peel ovenmen..........................................
Floormen, assistant foremen........... ......... ......................
Cake mixers.............................. ........... ................ ...........
Cairo even men
Conveyor ovenmen______ __________________ ________
Dividers, molder-operators, bench hands....... ................
Dough-room helpers
. . __________________
Seniors
__
Women employees:
Foreladies..................................................................
Hand cake icers - ___________________________
Other helpers................... ...................... ...... .............
59
T able 7.— Union Scales o f Wages and Hours in the Bakery Trades in Selected Cities,
J u ly I , 1944, and J u ly J, 1943— Continued
July 1,1943
July 1,1944
City and classification
Rate per Hours per Rate per Hours per
week
week
hour
hour
Springfield, Mass.—Continued
Bread only—Machine shops:
Agreement A:
Foremen. ............ .............................................................
Bench foremen, dough mixers..........................................
Assistant foremen.............................................................
Peel ovenmen....... ......................................................... .
Dividers, scalers, molder operators, bench hands...........
Conveyor ovenmen, pan greasers, dough-room helpers..
Helpers................ ........................................................ .
Packers, slicers, receivers................................................
Coolers..................... .........................................................
Women employees:
Foreladies....................................................................
Helpers........................................................................
Agreement B:
Reliefmen..........................................................................
Dough mixers............ .................................................. .
Divider operators, oven feeders........................................
Molder operators........................................................... .
Other m en........................................................................
Hebrew hand shops:
Foremen..................................................................................
Second hands, dough mixers...................................................
Bench hands............................................................................
$1.075
.975
.900
.850
.825
.800
.750
.725
.725
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
$1.075
.975
40
40
.850
.825
.800
.750
.725
40
40
40
40
40
.650
.500
40
40
.650
.500
40
40
1.000
. 950
.850
.800
.750
40
40
40
40
40
1.000
.950
.850
.800
.750
40
40
40
40
40
1.289
1.173
1.056
45
45
45
1.289
1.173
1.056
45
45
45
.841
.795
.705
. 659
.614
.568
.545
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
.841
.795
.705
.659
.614
.568
.545
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
.477
.432
44
44
.477
.432
44
44
.925
.775
.725
.625
.600
.525
.475
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
.925
.775
.725
.625
.600
.525
.475
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
.720
.660
.450
40
40
40
.720
.660
.450
40
40
40
.751
.679
.607
.511
.416
48
48
48
48
•48
.751
.679
.607
.511
.416
48
48
48
48
48
.795
.614
.568
.477
44
44
44
44
.795
.614
.568
.477
44
44
44
44
.795
48
1.000
.950
.900
.850
48
48
48
48
1.000
.950
.900
.850
48
48
48
48
Tampa, Fla.
Bread and cake—Machine .shops:
Foremen..... ...........................................................................
Head cake men...... ........... .....................................................
Mixers................................. ...............................................
Ovenmen, proofing and baking...................................... ........
Second cake men............. ..................................... .................
Bench and machine men, wrapping-machine operators.......
Oven loaders and dumpers_______ ____ ___________ _____
Wrapping-machine helpers, cake-shop and other helpers,
cake icers—..........................................................................
Hand wrappers........................................................
Bread only—Machine shops:
Agreement A:
Foremen............................................................................
Dough mixers...................................................................
Ovenm en...................... ..................................................
Machinemen, bench hands, machine wrappers..........
Oven loaders and dumpers_______________ ___________
Bread rackers, pan greasers, helpers................................
Bread wrappers’ helpers..................... ............................
Agreement B:
Dough mixers....................................................................
Ovenmen...........................................................................
Wrappers and helpers.......................................................
Latin-American hand shops:
Specialty bread:
Master bakers, ovenmen-in-charge..................................
Ovenmen, dough mixers-in-charge..................................
Dough mixers...................................................................
Bench hands......................................................................
Helpers..............................................................................
Cake:
Agreement A:
Head cake and pastry men........................................
Second cake and pastry men, ovenmen....................
Piemen........................................................................
Helpers........................................................................
Agreement B:
First cake men_____________________ _ _____
Toledo, Ohio
Bread and cake—Hand shops:
First hands. .............................................................................
Second hands...................... ...................................................
Third hands.............................................................................
Helpers.....................................................................................
60
T able 7.— Union Scales o f W ages and H ours in the B akery Trades in Selected Cities*.
J u ly I , 1944, and J u ly I , 1943— Continued
July 1,1944
City and classification
July 1, 1943
Rate per Hours per Rate per Homs per
week
week
hour
hour
Toledo, Ohio—Continued
Bread and cake—Machine shops:
Agreement A—Small shops:
First mixers, first peel ovenmen, bread bench foremen..
Cake bench foremen_______________________________
Second mixers, second peel ovenmen, reel ovenmen,
roll and bread bench hands_______________________
Cake benchmen, ingredientmen, cake mixers and oven
men_____________________________________________
Dividermen, machine bread wrappers, frymen for
yeast-raised products, hand frymen for cake and
doughnuts. __ .
___ _______ __________________
Moldermen ______________________ _____ ___________
Bread slicers and rackers, bread wrappers’ helpers,
machine frymen for cake and doughnuts, shipping
room helpers _ _______________________________
Agreement B—Major shops:
Bread department:
First mixers___________________________________
Second mixers_________________________________
Oven operators_________________________________
Benchmen _ _ _______________________________
Traveling ovenmen, mixers’ helpers, dividers,
moldermen. _______ ___ ______________________
Wrapping-machine set-up men__________________
Molders’ helpers_______1_______________________
Flour blenders ________ ____ _ _______________
Helpers in bake shop and wrapping, packing, and
shipping rooms_______________________________
Cake department:
Ingredient scalers, dough mixers, icing mixers, oven
men, depositormen__ _______________________
Wrapping-machine set-up men__________________
Dough and icing-mixers’ helpers_________________
Icing-machine operators_________________________
Depositor helpers, dumpers, checkers........ ......... ....
Stockroom men ______________________________
Pan greasers___________________________________
Loaders, miscellaneous helpers__________________
Women packers, wrappers, icers, helpers_________
Pie and pastry:
Pie makers, ovenmen__________________________________
Bench hands, fillers______________________ ______ ______
Helpers (after 30 days)......................... ................................
Women helpers (after 30 days)__________________________
Crackers and cookies:
Baking department:
Oven N o: 1:
Machinemen___________________________________
Peelers-in______________ _______________________
Ovenmen, spray-machine operators______________
Rollermen, peelers-out__________________________
Tntermediate rnllermpn_ __
___ _
Tray and pan boys___________ __________________
Oven No. 2:
Machinemen___________________________________
Peelers-in ____________________________________
Ovenmen, rollermen____________________________
Peelers-out____________________________________
Intermediate rollermen_________________________
Tray b o y s..... _______________________________
Oven No. 3: Oven and machinemen...... ........................
General laborers, all ovens__________________________
Mixing department:
Head mixers_______________ _______________________
Sponge mixers, assistant mixers, flour dumpers....... ......
Mixers’ helpers____________________________________
Packing department:
Machine operators_________________________________
Scalers_______________________ ____________________
General laborers______________ ____ ________________
Women employees:
W orking leaders_______________________________
Machine bundlers______________________________
Sponge packers, carton formers________ _____ ____
Caddy and case formers, sweet packers, wrapper
feeders__________ _____ ___ ____ ________ ______
Stackers_____ ______ ___________________________
General helpers......................................................
$0,936
.886
40
40
$0.936
.886
40
40
.866
40
.866
40
.856
40
.856
40
.836
.766
40
40
.836
.766
40
40
.736
40
.736
40
.990
.940
.920
.900
40
40
40
40
.990
.940
.920
.900
40
40
40
40
.860
.840
.810
.790
40
40
40
40
.860
.840
.810
.790
40
40
40
40
.760
40
.760
40
.960
.820
.810
.780
.770
.760
.740
.730
.580
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
.960
.820
.810
.780
.770
.760
.740
.730
.580
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
.815
.715
.615
.505
48
48
48
48
.765
. 665
.565
.455
48
48
48
48
1.005
.900
.875
.855
.825
.775
40
40
40
40
40
40
.955
.850
.825
.805
.775
.725
40
40
40
40
40
40
1.005
.925
.875
.855
.825
.795
1.040
.695
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
.955
.875
.825
.805
.775
.745
.990
.645
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
.925
.855
.805
40
40
40
.875
.805
.755
40
40
40
.925
.775
.695
40
40
40
.875
.725
.645
40
40
40
.695
.665
.645
40
40
40
.645
.615
.595
40
40
40
.605
.570
.500
40
40
40
.550
.520
.450
40
40
40
61
T able 7.— Union Scales o f Wages and Hours in the Bakery Trades in Selected Cities9
J u ly I , 1944, and J u ly I , 1943— Continued
July 1,1944
City and classification
July 1,1943
Rate per Hours per Rate per Hours per
hour
week
hour
week
Toledo, Ohio—Continued
C rackers and cookies—Continued.
Icing department:
Machinemen._„............................................................. .
Chocolate mixers......................... ....................................
Icing and marshmallow mixers...... .................................
Supply workers...............................................................
Women employees:
Working leaders................ ........................................
Marshmallow packers and feeders, scalers...............
Sandwich-machine feeders and packers, caddy and
case formers, supply and lining men.....................
Separators...... .........................................................
Crimp-pack operators................................................
Receiving and shipping department:
Head loaders, night working leaders...............................
Stockmen......................................................................... .
Receiving stock clerks................................... ..................
Shipping laborers...................................................... .......
Receiving stock handlers............ - ...................................
$0,905
.875
.775
.660
40
40
40
40
$0,855
.825
.725
.610
40
40
40
40
.695
.625
40
40
.645
.575
40
40
.605
.595
.570
40
40
40
.555
.545
.520
40
40
40
1.160
.895
.855
.825
.775
40
40
40
40
40
1.110
.845
.805
.775
.725
40
40
40
40
40
1.180
.780
40
40
1.180
.780
40
40
1.380
.880
.730
40
40
40
1.380
.880
.730
40
40
40
1.025
.900
.800
.700
.650
.450
40
40
40
40
40
40
1.025
.900
.800
.700
.650
.450
40
40
40
40
40
40
.690
.675
.655
.550
.500
40
40
40
40
40
.640
.625
.605
.450
.400
40
40
40
40
40
1.100
.980
.925
.905
.850
.800
.735
.705
.650
.600
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
1.100
.980
.925
.905
.850
.800
.735
.705
.650
.600
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
1.125
1.050
.950
.900
.850
.800
.750
.725
.700
.675
.625
.600
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
1.125
40
.950
.900
.850
.800
.750
.725
.700
.675
.625
.600
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
1.250
1.146
48
48 |
1.250
1.146
48
48
Washington, D. C.
Bread and cake—Machine shops:
Day work:
Journeymen......................................................................
Helpers....................................................... - ....................
Night work:
Journeymen......................................................................
Helpers..............................................................................
Packers, wrappers.................................- ........- ................
Wichita, Kans.
Bread and cake—Machine shops:
Foremen...................................................................................
Mixers, spongers, ovenmen, head pastry men.......................
Bench hands, machinmen, second pastry men......................
Wrapping-machine operators, checkers..................................
Bake-shop helpers---------------------------------- --------------------Women helpers (after 6 months)............................................
Crackers and cookies:
Sponge and graham bakers.....................................................
Peelers-in, sweet bakers and crew.........................................
Mixers.......... .................. ......................... ............................
Pan feeders, setters, greasers...................................................
Women helpers (after 6 months)............................................
Worcester, Mass.
Bread and cake—Machine shops:
Foremen..................................................................................
Peel ovenmen...........................................................................
Head benchmen.......................................................................
Mixers.....................................................................................
Molders, bench hands, dividermen........................................
Special packers, gas ovenmen................................................
Shipping packers, wrapping-machine operators..................
Pan rackers................................... ............ ......... _______----Pan greasers.............................................................................
General helpers........................................................................
Bread only—Machine shops:
Foremen:
Bakery...............................................................................
Sweet goods.......................................................................
Mixers......................................................................................
Assistant packers.....................................................................
Batchmen...... .........................................................................
Moldermen, dividermen.........................................................
Oven dumpers................................................................ .......
Mixers’ helpers...... ................................................................
Oven loaders, flour blenders...................................................
Machine wrappers, bakery helpers........................................
Hand wrappers......................................................................
Women helpers........................................................................
Hebrew shops:
Foremen...................................................................................
Second hands...........................................................................
T able 7.— Union Scales o f W ages and Hours in the B akery Trades in Selected Cities,
J u ly I , 1944, and J u ly I , 1943— Continued
July 1,1944
City and classification
July 1,1943
Rate per Hours per Rate per Hours per
hour
week
hour
week
Youngstown, Ohio
Bread—Hand shops:
Working foremen.....................................................................
Ovenmen, mixers....................................................................
Bench hands............................................................................
Helpers...................................................................................
Women helpers.......................................................................
Bread—Machine shops:
Mixers, ovenmen.....................................................................
Mixers’ helpers, bench and machine hands, dumpers and
feeders...................................................................................
W rapping-machine set-up men................................ ............
Bake-shop helpers..................................................................
Bread rackers, checkers, shippers, packers, wrappers, slicingmachine feeders and take-off men.......................................
Women employees:
Bread rackers....................................................................
Hand wrappers................................................................
Hebrew shops—bread only:
Ovenmen, dough mixers.........................................................
Mixers................................................................................... —
Bench hands............................................................................
Bench helpers..........................................................................
$0,930
.870
.810
.600
.610
48
48
48
48
48
$0,930
.870
.810
.600
.610
48
48
48
48
48
.976
40
.976
40
.900
.800
.780
40
40
40
.900
.800
.780
40
40
40
.760
40
.760
40
.726
.630
40
40
.725
.630
40
40
1.026
.960
.810
.600
48
48
48
48
1.026
.950
.810
.600
48
48
48
48
U. S . GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 11 M l
@FedFRASER