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ORNL-6974
(Edition 25 of ORNL-5198)
Center for Transportation Analysis
Engineering Science & Technology Division
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK:
EDITION 25
Stacy C. Davis
Susan W. Diegel
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
2006
Prepared for the
Office of Planning, Budget Formulation and Analysis
Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy
U.S. Department of Energy
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Oak Ridge National Laboratory
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v
TABLE OF CONTENTS
FOREWORD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvii
ABSTRACT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xix
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxi
CHAPTER 1
PETROLEUM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–1
Table 1.1
World Fossil Fuel Potential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–2
Figure 1.1
World Fossil Fuel Potential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–2
Table 1.2
World Crude Oil Production, 1960–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–3
Table 1.3
World Petroleum Production, 1973–2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–4
Table 1.4
World Petroleum Consumption, 1960–2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–5
Figure 1.2
World Oil Reserves, Production and Consumption, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–6
Table 1.5
World Oil Reserves, Production and Consumption, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–6
Figure 1.3
World Natural Gas Reserves, Production and Consumption, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . 1–7
Table 1.6
World Natural Gas Reserves, Production and Consumption, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–7
Table 1.7
U.S. Petroleum Imports by World Region of Origin, 1960–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–8
Figure 1.4
Oil Price and Economic Growth, 1970–2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–9
Table 1.8
Summary of Military Expenditures for Defending Oil Supplies from the
Middle East . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–10
Figure 1.5
Refinery Gross Output by World Region, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–11
Table 1.9
U.S. Refinery Input of Crude Oil and Petroleum Products, 1987–2004 . . . . . . . 1–12
Table 1.10
Refinery Yield of Petroleum Products from a Barrel of Crude Oil,
1978–2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–13
Table 1.11
United States Petroleum Production, Imports and Exports, 1950–2004 . . . . . . . 1–14
Table 1.12
Petroleum Production and Consumption and Some Important Percent
Shares, 1950–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–15
Figure 1.6
United States Petroleum Production and Consumption, 1970–2025 . . . . . . . . . 1–16
Table 1.13
Consumption of Petroleum by End-Use Sector, 1973–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–17
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25—2006
vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
Table 1.14
Ton-Miles of Petroleum and Petroleum Products in the U.S. by Mode,
1975–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–18
CHAPTER 2 ENERGY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–1
Figure 2.1
World Consumption of Primary Energy, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–2
Table 2.1
U. S. Consumption of Total Energy by End-Use Sector, 1973–2005 . . . . . . . . . . 2–3
Table 2.2
Distribution of Energy Consumption by Source, 1973 and 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–4
Table 2.3
Alternative Fuel and Oxygenate Consumption, 1995–2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–5
Table 2.4
Domestic Consumption of Transportation Energy by Mode and
Fuel Type, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–6
Table 2.5
Transportation Energy Use by Mode, 2002–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–7
Table 2.6
Highway Transportation Energy Consumption by Mode, 1970–2003 . . . . . . . . . 2–8
Table 2.7
Nonhighway Transportation Energy Consumption by Mode, 1970–2003 . . . . . . 2–9
Table 2.8
Off-Highway Transportation-related Fuel Consumption, 1997 and 2001 . . . . . . 2–10
Table 2.9
Highway Usage of Gasoline and Special Fuels, 1973–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–11
Table 2.10
Passenger Travel and Energy Use, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–12
Table 2.11
Energy Intensities of Highway Passenger Modes, 1970–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–13
Table 2.12
Energy Intensities of Nonhighway Passenger Modes, 1970–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . 2–14
Figure 2.2
Energy Intensities for Selected Transit Systems, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-15
Table 2.13
Intercity Freight Movement and Energy Use in the United States, 2003 . . . . . . 2–16
Table 2.14
Energy Intensities of Freight Modes, 1970–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–17
CHAPTER 3 ALL HIGHWAY VEHICLES AND CHARACTERISTICS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–1
Table 3.1
Car Registrations for Selected Countries, 1950–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–2
Table 3.2
Truck and Bus Registrations for Selected Countries, 1950–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–3
Table 3.3
U.S. Cars and Trucks in Use, 1970–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–5
Figure 3.1
Vehicles per Thousand People: U.S. (Over Time) Compared to Other
Countries (in 1994 and 2004) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–6
Table 3.4
Shares of Highway Vehicle-Miles Traveled by Vehicle Type, 1970–2003 . . . . . 3–8
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25—2006
vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
Table 3.5
Cars in Operation and Vehicle Travel by Age, 1970 and 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–9
Table 3.6
Trucks in Operation and Vehicle Travel by Age, 1970 and 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–10
Table 3.7
Average Age of Cars and Trucks in Use, 1970–2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–11
Figure 3.2
Median Age and Registrations of Cars and Trucks, 1970–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–12
Table 3.8
Car Scrappage and Survival Rates, 1970, 1980 and 1990
Model Years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–13
Figure 3.3
Car Survival Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–14
Table 3.9
Light Truck Scrappage and Survival Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–15
Figure 3.4
Light Truck Survival Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–16
Table 3.10
Heavy Truck Scrappage and Survival Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–17
Figure 3.5
Heavy Truck Survival Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–18
CHAPTER 4 LIGHT VEHICLES AND CHARACTERISTICS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–1
Table 4.1
Summary Statistics for Cars, 1970–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–2
Table 4.2
Summary Statistics for Two-Axle, Four-Tire Trucks, 1970–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–3
Table 4.3
Summary Statistics on Class 1, Class 2a, and Class 2b Light Trucks . . . . . . . . . . 4–4
Table 4.4
Sales Estimates of Class 1, Class 2a, and Class 2b Light Trucks, 1989–1999 . . . 4–4
Table 4.5
New Retail Car Sales in the United States, 1970–2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–5
Table 4.6
New Retail Sales of Trucks 10,000 Pounds GVW and Less in the
United States, 1970–2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–6
Table 4.7
Period Sales, Market Shares, and Sales-Weighted Fuel Economies of New
Domestic and Import Cars, Selected Model Years 1975–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–7
Table 4.8
Period Sales, Market Shares, and Sales-Weighted Fuel Economies of New
Domestic and Import Light Trucks, Model Years 1975–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–8
Table 4.9
Light Vehicle Market Shares by Size Class, Model Years 1975–2005 . . . . . . . . . 4–9
Figure 4.1
Light Vehicle Market Shares, Model Years 1975–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–10
Table 4.10
Sales-Weighted Engine Size of New Domestic and Import Cars
by Size Class, Model Years 1975–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–11
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25—2006
viii
TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
Table 4.11
Sales-Weighted Engine Size of New Domestic and Import Light Trucks
by Size Class, Model Years 1975–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–12
Table 4.12
Sales-Weighted Curb Weight of New Domestic and Import Cars
by Size Class, Model Years 1975–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–13
Table 4.13
Sales-Weighted Interior Space of New Domestic and Import Cars
by Size Class, Model Years 1977–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–14
Table 4.14
Average Material Consumption for a Domestic Car, 1977, 1987,
and 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–15
Table 4.15
New Light Vehicle Dealerships and Sales, 1970–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–16
Table 4.16
Conventional and Alternative Fuel Refueling Stations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–17
Table 4.17
Car Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Standards versus
Sales-Weighted Fuel Economy Estimates, 1978–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–18
Table 4.18
Light Truck Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Standards versus
Sales-Weighted Fuel Economy Estimates, 1978–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–19
Table 4.19
Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Fines Collected, 1983–2003 . . . . . . 4–20
Table 4.20
The Gas Guzzler Tax on New Cars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–21
Table 4.21
Tax Receipts from the Sale of Gas Guzzlers, 1980–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–22
Figure 4.2
Fuel Economy by Speed, 1973, 1984, and 1997 Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–23
Table 4.22
Fuel Economy by Speed, 1973, 1984, and 1997 Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–24
Table 4.23
Vehicle Specifications for Vehicles Tested in the 1997 Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–25
Table 4.24
Steady Speed Fuel Economy for Vehicles Tested in the 1997 Study . . . . . . . . . 4–26
Figure 4.3
Urban Driving Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–27
Figure 4.4
Highway Driving Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–27
Figure 4.5
New York City Driving Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–28
Figure 4.6
Representative Number Five Driving Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–28
Figure 4.7
US06 Driving Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–29
Table 4.25
Projected Fuel Economies from U.S., European, and Japanese Driving Cycles . 4–30
Table 4.26
Comparison of U.S., European, and Japanese Driving Cycles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–31
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25—2006
ix
TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
Table 4.27
Occupant Fatalities by Vehicle Type and Nonoccupant Fatalities, 1975–2003 . 4–32
Table 4.28
Light Vehicle Occupant Safety Data, 1975–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–33
Table 4.29
Crashes by Crash Severity, Crash Type, and Vehicle Type, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . 4-34
Figure 4.8
Percent Rollover Occurrence in Fatal Crashes by Vehicle Type, 2003 . . . . . . . 4–35
Table 4.30
Summary Statistics on Light Transit Vehicles, 1994–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-36
CHAPTER 5 HEAVY VEHICLES AND CHARACTERISTICS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–1
Table 5.1
Summary Statistics for Heavy Single-Unit Trucks, 1970–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–2
Table 5.2
Summary Statistics for Combination Trucks, 1970–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–3
Table 5.3
New Retail Truck Sales by Gross Vehicle Weight, 1970–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–4
Table 5.4
Truck Statistics by Gross Vehicle Weight Class, 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–6
Table 5.5
Truck Harmonic Mean Fuel Economy by Size Class, 1992, 1997, and 2002 . . . . 5–6
Table 5.6
Truck Statistics by Size, 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–7
Table 5.7
Percentage of Trucks by Size Ranked by Major Use, 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–8
Table 5.8
Percentage of Trucks by Fleet Size and Primary Fueling Facility, 2002 . . . . . . . . 5–9
Table 5.9
Share of Trucks by Major Use and Primary Fueling Facility, 2002 . . . . . . . . . . 5–10
Figure 5.1
Share of Heavy Trucks with Selected Electronic Features, 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–11
Table 5.10
Growth of Freight in the United States: Comparison of the 2002
and 1997 Commodity Flow Surveys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–13
Table 5.11
Growth of Freight Miles in the United States: Comparison of the 2002
and 1997 Commodity Flow Surveys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–14
Table 5.12
Summary Statistics on Transit Buses and Trolleybuses, 1994–2003 . . . . . . . . . 5–15
Table 5.13
Summary Statistics on Intercity and School Buses, 1970–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–16
CHAPTER 6 ALTERNATIVE FUEL AND ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY
VEHICLES AND CHARACTERISTICS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–1
Table 6.1
Estimates of Alternative Fuel Vehicles in Use, 1995–2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–3
Table 6.2
Estimates of Alternative Fuel Vehicles by Ownership, 2001 and 2003 . . . . . . . . 6–4
Table 6.3
Alternative Fuel Vehicles Available by Manufacturer, Model Year 2005 . . . . . . 6–5
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25—2006
x
TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
Table 6.4
Number of Alternative Refuel Sites by State and Fuel Type, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–6
Figure 6.1
Clean Cities Coalitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–7
Table 6.5
Specifications of Available Advanced Technology Vehicles Current
Production & Near Term Models in the U.S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–8
Table 6.6
Hydrogen Production Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–10
Table 6.7
U.S. Hydrogen Production Plants and Storage Terminals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–11
Table 6.8
U.S. and World Hydrogen Consumption by End-Use Category, 1999 . . . . . . . . 6–12
Table 6.9
U.S. Hydrogen Fueling Stations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–13
Table 6.10
Hydrogen Storage Systems for On-Board Light Vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–14
Table 6.11
Properties of Conventional and Alternative Fuels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–15
Table 6.12
Fuel Cell Type Comparison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–16
CHAPTER 7 FLEET VEHICLES AND CHARACTERISTICS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–1
Figure 7.1
Fleet Vehicles in Service as of February 1, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–2
Table 7.1
Light Vehicles in Fleets of 15 or More, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–3
Table 7.2
New Light Fleet Vehicle Purchases by Vehicle Type, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–3
Table 7.3
Average Length of Time Business Fleet Vehicles are in Service, 2003 . . . . . . . . 7–4
Table 7.4
Average Annual Vehicle-Miles of Travel for Business Fleet Vehicles, 2003 . . . . 7–4
Figure 7.2
Average Miles per Domestic Federal Vehicle by Vehicle Type, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . 7–5
Table 7.5
Federal Government Vehicles by Agency, Fiscal Year 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–6
Table 7.6
Federal Fleet Vehicle Acquisitions by Fuel Type, FY 1998– 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–7
Table 7.7
Fuel Consumed by Federal Government Fleets, FY 1998–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–7
CHAPTER 8 HOUSEHOLD VEHICLES AND CHARACTERISTICS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–1
Table 8.1
Population and Vehicle Profile, 1950–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–2
Table 8.2
Vehicles and Vehicle-Miles per Capita, 1950–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–3
Table 8.3
Average Annual Expenditures of Households by Income, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–4
Table 8.4
Household Vehicle Ownership, 1960–2000 Census . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–6
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25—2006
xi
TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
Table 8.5
Demographic Statistics from the 1969, 1977, 1983, 1990, 1995 NPTS
and 2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–7
Table 8.6
Average Annual Vehicle-Miles, Vehicle Trips and Trip Length per
Household 1969, 1977, 1983, 1990, 1995 NPTS and 2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–8
Table 8.7
Average Number of Vehicles and Vehicle Travel per Household,
1990 NPTS and 2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–9
Table 8.8
Trip Statistics by Trip Purpose, 2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–10
Figure 8.1
Average Vehicle Occupancy by Vehicle Type, 1995 NPTS and
2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–11
Figure 8.2
Average Vehicle Occupancy by Trip Purpose, 1977 NPTS and
2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–12
Table 8.9
Average Annual Miles per Vehicle by Household Vehicle Ownership,
2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–13
Table 8.10
Average Age of Vehicles by Household Vehicle Ownership,
2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–13
Table 8.11
Average Annual Miles per Household Vehicle by Vehicle Age . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–14
Table 8.12
Self-Reported vs. Odometer Average Annual Miles, 1995 NPTS and
2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–15
Table 8.13
Means of Transportation to Work, 1980, 1990 and 2000 Census . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–16
Table 8.14
Workers by Commute Time, 1990 and 2000 Census . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–17
Table 8.15
Bicycle Sales, 1981-2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–18
Figure 8.3
Walk and Bike Trips by Trip Purpose, 2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–19
Table 8.16
Long-Distance Trip Characteristics, 2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–21
CHAPTER 9 NONHIGHWAY MODES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9–1
Table 9.1
Nonhighway Energy Use Shares, 1970–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9–2
Table 9.2
Summary Statistics for U.S. Domestic and International Certificated Route
Air Carriers (Combined Totals), 1970–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9–3
Table 9.3
Summary Statistics for General Aviation, 1970–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9–4
Table 9.4
Tonnage Statistics for Domestic and International Waterborne
Commerce, 1970–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9–5
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25—2006
xii
TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
Table 9.5
Summary Statistics for Domestic Waterborne Commerce, 1970–2003 . . . . . . . . . 9–6
Table 9.6
Domestic Marine Cargo by Commodity Class, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9–7
Table 9.7
Domestic Marine Cargo Average Length of Haul by Commodity
Class, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9–8
Table 9.8
Recreational Boat Energy Use, 1970–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9–9
Table 9.9
Class I Railroad Freight Systems in the United States Ranked by
Revenue Ton–Miles, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9–10
Table 9.10
Summary Statistics for Class I Freight Railroads, 1970–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9–11
Table 9.11
Railroad Revenue Carloads by Commodity Group, 1974 and 2003 . . . . . . . . . . 9–12
Table 9.12
Intermodal Rail Traffic, 1965–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9–13
Table 9.13
Summary Statistics for the National Railroad Passenger Corporation
(Amtrak), 1971–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9–14
Table 9.14
Summary Statistics for Commuter Rail Operations, 1984–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9–15
Table 9.15
Summary Statistics for Rail Transit Operations, 1970–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9–16
CHAPTER 10 TRANSPORTATION AND THE ECONOMY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10–1
Table 10.1
Gasoline Prices for Selected Countries, 1978–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10–2
Figure 10.1
Gasoline Prices for Selected Countries, 1990 and 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10–3
Table 10.2
Diesel Fuel Prices for Selected Countries, 1978–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10–4
Figure 10.2
Diesel Prices for Selected Countries, 1990 and 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10–5
Table 10.3
Prices for a Barrel of Crude Oil and a Gallon of Gasoline, 1978–2004 . . . . . . . 10–6
Table 10.4
Retail Prices for Motor Fuel, 1978–2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10–7
Table 10.5
Refiner Sales Prices for Propane and No. 2 Diesel, 1978–2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10–8
Table 10.6
Refiner Sales Prices for Aviation Gasoline and Jet Fuel, 1978–2004 . . . . . . . . . 10–9
Table 10.7
State Tax Exemptions for Gasohol, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10–10
Table 10.8
Federal Excise Taxes on Motor Fuels, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10–10
Table 10.9
State Ethanol Incentives, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10–11
Table 10.10
Average Price of a New Car, 1970–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10–12
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25—2006
xiii
TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
Table 10.11
Car Operating Cost per Mile, 1985–2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10–13
Table 10.12
Fixed Car Operating Costs per Year, 1975–2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10–14
Table 10.13
Personal Consumption Expenditures, 1950–2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10–15
Table 10.14
Consumer Price Indices, 1970–2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10–15
Table 10.15
Transportation-related Employment, 1994 and 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10–16
CHAPTER 11 GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11–1
Table 11.1
World Carbon Dioxide Emissions, 1990 and 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11–2
Table 11.2
Numerical Estimates of Global Warming Potentials Compared
with Carbon Dioxide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11–3
Table 11.3
Estimated U.S. Emissions of Greenhouse Gases, 1990–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11–4
Table 11.4
U.S. Carbon Emissions from Fossil Energy Consumption by
End-Use Sector, 1990–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11–5
Table 11.5
U.S. Carbon Emissions from Energy Use in the Transportation
Sector, 1990–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11–6
CHAPTER 12 CRITERIA AIR POLLUTANTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12–1
Table 12.1
Total National Emissions of the Criteria Air Pollutants by Sector,
2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12–2
Table 12.2
Total National Emissions of Carbon Monoxide, 1970–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12–3
Table 12.3
Emissions of Carbon Monoxide from Highway Vehicles, 1970–2002 . . . . . . . . 12–4
Table 12.4
Total National Emissions of Nitrogen Oxides, 1970–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12–5
Table 12.5
Emissions of Nitrogen Oxides from Highway Vehicles, 1970–2002 . . . . . . . . . 12–6
Table 12.6
Total National Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds,
1970–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12–7
Table 12.7
Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds from Highway Vehicles,
1970–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12–8
Table 12.8
Total National Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM–10),
1970–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12–9
Table 12.9
Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM–10) from Highway Vehicles,
1970–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12–10
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25—2006
xiv
TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
Table 12.10
Total National Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM-2.5),
1990–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12–11
Table 12.11
Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM-2.5) from Highway Vehicles,
1990–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-12
Table 12.12
Tier 2 Emission Standards for Cars and Light Trucks Effective for
2004–2009 Model Years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12–14
Table 12.13
Light Vehicle Exhaust Emission Standards in Effect in 2009 when
U.S. Tier 2 Standards are Final . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12–15
Table 12.14
California Passenger Cars and Light Truck Emission Certification
Standards for Model Years 2001-2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12–16
APPENDIX A. SOURCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A–1
APPENDIX B. CONVERSIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B–1
APPENDIX C. MAPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C–1
GLOSSARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G–1
INDEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I–1
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25—2006
xv
FOREWORD
Welcome to this 25th edition of the Transportation Energy Data Book. Over half of these
editions have been produced by Stacy Davis. DOE is grateful for her dedication and the skill she has
brought to this effort.
To clarify our terminology, in Edition 25 we use the term “car” in places where the terms
“passenger car” or “automobile” were used before.
I would like to bring to your attention some of the data that is new or of particular interest:
1. The U.S. has about 2% of the world oil reserves, accounts for about 9% of world oil production,
and accounts for about 25% of world oil consumption (page 1-6).
2. The use of oil by the various transportation modes since 1970 and projected to 2030 is compared
to U.S. oil production in the “Gap Chart” (page 1-16).
3. The BTUs/passenger mile for automobiles is less than for the average transit bus, as shown in
Table 2.11. Figure 2.2 shows that there is a great deal of variability across metropolitan areas
in the efficiency of transit systems.
4. Even though light trucks have been outselling cars for the last several years, the stock of cars is
still greater than that for light trucks (page 3-5).
5. Vehicles per thousand people varies greatly by region of the world (Figure 3.1).
6. In 2004, imports and transplants percent of car sales was 58.5% (Table 4.5), whereas for light
trucks the percent was 28.6% (Table 4.6).
7. The SUVs share of light vehicle sales dropped from 29.2% in 2004 to 25.9% in 2005
(Table 4.9).
8. The estimated mpg for the same vehicle varies by the driving cycle (U.S., European, and
Japanese) as shown in Table 4.25.
9. Estimates of alternative fuel vehicles in use are shown in Table 6.1.
10. Business fleet vehicles, regardless of body type, travel more than 21,000 miles per year
(Table7.4).
11. Between 1990 and 2001, the number of annual miles traveled by urban house holds increased
300 miles (from 19,000 to 19,300), but the number of annual miles traveled by rural households
increased a much larger 6,200 miles (22,200 to 28.400) (Table 8.7).
12. In 1960, only 2.5% of the households owned three or more vehicles. This has grown to 18.3%
in 2000 (Table 8.4).
13. The average commute time grew from 22.4 minutes in 1990 to 24.3 minutes in 2000
(Table 8.14).
I hope you find value in this data book. We welcome suggestions on how to improve it.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25—2006
xvi
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25—2006
xvii
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors would like to express their gratitude to the many individuals who assisted in the
preparation of this document. First, we would like to thank Phil Patterson, Randy Steer, and the
Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy staff for their continued support of the Transportation
Energy Data Book project. We would also like to thank Patricia Hu of Oak Ridge National
Laboratory (ORNL) for her guidance and mentoring; Jamie Payne, ORNL, who designed the cover;
and Bob Boundy, Roltek, Inc., who assisted with so many tasks we can’t name them all. Finally,
this book would not have been possible without the dedication of Debbie Bain, who masterfully
prepared the manuscript.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25—2006
xviii
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25—2006
xix
ABSTRACT
The Transportation Energy Data Book: Edition 25 is a statistical compendium prepared and
published by Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) under contract with the Office of Planning,
Budget Formulation, and Analysis, under the Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE)
program in the Department of Energy (DOE). Designed for use as a desk-top reference, the data
book represents an assembly and display of statistics and information that characterize transportation
activity, and presents data on other factors that influence transportation energy use. The purpose
of this document is to present relevant statistical data in the form of tables and graphs. The latest
editions of the Data Book are available to a larger audience via the Internet (cta.ornl.gov/data).
This edition of the Data Book has 12 chapters which focus on various aspects of the
transportation industry. Chapter 1 focuses on petroleum; Chapter 2 – energy; Chapter 3 – highway
vehicles; Chapter 4 – light vehicles; Chapter 5 – heavy vehicles; Chapter 6 – alternative fuel
vehicles; Chapter 7 – fleet vehicles; Chapter 8 – household vehicles; and Chapter 9– nonhighway
modes; Chapter 10 – transportation and the economy; Chapter 11 – greenhouse gas emissions; and
Chapter 12 – criteria pollutant emissions. The sources used represent the latest available data.
There are also three appendices which include detailed source information for some tables, measures
of conversion, and the definition of Census divisions and regions. A glossary of terms and a title
index are also included for the readers convenience.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25—2006
xx
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25—2006
xxi
INTRODUCTION
In January 1976, the Transportation Energy Conservation (TEC) Division of the Energy
Research and Development Administration contracted with Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL)
to prepare a Transportation Energy Conservation Data Book to be used by TEC staff in their
evaluation of current and proposed conservation strategies. The major purposes of the data book
were to draw together, under one cover, transportation data from diverse sources, to resolve data
conflicts and inconsistencies, and to produce a comprehensive document. The first edition of the
TEC Data Book was published in October 1976. With the passage of the Department of Energy
(DOE) Organization Act, the work being conducted by the former Transportation Energy
Conservation Division fell under the purview of the DOE's Office of Transportation Programs, then
to the Office of Transportation Technologies.
DOE, through the Office of Transportation
Technologies, has supported the compilation of Editions 3 through 21. In the most recent DOE
organization, Editions 22 through 25 fall under the purview of the Office of Planning, Budget, and
Analysis in the Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy.
Policymakers and analysts need to be well-informed about activity in the transportation sector.
The organization and scope of the data book reflect the need for different kinds of information. For
this reason, Edition 25 updates much of the same type of data that is found in previous editions.
In any attempt to compile a comprehensive set of statistics on transportation activity, numerous
instances of inadequacies and inaccuracies in the basic data are encountered. Where such problems
occur, estimates are developed by ORNL. To minimize the misuse of these statistics, an appendix
(Appendix A) is included to document the estimation procedures. The attempt is to provide
sufficient information for the conscientious user to evaluate the estimates and to form their own
opinions as to their utility. Clearly, the accuracy of the estimates cannot exceed the accuracy of the
primary data, an accuracy which in most instances is unknown. In cases where data accuracy is
known or substantial errors are strongly suspected in the data, the reader is alerted. In all cases it
should be recognized that the estimates are not precise.
The majority of the statistics contained in the data book are taken directly from published
sources, although these data may be reformatted for presentation by ORNL. Consequently, neither
ORNL nor DOE endorses the validity of these data.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25—2006
xxii
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25—2006
1–1
Chapter 1
Petroleum
Summary Statistics from Tables/Figures in this Chapter
Source
Table 1.3
World Petroleum Production, 2004 (million barrels per day)
79.91
U.S. Production (million barrels per day)
7.24
U.S. Share
Table 1.4
9.1%
World Petroleum Consumption, 2004 (million barrels per day)
82.55
U.S. Consumption (million barrels per day)
20.52
U.S. Share
Figure 1.5
24.9%
OECD
Europe
Average refinery yield, 2004
North
America
Gasoline
20.6%
41.2%
Diesel fuel
35.6%
23.4%
Residual fuel
16.2%
6.6%
6.4%
8.3%
21.2%
20.6%
Kerosene
Other
202.4%
Table 1.12
U.S. transportation petroleum use as a percent of U.S. petroleum production, 2005
Table 1.12
Net imports as a percentage of U.S. petroleum consumption, 2005
59.8%
Table 1.13
Transportation share of U.S. petroleum consumption, 2005
66.8%
In this document, petroleum is defined
as crude oil (including lease condensate)
and natural gas plant liquids.
Natural gas
plant
liquids
Crude
oil
+
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
Petroleum
=
1–2
Although the world has consumed about 40% of estimated conventional oil resources, the total fossil fuel potential is
huge. Methane hydrates–a potential source of natural gas–are included in the “additional occurrences” of
unconventional natural gas, and constitute the largest resource.
Table 1.1
World Fossil Fuel Potential
(gigatonnes of carbon)
Consumption
(1860–1998)
Reserves
Resources
Additional
occurrences
Oil
Conventional
Unconventional
97
120
121
0
6
102
305
914
36
83
170
0
1
144
364
14,176
Natural Gas
Conventional
Unconventional
a
Coal
155
533
4,618
Source:
Rogner, H.H., World Energy Assessment: Energy and the Challenge of Sustainability, Part II,
Chapter 5, 2000, p. 149.
Figure 1.1. World Fossil Fuel Potential
Source:
See Table 1.1.
a
Data are not available.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
1–3
In 2005, OPEC accounted for more than 40% of world oil production. Responding to low oil prices in early 2000,
Mexico, Norway, Russia, and Oman joined OPEC in cutting production. This group of oil countries, referred to here
as OPEC+, account for more than 60% of world oil production.
Table 1.2
World Crude Oil Production, 1960-2005a
(million barrels per day)
Year
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
United
States
7.04
7.80
9.64
8.37
8.60
8.97
8.68
8.35
8.14
7.61
7.36
7.42
7.17
6.85
6.66
6.56
6.46
6.45
6.25
5.88
5.82
5.80
5.75
5.68
5.42
5.12
1960–2005
1970–2005
1995–2005
-0.7%
-1.8%
-2.4%
U.S.
share
33.5%
25.7%
21.0%
15.8%
14.4%
16.6%
15.4%
14.7%
13.9%
12.7%
12.2%
12.3%
11.9%
11.4%
10.9%
10.5%
10.1%
9.8%
9.3%
8.9%
8.5%
8.5%
8.6%
8.2%
7.5%
7.0%
Total
OPECb
8.70
14.35
23.30
26.77
26.61
16.18
18.28
18.52
20.32
22.07
23.20
23.27
24.40
25.12
25.51
26.00
26.46
27.71
28.77
27.58
29.27
28.34
26.35
27.98
30.14
31.16
2.9%
0.8%
1.8%
Total
nonOPEC
OPEC +c
OPEC
share
OPEC +c
share
41.4%
12.25
58.3%
12.29
47.3%
19.83
65.4%
15.98
50.8%
31.16
67.9%
22.59
50.7%
37.56
71.1%
26.06
44.6%
41.07
68.9%
32.99
30.0%
31.81
58.9%
37.80
32.5%
34.05
60.6%
37.95
32.7%
34.72
61.3%
38.15
34.6%
36.66
62.4%
38.42
36.9%
38.50
64.3%
37.79
38.3%
39.12
64.6%
37.37
38.6%
38.53
64.0%
36.94
40.5%
37.67
62.6%
35.81
41.7%
37.65
62.5%
35.12
41.8%
37.67
61.8%
35.48
41.7%
38.24
61.4%
36.33
41.5%
39.15
61.5%
37.25
42.2%
40.69
61.9%
37.98
43.0%
41.61
62.2%
38.15
41.9%
40.50
61.5%
38.27
42.8%
42.93
62.8%
39.08
41.8%
42.42
62.5%
39.53
39.5%
40.83
61.1%
40.43
40.5%
43.15
62.4%
41.17
41.6%
46.05
63.5%
43.35
42.3%
47.01
63.9%
42.43
Average annual percentage change
3.0%
2.8%
1.2%
1.8%
2.1%
1.6%
Persian
Gulf
nationsd
5.27
8.37
13.39
18.93
17.96
9.63
11.70
12.10
13.46
14.84
15.28
14.74
15.97
16.71
16.96
17.21
17.37
18.10
19.34
18.67
19.89
19.10
17.79
19.26
20.82
21.50
Persian
Gulfd
share
25.1%
27.6%
29.2%
35.8%
30.1%
17.8%
20.8%
21.4%
22.9%
24.8%
25.2%
24.5%
26.5%
27.7%
27.8%
27.6%
27.3%
27.6%
28.9%
28.4%
29.1%
28.2%
26.6%
27.9%
28.7%
29.2%
World
20.99
30.33
45.89
52.83
59.60
53.98
56.23
56.67
58.74
59.86
60.57
60.21
60.21
60.24
60.99
62.33
63.71
65.69
66.92
65.85
68.34
67.85
66.78
69.15
72.49
73.58
3.2%
1.4%
2.3%
Source:
U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Monthly Energy Review, March 2006,
Washington, DC, 2005, Table 11.1a and 11.1b. (Additional resources: www.eia.doe.gov)
Includes lease condensate. Excludes natural gas plant liquids.
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries. See Glossary for membership.
c
OPEC+ includes all OPEC nations plus Russia, Mexico, Norway and Oman.
d
See Glossary for Persian Gulf Nations.
a
b
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
2.8%
1.4%
1.7%
1–4
This table shows petroleum production, which includes both crude oil and natural gas plant liquids. The U.S. was
responsible for 9.1% of the world’s petroleum production in 2004, but only 7.5% of the world’s crude oil production
(Table 1.2).
Table 1.3
World Petroleum Production, 1973-2004a
(million barrels per day)
Year
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
United
States
10.95
10.44
10.00
9.73
9.86
10.28
10.13
10.17
10.18
10.20
10.25
10.51
10.58
10.23
9.95
9.77
9.16
8.92
9.08
8.87
8.59
8.39
8.32
8.29
8.27
8.01
7.73
7.73
7.67
7.63
7.40
7.24
1973–2004
1994–2004
-1.3%
-1.5%
U.S.
share
18.7%
17.8%
18.0%
16.2%
15.7%
16.3%
15.4%
16.1%
17.0%
17.9%
18.0%
18.0%
18.3%
16.9%
16.3%
15.4%
14.2%
13.7%
14.0%
13.6%
13.1%
12.7%
12.3%
12.0%
11.6%
11.0%
10.7%
10.4%
10.3%
10.3%
9.7%
9.1%
Total
OPECb
30.95
30.70
27.14
30.77
31.37
30.03
31.22
27.34
23.31
19.62
18.28
18.31
17.07
19.25
19.53
21.40
23.26
24.48
24.57
25.76
26.56
26.98
27.51
27.96
29.30
30.43
29.31
31.10
30.39
28.68
30.35
32.69
0.2%
1.9%
NonOPEC
OPEC
Total nonshare
share
OPEC
52.9%
27.51
47.1%
52.5%
27.81
47.5%
48.8%
28.48
51.2%
51.1%
29.43
48.9%
50.0%
31.32
50.0%
47.5%
33.21
52.5%
47.3%
37.74
52.7%
43.4%
35.70
56.6%
39.0%
36.40
61.0%
34.4%
37.48
65.6%
32.1%
38.62
67.9%
31.4%
40.05
68.6%
29.5%
40.85
70.5%
31.9%
41.13
68.1%
32.0%
41.42
68.0%
33.8%
41.82
66.2%
36.1%
41.10
63.9%
37.5%
40.72
62.5%
37.8%
40.47
62.2%
39.5%
39.42
60.5%
40.6%
38.87
59.4%
40.7%
39.31
59.3%
40.6%
40.32
59.4%
40.4%
41.33
59.6%
41.0%
42.12
59.0%
41.8%
42.41
58.3%
40.7%
42.62
59.3%
41.7%
43.57
58.4%
40.7%
44.28
59.3%
38.8%
45.20
61.2%
39.7%
46.15
60.3%
40.9%
47.22
59.1%
Average annual percentage change
1.8%
1.9%
Persian
Gulf
nationsc
20.86
21.41
19.18
21.80
22.07
21.02
21.53
18.49
15.85
12.77
11.63
11.38
10.28
12.40
12.82
14.27
15.69
16.21
15.67
16.97
17.75
18.03
18.32
18.45
19.25
20.57
19.86
21.16
20.65
19.45
21.00
22.75
Persian
Gulfc
share
35.7%
36.6%
34.5%
36.2%
35.2%
33.2%
32.6%
29.3%
26.5%
22.4%
20.4%
19.5%
17.7%
20.5%
21.0%
22.6%
24.4%
24.9%
24.1%
26.0%
27.1%
27.2%
27.0%
26.6%
27.0%
28.2%
27.6%
28.3%
27.7%
26.3%
27.4%
28.5%
0.3%
2.4%
World
58.47
58.51
55.62
60.21
62.69
63.24
65.96
63.04
59.71
57.11
56.90
58.36
57.92
60.38
60.95
63.22
64.36
65.20
65.04
65.18
65.43
66.29
67.82
69.30
71.42
72.80
71.93
74.67
74.67
73.88
76.50
79.91
1.0%
1.9%
Source:
U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, International Petroleum Monthly, Tables 4.1
and 4.3. (Additional resources: www.eia.doe.gov)
Includes natural gas plant liquids, crude oil and lease condensate. Does not account for all inputs or refinery
processing gain.
b
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries. See Glossary for membership.
c
See Glossary for Persian Gulf Nations.
a
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
1–5
The United States has accounted for approximately one-quarter of the world’s petroleum consumption for the last two
decades.
Table 1.4
World Petroleum Consumption, 1960–2004
(million barrels per day)
Year
1960
1965
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
United
States
9.80
11.51
14.70
16.32
17.46
18.43
18.85
18.51
17.06
16.06
15.30
15.23
15.73
15.73
16.28
16.67
17.28
17.33
16.99
16.71
17.03
17.24
17.72
17.73
18.31
18.62
18.92
19.52
19.70
19.65
19.76
20.03
20.52
1960–2004
1970–2004
1994–2004
1.7%
1.0%
1.5%
Total
U.S.
non-OECD
share
Total OECDa
45.9%
15.78
5.56
37.0%
22.81
8.33
31.4%
34.69
12.12
29.0%
39.14
17.06
29.3%
41.72
17.95
29.8%
42.78
19.05
29.4%
43.98
20.18
28.4%
44.39
20.84
27.0%
41.76
21.35
26.4%
39.49
21.45
25.7%
37.77
21.78
25.9%
36.91
21.87
26.3%
37.69
22.13
26.2%
37.48
22.60
26.3%
38.60
23.23
26.4%
39.34
23.76
26.6%
40.65
24.31
26.2%
41.33
24.76
25.6%
41.52
24.93
24.9%
41.93
25.13
25.3%
42.95
24.33
25.6%
43.26
24.11
25.8%
44.43
24.25
25.3%
44.87
25.09
25.6%
46.00
25.52
25.4%
46.80
26.50
25.6%
46.93
27.00
25.7%
47.85
27.98
25.6%
47.97
28.98
25.2%
48.01
30.10
25.2%
48.05
30.39
25.1%
48.88
31.01
24.9%
49.58
32.97
Average annual percentage change
2.6%
4.1%
1.1%
2.9%
1.2%
3.1%
World
21.34
31.14
46.81
56.20
59.67
61.83
64.16
65.22
63.11
60.94
59.54
58.78
59.82
60.09
61.83
63.10
64.96
66.09
66.44
67.06
67.27
67.37
68.68
69.96
71.52
73.29
73.93
75.83
76.95
78.11
78.44
79.89
82.55
3.1%
1.7%
1.9%
Source:
U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, International Petroleum
Monthly, May 2005. (Additional resources: www.eia.doe.gov)
a
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. See Glossary for membership.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
1–6
Figure 1.2. World Oil Reserves, Production and Consumption, 2004
Table 1.5
World Oil Reserves, Production and Consumption, 2004
Crude oil
reserves
(billion
barrels)
U.S.
Reserve
share
Petroleum
production
(million
barrels
per day)
Production
share
Petroleum
consumption
(million
barrels
per day)
Consumption
share
21.9
2%
7.2
9%
20.5
25%
OPEC
876.6
70%
32.7
41%
7.0
8%
Rest of world
357.5
28%
40.0
50%
55.1
67%
Sources:
Reserves – Energy Information Administration, International Energy Annual 2003, Table 8.1.
Production – Energy Information Administration, International Petroleum Monthly, May 2005,
Tables 4.1a – 4.1c and 4.3
Consumption – Energy Information Administration, International Energy Annual, June 2005,
Table 1.2.
OPEC consumption (2003 data) – Energy Information Administration, International Energy Annual
2003, Table 1.2. (Additional resources: www.eia.doe.gov)
Note: Total consumption is higher than total production due to refinery gains including alcohol and
liquid products produced from coal and other sources. OPEC countries include Venezuela, Iran, Iraq,
Kuwait, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Algeria, Libya, Nigeria, Indonesia, Gabon, and
Ecuador. OPEC consumption data are for 2002.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
1–7
Figure 1.3. World Natural Gas Reserves, Production, and Consumption, 2003
Table 1.6
World Natural Gas Reserves, Production and Consumption, 2003
(trillion cubic feet)
Natural gas
reserves
U.S.
Reserve
share
Natural gas
production
Production
share
Natural gas
consumption
Consumption
share
189.0
3%
19.0
20%
22.4
23%
OPEC
3,063.9
50%
15.4
16%
10.5
11%
Rest of world
2,825.7
46%
60.7
64%
62.6
66%
Source:
Energy Information Administration, International Energy Annual 2003, May 2005, Tables 1.3, 2.4 and 8.1.
(Additional resources: www.eia.doe.gov)
Note: Reserves as of January 1, 2004. Production data are dry gas production.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
1–8
The share of petroleum imported to the U.S. can be calculated using total imports or net imports. Net imports, which is
the preferred data, rose to 50% of U.S. petroleum consumption for the first time in 1998, while total imports reached 50%
for the first time in 1993. OPEC share of net imports has been below 50% since 1993.
Year
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
Table 1.7
U.S. Petroleum Imports by World Region of Origin, 1960–2005
(million barrels per day)
Net
Net
Net imports
Net
Persian
Net
Persian
as a share of
OPEC
Gulf
Net
OPECa
Gulf nationb
U.S.
imports
imports
share
share
imports
consumption
c
c
c
1.61
1.31
81.3%
c
c
c
2.28
1.48
64.7%
c
c
c
3.16
1.34
42.5%
c
c
5.85
35.8%
3.60
59.5%
c
c
6.36
37.1%
4.30
62.2%
3.32
55.4%
1.22
20.3%
5.40
33.6%
2.15
42.0%
0.70
13.5%
4.30
28.1%
1.86
36.9%
0.44
8.7%
4.31
28.2%
2.05
37.7%
0.51
9.1%
4.72
29.9%
1.83
36.1%
0.31
6.1%
4.29
27.2%
2.84
45.6%
0.91
14.6%
5.44
33.4%
3.06
45.8%
1.08
16.0%
5.91
35.4%
3.52
47.6%
1.54
20.6%
6.59
38.0%
4.14
51.4%
1.86
23.0%
7.20
41.3%
4.30
53.6%
1.97
24.4%
7.16
42.4%
4.09
53.7%
1.84
23.9%
6.63
38.9%
4.09
51.9%
1.78
22.4%
6.94
40.9%
4.27
49.6%
1.78
20.5%
7.62
44.9%
4.25
47.2%
1.73
19.1%
8.05
45.7%
4.00
45.3%
1.57
17.8%
7.89
43.9%
4.21
44.4%
1.60
16.9%
8.50
45.9%
4.57
45.0%
1.75
17.3%
9.16
49.4%
4.91
45.8%
2.14
19.9%
9.76
51.5%
4.95
45.6%
2.46
22.7%
9.91
50.7%
5.20
45.4%
2.49
21.7%
10.42
52.7%
5.53
46.6%
2.76
23.3%
10.90
55.4%
4.61
39.9%
2.27
19.7%
10.55
53.3%
5.16
42.1%
2.50
20.4%
11.24
56.1%
5.70
43.4%
2.49
19.0%
12.10
58.2%
5.51
40.7%
2.30
17.0%
12.35
59.6%
Average annual percentage change
c
4.6%
3.2%
c
4.0%
4.1%
3.3%
3.9%
-0.5%
4.6%
Total
imports
1.82
2.47
3.42
6.06
6.91
6.00
5.11
5.05
5.44
5.07
6.22
6.68
7.40
8.06
8.02
7.63
7.89
8.62
9.00
8.83
9.48
10.16
10.71
10.85
11.46
11.87
11.53
12.26
13.15
13.53
4.6%
1960–2005
4.0%
1970–2005
1995–2005
4.4%
Source:
U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Monthly Energy Review, Washington, DC,
March 2006, Table 1.7. Consumption: Transportation Energy Databook, Table 1.13.
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries. See Glossary for membership.
See Glossary for Persian Gulf Nations.
c
Data are not available.
a
b
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
1–9
The Costs of Oil Dependence
In the Costs of Oil Dependence: A 2000 Update, authors Greene and Tishchishyna indicate that the oil market
upheavals caused by the OPEC cartel over the last 30 years have cost the U.S. in the vicinity of $7 trillion (present value
1998 dollars) in total economic costs, which is about as large as the sum total of payment on the national debt over the
same period.
Oil dependence is the product of (1) a noncompetitive world oil market strongly influenced by the OPEC cartel,
(2) high levels of U.S. oil imports, (3) oil’s critical role in the U.S. economy, and (4) the absence of economical and
readily available substitutes for oil. Transportation is key to the problem because transportation vehicles account for
68% of U.S. oil consumption and nearly all of the high-value light products that drive the market.
Oil consuming economies incur three types of costs when monopoly power is used to raise prices above competitive
market levels:
•
•
•
Loss of potential gross domestic product (GDP) - the economy’s ability to produce is reduced because a key factor
of production is more expensive;
Macroeconomic Adjustment Costs - sudden changes in oil prices increase unemployment, further reducing
economic output; and
Transfer of Wealth - some of the wealth of oil consuming states is appropriated by foreign oil producers.
Major oil price shocks have disrupted world energy markets four times in the past 30 years (1973-74, 1979-80, 1990-
91, 1999-2000). Each of the first three oil price shocks was followed by an economic recession in the U.S.
Figure 1.4. Oil Price and Economic Growth, 1970–2004
Source:
Greene, D.L. and N. I. Tishchishyna, Costs of Oil Dependence: A 2000 Update, Oak Ridge National Laboratory,
ORNL/TM-2000/152, Oak Ridge, TN, 2000, and data updates, 2005. (Additional resources: wwwcta.ornl.gov/publications)
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
1–10
Estimates of military expenditures for defending oil supplies in the Middle East range from $6 to $60 billion per
year. This wide range in estimates reflects the difficulty in assigning a precise figure to the military cost of
defending the U.S. interests in the Middle East. The two main reasons for the difficulty are 1) the Department of
Defense does not divide the budget into regional defense sectors and 2) it is difficult to determine how much of the
cost is attributable to defending Persian Gulf oil. The latest study, done by the National Defense Council
Foundation, puts a price of $49 billion dollars/year for the defense of oil.
Table 1.8
Summary of Military Expenditures for Defending Oil Supplies from the Middle East
Original estimates
(billion dollars)
Year of
original estimate
General Accounting Office [1]
$33
1990
Congressional Research Service [2]
$6.4
1990
Greene and Leiby [3]
$14.3
1990
Kaufmann and Steinbruner [4]
$64.5
1990
$50
1992
$20–40
1996
$49.1
2003
Source
Ravenal [5]
Delucchi and Murphya [6]
National Defense Council Foundation [7]
[1] U.S. General Accounting Offices, Southwest Asia: Cost of Protecting U.S. Interests,
GAO/NSIAD-91-250, Washington, DC, August 1991.
[2] Congressional Research Service, The External Costs of Oil Used in Transportation,
prepared for the U.S. Alternative Fuels Council, Washington, DC, June 1992.
[3] Greene, D.L., and P. Leiby, The Social Costs to the U.S. of Monopolization of the
World Oil Market, 1972-1991, ORNL-6744, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak
Ridge, TN, March 1993.
[4] Kaufmann, W.W., and J.D. Steinbruner, Decisions for Defense: Prospects for a New
Order, The Brookings Institution, Washington, DC, 1991.
[5] Ravenal, E.C., Designing Defense for a New World Order: The Military Budget in
1992 and Beyond, Cato Institute, Washington, DC, 1991.
[6] Delucchi, M.A., and J. Murphy, U.S. Military Expenditures to Protect the Use of
Persian-Gulf Oil for Motor Vehicles, UCD-ITS-RR-96-3 (15), University of
California, Davis, California, April 1996.
[7] Copulas, Milton R., America’s Achilles Heel – The Hidden Costs of Imported Oil,
National Defense Council Foundation, Washington, DC, October 2003.
Source:
Hu, P.S., “Estimates of 1996 U.S. Military Expenditures on Defending Oil Supplies from the
Middle East: A Literature Review,” Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, March
1996.
a
Annual cost to defend all U.S. interests in the Persian Gulf.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
1–11
Other parts of the world refine crude oil to produce more diesel fuel and less gasoline than does North
America. The OECD Pacific countries produce the lowest share of gasoline.
Figure 1.5. Refinery Gross Output by World Region, 2004
Source:
International Energy Agency, Monthly Oil Survey, February 2005, Paris, France, Table 7.
(Additional resources: www.iea.org)
Includes jet kerosene and other kerosene.
Includes motor gasoline, jet gasoline, and aviation gasoline.
c
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. See Glossary for membership.
a
b
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
1–12
Oxygenate refinery input increased significantly in 1995, most certainly due to the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 which
mandated the sale of reformulated gasoline in certain areas beginning in January 1995. The use of MTBE is declining in
recent years due to some states banning the additive.
Table 1.9
U.S. Refinery Input of Crude Oil and Petroleum Products, 1987–2004
(thousand barrels)
Oxygenates
Fuel
ethanol
MTBEa
Other
oxygenatesb
Other
hydrocarbons
& liquids
Total input to
refineries
Year
Crude oil
Natural gas
liquids
1987
4,691,783
280,889
c
c
d
243,600
5,105,392
c
d
1988
4,848,175
304,566
c
223,309
5,258,386
1989
4,891,381
182,109
c
c
d
223,797
5,297,287
170,589
c
c
d
260,108
5,325,076
172,306
c
c
d
280,265
5,307,587
c
c
d
272,676
5,352,980
1990
1991
4,894,379
4,855,016
1992
4,908,603
171,701
1993
4,968,641
179,213
3,351
49,393
1,866
280,074
5,482,538
1994
5,061,111
169,868
3,620
52,937
1,918
193,808
5,483,262
1995
5,100,317
172,026
9,055
79,396
4,122
190,411
5,555,327
1996
5,195,265
164,552
11,156
79,407
3,570
214,282
5,668,232
1997
5,351,466
151,769
11,803
86,240
4,246
201,268
5,806,792
1998
5,434,383
146,921
11,722
89,362
4,038
206,135
5,892,561
1999
5,403,450
135,756
13,735
94,784
4,147
225,779
5,877,651
2000
5,514,395
138,921
15,268
90,288
4,005
201,135
5,964,012
2001
5,521,637
156,479
16,929
87,116
4,544
192,632
5,979,337
2002
5,455,530
155,429
26,320
90,291
2,338
224,567
5,955,475
2003
5,585,875
152,763
55,626
67,592
1,937
312,801
6,027,252
2004
5,663,861
154,356
74,095
47,600
940
344,877
6,135,055
Average annual percentage change
1987–2004
1.1%
-3.5%
d
d
d
2.1%
1.1%
1994–2004
1.1%
-1.2%
35.2%
-1.1%
-6.9%
5.9%
1.1%
Source:
U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Petroleum Supply Annual, 2004, Vol. 1, June 2005, Table
16, and annual. (Additional resources: www.eia.doe.gov)
Methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE).
Includes methanol and other oxygenates.
c
Reported in “Other” category in this year.
d
Data are not available.
a
b
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
1–13
When crude oil and other hydrocarbons are processed into products that are, on average, less dense than the
input, a processing volume gain occurs. Due to this gain, the product yield from a barrel of crude oil is more
than 100%. The processing volume gain has been growing over the years.
Table 1.10
Refinery Yield of Petroleum Products from a Barrel of Crude Oil, 1978–2004
(percentage)
Motor
Distillate
Liquified
Totalb
gasoline
fuel oil
Jet fuel
petroleum gas
Othera
44.1
21.4
6.6
2.3
29.6
104.0
43.0
21.5
6.9
2.3
30.3
104.0
44.5
19.7
7.4
2.4
30.0
104.0
44.8
20.5
7.6
2.4
28.7
104.0
46.4
21.5
8.1
2.2
26.2
104.4
47.6
20.5
8.5
2.7
24.8
104.1
46.7
21.5
9.1
2.9
24.2
104.4
45.6
21.6
9.6
3.1
24.6
104.5
45.7
21.2
9.8
3.2
24.8
104.7
46.4
20.5
10.0
3.4
24.5
104.8
46.0
20.8
10.0
3.6
24.4
104.8
45.7
20.8
10.1
4.0
24.2
104.8
45.6
20.9
10.7
3.6
24.1
104.9
45.7
21.3
10.3
3.8
24.1
105.2
46.0
21.2
9.9
4.3
24.0
105.4
46.1
21.9
10.0
4.1
23.3
105.4
45.5
22.3
10.1
4.2
23.2
105.3
46.4
21.8
9.7
4.5
22.9
105.3
45.7
22.7
10.4
4.5
22.4
105.7
45.7
22.5
10.3
4.6
22.5
105.6
46.2
22.3
10.4
4.4
22.5
105.8
46.5
22.3
10.2
4.5
22.3
105.8
46.2
23.1
10.3
4.5
22.0
106.1
46.2
23.8
9.8
4.3
21.7
105.8
47.3
23.2
9.8
4.3
21.5
106.1
46.9
23.7
9.5
4.2
22.1
106.4
46.8
23.9
9.7
4.0
22.3
106.7
Year
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
Source:
Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Petroleum Supply Annual 2004, Vol. 1,
June 2005, Table 19 and annual. (Additional resources: www.eia.doe.gov)
Includes aviation gasoline (0.1%), kerosene (0.4%), residential fuel oil (4.1%), naphtha and other
oils for petrochemical feedstock use (2.9%), special naphthas (0.3%), lubricants (1.1%), waxes (0.1%),
petroleum coke (5.2%) asphalt and road oil (3.2%), still gas (4.4%), and miscellaneous products (0.4%).
b
Products sum greater than 100% due to processing gain. The processing gain for years 1978 to
1980 is assumed to be 4 percent.
a
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
1–14
Most of the petroleum imported by the United States is in the form of crude oil. The U.S. does export small amounts of petroleum, mainly
refined petroleum products which go to Canada and Mexico.
Table 1.11
United States Petroleum Production, Imports and Exports, 1950–2004
(million barrels per day)
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
1950–2004
1970–2004
1994–2004
Domestic Production
Natural
gas
Crude
plant
oil
liquids
Totala
5.41
0.50
5.91
6.81
0.77
7.58
7.05
0.93
7.98
7.80
1.21
9.01
9.64
1.66
11.30
8.38
1.63
10.01
8.60
1.57
10.17
8.57
1.61
10.18
8.65
1.55
10.20
8.69
1.56
10.25
8.90
1.63
10.53
8.97
1.61
10.58
8.68
1.55
10.23
8.35
1.60
9.95
8.16
1.63
9.97
7.61
1.55
9.16
7.36
1.56
8.91
7.42
1.66
9.08
7.18
1.70
8.88
6.85
1.74
8.59
6.66
1.73
8.39
6.56
1.76
8.32
6.47
1.83
8.30
6.45
1.82
8.27
6.25
1.76
8.01
5.88
1.85
7.73
5.82
1.91
7.73
5.80
1.87
7.67
5.75
1.88
7.63
5.68
1.72
7.40
5.43
1.81
7.24
0.0%
-1.7%
-2.0%
2.4%
0.3%
-0.5%
0.4%
-1.3%
-1.5%
Net Imports
Crude
Petroleum
Crude
oil
products
Total
oil
0.49
0.22
0.85
0.10
0.78
0.46
1.23
0.03
1.02
0.80
1.82
0.01
1.24
1.23
2.47
0.00
1.32
2.10
3.42
0.01
4.11
1.95
6.06
0.01
5.26
1.65
6.91
0.29
4.40
1.60
6.00
0.23
3.49
1.63
5.11
0.24
3.33
1.72
5.05
0.16
3.43
2.01
5.44
0.18
3.20
1.87
5.07
0.20
4.18
2.05
6.22
0.15
4.67
2.00
6.68
0.15
5.11
2.30
7.40
0.16
5.84
2.22
8.06
0.14
5.89
2.12
8.02
0.11
5.78
1.84
7.63
0.12
6.08
1.81
7.89
0.09
6.79
1.83
8.62
0.10
7.06
1.93
9.00
0.10
7.23
1.61
8.84
0.09
7.51
1.97
9.48
0.11
8.23
1.94
10.16
0.11
8.71
2.00
10.71
0.11
8.73
2.12
10.85
0.12
9.07
2.39
11.46
0.05
9.33
2.54
11.87
0.02
9.14
2.39
11.53
0.01
9.67
2.60
12.26
0.01
10.04
2.86
12.90
0.03
Average annual percentage change
5.8%
4.9%
5.2%
-2.2%
6.1%
0.9%
4.0%
3.3%
3.6%
4.0%
3.7%
-11.3%
Exports
Petroleum
products
0.21
0.34
0.19
0.18
0.25
0.20
0.26
0.37
0.58
0.58
0.54
0.58
0.63
0.61
0.66
0.72
0.75
0.88
0.86
0.90
0.84
0.86
0.87
0.90
0.84
0.82
0.99
0.95
0.98
1.01
1.02
Total
0.31
0.37
0.20
0.19
0.26
0.21
0.54
0.60
0.82
0.74
0.72
0.78
0.79
0.76
0.82
0.86
0.86
1.00
0.95
1.00
0.94
0.95
0.98
1.00
0.95
0.94
1.04
0.97
0.98
1.03
1.05
3.0%
4.2%
2.0%
2.3%
4.2%
1.1%
Source:
U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Annual Energy Review 2004, July 2005, Tables 5.3
and 5.5 and Monthly Energy Review, June 2005, Tables 3.1a and 3.1b.
a
Total domestic production includes crude oil, natural gas plant liquids and small amounts of other liquids.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
1–15
The U.S. share of the world’s petroleum consumption is approximately one-quarter. The U.S. relies heavily on imported petroleum.
Imports accounted for over 59% of U.S. petroleum consumption in 2005.
Table 1.12
Petroleum Production and Consumption and Some Important Percent Shares, 1950–2005
Domestic
petroleum
productiona
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
5.91
7.58
7.99
9.01
11.30
10.01
10.17
10.18
10.20
10.25
10.51
10.51
10.23
9.94
9.76
9.16
8.91
9.08
8.87
8.58
8.39
8.32
8.30
8.27
8.01
7.73
7.73
7.67
7.63
7.40
7.23
6.83
1950–2005
1970–2005
1994–2005
0.3%
-1.4%
-2.0%
Net
Transportation
U.S.
petroleum
petroleum
petroleum
imports
consumption
consumption
(million barrels per day)
0.55
0.88
1.62
2.28
3.16
5.85
6.36
5.40
4.30
4.31
4.72
4.29
5.44
5.91
6.59
7.20
7.16
6.63
6.94
7.62
8.05
7.89
8.50
9.16
9.76
9.91
10.42
10.90
10.55
11.24
12.10
12.35
5.8%
4.0%
4.6%
3.36
4.46
5.15
6.04
7.78
8.95
8.57
9.49
9.31
9.41
9.71
9.85
10.23
10.53
10.91
11.00
10.97
10.80
10.97
11.18
10.48
11.72
11.99
12.12
12.47
12.84
13.12
12.94
13.21
13.34
14.07
13.82
World
petroleum
consumption
Net
imports
as a share of
U.S.
consumption
b
6.46
b
8.46
9.82
21.34
11.51
31.14
14.70
46.81
16.32
56.20
17.06
63.11
16.06
60.94
15.30
59.54
15.23
58.78
15.73
59.83
15.73
60.09
16.28
61.83
16.67
63.13
17.28
65.00
17.33
66.10
16.99
66.58
16.71
67.21
17.03
67.45
17.24
67.54
17.72
68.85
17.72
70.02
18.31
71.62
18.62
73.42
18.92
74.09
19.52
75.83
19.70
76.95
19.65
77.13
19.76
78.46
20.03
80.10
b
20.73
b
20.66
Average annual percentage change
b
2.6%
2.1%
1.7%
1.0%
1.5%c
1.7%
1.5%
1.4%c
8.4%
10.4%
16.5%
19.8%
21.5%
35.8%
37.3%
33.6%
28.1%
28.3%
30.0%
27.3%
33.4%
35.5%
38.1%
41.6%
42.2%
39.6%
40.8%
44.2%
45.5%
44.5%
46.4%
49.2%
51.6%
50.8%
52.9%
55.5%
53.4%
56.1%
58.4%
59.8%
U.S.
petroleum
consumption
as a share of
world
consumption
Transportation
petroleum use
as a share of
domestic
production
b
b
46.0%
37.0%
31.4%
29.0%
27.0%
26.3%
25.7%
25.9%
26.3%
26.2%
26.3%
26.4%
26.6%
26.2%
25.5%
24.9%
25.2%
25.5%
25.7%
25.3%
25.6%
25.4%
25.5%
25.7%
25.6%
25.5%
25.2%
25.0%
b
b
56.8%
58.8%
64.5%
67.0%
68.9%
89.4%
94.1%
93.2%
91.2%
91.8%
92.4%
93.7%
100.0%
105.9%
111.7%
120.1%
123.1%
118.9%
123.7%
130.3%
136.9%
140.9%
144.4%
146.6%
155.6%
166.1%
169.7%
168.7%
173.1%
180.2%
194.6%
202.4%
Sources:
U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Monthly Energy Review, March 2006, Tables 1.7, 2.5, 3.1a,
3.1b, and A3. (Pre-1973 data from the Annual Energy Review). World petroleum consumption - U.S. Department of
Energy, Energy Information Administration, International Energy Annual 2002, July 2005, Table 1.1, and annual.
(Additional resources: www.eia.doe.gov)
Total domestic production includes crude oil, natural gas plant liquids and small amounts of other liquids.
Data are not available.
c
Average annual percentage change is to the latest year possible.
a
b
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
1–16
The transportation oil gap is the difference between the amount of petroleum the U.S. produces and the amount
of petroleum used by the transportation sector. This gap has been getting wider not only due to increasing
transportation demand, but also due to decreasing U.S. petroleum production.
22
20
Rail
Million barrels per day
18
16
14
U.S. Production
Air
Marine
Off-Road
Heavy Trucks
12
10
8
Light Trucks
6
4
Cars
2
0
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030
Figure 1.6. United States Petroleum Production and Consumption, 1970–2025
Source:
See Tables 1.12 and 2.5. Projections are from the Energy Information Administration, Annual Energy Outlook 2005,
January 2005.
Notes:
• The sharp increase in values between 2003 and 2004 are the result of the data changing from historical to projected
values.
• Petroleum production includes crude oil, natural gas plant liquids, refinery gains and other inputs, which include liquids
from gas, liquids from coal, and alcohols, ethers, petroleum product stock withdrawals, domestic sources of blending
components, other hydrocarbons, and natural gas converted to liquid fuel.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
1–17
Transportation accounts for about two-thirds of the U.S. petroleum use. Total petroleum consumption reached
20 million barrels per day in 2003.
Table 1.13
Consumption of Petroleum by End-Use Sector, 1973–2005
(million barrels per day)
Year
Transportation
Percentage
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
9.06
8.84
8.95
9.40
9.76
10.16
10.01
9.57
9.49
9.31
9.41
9.71
9.85
10.23
10.53
10.90
11.00
10.97
10.80
10.97
11.18
11.48
11.72
11.99
12.12
12.47
12.84
13.12
12.92
13.10
13.21
13.51
13.82
52.3%
53.1%
54.8%
53.7%
53.0%
53.9%
54.0%
56.0%
59.1%
60.9%
61.8%
61.6%
62.7%
62.8%
63.2%
62.9%
63.2%
65.0%
63.5%
64.7%
64.1%
65.3%
65.3%
64.9%
65.5%
65.9%
65.8%
66.4%
65.8%
66.8%
66.6%
66.2%
66.8%
1973–2005
1995–2005
1.3%
1.7%
Residential
Commercial
Industrial
1.49
0.75
4.48
1.36
0.68
4.30
1.32
0.63
4.04
1.43
0.70
4.46
1.42
0.72
4.82
1.38
0.69
4.87
1.09
0.63
5.34
0.91
0.61
4.85
0.81
0.52
4.27
0.76
0.48
4.06
0.74
0.55
3.86
0.71
0.58
4.20
0.79
0.50
4.10
0.78
0.53
4.10
0.81
0.52
4.25
0.84
0.51
4.40
0.85
0.47
4.35
0.70
0.45
4.18
0.72
0.42
4.55
0.73
0.40
4.43
0.77
0.37
4.64
0.74
0.37
4.54
0.75
0.35
4.80
0.84
0.37
4.92
0.81
0.35
4.81
0.75
0.33
4.80
0.84
0.33
4.98
0.87
0.37
4.89
0.88
0.38
4.89
0.85
0.34
4.94
0.85
0.35
4.96
0.89
0.38
5.22
0.88
0.38
5.07
Average annual percentage change
-1.6%
-2.1%
0.4%
1.6%
0.8%
0.5%
Electric
utilities
Total
1.54
1.48
1.39
1.52
1.71
1.75
1.44
1.15
0.96
0.69
0.68
0.56
0.48
0.64
0.55
0.69
0.75
0.57
0.53
0.44
0.50
0.47
0.33
0.36
0.41
0.58
0.53
0.51
0.56
0.43
0.53
0.54
0.54
17.31
16.65
16.32
17.51
18.43
18.85
18.52
17.10
16.06
15.30
15.23
15.77
15.72
16.28
16.67
17.33
17.42
16.86
17.02
16.96
17.45
17.59
17.96
18.48
18.52
18.92
19.52
19.75
19.65
19.76
20.03
20.79
20.70
-3.2%
5.0%
0.6%
1.4%
Source:
U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Monthly Energy Review, March 2006,
Tables 2.2–2.6. Converted to million barrels per day using Table A3. (Additional resources:
www.eia.doe.gov)
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
1–18
Pipelines accounted for two-thirds of the domestic movement of petroleum and petroleum products in 2003.
Table 1.14
Ton-Miles of Petroleum and Petroleum Products in the U.S. by Mode, 1975–2003
Year
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
1975–2003
1993–2003
Pipelinesa
59.9%
59.4%
59.1%
50.5%
51.8%
47.2%
46.3%
46.4%
45.5%
48.1%
47.2%
48.7%
49.1%
50.6%
53.4%
54.2%
53.3%
53.9%
57.3%
56.5%
57.5%
60.6%
64.5%
66.7%
67.7%
66.1%
66.2%
67.8%
66.8%
Water carriers
Motor carriersb
Railroads
(percent)
35.2%
3.3%
1.7%
35.4%
3.8%
1.5%
36.1%
3.2%
1.6%
45.7%
2.7%
1.1%
44.5%
2.6%
1.2%
49.6%
2.2%
1.0%
50.7%
2.0%
1.0%
50.6%
1.9%
1.1%
51.5%
2.1%
1.0%
48.4%
2.5%
1.0%
49.4%
2.4%
1.0%
47.8%
2.5%
1.0%
47.4%
2.5%
1.0%
45.8%
2.6%
1.1%
42.6%
2.8%
1.2%
41.7%
2.8%
1.3%
42.8%
2.7%
1.3%
42.1%
2.6%
1.4%
38.8%
2.4%
1.5%
39.3%
2.7%
1.5%
38.4%
2.5%
1.6%
34.9%
2.9%
1.6%
30.9%
2.9%
1.8%
28.5%
3.0%
1.8%
27.1%
3.2%
2.1%
28.0%
3.6%
2.3%
28.1%
3.5%
2.2%
26.3%
3.5%
2.3%
27.2%
3.6%
2.2%
Average annual percentage change
Total
(billion ton-miles)
846.7
867.7
923.4
1,160.2
1,174.8
1,245.3
1,218.4
1,218.2
1,223.5
1,180.2
1,195.5
1,187.8
1,195.8
1,188.1
1,094.2
1,076.8
1,086.1
1,091.7
1,034.6
1,046.7
1,044.9
1,022.2
956.5
929.8
912.9
873.3
869.8
864.6
883.3
0.2%
-1.6%
Source:
Association of Oil Pipelines, Shifts in Petroleum Transportation, Washington, DC, June 2005, Table 1. (Additional
resources: www.aopl.org)
a
The amounts carried by pipeline are based on ton-miles of crude and petroleum products for Federally regulated
pipelines (84 percent) plus an estimated breakdown of crude and petroleum products of the ton-miles for pipelines not
Federally regulated (16 percent).
b
The amounts carried by motor carriers are estimated.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
2–1
Chapter 2
Energy
Summary Statistics from Tables in this Chapter
Source
Table 2.1
Transportation share of U.S. energy consumption, 2005
28.0%
Table 2.2
Petroleum share of transportation energy consumption, 2005
96.4%
Table 2.3
Alternative fuel and oxygenate consumption, 2004
(thousand gasoline
equivalent gallons)
MTBE
Not available
Ethanol in gasohol
2,052,000
82.1%
Liquified petroleum gas
242,368
9.7%
Compressed natural gas
159,464
6.4%
E85/E95
22,405
0.9%
Electricity
11,836
0.5%
Liquified natural gas
10,868
0.4%
257
0.0%
(trillion Btu)
(share)
Cars
9,255
32.3%
Light trucks
6,989
24.4%
Medium/heavy trucks
5,142
17.9%
Air
2,217
7.7%
Off-highway
2,203
7.6%
Water
1,032
3.6%
Pipeline
960
3.3%
Rail
626
2.1%
Buses
187
0.6%
M85/M100
Table 2.4
(share)
Transportation energy use by mode, 2003
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
2–2
Petroleum accounted for nearly 40% of the world’s energy use in 2003. Though petroleum is the dominant
energy source for both OECD countries and non-OECD countries, the non-OECD countries rely on coal,
natural gas, and hydro-electric power more than OECD countries do.
Figure 2.1. World Consumption of Primary Energy, 2003
Source:
U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, International Energy Annual 2003,
Washington, DC, 2005, Table 1.8. (Additional resources: www.eia.doe.gov)
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
2–3
The Energy Information Administration revised the historical energy data series to include renewable energy in
each sector. Also, the residential and commercial sector data are now separated. Total energy use was 99.8 quads
in 2005 with transportation using 28.1%.
Table 2.1
U. S. Consumption of Total Energy by End-Use Sector, 1973–2005
(quadrillion Btu)
Year
Transportation
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
18.6
18.1
18.2
19.1
19.8
20.6
20.5
19.7
19.5
19.1
19.2
19.9
20.1
20.9
21.5
21.4
22.6
22.6
22.2
22.5
22.9
23.5
24.0
24.5
24.8
25.4
26.1
26.7
26.3
26.8
27.0
27.9
28.0
1973–2005
1995–2005
1.3%
1.6%
Percentage
transportation
of total
Industrial
Commercial
24.6%
32.7
9.5
24.5%
31.8
9.4
25.3%
29.4
9.5
25.1%
31.4
10.0
25.4%
32.3
10.2
25.8%
32.7
10.5
25.3%
34.0
10.6
25.2%
32.2
10.6
25.6%
30.8
10.6
26.1%
27.7
10.9
26.2%
27.5
11.0
25.9%
29.6
11.5
26.3%
29.0
11.5
27.2%
28.4
11.6
27.2%
29.5
12.0
25.8%
30.8
12.6
26.6%
31.4
13.2
26.7%
31.9
13.3
26.2%
31.5
13.5
26.2%
32.7
13.4
26.1%
32.7
13.8
26.3%
33.6
14.1
26.3%
34.0
14.7
26.0%
34.9
15.2
26.2%
35.2
15.7
26.8%
34.8
16.0
27.0%
34.7
16.4
27.0%
34.6
17.1
27.2%
32.7
17.3
27.4%
32.7
17.4
27.5%
32.7
17.3
27.8%
33.5
17.7
28.1%
32.1
17.9
Average annual percentage change
-0.1%
2.0%
-0.6%
2.0%
Residential
Total
14.9
14.7
14.8
15.4
15.7
16.2
15.8
15.8
15.4
15.6
15.5
15.8
15.9
15.9
16.2
17.1
17.8
16.9
17.4
17.4
18.3
18.1
18.7
19.7
19.1
19.1
19.7
20.5
20.2
20.9
21.2
21.2
21.8
75.7
74.0
72.0
76.0
78.0
80.0
80.9
78.3
76.3
73.3
73.1
76.7
76.5
76.8
79.2
82.8
85.0
84.7
84.6
86.0
87.6
89.3
91.3
94.3
94.8
95.2
96.8
99.0
96.5
97.9
98.2
100.3
99.8
1.2%
1.5%
0.9%
0.9%
Source:
U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Monthly Energy Review, March 2006,
Washington, DC, Table 2.1. (Additional resources: www.eia.doe.gov)
a
Electrical energy losses have been distributed among the sectors.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
2–4
The Energy Information Administration revised the historical energy data series to include renewable energy in
each sector. In transportation, the alcohol fuels blended into gasoline to make gasohol (10% ethanol or less) are
now counted under “renewables” and have been taken out of petroleum. The petroleum category, however, still
contains other blending agents, such as MTBE, that are not actually petroleum, but are not broken out into a
separate category.
Table 2.2
Distribution of Energy Consumption by Source, 1973 and 2005
(percentage)
Energy
source
Transportation
1973
95.8
Petroleuma
4.0
Natural gasb
Coal
0.0
Renewable
0.0
Nuclear
0.0
c
0.2
Electricity
0.0
Otherd
Total
100.0
2005
96.4
2.1
0.0
1.2
0.0
0.3
0.0
100.0
Residential
1973
18.9
33.3
0.6
2.4
0.0
44.7
0.0
100.0
2005
7.1
22.8
0.1
1.9
0.0
68.2
0.0
100.0
Commercial
1973
16.5
27.9
1.7
0.1
0.0
53.9
0.0
100.0
2005
4.2
17.5
0.6
0.6
0.0
77.2
0.0
100.0
Industrial
1973
27.9
31.8
12.4
3.7
0.0
24.2
0.0
100.0
2005
29.8
24.7
6.3
4.6
0.0
34.6
0.0
100.0
Electric utilities
1973
17.8
19.0
43.9
14.6
4.6
0.0
0.0
100.0
2005
2.9
14.0
48.9
8.7
19.2
0.0
0.0
100.0
Source:
U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Monthly Energy Review, March 2006, Washington,
DC, pp. 27, 29, 31, 33. (Additional resources: www.eia.doe.gov)
In transportation, the petroleum category contains some blending agents which are not petroleum.
Includes supplemental gaseous fuels. Transportation sector includes pipeline fuel and natural gas vehicle use.
c
Includes electrical system energy losses.
d
Energy generated from geothermal, wood, waste, wind, photovoltaic, and solar thermal energy sources.
a
b
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
2–5
Oxygenates are blended with gasoline to be used in conventional vehicles. The amount of oxygenate use dwarfs the
alternative fuel use. Gasoline-equivalent gallons are used in this table to allow comparisons of different fuel types.
Table 2.3
Alternative Fuel and Oxygenate Consumption, 1995–2004
(thousand gasoline–equivalent gallons)
Alternative fuel
1995
1998
Liquified petroleum gas
232,701
Compressed natural gas
2004
Percentage
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004a
241,386
212,576
215,876
223,143
230,486
242,368
9.7%
35,162
72,412
86,745
104,496
120,670
141,726
159,464
6.4%
Liquified natural gas
2,759
5,343
7,259
8,921
9,382
10,514
10,868
0.4%
M85b
2,023
1,212
585
439
337
274
257
0.0%
M100
2,150
449
0
0
0
0
0
0.0%
E85b
190
1,727
12,071
14,623
17,783
20,092
22,405
0.9%
E95b
995
59
13
0
0
0
0
0.0%
Electricityc
663
1,202
3,058
4,066
7,274
9,633
11,836
0.5%
1,208,638
323,790
322,307
348,421
378,589
412,725
447,198
17.9%
2,691,200
2,903,400
3,296,100
3,352,200
2,383,000
910,700
889,500
1,085,800
1,143,300
1,413,600
1,792,900
2,052,000
82.1%
4,810,538
4,116,690
4,704,207
4,843,921
4,175,189
2,205,625
2,499,198
100.0%
Subtotal
Oxygenates
MTBEd
Ethanol in gasohol
Total
e
e
e
Source:
U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Alternatives to Traditional Transportation Fuels, 2003,
Washington, DC, February 2004, web site www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/alternate/page/datatables/atf1-13_00.html,
Table 10. (Additional resources: www.eia.doe.gov)
Note: These data were released in February 2004. Please check the source web site for updates which were not available
when this document went to press.
a
Based on plans or projections.
Consumption includes gasoline portion of the mixture.
c
Vehicle consumption only; does not include power plant inputs.
d
Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether. This category includes a very small amount of other ethers, primarily Tertiary Amyl
Methyl Ether (TAME) and Ethyl Tertiary Butyl Ether (ETBE).
e
Data are not available.
b
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
2–6
As data about alternative fuel use become available, an attempt is made to incorporate them into this table. Sometimes
assumptions must be made in order to use the data. Please see Appendix A for a description of the methodology used
to develop these data.
Table 2.4
Domestic Consumption of Transportation Energy by Mode and Fuel Type, 2003a
(trillion Btu)
HIGHWAY
Light vehicles
Cars
Light trucksb
Motorcycles
Buses
Transit
Intercityc
Schoold
Medium/heavy trucks
NONHIGHWAY
Air
General aviation
Domestic air carriers
International air carriersd
Water
Freight
Recreational
Pipeline
Rail
Freight (Class I)
Passenger
Transit
Commuter
Intercityc
HWY & NONHWY TOTAL
OFF-HIGHWAY
Agriculture
Industrial & commercial
Construction
Personal & recreational
Other
TOTAL
Gasoline
16,387.0
15,863.8
9,203.0
6,637.0
23.8
6.4
0.1
6.3
516.8
194.1
30.7
30.7
0.0
163.4
163.4
0.0
16,581.1
733.8
42.2
216.6
34.2
440.5
0.3
17,314.9
Diesel fuel
5,138.1
364.1
51.7
312.4
0.0
165.6
74.3
28.3
63.0
4,608.4
852.2
0.0
Liquified
petroleum
gas
57.3
40.0
Jet fuel
0.0
0.0
Residual
fuel oil
0.0
0.0
Natural
gas
13.6
0.0
0.2
0.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
13.6
13.6
0.8
0.8
17.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
570.6
0.0
0.0
685.6
0.0
0.0
345.9
0.0
570.6
570.6
0.0
0.0
Electricity
0.8
0.0
40.0
298.0
257.8
40.2
0.0
0.0
2,186.6
2,186.6
110.7
1,749.4
326.5
0.0
554.2
533.9
20.3
0.0
10.0
10.3
5,990.3
1,469.6
464.9
248.9
741.6
5.8
8.4
7,459.9
0.0
0.0
0.0
685.6
0.0
57.3
0.0
2,186.6
0.0
570.6
0.0
699.2
0.0
274.6
71.3
0.0
71.3
48.7
16.3
6.3
346.7
0.0
57.3
2,186.6
570.6
699.2
346.7
Total
21,596.8
16,267.9
9,254.7
6,989.4
23.8
186.6
89.0
28.3
69.3
5,142.3
4,835.0
2,217.3
141.4
1,749.4
326.5
1,032.0
828.4
203.6
960.2
625.5
533.9
91.6
48.7
26.3
16.6
26,431.8
2,203.4
507.1
465.5
775.8
446.3
8.7
28,635.2
Source:
See Appendix A for Energy Use Sources.
a
Civilian consumption only. Totals may not include all possible uses of fuels for transportation (e.g., snowmobiles).
Two-axle, four-tire trucks.
c
2000 data. 2001 data are not yet available.
d
One half of fuel used by domestic carriers in international operation.
b
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
2–7
The 2002 data have been revised to include the latest data available.
Table 2.5
Transportation Energy Use by Mode, 2002–2003a
Percentage of total
based on Btus
Trillion Btu
Thousand barrels per
day crude oil
equivalentb
2003
2002
2003
2002
2003
2002
HIGHWAY
Light vehicles
Cars
Light trucksc
Motorcycles
Buses
Transit
Intercity
School
Medium/heavy trucks
NONHIGHWAY
Air
General aviation
Domestic air carriers
International air
Water
Freight
Recreational
Pipeline
Rail
Freight (Class I)
Passenger
Transit
Commuter
Intercity
21,597.7
16,268.7
9,254.7
6,990.2
23.8
186.8
89.2
28.3
69.3
5,142.2
4,808.0
2,217.3
141.4
1,749.4
326.5
1,032.0
828.4
203.6
933.1
625.6
533.9
91.7
48.7
26.3
16.7
21,516.7
16,290.3
9,390.9
6,875.5
23.9
191.6
90.9
29.2
71.5
5,034.8
4,965.8
2,212.9
141.5
1,734.5
336.9
1,204.4
1,001.4
203.0
935.3
613.2
520.3
92.9
49.3
25.8
17.8
81.8%
61.6%
35.0%
26.5%
0.1%
0.7%
0.3%
0.1%
0.3%
19.5%
18.2%
8.4%
0.5%
6.6%
1.2%
3.9%
3.1%
0.8%
3.5%
2.4%
2.0%
0.3%
0.2%
0.1%
0.1%
81.2%
61.5%
35.5%
26.0%
0.1%
0.7%
0.3%
0.1%
0.3%
19.0%
18.8%
8.4%
0.5%
6.6%
1.3%
4.5%
3.8%
0.8%
3.5%
2.3%
2.0%
0.4%
0.2%
0.1%
0.1%
11,091.0
8,550.7
4,865.6
3,672.7
12.4
88.6
42.4
13.3
32.9
2,451.7
1,823.3
1,073.2
70.2
843.3
157.7
474.1
369.9
104.2
11.9
264.1
251.9
13.0
2.3
5.5
5.2
11,029.3
8,537.7
4,923.1
3,602.1
12.5
91.1
43.5
13.7
33.9
2,400.5
1,888.4
1,071.1
70.2
838.1
162.8
550.1
446.2
103.9
9.5
257.7
244.7
13.0
1.9
5.4
5.7
HWY & NONHWY
TOTAL
26,405.7
26,482.5
100.0%
100.0%
12,914.3
12,917.7
Source: See Appendix A for Energy Use Sources.
a
Civilian consumption only. Totals may not include all possible uses of fuels for transportation (e.g., snowmobiles).
This year, crude oil equivalent is not a simple conversion from Btu based on the average Btu in a barrel of oil. Each
gallon of petroleum product was assumed to equal one gallon of crude oil. The oil used to produce electricity is also
estimated. See Appendix A, p. 18 for details.
c
Two-axle, four-tire trucks.
b
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
2–8
The highway sector is by far the largest part of transportation energy use. Light truck energy use has
increased at the greatest rate, due to the increased use of light trucks as personal passenger vehicles.
Light trucks include pick-ups, minivans, sport-utility vehicles, and vans.
Year
Table 2.6
Highway Transportation Energy Consumption by Mode, 1970–2003
(trillion Btu)
Light
Light
vehicles
MotorHeavy
Highway
Total
Autos
trucks
subtotal
cycles
Buses
trucks
subtotal
transportation
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
8,479
9,298
9,826
9,928
10,134
9,629
8,800
8,693
8,673
8,802
8,837
8,932
9,138
9,157
9,158
9,232
8,688
8,029
8,169
8,368
8,470
8,489
8,634
8,710
8,936
9,134
9,100
9,161
9,391
9,255
1,539
2,384
2,602
2,797
3,020
3,055
2,975
2,963
2,837
2,989
3,197
3,413
3,629
3,819
4,077
4,156
4,451
4,774
5,117
5,356
5,515
5,695
5,917
6,168
6,305
6,605
6,611
6,683
6,876
6,990
10,018
11,682
12,428
12,724
13,153
12,685
11,774
11,655
11,510
11,791
12,034
12,345
12,767
12,976
13,235
13,388
13,139
12,803
13,286
13,723
13,984
14,183
14,551
14,879
15,241
15,738
15,711
15,884
16,267
16,245
1970–2003
1993–2003
0.3%
1.0%
4.7%
2.7%
1.5%
1.7%
7
129
1,553
14
124
2,003
15
134
2,114
16
137
2,344
18
141
2,607
22
144
2,697
26
143
2,686
27
145
2,724
25
151
2,707
22
152
2,770
22
146
2,873
23
154
2,883
23
160
2,958
24
164
3,061
25
169
3,118
26
169
3,199
24
167
3,334
23
177
3,402
24
184
3,468
25
183
3,577
26
183
3,778
25
184
3,937
24
186
4,045
25
192
4,086
26
196
4,218
26
202
4,638
26
208
4,819
24
196
4,813
24
192
5,035
24
187
5,142
Average annual percentage change
3.8%
1.1%
3.7%
-0.4%
0.2%
3.7%
11,707
13,823
14,691
15,222
15,919
15,547
14,629
14,551
14,393
14,735
15,075
15,404
15,908
16,225
16,548
16,782
16,663
16,405
16,963
17,509
17,976
18,334
18,813
19,187
19,686
20,610
20,764
20,875
21,518
21,598
15,368
17,396
18,463
19,097
20,067
20,072
18,911
19,045
18,483
18,600
19,242
19,575
20,188
20,652
21,184
21,477
21,584
21,177
21,838
22,293
22,901
23,439
23,949
24,302
24,732
25,924
26,240
25,930
26,401
26,592
1.9%
2.1%
1.7%
1.8%
Source:
See Appendix A for Highway Energy Use.
a
Total transportation figures do not include military and off-highway energy use and may not include all
possible uses of fuel for transportation (e.g., snowmobiles). These data have been revised due to a new data
series for recreational boats.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
2–9
Almost 20% of transportation energy use is for nonhighway modes. Air travel accounts for nearly half of
nonhighway energy use.
Table 2.7
Nonhighway Transportation Energy Consumption by Mode, 1970–2003a
(trillion Btu)
Year
Air
Water
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
1,307
1,274
1,333
1,350
1,423
1,488
1,434
1,453
1,445
1,440
1,609
1,677
1,823
1,899
1,978
1,981
2,077
1,939
1,970
1,986
2,070
2,141
2,206
2,300
2,371
2,471
2,549
2,411
2,213
2,217
800
891
1,047
1,141
1,346
1,563
1,356
1,567
1,301
1,199
1,234
1,232
1,225
1,249
1,263
1,296
1,403
1,483
1,559
1,396
1,353
1,426
1,367
1,207
1,189
1,325
1,411
1,144
1,204
1,032
Pipeline
Rail
995
558
844
563
807
585
790
595
787
592
864
611
900
592
909
565
859
485
743
482
785
538
758
504
738
494
775
505
878
518
894
523
928
514
864
485
849
497
889
512
955
546
971
567
984
580
1,027
581
901
585
912
607
908
608
890
611
935
613
933
626
Average annual percentage change
0.8%
-0.2%
0.3%
-3.0%
0.5%
2.0%
1970–2003
1.6%
1993–2003
1.1%
Source:
See Appendix A for Nonhighway Energy Use.
Nonhighway
subtotal
Total
transportationb4
3,661
3,573
3,772
3,875
4,148
4,525
4,282
4,494
4,090
3,865
4,167
4,171
4,280
4,427
4,636
4,695
4,921
4,772
4,875
4,784
4,925
5,105
5,136
5,115
5,046
5,314
5,476
5,056
4,966
4,808
15,368
17,396
18,463
19,097
20,067
20,072
18,911
19,045
18,483
18,600
19,242
19,575
20,188
20,652
21,184
21,477
21,584
21,177
21,838
22,293
22,901
23,439
23,949
24,302
24,732
25,924
26,240
25,930
26,401
26,592
0.8%
0.1%
1.7%
1.8%
a
These data have been revised slightly due to a new data series for recreational boats. See Appendix A for
detailed methodologies.
b
Total transportation figures do not include military and off-highway energy use and may not include all
possible uses of fuel for transportation (e.g., snowmobiles).
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
2–10
A recent study on off-highway fuel consumption uses the Environmental Protection Agency’s NONROAD2002
model and the Census Bureau’s 1997 Vehicle Inventory and Use Survey to estimate fuel use.
Table 2.8
Off-highway Transportation-related Fuel Consumption, 1997 and 2001
(million gallons)
1997
Sector
2001
Gasoline
Diesel
Other
3,318
338
3,352
4
3,694
1,854
5,193
1,733
1,794
2,108
5,636
4,766
18
5,073
274
5,347
19
5,639
3,425
37
7
3,469
3,524
42
7
3,573
Other
2
48
2
52
2
61
2
65
Total
5,797
9,424
1,885
17,106
5,870
10,596
2,141
18,607
Agriculture
Industrial and commercial
Construction
Personal and recreational
Gasoline
Diesel
Other
319
2,994
5
1,761
1,579
289
Total
Total
Examples of off-highway transportation-related vehicles and equipment
Agriculture
Tractors, mowers, combines, balers, and other farm equipment which has utility in
its movement.
Industrial and commercial
Forklifts, commercial mowers, forestry equipment, shredders, terminal tractors
Construction
Pavers, rollers, drill rigs, graders, backhoes, excavators, cranes, mining equipment
Personal and recreational
Lawn mowers, tillers, tractors, motorcycles, snowmobiles, golf carts
Other
Airport ground equipment
Source:
Davis, S.C. and L.F. Truett, Off-Highway Transportation-Related Fuel Use, ORNL/TM-2002/92, Oak Ridge
National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, April 2004. (Additional resources: wwwcta.ornl.gov/Publications/Publications_2004.html)
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
2–11
The Federal Highway Administration cautions that data from 1993 on may not be directly comparable to earlier years. Some
states have improved reporting procedures in recent years, and the estimation procedures were revised in 1994. Prior to the
Energy Policy Act of 1992, gasohol was defined as a blend of gasoline and at least 10%, by volume, alcohol. Effective January
1, 1993, three types of gasohol were defined: 10% gasohol—containing at least 10% alcohol; 7.7% gasohol—containing 7.7%
alcohol but less than 10%; and 5.7% gasohol—containing at least 5.7% alcohol but less than 7.7%. See Table 2.3 for details
on oxygenate usage.
Table 2.9
Highway Usage of Gasoline and Special Fuels, 1973–2003
(billion gallons)
Year
1973
1975
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
1973–2003
1993–2003
Gasoline
Gasohol
c
c
c
100.7
98.9
96.2
95.9
96.0
95.6
98.6
101.8
101.7
103.7
102.6
99.3
102.1
103.4
104.0
104.0
107.4
106.2
110.7
114.6
112.6
112.3
112.0
101.5
d
-0.2%
c
0.5
0.7
2.3
4.3
5.4
8.0
8.1
6.9
8.1
6.9
7.5
8.6
8.8
10.3
11.0
13.1
12.1
14.7
14.0
14.2
16.3
17.4
21.0
32.5
d
12.2%
Total gasoline
and gasohol
Dieselb
c
100.6
9.8
c
99.4
9.6
0.0
101.2
13.8
0.1
99.6
14.9
0.2
98.5
14.9
0.4
100.1
16.0
0.5
101.4
17.3
0.8
103.6
17.8
0.8
106.8
18.4
0.8
108.7
19.0
0.8
109.8
20.1
0.7
110.6
21.2
0.8
110.2
21.4
0.9
107.9
20.7
0.9
111.0
22.0
1.0
113.7
23.5
1.0
115.0
25.1
1.2
117.1
26.2
1.1
119.5
27.2
1.3
120.9
29.4
1.3
124.7
30.2
1.3
128.7
31.9
1.5
128.9
33.4
1.5
129.7
33.4
2.1
133.0
34.8
2.7
134.1
35.5
Average annual percentage change
d
1.0%
4.4%
10.4%
1.7%
4.2%
Ethanol used
in gasohola
Percent
diesel
8.9%
8.8%
12.0%
13.0%
13.1%
13.8%
14.6%
14.6%
14.7%
14.9%
15.5%
16.1%
16.3%
16.1%
16.5%
17.1%
17.9%
18.3%
18.5%
19.6%
19.5%
19.9%
20.6%
20.5%
20.7%
20.9%
Total highway
fuel use
110.5
109.0
115.0
114.5
113.4
116.1
118.7
121.3
125.2
127.7
129.9
131.9
131.6
128.6
132.9
137.2
140.1
143.3
146.7
150.3
154.9
160.7
162.3
163.1
167.8
169.6
1.4%
2.1%
Source:
U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics 2003, Washington, DC,
2004, Tables MF-21 and MF-33E, and annual. (Additional resources: www.fhwa.dot.gov)
a
Estimated for 1980–92 and 2002 as 10% of gasohol consumption.
Consists primarily of diesel fuel, with small quantities of liquified petroleum gas.
c
Data for gasoline and gasohol cannot be separated in this year.
d
Data are not available.
b
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
2–12
Great care should be taken when comparing modal energy intensity data among modes. Because of the inherent differences
among the transportation modes in the nature of services, routes available, and many additional factors, it is not possible
to obtain truly comparable national energy intensities among modes. These values are averages, and there is a great deal
of variability even within a mode.
Table 2.10
Passenger Travel and Energy Use, 2003
Cars
Personal trucks a
Motorcycles
Demand responseb
Vanpool
Buses
Transit
Intercityd
Schoold
Air
Certificated routee
General aviation
Recreational boats
Rail
Intercity (Amtrak)
Transit (light & heavy)
Commuter
Energy intensities
(Btu per
(Btu per
passengervehiclemile)
mile)
5,572
3,549
6,894
4,008
2,500
2,049
21,319
19,806
8,489
1,401
Number of
vehicles
(thousands)
135,669.9
76,627.3
5,370.0
36.0
6.6
Vehiclemiles
(millions)
1,660,828
835,666
9,539
864
89
Passengermiles
(millions)
2,607,547
1,437,346
11,638
930
541
Load factor
(persons/
vehicle)
1.57
1.72
1.22
1.1
6.1
c
c
c
c
c
c
4,160
78.0
8.7
36,628
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
3,587
c
631.4
209.7
12,665.0
18.6
0.4
12.2
6.0
2,435
21,262
578,745
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
69,947
50,453
70,173
91,958
3,024
2,935
3,228
2,751
1,311
331
694
286
30,321
5,680
15,082
9,559
23.1
17.2
21.7
33.4
Energy use
(trillion
Btu)
9,254.7
5,760.9
23.8
18.4
0.8
186.8
89.2
28.3
69.3
2,217.3
2,075.9
141.4
203.6
91.7
16.7
48.7
26.3
Source:
See Appendix A for Passenger Travel and Energy Use.
a
Changed significantly due to newly available data from the 2002 Vehicle Inventory and Use Survey. See Appendix A
for details.
b
Includes passenger cars, vans, and small buses operating in response to calls from passengers to the transit operator who
dispatches the vehicles.
c
Data are not available.
d
Energy use is estimated.
e
Includes domestic scheduled services and ½ of international scheduled services (Table 2.13 shows only domestic
services). These energy intensities may be inflated because all energy use is attributed to passengers–cargo energy use is not
taken into account.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
2–13
Great care should be taken when comparing modal energy intensity data among modes. Because of the inherent differences
among the transportation modes in the nature of services, routes available, and many additional factors, it is not possible to
obtain truly comparable national energy intensities among modes. These values are averages, and there is a great deal of
variability even within a mode.
Table 2.11
Energy Intensities of Highway Passenger Modes, 1970–2003
Buses
Cars
Year
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
(Btu per
vehicle-mile)
9,250
8,993
9,113
8,950
8,839
8,647
7,916
7,670
7,465
7,365
7,202
7,164
7,194
6,959
6,683
6,589
6,169
5,912
5,956
6,087
6,024
5,902
5,874
5,797
5,767
5,821
5,687
5,626
5,662
5,572
1970–2003
1993–2003
-1.5%
-0.9%
Transit
(Btu per
Light trucka
passenger(Btu per
(Btu per
mile)
vehicle-mile)
vehicle-mile)
4,868
12,479
31,796
4,733
11,879
33,748
4,796
11,523
34,598
4,710
11,160
35,120
4,693
10,807
36,603
4,632
10,467
36,597
4,279
10,224
36,553
4,184
9,997
37,745
4,109
9,268
38,766
4,092
9,124
37,962
4,066
8,931
38,705
4,110
8,730
38,876
4,197
8,560
37,889
4,128
8,359
36,247
4,033
8,119
36,673
4,046
7,746
36,754
3,856
7,746
37,374
3,695
7,351
37,732
3,723
7,239
40,243
3,804
7,182
39,043
3,765
7,212
37,313
3,689
7,208
37,277
3,683
7,247
37,450
3,646
7,251
38,832
3,638
7,258
41,182
3,684
7,324
40,460
3,611
7,154
41,548
3,583
7,074
38,341
3,607
7,117
37,492
3,549
7,004
36,628
Average annual percentage change
-1.0%
-1.7%
0.4%
-0.3%
-0.7%
-0.6%
b
(Btu per
passenger-mile)
2,472
2,814
2,896
2,889
2,883
2,795
2,813
3,027
3,237
3,177
3,307
3,423
3,545
3,594
3,706
3,732
3,794
3,877
4,310
4,262
4,268
4,310
4,340
4,431
4,387
4,332
4,515
4,125
4,127
4,160
1.6%
-0.2%
Intercity
(Btu per
passenger-mile)
1,674
988
1,007
970
976
1,028
1,082
1,051
1,172
1,286
954
964
870
940
963
964
962
963
964
962
964
964
963
963
963
964
932
c
c
c
c
c
Source:
See Appendix A for Highway Passenger Mode Energy Intensities.
a
All two-axle, four-tire trucks.
Series not continuous between 1983 and 1984 because of a change in data source by the American Public
Transit Association (APTA).
c
2001 data are not yet available.
b
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
2–14
Great care should be taken when comparing modal energy intensity data among modes. Because of the inherent
differences between the transportation modes in the nature of services, routes available, and many additional
factors, it is not possible to obtain truly comparable national energy intensities among modes.
Table 2.12
Energy Intensities of Nonhighway Passenger Modes, 1970–2003
Year
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
1970–2003
1993–2003
Air
Rail
Rail
Intercity
General
Certificated
transit
Amtrak
aviation
air carriersa
(Btu per
(Btu per
(Btu per
(Btu per passengerpassenger-mile)
passenger-mile)
passenger-mile)
mile)
b
10,282
10,374
2,453
7,826
10,658
3,677
2,962
7,511
10,769
3,397
2,971
6,990
11,695
3,568
2,691
6,144
11,305
3,683
2,210
5,607
10,787
3,472
2,794
5,561
11,497
3,176
3,008
5,774
11,123
2,957
2,946
5,412
13,015
3,156
3,069
5,133
11,331
2,957
3,212
5,298
11,454
3,027
3,732
5,053
11,707
2,800
3,461
5,011
11,935
2,574
3,531
4,827
11,496
2,537
3,534
4,861
11,794
2,462
3,585
4,844
10,229
2,731
3,397
4,875
10,146
2,609
3,453
4,662
9,869
2,503
3,710
4,516
9,785
2,610
3,575
4,490
9,653
2,646
3,687
4,397
9,163
2,357
3,828
4,349
9,870
2,590
3,818
4,172
9,258
2,792
3,444
4,166
9,688
2,918
3,253
4,146
11,252
2,900
3,216
4,061
12,206
3,062
3,168
3,952
11,526
3,356
3,105
3,968
10,384
3,374
3,114
b
3,703
3,351
3,268
b
3,587
2,935
3,228
Average annual percentage change
b
-3.1%
-0.8%c
0.8%
b
-2.2%
1.0%
-1.3%
Commuter
rail
(Btu per
passenger-mile
b
b
b
b
b
b
b
b
b
b
3,011
3,053
3,174
3,043
3,075
3,120
3,068
3,011
2,848
3,222
2,904
2,849
2,796
2,946
2,859
2,929
2,759
2,717
2,714
2,751
-0.6%c
-1.6%
Source:
See Appendix A for Nonhighway Passenger Mode Energy Intensities.
a
These data differ from the data on Table 2.11 because they do not include any international services. These
energy intensities may be inflated because all energy use is attributed to passengers–cargo energy use is not taken
into account.
b
Data are not available.
c
Average annual percentage change begins with the earliest year possible.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
2–15
Figure 2.2. Energy Intensities for Selected Transit Systems, 2003
Source:
U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration, 2003 National Transit Databases,
Washington, DC. (Additional resources: www.fta.dot.gov/ntl)
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
2–16
Great care should be taken when comparing modal energy intensity data among modes. Because of the inherent
differences between the transportation modes in the nature of services, routes available, and many additional
factors, it is not possible to obtain truly comparable national energy intensities among modes.
Table 2.13
Intercity Freight Movement and Energy Use in the United States, 2003
Waterborne
commerce
Class I
railroads
40
21a
606
1,551
1,010
1,799
Average length of haul (miles)
600
862
Energy intensity (Btu/ton-mile)
417
344
Energy use (trillion Btu)
253
534
Number of vehicles (thousands)
Ton-miles (billions)
Tons shipped (millions)
Source:
See Appendix A for Freight Movement and Energy Use.
a
Number of locomotives.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2005
2–17
Great care should be taken when comparing modal energy intensity data among modes. Because of the inherent
differences between the transportation modes in the nature of services, routes available, and many additional
factors, it is not possible to obtain truly comparable national energy intensities among modes.
Table 2.14
Energy Intensities of Freight Modes, 1970–2003
Year
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
1970–2003
1993–2003
Class I freight railroad
Heavy single-unit and
(Btu per freight car(Btu per toncombination trucks
mile)
mile)
(Btu per vehicle-mile)
24,960
17,669
691
24,485
18,171
717
24,668
18,291
714
24,777
18,468
677
24,784
18,852
681
24,631
18,739
687
24,566
18,938
680
24,669
19,226
669
24,655
18,928
641
24,745
19,188
618
24,757
18,742
597
25,058
18,629
572
24,296
18,404
553
23,852
17,864
525
23,585
17,795
510
23,343
17,500
497
23,352
17,265
486
22,922
16,790
456
22,596
16,758
443
22,411
16,894
437
22,795
16,619
420
22,749
15,835
391
22,608
16,043
393
22,373
16,056
389
22,193
16,340
388
22,096
15,992
372
22,109
15,747
368
21,340
15,784
370
21,516
15,372
365
22,884
15,363
363
23,448
14,917
352
23,023
15,108
346
23,461
15,003
345
23,461
15,016
344
Average annual percentage change
-0.2%
-0.5%
-2.1%
0.5%
-0.7%
-1.2%
Source:
See Appendix A for Freight Mode Energy Intensities.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
Domestic waterborne
commerce
(Btu per ton-mile)
545
506
522
576
483
549
468
458
383
436
358
360
310
286
346
446
463
414
361
403
387
386
398
389
369
374
412
415
435
457
473
460
470
417
-0.8%
0.7%
3–1
Chapter 3
All Highway Vehicles and Characteristics
Summary Statistics from Tables in this Chapter
Source
Table 3.1
U.S. share of world car registrations, 2003
22.1%
Table 3.2
U.S. share of world truck & bus registrations, 2003
42.5%
Table 3.3
Number of U.S. cars, 2003 (thousands)
Table 3.3
Number of U.S. trucks, 2003 (thousands)
Table 3.4
Vehicle miles traveled, 2003 (million miles)
Table 3.7
130,800
95,262
2,890,893
Cars
57.5%
Two-axle, four-tire trucks
34.5%
Combination trucks
4.8%
Other single-unit trucks
2.7%
Motorcycles
0.3%
Buses
0.2%
Median age of vehicles, 2004
Cars (years)
8.9
Trucks (years)
6.6
Tables 3.8
Median lifetime of vehicles
and 3.9
Cars (years)
16.9
Light trucks (years)
15.5
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
3–2
The 1997 data in this series were never published. Use caution comparing historical data because of disconnects
in data series, such as China in 1998. Also, the U.S. is unique in how many light trucks (SUVs, minivans, pickups)
are used for personal travel. Those light trucks are not included on this table. The U.S. share of world cars has
been declining since 1998.
Table 3.1
Car Registrations for Selected Countries, 1950–2003
(thousands)
Year
China
India
1950
d
d
43
d
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
1950–2003
1970–2003
1993–2003
Japan
351
795
1,622
1,852
2,262
2,860
3,497
4,179
4,700
1,607
2,694
2,954
3,205
3,361
3,569
3,837
4,246
153
457
2,181
8,779
17,236
23,660
27,845
34,924
37,076
38,963
40,772
42,678
44,680
46,868
2,940
3,400
3,750
4,325
4,950
6,789
4,820
5,200
5,150
5,750
6,945
6,669
49,896
51,164
52,437
53,300
54,540
55,213
d
d
d
d
d
9.0%
7.1%
14.5%
5.7%
3.1%
France
United
Kingdom
2,307
Germanya
Canadab
United
Statesc
U.S.
percentage
of worldc
World
total
1,913
40,339
76.0%
53,051
360
2,961
4,950
5,650
4,856
4,104
8,320
9,131
9,719
5,279
11,860
11,802
14,376
6,602
15,180
14,061
18,161
8,870
18,440
15,438
23,236
10,256
20,800
18,953
26,099
11,118
23,010
22,528
30,695
12,622
23,550
22,744
31,309
12,578
24,020
23,008
37,579
12,781
24,385
23,402
39,202
12,927
24,900
23,832
39,918
13,122
25,100
24,307
40,499
13,183
25,500
24,864
41,045
13,300
Data are not available.
26,800
22,115
41,674
13,887
27,480
27,539
42,423
16,538
28,060
27,185
43,772
16,832
28,700
27,790
44,383
17,055
29,160
28,484
44,657
17,544
29,560
29,008
44,023
17,755
Average annual percentage change
d
d
4.9%
4.3%
2.8%
2.8%
3.4%
3.0%
1.9%
2.2%
1.2%
3.2%
52,145
61,671
75,258
89,244
106,706
121,601
127,885
133,700
128,300
126,581
127,327
127,883
128,387
129,728
71.4%
62.7%
53.8%
46.1%
41.0%
38.0%
34.5%
30.7%
29.1%
28.0%
28.3%
27.0%
26.9%
26.7%
73,036
98,305
139,776
193,479
260,201
320,390
370,504
435,050
441,377
452,311
450,473
473,487
477,010
485,954
131,839
126,869
127,721
128,714
129,907
130,800
27.5%
26.7%
23.3%
22.9%
22.5%
22.1%
478,625
496,059
547,147
561,652
575,847
589,272
d
d
2.2%
1.2%
0.3%
4.6%
3.4%
2.7%
Source:
Ward’s Communications, Ward’s World Motor Vehicle Data, 2004 Edition, Southfield, MI, 2004, pp. 239–242 and annual.
(Additional resources: www.wardsauto.com)
Data for 1991 and prior include West Germany only. Kraftwagen are included with cars.
Data from 1991 and later are not comparable to prior data and data from 1999 and later are not comparable to prior data.
c
Data from 1985 and later are not comparable to prior data.
d
Data are not available.
a
b
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
3–3
The 1997 data in this series were never published. Use caution comparing historical data because of disconnects
in data series, such as China in 1998. The U.S. totals include SUVs, minivans, and light trucks, many of which are
used for personal travel.
Table 3.2
Truck and Bus Registrations for Selected Countries, 1950–2003
(thousands)
Year
China
India
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
811
1,480
2,402
4,496
6,750
d
1,045
1,536
2,506
183
318
896
4,119
8,803
10,854
14,197
18,313
22,773
21,933
8,313
9,400
9,650
10,212
10,500
17,222
2,610
3,000
2,390
2,663
3,535
4,025
20,919
20,559
20,211
19,985
17,714
17,312
1950–2003
1970–2003
1993–2003
d
d
d
d
d
12.5%
7.4%
Japan
9.0%
2.1%
-2.6%
France
d
United
Kingdom
Germanya
d
1,060
d
d
1,244
1,540
1,534
786
1,770
1,748
1,021
1,850
1,769
1,228
2,210
1,934
1,337
2,550
1,920
1,617
3,310
3,278
1,723
4,748
3,774
1,989
5,255
3,621
3,122
Data are not available.
5,500
3,169
4,357
5,609
3,392
3,370
5,753
3,361
3,534
5,897
3,412
3,592
5,984
3,487
3,568
6,068
3,569
3,541
Average annual percentage change
d
d
2.3%
3.7%
2.1%
3.3%
1.8%
-0.1%
2.2%
Canadab
643
952
1,056
1,232
1,481
2,158
2,955
3,149
3,931
3,515
3,694
722f
739f
729f
724f
740f
0.3%
-2.1%
-14.2%
United
Statesc
8,823
10,544
12,186
15,100
19,175
26,243
34,195
43,804
55,097
76,637
79,062
86,640
85,579
87,969
91,120
95,262
4.6%
5.0%
3.6%
U.S.
percentage
of worldc
World
total
50.9%
46.1%
42.6%
39.6%
36.2%
38.8%
37.7%
37.4%
37.2%
41.3%
17,349
22,860
28,583
38,118
52,899
67,698
90,592
117,038
169,749
185,404
44.0%
46.9%
42.1%
42.5%
43.2%
42.5%
179,498
188,367
203,273
207,033
210,776
223,729
4.9%
4.5%
3.0%
Source:
Ward’s Communications, Ward’s World Motor Vehicle Data, 2004 Edition, Southfield, MI, 2005, pp. 231–234 and
annual. (Additional resources: www.wardsauto.com)
a
Data for 1991 and prior include West Germany only. Kraftwagen are included with cars. Data from 1999 and
later are not comparable to prior data.
b
Data from 1991 and later are not comparable to prior data.
c
Data from1985 and later are not comparable to prior data.
d
Data are not available.
e
Data not comparable to prior data due to reclassification of autos and trucks.
f
Canada reclassified autos and trucks in 1999.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
3–4
VEHICLES IN USE
Both the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) and The Polk Company report figures on the car
and truck population each year. The two estimates, however, differ by as much as 11.2% (1981). The
differences can be attributed to several factors:
! The FHWA data include all vehicles which have been registered at any time throughout the calendar
year. Therefore, the data include vehicles which were retired during the year and may double count
vehicles which have been registered in different states or the same states to different owners. The
Polk Company data include only those vehicles which are registered on July 1 of the given year.
! The classification of mini-vans, station wagons on truck chasses, and utility vehicles as cars or trucks
causes important differences in the two estimates. The Polk Company data included passenger vans
in the car count until 1980; since 1980 all vans have been counted as trucks. Recently, the Federal
Highway Administration adjusted their definition of cars and trucks. Starting in 1993, some minivans
and sport utility vehicles that were previously included with cars were included with trucks. This
change produced a dramatic change in the individual percentage differences of cars and trucks. The
difference in total vehicles has been less than 5% each year since 1990 and does not appear to be
significantly affected by the FHWA reclassifications.
! The FHWA data include all non-military Federal vehicles, while The Polk Company data include
only those Federal vehicles which are registered within a state. Federal vehicles are not required to
have State registrations, and, according to the General Services Administration, most Federal
Vehicles are not registered.
According to The Polk Company statistics, the number of cars in use in the U.S. declined from 1991
to 1992. This is the first decline in vehicle stock since the figures were first reported in 1924. However,
the data should be viewed with caution. A redesign of Polk's approach in 1992 allowed a national check
for duplicate registrations, which was not possible in earlier years. Polk estimates that, due to processing
limitations, its vehicle population counts may have been inflated by as much as 1½ percent. Assuming
that percentage is correct, the number of cars in use would have declined from 1991 to 1992 under the
previous Polk method. The growing popularity of light trucks being used as passenger vehicles could
also have had an impact on these figures.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
3–5
Table 3.3
U.S. Cars and Trucks in Use, 1970–2003
(thousands)
Cars
Year
1970
1975
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
FHWA
89,243
106,706
121,601
123,098
123,702
126,444
128,158
127,885
130,004
131,482
133,836
134,559
133,700
128,300
126,581
127,327
127,883
128,387
129,728
129,749
131,839
132,432
133,621
137,633
135,921
135,670
The Polk
Company
80,448
95,241
104,564
105,839
106,867
108,961
112,019
114,662
117,268
119,849
121,519
122,758
123,276
123,268
120,347
121,055
121,997
123,242
124,613
124,673
125,966
126,869
127,721
128,714
129,907
130,800
Trucks
Percentage
difference
10.9%
12.0%
16.3%
16.3%
15.8%
16.0%
14.4%
11.5%
10.9%
9.7%
10.1%
9.6%
8.5%
4.1%
5.2%
5.2%
4.8%
4.2%
4.1%
4.1%
4.7%
4.4%
4.6%
6.9%
4.6%
3.7%
FHWA
18,797
25,781
33,667
34,644
35,382
36,723
37,507
43,210
45,103
46,826
49,941
52,172
54,470
59,206
63,136
66,082
69,491
72,458
75,940
77,307
79,062
83,148
87,108
92,045
92,939
94,944
The Polk
Company
17,688
24,813
35,268
36,069
36,987
38,143
40,143
42,387
44,826
47,344
50,221
53,202
56,023
58,179
61,172
65,260
66,717
70,199
73,681
76,398
79,077
82,640
85,579
87,969
91,120
95,262
Total
Percentage
difference
6.3%
3.9%
-4.5%
-4.0%
-4.3%
-3.7%
-6.6%
1.9%
0.6%
-1.1%
-0.6%
-1.9%
-2.8%
1.8%
3.2%
1.3%
4.2%
3.2%
3.1%
1.2%
0.0%
0.6%
1.8%
4.6%
2.0%
-0.3%
FHWA
108,040
132,487
155,267
157,743
159,084
163,166
165,665
171,095
175,106
178,308
183,777
186,731
188,171
187,505
189,717
193,409
197,375
200,845
205,669
207,056
210,901
215,580
220,729
229,678
228,860
230,614
The Polk
Company
98,136
120,054
139,832
141,908
143,854
147,104
152,162
157,049
162,094
167,193
171,740
175,960
179,299
181,447
181,519
186,315
188,714
193,441
198,294
201,071
205,043
209,509
213,300
216,683
221,027
226,062
Percentage
difference
10.1%
10.4%
11.0%
11.2%
10.6%
10.9%
8.9%
8.9%
8.0%
6.6%
7.0%
6.1%
4.9%
3.3%
4.5%
3.8%
4.6%
3.8%
3.7%
3.0%
2.9%
2.9%
3.5%
6.0%
3.5%
2.0%
Source:
FHWA - U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics 2003,
Washington, DC, 2004, Table VM-1, p. V-57, and annual. (Additional resources: www.fhwa.dot.gov)
Polk - The Polk Company, Detroit, Michigan. FURTHER REPRODUCTION PROHIBITED. (Additional
resources: www.polk.com)
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
3–6
The graphs below show the number of motor vehicles per thousand people for various countries. The
data for the U.S. are displayed in the line which goes from 1900 to 2004. The points labeled on that
line show data for the other countries/regions around the world and how their vehicles per thousand
people compare to the U.S. at two different points in time, 1994 and 2004. For instance, the top
graph shows that in 1994, Western Europe’s vehicles per thousand people was about where the U.S.
was in 1966, but by 2004 it is about where the U.S. was in 1972. The lower part of the graph (19001940) is shown enlarged on the facing page.
Figure 3.1. Vehicles per Thousand People: U.S. (Over Time) Compared to
Other Countries (in 1994 and 2004)
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
3–7
Figure 3.1. Continued
Sources:
Population – (2004) U.S. Census Bureau, Population Division, International Programs Center, April 26,
2005. (Additional resources: www.census.gov/ipc/www/idprint.html)
Vehicles – (2004) U.S.: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway
Statistics 2004, Washington, DC, 2004. All others: Ward’s Communications, Ward’s Motor
Vehicle Data 2004, pp. 231-234. (Additional resources: www.fhwa.dot.gov,
www.wardsauto.com)
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
3–8
The trend of using two-axle, four-tire trucks, such as pickups, vans, and sport-utility vehicles, for personal travel
is evident in these data; two-axle, four-tire trucks account for 23% more travel in 2003 than in 1970, and cars
account for 25% less travel in that time period.
Table 3.4
Shares of Highway Vehicle-Miles Traveled by Vehicle Type, 1970–2003
Year
1970
1975
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
Cars
82.6%
77.9%
72.8%
72.9%
72.8%
72.3%
71.3%
70.2%
69.2%
68.5%
67.6%
66.8%
65.7%
62.5%
61.0%
59.9%
59.6%
59.4%
59.1%
58.7%
58.9%
58.3%
58.3%
58.2%
58.1%
57.5%
Other
Two-axle,
single-unit
Combination
four-tire
trucks
trucks
trucks
Motorcycles
0.3%
11.1%
2.4%
3.2%
0.4%
15.1%
2.6%
3.5%
0.7%
19.0%
2.6%
4.5%
0.7%
19.1%
2.5%
4.4%
0.6%
19.2%
2.5%
4.4%
0.5%
19.8%
2.6%
4.5%
0.5%
20.8%
2.6%
4.5%
0.5%
22.0%
2.6%
4.4%
0.5%
23.1%
2.5%
4.4%
0.5%
23.8%
2.5%
4.5%
0.5%
24.8%
2.4%
4.4%
0.5%
25.6%
2.4%
4.4%
0.4%
26.8%
2.4%
4.4%
0.4%
29.9%
2.4%
4.4%
0.4%
31.5%
2.4%
4.4%
0.4%
32.5%
2.5%
4.5%
0.4%
32.4%
2.6%
4.6%
0.4%
32.6%
2.6%
4.8%
0.4%
32.8%
2.6%
4.8%
0.4%
33.2%
2.6%
4.9%
0.4%
33.0%
2.6%
4.9%
0.4%
33.5%
2.6%
4.9%
0.4%
33.6%
2.6%
4.9%
0.3%
33.8%
2.6%
4.9%
0.3%
33.8%
2.7%
4.9%
0.3%
34.5%
2.7%
4.8%
Average annual percentage change
1970–2003
1993–2003
Busesa
0.4%
0.5%
0.4%
0.4%
0.4%
0.3%
0.3%
0.3%
0.3%
0.3%
0.3%
0.3%
0.3%
0.3%
0.3%
0.3%
0.3%
0.3%
0.3%
0.3%
0.3%
0.3%
0.3%
0.3%
0.2%
0.2%
Total
vehicle-miles
traveled
(million miles)
1,109,724
1,327,664
1,527,295
1,555,308
1,595,010
1,652,788
1,720,269
1,774,826
1,834,872
1,921,204
2,025,962
2,096,487
2,144,362
2,172,050
2,247,151
2,296,378
2,357,588
2,422,696
2,485,848
2,561,695
2,631,522
2,691,056
2,746,925
2,797,287
2,855,508
2,890,893
2.9%
2.3%
Source:
U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics 2003, Washington, DC,
2004, Table VM-1, p. V-57, and annual. (Additional resources: www.fhwa.dot.gov)
The data do not correspond with vehicle-miles of travel presented in the "Bus" section of this chapter due to
differing data sources.
a
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
3–9
Table 3.5
Cars in Operation and Vehicle Travel by Age, 1970 and 2001
1970
Age
(years)
Vehicles
(thousands)
2001 Estimated
vehicle travel
2001
Percentage
Cumulative
percentage
Vehicles
(thousands)
Percentage
Cumulative
percentage
Percentage
Cumulative
percentage
Average
annual
miles per
vehicle
Under 1a
6,288
7.8%
7.8%
6,183
4.8%
4.8%
6.9%
6.9%
15,000
1
9,299
11.6%
19.4%
8,882
6.9%
11.7%
9.4%
16.3%
14,300
2
8,816
11.0%
30.3%
8,093
6.3%
18.0%
8.2%
24.6%
13,700
3
7,878
9.8%
40.1%
7,555
5.9%
23.9%
7.2%
31.8%
12,900
4
8,538
10.6%
50.8%
7,860
6.1%
30.0%
7.2%
39.1%
12,400
5
8,506
10.6%
61.3%
7,337
5.7%
35.7%
6.5%
45.6%
12,000
6
7,116
8.8%
70.2%
8,555
6.6%
42.3%
7.4%
53.1%
11,700
7
6,268
7.8%
78.0%
7,471
5.8%
48.1%
6.3%
59.4%
11,400
8
5,058
6.3%
84.3%
7,420
5.8%
53.9%
6.1%
65.5%
11,100
9
3,267
4.1%
88.3%
6,807
5.3%
59.2%
5.4%
71.0%
10,700
10
2,776
3.5%
91.8%
6,810
5.3%
64.5%
5.0%
76.0%
9,900
11
1,692
2.1%
93.9%
6,692
5.2%
69.7%
4.5%
80.5%
9,000
12
799
1.0%
94.9%
6,742
5.2%
74.9%
4.7%
85.2%
9,400
13
996
1.2%
96.1%
6,189
4.8%
79.7%
3.8%
88.9%
8,200
14
794
1.0%
97.1%
5,345
4.2%
83.9%
2.9%
91.8%
7,200
100.0%
20,773
16.1%
100.0%
8.2%
100.0%
5,300
128,714
100.0%
15 and older
2,336
2.9%
Subtotal
80,427
100.0%
Age not
given
Total
Average age
Median age
22
0
80,449
128,714
5.6
4.9
9.0
8.1
Source:
The Polk Company, Detroit, MI. FURTHER REPRODUCTION PROHIBITED.
Vehicle travel - Average annual miles per auto by age were multiplied by the number of vehicles in operation by age to estimate the
vehicle travel. Average annual miles per auto by age - generated by ORNL from the National Household Travel Survey website:
nhts.ornl.gov. (Additional resources: www.polk.com, nhts.ornl.gov)
a
Includes cars from model year 2002 and 2001 which were sold prior to July 1, 2002, and similarly, model years 1971 and 1970
sold prior to July 1, 1970.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
3–10
Table 3.6
Trucks in Operation and Vehicle Travel by Age, 1970 and 2001
1970
Age
(years)
Vehicles
(thousands)
2001 Estimated
vehicle travel
2001
Percentage
Cumulative
percentage
Vehicles
(thousands)
Percentage
Cumulative
percentage
Percentage
Cumulative
percentage
Average
annual
miles per
vehicle
Under 1a
1,262
7.1%
7.1%
6,213
7.1%
7.1%
8.5%
8.5%
17,500
1
1,881
10.6%
17.8%
7,958
9.0%
16.1%
12.0%
20.6%
19,200
2
1,536
8.7%
26.5%
7,522
8.6%
24.7%
11.7%
32.3%
19,800
3
1,428
8.1%
34.6%
6,398
7.3%
31.9%
9.0%
41.3%
17,900
4
1,483
8.4%
43.0%
6,109
6.9%
38.9%
8.4%
49.7%
17,500
5
1,339
7.6%
50.5%
5,122
5.8%
44.7%
6.8%
56.6%
17,000
6
1,154
6.5%
57.1%
5,574
6.3%
51.0%
6.8%
63.4%
15,600
7
975
5.5%
62.6%
5,042
5.7%
56.8%
6.1%
69.5%
15,400
8
826
4.7%
67.3%
4,148
4.7%
61.5%
4.9%
74.4%
15,100
9
621
3.5%
70.8%
3,395
3.9%
65.3%
3.5%
77.9%
13,200
10
658
3.7%
74.5%
3,221
3.7%
69.0%
2.3%
80.3%
9,200
11
583
3.3%
77.8%
3,039
3.5%
72.5%
2.2%
82.5%
9,200
12
383
2.2%
80.0%
3,345
3.8%
76.3%
2.4%
84.9%
9,200
13
417
2.4%
82.3%
3,112
3.5%
79.8%
2.3%
89.1%
9,200
14
414
2.3%
84.7%
2,544
2.9%
82.7%
1.8%
89.0%
9,200
2,710
15.3%
100.0%
15,227
17.3%
100.0%
11.0%
100.0%
9,200
17,670
100.0%
87,969
100.0%
15 and older
Subtotal
Age not
given
Total
Average age
Median age
15
100.0%
0
17,685
87,969
7.3
5.9
7.9
6.8
Source:
The Polk Company, Detroit, MI. FURTHER REPRODUCTION PROHIBITED.
Vehicle travel—The average annual vehicle-miles per truck by age were multiplied by the number of trucks in operation by age to
estimate the vehicle travel. Average annual miles per truck by age were generated by ORNL from the 1997 Truck Inventory
and Use Survey public use tape provided by U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Washington, DC, 2000.
(Additional resources: www.polk.com, www.census.gov)
a
Includes trucks from model year 2002 and 2001 which were sold prior to July 1, 2002, and similarly, model years 1971 and 1970
sold prior to July 1, 1970.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
3–11
In 1994 the median age of cars and trucks was the same–7.5 years. Since that time, the median age
for cars has risen while the median age for trucks has declined. The increasing popularity of light
trucks as personal passenger vehicles may have had an influence on the median age of trucks.
Table 3.7
Average Age of Cars and Trucks in Use, 1970–2004
(years)
Calendar
year
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
Cars
Meana
5.6
5.7
5.7
5.7
5.7
6.0
6.2
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.6
6.9
7.2
7.4
7.5
7.6
7.6
7.6
7.6
7.6
7.6
7.8
7.9
8.1
8.3
8.4
8.5
8.6
8.8
8.9
9.0
9.0
c
c
c
Trucks
Medianb
4.9
5.1
5.1
5.1
5.2
5.4
5.5
5.6
5.7
5.9
6.0
6.0
6.2
6.5
6.7
6.9
7.0
6.9
6.8
6.5
6.5
6.7
7.0
7.3
7.5
7.7
7.9
8.1
8.3
8.3
8.3
8.1
8.4
8.6
8.9
Meana
7.3
7.4
7.2
6.9
7.0
6.9
7.0
6.9
6.9
6.9
7.1
7.5
7.8
8.1
8.2
8.1
8.0
8.0
7.9
7.9
8.0
8.1
8.4
8.6
8.4
8.4
8.3
8.3
8.3
8.2
8.0
7.9
c
c
c
Medianb
5.9
6.1
6.0
5.8
5.6
5.8
5.8
5.7
5.8
5.9
6.3
6.5
6.8
7.2
7.4
7.6
7.7
7.8
7.1
6.7
6.5
6.8
7.2
7.5
7.5
7.6
7.7
7.8
7.6
7.2
6.9
6.8
6.8
6.7
6.6
Source:
The Polk Company, Detroit, MI. FURTHER REPRODUCTION PROHIBITED.
(Additional resources: www.polk.com)
Mean is the sum of the products of units multiplied by age, divided by the total units.
Median is a value in an ordered set of values below and above which there are an equal number of values.
c
Data are not available.
a
b
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
3–12
The median age of trucks (classes 1-8) has historically been higher than the median age of cars. In
1995, however, this trend reversed, with median car age higher than median truck age for the first
time. The recent boom in the sales of minivans, sport-utility vehicles, and pick-ups, which are
classified as trucks, is influencing the median age of trucks. So many new light trucks are being added
into the truck population, that the median age of trucks declined from 1997 to 2004.
Figure 3.2. Median Age and Registrations of Cars and Trucks, 1970–2003
Source:
See Tables 3.3 and 3.7.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
3–13
Using current registration data and a scrappage model by Greenspan and Cohen, [1996 paper:
http://www.federalreserve.gov/pubs/feds/1996/199640/199640pap.pdf], ORNL calculated new car scrappage rates.
The expected median lifetime for a 1990 model year car is 16.9 years. These data are fitted model values which
assume constant economic conditions.
Table 3.8
Car Scrappage and Survival Rates
1970, 1980 and 1990 Model Years
Vehicle
agea
(years)
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
Median
lifetime
1970 model year
Survival
Scrappag
rateb
e ratec
99.0
1.0
94.1
5.0
88.4
6.1
82.0
7.2
75.2
8.3
68.1
9.5
60.9
10.6
53.8
11.7
46.9
12.8
40.3
14.0
34.2
15.1
28.7
16.2
23.7
17.4
19.3
18.5
15.5
19.6
12.3
20.8
9.6
21.9
7.4
23.0
5.6
24.2
4.2
25.3
3.1
26.4
2.2
27.5
1.6
28.6
1.1
29.7
0.8
30.8
0.5
31.9
0.4
33.0
11.5 years
1980 model year
Survival
Scrappag
rateb
e ratec
100.0
0.0
96.3
3.7
91.3
5.1
85.7
6.1
79.7
7.1
73.3
8.1
66.6
9.0
60.0
10.0
53.3
11.0
46.9
12.0
40.8
13.0
35.1
14.0
29.8
15.0
25.0
16.1
20.8
17.1
17.0
18.1
13.8
19.1
11.0
20.1
8.7
21.2
6.7
22.2
5.2
23.2
3.9
24.2
2.9
25.3
2.2
26.3
1.6
27.3
1.1
28.4
0.8
29.4
12.5 years
1990 model year
Survival
Scrappag
rateb
e ratec
100.0
0.0
100.0
0.0
99.4
0.6
96.3
3.2
92.7
3.7
88.7
4.3
84.4
4.9
79.8
5.5
75.0
6.1
70.0
6.7
64.9
7.3
59.7
7.9
54.6
8.6
49.5
9.3
44.6
9.9
39.9
10.6
35.4
11.3
31.1
12.0
27.2
12.7
23.5
13.5
20.2
14.2
17.1
15.0
14.5
15.7
12.1
16.5
10.0
17.2
8.2
18.0
6.6
18.8
16.9 years
Source:
Schmoyer, Richard L., unpublished study on scrappage rates, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak
Ridge, TN, 2001.
It was assumed that scrappage for vehicles less than 4 years old is 0.
The percentage of cars which will be in use at the end of the year.
c
The percentage of cars which will be retired from use during the year.
a
b
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
3–14
Figure 3.3. Car Survival Rates
Source:
See Table 3.8.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
3–15
Using current registration data and a scrappage model by Greenspan and Cohen [1996 paper:
http://www.federalreserve.gov/pubs/feds/1996/199640/199640pap.pdf], ORNL calculated new light truck
scrappage rates. The expected median lifetime for a 1990 model year light truck is 15.5 years. These data are
fitted model values which assume constant economic conditions.
Table 3.9
Light Trucka Scrappage and Survival Rates
Vehicle
ageb
(years)
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
Median
lifetime
1970 model year
Survival
Scrappage
ratec
rated
99.7
0.3
97.5
2.2
94.9
2.7
91.8
3.2
88.3
3.8
84.4
4.4
80.2
5.0
75.7
5.6
70.9
6.3
66.0
6.9
61.0
7.6
55.9
8.3
50.8
9.0
45.9
9.8
41.1
10.5
36.4
11.3
32.1
12.0
28.0
12.8
24.2
13.6
20.7
14.4
17.5
15.2
14.7
16.1
12.2
16.9
10.1
17.8
8.2
18.6
6.6
19.5
5.2
20.4
1980 model year
Survival
Scrappag
rateb
e ratec
99.1
0.9
96.6
2.5
93.7
3.1
90.2
3.7
86.3
4.3
82.0
5.0
77.3
5.7
72.4
6.4
67.3
7.1
62.1
7.8
56.8
8.5
51.5
9.3
46.3
10.1
41.3
10.8
36.5
11.6
32.0
12.4
27.7
13.3
23.8
14.1
20.3
14.9
17.1
15.8
14.2
16.7
11.7
17.5
9.6
18.4
7.7
19.3
6.2
20.2
4.9
21.1
3.8
22.1
1990 model year
Survival
Scrappag
rateb
e ratec
99.3
0.7
96.9
2.4
94.1
3.0
90.7
3.6
86.9
4.2
82.7
4.8
78.2
5.5
73.4
6.1
68.4
6.8
63.3
7.5
58.0
8.2
52.8
9.0
47.7
9.7
42.7
10.5
37.9
11.3
33.3
12.1
29.0
12.9
25.0
13.7
21.4
14.5
18.1
15.4
15.2
16.2
12.6
17.1
10.3
18.0
8.4
18.8
6.7
19.7
5.3
20.6
4.2
21.5
16.2 years
15.3 years
15.5 years
Source:
Schmoyer, Richard L., unpublished study on scrappage rates, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak
Ridge, TN, 2001.
Light trucks are trucks less than 10,000 lbs. gross weight.
It was assumed that scrappage for vehicles less than 4 years old is 0.
c
The percentage of light trucks which will be in use at the end of the year.
d
The percentage of light trucks which will be retired from use during the year.
a
b
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
3–16
Figure 3.4. Light Truck Survival Rates
Source:
See Table 3.9.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
3–17
Using current registration data and a scrappage model by Greenspan and Cohen [1996 paper:
http://www.federalreserve.gov/pubs/feds/1996/199640/199640pap.pdf], ORNL calculated heavy truck (trucks over
26,000 lbs. gross vehicle weight) scrappage rates. The expected median lifetime for a 1990 model year heavy
truck is 29 years. These data are fitted model values which assume constant economic conditions.
Table 3.10
Heavy Trucka Scrappage and Survival Rates
Vehicle
ageb
(years)
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
Median
lifetime
1970 model year
Survival
Scrappage
ratec
rated
98.8
1.2
97.2
1.6
95.3
1.9
93.2
2.3
90.7
2.6
88.1
3.0
85.2
3.3
82.1
3.6
78.8
4.0
75.4
4.3
71.9
4.7
68.3
5.0
64.6
5.3
61.0
5.7
57.3
6.0
53.7
6.3
50.1
6.7
46.6
7.0
43.2
7.3
39.9
7.6
36.7
8.0
33.7
8.3
30.8
8.6
28.0
8.9
25.4
9.3
23.0
9.6
20.7
9.9
1980 model year
Survival
Scrappag
rateb
e ratec
98.5
1.5
96.7
1.9
94.5
2.3
92.0
2.7
89.1
3.1
86.0
3.5
82.7
3.9
79.1
4.3
75.4
4.7
71.6
5.1
67.7
5.5
63.7
5.9
59.7
6.3
55.7
6.7
51.8
7.1
47.9
7.4
44.2
7.8
40.6
8.2
37.1
8.6
33.7
9.0
30.6
9.4
27.6
9.7
24.8
10.1
22.2
10.5
19.8
10.9
17.6
11.2
15.5
11.6
1990 model year
Survival
Scrappag
rateb
e ratec
99.4
0.6
98.6
0.8
97.6
1.0
96.5
1.2
95.2
1.3
93.8
1.5
92.2
1.7
90.5
1.9
88.6
2.0
86.7
2.2
84.6
2.4
82.4
2.6
80.2
2.7
77.9
2.9
75.5
3.1
73.0
3.3
70.5
3.4
68.0
3.6
65.4
3.8
62.8
3.9
60.3
4.1
57.7
4.3
55.1
4.5
52.6
4.6
50.0
4.8
47.6
5.0
45.1
5.1
20.0 years
18.5 years
28.0 years
Source:
Schmoyer, Richard L., unpublished study on scrappage rates, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge,
TN, 2001.
Heavy trucks are trucks more than 26,000 lbs. Gross vehicle weight.
It was assumed that scrappage for vehicles less than 4 years old is 0.
c
The percentage of heavy trucks which will be in use at the end of the year.
d
The percentage of heavy trucks which will be retired from use during the year.
a
b
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
3–18
Figure 3.5. Heavy Truck Survival Rates
Source:
See Table 3.10. Model year ‘90 estimates are based on minimal preliminary data.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
4–1
Chapter 4
Light Vehicles and Characteristics
Summary Statistics from Tables in this Chapter
Source
Table 4.1
Table 4.2
Table 4.6
Table 4.7
Table 4.8
Tables 4.17
and 4.18
Table 4.22
Cars, 2003
Registrations (thousands)
Vehicle miles (million miles)
Fuel economy (miles per gallon)
Two-axle, four-tire trucks, 2003
Registrations (thousands)
Vehicle miles (million miles)
Fuel economy (miles per gallon)
Light truck share of total light vehicle sales
1970 calendar year
2004 calendar year
Car sales, 2005 sales period (thousands)
Small
Midsize
Large
Light truck sales, 2005 sales period (thousands)
Small pickup
Large pickup
Midsize van
Large van
Small SUV
Medium SUV
Large SUV
Corporate average fuel economy
Car standard, MY 2005
Car fuel economy, MY 2005
Light truck standard, MY 2005
Light truck fuel economy, MY 2005
Average fuel economy loss from 55 to 70 mph
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
135,670
1,660,828
22.3
87,032
998,004
17.7
14.8%
55.4%
8,614
3,457
2,918
1,494
8,534
13
2,122
1,530
100
172
2,161
2,109
(mpg)
27.5
30.0
21.0
21.8
17.1%
4–2
The Federal Highway Administration released revised historical data back to 1985 in their “Highway Statistics Summary
to 1995" report. As a result, the data in this table have been revised. The data in this table from 1985–on DO NOT include
minivans, pickups, or sport utility vehicles.
Year
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985c
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
1970–2003
1993–2003
Table 4.1
Summary Statistics for Cars, 1970–2003
Vehicle travel
Fuel use
Fuel economyb
Registrationsa
(thousands)
(million miles) (million gallons)
(miles per gallon)
89,244
916,700
67,820
13.5
92,718
966,330
71,346
13.5
97,082
1,021,365
75,937
13.5
101,985
1,045,981
78,233
13.4
104,856
1,007,251
74,229
13.6
106,706
1,033,950
74,140
13.9
110,189
1,078,215
78,297
13.8
112,288
1,109,243
79,060
14.0
116,573
1,146,508
80,652
14.2
118,429
1,113,640
76,588
14.5
121,601
1,111,596
69,981
15.9
123,098
1,133,332
69,112
16.4
123,702
1,161,713
69,116
16.8
126,444
1,195,054
70,322
17.0
128,158
1,227,043
70,663
17.4
127,885
1,246,798
71,518
17.4
130,004
1,270,167
73,174
17.4
131,482
1,315,982
73,308
18.0
133,836
1,370,271
73,345
18.7
134,559
1,401,221
73,913
19.0
133,700
1,408,266
69,568
20.2
128,300
1,358,185
64,318
21.1
126,581
1,371,569
65,436
21.0
127,327
1,374,709
67,047
20.5
127,883
1,406,089
67,874
20.7
128,387
1,438,294
68,072
21.1
129,728
1,469,854
69,221
21.2
129,749
1,502,556
69,892
21.5
131,839
1,549,577
71,695
21.4
132,432
1,569,100
73,283
21.4
133,621
1,600,287
73,065
21.9
137,633
1,628,332
73,559
22.1
135,921
1,658,474
75,471
22.0
135,670
1,660,828
74,590
22.3
Average annual percentage change
1.3%
1.8%
0.3%
1.5%
0.6%
1.9%
1.1%
0.8%
Source:
U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics 2003,
Washington, DC, 2004, Table VM-1, p. V-57, and annual.
(Additional resources:
www.fhwa.dot.gov)
This number differs from R.L. Polk’s estimates of “number of cars in use.” See Table 3.3.
Fuel economy for car population.
c
Beginning in this year the data were revised to exclude minivans, pickups and sport utility vehicles
which may have been previously included.
a
b
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
4–3
The Federal Highway Administration released revised historical data back to 1985 which better
reflected two-axle, four-tire trucks. The definition of this category includes vans, pickup trucks, and
sport utility vehicles.
Table 4.2
Summary Statistics for Two-Axle, Four-Tire Trucks, 1970–2003
Year
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985a
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
Registrations
(thousands)
14,211
15,181
16,428
18,083
19,335
20,418
22,301
23,624
25,476
27,022
27,876
28,928
29,792
31,214
32,106
37,214
39,382
41,107
43,805
45,945
48,275
53,033
57,091
59,994
62,904
65,738
69,134
70,224
71,330
75,356
79,085
84,188
85,011
87,032
1970–2003
1993–2003
5.6%
3.8%
Vehicle travel
(million miles)
123,286
137,870
156,622
176,833
182,757
200,700
225,834
250,591
279,414
291,905
290,935
296,343
306,141
327,643
358,006
390,961
423,915
456,870
502,207
536,475
574,571
649,394
706,863
745,750
764,634
790,029
816,540
850,739
868,275
901,022
923,059
943,207
966,034
998,004
Fuel use
(million gallons)
12,313
13,484
15,150
16,828
16,657
19,081
20,828
22,383
24,162
24,445
23,796
23,697
22,702
23,945
25,604
27,363
29,074
30,598
32,653
33,271
35,611
38,217
40,929
42,851
44,112
45,605
47,354
49,389
50,462
52,859
52,939
53,522
55,220
56,302
Average annual percentage change
6.5%
4.7%
3.0%
2.8%
Fuel economy
(miles per gallon)
10.0
10.2
10.3
10.5
11.0
10.5
10.8
11.2
11.6
11.9
12.2
12.5
13.5
13.7
14.0
14.3
14.6
14.9
15.4
16.1
16.1
17.0
17.3
17.4
17.3
17.3
17.2
17.2
17.2
17.0
17.4
17.6
17.5
17.7
1.7%
0.2%
Source:
U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics 2003, Washington, DC,
2004, Table VM-1, p. V-57, and annual. (Additional resources: www.fhwa.dot.gov)
a
Beginning in this year the data were revised to include all vans (including mini-vans), pickups and sport utility vehicles.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
4–4
Because data on Class 2b trucks are scarce, the U.S. DOE funded a study to investigate available
sources of data. In the final report, four methodologies are described to estimate the sales of Class 2b
trucks.
Table 4.3
Summary Statistics on Class 1, Class 2a, and Class 2b Light Trucks
Estimated
Percent
MY 2000
Estimated
CY 1999
annual
Average
diesel
truck
fuel use
truck
a
miles
age
trucks in
population
(billiona
sales
(years)
(millions) population
(millions)
(billions)
gallons)
Class 1
5.7
49.7
0.3%
7.3
672.7
37.4
Class 2a
1.8
19.2
2.5%
7.4
251.9
18.0
Class 2b
0.5
5.8
24.0%
8.6
76.7
5.5
Source: Davis, S.C. and L.F. Truett, Investigation of Class 2b Trucks (Vehicles of 8,500 to
10,000 lbs GVWR), ORNL/TM-2002/49, March 2002, Table 16.
Note: CY - calendar year. MY - model year.
Table 4.4
Sales Estimates of Class 1, Class 2a, and Class 2b Light Trucks, 1989–1999
Sales estimates (thousands)
Class 2b
Class 2a
Class 1
(8,5001(6,001(6,000 lbs
10,000 lbs)
Total
8,500 lbs)
and under)
Calendar Year
1989
3,313
918
379
4,610
1990
3,451
829
268
4,548
1991
3,246
670
206
4,122
1992
3,608
827
194
4,629
1993
4,119
975
257
5,351
1994
4,527
1,241
265
6,033
1995
4,422
1,304
327
6,053
1996
4,829
1,356
334
6,519
1997
5,085
1,315
397
6,797
1998
5,263
1,694
342
7,299
1999
5,707
1,845
521
8,073
Percent change
1989–1999
72.3%
101.0%
37.5%
75.1%
Source: Davis, S.C. and L.F. Truett, Investigation of Class 2b Trucks (Vehicles of 8,500 to
10,000 lbs GVWR), ORNL/TM-2002/49, March 2002, Table 1.
Note: These data were calculated using Methodology 4 from the report.
a
Estimates derived using 2000 population data and 1997 usage data. See source for details.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
4–5
Car sales dropped under 8 million in 2003 for the first time since 1982, likely due to consumers
continued interest in light trucks, such as pickups and sport-utility vehicles.
Table 4.5
New Retail Car Sales in the United States, 1970–2004
Domestica
Calendar
year
1970
1975
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
1970–2004
1994–2004
Importb
(thousands)
7,119
1,285
7,053
1,571
6,581
2,398
6,209
2,327
5,759
2,223
6,795
2,387
7,952
2,439
8,205
2,838
8,215
3,238
7,081
3,197
7,526
3,099
7,073
2,825
6,897
2,404
6,137
2,038
6,277
1,937
6,742
1,776
7,255
1,735
7,129
1,506
7,255
1,271
6,917
1,355
6,762
1,380
6,979
1,719
6,831
2,016
6,325
2,098
5,878
2,226
5,527
2,083
5,357
2,149
-0.8%
-3.0%
1.5%
2.2%
Total
Percentage
Percentage
imports
transplantsc
d
8,404
15.3%
d
8,624
18.2%
8,979
26.7%
2.1%
8,536
27.3%
1.8%
7,982
27.9%
1.4%
9,182
26.0%
1.3%
10,391
23.5%
2.0%
11,043
25.7%
2.2%
11,453
28.3%
2.8%
10,278
31.1%
5.2%
10,626
29.2%
5.8%
9,898
28.5%
7.3%
9,301
25.8%
11.6%
8,175
24.9%
14.0%
8,213
23.6%
14.3%
8,518
20.9%
15.1%
8,990
19.3%
16.9%
8,635
17.4%
19.6%
8,526
14.9%
23.1%
8,272
16.4%
23.8%
8,142
16.9%
25.7%
8,698
19.8%
24.3%
8,847
22.8%
24.6%
8,423
24.9%
26.0%
8,104
27.5%
26.4%
7,610
27.4%
28.1%
7,506
28.6%
29.9%
Average annual percentage change
-0.3%
-1.8%
Percentage
imports
and
transplants
d
d
28.8%
29.1%
29.3%
27.3%
25.5%
27.9%
31.1%
36.3%
35.0%
35.8%
37.4%
38.9%
37.9%
36.0%
36.2%
37.0%
38.0%
40.2%
42.6%
44.1%
47.4%
50.9%
53.9%
55.5%
58.5%
Percentage
diesel
d
0.31%
4.31%
6.10%
4.44%
2.09%
1.45%
0.82%
0.37%
0.16%
0.02%
0.13%
0.08%
0.10%
0.06%
0.03%
0.04%
0.04%
0.10%
0.09%
0.13%
0.16%
0.26%
0.18%
0.39%
0.51%
0.40%
Source:
Domestic and import data - 1970–97: American Automobile Manufacturers Association, Motor Vehicle Facts and
Figures 1998, Detroit, MI, 1998, p. 15, and annual. 1997 data from Economic Indicators, 4th Quarter 1997.
1998–2004: Ward’s Communication, Ward’s Motor Vehicle Facts and Figures, Detroit, MI, 2005, p. 239.
Diesel data - Ward's Communications, Ward's Automotive Yearbook, Detroit, MI, 2005, p. 36.
Transplant data - Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Light Vehicle MPG and Market Shares Data System, Oak Ridge,
TN, 2004. (Additional resources: www.aama.com, www.wardsauto.com)
North American built.
Does not include import tourist deliveries.
c
A transplant is an car which was built in the U.S. by a foreign firm. Also included are joint ventures which are
built in the U.S. 1970–1989 are on a model year basis.
d
Data are not available.
a
b
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
4–6
In 2004, light trucks, which include pick-ups, minivans, sport-utility vehicles, and other trucks less than 10,000
pounds gross vehicle weight (GVW), accounted for 55% of light vehicle sales.
Table 4.6
New Retail Sales of Trucks 10,000 Pounds GVW and Less in the United States, 1970–2004
Percentages
Calendar year
1970
1975
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
Light truck
salesa
(thousands)
1,463
2,281
2,440
2,189
2,470
2,984
3,863
4,458
4,594
4,610
4,800
4,610
4,548
4,123
4,629
5,351
6,033
6,053
6,519
6,797
7,299
8,073
8,387
8,700
8,713
8,938
9,361
Importb
4.5%
10.0%
19.7%
20.3%
16.5%
15.6%
15.7%
17.2%
20.1%
17.9%
12.6%
10.9%
13.2%
12.8%
8.6%
6.8%
6.5%
6.5%
6.6%
8.4%
8.9%
9.5%
9.9%
11.3%
12.2%
13.5%
13.1%
Light trucks of lightduty
Transplantsc
Dieseld
vehicle salese
f
g
14.8%
f
g
20.9%
0.9%
3.6%
21.4%
0.0%
3.1%
20.4%
0.0%
8.5%
23.6%
0.0%
6.7%
24.5%
2.0%
4.8%
27.1%
2.6%
3.8%
28.8%
2.3%
3.7%
28.6%
1.7%
2.3%
31.0%
2.4%
2.3%
31.1%
2.6%
2.9%
31.8%
3.6%
3.1%
32.8%
4.6%
3.2%
33.5%
6.0%
3.3%
36.0%
7.1%
3.7%
38.6%
7.8%
3.9%
40.2%
7.2%
4.1%
41.2%
7.2%
3.7%
43.3%
7.1%
4.8%
46.6%
7.6%
1.7%
47.3%
9.3%
5.9%
48.1%
11.5%
4.8%
48.7%
12.1%
5.3%
50.8%
11.9%
4.9%
51.8%
13.3%
4.3%
54.0%
15.5%
5.5%
55.4%
Average annual percentage change
Light trucks
of total
truck sales
80.4%
87.9%
88.9%
89.8%
92.8%
93.6%
93.0%
93.6%
94.3%
93.9%
93.2%
93.3%
93.9%
94.5%
94.4%
94.2%
94.0%
93.4%
94.1%
94.1%
93.3%
92.6%
93.9%
96.1%
96.4%
95.5%
95.5%
1970–2004
5.6%
1994–2004
4.5%
Sources:
Four-wheel drive and diesel - 1970–88: Ward's Communications, Ward's Automotive Yearbook, Detroit, MI, 1989, p. 168, and
annual. 1989–on: Ward's Communications, Ward's Automotive Yearbook, Factory Installation Reports, Detroit, MI, 2005,
and annual.
Transplants - Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Light-Duty Vehicle MPG and Market Shares System, Oak Ridge, TN, 2004.
All other - 1970–97: American Automobile Manufacturers Association, Motor Vehicle Facts and Figures 1998, Detroit, MI,
1998, pp. 8, 15, 24, and annual. 1998–on: Ward’s Communications, Ward’s 2004 Motor Vehicle Facts and Figures,
Detroit, MI, p. 26, and annual. (Additional resources: www.aama.com, www.wardsauto.com)
Includes all trucks of 10,000 pounds gross vehicle weight and less sold in the U.S.
Excluding transplants.
c
Based on model year data. A transplant is a light truck which was built in the U.S. by a foreign firm. Also included are
joint ventures built in the U.S.
d
Based on model year factory installations.
e
Light-duty vehicles include cars and light trucks.
f
Data are not available.
g
Indicates less than 1 percent.
a
b
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
4–7
The sales-weighted fuel economy of cars increased dramatically from 1975 (15.8 mpg) to 1990 (27.8 mpg), but has
risen only about 1 mpg since then.
Table 4.7
Period Sales, Market Shares, and Sales-Weighted Fuel Economies
of New Domestic and Import Cars, Selected Model Years 1975–2005
(thousands)
1975
CARS
Small
Total sales, units
Market share, %
Fuel economy, mpg
Midsize
Total sales, units
Market share, %
Fuel economy, mpg
Large
Total sales, units
Market share, %
Fuel economy, mpg
WAGONS
Small
Total sales, units
Market share, %
Fuel economy, mpg
Midsize
Total sales, units
Market share, %
Fuel economy, mpg
Large
Total sales, units
Market share, %
Fuel economy, mpg
TOTAL
Total sales, units
Market share, %
Fuel economy, mpg
1980
1985
Sales Period
1990
1995
2000
2004
2005
4,088
49.6%
18.3
4,825
51.1%
26.1
5,519
51.1%
29.8
4,999
56.8%
29.8
5,190
55.2%
30.7
4,266
46.7%
30.3
3,213
39.4%
30.7
3,457
40.1%
30.9
1,631
19.8%
13.6
2,987
31.6%
21.6
2,777
25.7%
24.9
2,342
26.6%
26.2
2,515
26.8%
26.1
2,894
31.7%
27.0
2,963
36.4%
28.8
2,918
33.9%
29.0
1,555
18.9%
13.1
963
10.2%
19.1
1,512
14.0%
22.3
1,092
12.4%
23.7
1,306
13.9%
24.5
1,665
18.2%
25.6
1,278
15.7%
25.8
1,494
17.3%
25.7
477
5.8%
22.4
310
3.3%
28.6
496
4.6%
32.5
160
1.8%
29.6
198
2.1%
33.3
68
0.7%
29.2
380
4.7%
31.5
338
3.9%
30.9
289
3.5%
13.2
257
2.7%
21.1
341
3.2%
25.2
184
2.1%
25.3
176
1.9%
26.6
234
2.6%
27.3
230
2.8%
27.3
328
3.8%
26.6
197
2.4%
11.9
102
1.1%
19.1
145
1.3%
20.9
31
0.4%
22.7
10
0.1%
22.8
0
0.0%
a
83
1.0%
22.1
79
0.9%
22.3
8,237
100.0%
15.8
9,444
100.0%
23.5
10,790
100.0%
27.0
8,808
100.0%
27.8
9,395
100.0%
28.3
9,127
100.0%
28.2
8,147
100.0%
28.9
8,614
100.0%
28.9
Source:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Light-Duty Automotive Technology and Fuel Economy Trends: 1975
Through 2005, July 2005. (Additional resources: www.epa.gov/otaq/fetrends.htm)
a
No vehicles in this category were sold in this model year.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
4–8
Sales of light trucks in 2005 are more than four times that of 1975. Similar to the car trend, the sales-weighted fuel
economy of light trucks increased during the late ‘70's and ‘80's, but has remained fairly constant since then.
Table 4.8
Period Sales, Market Shares, and Sales-Weighted Fuel Economies of New Domestic
and Import Light Trucks, Model Years 1975–2005
(thousands)
1975
PICKUPS
Small
Total sales, units
Market share, %
Fuel economy, mpg
Midsize
Total sales, units
Market share, %
Fuel economy, mpg
Large
Total sales, units
Market share, %
Fuel economy, mpg
VANS
Small
Total sales, units
Market share, %
Fuel economy, mpg
Midsize
Total sales, units
Market share, %
Fuel economy, mpg
Large
Total sales, units
Market share, %
Fuel economy, mpg
SUVS
Small
Total sales, units
Market share, %
Fuel economy, mpg
Midsize
Total sales, units
Market share, %
Fuel economy, mpg
Large
Total sales, units
Market share, %
Fuel economy, mpg
TOTAL
Total sales, units
Market share, %
Fuel economy, mpg
1980
1985
1990
Sales Period
1995
2000
2004
2005
160.0
8.1%
22.5
452.0
24.3%
24.3
497.0
13.6%
26.7
289.0
7.6%
24.8
298.0
5.2%
24.4
101.0
1.4%
26.3
162.0
2.2%
23.0
13.0
0.2%
24.9
56.0
2.8%
21.1
98.0
5.3%
25.9
616.0
16.8%
25.7
600.0
15.8%
24.7
700.0
12.2%
24.7
766.0
10.3%
22.8
380.0
4.9%
21.6
327.0
3.8%
23.4
1,126.0
56.7%
13.1
887.0
47.6%
17.2
964.0
26.3%
17.7
945.0
24.8%
18.0
1,273.0
22.1%
18.0
1,746.0
23.4%
19.3
1,470.0
18.9%
19.4
2,122.0
24.9%
19.6
2.0
0.1%
20.6
16.0
0.9%
19.0
93.0
2.5%
25.5
30.0
0.8%
23.9
6.0
0.1%
26.5
a
a
a
0.0%
a
0.0%
a
0.0%
a
302.0
15.2%
13.3
130.0
7.0%
16.9
600.0
16.4%
19.8
1,124.0
29.6%
21.8
1,552.0
27.0%
22.2
1,522.0
20.4%
23.5
984.0
12.7%
23.8
1,530.0
17.9%
24.2
153.0
7.7%
12.6
96.0
5.2%
16.0
162.0
4.4%
16.1
107.0
2.8%
16.5
104.0
1.8%
17.1
170.0
2.3%
18.0
127.0
1.6%
19.2
100.0
1.2%
19.1
53.0
2.7%
16.1
60.0
3.2%
18.8
115.0
3.1%
22.1
189.0
5.0%
23.4
189.0
3.3%
24.2
400.0
5.4%
22.5
338.0
4.3%
23.6
172.0
2.0%
25.0
123.0
6.2%
12.1
100.0
5.4%
14.3
563.0
15.4%
19.7
447.0
11.8%
19.1
1,397.0
24.3%
19.6
1,863.0
25.0%
21.0
2,318.0
29.8%
22.5
2,161.0
25.3%
22.7
11.0
0.6%
12.2
23.0
1.2%
14.3
57.0
1.6%
16.9
72.0
1.9%
16.7
230.0
4.0%
16.6
879.0
11.8%
17.6
1,992.0
25.6%
18.9
2,109.0
24.7%
19.7
1,986.0
100.0%
13.7
1,862.0
100.0%
18.6
3,667.0
100.0%
20.6
3,803.0
100.0%
20.7
5,749.0
100.0%
20.5
7,447.0
100.0%
20.8
7,771.0
100.0%
20.9
8,534.0
100.0%
21.3
Source:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Light-Duty Automotive Technology and Fuel Economy Trends: 1975 Through 2005, July
2005. (Additional resources: www.epa.gov/otaq/fetrends.htm)
a
No vehicles in this category were sold in this model year.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
4–9
Back in 1975 only 19% of new light vehicle sales were light trucks. Because of the boom in sales of minivans,
sport utility vehicles, and pick-up trucks, today about half of light vehicle sales are light trucks.
Table 4.9
Light Vehicle Market Shares by Size Class, Model Years 1975–2005
Sales Period
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2004
2005
Small car
40.0%
42.7%
38.2%
39.6%
34.3%
25.7%
20.2%
20.2%
Midsize car
16.0%
26.4%
19.2%
18.6%
16.6%
17.5%
18.6%
17.0%
Large car
15.2%
8.5%
10.5%
8.7%
8.6%
10.0%
8.0%
8.7%
Small wagon
4.7%
2.7%
3.4%
1.3%
1.3%
0.4%
2.4%
2.0%
Midsize wagon
2.8%
2.3%
2.4%
1.5%
1.2%
1.4%
1.4%
1.9%
Large wagon
1.9%
0.9%
1.0%
0.2%
0.1%
0.0%
0.5%
0.5%
Small pickup
1.6%
4.0%
3.4%
2.3%
2.0%
0.6%
1.0%
0.1%
Midsize pickup
0.5%
0.9%
4.3%
4.8%
4.6%
4.6%
2.4%
1.9%
11.0%
7.8%
6.7%
7.5%
8.4%
10.5%
9.2%
12.4%
Small van
0.0%
0.1%
0.6%
0.2%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
Midsize van
3.0%
1.1%
4.1%
8.9%
10.2%
9.2%
6.2%
8.9%
Large van
1.5%
0.8%
1.1%
0.9%
0.7%
1.0%
0.8%
0.6%
Small SUV
0.5%
0.5%
0.8%
1.5%
1.3%
2.4%
2.1%
1.0%
Midsize SUV
1.2%
0.9%
3.9%
3.5%
9.2%
11.2%
14.6%
12.6%
Large SUV
0.1%
0.2%
0.4%
0.6%
1.5%
5.3%
12.5%
12.3%
Total light vehicles sold
(thousands)
10,223
11,306
14,457
12,611
15,144
16,574
15,918
17,148
Cars
80.6%
83.5%
74.6%
69.8%
62.0%
51.1%
51.2%
50.2%
Light trucks
19.4%
16.5%
25.4%
30.2%
38.0%
44.9%
48.8%
49.8%
Large pickup
Source:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Light-Duty Automotive Technology and Fuel Economy Trends: 1975
Through 2005, July 2005. (Additional resources: www.epa.gov/otaq/fetrends.htm)
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
4–10
Light trucks have been gaining market share since the early 1980s, mainly due to increases in the
market share of sport utility vehicles (SUVs) and pickup trucks. The 2005 data show a decline in
SUV market share.
Figure 4.1. Light Vehicle Market Shares, Model Years 1975–2005
100%
Large SUV
New Light Vehicle Market Share
90%
80%
Midsize SUV
Small SUV
70%
Vans
60%
Large Pickup
Midsize Pickup
50%
Small Pickup
Large Car
40%
Midsize Car
30%
20%
10%
0%
1975
Small Car
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
Source:
See Table 4.9
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
2005
4–11
The midsize and large cars and wagons sales-weighted engine sizes have declined drastically since 1975.
Table 4.10
Sales-Weighted Engine Size of New Domestic and Import Cars by Size Class,
Model Years 1975–2005
( litersa)
Cars
Wagons
Sales period
Small
Midsize
Large
Small
Midsize
1975
3.67
5.78
6.70
2.10
5.92
1976
3.70
5.62
6.72
2.23
5.16
1977
3.67
5.44
6.00
2.20
4.87
1978
2.90
4.79
5.85
2.20
4.23
1979
2.72
4.46
5.56
2.02
4.08
1980
2.25
3.74
5.15
1.85
3.74
1981
2.11
3.61
4.98
1.77
3.16
1982
2.15
3.46
4.79
1.79
3.36
1983
2.25
3.47
4.79
1.72
3.28
1984
2.29
3.44
4.82
1.75
2.82
1985
2.26
3.36
4.57
1.74
2.79
1986
2.25
3.18
4.26
1.85
2.65
1987
2.20
3.08
4.24
1.90
2.84
1988
2.18
3.00
4.29
1.85
2.80
1989
2.15
2.97
4.28
1.84
2.88
1990
2.15
3.06
4.23
1.97
2.97
1991
2.15
3.13
4.33
1.97
2.97
1992
2.20
3.13
4.29
2.00
3.08
1993
2.18
3.15
4.20
1.93
3.08
1994
2.25
3.10
4.06
1.98
2.95
1995
2.25
3.10
4.06
1.93
2.74
1996
2.23
2.97
4.10
2.00
2.64
1997
2.18
3.02
3.97
2.03
2.62
1998
2.25
2.90
3.93
2.03
2.54
1999
2.31
2.87
3.85
2.05
2.57
2000
2.28
2.85
3.62
2.08
2.51
2001
2.29
2.87
3.62
2.38
2.54
2002
2.31
2.90
3.57
2.38
2.49
2003
2.36
2.85
3.67
2.08
2.47
2004
2.38
2.84
3.40
2.02
2.52
2005
2.36
2.82
3.83
2.11
2.97
Average annual percentage change
1975–2005
-1.5%
-2.4%
-1.8%
0.0%
-2.3%
1995–2005
0.5%
-0.9%
-0.9%
0.9%
0.8%
Large
6.72
6.82
5.98
5.80
5.46
5.29
5.11
5.01
5.03
5.00
5.00
4.98
4.98
4.98
4.98
4.98
4.98
5.54
5.57
5.74
5.74
5.74
b
b
b
b
b
b
b
3.52
3.57
-2.1%
-4.6%
Source:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Light-Duty Automotive Technology and Fuel Economy Trends:
1975 Through 2005, July 2005. (Additional resources: www.epa.gov/otaq/fetrends.htm)
a
b
1 liter = 61.02 cubic inches.
No vehicles in this category were sold in this model year.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
4–12
The engine size of large sport utility vehicles (SUVs) declined an average of 2.2% per year from 1995
to 2005, while the size of a small SUV engine increased by that amount.
Table 4.11
Sales-Weighted Engine Size of New Domestic and Import Light Trucks by Size Class,
Model Years 1975–2005
(litersa)
Sales Period
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
1975-2005
1995-2005
Small
Pickups
Midsize
1.93
1.95
1.97
1.95
1.97
2.00
2.13
2.25
2.33
2.33
2.34
2.38
2.41
2.43
2.51
2.51
2.49
2.49
2.41
2.47
2.57
2.61
2.39
2.62
2.84
2.43
2.41
2.90
2.92
2.98
3.02
1.79
1.79
2.05
2.03
2.15
2.18
2.15
2.49
2.39
2.43
2.52
2.41
2.61
2.70
2.90
2.87
3.11
3.20
3.24
3.23
3.11
3.06
3.20
3.13
3.28
3.15
3.39
3.70
3.21
3.67
3.13
1.5%
1.6%
1.9%
0.1%
Large
Small
SUVs
Midsize
Large
5.62
1.93
5.08
5.47
5.64
1.97
5.20
5.49
5.69
1.97
5.34
5.62
5.56
1.97
5.36
5.49
5.41
1.97
5.24
5.51
5.00
1.97
4.72
5.16
4.80
1.97
4.57
5.08
4.90
1.82
4.65
5.15
4.95
1.93
4.82
5.15
4.93
1.97
4.06
5.15
5.00
1.98
3.82
5.11
4.88
2.15
3.67
5.01
5.06
2.20
3.70
5.06
5.21
2.20
3.65
5.06
5.21
2.13
3.57
5.06
5.24
2.29
3.59
5.15
5.16
2.03
3.51
5.11
5.11
2.11
3.57
5.16
4.97
1.98
3.46
5.16
5.18
2.21
3.59
5.21
5.18
2.20
3.70
5.15
5.16
2.33
3.46
5.33
b
4.97
3.44
4.92
b
5.05
3.43
4.87
b
5.13
3.49
4.87
b
4.74
3.41
4.85
b
4.79
3.38
4.97
b
4.82
3.44
4.80
b
4.82
3.47
4.74
b
4.70
3.52
5.00
b
4.80
3.49
4.98
Average annual
percentage
change
c
-0.5%
-1.2%
-0.3%
c
-0.8%
-0.6%
-0.3%
4.47
4.47
4.49
4.51
4.28
3.72
3.67
3.39
3.44
3.05
2.74
2.74
2.64
2.57
2.80
2.65
2.38
2.39
2.46
2.28
2.26
1.75
2.98
2.65
2.57
2.80
2.51
2.56
2.64
3.18
2.82
5.72
5.80
5.72
5.87
5.64
5.31
5.20
5.24
4.10
3.70
3.47
3.34
3.54
3.83
4.16
3.98
3.87
3.82
3.97
3.90
3.88
4.08
3.85
3.87
3.74
3.75
3.51
3.34
3.36
3.49
3.41
5.97
6.11
6.08
6.11
6.15
5.57
5.54
5.64
5.82
5.75
5.74
5.74
5.74
5.75
5.75
5.75
5.38
5.42
5.65
5.62
5.69
5.64
5.38
5.13
5.29
5.11
4.64
4.54
4.72
4.75
4.54
-1.5%
2.2%
-1.7%
-1.3%
-0.9%
-2.2%
Large
Small
Vans
Midsize
Source:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Light-Duty Automotive Technology and Fuel Economy Trends:
1975 Through 2005, July 2005. Additional resources: www.epa.gov/otaq/fetrends.htm)
1 liter = 61.02 cubic inches.
No vehicles in this category were sold in this model year.
c
Data are not available.
a
b
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
4–13
Table 4.12
Sales-Weighted Curb Weight of New Domestic and Import Cars by Size Class,
Model Years 1975–2005
(pounds)
Sales Period
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
1975-2005
1995-2005
Small
3,440
3,474
3,486
3,029
2,936
2,717
2,648
2,684
2,734
2,776
2,771
2,791
2,803
2,818
2,841
2,897
2,885
2,921
2,903
2,965
2,988
2,977
2,977
3,013
3,085
3,079
3,101
3,126
3,179
3,180
3,180
-0.3%
0.6%
Cars
Midsize
Large
Small
4,630
5,142
2,833
4,558
5,156
2,902
4,473
4,482
2,801
3,820
4,394
2,805
3,710
4,210
2,711
3,362
4,130
2,591
3,346
4,108
2,531
3,321
4,034
2,580
3,316
4,041
2,565
3,318
4,022
2,620
3,318
3,841
2,579
3,241
3,719
2,647
3,247
3,696
2,795
3,293
3,730
2,757
3,314
3,721
2,766
3,450
3,799
3,026
3,412
3,893
3,005
3,515
3,872
3,076
3,515
3,831
2,882
3,529
3,858
2,908
3,546
3,831
2,859
3,527
3,894
2,952
3,551
3,821
2,901
3,534
3,784
2,872
3,540
3,854
2,923
3,550
3,782
3,107
3,566
3,774
3,470
3,549
3,767
3,504
3,567
3,841
3,262
3,544
3,882
3,203
3,577
3,990
3,275
Average annual percentage change
-0.9%
-0.8%
0.5%
0.1%
0.4%
1.4%
Wagons
Midsize
Large
4,791
4,555
4,410
3,836
3,758
3,534
3,285
3,384
3,348
3,298
3,356
3,355
3,434
3,378
3,436
3,498
3,506
3,503
3,498
3,532
3,482
3,661
3,666
3,669
3,691
3,572
3,775
3,731
3,745
3,700
3,807
5,453
5,444
4,713
4,664
4,466
4,423
4,394
4,396
4,379
4,371
4,354
4,381
4,348
4,349
4,334
4,337
4,402
4,500
4,500
4,500
4,500
4,500
a
4,734
4,703
-0.8%
0.9%
-0.5%
0.4%
a
a
a
a
a
a
Source:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Light-Duty Automotive Technology and Fuel Economy
Trends: 1975 Through 2005, July 2005. (Additional resources:
www.epa.gov/otaq/fetrends.htm)
a
Data are not available.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
4–14
The interior space of large cars declined slightly from 1995 to 2005, while the interior space
of small and midsize cars remained relatively unchanged.
Table 4.13
Sales-Weighted Interior Space of New Domestic and Import Cars by Size Class,
Model Years 1977–2005
(cubic feet)
Sales Period
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
Small
95.4
90.9
89.2
90.0
91.6
92.2
95.1
95.2
95.8
96.7
96.9
98.5
98.3
97.6
97.6
97.9
98.3
98.7
99.6
99.9
99.2
98.8
98.9
99.4
99.2
98.9
98.6
98.9
99.5
1977-2005
1995-2005
0.2%
0.0%
Cars
Midsize
Large
Small
112.9
128.1
108.0
113.0
128.5
108.0
113.1
130.0
105.1
113.2
130.9
108.2
113.9
131.0
110.6
113.9
131.0
112.2
113.8
131.3
108.2
113.7
130.9
116.5
113.6
129.3
117.7
113.8
127.4
118.4
113.7
127.0
120.0
113.4
128.1
118.7
113.6
127.4
118.6
113.7
126.7
122.2
113.5
129.0
123.3
113.9
129.6
123.7
113.9
128.9
123.0
113.5
128.3
122.9
114.3
127.9
122.1
114.1
128.1
118.0
114.5
127.4
119.5
114.0
127.4
116.9
114.0
127.0
117.9
113.6
124.9
119.7
113.7
124.8
119.6
114.8
124.0
118.2
114.6
124.8
115.2
114.9
125.0
117.6
114.5
125.7
116.6
Average annual percentage change
0.1%
-0.1%
0.3%
0.0%
-0.2%
-0.5%
Wagons
Midsize
143.6
140.0
139.7
139.7
136.2
136.1
136.2
135.9
134.8
137.8
140.2
139.4
139.9
141.6
142.3
142.6
137.7
137.4
135.9
136.9
136.5
135.3
136.4
134.0
133.6
133.6
133.5
133.3
133.4
-0.3%
-0.2%
Large
163.1
162.4
162.5
161.5
161.4
161.3
161.6
161.7
161.7
161.4
161.8
161.7
161.8
161.6
169.1
170.3
169.3
169.2
169.3
170.2
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
165.0
165.0
0.0%
-0.3%
Source:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Light-Duty Automotive Technology and Fuel Economy
Trends: 1975 Through 2005, July 2005. (Additional resources: www.epa.gov/otaq/fetrends.htm)
a
b
No vehicles in this category were sold in this model year.
Interior volumes of two-seaters are not reported to EPA.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
4–15
The average auto lost over 500 pounds from 1977 to 1987. Much of the weight reduction was due to the
declining use of conventional steel and iron and the increasing use of aluminum and plastics.
Conventional steel, however, remained the predominant component of cars in 2003 with a 40.3% share
of total materials. As conventional steel use has been decreasing, use of high-strength steel has increased.
Table 4.14
Average Material Consumption for a Domestic Car,
1977, 1987, and 2003
1977
Material
Conventional steel
High-strength steel
Stainless steel
Other steels
Iron
Aluminum
Rubber
Plastics/composites
Glass
Copper
Zinc die castings
Powder metal parts
Fluids & lubricants
Magnesium parts
Other materials
a
Total
1987
Pounds
Percentage
1,995.0
125.0
26.0
56.0
540.0
97.0
150.0
168.0
87.5
38.5
38.0
15.5
200.0
128.0
1.0
54.4%
3.4%
0.7%
1.5%
14.7%
2.6%
4.1%
4.6%
2.4%
1.1%
1.0%
0.4%
5.5%
3.5%
0.0%
1,459.0
228.0
32.0
55.5
460.0
146.0
135.5
221.5
86.0
46.0
18.0
19.5
183.0
2.5
85.5
45.9%
7.2%
1.0%
1.7%
14.5%
4.6%
4.3%
7.0%
2.7%
1.4%
0.6%
0.6%
5.8%
0.1%
2.7%
1,354.5
379.0
56.5
26.5
328.0
277.5
149.0
255.5
98.5
50.0
8.5
40.0
198.0
9.5
127.5
40.3%
11.3%
1.7%
0.8%
9.8%
8.3%
4.4%
7.6%
2.9%
1.5%
0.3%
1.2%
5.9%
0.3%
3.8%
100.0%
3,178.0
100.0%
3,358.5
100.0%
3,665.5
Pounds
2003
Percentage
Pounds
Percentage
Source:
American Metal Market, www.amm.com/ref/carmat98.htm, New York, NY, 2003. (Additional resources:
www.amm.com)
a
Includes cold-rolled and pre-coated steel.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
4–16
The number of franchised dealerships which sell new light-duty vehicles (cars and light trucks) has declined 29% since 1970,
though new vehicle sales have increased. The average number of vehicles sold per dealer in 2003 was 761 vehicles per
dealer – more than double the 1970 number.
Table 4.15
New Light Vehicle Dealerships and Sales, 1970–2003
Calendar year
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
1970–2003
1993–2003
New light vehicle sales
Number of franchised new
(thousands)
light vehicle dealershipsa
30,800
9,867
30,300
12,006
30,100
13,189
30,100
14,184
30,000
11,191
29,600
10,905
29,300
13,066
29,100
14,613
29,000
15,122
28,500
13,984
27,900
11,419
26,350
10,725
25,700
10,452
24,725
12,166
24,725
14,254
24,725
15,501
24,825
16,047
25,150
14,888
25,025
15,426
25,000
14,508
24,825
13,849
24,200
12,298
23,500
12,842
22,950
13,869
22,850
15,023
22,800
14,688
22,750
15,046
22,700
15,069
22,600
15,441
22,400
16,771
22,250
17,234
22,150
17,123
21,800
16,817
21,725
16,548
Average annual percentage change
-1.1%
1.6%
-0.5%
1.8%
Light vehicle sales
per dealer
320
396
438
471
373
368
446
502
521
491
409
407
407
492
577
627
646
592
616
580
558
508
546
604
657
644
661
664
683
748
774
773
771
761
2.7%
2.3%
Source:
Number of dealers - National Automobile Dealers Association, Automotive Executive Magazine,
2004. (Additional resources: www.nada.org/Content/NavigationMenu/Newsroom/
NADADaEa/ 20043/NADAData_2004_newcar.pdf) Light-duty vehicle sales - See tables 4.5
and 4.6.
a
Includes cold-rolled and pre-coated steel.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
4–17
The number of conventional refueling stations is declining while the number of vehicles fueling at those stations continues
to rise. In 2003, there were 0.74 fueling stations per thousand vehicles or 1.35 thousand vehicles per station. Data for
alternative fuels in 2004 indicate that there was an average of 9.16 stations per thousand alternative fuel vehicles or 0.11
vehicles per station.
Table 4.16
Conventional and Alternative Fuel Refueling Stations
Number of
retail outlets
Year
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
207,416
202,878
195,455
190,246
187,892
182,596
180,567
175,941
172,169
170,018
167,571
167,346
LPG
CNG
Electricity
M85/M100
LNG
E85/E95
Biodiesel
Hydrogen
Total
3,069
785
568
0
42
293
249
13
5,020
Vehicles
in operation
(thousands)
Stations per
thousand vehicles
Thousand
vehicles
per station
Conventional fuels
186,315
188,714
193,441
198,294
201,071
205,043
209,509
213,300
216,683
221,027
226,061
1.11
1.08
1.01
0.96
0.93
0.89
0.86
0.82
0.79
0.77
0.74
0.90
0.93
0.99
1.04
1.07
1.12
1.16
1.21
1.26
1.30
1.35
Alternative fuels, 2004
194
144
56
5
3
146
15.80
5.45
10.14
0.00
14.00
2.01
0.06
0.17
0.10
0.00
0.07
0.50
b
b
c
c
a
b
c
548
a
9.16
a
0.11
Sources:
Conventional refueling stations: National Petroleum News Survey, 2004.
Alternative fuel refueling stations: Alternative Fuels Data Center, www.eere.energy.gov/cleancities/afdc.
Conventional vehicles: The Polk Company, Detroit, MI, FURTHER REPRODUCTION PROHIBITED.
Alternative fuels vehicles: U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Alternatives to Traditional
Transportation Fuels web site, www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/alternate/page/datatables/atf1-13_03.html
Note: The County Business Patterns (CBP) data published by the Bureau of the Census tells the number of
establishments by North American Industry Classification System (NAICS). NAICS is an industry classification system
that groups establishments into industries based on the activities in which they are primarily engaged. NAICS 447
represents gasoline stations. However, the CBP gasoline station data differ from the National Petroleum News Survey
data; the CBP may not include every gasoline retail outlet due to the classification of the primary activity of the business.
a
Data are not available.
Conventional diesel vehicles can use biodiesel without alteration to the engine.
c
Hydrogen vehicles are in the development stage and precise data are not available.
b
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
4–18
The Corporate Average Fuel Economy standards were established by the U.S. Energy Policy and Conservation
Act of 1975 (PL94-163). These standards must be met at the manufacturer level. Some manufacturers fall short
of meeting the standards while others exceed them.
Table 4.17
Car Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE)
Standards versus Sales-Weighted Fuel Economy Estimates, 1978–2005a
(miles per gallon)
Cars
Model
yearb
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
CAFE
standards
18.0
19.0
20.0
22.0
24.0
26.0
27.0
27.5
26.0
26.0
26.0
26.5
27.5
27.5
27.5
27.5
27.5
27.5
27.5
27.5
27.5
27.5
27.5
27.5
27.5
27.5
27.5
27.5
CAFE estimates
c
CAFE estimates
Domestic
18.7
19.3
22.6
24.2
25.0
24.4
25.5
26.3
26.9
27.0
27.4
27.2
26.9
27.3
27.0
27.8
27.5
27.7
28.1
27.8
28.6
28.0
28.7
28.7
29.1
29.1
29.3
30.0
Import
27.3
26.1
29.6
31.5
31.1
32.4
32.0
31.5
31.6
31.2
31.5
30.8
29.9
30.1
29.2
29.6
29.7
30.3
29.6
30.1
29.2
29.0
28.3
29.0
28.8
29.9
28.7
29.9
Combined
19.9
20.3
24.3
25.9
26.6
26.4
26.9
27.6
28.2
28.5
28.8
28.4
28.0
28.4
27.9
28.4
28.3
28.6
28.5
28.7
28.8
28.3
28.5
28.8
29.0
29.5
29.1
30.0
Cars and light
trucks combined
19.9
20.1
23.1
24.6
25.1
24.8
25.0
25.4
25.9
26.2
26.0
25.6
25.4
25.6
25.1
25.2
24.7
24.9
24.9
24.6
24.7
24.5
24.8
24.5
24.7
25.1
24.6
25.2
Source:
U.S. Department of Transportation, NHTSA, "Summary of Fuel Economy Performance," Washington, DC, March 2005.
(Additional resources: www.nhtsa.dot.gov)
a
Only vehicles with at least 75 percent domestic content can be counted in the average domestic fuel economy for
a manufacturer.
b
Model year as determined by the manufacturer on a vehicle by vehicle basis.
c
All CAFE calculations are sales-weighted.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
4–19
The Corporate Average Fuel Economy standards for light trucks are lower than the car standards. Light trucks
include pickups, minivans, sport utility vehicles and vans.
Table 4.18
Light Truck Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE)
Standards versus Sales-Weighted Fuel Economy Estimates, 1978–2005a
(miles per gallon)
Light trucksc
Model
yearb
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
CAFE
standards
e
e
e
e
17.5
19.0
20.0
19.5
20.0
20.5
20.5
20.5
20.0
20.2
20.2
20.4
20.5
20.6
20.7
20.7
20.7
20.7
20.7
20.7
20.7
20.7
20.7
21.0
CAFE estimates
CAFE estimatesd
Domestic
f
Import
Combined
f
f
17.7
16.8
18.3
19.2
19.6
19.3
19.6
20.0
20.5
20.6
20.4
20.3
20.9
20.5
20.7
20.5
20.3
20.5
20.1
20.4
f
20.8
24.3
27.4
27.0
27.1
26.7
26.5
25.9
25.2
24.6
23.5
23.0
23.0
22.7
22.8
22.0
21.5
22.1
22.1
23.0
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
18.2
18.5
20.1
20.5
20.7
20.6
20.7
21.5
21.7
21.3
21.0
20.8
21.3
20.8
21.0
20.8
20.5
20.8
20.6
21.0
20.9
21.3
20.9
21.4
21.6
21.5
21.8
Cars and light
trucks combined
19.9
20.1
23.1
24.6
25.1
24.8
25.0
25.4
25.9
26.2
26.0
25.6
25.4
25.6
25.1
25.2
24.7
24.9
24.9
24.6
24.7
24.5
24.8
24.5
24.7
25.0
24.7
25.2
Source:
U.S. Department of Transportation, NHTSA, "Summary of Fuel Economy Performance," Washington, DC, March 2005.
(Additional resources: www.nhtsa.dot.gov)
a
Only vehicles with at least 75 percent domestic content can be counted in the average domestic fuel economy for
a manufacturer.
b
Model year as determined by the manufacturer on a vehicle by vehicle basis.
c
Represents two- and four-wheel drive trucks combined. Gross vehicle weight of 0-6,000 pounds for model year
1978-1979 and 0-8,500 pounds for subsequent years.
d
All CAFE calculations are sales-weighted.
e
Standards were set for two-wheel drive and four-wheel drive light trucks separately, but no combined standard
was set in this year.
f
Data are not available.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
4–20
Manufacturers of cars and light trucks whose vehicles do not meet the CAFE standards are fined. Data from the
National Highway Traffic Safety Administration show CAFE fine collection dropped under $5 million in 2003; this
was due to several factors, including the CAFE credit system, manufacturer mergers, and fines not being paid in
the same year they were assessed.
Table 4.19
Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Fines Collected, 1983-2003a
(thousands)
Model
year
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
Current
dollars
58
5,958
15,565
29,872
31,261
44,519
47,381
48,429
42,243
38,287
28,688
31,499
40,787
19,302
36,212
21,740
27,516
51,067
34,009
19,805
4,678
2003 constant
dollarsb
107
10,551
26,616
50,150
50,633
69,244
70,485
68,009
57,068
50,212
36,531
39,108
49,245
22,636
41,514
24,541
30,390
54,566
35,334
20,256
4,678
Source:
U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety
Administration, Office of Vehicle Safety Compliance, Washington,
DC, June 2005. (Additional resources: www.nhtsa.dot.gov)
a
These are fines which are actually collected. Fines which are assessed in
certain year may not have been collected in that year.
b
Adjusted using the Consumer Price Inflation Index.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
4–21
Consumers must pay the Gas Guzzler Tax when purchasing an car that has an Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA) fuel economy rating less than that stipulated in the table below. The Gas Guzzler Tax doubled in 1991 after
remaining constant from 1986 to 1990. The tax has not changed since 1991. This tax does not apply to light trucks
such as pickups, minivans, sport utility vehicles, and vans.
Table 4.20
The Gas Guzzler Tax on New Cars
(dollars per vehicle)
Vehicle fuel
economy
(mpg)
Over 22.5
22.0–22.5
21.5–22.0
21.0–21.5
20.5–21.0
20.0–20.5
19.5–20.0
19.0–19.5
18.5–19.0
18.0–18.5
17.5–18.0
17.0–17.5
16.5–17.0
16.0–16.5
15.5–16.0
15.0–15.5
14.5–15.0
14.0–14.5
13.5–14.0
13.0–13.5
12.5–13.0
Under 12.5
1980
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
200
200
300
300
550
550
1981
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
200
200
350
350
450
450
550
550
650
650
1982
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
200
200
350
350
450
450
600
600
750
750
950
950
1,200
1983
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
350
350
500
500
650
650
800
800
1,000
1,000
1,250
1,250
1,550
1,550
1984
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
450
450
600
600
750
750
950
950
1,150
1,150
1,450
1,450
1,750
1,750
2,150
1985
0
0
0
0
500
500
600
600
800
800
1,000
1,000
1,200
1,200
1,500
1,500
1,800
1,800
2,200
2,200
2,650
2,650
1986–90
0
500
500
650
650
850
850
1,050
1,050
1,300
1,300
1,500
1,500
1,850
1,850
2,250
2,250
2,700
2,700
3,200
3,200
3,850
1991+
0
1,000
1,000
1,300
1,300
1,700
1,700
2,100
2,100
2,600
2,600
3,000
3,000
3,700
3,700
4,500
4,500
5,400
5,400
6,400
6,400
7,700
Source:
Internal Revenue Service, Form 6197, (Rev. 1-91), "Gas Guzzler Tax." (Additional resources: www.irs.ustreas.gov)
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
4–22
Consumers continue to demand gas guzzling cars. The IRS collected over $86 million in 2003 from those buying
cars with fuel economy less than 22.5 miles per gallon. This tax does not apply to light trucks such as pickups,
minivans, sport utility vehicles, and vans.
Table 4.21
Tax Receipts from the Sale of Gas Guzzlers, 1980–2003
(thousands)
Model
year
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
Current
dollars
740
780
1,720
4,020
8,820
39,790
147,660
145,900
116,780
109,640
103,200
118,400
144,200
111,600
64,100
73,500
52,600
48,200
47,700
68,300
70,800
78,200
79,700
86,400
2003 constant
dollarsa
1,652
1,579
3,280
7,427
15,620
68,042
247,896
236,317
181,636
162,692
145,285
159,953
189,115
142,107
79,584
88,740
61,685
55,257
53,845
75,433
75,652
81,247
81,516
86,400
Source:
Ward’s Communications, Motor Vehicle Facts and Figures, 2004,
Detroit, MI, 2004, p. 81. Original data source: Internal Revenue
Service.
a
Adjusted using the Consumer Price Inflation Index.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
4–23
Figure 4.2. Fuel Economy by Speed, 1973, 1984, and 1997 Studies
Source:
See Table 4.23.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
4–24
The two earlier studies by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) indicate maximum fuel efficiency
was achieved at speeds of 35 to 40 mph. The recent FHWA study indicates greater fuel efficiency at higher
speeds. Note that the 1973 study did not include light trucks.
Table 4.22
Fuel Economy by Speed, 1973, 1984, and 1997 Studies
(miles per gallon)
Speed
(miles per hour)
1973a
(13 vehicles)
1984b
(15 vehicles)
1997c
(9 vehicles)
15
d
21.1
24.4
20
d
25.5
27.9
25
d
30.0
30.5
30
21.1
31.8
31.7
35
21.1
33.6
31.2
40
21.1
33.6
31.0
45
20.3
33.5
31.6
50
19.5
31.9
32.4
55
18.5
30.3
32.4
60
17.5
27.6
31.4
65
16.2
24.9
29.2
70
14.9
22.5
26.8
75
d
20.0
24.8
Fuel economy loss
55–65 mph
12.4%
17.8%
9.7%
65–70 mph
8.0%
9.6%
8.2%
55–70 mph
19.5%
25.7%
17.1%
Sources:
1973- U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration,
Office of Highway Planning, The Effect of Speed on Automobile Gasoline
Consumption Rates, Washington, DC, October 1973.
1984 - U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Fuel
Consumption and Emission Values for Traffic Models, Washington, DC,
May 1985.
1997 - West, B.H., R.N. McGill, J.W. Hodgson, S.S. Sluder, and D.E. Smith,
Development and Verification of Light-Duty Modal Emissions and Fuel
Consumption Values for Traffic Models, FHWA Report (in press),
Washington, DC, April 1997, and additional project data, April 1998.
(Additional resources: www.fhwa-tsis.com)
a
Model years 1970 and earlier cars.
Model years 1981–84 cars and light trucks.
c
Model years 1988–97 cars and light trucks.
d
Data are not available.
b
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
4–25
Table 4.23
Vehicle Specifications for Vehicles Tested in the 1997 Study
EPA fuel economy
Engine
Fuel
delivery
systema
Transmission
City
Highway
2,665
2.8 liter V6
PFI
M5
19
29
1994 Olds Cutlass Supreme
3,290
3.4 liter V6
PFI
L4
17
26
1994 Oldsmobile 88
3,433
3.8 literV6
PFI
L4
19
29
1994 Mercury Villager
4,020
3.0 liter V6
PFI
L4
17
23
1995 Geo Prizm
2,359
1.6 liter I-4
PFI
L3
26
30
1994 Jeep Grand Cherokee
3,820
4.0 liter I-6
PFI
L4
15
20
1994 Chevrolet Pickup
4,020
5.7 liter V8
TBI
L4
14
18
1993 Subaru Legacy
2,800
2.2 liter H4
PFI
L4
22
29
1997 Toyota Celica
2,395
1.8 liter I4
PFI
L4
27
34
Curb
weight
1988 Chevrolet Corsica
Vehicle
Source:
West, B.H., R.N. McGill, J.W. Hodgson, S.S. Sluder, and D.E. Smith, Development and Verification of Light-Duty
Modal Emissions and Fuel Consumption Values for Traffic Models, Washington, DC, April 1997 and additional
project data, April 1998.
a
PFI = port fuel injection. TBI = throttle- body fuel injection.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
4–26
Of the tested vehicles, the 1994 Oldsmobile Olds 88 had the greatest fuel economy loss from 55 mph to 75 mpg.
The 1997 Toyota Celica tested fuel economy was slightly better at 65 mph than at 55 mph.
Table 4.24
Steady Speed Fuel Economy for Vehicles Tested in the 1997 Study
(miles per gallon)
1994 Jeep
Grand
Cherokee
1994
Mercury
Villager
1995
Geo
Prizm
1997
Toyota
Celica
7.9
8.2
12.3
18.1
19.1
16.0
11.2
19.0
23.1
34.1
16.3
17.5
22.4
38.9
41.7
19.9
24.7
25.8
39.4
46.0
15.6
22.7
21.8
30.8
41.7
52.6
29.0
19.0
26.3
21.6
30.3
40.0
50.8
38.0
30.9
21.2
24.3
25.0
26.1
39.1
47.6
37.0
33.2
23.0
26.7
25.5
29.0
38.9
36.2
28.8
33.7
32.4
23.0
27.3
25.4
27.8
42.3
44.1
50
31.2
33.7
34.2
27.3
26.3
24.8
30.1
39.1
44.8
55
29.1
37.7
34.6
29.1
25.1
24.0
31.7
37.7
42.5
60
28.2
35.9
32.5
28.2
22.6
23.2
27.3
36.7
48.4
65
28.7
33.4
30.0
25.0
21.8
21.3
25.3
34.1
43.5
70
26.1
31.0
26.7
22.9
20.1
20.0
23.9
31.7
39.2
75
23.7
28.8
24.0
21.6
18.1
19.1
22.4
28.3
36.8
55–65 mph
1.4%
11.4%
13.3%
14.1%
13.1%
11.3%
20.2%
9.5%
-2.4%
65–75 mph
17.4%
13.8%
20.0%
13.6%
17.0%
10.3%
11.5%
17.0%
15.4%
55–75 mph
18.6%
23.6%
30.6%
25.8%
27.9%
20.4%
29.3%
24.9%
13.4%
1994
Oldsmobile
Cutlass
Speed
(mph)
1988
Chevrolet
Corsica
1993
Subaru
Legacy
1994
Oldsmobile
Olds 88
5
10.0
14.5
10.5
5.1
10
16.8
24.7
14.9
7.9
15
17.7
31.9
22.2
11.4
20
21.7
34.4
26.3
12.5
25
23.9
37.4
28.3
30
28.7
39.7
35
28.6
40
29.2
45
1994
Chevrolet
Pickup
Fuel economy loss
Source:
B.H. West, R.N. McGill, J.W. Hodgson, S.S. Sluder, D.E. Smith, Development and Verification of Light-Duty Modal Emissions and
Fuel Consumption Values for Traffic Models, Washington, DC, April 1997, and additional project data, April 1998.
(Additional resources: www.fhwa-tsis.com)
Note: For specifications of the tested vehicles, please see Table 4.22.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
4–27
The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) tests new vehicles to determine fuel economy ratings. The city and
highway fuel economies that are posted on the windows of new vehicles are determined by testing the vehicle during
these driving cycles. The driving cycles simulate the performance of an engine while driving in the city and on the
highway. Once the urban cycle is completed, the engine is stopped, then started again for the 8.5 minute hot start cycle.
Figure 4.3. Urban Driving Cycle
Figure 4.4. Highway Driving Cycle
Source:
Code of Federal Regulations, 40CFR, "Subpart B - Fuel Economy Regulations for 1978 and Later Model Year
Automobiles - Test Procedures," July 1, 1988 edition, p. 676.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
4–28
The New York Test Cycle was developed in the 1970's in order to simulate driving in downtown congested areas. The
Representative Number Five Test Cycle was developed recently to better represent actual on-road driving by combining
modern urban and freeway driving.
Figure 4.5. New York City Driving Cycle
Figure 4.6. Representative Number Five Driving Cycle
Source:
Data obtained from Michael Wang, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, 1997.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
4–29
The US06 driving cycle was developed as a supplement to the Federal Test Procedure. It is a
short-duration cycle (600 seconds) which represents hard-acceleration driving.
Figure 4.7. US06 Driving Cycle
Source:
Data obtained from Michael Wang, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, 1997.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
4–30
Researchers at Argonne National Laboratory have estimated the fuel economy of a midsize car using
driving cycles from different countries. These results illustrate the difference in fuel economy which
can be obtained from the same vehicle using different test cycles.
Table 4.25
Projected Fuel Economies from U.S., European, and Japanese Driving Cycles
Driving Cycle
Projected fuel economy
for a 1995 composite
midsize vehiclea
Japanese 10/15 mode test cycle
17.5 mpg
New European Driving Cycle (NEDC)
22.0 mpg
U.S. EPA city cycle (LA4)
19.8 mpg
U.S. EPA highway cycle
32.1 mpg
U.S. Corporate Average Fuel Economy cycle
23.9 mpg
Source:
Santini, D., A. Vyas, J. Anderson, and F. An, Estimating Trade-Offs along the
Path to the PNGV 3X Goal, presented at the Transportation Research
Board 80th Annual Meeting, Washington, DC, January 2001.
The 1995 composite midsize vehicle is an average of a Chevrolet Lumina, Chrysler
Concord, and Ford Taurus. The fuel economies were projected using the National Renewable
Energy Laboratory’s Advanced Vehicle Simulator (ADVISOR) model.
a
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
4–31
When comparing data between countries, one must realize that different countries have different testing
cycles to determine fuel economy and emissions. This table compares various statistics on the European,
Japanese, and U.S. testing cycles [for fuel economy measurements, the U.S. uses the formula, 1/fuel
economy = (0.55/city fuel economy) + (0.45/highway fuel economy)]. Most vehicles will achieve higher
fuel economy on the U.S. test cycle than on the European or Japanese cycles.
Table 4.26
Comparison of U.S., European, and Japanese Driving Cycles
Time
(seconds)
Japanese 10/15 mode
test cycle
Percent of
time
stopped
or
decelerating
Distance
(miles)
Average
speed
(mph)
Maximum
speed
(mph)
Maximum
acceleration
(mph/s)
631
52.3
2.6
14.8
43.5
1.78
New European Driving
Cycle (NEDC)
1,181
24.9
6.84
20.9
74.6
2.4
U.S. EPA city cycle
(LA4)a
1,372
43.2
7.5
19.5
56.7
3.3
765
9.3
17.8
48.2
59.9
3.3
2,137
27.9
10.3
29.9
59.9
3.3
U.S. EPA highway cycle
U.S. Corporate Average
Fuel Economy cycle
Source:
Santini, D., A. Vyas, J. Anderson, and F. An, Estimating Trade-Offs along the Path to the PNGV 3X Goal, presented
at the Transportation Research Board 80th Annual Meeting, Washington, DC, January 2001.
The actual Federal Procedure (FTP), which is also the test for emissions certification, repeats the first 505 seconds
of the Federal Urban Driving Simulation cycle, hot started, after a 10 minute hot soak. Starting with Model Year 2001,
the emissions test-but not the fuel economy test-incorporates a supplemental cycle that simulates aggressive urban
driving, coupled with an added air conditioning load.
a
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
4–32
Total traffic fatalities were lower in 2003 than in 1975. About 13% of traffic fatalities in 2003 were not vehicle
occupants (pedestrians, cyclists, etc.).
Table 4.27
Occupant Fatalities by Vehicle Type and Nonoccupant Fatalities, 1975–2003
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2003
2003
share
Vehicle occupant fatalities by
vehicle type
Car
Subcompact
3,834
7,299
7,993
8,309
6,791
4,773
3,681
8.6%
614
927
2,635
5,310
6,899
7,022
6,663
15.6%
1,869
3,878
4,391
4,849
4,666
5,204
5,502
12.9%
10,800
11,580
6,586
4,635
3,413
3,184
3,191
7.5%
8,812
3,765
1,607
989
654
516
423
1.0%
25,929
27,449
23,212
24,092
22,423
20,492
19,460
45.6%
Light
4,856
7,486
7
8,601
9,568
11,418
12,444
29.2%
Large
961
1,262
977
705
648
741
723
1.7%
5,817
8,748
7,666
9,306
10,216
12,159
13,167
30.9%
3,189
5,144
4,564
3,244
2,227
2,862
3,661
8.6%
53
46
57
32
33
22
40
0.1%
937
540
544
460
392
714
804
1.9%
4,179
5,730
5,165
3,736
2,652
3,598
4,505
10.6%
35,925
41,927
36,043
37,134
35,291
36,249
37,132
87.1%
Pedestrian
7,516
8,070
6,808
6,482
5,584
4,739
4,749
11.1%
Pedalcyclist
1,003
965
890
859
833
690
622
1.5%
81
129
84
124
109
143
140
0.3%
8,600
9,164
7,782
7,465
6,526
5,572
5,511
12.9%
44,525
51,091
43,825
44,599
41,817
41,821
42,643
100.0%
Compact
Intermediate
Full
Unknown
Total
Truck
Total
Other Vehicles
Motorcycle
Bus
Other/unknown vehicle
type
Total
TOTAL vehicle
occupant fatalities
Nonoccupant fatalities
Other
Total
TOTAL traffic
fatalities
Source:
Traffic Safety Facts 2003, Washington, DC, January 2005. (Additional resources: www.nhtsa.dot.gov)
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
4–33
In 2003, the fatality rate for vehicle occupants per 100 million vehicle miles are the same for cars and light
trucks–1.2 fatalities per 100 million vehicle miles. However, the injury rate per 100 million vehicle miles is much
lower for light trucks (85) than for cars (109).
Table 4.28
Light Vehicle Occupant Safety Data, 1975–2003
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2003
Cars
Fatalities
25,929
a
Injuries (thousands)
b
Vehicle-miles (billions)
27,449
a
1,030
23,212
a
24,092
22,423
20,699
19,460
2,376
2,469
2,052
1,756
1,478
1,580
1,608
1,107
1,249
1,427
2.5
2.5
1.9
1.7
1.5
1.3
1.2
a
a
a
167
167
130
109
Rates per 100 million vehicle miles
Fatalities
Injuries
Light trucks (10,000 lbs. or less)
Fatalities
4,856
a
Injuries (thousands)
b
Vehicle-miles (billions)
7,486
a
204
6,689
a
295
389
8,601
9,568
11,526
12,444
505
722
887
889
556
750
943
1,051
Rates per 100 million vehicle-miles
Fatalities
Injuries
2.4
2.5
1.7
a
a
a
1.5
1.3
1.2
1.2
91
96
94
85
Source:
U.S. DOT, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Traffic Safety Facts 2003, Washington, DC, January 2005,
Tables 7 and 8. (Additional resources: www.nhtsa.dot.gov)
Data are not available.
Vehicle-miles are estimated by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration and do not match Federal
Highway data.
a
b
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
4–34
In 2003, 38% of all car and light truck fatal crashes were single-vehicle crashes. Because there are so
many cars on the roads compared to the other vehicle types, total car crashes are more than half of total
crashes. Most crashes are multiple-vehicle crashes with property damage only.
Table 4.29
Crashes by Crash Severity, Crash Type, and Vehicle Type, 2003
Fatal
Vehicle type
Singlevehicle
crash
Injury
Multiplevehicle
crash
Property damage only
Singlevehicle
crash
Multiplevehicle
crash
Singlevehicle
crash
Multiplevehicle
crash
Total
crashes
Cars
9,774
16,395
332,000
1,797,000
736,000
3,620,000
6,511,169
Light trucksa
8,648
13,420
190,000
1,042,000
507,000
2,298,000
4,059,068
Large trucksb
746
3,923
13,000
76,000
103,000
260,000
456,669
90
199
1,000
13,000
8,000
36,000
58,289
1,586
2,165
30,000
33,000
4,000
9,000
79,751
Total
20,844
36,102
566,000
2,961,000
1,358,000
6,223,000
11,164,946
Share
0.2%
0.3%
5.1%
26.5%
12.2%
55.7%
100%
Buses
Motorcycles
Source:
U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Traffic Safety Facts
2003 Washington, DC, January 2005, Tables 42, 44, 46, 50 and 52. (Additional resources:
www.nhtsa.dot.gov)
Note: Multiple-vehicle crashes cannot be totaled over vehicle type due to duplication of accidents between
vehicle types.
Trucks 10,000 pounds gross vehicle weight rating or less, including pickups, vans, and utility
vehicles.
b
Trucks over 10,000 pounds gross vehicle weight rating including single-unit trucks and truck tractors.
a
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
4–35
For fatal crashes in 2003, sport-utility vehicles (SUVs) had the highest rollover rate (35.7%) while other
light trucks had the lowest (9.8%). This does not mean that the rollover caused the fatality, just that a
vehicle in the crash rolled over.
Figure 4.8. Percent Rollover Occurrence in Fatal Crashes by Vehicle Type, 2003
Source:
U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Traffic
Safety Facts 2003 Washington, DC, January 2005, Table 37. (Additional resources:
www.nhtsa.dot.gov)
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
4–36
Demand response (also called paratransit or dial-a-ride) and public vanpools are widely used by transit
agencies. There were over 42 thousand of these vehicles active in 2003.
Table 4.30
Summary Statistics on Light Transit Vehicles, 1994–2003a
Year
Number of
active vehicles
Vehicle-miles
(millions)
Passenger-miles
(millions)
Energy use
(trillion Btu)
1994
31,090
490
781
9.8
1995
31,773
538
856
9.6
1996
33,472
588
958
10.2
1997
35,657
627
1,075
10.3
1998
33,481
721
1,103
10.9
1999
36,651
784
1,258
11.2
2000
37,957
826
1,274
11.4
2001
40,049
861
1,345
11.9
2002
40,691
879
1,336
12.3
2003
42,578
953
1,471
19.2b
Average annual percentage change
1994–2003
3.6%
7.7%
7.3%
7.8%
Source:
American Public Transit Association, 2005 Public Transportation Fact Book, Washington, DC,
April 2005, Tables 11, 19, 23, 25, 82, 93, 103, 150 and 157. Historical van pool data are
from earlier editions. (Additional resources: www.apta.com)
Note: See Glossary for detailed definitions of demand response and vanpool.
a
b
Includes demand response service and public van pools.
Significant increase in diesel consumption in demand response vehicles.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
5–1
Chapter 5
Heavy Vehicles and Characteristics
Summary Statistics from Tables in this Chapter
Source
Table 5.1
Heavy single-unit trucks, 2003
Registration (thousands)
5,667
Vehicle miles (millions)
77,562
Fuel economy (miles per gallon)
Table 5.2
Combination trucks, 2003
Registration (thousands)
Vehicle miles (millions)
Tables 5.10
and 5.11
Value (billion dollars)
Ton-miles (billions)
and 5.13
2,245
138,322
Freight Shipments, 2002 Commodity Flow Survey
Tons (millions)
Tables 5.12
7.3
8,397
11,668
3,138
Buses in operation, 2003
Transit
78,000
School
631,404
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
5–2
Heavy single-unit trucks include all single-unit trucks which have more than two axles or more than
four tires. Most of these trucks would be used for business or for individuals with heavy hauling or
towing needs.
Table 5.1
Summary Statistics for Heavy Single-Unit Trucks, 1970–2003
Year
1970
1975
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
Registrations
(thousands)
3,681
4,232
4,374
4,455
4,325
4,204
4,061
4,593
4,313
4,188
4,470
4,519
4,487
4,481
4,370
4,408
4,906
5,024
5,266
5,293
5,414
5,763
5,926
5,704
5,651
5,667
1970–2003
1993–2003
1.3%
2.5%
Vehicle travel
Fuel use
(million miles)
(million gallons)
27,081
3,968
34,606
5,420
39,813
6,923
39,568
6,867
40,658
6,803
42,546
6,965
44,419
7,240
45,441
7,399
45,637
7,386
48,022
7,523
49,434
7,701
50,870
7,779
51,901
8,357
52,898
8,172
53,874
8,237
56,772
8,488
61,284
9,032
62,705
9,216
64,072
9,409
66,893
9,576
67,894
9,741
70,304
9,372
70,500
9,563
72,448
9,667
75,866
10,321
77,562
10,690
Average annual percentage change
3.2%
3.0%
3.2%
2.6%
Fuel economy
(miles per gallon)
6.8
6.4
5.8
5.8
6.0
6.1
6.1
6.1
6.2
6.4
6.4
6.5
6.2
6.5
6.5
6.7
6.8
6.8
6.8
7.0
7.0
7.5
7.4
7.5
7.4
7.3
0.2%
1.2%
Source:
U. S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics 2003,
Washington, DC, 2004, Table VM1 and annual. (Additional resources: www.fhwa.dot.gov)
Note: Highway Statistics 1999 data were not used.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
5–3
Combination trucks include all trucks designed to be used in combination with one or more trailers. The
average vehicle travel of these trucks (on a per truck basis) far surpasses the travel of other trucks due
to long-haul freight movement.
Year
1970
1975
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
1970–2003
1993–2003
Table 5.2
Summary Statistics for Combination Trucks, 1970–2003a
Registrations
Vehicle travel
Fuel use
Fuel economy
(thousands)
(million miles)
(million gallons)
(miles per gallon)
905
35,134
7,348
4.8
1,131
46,724
9,177
5.1
1,417
68,678
13,037
5.3
1,261
69,134
13,509
5.1
1,265
70,765
13,583
5.2
1,304
73,586
13,796
5.3
1,340
77,377
14,188
5.5
1,403
78,063
14,005
5.6
1,408
81,038
14,475
5.6
1,530
85,495
14,990
5.7
1,667
88,551
15,224
5.8
1,707
91,879
15,733
5.8
1,709
94,341
16,133
5.8
1,691
96,645
16,809
5.7
1,675
99,510
17,216
5.8
1,680
103,116
17,748
5.8
1,681
108,932
18,653
5.8
1,696
115,451
19,777
5.8
1,747
118,899
20,192
5.9
1,790
124,584
20,302
6.1
1,831
128,159
21,100
6.1
2,029
132,384
24,537
5.4
2,097
135,020
25,666
5.3
2,154
136,584
25,512
5.4
2,277
138,737
26,480
5.2
2,245
138,322
26,895
5.1
Average annual percentage change
2.8%
4.2%
4.0%
0.2%
2.9%
3.0%
4.2%
-1.3%
Source:
U. S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics 2003,
Washington, DC, 2004, Table VM1 and annual. (Additional resources: www.fhwa.dot.gov)
Note: Highway Statistics 1999 data were not used.
a
The Federal Highway Administration changed the combination truck travel methodology in 1993.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
5–4
Light trucks under 10,000 lbs. continue to dominate truck sales.
Table 5.3
New Retail Truck Sales by Gross Vehicle Weight, 1970–2003a
(thousands)
Calendar
year
Class 1
6,000
lbs.
or less
Class 2
6,001–
10,000
lbs.
1970b
1975
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1,049
1,101
985
896
1,102
1,314
2,031
2,408
408
952
975
850
961
1,207
1,224
1,280
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
3,380
3,435
3,467
3,313
3,451
3,246
3,608
4,119
4,527
4,422
4,829
5,085
5,263
5,707
5,965
6,073
6,068
6,267
1,214
1,175
1,333
1,297
1,097
876
1,021
1,232
1,506
1,631
1,690
1,712
2,036
2,366
2,421
2,525
2,565
2,671
5.7%
3.7%
7.9%
4.7%
1970–1985
1986–2003
Class 6
Class 5
Class 4
Class 3
19,501–
16,001–
14,001–
10,001–
26,000
19,500
16,000
14,000
lbs.
lbs.
lbs.
lbs.
Domestic sales (import data are not available)
6
12
58
133
23
1
9
159
c
4
2
90
c
1
2
72
c
1
44
1
c
c
1
47
c
6
5
55
c
5
48
11
Domestic and import sales
c
12
6
45
14
2
8
44
14
21
8
54
19
27
7
39
21
27
5
38
21
24
3
22
26
26
4
28
27
33
4
27
35
44
4
20
40
53
4
23
52
59
7
19
53
57
9
18
102
43
25
32
122
49
30
48
117
47
29
51
102
52
24
42
80
38
24
45
91
40
29
51
Average annual percentage change
4.1%
-15.1%
-6.6%
12.7%
9.7%
0.7%
Class 7
26,001–
33,000
lbs.
Class 8
33,001 lbs.
and over
Total
36
23
58
51
62
59
78
97
89
83
117
100
76
82
138
134
1,791
2,351
2,231
1,972
2,248
2,710
3,538
3,983
101
103
103
93
85
73
73
81
98
107
104
114
115
130
123
92
69
67
113
131
148
145
121
99
119
158
186
201
170
179
209
262
212
140
146
142
4,870
4,912
5,149
4,942
4,846
4,365
4,903
5,681
6,421
6,481
6,930
7,226
7,826
8,716
8,965
9,050
9,035
9,357
6.8%
-2.4%
2.8%
1.4%
5.5%
3.9%
Source:
Ward’s Communication’s, Motor Vehicle Facts and Figures 2004, Southfield, MI, 2004, p. 26, and annual. (Additional
resources: www.wardsauto.com)
Sales include domestic-sponsored imports.
Data for 1970 is based on new truck registrations.
c
Data are not available.
a
b
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
5–5
Vehicle Inventory and Use Survey
The Vehicle Inventory and Use Survey (VIUS), which was formerly the Truck Inventory and Use Survey
(TIUS), provides data on the physical and operational characteristics of the Nation's truck population. It is
based on a probability sample of private and commercial trucks registered (or licensed) in each state. In 1997,
the survey was changed to the Vehicle Inventory and Use Survey due to future possibilities of including
additional vehicle types. The 2002 VIUS, however, only includes trucks. Copies of the 2002 VIUS report
or CD may be obtained by contacting the U.S. Bureau of the Census, Transportation Characteristics Surveys
Branch (301) 457-2797. Internet site: www. census.gov/svsd/www/tiusview.html
Since 1987, the survey has included minivans, vans, station wagons on truck chassis, and sport utility
vehicles in addition to the bigger trucks. The 1977 and 1982 surveys did not include those vehicle types.
The estimated number of trucks that were within the scope of the 2002 VIUS and registered in the U.S. as
of July 1, 2002, was 85.2 million. These trucks were estimated to have been driven a total of 1,115 billion
miles during 2002, an increase of 6.8% from 1997. The average annual miles traveled per truck was
estimated at 13,100 miles.
In the 2002 VIUS, there are several ways to classify a truck by weight. The survey respondent was asked
the average weight of the vehicle or vehicle-trailer combination when carrying a typical payload; the empty
weight (truck minus cargo) of the vehicle as it was usually operated; and the maximum gross weight at which
the vehicle or vehicle-trailer combination was operated. The Census Bureau also collected information on
the Gross Vehicle Weight Class of the vehicles (decoded from the vehicle identification number) and the
registered weight of the vehicles from the State registration files. Some of these weights are only provided
in categories, while others are exact weights. Since all these weights could be quite different for a single
truck, the tabulations by weight can be quite confusing. In the tables presented here, the Gross Vehicle
Weight Class was used.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
5–6
Table 5.4
Truck Statistics by Gross Vehicle Weight Class, 2002
Manufacturer's gross vehicle
weight class
1) 6,000 lbs and less
2) 6,001 – 10,000 lbs
Light truck subtotal
3) 10,001 – 14,000 lbs
4) 14,001 – 16,000 lbs
5) 16,001 – 19,500 lbs
6) 19,501 – 26,000 lbs
Medium truck subtotal
7) 26,001 – 33,000 lbs
8) 33,001 lbs and up
Heavy truck subtotal
Total
Number of
Percentage of
trucks
trucks
51,941,389
61.0%
28,041,234
32.9%
79,982,623
93.9%
691,342
0.8%
290,980
0.3%
166,472
0.2%
1,709,574
2.0%
2,858,368
3.4%
179,790
0.2%
2,153,996
2.5%
2,333,786
2.7%
85,174,776
100.0%
Average
annual miles
per truck
11,882
12,684
12,163
14,094
15,441
11,645
12,671
13,237
30,708
45,739
44,581
13,088
Harmonic
mean fuel
economy
17.6
14.3
16.2
10.5
8.5
7.9
7.0
8.0
6.4
5.7
5.8
13.5
Percentage
of fuel use
42.7%
30.5%
73.2%
1.1%
0.5%
0.3%
3.2%
5.2%
0.9%
20.7%
21.6%
100.0%
Source:
U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 2002 Vehicle Inventory and Use Survey, Microdata File on CD,
2005. (Additional resources: www.census.gov/svsd/www.tiusview.html)
Table 5.5
Truck Harmonic Mean Fuel Economy by Size Class, 1992, 1997, and 2002
(miles per gallon)
Manufacturer's
gross vehicle weight class
1) 6,000 lbs and less
2) 6,001–10,000 lbs
Light truck subtotal
3) 10,000–14,000 lbs
4) 14,001–16,000 lbs
5) 16,001–19,500 lbs
6) 19,501–26,000 lbs
Medium truck subtotal
7) 26,001–33,000 lbs
8) 33,001 lbs and over
Large truck subtotal
1992
TIUS
17.2
13.0
15.7
8.8
8.8
7.4
6.9
7.3
6.5
5.5
5.6
1997
VIUS
17.1
13.6
15.8
9.4
9.3
8.7
7.3
8.6
6.4
5.7
6.1
2002
VIUS
17.6
14.3
16.2
10.5
8.5
7.9
7.0
8.0
6.4
5.7
5.8
Sources:
Estimates are based on data provided on the following public use files: U.S. Department of
Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Census of Transportation, Washington, DC, 1992
Truck Inventory and Use Survey, 1995; 1997 Vehicle Inventory and Use Survey, 2000,
and 2002 Vehicle Inventory and Use Survey, 2005. (Additional resources:
www.census.gov/svsd/www/tiusview.html)
Note: Based on average fuel economy as reported by respondent.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
5–7
As expected, most light trucks travel within 50 miles of their home base and refuel at public stations. About sixty
percent of heavy trucks travel over 50 miles from their home base and 36% of them refuel at central companyowned refueling stations.
Table 5.6
Truck Statistics by Size, 2002
Manufacturer's gross vehicle weight class
Light
(< 10,000 lbs)
Medium
(10,001–
Heavy
26,000 lbs)
(> 26,000 lbs)
Range of operation
61.5%
40.7%
11.7%
13.5%
3.2%
6.7%
Total
Under 50 miles
51–100 miles
101–200 miles
69.2%
8.5%
2.4%
68.2%
8.7%
2.5%
201–500 miles
1.1%
1.8%
7.6%
1.3%
501 miles or more
1.4%
2.2%
10.4%
1.7%
Off-road
1.1%
3.5%
3.2%
1.2%
Vehicle not in use
2.2%
4.4%
3.2%
2.3%
Not reported
14.1%
11.7%
14.7%
14.1%
100.0%
100.0%
100.0%
100.0%
Total
Primary refueling facility
Gas station
96.9%
62.4%
28.4%
93.9%
Truck stop
Own facility
0.7%
7.7%
31.9%
1.8%
2.0%
27.3%
36.2%
3.7%
Other nonpublic facility
0.3%
2.6%
3.5%
0.5%
Other
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
100.0%
100.0%
100.0%
100.0%
All
Source:
U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 2002 Vehicle Inventory and Use Survey, Microdata. File
on CD, 2005. (Additional resources: www.census.gov/svsd/www/tiusview.html)
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
5–8
More medium truck owners listed construction as the truck’s major use than any other major use category.
Construction was the second highest major use for light trucks and heavy trucks.
Table 5.7
Percentage of Trucks by Size Ranked by Major Use, 2002
Rank
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
Light
(< 10,000 lbs
average weight)
Personal
81.5%
Construction
4.6%
Other servicesa
2.5%
Not in use
2.2%
Agriculture
1.9%
Retail
1.5%
Unknown
1.3%
Leasing
0.7%
Manufacturing
0.7%
Utilities
0.6%
Waste management
0.6%
Wholesale
0.6%
Information services
0.4%
For hire
0.4%
Food services
0.3%
Arts
0.2%
Mining
0.1%
Medium
(10,001 – 26,000 lbs
average weight)
Construction
18.4%
Agriculture
16.2%
For hire
9.6%
Retail
7.1%
Not in use
6.4%
Leasing
6.2%
Wholesale
5.5%
Waste management
5.4%
Utilities
5.0%
Personal
4.8%
Unknown
4.4%
Manufacturing
3.3%
Other servicesa
3.2%
Food services
1.6%
Information services
1.3%
Mining
1.1%
Arts
0.5%
Heavy
(> 26,000 lbs
average weight)
For hire
30.1%
Construction
15.9%
Agriculture
12.2%
Retail
5.4%
Not in use
5.1%
Waste management
5.0%
Manufacturing
4.9%
Wholesale
4.8%
Leasing
4.6%
Unknown
3.2%
Personal
2.5%
Mining
2.4%
Other servicesa
1.3%
Utilities
1.1%
Food services
1.1%
Arts
0.3%
Information services
0.1%
Source:
U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 2002 Vehicle Inventory and Use Survey,
Micro data File on CD, 2005. (Additional resources: www.census.gov/svsd/www/tiusview.html)
a
Business and personal services.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
5–9
Nearly half of trucks in fleets of 11-20 and 21-50 vehicles use company-owned facilities. Most trucks
in smaller fleets use public gas stations for fueling.
Table 5.8
Percentage of Trucks by Fleet Size and Primary Fueling Facility, 2002
Truck fleet size
1–5
6–10
11–20
21–50
51 or more
Fleets of 6 or more vehicles
No fleet
Gas station
73.8%
55.3%
41.1%
42.9%
48.3%
47.6%
96.4%
Primary refueling facility
Truck stop Own facility Other’s facility
6.1%
18.2%
1.9%
5.7%
35.5%
3.4%
5.1%
48.9%
4.9%
3.7%
49.8%
3.6%
6.3%
44.4%
1.0%
5.2%
43.9%
3.4%
1.6%
1.7%
0.3%
Total
100.0%
100.0%
100.0%
100.0%
100.0%
100.0%
100.0%
Source:
U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 2002 Vehicle Inventory and Use Survey, Microdata
File on CD, 2005. (Additional resources: www.census.gov/svsd/www/tiusview.html)
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
5–10
Most trucks are fueled at gas stations but for-hire or warehousing trucks are more often fueled at truck stops.
Mining trucks and vehicle leasing or rental trucks fuel at the companies’ own facility more than 30% of the time.
Table 5.9
Share of Trucks by Major Use and Primary Fueling Facility, 2002
Major use
Gas
station
Truck
stop
Own
facility
Others
facility
Other
All
Personal
Other services
All
Information services
Retail trade
Construction
Accommodation or food services
Manufacturing
Arts, entertainment, recreation services
Waste mgmt, landscaping, admin/support services
Wholesale trade
Utilities
Agriculture, forestry, fishing, hunting
Vehicle leasing or rental
Mining
For-hire or warehousing
Overall
98.6%
96.0%
93.9%
92.3%
86.6%
84.7%
82.4%
81.5%
81.1%
78.2%
76.2%
72.6%
62.7%
60.2%
48.7%
33.3%
93.9%
0.6%
1.4%
1.8%
0.4%
3.5%
3.3%
7.5%
5.1%
4.3%
3.0%
6.6%
1.8%
6.7%
1.3%
8.5%
38.7%
1.8%
0.7%
1.6%
3.7%
7.2%
8.6%
9.8%
8.8%
11.9%
14.2%
17.1%
12.0%
24.3%
29.4%
31.8%
34.3%
25.8%
3.7%
0.1%
0.9%
0.5%
0.1%
1.2%
2.2%
1.3%
1.5%
0.3%
1.6%
5.1%
1.3%
1.0%
6.8%
8.5%
2.3%
0.5%
0.1%
0.1%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.1%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
100.0%
100.0%
100.0%
100.0%
100.0%
100.0%
100.0%
100.0%
100.0%
100.0%
100.0%
100.0%
100.0%
100.0%
100.0%
100.0%
100.0%
Source:
U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 2002 Vehicle Inventory and Use Survey, Microdata File on CD,
2005. (Additional resources: www.census.gov/svsd/www/tiusview.html)
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
5–11
The latest Vehicle Inventory and Use Survey asked truck owners if the truck had certain features as permanent
equipment on the truck. Some of the features asked about were onboard computers, idle-reduction devices,
navigational systems, and Internet access. Of the 2.3 million heavy trucks (class 7 & 8 ) in the United States,
nearly 10% were equipped with onboard computers that had communication capabilities and another 5% had
onboard computers without communication capabilities. Six percent of heavy trucks were equipped with idlereducing technology. Navigational systems and Internet access were available in less than one percent of heavy
trucks.
Figure 5.1. Share of Heavy Trucks with Selected Electronic Features, 2002
Source:
U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 2002 Vehicle Inventory and User Survey,
Microdata File on CD, 2005.
Note: Heavy trucks (class 7 & 8) are greater than 26,000 pounds gross vehicle weight based on the
manufacturer’s rating.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
5–12
Commodity Flow Survey
The Commodity Flow Survey (CFS) is designed to provide data on the flow of goods and materials by
mode of transport. The 1993, 1997, and 2002 CFS are a continuation of statistics collected in the Commodity
Transportation Survey from 1963 through 1977, and include major improvements in methodology, sample
size, and scope. The 2002 CFS covers business establishments with paid employees that are located in the
United States and are classified using the 1997 North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) in
mining, manufacturing, wholesale trade, and select retail trade industries, namely, electronic shopping and
mail-order houses. Establishments classified in services, transportation, construction, and most retail
industries are excluded from the survey. Farms, fisheries, foreign establishments, and most governmentowned establishments are also excluded.a
The 1993, 1997, and 2002 CFS differ from previous surveys in their greatly expanded coverage of
intermodalism (i.e., shipments which travel by at least two different modes, such as rail and truck). Earlier
surveys reported only the principal mode. Route distance for each mode for each shipment was imputed
using methodologies developed by Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Distance, in turn, was used to compute
ton-mileage by mode of transport.
For more information about the CFS, contact the Census Bureau Customer Service at (301) 763-4636, or
visit the following Internet site: www.bts.gov/publications/commodity_flow_survey.
Bureau of Transportation Statistics and U.S. Bureau of the Census, 2002 Economic Census, 2002 Commodity
Flow Survey, December 2004.
a
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
5–13
Industries covered by the 2002Commodity Flow Survey (CFS) shipped over 11 billion tons of goods worth over
$8 trillion. Compared to the 1997 CFS, the value of shipments is up 1.5% per year and ton shipped are up 1.0%
per year. By value, intermodal shipments increased 0.4% per year from 1997 to 2002.
Table 5.10
Growth of Freight in the United States: Comparison of the 2002 and 1997 Commodity Flow Surveys
(Detail may not add to total because of rounding)
Value of goods shipped
Tons
Average
annual
percent
change
2002
(billion
2002
dollars)
1997
(billion
2002
dollars)
Average
annual
percent
change
All modes
8,397.2
7,783.3
1.5%
11,667.9
11,089.7
1.0%
Single modes
7,049.4
6,410.9
1.9%
11,086.7
10,436.5
1.2%
Truck
For-hire truck
Private truck
6,235.0
3,757.1
2,445.3
5,583.7
3,252.0
2,282.7
2.2
2.9
1.4
7,842.8
3,657.3
4,149.7
7,700.7
3,402.6
4,137.3
0.4%
1.5%
0.1%
311.9
358.3
-2.7%
1,873.9
1,549.8
3.9%
89.3
57.5
0.8
31.0
85.0
60.4
1.7
22.9
0.9%
-1.0%
-14.0%
6.2%
681.2
458.6
38.0
184.6
563.4
414.8
38.4
110.2
3.9%
2.0%
-0.2%
10.9%
Mode of Transportation
a
Rail
Water
Shallow draft
Great Lakes
Deep draft
2002
(millions)
1997
(millions)
Air (includes truck and air)
265.0
256.7
1.4%
3.8
4.5
-3.3%
Pipelineb
149.2
127.2
3.2%
685.0
618.2
2.1%
1,079.2
1,060.2
0.4%
216.7
216.7
0.0%
Parcel, U.S. Postal Service
or courier
Truck and rail
Truck and water
Rail and water
Other multiple modes
987.8
69.9
14.4
3.3
3.8
959.3
84.8
9.2
2.0
4.8
0.6%
-3.8%
9.4%
10.5%
-4.6%
25.5
43.0
23.3
105.1
19.8
23.7
54.2
33.2
79.3
26.2
1.5%
-4.5%
-6.8%
5.8%
-5.4%
Other and unknown modes
268.6
312.2
-3.0%
364.6
436.5
-3.5%
Multiple modes
Source:
U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics and U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the
Census, 2002 Commodity Flow Survey, Table 1a, and 1997 Commodity Flow Survey, Table 1a. (Additional resources:
www.bts.gov/cfs)
"Truck" as a single mode includes shipments which went by private truck only, for-hire truck only, or a combination of
private truck and for-hire truck.
b
CFS data for pipeline lack most shipments of crude oil.
a
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
5–14
Industries covered by the 2002 Commodity Flow Survey (CFS) accounted for about 3.1 trillion ton-miles on the
nation’s highways, railways, waterways, pipelines, and aviation system. Ton-miles increased an average of 3.3%
per year from 1997 to 2002.
Table 5.11
Growth of Freight Miles in the United States: Comparison of the 2002 and 1997 Commodity Flow Surveys
(Detail may not add to total because of rounding)
Ton-miles
Average miles per shipment
Average annual
percent change
2002
(billions)
1997
(billions)
Average annual
percent change
All modes
3,137.9
2,661.4
3.3%
546
472
3.0%
Single modes
2,867.9
2,383.5
3.8%
240
184
5.5%
Truck
For-hire truck
Private truck
1,255.9
959.6
291.1
1,023.5
741.1
268.6
4.2%
5.3%
1.6%
173
523
64
144
485
53
3.7%
1.5%
3.8%
Rail
1,261.6
1,022.5
4.3%
807
769
1.0%
282.7
211.5
13.8
57.4
261.7
189.3
13.4
59.0
1.6%
2.2%
0.6%
-0.5%
568
450
339
664
482
177
204
1,024
3.3%
20.5%
10.7%
-8.3%
5.8
6.2
-1.3%
1,919
1,380
6.8%
Mode of Transportation
a
Water
Shallow draft
Great Lakes
Deep draft
Air (includes truck and air)
Pipeline
c
b
c
c
2002
1997
c
c
c
Multiple modes
225.7
204.5
2.0%
895
813
1.9%
Parcel, U.S. Postal Service
or courier
Truck and rail
Truck and water
Rail and water
Other multiple modes
19.0
45.5
32.4
115.0
13.8
18.0
55.6
34.8
77.6
18.6
1.1%
-3.9%
-1.4%
8.2%
-5.8%
894
1,413
1,950
957c
813
1,347
1,265
1,092c
1.9%
1.0%
9.0%
-2.6%
c
44.2
73.4
-9.6%
130
122
1.3%
Other and unknown modes
Source:
U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics and U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the
Census, 2002 Commodity Flow Survey, Table 1a, and 1997 Commodity Flow Survey, Table 1a. (Additional resources:
www.bts.gov/cfs)
"Truck" as a single mode includes shipments which went by private truck only, for-hire truck only, or a combination of
private truck and for-hire truck.
b
CFS data for pipeline lack most shipments of crude oil.
c
Denotes data do not meet publication standards because of high sampling variability or other reasons. Some unpublished
estimates can be derived from other data published in this table. However, figures obtained in this manner are subject to these
same limitations.
a
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
5–15
The American Public Transportation Association recently published data by mode and fuel type that
were not previously available. Transit bus energy use had been overestimated in previous editions due
to this lack of data.
Table 5.12
Summary Statistics on Transit Buses and Trolleybuses, 1994–2003
Year
Number of
active buses
Vehicle-miles
(millions)
Passengermiles
(millions)
1994
69,000
2,176
19,019
4,268
81.2
1995
67,992
2,198
19,005
4,310
81.9
1996
72,549
2,234
19,280
4,340
83.7
1997
73,629
2,259
19,793
4,431
87.7
1998
73,022
2,188
20,542
4,387
90.1
1999
75,087
2,290
21,391
4,332
92.7
2000
75,964
2,329
21,433
4,515
96.8
2001
76,675
2,389
22,209
4,125
91.6
2002
76,790
2,425
22,030
4,127
90.9
2003
78,000
2,435
21,438
4,160
89.2
Btu/
passenger-mile
Energy use
(trillion Btu)
Average annual percentage change
1994–2003
1.4%
1.3%
1.3%
-0.3%
1.0%
Source:
American Public Transportation Association, 2005 Public Transportation Fact Book, Washington, DC,
April 2005, Table 72. (Additional resources: www.apta.com)
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
5–16
There are currently not many sources of data on intercity and school buses. The Eno Foundation for
Transportation publishes petroleum use for intercity and school buses, and passenger-miles for intercity
buses. The Federal Highway Administration publishes an estimate of the total number of school buses.
School Bus Fleet magazine also contains statistics on school buses (www.schoolbusfleet.com/stats.cfm).
Table 5.13
Summary Statistics on Intercity and School Buses, 1970–2003
Year
1970
1975
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
Intercity bus
passenger-miles
(billions)
25.3
25.4
27.4
27.1
26.9
25.6
24.6
23.8
23.7
23.0
23.1
24.0
23.0
23.1
22.6
24.7
28.1
28.1
28.8
30.6
31.7
34.7
37.9
41.5
a
a
1970–2003
1993–2003
1.6%
6.0%
Intercity bus
energy use
(trillion Btu)
42.4
25.1
29.7
28.5
31.5
32.9
23.5
23.0
20.6
21.6
22.3
23.1
22.1
22.3
21.8
23.8
27.1
27.1
27.7
29.5
30.5
33.4
32.3
Number of
school buses
288,700
368,300
418,255
432,813
442,133
470,727
471,461
480,400
479,076
486,753
498,907
507,628
508,261
513,227
525,838
534,872
547,718
560,447
569,395
568,113
582,470
592,029
606,028
a
607,835
a
617,067
a
631,404
Average annual percentage change
a
2.4%
a
1.7%
School bus
energy use
(trillion Btu)
41.2
47.0
52.1
53.1
54.7
55.0
51.5
58.4
63.5
66.9
70.2
68.4
64.8
73.3
75.0
73.3
75.0
74.9
74.9
74.8
75.6
76.3
79.3
a
a
a
a
a
Sources:
Intercity bus data and school bus energy use - Eno Foundation for Transportation, Transportation in
America 2001, Nineteenth edition, Washington, DC, pp. 13 and 45. See Appendix A Energy Use
Sources for detailed methodology on energy use conversion.
(Additional resources: www.enotrans.com)
School buses - Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics 2003 Washington, DC, 2004, Table
MV-10, and annual. (Additional resources: www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi)
a
Data are not available.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
6–1
Chapter 6
Alternative Fuel and Advanced Technology
Vehicles and Characteristics
Summary Statistics from Tables in this Chapter
Source
Table 6.1
Table 6.4
Alternative fuel vehicles in use, 2004 estimates
LPG
CNG
E85a
Electric
M85
LNG
Number of alternative fuel refuel sites, 2005
LPG
CNG
Electric
Biodiesel
Hydrogen
Fuel type abbreviations are used throughout this chapter.
B20
= 20% biodiesel, 80% petroleum diesel
CNG = compressed natural gas
E85
= 85% ethanol, 15% gasoline
E95
= 95% ethanol, 5% gasoline
H2
= hydrogen
LNG = liquified natural gas
LPG = liquified petroleum gas
M85 = 85% methanol, 15% gasoline
M100 = 100% methanol
a
Does not include flex-fuel vehicles.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
547,904
194,389
143,742
146,195
55,852
4,592
3,134
5,164
2,995
787
588
304
14
6–2
Alternative Fuels
The Energy Policy Act of 1992 defines alternative fuels and allows the U.S. Department of
Energy (DOE) to add to the list of alternative fuels if the fuel is substantially nonpetroleum,
yields substantial energy security benefits, and offers substantial environmental benefits.
DOE currently recognizes the following as alternative fuels:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
methanol, ethanol, and other alcohols,
blends of 85% or more of alcohol with gasoline,
natural gas and liquid fuels domestically produced from natural gas,
liquefied petroleum gas (propane),
coal-derived liquid fuels
hydrogen and electricity
biodiesel,
P-series.
DOE has established the Alternative Fuels Data Center (AFDC) in support of its work aimed
at fulfilling the Alternative Motor Fuels Act (AMFA) directives. The AFDC is operated and
managed by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) in Golden, Colorado.
The purposes of the AFDC are:
•
to gather and analyze information on the fuel consumption, emissions, operation, and
durability of alternative fuel vehicles, and
•
to provide unbiased, accurate information on alternative fuels and alternative fuel
vehicles to government agencies, private industry, research institutions, and other
interested organizations.
Much of the AFDC data can be obtained through their web site: www.eere.energy.gov/afdc.
Several tables and graphs in this chapter contain statistics which were generated by the AFDC.
DOE is also sponsoring the National Alternative Fuels Hotline in order to assist the general
public and interested organizations in improving their understanding of alternative
transportation fuels. The Hotline can be by phone or on the Internet: 1-800-423-1DOE or
www.eere.energy.gov/afdc/tools/hotline.html.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
6–3
There are more LPG vehicles in use than any other alternative fuel vehicle. The population of
E85 vehicles, however, has grown the most since 1995. For details on alternative fuel use by fuel
type, see Table 2.3.
Table 6.1
Estimates of Alternative Fuel Vehicles in Use, 1995–2004
Fuel type
1995
1998
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004a
Average
annual
percentage
change
1995–2004
LPG
172,806
177,183
181,994
185,053
187,680
190,438
194,389
1.3%
CNG
50,218
78,782
100,750
111,851
120,839
132,988
143,742
12.4%
LNG
603
1,172
2,090
2,576
2,708
3,030
3,134
20.1%
M85
18,319
19,648
10,426
7,827
5,873
4,917
4,592
-14.3%
M100
E85b
E95
Electricity
Total
386
200
0
0
0
0
0
-100.0%
1,527
12,788
87,570
100,303
120,951
133,776
146,195
66.0%
136
14
4
0
0
0
0
-100.0%
2,860
5,243
11,830
17,847
33,047
45,656
55,852
13.0%
246,855
295,030
394,664
425,457
471,098
510,805
547,904
9.3%
Source:
U. S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Alternatives to Traditional Transportation
Fuels, 2003 Washington, DC, February 2004, web site
www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/alternate/page/datatables.html. (Additional resources: www.eia.doe.gov)
a
b
2004 data are based on plans or projections
Does not include flex-fuel vehicles.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
6–4
Nearly 73% of private alternative fuel vehicles are fueled by LPG and CNG. The Federal Government does
not own many LPG vehicles; its alternative fuel vehicle fleet is 25% CNG and 73% E85 vehicles in 2003.
Table 6.2
Estimates of Alternative Fuel Vehicles by Ownership, 2001 and 2003
State and local
government
Private
Federal Government
Fuel type
2001
2003
2001
2003
2001
2003
LPG
150,013
155,887
34,516
34,192
524
359
CNG
62,434
76,608
32,220
38,438
17,197
17,942
LNG
2,284
2,735
253
245
39
50
M85
4,010
2,456
3,741
2,391
76
70
0
0
0
0
0
0
E85
36,181
45,131
24,612
35,982
39,510
52,663
E95
0
0
0
0
0
0
12,292
36,315
4,942
8,083
613
1,258
267,214
319,132
100,284
119,331
57,959
72,342
M100
Electricity
Total
Source:
U. S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Alternatives to Traditional Transportation
Fuels, 2003, Washington, DC, February 2004, web site
www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/alternate/page/datatables.html. (Additional resources: www.eia.doe.gov)
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
6–5
Table 6.3
Alternative Fuel Vehicles Available by Manufacturer, Model Year 2005
Model
Fuel
Type
Daimler Chrysler: 1-800-999-FLEET; www.fleet.chrysler.com
Chrysler Sebring Sedan
E85 flex fuel
Mid-size sedan
Dodge Stratus Sedan
E85 flex fuel
Sedan
Dodge Ram Pickup 1500
E85 flex fuel
Light-duty pickup
Dodge Caravan
E85 flex fuel
Minivan
Dodge Grand Caravan
E85 flex fuel
Minivan
Ford: 1-800-34-FLEET; www.fleet.ford.com
Ford Taurus
E85 flex fuel
Mid-size sedan/wagon
Mercury Sable
E85 flex fuel
Sedan
Ford Explorer
E85 flex fuel
Sport utility vehicle
Mercury Mountaineer
E85 flex fuel
Sport utility vehicle
Ford Explorer Sport Trac
E85 flex-fuel
Sport utility vehicle
General Motors: 1-800-25Electric, 313-556-7723 or 1-888-GM-AFT-4U (CNG)
Chevy Silverado
CNG bi-fuel/CNG dedicated
Light-duty pickup
GMC Sierra
CNG bi-fuel/CNG dedicated
Light-duty pickup
Chevy Avalanche
E85 flex fuel
Sport utility vehicle
GMC Yukon
E85 flex-fuel
Sport utility vehicle
Chevrolet Tahoe
E85 flex-fuel
Sport utility vehicle
Chevrolet Suburban
E85 flex fuel
Sport utility vehicle
GMC Yukon/XL
E85 flex fuel
Sport utility vehicle
Chevrolet Silverado
E85 flex fuel
Light-duty pickup
GMC Sierra
E85 flex fuel
Light-duty pickup
Honda: 1-888-CCHonda; www.honda.com
Civic GX
CNG dedicated
Compact sedan
Mercedes-Benz USA: 1-800-367-6372; www.mbusa.com
C320
E85 flex fuel
Sedan
C240
E85 flex fuel
Sedan/wagon
Emission class
Tier II Bin 8
Tier II Bin 8
Tier II Bin 10A
Tier II Bin 9A
Tier II Bin 9A
ULEV
ULEV
ULEV
ULEV
ULEV
LEV/ULEV
LEV/ULEV
Tier II Bin 10
Tier II Bin 10
Tier II Bin 10
Tier II Bin 10
Tier II Bin 10
Tier II Bin 10
Tier II Bin 10
SULEV (Tier II Bin II)
LEV
LEV
Source:
U.S. Department of Energy, National Alternative Fuels Data Center, web site, www.eere.energy.gov/cleancities/afdc/pdfs/my2004_afvs.pdf,
May 2004. (Additional resources: www.afdc.nrel.gov)
Note: LEV=low emission vehicle. ILEV=inherently low emission vehicle. ULEV=ultra low emission vehicle. ZEV=zero emission vehicle.
TLEV=transitional low emission vehicle. SULEV=super ultra low emission vehicle. See Chapter 12 for details on emissions.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
6–6
This list includes public and private refuel sites; therefore, not all of these sites are available to the public.
Table 6.4
Number of Alternative Refuel Sites by State and Fuel Type, 2005
State
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
Dist. of Columbia
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
CNG
sites
1
0
31
4
181
21
11
1
1
27
20
0
8
14
11
0
3
0
12
0
16
9
14
3
0
6
2
1
16
0
18
8
33
9
4
13
54
16
40
6
5
0
6
29
63
1
15
20
2
20
12
E85
site
0
0
3
0
3
11
0
0
0
3
4
0
1
64
4
25
4
4
0
0
3
0
2
154
0
18
4
25
1
0
0
3
6
4
12
4
3
1
0
0
14
25
5
3
3
0
2
2
2
12
2
LPG
sites
79
12
67
62
260
72
19
3
0
111
55
6
28
83
42
35
52
36
25
12
19
28
94
40
42
106
31
24
25
19
14
60
47
69
16
77
78
36
75
4
40
22
59
674
27
12
28
70
8
59
33
Electric
sites
0
0
18
0
490
4
4
0
0
6
0
11
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
29
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
7
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
2
0
0
2
0
10
0
2
0
0
0
Biodiesel
sites
0
0
4
0
17
22
1
3
0
4
17
3
1
6
10
7
4
4
0
3
3
1
12
2
1
2
5
1
9
11
1
2
0
32
0
15
1
15
3
0
22
0
9
6
3
4
9
16
0
1
12
Hydrogen
sites
0
0
1
0
9
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
LNG
sites
0
0
6
0
30
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Totals by Fuel:
787
436
2995
588
304
14
40
Total
80
12
130
66
990
130
35
7
2
151
96
20
39
167
67
67
63
44
37
15
41
67
124
199
43
132
42
51
52
37
33
73
87
114
32
109
137
68
119
11
83
47
79
716
96
27
54
110
12
92
59
5164
Source:
U.S. Department of Energy, Alternative Fuels Data Center web site, ww.eere.energy/afdc/infrastructure/station_counts.html,
September 2005.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
6–7
Clean Cities is a locally-based government/industry partnership, coordinated by the U.S. Department
of Energy to expand the use of alternatives to gasoline and diesel fuel. By combining the decisionmaking with voluntary action by partners, the "grass-roots" approach of Clean Cities departs from
traditional "top-down" Federal programs.
Figure 6.1. Clean Cities Coalitions
Source:
U.S. Department of Energy, Alternative Fuel Data Center, February 2006. (Additional resources:
www.eere.energy.gov/cleancities)
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
6–8
Table 6.5
Specifications of Available Advanced Technology Vehicles
Current Production & Near Term Models in the U.S.
Manufacturer
Ford
Honda
Honda
Honda
Lexus
Toyota
Toyota
DaimlerChrysler
GM
GM Military Truck
Operations
Quantum
GM
Mercury
Alternate Energy
Corp./Feel Good
Cars
GM
Nissan
Toyota
Ford
GM
GM
GM/Daewoo
Lexus
Mazda
Mercury
Mercury
Opel
Saturn
Toyota
Model
Vehicle
Type
Technology
Type
Development
Stage
Escape
Accord
Civic
Insight
RX 400H
Highlander
Prius (2004)
Ram Pickup
Contractor Special
Silverado/Sierra
Silverado crew cab
SUV
Sedan
Sedan
Coupe
SUV
SUV
Sedan
Truck
full hybrid
hybrid
IMA hybrid
IMA hybrid
full hybrid
parallel/series hybrid
parallel/series hybrid
hybrid
Production
Production
Production
Production
Production
Production
Production
Limited Production
Truck
Truck
mild parallel hybrid
parallel hybrid
Limited Production–fleets
Demonstration
Prius 2004 (modified)
Graphyte
Meta One
Zenn
Sedan
SUV
Crossover
Urban low-speed
H2 ICE hybrid
full hybrid
diesel hybrid
Demonstration
Concept
Concept
Plans
Tahoe/Yukon
Altima
Camry
Fusion
Equinox
Malibu
S3X
GS450h
Tribute
Mariner
Milan
Astra
Vue
Sienna
SUV
Sedan
Sedan
Sedan
SUV
Sedan
SUV
Sedan
Sport wagon
SUV
Sedan
Sedan
SUV
Minivan
full hybrid
hybrid
hybrid
full hybrid
hybrid
hybrid
Plans
Plans
Plans
Announced plans
Announced plans
Announced plans
Announced plans
Announced plans
Announced plans
Announced plans
Announced plans
Announced plans
Announced plans
Announced plans
full hybrid
full hybrid
full hybrid
mild hybrid
Source:
U.S. Department of Energy, “Overview of Advanced Technology Transportation, 2005 Update,” DOE/GO102005-2117, August 2005. (Additional resources:
http://www.eere.energy.gov/vehiclesandfuels/avta/docs/ld_hev.xls)
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
6–9
FreedomCAR and Fuel Initiative
www.eere.energy.gov/hydrogenfuel
www.eere.energy.gov/vehiclesandfuels
www.eere.energy.gov/hydrogenandfuelcells
Freedom Cooperative Automotive Research (FreedomCAR) is a government-industry
partnership for the advancement of high-efficiency vehicles, focused on fuel cells and hydrogen
produced from renewable energy sources. The U.S. Department of Energy and the U.S. Council for
Automotive Research (composed of automakers Ford, General Motors, and DaimlerChrysler) began
this effort in January 2002 with the long-term goal of developing technologies for hydrogenpowered fuel cell cars and trucks that will require no foreign oil and emit no harmful pollutants or
greenhouse gases.
But, successful marketing of hydrogen cars may depend on the development of a hydrogen
infrastructure, like today’s petroleum infrastructure, at the same time automakers are perfecting
hydrogen vehicles. That means the creation of everything from hydrogen manufacturing plants, to
distribution and storage networks, to convenient hydrogen fueling stations.
The FreedomCAR and Hydrogen Fuel Initiative is aimed at coordinating the efforts of the
energy companies, automakers, utilities, state and local governments, foreign interests and other
appropriate players. By working on parallel tracks, developing the hydrogen vehicles and
infrastructure concurrently instead of consecutively, a decision to go forward with the
commercialization of hydrogen cars could be made as early as 2015, 15 years ahead of current
projections.
For additional information about the FreedomCAR and Hydrogen Fuel Initiative, visit the
websites listed above or call 1-800-DOE-3732.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
6–10
The relative efficiencies of seven different hydrogen production methods are summarized here as a
result of research done by Argonne National Laboratory. The study indicates that:
• Steam methane reforming is a very efficient and cost-effective way to manufacture hydrogen, but
there are issues with natural gas supply and carbon sequestration.
• Electrolysis is well understood but its overall efficiency depends largely on efficient electrical
generation.
• Thermochemical cycles have the potential to produce hydrogen from any high-temperature heat
source with high efficiency in very high volumes. New research into lower-temperature cycles
should increase the applicability of this method.
Table 6.6
Hydrogen Production Methods
Maximum process
temperature
(EC)
Overall
efficiency (%)
Status
Sulfur-iodine thermo-chemical cycle
850
45!49
Calculationa
Calcium-bromine thermo-chemical cycle
760
36!40
Pilot plantb
Copper-chlorine thermo-chemical cycle
500
41
Benchc
Electrolysis
90
20!30d
Commerciale
High-temperature electrolysis
900
40
Experimentf
Steam methane reforming (SMR)
900
77
Commerciale
SMR with CO2 sequestration
900
58
Calculationg
Method
Source:
Argonne National Laboratory (ANL), Meeting U.S. Transportation Needs in the Hydrogen Economy,
http://www.hydrogen.anl.gov/pdfs/meeting_transportation_needs.pdf, May 2003, and updates from ANL.
Note: The efficiency is the ratio of the energy value of the hydrogen produced to that of the heat used in the
process, except in the case of steam methane reforming, where it is the ratio of the energy of the hydrogen
produced to that of the methane consumed.
Calculated from laboratory experiments and thermodynamic data. A full-scale pilot plant has not yet been built.
A pilot plant has been constructed.
c
The efficiency calculation is based on thermodynamics.
d
Takes electricity generation efficiency into account.
e
Commercial Data.
f
Calculated from commercial electrolysis data and thermodynamic data. No pilot plant data are yet available.
g
Calculated from SMR commercial plant data and estimates of the energy required to sequester the CO2.
a
b
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
6–11
According to recent data compiled by Argonne National Laboratory, there are more than 200 hydrogen
production plants in existence today. Many of the plants that produce hydrogen are part of other
processes, like petroleum refining, ammonia production, and methanol production.
Table 6.7
U.S. Hydrogen Production Plants and Storage Terminals
Number of production plants
Number of storage terminals
Gaseous hydrogen
81
14
Liquid hydrogen
10
3
Gaseous and liquid hydrogen
Not applicable
3
Petroleum refineries
61
Not available
Ammonia producers
54
Not available
Methanol producers
15
4
221
24
Total
Source:
Mintz, Marianne, Argonne National Laboratory, September 2003.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
6–12
In 1999 (the latest year for which data are available) the U.S. accounted for about 20% of world
hydrogen consumption. Ammonia producers made up 61% of World hydrogen consumption, but only
38% of U.S. hydrogen consumption.
Table 6.8
U.S. and World Hydrogen Consumption by End-Use Category, 1999
United States
(trillion
cubic feet)
World total
(share)
(trillion
cubic feet)
(share)
U.S. share
of World
total
Captive users:
Ammonia producers
1.185
38%
9.662
61%
12%
Oil refinersa
1.164
37%
3.721
23%
31%
Methanol producers
0.303
10%
1.428
9%
21%
Other
0.121
4%
0.482
3%
25%
Merchant users
0.379
12%
0.570
4%
67%
Total
3.153
100%
15.864
100%
20%
Source:
SRI Consulting, Chemical Economics Handbook 2001, Menlo Park, CA, July 2001.
Note: Captive users consume hydrogen at the site where it is produced. Merchant users
consume hydrogen at sites other than where it is produced.
a
Excluding byproduct hydrogen.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
6–13
Table 6.9
U.S. Hydrogen Fueling Stations
(as of August 2005)
Location
Fuel
Project
Dates
Arizona
(mobile station)
Compressed H2
Ford Motor Company
2002
Phoenix,
Arizona
Compressed H2, CNG, &
H2/CNG blend
Arizona Public Service (Vehicle Testing Center – part of DOE Field
Operations Program)
Opened in 2001
Auburn,
California
Compressed H2
California Fuel Cell Partnership Station located at Pacific Gas & Electric
2004
service facility
Chino,
California
Compressed H2
Kia-Hyundai America Technical Center – partners include UTC Fuel
Cells, Hyundai and Chevron Texaco Technology Ventures
Opened Feb. 2005
Chula Vista,
California
(mobile station)
Compressed H2
City of Chula Vista
2003
Davis,
California
Compressed H2, CNG/H2
University of California, Davis Hydrogen Bus Technology Validation
Program, Toyota FCVs
In operation Jun. 2003
Diamond Bar,
California
Compressed H2
South Coast Air Quality Management headquarters
2004
Los Angeles,
California
Compressed H2
Los Angeles International Airport, Praxair, BP, DOE, SCAQMD
Oct. 2004
Oakland,
California
Compressed H2
Alameda-Contra Costa (AC) Transit, Chevron Texaco
Planned Aug. 2005
Oxnard,
California
Liquid H2
BMW North American Engineering and Emission Test Center
Opened Jul. 2001
Richmond, California Compressed H2
AC Transit facility
Opened Oct. 2002
Riverside, California
Compressed H2
University of California, Riverside, College of Engineering – Center for
Research and Technology with SCAQMD
1992 (1st of its kind)
Sacramento,
California
Liquid to Compressed H2,
MeOH
California Fuel Cell Partnership
BP, Shell, and Texaco helped in the design
Opened Nov. 2000
Thousand Palms,
California
Compressed H2
SunLine Transit Agency and Ballard P4 Bus Demo.
Opened Apr. 2000
Thousand Palms,
California
Compressed H2
Schatz Hydrogen Generation Center at SunLine Transit
Opened 1994; retro fit
in 2001-02
Torrance,
California
Compressed H2
American Honda Motors Co., Inc. Research and Development center
Opened Jul. 2001
Torrance,
California
Compressed H2
As part of Toyota’s efforts to establish California fuel cell
“communities” with the leasing of 6 FCHVs to 2 UC campuses, it plans
to open 5 more refueling stations in addition to this one.
Opened early 2003
Washington,
DC
LH2 & Compressed H2
General Motors Corp. and Shell Hydrogen
Opened Nov. 2004
Chicago,
Illinois
Liquid to Compressed H2 at
station
Chicago Transit Authority – Ballard Bus Demo.
3/98 – 02/ 2000
Crane,
Indiana
Compressed H2
Navy Refueler
Delivered in 2004
Ann Arbor, Michigan LH2 to Compressed H2
EPA’s National Vehicle and Fuel Emissions Laboratory (NVFEL),
DaimlerChysler, UPS
2004
Dearborn,
Michigan
Liquid H2 & Liquid to
Compressed H2 at Station
Ford Vehicle Refueling Station
Opened 1999
Milford,
Michigan
Compressed H2
GM and APCI
2004
Southfield,
Michigan
Compressed H2
DTE Energy, Stuart Energy Systems, BP, DaimlerChrysler
Oct. 2004
Compressed H2
Nevada Test Site Development Corp., DOE, Corporation for Solar
Technologies and Renewable Resources and City of Las Vegas
Opened Nov. 2002
Compressed H2
APCI and John Deere
2004
Compressed H2
DOE, APCI, Penn State
Fall 2004
Las Vegas,
Nevada
Charlotte,
North Carolina
Penn State,
Pennsylvania
Source:
Fuel Cells 2000, www.fuelcells.org/info/charts/h2fuelingstations.pdf.
Note: This list differs from the hydrogen station count on Table 6.4 because mobile stations, stations not yet completed, and
stations with no specific contact information are excluded from Table 6.4.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
6–14
The Department of Energy is currently developing systems which will store hydrogen on-board a light vehicle.
Below is a list of storage technologies and the advantages/disadvantages of each The DOE goals for on-board
hydrogen storage systems are listed at the bottom of the table.
Table 6.10
Hydrogen Storage Systems for On-Board Light Vehicles
Storage technology
Chemical hydride
Complex metal hydride
System status
1.6 kWh/kg, 1.4 kWh/L,
$8/kWh
0.8 kWh/kg, 0.6 kWh/L,
$16/kWh
Liquid hydrogen
2.0 kWh/kg, 1.6 kWh/L,
$6/kWh
10,000 psi compressed
hydrogen tanks
1.9 kWh/kg, 1.3 kWh/L,
$16/kWh
5,000 psi compressed
hydrogen tanks
2.1 kWh/kg, 0.8 kWh/L,
$12/kWh
Advantages/disadvantages
; Low pressure
: Low cost, energy-efficient regeneration
processes have not been developed
: By-product removal
; Low pressure
; Reversible H2 uptake and release
: Insufficient storage capacity at practical
temperature and pressure
; Lowest capital cost
; Highest gravimetric and volumetric capacities
: Most energy intensive
: Boil-off requires venting, and presents an energy
penalty and a potential safety hazard
; Near-term solution to hydrogen storage
; Most energy efficient method to densify H2
: High pressure
: Cost is high due to high pressure containment
materials
Department of Energy 2010 and 2015 System Goalsa
Year 2010
• 2.0 kWh/kg (6 wt%)
• 1.5 kWh/L
• $4/k Wh
Year 2015
• 3.0 kWh/kg (9 wt%)
• 2.7 kWh/L
• $2/kWh
Source:
U.S. Department of Energy, Hydrogen, Fuel Cells & Infrastructure Technologies Program, 2003.
Goals apply to all storage technologies and are for the complete system including storage material, packaging,
regulators, valves, and any thermal management or other ancillary equipment; cost goals and status are based on high-volume
production.
a
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
6–15
Table 6.11
Properties of Conventional and Alternative Fuels
Property
Chemical formula
Physical state
Gasoline
C4 to C12
Liquid
No. 2 diesel
C3 to C25
Liquid
Methanol
CH3OH
Liquid
Ethanol
C2H5OH
Liquid
Molecular weight
100–105
.200
32.04
46.07
85–88
12–15
0
84–87
33–16
0
Main fuel source(s)
Crude oil
Crude oil
Specific gravity (60< F/ 60< F)
Density (lb/gal @ 60< F)
Boiling temperature (F<)
Freezing point (F<)
0.72–0.78
6.0–6.5
80–437
-40
0.81–0.89
6.7–7.4
370–650
-40–30
37.5
12.6
49.9
Natural gas, coal, or
woody biomass
0.796
6.63
149
-143.5
52.2
13.1
34.7
Corn, grains, or
agricultural waste
0.796
6.61
172
-173.2
Autoiginition temperature (F<)
495
.600
867
793
Reid vapor pressure (psi)
8–15
0.2
4.6
2.3
Composition (weight %)
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Property
Chemical formula
Physical state
Molecular weight
Composition (weight %)
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Main fuel source
Specific gravity (60< F/ 60< F)
Density (lb/gal @ 60< F)
Boiling temperature (F<)
Freezing point (F<)
Autoiginition temperature (F<)
Reid vapor pressure (psi)
Propane
C3H8
CNG
CH4
Compressed gas
Compressed gas
44.1
16.04
82
18
n/a
75
25
n/a
Hydrogen
H2
Compressed gas or
liquid
2.02
0
100
0
Natural gas, methanol,
Underground reserves Underground reserves
and other energy
sources
0.508
0.424
0.07
4.22
1.07
n/a
-44
-259
-423
-305.8
-296
-435
850–950
1,004
1,050–1,080
208
2,400
n/a
Source:
Alternative Fuels Data Center, “Properties of Fuel,” www.afdc.doe.gov/pdfs/fueltable.pdf and “Fuel
Comparison,” www.afdc.doe.gov/fuel_comp.html, August 2005.
Note: n/a = not applicable.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
6–16
There are many types of fuel cells which can be used in many different applications. The Proton
Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFCs) are the best candidates for transportation-related
applications, such as cars, trucks, buses and small portable devices, due to their relatively low operating
temperatures and their ability to vary their output to meet changing power demands.
Table 6.12
Fuel Cell Type Comparison
Electrolyte
Operating
Temperature Efficiency
Electrical
Power
Possible
Applications
Alkaline
Potassium Hydroxide
60 - 90EC
45 - 60%
Up to 20 kW Submarines, spacecraft
Direct
Methanol
Polymer Membrane
60 - 130EC
40%
< 10 kW
Portable applications
Molten
Carbonate
Immobilized Liquid
Molten Carbonate
650EC
45 - 60%
> 1 MW
Power stations
Phosphoric
Acid
Immobilized Liquid
Phosphoric Acid
200EC
35 - 40%
> 50 kW
Power stations
Proton
Exchange
Membrane
Ion Exchange
Membrane
80EC
40 - 60%
Up to 250 kW
Vehicles, small
stationary
Solid Oxide
Ceramic
1,000EC
50 - 65%
>200 kW
Power stations
Source:
Fuel Cell Today, http://www.fuelcelltoday.com .
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
7–1
Chapter 7
Fleet Vehicles and Characteristics
Summary Statistics from Tables/Figures in this Chapter
Source
Figure 7.1
Fleet cars, 2004
4,334,000
Figure 7.1
Fleet trucks # 19,500 lbs. GVW, 2004
4,581,000
Table 7.4
Average annual miles per business fleet vehicle
Figure 7.2
Table 7.5
Intermediate cars
24,192
Pick up trucks
26,472
SUVs
25,584
Average annual miles per Federal Government
fleet vehicle
Cars
11,911
4x4 trucks
14,344
Heavy trucks
14,716
Federal government vehicles, FY 2003
Cars
Buses
Light trucks (<8,500 lbs. GVW)
599,851
112,483
7,493
365,146
Medium trucks (8,500–26,000 lbs. GVW)
92,405
Heavy trucks (>26,000 lbs. GVW)
22,324
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
7–2
Vehicles in fleets of 15 or more are counted as fleet vehicles, as well as vehicles in fleets where five or more
vehicles are purchased annually. Historical data on fleets is not available due to definitional changes of what
constitutes a fleet.
Figure 7.1. Fleet Vehicles in Service as of February 1, 2004
Source:
Bobit Publishing Company, Automotive Fleet Research Department, Automotive Fleet Factbook 2004,
Redondo Beach, CA, 2005. (Additional resources: www.fleet-central.com)
Taxi category includes vans.
Rental category includes vans and sports utility vehicles under cars, not trucks.
c
Fleets of 15 or more in operation or 5 or more fleet vehicles purchased annually.
a
b
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
7–3
According to these estimates of light fleet vehicle population, commercial and government fleets have a greater
share of light trucks in their light vehicle population than rental fleets do. This is also reflected in the new vehicle
purchases.
Table 7.1
Light Vehicles in Fleets of 15 or More, 2003
Cars
23.0
45.7
28.7
49.5
32.7
Commercial
Rental
Government
Other
Total
Total
4,039,000
3,329,000
4,942,000
939,000
13,249,000
Trucksa
77.0
54.3
71.3
50.5
67.3
Source:
Bobit Publishing Company, Automotive Fleet Factbook 2004, pp. 12-13.
Table 7.2
New Light Fleet Vehicle Purchases by Vehicle Type, 2003
Cars
Pickups
Vans
Sport utility vehicles
Medium trucks
Total
Commercial
31.7%
24.8%
20.1%
15.0%
8.3%
868,321
Rental
69.5%
3.6%
14.5%
14.8%
0.8%
2,901,003
Government
39.0%
24.3%
14.5%
9.3%
13.0%
319,164
Source:
Bobit Publishing Company, Automotive Fleet Factbook 2004, pp. 30-46.
a
Trucks <19,501 lbs. gross vehicle weight.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
Total
56.7%
11.1%
13.9%
14.3%
3.9%
4,088,488
7–4
The average length of service for an intermediate size fleet car is 33 months. Of the light vehicle types,
full-size vans have the longest average months in service.
Table 7.3
Average Length of Time Business Fleet
Vehicles are in Service, 2003
Vehicle type
Average months
in service
Compact cars
30
Intermediate cars
33
Pickup trucks
48
Minivans
38
Sport utility vehicles
31
Full-size vans
57
Source:
Bobit Publishing Company, Automotive Fleet
Factbook 2004, pp. 50-56. (Additional
resources: www.fleet-central.com)
Note: Based on data collected from four leading
Fleet Management companies.
Table 7.4
Average Annual Vehicle-Miles of Travel
for Business Fleet Vehicles, 2003
Business fleet vehicles
Compact cars
Intermediate cars
Pickup trucks
Minivans
SUVs
Full-size vans
Average annual miles of travel
22,836
24,192
26,472
25,812
25,584
21,972
Source:
Bobit Publishing Company, Automotive Fleet Factbook 2004, pp. 50-56.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
7–5
These data, which apply to domestic Federal fleet vehicles, indicate that heavy trucks have the highest
average annual miles per vehicle, followed closely by 4x4 trucks. There is nearly a 9,000-mile difference
in the average for 4x2 light trucks as opposed to 4x4 light trucks.
Figure 7.2. Average Miles per Domestic Federal Vehicle by Vehicle Type, 2003
Source:
U.S. General Services Administrations, Federal Vehicle Policy Division, FY 2003 Federal Fleet
Report, Washington, DC, October 2004, Table 5. (Additional resources: www.gsa.gov/vehiclepolicy)
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
7–6
Table 7.5
Federal Government Vehicles by Agency, Fiscal Year 2003a
Department or Agency
DOMESTIC
Department of Agriculture
Department of Commerce
Department of Energy
Department of Health and Human Services
Department of Housing and Urban Development
Department of Justice
Department of State
Department of the Interior
Department of Transportation
Department of Treasury
Department of Veterans Affairs
Environmental Protection Agency
Federal Communications Commission
Federal Emergency Management Agency
General Services Administration
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
National Science Foundation
Smithsonian Institution
Tennessee Valley Authority
All Other Agencies
DOMESTIC CIVILIAN AGENCIES
Corps of Engineers, Civil Works
Defense Agencies
Department of Air Force
Department of Army
Department of Navy
United States Marine Corps
DOMESTIC MILITARY AGENCIES
U.S. POSTAL SERVICE
TOTAL DOMESTIC FLEETS
FOREIGN
American Battle Monuments Commission
Broadcasting Board of Governors
Defense Contract Management Agency
Defense Logistics Agency
Department of Agriculture
Department of Commerce
Department of Justice
Department of State
Department of the Interior
Department of Transportation
Department of Treasury
Department of Veterans Affairs
General Services Administration
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Peace Corps
U.S. Agency for International Development
FOREIGN CIVILIAN AGENCIES:
Department of Air Force
Department of Army
Department of Navy
United States Marine Corps
FOREIGN MILITARY AGENCIES
TOTAL FOREIGN FLEETS
GRAND TOTAL OF ALL FLEETS
Cars
Buses
Light
trucksb
Medium
trucksc
Heavy
trucksd
Total
2,671
102
325
285
113
21,311
163
1,333
123
11,829
174
29
45
24
52,978
98
32
29
671
48
92,383
0
2,009
648
766
1,584
146
5,153
8,336
105,872
75
1
142
5
0
457
3
137
2
16
134
13
0
7
3,490
60
9
9
0
4
4,564
0
0
886
97
226
204
1,413
4
5,981
24,023
209
2,085
307
47
15,462
136
11,010
408
6,136
1,201
139
77
204
71,438
379
150
350
1,186
126
135,073
81
136
8,084
4,925
10,833
632
24,691
185,963
345,727
4,704
70
500
74
0
6,563
67
5,547
411
110
453
42
0
62
35,146
262
39
27
917
48
55,042
122
29
9,685
1,188
5,475
580
17,079
10,479
82,600
179
15
571
1
0
322
41
2,236
85
5
168
8
0
211
5,954
128
45
14
340
11
10,334
172
10
1,426
600
1,698
875
4,781
4,870
19,985
31,652
397
3,623
672
160
44,115
410
20,263
1,029
18,096
2,130
231
122
508
169,006
927
275
429
3,114
237
297,396
375
2,184
20,729
7,576
19,816
2,437
53,117
209,652
560,165
30
23
46
55
23
85
416
1,451
3
2
29
0
2,185
21
13
98
4,480
633
808
514
176
2,131
6,611
112,483
0
14
0
0
0
0
0
18
0
0
0
0
208
0
5
13
258
558
325
204
167
1,254
1,512
7,493
36
80
48
122
160
121
639
2,218
1
6
32
37
3,825
26
540
660
8,551
4,354
2,785
2,961
768
10,868
19,419
365,146
2
37
1
41
1
0
203
2,583
0
9
0
0
793
2
0
66
3,738
4,600
462
783
222
6,067
9,805
92,405
0
16
0
0
1
0
1
95
0
1
0
0
306
2
0
23
445
1,006
432
407
49
1,894
2,339
22,324
68
170
95
218
185
206
1,259
6,365
4
18
61
37
7,317
51
558
860
17,472
11,151
4,812
4,869
1,382
22,214
39,686
599,851
Source:
U.S. General Services Administration, Federal Supply Service, FY 2003 Federal Fleet Report, Washington, DC, 2004, Table 14.
(Additional resources: policyworks.gov/org/main/mt/homepage/mtv/mtvhp.htm)
Federally-owned and commercially-leased domestic vehicles.
Less than 8,500 pounds GVWR. Includes ambulances.
c
8,501–23,999 pounds GVWR.
d
24,000 pounds or more GVWR.
a
b
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
7–7
Table 7.6
Federal Fleet Vehicle Acquisitions
by Fuel Type, FY 1998–2003
Gasoline
Diesela
Natural gas
Ethanol/E-85
Electricity
Other
Methanol/M-85
LPG
Hydrogen
Total
FY98
48,338
2,503
1,139
3,015
36
0
104
91
0
55,226
FY99
54,625
3,100
1,836
3,886
11
107
33
33
0
63,636
FY00
38,561
1,700
1,469
5,615
620
0
10
63
0
48,038
FY01
18,886
2,569
371
1,466
8
0
3
22
0
23,325
FY02
44,289
7,199
1,263
8,054
6
0
25
55
0
60,891
FY03
42,268
5,054
1,218
19,626
28
0
0
49
0
68,243
Source:
U.S. General Services Administrations, Federal Vehicle Policy Division, FY 2003 Federal Fleet
Report, Washington, DC, 2004, Chart 16. (Additional resources: www.gsa.gov/vehiclepolicy)
Table 7.7
Fuel Consumed by Federal Government Fleets, FY 1998–2003b
(thousand gasoline equivalent gallons)
Gasoline
Diesel
CNG
Electricity
Biodiesel
Methanol/M-85
LPG
Ethanol/E-85
LNG
Other
Total
FY98
251,478
55,188
5,510
63
11
232
43
3,708
0
195
316,428
FY99
275,879
63,942
4,019
25
128
13
26
130
1
2,143
346,306
FY00
284,480
70,181
865
1
569
14
34
347
0
0
356,491
FY01
281,791
70,761
2,387
35
1,315
5
102
5,900
0
0
362,296
FY02
276,859
62,450
1,735
56
2,252
4
108
4,673
0
0
348,137
FY03
294,250
65,410
598
19
3,753
3
104
1,592
0
0
365,729
Source:
U.S. General Services Administrations, Federal Vehicle Policy Division, FY 2003 Federal Fleet Report,
Washington, DC, 2004, Charts 8 and 9. (Additional resources: www.gsa.gov/vehiclepolicy)
a
Because biodiesel is used in conventional diesel engines, vehicles using biodiesel are not shown
separately from diesel vehicles.
b
Due to difficulties with the collection of alternative fuel use data, these data may not be a true indicator
of alternative fuel use.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
8–1
Chapter 8
Household Vehicles and Characteristics
Summary Statistics from Tables/Figures in this Chapter
Source
Table 8.2
Vehicles per capita, 2003
Table 8.3
Average household transportation expense, 2003
Table 8.4
Share of households owning 3 or more vehicles
0.777
18.8%
1960
2.5%
1970
5.5%
1980
17.5%
1990
17.3%
2000
18.3%
Table 8.5
Vehicles per licensed driver, 2001
Figure 8.1
Average occupancy rates by vehicle type, 2001
1.06
Pickup Truck
1.46
Car
1.58
Sports Utility
1.74
Van
2.20
Table 8.12
Average annual miles per household vehicle, 2001
11,100
Table 8.13
Share of workers who car pooled, 2000
11.2%
Table 8.16
Long-distance trips in the U.S., 2001
Person-trips
2,554 million
Person-miles
1,138 billion
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
8–2
Vehicle-miles are growing at a faster rate than vehicles and more than twice the rate of population. See Table
8.2 for vehicles per capita and vehicle-miles per capita.
Table 8.1
Population and Vehicle Profile, 1950–2003
Year
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
Resident
populationa
(thousands)
151,868
165,069
179,979
193,526
203,984
215,465
227,225
237,924
240,133
242,289
244,499
246,819
249,623
252,981
256,514
259,916
263,126
266,278
269,394
272,647
275,854
279,040
282,178
285,094
287,974
290,810
Total
households
(thousands)
43,554
47,874
52,799
57,251
63,401
71,120
80,776
86,789
88,458
89,479
91,061
92,830
93,347
94,312
95,689
96,391
97,107
98,990
99,627
101,018
102,528
103,874
104,705
108,209
109,297
111,278
1950–2003
1993–2003
1.2%
1.1%
1.8%
1.4%
Number of
Number of
licensed
Total
vehicles in
drivers
vehicle-miles
operation
(thousands)
(millions)
(thousands)
43,256
458,246
62,194
55,804
605,646
74,686
66,582
718,762
87,253
82,067
887,812
98,502
98,136
1,109,724
111,543
120,054
1,327,664
129,791
139,832
1,527,295
145,295
157,048
1,774,826
156,868
162,094
1,834,872
159,487
167,193
1,921,204
161,975
171,741
2,025,962
162,853
175,960
2,096,487
165,555
179,299
2,144,362
167,015
181,438
2,172,050
168,995
181,519
2,247,151
173,125
186,315
2,296,378
173,149
188,714
2,357,588
175,403
193,441
2,422,696
176,628
198,294
2,485,848
179,539
201,071
2,561,695
182,709
205,043
2,631,522
184,980
209,509
2,691,056
187,170
213,300
2,746,925
190,625
216,683
2,797,287
191,276
221,027
2,855,508
194,296
226,062
2,890,893
196,166
Average annual percentage change
3.2%
3.5%
2.2%
2.0%
2.3%
1.3%
Number of
civilian
employed
persons
(thousands)
58,918
62,170
65,778
71,088
78,678
85,846
99,303
107,150
109,597
112,440
114,968
117,342
118,793
117,718
118,492
120,259
123,060
124,900
126,708
129,558
131,463
133,488
136,891
136,933
136,485
137,736
1.6%
1.4%
Sources:
Resident population and civilian employed persons - U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Statistical Abstract of
the United States–2003, 124th edition, Washington, DC, 2004, pp. 8, 50, 371, and annual. (Additional resources:
www.census.gov)
Vehicles in operation - The Polk Company. FURTHER REPRODUCTION PROHIBITED. (Additional resources: www.polk.com)
Licensed drivers and vehicle-miles - U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics 2003,
Tables DL-20 and VM-1, and annual. (Additional resources: www.fhwa.dot.gov)
a
Estimates as of July 1. Includes Armed Forces in the United States.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
8–3
Vehicle-miles per capita have nearly reached 10,000 miles. There were 1.64 vehicles for every employed civilian
in the U.S. in 2003.
Table 8.2
Vehicles and Vehicle-Miles per Capita, 1950–2003a
Year
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
Vehicles per
Vehicles per
Vehicle-miles
civilian employed
capita
per capita
persons
0.285
3,029
0.73
0.338
3,656
0.90
0.370
3,994
1.01
0.424
4,587
1.15
0.481
5,440
1.25
0.557
6,162
1.40
0.615
6,722
1.41
0.660
7,460
1.47
0.675
7,641
1.48
0.690
7,929
1.49
0.702
8,286
1.49
0.713
8,494
1.50
0.718
8,590
1.51
0.717
8,586
1.54
0.708
8,760
1.53
0.717
8,835
1.55
0.717
8,960
1.53
0.726
9,098
1.55
0.736
9,228
1.56
0.737
9,396
1.55
0.743
9,540
1.56
0.751
9,644
1.57
0.756
9,735
1.56
0.760
9,812
1.58
0.768
9,916
1.62
0.777
9,941
1.64
Average annual percentage change
1.9%
2.3%
1.5%
0.8%
1.2%
0.6%
1950–2003
1993–2003
Sources:
Resident population and civilian employed persons - U.S. Department of Commerce,
Bureau of the Census, Statistical Abstract of the United States–2003, 124th
edition, Washington, DC, 2004, pp. 8, 371, and annual.
(Additional resources: www.census.gov)
Vehicles in operation - The Polk Company. FURTHER REPRODUCTION
PROHIBITED. (Additional resources: www.polk.com)
Vehicle-miles - U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration,
Highway Statistics 2003, Table VM-1 and annual. (Additional resources:
www.fhwa.dot.gov)
a
Includes all vehicles (light and heavy).
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
8–4
Transportation (18.8%) is second only to housing (31.9%) as the largest expenditure for the average household.
In 2003, approximately 17.0% of transportation expenditures were for purchasing gasoline and motor oil. There
is an average of two vehicles per household.
Table 8.3
Average Annual Expenditures of Households by Income, 2003a
Income before taxes
Total expenditures
All
households
Less than
$5,000
$5,000–
$9999
$10,000–
$14999
$15,000–
$19,999
$42,742
$19,272
$16,013
$20,061
$23,715
Percentage of total expenditures
b
Food
13.1%
17.8%
17.2%
17.1%
15.7%
Housing
31.9%
36.0%
38.4%
37.2%
36.1%
4.1%
5.5%
4.8%
4.5%
4.5%
18.8%
15.8%
14.5%
15.6%
17.0%
Vehicle purchases (net outlay)
9.1%
6.7%
5.9%
7.0%
6.7%
Gasoline and motor oil
3.2%
3.4%
3.3%
3.3%
3.8%
Other vehicle expenditures
5.7%
4.8%
4.4%
4.7%
5.7%
Public transportation
0.9%
1.0%
1.0%
0.6%
0.8%
Health care
5.8%
5.2%
7.8%
9.1%
8.5%
Entertainment
5.0%
4.1%
3.8%
3.6%
4.0%
11.0%
1.8%
2.1%
2.8%
4.4%
9.1%
12.4%
10.4%
9.3%
8.8%
c
Apparel and services
Transportation
Personal Insurance & pensions
Others
d
Households (thousands)
97,391
Percentage of households
100%
e
Average number of vehicles in HH
2.0
4,398
7,155
8,145
7,402
4.5%
7.3%
8.3%
7.6%
0.9
0.8
1.1
1.4
Source:
U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, web site:
www.bls.gov/pub/special.requests/ce/share/2003/income.txt , April 2005. (Additional resources: www.bls.gov)
Public assistance monies are included in reported income. Data for those reporting income.
Percentages may not sum to totals due to rounding.
c
Includes alcoholic beverages.
d
Includes personal care, reading, education, tobacco and smoking supplies, cash contributions, and
miscellaneous items.
e
The term household refers to a “consumer unit,” which is defined differently than households on Table 8.1
a
b
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
8–5
Table 8.3 (Continued)
Average Annual Expenditures of Households by Income, 2003a
Income before taxes
Total expenditures
$20,000$29,999
$30,000$39,999
$40,000$49,999
$50,000$69,999
$70,000
and over
$29,034
$34,931
$39,757
$49,789
$77,521
Percentage of total expenditures
b
Food
14.9%
14.3%
13.8%
13.1%
11.3%
Housing
33.8%
32.2%
32.0%
30.3%
30.6%
3.8%
4.3%
3.8%
4.0%
4.0%
19.3%
20.0%
20.0%
21.4%
18.1%
Vehicle purchases (net outlay)
9.0%
9.3%
9.3%
10.9%
9.0%
Gasoline and motor oil
3.6%
3.7%
3.8%
3.4%
2.6%
Other vehicle expenditures
5.8%
6.1%
6.3%
6.2%
5.4%
Public transportation
0.9%
0.7%
0.7%
0.9%
1.1%
Health care
7.9%
7.0%
6.6%
5.6%
4.4%
Entertainment
5.2%
5.0%
4.8%
4.7%
5.5%
Personal Insurance & pensions
5.6%
8.0%
9.8%
11.6%
15.1%
Others
8.5%
8.3%
8.0%
8.1%
9.8%
c
Apparel and services
Transportation
d
Households (thousands)
13,182
Percentage of households
13.5%
e
Average number of vehicles in HH
1.6
10,759
11.0%
2.0
8,891
9.1%
2.2
13,890
23,567
14.2%
24.1%
2.5
2.8
Source:
U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, web site:
www.bls.gov/pub/special.requests/ce/share/2003/income.txt , April 2005. (Additional resources: www.bls.gov)
Public assistance monies are included in reported income. Data for those reporting income.
Percentages may not sum to totals due to rounding.
c
Includes alcoholic beverages.
d
Includes personal care, reading, education, tobacco and smoking supplies, cash contributions, and
miscellaneous items.
e
The term household refers to a “consumer unit,” which is defined differently than households on Table 8.1
a
b
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
8–6
Household vehicle ownership shows a dramatic increase from 1960 to 1990. In 1960, nearly 79% of
households owned less than two vehicles; by 1990, it declined to 45%. Census data prior to 1990 indicated
that the majority of households owned one vehicle; in 1990 that changed to two vehicles.
Table 8.4
Household Vehicle Ownership, 1960–2000 Census
(percentage)
No
vehicles
One
vehicle
Two
vehicles
Three or
more
vehicles
Total
vehiclesa
1960
21.53%
56.94%
19.00%
2.53%
54,766,718
1970
17.47%
47.71%
29.32%
5.51%
79,002,052
1980
12.92%
35.53%
34.02%
17.52%
129,747,911
1990
11.53%
33.74%
37.35%
17.33%
152,380,479
2000
9.35%
33.79%
38.55%
18.31%
179,417,526
Source:
U. S. Department of Transportation, Volpe National Transportation Systems Center, Journey-toWork Trends in the United States and its Major Metropolitan Area, 1960–1990, Cambridge,
MA, 1994, p. 2-2.
2000 data - U.S. Bureau of the Census, American Fact Finder, factfinder.census.gov, Table QT04, August 2001. (Additional resources: www.census.gov)
Estimates using Census Bureau data; these data on the total number of vehicles do not match the
figures on Table 8.1. The figures on Table 8.1, from R.L. Polk and Company, are the preferred data.
a
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
8–7
2001 National Household Travel Survey Daily Trip Data
The Department of Transportation (DOT) colleted data on daily trips in 1969, 1977, 1983, 1990 and
1995 via the Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey (NPTS). Data on longer trips were collected in
1977 and 1995 via the American Travel Survey (ATS). For 2001, the DOT combined the collection of
long trip and daily trip data into one survey – the 2001 National Travel Household Travel Survey
(NHTS).
The NHTS is the nation’s inventory of daily and long-distance travel. The survey includes
demographic characteristics of households, people, vehicles, and detailed information on daily and
longer-distance travel for all purposes by all modes. NHTS survey data are collected from a sample of
U.S. households and expanded to provide national estimates of trips and miles by travel mode, trip
purpose, and a host of household attributes.
The NHTS was designed to continue the NPTS and ATS series, but as with all data surveys, caution
should be used when comparing statistics from one survey to another due to changes in terminology,
survey procedures, and target population. The 2001 survey collected data on trips of children under 5
years of age, while the previous NPTS did not. Improved methodologies first used in the collection of
trip information in the 1995 NPTS make it impossible to compare these data with past NPTS survey
data. Thus, the 1990 NPTS trip data have been adjusted to make it comparable with the later surveys.
Version 1 of the NHTS data containing the daily trip data were released in January 2003. The final
daily trip data were released in January 2004. All tables have been updated to include the final data and
are available at the Internet site: nhts.ornl.gov.
Table 8.5
Demographic Statistics from the 1969, 1977, 1983, 1990, 1995 NPTS and 2001 NHTS
1969
1977
1983
1990
1995
2001
Percent
change
1969–2001
Persons per household
3.16
2.83
2.69
2.56
2.63
2.58
-18%
Vehicles per household
1.16
1.59
1.68
1.77
1.78
1.89
63%
Workers per household
1.21
1.23
1.21
1.27
1.33
1.35
12%
Licensed drivers per household
1.65
1.69
1.72
1.75
1.78
1.77
7%
Vehicles per worker
0.96
1.29
1.39
1.40
1.34
1.39
45%
Vehicles per licensed driver
0.70
0.94
0.98
1.01
1.00
1.06
52%
Average vehicle trip length (miles)
8.89
8.34
7.90
8.98
9.06
9.87
11%
Sources:
U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, 1990 Nationwide Personal Transportation
Survey: Summary of Travel Trends, FHWA-PL-92-027, Washington, DC, March 1992, Table 2. Data for
1995 and 2001 were generated from the Internet sites www-cta.ornl.gov/npts, and nhts.ornl.gov.
(Additional resources: www.fhwa.dot.gov)
Note: Average vehicle trip length for 1990 and 1995 is calculated using only those records with trip mileage
information present. The 1969 survey does not include pickups and other light trucks as household vehicles.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
8–8
Due to methodology improvements in collecting trip information, the 2001 and 1995 data
should be compared only to the 1990 adjusted data. The original 1990 data are
comparable to all previous surveys; however, comparisons should always be made with
caution because of differing survey methodologies.
Table 8.6
Average Annual Vehicle-Miles, Vehicle Trips and
Trip Length per Household
1969, 1977, 1983, 1990, 1995 NPTS and 2001 NHTS
All trips
Journey-to-worka
Average annual vehicle-miles per household
1969
4,183
12,423
1977
3,815
12,036
1983
3,538
11,739
1990 original
4,853
15,100
1990 adjusted
4,853
18,161
1995
6,492
20,895
2001
5,724
21,171
Average annual vehicle trips per household
1969
445
1,396
1977
423
1,442
1983
414
1,486
1990 original
448
1,702
1990 adjusted
448
2,077
1995
553
2,321
2001
479
2,171
Average vehicle trip length (miles)
1969
9.4
8.9
1977
9.0
8.4
1983
8.5
7.9
1990 original
11.0
9.0
1990 adjusted
11.0
8.9
1995
11.8
9.1
2001
12.2
9.9
Sources:
U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, 1990 Nationwide
Personal Transportation Survey: Summary of Travel Trends, FHWA-PL-92-027,
Washington, DC, March 1992, Table 7. Data for 1995 were generated from the Internet
site www-cta.ornl.gov/npts. 1990 adjusted data - Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak
Ridge, TN, August 1998. 2001 NHTS data were generated from the Internet site
nhts.ornl.gov. (Additional resources: www.fhwa.dot.gov, www-cta.ornl.gov/npts)
It is believed that the methodology changes in the 1995 NPTS did not affect journey-towork trips; therefore, no adjustment is necessary.
a
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
8–9
In 2001 vehicle-miles traveled (vmt) for a three-person household is over 28,000 miles. The number of
drivers in a household makes a big difference in vmt, as does the presence of children in the household.
Households with children have 74% more vmt than households without children.
Table 8.7
Average Number of Vehicles and Vehicle Travel per Household,
1990 NPTS and 2001 NHTS
Average
number of vehicles
per household
Average
vehicle-miles traveled
per household
1990
2001
1990
2001
1
1.5
1.2
15,200
9,700
2
2.1
2.2
22,900
25,800
3
2.9
3.0
29,400
37,900
4 or more
3.8
3.8
40,500
47,200
1 person
1.2
1.0
11,400
7,500
2 persons
1.9
2.0
19,300
21,200
3 persons
2.2
2.3
23,700
28,400
4 persons
2.4
2.4
25,300
28,600
5 persons
2.4
2.4
24,900
33,200
6 or more persons
2.7
2.5
29,200
33,800
Urban
1.9
1.8
19,000
19,300
Rural
2.1
2.3
22,200
28,400
With children
2.2
2.2
24,100
28,300
Without children
1.8
1.7
17,600
16,700
All households
1.8
1.9
18,300
21,200
Number of Licenced
Drivers
Household size
Household urban status
Household composition
Source:
Generated from the Department of Transportation, Federal Highway
Administration, Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey Public Use Files,
Washington, DC, 2000 and the National Household Travel Survey Internet
site: nhts.ornl.gov. (Additional resources: www-cta.ornl.gov/npts)
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
8–10
Table 8.8
Trip Statistics by Trip Purpose, 2001 NHTS
Share of
trips
Trip Purpose
To/from work
Share of
vehicle-miles
traveled
Trip length
(miles)
Trip duration
(minutes)
22.1%
27.0%
12.1
22.3
4.1%
8.4%
20.3
30.9
Shopping
21.1%
14.5%
6.7
14.4
Other family/personal business
24.7%
18.7%
7.5
15.2
School/church
4.9%
3.7%
7.5
15.8
Medical/dental
2.2%
2.2%
9.9
20.7
Vacation
0.4%
1.8%
47.4
59.6
Visit friends/relatives
6.3%
9.4%
14.9
24.4
13.7%
13.2%
9.6
18.2
0.5%
1.0%
18.1
31.4
99.9%
100.0%
9.9
18.7
Work-related business
Other social/recreational
Other
All
Source:
Generated from the National Household Travel Survey Internet site: nhts.ornl.gov.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
8–11
While car occupancy declined slightly from 1995 to 2001, all other vehicle types showed increased occupancy.
Vans and sport utility vehicles have higher vehicle occupancies than cars.
Figure 8.1 Average Vehicle Occupancy by Vehicle Type, 1995 NPTS and 2001 NHTS
Sources:
U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, 1995 Nationwide Personal
Transportation Survey, Washington, DC, 1997, and 2001 National Household Travel Survey,
Washington, DC, 2004. (Additional resources: www.fhwa.dot.gov, www-cta.ornl.gov/npts,
nhts.ornl.gov)
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
8–12
The average vehicle occupancy, calculated as person-miles per vehicle-mile, is highest for social and recreational
purposes. The highest vehicle occupancy levels for all purposes were in 1977. The increase in number of vehicles
per household and the decrease in average household size could have contributed to the decline since then.
Figure 8.2. Average Vehicle Occupancy by Trip Purpose
1977 NPTS and 2001 NHTS
Sources:
U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, 1990 Nationwide Personal
Transportation Survey: Summary of Travel Trends, FHWA-PL-92027, Washington, DC, March
1992, Figure 6. Data from 2001 NHTS were generated from the Internet site nhts.ornl.gov, June
2003. (Additional resources: www.fhwa.dot.gov, nhts.ornl.gov)
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
8–13
As households owned more vehicles, the average annual miles for the most frequently driven vehicle increased.
For example, the most frequently driven vehicle in five-vehicle households was driven 36% more per year than
the one in two-vehicle households (15,019 miles vs. 20,467 miles).
Table 8.9
Average Annual Miles per Vehicle by Household Vehicle Ownership, 2001 NHTS
Vehiclea
#1
One-vehicle
household
10,539
Two-vehicle
household
Three-vehicle
household
17,235
19,369
20,107
7,643
9,114
10,392
11,386
4,205
5,868
6,730
2,900
3,826
-
#3
-
-
#4
-
-
-
#5
-
-
-
10,539
Five-vehicle
household
15,224
#2
Average
Four-vehicle
household
11,933
11,136
10,829
1,915
10,130
Source:
Generated from the National Household Travel Survey Internet site: nhts.ornl.gov.
Table 8.10
Average Age of Vehicles by Household Vehicle Ownership, 2001 NHTS
Vehicles
One-vehicle
household
Two-vehicle
household
Three-vehicle
household
Four-vehicle
household
Five-vehicle
household
#1
8.0
6.7
6.9
7.1
7.3
#2
-
8.9
8.9
9.0
9.1
#3
-
-
12.4
11.6
11.4
#4
-
-
-
14.7
14.5
#5
-
-
-
-
16.4
Average
8.0
7.6
9.0
10.0
10.9
Source:
Generated from the National Household Travel Survey Internet site: nhts.ornl.gov.
a
Vehicles are ranked by descending annual miles driven.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
8–14
The 1990 household survey reports the highest average annual miles per vehicle. These data show that
younger vehicles are typically driven more miles than older vehicles.
Table 8.11
Average Annual Miles Per Household Vehicle by Vehicle Age
Vehicle age
(years)
Under 1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10 and older
All household
vehicles
1983
self-reported
8,200
15,200
16,800
14,500
13,000
12,100
11,300
10,000
9,800
9,000
7,300
1990
self-reported
19,600
16,800
16,600
14,700
13,600
12,900
13,200
12,400
12,600
11,500
9,200
1995
self-reported
15,900
16,800
15,500
14,400
14,100
13,500
13,200
12,800
12,200
12,200
8,900
2001
self-reported
15,500
14,300
14,000
13,100
12,500
12,000
11,800
11,600
10,900
10,800
7,400
10,400
12,500
12,200
11,100
Sources:
Nationwide Personal Transportation Study—1983: D. Klinger and J. Richard
Kuzmyak, COMSIS Corporation, Personal Travel in the United States,
Volume 1: 1983–84 Nationwide Personal Travel Study, prepared for the
U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, DC, August 1986, Table
4-22, p.4-21. 1990: Generated from the 1990 Nationwide Personal
Transportation Study Public Use Tape, March 1992. 1995: Generated from
the Internet site: www-cta.ornl.gov/npts. 2001: Generated from the
Internet site: nhts.ornl.gov.
(Additional resources: www.fhwa.dot.gov, www.eia.doe.gov)
Note: Data include all household vehicles, and have been rounded to the nearest
hundred.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
8–15
Historically, the data from the Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey (NPTS) are based
on estimates reported by survey respondents. For the 1995 NPTS and the 2001 National
Household Travel Survey (NHTS), odometer data were also collected. The 1995 data indicate
that respondents overestimate the number of miles they drive in a year, but the 2001 data do not
show that same trend.
Table 8.12
Self-Reported vs. Odometer Average Annual Miles, 1995 NPTS and 2001 NHTS
Vehicle age
(years)
1995
self-reported
1995
odometer
Under 1
15,900
15,600
15,500
14,500
1
16,800
14,500
14,300
14,200
2
15,500
14,800
14,000
13,700
3
14,400
13,800
13,100
14,100
4
14,100
12,900
12,500
13,400
5
13,500
12,700
12,000
12,900
6
13,200
12,400
11,800
12,400
7
12,800
11,600
11,600
12,100
8
12,200
11,300
10,900
11,300
9
12,200
11,200
10,800
10,500
10 and older
8,900
9,000
7,400
8,100
12,200
11,800
11,100
11,800
All household
vehicles
2001
self-reported
2001
odometer
Source:
Generated from the Internet site: www-cta.ornl.gov/npts and 2001 NHTS public use file.
Note: Survey methodology on odometer reading data differs from 1995 to 2001 data.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
8–16
According to the U.S. Census data, the percentage of workers who car pooled has dropped from 19.7% in 1980
to 11.2% in 2000. The percent of workers using public transit declined from 6.4% to 5.3% in the ten year period
between 1980 and 1990, but stayed relatively the same from 1990 to 2000 (5.2%). The average travel time
increased by 2.6 minutes from 1980 to 2000.
Table 8.13
Means of Transportation to Work, 1980, 1990 and 2000 Census
1980 Census
Number
of workers
(thousands)
Means of transportation
Private vehicle
1990 Census
Share
Number
of workers
(thousands)
2000 Census
Share
Number of
workers
(thousands)
Share
81,258
84.1%
99,593
86.5%
111,554
87.5%
Drove alone
62,193
64.4%
84,215
73.2%
97,247
76.3%
Car pooled
19,065
19.7%
15,378
13.4%
14,307
11.2%
6,175
6.4%
6,070
5.3%
6,575
5.2%
3,925
4.1%
3,445
3.0%
3,572
2.8%
88
0.1%
Public transportation
a
Bus or trolley bus
a
Streetcar or trolley car
Subway or elevated
b
b
78
0.1%
1,529
1.6%
1,755
1.5%
1,981
1.6%
Railroad
554
0.6%
574
0.5%
696
0.5%
Ferryboat
b
43
0.0%
Taxicab
167
0.2%
179
0.2%
194
0.2%
Motorcycle
419
0.4%
237
0.2%
158
0.1%
Bicycle
468
0.5%
467
0.4%
563
0.4%
Walked only
5,413
5.6%
4,489
3.9%
3,413
2.7%
Other means
703
0.7%
809
0.7%
1,099
0.9%
2,180
2.3%
3,406
3.0%
4,075
3.2%
96,617
21.7
100.0%
115,070
22.4
100.0%
127,437
24.3
100.0%
Worked at home
Total workers
Average travel time (minutes)
b
37
0.0%
Sources:
1980-1990 data - Provided by the Journey-to-Work and Migration Statistics Branch, Population Division, U.S.
Bureau of the Census
2000 data - U.S. Bureau of the Census, American Fact Finder, factfinder.census.gov, Tables QT-03 and P047,
August 2001. (Additional resources: www.census.gov)
a
b
This category was "Bus or streetcar" in 1980.
Data are not available.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
8–17
More than half of workers had 15-29 minute commutes in 1990, but that dropped
to 35% by 2000. The share of workers commuting less than 15 minutes
increased the most in the ten-year period (14 percentage points), but the share
of workers commuting 30 minutes or more also saw small increases.
Table 8.14
Workers by Commute Time, 1990 and 2000 Census
Commute time
1990
2000
Less than 15 minutes
15.9%
30.1%
15–29 minutes
51.6%
36.3%
30–39 minutes
14.7%
15.7%
40–59 minutes
9.0%
10.7%
60 minutes or more
5.9%
7.3%
Average travel time (minutes)
22.4
24.3
Sources:
1990 - U. S. Department of Transportation, Volpe National Transportation
Systems Center, Journey-to-Work Trends in the United States and its Major
Metropolitan Area, 1960–1990, FHWA-PL-94-012, Cambridge, MA, 1994,
p. 2-6.
2000 - U.S. Bureau of the Census, American Fact Finder, factfinder.census.gov,
Tables QT-03 and P048, August 2001. (Additional resources:
www.census.gov)
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
8–18
Sales of bicycles with wheel sizes of 20-inches and over have grown at an average annual rate of 1.7% from 1981
to 2004. The largest growth in bicycle sales, however, were bicycles with wheel sizes under 20 inches which grew
at an average annual rate of 2.4%.
Table 8.15
Bicycle Sales, 1981–2004
(millions)
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
1981–2004
1994–2004
Wheel sizes
under
20 inches
Wheel sizes
of 20 inches
All
and over
wheel sizes
a
a
8.9
a
a
6.8
a
a
9.0
a
a
10.1
a
a
11.4
a
a
12.3
a
a
12.6
a
a
9.9
a
a
10.7
a
a
10.8
a
a
11.6
3.7
11.6
15.3
3.8
13.0
16.8
4.2
12.5
16.7
4.1
12.0
16.1
4.5
10.9
15.4
4.2
11.0
15.2
4.7
11.1
15.8
5.9
11.6
17.5
9.0
11.9
20.9
5.4
11.3
16.7
5.9
13.6
19.5
5.6
12.9
18.5
5.3
13.0
18.3
Average annual percentage change
a
a
1.7%
2.4%
0.4%
0.9%
Source:
1981–1996: Bicycle Manufacturers Association. 1997–on: The Bicycle Council.
(Additional resources: www.nbda.com)
a
Data are not available.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
8–19
In 2001, 4.8% of walk trips and 7.5% of bike trips were to/from work. More than half of all bike trips
were for social/recreational purposes. Fourteen-percent of walk trips were shopping trips.
Figure 8.3 Walk and Bike Trips by Trip Purpose,
2001 NHTS
Source:
U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, National Household Travel Survey web site:
nhts.ornl.gov.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
8–20
Long Distance Trips – 2001 National Household Travel Survey
The 2001 National Household Travel Survey (NHTS) collected data on long-distance trips as
well as everyday travel. The everyday travel data is a continuation of the Nationwide Personal
Transportation Survey (NPTS), while the long-distance travel data is a continuation of the American
Travel Survey (ATS) which was collected in 1977 and 1985. The survey collected trip-related data
such as mode of transportation, duration, distance and purpose of trip. It also gathered demographic,
geographic, and economic data for analysis purposes.
A long-distance trip is defined as a trip of 50 miles or more, one-way. Long-trip data from the
2001 NHTS were released in the summer of 2004. For additional information about the 2001 NHTS
data, contact the Bureau of Transportation Statistics at 202-366-3282 or visit the following Inernet
site: www.bts.gov/programs/national_household_travel_survey.
Table 8.16
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
8–21
Long-Distance Tripa Characteristics, 2001 NHTS
Trip characteristic
Total
Principal means of transportation:
Personal use vehicles
Airplane
Commercial airplane
Busb
Intercity bus
Charter, tour, or school bus
Train
Round trip distance:
100 to 300 miles
300 to 499 miles
500 to 999 miles
1,000 to 1,999 miles
2,000 miles or more
Mean (miles)
Median (miles)
Calendar quarter:
1st quarter
2nd quarter
3rd quarter
4th quarter
Main purpose of trip:
Commuting
Other business
Personal/leisure
Personal business
Other
Nights away from home:
None
1 to 3 nights
4 to 7 nights
8 or more nights
Destination:
Within Census division
Across Census division, within
Census
Across Census region
Person trips
(thousands) (percent)
2,554,068
100.0
Person miles
(thousands)
(percent)
1,138,322,697
100.0
2,310,376
165,039
158,880
52,962
3,456
45,952
20,672
90.5
6.5
6.2
2.1
0.1
1.8
0.8
735,882,255
367,888,741
361,717,015
23,747,433
1,765,696
21,019,942
9,266,373
64.7
32.3
31.8
2.1
0.2
1.9
0.8
1,688,358
373,550
261,802
125,665
104,694
446
206
66.1
14.6
10.3
4.9
4.1
284,586,370
143,571,597
180,669,482
178,629,838
350,865,409
25.0
12.6
15.9
15.7
30.8
566,502
653,310
734,878
599,378
22.2
25.6
28.8
23.5
246,556,190
298,154,812
341,021,290
252,590,405
21.7
26.2
30.0
22.2
329,395
405,866
1,406,411
322,645
88,230
12.9
15.9
55.1
12.6
3.5
65,877,968
242,353,212
667,471,358
130,020,982
32,031,679
5.8
21.3
58.7
11.4
2.8
1,454,847
808,281
214,464
76,475
57.0
31.7
8.4
3.0
304,469,524
414,219,147
269,265,597
150,368,429
26.8
36.4
23.7
13.2
2,077,810
196,890
279,367
81.4
7.7
10.9
549,651,116
134,930,113
453,741,468
48.3
11.9
39.9
c
c
c
c
c
c
Source:
U.S. Bureau of Transportation Statistics and the U.S. Federal Highway Administration, 2001 National
Household Transportation Survey.
A long-distance trip is defined as a trip of 50 miles or more, one-way.
Includes other types of buses.
c
Not applicable.
a
b
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
9–1
Chapter 9
Nonhighway Modes
Summary Statistics from Tables in this Chapter
Source
Passenger-miles, 2003
(millions)
Table 9.2
Domestic and international air carrier
Table 9.3
General aviation, 2001
Table 9.13
Amtrak
5,680
Table 9.14
Commuter rail
9,559
Table 9.15
Transit rail
Freight ton-miles, 2003
Table 9.5
Domestic waterborne commerce
Table 9.10
Class I railroad
Passenger energy use, 2003
674,160
16
14,896
(millions)
606,000
1,551,438
(trillion Btus)
Table 9.2
Domestic and international air carrier
Table 9.3
General aviation
141.4
Table 9.8
Recreational boats
203.6
Table 9.13
Amtrak
16.7
Table 9.14
Commuter rail
26.3
Table 9.15
Transit rail
48.7
Freight energy use, 2003
2,402.3
(trillion Btus)
Table 9.5
Domestic waterborne commerce
252.9
Table 9.10
Class I railroad
533.9
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
9–2
Nonhighway transportation modes accounted for 18% of total transportation energy use in 2003.
Table 9.1
Nonhighway Energy Use Shares, 1970–2003
Year
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
Air
8.5%
8.2%
7.7%
7.7%
7.3%
7.3%
7.2%
7.1%
7.1%
7.4%
7.6%
7.6%
7.8%
7.7%
8.4%
8.6%
9.0%
9.2%
9.3%
9.2%
9.6%
9.2%
9.0%
8.9%
9.0%
9.1%
9.2%
9.5%
9.6%
9.5%
9.7%
9.3%
8.4%
8.3%
Water
5.2%
4.6%
4.4%
4.8%
4.9%
5.1%
5.7%
6.0%
6.7%
7.8%
7.2%
8.2%
7.0%
6.4%
6.4%
6.3%
6.1%
6.0%
6.0%
6.0%
6.5%
7.0%
7.1%
6.3%
5.9%
6.1%
5.7%
5.0%
4.8%
5.1%
5.4%
4.4%
4.6%
3.9%
Share of transportation energy use
Nonhighway
Pipeline
Rail
total
6.5%
3.6%
23.8%
6.4%
3.5%
22.7%
6.1%
3.4%
21.7%
5.6%
3.5%
21.6%
5.5%
3.6%
21.3%
4.9%
3.2%
20.5%
4.4%
3.2%
20.4%
4.1%
3.1%
20.3%
3.9%
2.9%
20.7%
4.3%
3.0%
22.5%
4.8%
3.1%
22.6%
4.8%
3.0%
23.6%
4.6%
2.6%
22.1%
4.0%
2.6%
20.8%
4.1%
2.8%
21.7%
3.9%
2.6%
21.3%
3.7%
2.4%
21.2%
3.8%
2.4%
21.4%
4.1%
2.4%
21.9%
4.2%
2.4%
21.9%
4.3%
2.4%
22.8%
4.1%
2.3%
22.5%
3.9%
2.3%
22.3%
4.0%
2.3%
21.5%
4.2%
2.4%
21.5%
4.1%
2.4%
21.8%
4.1%
2.4%
21.4%
4.2%
2.4%
21.0%
3.6%
2.4%
20.4%
3.5%
2.3%
20.5%
3.5%
2.3%
20.9%
3.4%
2.4%
19.5%
3.5%
2.3%
18.8%
3.5%
2.4%
18.1%
Source:
See Appendix A for Nonhighway Energy Use.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
Transportation
total (trillion Btu)
15,368
15,988
17,009
17,862
17,147
17,396
18,463
19,097
20,067
20,072
18,911
19,045
18,483
18,600
19,242
19,575
20,188
20,652
21,184
21,477
21,584
21,177
21,838
22,293
22,901
23,439
24,949
24,302
24,732
25,924
26,240
25,930
26,401
26,592
9–3
These data include ALL international and domestic certificated route air carrier statistics; therefore, the data
are different than those in Chapter 2. Revenue aircraft-miles, passenger-miles, and seat-miles rose in 2003.
Passenger load factor rose to 73.1%–the highest in the series.
Table 9.2
Summary Statistics for U.S. Domestic and International
Certificated Route Air Carriers (Combined Totals), 1970–2003a
Year
Revenue
aircraft-miles
(millions)
Revenue
passenger-miles
(millions)
1970
1975
1980
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2,542
2,241
2,924
3,462
3,873
4,182
4,354
4,442
4,724
4,661
4,899
5,118
5,360
5,627
5,855
6,025
6,220
6,558
6,946
6,814
6,834
7,367
148,137
173,324
267,722
351,073
378,923
417,808
437,649
447,480
472,236
463,296
493,715
505,996
537,518
558,794
596,164
620,029
634,933
668,626
708,926
664,849
655,215
674,160
1970–2003
1993–2003
3.3%
3.7%
4.7%
2.9%
Available
seat-miles
(millions)
Available
seats per
aircraftb
Passenger Revenue freight
load factor
ton-miles
Energy use
(percentage)c
(millions)
(trillion Btu)d
264,904
111
49.7%
315,823
135
54.9%
448,479
148
59.7%
565,677
163
62.1%
623,075
161
60.8%
670,825
160
62.3%
696,337
160
62.9%
703,888
158
63.6%
753,211
159
62.7%
738,030
158
62.8%
772,869
158
63.9%
793,959
155
63.7%
809,259
151
66.4%
832,081
150
66.1%
859,721
147
69.3%
880,715
146
70.4%
899,029
145
70.6%
942,311
144
71.0%
981,080
139
72.3%
950,519
139
69.9%
913,898
133
71.9%
922,440
125
73.1%
Average annual percentage change
3.9%
0.6%
1.5%
-2.1%
3,755
5,062
7,885
9,048
10,987
13,137
14,632
16,347
16,403
16,149
17,306
19,083
21,773
23,375
24,892
27,610
28,015
25,147
30,221
27,882
30,507
32,446
6.8%
5.5%
1,363.4
1,283.4
1,386.0
1,701.4
1,847.1
1,945.9
2,049.4
2,087.4
2,213.0
2,085.2
2,144.2
2,169.7
2,266.2
2,338.6
2,409.1
2,514.2
2,573.4
2,653.1
2,743.1
2,599.4
2,408.3
2,402.3
1.7%
1.0%
Sources:
U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Air Carrier Traffic Statistics Monthly, December
2003/2002, Washington, DC, pp. 1–2, and annual.
1970–76 Energy Use - Department of Transportation, Civil Aeronautics Board, Fuel Cost and Consumption, Washington, DC,
1981, and annual.
1977–2003 Energy Use - Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, "Fuel Cost and Consumption Table,"
Washington, DC. (Additional resources: www.bts.gov, www.faa.gov)
Data are for all U.S. air carriers reporting on Form 41.
Available seats per aircraft is calculated as the ration of available seat-miles to revenue aircraft-miles.
c
Passenger load factor is calculated as the ration of revenue passenger-miles to available seat-miles for scheduled and
nonscheduled services.
d
Energy use includes fuel purchased abroad for international flights.
a
b
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
9–4
General aviation includes: (1) aircraft operating under general operating and flight rules; (2) not-for-hire airplanes
with a seating capacity of 20 or more or a maximum payload capacity of 6,000 lbs. or more; (3) rotocraft external
load operations; (4) on-demand and commuter operations not covered under Federal Aviation Regulations Part 121;
and (5) agricultural aircraft operations.
Table 9.3
Summary Statistics for General Aviation, 1970–2003
Calendar year
Total number
of aircraft
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
131,700a
168,475
177,964
184,294
199,178
210,339
211,045
213,226
209,779
213,293
220,943
196,500
205,300
202,700
196,200
205,000
198,000
196,874
185,650
177,120
172,935
188,089
191,129
192,414
204,710
219,464
217,533
211,446
211,244
209,708
1970–2003
1993–2003
1.4%
1.7%
Aircraft
hours flown
(thousands)
Intercity passenger travel
(billion passenger-miles)
26,030b
9.1
30,298
11.4
31,950
12.1
33,679
12.8
36,844
14.1
40,432
15.5
41,016
14.7
40,704
14.6
36,457
13.1
35,249
12.7
36,119
13.0
31,456
12.3
31,782
12.4
30,883
12.1
31,114
12.6
32,332
13.1
32,096
13.0
29,862
12.1
26,747
10.8
24,455
9.9
24,092
9.8
26,612
10.8
26,909
12.0
27,713
12.5
28,100
13.1
31,756
14.1
30,975
15.2
29,133
15.9
c
27,040
c
27,329
Average annual percentage change
0.1%
1.1%
Energy use
(trillion btu)
94.4
121.5
130.3
149.7
159.4
167.2
169.0
162.4
170.5
143.9
148.9
144.0
148.0
139.1
148.6
134.0
131.9
120.4
104.7
97.5
95.3
106.6
111.1
121.1
147.4
172.1
175.2
165.1
141.5
141.4
1.2%
3.8%
Sources:
Intercity passenger-miles - Eno Foundation for Transportation, Transportation in America 2001,
Nineteenth edition, Lansdowne, VA, 2002, p. 45, and annual.
All other- U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration, General Aviation
Activity and Avionics Survey: Calendar Year 2003, Tables 1.2, 1.5, 5.1, and annual. (Additional
resources: apo.faa.gov/pubs.asp)
Active fixed-wing general aviation aircraft only.
Includes rotocraft.
c
Data are not available.
a
b
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
9–5
In the early seventies, domestic waterborne commerce accounted for over 60% of total tonnage, but
by 1994 foreign tonnage grew to more than half of all waterborne tonnage. Total foreign and domestic
tons shipped peaked in 2000 and has declined slightly since then.
Table 9.4
Tonnage Statistics for Domestic and
International Waterborne Commerce, 1970–2003
(million tons shipped)
Year
Foreign and
domestic total
1970–2003
1993–2003
1.4%
1.2%
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
1,532
1,695
1,835
1,908
2,021
2,073
1,999
1,942
1,777
1,708
1,836
1,788
1,874
1,967
2,088
2,140
2,164
2,092
2,132
2,128
2,215
2,240
2,284
2,333
2,340
2,323
2,425
2,393
2,340
2,394
Foreign totala
Domestic totalb
581
951
749
946
856
979
935
973
946
1,075
993
1,080
921
1,077
887
1,054
820
957
751
957
803
1,033
774
1,014
837
1,037
891
1,076
976
1,112
1,038
1,103
1,042
1,122
1,014
1,079
1,037
1,095
1,060
1,068
1,116
1,099
1,147
1,093
1,183
1,101
1,221
1,113
1,245
1,094
1,261
1,062
1,355
1,070
1,351
1,042
1,319
1,021
1,378
1,016
Average annual percentage change
2.7%
0.2%
2.7%
-0.5%
Percent domestic
of total
62.1%
55.8%
53.4%
51.0%
53.2%
52.1%
53.9%
54.3%
53.9%
56.0%
56.3%
56.7%
55.3%
54.7%
53.3%
51.5%
51.8%
51.6%
51.4%
50.2%
49.6%
48.8%
48.2%
47.7%
46.8%
45.7%
44.1%
43.5%
43.6%
42.4%
Source:
U.S. Department of the Army, Corps of Engineers, Waterborne Commerce of the United States,
Calendar Year 2003, Part 5: National Summaries, New Orleans, Louisiana, 2004, Table 1-1,
p. 1-3, and annual. (Additional resources: www.iwr.usace.army.mil/ndc)
a
A All movements between the U.S. and foreign countries and between Puerto Rico and the
Virgin Islands and foreign countries are classified as foreign trade.
b
All movements between U.S. ports, continental and noncontiguous, and on the inland rivers,
canals, and connecting channels of the U.S., Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands, excluding the
Panama Canal. Beginning in 1996, fish was excluded for internal and intra port domestic traffic.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
9–6
Table 9.5
Summary Statistics for Domestic Waterborne Commerce, 1970–2003
Year
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
Number of
vesselsa
25,832
31,666
33,204
35,333
35,723
36,264
38,792
42,079
42,079
41,784
41,784
41,672
40,308
40,000
39,192
39,209
39,233
39,233
39,210
39,064
39,064
39,641
41,104
41,419
42,032
41,766
41,354
41,588
41,002
39,983
1970–2003
1993–2003
1.3%
0.2%
Energy
Average
intensity
Energy use
Ton-miles Tons shippedb length of haul
(Btu/ton-mile) (trillion Btu)
(miles)
(billions)
(millions)
596
949
628.2
545
324.8
566
944
599.9
549
311.0
592
976
606.3
468
277.3
599
969
618.0
458
274.3
827
1,072
771.6
383
316.6
829
1,076
770.0
457
378.7
922
1,074
856.4
358
329.8
929
1,051
884.0
360
334.5
886
954
929.0
310
274.9
920
953
964.6
319
293.7
888
1,029
862.5
346
307.3
893
1,011
883.5
446
398.6
873
1,033
845.3
463
404.0
895
1,072
835.0
402
370.7
890
1,106
804.3
361
321.3
816
1,097
743.2
403
328.6
834
1,118
745.7
388
323.2
848
1,074
789.9
386
327.5
857
1,090
785.7
398
341.0
790
1,063
742.7
389
307.0
815
1,093
745.5
369
300.7
808
1,086
743.6
374
302.2
765
1,093
699.4
412
314.9
707
1,106
639.5
415
293.2
673
1,087
619.0
436
293.1
656
1,056
621.1
457
299.9
646
1,064
606.8
473
305.6
622
1,037
599.7
460
286.1
612
1,016
602.5
471
287.7
606
1,010
600.3
417
252.9
Average annual percentage change
0.1%
0.2%
-0.1%
-0.8%
-0.8%
-2.6%
-0.5%
-2.1%
0.7%
-1.9%
Sources:
Number of vessels -1970–92, 1995–2003 - U.S. Department of the Army, Corps of Engineers, "Summary
of U.S. Flag Passenger and cargo vessels, 2001," New Orleans, LA, 2004, and annual.
1993–94 - U.S. Dept of the Army, Corps of Engineers, The U.S. Waterway System-Facts,
Navigation Data Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, January 1996.
Ton-miles, tons shipped, average length of haul - U.S. Department of the Army, Corps of Engineers,
Waterborne Commerce of the United States, Calendar Year 2003 Part 5: National Summaries,
New Orleans, LA, 2004, Table 1-4, pp. 1-6, 1-7, and annual.
Energy use - See Appendix A for Water Energy Use. (Additional resources: www.wrcndc.usace.army.mil/ndc)
Grand total for self-propelled and non-self-propelled.
These figures are not consistent with the figures on Table 9.3 because intra-territory tons are not included
in this table. Intra-territory traffic is traffic between ports in Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands.
a
b
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
9–7
Fifty-six percent of all domestic marine cargo in 2002 were energy-related products (petroleum, coal, coke).
The majority of the energy-related products were shipped internally and locally (66%). Barge traffic
accounted for 56% of all internal and local waterborne commerce.
Table 9.6
Domestic Marine Cargo by Commodity Class, 2003
(million tons shipped)
Commodity class
Coastwise
Petroleum and products
161
Lakewise
2
b
Internal and local
Total
Domestica
Percentage
192
354
35.1%
63
76
7.5%
Chemicals and related products
13
Crude materials
14
66
132
212
21.0%
Coal and coke
11
18
185
214
21.1%
9
4
29
42
4.1%
85
91
9.0%
9
19
1.8%
3
3
0.3%
100.0%
Primary manufactured goods
Food and farm products
Manufactured equipment
6
10
b
b
b
b
Totalc
223
90
697
1,010
Barge traffic (million tons)
105
15
677
796
46.8%
16.2%
Waste and scrap
Percentage by barge
97.2%
78.9%
Source:
U.S. Department of the Army, Corps of Engineers, Waterborne Commerce of the United States, Calendar Year
2003, Part 5: National Summaries, New Orleans, Louisiana, 2003, Tables 2-1, 2-2, and 2-3, pp. 2-1—28, and annual. (Additional resources: www.iwr.usace.army.mil/nde/wcsc/wcsc.htm#2003)
Note: Coastwise applies to domestic traffic receiving a carriage over the ocean or between the Great Lakes
ports and seacoast ports when having a carriage over the ocean. Lakewise applies to traffic between United
States ports on the Great Lakes. Internal applies to traffic between ports or landings wherein the entire
movement takes place on inland waterways. Local applies to movements of freight within the confines of a
port.
Does not include intra-territory tons.
Neglible.
c
Total includes a small amount of unknown commodity.
a
b
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
9–8
Table 9.7
Domestic Marine Cargo Average Length of Haula by Commodity Class, 2003
(miles)
Commodity class
Coastwise
Lakewise
Petroleum and products
1,289
323
196
694
Chemicals and related products
1,849
227
504
734
Crude materials
36
551
387
448
Coal and coke
79
514
289
328
532
310
745
659
Food and farm products
1,818
896
986
1,042
Manufactured equipment
1,674
89
907
185
86
402
600
Primary manufactured goods
Waste and scrap
Totald
c
c
c
1,248
530
Internal and local
Total Domesticb
Source:
U.S. Department of the Army, Corps of Engineers, Waterborne Commerce of the United States, Calendar Year
2003, Part 5: National Summaries, New Orleans, Louisiana, 2003, Tables 2-1, 2-2, and 2-3, pp. 2-1—28, and annual. (Additional resources: www.iwr.usace.army.mil/nde/wcsc/wcsc.htm#2003)
Note: Coastwise applies to domestic traffic receiving a carriage over the ocean or between the Great Lakes
ports and seacoast ports when having a carriage over the ocean. Lakewise applies to traffic between United
States ports on the Great Lakes. Internal applies to traffic between ports or landings wherein the entire
movement takes place on inland waterways. Local applies to movements of freight within the confines of a
port.
Calculated as ton-miles divided by tons shipped.
Does not include intra-territory tons.
c
Negligible.
d
Total includes a small amount of unknown commodity.
a
b
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
9–9
Before Edition 24, the recreational boat energy use was based on data from a 1980's off-highway study.
The new data displayed in this table come from the Environmental Protection Agency’s NONROAD2004
model.
Table 9.8
Recreational Boat Energy Use, 1970–2003
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
Number of
boats
(thousands)
10,080
10,130
10,180
10,230
10,280
10,330
10,380
10,430
10,450
10,530
10,580
10,630
10,680
10,730
10,780
10,830
10,880
10,930
11,022
11,115
11,207
11,320
11,433
11,545
11,763
11,981
12,198
12,237
12,275
12,313
12,352
12,456
12,561
12,665
1970–2003
1993–2003
0.7%
0.9%
Year
Diesel fuel
Gasoline
Total energy use
(trillion Btu)
5.5
116.4
6.5
117.2
7.6
118.0
8.6
118.8
9.7
119.6
10.7
120.4
11.8
121.1
12.8
121.9
13.9
122.7
14.9
123.5
16.0
124.3
17.0
125.1
18.0
125.9
19.1
126.7
20.1
127.5
21.2
128.2
22.2
129.0
23.3
129.8
24.3
132.0
25.4
134.2
26.4
136.4
27.5
139.2
28.5
142.0
29.5
144.9
30.6
151.1
31.6
157.4
32.7
163.7
33.7
164.1
34.8
164.5
35.8
164.7
36.8
164.5
37.9
164.5
39.0
164.0
40.2
163.4
Average annual percentage change
6.2%
1.0%
3.1%
1.2%
121.9
123.7
125.6
127.4
129.2
131.1
132.9
134.7
136.6
138.4
140.2
142.1
143.9
145.8
147.6
149.4
151.3
153.1
156.3
159.5
162.8
166.7
170.5
174.4
181.7
189.1
196.4
197.8
199.3
200.5
201.3
202.5
203.0
203.6
1.6%
1.6%
Source:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, NONROAD2004 model, downloadable file from
http://www.epa.gov/otaq/nonrdmdl.htm.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
9–10
The Interstate Commerce Commission designates Class I railroads on the basis of annual gross revenues. In 2003,
seven railroads were given this designation. The number of railroads designated as Class I has changed
considerably in the last 25 years; in 1976 there were 52 railroads given Class I designation.
Table 9.9
Class I Railroad Freight Systems in the United States
Ranked by Revenue Ton-Miles, 2003
Railroad
Revenue ton-miles
(billions)
Union Pacific Railroad Company
Burlington Northern and Sante Fe Railway Company
CSX Transportation
Norfolk Southern Railway
Canadian National, Grand Trunk Corporation
Soo Line Railroad Company
Kansas City Southern Railway Company
Total
Percent
533
506
234
183
52
23
21
34.3%
32.6%
15.1%
11.8%
3.4%
1.5%
1.4%
1,552
100.0%
Source:
Association of American Railroads, Railroad Facts, 2004 Edition, Washington, DC, October 2004, p. 66.
(Additional resources: www.aar.org)
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
9–11
Revenue ton-miles for Class I freight railroads was over 1.5 trillion in 2003. Though there are many regional and
local freight railroads, the Class I freight railroads accounted for 93% of the railroad industry’s freight revenue in
2003 and 70% of the industry’s mileage operated. The energy intensity of Class I railroads hit an all-time low of
344 btu/ton-mile in 2003.
Table 9.10
Summary Statistics for Class I Freight Railroads, 1970–2003
Year
1970
1975
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
Number of
locomotives
in servicea
27,077d
27,846
28,094
27,421
26,795
25,448
24,117
22,548
20,790
19,647
19,364
19,015
18,835
18,344
18,004
18,161
18,505
18,812
19,269
19,684
20,261
20,256
20,028
19,745
20,506
20,774
Number of
freight cars
(thousands)b
1,424
1,359
1,168
1,111
1,039
1,007
948
867
799
749
725
682
659
633
605
587
591
583
571
568
576
579
560
500
478
467
Trainmiles
(millions)
427
403
428
408
345
346
369
347
347
361
379
383
380
375
390
405
441
458
469
475
475
490
504
500
500
516
1970–2003
1993–2003
-0.8%
1.4%
-3.3%
-2.3%
0.6%
2.5%
Average
Tons
length of
Car-miles originatedc
haul
(millions)
(millions)
(miles)
29,890
1,485
515
27,656
1,395
541
29,277
1,492
616
27,968
1,453
626
23,952
1,269
629
24,358
1,293
641
26,409
1,429
645
24,920
1,320
665
24,414
1,306
664
25,627
1,372
688
26,339
1,430
697
26,196
1,403
723
26,159
1,425
726
25,628
1,383
751
26,128
1,399
763
26,883
1,397
794
28,485
1,470
817
30,383
1,550
843
31,715
1,611
842
31,660
1,585
851
32,657
1,649
835
33,851
1,717
835
34,590
1,738
843
34,243
1,742
859
34,680
1,767
853
35,555
1,799
862
Average annual percentage change
0.5%
0.6%
1.6%
2.8%
2.6%
1.2%
Revenue
ton-miles
(millions)
764,809
754,252
918,958
910,169
797,759
828,275
921,542
876,984
867,722
943,747
996,182
1,013,841
1,033,969
1,038,875
1,066,781
1,109,309
1,200,701
1,305,688
1,355,975
1,348,926
1,376,802
1,433,461
1,465,960
1,495,472
1,507,011
1,551,438
Energy
intensity
(Btu/tonmile)
691
687
597
572
553
525
510
497
486
456
443
437
420
391
393
389
388
372
368
370
365
363
352
346
345
344
Energy
use
(trillion
Btu)
528.1
518.3
548.7
521.0
440.8
435.1
469.9
436.1
421.5
430.3
441.4
442.6
434.7
405.8
419.2
431.6
465.4
485.9
499.4
499.7
502.0
520.0
516.0
517.3
520.3
533.9
2.2%
3.8%
-2.2%
-1.3%
0.0%
2.1%
Source:
Association of American Railroads, Railroad Facts, 2004 Edition, Washington, DC, October 2004, pp. 27, 28, 33, 34, 36, 49, 51, 61.
(Additional resources: www.aar.org)
Does not include self-powered units.
Does not include private or shipper-owned cars. Beginning in 2001, Canadian-owned U.S. railroads are excluded.
c
Tons originated is a more accurate representation of total tonnage than revenue tons. Revenue tons often produces
double-counting of loads switched between rail companies.
d
Data represent total locomotives used in freight and passenger service. Separate estimates are not available.
a
b
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
9–12
The “other” category, which consists primarily of intermodal traffic, has grown 182% in carloads from
1974 to 2003. Coal accounts for almost one quarter of all carloads.
Table 9.11
Railroad Revenue Carloads by Commodity Group, 1974 and 2003
Carloads
(thousands)
Commodity group
1974
2003
1974
2003
Percentage
change
1974–2003
Coal
Farm products
Chemicals and allied products
Nonmetallic minerals
Food and kindred products
Lumber and wood products
Metallic ores
Stone, clay and glass
Pulp, paper, and allied products
Petroleum products
Primary metal products
Waste and scrap material
Transportation equipment
Others
4,544
3,021
1,464
821
1,777
1,930
1,910
2,428
1,180
877
1,366
889
1,126
3,451
7,037
1,519
1,937
1,370
1,478
612
331
581
667
582
684
651
1,681
9,740
17.0%
11.3%
5.5%
3.1%
6.6%
7.2%
7.1%
9.1%
4.4%
3.3%
5.1%
3.3%
4.2%
12.9%
24.4%
5.3%
6.7%
4.7%
5.1%
2.1%
1.1%
2.0%
2.3%
2.0%
2.4%
2.3%
5.8%
33.7%
54.9%
-49.7%
32.3%
66.9%
-16.8%
-68.3%
-82.7%
-76.1%
-43.5%
-33.6%
-49.9%
-26.8%
49.3%
182.2%
26,784
28,870
100.0%
100.0%
7.8%
Total
Percent distribution
Sources:
1974 - Association of American Railroads, Railroad Facts, 1976 Edition, Washington, DC, 1975, p. 26.
2003 - Association of American Railroads, Railroad Facts, 2004 Edition, Washington, DC, October 2004,
p. 25. (Additional resources: www.aar.org)
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
9–13
According to the 1997 Commodity Flow Survey, 5% of all freight ton-miles are rail intermodal
shipments (truck/rail or rail/water). See Table 5.11 for details. The number of trailers and
containers moved by railroads has increased more than five-fold from 1965 to 2003.
Containerization has increased in recent years, evidenced by the 220% increase in the number
of containers from 1988 to 2003.
Table 9.12
Intermodal Rail Traffic, 1965–2003
Year
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995b
1996b
1997b
1998b
1999c
2000c
2001
2002
2003d
1965–2003
1993–2003
Trailers & containers
Trailers
Containers
a
1,664,929
a
a
2,363,200
a
a
2,238,117
a
a
3,059,402
a
a
4,590,952
a
a
4,997,229
a
a
5,503,819
5,779,547
3,481,020
2,298,527
5,987,355
3,496,262
2,491,093
6,206,782
3,451,953
2,754,829
6,246,134
3,201,560
3,044,574
6,627,841
3,264,597
3,363,244
7,156,628
3,464,126
3,692,502
8,128,228
3,752,502
4,375,726
7,936,172
3,492,463
4,443,709
8,143,258
3,302,128
4,841,130
8,698,308
3,453,907
5,244,401
8,772,663
3,353,032
5,419,631
8,907,626
3,207,407
5,700,219
9,176,890
2,888,630
6,288,260
8,935,444
2,603,423
6,332,021
9,312,360
2,531,338
6,781,022
9,943,362
2,582,507
7,360,855
Average annual percentage change
a
a
4.8%
3.3%
-2.9%
7.1%
a
Source:
Association of American Railroads, Railroad Facts, 2004 edition, Washington, DC,
October 2004, p. 26. (Additional resources: www.aar.org)
Data are not available.
The Grand Trunk Western Railroad and the Soo Line Railroad Company data are
excluded.
c
The Illinois Central, Grand Trunk Western Railroad and the Soo Line Railroad
Company data are excluded.
d
Preliminary data.
a
b
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
9–14
The National Railroad Passenger Corporation, known as Amtrak, began operation in 1971. Though Amtrak revenue
passenger-miles have grown at an average annual rate of 3.3% from 1971 to 2003, they showed a small decline in annual
percentage change from 1991 to 2003.
Table 9.13
Summary Statistics for the National Railroad Passenger Corporation (Amtrak), 1971–2003
Year
1971
1975
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
1971–2003
1993–2003
Number of
locomotives
in service
Number of
passenger
cars
Train-miles
(thousands)
a
1,165
1,913
2,128
1,830
1,929
1,880
1,844
1,818
1,793
1,850
1,845
1,742
1,863
1,786
1,796
1,853
1,874
1,907
1,501
1,572
1,347
1,285
1,891
2,084
2,896
1,623
16,537
30,166
29,487
30,380
28,833
28,805
29,133
30,038
28,604
29,515
30,221
31,000
33,000
34,000
34,000
34,936
34,940
31,579
30,542
32,000
32,926
34,080
35,404
36,512
37,624
37,459
1.0%
-1.3%
2.6%
0.7%
355
448
398
396
388
387
382
369
381
391
312
318
316
336
360
411
422
348
292
362
385
385
401
372
442
a
2.1%
Car-miles
(thousands)
Revenue
passengermiles
(millions)
Average
trip length
(miles)
140,147
1,993
188
253,898
3,753
224
235,235
4,503
217
222,753
4,397
226
217,385
3,993
220
223,509
4,227
223
234,557
4,427
227
250,642
4,785
238
249,665
5,011
249
261,054
5,361
259
277,774
5,686
265
285,255
5,859
274
300,996
6,057
273
312,484
6,273
285
307,282
6,091
286
302,739
6,199
280
305,600
5,869
276
282,579
5,401
266
277,750
5,066
257
287,760
5,166
255
315,823
5,325
251
349,337
5,289
245
371,215
5,574
243
377,705
5,571
238
378,542
5,314
228
331,864
5,680
231
Average annual percentage change
2.7%
3.3%
0.6%
0.9%
-0.9%
-1.9%
Energy intensity
(Btu per revenue
passenger-mile)
Energy
use
(trillion
Btu)
a
a
3,677
3,176
2,979
3,156
2,957
3,027
2,800
2,574
2,537
2,462
2,731
2,609
2,503
2,610
2,646
2,357
2,590
2,792
2,918
2,900
3,062
3,356
3,374
3,351
2,935
13.8
14.3
13.1
12.6
12.5
13.4
13.4
12.9
13.6
14.0
16.0
15.8
15.7
15.9
16.4
13.8b
14.0
14.1
15.1
15.4
16.2
18.7
18.8
17.8
16.7
a
a
1.0%
0.2%
Sources:
1971–83- Association of American Railroads, Economics and Finance Department, Statistics of Class I Railroads, Washington, DC, and
annual.
1984–88- Association of American Railroads, Railroad Facts, 1988 Edition, Washington, DC, December 1989, p. 61, and annual.
1989–93- Personal communication with the Corporate Accounting Office of Amtrak, Washington, D.C.
1994–2003 - Number of locomotives in service, number of passenger cars, train-miles, car-miles, revenue passenger-miles, and average
trip length - Association of American Railroads, Railroad Facts, 2004 Edition, Washington, DC, 2004, p. 77.
Energy use - Personal communication with the Amtrak, Washington, DC. (Additional resources: www.amtrak.com, www.aar.org)
Data are not available.
Energy use for 1994 on is not directly comparable to earlier years. Some commuter rail energy use may have been inadvertently
included in earlier years.
a
b
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
9–15
Commuter rail, which is also known as regional rail or suburban rail, is long-haul rail passenger service operating
between metropolitan and suburban areas, whether within or across state lines. Commuter rail lines usually have reduced
fares for multiple rides and commutation tickets for regular, recurring riders.
Table 9.14
Summary Statistics for Commuter Rail Operations, 1984–2003
Year
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
Number of
passenger
vehicles
4,075
4,035
4,440
4,686
4,649
4,472
4,415
4,370
4,413
4,494
4,517
4,565
4,665
4,943
4,963
4,883
5,073
5,124
5,381
5,959
Vehiclemiles
(millions)
167.9
182.7
188.6
188.9
202.2
209.6
212.7
214.9
218.8
223.9
230.8
237.7
241.9
250.7
259.5
265.9
270.9
277.3
283.7
286.0
1984–2003
1993–2003
2.0%
2.9%
2.8%
2.5%
Passenger
PassengerAverage
trips
miles
trip length
(millions)
(millions)
(miles)
267
6,207
23.2
275
6,534
23.8
306
6,723
22.0
311
6,818
21.9
325
6,964
21.4
330
7,211
21.9
328
7,082
21.6
318
7,344
23.1
314
7,320
23.3
322
6,940
21.6
339
7,996
23.6
344
8,244
24.0
352
8,351
23.7
357
8,038
22.5
381
8,704
22.8
396
8,766
22.1
413
9,402
22.8
419
9,548
22.8
414
9,504
22.9
410
9,559
23.3
Average annual percentage change
2.3%
2.3%
0.0%
2.4%
3.2%
0.8%
Energy
intensity
(Btu/
passengermile)
3,011
3,053
3,174
3,043
3,075
3,120
3,068
3,011
2,848
3,222
2,904
2,849
2,796
2,949
2,859
2,929
2,759
2,717
2,714
2,751
Energy use
(trillion Btu)
18.7
20.0
21.3
20.7
21.4
22.5
21.7
22.1
20.8
22.4
23.2
23.5
23.3
23.7
24.9
25.7
25.9
25.9
25.8
26.3
-0.5%
-1.6%
1.8%
1.6%
Source:
American Public Transportation Association, 2005 Public Transportation Fact Book, Washington, DC, April 2005,
Table 115. (Additional resources: www.apta.com)
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
9–16
This table on transit rail operations includes data on light rail and heavy rail systems. Light rail vehicles are usually
single vehicles driven electrically with power drawn from overhead wires. Heavy rail is characterized by high speed and
rapid acceleration of rail cars operating on a separate right-of-way.
Table 9.15
Summary Statistics for Rail Transit Operations, 1970–2003a
Year
1970
1975
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
Number of
passenger
vehicles
10,548
10,617
10,654
10,824
10,831
10,904
10,848
11,109
11,083
10,934
11,370
11,261
11,332
11,426
11,303
11,286
11,192
11,156
11,341
11,471
11,521
11,603
12,168
12,084
12,479
12,236
Vehiclemiles
(millions)
440.8
446.9
402.2
436.6
445.2
423.5
452.7
467.8
492.8
508.6
538.3
553.4
560.9
554.8
554.0
549.8
565.8
571.8
580.7
598.9
609.5
626.4
648.0
662.4
681.9
694.2
1970–2003
1993–2003
0.5%
0.8%
1.4%
2.4%
Passenger
Average trip
trips
Passenger-miles
length
(millions)b
(miles)d
(millions)c
f
2,116
12,273
f
1,797
10,423
2,241
10,939
4.9
2,217
10,590
4.8
2,201
10,428
4.7
2,304
10,741
4.7
2,388
10,531
4.4
2,422
10,777
4.4
2,467
11,018
4.5
2,535
11,603
4.6
2,462
11,836
4.8
2,704
12,539
4.6
2,521
12,046
4.8
2,356
11,190
4.7
2,395
11,438
4.8
2,234
10,936
4.9
2,453
11,501
4.7
2,284
11,419
5.0
2,418
12,487
5.2
2,692
13,091
4.9
2,669
13,412
5.0
2,813
14,108
5.0
2,952
15,200
5.1
3,064
15,615
5.1
3,025
15,095
5.0
3,005
14,896
4.8
Average annual percentage change
-5.4%
0.6%
0.1%g
-17.2%
3.1%
-0.2%
Energy intensity
(Btu/
passenger-mile)e
2,453
2,962
3,008
2,946
3,069
3,212
3,732
3,461
3,531
3,534
3,565
3,397
3,453
3,727
3,575
3,687
3,828
3,818
3,444
3,253
3,216
3,168
3,105
3,114
3,268
3,228
Energy use
(trillion Btu)
30.1
31.1
32.9
31.2
32.0
34.5
39.3
37.3
38.9
41.0
42.2
42.6
41.6
41.7
40.9
42.2
44.0
43.6
43.0
42.6
43.1
44.7
47.2
48.6
49.3
48.7
0.8%
-1.3%
1.5%
1.4%
Sources:
American Public Transit Association, 2005 Public Transportation Fact Book, Washington, DC, April 2005, Tables 116 and 117.
(Additional resources: www.apta.com)
Energy use - See Appendix A for Rail Transit Energy Use.
a
Heavy rail and light rail. Series not continuous between 1983 and 1984 because of a change in data source by the American
Public Transit Association (APTA). Beginning in 1984, data provided by APTA are taken from mandatory reports filed with the Urban
Mass Transit Administration (UMTA). Data for prior years were provided on a voluntary basis by APTA members and expanded
statistically.
b
1970–79 data represents total passenger rides; after 1979, data represents unlinked passenger trips.
c
Estimated for years 1970–76 based on an average trip length of 5.8 miles.
d
Calculated as the ratio of passenger-miles to passenger trips.
e
Large system-to-system variations exist within this category.
f
Data are not available.
g
Average annual percentage change is calculated for years 1980–2003.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
10–1
Chapter 10
Transportation and the Economy
Summary Statistics from Tables/Figures in this Chapter
Source
Figure 10.1
Table 10.10
Table 10.11
Table 10.15
Share of gasoline cost attributed to taxes, 2003
Canada
40%
France
76%
Germany
74%
Japan
54%
United Kingdom
76%
United States
24%
Average price of a new car, 2003 (current dollars)
21,298
Domestic
18,789
Import
27,956
Car operating costs, 2004
Variable costs (constant 2004 dollars per 10,000 miles)
1,260
Fixed costs (constant 2004 dollars per 10,000 miles)
5,616
Transportation sector share of total employment
1994
8.4%
2004
7.9%
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
10–2
Table 10.1
Gasoline Prices for Selected Countries, 1978–2003
Average annual
percentage change
Current dollars per gallon
1978a
1982a
1986a
China
c
c
c
c
c
0.93
India
Japan
France
United Kingdom
Germany
Canada
United Statesd
c
c
c
1.92
3.05
3.40
2.55
2.72
1.92
1.04
2.28
4.14
3.31
2.86
3.34
1.57
1.24
2.25
3.77
4.41
3.47
4.32
1.80
1.28
2.00
2.15
1.22
1.75
0.69
0.66
2.60
2.56
2.42
2.17
1.37
1.32
2.79
2.58
2.07
1.88
1.31
0.93
1990b
1994b
1996b
2000b
2003b
1978–2003
1990–2003
c
c
c
c
c
c
2.8%
3.2%
5.8%
3.7%
4.8%
3.7%
2.0%
2.6%
5.2%
3.8%
1.2%
3.6%
1.21
c
3.65
4.01
5.13
3.78
2.04
1.47
3.36
4.74
4.95
4.39
2.24
1.65
Average annual
percentage change
Constant 2003 dollarse per gallon
1978a
1982a
1986a
1990b
1994b
China
c
c
c
c
c
India
c
c
c
2.70
1996b
2000b
2003b
1978–2003
1990–2003
1.09
1.29
c
c
c
2.83
2.64
c
c
c
c
Japan
5.64
4.96
4.68
4.29
5.14
4.42
3.90
3.36
-2.1%
-1.9%
France
6.07
4.88
4.33
4.79
4.11
5.17
4.28
4.74
-1.0%
-0.1%
United Kingdom
3.44
4.61
3.48
3.59
3.55
4.07
5.48
4.95
1.5%
2.5%
Germany
4.94
4.14
3.16
3.83
4.15
5.07
4.04
4.39
-0.5%
1.1%
Canada
1.95
2.61
2.20
2.70
1.95
2.11
2.18
2.24
0.6%
-1.4%
United Statesd
1.86
2.52
1.56
1.46
1.54
1.50
1.57
1.65
-0.5%
0.9%
Source:
U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, International Energy Annual 2004, Washington, DC, June 2004,
Table 7.2 and annual. (Additional resources: ww.eia.doe.gov)
Note: 2004 data were not available at the time of publication. Check “source document” for updates. Comparisons between
prices and price trends in different countries require care. They are of limited validity because of fluctuations in exchange rates;
differences in product quality, marketing practices, and market structures; and the extent to which the standard categories of sales
are representative of total national sales for a given period.
a
Prices represent the retail prices (including taxes) for premium leaded gasoline. Prices are representative for each country
based on quarterly data averaged for the year.
b
Regular gasoline.
c
Data are not available.
d
These estimates are international comparisons only and do not necessarily correspond to gasoline price estimates in other
sections of the book.
e
Adjusted by the U.S. Consumer Price Inflation Index.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
10–3
In 2003 more than seventy percent of the cost of gasoline in France, Germany, and the
United Kingdom went for taxes. Of the listed countries, the U.S. has the lowest
percentage of taxes.
Figure 10.1. Gasoline Prices for Selected Countries, 1990 and 2003
Source:
Table 10.1 and International Energy Agency, Energy Prices and Taxes, Fourth Quarter 2003, Paris, France,
2004. (Additional resources: www.iea.org)
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
10–4
Table 10.2
Diesel Fuel Prices for Selected Countries, 1978–2003a
Average annual
percentage change
Current dollars per gallon
China
India
Japan
France
United Kingdom
Germany
Canada
United Statesc
1978
1982
1986
b
b
b
b
b
1.30
1.24
1.48
b
0.54
b
1.78
1.88
2.05
1.81
1.27
1.16
b
1.90
1.69
1.71
1.51
1.27
0.94
1990
b
0.78
1.75
1.78
2.04
2.72
1.55
0.99
1994
b
0.74
2.48
2.10
2.46
2.16
1.47
0.96
1996
0.88
0.92
2.51
3.10
3.26
3.02
1.43
1.15
2000
1.27
b
2.89
3.05
4.77
2.90
1.68
1.36
2003
1978–2003
1990–2003
b
b
b
b
2.67
3.61
4.76
3.46
1.43
1.49
China
India
Japan
France
b
b
b
3.67
1982a
b
b
1986a
b
b
1990b
b
1994b
b
1996b
1.03
1.10
0.92
1.08
b
4.2%
2.9%
3.5%
b
4.1%
b
3.3%
5.6%
6.7%
1.9%
-0.6%
3.2%
Average annual
percentage change
Constant 2003 dollarsd per gallon
1978
b
2000b
1.36
b
2003b
1978–2003
1990–2003
b
b
b
b
3.39
3.19
2.46
3.08
2.94
3.09
2.67
3.58
2.84
2.51
2.61
3.64
3.26
3.61
b
b
-0.1%
b
0.6%
2.8%
United Kingdom
3.50
3.91
2.87
2.87
3.05
3.82
5.10
4.76
1.2%
4.0%
Germany
4.18
3.45
2.54
3.83
2.68
3.54
3.10
3.46
-0.8%
-0.8%
2.42
2.13
2.18
1.83
1.68
1.80
1.43
2.21
1.58
1.39
1.19
1.35
1.45
1.49
Canada
United Statesc
b
1.52
b
-0.1%
-3.2%
0.5%
Source:
U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, International Energy Annual 2004, Washington, DC, June 2004,
Table 7.2 and annual. (Additional resources: www.eia.doe.gov)
Note: 2004 data were not available at the time of publication. Check “source document” for updates. Comparisons between
prices and price trends in different countries require care. They are of limited validity because of fluctuations in exchange rates;
differences in product quality, marketing practices, and market structures; and the extent to which the standard categories of sales
are representative of total national sales for a given period.
Prices represent the retail prices (including taxes) for diesel fuel. Prices are representative for each country based on
quarterly data averaged for the year or on data as of January 1.
b
Data are not available.
c
These estimates are for international comparisons only and do not necessarily correspond to gasoline price estimates in
other sections of the book.
d
Adjusted by the U.S. Consumer Price Inflation Index.
a
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
10–5
Diesel fuel is taxed heavily in the European countries shown here. The U.S. diesel fuel tax
share is the lowest of the listed countries.
Figure 10.2. Diesel Prices for Selected Countries, 1990 and 2003
Source:
Table 10.2 and International Energy Agency, Energy Prices and Taxes, Fourth Quarter 2003, Paris, France, 2004.
(Additional resources: www.iea.org)
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
10–6
Though the cost of crude oil certainly influences the price of gasoline, it is not the only factor which
determines the price at the pump. Processing cost, transportation cost, and taxes also play a major part
of the cost of a gallon of gasoline. The average price of a barrel of crude oil (in constant 2004 dollars)
rose by 155% from 1998 to 2004, while the average price of a gallon of gasoline increased only 49% in
this same time period.
Table 10.3
Prices for a Barrel of Crude Oil and a Gallon of Gasoline, 1978–2004
Crude oila
(dollars per barrel)
Year
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
Current
12.5
17.7
28.1
35.2
31.9
29.0
28.6
26.8
14.6
17.9
14.7
18.0
22.2
19.1
18.4
16.4
15.6
17.2
20.7
19.0
12.5
17.5
28.3
23.0
24.1
28.5
37.0
1978–2004
1994–2004
4.3%
9.0%
Gasolineb
(cents per gallon)
Current
Constant 2004c
36.1
65.2
46.1
88.2
64.3
122.1
73.2
135.3
62.4
128.1
55.0
122.5
52.1
119.8
47.0
119.6
25.1
93.1
29.8
95.7
23.4
96.3
27.4
106.0
32.1
121.7
26.4
119.6
24.8
119.0
21.5
117.3
19.9
117.4
21.4
120.5
24.9
128.8
22.8
129.1
14.5
111.5
19.9
122.1
31.0
156.3
24.5
153.1
25.3
144.1
29.3
163.8
37.0
192.3
Average annual percentage change
0.1%
4.2%
6.4%
5.1%
Constant 2004c
188.9
229.5
279.9
281.2
250.8
232.3
217.8
210.0
160.5
159.1
153.8
161.5
175.9
165.9
160.2
153.3
149.6
149.4
155.1
151.9
129.2
138.4
171.5
163.3
151.3
168.2
192.3
Ratio of
gasoline
to
crude oil
219.8
209.1
182.7
161.3
168.8
177.5
175.7
187.8
268.7
224.5
275.7
247.7
230.0
263.5
271.2
300.2
316.3
293.7
261.2
284.8
374.0
292.9
232.3
280.2
251.2
241.4
218.5
0.1%
2.5%
Sources:
Crude oil - U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Monthly Energy Review, March
2005, Washington, DC, Table 9.1.
Gasoline - U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Monthly Energy Review, March
2005, Washington, DC, Table 9.4. (Additional resources: www.eia.doe.gov)
Refiner acquisition cost of composite (domestic and imported) crude oil.
Average for all types. These prices were collected from a sample of service stations in 85 urban areas
selected to represent all urban consumers. Urban consumers make up about 80% of the total U.S. population.
c
Adjusted by the Consumer Price Inflation Index.
a
b
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
10–7
Diesel fuel price is generally lower than gasoline; however, in 2004 the price of gasoline and diesel fuel were
almost equal.
Table 10.4
Retail Prices for Motor Fuel, 1978–2004
(cents per gallon, including tax)
Diesel fuela
Year
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
Current
d
d
101
118
116
120
122
122
94
96
95
102
107
91
106
98
111
111
124
120
104
112
149
140
132
151
181
Average for all
gasoline typesb
Constant
Constant
2004c
Current
2004c
d
65
189
d
88
229
226
122
280
239
135
281
221
128
251
222
123
232
216
120
218
209
120
210
158
93
160
155
96
159
148
96
154
151
106
161
151
122
176
123
120
166
139
119
160
125
117
153
141
117
150
121
149
138
129
155
149
129
152
141
112
129
121
122
138
127
156
171
163
153
163
149
144
151
139
164
165
155
165
165
181
Average annual percentage change
3.6%
-0.5%
-0.9%e
3.5%
1.0%
2.5%
1978–2004
2.5%e
1994–2004
5.0%
Sources:
Gasoline - U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Monthly Energy Review, 2005,
Washington, DC, Table 9.4.
Diesel - U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, International Energy Annual 2004,
Washington, DC, June 2004, Table 7.2 (Additional resources: www.eia.doe.gov)
a
1980-1993: Collected from a survey of prices on January 1 of the current year. 1994-on: Annual average.
These prices were collected from a sample of service stations in 85 urban areas selected to represent all urban
consumers. Urban consumers make up about 80 percent of the total U.S. population.
c
Adjusted by the Consumer Price Inflation Index.
d
Data are not available.
e
Average annual percentage change is from the earliest year possible to 2002.
b
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
10–8
The fuel prices shown here are refiner sales prices of transportation fuels to end users, excluding tax. Sales to end
users are those made directly to the ultimate consumer, including bulk consumers. Bulk sales to utility, industrial,
and commercial accounts previously included in the wholesale category are now counted as sales to end users.
Table 10.5
Refiner Sales Prices for Propane and No. 2 Diesel, 1978–2004
(cents per gallon, excluding tax)
Propanea
Year
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
1978–2004
1994–2004
Current
33.5
35.7
48.2
56.5
59.2
70.9
73.7
71.7
74.5
70.1
71.4
61.5
74.5
73.0
64.3
67.3
53.0
49.2
60.5
55.2
40.5
45.8
60.3
50.6
41.9
57.7
83.3
3.6%
4.6%
No. 2 diesel fuel
Constant
Constant
2004b
Current
2004b
97.1
37.7
109.2
92.9
58.5
152.2
110.5
81.8
187.5
117.4
99.5
206.8
115.9
94.2
184.4
134.5
82.6
156.7
134.0
82.3
149.6
125.9
78.9
138.5
128.4
47.8
82.4
116.6
55.1
91.6
114.0
50.0
79.8
93.7
58.5
89.1
107.7
72.5
104.8
101.2
64.8
89.9
86.6
61.9
83.3
88.0
60.2
78.7
67.6
55.4
70.6
61.0
56.0
69.4
72.8
68.1
82.0
65.0
64.2
75.6
46.9
49.4
57.2
51.9
58.4
66.2
66.1
93.5
102.6
54.0
84.2
89.8
44.0
76.2
80.0
59.2
94.4
96.9
83.3
124.2
124.2
Average annual percentage change
-0.6%
4.7%
0.5%
2.1%
8.4%
5.8%
Source:
U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Monthly Energy Review, March 2005, Washington,
DC, Table 9.7. (Additional resources: www.eia.doe.gov)
a
b
Consumer grade.
Adjusted by the Consumer Price Inflation Index.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
10–9
The average price of finished aviation gasoline jumped 33 cents from 2003 to 2004; jet fuel also rose by 33
cents in that same time period.
Table 10.6
Refiner Sales Prices for Aviation Gasoline and Jet Fuel, 1978–2004
(cents per gallon, excluding tax)
Year
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
1978–2004
1994–2004
Finished aviation
Kerosene-type
gasoline
jet fuel
Constant
Constant
Current
2004a
Current
2004a
51.6
149.5
38.7
112.1
68.9
179.3
54.7
142.3
108.4
248.5
86.6
198.5
130.3
270.8
102.4
212.8
131.2
256.8
96.3
188.5
125.5
238.0
87.8
166.5
123.4
224.4
84.2
153.1
120.1
210.8
79.6
139.7
101.1
174.2
52.9
91.2
90.7
150.8
54.3
90.3
89.1
142.3
51.3
81.9
99.5
151.6
59.2
90.2
112.0
161.9
76.6
110.7
104.7
145.2
65.2
90.4
102.7
138.3
61.0
82.1
99.0
129.4
58.0
75.8
95.7
122.0
53.4
68.1
100.5
124.6
54.0
66.9
111.6
134.4
65.1
78.4
112.8
132.8
61.3
72.1
97.5
113.0
45.2
52.4
105.9
120.1
54.3
61.6
130.6
143.3
89.9
98.6
132.3
141.1
77.5
82.7
128.8
135.2
72.1
75.7
149.3
153.3
87.2
89.5
182.3
182.3
120.7
120.7
Average annual percentage change
5.0%
0.8%
4.5%
0.3%
6.7%
4.1%
8.5%
5.9%
Source:
U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Monthly Energy Review, March 2005, Washington,
DC, Table 9.7. (Additional resources: www.eia.doe.gov)
a
Adjusted by the Consumer Price Inflation Index.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
10–10
At the end of 2003, only four states offered tax exemptions to encourage the use of gasohol for transportation
purposes. This list is quite short compared to the 30 states which offered gasohol tax exemptions twenty years
ago. Still, the Federal Government encourages gasohol use via a difference in the Federal tax rates of gasoline
and gasohol.
Table 10.7
State Tax Exemptions for Gasohol, 2003
State
Connecticut
Idaho
Iowa
South Dakota
Exemption
(Cents/gallon of gasohol)
1.0
2.5
1.0
2.0
Source:
U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway
Administration, "Highway Statistics 2003,”
November 2004, Washington, DC, Table MF-121T.
(Additional resources: www.fhwa.dot.gov)
Table 10.8
Federal Excise Taxes on Motor Fuels, 2004
Fuel
Gasoline
Diesela
Gasohol
Other special fuelsa
Neat alcohol
CNG
LNG
LPG
10% Ethanol
7.7% Ethanol
5.7% Ethanol
85% Alcohol
Cents per gallon
18.40
24.40
13.20
14.396
15.436
18.40
9.25
48.54/mcf b
11.90
13.60
Source:
U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration,
“Highway Statistics 2003,” November 2004, Washington, DC, Table
FE-21B. (Additional resources: www.fhwa.dot.gov)
a
b
Includes benzol, benzene, naphtha, and other liquid used a motor fuel.
Thousand cubic feet.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
10–11
These states currently offer extra incentives for ethanol production or consumption (gasohol or
E85). Details on these incentives can be found at www.eere.energy.gov/cleancities/vbg/
progs/laws.cgi.
Table 10.9
State Ethanol Incentives, 2005
Producer
incentives
State
State tax
incentives
Illinois
T
Iowa
T
Kansas
T
Maine
T
Maryland
T
Minnesota
T
Mississippi
T
Missouri
T
Nebraska
T
T
T
T
New Jersey
New Mexico
Other
incentives
T
T
Pennsylvania
T
Source:
U.S. Department of Energy, Vehicle Buyer’s Guide for Consumers, State and Federal
Laws and Incentives. (Additional resources: www.eere.energy.gov/
cleancities/vbg/progs/laws.cgi)
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
10–12
In current dollars, import cars, on average, were less expensive than domestic cars until 1982. Since
then, import prices have nearly tripled, while domestic prices have nearly doubled (current dollars).
Table 10.10
Average Price of a New Car, 1970–2003
Year
1970
1975
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
1970–2003
1993–2003
Domestica
Constant
Current
2003
dollars
dollarsb
3,708
17,584
5,084
17,388
7,609
16,991
8,912
18,040
9,865
18,810
10,516
19,427
11,079
19,620
11,589
19,818
12,319
20,682
12,922
20,930
13,418
20,870
13,936
20,679
14,489
20,398
15,192
20,524
15,644
20,517
15,976
20,343
16,930
21,020
16,864
20,361
17,468
20,485
17,907
20,529
18,479
20,860
18,630
20,576
18,897
20,192
19,039
19,781
18,868
19,298
18,789
18,789
5.0%
1.6%
0.2%
-0.8%
Import
Total
Constant
Constant
Current
Current
2003
2003
dollars
dollars
dollarsb
dollarsb
2,648
12,558
3,542
16,797
4,384
14,994
4,950
16,929
7,482
16,707
7,574
16,913
8,896
18,007
8,910
18,036
9,957
18,985
9,890
18,858
10,868
20,077
10,606
19,593
12,336
21,846
11,375
20,144
12,853
21,979
11,838
20,243
13,670
22,950
12,652
21,241
14,470
23,437
13,386
21,682
15,221
23,674
13,932
21,669
15,510
23,015
14,371
21,325
16,640
23,426
15,042
21,176
16,327
22,057
15,475
20,906
18,593
24,384
16,336
21,424
20,261
25,799
16,871
21,483
21,989
27,301
17,903
22,228
23,202
28,013
17,959
21,683
26,205
30,731
18,777
22,020
27,722
31,781
19,531
22,391
29,614
33,429
20,364
22,988
28,931
31,953
20,658
22,816
27,767
26,670
20,427
21,827
27,941
29,030
21,258
22,086
27,378
28,002
21,216
21,700
27,956
27,956
21,298
21,298
Average annual percentage change
7.4%
2.5%
5.6%
0.7%
3.3%
0.8%
2.4%
-0.1%
Source:
U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis, National Income and Product Accounts,
underlying detail estimates for Motor Vehicle Output, Washington, DC, 2004. (Additional resources:
www.stat-usa.gov)
a
b
Includes transplants.
Adjusted by the Consumer Price Inflation Index.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
10–13
The total cost of operating an car is the sum of the fixed cost (depreciation, insurance, finance charge,
and license fee) and the variable cost (gas and oil, tires, and maintenance), which is related to the
amount of travel. The gas and oil share of total cost in 2004 was 9.5%.
Table 10.11
Car Operating Cost per Mile, 1985–2004
Constant 2004 dollars per 10,000 milesa
Model
year
Variable cost
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
1,303
1,124
1,114
1,261
1,219
1,214
1,345
1,212
1,203
1,160
1,190
1,156
1,271
1,240
1,202
1,338
1,451
1,239
1,345
1,260
1985–2004
-0.2%
Fixed cost
Total cost
3,618
4,921
3,976
5,100
3,871
4,985
4,838
6,100
4,448
5,667
4,706
5,920
4,946
6,291
5,095
6,307
4,866
6,068
4,889
6,049
4,964
6,154
5,048
6,204
5,117
6,400
5,247
6,476
5,248
6,486
5,182
6,520
4,929
6,380
5,118
6,357
5,014
6,359
5,616
6,876
Average annual percentage change
2.3%
1.8%
Total cost per
mileb (constant
2004 centsa)
Percentage gas
and oil of total
cost
49.21
51.00
49.85
61.00
56.67
59.20
62.91
63.07
60.68
60.49
61.54
62.04
64.00
64.76
64.86
65.20
63.80
63.57
63.59
68.76
19.9%
15.1%
14.7%
13.6%
14.2%
13.2%
14.6%
12.6%
12.7%
11.8%
11.7%
10.9%
12.1%
11.1%
9.8%
11.6%
13.2%
9.7%
11.6%
9.5%
1.8%
Source:
Ward’s Communications, Motor Vehicle Facts and Figures 2004, Southfield, Michigan, 2005, p. 60,
and annual. (Additional resources: www.Wardsauto.com)
a
b
Adjusted by the Consumer Price Inflation Index.
Based on 10,000 miles per year.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
10–14
While the previous table shows costs per mile, this table presents costs per year for fixed costs associated with car
operation. For 2004 model year autos, the fixed cost is almost $18 per day.
Table 10.12
Fixed Car Operating Costs per Year, 1975–2004
(constant 2004 dollars)a
Model year
1975
1980
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
1975–2004
1994–2004
Fire &
theftb
186
160
132
148
145
137
155
159
150
172
152
157
150
173
141
155
184
179
178
182
208
e
e
e
Collisionc
Property
damage &
liabilityd
495
394
311
329
326
324
356
354
343
385
318
314
312
331
384
333
367
358
368
375
412
1603
664
569
374
400
419
453
471
460
490
502
503
510
508
513
472
555
549
528
511
508
511
4.1%
e
17.7%
e
e
License,
registration
& taxes
Depreciation
105
2,714
188
2,380
193
2,216
224
2,275
213
2,484
222
2,849
219
3,074
238
3,407
233
3,473
234
3,658
233
3,700
247
3,747
252
3,809
259
3,817
254
3,851
262
3,899
256
3,896
245
3,831
222
3,784
211
3,907
210
3,838
415
3,782
Average annual percentage change
4.9%
1.2%
5.3%
0.4%
Total
Average
fixed cost
per day
4,164
4,661
4,162
4,474
4,461
4,888
5,172
5,601
5,057
6,024
5,781
5,801
5,881
5,957
6,006
6,146
6,191
6,071
5,987
6,052
5,943
6,541
11.41
12.77
11.41
12.25
12.22
13.40
14.17
15.35
13.86
16.51
15.84
15.89
16.11
16.33
16.45
16.84
16.96
16.63
16.40
16.58
16.28
17.92
e
1.6%
1.6%
0.1%
1.2%
1.2%
Finance
charge
e
e
937
1,098
875
902
896
983
1,201
1,072
876
826
850
864
904
942
939
931
924
869
764
741
Source:
American Automobile Association, "Your Driving Costs," 2004 Edition, Heathrow, FL, and annual. (Additional
resources: www.aaa.com, www.runzheimer.com)
Adjusted by the Consumer Price Inflation Index.
$50 deductible 1975 through 1977; $100 deductible 1978 through 1992; $250 deductible for 1993 – on.
c
$100 deductible through 1977; $250 deductible 1978 through 1992; $500 deductible for 1993 – on.
d
Coverage: $100,000/$300,000.
e
Data are not available.
a
b
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
10–15
Table 10.13
Personal Consumption Expenditures, 1950–2004
(billion dollars)
Personal consumption
expenditures
Year
1970
1980
1990
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
Current
648.5
1,757.1
3,839.9
6,739.4
7,055.0
7,376.1
7,760.9
8,229.9
Transportation personal
consumption expenditures
Constant
2004a
2,551.2
3,520.8
5,093.8
7,294.2
7,457.1
7,670.2
7,924.9
8,229.9
Current
81.4
238.9
471.7
853.5
872.3
877.5
925.4
974.1
Constant
2004a
320.2
478.7
625.7
923.8
922.0
912.5
945.0
974.1
Transportation PCE
as a percent of PCE
12.6%
13.6%
12.3%
12.7%
12.4%
11.9%
11.9%
11.8%
Source:
U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis, National Income and Product Accounts, Table 2.3.5,
http://www.bea.doc.gov/bea/dn/nipaweb.
Note: Transportation PCE includes the following categories: transportation, motor vehicles and parts, and gasoline
and oil.
Table 10.14
Consumer Price Indices, 1970–2004
(1970 = 1.000)
Year
1970
1980
1990
2000
2002
2003
2004
Consumer Price
Index
1.000
2.124
3.369
4.438
4.637
4.742
4.869
Transportation
Consumer
Price Indexb
New vehicle
Consumer
Price Index
Used vehicle
Consumer
Price Index
Gross National
Product Index
1.000
2.216
3.213
4.088
4.077
4.203
4.349
1.000
1.667
2.286
2.689
2.637
2.597
2.582
1.000
1.997
3.769
4.994
4.872
4.580
4.272
1.000
2.706
5.575
9.422
10.039
10.545
11.269
Source:
Bureau of Labor Statistics, Consumer Price Index Table 1A for 2003, and annual.
(Additional resources: stats.bls.gov/cpihome.htm)
GNP – U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis, Survey of Current Business, June 2005, Table
1.9, and annual. (Additional resources: www.bea.doc.gov)
Adjusted by the GNP price deflator.
Transportation Consumer Price Index includes new and used cars, gasoline, auto insurance rates, intracity
mass transit, intracity bus fare, and airline fares.
a
b
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
10–16
Knowing the number of employees that are in transportation-related jobs is not an easy task. The data below were
summarized from the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Current Employment Statistics Survey data using the North
American Industry Classification System (NAICS). Employment statistics shown in Edition 22 and previous used
the Standard Industrial Classification System (SIC) and do not match these data due to the differences between
the two classification systems and other survey revisions by the BLS.
Table 10.15
Transportation-related Employment, 1994 and 2004
(thousands)
Truck transportation
Transit and ground transportation
Air transportation
Rail transportation
Water transportation
Pipeline transportation
Motor vehicle and parts - retail
Motor vehicles and parts - wholesale
Gasoline stations - retail
Automotive repair and maintenance
Automotive equipment rental and leasing
Manufacturing
Autos and light trucks
Heavy-duty trucks
Motor vehicle bodies and trailers
Motor vehicle parts
Aerospace products and parts
Railroad rolling stock
Ship & boat building
All other transportation equipment
Tires
Oil and gas pipeline construction
Highway street and bridge construction
Scenic & sightseeing
Support activities for transporation
Couriers and messengers
Travel arrangement and reservation services
Total transportation-related employment
Total nonfarm employment
Transportation-related to total employment
1994
1,206.2
316.6
511.2
234.6
52.3
57.0
1,564.7
319.9
902.3
701.3
162.7
2,020.7
238.7
42.8
151.4
735.6
552.1
32.5
145.2
37.8
84.6
69.9
273.5
21.3
404.7
466.2
271.2
9,556.3
114,291.0
8.4%
2004
1,350.7
385.5
514.8
224.1
57.2
38.8
1,901.2
340.0
877.1
891.3
197.6
1,833.3
221.8
34.4
164.5
688.5
443.6
24.7
148.1
38.0
69.7
68.6
347.8
26.7
535.6
560.5
225.7
10,376.5
131,480.0
7.9%
Source:
Bureau of Labor Statistics web site query system: data.bls.gov/labjava/outside.jsp?survey=ce
(Additional resources: www.bls.gov)
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
11–1
Chapter 11
Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Summary Statistics from Tables in this Chapter
Source
Table 11.1
Table 11.4
Carbon dioxide emissions (million metric tonnes)
1990
2002
United States
4,989
5,751
Former Soviet Union
3,798
2,399
Western Europe
3,413
3,549
China
2,262
3,322
Eastern Europe
1,095
726
Japan
990
1,179
India
583
1,025
Transportation share of U.S. carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuel
consumption
1990
31.5%
1995
31.6%
2002
32.4%
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
11–2
The U. S. accounted for 23.2% of the World’s carbon dioxide emissions in 1990 and 23.5% in
2002. Nearly half (42%) of the U.S. carbon emissions are from oil use.
Table 11.1
World Carbon Dioxide Emissions, 1990 and 2002
1990
Percent of
emissions
from oil use
Million
metric tons
Percent of
emissions
from oil use
4,989
44%
5,751
43%
473
308
3,413
990
294
3,798
1,095
2,262
583
1,045
845
655
711
21,461
47%
78%
51%
66%
38%
32%
22%
15%
28%
58%
67%
46%
76%
43%
588
363
3,549
1,179
448
2,399
726
3,322
1,025
1,858
1,361
854
988
24,411
47%
71%
54%
56%
31%
24%
26%
20%
27%
53%
59%
44%
72%
42%
Million
metric tons
United States
Canada
Mexico
Western Europe
Japan
Australia/New Zealand
Former Soviet Union
Eastern Europe
China
India
Other Asia
Middle East
Africa
Central & South America
Total World
2002
Source:
U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, International Energy Outlook 2005,
Washington, DC, July 2005, Tables A10 and A11. (Additional resources: www.eia.doe.gov)
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
11–3
Global Warming Potentials (GWP) were developed to allow comparison of the ability of each
greenhouse gas to trap heat in the atmosphere relative to carbon dioxide. Extensive research has been
performed and it has been discovered that the effects of various gases on global warming are too
complex to be precisely summarized by a single number. Further understanding of the subject also
causes frequent changes to estimates. Despite that, the scientific community has developed
approximations, which are shown below. Most analysts use the 100-year time horizon.
Table 11.2
Numerical Estimates of Global Warming Potentials Compared with Carbon Dioxide
(kilogram of gas per kilogram of carbon dioxide)
Global warming potential
Lifetime
Gas
Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
Methane (CH4)
Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
HFCsb, PFCsc, and Sulfur Hexafluoride
HFC-23
HFC-125
HFC-134a
HFC-152a
HFC-227ea
Perfluoromethane (CF4)
Perfluoroethane (C2F6)
Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6)
(years)
direct effect for time horizons of
20 years
100 years
500 years
a
5-200
12
114
1
62
275
1
23
296
1
7
156
260
29
14
1
33
50,000
10,000
3,200
9,400
5,900
3,300
410
5,600
3,900
8,000
15,100
12,000
3,400
1,300
120
3,500
5,700
11,900
22,200
10,000
1,100
400
37
1,100
8,900
18,000
32,400
Source:
U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Emissions of Greenhouse Gases in the
United States 2003, Washington, DC, December 13, 2004, Table 4. Original source:
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change; Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis
(Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2000), pp. 38 and 388-389.
(Additional resources: www.eia.doe.gov, www.ipcc.ch)
Note: The typical uncertainty for global warming potentials is estimated by the Intergovernmental Panel
on Climate Change ± 35 percent.
No single lifetime can be defined for carbon dioxide due to different rates of uptake by different removal
processes.
b
Hydrofluorocarbons
c
Perfluorocarbons
a
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
11–4
Carbon dioxide emissions in 2003 were 18% higher than in 1990. Carbon dioxide accounts for the
majority of greenhouse gases.
Table 11.3
Estimated U.S. Emissions of Greenhouse Gases, 1990–2003
(million metric tons of gasa)
Greenhouse gas
1990
Carbon dioxide
4,990.1
5,306.7
30.8
Methane
Nitrous oxide
HFCs, PFCs, and SF6c
1995
2000
2001
2002
2003b
5,844.8
5,777.0
5,824.8
5,870.2
29.6
26.7
26.0
26.1
26.2
1.1
1.2
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
88.5
94.7
142.4
134.2
143.7
143.4
Source:
U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Emissions of Greenhouse Gases in the
United States, 2003, Washington, DC, December 2004, Tables ES1 andES2. (Additional resources:
www.eia.doe.gov)
Gases that contain carbon can be measured either in terms of the full molecular weight of the gas or just in
terms of their carbon content. See Appendix B, Table B.5 for details.
b
Preliminary
c
Carbon dioxide equivalent. HFC-hydrofluorocarbons. PFC-perfluorocarbons. SF6-sulfur hexaflouride.
a
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
11–5
Gases which contain carbon can be measured in terms of the full molecular weight of the gas
or just in terms of their carbon content. This table presents carbon dioxide gas. The ratio of
the weight of carbon to carbon dioxide is 0.2727. The transportation sector accounts for
approximately one-third of carbon emissions.
Table 11.4
U.S. Carbon Emissions from Fossil Energy Consumption
by End-Use Sector, 1990–2003a
(million metric tons of carbon dioxide)
End use sector
1990
1995
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2003
Residential
948.3
1,026.5
1,077.5
1,083.3
1,107.1
1,107.4
1,163.3
1,214.8
Commercial
777.2
837.3
911.9
930.3
943.7
1,004.3
1,021.0
1,025.7
Industrial
1,686.9
1,731.6
1,800.1
1,783.8
1,772.9
1,775.0
1,691.4
1,666.2
Transportation
1,569.5
1,661.4
1,722.7
1,757.9
1,806.0
1,844.2
1,835.8
1,874.7
Percentage
31.5%
31.6%
31.3%
31.6%
32.1%
31.8%
32.1%
32.4%
Total energy
4,981.9
5,256.8
5,512.2
5,555.3
5,629.6
5,793.9
5,711.4
5,781.4
Source:
U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Emissions of Greenhouse Gases in the
United States, 2003, Washington, DC, December 2004, Table 6, and annual. (Additional resources:
www.eia.doe.gov)
a
Includes energy from petroleum, coal, and natural gas. Electric utility emissions are distributed across
consumption sectors.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
11–6
Most U.S. transportation sector carbon dioxide emissions come from petroleum fuels (98%).
Motor gasoline has been responsible for about 60% of U.S. carbon dioxide emissions over the
last twenty years.
Table 11.5
U.S. Carbon Emissions from Energy Use in the Transportation Sector, 1990–2003
(million metric tons of carbon dioxide)
1990
Fuel
Emissions
1995
Percentage
Emissions
2003
Percentage
Emissions
Percentage
Petroleum
Motor
gasoline
955.2
60.9%
1,015.5
61.1%
1,143.7
61.0%
1.3
0.1%
1.0
0.1%
0.8
0.0%
Jet fuel
220.4
14.0%
219.9
13.2%
228.6
12.2%
Distillate fuel
265.1
16.9%
303.8
18.3%
404.5
21.6%
Residual fuel
79.3
5.1%
71.0
4.3%
50.4
2.7%
Lubricants
6.5
0.4%
6.2
0.4%
5.6
0.3%
Aviation gas
3.1
0.2%
2.7
0.2%
2.2
0.1%
1,530.9
97.5%
1,620.1
97.5%
1,835.8
97.9%
LPG
a
Subtotal
Other energy
Natural gas
35.9
2.3%
38.2
2.3%
35.4
1.9%
Electricity
2.7
0.2%
3.2
0.2%
3.5
0.2%
1569.5
100.0%
1,661.4
100.0%
1,874.7
100.0%
Total
b
Source:
U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Emissions of Greenhouse Gases in the
United States, 2003, Washington, DC, December 2004, Table 10, and annual. (Additional resources:
www.eia.doe.gov)
a
b
Liquified petroleum gas.
Share of total electric utility carbon dioxide emissions weighted by sales to the transportation sector.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
11–7
The Greenhouse Gases, Regulated Emissions, and Energy Use
in Transportation (GREET) Model
http://www.transportation.anl.gov/software/GREET/
The GREET model, which is sponsored by the Department of Energy, estimates the full fuel-cycle
emissions and energy use associated with various transportation fuels and advanced transportation
technologies for light-duty vehicles. It calculates fuel-cycle emissions of three greenhouse gases (carbon
dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide) and five criteria pollutants (volatile organic compounds, carbon
monoxide, nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides, and particulate matter measuring 10 microns or less). The model
also calculates the total fuel-cycle energy consumption, fossil fuel consumption, and petroleum consumption
using various transportation fuels. The fuel cycles that are included in the GREET model are:
•
petroleum to conventional gasoline, reformulated gasoline, conventional diesel, reformulated diesel,
liquefied petroleum gas, and electricity via residual oil;
•
natural gas to compressed natural gas, liquefied natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas, methanol, FischerTropsch diesel, dimethyl ether, hydrogen, and electricity;
•
coal to electricity;
•
uranium to electricity;
•
renewable energy (hydropower, solar energy, and wind) to electricity;
•
corn, woody biomass, and herbaceous biomass to ethanol;
•
soybeans to biodiesel; and
•
landfill gases to methanol.
For additional information about the GREET model, see the GREET website, or contact:
Michael Q. Wang
Argonne National Laboratory
9700 South Cass Avenue, ES/362
Argonne, IL 60439-4815
phone: 630-252-2819
fax: 630-252-3443
email: mqwang@anl.gov
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
12–1
Chapter 12
Criteria Air Pollutants
Summary Statistics from Tables in this Chapter
Source
Table 12.1
Transportation’s share of U.S. emissions, 2002
CO
77.3%
NOX
54.3%
VOC
43.7%
PM-10
2.3%
PM-2.5
6.5%
SO2
4.5%
NH3
8.8%
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
12–2
Transportation accounts for the majority of carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxide emissions. Highway
vehicles are responsible for the largest share of transportation emissions.
Table 12.1
Total National Emissions of the Criteria Air Pollutants by Sector, 2002
(millions of short tons/percentage)
Sector
Highway vehicles
Aircraft
Railroads
Vessels
Other off-highway
Transportation total
Stationary source fuel combustion
Industrial processes
Waste disposal and recycling total
Miscellaneous
Total of all sources
CO
NOx
VOC
PM-10
PM-2.5
SO2
NH3
62.16
55.5%
0.26
0.2%
0.09
0.1%
0.13
0.1%
23.97
21.4%
86.61
77.3%
4.43
4.0%
2.66
2.4%
1.85
1.6%
16.50
14.7%
112.05
100.0%
7.37
34.9%
0.08
0.4%
0.89
4.2%
1.01
4.8%
2.11
10.0%
11.45
54.3%
8.29
39.3%
0.85
4.0%
0.15
0.7%
0.36
1.7%
21.10
100.0%
4.54
27.5%
0.02
0.1%
0.03
0.2%
0.03
0.2%
2.61
15.8%
7.23
43.7%
1.01
6.1%
6.96
42.1%
0.46
2.8%
0.88
5.3%
16.54
100.0%
0.20
0.9%
0.00
0.0%
0.02
0.1%
0.04
0.2%
0.24
1.1%
0.52
2.3%
1.37
6.2%
0.68
3.1%
0.44
2.0%
19.14
86.4%
22.15
100.0%
0.15
0.28
0.29
2.2%
1.8%
8.0%
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.0%
0.1%
0.0%
0.02
0.06
0.00
0.3%
0.3%
0.0%
0.04
0.16
0.00
0.6%
1.0%
0.0%
0.23
0.21
0.03
3.3%
1.3%
0.8%
0.43
0.70
0.29
6.5%
4.5%
8.8%
1.16
13.17
0.02
17.2% 85.8%
0.4%
0.42
1.37
0.07
6.2%
8.9%
1.9%
0.42
0.03
0.01
6.2%
0.2%
1.3%
4.31
0.09
3.21
64.0%
0.6% 89.3%
6.73
15.35
3.60
100.0% 100.0% 100.0%
Source:
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Emission Inventory Air Pollutant Emission Trends website
www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/trends (Additional resources: www.epa.gov/oar/oaqps)
Note: CO = Carbon monoxide. NOx = Nitrogen oxides. PM-10 = Particulate matter less than 10 microns.
PM-2.5 = Particulate matter less than 2.5 microns. SO2 = Sulfur dioxide. VOC = Volatile organic compounds.
NH3 = Ammonia.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
12–3
The transportation sector accounted for more than 77% of the nation’s carbon monoxide (CO) emissions
in 2002. Highway vehicles are by far the source of the greatest amount of CO. For details on the
highway emissions of CO, see Table 12.3.
Table 12.2
Total National Emissions of Carbon Monoxide, 1970–2002a
(million short tons)
1970
1980
1990
1995
2000
2002
Percent
of total,
2002
163.23
0.17
0.11
0.13
10.96
143.83
0.21
0.12
0.13
16.23
110.26
0.24
0.09
0.13
20.98
83.88
0.25
0.10
0.14
23.39
68.06
0.27
0.10
0.13
23.68
62.16
0.26
0.09
0.13
23.97
55.5%
0.2%
0.1%
0.1%
21.4%
174.60
160.51
131.70
107.76
92.24
86.61
77.3%
Stationary fuel combustion total
4.63
7.30
5.51
5.93
4.78
4.43
4.0%
Industrial processes total
9.84
6.95
4.77
4.61
2.63
2.66
2.4%
Waste disposal and recycling total
7.06
2.30
1.08
1.19
1.85
1.85
1.6%
Miscellaneous total
7.91
8.34
11.12
7.30
12.96
16.50
14.7%
Total of all sources
204.04
185.41
154.19
126.78
114.47
Source category
Highway vehicles
Aircraft
Railroads
Vesselsb
Other off-highway
Transportation total
112.05 100.0%
Source:
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Emission Inventory Air Pollutant Emission Trends website
www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/trends (Additional resources: www.epa.gov/oar/oaqps)
a
b
The sums of subcategories may not equal total due to rounding.
Recreational marine vessels.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
12–4
Though gasoline-powered light vehicles continue to be responsible for the majority of carbon monoxide
emissions from highway vehicles, the total pollution from light vehicles in 2002 is less than half what
it was in 1970. This is despite the fact that there were many more light vehicles on the road in 2002.
Table 12.3
Emissions of Carbon Monoxide from Highway Vehicles, 1970–2002a
(million short tons)
1980
1990
1995
2000
2002
Percent of
total, 2002
Source category
1970
Light vehicles & motorcycles
119.14
98.21
67.24
46.54
36.40
34.40
55.3%
Light trucks
22.27
28.83
32.23
29.81
27.04
24.19
38.9%
Heavy vehicles
21.27
15.35
8.92
5.96
3.42
2.55
4.1%
162.68
142.39
108.39
82.31
66.86
61.15
98.4%
Gasoline powered
b
Total
Diesel powered
Light vehicles
0.01
0.03
0.04
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.0%
Light trucks
0.06
0.05
0.03
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.0%
Heavy vehicles
0.49
1.36
1.81
1.53
1.19
1.12
1.6%
Total
0.56
1.43
1.87
1.57
1.20
1.13
1.6%
b
Total
Highway vehicle total
163.23
143.83
110.26
83.88
68.06
62.16
Percent diesel
0.3%
1.0%
1.7%
1.9%
1.8%
1.6%
100.0%
Source:
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Emission Inventory Air Pollutant Emission Trends website
www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/trends (Additional resources: www.epa.gov/oar/oaqps)
a
b
The sums of subcategories may not equal total due to rounding.
Less than 8,500 pounds.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
12–5
The transportation sector accounted for over half of the nation’s nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions in
2002, with the majority coming from highway vehicles. For details on the highway emissions of NOx,
see Table 12.5.
Table 12.4
Total National Emissions of Nitrogen Oxides, 1970–2002a
(million short tons)
1970
1980
1990
1995
2000
2002
Percent
of total,
2002
12.64
1.14
1.52
11.49
1.19
2.17
9.59
0.95
2.84
8.88
1.03
3.08
8.39
1.00
3.17
7.37
0.89
3.20
34.9%
4.2%
15.2%
Transportation total
15.29
14.85
13.27
12.99
12.56
11.45
54.3%
Stationary fuel combustion total
10.06
11.32
10.89
10.83
8.82
8.29
39.3%
Industrial processes total
0.78
0.56
0.80
0.77
0.81
0.85
4.0%
Waste disposal and recycling total
0.44
0.11
0.09
0.10
0.13
0.15
0.7%
Miscellaneous total
0.33
0.25
0.37
0.27
0.28
0.36
1.7%
Total of all sources
26.90
27.08
25.53
24.96
22.60
21.10
100.0%
Source category
Highway vehicles
Railroads
Other off-highway
Source:
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Emission Inventory Air Pollutant Emission Trends
website www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/trends (Additional resources: www.epa.gov/oar/oaqps)
a
The sums of subcategories may not equal total due to rounding.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
12–6
Heavy diesel-powered vehicles were responsible for nearly one-half (46%) of highway vehicle nitrogen
oxide emissions in 2002, while light gasoline vehicles were responsible for the rest.
Table 12.5
Emissions of Nitrogen Oxides from Highway Vehicles, 1970–2002a
(million short tons)
Source category
1970
1980
1990
1995
2000
Percent of
2002 total, 2002
Gasoline powered
Light vehicles &
motorcycles
8.54
6.63
4.26
3.05
2.31
2.17
29.4%
Light trucksb
1.54
1.58
1.50
1.46
1.44
1.40
19.0%
Heavy vehicles
0.72
0.62
0.57
0.52
0.45
0.40
5.5%
10.81
8.83
6.33
5.03
4.20
3.97
53.9%
Total
Diesel powered
Light vehicles
0.00
0.03
0.04
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.1%
Light trucks
0.07
0.05
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.1%
Heavy vehicles
1.76
2.59
3.19
3.82
4.18
3.38
45.9%
Total
1.83
2.66
3.26
3.85
4.19
3.39
46.1%
8.88
8.39
7.37
100.0%
b
Total
Highway vehicle total
12.64 11.49
9.59
Percent diesel
14.5% 23.1% 34.0% 43.4% 49.9% 46.1%
Source:
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Emission Inventory Air Pollutant Emission
Trends website www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/trends (Additional resources:
www.epa.gov/oar/oaqps)
a
b
The sums of subcategories may not equal total due to rounding.
Less than 8,500 pounds.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
12–7
The transportation sector accounted for over 40% of the nation’s volatile organic compound
(VOC) emissions in 2002, with the majority coming from highway vehicles. For details on the
highway emissions of VOC, see Table 12.7.
Table 12.6
Total National Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds, 1970–2002a
(million short tons)
1970
1980
1990
1995
2000
2002
Percent
of total,
2002
16.91
1.62
13.87
2.19
9.39
2.66
6.75
2.89
5.33
2.64
4.54
2.69
27.5%
16.2%
18.53
16.06
12.05
9.64
7.97
7.23
43.7%
0.72
1.05
1.01
1.07
1.18
1.01
6.1%
12.33
12.10
9.01
9.71
10.21
6.96
42.1%
Waste disposal and recycling total
1.98
0.76
0.99
1.07
0.42
0.46
2.8%
Miscellaneous total
1.10
1.13
1.06
0.55
0.73
0.88
5.3%
Total of all sources
34.66
31.11
24.11
22.04
20.51
16.54
100.0%
Source category
Highway vehicles
Off-highway
Transportation total
Stationary fuel combustion total
Industrial processes total
Source:
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Emission Inventory Air Pollutant Emission Trends
website www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/trends (Additional resources: www.epa.gov/oar/oaqps)
The sum of subcategories may not equal total due to rounding. The EPA's definition of volatile organic
compounds excludes methane, ethane, and certain other nonphotochemically reactive organic compounds.
a
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
12–8
Gasoline-powered vehicles are responsible for 95% of highway vehicle emissions of volatile
organic compounds. VOC emissions from highway vehicles in 2002 were less than half the
1990 level.
Table 12.7
Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds from Highway Vehicles, 1970–2002a
(thousand short tons)
Source category
1970
1980
1990
1995
2000
Percent of
2002 total, 2002
Gasoline powered
Light vehicles &
motorcycles
11,996
9,304 5,690
3,768
2,903
2,496
55.0%
Light trucksb
2,776
2,864 2,617
2,225
1,929
1,638
36.1%
Heavy vehicles
1,679
1,198
633
421
256
201
4.4%
16,451 13,366 8,940
6,414
5,088
4,335
95.4%
Total
Diesel powered
Light vehicles
8
16
18
9
3
3
0.1%
41
28
15
10
4
6
0.1%
Heavy vehicles
411
459
415
315
230
198
4.4%
Total
460
503
448
335
238
207
4.6%
16,911 13,869 9,388
6,749
5,326
4,542
100.0%
5.0%
4.5%
4.6%
Light trucks
b
Total
Highway vehicle total
Percent diesel
2.7%
3.6%
4.8%
Source:
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Emission Inventory Air Pollutant Emission Trends
website www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/trends (Additional resources: www.epa.gov/oar/oaqps)
a
b
The sums of subcategories may not equal total due to rounding.
Less than 8,500 pounds.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
12–9
The transportation sector accounted for only 2% of the nation’s particulate matter (PM-10)
emissions in 2002. For details on the highway emissions of PM-10, see Table 12.9.
Table 12.8
Total National Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM-10), 1970–2002a
(million short tons)
1970
1980
1990
1995
2000
2002
Percent
of total,
2002
0.48
0.16
0.43
0.26
0.39
0.33
0.30
0.34
0.23
0.32
0.20
0.31
0.9%
1.4%
Transportation total
0.64
0.69
0.72
0.64
0.55
0.52
2.3%
Stationary fuel combustion
total
2.87
2.45
1.20
1.18
1.47
1.37
6.2%
Industrial processes total
7.67
2.75
1.04
0.95
0.71
0.68
3.1%
Waste disposal and recycling
total
1.00
0.27
0.27
0.29
0.36
0.44
2.0%
b
b
b
b
18.06
6.47
17.01
5.75
14.31
6.34
13.27
5.86
59.9%
27.7%
Miscellaneous total
0.84
0.85
24.54
22.77
20.65
19.14
86.4%
Total of all sources
13.02
7.01
27.75
25.82
23.75
22.15
100.0%
Source category
Highway vehicles
Off-highway
Fugitive dust
Other miscellaneous
Source:
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Emission Inventory Air Pollutant Emission Trends
website www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/trends (Additional resources: www.epa.gov/oar/oaqps)
Note: Because PM-10 is fine particle matter less than 10 microns, it also includes PM-2.5. Specific data
for PM-2.5 are shown on Tables 12.10 and 12.11.
a
b
Fine particle matter less than 10 microns. The sums of subcategories may not equal total due to rounding.
Data are not available.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
12–10
Since the mid-1980's, diesel-powered vehicles have been responsible for more than half of highway
vehicle emissions of particulate matter (PM-10). Heavy vehicles are clearly the main source.
Table 12.9
Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM-10) from Highway Vehicles, 1970–2002a
(thousand short tons)
Source category
1970
1980
1990
1995
2000
2002
Percent of total,
2002
Gasoline powered
Light vehicles & motorcycles
249
141
57
53
51
52
25.5%
Light trucks
74
49
31
32
32
30
14.7%
Heavy vehicles
44
30
17
13
10
9
4.4%
367
220
104
98
93
91
44.6%
b
Total
Diesel powered
Light vehicles
2
9
11
4
1
1
0.5%
Light trucks
19
12
5
3
1
1
0.5%
Heavy vehicles
92
191
268
199
135
111
54.4%
113
212
284
206
137
113
55.5%
100.0%
b
Total
Total
Highway vehicle total
Percent diesel
480
432
389
304
230
204
23.5%
49.1%
73.0%
67.7%
59.5%
55.3%
Source:
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Emission Inventory Air Pollutant Emission Trends
website www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/trends (Additional resources: www.epa.gov/oar/oaqps)
Note: Because PM-10 is fine particle matter less than 10 microns, it also includes PM-2.5. Specific data
for PM-2.5 are shown on Tables 12.10 and 12.11.
a
b
The sums of subcategories may not equal total due to rounding.
Less than 8,500 pounds.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
12–11
The transportation sector accounted for only 6% of the nation’s particulate matter (PM-2.5)
emissions in 2002. For details on the highway emissions of PM-2.5, see Table 12.11.
Table 12.10
Total National Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM-2.5), 1990–2002
(million short tons)
1990
1995
2000
2002
Percent
of total,
2002
0.32
0.30
0.25
0.31
0.17
0.30
0.15
0.29
2.2%
4.2%
Transportation total
0.62
0.56
0.47
0.43
6.4%
Stationary fuel combustion total
0.91
0.90
1.29
1.16
17.2%
Industrial processes total
0.56
0.50
0.50
0.42
6.2%
Waste disposal and recycling total
0.23
0.25
0.33
0.42
6.2%
3.17
2.07
3.04
1.69
2.57
2.11
2.12
2.25
31.5%
33.5%
Miscellaneous total
5.23
4.73
4.69
4.31
64.0%
Total of all sources
7.56
6.93
7.29
6.73
100.0%
Source category
Highway vehicles
Off-highway
Fugitive dust
Other miscellaneous
Source:
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Emission Inventory Air Pollutant Emission Trends
website www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/trends (Additional resources: www.epa.gov/oar/oaqps)
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
12–12
Diesel vehicles are responsible for the majority of highway vehicle PM-2.5 emissions. More than twothirds of the highway vehicles’ PM-2.5 emissions are from heavy diesel trucks.
Table 12.11
Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM-2.5) from Highway Vehicles, 1990–2002a
(thousand short tons)
Source category
Light vehicles & motorcycles
Light trucksb
Heavy vehicles
Total
Light vehicles
Light trucksb
Heavy vehicles
Total
Highway vehicle total
Percent diesel
1990
1995
Gasoline powered
35
30
21
20
11
9
67
59
Diesel powered
9
4
4
2
243
179
256
185
Total
323
245
79.3%
75.5%
2000
2002
Percent of
total, 2002
27
18
7
52
27
16
7
50
18.1%
10.7%
4.7%
33.6%
1
1
119
121
1
1
97
99
0.7%
0.7%
65.1%
66.4%
173
69.9%
149
66.4%
100.0%
Source:
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Emission Inventory Air Pollutant Emission Trends
website www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/trends (Additional resources: www.epa.gov/oar/oaqps)
a
b
The sums of subcategories may not equal total due to rounding.
Less than 8,500 pounds.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
12–13
The Greenhouse Gases, Regulated Emissions, and Energy Use
in Transportation (GREET) Model
http://www.transportation.anl.gov/software/GREET/
The GREET model, which is sponsored by the Department of Energy, estimates the full fuel-cycle
emissions and energy use associated with various transportation fuels and advanced transportation
technologies for light vehicles. It calculates fuel-cycle emissions of five criteria pollutants (volatile
organic compounds, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides, and particulate matter measuring
10 microns or less) and three greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide). The model
also calculates the total fuel-cycle energy consumption, fossil fuel consumption, and petroleum
consumption using various transportation fuels. The fuel cycles that are included in the GREET model
are:
•
petroleum to conventional gasoline, reformulated gasoline, conventional diesel, reformulated diesel,
liquefied petroleum gas, and electricity via residual oil;
•
natural gas to compressed natural gas, liquefied natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas, methanol,
Fischer-Tropsch diesel, dimethyl ether, hydrogen, and electricity;
•
coal to electricity;
•
uranium to electricity;
•
renewable energy (hydropower, solar energy, and wind) to electricity;
•
corn, woody biomass, and herbaceous biomass to ethanol;
•
soybeans to biodiesel; and
•
landfill gases to methanol.
For additional information about the GREET model, see the GREET website, or contact:
Michael Q. Wang
Argonne National Laboratory
9700 South Cass Avenue, ES/362
Argonne, IL 60439-4815
phone: 630-252-2819
fax: 630-252-3443
email: mqwang@anl.gov
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
12–14
Bin
10b
9b
8
7
6
5
Table 12.12
Tier 2 Emission Standards for Cars and Light Trucks
Effective for 2004–2009 Model Yearsa
(grams/mile)
NMOG
CO
NOx
PM
50,000 miles
c
0.125
3.4
0.4
c
0.075
3.4
0.2
c
0.100
3.4
0.14
c
0.075
3.4
0.11
c
0.075
3.4
0.08
c
0.075
3.4
0.05
120,000 miles
0.280
7.3
0.9
0.12
0.156
4.2
0.6
0.08
0.090
4.2
0.3
0.06
0.125
4.2
0.2
0.02
0.090
4.2
0.15
0.02
0.090
4.2
0.10
0.01
0.090
4.2
0.07
0.01
0.070
2.1
0.04
0.01
0.055
2.1
0.03
0.01
0.010
2.1
0.02
0.01
0.000
0.0
0.00
0.00
MDPVb
10b
9b
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
Source:
Federal Register, Vol. 65, No. 28, Thursday, February 10, 2000, pp. 6822–6870.
Acronyms Used on Tables 12.12 and 12.13
CO
GVW
HC
HCHO
LDT
LEV
LVW
MDPV
NMOG
NOx
PM
SULEV
ULEV
ZEV
Carbon monoxide
Gross vehicle weight
Hydrocarbons
Formaldehyde
Light-duty truck
Low-emission vehicle
Loaded vehicle weight
Medium-duty passenger vehicle
(8,500–10,000 lbs. GVWR)
Non-methane organic gases
Nitrogen oxides
Particulate matter
Super-ultra-low-emission vehicle
Ultra-low-emission vehicle
Zero-emission vehicle
________________________
Some temporary standards are not shown.
Bin expires after 2008.
c
No Standard.
a
b
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
HCHO
0.015
0.015
0.015
0.015
0.015
0.015
0.032
0.018
0.018
0.018
0.018
0.018
0.018
0.011
0.011
0.004
0.000
12–15
Table 12.13
Light Vehicle Exhaust Emission Standards in Effect in 2009
When U.S. Tier 2 Standards are Final
(grams/mile)
Vehicle fuels: Gasoline AND diesel
unless noted otherwise
Vehicle size: Up to 8,500 lbs. GVW
unless noted otherwise
Useful life:
U.S.
emission
standards
California
LEV II
emission
standards
Bins, category, size
Bins
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
Averagea
Category
LEVb
ULEV
SULEV
ZEVc
NMOG
CO
0.125
0.090
0.090
0.090
0.070
0.055
0.010
0.000
–
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
2.1
2.1
2.1
0.0
–
0.090
0.055
0.010
0.000
4.2
2.1
1.0
0.0
120,000 miles
NOx
PM
0.20
0.15
0.10
0.07
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.00
0.07
(Diesel only)
0.07
0.07
0.02
0.00
HCHO
0.02
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.00
–
0.018
0.018
0.018
0.018
0.011
0.011
0.004
0.000
–
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.018
0.011
0.004
0.000
Source:
U.S.: Federal Register, Vol. 65, No. 28, Thursday, February 10, 2000, pp. 6822–6870.
California Exhaust Emission Standards and Test Procedures for 2001 and Subsequent Model Passenger
Cars, Light-Duty Trucks and Medium-Duty Vehicles, as of December 1, 1999 (adopted August 5,
1999), incorporated by reference in section 1961(d), title 13, CCR.
Note: See acronym list on previous page.
Includes medium-duty passenger vehicles which are also required to meet bin standards.
A LEV Option 1 with higher NOx levels also exists for up to 4% of LDTs above 3,750 lbs.
c
Only apply to cars and LDTs 0-3750 lbs LVW.
a
b
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
12–24
Table 12.14
California Cars and Light Trucks Emission Certification Standards
for Model years 2001–2006
(grams/mile)
Vehicle Useful Life
Car
Vehicle
Type
LDT1
LDT2
Emission
Category
Tier 1
TLEV
LEV
ULEV
ZEV
Tier 1
TLEV
LEV
ULEV
ZEV
Tier 1
TLEV
LEV
ULEV
10 Years / 100,000 Miles
THCa
–
–
–
–
0.00
–
–
–
–
0.00
–
–
–
–
NMHCb NMOGc
0.31
–
–
0.156
–
0.090
–
0.055
0.00
0.000
0.31
–
–
0.156
–
0.090
–
0.055
0.00
0.000
0.40
–
–
0.200
–
0.130
–
0.070
CO
4.2
4.2
4.2
2.1
0.0
4.2
4.2
4.2
2.1
0.0
5.5
5.5
5.5
2.8
NOX
0.6
0.6
0.3
0.3
0.0
0.6
0.6
0.3
0.3
0.0
0.97
0.9
0.5
0.5
PM
–
0.08d
0.08d
0.04d
0.00
–
0.08d
0.08d
0.04d
0.00
–
0.10d
0.10d
0.05d
HCHO
–
0.018
0.018
0.011
0.000
–
0.018
0.018
0.011
0.000
–
0.023
0.023
0.013
Source:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Transportation and Air Quality, EPA 420-B-00-001.
(Additional resources: www.epa.gov/otag)
Note: After 2003, Tier 1 and TLEV standards will be eliminated. LDT1 = light truck (6,000 lbs. or less
GVWR) up through 3,750 lbs. loaded vehicle weight; LDT2 = light truck (6,000 lbs. or less GVWR)
greater than 3,750 lbs. loaded vehicle weight.
THCE for methanol vehicles. Does not apply to CNG vehicles.
THCE for Tier 0 methanol vehicles. NMHCE for other alcohol vehicles.
c
NMHC for diesel-fueled vehicles.
d
Diesel-fueled vehicles only.
a
b
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25–2006
A–1
APPENDIX A
SOURCES & METHODOLOGIES
This appendix contains documentation of the estimation procedures used by ORNL. The
reader can examine the methodology behind the estimates and form an opinion as to their utility.
The appendix is arranged by subject heading. Only tables which contain ORNL estimations are
documented in Appendix A; all other tables have sources listed at the bottom of the table. Since
abbreviations are used throughout the appendix, a list of abbreviations is also included.
Contents of Appendix A
List of Abbreviations Used in Appendix A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A–2
Energy Use Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A–3
Highway energy use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A–3
Off-highway energy use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A–8
Nonhighway energy use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A–9
Passenger Travel and Energy Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A–19
Highway Passenger Mode Energy Intensities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A–23
Nonhighway Mode Energy Intensities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A–25
Freight Movement and Energy Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A–26
Freight Mode Energy Intensities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A–27
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25—2006
A–2
List of Abbreviations Used in Appendix A
AAMA
American Automobile Manufacturers Association
AAR
Association of American Railroads
APTA
American Public Transit Association
Amtrak
National Railroad Passenger Corporation
Btu
British thermal unit
DOC
Department of Commerce
DOE
Department of Energy
DOT
Department of Transportation
EIA
Energy Information Administration
EPA
Environmental Protection Agency
FAA
Federal Aviation Administration
FHWA
Federal Highway Administration
GSA
General Services Administration
gvw
gross vehicle weight
lpg
liquefied petroleum gas
mpg
miles per gallon
NHTS
National Household Travel Survey
NHTSA
National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
NPTS
Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey
NVPP
National Vehicle Population Profile
ORNL
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
pmt
passenger-miles traveled
RECS
Residential Energy Consumption Survey
RTECS
Residential Transportation Energy Consumption Survey
TIUS
Truck Inventory and Use Survey
TSC
Transportation Systems Center
VIUS
Vehicle Inventory and Use Survey
vmt
vehicle-miles traveled
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25—2006
A–3
Energy Use Sources
Highway energy use
Automobiles
Fuel use in gallons from: DOT, FHWA, Highway Statistics 2003, Table VM-1 and annual editions back to
1996; DOT, FHWA, Highway Statistics Summary to 1995. Fuel use was distributed among fuel types using
the percentages shown in Table A.1.
Table A.1
Automobile Fuel Use and Fuel Type Shares for Calculation of Energy Use
Year
Fuel use
(million gallons)
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
67,820
71,346
75,937
78,233
74,229
74,140
78,297
79,060
80,652
76,588
69,981
69,112
69,116
70,322
70,663
71,518
73,174
73,308
73,345
73,913
69,568
64,318
65,436
67,047
67,874
68,072
69,221
69,892
71,695
73,283
73,065
73,559
75,471
74,590
Source for
gasohol shares
Source for
gasoline/diesel shares
FHWA, MF-33e
FHWA, MF-33e
FHWA, MF-33e
FHWA, MF-33e
FHWA, MF-33e
FHWA, MF-33e
FHWA, MF-33e
FHWA, MF-33e
FHWA, MF-33e
FHWA, MF-33e
FHWA, MF-33e
FHWA, MF-33e
FHWA, MF-33e
FHWA, MF-33e
FHWA, MF-33e
FHWA, MF-33e
FHWA, MF-33e
FHWA, MF-33e
FHWA, MF-33e
FHWA, MF-33e
FHWA, MF-33e
FHWA, MF-33e
FHWA, MF-33e
FHWA, MF-33e
1984 NVPP
interpolated
interpolated
interpolated
interpolated
interpolated
interpolated
interpolated
interpolated
1979 RTECS
interpolated
1981 RTECS
interpolated
1983 RTECS
interpolated
1985 RTECS
interpolated
interpolated
1988 RTECS
interpolated
interpolated
1991 RTECS
interpolated
interpolated
1994 RTECS
interpolated
interpolated
interpolated
interpolated
interpolated
2000 NVPP
2001 NVPP
2001 NVPP
2001 NVPP
Heat content used for conversion to btu:
Shares by fuel type
Gasoline
99.8%
99.2%
98.7%
98.1%
97.5%
97.0%
96.4%
95.8%
95.3%
94.7%
93.9%
93.4%
93.5%
93.2%
92.7%
90.8%
91.0%
92.4%
91.4%
92.6%
92.0%
90.8%
90.8%
89.7%
89.1%
87.6%
88.8%
86.9%
88.0%
88.3%
86.9%
86.5%
83.9%
75.3%
125,000
btu/gallon
Gasohol
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.5%
0.7%
2.3%
4.3%
5.3%
7.7%
7.6%
6.3%
7.4%
6.2%
6.8%
8.0%
7.9%
9.1%
9.6%
11.2%
10.1%
12.2%
11.2%
11.0%
12.6%
13.0%
15.6%
24.2%
120,900
btu/gallon
Motorcycles
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25—2006
Diesel
0.2%
0.8%
1.3%
1.9%
2.5%
3.0%
3.6%
4.2%
4.7%
5.3%
5.6%
5.9%
4.2%
2.5%
2.0%
1.5%
1.4%
1.3%
1.2%
1.2%
1.2%
1.2%
1.2%
1.3%
1.3%
1.2%
1.0%
0.9%
0.8%
0.6%
0.5%
0.5%
0.5%
0.5%
138,700
btu/gallon
A–4
DOT, FHWA, Highway Statistics 2003, Table VM-1, and annual editions.
Table A.2
Motorcycle Fuel Use
Fuel use
(million gallons)
59,580
72,140
86,620
103,880
108,900
112,580
120,060
126,980
143,160
172,740
204,280
213,800
198,200
175,200
175,680
181,720
187,940
Year
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
Year
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
Heat content used for conversion to btu:
Fuel use
(million gallons)
190,120
200,480
207,420
191,140
183,560
191,140
198,120
204,800
198,262
195,940
201,620
205,660
211,680
209,380
192,780
191,040
190,780
125,000 btu/gallon
Buses
Transit:
APTA, Public Transportation Fact Book, 2005, Washington, DC. Includes motorbus
and trolley bus data.
Table A.3
Transit Bus Fuel Use
Year
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
Heat content used
for conversion
to btu:
Methanol
(thousand
gallons)
12,470
11,967
11,600
8,705
4,976
2,711
821
763
8,982
1,867
LNG
(thousand
gallons)
1,138
1,737
2,278
3,276
3,075
5,251
10,464
11,670
16,762
14,231
LPG
(thousand
gallons)
249
269
591
1,033
879
659
723
1,171
1,830
1,843
CNG
(thousand
gallons)
3,109
10,011
11,527
20,050
32,260
39,861
50,449
60,917
77,787
94,881
Gasoline
(thousand
gallons)
2,103
2,297
1,844
2,722
1,959
1,402
1,315
1,472
1,264
1,119
Diesel fuel
(thousand
gallons)
565,064
563,767
577,680
597,636
606,631
618,024
635,160
587,184
558,990
535,963
Electricity
(thousand
kilowatt
hours)
102,945
100,659
69,130
78,561
74,352
75,920
78,062
75,108
75,901
71,126
64,600
btu/gallon
90,800
btu/gallon
91,300
btu/gallon
129,400
btu/gallon
125,000
btu/gallon
138,700
btu/gallon
11,765
btu/kWhr
Intercity and School:
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25—2006
A–5
Eno Transportation Foundation, Transportation in America 2001, Nineteenth Edition,
2003, Washington, DC, pp. 20–23. School bus fuel was assumed to be 90%
diesel fuel and 10% gasoline based on estimates from the National Association of
State Directors of Pupil Transportation Services. Intercity bus fuel was assumed
to be 100% diesel.
Table A.4
Intercity and School Bus Fuel Use
School
(million gallons)
299.88
309.75
319.62
327.04
334.46
341.88
389.76
401.52
406.98
404.88
379.68
386.82
398.58
400.68
375.06
425.04
462.42
487.20
511.14
498.12
472.08
533.40
546.00
533.40
546.00
545.16
545.16
544.74
550.20
555.66
577.08
538.08*
520.74*
504.7*
90% diesel
Fuel type shares
100% diesel
10% gasoline
Heat content used for
138,700
138,700 btu/gallon
conversion to btu:
btu/gallon
125,000 btu/gallon
* Estimated using the rate of change of bus vehicle-miles traveled
from FHWA Highway Statistics Table VM-1.
Year
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
Intercity
(million gallons)
305.34
296.73
288.12
252.42
216.72
181.02
182.28
181.86
180.18
205.38
213.78
205.38
227.22
237.30
169.26
165.48
148.68
155.82
160.44
166.74
159.60
160.44
157.08
171.36
195.30
195.30
199.92
212.52
220.08
241.08
233.10
217.35*
210.34*
203.9*
Trucks
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25—2006
A–6
Light Trucks:
DOT, FHWA, Highway Statistics 2003, Table VM-1 and annual editions back to 1996;
DOT, FHWA, Highway Statistics Summary to 1995.
Table A.5
Light Truck Fuel Use and Fuel Type Shares for Calculation of Energy Use
Year
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
Fuel use
(million
gallons)
12,313
13,484
15,150
16,828
16,657
19,081
20,828
22,383
24,162
24,445
23,796
23,697
22,702
23,945
25,604
27,363
29,074
30,598
32,653
33,271
35,611
38,217
40,929
42,851
44,112
45,605
47,354
49,388
50,462
52,859
52,939
53,522
55,220
56,302
Source for
gasohol shares
FHWA, MF-33e
FHWA, MF-33e
FHWA, MF-33e
FHWA, MF-33e
FHWA, MF-33e
FHWA, MF-33e
FHWA, MF-33e
FHWA, MF-33e
FHWA, MF-33e
FHWA, MF-33e
FHWA, MF-33e
FHWA, MF-33e
FHWA, MF-33e
FHWA, MF-33e
FHWA, MF-33e
FHWA, MF-33e
FHWA, MF-33e
FHWA, MF-33e
FHWA, MF-33e
FHWA, MF-33e
FHWA, MF-33e
FHWA, MF-33e
FHWA, MF-33e
FHWA, MF-33e
Source for
gasoline/diesel
/lpg shares
1977 TIUS
1977 TIUS
1977 TIUS
1977 TIUS
1977 TIUS
1977 TIUS
1977 TIUS
1977 TIUS
Interpolated
Interpolated
Interpolated
Interpolated
1982 TIUS
Interpolated
Interpolated
Interpolated
Interpolated
1987 TIUS
Interpolated
Interpolated
Interpolated
Interpolated
1992 TIUS
Interpolated
Interpolated
Interpolated
Interpolated
1997 VIUS
Interpolated
Interpolated
Interpolated
Interpolated
Interpolated
2001 VIUS
Heat content used for conversion to btu:
Shares by fuel type
Gasoline
97.6%
97.6%
97.6%
97.6%
97.6%
97.6%
97.6%
97.6%
97.1%
96.7%
95.7%
95.1%
93.0%
91.0%
90.0%
87.6%
87.7%
89.0%
88.2%
89.5%
89.2%
88.1%
88.5%
87.3%
86.8%
85.1%
86.2%
84.2%
85.2%
85.5%
83.9%
83.5%
81.0%
72.4%
125,000
btu/gallon
Gasohol
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.5%
0.7%
2.3%
4.3%
5.3%
7.7%
7.6%
6.3%
7.4%
6.2%
6.8%
8.0%
7.9%
9.1%
9.6%
11.2%
10.1%
12.2%
11.2%
11.0%
12.6%
13.0%
15.6%
24.2%
120,900
btu/gallon
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25—2006
Diesel
1.6%
1.6%
1.6%
1.6%
1.6%
1.6%
1.6%
1.6%
2.0%
2.4%
2.7%
3.1%
3.5%
3.5%
3.5%
3.5%
3.5%
3.5%
3.5%
3.4%
3.4%
3.3%
3.3%
3.3%
3.3%
3.4%
3.4%
3.4%
3.4%
3.3%
3.3%
3.2%
3.2%
3.2%
138,700
btu/gallon
Lpg
0.8%
0.8%
0.8%
0.8%
0.8%
0.8%
0.8%
0.8%
0.9%
1.0%
1.0%
1.1%
1.2%
1.2%
1.2%
1.2%
1.2%
1.2%
1.0%
0.8%
0.7%
0.5%
0.3%
0.3%
0.3%
0.3%
0.3%
0.2%
0.2%
0.2%
0.2%
0.2%
0.2%
0.2%
90,800
btu/gallon
A–7
Medium/Heavy Trucks:
DOT, FHWA, Highway Statistics 2003, Table VM-1 and annual editions back to 1996;
DOT, FHWA, Highway Statistics Summary to 1995. Total gallons for other
trucks was the difference between total trucks and 2-axle, 4-tire trucks.
Table A.6
Medium/Heavy Truck Fuel Use and Fuel Type Shares
for Calculation of Energy Use
Year
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
Fuel use
(million gallons)
11,316
11,812
12,964
14,320
14,341
14,598
15,408
17,082
19,121
19,913
19,960
20,376
20,386
20,761
21,428
21,405
21,861
22,513
22,925
23,512
24,490
24,981
25,453
26,236
27,685
28,828
29,601
29,878
30,841
33,909
35,229
35,179
36,800
37,585
Source for
gasoline/diesel /lpg
shares
1977 TIUS
1977 TIUS
1977 TIUS
1977 TIUS
1977 TIUS
1977 TIUS
1977 TIUS
1977 TIUS
Interpolated
Interpolated
Interpolated
Interpolated
1982 TIUS
Interpolated
Interpolated
Interpolated
Interpolated
1987 TIUS
Interpolated
Interpolated
Interpolated
Interpolated
1992 TIUS
Interpolated
Interpolated
Interpolated
Interpolated
1997 VIUS
Interpolated
Interpolated
Interpolated
Interpolated
Interpolated
2001 VIUS
Heat content used for conversion to btu:
Shares by fuel type
Gasoline
10.4%
10.4%
10.4%
10.4%
10.4%
10.4%
10.4%
10.4%
16.2%
22.1%
27.9%
33.8%
39.6%
35.6%
31.5%
27.5%
23.4%
19.4%
18.8%
18.1%
17.5%
16.8%
16.2%
15.4%
14.7%
13.9%
13.2%
12.4%
12.1%
11.8%
11.6%
11.3%
11.0%
11.0%
125,000
btu/gallon
Diesel
89.5%
89.5%
89.5%
89.5%
89.5%
89.5%
89.5%
89.5%
83.5%
77.5%
71.4%
65.4%
59.4%
63.6%
67.8%
72.0%
76.2%
80.4%
81.0%
81.6%
82.1%
82.7%
83.3%
84.1%
84.8%
85.6%
86.3%
87.1%
87.4%
87.6%
87.9%
88.1%
88.4%
88.4%
138,700
btu/gallon
Off-highway energy use
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25—2006
Lpg
0.1%
0.1%
0.1%
0.1%
0.1%
0.1%
0.1%
0.1%
0.3%
0.5%
0.6%
0.8%
1.0%
0.8%
0.7%
0.5%
0.4%
0.2%
0.3%
0.3%
0.4%
0.4%
0.5%
0.5%
0.5%
0.5%
0.5%
0.5%
0.5%
0.5%
0.5%
0.5%
0.5%
0.5%
90,800
btu/gallon
A–8
The off-highway energy use estimates are for the year 2001. The estimates are a combination of
data from EPA’s NONROAD2002 model and VIUS 1997. First, the NONROAD model was queried on a
national basis for energy use by nonroad engines. The resulting database included sector, fuel type,
number of gallons used annually, and a description of the off-highway equipment called the source
category code (SCC). ORNL sorted the data by SCC and only the SCC’s which pertained to off-highway
transportation were kept in the database. Examples of exclusions include chainsaws and stationary
generators. The EPA model does not include off-highway use of trucks; therefore, the 1997 VIUS was
queried to derive the amount of fuel (by sector and fuel type) used by trucks off-road. The rate of change
in off-highway transportation-related fuel use from NONROAD2002 between 1997 and 2001 was applied
to the 1997 VIUS data to provide an estimate for 2001. The transportation-related fuel use from
NONROAD and the VIUS estimates were added together for a total off-highway transportation-related
fuel use by sector and fuel type. These totals are found on Table 2.8. Gallons were converted to btu using
the gross heat content for each fuel. (Heat content values shown on Table B.4.)
Additional detail on this methodology can be found in the report Off-Highway Transportationrelated Fuel Use, ORNL/TM-2004/92, April 2004,
http://cta.ornl.gov/cta/Publications/pdf/ORNL_TM-2004_92.pdf .
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25—2006
A–9
Nonhighway energy use
Air
General Aviation:
DOT, FAA, General Aviation Activity and Avionics Survey: Annual Summary Report
Calendar Year 2003, Table 5.1, and annual.
Table A.7
General Aviation Fuel Use
Jet fuel
Year
(million gallons)
1970
208.0
1971
226.0
1972
245.0
1973
304.0
1974
357.0
1975
453.0
1976
495.0
1977
536.0
1978
763.0
1979
736.0
1980
766.0
1981
759.0
1982
887.0
1983
613.0
1984
738.9
1985
691.0
1986
732.1
1987
672.7
1988
746.0
1989
688.0
1990
662.0
1991
579.0
1992
496.0
1993
454.1
1994
470.8
1995
544.0
1996
567.5
1997
639.4
1998
814.6
1999
967.2
2000
998.1
2001
938.7
2002
815.5
2003
820.0
Heat content used for
135,000
conversion to btu:
btu/gallon
Aviation gasoline
(million gallons)
551.0
508.0
584.0
411.0
443.0
412.0
432.0
456.0
518.0
570.0
520.0
489.0
448.0
428.0
462.4
421.0
408.6
401.8
398.0
342.8
353.0
348.0
306.0
268.4
264.1
276.0
286.5
289.7
311.4
345.4
336.3
319.3
261.4
255.5
120,200
btu/gallon
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25—2006
A–10
Domestic and International Air Carrier:
DOT, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, "Fuel Cost and Consumption Tables,"
www.bts.gov/xml/fuel/report/src/index.xml. Because the data for international included
fuel purchased abroad, the international total was divided in half to estimate domestic
fuel use for international flights.
Table A.8
Air Carrier Fuel Use
Domestic
All international
Total
Year
(thousand gallons) (thousand gallons) (thousand gallons)
1970
10,085,000
1971
10,140,000
1972
10,302,000
Separate estimates for domestic and
international are not available from
1973
10,671,000
1970-1976.
1974
10,417,260
1975
10,412,640
1976
10,400,040
1977
8,202,051
1,708,376
9,910,427
1978
8,446,117
1,741,918
10,188,035
1979
8,865,885
1,828,435
10,694,320
1980
8,519,233
1,747,306
10,266,539
1981
8,555,249
2,032,520
10,587,769
1982
8,432,465
1,967,733
10,400,198
1983
8,672,574
1,998,289
10,670,863
1984
9,625,958
2,286,407
11,912,365
1985
10,115,007
2,487,929
12,602,936
1986
11,137,331
2,544,996
13,682,327
1987
11,586,838
2,893,617
14,480,455
1988
11,917,904
3,262,824
15,180,728
1989
11,905,144
3,557,294
15,462,438
1990
12,429,305
3,963,081
16,392,386
1991
11,506,477
3,939,666
15,446,144
1992
11,762,852
4,120,132
15,882,983
1993
11,958,663
4,113,321
16,071,984
1994
12,475,549
4,310,879
16,786,428
1995
12,811,717
4,511,418
17,323,135
1996
13,187,305
4,658,093
17,845,398
1997
13,659,581
4,964,181
18,623,762
1998
13,876,971
5,185,562
19,062,533
1999
14,402,127
5,250,492
19,652,619
2000
14,844,592
5,474,685
20,319,277
2001
14,017,461
5,237,487
19,254,948
2002
12,848,329
4,990,798
17,839,127
2003
12,958,581
4,836,356
17,794,936
Heat content used for
135,000
135,000
135,000
conversion to btu:
btu/gallon
btu/gallon
btu/gallon
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25—2006
A–11
Water
Freight:
Total – DOE, EIA, Fuel Oil and Kerosene Sales 2003, Table 23. Adjusted sales of
distillate and residual fuel oil for vessel bunkering. (This may include some
amounts of bunker fuels used for recreational purposes.)
Table A.9
Diesel and Residual Fuel Oil for Vessel Bunkering
Distillate fuel oil
Year
(thousand gallons)
1970
819,000
1971
880,000
1972
1,013,000
1973
1,125,000
1974
1,018,920
1975
1,097,880
1976
1,220,100
1977
1,407,420
1978
1,578,822
1979
1,630,858
1980
717,376
1981
1,723,143
1982
1,423,216
1983
1,418,890
1984
1,692,141
1985
1,894,016
1986
2,034,215
1987
2,223,258
1988
2,310,367
1989
2,356,444
1990
2,197,004
1991
2,167,640
1992
2,240,170
1993
2,043,745
1994
2,026,899
1995
1,978,105
1996
2,177,608
1997
2,107,561
1998
2,125,568
1999
2,064,590
2000
2,041,433
2001
2,099,011
2002
2,056,465
2003
1,859,010
Heat content used for
138,700
conversion to btu:
btu/gallon
Residual fuel oil
(thousand gallons)
3,774,120
3,307,000
3,273,000
3,859,000
3,827,040
4,060,140
4,977,000
5,416,740
6,614,790
8,002,672
7,454,242
7,922,512
6,408,818
5,724,115
5,687,375
5,473,614
5,287,347
5,259,272
5,248,981
5,410,263
6,248,095
6,786,055
7,199,078
6,269,882
5,944,383
6,431,238
5,804,977
4,789,861
4,640,153
5,598,630
6,192,294
4,345,284
4,783,956
3,811,403
149,700
btu/gallon
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25—2006
A–12
Recreational Boating:
Fuel use by recreational boating comes from the EPA’s NONROAD2004 model. All the
data in Table A.10 were revised according to NONROAD2004. Previous editions used
data from NONROAD2002 or other methodologies.
Table A.10
Recreational Boating Fuel Use
Year
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
Heat content used for
conversion to btu:
Diesel use
(gallons)
39,589,961
47,130,914
54,671,867
62,212,811
69,753,748
77,294,696
84,835,647
92,376,590
99,917,538
107,458,487
114,999,436
122,540,383
130,081,341
137,622,265
145,163,228
152,704,179
160,245,109
167,786,055
175,326,997
182,867,960
190,408,903
197,949,858
205,490,791
213,031,732
220,572,678
228,113,639
235,654,585
243,195,537
250,736,476
258,159,588
265,582,713
273,547,856
281,512,929
289,478,094
138,700
btu/gallon
Gasoline use
(gallons)
931,291,575
937,602,064
943,912,314
950,222,785
956,533,167
962,843,583
969,153,915
975,464,334
981,774,758
988,085,156
994,395,513
1,000,705,976
1,007,016,323
1,013,326,677
1,019,637,120
1,025,947,529
1,032,257,885
1,038,568,336
1,056,016,071
1,073,463,782
1,090,911,518
1,113,589,486
1,136,267,494
1,158,945,425
1,209,134,437
1,259,323,529
1,309,512,568
1,312,734,027
1,315,898,202
1,317,306,613
1,315,637,733
1,316,379,988
1,311,942,787
1,307,216,454
125,000 btu/gallon
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25—2006
A–13
Pipeline
The sum of natural gas, crude petroleum and petroleum product, and coal slurry and water.
Natural Gas:
The amount of natural gas used to transport natural gas was defined as "pipeline fuel" as
reported in DOE, EIA, Natural Gas Annual 2003, Table 1. Cubic feet were converted to
Btu using 1,031 Btu/ft3. Electricity use was estimated using the following procedure as
reported on p. 5-110 of J. N. Hooker et al., End Use Energy Consumption DataBase:
Transportation Sector. The energy consumption of a natural gas pipeline was taken to be
the energy content of the fuel used to drive the pumps. Some 94% of the installed
pumping horsepower was supplied by natural gas. The remaining 6% of the horse power
was generated more efficiently, mostly by electric motors. The energy consumed by
natural gas pipeline pumps that were electrically powered was not known. In order to
estimate the electricity consumed, the Btu of natural gas pipeline fuel consumed was
multiplied by a factor of 0.015. From this computed value, electricity efficiency and
generation loss must be taken into account. The electricity energy use in Btu must be
converted to kWhr, using the conversion factor 29.305 x 10-5 kWhr/Btu. Electricity
generation and distribution efficiency was 29%. When generation and distribution
efficiency are taken into account, 1 kWhr equals 11,765 Btu.
Crude petroleum and petroleum product:
J. N. Hooker, Oil Pipeline Energy Consumption and Efficiency, ORNL-5697, ORNL,
Oak Ridge, TN, 1981. (Data held constant; Latest available data.)
Coal slurry and water:
W. F. Banks, Systems, Science and Software, Energy Consumption in the Pipeline
Industry, LaJolla, CA, October 1977. (Data held constant; Latest available data.)
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25—2006
A–14
Table A.11
Pipeline Fuel Use
Year
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
Heat content used for
conversion to btu:
Natural gas
(million
cubic feet)
722,166
742,592
766,156
728,177
668,792
582,963
548,323
532,669
530,451
600,964
634,622
642,325
596,411
490,042
528,754
503,766
485,041
519,170
613,912
629,308
659,816
601,305
587,710
624,308
685,362
700,335
711,446
751,470
635,477
645,319
642,210
624,964
666,920
664,973
1,031 btu/cubic
foot
Estimated
natural gas pipeline
electricity use
(million kWhr)
3,272.9
3,365.4
3,472.2
3,300.1
3,031.0
2,642.0
2,485.0
2,414.1
2,404.0
2,723.6
2,876.1
2,911.0
2,703.0
2,220.9
2,396.3
2,283.1
2,198.2
2,352.9
2,782.3
2,852.0
2,990.3
2,725.1
2,663.5
2,829.4
3,106.1
3,173.9
3,224.3
3,405.7
2,880.0
2,924.6
2,910.5
2,832.3
3,022.5
3,013.7
11,765
Btu/kWhr
Electricity
constant
(trillion btu)
212.1
212.1
212.1
212.1
212.1
212.1
212.1
212.1
212.1
212.1
212.1
212.1
212.1
212.1
212.1
212.1
212.1
212.1
212.1
212.1
212.1
212.1
212.1
212.1
212.1
212.1
212.1
212.1
212.1
212.1
212.1
212.1
212.1
212.1
Note: Formula for estimating electricity use for natural gas pipelines is:
Natural gas use (in million cubic ft) × 1,031 btu/cubic ft × 0.015 × 29.305 ×10-5 kWhr/btu
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25—2006
A–15
Rail
Freight:
AAR, Railroad Facts, 2004 Edition, Washington, DC, 2004.
Table A.12
Class I Freight Railroad
Fuel Use
Year
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
Heat content used for
conversion to btu:
Diesel fuel
(thousand gallons)
3,807,663
3,822,907
3,996,985
4,160,730
4,175,375
3,736,484
3,895,542
3,985,069
3,968,007
4,072,187
3,955,996
3,756,439
3,178,116
3,137,295
3,388,173
3,144,190
3,039,069
3,102,227
3,182,267
3,190,815
3,134,446
2,925,970
3,022,108
3,111,981
3,355,802
3,503,096
3,600,649
3,602,793
3,619,341
3,749,428
3,720,107
3,729,985
3,751,413
3,849,229
138,700
Btu/gallon
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25—2006
A–16
Passenger:
Commuter - APTA, Public Transportation Fact Book, Washington, DC, 2005.
Table A.13
Commuter Rail Fuel Use
Year
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
Heat content used for
conversion to btu:
Diesel
(thousand gallons)
58,320
55,372
54,608
51,594
53,054
52,516
52,681
54,315
54,951
59,766
61,900
63,064
61,888
63,195
69,200
73,005
70,818
72,204
72,847
72,264
138,700
Btu/gallon
Electricity
(million kWhr)
901
1,043
1,170
1,155
1,195
1,293
1,226
1,239
1,124
1,196
1,244
1,253
1,255
1,270
1,299
1,322
1,370
1,354
1,334
1,383
11,765
Btu/kWhr
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25—2006
A–17
Transit – APTA, Public Transportation Fact Book, Washington, DC, 2005. Includes
light rail and heavy rail.
Table A.14
Transit Rail Fuel Use
Electricity (million kWhr)
Year
Light rail
Heavy rail
Total
1970
2,561
1971
2,556
1972
2,428
1973
2,331
1974
2,630
1975
2,646
1976
2,576
Light rail and heavy rail data are
1977
not available separately from
2,303
1970
to
1985.
1978
2,223
1979
2,473
1980
2,446
1981
2,655
1982
2,722
1983
2,930
1984
3,092
1985
2,928
1986
173
3,066
3,239
1987
191
3,219
3,410
1988
243
3,256
3,499
1989
242
3,286
3,528
1990
239
3,284
3,523
1991
274
3,248
3,522
1992
297
3,193
3,490
1993
281
3,287
3,568
1994
282
3,431
3,713
1995
288
3,401
3,689
1996
321
3,322
3,643
1997
361
3,253
3,614
1998
381
3,280
3,661
1999
416
3,385
3,801
2000
463
3,549
4,012
2001
487
3,646
4,133
2002
510
3,683
4,193
2003
507
3,632
4,138
Heat content used for
11,765
11,765
11,765
conversion to btu:
Btu/kWhr
Btu/kWhr
Btu/kWhr
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25—2006
A–18
Intercity – Personal communication with Amtrak, Washington, DC. Revisions were
made to 2001-2002 data.
Table A.15
Intercity Rail Fuel Use
Year
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
Heat content used for
conversion to btu:
Diesel fuel
(thousand gallons)
73,516
72,371
71,226
75,656
75,999
79,173
94,968
96,846
84,432
74,621
138,700
Btu/gallon
Electricity
( thousand kWhr)
308,948
335,818
362,689
389,559
416,429
443,300
470,170
455,703
518,306
536,950
11,765
Btu/kWhr
Calculation of
Million Barrels per Day
Crude Oil Equivalent
One gallon of gasoline, diesel fuel, or lpg is estimated to be the equivalent of one gallon of crude oil.
Petroleum used for electricity was calculated using the following formula:
({[(BTU*S)/G ]/P }/365)/1000
BTU =
S
=
G
P
=
=
Btus of electricity from Table 2.4
Share of petroleum used in making primary electricity (Calculated from Table 2.6 from the
EIA, Monthly Energy Review)
Electricity generation and distribution (assumed 29%)
Btus per barrel of petroleum product (Table A3 from the EIA, Monthly Energy Review).
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25—2006
A–19
Passenger Travel and Energy Use
Automobiles
Number of vehicles, vehicle-miles – DOT, FHWA, Highway Statistics, 2003, Table VM-1. Data series
shown in Table 4.1.
Passenger-miles – Vehicle-miles multiplied by an average load factor.
Load factor – 2001 NHTS shows automobile load factor as 1.1 persons per vehicle.
Energy intensities –
Btu per vehicle-mile – Automobile energy use divided by vehicle-miles.
Btu per passenger-mile – Automobile energy use divided by passenger-miles.
Energy use – See Energy Use Sources, p. A-3. Data series shown in Table 2.6.
Light trucks
Number of vehicles, vehicle-miles – DOT, FHWA, Highway Statistics 2003, Table VM-1. Data by truck
type were multiplied by the shares of trucks/truck travel which are for personal use (Table A.17).
Passenger-miles – Vehicle-miles multiplied by an average load factor.
Load factor – 2001 NHTS shows personal light truck load factor as 1.72 persons per vehicle.
Energy intensities Btu per vehicle-mile – Personal light truck energy use divided by personal light truck vehicle-miles.
Btu per passenger-mile – Personal light truck energy use divided by personal light truck passengermiles.
Energy use – See Energy Use Sources, p. A-6, A-7 (light trucks, medium/heavy trucks). Data by truck
type were multiplied by the shares of truck fuel use which are for personal use (Table A.17) which
were derived by ORNL from the 2002 VIUS Micro Data File on CD.
Table A.16
Share of Trucks, Truck Travel,
and Fuel Use for Personal Travel
Personal trucks
85.6%
2-axle, 4-tire trucks
26.9%
Other single-unit and combination trucks
Personal truck travel
80.9%
2-axle, 4-tire trucks
13.1%
Other single-unit and combination trucks
Personal truck fuel use
78.0%
2-axle, 4-tire trucks
6.0%
Other single-unit and combination trucks
Note:
Since these shares come from the 2002 VIUS, they may
underestimate the amount of personal trucks, truck travel,
and energy use for 2003.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25—2006
A–20
Motorcycles
Number of vehicles, vehicle-miles – DOT, FHWA, Highway Statistics 2002 Table VM-1.
Passenger-miles – Vehicle-miles multiplied by an average load factor.
Load factor - 2001 NHTS shows motorcycle load factor as 1.22 persons per vehicle.
Energy intensities –
Btu per vehicle-mile – Motorcycle energy use divided by vehicle-miles.
Btu per passenger-mile – Motorcycle energy use divided by passenger-miles.
Energy use – See Energy Use Sources, p. A-4. Data series shown in Table 2.6.
Demand Response
Number of vehicles, vehicle-miles, passenger-miles – APTA, 2004 Public Transportation Fact Book,
Washington, DC, 2004.
Load factor – Passenger-miles divided by vehicle-miles.
Energy intensities –
Btu per vehicle-mile – Energy use divided by vehicle-miles.
Btu per passenger-mile – Energy use divided by passenger-miles.
Energy use – APTA, 2004 Public Transportation Fact Book, Washington, DC, 2004.
Vanpool
Number of vehicles, vehicle-miles, passenger-miles – APTA, 2004 Public Transportation Fact Book,
Washington, DC, 2004.
Load factor – Passenger-miles divided by vehicle-miles.
Energy intensities –
Btu per vehicle-mile – Energy use divided by vehicle-miles.
Btu per passenger-mile – Energy use divided by passenger-miles.
Energy use – APTA, 2004 Public Transportation Fact Book, Washington, DC, 2004.
Buses
Transit
Number of vehicles, vehicle-miles, passenger-miles – APTA, 2004 Public Transportation Fact
Book, Washington, DC, 2004. Data series shown on Table 5.12.
Load factor – Passenger-miles divided by vehicle-miles.
Energy intensities –
Btu per vehicle-mile – Transit bus energy use divided by transit bus vehicle-miles.
Btu per passenger-mile – Transit bus energy use divided by transit bus passenger-miles.
Energy use - See Energy Use Sources, p. A-4. Data series shown in Table 5.12.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25—2006
A–21
Intercity
Energy use – See Energy Use Sources, p. A-5 . Data series shown in Table 5.13. Because the
2001and 2002 data are not available, the rate of change in bus VMT from FHWA, Highway
Statistics 2002, was used to estimate the change in energy use.
School
Number of vehicles – DOT, FHWA, Highway Statistics 2001, Table MV-10. Data series shown in
Table 5.13.
Energy use – See Energy Use Sources, p. A-5 . Data series shown in Table 5.13. . Because the
2001and 2002 data are not available, the rate of change in bus VMT from FHWA, Highway
Statistics 2002 ,was used to estimate the change in energy use.
Air
Certificated air carriers
Aircraft-miles, passenger-miles – DOT, BTS, Air Carrier Traffic Statistics Monthly, December
2002/2003, Washington, DC.
Load factor – Passenger-miles divided by aircraft-miles.
Energy intensities Btu per passenger-mile – Certificated air carrier energy use divided by passenger-miles.
Energy use – See Energy Use Sources, p. A-10. All of domestic fuel use and half of international
fuel use was considered to be domestic use.
Note: These data differ from the data in Table 9.1 because that table contains data on ALL
domestic AND international air carrier energy use and passenger-miles.
General aviation
Number of vehicles – DOT, FAA, General Aviation Activity and Avionics Survey: Calendar Year
2002. Data series shown in Table 9.2.
Passenger-miles – (No 2002 data available.) Eno Foundation for Transportation, Transportation in
America 2001, Nineteenth edition, Washington, DC. Data series shown in Table 9.2.
Energy intensities –
Btu per passenger-mile – General aviation energy use divided by passenger-miles.
Energy use – See Energy Use Sources, p. A-9. Data series shown in Table 9.2.
Recreational boating
Number of vehicles and energy use – U.S. EPA, NONROAD2002 model .
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25—2006
A–22
Rail
Intercity
Number of vehicles, vehicle-miles, passenger-miles – AAR, Railroad Facts, 2004 Edition,
Washington, DC, 2004.
Load factor – Passenger-miles divided by vehicle-miles.
Energy Intensities Btu per vehicle-mile – Intercity rail energy use divided by vehicle-miles.
Btu per passenger-mile – Intercity rail energy use divided by passenger-miles.
Energy use - See Energy Use Sources, p. A-18. Data series shown in Table 9.11.
Transit
Number of vehicles, vehicle-miles, passenger-miles – APTA, 2004 Public Transportation Fact
Book, Washington, DC, 2004. Sum of light and heavy rail transit. Data series shown on
Table 9.13.
Load factor – Passenger-miles divided by vehicle-miles.
Energy intensities –
Btu per vehicle-mile – Light and heavy transit rail energy use divided by vehicle-miles.
Btu per passenger-mile – Light and heavy transit rail energy use divided by passenger-miles.
Energy use – See Energy Use Sources, p. A-17. Data series shown in Table 9.13.
Commuter
Number of vehicles, vehicle-miles, passenger-miles – APTA, 2004 Public Transportation Fact
Book, Washington, DC, 2004. Data series shown on Table 9.12.
Load factor – Passenger-miles divided by vehicle-miles.
Energy intensities –
Btu per vehicle-mile – Commuter rail energy use divided by vehicle-miles.
Btu per passenger-mile – Commuter rail energy use divided by passenger-miles.
Energy use – See Energy Use Sources, p. A-16. Data series shown in Table 9.12.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25—2006
A–23
Highway Passenger Mode Energy Intensities
Automobiles
Btu per vehicle-mile – Automobile energy use divided by automobile vehicle miles of travel.
Energy use – See Energy Use Sources, p. A-3. Data series shown in Table 2.6.
Vehicle-miles – DOT, FHWA, Highway Statistics 2002, Table VM-1 and annual editions back to
1996; DOT, FHWA, Highway Statistics Summary to 1995. Data series shown in Table 4.1.
Btu per passenger-mile – Automobile energy use divided by automobile passenger-miles.
Energy use – See Energy Use Sources, p. A-3. Data series shown in Table 2.6.
Passenger miles – Vehicle miles multiplied by an average load factor.
Vehicle-miles – DOT, FHWA, Highway Statistics 2002, Table VM-1 and annual editions back to
1996; DOT, FHWA, Highway Statistics Summary to 1995. Data series shown in Table 4.1.
Load factor – NPTS 1969, 1977, 1983/84, 1990, and 1995, and NHTS 2001.
Table A.17
Automobile Load Factor used to calculate Passenger-Miles
Year
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
Source
1969 NPTS
Interpolated
Interpolated
Interpolated
Interpolated
Interpolated
Interpolated
1977 NPTS
Interpolated
Interpolated
Interpolated
Interpolated
Interpolated
1983/84 NPTS
Interpolated
Interpolated
Interpolated
Interpolated
Interpolated
Interpolated
1990 NPTS
Interpolated
Interpolated
Interpolated
Interpolated
1995 NPTS
Interpolated
Interpolated
Interpolated
Interpolated
Interpolated
2001 NHTS
2001 NHTS
Load Factor
1.90
1.90
1.90
1.90
1.90
1.90
1.90
1.90
1.88
1.87
1.85
1.83
1.82
1.80
1.77
1.74
1.71
1.69
1.66
1.63
1.60
1.60
1.60
1.60
1.60
1.60
1.60
1.59
1.59
1.58
1.58
1.57
1.57
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25—2006
A–24
Light trucks
Btu per vehicle-mile – Light truck energy use divided by light truck vehicle miles of travel.
Energy use – See Energy Use Sources, p. A-6. Data series shown in Table 2.6.
Vehicle-miles – DOT, FHWA, Highway Statistics 2002, Table VM-1 and annual editions back to
1996; DOT, FHWA, Highway Statistics Summary to 1995. Data series shown in Table 4.2.
Buses
Transit
Btu per vehicle-mile – Transit bus energy use divided by transit bus vehicle-miles.
Energy use – See Energy Use Sources, p. A-4. Data series shown in Table 5.12.
Vehicle-miles – APTA, 2004 Public Transportation Fact Book, Washington, DC, 2004. Data
series shown on Table 5.12.
Btu per passenger-mile – Transit bus energy use divided by transit bus passenger-miles.
Energy use – See Energy Use Sources, p. A-4. Data series shown in Table 5.12.
Passenger-miles – APTA, 2004 Public Transportation Fact Book, Washington, DC, 2004. Data
series shown on Table 5.12.
Intercity
Btu per passenger-mile – Intercity bus energy use divided by intercity bus passenger-miles.
Energy use – See Energy Use Sources, p. A-5 . Data series shown in Table 5.13. Because the
2001and 2002 data are not available, the rate of change in bus VMT from FHWA, Highway
Statistics 2002, was used to estimate the change in energy use.
Passenger-miles – (2001 and 2002 data not available.) Eno Foundation for Transportation,
Transportation in America 2001, Nineteenth edition, Washington, DC. Data series shown in
Table 5.13.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25—2006
A–25
Nonhighway Mode Energy Intensities
Air
Certificated air carriers
Btu per passenger-mile – Certificated air carrier energy use divided by passenger-miles.
Energy use – See Energy Use Sources, p. A-10. All of domestic fuel use and half of international
fuel use was considered to be domestic use.
Passenger-miles – DOT, BTS, Air Carrier Traffic Statistics Monthly, December 2002/2003,
Washington, DC, and annual editions back to 1994. Pre-1994 data are from various editions
of the FAA Statistical Handbook of Aviation (no longer published). Scheduled service
passenger-miles of domestic air carriers and half of international air carriers were used to
coincide with fuel use.
Note: These data differ from the data in Table 9.1 because that table contains data on ALL
domestic AND international air carrier energy use and passenger-miles.
General aviation
Btu per passenger-mile – General aviation energy use divided by passenger-miles.
Energy use – See Energy Use Sources, p. A-9. Data series shown in Table 9.2.
Passenger-miles – (2002 data not available.) Eno Foundation for Transportation, Transportation
in America 2001, Nineteenth edition, Washington, DC. Data series shown in Table 9.2.
Rail
Intercity
Btu per passenger-mile – Intercity rail energy use divided by passenger-miles.
Energy use – See Energy Use Sources, p. A-18. Data series shown in Table 9.11.
Passenger-miles – AAR, Railroad Facts, 2004 Edition, and previous annual editions.
Transit
Btu per passenger-mile – Transit rail energy use divided by passenger-miles.
Energy use – See Energy Use Sources, p. A-17. Data series shown in Table 9.13.
Passenger-miles – APTA, 2004 Public Transportation Fact Book, Washington, DC, 2004. Data
series shown on Table 9.13.
Commuter
Btu per passenger-mile – Commuter rail energy use divided by passenger-miles.
Energy use – See Energy Use Sources, p. A-16. Data series shown in Table 9.12.
Passenger-miles – APTA, 2004 Public Transportation Fact Book, Washington, DC, 2004. Data
series shown on Table 9.12.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25—2006
A–26
Freight Movement and Energy Use
Truck
Number of vehicles – DOT, FHWA, Highway Statistics 2002, Table VM-1. Data by truck type were
multiplied by the shares of trucks engaged in intercity freight movement (Table A.19).
Ton miles, tons shipped and average length of haul – Eno Transportation Foundation, Transportation
in America 2001, Nineteenth Edition, Washington, DC, 2002. Because 2002 data are not available,
2001 data are used.
Energy intensity – Freight truck energy use divided by ton-miles.
Energy use – See Energy Use Sources (light trucks, medium/heavy trucks), pp. A-6, A-7. Data by truck
type were multiplied by the shares of trucks engaged in intercity freight movement (Table A.19).
Table A.18
Share of Trucks and Truck Fuel Use
for Trucks Engaged in Intercity Freight Movement
Intercity freight trucks
0.4%
2-axle, 4-tire trucks
29.0%
Other single-unit and combination trucks
Intercity freight truck fuel use
1.0%
2-axle, 4-tire trucks
71.3%
Other single-unit and combination trucks
These percentages were derived by ORNL from the 1997 VIUS Micro Data File on CD. Intercity
freight trucks were defined as any truck whose:
- greatest share of miles were traveled more than 50 miles away from the vehicle’s home base;
and
- principal use was not personal or passenger transportation; and
- body type was not pickup, minivan, or utility vehicle.
Rail
Number of locomotives, ton-miles, tons shipped, average length of haul – AAR, Railroad Facts, 2004
Edition, Washington, DC, 2004. Data series shown in Table 9.8.
Energy intensity – Class I rail energy use divided by freight car-miles.
Energy use – See Energy Use Sources, p. A-15. Data series shown in Table 9.8.
Water
Number of vehicles – U.S. Department of the Army, Army Corps of Engineers, “Summary of U.S. Flag
Passenger and Cargo Vessels, 2002,” New Orleans, LA, 2003.
Ton-miles, tons shipped, average length of haul – U.S. Department of the Army, Army Corps of
Engineers, Waterborne Commerce of the United States, Calendar Year 2002, Part 5: National
Summaries, New Orleans, LA, 2003. Data series shown in Table 9.4.
Btu per ton-mile – Domestic waterborne commerce energy use divided by ton-miles.
Energy use – See Energy Use Sources, p. A-11. Data series shown in Table 9.4.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25—2006
A–27
Freight Mode Energy Intensities
Truck
Btu per vehicle-mile – Heavy single-unit and combination truck energy use divided by vehicle miles
Energy use – See Energy Use Sources (medium/heavy trucks), p. A-7.
Vehicle-miles – DOT, FHWA, Highway Statistics 2002, Table VM-1 and annual editions back to
1996; DOT, FHWA, Highway Statistics Summary to 1995. Data series is the total of vehicle
travel data on Tables 5.1 and 5.2.
Rail
Btu per freight car-mile – Class I rail energy use divided by freight car-miles.
Energy use – See Energy Use Sources, p. A-15. Data series shown in Table 9.8.
Freight car miles – AAR, Railroad Facts, 2004 Edition, Washington, DC, 2004. Data series
shown in Table 9.8.
Btu per ton-mile – Class I rail energy use divided by ton-miles.
Energy use – See Energy Use Sources, p. A-15. Data series shown in Table 9.8.
Ton-miles – AAR, Railroad Facts, 2004 Edition, Washington, DC, 2004. Data series shown in
Table 9.8.
Water
Btu per ton-mile – Domestic waterborne commerce energy use divided by ton-miles.
Energy use – See Energy Use Sources, p. A-11. Data series shown in Table 9.4.
Ton-miles – U.S. Department of the Army, Army Corps of Engineers, Waterborne Commerce of
the United States, Calendar Year 2002, Part 5: National Summaries, New Orleans, LA, 2003.
Data series shown in Table 9.4.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25—2006
B–1
APPENDIX B
CONVERSIONS
A Note About Heating Values
The heat content of a fuel is the quantity of energy released by burning a unit amount of that
fuel. However, this value is not absolute and can vary according to several factors. For example,
empirical formulae for determining the heating value of liquid fuels depend on the fuels' American
Petroleum Institute (API) gravity. The API gravity varies depending on the percent by weight of the
chemical constituents and impurities in the fuel, both of which are affected by the combination of raw
materials used to produce the fuel and by the type of manufacturing process. Temperature and
climatic conditions are also factors.
Because of these variations, the heating values in Table B.4 may differ from values in other
publications. The figures in this report are representative or average values, not absolute ones. The
gross heating values used here agree with those used by the Energy Information Administration
(EIA).
Heating values fall into two categories, usually referred to as “higher” and “lower.” If the
products of fuel combustion are cooled back to the initial fuel-air or fuel-oxidizer mixture
temperature and the water formed during combustion is condensed, the energy released by the
process is the higher (gross) heating value. If the products of combustion are cooled to the initial
fuel-air temperature, but the water is considered to remain as a vapor, the energy released by the
process is lower (or net) heating value. Usually the difference between the gross and net heating
values for fuels used in transportation is around 5 to 8 percent; however, it is important to be
consistent in their use.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25—2006
B–2
Table B.1
Hydrogen Heat Content
1 kilogram hydrogen =
Higher heating value
Lower heating value
134,200 Btu
113,400 Btu
39.3 kWhr
33.2 kWhr
141,600 kJ
119,600 kJ
33,800 kCal
28,560 kCal
Table B.2
Hydrogen Conversions
Weight
Pounds
(lb)
Gas
Kilograms
(kg)
Standard
cubic feet
(SCF)
Liquid
Normal
cubic meter
(Nm3)
Gallons
(gal)
Liters
(L)
1 lb
1.0
0.4536
192.00
5.047
1.6928
6.408
1 kg
2.205
1.0
423.3
11.126
3.733
14.128
1 SCF gas
0.005209
0.002363
1.0
0.02628
0.008820
0.0339
1 Nm3 gas
0.19815
0.08988
38.04
1.0
0.3355
1.2699
1 gal liquid
0.5906
0.2679
113.41
2.981
1.0
3.785
1 L liquid
0.15604
0.07078
29.99
0.77881
0.2642
1.0
Table B.3
Pressure Conversions
Bar
Atmosphere
lb/in2 (or psi)
1.0
0.987
14.5
Atmoshpere
1.013
1.0
14.696
lb/in2 (or psi)
0.0689
0.0680
1.0
Bar
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25—2006
B–3
Table B.4
Heat Content for Various Fuels
Automotive gasoline
125,000 Btu/gal(gross) = 115,400 Btu/gal(net)
Hydrogen
134,200 Btu/kg(gross) = 113,400 Btu/kg(net)
Diesel motor fuel
138,700 Btu/gal (gross) = 128,700 Btu/gal (net)
Biodiesel
126,206 Btu/gal (gross) = 117,093 Btu/gal (net)
Methanol
64,600 Btu/gal (gross) = 56,560 Btu/gal (net)
Ethanol
84,600 Btu/gal (gross) = 75,670 Btu/gal (net)
Gasohol
120,900 Btu/gal (gross) = 112,417 Btu/gal (net)
Aviation gasoline
120,200 Btu/gal (gross) = 112,000 Btu/gal (net)
Propane
91,300 Btu/gal (gross) = 83,500 Btu/gal (net)
Butane
103,000 Btu/gal (gross) = 93,000 Btu/gal (net)
Jet fuel (naphtha)
127,500 Btu/gal (gross) = 118,700 Btu/gal (net)
Jet fuel (kerosene)
135,000 Btu/gal (gross) = 128,100 Btu/gal (net)
Lubricants
144,400 Btu/gal (gross) = 130,900 Btu/gal (net)
Waxes
131,800 Btu/gal (gross) = 120,200 Btu/gal (net)
Asphalt and road oil
158,000 Btu/gal (gross) = 157,700 Btu/gal (net)
Petroleum coke
143,400 Btu/gal (gross) = 168,300 Btu/gal (net)
Natural gas
Wet
Dry
Compressed
Liquid
1,109 Btu/ft3
1,027 Btu/ft3
20,551 Btu/pound
960 Btu/cubic foot
90,800 Btu/gal (gross) = 87,600 Btu/gal (net)
138,100 Btu/gal (gross) = 131,800 Btu/gal (net)
Crude petroleum
Fuel Oils
Residual
Distillate
149,700 Btu/gal (gross) = 138,400 Btu/gal (net)
138,700 Btu/gal (gross) = 131,800 Btu/gal (net)
Coal
Anthracite - Consumption
Bituminous and lignite - Consumption
Production average
Consumption average
21.711 x 106 Btu/short ton
21.012 x 106 Btu/short ton
21.352 x 106 Btu/short ton
21.015 x 106 Btu/short ton
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25—2006
B–4
Table B.5
Fuel Equivalents
1 million bbl crude oil/day
= 0.365 billion bbl crude oil/year
= 2.117 quadrillion Btu/year
= 100.465 million short tons coal/year
= 91.142 million metric tons coal/year
= 2.065 trillion ft3 natural gas/year
= 2,233.435 petajoules/year
1 billion bbl crude oil/year
= 2.740 million bbl crude oil/day
= 5.800 quadrillion Btu/year
= 275.247 million short tons coal/year
= 249.704 million metric tons coal/year
= 5.659 trillion ft3 natural gas/year
= 6,119 petajoules/year
1 quadrillion Btu/year
= 0.472 million bbl crude oil/day
= 172.414 million bbl crude oil/year
= 47.456 million short tons coal/year
= 43.052 million metric tons coal/year
= 975.610 billion ft3 natural gas/year
= 1,055 petajoules/year
1 billion short tons coal/year
= 0.907 billion metric tons coal/year
= 9.954 million bbl crude oil/day
= 3.633 billion bbl crude oil/year
= 21.072 quadrillion Btu/year
= 20.558 trillion ft3 natural gas/year
= 22,230.960 petajoules/year
1 billion metric tons coal/year
= 1.102 billion short tons coal/year
= 9.030 million bbl crude oi l/day
= 3.296 billion bbl crude oil/year
= 19.117 quadrillion btu/year
= 18.650 trillion ft3 natural gas/year
= 20,167.927 petajoules/year
1 trillion ft3 natural gas/year
= 0.484 million bbl crude oil/day
= 0.177 billion bbl crude oil/year
= 1.025 quadrillion Btu/year
= 48.643 million short tons coal/year
= 44.129 million metric tons coal/year
= 1,081.375 petajoules/year
1 petajoule/year
= 447.741 bbl crude oil/day
= 163.425 thousand bbl crude oil/year
= 0.948 trillion Btu/year
= 44.982 thousand short tons coal/year
= 40.808 thousand metric tons coal/year
= 0.925 billion ft3 natural gas/year
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25—2006
B–5
Table B.6
Energy Unit Conversions
1 Btu
= 778.2 ft-lb
1 kWhr
= 3412 Btua
= 107.6 kg-m
= 2.655 x 106 ft-lb
= 1055 J
= 3.671 x 105 kg-m
= 39.30 x 10-5 hp-h
= 3.600 x 106 J
-5
= 1.341 hp-h
-5
= 1.360 metric hp-h
= 39.85 x 10 metric hp-h
= 29.31 x 10 kWhr
1 kg-m = 92.95 x 10-4 Btu
1 Joule
= 7.233 ft-lb
= 94.78 x 10-5 Btu
= 0.7376 ft-lb
= 9.806 J
= 0.1020 kg-m
-7
= 36.53 x 10 hp-h
= 37.25 x 10-8 hp-h
= 37.04 x 10-7 metric hp-h
= 37.77 x 10-8 metric hp-h
-7
= 27.78 x 10-8 kWhr
= 27.24 x 10 kWhr
1 hp-h = 2544 Btu
1 metric hp-h
6
= 2510 Btu
= 1.953 x 106 ft-lb
= 1.98 x 10 ft-lb
6
= 2.738 x 10 kgm
= 27.00 x 104 kg-m
= 2.685 x 106 J
= 2.648 x 106 J
= 1.014 metric hp-h
= 0.9863 hp-h
= 0.7475 kWhr
= 0.7355 kWhr
a
This figure does not take into account the fact that electricity generation and distribution efficiency
is approximately 29%. If generation and distribution efficiency are taken into account, 1 kWhr = 11,765
Btu.
Table B.7
International Energy Conversions
Gigacalories
Million tonnes of
oil equivalent
Million
Btu
Gigawatthours
1
238.8
2.388 x 10-5
947.8
0.2778
Gigacalories
4.1868 x 10-3
1
10-7
3.968
1.163 x 10-3
Million tonnes
of oil equivalent
4.1868 x 104
107
1
3.968 x 107
11,630
Million Btu
1.0551 x 10-3
0.252
2.52 X 10-8
1
3.6
860
8.6 x 10-5
3412
To:
From:
Terajoules
Gigawatthours
Terajoules
multiply by:
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25—2006
2.931 x 10-4
1
B–6
Table B.8
Distance and Velocity Conversions
1 in.
= 83.33 x 10-3 ft
1 ft
= 12.0 in.
= 27.78 x 10-3 yd
= 0.33 yd
= 15.78 x 10-6 mile
= 189.4 x 10-3 mile
= 25.40 x 10-3 m
= 0.3048 m
-6
= 0.3048 x 10-3 km
= 0.2540 x 10 km
1 mile = 63360 in.
1 km
= 5280 ft
= 39370 in.
= 3281 ft
= 1760 yd
= 1093.6 yd
= 1609 m
= 0.6214 mile
= 1.609 km
= 1000 m
1 ft/sec = 0.3048 m/s = 0.6818 mph = 1.0972 km/h
1 m/sec = 3.281 ft/s = 2.237 mph = 3.600 km/h
1 km/h = 0.9114 ft/s = 0.2778 m/s = 0.6214 mph
1 mph = 1.467 ft/s = 0.4469 m/s = 1.609 km/h
Table B.9
Alternative Measures of Greenhouse Gases
1 pound methane, measured in carbon
units (CH4)
=
1.333 pounds methane, measured at full
molecular weight (CH4)
1 pound carbon dioxide, measured in
carbon units (CO2-C)
=
3.6667 pounds carbon dioxide, measured at
full molecular weight (CO2)
1 pound carbon monoxide, measured in
carbon units (CO-C)
=
2.333 pounds carbon monoxide, measured at
full molecular weight (CO)
1 pound nitrous oxide, measured in
nitrogen units (N2O-N)
=
1.571 pounds nitrous oxide, measured at full
molecular weight (N2O)
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25—2006
B–7
Table B.10
Volume and Flow Rate Conversionsa
1 U.S. gal
= 231 in.3
1 liter
= 61.02 in.3
= 0.1337 ft3
= 3.531 x 10-2 ft3
= 3.785 liters
= 0.2624 U.S. gal
= 0.8321 imperial gal
= 0.2200 imperial gal
= 0.0238 bbl
= 6.29 x 10-3 bbl
= 0.003785 m3
= 0.001 m3
A U.S. gallon of gasoline weighs 6.2 pounds
1 imperial gal = 277.4 in.3
1 bbl
= 0.1606 ft3
= 5.615 ft3
= 4.545 liters
= 158.97 liters
= 1.201 U.S. gal
= 42 U.S. gal
= 0.0286 bbl
= 34.97 imperial gal
3
1 U.S. gal/hr
= 9702 in.3
= 0.004546 m
= 0.15897 m3
= 3.209 ft3/day
= 1171 ft3/year
= 90.84 liter/day
= 33157 liter/year
= 19.97 imperial gal/day
= 7289 imperial gal/year
= 0.5712 bbl/day
= 207.92 bbl/year
For Imperial gallons, multiply above values by 1.201
1 liter/hr
1 bbl/hr
= 0.8474 ft3/day
= 309.3 ft3/year
= 6.298 U.S. gal/day
= 2299 U.S. gal/year
= 5.28 imperial gal/day
= 1927 imperial gal/year
= 0.1510 bbl/day
= 55.10 bbl/year
= 137.8 ft3/year
= 49187 ft3 year
= 1008 U.S. gal/day
= 3.679 x 105 U.S. gal/year
= 839.3 imperial gal/day
= 3.063 x 105 imperial gal/year
= 3815 liter/day
= 1.393 x 106 liter/day
a
The conversions for flow rates are identical to those for volume measures, if the time units are identical.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25—2006
B–8
Table B.11
Power Conversions
TO
Horsepower
Kilowatts
Metric
horsepower
Ft-lb per sec
Kilocalories
per sec
Btu per sec
Horsepower
1
0.7457
1.014
550
0.1781
0.7068
Kilowatts
1.341
1
1.360
737.6
0.239
0.9478
Metric
horsepower
0.9863
0.7355
1
542.5
0.1757
0.6971
Ft-lb per sec
1.36 x 10-3
1.356 x 10-3
1.84 x 10-3
0.3238 x 10-3
1.285 x 10-3
Kilocalories
per sec
5.615
4.184
5.692
3088
1
3.968
Btu per sec
1.415
1.055
1.434
778.2
0.2520
FROM
1
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25—2006
1
B–9
Table B.12
Mass Conversions
TO
FROM
Pound
Kilogram
Short ton
Long ton
Metric ton
Pound
1
0.4536
5.0 x 10-4
4.4643 x 10-4
4.5362 x 10-4
Kilogram
2.205
1
1.1023 x 10-3
9.8425 x 10-4
1.0 x 10-3
Short ton
2,000
907.2
1
0.8929
0.9072
Long ton
2,240
1,016
1.12
1
1.016
Metric ton
2,205
1,000
1.102
0.9842
1
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25—2006
B–10
Table B.13
Fuel Efficiency Conversionsa
MPG
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
105
110
115
120
125
130
135
140
145
150
Formula
Miles/liter
2.64
3.96
5.28
6.60
7.92
9.25
10.57
11.89
13.21
14.53
15.85
17.17
18.49
19.81
21.13
22.45
23.77
25.09
26.42
27.74
29.06
30.38
31.70
33.02
34.34
35.66
36.98
38.30
39.62
MPG/3.785
Kilometers/L
4.25
6.38
8.50
10.63
12.75
14.88
17.00
19.13
21.25
23.38
25.51
27.63
29.76
31.88
34.01
36.13
38.26
40.38
42.51
44.64
46.76
48.89
51.01
53.14
55.26
57.39
59.51
61.64
63.76
MPG/[3.785/1.609]
L/100 kilometers
23.52
15.68
11.76
9.41
7.84
6.72
5.88
5.23
4.70
4.28
3.92
3.62
3.36
3.14
2.94
2.77
2.61
2.48
2.35
2.24
2.14
2.05
1.96
1.88
1.81
1.74
1.68
1.62
1.57
235.24/MPG
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25—2006
B–11
Table B.14
SI Prefixes and Their Values
One million million millionth
One thousand million millionth
One million millionth
One thousand millionth
One millionth
One thousandth
One hundredth
One tenth
One
Ten
One hundred
One thousand
One million
One billiona
One trilliona
One quadrilliona
One quintilliona
Value
Prefix
Symbol
10-18
10-15
10-12
10-9
10-6
10-3
10-2
10-1
100
101
102
103
106
109
1012
1015
1018
atto
femto
pico
nano
micro
milli
centi
deci
a
f
p
n
μ
m
c
deca
hecto
kilo
mega
giga
tera
peta
exa
k
M
G
T
P
E
a
Care should be exercised in the use of this nomenclature, especially in foreign correspondence, as it
is either unknown or carries a different value in other countries. A "billion," for example, signifies a value of
1012 in most other countries.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25—2006
B–12
Table B.15
Metric Units and Abbreviations
Quantity
Energy
Specific energy
Specific energy consumption
Energy consumption
Energy economy
Power
Specific power
Power density
Speed
Acceleration
Range (distance)
Weight
Torque
Volume
Mass; payload
Length; width
Brake specific fuel consumption
Fuel economy (heat engine)
Unit name
joule
joule/kilogram
joule/kilogram•kilometer
joule/kilometer
kilometer/kilojoule
kilowatt
watt/kilogram
watt/meter3
kilometer/hour
meter/second2
kilometer
kilogram
newton•meter
meter3
kilogram
meter
kilogram/joule
liters/100 km
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25—2006
Symbol
J
J/kg
J/(kg•km)
J/km
km/kJ
Kw
W/kg
W/m3
km/h
m/s2
km
kg
N•m
m3
kg
m
kg/J
L/100 km
B–13
Table B.16
Carbon Coefficients, 2002
(Million metric tons carbon per quadrillion Btu)
Fuel Type
Coal
Coal (residential)
Coal (commercial)
Coal (industrial coking)
Coal (industrial other)
Coal (electric utility)
26.04
26.04
25.63
25.74
25.98
Natural gas
Natural gas (pipeline)
Natural gas (flared)
14.47
14.92
Petroleum
Asphalt and road oil
Aviation gasoline
Crude oil
Distillate fuel
Jet fuel
Kerosene
LPG
Lubricants
Motor gasoline
Petrochemical feed.
Petroleum coke
Residual fuel
Waxes
20.62
18.87
20.30
19.95
19.33
19.72
16.99
20.24
19.34
19.37
27.85
21.49
19.81
Note: All coefficients based on Higher Heating (Gross
Calorific) Value and assume 100 percent combustion.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25—2006
B–14
Conversion of Constant Dollar Values
Many types of information in this data book are expressed in dollars. Generally, constant
dollars are used–that is, dollars of a fixed value for a specific year, such as 1990 dollars. Converting
current dollars to constant dollars, or converting constant dollars for one year to constant dollars for
another year, requires conversion factors (Table B.17 and B.18). Table B.17 shows conversion
factors for the Consumer Price Index inflation factors. Table B.18 shows conversion factors using
the Gross National Product inflation factors.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25—2006
B–15
Table B.17
Consumer Price Inflation (CPI) Index
From:
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1970
1.000
1.044
1.077
1.144
1.271
1.387
1.466
1.562
1.680
1.871
1971
0.958
1.000
1.032
1.096
1.217
1.328
1.405
1.496
1.610
1.793
1972
0.928
0.969
1.000
1.062
1.179
1.287
1.361
1.450
1.560
1.737
1973
0.874
0.912
0.941
1.000
1.110
1.212
1.282
1.365
1.468
1.635
1974
0.787
0.822
0.848
0.901
1.000
1.091
1.154
1.229
1.323
1.473
1975
0.721
0.753
0.777
0.825
0.916
1.000
1.058
1.126
1.212
1.349
1976
0.682
0.712
0.735
0.780
0.866
0.946
1.000
1.065
1.146
1.276
1977
0.640
0.668
0.690
0.733
0.814
0.888
0.939
1.000
1.076
1.198
1978
0.595
0.621
0.641
0.681
0.756
0.825
0.873
0.929
1.000
1.113
1979
0.534
0.558
0.576
0.612
0.679
0.741
0.784
0.835
0.898
1.000
1980
0.471
0.492
0.507
0.539
0.598
0.653
0.691
0.735
0.791
0.881
1981
0.427
0.446
0.460
0.488
0.542
0.592
0.626
0.667
0.717
0.799
1982
0.402
0.420
0.433
0.460
0.511
0.558
0.590
0.628
0.676
0.752
1983
0.390
0.407
0.420
0.446
0.495
0.540
0.571
0.608
0.655
0.729
1984
0.373
0.390
0.402
0.427
0.474
0.518
0.548
0.583
0.628
0.699
1985
0.361
0.376
0.388
0.413
0.458
0.500
0.529
0.563
0.606
0.675
1986
0.354
0.370
0.381
0.405
0.450
0.491
0.519
0.553
0.595
0.662
1987
0.342
0.357
0.368
0.391
0.434
0.474
0.501
0.533
0.574
0.639
1988
0.328
0.342
0.353
0.375
0.417
0.455
0.481
0.512
0.551
0.614
1989
0.313
0.327
0.337
0.358
0.398
0.434
0.459
0.489
0.526
0.585
1990
0.297
0.310
0.320
0.340
0.377
0.412
0.435
0.464
0.499
0.555
1991
0.285
0.297
0.307
0.326
0.362
0.395
0.418
0.445
0.479
0.533
1992
0.277
0.289
0.298
0.316
0.351
0.383
0.406
0.432
0.465
0.517
1993
0.269
0.280
0.289
0.307
0.341
0.372
0.394
0.419
0.451
0.502
1994
0.262
0.273
0.282
0.300
0.333
0.363
0.384
0.409
0.440
0.490
1995
0.255
0.266
0.274
0.291
0.323
0.353
0.373
0.398
0.428
0.476
1996
0.247
0.258
0.266
0.283
0.314
0.343
0.363
0.386
0.416
0.463
1997
0.242
0.252
0.260
0.277
0.307
0.335
0.355
0.378
0.406
0.452
1998
0.238
0.248
0.256
0.272
0.302
0.330
0.349
0.372
0.400
0.445
1999
0.233
0.243
0.251
0.267
0.296
0.323
0.342
0.364
0.391
0.436
2000
0.225
0.235
0.243
0.258
0.286
0.312
0.330
0.352
0.379
0.422
2001
0.219
0.229
0.236
0.251
0.278
0.304
0.321
0.342
0.368
0.410
2002
0.216
0.225
0.232
0.247
0.274
0.299
0.316
0.337
0.362
0.404
2003
0.211
0.220
0.227
0.241
0.268
0.292
0.309
0.329
0.354
0.395
2004
0.205
0.214
0.221
0.235
0.261
0.285
0.301
0.321
0.345
0.384
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25—2006
B–16
Table B.17
Consumer Price Inflation (CPI) Index (Continued)
From:
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1970
2.124
2.343
2.487
2.567
2.678
2.773
2.825
2.928
3.049
3.196
1971
2.035
2.244
2.383
2.459
2.565
2.657
2.706
2.805
2.921
3.062
1972
1.971
2.175
2.309
2.383
2.486
2.574
2.622
2.718
2.830
2.967
1973
1.856
2.047
2.173
2.243
2.340
2.423
2.468
2.559
2.664
2.793
1974
1.671
1.844
1.957
2.020
2.108
2.183
2.223
2.304
2.400
2.515
1975
1.532
1.690
1.794
1.851
1.931
2.000
2.037
2.112
2.199
2.305
1976
1.448
1.598
1.696
1.750
1.826
1.891
1.926
1.996
2.079
2.179
1977
1.360
1.500
1.592
1.644
1.715
1.776
1.809
1.875
1.952
2.046
1978
1.264
1.394
1.480
1.528
1.594
1.650
1.681
1.742
1.814
1.902
1979
1.135
1.252
1.329
1.372
1.431
1.482
1.510
1.565
1.629
1.708
1980
1.000
1.103
1.171
1.209
1.261
1.306
1.330
1.379
1.436
1.505
1981
0.906
1.000
1.062
1.096
1.143
1.184
1.206
1.250
1.301
1.364
1982
0.854
0.942
1.000
1.032
1.077
1.115
1.136
1.177
1.226
1.285
1983
0.827
0.913
0.969
1.000
1.043
1.080
1.100
1.141
1.188
1.245
1984
0.793
0.875
0.929
0.959
1.000
1.036
1.055
1.093
1.139
1.193
1985
0.766
0.845
0.897
0.926
0.966
1.000
1.019
1.056
1.099
1.152
1986
0.752
0.829
0.880
0.909
0.948
0.982
1.000
1.036
1.079
1.131
1987
0.725
0.800
0.849
0.877
0.915
0.947
0.965
1.000
1.041
1.092
1988
0.697
0.768
0.816
0.842
0.878
0.910
0.926
0.960
1.000
1.048
1989
0.665
0.733
0.778
0.803
0.838
0.868
0.884
0.916
0.954
1.000
1990
0.630
0.695
0.738
0.762
0.795
0.823
0.839
0.869
0.905
0.949
1991
0.605
0.667
0.709
0.731
0.763
0.790
0.805
0.834
0.869
0.910
1992
0.587
0.648
0.688
0.710
0.741
0.767
0.781
0.810
0.843
0.884
1993
0.570
0.629
0.668
0.689
0.719
0.745
0.758
0.786
0.819
0.858
1994
0.556
0.613
0.651
0.672
0.701
0.726
0.740
0.767
0.798
0.837
1995
0.541
0.596
0.633
0.654
0.682
0.706
0.719
0.745
0.776
0.814
1996
0.525
0.579
0.615
0.635
0.662
0.686
0.699
0.724
0.754
0.790
1997
0.513
0.566
0.601
0.621
0.647
0.670
0.683
0.708
0.737
0.773
1998
0.506
0.558
0.592
0.611
0.637
0.660
0.672
0.697
0.726
0.761
1999
0.495
0.546
0.579
0.598
0.624
0.646
0.658
0.682
0.710
0.744
2000
0.479
0.528
0.560
0.578
0.603
0.625
0.636
0.660
0.687
0.720
2001
0.465
0.513
0.545
0.562
0.587
0.608
0.619
0.641
0.668
0.700
2002
0.458
0.505
0.536
0.554
0.578
0.598
0.609
0.631
0.658
0.689
2003
0.448
0.494
0.524
0.541
0.565
0.585
0.596
0.617
0.643
0.674
2004
0.436
0.481
0.511
0.527
0.550
0.570
0.580
0.601
0.626
0.656
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25—2006
B–17
Table B.17
Consumer Price Inflation (CPI) Index (Continued)
From:
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
1970
3.369
3.510
3.616
3.724
3.820
3.928
4.044
4.137
4.201
4.294
1971
3.227
3.363
3.464
3.568
3.659
3.763
3.874
3.963
4.025
4.114
1972
3.127
3.258
3.356
3.457
3.545
3.646
3.754
3.840
3.900
3.986
1973
2.944
3.068
3.160
3.255
3.338
3.432
3.534
3.615
3.671
3.752
1974
2.651
2.763
2.846
2.931
3.006
3.091
3.183
3.256
3.306
3.379
1975
2.429
2.532
2.608
2.686
2.755
2.833
2.916
2.983
3.030
3.097
1976
2.297
2.394
2.466
2.540
2.605
2.678
2.757
2.821
2.865
2.928
1977
2.157
2.248
2.315
2.384
2.446
2.515
2.589
2.649
2.690
2.749
1978
2.005
2.089
2.152
2.216
2.273
2.337
2.406
2.462
2.500
2.555
1979
1.800
1.876
1.933
1.990
2.041
2.099
2.161
2.211
2.245
2.295
1980
1.586
1.653
1.703
1.754
1.799
1.850
1.904
1.948
1.978
2.022
1981
1.438
1.498
1.543
1.590
1.630
1.677
1.726
1.766
1.793
1.833
1982
1.354
1.411
1.454
1.497
1.536
1.579
1.626
1.663
1.689
1.726
1983
1.312
1.367
1.409
1.451
1.488
1.530
1.575
1.611
1.637
1.673
1984
1.258
1.311
1.350
1.391
1.426
1.467
1.510
1.545
1.569
1.603
1985
1.215
1.266
1.304
1.343
1.377
1.416
1.458
1.492
1.515
1.548
1986
1.193
1.243
1.280
1.318
1.352
1.391
1.432
1.464
1.487
1.520
1987
1.151
1.199
1.235
1.272
1.305
1.342
1.381
1.413
1.435
1.467
1988
1.105
1.151
1.186
1.221
1.253
1.288
1.326
1.357
1.378
1.408
1989
1.054
1.098
1.131
1.165
1.195
1.229
1.265
1.294
1.315
1.344
1990
1.000
1.042
1.073
1.106
1.134
1.166
1.200
1.228
1.247
1.275
1991
0.960
1.000
1.030
1.061
1.088
1.119
1.152
1.178
1.197
1.223
1992
0.932
0.971
1.000
1.030
1.056
1.086
1.118
1.144
1.162
1.187
1993
0.904
0.943
0.971
1.000
1.026
1.055
1.086
1.111
1.128
1.153
1994
0.882
0.919
0.947
0.975
1.000
1.028
1.059
1.083
1.100
1.124
1995
0.858
0.894
0.921
0.948
0.972
1.000
1.030
1.053
1.070
1.093
1996
0.833
0.868
0.894
0.921
0.945
0.971
1.000
1.023
1.039
1.062
1997
0.814
0.849
0.874
0.900
0.923
0.950
0.978
1.000
1.016
1.038
1998
0.802
0.836
0.861
0.887
0.909
0.935
0.963
0.985
1.000
1.022
1999
0.785
0.818
0.842
0.867
0.890
0.915
0.942
0.963
0.978
1.000
2000
0.759
0.791
0.815
0.839
0.861
0.885
0.911
0.932
0.947
0.967
2001
0.738
0.769
0.792
0.816
0.837
0.861
0.886
0.906
0.920
0.941
2002
0.727
0.757
0.780
0.803
0.824
0.847
0.872
0.892
0.906
0.926
2003
0.710
0.740
0.763
0.785
0.805
0.828
0.853
0.872
0.886
0.905
2004
0.692
0.721
0.743
0.765
0.785
0.807
0.831
0.850
0.863
0.882
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25—2006
B–18
Table B.17
Consumer Price Inflation (CPI) Index (Continued)
From:
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
1970
4.438
4.564
4.637
4.742
4.869
1971
4.252
4.373
4.442
4.543
4.664
1972
4.120
4.237
4.304
4.402
4.519
1973
3.878
3.989
4.052
4.144
4.255
1974
3.493
3.592
3.649
3.732
3.832
1975
3.201
3.292
3.344
3.420
3.511
1976
3.026
3.112
3.162
3.234
3.320
1977
2.842
2.922
2.969
3.036
3.117
1978
2.641
2.716
2.759
2.822
2.897
1979
2.372
2.439
2.478
2.534
2.602
1980
2.090
2.149
2.183
2.233
2.292
1981
1.894
1.948
1.979
2.024
2.078
1982
1.784
1.835
1.864
1.907
1.958
1983
1.729
1.778
1.806
1.847
1.897
1984
1.657
1.705
1.731
1.771
1.818
1985
1.600
1.646
1.672
1.710
1.756
1986
1.571
1.616
1.641
1.679
1.724
1987
1.516
1.559
1.584
1.620
1.663
1988
1.456
1.497
1.521
1.555
1.597
1989
1.389
1.428
1.451
1.484
1.523
1990
1.318
1.355
1.376
1.408
1.445
1991
1.264
1.300
1.321
1.351
1.387
1992
1.227
1.262
1.282
1.311
1.346
1993
1.192
1.226
1.245
1.273
1.307
1994
1.162
1.195
1.214
1.242
1.275
1995
1.130
1.162
1.180
1.207
1.240
1996
1.098
1.129
1.147
1.173
1.204
1997
1.073
1.103
1.121
1.146
1.177
1998
1.056
1.087
1.104
1.129
1.159
1999
1.034
1.063
1.080
1.104
1.134
2000
1.000
1.028
1.045
1.069
1.097
2001
0.972
1.000
1.016
1.039
1.067
2002
0.957
0.984
1.000
1.023
1.050
2003
0.936
0.963
0.978
1.000
1.027
2004
0.912
0.938
0.952
0.974
1.000
Source:
U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25—2006
B–19
Table B.18
Gross National Product Implicit Price Deflator
From:
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1970
1.000
1.050
1.096
1.157
1.261
1.380
1.460
1.553
1.662
1.800
1971
0.952
1.000
1.043
1.102
1.201
1.315
1.391
1.479
1.583
1.714
1972
0.913
0.958
1.000
1.056
1.151
1.260
1.333
1.418
1.517
1.643
1973
0.864
0.908
0.947
1.000
1.090
1.193
1.262
1.342
1.437
1.556
1974
0.793
0.833
0.869
0.917
1.000
1.094
1.158
1.231
1.318
1.427
1975
0.724
0.761
0.794
0.838
0.914
1.000
1.058
1.125
1.204
1.304
1976
0.685
0.719
0.750
0.792
0.864
0.945
1.000
1.064
1.138
1.233
1977
0.644
0.676
0.705
0.745
0.812
0.889
0.940
1.000
1.070
1.159
1978
0.602
0.632
0.659
0.696
0.759
0.830
0.878
0.934
1.000
1.083
1979
0.555
0.583
0.609
0.643
0.701
0.767
0.811
0.863
0.923
1.000
1980
0.509
0.535
0.558
0.589
0.642
0.703
0.744
0.791
0.847
0.917
1981
0.466
0.489
0.510
0.539
0.587
0.643
0.680
0.723
0.774
0.838
1982
0.439
0.461
0.481
0.508
0.553
0.606
0.641
0.682
0.729
0.790
1983
0.422
0.443
0.462
0.488
0.532
0.583
0.616
0.656
0.702
0.760
1984
0.407
0.427
0.446
0.471
0.513
0.562
0.594
0.632
0.676
0.732
1985
0.395
0.415
0.433
0.457
0.498
0.545
0.576
0.613
0.656
0.711
1986
0.386
0.406
0.423
0.447
0.487
0.533
0.564
0.600
0.642
0.695
1987
0.376
0.395
0.412
0.435
0.747
0.519
0.549
0.584
0.625
0.677
1988
0.364
0.382
0.398
0.421
0.459
0.502
0.531
0.565
0.604
0.654
1989
0.350
0.368
0.384
0.405
0.442
0.483
0.511
0.544
0.582
0.631
1990
0.337
0.354
0.369
0.390
0.425
0.465
0.492
0.524
0.561
0.607
1991
0.326
0.342
0.357
0.377
0.411
0.450
0.476
0.506
0.542
0.587
1992
0.319
0.334
0.349
0.369
0.402
0.440
0.465
0.495
0.530
0.573
1993
0.311
0.327
0.341
0.360
0.393
0.430
0.455
0.483
0.517
0.560
1994
0.305
0.320
0.334
0.353
0.384
0.421
0.445
0.473
0.507
0.549
1995
0.299
0.314
0.327
0.346
0.377
0.412
0.436
0.464
0.497
0.538
1996
0.293
0.308
0.321
0.339
0.370
0.405
0.428
0.455
0.487
0.528
1997
0.288
0.303
0.316
0.334
0.364
0.398
0.421
0.448
0.479
0.519
1998
0.285
0.299
0.312
0.330
0.360
0.394
0.416
0.443
0.474
0.513
1999
0.281
0.295
0.308
0.325
0.355
0.388
0.410
0.437
0.467
0.506
2000
0.275
0.289
0.301
0.318
0.347
0.380
0.402
0.427
0.457
0.495
2001
0.269
0.282
0.294
0.311
0.339
0.371
0.392
0.417
0.447
0.484
2002
0.265
0.278
0.290
0.306
0.334
0.365
0.387
0.411
0.440
0.477
2003
0.260
0.273
0.285
0.301
0.328
0.359
0.380
0.404
0.433
0.469
2004
0.254
0.267
0.279
0.294
0.321
0.351
0.371
0.395
0.423
0.458
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25—2006
B–20
Table B.18
Gross National Product Implicit Price Deflator (Continued)
From:
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1970
1.963
2.148
2.279
2.369
2.458
2.533
2.589
2.660
2.751
2.855
1971
1.870
2.046
2.170
2.256
2.341
2.413
2.466
2.533
2.620
2.719
1972
1.792
1.960
2.080
2.162
2.244
2.312
2.363
2.428
2.510
2.606
1973
1.697
1.857
1.970
2.048
2.125
2.190
2.238
2.299
2.378
2.468
1974
1.557
1.703
1.807
1.879
1.949
2.009
2.053
2.109
2.181
2.264
1975
1.422
1.556
1.651
1.716
1.781
1.835
1.876
1.927
1.993
2.068
1976
1.344
1.471
1.561
1.623
1.683
1.735
1.773
1.822
1.884
1.955
1977
1.264
1.383
1.467
1.525
1.583
1.631
1.667
1.713
1.771
1.838
1978
1.181
1.292
1.371
1.425
1.479
1.524
1.557
1.600
1.655
1.717
1979
1.091
1.193
1.266
1.316
1.366
1.407
1.438
1.478
1.528
1.586
1980
1.000
1.094
1.161
1.207
1.252
1.290
1.319
1.355
1.401
1.454
1981
0.914
1.000
1.061
1.103
1.144
1.179
1.205
1.238
1.281
1.329
1982
0.861
0.943
1.000
1.040
1.079
1.112
1.136
1.167
1.207
1.253
1983
0.829
0.907
0.962
1.000
1.038
1.069
1.093
1.123
1.161
1.205
1984
0.799
0.874
0.927
0.964
1.000
1.031
1.053
1.082
1.119
1.161
1985
0.775
0.848
0.900
0.935
0.970
1.000
1.022
1.050
1.086
1.127
1986
0.758
0.830
0.880
0.915
0.950
0.978
1.000
1.027
1.063
1.103
1987
0.738
0.808
0.857
0.891
0.924
0.952
0.973
1.000
1.034
1.073
1988
0.714
0.781
0.828
0.861
0.894
0.921
0.941
0.967
1.000
1.038
1989
0.688
0.752
0.798
0.830
0.861
0.887
0.907
0.932
0.963
1.000
1990
0.662
0.724
0.768
0.799
0.829
0.854
0.873
0.897
0.928
0.963
1991
0.640
0.700
0.743
0.772
0.801
0.825
0.844
0.867
0.896
0.930
1992
0.625
0.684
0.726
0.755
0.783
0.807
0.825
0.847
0.876
0.909
1993
0.611
0.669
0.709
0.738
0.765
0.789
0.806
0.828
0.856
0.889
1994
0.598
0.655
0.695
0.722
0.749
0.772
0.789
0.811
0.838
0.870
1995
0.586
0.642
0.681
0.708
0.734
0.757
0.773
0.794
0.822
0.853
1996
0.575
0.630
0.668
0.694
0.721
0.743
0.759
0.780
0.806
0.837
1997
0.566
0.619
0.657
0.683
0.709
0.730
0.746
0.767
0.793
0.823
1998
0.560
0.613
0.650
0.676
0.701
0.722
0.738
0.759
0.784
0.814
1999
0.552
0.604
0.641
0.666
0.691
0.712
0.728
0.748
0.773
0.803
2000
0.540
0.591
0.627
0.652
0.676
0.697
0.712
0.732
0.757
0.785
2001
0.528
0.577
0.612
0.637
0.661
0.681
0.696
0.715
0.739
0.767
2002
0.520
0.569
0.603
0.627
0.651
0.671
0.685
0.704
0.728
0.756
2003
0.511
0.559
0.593
0.617
0.640
0.660
0.674
0.693
0.716
0.743
2004
0.499
0.546
0.579
0.602
0.625
0.644
0.658
0.676
0.699
0.726
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25—2006
B–21
Table B.18
Gross National Product Implicit Price Deflator (Continued)
From:
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
1970
2.966
3.069
3.140
3.212
3.281
3.348
3.412
3.468
3.507
3.557
1971
2.824
2.923
2.990
3.059
3.124
3.189
3.249
3.303
3.340
3.388
1972
2.707
2.801
2.865
2.932
2.994
3.056
3.114
3.165
3.200
3.247
1973
2.563
2.653
2.714
2.777
2.836
2.894
2.949
2.998
3.031
3.075
1974
2.351
2.433
2.489
2.547
2.601
2.655
2.705
2.750
2.780
2.821
1975
2.148
2.224
2.274
2.327
2.377
2.426
2.472
2.513
2.540
2.577
1976
2.031
2.102
2.150
2.200
2.247
2.293
2.336
2.375
2.401
2.436
1977
1.909
1.976
2.021
2.068
2.112
2.156
2.197
2.233
2.258
2.290
1978
1.784
1.846
1.889
1.932
1.974
2.014
2.052
2.086
2.109
2.140
1979
1.647
1.705
1.744
1.785
1.822
1.860
1.895
1.927
1.948
1.976
1980
1.510
1.563
1.599
1.636
1.671
1.705
1.738
1.767
1.786
1.812
1981
1.381
1.429
1.462
1.496
1.527
1.559
1.588
1.615
1.633
1.656
1982
1.301
1.347
1.378
1.410
1.440
1.469
1.497
1.522
1.539
1.561
1983
1.252
1.295
1.325
1.356
1.385
1.413
1.440
1.464
1.480
1.501
1984
1.206
1.249
1.277
1.307
1.335
1.362
1.388
1.411
1.426
1.447
1985
1.171
1.212
1.239
1.268
1.295
1.322
1.347
1.369
1.384
1.404
1986
1.145
1.186
1.213
1.241
1.267
1.293
1.318
1.340
1.354
1.374
1987
1.115
1.154
1.180
1.208
1.233
1.259
1.283
1.304
1.318
1.337
1988
1.078
1.116
1.141
1.168
1.193
1.217
1.240
1.261
1.275
1.293
1989
1.039
1.075
1.100
1.125
1.149
1.173
1.195
1.215
1.228
1.246
1990
1.000
1.035
1.059
1.083
1.106
1.129
1.150
1.170
1.182
1.200
1991
0.966
1.000
1.023
1.047
1.069
1.091
1.112
1.130
1.143
1.159
1992
0.945
0.978
1.000
1.023
1.045
1.066
1.087
1.105
1.117
1.133
1993
0.923
0.955
0.977
1.000
1.021
1.042
1.062
1.080
1.092
1.107
1994
0.904
0.935
0.957
0.979
1.000
1.021
1.040
1.057
1.069
1.084
1995
0.886
0.917
0.938
0.959
0.980
1.000
1.019
1.036
1.047
1.062
1996
0.869
0.900
0.920
0.942
0.962
0.981
1.000
1.017
1.028
1.043
1997
0.855
0.885
0.905
0.926
0.946
0.965
0.984
1.000
1.011
1.026
1998
0.846
0.875
0.895
0.916
0.936
0.955
0.973
0.989
1.000
1.014
1999
0.834
0.863
0.883
0.903
0.922
0.941
0.959
0.975
0.986
1.000
2000
0.816
0.844
0.864
0.884
0.903
0.921
0.939
0.954
0.965
0.979
2001
0.797
0.825
0.844
0.863
0.882
0.900
0.917
0.932
0.942
0.956
2002
0.785
0.812
0.831
0.850
0.868
0.886
0.903
0.918
0.928
0.942
2003
0.772
0.799
0.817
0.836
0.854
0.872
0.888
0.903
0.913
0.926
2004
0.754
0.780
0.798
0.817
0.834
0.851
0.867
0.882
0.891
0.904
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25—2006
B–22
Table B.18
Gross National Product Implicit Price Deflator (Continued)
From:
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
1970
3.635
3.721
3.778
3.841
3.934
1971
3.462
3.543
3.598
3.658
3.746
1972
3.317
3.396
3.448
3.505
3.590
1973
3.142
3.216
3.265
3.320
3.400
1974
2.882
2.950
2.995
3.045
3.119
1975
2.633
2.696
2.737
2.783
2.850
1976
2.489
2.548
2.587
2.630
2.694
1977
2.340
2.396
2.432
2.473
2.533
1978
2.186
2.238
2.272
2.310
2.366
1979
2.019
2.067
2.098
2.134
2.185
1980
1.851
1.895
1.924
1.956
2.004
1981
1.692
1.732
1.759
1.788
1.831
1982
1.595
1.633
1.658
1.685
1.726
1983
1.534
1.570
1.594
1.621
1.660
1984
1.479
1.514
1.537
1.562
1.600
1985
1.435
1.469
1.491
1.516
1.553
1986
1.404
1.437
1.459
1.484
1.520
1987
1.366
1.399
1.420
1.444
1.479
1988
1.321
1.353
1.373
1.396
1.430
1989
1.273
1.303
1.323
1.345
1.378
1990
1.226
1.255
1.274
1.295
1.327
1991
1.184
1.212
1.231
1.251
1.282
1992
1.158
1.185
1.203
1.223
1.253
1993
1.131
1.158
1.176
1.196
1.225
1994
1.108
1.134
1.151
1.171
1.199
1995
1.086
1.111
1.128
1.147
1.175
1996
1.065
1.091
1.107
1.126
1.153
1997
1.048
1.073
1.089
1.107
1.134
1998
1.037
1.061
1.077
1.095
1.122
1999
1.022
1.046
1.062
1.080
1.106
2000
1.000
1.024
1.039
1.057
1.082
2001
0.977
1.000
1.015
1.032
1.057
2002
0.962
0.985
1.00
1.017
1.040
2003
0.946
0.969
0.984
1.000
1.021
2004
0.924
0.946
0.962
0.979
1.000
Source:
U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis,
Survey of Current Business, Washington, DC, monthly.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25—2006
C–1
APPENDIX C
MAPS
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25—2006
C–2
Table C.1
Census Regions and Divisions
Northeast Region
Mid-Atlantic division
New Jersey
New York
New England division
Pennsylvania
Connecticut
Maine
Massachusetts
New Hampshire
Rhode Island
Vermont
South Region
West South Central
division
Arkansas
Louisiana
Oklahoma
Texas
East South Central
division
Alabama
Kentucky
Mississippi
Tennessee
South Atlantic
division
Delaware
Florida
Georgia
Maryland
North Carolina
South Carolina
Virginia
Washington, DC
West Virginia
West Region
Pacific division
Alaska
California
Hawaii
Oregon
Washington
Mountain division
Arizona
Colorado
Idaho
Montana
Nevada
New Mexico
Utah
Wyoming
Midwest Region
West North Central division
Iowa
Kansas
Minnesota
Missouri
Nebraska
North Dakota
South Dakota
East North Central division
Illinois
Indiana
Michigan
Ohio
Wisconsin
Source:
U.S. Census Bureau.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25—2006
C–3
Figure C1. Census Regions and Divisions
Source: See Table C.1.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25—2006
C-4
Table C.2
Petroleum Administration for Defense Districts (PADD)
District
Subdistrict
States
PAD District 1
East Coast
Subdistrict 1X
New England
Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New
Hampshire, Rhode Island, Vermont
Subdistrict 1Y
Central Atlantic
Delaware, District of Columbia, Maryland, New
Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania
Subdistrict 1Z
Lower Atlantic
Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina,
Virginia, West Virginia
PAD District 2
Midwest
Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky,
Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North
Dakota, South Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma,
Tennessee, Wisconsin
PAD District 3
Gulf Coast
Alabama, Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, New
Mexico, Texas
PAD District 4
Rocky Mountains
Colorado Idaho, Montana, Utah, Wyoming
PAD District 5
West Coast
Alaska, Arizona, California, Hawaii, Nevada,
Oregon, Washington
Source:
Energy Information Administration web site: http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/oog/info/twip/padddef.html
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25—2006
C–5
Figure C.2. Petroleum Administration for Defense Districts
Source: See Table C.2.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25—2006
C-6
Figure C.3. Map of Places where Reformulated Gasoline is Sold
Source:
U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration,
http://www.eia.doe.gov/oil_gas/petroleum/data_publications/wrgp/reformulated_map.html,
June 2004.
Note:
Reformulated gasoline is a motor gasoline specially formulated to achieve significant reductions
in vehicle emissions of ozone-forming and toxic air pollutants. The Clean Air Act of 1990
mandates reformulated gasoline use in areas with ozone-air pollution problems.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25—2006
G–1
GLOSSARY
Acceleration power - Measured in kilowatts. Pulse power obtainable from a battery used to
accelerate a vehicle. This is based on a constant current pulse for 30 seconds at no less than
2/3 of the maximum open-circuit-voltage, at 80% depth-of-discharge relative to the battery's
rated capacity and at 20" C ambient temperature.
Air Carrier - The commercial system of air transportation consisting of certificated air carriers, air
taxis (including commuters), supplemental air carriers, commercial operators of large
aircraft, and air travel clubs.
Certificated route air carrier: An air carrier holding a Certificate of Public Convenience
and Necessity issued by the Department of Transportation to conduct scheduled interstate
services. Nonscheduled or charter operations may also be conducted by these carriers.
These carriers operate large aircraft (30 seats or more, or a maximum payload capacity of
7,500 pounds or more) in accordance with Federal Aviation Regulation part 121.
Domestic air operator: Commercial air transportation within and between the 50 States and
the District of Columbia. Includes operations of certificated route air carriers, Pan
American, local service, helicopter, intra-Alaska, intra-Hawaii, all-cargo carriers and other
carriers. Also included are transborder operations conducted on the domestic route segments
of U.S. air carriers. Domestic operators are classified based on their operating revenue as
follows:
Majors - over $1 billion
Nationals - $100-1,000 million
Large Regionals - $10-99.9 million
Medium Regionals - $0-9.99 million
International air operator: Commercial air transportation outside the territory of the
United States, including operations between the U.S. and foreign countries and between the
U.S. and its territories and possessions.
Supplemental air carrier: A class of air carriers which hold certificates authorizing them
to perform passenger and cargo charter services supplementing the scheduled service of the
certificated route air carriers. Supplemental air carriers are often referred to as nonscheduled
air carriers or "nonskeds."
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25—2006
G–2
Alcohol - The family name of a group of organic chemical compounds composed of carbon,
hydrogen, and oxygen. The molecules in the series vary in chain length and are composed
of a hydrocarbon plus a hydroxyl group. Alcohol includes methanol and ethanol.
Amtrak - See Rail.
Anthropogenic - Human made. Usually used in the context of emissions that are produced as the
result of human activities.
Automobile size classifications - Size classifications of automobiles are established by the
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) as follows:
Minicompact - less than 85 cubic feet of passenger and luggage volume.
Subcompact - between 85 to 100 cubic feet of passenger and luggage volume.
Compact - between 100 to 110 cubic feet of passenger and luggage volume.
Midsize - between 110 to 120 cubic feet of passenger and luggage volume.
Large - more than 120 cubic feet of passenger and luggage volume.
Two seater - automobiles designed primarily to seat only two adults.
Station wagons are included with the size class for the sedan of the same name.
Aviation - See General aviation.
Aviation gasoline - All special grades of gasoline for use in aviation reciprocating engines,
as given in the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Specification D 910.
Includes all refinery products within the gasoline range that are to be marketed straight or
in blends as aviation gasoline without further processing (any refinery operation except
mechanical blending). Also included are finished components in the gasoline range which
will be used for blending or compounding into aviation gasoline.
Barges - Shallow, nonself-propelled vessels used to carry bulk commodities on the rivers and
the Great Lakes.
Battery efficiency - Measured in percentage. Net DC energy delivered on discharge, as a
percentage of the total DC energy required to restore the initial state-of-charge. The
efficiency value must include energy losses resulting from self-discharge, cell equalization,
thermal loss compensation, and all battery-specific auxiliary equipment.
Btu -
British thermal unit. The amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 pound of
water 1 degree Fahrenheit at or near 39.2 degrees Fahrenheit. An average Btu content of fuel
is the heat value per quantity of fuel as determined from tests of fuel samples.
Bunker - A storage tank.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25—2006
G–3
Bunkering fuels - Fuels stored in ship bunkers.
Bus Intercity bus: A standard size bus equipped with front doors only, high backed seats,
luggage compartments separate from the passenger compartment and usually with restroom
facilities, for high-speed long distance service.
Motor bus: Rubber-tired, self-propelled, manually-steered bus with fuel supply on board
the vehicle. Motor bus types include intercity, school, and transit.
School and other nonrevenue bus: Bus services for which passengers are not directly
charged for transportation, either on a per passenger or per vehicle basis.
Transit bus: A bus designed for frequent stop service with front and center doors, normally
with a rear-mounted diesel engine, low-back seating, and without luggage storage
compartments or restroom facilities.
Trolley coach: Rubber-tired electric transit vehicle, manually-steered, propelled by a motor
drawing current, normally through overhead wires, from a central power source not on board
the vehicle.
Calendar year - The period of time between January 1 and December 31 of any given year.
Captive imports - Products produced overseas specifically for domestic manufacturers.
Carbon dioxide (CO2) - A colorless, odorless, non-poisonous gas that is a normal part of the
ambient air. Carbon dioxide is a product of fossil fuel combustion.
Carbon monoxide (CO) - A colorless, odorless, highly toxic gas that is a by-product of incomplete
fossil fuel combustion. Carbon monoxide, one of the major air pollutants, can be harmful
in small amounts if breathed over a certain period of time.
Car-mile (railroad) - A single railroad car moved a distance of one mile.
Cargo ton-mile - See Ton-mile.
Certificated route air carriers - See Air carriers.
Class I freight railroad - See Rail.
Coal slurry - Finely crushed coal mixed with sufficient water to form a fluid.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25—2006
G–4
Combination trucks - Consist of a power unit (a truck tractor) and one or more trailing units (a
semi-trailer or trailer). The most frequently used combination is popularly referred to as a
"tractor-semitrailer" or "tractor trailer".
Commercial sector - An energy-consuming sector that consists of service-providing facilities of:
businesses; Federal, State, and local governments; and other private and public
organizations, such as religious, social or fraternal groups. Includes institutional living
quarters.
Commuter railroad - See Rail.
Compact car - See Automobile size classifications.
Constant dollars - A time series of monetary figures is expressed in constant dollars when the effect
of change over time in the purchasing power of the dollar has been removed. Usually the
data are expressed in terms of dollars of a selected year or the average of a set of years.
Consumer Price Index (CPI) - An index issued by the U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor
Statistics. The CPI is designed to measure changes in the prices of goods and services
bought by wage earners and clerical workers in urban areas. It represents the cost of a
typical consumption bundle at current prices as a ratio to its cost at a base year.
Continuous discharge capacity - Measured as percent of rated energy capacity. Energy delivered
in a constant power discharge required by an electric vehicle for hill climbing and/or highspeed cruise, specified as the percent of its rated energy capacity delivered in a one hour
constant-power discharge.
Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) standards - CAFE standards were originally
established by Congress for new automobiles, and later for light trucks, in Title V of the
Motor Vehicle Information and Cost Savings Act (15 U.S.C.1901, et seq.) with subsequent
amendments. Under CAFE, automobile manufacturers are required by law to produce
vehicle fleets with a composite sales-weighted fuel economy which cannot be lower than the
CAFE standards in a given year, or for every vehicle which does not meet the standard, a
fine of $5.00 is paid for every one-tenth of a mpg below the standard.
Crude oil - A mixture of hydrocarbons that exists in the liquid phase in natural underground
reservoirs and remains liquid at atmospheric pressure after passing through surface
separating facilities. Crude oil production is measured at the wellhead and includes lease
condensate.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25—2006
G–5
Crude oil imports - The volume of crude oil imported into the 50 States and the District of
Columbia, including imports from U.S. territories, but excluding imports of crude oil into
the Hawaiian Foreign Trade Zone.
Curb weight - The weight of a vehicle including all standard equipment, spare tire and wheel, all
fluids and lubricants to capacity, full tank of fuel, and the weight of major optional
accessories normally found on the vehicle.
Current dollars - Represents dollars current at the time designated or at the time of the transaction.
In most contexts, the same meaning would be conveyed by the use of the term "dollars." See
also constant dollars.
Demand Response - A transit mode that includes passenger cars, vans, and small buses operating
in response to calls from passengers to the transit operator who dispatches the vehicles. The
vehicles do not operate over a fixed route on a fixed schedule. Can also be known as
paratransit or dial-a-ride.
Diesel fuel - See distillate fuel oil.
Disposable personal income - See Income.
Distillate fuel oil - The lighter fuel oils distilled off during the refining process. Included are
products known as ASTM grades numbers 1 and 2 heating oils, diesel fuels, and number 4
fuel oil. The major uses of distillate fuel oils include heating, fuel for on-and off-highway
diesel engines, and railroad diesel fuel.
Domestic air operator - See Air carrier.
E85 - 85% ethanol and 15% gasoline.
E95 - 95% ethanol and 5% gasoline.
Domestic water transportation - See Internal water transportation.
Electric utilities sector - Consists of privately and publicly owned establishments which generate
electricity primarily for resale.
Emission standards - Standards for the levels of pollutants emitted from automobiles and trucks.
Congress established the first standards in the Clean Air Act of 1963. Currently, standards
are set for four vehicle classes - automobiles, light trucks, heavy-duty gasoline trucks, and
heavy-duty diesel trucks.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25—2006
G–6
Energy capacity - Measured in kilowatt hours. The energy delivered by the battery, when tested at
C/3 discharge rate, up to termination of discharge specified by the battery manufacturer. The
required acceleration power must be delivered by the battery at any point up to 80% of the
battery's energy capacity rating.
Energy efficiency - In reference to transportation, the inverse of energy intensiveness: the ratio of
outputs from a process to the energy inputs; for example, miles traveled per gallon of fuel
(mpg).
Energy intensity - In reference to transportation, the ratio of energy inputs to a process to the useful
outputs from that process; for example, gallons of fuel per passenger-mile or Btu per tonmile.
Ethanol (C2H5OH) - Otherwise known as ethyl alcohol, alcohol, or grain-spirit. A clear, colorless,
flammable oxygenated hydrocarbon with a boiling point of 78.5 degrees Celsius in the
anhydrous state. In transportation, ethanol is used as a vehicle fuel by itself (E100 – 100%
ethanol by volume), blended with gasoline (E85 – 85% ethanol by volume), or as a gasoline
octane enhancer and oxygenate (10% by volume).
Fixed operating cost - See Operating cost.
Fleet vehicles Private fleet vehicles: Ideally, a vehicle could be classified as a member of a fleet if it is:
a) operated in mass by a corporation or institution,
b) operated under unified control, or
c) used for non-personal activities.
However, the definition of a fleet is not consistent throughout the fleet industry. Some
companies make a distinction between cars that were bought in bulk rather than singularly,
or whether they are operated in bulk, as well as the minimum number of vehicles that
constitute a fleet (i.e. 4 or 10).
Government fleet vehicles: Includes vehicles owned by all Federal, state,
county, city, and metro units of government, including toll road operations.
Foreign freight - Movements between the United States and foreign countries and between Puerto
Rico, the Virgin Islands, and foreign countries. Trade between U.S. territories and
possessions (e.g. Guam, Wake, American Samoa) and foreign countries is excluded. Traffic
to or from the Panama Canal Zone is included.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25—2006
G–7
Gas Guzzler Tax - Originates from the 1978 Energy Tax Act (Public Law 95-618). A new car
purchaser is required to pay the tax if the car purchased has a combined city/highway fuel
economy rating that is below the standard for that year. For model years 1986 and later, the
standard is 22.5 mpg.
Gasohol - A mixture of 10% anhydrous ethanol and 90% gasoline by volume; 7.5% anhydrous
ethanol and 92.5% gasoline by volume; or 5.5% anhydrous ethanol and 94.5% gasoline by
volume. There are other fuels that contain methanol and gasoline, but these fuels are not
referred to as gasohol.
Gasoline - See Motor gasoline.
General aviation - That portion of civil aviation which encompasses all facets of aviation except air
carriers. It includes any air taxis, commuter air carriers, and air travel clubs which do not
hold Certificates of Public Convenience and Necessity.
Gross National Product - A measure of monetary value of the goods and services becoming
available to the nation from economic activity. Total value at market prices of all goods and
services produced by the nation's economy. Calculated quarterly by the Department of
Commerce, the Gross National Product is the broadest available measure of the level of
economic activity.
Gross vehicle weight (gvw) - The weight of the empty truck plus the maximum anticipated load
weight.
Gross vehicle weight rating (gvwr) - The gross vehicle weight which is assigned to each new truck
by the manufacturer. This rating may be different for trucks of the same model because of
certain features, such as heavy-duty suspension. Passenger cars do not have gross vehicle
weight ratings.
Heavy-heavy truck - See Truck size classifications.
Household - Consists of all persons who occupy a housing unit, including the related family
members and all unrelated persons, if any, who share the housing unit.
Housing unit - A house, apartment, a group of rooms, or a single room occupied or intended for
occupancy as separate living quarters. Separate living quarters are those in which the
occupants do not live and eat with any other persons in the structure and which have either
(1) direct access from the outside of the building or through a common hallway intended to
be used by the occupants of another unit or by the general public, or (2) complete kitchen
facilities for the exclusive use of the occupants. The occupants may be a single family, one
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25—2006
G–8
person living alone, two or more families living together, or any other group of related or
unrelated persons who share living arrangements.
Hydrocarbon (HC) - A compound that contains only hydrogen and carbon. The simplest and
lightest forms of hydrocarbon are gaseous. With greater molecular weights they are liquid,
while the heaviest are solids.
Income Disposable personal income: Personal income less personal tax and non-tax payments.
National income: The aggregate earnings of labor and property which arise in the
current production of goods and services by the nation's economy.
Personal income: The current income received by persons from all sources, net of
contributions for social insurance.
Industrial sector - Construction, manufacturing, agricultural and mining establishments.
Inertia weight - The curb weight of a vehicle plus 300 pounds.
Intercity bus - See Bus.
Internal water transportation - Includes all local (intraport) traffic and traffic between ports or
landings wherein the entire movement takes place on inland waterways. Also termed
internal are movements involving carriage on both inland waterways and the water of the
Great Lakes, and inland movements that cross short stretches of open water that link inland
systems.
International air operator - See Air carrier.
International freight - See Foreign freight.
Jet fuel - Includes both naphtha-type and kerosene-type fuels meeting standards for use in aircraft
turbine engines. Although most jet fuel is used in aircraft, some is used for other purposes
such as generating electricity in gas turbines.
Kerosene-type jet fuel: A quality kerosene product with an average gravity of 40.7 degrees
API and 10% to 90% distillation temperatures of 217 to 261 degrees centigrade. Used
primarily as fuel for commercial turbojet and turboprop aircraft engines. It is a relatively
low freezing point distillate of the kerosene type.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25—2006
G–9
Naphtha-type jet fuel: A fuel in the heavy naphtha boiling range with an average gravity
of 52.8 degrees API and 10% to 90% distillation temperatures of 117 to 233 degrees
centigrade used for turbojet and turboprop aircraft engines, primarily by the military.
Excludes ramjet and petroleum.
Kerosene - A petroleum distillate in the 300 to 500 degrees Fahrenheit boiling range and generally
having a flash point higher than 100 degrees Fahrenheit by the American Society of Testing
and Material (ASTM) Method D56, a gravity range from 40 to 46 degrees API, and a
burning point in the range of 150 to 175 degrees Fahrenheit. It is a clean-burning product
suitable for use as an illuminant when burned in wick lamps. Includes grades of kerosene
called range oil having properties similar to Number 1 fuel oil, but with a gravity of about
43 degrees API and an end point of 625 degrees Fahrenheit. Used in space heaters, cooking
stoves, and water heaters.
Kerosene-type jet fuel - See Jet fuel.
Large car - See Automobile size classifications.
Lease Condensate - A liquid recovered from natural gas at the well or at small gas/oil separators in
the field. Consists primarily of pentanes and heavier hydrocarbons (also called field
condensate).
Light duty vehicles - Automobiles and light trucks combined.
Light truck - Unless otherwise noted, light trucks are defined in this publication as two-axle, fourtire trucks. The U.S. Bureau of Census classifies all trucks with a gross vehicle weight less
than 10,000 pounds as light trucks (See Truck size classifications).
Light-heavy truck - See Truck size classifications.
Liquified petroleum gas (lpg) - Consists of propane and butane and is usually derived from natural
gas. In locations where there is no natural gas and the gasoline consumption is low, naphtha
is converted to lpg by catalytic reforming.
Load factor - Total passenger miles divided by total vehicle miles.
Low emission vehicle - Any vehicle certified to the low emission standards which are set by the
Federal government and/or the state of California.
M85 - 85% methanol and 15% gasoline.
M100 - 100% methanol.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25—2006
G–10
Medium truck - See Truck size classifications.
Methanol (CH3OH) - A colorless highly toxic liquid with essentially no odor and very little taste.
It is the simplest alcohol and boils at 64.7 degrees Celsius. In transportation, methanol is
used as a vehicle fuel by itself (M100), or blended with gasoline (M85).
Midsize car - See Automobile size classifications.
Minicompact car - See Automobile size classifications.
Model year - In this publication, model year is referring to the "sales" model year, the period from
October 1 to the next September 31.
Motor bus - See Bus.
Motor gasoline - A mixture of volatile hydrocarbons suitable for operation of an internal
combustion engine whose major components are hydrocarbons with boiling points ranging
from 78 to 217 degrees centigrade and whose source is distillation of petroleum and
cracking, polymerization, and other chemical reactions by which the naturally occurring
petroleum hydrocarbons are converted into those that have superior fuel properties.
Regular gasoline: Gasoline having an antiknock index, i.e., octane rating, greater than or
equal to 85 and less than 88. Note: Octane requirements may vary by altitude.
Midgrade gasoline: Gasoline having an antiknock index, i.e., octane rating, greater than or
equal to 88 and less than or equal to 90. Note: Octane requirements may vary by altitude.
Premium gasoline: Gasoline having an antiknock index, i.e., octane rating, greater than 90.
Note: Octane requirements may vary by altitude.
Reformulated gasoline: Finished motor gasoline formulated for use in motor vehicles,
the composition and properties of which meet the requirements of the reformulated gasoline
regulations promulgated by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency under Section 211(k)
of the Clean Air Act.
For details on this clean fuel program see
http://www.epa.gov/otaq/rfg.htm. Note: This category includes oxygenated fuels program
reformulated gasoline (OPRG) but excludes reformulated gasoline blendstock for oxygenate
blending (RBOB).
MTBE - Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether - a colorless, flammable, liquid oxygenated hydrocarbon
containing 18.15 percent oxygen.
Naphtha-type jet fuel - See Jet fuel.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25—2006
G–11
National income - See Income.
Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey (NPTS) - A nationwide survey of households that
provides information on the characteristics and personal travel patterns of the U.S.
population. Surveys were conducted in 1969, 1977, 1983, 1990, and 1995 by the U.S.
Bureau of Census for the U.S. Department of Transportation.
Natural gas - A mixture of hydrocarbon compounds and small quantities of various nonhydrocarbons existing in the gaseous phase or in solution with crude oil in natural
underground reservoirs at reservoir conditions.
Natural gas, dry: Natural gas which remains after: 1) the liquefiable hydrocarbon portion
has been removed from the gas stream; and 2) any volumes of nonhydrocarbon gases have
been removed where they occur in sufficient quantity to render the gas unmarketable. Dry
natural gas is also known as consumer-grade natural gas. The parameters for measurement
are cubic feet at 60 degrees Fahrenheit and 14.73 pounds per square inch absolute.
Natural gas, wet: The volume of natural gas remaining after removal of lease condensate
in lease and/or field separation facilities, if any, and after exclusion of nonhydrocarbon gases
where they occur in sufficient quantity to render the gas unmarketable. Natural gas liquids
may be recovered from volumes of natural gas, wet after lease separation, at natural gas
processing plants.
Natural gas plant liquids: Natural gas liquids recovered from natural gas in processing
plants and from natural gas field facilities and fractionators. Products obtained include
ethane, propane, normal butane, isobutane, pentanes plus, and other products from natural
gas processing plants.
Nitrogen oxides (NOx) - A product of combustion of fossil fuels whose production increases with
the temperature of the process. It can become an air pollutant if concentrations are
excessive.
Nonattainment area - Any area that does not meet the national primary or secondary ambient air
quality standard established by the Environmental Protection Agency for designated
pollutants, such as carbon monoxide and ozone.
Oil Stocks - Oil stocks include crude oil (including strategic reserves), unfinished oils, natural gas
plant liquids, and refined petroleum products.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25—2006
G–12
Operating cost Fixed operating cost: In reference to passenger car operating cost, refers to those
expenditures that are independent of the amount of use of the car, such as insurance costs,
fees for license and registration, depreciation and finance charges.
Variable operating cost: In reference to passenger car operating cost, expenditures which
are dependent on the amount of use of the car, such as the cost of gas and oil, tires, and other
maintenance.
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) - Consists of Australia,
Austria, Belgium, Canada, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece,
Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, Mexico, Netherlands, New Zealand,
Norway, Poland, Portugal, South Korea, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, United
Kingdom, and United States. Total OECD includes the United States Territories (Guam,
Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands). Total OECD excludes data for Czech Republic,
Hungary, Mexico, Poland, and South Korea which are not yet available.
OECD Europe: Consists of Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France,
Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway,
Poland, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, and United Kingdom. OECD Europe
excludes data for Czech Republic, Hungary, and Poland which are not yet available.
OECD Pacific: Consists of Australia, Japan, and New Zealand.
Organization for Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) - Includes Saudi Arabia, Iran,
Venezuela, Libya, Indonesia, United Arab Emirates, Algeria, Nigeria, Ecuador,
Gabon, Iraq, Kuwait, and Qatar. Data for Saudi Arabia and Kuwait include their
shares from the Partitioned Zone (formerly the Neutral Zone).
Arab OPEC - Consists of Algeria, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the
United Arab Emirates.
Other single-unit truck - See Single-unit truck.
Oxygenate - A substance which, when added to gasoline, increases the amount of oxygen
in that gasoline blend. Includes fuel ethanol, methanol, and methyl tertiary butyl
ether (MTBE).
Particulates - Carbon particles formed by partial oxidation and reduction of the
hydrocarbon fuel. Also included are trace quantities of metal oxides and nitrides,
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25—2006
G–13
originating from engine wear, component degradation, and inorganic fuel additives.
In the transportation sector, particulates are emitted mainly from diesel engines.
Passenger-miles traveled (PMT) - One person traveling the distance of one mile. Total
passenger-miles traveled, thus, give the total mileage traveled by all persons.
Passenger rail - See Rail, "Amtrak" and "Transit Railroad".
Persian Gulf countries - Consists of Bahrain, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and
the United Emirates.
Personal Consumption Expenditures (PCE) - As used in the national accounts, the market
value of purchases of goods and services by individuals and nonprofit institutions
and the value of food, clothing, housing, and financial services received by them as
income in kind. It includes the rental value of owner-occupied houses but excludes
purchases of dwellings, which are classified as capital goods (investment).
Personal income - See Income.
Petroleum - A generic term applied to oil and oil products in all forms, such as crude oil,
lease condensate, unfinished oil, refined petroleum products, natural gas plant
liquids, and non-hydrocarbon compounds blended into finished petroleum products.
Petroleum consumption: A calculated demand for petroleum products obtained by
summing domestic production, imports of crude petroleum and natural gas liquids,
imports of petroleum products, and the primary stocks at the beginning of the period
and then subtracting the exports and the primary stocks at the end of the period.
Petroleum exports: Shipments of petroleum products from the 50 States and the
District of Columbia to foreign countries, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and other
U.S. possessions and territories.
Petroleum imports: All imports of crude petroleum, natural gas liquids, and
petroleum products from foreign countries and receipts from Guam, Puerto Rico, the
Virgin Islands, and the Hawaiian Trade Zone. The commodities included are crude
oil, unfinished oils, plant condensate, and refined petroleum products.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25—2006
G–14
Petroleum inventories: The amounts of crude oil, unfinished oil, petroleum
products, and natural gas liquids held at refineries, at natural gas processing plants,
in pipelines, at bulk terminals operated by refining and pipeline companies, and at
independent bulk terminals. Crude oil held in storage on leases is also included;
these stocks are know as primary stocks. Secondary stocks - those held by jobbers
dealers, service station operators, and consumers -are excluded. Prior to 1975, stock
held at independent bulk terminals were classified as secondary stocks.
Petroleum products supplied: For each petroleum product, the amount supplied
is calculated by summing production, crude oil burned directly, imports, and net
withdrawals from primary stocks and subtracting exports.
Processing Gain - The amount by which the total volume of refinery output is greater than
the volume of input for given period of time. The processing gain arises when crude
oil and other hydrocarbons are processed into products that are, on average, less
dense than the input.
Processing Loss - The amount by which the total volume of refinery output is less than the
volume of input for given period of time. The processing loss arises when crude oil
and other hydrocarbons are processed into products that are, on average, more dense
than the input.
Proved Reserves of Crude Oil - The estimated quantities of all liquids defined as crude oil,
which geological and engineering data demonstrate with reasonable certainty to be
recoverable in future years from known reservoirs under existing economic and
operating conditions.
Quad - Quadrillion, 1015. In this publication, a Quad refers to Quadrillion Btu.
Rail Amtrak (American Railroad Tracks): Operated by the National Railroad
Passenger Corporation of Washington, DC. This rail system was created by
President Nixon in 1970, and was given the responsibility for the operation of
intercity, as distinct from suburban, passenger trains between points designated by
the Secretary of Transportation.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25—2006
G–15
Class I freight railroad: Defined by the Interstate Commerce Commission each
year based on annual operating revenue. A railroad is dropped from the Class I list
if it fails to meet the annual earnings threshold for three consecutive years.
Commuter railroad: Those portions of mainline railroad (not electric railway)
transportation operations which encompass urban passenger train service for local
travel between a central city and adjacent suburbs. Commuter railroad service using both locomotive-hauled and self-propelled railroad passenger cars - is
characterized by multi-trip tickets, specific station-to-station fares, and usually only
one or two stations in the central business district. Also known as suburban railroad.
Transit railroad: Includes "heavy" and "light" transit rail. Heavy transit rail is
characterized by exclusive rights-of-way, multi-car trains, high speed rapid
acceleration, sophisticated signaling, and high platform loading. Also known as
subway, elevated railway, or metropolitan railway (metro). Light transit rail may
be on exclusive or shared rights-of-way, high or low platform loading, multi-car
trains or single cars, automated or manually operated. In generic usage, light rail
includes streetcars, trolley cars, and tramways.
Reformulated gasoline (RFG) - See Motor gasoline.
RFG area - An ozone nonattainment area designated by the Environmental Protection
Agency which requires the use of reformulated gasoline.
Residential sector - An energy consuming sector that consists of living quarters for private
households. Excludes institutional living quarters.
Residential Transportation Energy Consumption Survey (RTECS) - This survey was
designed by the Energy Information Administration of the Department of Energy to
provide information on how energy is used by households for personal vehicles. It
has been conducted five times since 1979, the most recent being 1991.
Residual fuel oil - The heavier oils that remain after the distillate fuel oils and lighter
hydrocarbons are boiled off in refinery operations. Included are products know as
ASTM grade numbers 5 and 6 oil, heavy diesel oil, Navy Special Fuel Oil, Bunker
C oil, and acid sludge and pitch used as refinery fuels. Residual fuel oil is used for
the production of electric power, for heating, and for various industrial purposes.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25—2006
G–16
Rural - Usually refers to areas with population less than 5,000.
Sales period - October 1 of the previous year to September 30 of the given year.
Approximately the same as a model year.
Sales-weighted miles per gallon (mpg) - Calculation of a composite vehicle fuel economy
based on the distribution of vehicle sales.
Scrappage rate - As applied to motor vehicles, it is usually expressed as the percentage of
vehicles of a certain type in a given age class that are retired from use (lacking
registration) in a given year.
School and other nonrevenue bus - See Bus.
Single-unit truck - Includes two-axle, four-tire trucks and other single-unit trucks.
Two-axle, four-tire truck: A motor vehicle consisting primarily of a single
motorized device with two axles and four tires.
Other single-unit truck: A motor vehicle consisting primarily of a single motorized
device with more than two axles or more than four tires.
Special fuels - Consist primarily of diesel fuel with small amount of liquified petroleum gas,
as defined by the Federal Highway Administration.
Specific acceleration power - Measured in watts per kilogram. Acceleration power divided
by the battery system weight. Weight must include the total battery system.
Specific energy - Measured in watt hours per kilogram. The rated energy capacity of the
battery divided by the total battery system weight.
Subcompact car - See Automobile size classifications.
Supplemental air carrier - See Air carrier.
Test weight - The weight setting at which a vehicle is tested on a dynomometer by the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). This weight is determined by the EPA
using the inertia weight of the vehicle.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25—2006
G–17
Ton-mile - The movement of one ton of freight the distance of one mile. Ton-miles are
computed by multiplying the weight in tons of each shipment transported by the
distance hauled.
Transmission types A3 - Automatic three speed
A4 - Automatic four speed
A5 - Automatic five speed
L4 - Automatic lockup four speed
M5 - Manual five speed
Transit bus - See Bus.
Transit railroad - See Rail.
Transportation sector - Consists of both private and public passenger and freight
transportation, as well as government transportation, including military operations.
Truck Inventory and Use Survey (TIUS) - Survey designed to collect data on the
characteristics and operational use of the nation's truck population. It is conducted
every five years by the U.S. Bureau of the Census. Surveys were conducted in 1963,
1967, 1972, 1977, 1982, 1987, and 1992. For the 1997 survey, it was renamed the
Vehicle Inventory and Use Survey in anticipation of including additional vehicle
types. However, no additional vehicle types were added to the 1997 survey.
Trolley coach - See Bus.
Truck size classifications - U.S. Bureau of the Census has categorized trucks by gross
vehicle weight (gvw) as follows:
Light - Less than 10,000 pounds gvw (Also see Light Truck.)
Medium - 10,001 to 20,000 pounds gvw
Light-heavy - 20,001 to 26,000 pounds gvw
Heavy-heavy - 26,001 pounds gvw or more.
Two-axle, four-tire truck - See Single-unit truck.
Two seater car - See Automobile size classifications.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25—2006
G–18
Ultra-low emission vehicle - Any vehicle certified to the ultra-low emission standards which are
set by the Federal government and/or the state of California.
Urban - Usually refers to areas with population of 5,000 or greater.
Vanpool - A transit mode made up of vans and sometimes small buses operating as a
ridesharing arrangement to provide transportation to a group of individuals traveling
directly between their homes and a regular destination within the same geographical
area. Most vanpools are privately-operated, are not available to the public, and are
not considered public transportation. Vanpool data in this report are for vanpools
that are owned, purchased or leased by a public entity and are publicly available.
Variable operating cost - See Operating cost.
Vehicle Inventory and Use Survey - See Truck Inventory and Use Survey.
Vehicle-miles traveled (vmt) - One vehicle traveling the distance of one mile. Total
vehicle miles, thus, is the total mileage traveled by all vehicles.
Zero-emission vehicle - Any vehicle certified to the zero emission standards which are set by the
Federal government and/or the state of California. These standards apply to the vehicle
emissions only.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25—2006
I–1
TITLE INDEX
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25—2006
I–2
Acquisitions
Federal Fleet Vehicle Acquisitions by Fuel Type, FY 1998– 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-7
Advanced
Specifications of Available Advanced Technology Vehicles, Current Production and
Near Term Models in the U.S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–8
Age
Cars in Operation and Vehicle Travel by Age, 1970 and 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-8
Trucks in Operation and Vehicle Travel by Age, 1970 and 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-9
Average Age of Cars and Trucks in Use, 1970–2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-10
Median Age and Registrations of Cars and Trucks, 1970–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-11
Average Age of Vehicles by Household Vehicle Ownership, 2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-13
Average Annual Miles per Household Vehicle by Vehicle Age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-14
Agency
Federal Government Vehicles by Agency, Fiscal Year 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-6
Air
Summary Statistics for U.S. Domestic and International Certificated Route Air Carriers (Combined
Totals), 1970–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-3
Total National Emissions of the Criteria Air Pollutants by Sector, 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-2
Alternative
Alternative Fuel and Oxygenate Consumption, 1995–2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-5
Conventional and Alternative Fuel Refueling Stations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-17
Estimates of Alternative Fuel Vehicles in Use, 1995–2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-3
Estimates of Alternative Fuel Vehicles by Ownership, 2001 and 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-4
Alternative Fuel Vehicles Available by Manufacturer, Model Year 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-5
Number of Alternative Refuel Sites by State and Fuel Type, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-6
Properties of Conventional and Alternative Fuels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-15
Amtrak
Summary Statistics for the National Railroad Passenger Corporation (Amtrak), 1971-2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-14
Annual
Average Annual Vehicle-Miles of Travel for Business Fleet Vehicles, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-4
Average Annual Expenditures of Households by Income, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-4
Average Annual Vehicle-Miles, Vehicle Trips and Trip Length per Household 1969, 1977, 1983, 1990,
1995 NPTS and 2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-8
Average Annual Miles per Vehicle by Household Vehicle Ownership, 2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-13
Average Annual Miles per Household Vehicle by Vehicle Age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-14
Self-Reported vs. Odometer Average Annual Miles, 1995 NPTS and 2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-15
Average
Average Age of Cars and Trucks in Use, 1970–2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-10
Average Material Consumption for a Domestic Car, 1977, 1987, and 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-15
Car Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Standards versus Sales-Weighted
Fuel Economy Estimates, 1978–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-18
Light Truck Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Standards versus Sales-Weighted
Fuel Economy Estimates, 1978–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-19
Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Fines Collected, 1983–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-20
Average Length of Time Business Fleet Vehicles are In Service, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-4
Average Annual Vehicle-Miles of Travel for Business Fleet Vehicles, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-4
Average Miles per Domestic Federal Vehicle by Vehicle Type, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-5
Average Annual Expenditures of Households by Income, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-4
Average Annual Person-Miles Traveled, Person Trips and Trip Length per Household by Selected Trip
Purposes, 1983, 1990, 1995 NPTS and 2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-8
Average Number of Vehicles and Vehicle Travel per Household, 1990 NPTS and
2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-9
Average Vehicle Occupancy by Vehicle Type, 1995 NPTS and 2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-11
Average Vehicle Occupancy by Trip Purpose, 1977 NPTS and 2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-12
Average Annual Miles per Vehicle by Household Vehicle Ownership, 2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-13
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25—2006
I–3
Average (continued)
Average Age of Vehicles by Household Vehicle Ownership, 2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-13
Average Annual Miles per Household Vehicle by Vehicle Age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-14
Self-Reported vs. Odometer Average Annual Miles, 1995 NPTS and 2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-15
Domestic Marine Cargo Average Length of Haul by Commodity Class, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-8
Average Price of a New Car, 1970–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-12
Aviation
Summary Statistics for General Aviation, 1970–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-4
Refiner Sales Prices for Aviation Gasoline and Jet Fuel, 1978–2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-9
Axle
Summary Statistics for Two-Axle, Four-Tire Trucks, 1970–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-3
Barrel
Refinery Yield of Petroleum Products from a Barrel of Crude Oil, 1978–2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-13
Prices for a Barrel of Crude Oil and a Gallon of Gasoline, 1978–2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-6
Bicycle
Bicycle Sales, 1981–2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-18
Bike
Walk and Bike Trips by Trip Purpose, 2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-19
Boat
Recreational Boat Energy Use, 1970–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-4
Bus
Truck and Bus Registrations for Selected Countries, 1950–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-3
Buses
Summary Statistics on Transit Buses and Trolleybuses, 1994–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-15
Summary Statistics on Intercity and School Buses, 1970–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-16
Business
Average Length of Time Business Fleet Vehicles are In Service, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-4
Average Annual Vehicle-Miles of Travel for Business Fleet Vehicles, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-4
CAFE
Car Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Standards versus Sales-Weighted Fuel
Economy Estimates, 1978–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-18
Light Truck Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Standards versus Sales-Weighted Fuel
Economy Estimates, 1978–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-19
Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Fines Collected, 1983–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-20
California
California Passenger Cars and Light Truck Emission Certification Standards for Model
Years 2001–2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-16
Car
Car Registrations for Selected Countries, 1950-2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-2
Car Scrappage and Survival Rates 1970, 1980 and 1990 Model Years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-12
New Retail Car Sales in the United States, 1970-2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-5
Average Material Consumption for a Domestic Car, 1977, 1987, and 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-15
Car Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Standards versus Sales-Weighted
Fuel Economy Estimates, 1978-2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-18
Average Price of a New Car, 1970–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-12
Car Operating Cost per Mile, 1985-2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-13
Fixed Car Operating Costs per Year, 1975-2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-14
Carbon
World Carbon Dioxide Emissions, 1990 and 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-2
Numerical Estimates of Global Warming Potentials Compared with Carbon Dioxide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-3
U.S. Carbon Emissions from Fossil Energy Consumption by End-Use Sector, 1990–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-5
U.S. Carbon Emissions from Energy Use in Transportation Sector, 1990–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-6
Total National Emissions of Carbon Monoxide, 1970–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-3
Emissions of Carbon Monoxide from Highway Vehicles, 1970–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-4
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Cargo
Domestic Marine Cargo by Commodity Class, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-7
Domestic Marine Cargo Average Length of Haul by Commodity Class, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-8
Carloads
Railroad Revenue Carloads by Commodity Group, 1974 and 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-12
Carriers
Summary Statistics for U.S. Domestic and International Certificated Route Air Carriers (Combined
Totals), 1970–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-3
Cars
U.S. Cars and Trucks in Use, 1970–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-5
Cars in Operation and Vehicle Travel by Age, 1970 and 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-8
Average Age of Cars and Trucks in Use, 1970–2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-10
Median Age and Registrations of Cars and Trucks, 1970–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-11
Car Survival Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-13
Summary Statistics for Passenger Cars, 1970–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-2
Period Sales, Market Shares, and Sales-Weighted Fuel Economies of New Domestic and
Import Cars, Selected Model Years 1975–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–7
Sales-Weighted Engine Size of New Domestic and Import Cars by Size Class,
Model Years 1975–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–11
Sales-Weighted Curb Weight of New Domestic and Import Cars by Size Class,
Model Years 1975–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-13
Sales-Weighted Interior Space of New Domestic and Import Cars by Size Class,
Model Years 1977–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–14
The Gas Guzzler Tax on New Cars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-21
Tier 2 Emission Standards for Cars and Light Truck Effective for 2004-2009 Model Years . . . . . . . . . . . 12-14
California Passenger Cars and Light Truck Emission Certification Standards for Model Years
2001–2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-16
Category
U.S. and World Hydrogen Consumption by End-Use Category, 1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-12
Cell
Fuel Cell Type Comparison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-16
Census
Household Vehicle Ownership, 1960-2000 Census . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-6
Means of Transportation to Work, 1980, 1990 and 2000 Census . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-16
Workers by Commute Time, 1990 and 2000 Census . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-17
Certificated
Summary Statistics for U.S. Domestic and International Certificated Route Air Carriers (Combined
Totals), 1970–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-3
Certification
California Passenger Cars and Light Truck Emission Certification Standards for Model Years
2001–2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-16
Characteristics
Long-Distance Trip Characteristics, 2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-221
Cities
Clean Cities Coalitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-7
City
New York City Driving Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-29
Class
Summary Statistics on Class 1, Class 2a, and Class 2b Light Trucks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-4
Sales Estimates of Class 1, Class 2a, and Class 2b Light Trucks, 1989–1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-4
Light Vehicle Market Shares by Size Class, Model Year 1975–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-9
Sales-Weighted Engine Size of New Domestic and Import Cars by Size Class,
Model Year 1975–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-11
Sales-Weighted Engine Size of New Domestic and Import Light Trucks by Size Class,
Model Year 1975–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-12
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Class (continued)
Sales-Weighted Curb Weight of New Domestic and Import Cars by Size Class,
Model Year 1975–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-13
Sales-Weighted Interior Space of New Domestic and Import Cars by Size Class,
Model Year 1975–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-14
Truck Statistics by Gross Vehicle Weight Class, 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-6
Truck Harmonic Mean Fuel Economy by Size Class, 1992, 1997, and 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-6
Domestic Marine Cargo by Commodity Class, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-7
Domestic Marine Cargo Average Length of Haul by Commodity Class, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-8
Class I Railroad Freight Systems in the United States Ranked by Revenue Ton Miles, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-10
Summary Statistics for Class I Freight Railroads, 1970–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-11
Clean
Clean Cities Coalitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-7
Coalitions
Clean Cities Coalitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-7
Collected
Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Fines Collected, 1983–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-20
Combination
Summary Statistics for Combination Trucks, 1970–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-3
Commerce
Tonnage Statistics for Domestic and International Waterborne Commerce, 1970–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-5
Summary Statistics for Domestic Waterborne Commerce, 1970–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-6
Commodity
Growth of Freight in the United States: Comparison of the 2002and 1997 Commodity Flow Surveys . . . . . 5-13
Growth of Freight Miles in the United States: Comparison of the 2002and 1997 Commodity
Flow Surveys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-14
Domestic Marine Cargo by Commodity Class, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-7
Domestic Marine Cargo Average Length of Haul by Commodity Class, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-8
Railroad Revenue Carloads by Commodity Group, 1974 and 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-12
Commute
Workers by Commute Time, 1990 and 2000 Census . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-17
Commuter
Summary Statistics for Commuter Rail Operations, 1984–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-15
Comparison
Comparison of U.S., European, and Japanese Driving Cycles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-32
Growth of Freight in the United States: Comparison of the 2002 and 1997 Commodity Flow Surveys . . . . . 5-13
Growth of Freight Miles in the United States: Comparison of the 2002 and 1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-14
Fuel Cell Type Comparison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-16
Compounds
Total National Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds, 1970–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-7
Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds from Highway Vehicles, 1970–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-8
Consumed
Fuel Consumed by Federal Government Fleets, FY 1998–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-7
Consumer
Consumer Price Indices, 1970–2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-15
Consumption
World Petroleum Consumption, 1960–2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-5
World Oil Reserves, Production and Consumption, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-6
World Natural Gas Reserves, Production, and Consumption, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-7
Petroleum and Consumption and Some Important Percent Shares, 1950–2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-15
United States Petroleum Production and Consumption, 1970–2025 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-16
Consumption of Petroleum by End-Use Sector, 1973–2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-17
World Consumption of Primary Energy, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-2
U. S. Consumption of Total Energy by End-Use Sector, 1973–2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-3
Distribution of Energy Consumption by Source, 1973 and 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-4
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Consumption (continued)
Alternative Fuel and Oxygenate Consumption, 1995–2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-5
Domestic Consumption of Transportation Energy by Mode and Fuel Type, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-6
Highway Transportation Energy Consumption by Mode, 1970–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-8
Nonhighway Transportation Energy Consumption by Mode, 1970–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-9
Off-Highway Transportation-related Fuel Consumption, 1997 and 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-10
Average Material Consumption for a Domestic Car, 1977, 1987, and 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-15
U.S. and World Hydrogen Consumption by End-Use Category, 1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-12
Personal Consumption Expenditures, 1950–2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-15
U.S. Carbon Emissions from Fossil Energy Consumption by End-Use Sector, 1990–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-5
Conventional
Conventional and Alternative Fuel Refueling Stations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-17
Properties of Conventional and Alternative Fuels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-15
Corporate
Car Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Standards versus Sales-Weighted Fuel
Economy Estimates, 1978–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-18
Light Truck Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Standards versus Sales-Weighted Fuel
Economy Estimates, 1978–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-29
Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Fines Collected, 1983–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-20
Corporation
Summary Statistics for the National Railroad Passenger Corporation (Amtrak), 1971-2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-14
Cost
Car Operating Cost per Mile, 1985–2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-13
Costs
Fixed Car Operating Costs per Year, 1975–2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-14
Countries
Car Registrations for Selected Countries, 1950–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-2
Truck and Bus Registrations for Selected Countries, 1950–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-3
Vehicles per Thousand People: U.S. (Over Time) Compared to Other Countries (in 2004) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-6
Gasoline Prices for Selected Countries, 1978–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-2
Diesel Fuel Prices for Selected Countries, 1978–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-4
Crashes
Crashes by Crash Severity, Crash Type, and Vehicle Type, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-35
Percent Rollover Occurrence in Fatal Crashes by Vehicle Type, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-36
Criteria
Total National Emissions of the Criteria Air Pollutants by Sector, 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-2
Crude
World Crude Oil Production, 1960–2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-3
U.S. Refinery Input of Crude Oil and Petroleum Products, 1987–2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-12
Refinery Yield of Petroleum Products from a Barrel of Crude Oil, 1978–2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-13
Prices for a Barrel of Crude Oil and a Gallon of Gasoline, 1978–2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-6
Curb
Sales-Weighted Curb Weight of New Domestic and Import Cars by Size Class,
Model Years 1975–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-13
Current
Specifications of Available Advanced Technology Vehicles Current Production &
Near Term Models in the U.S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-8
Cycle
Urban Driving Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-28
Highway Driving Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-28
New York City Driving Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-29
Representative Number Five Driving Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-29
US06 Driving Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-30
Cycles
Projected Fuel Economies from U.S., European, and Japanese Driving Cycles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-31
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Cycles (continued)
Comparison of U.S., European, and Japanese Driving Cycles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-32
Defending
Summary of Military Expenditures for Defending Oil Supplies from the Middle East . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-10
Dealerships
New Light Vehicle Dealerships and Sales, 1970–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-16
Defending
Summary of Military Expenditures for Defending Oil Supplies from the Middle East . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-10
Demographic
Demographic Statistics, 1969, 1977, 1983, 1990, 1995 NPTS and 2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-7
Diesel
Diesel Fuel Prices for Selected Countries, 1978–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-4
Refiner Sales Prices for Propane and No. 2 Diesel, 1978-2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-8
Dioxide
World Carbon Dioxide Emissions, 1990 and 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-2
Numerical Estimates of Global Warming Potentials Compared with Carbon Dioxide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-3
Distance
Long-Distance Trip Characteristics, 2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-21
Distribution
Distribution of Energy Consumption by Source, 1973 and 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-4
Domestic
Domestic Consumption of Transportation Energy by Mode and Fuel Type, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-6
Period Sales, Market Shares, and Sales-Weighted Fuel Economies of New Domestic and Import
Cars, Selected Model Years 1975–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-7
Period Sales, Market Shares, and Sales-Weighted Fuel Economies of New Domestic and Import Light
Trucks, Model Years 1975–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-8
Sales-Weighted Engine Size of New Domestic and Import Cars by Size Class,
Model Years 1975–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-11
Sales-Weighted Engine Size of New Domestic and Import Light Trucks by Size Class,
Model Years 1975–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-12
Sales-Weighted Curb Weight of New Domestic and Import Cars by Size Class,
Model Years 1975–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-13
Sales-Weighted Interior Space of New Domestic and Import Cars by Size Class,
Model Years 1975–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-14
Average Material Consumption for a Domestic Car, 1977, 1987, and 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-15
Average Miles per Domestic Federal Vehicle by Vehicle Type, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-5
Summary Statistics for U.S. Domestic and International Certificated Route Air Carriers (Combined
Totals), 1970–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-3
Tonnage Statistics for Domestic and International Waterborne Commerce, 1970–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-5
Summary Statistics for Domestic Waterborne Commerce, 1970–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-6
Domestic Marine Cargo by Commodity Class, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-7
Domestic Marine Cargo Average Length of Haul by Commodity Class, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-8
Driving
Urban Driving Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-28
Highway Driving Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-28
New York City Driving Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-29
Representative Number Five Driving Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-29
US06 Driving Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-30
Projected Fuel Economies from U.S., European, and Japanese Driving Cycles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-31
Comparison of U.S., European, and Japanese Driving Cycles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-32
East
Summary of Military Expenditures for Defending Oil Supplies from the Middle East . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-10
Economic
Oil Price and Economic Growth, 1970–2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-9
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Economies
Period Sales, Market Shares, and Sales-Weighted Fuel Economies of New Domestic and Import
Cars, Selected Model Years 1975–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-7
Period Sales, Market Shares, and Sales-Weighted Fuel Economies of New Domestic and Import
Light Trucks, Model Years 1975–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-8
Projected Fuel Economies from U.S., European, and Japanese Driving Cycles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-31
Economy
Car Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Standards versus Sales-Weighted Fuel
Economy Estimates, 1978–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-18
Light Truck Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Standards versus Sales-Weighted Fuel
Economy Estimates, 1978–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-19
Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Fines Collected, 1983–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-20
Fuel Economy by Speed, 1973, 1984 and 1997 Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-25
Steady Speed Fuel Economy for Vehicles Tested in the 1997 Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-27
Truck Harmonic Mean Fuel Economy by Size Class, 1992, 1997, and 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-6
Effective
Tier 2 Emission Standards for Cars and Light Trucks Effective for 2004–2009 Model Years . . . . . . . . . . . 12-14
Electronic
Share of Heavy Trucks with Selected Electronic Features, 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-11
Emission
Tier 2 Emission Standards for Cars and Light Trucks Effective for 2004–2009 Model Years . . . . . . . . . . . 12-14
Light Vehicle Exhaust Emission Standards in Effect in 2009 when U.S. Tier 2 Standards are Final . . . . . . 12-15
California Passenger Cars and Light Truck Emission Certification Standards for Model Years
2001–2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-16
Emissions
World Carbon Dioxide Emissions, 1990 and 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-2
Estimated U.S. Emissions of Greenhouse Gases, 1990–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-4
U.S. Carbon Emissions from Fossil Energy Consumption by End-Use Sector, 1990–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-5
U.S. Carbon Emissions from Energy Use in Transportation Sector, 1990–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-6
Total National Emissions of the Criteria Air Pollutants by Sector, 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-2
Total National Emissions of Carbon Monoxide, 1970–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-3
Emissions of Carbon Monoxide from Highway Vehicles, 1970–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-4
Total National Emissions of Nitrogen Oxides, 1970–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-5
Emissions of Nitrogen Oxides from Highway Vehicles, 1970–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-6
Total National Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds, 1970–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-7
Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds from Highway Vehicles, 1970–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-8
Total National Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM 10), 1970–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-9
Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM 10) from Highway Vehicles, 1970–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-10
Total National Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM-2.5), 1990–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-11
Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM-2.5) from Highway Vehicles, 1990–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-12
Employment
Transportation-related Employment, 1994 and 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10–16
Energy
World Consumption of Primary Energy, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-2
U. S. Consumption of Total Energy by End-Use Sector, 1973–2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-3
Distribution of Energy Consumption by Source, 1973 and 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-4
Domestic Consumption of Transportation Energy by Mode and Fuel Type, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-6
Transportation Energy Use by Mode, 2002–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-7
Highway Transportation Energy Consumption by Mode, 1970–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-8
Nonhighway Transportation Energy Consumption by Mode, 1970–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-9
Passenger Travel and Energy Use, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-12
Energy Intensities of Highway Passenger Modes, 1970–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-13
Energy Intensities of Nonhighway Passenger Modes, 1970–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-14
Energy Intensities for Selected Transit Systems, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-15
Intercity Freight Movement and Energy Use in the United States, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-16
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25—2006
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Energy (continued)
Energy Intensities of Freight Modes, 1970–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-17
Nonhighway Energy Use Shares, 1970–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-2
Recreational Boat Energy Use, 1970–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-9
U.S. Carbon Emissions from Fossil Energy Consumption by End-Use Sector, 1990–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-5
U.S. Carbon Emissions from Energy Use in Transportation Sector, 1990–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-6
Engine
Sales-Weighted Engine Size of New Domestic and Import Cars by Size Class,
Model Years 1975–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-11
Sales-Weighted Engine Size of New Domestic and Import Light Trucks by Size Class,
Model Years 1975–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-12
Estimated
Estimated U.S. Emissions of Greenhouse Gases, 1990–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-4
Estimates
Sales Estimates of Class 1, Class 2a, and Class 2b Light Trucks, 1989–1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-4
Car Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Standards versus Sales-Weighted Fuel
Economy Estimates, 1978–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-18
Light Truck Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Standards versus Sales-Weighted Fuel
Economy Estimates, 1978–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-19
Estimates of Alternative Fuel Vehicles in Use, 1995–2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-3
Estimates of Alternative Fuel Vehicles by Ownership, 2001 and 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-4
Numerical Estimates of Global Warming Potentials Compared with Carbon Dioxide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-3
Ethanol
State Ethanol Incentives, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-11
European
Projected Fuel Economies from U.S., European, and Japanese Driving Cycles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-31
Comparison of U.S., European, and Japanese Driving Cycles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-32
Excise
Federal Excise Taxes on Motor Fuels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-10
Exemptions
State Tax Exemptions for Gasohol, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-10
Exhaust
Light Vehicle Exhaust Emission Standards in Effect in 2009 when U.S. Tier 2 Standards are Final . . . . . . 12-15
Expenditures
Summary Military Expenditures for Defending Oil Supplies from the Middle East . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-10
Average Annual Expenditures of Households by Income, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-4
Personal Consumption Expenditures, 1950–2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-15
Exports
United States Petroleum Production, Imports and Exports, 1950–2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-14
Facility
Percentage of Trucks by Fleet Size and Primary Fueling Facility, 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-9
Share of Trucks by Major Use and Primary Fueling Facility, 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-10
Fatal
Percent Rollover Occurrence in Fatal Crashes by Vehicle Type, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-36
Fatalities
Occupant Fatalities by Vehicle Type and Nonoccupant Fatalities, 1975–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-33
Features
Share of Heavy Trucks with Selected Electronic Features, 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-11
February
Fleet Vehicles in Service as of February 1, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-2
Federal
Average Miles per Domestic Federal Vehicle by Vehicle Type, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-5
Federal Government Vehicles by Agency, Fiscal Year 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-6
Federal Fleet Vehicle Acquisitions by Fuel Type, FY 1998–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-7
Fuel Consumed by Federal Government Fleets, FY 1998–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-7
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Federal (continued)
Federal Excise Taxes on Motor Fuels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-10
Final
Light Vehicle Exhaust Emission Standards in Effect in 2009 when U.S. Tier 2 Standards are Final . . . . . . 12-15
Fines
Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Fines Collected, 1983–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-20
Fiscal
Federal Government Vehicles by Agency, Fiscal Year 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-6
Fixed
Fixed Car Operating Costs per Year, 1975–2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-14
Fleet
Percentage of Trucks by Fleet Size and Primary Fueling Facility, 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-9
Fleet Vehicles in Service as of February 1, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-2
New Light Fleet Vehicle Purchases by Vehicle Type, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-3
Average Length of Time Business Fleet Vehicles are In Service, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-4
Average Annual Vehicle-Miles of Travel for Business Fleet Vehicles, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-4
Federal Fleet Vehicle Acquisitions by Fuel Type, FY 1998–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-7
Fleets
Light Vehicles in Fleets of 15 or More, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-3
Fuel Consumed by Federal Government Fleets, FY 1998–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-7
Flow
Growth of Freight in the United States: Comparison of the 2002 and 1997 Commodity Flow Surveys . . . . . 5-13
Growth of Freight Miles in the United States: Comparison of the 2002 and 1997 Commodity
Flow Surveys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-14
Fossil
World Fossil Fuel Potential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-2
U.S. Carbon Emissions from Fossil Energy Consumption by End-Use Sector, 1990–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-5
Freight
Intercity Freight Movement and Energy Use in the United States, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-16
Energy Intensities of Freight Modes, 1970–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-17
Growth of Freight in the United States: Comparison of the 2002 and 1997 Commodity Flow Surveys . . . . . 5-13
Growth of Freight Miles in the United States: Comparison of the 2002 and 1997 Commodity
Flow Surveys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-14
Class I Railroad Freight Systems in the United States Ranked by Revenue Ton Miles, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-10
Summary Statistics for Class I Freight Railroads, 1970–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-11
Fuel
World Fossil Fuel Potential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-2
Alternative Fuel and Oxygenate Consumption, 1995–2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-5
Domestic Consumption of Transportation Energy by Mode and Fuel Type, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-6
Off-Highway Transportation-related Fuel Consumption, 1997 and 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-10
Period Sales, Market Shares, and Sales-Weighted Fuel Economies of New Domestic and Import
Cars, Selected Model Years 1975–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-7
Period Sales, Market Shares, and Sales-Weighted Fuel Economies of New Domestic and Import Light
Trucks, Model Years 1975–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-8
Conventional and Alternative Fuel Refueling Stations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-17
Car Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Standards versus Sales-Weighted Fuel
Economy Estimates, 1978–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-18
Light Truck Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Standards versus Sales-Weighted Fuel
Economy Estimates, 1978–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-19
Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Fines Collected, 1983-2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-20
Fuel Economy by Speed, 1973, 1984 and 1997 Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-25
Steady Speed Fuel Economy for Vehicles Tested in the 1997 Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-27
Projected Fuel Economies from U.S., European, and Japanese Driving Cycles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-31
Truck Harmonic Mean Fuel Economy by Size Class, 1992, 1997, and 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-6
Estimates of Alternative Fuel Vehicles in Use, 1995–2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-3
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Fuel (continued)
Estimates of Alternative Fuel Vehicles by Ownership, 2001 and 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-4
Alternative Fuel Vehicles Available by Manufacturer, Model Year 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-5
Number of Alternative Refuel Sites by State and Fuel Type, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-6
Fuel Cell Type Comparison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-16
Federal Fleet Vehicle Acquisitions by Fuel Type, FY 1998–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-7
Fuel Consumed by Federal Government Fleets, FY 1998–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-7
Diesel Fuel Prices for Selected Countries, 1978–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-4
Retail Prices for Motor Fuel, 1978–2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-7
Refiner Sales Prices for Aviation Gasoline and Jet Fuel, 1978–2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-9
Fueling
Percentage of Trucks by Fleet Size and Primary Fueling Facility, 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-9
Share of Trucks by Major Use and Primary Fueling Facility, 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-10
U.S. Hydrogen Fueling Stations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-13
Fuels
Highway Usage of Gasoline and Special Fuels, 1973–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-11
Properties of Conventional and Alternative Fuels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-15
Federal Excise Taxes on Motor Fuels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-10
FY
Federal Fleet Vehicle Acquisitions by Fuel Type, FY 1998–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-7
Fuel Consumed by Federal Government Fleets, FY 1998–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-7
Gallon
Prices for a Barrel of Crude Oil and a Gallon of Gasoline, 1978–2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-6
Gas
World Natural Gas Reserves, Production, and Consumption, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-7
The Gas Guzzler Tax on New Cars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-21
Tax Receipts from the Sale of Gas Guzzlers, 1980–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-22
Gases
Estimated U.S. Emissions of Greenhouse Gases, 1990–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-4
Gasohol
State Tax Exemptions for Gasohol, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-10
Gasoline
Highway Usage of Gasoline and Special Fuels, 1973–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-11
Gasoline Prices for Selected Countries, 1978–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-2
Prices for a Barrel of Crude Oil and a Gallon of Gasoline, 1978–2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-6
Refiner Sales Prices for Aviation Gasoline and Jet Fuel, 1978–2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-9
General
Summary Statistics for General Aviation, 1970–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-4
Global
Numerical Estimates of Global Warming Potentials Compared with Carbon Dioxide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-3
Government
Federal Government Vehicles by Agency, Fiscal Year 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-6
Fuel Consumed by Federal Government Fleets, FY 1998–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-7
Greenhouse
Estimated U.S. Emissions of Greenhouse Gases, 1990–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-4
Gross
Refinery Gross Output by World Region, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-11
New Retail Truck Sales by Gross Vehicle Weight, 1970–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-4
Truck Statistics by Gross Vehicle Weight Class, 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-6
Group
Railroad Revenue Carloads by Commodity Group, 1974 and 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-12
Growth
Oil Price and Economic Growth, 1970–2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-9
Growth of Freight in the United States: Comparison of the 2002 and 1997 Commodity Flow Surveys . . . . . 5-13
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Growth (continued)
Growth of Freight Miles in the United States: Comparison of the 2002 and 1997 Commodity
Flow Surveys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-14
Guzzler(s)
The Gas Guzzler Tax on New Cars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-21
Tax Receipts from the Sale of Gas Guzzlers, 1980–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-22
GVW
New Retail Sales of Trucks 10,000 pounds GVW and Less in the United States, 1970–2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-6
Harmonic
Truck Harmonic Mean Fuel Economy by Size Class, 1992, 1997, and 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-6
Haul
Domestic Marine Cargo Average Length of Haul by Commodity Class, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-8
Heavy
Heavy Truck Scrappage and Survival Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-16
Heavy Truck Survival Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-17
Summary Statistics for Heavy Single-Unit Trucks, 1970-2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-2
Share of Heavy Trucks with Selected Electronic Features, 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-11
Highway
Highway Transportation Energy Consumption by Mode, 1970–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-8
Highway Usage of Gasoline and Special Fuels, 1973–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-11
Energy Intensities of Highway Passenger Modes, 1970–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-13
Shares of Highway Vehicle-Miles Traveled by Vehicle Type, 1970-2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-7
Highway Driving Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-28
Emissions of Carbon Monoxide from Highway Vehicles, 1970–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-4
Emissions of Nitrogen Oxides from Highway Vehicles, 1970–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-6
Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds from Highway Vehicles, 1970–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-8
Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM 10) from Highway Vehicles, 1970–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-10
Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM-2.5) from Highway Vehicles, 1990–2001212-12
Household
Household Vehicle Ownership, 1960-2000 Census . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-6
Average Annual Vehicle-Miles, Vehicle Trips and Trip Length per Household 1969, 1977, 1983, 1990,
1995 NPTS and 2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-8
Average Number of Vehicles and Vehicle Travel per Household, 1990 NPTS and 2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . . . 8-9
Average Annual Miles per Vehicle by Household Vehicle Ownership, 2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-13
Average Age of Vehicles by Household Vehicle Ownership, 2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-13
Average Annual Miles per Household Vehicle by Vehicle Age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-14
Households
Average Annual Expenditures of Households by Income, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-4
Hydrogen
Hydrogen Production Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-10
U.S. Hydrogen Production Plants and Storage Terminals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-11
U.S. and World Hydrogen Consumption by End-Use Category, 1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-12
U.S. Hydrogen Fueling Stations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-13
Hydrogen Storage Systems for On-Board Light Vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-14
Import
Period Sales, Market Shares, and Sales-Weighted Fuel Economies of New Domestic and Import
Cars, Selected Model Years 1975–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-7
Period Sales, Market Shares, and Sales-Weighted Fuel Economies of New Domestic and Import
Light Trucks, Model Years 1975–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-8
Sales-Weighted Engine Size of New Domestic and Import Cars by Size Class,
Model Years 1975–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-11
Sales-Weighted Engine Size of New Domestic and Import Light Trucks by Size Class,
Model Years 1975–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-12
Sales-Weighted Curb Weight of New Domestic and Import Cars by Size Class,
Model Years 1975–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-13
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Import (continued)
Sales-Weighted Interior Space of New Domestic and Import Cars by Size Class,
Model Years 1975–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-14
Imports
U.S. Petroleum Imports by World Region of Origin, 1960–2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-8
United States Petroleum Production, Imports and Exports, 1950–2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-14
Incentives
State Ethanol Incentives, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-11
Income
Average Annual Expenditures of Households by Income, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-4Indices
Consumer Price Indices, 1970–2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-15
Input
U.S. Refinery Input of Crude Oil and Petroleum Products, 1987–2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-12
Intensities
Energy Intensities of Highway Passenger Modes, 1970–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-13
Energy Intensities of Nonhighway Passenger Modes, 1970–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-14
Energy Intensities for Selected Transit Systems, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-15
Energy Intensities of Freight Modes, 1970–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-17
Intercity
Intercity Freight Movement and Energy Use in the United States, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-16
Summary Statistics on Intercity and School Buses, 1970–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-16
Interior
Sales-Weighted Interior Space of New Domestic and Import Cars by Size Class,
Model Years 1977–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-14
Intermodal
Intermodal Rail Traffic, 1965–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-13
International
Summary Statistics for U.S. Domestic and International Certificated Route Air Carriers (Combined
Totals), 1970–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-3
Tonnage Statistics for Domestic and International Waterborne Commerce, 1970–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-5
Japanese
Projected Fuel Economies from U.S., European, and Japanese Driving Cycles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-31
Comparison of U.S., European, and Japanese Driving Cycles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-32
Jet
Refiner Sales Prices for Aviation Gasoline and Jet Fuel, 1978–2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-9
Length
Average Length of Time Business Fleet Vehicles are In Service, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-4
Average Annual Vehicle-Miles, Vehicle Trips and Trip Length per Household 1969, 1977, 1983, 1990,
1995 NPTS and 2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-8
Domestic Marine Cargo Average Length of Haul by Commodity Class, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-8
Light
Light Truck Scrappage and Survival Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-14
Light Truck Survival Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-15
Summary Statistics on Class 1, Class 2a, and Class 2b Light Trucks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-4
Sales Estimates of Class 1, Class 2a, and Class 2b Light Trucks, 1989–1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-4
Period Sales, Market Shares, and Sales-Weighted Fuel Economies of New Domestic and Import Light
Trucks, Model Years 1975–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-8
Light Vehicle Market Shares by Size Class, Model Years 1975–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-9
Sales-Weighted Engine Size of New Domestic and Import Light Trucks by Size Class,
Model Years 1975–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-12
New Light Vehicle Dealerships and Sales, 1970–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-16
Light Truck Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Standards versus Sales-Weighted Fuel
Economy Estimates, 1978–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-19
Light Vehicle Occupant Safety Data, 1975–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-34
Summary Statistics on Light Transit Vehicles, 1994–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-37
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Light (continued)
Hydrogen Storage Systems for On-Board Light Vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-14
Light Vehicles in Fleets of 15 or More, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-3
New Light Fleet Vehicle Purchases by Vehicle Type, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-3
California Passenger Cars and Light Truck Emission Certification Standards for Model Years
2001–2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-16
Long-Distance
Long-Distance Trip Characteristics, 2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-21
Manufacturer
Alternative Fuel Vehicles Available by Manufacturer, Model Year 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-5
Marine
Domestic Marine Cargo by Commodity Class, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-7
Domestic Marine Cargo Average Length of Haul by Commodity Class, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-8
Market
Period Sales, Market Shares, and Sales-Weighted Fuel Economies of New Domestic and Import
Cars, Selected Model Years 1975–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-7
Period Sales, Market Shares, and Sales-Weighted Fuel Economies of New Domestic and Import Light
Trucks, Model Years 1975–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-8
Light Vehicle Market Shares by Size Class, Model Years 1975–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-9
Material
Average Material Consumption for a Domestic Car, 1977, 1987, and 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-15
Matter
Total National Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM 10), 1970–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-9
Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM 10) from Highway Vehicles, 1970–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-10
Total National Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM-2.5), 1990–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-11
Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM-2.5) from Highway Vehicles, 1990–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-12
Mean
Truck Harmonic Mean Fuel Economy by Size Class, 1992, 1997, and 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-6
Median
Median Age and Registrations of Cars and Trucks, 1970–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-11
Methods
Hydrogen Production Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-10
Middle
Summary of Military Expenditures for Defending Oil Supplies from the Middle East . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-10
Mile
Car Operating Cost per Mile, 1985–2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-13
Miles
Shares of Highway Vehicle-Miles Traveled by Vehicle Type, 1970-2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-7
Growth of Freight Miles in the United States: Comparison of the 2002 and 1997 Commodity
Flow Surveys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-14
Average Annual Vehicle-Miles of Travel for Business Fleet Vehicles, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-4
Average Miles per Domestic Federal Vehicle by Vehicle Type, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-5
Vehicles and Vehicle-Miles per Capita, 1950–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-3
Average Annual Vehicle-Miles, Vehicle Trips and Trip Length per Household 1969, 1977, 1983, 1990,
1995 NPTS and 2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-8
Average Annual Miles per Vehicle by Household Vehicle Ownership, 2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-13
Average Annual Miles per Household Vehicle by Vehicle Age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-14
Self-Reported vs. Odometer Average Annual Miles, 1995 NPTS and 2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-15
Class I Railroad Freight Systems in the United States Ranked by Revenue Ton-Miles, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-10
Military
Summary of Military Expenditures for Defending Oil Supplies from the Middle East . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-10
Mode
Ton-Miles of Petroleum and Petroleum Products in the U.S. by Mode, 1975–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-18
Domestic Consumption of Transportation Energy by Mode and Fuel Type, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-6
Transportation Energy Use by Mode, 2002–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-7
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Mode (continued)
Highway Transportation Energy Consumption by Mode, 1970–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-8
Nonhighway Transportation Energy Consumption by Mode, 1970–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-9
Model
Car Scrappage and Survival Rates 1970, 1980 and 1990 Model Years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-12
Period Sales, Market Shares, and Sales-Weighted Fuel Economies of New Domestic and
Import Cars, Selected Model Years 1975-2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-7
Period Sales, Market Shares, and Sales-Weighted Fuel Economies of New Domestic and
Import Light Trucks, Model Years 1975-2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-8
Light Vehicle Market Shares by Size Class, Model Years 1975-2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-9
Sales-Weighted Engine Size of New Domestic and Import Cars By Size Class,
Model Years 1975-2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-11
Sales-Weighted Engine Size of New Domestic and Import Light Trucks By Size Class,
Model Years 1975-2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-12
Sales-Weighted Curb Weight of New Domestic and Import Cars By Size Class,
Model Years 1975-2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-13
Sales-Weighted Interior Space of New Domestic and Import Cars By Size Class,
Model Years 1977-2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-14
Alternative Fuel Vehicles Available by Manufacturer, Model Year 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-5
Tier 2 Emission Standards for Cars and Light Trucks Effective for 2004–2009 Model Years . . . . . . . . . . . 12-14
California Passenger Cars and Light Truck Emission Certification Standards for
Model Years 2001-2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-16
Models
Specifications of Available Advanced Technology Vehicles Current Production &
Near Term Models in the U.S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-8
Modes
Energy Intensities of Highway Passenger Modes, 1970–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-13
Energy Intensities of Nonhighway Passenger Modes, 1970–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-14
Energy Intensities of Freight Modes, 1970–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-17
Monoxide
Total National Emissions of Carbon Monoxide, 1970–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-3
Emissions of Carbon Monoxide from Highway Vehicles, 1970–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-4
Motor
Retail Prices for Motor Fuel, 1978–2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-7
Federal Excise Taxes on Motor Fuels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-10
Movement
Intercity Freight Movement and Energy Use in the United States, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-16
National
Summary Statistics for the National Railroad Passenger Corporation (Amtrak), 1971-2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-14
Total National Emissions of the Criteria Air Pollutants by Sector, 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-2
Total National Emissions of Carbon Monoxide, 1970–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-3
Total National Emissions of Nitrogen Oxides, 1970–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-5
Total National Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds, 1970–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-7
Total National Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM 10), 1970–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-9
Total National Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM-2.5), 1990–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-11
Natural
World Natural Gas Reserves, Production, and Consumption, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-7
NHTS
Demographic Statistics, 1969, 1977, 1983, 1990, 1995 NPTS and 2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-7
Average Annual Vehicle-Miles, Vehicle Trips and Trip Length per Household 1969, 1977, 1983, 1990,
1995 NPTS and 2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-8
Average Number of Vehicles and Vehicle Travel per Household, 1990 NPTS and 2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . . . 8-9
Trip Statistics by Trip Purpose, 2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-10
Average Vehicle Occupancy by Vehicle Type, 1995 NPTS and 2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-11
Average Vehicle Occupancy by Trip Purpose, 1977 NPTS and 2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-12
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25—2006
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NHTS (continued)
Average Annual Miles per Vehicle by Household Vehicle Ownership, 2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-13
Average Age of Vehicles by Household Vehicle Ownership, 2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-13
Self-Reported vs. Odometer Average Annual Miles, 1995 NPTS and 2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-15
Walk and Bike Trips by Trip Purpose, 2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-19
Long-Distance Trip Characteristics, 2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-21
Nitrogen
Total National Emissions of Nitrogen Oxides, 1970–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-5
Emissions of Nitrogen Oxides from Highway Vehicles, 1970–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-6
Nonhighway
Nonhighway Transportation Energy Consumption by Mode, 1970–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-9
Energy Intensities of Nonhighway Passenger Modes, 1970–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-14
Nonhighway Energy Use Shares, 1970–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-2
Nonoccupant
Occupant Fatalities by Vehicle Type and Nonoccupant Fatalities, 1975–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-33
NPTS
Demographic Statistics, 1969, 1977, 1983, 1990, 1995 NPTS and 2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-7
Average Annual Vehicle-Miles, Vehicle Trips and Trip Length per Household 1969, 1977, 1983, 1990,
1995 NPTS and 2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-8
Average Number of Vehicles and Vehicle Travel per Household, 1990 NPTS and 2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . . . 8-9
Average Vehicle Occupancy by Vehicle Type, 1995 NPTS and 2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-11
Average Vehicle Occupancy by Trip Purpose, 1977 NPTS and 2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-12
Self-Reported vs. Odometer Average Annual Miles, 1995 NPTS and 2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-15
Numerical
Numerical Estimates of Global Warming Potentials Compared with Carbon Dioxide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-3
Occupancy
Average Vehicle Occupancy by Vehicle Type, 1995 NPTS and 2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-11
Average Vehicle Occupancy by Trip Purpose, 1977 NPTS and 2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-12
Occupant
Occupant Fatalities by Vehicle Type and Nonoccupant Fatalities, 1975–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-33
Light Vehicle Occupant Safety Data, 1975–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-34
Odometer
Self-Reported vs. Odometer Average Annual Miles, 1995 NPTS and 2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-15
Off-Highway
Off-Highway Transportation-related Fuel Consumption, 1997 and 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-10
Oil
World Crude Oil Production, 1960–2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-3
World Oil Reserves, Production and Consumption, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-6
Oil Price and Economic Growth, 1970–2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-9
Summary of Military Expenditures for Defending Oil Supplies from the Middle East . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-10
U.S. Refinery Input of Crude Oil and Petroleum Products, 1987–2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-12
Refinery Yield of Petroleum Products from a Barrel of Crude Oil, 1978–2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-13
Prices for a Barrel of Crude Oil and a Gallon of Gasoline, 1978–2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-6
Operating
Car Operating Cost per Mile, 1985–2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-13
Fixed Car Operating Costs per Year, 1975–2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-14
Operation
Cars in Operation and Vehicle Travel by Age, 1970 and 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-8
Trucks in Operation and Vehicle Travel by Age, 1970 and 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-9
Operations
Summary Statistics for Commuter Rail Operations, 1984–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-15
Summary Statistics for Rail Transit Operations, 1970–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-16
Organic
Total National Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds, 1970–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-7
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Organic (continued)
Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds from Highway Vehicles, 1970–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-8
Origin
U.S. Petroleum Imports by World Region of Origin, 1960–2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-8
Output
Refinery Gross Output by World Region, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-11
Ownership
Estimates of Alternative Fuel Vehicles by Ownership, 2001 and 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-4
Household Vehicle Ownership, 1960–2000 Census . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-6
Average Annual Miles per Vehicle by Household Vehicle Ownership, 2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-13
Average Age of Vehicles by Household Vehicle Ownership, 2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-13
Oxides
Total National Emissions of Nitrogen Oxides, 1970–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-5
Emissions of Nitrogen Oxides from Highway Vehicles, 1970–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-6
Oxygenate
Alternative Fuel and Oxygenate Consumption, 1995–2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-5
Particulate
Total National Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM 10), 1970–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-9
Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM 10) from Highway Vehicles, 1970–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-10
Total National Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM-2.5), 1990–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-11
Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM-2.5) from Highway Vehicles, 1990–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-12
Passenger
Passenger Travel and Energy Use, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-12
Energy Intensities of Highway Passenger Modes, 1970–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-13
Energy Intensities of Nonhighway Passenger Modes, 1970–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-14
Summary Statistics for Passenger Cars, 1970–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-2
Summary Statistics for the National Railroad Passenger Corporation (Amtrak), 1971–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-14
California Passenger Cars and Light Truck Emission Certification Standards for Model Years
2001–2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-16
People
Vehicles per Thousand People: U.S. (Over Time) Compared to Other Countries (in 2004) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-6
Percent
Petroleum and Consumption and Some Important Percent Shares, 1950–2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-15
Percentage
Percentage of Trucks by Size Ranked by Major Use, 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-8
Percentage of Trucks by Fleet Size and Primary Fueling Facility, 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-9
Periods
Period Sales, Market Shares, and Sales-Weighted Fuel Economies of New Domestic and Import
Cars, Selected Model Years 1975–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-7
Period Sales, Market Shares, and Sales-Weighted Fuel Economies of New Domestic and Import Light
Trucks, Model Years 1975–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-8
Personal
Personal Consumption Expenditures, 1950–2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-15
Petroleum
World Petroleum Production, 1973–2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-4
World Petroleum Consumption, 1960–2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-5
U.S. Petroleum Imports by World Region of Origin, 1960–2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-8
U.S. Refinery Input of Crude Oil and Petroleum Products, 1987–2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-12
Refinery Yield of Petroleum Products from a Barrel of Crude Oil, 1978–2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-13
United States Petroleum Production, Imports and Exports, 1950–2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-14
Petroleum Production and Consumption and Some Important Percent Shares, 1950–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-15
United States Petroleum Production and Consumption, 1970–2025 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-16
Consumption of Petroleum by End-Use Sector, 1973–2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-17
Ton-Miles of Petroleum and Petroleum Products in the U.S. by Mode, 1975–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-18
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Plants
U.S. Hydrogen Production Plants and Storage Terminals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-11
PM
Total National Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM 10), 1970–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-9
Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM 10) from Highway Vehicles, 1970–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-10
Total National Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM-2.5), 1990–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-11
Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM-2.5) from Highway Vehicles, 1990–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-12
Pollutants
Total National Emissions of the Criteria Air Pollutants by Sector, 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-2
Population
Population and Vehicle Profile, 1950–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-2
Potential
World Fossil Fuel Potential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-2
Potentials
Numerical Estimates of Global Warming Potentials Compared with Carbon Dioxide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-3
Pounds
New Retail Sales of Trucks 10,000 Pounds GVW and Less in the United States, 1970–2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-6
Price
Oil Price and Economic Growth, 1970–2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-9
Average Price of a New Car, 1970–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-12
Consumer Price Indices, 1970–2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-15
Prices
Gasoline Prices for Selected Countries, 1978–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-2
Diesel Fuel Prices for Selected Countries, 1978–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-4
Prices for a Barrel of Crude Oil and a Gallon of Gasoline, 1978–2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-6
Retail Prices for Motor Fuel, 1978–2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-7
Refiner Sales Prices for Propane and No. 2 Diesel, 1978–2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-8
Refiner Sales Prices for Aviation Gasoline and Jet Fuel, 1978–2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-9
Primary
World Consumption of Primary Energy, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-2
Percentage of Trucks by Fleet Size and Primary Fueling Facility, 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-9
Share of Trucks by Major Use and Primary Fueling Facility, 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-10
Production
World Crude Oil Production, 1960–2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-3
World Petroleum Production, 1973–2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-4
World Oil Reserves, Production and Consumption, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-6
World Natural Gas Reserves, Production and Consumption, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-7
United States Petroleum Production, Imports and Exports, 1950–2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-14
Petroleum Production and Consumption and Some Important Percent Shares, 1950–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-15
United States Petroleum Production and Consumption, 1970–2025 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-16
Specifications of Available Advanced Technology Vehicles Current Production &
Near Term Models in the U.S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-8
Hydrogen Production Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-10
U.S. Hydrogen Production Plants and Storage Terminals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-11
Products
U.S. Refinery Input of Crude Oil and Petroleum Products, 1987–2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-12
Refinery Yield of Petroleum Products from a Barrel of Crude Oil, 1978–2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-13
Ton-Miles of Petroleum and Petroleum Products in the U.S. by Mode, 1975–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-18
Profile
Population and Vehicle Profile, 1950–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-2
Projected
Projected Fuel Economies from U.S., European, and Japanese Driving Cycles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-31
Propane
Refiner Sales Prices for Propane and No. 2 Diesel, 1978–2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-8
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Properties
Properties of Conventional and Alternative Fuels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-15
Purchases
New Light Fleet Vehicle Purchases by Vehicle Type, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-3
Purpose
Trip Statistics by Trip Purpose, 2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-10
Average Vehicle Occupancy by Trip Purpose, 1977 NPTS and 2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-12
Walk and Bike Trips by Trip Purpose, 2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-19
Rail
Intermodal Rail Traffic, 1965–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-13
Summary Statistics for Commuter Rail Operations, 1984–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-15
Summary Statistics for Rail Transit Operations, 1970–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-16
Railroad
Class I Railroad Freight Systems in the United States Ranked by Revenue Ton-Miles, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-10
Railroad Revenue Carloads by Commodity Group, 1974 and 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-12
Summary Statistics for the National Railroad Passenger Corporation (Amtrak), 1971-2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-14
Railroads
Summary Statistics for Class I Freight Railroads, 1970–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-11
Ranked
Percentage of Trucks by Size Ranked by Major Use, 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-8
Class I Railroad Freight Systems in the United States Ranked by Revenue Ton-Miles, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-10
Rates
Car Scrappage and Survival Rates 1970, 1980 and 1990 Model Years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-12
Car Survival Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-13
Light Truck Scrappage and Survival Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-14
Light Truck Survival Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-15
Heavy Truck Scrappage and Survival Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-16
Heavy Truck Survival Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-17
Receipts
Tax Receipts from the Sale of Gas Guzzlers, 1980–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-22
Recreational
Recreational Boat Energy Use, 1970–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-9
Refiner
Refiner Sales Prices for Propane and No. 2 Diesel, 1978–2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-8
Refiner Sales Prices for Aviation Gasoline and Jet Fuel, 1978–2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-9
Refinery
Refinery Gross Output by World Region, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-11
U.S. Refinery Input of Crude Oil and Petroleum Products, 1987–2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-12
Refinery Yield of Petroleum Products from a Barrel of Crude Oil, 1978–2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-13
Refuel
Number of Alternative Refuel Sites by State and Fuel Type, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-6
Refueling
Conventional and Alternative Fuel Refueling Stations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-17
Region
U.S. Petroleum Imports by World Region of Origin, 1960–2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-8
Refinery Gross Output by World Region, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-11
Registrations
Car Registrations for Selected Countries, 1950–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-2
Truck and Bus Registrations for Selected Countries, 1950–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-3
Median Age and Registrations of Cars and Trucks, 1970–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-11
Reported
Self-Reported vs. Odometer Average Annual Miles, 1995 NPTS and 2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-15
Representative
Representative Number Five Driving Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-29
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Reserves
World Oil Reserves, Production and Consumption, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-6
World Natural Gas Reserves, Production, and Consumption, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-7
Retail
New Retail Car Sales in the United States, 1970–2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-5
New Retail Sales of Trucks 10,000 pounds GVW and Less in the United States, 1970–2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-6
New Retail Truck Sales by Gross Vehicle Weight, 1970–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-4
Retail Prices for Motor Fuel, 1978–2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-7
Revenue
Class I Railroad Freight Systems in the United States Ranked by Revenue Ton-Miles, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-10
Railroad Revenue Carloads by Commodity Group, 1974 and 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-12
Rollover
Percent Rollover Occurrence in Fatal Crashes by Vehicle Type, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-36
Route
Summary Statistics for U.S. Domestic and International Certificated Route Air Carriers (Combined
Totals), 1970–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-3
Safety
Light Vehicle Occupant Safety Data, 1975–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-34
Sale
Tax Receipts from the Sale of Gas Guzzlers, 1980–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-22
Sales
Sales Estimates of Class 1, Class 2a, and Class 2b Light Trucks, 1989–1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-4
New Retail Car Sales in the United States, 1970–2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-5
New Retail Sales of Trucks 10,000 pounds GVW and Less in the United States, 1970–2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-6
Period Sales, Market Shares, and Sales-Weighted Fuel Economies of New Domestic and Import
Cars, Selected Model Years 1975–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-7
Period Sales, Market Shares, and Sales-Weighted Fuel Economies of New Domestic and Import
Light Trucks, Model Years 1975–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-8
Sales-Weighted Engine Size of New Domestic and Import Cars by Size Class,
Model Years 1975–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-11
Sales-Weighted Engine Size of New Domestic and Import Light Trucks by Size Class,
Model Years 1975–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-12
Sales-Weighted Curb Weight of New Domestic and Import Cars by Size Class,
Model Years 1975–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-13
Sales-Weighted Interior Space of New Domestic and Import Cars by Size Class,
Model Years 1975–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-14
New Light Vehicle Dealerships and Sales, 1970–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-16
Car Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Standards versus Sales-Weighted Fuel
Economy Estimates, 1978–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-18
Light Truck Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Standards versus Sales-Weighted Fuel
Economy Estimates, 1978–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-19
New Retail Truck Sales by Gross Vehicle Weight, 1970–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-4
Bicycle Sales, 1981–2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-18
Refiner Sales Prices for Propane and No. 2 Diesel, 1978–2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-8
Refiner Sales Prices for Aviation Gasoline and Jet Fuel, 1978–2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-9
School
Summary Statistics on Intercity and School Buses, 1970–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-16
Scrappage
Car Scrappage and Survival Rates 1970, 1980 and 1990 Model Years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-12
Light Truck Scrappage and Survival Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-14
Heavy Truck Scrappage and Survival Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-16
Sector
Consumption of Petroleum by End-Use Sector, 1973–2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-17
U. S. Consumption of Total Energy by End-Use Sector, 1973–2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-3
U.S. Carbon Emissions from Fossil Energy Consumption by End-Use Sector, 1990–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-5
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Sector (continued)
U.S. Carbon Emissions from Energy Use in Transportation Sector, 1990–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-6
Total National Emissions of the Criteria Air Pollutants by Sector, 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-2
Selected
Energy Intensities for Selected Transit Systems, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-15
Car Registrations for Selected Countries, 1950–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-2
Truck and Bus Registrations for Selected Countries, 1950–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-3
Period Sales, Market Shares, and Sales-Weighted Fuel Economies of New Domestic and Import
Cars, Selected Model Years 1975–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-7
Share of Heavy Trucks with Selected Electronic Features, 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-11
Gasoline Prices for Selected Countries, 1978–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-2
Diesel Fuel Prices for Selected Countries, 1978–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-4
Self
Self-Reported vs. Odometer Average Annual Miles, 1995 NPTS and 2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-15
Service
Fleet Vehicles in Service as of February 1, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-2
Average Length of Time Business Fleet Vehicles are In Service, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-4
Severity
Crashes by Crash Severity, Crash Type, and Vehicle Type, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-35
Share
Share of Trucks by Major Use and Primary Fueling Facility, 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-10
Share of Heavy Trucks with Selected Electronic Features, 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-11
Shares
Petroleum and Consumption and Some Important Percent Shares, 1950–2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-15
Shares of Highway Vehicle-Miles Traveled by Vehicle Type, 1970-2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-7
Period Sales, Market Shares, and Sales-Weighted Fuel Economies of New Domestic and Import
Cars, Selected Model Years 1975–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-7
Period Sales, Market Shares, and Sales-Weighted Fuel Economies of New Domestic and Import
Light Trucks, Model Years 1975–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-8
Light Vehicle Market Shares by Size Class, Model Years 1975–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-9
Nonhighway Energy Use Shares, 1970–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-2
Single
Summary Statistics for Heavy Single-Unit Trucks, 1970–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-2
Sites
Number of Alternative Refuel Sites by State and Fuel Type, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-6
Source
Distribution of Energy Consumption by Source, 1973 and 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-4
Space
Sales-Weighted Interior Space of New Domestic and Import Cars by Size Class,
Model Years 1975–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-14
Special
Highway Usage of Gasoline and Special Fuels, 1973–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-11
Specifications
Vehicle Specifications for Vehicles Tested in the 1997 Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-24
Specifications of Available Advanced Technology Vehicles Current Production & Near Term Models
in the U.S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-8
Speed
Fuel Economy by Speed, 1973, 1984 and 1997 Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-25
Steady Speed Fuel Economy for Vehicles Tested in the 1997 Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-28
Standards
Car Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Standards versus Sales-Weighted Fuel
Economy Estimates, 1978–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-18
Light Truck Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Standards versus Sales-Weighted Fuel
Economy Estimates, 1978–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-19
Tier 2 Emission Standards for Cars and Light Trucks Effective for 2004–2009 Model Years . . . . . . . . . . . 12-14
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25—2006
I–22
Standards (continued)
Light Vehicle Exhaust Emission Standards in Effect in 2009 when U.S. Tier 2 Standards are Final . . . . . . 12-15
California Passenger Cars and Light Truck Emission Certification Standards for Model Years
2001–2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-16
State
Number of Alternative Refuel Sites by State and Fuel Type, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-6
State Tax Exemptions for Gasohol, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-10
State Ethanol Incentives, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-11
Stations
Conventional and Alternative Fuel Refueling Stations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-17
U.S. Hydrogen Fueling Stations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-13
Statistics
Summary Statistics for Passenger Cars, 1970–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-2
Summary Statistics for Two-Axle, Four-Tire Trucks, 1970–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-3
Summary Statistics on Class 1, Class 2a, and Class 2b Light Trucks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-4
Summary Statistics on Light Transit Vehicles, 1994–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-37
Summary Statistics for Heavy Single-Unit Trucks, 1970–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-2
Summary Statistics for Combination Trucks, 1970–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-3
Truck Statistics by Gross Vehicle Weight Class, 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-6
Truck Statistics by Size, 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-7
Summary Statistics on Transit Buses and Trolleybuses, 1994–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-15
Summary Statistics on Intercity and School Buses, 1970–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-16
Demographic Statistics, 1969, 1977, 1983, 1990, 1995 NPTS and 2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-7
Trip Statistics by Trip Purpose, 2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-10
Summary Statistics for U.S. Domestic and International Certificated Route Air Carriers (Combined
Totals), 1970–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-3
Summary Statistics for General Aviation, 1970–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-4
Tonnage Statistics for Domestic and International Waterborne Commerce, 1970–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-5
Summary Statistics for Domestic Waterborne Commerce, 1970–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-6
Summary Statistics for Class I Freight Railroads, 1970–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-11
Summary Statistics for the National Railroad Passenger Corporation (Amtrak), 1971-2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-14
Summary Statistics for Commuter Rail Operations, 1984–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-15
Summary Statistics for Rail Transit Operations, 1970–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-16
Steady
Steady Speed Fuel Economy for Vehicles Tested in the 1997 Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-27
Storage
U.S. Hydrogen Production Plants and Storage Terminals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-11
Hydrogen Storage Systems for On-Board Light Vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-14
Summary
Summary of Military Expenditures for Defending Oil Supplies from the Middle East . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-10
Summary Statistics for Passenger Cars, 1970–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-2
Summary Statistics for Two-Axle, Four-Tire Trucks, 1970–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-3
Summary Statistics on Class 1, Class 2a, and Class 2b Light Trucks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-4
Summary Statistics on Light Transit Vehicles, 1994–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-37
Summary Statistics for Heavy Single-Unit Trucks, 1970–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-2
Summary Statistics for Combination Trucks, 1970–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-3
Summary Statistics on Transit Buses and Trolleybuses, 1984–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-15
Summary Statistics on Intercity and School Buses, 1970–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-16
Summary Statistics for U.S. Domestic and International Certificated Route Air Carriers (Combined
Totals), 1970–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-3
Summary Statistics for General Aviation, 1970–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-4
Summary Statistics for Domestic Waterborne Commerce, 1970–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-6
Summary Statistics for Class I Freight Railroads, 1970–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-11
Summary Statistics for the National Railroad Passenger Corporation (Amtrak), 1971–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-14
Summary Statistics for Commuter Rail Operations, 1984–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-15
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25—2006
I–23
Summary (continued)
Summary Statistics for Rail Transit Operations, 1970–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-16
Supplies
Summary of Military Expenditures for Defending Oil Supplies from the Middle East . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-10
Surveys
Growth of Freight in the United States: Comparison of the 2002 and 1997 Commodity Flow Surveys . . . . . 5-13
Growth of Freight Miles in the United States: Comparison of the 2002 and 1997 Commodity
Flow Surveys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-14
Survival
Car Scrappage and Survival Rates 1970, 1980 and 1990 Model Years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-12
Car Survival Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-13
Light Truck Scrappage and Survival Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-14
Light Truck Survival Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-15
Heavy Truck Scrappage and Survival Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-16
Heavy Truck Survival Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-17
Systems
Energy Intensities for Selected Transit Systems, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-15
Hydrogen Storage Systems for On-Board Light Vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-14
Class I Railroad Freight Systems in the United States Ranked by Revenue Ton-Miles, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-10
Tax
The Gas Guzzler Tax on New Cars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-21
Tax Receipts from the Sale of Gas Guzzlers, 1980–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-22
State Tax Exemptions for Gasohol, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-10
Taxes
Federal Excise Taxes on Motor Fuels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-10
Technology
Specifications of Available Advanced Technology Vehicles Current Production & Near Term
Models in the U.S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-8
Term
Specifications of Available Advanced Technology Vehicles Current Production &
Near Term Models in the U.S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-8
Terminals
U.S. Hydrogen Production Plants and Storage Terminals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-11
Tested
Vehicle Specifications for Vehicles Tested in the 1997 Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-24
Steady Speed Fuel Economy for Vehicles Tested in the 1997 Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-27
Thousand
Vehicles per Thousand People: U.S. (Over Time) Compared to Other Countries (in 2004) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-6
Tier
Tier 2 Emission Standards for Cars and Light Trucks Effective for 2004–2009 Model Years . . . . . . . . . . . 12-14
Light Vehicle Exhaust Emission Standards in Effect in 2009 when U.S. Tier 2 Standards are Final . . . . . . 12-15
Time
Vehicles per Thousand People: U.S. (Over Time) Compared to Other Countries (in 2004) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-6
Average Length of Time Business Fleet Vehicles are In Service, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-4
Workers by Commute Time, 1990 and 2000 Census . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-17
Tire
Summary Statistics for Two-Axle, Four-Tire Trucks, 1970–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-3
Ton
Ton-Miles of Petroleum and Petroleum Products in the U.S. by Mode, 1975–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-18
Class I Railroad Freight Systems in the United States Ranked by Revenue Ton-Miles, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-10
Tonnage
Tonnage Statistics for Domestic and International Waterborne Commerce, 1970–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-5
Total
U.S. Consumption of Total Energy by End-Use Sector, 1973-2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-3
Total National Emissions of the Criteria Air Pollutants by Sector, 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-2
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25—2006
I–24
Total (continued)
Total National Emissions of Carbon Monoxide, 1970-2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-3
Total National Emissions of Nitrogen Oxides, 1970-2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-5
Total National Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds, 1970-2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-7
Total National Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM-10), 1970-2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-9
Total National Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM-2.5), 1990-2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-11
Totals
Summary Statistics for U.S. Domestic and International Certificated Route Air Carriers (Combined
Totals), 1970–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-3
Traffic
Intermodal Rail Traffic, 1965–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-13
Transit
Energy Intensities for Selected Transit Systems, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-15
Summary Statistics on Light Transit Vehicles, 1994–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-37
Summary Statistics on Transit Buses and Trolleybuses, 1994–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-15
Summary Statistics for Rail Transit Operations, 1970–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-16
Transportation
Domestic Consumption of Transportation Energy by Mode and Fuel Type, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-6
Transportation Energy Use by Mode, 2002–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-7
Highway Transportation Energy Consumption by Mode, 1970–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-8
Nonhighway Transportation Energy Consumption by Mode, 1970–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-9
Off-Highway Transportation-related Fuel Consumption, 1997 and 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-10
Means of Transportation to Work, 1980, 1990 and 2000 Census . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-16
Transportation-related Employment, 1994 and 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10–16
U.S. Carbon Emissions from Energy Use in Transportation Sector, 1990–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-6
Travel
Passenger Travel and Energy Use, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-12
Cars in Operation and Vehicle Travel by Age, 1970 and 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-8
Trucks in Operation and Vehicle Travel by Age, 1970 and 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-9
Average Annual Vehicle-Miles of Travel for Business Fleet Vehicles, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-5
Average Number of Vehicles and Vehicle Travel per Household, 1990 NPTS and 2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . . . 8-9
Traveled
Shares of Highway Vehicle-Miles Traveled by Vehicle Type, 1970-2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-7
Trip
Average Annual Vehicle-Miles, Vehicle Trips and Trip Length per Household 1969, 1977, 1983, 1990,
1995 NPTS and 2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-7
Average Annual Person-Miles Traveled, Person Trips and Trip Length per Household by Selected
Trip Purposes, 1983, 1990, 1995 NPTS and 2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-8
Trip Statistics by Trip Purpose, 2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-10
Average Vehicle Occupancy by Trip Purpose, 1977 NPTS and 2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-12
Walk and Bike Trips by Trip Purpose, 2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-19
Long-Distance Trip Characteristics, 2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-21
Trips
Average Annual Vehicle-Miles, Vehicle Trips and Trip Length per Household 1969, 1977, 1983, 1990,
1995 NPTS and 2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-8
Walk and Bike Trips by Trip Purpose, 2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-19
Trollybuses
Summary Statistics on Transit Busses and Trolleybuses, 1994–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-15
Truck
Truck and Bus Registrations for Selected Countries, 1950–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-3
Light Truck Scrappage and Survival Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-14
Light Truck Survival Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-15
Heavy Truck Scrappage and Survival Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-16
Heavy Truck Survival Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-17
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25—2006
I–25
Truck (continued)
Light Truck Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Standards versus Sales-Weighted Fuel
Economy Estimates, 1978–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-19
New Retail Truck Sales by Gross Vehicle Weight, 1970–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-6
Truck Statistics by Gross Vehicle Weight Class, 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-6
Truck Harmonic Mean Fuel Economy by Size Class, 1992, 1997, and 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-6
Truck Statistics by Size, 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-7
California Passenger Cars and Light Truck Emission Certification Standards for
Model Years 2001–2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-16
Trucks
U.S. Cars and Trucks in Use, 1970–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-5
Trucks in Operation and Vehicle Travel by Age, 1970 and 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-9
Average Age of Cars and Trucks in Use, 1970–2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-10
Median Age and Registrations of Cars and Trucks, 1970–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-11
Summary Statistics for Two-Axle, Four-Tire Trucks, 1970–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-3
Summary Statistics on Class 1, Class 2a, and Class 2b Light Trucks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-4
Sales Estimates of Class 1, Class 2a, and Class 2b Light Trucks, 1989–1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-4
New Retail Sales of Trucks 10,000 pounds GVW and Less in the United States, 1970–2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-6
Period Sales, Market Shares, and Sales-Weighted Fuel Economies of New Domestic and Import
Light Trucks, Selected Sales Periods 1975–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-8
Sales-Weighted Engine Size of New Domestic and Import Light Trucks by Size Class,
Model Years 1975–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-12
Summary Statistics for Other Single-Unit Trucks, 1970–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-2
Summary Statistics for Combination Trucks, 1970–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-3
Percentage of Trucks by Size Ranked by Major Use, 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-8
Percentage of Trucks by Fleet Size and Primary Fueling Facility, 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-9
Share of Trucks by Major Use and Primary Fueling Facility, 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-10
Share of Heavy Trucks with Selected Electronic Features, 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-11
Two-Axle
Summary Statistics on Two-Axle, Four-Tire Trucks, 1970–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-3
Type
Domestic Consumption of Transportation Energy by Mode and Fuel Type, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-6
Shares of Highway Vehicle-Miles Traveled by Vehicle Type, 1970-2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-7
Occupant Fatalities by Vehicle Type and Nonoccupant Fatalities, 1975-2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-33
Crashes by Crash Severity, Crash Type, and Vehicle Type, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-35
Percent Rollover Occurrence in Fatal Crashes by Vehicle Type, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-36
Number of Alternative Refuel Sites by State and Fuel Type, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-6
Fuel Cell Type Comparison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-16
New Light Fleet Vehicle Purchases by Vehicle Type, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-3
Average Miles per Domestic Federal Vehicle by Vehicle Type, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-5
Federal Fleet Vehicle Acquisitions by Fuel Type, FY 1998–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-7
Average Vehicle Occupancy by Vehicle Type, 1995 NPTS and 2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-11
Unit
Summary Statistics for Heavy Single-Unit Trucks, 1970–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-2
United
U.S. Petroleum Imports by World Region of Origin, 1960–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-8
U.S. Refinery Input of Crude Oil and Petroleum Products, 1987–2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-12
United States Petroleum Production, Imports and Exports, 1950–2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-14
United States Petroleum Production and Consumption, 1970–2025 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-16
Ton-Miles of Petroleum and Petroleum Products in the U.S. by Mode, 1975–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-18
U. S. Consumption of Total Energy by End-Use Sector, 1973–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-3
Intercity Freight Movement and Energy Use in the United States, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-16
U.S. Cars and Trucks in Use, 1970-2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-5
Vehicles per Thousand People: U.S. (Over Time) Compared to Other Countries (in 2004) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-6
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25—2006
I–26
United (continued)
New Retail Car Sales in the United States, 1970–2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-5
New Retail Sales of Trucks 10,000 pounds GVW and Less in the United States, 1970–2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-6
Comparison of U.S., European, and Japanese Driving Cycles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-32
Growth of Freight in the United States: Comparison of the 2002 and 1997 Commodity Flow Surveys . . . . . 5-13
Growth of Freight Miles in the United States: Comparison of the 2002 and 1997 Commodity
Flow Surveys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-14
Specifications of Available Advanced Technology Vehicles Current Production &
Near Term Models in the U.S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-8
U.S. Hydrogen Production Plants and Storage Terminals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-11
U.S. and World Hydrogen Consumption by End-Use Category, 1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-12
U.S. Hydrogen Fueling Stations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-13
Summary Statistics for U.S. Domestic and International Certificated Route Air Carriers (Combined
Totals), 1970-2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-3
Class I Railroad Freight Systems in the United States Ranked by Revenue Ton-Miles, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-10
Estimated U.S. Emissions of Greenhouse Gases, 1990-2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-4
U.S. Carbon Emissions from Fossil Energy Consumption by End-Use Sector, 1990-2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-5
Light Vehicle Exhaust Emission Standards in Effect in 2009 when U.S. Tier 2
Standards are Final . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-15
Urban
Urban Driving Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-28
US06
US06 Driving Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-30
Vehicle
Shares of Highway Vehicle-Miles Traveled by Vehicle Type, 1970-2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-7
Cars in Operation and Vehicle Travel by Age, 1970 and 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-8
Trucks in Operation and Vehicle Travel by Age, 1970 and 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-9
Light Vehicle Market Shares by Size Class, Model Years 1975–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-9
Light Vehicle Market Shares, Model Years 1975–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-10
New Light Vehicle Dealerships and Sales, 1970–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-16
Vehicle Specifications for Vehicles Tested in the 1997 Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-24
Occupant Fatalities by Vehicle Type and Nonoccupant Fatalities, 1975–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-33
Light Vehicle Occupant Safety Data, 1975–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-34
Crashes by Crash Severity, Crash Type, and Vehicle Type, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-35
Percent Rollover Occurrence in Fatal Crashes by Vehicle Type, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-36
New Retail Truck Sales by Gross Vehicle Weight, 1970–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-4
Truck Statistics by Gross Vehicle Weight Class, 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-6
New Light Fleet Vehicle Purchases by Vehicle Type, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-3
Average Annual Vehicle-Miles of Travel for Business Fleet Vehicles, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-4
Average Miles per Domestic Federal Vehicle by Vehicle Type, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-5
Federal Fleet Vehicle Acquisitions by Fuel Type, FY 1998–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-7
Population and Vehicle Profile, 1950–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-2
Vehicles and Vehicle-Miles per Capita, 1950–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-3
Household Vehicle Ownership, 1960–2000 Census . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-6
Average Annual Vehicle-Miles, Vehicle Trips and Trip Length per Household 1969, 1977, 1983, 1990,
1995 NPTS and 2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-8
Average Number of Vehicles and Vehicle Travel per Household, 1990 NPTS and 2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . . . 8-9
Average Vehicle Occupancy by Vehicle Type, 1995 NPTS and 2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-11
Average Vehicle Occupancy by Trip Purpose, 1977 NPTS and 2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-12
Average Annual Miles per Vehicle by Household Vehicle Ownership, 2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-13
Average Age of Vehicles by Household Vehicle Ownership, 2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-13
Average Annual Miles per Household Vehicle by Vehicle Age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-14
Light Vehicle Exhaust Emission Standards in Effect in 2009 when U.S. Tier 2 Standards are Final . . . . . . 12-15
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25—2006
I–27
Vehicles
Vehicles per Thousand People: U.S. (Over Time) Compared to Other Countries (in 2004) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-6
Vehicle Specifications for Vehicles Tested in the 1997 Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-24
Steady Speed Fuel Economy for Vehicles Tested in the 1997 Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-27
Summary Statistics on Light Transit Vehicles, 1994–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-37
Estimates of Alternative Fuel Vehicles in Use, 1995–2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-3
Estimates of Alternative Fuel Vehicles by Ownership, 2001 and 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-4
Alternative Fuel Vehicles Available by Manufacturer, Model Year 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-5
Specifications of Available Advanced Technology Vehicles Current Production & Near Term
Models in the U.S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-8
Hydrogen Storage Systems for On-Board Light Vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-14
Fleet Vehicles in Service as of February 1, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-2
Light Vehicles in Fleets of 15 or More, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-3
Average Length of Time Business Fleet Vehicles are In Service, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-4
Average Annual Vehicle-Miles of Travel for Business Fleet Vehicles, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-4
Federal Government Vehicles by Agency, Fiscal Year 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-6
Vehicles and Vehicle-Miles per Capita, 1950–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-3
Average Number of Vehicles and Vehicle Travel per Household, 1990 NPTS and 2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . . . 8-9
Average Age of Vehicles by Household Vehicle Ownership, 2001NHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-13
Fixed Car Operating Costs per Year, 1975–2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-14
Emissions of Carbon Monoxide from Highway Vehicles, 1970–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-4
Emissions of Nitrogen Oxides from Highway Vehicles, 1970–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-6
Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds from Highway Vehicles, 1970–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-8
Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM 10) from Highway Vehicles, 1970–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-10
Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM-2.5) from Highway Vehicles, 1990–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-12
Volatile
Total National Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds, 1970–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-7
Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds from Highway Vehicles, 1970–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-8
Walk
Walk and Bike Trips by Trip Purpose, 2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-19
Warming
Numerical Estimates of Global Warming Potentials Compared with Carbon Dioxide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-3
Waterborne
Tonnage Statistics for Domestic and International Waterborne Commerce, 1970–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-5
Summary Statistics for Domestic Waterborne Commerce, 1970–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-6
Weight
Sales-Weighted Curb Weight of New Domestic and Import Cars by Size Class,
Model Years 1975–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-13
New Retail Truck Sales by Gross Vehicle Weight, 1970–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-4
Truck Statistics by Gross Vehicle Weight Class, 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-6
Weighted
Period Sales, Market Shares, and Sales-Weighted Fuel Economies of New Domestic and Import
Cars, Selected Model Years 1975–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-7
Period Sales, Market Shares, and Sales-Weighted Fuel Economies of New Domestic and Import
Light Trucks, Model Years 1975–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-8
Sales-Weighted Engine Size of New Domestic and Import Cars by Size Class,
Model Years 1975–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-11
Sales-Weighted Engine Size of New Domestic and Import Light Trucks by Size Class,
Model Years 1975–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-12
Sales-Weighted Curb Weight of New Domestic and Import Cars by Size Class,
Model Years 1975–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-13
Sales-Weighted Interior Space of New Domestic and Import Cars by Size Class,
Model Years 1975–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-14
Car Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Standards versus Sales-Weighted Fuel
Economy Estimates, 1978–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-18
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25—2006
I–28
Weighted (continued)
Light Truck Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Standards versus Sales-Weighted Fuel
Economy Estimates, 1978–2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-19
Work
Means of Transportation to Work, 1980, 1990 and 2000 Census . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-16
Workers
Workers by Commute Time, 1990 and 2000 Census . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-17
World
World Fossil Fuel Potential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-2
World Crude Oil Production, 1960–2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-3
World Petroleum Production, 1973–2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-4
World Petroleum Consumption, 1960–2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-5
World Oil Reserves, Production and Consumption, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-6
World Natural Gas Reserves, Production, and Consumption, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-7
U.S. Petroleum Imports by World Region of Origin, 1960–2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-8
Refinery Gross Output by World Region, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-11
World Consumption of Primary Energy, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-2
U.S. and World Hydrogen Consumption by End-Use Category, 1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-12
World Carbon Dioxide Emissions, 1990 and 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-2
Years
Car Scrappage and Survival Rates 1970, 1980 and 1990 Model Years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-12
Period Sales, Market Sales, and Sales-Weighted Fuel Economies of Domestic and Import
Cars, Selected Model Years 1975-2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-7
Period sales, Market Shares, and Sales-Weighted Fuel Economies of New Domestic and Import
Light Trucks, Model Years 1975-2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-8
Light Vehicle Market Shares by Size Class, Model Years 1975-2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-9
Sales-Weighted Engine Size of New Domestic and Import Cars By Size Class,
Model Years 1975-2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-11
Sales-Weighted Engine Size of New Domestic and Import Light Trucks By Size Class,
Model Years 1975-2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-12
Sales-Weighted Curb Weight of New Domestic and Import Cars By Size Class,
Model Years 1975-2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-13
Sales-Weighted Interior Space of New Domestic and Import Cars By Size Class,
Model Years 1977-2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-14
Tier 2 Emission Standards for Cars and Light Trucks Effective for 2004–2009 Model Years . . . . . . . . . . . 12-14
California Passenger Cars and Light Truck Emission Certification Standards for
Model Years 2001-2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-16
Yield
Refinery Yield of Petroleum Products from a Barrel of Crude Oil, 1978–2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-13
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 25—2006
@FedFRASER