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ORNL-6970
(Edition 23 of ORNL-5198)
Center for Transportation Analysis
Engineering Science & Technology Division
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK:
EDITION 23
Stacy C. Davis
Susan W. Diegel
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
October 2003
Prepared for the
Office of Planning, Budget Formulation and Analysis
Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy
U.S. Department of Energy
Prepared by the
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
FOREWORD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvii
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xix
ABSTRACT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxi
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxiii
CHAPTER 1
PETROLEUM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–1
Table 1.1
World Fossil Fuel Potential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–2
Figure 1.1
World Fossil Fuel Potential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–2
Table 1.2
World Crude Oil Production, 1960–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–3
Table 1.3
World Petroleum Production, 1973–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–4
Table 1.4
World Petroleum Consumption, 1960–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–5
Figure 1.2
World Oil Reserves, Production and Consumption, 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–6
Table 1.5
World Oil Reserves, Production and Consumption, 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–6
Figure 1.3
World Natural Gas Reserves, Production, and Consumption, 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . 1–7
Table 1.6
World Natural Gas Reserves, Production, and Consumption, 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . 1–7
Table 1.7
Petroleum Stocks of OECD Countries by Ownership, 1995–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–8
Figure 1.4
Crude Oil Prices in Current and Constant Terms, 1870–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–9
Table 1.8
U.S. Petroleum Imports by World Region of Origin, 1960–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–10
Figure 1.5
Oil Price and Economic Growth, 1970–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–11
Table 1.9
Summary of 1996 Military Expenditures for Defending Oil Supplies from the
Middle East . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–12
Figure 1.6
Refinery Gross Output by World Region, 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–13
Table 1.10
U.S. Refinery Input of Crude Oil and Petroleum Products, 1987–2002 . . . . . . . 1–14
Table 1.11
Refinery Yield of Petroleum Products from a Barrel of Crude Oil, 1978–2002 . 1–15
Table 1.12
United States Petroleum Production, Imports and Exports, 1950–2002 . . . . . . . 1–16
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
Table 1.13
Petroleum Production and Consumption Ratios, 1950–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–17
Figure 1.7
United States Petroleum and Consumption, 1970–2025 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–18
Table 1.14
Consumption of Petroleum by End-Use Sector, 1973–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–19
Table 1.15
Ton-Miles of Petroleum and Petroleum Products in the U.S. by Mode,
1975–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–20
CHAPTER 2 ENERGY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–1
Figure 2.1
World Consumption of Primary Energy, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–2
Table 2.1
U. S. Consumption of Total Energy by End-Use Sector, 1973–2002 . . . . . . . . . . 2–3
Table 2.2
Distribution of Energy Consumption by Source, 1973 and 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–4
Table 2.3
Alternative Fuel and Oxygenate Consumption, 1992–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–5
Table 2.4
Domestic Consumption of Transportation Energy by Mode and
Fuel Type, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–6
Table 2.5
Transportation Energy Use by Mode, 2000–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–7
Table 2.6
Highway Transportation Energy Consumption by Mode, 1970–2001 . . . . . . . . . 2–8
Table 2.7
Nonhighway Transportation Energy Consumption by Mode, 1970–2001 . . . . . . 2–9
Table 2.8
Off-Highway Use of Gasoline and Diesel, 1985–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–10
Table 2.9
Highway Usage of Gasoline and Special Fuels, 1973–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–11
Table 2.10
U.S. Production and Imports of MTBE and Fuel Ethanol, 1985–2002 . . . . . . . . 2–12
Table 2.11
Passenger Travel and Energy Use, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–13
Table 2.12
Energy Intensities of Highway Passenger Modes, 1970–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–14
Table 2.13
Energy Intensities of Nonhighway Passenger Modes, 1970–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . 2–15
Figure 2.2
Energy Intensities for Transit Rail, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-16
Figure 2.3
Energy Intensities for Selected Transit Bus Systems, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–17
Table 2.14
Intercity Freight Movement and Energy Use in the United States, 2001 . . . . . . 2–18
Table 2.15
Energy Intensities of Freight Modes, 1970–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–19
CHAPTER 3 HIGHWAY VEHICLES AND CHARACTERISTICS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–1
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
Table 3.1
Automobile Registrations for Selected Countries, 1950–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–2
Table 3.2
Truck and Bus Registrations for Selected Countries, 1950–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–3
Table 3.3
Automobiles and Trucks in Use, 1970–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–5
Figure 3.1
Vehicles per Thousand People: U.S. Compared to Other Countries . . . . . . . . . . . 3–6
Table 3.4
Vehicle Stock and New Sales in the United States, 2001 Calendar Year . . . . . . . 3–7
Table 3.5
Shares of Highway Vehicle-Miles Traveled by Vehicle Type, 1970–2001 . . . . . 3–8
Table 3.6
Automobiles in Operation and Vehicle Travel by Age, 1970 and 2001 . . . . . . . . 3–9
Table 3.7
Trucks in Operation and Vehicle Travel by Age, 1970 and 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–10
Table 3.8
Average Age of Automobiles and Trucks in Use, 1970–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-11
Figure 3.2
Average Age and Registrations of Automobiles and Trucks, 1970–2001 . . . . . . 3–12
Table 3.9
Automobile Scrappage and Survival Rates 1970, 1980 and 1990 Model Years . 3–13
Figure 3.3
Automobile Survival Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–14
Table 3.10
Light Truck Scrappage and Survival Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–15
Figure 3.4
Light Truck Survival Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–16
Table 3.11
Heavy Truck Scrappage and Survival Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–17
Figure 3.5
Heavy Truck Survival Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–18
CHAPTER 4 LIGHT VEHICLES AND CHARACTERISTICS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–1
Table 4.1
Summary Statistics for Passenger Cars, 1970–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–2
Table 4.2
Summary Statistics for Two-Axle, Four-Tire Trucks, 1970–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–3
Table 4.3
Summary Statistics on Class 1, Class 2a, and Class 2b Light Trucks . . . . . . . . . . 4–4
Table 4.4
Sales Estimates of Class 1, Class 2a, and Class 2b Light Trucks, 1989–1999 . . . 4–4
Table 4.5
New Retail Automobile Sales in the United States, 1970–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–5
Table 4.6
New Retail Sales of Trucks 10,000 pounds GVW and Less in the
United States, 1970–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–6
Table 4.7
Period Sales, Market Shares, and Sales-Weighted Fuel Economies of New
Domestic and Import Automobiles, Selected Sales Periods 1976–2002 . . . . . . . . 4–7
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
viii
TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
Table 4.8
Period Sales, Market Shares, and Sales-Weighted Fuel Economies of New
Domestic and Import Light Trucks, Selected Sales Periods 1976–2002 . . . . . . . . 4–8
Table 4.9
Light Vehicle Market Shares by Size Class, Sales Periods 1976–2002 . . . . . . . . 4–9
Figure 4.1
Light Vehicle Market Shares, Sales Periods, 1976–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–10
Table 4.10
Sales-Weighted Engine Size of New Domestic and Import Automobiles
by Size Class, Sales Periods 1976–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–11
Table 4.11
Sales-Weighted Engine Size of New Domestic and Import Light Trucks
by Size Class, Sales Periods 1976–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–12
Table 4.12
Sales-Weighted Curb Weight of New Domestic and Import Automobiles
by Size Class, Sales Periods 1976–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–13
Table 4.13
Sales-Weighted Interior Space of New Domestic and Import Automobiles
by Size Class, Sales Periods 1976–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–14
Table 4.14
Sales-Weighted Wheelbase of New Automobiles and Light Trucks,
Sales Periods 1976–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–15
Table 4.15
Average Material Consumption for a Domestic Automobile, 1978, 1985,
and 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–16
Table 4.16
New Light Vehicle Dealerships and Sales, 1970–2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–17
Table 4.17
Conventional and Alternative Fuel Refueling Stations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–18
Table 4.18
Automobile Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Standards versus
Sales-Weighted Fuel Economy Estimates, 1978–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–19
Table 4.19
Light Truck Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Standards versus
Sales-Weighted Fuel Economy Estimates, 1978–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–20
Table 4.20
Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Fines Collected, 1983–2001 . . . . . . 4–21
Table 4.21
The Gas Guzzler Tax on New Cars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–22
Table 4.22
Tax Receipts from the Sale of Gas Guzzlers, 1980–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–23
Table 4.23
Vehicle Specifications for Vehicles Tested in the 1997 Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–25
Table 4.24
Fuel Economy by Speed, 1973, 1984 and 1997 Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–26
Figure 4.2
Fuel Economy by Speed, 1973, 1984 and 1997 Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–27
Table 4.25
Steady Speed Fuel Economy for Vehicles Tested in the 1997 Study . . . . . . . . . 4–28
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
ix
TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
Figure 4.3
Urban Driving Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–29
Figure 4.4
Highway Driving Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–29
Figure 4.5
New York City Driving Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–30
Figure 4.6
Representative Number Five Driving Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–30
Figure 4.7
US06 Driving Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–31
Table 4.26
Projected Fuel Economies from U.S., European, and Japanese Driving Cycles . 4–32
Table 4.27
Comparison of U.S., European, and Japanese Driving Cycles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–33
Table 4.28
Occupant Fatalities by Vehicle Type and Nonoccupant Fatalities, 1975–2000 . 4–34
Table 4.29
Light Vehicle Occupant Safety Data, 1975–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–35
Table 4.30
Crashes by Crash Severity, Crash Type, and Vehicle Type, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . 4-36
Figure 4.8
Percent Rollover Occurrence in Fatal Crashes by Vehicle Type, 2001 . . . . . . . 4–37
Table 4.31
Summary Statistics on Light Transit Vehicles, 1994–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-38
CHAPTER 5 HEAVY VEHICLES AND CHARACTERISTICS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–1
Table 5.1
Summary Statistics for Other Single-Unit Trucks, 1970–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–2
Table 5.2
Summary Statistics for Combination Trucks, 1970–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–3
Table 5.3
New Retail Truck Sales by Gross Vehicle Weight, 1970–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–4
Table 5.4
Truck Statistics by Gross Vehicle Weight Class, 1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–6
Table 5.5
Truck Harmonic Mean Fuel Economy by Size Class, 1992 and 1997 . . . . . . . . . 5–6
Table 5.6
Truck Statistics by Size, 1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–7
Table 5.7
Percentage of Trucks by Size Ranked by Major Use, 1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–8
Table 5.8
Percentage of Trucks by Fleet Size and Primary Fueling Facility, 1997 . . . . . . . . 5–9
Table 5.9
Percentage of Trucks by Major Use and Primary Fueling Facility, 1997 . . . . . . 5–10
Table 5.10
Growth of Freight in the United States: Comparison of the 1997
and 1993 Commodity Flow Surveys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–12
Table 5.11
Growth of Freight Miles in the United States: Comparison of the 1997
and 1993 Commodity Flow Surveys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–13
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
x
TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
Table 5.12
Summary Statistics on Transit Buses, 1984–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–14
Table 5.13
Summary Statistics on Intercity and School Buses, 1970–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–15
CHAPTER 6 ALTERNATIVE FUEL AND ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY
VEHICLES AND CHARACTERISTICS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–1
Table 6.1
Estimates of Alternative Fuel Vehicles in Use, 1992–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–3
Table 6.2
Estimates of Alternative Fuel Vehicles by Ownership, 1996 and 2002 . . . . . . . . 6–4
Table 6.3
Alternative Fuel Vehicles Available by Manufacturer, Model Year 2001 . . . . . . 6–5
Table 6.4
Number of Alternative Refuel Sites by State and Fuel Type, 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–6
Figure 6.1
Clean Cities Coalitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–7
Table 6.5
Sales and Specifications of Available Advanced Technology Vehicles . . . . . . . . 6–8
Table 6.6
Hydrogen Production Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–10
Table 6.7
U.S. Hydrogen Production Plants and Storage Terminals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–11
Table 6.8
U.S. and World Hydrogen Consumption by End-Use Category, 1999 . . . . . . . . 6–12
Table 6.9
Hydrogen Storage Systems for On-Board Light Vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–13
Table 6.10
Properties of Conventional and Alternative Fuels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–14
Table 6.11
Fuel Cell Type Comparison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–15
CHAPTER 7 FLEET VEHICLES AND CHARACTERISTICS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–1
Figure 7.1
Fleet Vehicles in Service as of February 1, 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–2
Table 7.1
Light Vehicles in Fleets of 10 or More, 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–3
Table 7.2
New Light Fleet Vehicle Purchases by Vehicle Type, 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–3
Table 7.3
Average Length of Time Business Fleet Vehicles are in Service, 2001 . . . . . . . . 7–4
Table 7.4
Figure 7.2
Average Annual Vehicle-Miles of Travel for Fleet Vehicles, 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . 7–4
Average Miles per Domestic Federal Vehicle by Vehicle Type, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . 7–5
Table 7.5
Federal Government Vehicles by Agency, Fiscal Year 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–6
Table 7.6
Federal Fleet Vehicle Acquisitions by Fuel Type, FY 1998– 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–7
Table 7.7
Fuel Consumed by Federal Government Fleets, FY 1998–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–7
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
Table 7.8
Energy Policy Act Purchase Requirements of Light Alternative
Fuel Vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–8
CHAPTER 8 HOUSEHOLD VEHICLES AND CHARACTERISTICS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–1
Table 8.1
Population and Vehicle Profile, 1950–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–2
Table 8.2
Population and Vehicle Ratios, 1950–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–3
Table 8.3
Average Annual Expenditures of Households by Income, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–4
Table 8.4
Household Vehicle Ownership, 1960–2000 Census . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–5
Table 8.5
Demographic Statistics, 1969, 1977, 1983, 1990, 1995 NPTS and 2001 NHTS . . 8–6
Table 8.6
Average Annual Vehicle-Miles, Vehicle Trips and Trip Length per Household
1969, 1977, 1983, 1990, 1995 NPTS and 2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–7
Table 8.7
Average Annual Person-Miles Traveled (PMT), Person Trips and Trip Length
per Household by Selected Trip Purposes, 1983, 1990, 1995 NPTS
and 2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–8
Table 8.8
Average Number of Vehicles and Vehicle Travel per Household,
1990 NPTS and 2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–9
Figure 8.1
Average Vehicle Occupancy by Vehicle Type, 1995 NPTS and 2001 NHTS . . . . 8–10
Figure 8.2
Average Vehicle Occupancy by Trip Purpose, 1977 NPTS and 2001 NHTS . . . 8–11
Table 8.9
Average Annual Miles per Vehicle by Household Vehicle Ownership,
2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–12
Table 8.10
Average Age of Vehicles by Household Vehicle Ownership, 2001 NHTS . . . . . 8–12
Table 8.11
Average Annual Miles per Household Vehicle by Vehicle Age . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–13
Table 8.12
Self-Reported vs. Odometer Average Annual Miles, 1995 NPTS . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–14
Table 8.13
Means of Transportation to Work, 1980, 1990 and 2000 Census . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–15
Table 8.14
Workers by Commute Time, 1990 and 2000 Census . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–16
Table 8.15
Bicycle Sales, 1981-2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–17
Table 8.16
Specialty Bicycle Sales by Year, 2000–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–18
Figure 8.3
Walk and Bike Trips by Trip Purpose, 2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–19
Figure 8.4
Long-Distance Trips by Destination, 1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–20
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
xii
TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
Table 8.17
Long-Distance Trips by Mode and Purpose, 1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–21
Figure 8.5
Shares of Long-Distance Person Trips by Mode and Household
Income, 1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8–22
CHAPTER 9 NONHIGHWAY MODES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9–1
Table 9.1
Nonhighway Energy Use Shares, 1970–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9–2
Table 9.2
Summary Statistics for U.S. Domestic and International Certificated Route
Air Carriers (Combined Totals), 1970–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9–3
Table 9.3
Summary Statistics for General Aviation, 1970–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9–4
Table 9.4
Tonnage Statistics for Domestic and International Waterborne
Commerce, 1970–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9–5
Table 9.5
Summary Statistics for Domestic Waterborne Commerce, 1970–2001 . . . . . . . . . 9–6
Table 9.6
Breakdown of Domestic Marine Cargo by Commodity Class, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . 9–7
Table 9.7
Recreational Boating Statistics, 1977–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9–8
Table 9.8
Class I Railroad Freight Systems in the United States Ranked by Revenue
Ton–Miles, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9–9
Table 9.9
Summary Statistics for Class I Freight Railroads, 1970–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9–10
Table 9.10
Railroad Revenue Carloads by Commodity Group, 1974 and 2001 . . . . . . . . . . 9–11
Table 9.11
Intermodal Rail Traffic, 1965–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9–12
Table 9.12
Summary Statistics for the National Railroad Passenger Corporation
(Amtrak), 1971–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9–13
Table 9.13
Summary Statistics for Commuter Rail Operations, 1984–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9–14
Table 9.14
Summary Statistics for Rail Transit Operations, 1970–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9–15
CHAPTER 10 TRANSPORTATION AND THE ECONOMY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10–1
Table 10.1
Gasoline Prices for Selected Countries, 1978–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10–2
Figure 10.1
Gasoline Prices for Selected Countries, 1990 and 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10--3
Table 10.2
Diesel Fuel Prices for Selected Countries, 1978–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10–4
Figure 10.2
Diesel Prices for Selected Countries, 1990 and 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10–5
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
xiii
TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
Table 10.3
Prices for a Barrel of Crude Oil and a Gallon of Gasoline, 1978–2002 . . . . . . . 10–6
Table 10.4
Retail Prices for Motor Fuel, 1978–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10–7
Table 10.5
Refiner Sales Prices for Propane and No. 2 Diesel, 1978–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10–8
Table 10.6
Refiner Sales Prices for Aviation Gasoline and Jet Fuel, 1978–2002 . . . . . . . . . 10–9
Table 10.7
State Taxes on Motor Fuels, 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10–10
Table 10.8
State Tax Exemptions for Gasohol, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10–12
Table 10.9
Federal Excise Taxes on Motor Fuels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10–12
Table 10.10
State Ethanol Incentives, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10–13
Table 10.11
Average Price of a New Car, 1970–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10–14
Table 10.12
Automobile Operating Cost per Mile, 1985–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10–15
Table 10.13
Fixed Automobile Operating Costs per Year, 1975–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10–16
Table 10.14
Economic Indicators, 1970–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10–17
Table 10.15
Consumer Price Indices, 1970–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10–17
Table 10.16
Transportation-related Employment, 1993 and 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10–18
CHAPTER 11 GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11–1
Table 11.1
World Carbon Emissions from Energy Consumption, 1990 and 2001 . . . . . . . . 11–2
Table 11.2
Numerical Estimates of Global Warming Potentials Compared with
Carbon Dioxide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11–3
Table 11.3
Estimated U.S. Emissions of Greenhouse Gases, 1990–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11–4
Table 11.4
U.S. Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Fossil Energy Consumption by
End-Use Sector, 1990–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11–5
Table 11.5
U.S. Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Energy Use in Transportation
Sector, 1990–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11–6
CHAPTER 12 CRITERIA AIR POLLUTANTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12–1
Table 12.1
Total National Emissions of the Criteria Air Pollutants by Sector, 2001 . . . . . . 12–2
Table 12.2
Total National Emissions of Carbon Monoxide, 1980–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12–3
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
xiv
TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
Table 12.3
Emissions of Carbon Monoxide from Highway Vehicles, 1980–2001 . . . . . . . . 12–4
Table 12.4
Total National Emissions of Nitrogen Oxides, 1980–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12–5
Table 12.5
Emissions of Nitrogen Oxides from Highway Vehicles, 1980–2001 . . . . . . . . . 12–6
Table 12.6
Total National Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds, 1980–2001 . . . . . . . 12–7
Table 12.7
Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds from Highway Vehicles,
1980–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12–8
Table 12.8
Total National Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM–10), 1980–2001 . . . . . . . . 12–9
Table 12.9
Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM–10) from Highway Vehicles,
1980–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12–10
Table 12.10
Total National Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM-2.5), 1990–2001 . . . . . . . 12–11
Table 12.11
Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM-2.5) from Highway Vehicles,
1990–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-12
Table 12.12
Tier 2 Emission Standards for Cars and Light Trucks Effective for
2004–2009 Model Years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12–14
Table 12.13
Light Vehicle Exhaust Emission Standards in Effect in 2009 when U.S.
Tier 2 Standards are Final . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12–15
Table 12.14
Federal Exhaust Emission Certification Standards for Gasoline- and
Diesel-Powered Light Vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12–16
Table 12.15
Federal Exhaust Emission Certification Standards for Gasoline- and
Diesel-Powered Light Trucks (Category LDT1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12–17
Table 12.16
Federal Exhaust Emission Certification Standards for Gasoline- and
Diesel-Powered Light Trucks (Category LDT2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12–18
Table 12.17
Federal Exhaust Emission Certification Standards for Gasoline- and
Diesel-Powered Light Trucks (Category LDT3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12–19
Table 12.18
Federal Exhaust Emission Certification Standards for Gasoline- and
Diesel-Powered Light Trucks (Category LDT4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12–20
Table 12.19
Federal Exhaust Emission Certification Standards for Gasoline- and
Diesel-Powered Light Heavy Trucks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12–21
Table 12.20
Federal Exhaust Emission Certification Standards for Gasoline- and
Diesel-Powered Heavy Heavy Trucks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12–22
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
xv
TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
Table 12.21
California Passenger Cars and Light Trucks Emission Certification
Standards for Model Years 2001–2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12–23
Table 12.22
California Vehicle Emission Reduction for Passenger Cars and
Light Trucks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12–24
APPENDIX A. SOURCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A–1
APPENDIX B. CONVERSIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B–1
APPENDIX C. MAPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C–1
GLOSSARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G–1
INDEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I–1
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
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TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
xvii
FOREWORD
Welcome to this 23rd edition of the Transportation Energy Data Book. I would like to bring to
your attention some of the data that is new or of particular interest:
1. The Transportation Oil Gap shows that transportation oil use has exceeded U.S. oil
production since 1987 and this gap is projected to continue to grow (Figure 1.7)
2. Between 1991 and 2001, heavy truck energy use grew at a faster rate than for any other
mode (Tables 2.6 and 2.7)
3. Vehicles per thousand people varies greatly by region of the world (Figure 3.1)
4. The median lifetime of automobiles in the U.S. rose from 11.5 years for model year 1970
vehicles to 16.9 years for model year 1990 vehicles (Table 3.9)
5. The percent of automobiles that are imports or transplants reached 50% for the first time
in 2001 (Table 4.5)
6. SUVs accounted for 6.8% of all light vehicle sales in 1990 and 24.6% in 2002 (Table
4.9)
7. The number of new light vehicle dealerships declined at an annual rate of 1.1% over the
1979-2000 period, but the vehicles sold per dealership grew at an annual rate of 3%
(Table 4.16)
8. CAFE fines collected were $34 million in 2001, while tax receipts from the sale of gas
guzzlers were $78 million (Tables 4.20 and 4.22)
9. Data for hydrogen has been added that show production methods, production totals,
consumption, storage systems, and fuel cell types (Tables 6.6 through 6.12)
I hope you find value in this data book. We welcome suggestions on how to improve it.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
xviii
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
xix
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors would like to express their gratitude to the many individuals who assisted in the
preparation of this document. First, we would like to thank Phil Patterson and the Energy Efficiency
and Renewable Energy staff for their continued support of the Transportation Energy Data Book
project. We would also like to thank Patricia Hu of Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) for her
guidance and mentoring. This document benefits from the criticism and careful review of Phil
Patterson, DOE; Elyse Steiner, National Renewable Energy Laboratory; James Moore, TAEngineering, Inc.; and Margaret Singh, Argonne National Laboratory. We would also like to thank
Jamie Payne, ORNL, who designed the cover; Sherry Campbell Gambrell, ORNL, who prepared
the title index; and Bob Boundy, Q Systems, who assisted with so many tasks we can’t name them
all. Finally, this book would not have been possible without the dedication of Debbie Bain, who
masterfully prepared the manuscript.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
xx
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
xxi
ABSTRACT
The Transportation Energy Data Book: Edition 23 is a statistical compendium prepared and
published by Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) under contract with the Office of Planning,
Budget Formulation, and Analysis, under the Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE)
program in the Department of Energy (DOE). Designed for use as a desk-top reference, the data
book represents an assembly and display of statistics and information that characterize transportation
activity, and presents data on other factors that influence transportation energy use. The purpose
of this document is to present relevant statistical data in the form of tables and graphs. The latest
editions of the Data Book are available to a larger audience via the Internet (www-cta.ornl.gov/data).
This edition of the Data Book has 12 chapters which focus on various aspects of the
transportation industry. Chapter 1 focuses on petroleum; Chapter 2 – energy; Chapter 3 – highway
vehicles; Chapter 4 – light vehicles; Chapter 5 – heavy vehicles; Chapter 6 – alternative fuel
vehicles; Chapter 7 – fleet vehicles; Chapter 8 – household vehicles; and Chapter 9– nonhighway
modes; Chapter 10 – transportation and the economy; Chapter 11 – greenhouse gas emissions; and
Chapter 12 – criteria pollutant emissions. The sources used represent the latest available data.
There are also three appendices which include detailed source information for some tables, measures
of conversion, and the definition of Census divisions and regions. A glossary of terms and a title
index are also included for the readers convenience.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
xxii
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
xxiii
INTRODUCTION
In January 1976, the Transportation Energy Conservation (TEC) Division of the Energy
Research and Development Administration contracted with Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL)
to prepare a Transportation Energy Conservation Data Book to be used by TEC staff in their
evaluation of current and proposed conservation strategies. The major purposes of the data book
were to draw together, under one cover, transportation data from diverse sources, to resolve data
conflicts and inconsistencies, and to produce a comprehensive document. The first edition of the
TEC Data Book was published in October 1976. With the passage of the Department of Energy
(DOE) Organization Act, the work being conducted by the former Transportation Energy
Conservation Division fell under the purview of the DOE's Office of Transportation Programs, then
to the Office of Transportation Technologies.
DOE, through the Office of Transportation
Technologies, has supported the compilation of Editions 3 through 21. In the most recent DOE
organization, Editions 22 and 23 fall under the purview of the Office of Planning, Budget
Formulation, and Analysis in the Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy.
Policymakers and analysts need to be well-informed about activity in the transportation sector.
The organization and scope of the data book reflect the need for different kinds of information. For
this reason, Edition 23 updates much of the same type of data that is found in previous editions.
In any attempt to compile a comprehensive set of statistics on transportation activity, numerous
instances of inadequacies and inaccuracies in the basic data are encountered. Where such problems
occur, estimates are developed by ORNL. To minimize the misuse of these statistics, an appendix
(Appendix A) is included to document the estimation procedures. The attempt is to provide
sufficient information for the conscientious user to evaluate the estimates and to form their own
opinions as to their utility. Clearly, the accuracy of the estimates cannot exceed the accuracy of the
primary data, an accuracy which in most instances is unknown. In cases where data accuracy is
known or substantial errors are strongly suspected in the data, the reader is alerted. In all cases it
should be recognized that the estimates are not precise.
The majority of the statistics contained in the data book are taken directly from published
sources, although these data may be reformatted for presentation by ORNL. Consequently, neither
ORNL nor DOE endorses the validity of these data.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
xxiv
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
1–1
Chapter 1
Petroleum
Summary Statistics from Tables/Figures in this Chapter
Source
Table 1.3
World Petroleum Production, 2002 (million barrels per day)
73.65
U.S. Production (million barrels per day)
7.63
U.S. Share
Table 1.4
10.4%
World Petroleum Consumption, 2002 (million barrels per day)
77.46
U.S. Consumption (million barrels per day)
19.76
U.S. Share
Figure 1.5
25.5%
OECD
Europe
Average refinery yield, 2002
North
America
Gasoline
20.8%
41.5%
Diesel fuel
35.8%
22.7%
Residual fuel
16.3%
7.0%
6.0%
8.4%
21.1%
20.4%
Kerosene
Other
Table 1.13
U.S. transportation petroleum use as a percent of U.S. petroleum production, 2002
Table 1.13
Net imports as a percentage of U.S. petroleum consumption, 2002
52.8%
Table 1.14
Transportation share of U.S. petroleum consumption, 2002
67.1%
In this document, petroleum is defined
as crude oil (including lease condensate)
and natural gas plant liquids.
Natural gas
plant
liquids
Crude
oil
+
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
161.9%
Petroleum
=
1–2
Although the world has consumed about 40% of estimated conventional oil resources, the total fossil fuel potential is
huge. Methane hydrates–a potential source of natural gas–are included in the “additional occurrences” of
unconventional natural gas, and constitute the largest resource.
Table 1.1
World Fossil Fuel Potential
(gigatonnes of carbon)
Consumption
(1860–1998)
Reserves
Resources
Additional
occurrences
Oil
Conventional
Unconventional
97
120
121
0
6
102
305
914
36
83
170
0
1
144
364
14,176
155
533
4,618
Natural Gas
Conventional
Unconventional
Coal
a
Source:
Rogner, H.H., World Energy Assessment: Energy and the Challenge of Sustainability, Part II,
Chapter 5, 2000, p. 149.
Figure 1.1. World Fossil Fuel Potential
Source:
See Table 1.1.
a
Data are not available
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
1–3
In 2002, OPEC accounted for 40% of world oil production. Responding to low oil prices in early 2000, Mexico,
Norway, Russia, and Oman joined OPEC in cutting production. This group of oil countries, referred to here as
OPEC+, account for almost 60% of world oil production.
Table 1.2
World Crude Oil Production, 1960-2002a
(million barrels per day)
Year
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
United
States
7.04
7.80
9.64
8.37
8.60
8.97
8.68
8.35
8.14
7.61
7.36
7.42
7.17
6.85
6.66
6.56
6.46
6.45
6.25
5.88
5.82
5.80
5.75
1960–2002
1970–2002
1992–2002
-0.5%
-1.6%
-2.2%
U.S.
share
33.5%
25.7%
21.0%
15.8%
14.4%
16.6%
15.4%
14.7%
13.9%
12.7%
12.2%
12.3%
11.9%
11.4%
10.9%
10.5%
10.1%
9.8%
9.3%
8.9%
8.5%
8.5%
8.6%
Total
OPECb
8.70
14.35
23.30
26.77
26.61
16.18
18.28
18.52
20.32
22.07
23.20
23.27
24.40
25.12
25.51
26.00
26.46
27.71
28.77
27.58
29.26
28.32
26.37
2.7%
0.4%
0.8%
Total
nonOPEC
OPEC +c
OPEC
share
OPEC +c
share
41.4%
12.25
58.3%
12.29
47.3%
19.83
65.4%
15.98
50.8%
31.16
67.9%
22.59
50.7%
37.56
71.1%
26.06
44.6%
41.07
68.9%
32.99
30.0%
31.81
58.9%
37.80
32.5%
34.05
60.6%
37.95
32.7%
34.72
61.3%
38.15
34.6%
36.66
62.4%
38.42
36.9%
38.50
64.3%
37.79
38.3%
39.12
64.6%
37.37
38.6%
38.53
64.0%
36.94
40.5%
37.67
62.6%
35.81
41.7%
37.65
62.5%
35.12
41.8%
37.67
61.8%
35.48
41.7%
38.24
61.4%
36.33
41.5%
39.15
61.5%
37.25
42.2%
40.69
61.9%
37.98
43.0%
41.61
62.2%
38.19
41.9%
40.50
61.5%
38.27
42.8%
42.92
62.8%
39.08
41.6%
42.61
62.6%
39.74
39.5%
39.95
59.8%
40.47
Average annual percentage change
2.9%
2.9%
0.8%
1.8%
0.6%
1.2%
Persian
Gulf
nationsd
5.27
8.37
13.39
18.93
17.96
9.63
11.70
12.10
13.46
14.84
15.28
14.74
15.97
16.71
16.96
17.21
17.37
18.10
19.34
18.67
19.89
19.21
17.79
2.9%
0.9%
1.1%
Persian
Gulfd
share
25.1%
27.6%
29.2%
35.8%
30.1%
17.8%
20.8%
21.4%
22.9%
24.8%
25.2%
24.5%
26.5%
27.7%
27.8%
27.6%
27.3%
27.6%
28.9%
28.4%
29.1%
28.2%
26.6%
World
20.99
30.33
45.89
52.83
59.60
53.98
56.23
56.67
58.74
59.86
60.57
60.21
60.21
60.24
60.99
62.33
63.71
65.69
66.92
65.85
68.34
68.06
66.84
2.8%
1.2%
1.1%
Source:
U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Annual Energy Review 2002, Washington,
DC, November 2003, Table 11.5. (Additional resources: www.eia.doe.gov)
a
Includes lease condensate. Excludes natural gas plant liquids.
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries. See Glossary for membership.
c
OPEC+ includes all OPEC nations plus Russia, Mexico, Norway and Oman.
d
See Glossary for Persian Gulf nations.
b
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
1–4
This table shows petroleum production, which includes both crude oil and natural gas plant liquids. The U.S. was
responsible for 10.4% of the world’s petroleum production in 2002, but only 8.6% of the world’s crude oil production
(Table 1.2).
Table 1.3
World Petroleum Production, 1973-2002a
(million barrels per day)
Year
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
United
States
10.95
10.44
10.00
9.73
9.86
10.28
10.13
10.17
10.18
10.20
10.25
10.51
10.58
10.23
9.95
9.77
9.16
8.92
9.08
8.87
8.59
8.39
8.32
8.29
8.27
8.01
7.73
7.73
7.67
7.63
1973–2002
1992–2002
-1.2%
-1.5%
U.S.
share
18.7%
17.8%
18.0%
16.2%
15.7%
16.3%
15.4%
16.1%
17.0%
17.9%
18.0%
18.0%
18.3%
16.9%
16.3%
15.4%
14.2%
13.7%
14.0%
13.6%
13.1%
12.7%
12.3%
12.0%
11.6%
11.0%
10.8%
10.4%
10.3%
10.4%
Total
OPECb
30.95
30.70
27.14
30.77
31.37
30.03
31.22
27.34
23.31
19.62
18.28
18.31
17.07
19.25
19.53
21.40
23.26
24.48
24.57
25.76
26.56
26.98
27.51
27.96
29.30
30.43
29.23
31.06
30.25
28.47
-0.3%
1.0%
NonOPEC
OPEC
Total nonshare
share
OPEC
52.9%
27.51
47.1%
52.5%
27.81
47.5%
48.8%
28.48
51.2%
51.1%
29.43
48.9%
50.0%
31.32
50.0%
47.5%
33.21
52.5%
47.3%
37.74
52.7%
43.4%
35.70
56.6%
39.0%
36.40
61.0%
34.4%
37.48
65.6%
32.1%
38.62
67.9%
31.4%
40.05
68.6%
29.5%
40.85
70.5%
31.9%
41.13
68.1%
32.0%
41.42
68.0%
33.8%
41.82
66.2%
36.1%
41.10
63.9%
37.5%
40.72
62.5%
37.8%
40.47
62.2%
39.5%
39.42
60.5%
40.6%
38.87
59.4%
40.7%
39.31
59.3%
40.6%
40.32
59.4%
40.4%
41.33
59.6%
41.0%
42.12
59.0%
41.8%
42.41
58.3%
40.7%
42.62
59.3%
41.6%
43.57
58.4%
40.5%
44.41
59.5%
38.7%
45.18
61.3%
Average annual percentage change
1.7%
1.4%
Persian
Gulf
nationsc
20.86
21.41
19.18
21.80
22.07
21.02
21.53
18.49
15.85
12.77
11.63
11.38
10.28
12.40
12.82
14.27
15.69
16.21
15.67
16.97
17.75
18.03
18.32
18.45
19.25
20.57
19.78
21.11
20.53
19.27
-0.3%
1.3%
Persian
Gulfc
share
35.7%
36.6%
34.5%
36.2%
35.2%
33.2%
32.6%
29.3%
26.5%
22.4%
20.4%
19.5%
17.7%
20.5%
21.0%
22.6%
24.4%
24.9%
24.1%
26.0%
27.1%
27.2%
27.0%
26.6%
27.0%
28.2%
27.5%
28.3%
27.5%
26.2%
World
58.47
58.51
55.62
60.21
62.69
63.24
65.96
63.04
59.71
57.11
56.90
58.36
57.92
60.38
60.95
63.22
64.36
65.20
65.04
65.18
65.43
66.29
67.82
69.30
71.42
72.80
71.85
74.63
74.66
73.65
0.8%
1.2%
Source:
U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, International Petroleum Monthly, Tables 4.1
and 4.3. (Additional resources: www.eia.doe.gov)
a
Includes natural gas plant liquids, crude oil and lease condensate. Does not account for all inputs
or refinery processing gain.
b
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries. See Glossary for membership.
c
See Glossary for Persian Gulf nations.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
1–5
The United States has accounted for approximately one-quarter of the world’s petroleum consumption for
the last two decades.
Year
1960
1965
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
1960–2002
1970–2002
1992–2002
Table 1.4
World Petroleum Consumption, 1960–2002
(million barrels per day)
United
U.S.
Total
States
share
Total OECDa
non-OECD
9.80
45.9%
15.78
5.56
11.51
37.0%
22.81
8.33
14.70
31.4%
34.49
12.32
16.32
29.0%
38.82
17.38
17.46
29.3%
41.39
18.28
18.43
29.8%
42.43
19.40
18.85
29.4%
43.62
20.54
18.51
28.4%
44.01
21.21
17.06
27.0%
41.41
21.66
16.06
26.4%
39.14
21.76
15.30
25.7%
37.45
22.05
15.23
25.9%
36.59
22.15
15.73
26.3%
37.43
22.40
15.73
26.2%
37.23
22.86
16.28
26.4%
38.28
23.48
16.67
26.5%
38.96
24.04
17.28
26.7%
40.24
24.58
17.33
26.3%
40.88
25.04
16.99
25.7%
40.92
25.16
16.71
25.0%
41.40
25.32
17.03
25.4%
42.42
24.51
17.24
25.7%
42.98
24.14
17.72
25.9%
44.17
24.25
17.73
25.3%
44.92
25.07
18.31
25.6%
46.04
25.54
18.62
25.5%
46.61
26.49
18.92
25.6%
46.84
27.02
19.52
25.8%
47.65
27.96
19.70
25.6%
47.88
29.02
19.65
25.5%
47.63
29.50
19.76
25.5%
47.59
29.87
Average annual percentage change
1.7%
2.7%
4.1%
0.9%
1.0%
2.8%
1.5%
1.2%
2.0%
World
21.34
31.14
46.81
56.20
59.67
61.83
64.16
65.22
63.07
60.90
59.50
58.74
59.83
60.09
61.76
63.00
64.82
65.92
66.08
66.72
66.93
67.12
68.42
69.99
71.58
73.10
73.86
75.61
76.90
77.13
77.46
3.1%
1.6%
1.5%
Source:
U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Annual Energy Review
2002, Washington, DC, July 2003, Table 11.9 and updates from the International
Petroleum Monthly, July 2003. (Additional resources: www.eia.doe.gov)
a
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. See Glossary for membership.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
1–6
Figure 1.2. World Oil Reserves, Production and Consumption, 2002
Table 1.5
World Oil Reserves, Production and Consumption, 2002
Crude oil
reserves
(billion
barrels)
U.S.
Reserve
share
Petroleum
production
(million
barrels
per day)
Production
share
Petroleum
consumption
(million
barrels
per day)
Consumption
share
22.4
2%
7.6
10%
19.7
25%
OPEC
823.5
80%
28.5
41%
6.2
8%
Rest of world
186.1
18%
37.6
51%
51.6
67%
Source:
Reserves – Energy Information Administration, International Energy Annual 2001, Table 8.1.
Production – Energy Information Administration, International Petroleum Monthly, July 2003,
Tables 4.1a – 4.1c and 4.3
Consumption – Energy Information Administration, International Petroleum Monthly, July 2003,
Table 4.6.
OPEC consumption (2001 data) – Energy Information Administration, International Energy Annual
2001, Table 1.2. (Additional resources: www.eia.doe.gov)
Note:
Total consumption is higher than total production due to refinery gains including alcohol and liquid
products produced from coal and other sources.
OPEC countries include Venezuela, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates,
Algeria, Libya, Nigeria, Indonesia, Gabon, and Ecuador.
OPEC consumption data are for 2001.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
1–7
Figure 1.3. World Natural Gas Reserves, Production, and Consumption, 2000
Table 1.6
World Natural Gas Reserves, Production and Consumption, 2000
(trillion cubic feet)
Natural gas
reserves
U.S.
Reserve
share
Natural gas
production
Production
share
Natural gas
consumption
Consumption
share
183.5
3%
18.987
22%
23.455
26%
OPEC
2,485.1
46%
13.631
15%
9.262
10%
Rest of world
2,788.5
51%
55.5
63%
56.0
Source:
Energy Information Administration, International Energy Annual 2001, March 2003, Tables 4.2 and 8.1.
(Additional resources: www.eia.doe.gov)
Note:
Reserves as of January 1, 2002. Production data are dry gas production.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
63%
1–8
Total OECD government-owned petroleum stocks were slightly higher in 2002 than in 1995. The amount of petroleum
held in government stocks is about one-third of what is held in commercial stocks.
Table 1.7
Petroleum Stocks of OECD Countries by Ownership, 1995–2002
(million barrels)
OECD Europe
Year
Commercial
United Statesa
Japan
Governmentowned
Commercial
Governmentowned
1995
1,153
63
336
295
1996
1,191
63
351
1997
1,189
63
370
1998
1,257
63
1999
1,174
2000
1,196
2001
2002
Commercial
Total OECDb
Governmentowned
Commercial
Governmentowned
993
592
2,651
950
300
969
566
2,659
929
315
1,022
563
2,744
941
334
315
1,098
571
2,851
949
63
314
315
939
567
2,592
945
64
322
312
951
541
2,635
917
1,235
57
341
316
1,048
550
2,920
923
1,208
57
298
321
888
599
2,715
977
Average annual percentage change
1995–
2002
1.2%
-1.7%
0.2%
1.2%
0.9%
-1.2%
1.6%
-0.5%
Source:
U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, International Petroleum Monthly, June 2003, Table 1.6,
and annual. (Additional resources: www.eia.doe.gov)
a
Includes U.S. territories.
Total OECD includes OECD Europe, Japan, United States, and other OECD countries. Look in the
Glossary for a complete listing of OECD countries.
b
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
1–9
This chart shows the volatility of crude oil prices since 1870. Given this volatility, it is difficult for anyone
to predict future crude oil prices with any certainty.
Figure 1.4. Crude Oil Prices in Current and Constant Terms, 1870–2002
Source:
1870–1972 Crude oil prices – American Petroleum Institute, Basic Petroleum Data Book, Volume XXI,
Number 2, August 2001.
1973–2001 Crude oil prices – U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Monthly
Energy Review, April 2003, Table 9.1, domestic first purchase price.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
1–10
The share of petroleum imported to the U.S. can be calculated using total imports or net imports. Net imports, which is
the preferred data, rose to 50% of U.S. petroleum consumption for the first time in 1998, while total imports reached 50%
for the first time in 1993. OPEC share of net imports dropped from 51% in 2001 to 43.7% in 2002.
Table 1.8
U.S. Petroleum Imports by World Region of Origin, 1960–2002
(million barrels per day)
Year
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
Net
OPECa
imports
1.31
1.48
1.34
3.60
4.29
3.32
2.14
1.84
2.04
1.82
2.83
3.06
3.51
4.12
4.29
4.07
4.07
4.25
4.23
3.98
4.19
4.54
4.88
4.93
5.18
5.43
4.61
1960–2002
1970–2002
1992–2002
3.0%
3.9%
1.3%
Net
OPEC
share
81.3%
64.7%
42.5%
61.6%
67.5%
61.4%
49.7%
42.7%
43.2%
42.5%
52.0%
51.7%
53.3%
57.3%
59.8%
61.3%
58.7%
55.8%
52.6%
50.5%
49.3%
49.6%
50.0%
49.8%
49.7%
51.0%
43.7%
Net
Persian
Gulf nationb
imports
Net
Persian
Gulf
share
Net
imports
c
c
1.61
c
c
2.28
c
c
3.16
c
c
5.85
c
c
6.37
1.22
22.5%
5.40
0.69
16.1%
4.30
0.44
10.2%
4.31
0.50
10.6%
4.72
0.31
7.2%
4.29
0.91
16.7%
5.44
1.07
18.2%
5.91
1.53
23.2%
6.59
1.86
25.8%
7.20
1.96
27.4%
7.16
1.83
27.7%
6.63
1.77
25.6%
6.94
1.77
23.3%
7.62
1.72
21.4%
8.05
1.56
19.8%
7.89
1.60
18.8%
8.50
1.75
19.1%
9.16
2.13
21.8%
9.76
2.46
24.8%
9.91
2.48
23.8%
10.42
2.73
25.7%
10.64
2.27
21.5%
10.55
Average annual percentage change
c
4.6%
c
3.8%
4.2%
2.5%
4.3%
Net imports
as a share of
U.S.
consumption
c
c
c
35.8%
37.3%
33.6%
28.1%
28.3%
30.0%
27.3%
33.4%
35.5%
38.1%
41.6%
42.2%
39.6%
40.8%
44.2%
45.4%
44.5%
46.4%
49.2%
51.6%
50.8%
52.9%
55.5%
52.8%
Total
imports
1.82
2.47
3.42
6.06
6.91
6.00
5.11
5.05
5.44
5.07
6.22
6.68
7.40
8.06
8.02
7.63
7.89
8.62
9.00
8.84
9.48
10.16
10.71
10.85
11.46
11.62
11.53
4.5%
3.9%
3.9%
Source:
U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Annual Energy Review 2002, Washington, DC,
July 2002, Tables 5.4 and 5.7 and updates from the International Petroleum Monthly, July 2003,
Table 4.10. Consumption: Transportation Energy Databook, Table 1.12.
a
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries. See Glossary for membership.
See Glossary for Persian Gulf nations.
c
Data are not available.
b
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
1–11
The Costs of Oil Dependence
In the Costs of Oil Dependence: A 2000 Update, authors Greene and Tishchishyna indicate that the oil market
upheavals caused by the OPEC cartel over the last 30 years have cost the U.S. in the vicinity of $7 trillion (present value
1998 dollars) in total economic costs, which is about as large as the sum total of payment on the national debt over the
same period.
Oil dependence is the product of (1) a noncompetitive world oil market strongly influenced by the OPEC cartel,
(2) high levels of U.S. oil imports, (3) oil’s critical role in the U.S. economy, and (4) the absence of economical and
readily available substitutes for oil. Transportation is key to the problem because transportation vehicles account for
68% of U.S. oil consumption and nearly all of the high-value light products that drive the market.
Oil consuming economies incur three types of costs when monopoly power is used to raise prices above competitive
market levels:
•
•
•
Loss of potential gross domestic product (GDP) - the economy’s ability to produce is reduced because a key factor
of production is more expensive;
Macroeconomic Adjustment Costs - sudden changes in oil prices increase unemployment, further reducing
economic output; and
Transfer of Wealth - some of the wealth of oil consuming states is appropriated by foreign oil producers.
Major oil price shocks have disrupted world energy markets four times in the past 30 years (1973-74, 1979-80, 1990-
91, 1999-2000). Each of the first three oil price shocks was followed by an economic recession in the U.S.
Figure 1.5. Oil Price and Economic Growth, 1970–2002
Source:
Greene, D.L. and N. I. Tishchishyna, Costs of Oil Dependence: A 2000 Update, Oak Ridge National Laboratory,
ORNL/TM-2000/152, Oak Ridge, TN, 2000, and data updates, 2003.
(Additional resources: www-cta.ornl.gov/publications)
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
1–12
Estimates of military expenditures for defending oil supplies in the Middle East range from $6 to $60 billion per
year. This wide range in estimates reflects the difficulty in assigning a precise figure to the military cost of
defending the U.S. interests in the Middle East. The two main reasons for the difficulty are 1) the Department of
Defense does not divide the budget into regional defense sectors and 2) it is difficult to determine how much of the
cost is attributable to defending Persian Gulf oil. The latest study, done by the National Defense Council
Foundation, puts a price of $49 billion dollars/year for the defense of oil.
Table 1.9
Summary of Military Expenditures f or Defending Oil Supplies from the Middle East
Original estimates
(billion dollars)
Year of
original estimate
General Accounting Office [1]
$33
1990
Congressional Research Service [2]
$6.4
1990
Greene and Leiby [3]
$14.3
1990
Kaufmann and Steinbruner [4]
$64.5
1990
$50
1992
$20–40
1996
$49.1
2003
Source
Ravenal [5]
a
Delucchi and Murphy [6]
National Defense Council Foundation [7]
[1] U.S. General Accounting Offices, Southwest Asia: Cost of Protecting U.S. Interests,
GAO/NSIAD-91-250, Washington, DC, August 1991.
[2] Congressional Research Service, The External Costs of Oil Used in Transportation,
prepared for the U.S. Alternative Fuels Council, Washington, DC, June 1992.
[3] Greene, D.L., and P. Leiby, The Social Costs to the U.S. of Monopolization of the
World Oil Market, 1972-1991, ORNL-6744, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak
Ridge, TN, March 1993.
[5] Ravenal, E.C., Designing Defense for a New World Order: The Military Budget in
1992 and Beyond, Cato Institute, Washington, DC, 1991.
[4] Kaufmann, W.W., and J.D. Steinbruner, Decisions for Defense: Prospects for a New
Order, The Brookings Institution, Washington, DC, 1991.
[6] Delucchi, M.A., and J. Murphy, U.S. Military Expenditures to Protect the Use of
Persian-Gulf Oil for Motor Vehicles, UCD-ITS-RR-96-3 (15), University of
California, Davis, California, April 1996.
[7] National Defense Council Foundation, Alexandria, VA, forthcoming publication,
2003.
Source:
Hu, P.S., “Estimates of 1996 U.S. Military Expenditures on Defending Oil Supplies from the Middle
East: A Literature Review,” Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, March 1996.
a
Annual cost to defend all U.S. interests in the Persian Gulf.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
1–13
Other parts of the world refine crude oil to produce more diesel fuel and less gasoline than does North
America. The OECD Pacific countries produce the lowest share of gasoline.
Figure 1.6. Refinery Gross Output by World Region, 2002
Source:
International Energy Agency, Monthly Oil Survey, January 2003, Paris, France, Table 7.
(Additional resources: www.iea.org)
a
Includes jet kerosene and other kerosene.
Includes motor gasoline, jet gasoline, and aviation gasoline.
c
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. See Glossary for membership.
b
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
1–14
Oxygenate refinery input increased significantly in 1995, most certainly due to the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 which mandated the sale of
reformulated gasoline in certain areas beginning in January 1995.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 22—2002
Year
1987
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
Crude oil
4,691,783
4,894,379
4,855,016
4,908,603
4,968,641
5,061,111
5,100,317
5,195,265
5,351,466
5,434,383
5,403,450
5,514,395
5,521,637
5,455,530
Table 1.10
U.S. Refinery Input of Crude Oil and Petroleum Products, 1987–2002
(thousand barrels)
Oxygenates
Natural gas
Fuel
Other
Other
liquids
ethanol
Methanol
MTBEa
oxygenatesb hydrocarbonsc
d
d
d
d
280,889
23,304
d
d
d
d
28,642
170,589
d
d
d
d
31,574
172,306
d
d
d
d
47,918
171,701
179,213
3,351
782
49,393
1,084
15,543
169,868
3,620
242
52,937
1,676
14,130
172,026
9,055
246
79,396
3,876
14,668
164,552
11,156
126
79,407
3,444
20,587
151,769
11,803
496
86,240
3,750
22,976
146,921
11,722
675
89,362
3,363
22,759
135,756
13,735
813
94,784
3,334
21,447
138,921
15,268
854
90,288
3,151
24,488
156,479
16,929
1,431
87,116
3,113
24,903
155,429
26,320
13
90,291
2,325
21,895
Average annual percentage change
e
e
e
e
-0.4%
-3.9%
-1.6%
25.7%
-36.6%
6.9%
8.8%
3.9%
Other
liquids
220,296
231,466
248,691
224,758
264,531
179,678
175,743
193,695
178,292
183,376
204,332
176,647
167,729
202,672
Total input to
refineries
5,105,392
5,325,076
5,307,587
5,352,980
5,482,538
5,483,262
5,555,327
5,668,232
5,806,792
5,892,561
5,877,651
5,964,012
5,979,337
5,955,475
-0.6%
1987-2002
1.1%
1993-2002
1.0%
-2.9%
Source:
U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Petroleum Supply Annual, 2002, Vol. 1, June 2003, Table 16, and annual.
(Additional resources: www.eia.doe.gov)
a
1.0%
0.9%
Methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE).
Includes ethyl tertiary butyl ether (ETBE), tertiary amyl methyl ether (TAME), tertiary butyl alcohol (TBA), and other aliphatic alcohols and ethers
intended for motor gasoline blending.
c
For 1987–92, includes other hydrocarbons/hydrogen/oxygenates. For 1993–on, includes other hydrocarbons/hydrogen.
d
Reported in “Other hydrocarbons” category in this year.
e
Data are not available.
b
1–15
When crude oil and other hydrocarbons are processed into products that are, on average, less
dense than the input, a processing volume gain occurs. Due to this gain, the product yield from
a barrel of crude oil is more than 100%. The processing volume gain has been growing over
the years.
Table 1.11
Refinery Yield of Petroleum Products from a Barrel of Crude Oil, 1978–2002
(percentage)
Year
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
Motor
gasoline
44.1
43.0
44.5
44.8
46.4
47.6
46.7
45.6
45.7
46.4
46.0
45.7
45.6
45.7
46.0
46.1
45.5
46.4
45.7
45.7
46.2
46.5
46.2
46.2
47.3
Distillate
fuel oil
21.4
21.5
19.7
20.5
21.5
20.5
21.5
21.6
21.2
20.5
20.8
20.8
20.9
21.3
21.2
21.9
22.3
21.8
22.7
22.5
22.3
22.3
23.1
23.8
23.2
Jet fuel
6.6
6.9
7.4
7.6
8.1
8.5
9.1
9.6
9.8
10.0
10.0
10.1
10.7
10.3
9.9
10.0
10.1
9.7
10.4
10.3
10.4
10.2
10.3
9.8
9.8
Liquified
petroleum gas
2.3
2.3
2.4
2.4
2.2
2.7
2.9
3.1
3.2
3.4
3.6
4.0
3.6
3.8
4.3
4.1
4.2
4.5
4.5
4.6
4.4
4.5
4.5
4.3
4.3
Othera
29.6
30.3
30.0
28.7
26.2
24.8
24.2
24.6
24.8
24.5
24.4
24.2
24.1
24.1
24.0
23.3
23.2
22.9
22.4
22.5
22.5
22.3
22.0
21.7
21.5
Totalb
104.0
104.0
104.0
104.0
104.4
104.1
104.4
104.5
104.7
104.8
104.8
104.8
104.9
105.2
105.4
105.4
105.3
105.3
105.7
105.6
105.8
105.8
106.1
105.8
106.1
Source:
Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Petroleum Supply Annual 2002, Vol. 1,
June 2003, Table 19 and annual. (Additional resources: www.eia.doe.gov)
a
Includes aviation gasoline(0.1%), kerosene (0.4%), residential fuel oil (3.9%), naphtha and other oils for
petrochemical feedstock use (2.6%), special naphthas (0.3%), lubricants (1.1%), waxes (0.1%), petroleum
coke (5.1%), asphalt and road oil (3.2%), still gas (4.3%), and miscellaneous products (0.4%).
b
Products sum greater than 100% due to processing gain. The processing gain for years 1978 to 1980 is
assumed to be 4%.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
1–16
Most of the petroleum imported by the United States is in the form of crude oil. The U.S. does export small amounts
of petroleum, mainly refined petroleum products which go to Canada and Mexico.
Table 1.12
United States Petroleum Production, Imports and Exports, 1950–2002
(million barrels per day)
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
1950–2002
1970–2002
1992–2002
Domestic Production
Natural
gas
Crude
plant
oil
liquids
Totala
5.41
0.50
5.91
6.81
0.77
7.58
7.05
0.93
7.99
7.80
1.21
9.01
9.64
1.66
11.30
8.37
1.63
10.05
8.62
1.58
10.24
8.57
1.61
10.23
8.65
1.55
10.25
8.69
1.56
10.30
8.90
1.63
10.58
8.97
1.61
10.64
8.68
1.55
10.29
8.35
1.60
10.01
8.16
1.63
9.84
7.61
1.55
9.22
7.36
1.56
8.99
7.42
1.66
9.17
7.18
1.70
9.01
6.85
1.74
8.84
6.66
1.73
8.65
6.56
1.76
8.63
6.47
1.83
8.61
6.45
1.82
8.61
6.25
1.76
8.39
5.88
1.83
8.11
5.82
1.91
8.11
5.80
1.87
8.05
5.82
1.88
8.12
0.1%
-1.6%
-2.1%
2.6%
0.4%
1.0%
0.6%
-1.0%
-1.0%
Net Imports
Crude Petroleum
Crude
oil
products
Total
oil
0.49
0.22
0.85
0.10
0.78
0.46
1.23
0.03
1.02
0.80
1.82
0.01
1.24
1.23
2.47
0.00
1.32
2.10
3.42
0.01
4.11
1.95
6.06
0.01
5.26
1.65
6.91
0.29
4.40
1.60
6.00
0.23
3.49
1.63
5.11
0.24
3.33
1.72
5.05
0.16
3.43
2.01
5.44
0.18
3.20
1.87
5.07
0.20
4.18
2.05
6.22
0.15
4.67
2.00
6.68
0.15
5.11
2.30
7.40
0.16
5.84
2.22
8.06
0.14
5.89
2.12
8.02
0.11
5.78
1.84
7.63
0.12
6.08
1.81
7.89
0.09
6.79
1.83
8.62
0.10
7.06
1.93
9.00
0.10
7.23
1.61
8.84
0.09
7.51
1.97
9.48
0.11
8.23
1.94
10.16
0.11
8.71
2.00
10.71
0.11
8.73
2.12
10.85
0.12
9.07
2.39
11.46
0.05
9.33
2.54
11.87
0.02
9.05
2.31
11.36
0.01
Average annual percentage change
5.8%
4.6%
5.1%
0.0%
6.2%
0.3%
3.8%
0.0%
4.1%
2.5%
3.7%
-19.7%
Exports
Petroleum
products
0.21
0.34
0.19
0.18
0.25
0.20
0.26
0.37
0.58
0.58
0.54
0.58
0.63
0.61
0.66
0.72
0.75
0.88
0.86
0.90
0.84
0.86
0.87
0.90
0.84
0.82
0.99
0.95
0.97
Total
0.31
0.37
0.20
0.19
0.26
0.21
0.54
0.60
0.82
0.74
0.72
0.78
0.79
0.76
0.82
0.86
0.86
1.00
0.95
1.00
0.94
0.95
0.98
1.00
0.95
0.94
1.04
0.97
0.98
3.0%
4.3%
1.2%
2.2%
4.2%
0.3%
Source:
U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Annual Energy Review 2002, July 2003,
Tables 5.3 and 5.5 and Monthly Energy Review, April 2003, Tables 3.1a and 3.1b.
a
Total domestic production includes crude oil, natural gas plant liquids and small amounts of other liquids.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
1–17
The U.S. share of the world’s petroleum consumption is approximately one-quarter. The U.S. relies heavily on imported petroleum.
Imports accounted for 53% of U.S. petroleum consumption in 2002.
Table 1.13
Petroleum Production and Consumption Ratios, 1950–2002
Domestic
petroleum
productiona
Net
Transportation
U.S.
petroleum
petroleum
petroleum
imports
consumption
consumption
(million barrels per day)
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
5.91
7.58
7.99
9.01
11.30
10.05
10.24
10.23
10.25
10.30
10.58
10.64
10.29
10.01
9.84
9.22
8.99
9.17
9.01
8.84
8.65
8.63
8.61
8.61
8.39
8.11
8.11
8.05
8.12
0.55
0.88
1.62
2.28
3.16
5.85
6.38
5.40
4.30
4.31
4.73
4.29
5.44
5.91
6.60
7.20
7.16
6.63
6.94
7.62
8.05
7.89
8.50
9.16
9.76
9.91
10.42
10.90
10.38
1950–2002
1970–2002
1992–2002
0.6%
-1.0%
-1.0%
5.8%
3.8%
4.1%
World
petroleum
consumption
Net
imports
as a share of
U.S.
consumption
b
6.46
b
8.46
9.82
21.34
11.51
31.14
14.70
46.81
16.32
56.20
17.10
63.07
16.06
60.90
15.30
59.50
15.23
58.74
15.77
59.84
15.73
60.10
16.28
61.76
16.67
63.00
17.28
64.82
17.33
65.92
16.99
65.98
16.71
66.73
17.03
66.92
17.24
67.12
17.72
68.42
17.73
69.99
18.31
71.58
18.62
73.10
18.92
73.86
19.52
75.61
19.70
76.90
19.65
77.13
b
19.66
Average annual percentage change
b
2.7%
2.2%
1.7%
0.9%
1.6%c
1.8%
1.4%
1.6%c
3.36
4.46
5.15
6.04
7.78
8.95
9.57
9.49
9.31
9.41
9.71
9.85
10.23
10.53
10.91
11.00
10.97
10.80
10.97
11.18
11.48
11.72
11.99
12.12
12.46
12.83
13.12
13.51
13.15
8.4%
10.4%
16.5%
19.8%
21.5%
35.8%
37.3%
33.6%
28.1%
28.3%
30.0%
27.3%
33.4%
35.5%
38.1%
41.6%
42.2%
39.6%
40.8%
44.2%
45.4%
44.5%
46.4%
49.2%
51.6%
50.8%
52.9%
55.5%
52.8%
U.S.
petroleum
consumption
as a share of
world
consumption
b
b
46.0%
37.0%
31.4%
29.0%
27.1%
26.4%
25.7%
25.9%
26.4%
26.2%
26.4%
26.5%
26.7%
26.3%
25.7%
25.0%
25.4%
25.7%
25.9%
25.3%
25.6%
25.5%
25.6%
25.8%
25.6%
25.5%
b
Transportation
petroleum use
as a share of
domestic
production
56.8%
58.8%
64.5%
67.0%
68.9%
89.1%
93.5%
92.7%
90.8%
91.3%
91.8%
92.6%
99.5%
105.2%
110.9%
119.3%
122.0%
117.8%
121.8%
126.5%
132.7%
135.8%
139.3%
140.8%
148.5%
158.2%
161.8%
167.8%
161.9%
Source:
U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Monthly Energy Review, April 2003, Tables 2.5,
3.1a, 3.1b, and A3. (Pre-1973 data from the Annual Energy Review).
World petroleum consumption - U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration,
International Energy Annual 2001, March 2003, Table 1.1, and annual.
(Additional resources: www.eia.doe.gov)
a
Total domestic production includes crude oil, natural gas plant liquids and small amounts of other liquids.
Data are not available.
c
Average annual percentage change is to the latest year possible.
b
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
1–18
The transportation oil gap is the difference between the amount of petroleum the U.S. produces
and the amount of petroleum used by the transportation sector. This gap has been getting wider
not only due to increasing transportation demand, but also due to decreasing U.S. petroleum
production.
Figure 1.7. United States Petroleum Production and Consumption, 1970–2025
Millions of Barrels per Day
22
Actual
20
Projected
18
Air
16
14
Domestic
Production
Marine
icles
h
e
V
y
Heav
12
10
8
6
Off-road
Light Trucks
Rail
4
Cars
2
0
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
Year
Source:
See Tables 1.12 and 2.5. Projections are from the Energy Information Administration, Annual
Energy Outlook 2003, January 2003.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
1–19
Transportation accounts for more than two-thirds of the U.S. petroleum use. The residential
sector and the commercial sector data which were previously combined are now available
separately.
Table 1.14
Consumption of Petroleum by End-Use Sector, 1973–2002
(million barrels per day)
Year
Transportation
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
9.06
8.84
8.95
9.40
9.76
10.16
10.01
9.57
9.49
9.31
9.41
9.71
9.85
10.23
10.53
10.90
11.00
10.97
10.80
10.97
11.18
11.48
11.72
11.99
12.12
12.46
12.83
13.12
13.01
13.15
1973–2002
1992–2002
1.3%
1.8%
Percentage
Residential
Commercial
52.3%
1.49
0.75
53.1%
1.36
0.68
54.8%
1.32
0.63
53.8%
1.43
0.70
53.0%
1.42
0.72
53.9%
1.38
0.69
54.1%
1.09
0.63
56.1%
0.91
0.61
59.1%
0.81
0.52
60.8%
0.76
0.48
61.8%
0.74
0.55
61.7%
0.71
0.58
62.6%
0.79
0.50
62.9%
0.78
0.53
63.2%
0.81
0.52
63.1%
0.84
0.51
63.5%
0.85
0.47
64.5%
0.70
0.45
64.6%
0.72
0.42
64.4%
0.73
0.40
64.8%
0.77
0.37
64.8%
0.74
0.37
66.1%
0.76
0.35
65.5%
0.84
0.37
65.1%
0.81
0.35
65.9%
0.75
0.33
65.7%
0.84
0.34
66.4%
0.87
0.37
66.2%
0.86
0.37
67.1%
0.84
0.37
Average annual percentage change
-2.0%
-2.4%
1.4%
-0.8%
Industrial
Electric
utilities
Total
4.48
4.30
4.04
4.46
4.82
4.87
5.34
4.85
4.27
4.06
3.86
4.20
4.10
4.10
4.25
4.40
4.35
4.18
4.55
4.44
4.64
4.54
4.80
4.92
4.81
4.80
4.98
4.89
4.85
4.85
1.54
1.48
1.39
1.52
1.71
1.75
1.44
1.15
0.96
0.69
0.68
0.56
0.48
0.64
0.55
0.69
0.75
0.57
0.53
0.44
0.50
0.47
0.33
0.36
0.41
0.58
0.53
0.51
0.56
0.40
17.31
16.65
16.32
17.51
18.43
18.85
18.52
17.10
16.06
15.30
15.23
15.77
15.72
16.28
16.67
17.33
17.42
16.86
17.02
16.96
17.44
17.59
17.96
18.48
18.51
18.92
19.52
19.76
19.66
19.60
0.3%
0.9%
-4.5%
-0.9%
0.4%
1.5%
Source:
U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Monthly Energy Review, April 2003,
Tables 2.2–2.6. Converted to million barrels per day using Table A3.
(Additional resources: www.eia.doe.gov)
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
1–20
Pipelines accounted for two-thirds of the domestic movement of petroleum and petroleum
products in 2001.
Table 1.15
Ton-Miles of Petroleum and Petroleum Products in the U.S. by Mode, 1975–2001
Pipelinesa
Year
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
59.9%
59.4%
59.1%
50.5%
51.8%
47.2%
46.3%
46.4%
45.5%
48.1%
47.2%
48.7%
49.1%
50.6%
53.4%
54.2%
53.3%
53.9%
57.3%
56.5%
57.5%
60.6%
64.5%
66.7%
67.7%
66.1%
66.2%
Water carriers
Motor carriersb
Railroads
(percent)
35.2%
3.3%
1.7%
35.4%
3.8%
1.5%
36.1%
3.2%
1.6%
45.7%
2.7%
1.1%
44.5%
2.6%
1.2%
49.6%
2.2%
1.0%
50.7%
2.0%
1.0%
50.6%
1.9%
1.1%
51.5%
2.1%
1.0%
48.4%
2.5%
1.0%
49.4%
2.4%
1.0%
47.8%
2.5%
1.0%
47.4%
2.5%
1.0%
45.8%
2.6%
1.1%
42.6%
2.8%
1.2%
41.7%
2.8%
1.3%
42.8%
2.7%
1.3%
42.1%
2.6%
1.4%
38.8%
2.4%
1.5%
39.3%
2.7%
1.5%
38.4%
2.5%
1.6%
34.9%
2.9%
1.6%
30.9%
2.9%
1.8%
28.5%
3.0%
1.8%
27.1%
3.2%
2.1%
28.0%
3.6%
2.3%
28.1%
3.5%
2.2%
Average annual percentage change
1975–2001
1991–2001
Total
(billion ton-miles)
846.7
867.7
923.4
1,160.2
1,174.8
1,245.3
1,218.4
1,218.2
1,223.5
1,180.2
1,195.5
1,187.8
1,195.8
1,188.1
1,094.2
1,076.8
1,086.1
1,091.7
1,034.6
1,046.7
1,044.9
1,022.2
956.5
929.8
912.9
873.3
869.8
0.1%
-2.2%
Source:
Association of Oil Pipelines, Shifts in Petroleum Transportation, Washington, DC, May 2003, Table 1.
(Additional resources: www.aopl.org)
a
The amounts carried by pipeline are based on ton-miles of crude and petroleum products for Federally
regulated pipelines (84 percent) plus an estimated breakdown of crude and petroleum products of the ton-miles for
pipelines not Federally regulated (16 percent).
b
The amounts carried by motor carriers are estimated.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
2–1
Chapter 2
Energy
Summary Statistics from Tables in this Chapter
Source
Table 2.1
Transportation share of U.S. energy consumption, 2002
27.3%
Table 2.2
Petroleum share of transportation energy consumption, 2002
96.8%
Table 2.3
Alternative fuel and oxygenate consumption, 2002
Table 2.5
(thousand gasoline
equivalent gallons)
(share)
MTBE
2,531,000
62.6%
Ethanol in gasohol
1,118,900
27.7%
Liquified petroleum gas
255,515
6.3%
Compressed natural gas
13,554
2.8%
Liquified natural gas
10,504
0.3%
E85/E95
10,075
0.0%
Electricity
4,460
0.0%
M85/M100
330
0.0%
(trillion Btu)
(share)
Automobiles
9,124
33.9%
Light trucks
6,654
24.7%
Heavy trucks
4,826
17.9%
Air
2,411
9.0%
Water
1,155
4.3%
Off-highway
1,036
3.8%
Pipeline
889
3.3%
Rail
615
2.3%
Buses
203
0.8%
Transportation energy use by mode, 2001
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
2–2
Petroleum accounted for 40% of the world’s energy use in 2000. Though petroleum is the dominant energy source for
both OECD countries and non-OECD countries, the non-OECD countries rely on coal, natural gas, and hydroelectric power more than OECD countries do.
Figure 2.1. World Consumption of Primary Energy, 2001
Source:
U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, International Energy Annual 2001,
Washington, DC, February 2003, Table 1.8. (Additional resources: www.eia.doe.gov)
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
2–3
The Energy Information Administration revised the historical energy data series to include renewable energy
in each sector. Also, the residential and commercial sector data are now separated. Total energy use was 97.9
quads in 2002 with transportation using 27.3%.
Table 2.1
U. S. Consumption of Total Energy by End-Use Sector, 1973–2002a
(quadrillion Btu)
Year
Transportation
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
18.6
18.1
18.2
19.1
19.8
20.6
20.5
19.7
19.5
19.1
19.1
19.8
20.1
20.8
21.5
22.3
22.6
22.5
22.1
22.5
22.9
23.5
24.0
24.5
24.8
25.4
26.1
26.7
26.4
26.7
1973–2002
1992–2002
1.3%
1.7%
Percentage
transportation
of total
Industrial
Commercial
Residential
Total
14.9
14.7
14.8
15.4
15.7
16.2
15.8
15.9
15.4
15.6
15.5
15.8
15.9
15.9
16.2
17.1
17.8
16.9
17.4
17.3
18.2
18.1
18.7
19.6
19.1
19.1
19.6
20.5
20.3
20.9
75.7
74.0
72.0
76.0
78.0
80.0
80.9
78.3
76.3
73.2
73.1
76.7
76.4
76.7
79.2
82.8
84.9
84.6
84.5
85.9
87.6
89.2
91.2
94.2
94.7
95.1
97.8
99.0
96.2
97.9
1.2%
1.9%
0.9%
1.3%
24.6%
32.7
9.5
24.5%
31.8
9.4
25.3%
29.4
9.5
25.1%
31.4
10.0
25.4%
32.3
10.2
25.8%
32.7
10.5
25.3%
34.0
10.6
25.2%
32.2
10.6
25.6%
30.8
10.6
26.0%
27.7
10.9
26.2%
27.5
11.0
25.8%
29.6
11.5
26.3%
29.0
11.5
27.1%
28.4
11.6
27.1%
29.5
12.0
27.0%
30.8
12.6
26.6%
31.4
13.2
26.6%
31.9
13.3
26.2%
31.5
13.5
26.2%
32.7
13.4
26.1%
32.7
13.8
26.3%
33.6
14.1
26.3%
33.9
14.7
26.0%
34.9
15.2
26.2%
35.2
15.7
26.8%
34.8
16.0
27.0%
34.7
16.4
27.0%
34.7
17.2
27.5%
32.4
17.3
27.3%
33.1
17.5
Average annual percentage change
0.0%
2.1%
0.1%
2.7%
Source:
U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Monthly Energy Review, April 2003,
Washington, DC, Table 2.1. (Additional resources: www.eia.doe.gov)
a
Electrical energy losses have been distributed among the sectors.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
2–4
The Energy Information Administration revised the historical energy data series to include renewable energy in
each sector. In transportation, the alcohol fuels blended into gasoline to make gasohol (10% ethanol or less) are
now counted under “renewables” and have been taken out of petroleum. The petroleum category, however, still
contains other blending agents, such as MTBE, that are not actually petroleum, but are not broken out into a
separate category.
Table 2.2
Distribution of Energy Consumption by Source, 1973 and 2002
(percentage)
Transportation
Energy
source
1973
Petroleuma
95.8
b
Natural gas
4.0
Coal
0.0
Renewable
0.0
Nuclear
0.0
Electricityc
0.2
Otherd
0.0
Total
100.0
2002
96.8
2.3
0.0
0.7
0.0
0.2
0.0
100.0
Residential
1973
18.9
33.2
0.7
2.4
0.0
44.9
0.0
100.0
2002
7.1
24.2
0.1
2.0
0.0
66.6
0.0
100.0
Commercial
1973
16.4
27.8
1.6
0.1
0.0
54.1
0.0
100.0
2002
4.1
18.5
0.6
0.6
0.0
76.3
0.0
100.0
Industrial
1973
27.9
31.8
12.4
3.6
0.0
24.4
0.0
100.0
2002
27.4
28.0
6.3
5.2
0.0
33.0
0.0
100.0
Electric utilities
1973
17.7
18.8
43.5
15.4
4.6
0.0
0.0
100.0
2002
2.3
14.9
52.4
9.1
21.3
0.0
0.0
100.0
Source:
U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Monthly Energy Review, April 2003, Washington,
DC, pp. 27, 29, 31, 33. (Additional resources: www.eia.doe.gov)
a
In transportation, the petroleum category contains some blending agents which are not petroleum.
Includes supplemental gaseous fuels. Transportation sector includes pipeline fuel and natural gas
vehicle use.
c
Includes electrical system energy losses.
d
Energy generated from geothermal, wood, waste, wind, photovoltaic, and solar thermal energy
sources.
b
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
2–5
Oxygenates are blended with gasoline to be used in conventional vehicles. The amount of oxygenate use dwarfs
the alternative fuel use. Gasoline-equivalent gallons are used in this table to allow comparisons of different fuel
types.
Table 2.3
Alternative Fuel and Oxygenate Consumption, 1992–2002
(thousand gasoline–equivalent gallons)
Alternative fuel
1993
1995
Liquified petroleum gas
264,655
Compressed natural gas
2002
Percentage
2002a
1998
2000
232,701
241,386
242,062
251,353
255,515
6.3%
21,603
35,162
72,412
98,351
111,797
113,554
2.8%
Liquified natural gas
1,901
2,759
5,343
7,121
8,786
10,504
0.3%
M85b
1,593
2,023
1,212
585
440
330
0.0%
M100
3,166
2,150
449
437
406
0
0.0%
E85b
48
190
1,727
7,074
8,736
10,075
0.2%
b
80
995
59
13
0
0
0.0%
288
663
1,202
2,670
3,903
4,460
0.1%
229,334
276,643
323,790
363,313
385,421
394,438
9.8%
2,069,200
2,691,200
2,903,400
3,087,900
2,890,400
2,531,000
62.6%
760,000
910,700
889,500
1,106,300
1,117,500
1,118,900
27.7%
3,122,534
3,878,543
4,116,690
4,564,329
4,418,752
4,044,338
100.0%
E95
Electricityc
Subtotal
2001
Oxygenates
MTBEd
Ethanol in gasohol
Total
Source:
U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Alternatives to Traditional Transportation Fuels,
2000, Washington, DC, September 2002, web site www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/alternate/page/datatables/atf113_00.html, Table 10. (Additional resources: www.eia.doe.gov)
Note:
These data were released in September 2002. Please check the source web site for updates which were not
available when this document went to press.
Based on plans or projections.
Consumption includes gasoline portion of the mixture.
c
Vehicle consumption only; does not include power plant inputs.
d
Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether. This category includes a very small amount of other ethers, primarily
Tertiary Amyl Methyl Ether (TAME) and Ethyl Tertiary Butyl Ether (ETBE).
a
b
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
2–6
As data about alternative fuel use become available, an attempt is made to incorporate them into this table.
Sometimes assumptions must be made in order to use the data. Please see Appendix A for a description of the
methodology used to develop these data.
Table 2.4
Domestic Consumption of Transportation Energy by Mode and Fuel Type, 2001a
(trillion Btu)
Liquified
petroleum
gas
Gasoline Diesel fuel
HIGHWAY
Light vehicles
Automobiles
Light trucksb
Motorcycles
Buses
Transit
Intercityc
Schoold
Medium/heavy
OFF-HIGHWAY
Construction
Agriculture
NONHIGHWAY
Air
General aviation
Domestic air
International air
Water
Freight
Recreational
Pipeline
Rail
Freight (Class I)
Passenger
Transit
Commuter
Intercityc
TOTAL
16,044.3
15,489.9
9,072.7
6,393.4
23.8
7.4
0.2
7.2
547.0
163.5
63.3
100.2
351.9
38.4
38.4
313.5
4,750.8
302.1
50.8
251.3
25.8
9.7
185.7
81.4
32.3
72.0
4,263.0
872.7
375.6
497.1
831.0
Jet fuel
Residual
fuel oil
Natural
gas
Electricity Methanol
0.9
9.7
8.9
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.1
8.9
8.9
0.9
0.9
0.0
0.0
643.3
319.5
643.3
245.4
74.1
16.0
2,372.6
2,372.6
126.7
1,892.4
353.5
290.3
290.3
550.9
550.9
550.9
313.5
16,559.7
540.7
517.3
23.4
0.0
10.0
13.4
6,454.5
74.1
48.6
15.9
9.6
25.8
2,372.6
550.9
652.2
320.4
0.0
Source:
See Appendix A for Energy Use Sources.
a
Civilian consumption only. Totals may not include all possible uses of fuels for transportation (e.g., snowmobiles).
Two-axle, four-tire trucks.
c
2000 data. 2001 data are not yet available.
b
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
Total
20,830.8
15,801.7
9,123.5
6,654.4
23.8
203.1
91.6
32.3
79.2
4,826.0
1,036.2
438.9
597.3
5,069.2
2,411.0
165.1
1,892.4
353.5
1,154.7
841.2
313.5
888.7
614.8
517.3
97.5
48.6
25.9
23.0
26,936.2
2–7
The 2000 data have been revised to include the latest data available.
Table 2.5
Transportation Energy Use by Mode, 2000–2001a
Percentage of total
based on Btus
Trillion Btu
Thousand barrels per
day crude oil
equivalentb
2000
2001
2000
2001
2000
2001
HIGHWAY
Light vehicles
Automobiles
Light trucksc
Motorcycles
Buses
Transit
Intercity
School
Medium/heavy trucks
OFF-HIGHWAY
Construction
Agriculture
NONHIGHWAY
Air
General aviation
Domestic air carriers
International air
Water
Freight
Recreational
Pipeline
Rail
Freight
Passenger
Transit
Commuter
Intercity
20,762.7
15,737.4
9,100.3
6,610.9
26.2
208.3
96.8
32.3
79.2
4,817.9
943.7
383.0
560.7
5,586.1
2,548.6
175.1
2,004.0
369.5
1,521.3
1,210.1
311.2
908.4
607.8
516.0
91.8
47.2
25.9
18.7
20,830.8
15,801.7
9,123.5
6,654.4
23.8
203.1
91.6
32.3
79.2
4,826.0
1,036.2
438.9
597.3
5,069.2
2,411.0
165.1
1,892.4
353.5
1,154.7
841.2
313.5
888.7
614.8
517.3
97.5
48.6
25.9
23.0
76.1%
57.7%
33.3%
24.2%
0.1%
0.8%
0.4%
0.1%
0.3%
17.7%
3.5%
1.4%
2.1%
20.5%
9.3%
0.6%
7.3%
1.4%
5.6%
4.4%
1.1%
3.3%
2.2%
1.9%
0.3%
0.2%
0.1%
0.1%
77.3%
58.7%
33.9%
24.7%
0.1%
0.8%
0.3%
0.1%
0.3%
17.9%
3.8%
1.6%
2.2%
18.8%
9.0%
0.6%
7.0%
1.3%
4.3%
3.1%
1.2%
3.3%
2.3%
1.9%
0.4%
0.2%
0.1%
0.1%
10,629.6
8,233.2
4,766.2
3,453.3
13.7
98.4
45.6
15.2
37.6
2,298.0
449.3
181.4
267.9
2,201.4
1,233.9
87.0
968.3
178.6
699.5
537.1
162.4
11.3
256.7
242.7
14.0
2.2
5.4
6.4
10,665.7
8,267.8
4,779.0
3,476.4
12.4
96.1
43.3
15.2
37.6
2,301.8
495.8
209.7
286.1
1,978.4
1,167.3
82.1
914.4
170.8
540.2
376.6
163.6
12.8
258.1
243.3
14.8
2.5
5.5
6.8
TOTAL
27,292.5
26,936.2
100.0%
100.0%
12,831.0
12,644.1
Source: See Appendix A for Energy Use Sources.
a
Civilian consumption only. Totals may not include all possible uses of fuels for transportation (e.g., snowmobiles).
This year, crude oil equivalent is not a simple conversion from Btu based on the average Btu in a barrel of oil. Each gallon of
petroleum product was assumed to equal one gallon of crude oil. The oil used to produce electricity is also estimated. See Appendix A,
p. 18 for details.
c
Two-axle, four-tire trucks.
b
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
2–8
The highway sector is by far the largest part of transportation energy use. Light truck energy use has
increased at the greatest rate, due to the increased use of light trucks as personal passenger vehicles.
Light trucks include pick-ups, minivans, sport-utility vehicles, and vans.
Year
Table 2.6
Highway Transportation Energy Consumption by Mode, 1970–2001a
(trillion Btu)
Light
Light
vehicles
MotorHeavy
Highway
Total
Autos
trucks
subtotal
cycles
Buses
trucks
subtotal transportationb
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
8,479
9,298
9,826
9,928
10,134
9,629
8,800
8,693
8,673
8,802
8,837
8,932
9,138
9,157
9,158
9,232
8,688
8,029
8,169
8,368
8,470
8,489
8,634
8,710
8,936
9,134
9,100
9,123
1,539
2,384
2,602
2,797
3,020
3,055
2,975
2,963
2,837
2,989
3,197
3,413
3,629
3,819
4,077
4,156
4,451
4,774
5,117
5,356
5,515
5,695
5,917
6,168
6,305
6,605
6,611
6,654
1970–2001
1991–2001
0.2%
1.3%
4.8%
3.4%
10,018
7
129
1,553
11,682
14
124
2,003
12,428
15
134
2,114
12,724
16
137
2,344
13,153
18
141
2,607
12,685
22
144
2,697
11,774
26
143
2,686
11,655
27
145
2,724
11,510
25
151
2,707
11,791
22
152
2,770
12,034
22
146
2,873
12,345
23
154
2,883
12,767
23
160
2,958
12,976
24
164
3,061
13,235
25
169
3,118
13,388
26
169
3,199
13,139
24
167
3,334
12,803
23
177
3,402
13,286
24
184
3,468
13,723
25
183
3,577
13,984
26
183
3,778
14,183
25
184
3,937
14,551
24
186
4,045
14,879
25
192
4,086
15,241
26
196
4,218
15,738
26
202
4,638
15,711
26
208
4,819
15,778
24
203
4,826
Average annual percentage change
1.5%
4.1%
1.5%
3.7%
2.1%
0.4%
1.4%
3.6%
11,707
13,823
14,691
15,222
15,919
15,547
14,629
14,551
14,393
14,735
15,075
15,404
15,908
16,225
16,548
16,782
16,663
16,405
16,963
17,509
17,976
18,334
18,813
19,187
19,686
20,610
20,764
20,830
15,321
17,356
18,426
19,157
20,126
20,135
18,979
19,120
18,560
18,677
19,323
19,659
20,277
20,742
21,280
21,580
21,689
21,279
21,939
22,393
22,997
23,536
24,042
24,404
24,839
26,034
26,350
25,899
1.9%
2.4%
1.7%
2.0%
Source:
See Appendix A for Highway Energy Use.
a
These data have been revised slightly. See Appendix A for detailed methodologies.
Total transportation figures do not include military and off-highway energy use and may not include
all possible uses of fuel for transportation (e.g. snowmobiles).
b
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
2–9
About 20% of transportation energy use is for nonhighway modes. Air travel accounts for nearly half of
nonhighway energy use.
Table 2.7
Nonhighway Transportation Energy Consumption by Mode, 1970–2001a
(trillion Btu)
Year
Air
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
1,307
1,274
1,333
1,350
1,423
1,488
1,434
1,453
1,445
1,440
1,609
1,677
1,823
1,899
1,978
1,981
2,077
1,939
1,970
1,986
2,070
2,141
2,206
2,300
2,371
2,471
2,549
2,411
1970–2001
1991–2001
2.0%
2.2%
Water
Pipeline
Rail
753
995
558
851
844
563
1,010
807
585
1,200
790
595
1,405
787
592
1,626
864
611
1,424
900
592
1,642
909
565
1,378
859
485
1,277
743
482
1,315
785
538
1,316
758
504
1,314
738
494
1,338
775
505
1,358
878
518
1,399
894
523
1,508
928
514
1,586
864
485
1,659
849
497
1,497
889
512
1,449
955
546
1,523
971
567
1,460
984
580
1,309
1,027
581
1,295
901
585
1,435
912
607
1,521
908
608
1,155
889
615
Average annual percentage change
1.4%
-0.4%
0.3%
-3.1%
0.3%
2.4%
Nonhighway
subtotal
Total
transportationb
3,614
3,533
3,735
3,957
4,201
4,588
4,353
4,570
4,164
3,952
4,242
4,255
4,369
4,517
4,732
4,797
5,026
4,875
4,977
4,888
5,021
5,202
5,229
5,217
5,153
5,424
5,586
5,069
15,321
17,356
18,426
19,157
20,126
20,135
18,979
19,120
18,560
18,677
19,323
19,659
20,277
20,742
21,280
21,580
21,689
21,279
21,939
22,393
22,997
23,536
24,042
24,404
24,839
26,034
26,350
25,899
1.1%
0.4%
1.7%
2.0%
Source:
See Appendix A for Nonhighway Energy Use.
These data have been revised slightly. See Appendix A for detailed methodologies.
Total transportation figures do not include military and off-highway energy use and may not include
all possible uses of fuel for transportation (e.g. snowmobiles).
a
b
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
2–10
The use of diesel for off-highway purposes has grown from 1985 to 2001. The use of gasoline has declined
in agriculture. The construction gasoline 2001 data cannot be compared due to changes in methodology
(see footnote b).
Table 2.8
Off-Highway Use of Gasoline and Diesel, 1985–2001
(trillion Btu)
Agriculture
Year
Gasoline
Construction
a
Total
a
Diesel
Gasoline
Diesel
Gasoline
Diesela
1985
135
430
31
211
166
641
1986
121
463
34
230
155
693
1987
115
416
35
216
150
632
1988
101
439
34
232
135
671
1989
103
466
37
234
140
700
1990
85
472
40
251
125
723
1991
97
438
35
228
132
666
1992
101
485
34
244
135
729
1993
106
473
31
292
137
765
1994
113
454
33
299
146
753
1995
116
482
35
301
151
783
1996
115
498
35
312
150
810
1997
123
492
38
316
161
808
1998
113
473
29
344
142
817
1999
88
473
22
345
110
818
2000
82
479
24
359
106
838
497
b
2001
100
63
376
b
163
873
Average annual percentage change
1985–2001
-1.9%
0.9%
1991–2001
0.3%
1.3%
b
b
3.7%
5.1%
b
b
1.9%
2.7%
Source:
Gasoline: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics
2001, Washington, DC, Table MF-24, and annual. (Additional resources: www.fhwa.dot.gov)
Diesel: U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Fuel Oil and Kerosene Sales
2001, Washington, DC, Table 1, and annual. (Additional resources: www.eia.doe.gov)
Unadjusted sales of distillate fuel oil.
The FHWA methodology for calculating construction gasoline use changed in 2001. Previous years’ data
are likely underestimated.
a
b
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
2–11
The Federal Highway Administration cautions that data from 1993 on may not be directly comparable to earlier years. Some
states have improved reporting procedures in recent years, and the estimation procedures were revised in 1994. Prior to
the Energy Policy Act of 1992, gasohol was defined as a blend of gasoline and at least 10%, by volume, alcohol. Effective
January 1, 1993, three types of gasohol were defined: 10% gasohol—containing at least 10% alcohol; 7.7%
gasohol—containing 7.7% alcohol but less than 10%; and 5.7% gasohol—containing at least 5.7% alcohol but less than
7.7%. See Table 2.3 for details on oxygenate usage.
Table 2.9
Highway Usage of Gasoline and Special Fuels, 1973–2001
(billion gallons)
Year
1973
1975
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
1973–2001
1991–2001
Gasoline
Gasohol
c
c
c
c
100.7
98.9
96.2
95.9
96.0
95.6
98.6
101.8
101.7
103.7
102.6
99.3
102.1
103.4
104.0
104.0
107.4
106.2
110.7
114.6
112.6
112.3
d
1.2%
0.5
0.7
2.3
4.3
5.4
8.0
8.1
6.9
8.1
6.9
7.5
8.6
8.8
10.3
11.0
13.1
12.1
14.7
14.0
14.2
16.3
17.4
d
7.3%
Ethanol used
in gasohola
Total gasoline
and gasohol
Dieselb
c
100.6
9.8
c
99.4
9.6
0.0
101.2
13.8
0.1
99.6
14.9
0.2
98.5
14.9
0.4
100.1
16.0
0.5
101.4
17.3
0.8
103.6
17.8
0.8
106.8
18.4
0.8
108.7
19.0
0.8
109.8
20.1
0.7
110.6
21.2
0.8
110.2
21.4
0.9
107.9
20.7
0.9
111.0
22.0
1.0
113.7
23.5
1.0
115.0
25.1
1.2
117.1
26.2
1.1
119.5
27.2
1.3
120.9
29.4
1.3
124.7
30.2
1.3
128.7
31.9
1.5
128.9
33.4
1.5
129.7
33.4
Average annual percentage change
d
0.9%
4.5%
5.2%
1.9%
4.9%
Percent
diesel
8.9%
8.8%
12.0%
13.0%
13.1%
13.8%
14.6%
14.6%
14.7%
14.9%
15.5%
16.1%
16.3%
16.1%
16.5%
17.1%
17.9%
18.3%
18.5%
19.6%
19.5%
19.9%
20.6%
20.5%
Total highway
fuel use
110.5
109.0
115.0
114.5
113.4
116.1
118.7
121.3
125.2
127.7
129.9
131.9
131.6
128.6
132.9
137.2
140.1
143.3
146.7
150.3
154.9
160.7
162.3
163.1
1.4%
2.4%
Source:
U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics 2001, Washington, DC,
2002, Tables MF-21 and MF-33E, and annual.
(Additional resources: www.fhwa.dot.gov)
a
Estimated for 1980–92 as 10% of gasohol consumption.
Consists primarily of diesel fuel, with small quantities of liquified petroleum gas.
c
Data for gasoline and gasohol cannot be separated in this year.
d
Data are not available.
b
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
2–12
Nearly all of the fuel ethanol used in the U.S. is made domestically. Twenty-eight percent of
MTBE was imported in 2002.
Table 2.10
U.S. Production and Imports of MTBEa and Fuel Ethanol, 1985–2002
(million gallons)
Production
Year
Fuel ethanol
1985
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
793
756
875
1,080
1,156
1,280
1,355
974
1,274
1,387
1,472
1,633
1,765
2,132
1985–2002
1992–2002
6.0%
9.3%
Imports
MTBEa
Fuel ethanol
MTBEa
b
b
b
b
b
b
b
b
b
b
302
1,542
2,081
10
2,205
12
2,506
16
2,846
13
3,011
4
3,151
3
3,315
4
3,253
5
3,257
13
3,133
13
Average annual percentage change
b
14.8%
b
b
306
595
692
733
918
1,040
1,146
1,176
1,146
907
b
b
Source:
Production - 1992–2002 Ethanol and MTBE: U.S. Department of Energy, Energy
Information Administration, Petroleum Supply Monthly, Washington, DC,
January 2003, Table D1. 1985–91 Ethanol: Information Resources, Inc.,
Washington, DC, 1991. 1985 MTBE: EA-Mueller,Inc., Baltimore, MD, 1992.
Imports - U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration,
Petroleum Supply Annual, 2002, Volume 1, Washington, DC, June 2003, Table
20, and annual. (Additional resources: www.eia.doe.gov)
Note:
Table 2.3 displays gasoline-equivalent gallons, which differ from these gallons.
a
b
Methyl tertiary-butyl ether.
Data are not available.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
Great care should be taken when comparing modal energy intensity data among modes. Because of the inherent differences between the
transportation modes in the nature of services, routes available, and many additional factors, it is not possible to obtain truly comparable
national energy intensities among modes. These values are averages, and there is a great deal of variability even within a mode.
Table 2.11
Passenger Travel and Energy Use, 2001
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 22—2002
Automobiles
Personal trucks
Motorcycles
Demand response
Vanpool
Buses
Transit
Intercityb
Schoolb
Air
Certificated routec
General aviation
Recreational boats
Rail
Intercityd
Transite
Commuter
Number of vehicles
(thousands)
137,633.5
64,637.0
4,903.1
34.6
5.4
Vehiclemiles
(millions)
1,619,422
677,798
9,529
789
71
Passengermiles
(millions)
2,542,493
1,165,812
11,625
855
490
Load factor
(persons/vehicle)
1.57
1.72
1.22
1.1
6.9
a
a
a
a
76.7
a
607.8
a
a
211.5
12,876.3
17.6
0.4
12.1
5.1
2,389
a
a
a
5,925
a
a
1,317
378
662
277
22,209
37,900
a
581,888
565,988
15,900
a
30,734
5,571
15,615
9,548
9.3
Energy intensities
(Btu per
(Btu per
vehicle-mile)
passenger-mile)
5,634
3,588
6,989
4,063
2,500
2,049
14,375
13,271
8,738
1,273
a
38,342
a
4,124
852
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
4,143
3,968
10,384
95.5
379,055
a
a
a
a
23.3
14.7
23.6
34.5
74,032
60,847
73,414
93,502
a
3,172
4,137
3,114
2,717
Energy use
(trillion Btu)
9,123.5
4,736.8
23.8
11.3
0.6
203.2
91.6
32.3
79.3
2,411.0
2,245.9
165.1
313.5
97.5
23.0
48.6
25.9
Source:
See Appendix A for Passenger Travel and Energy Use.
a
Data are not available.
2000 energy use data. 2001 data are not available.
c
Includes domestic scheduled services and ½ of international scheduled services (Table 2.13 shows only domestic services). These energy intensities may be inflated because all
energy use is attributed to passengers – cargo energy use is not taken into account.
d
Amtrak only.
e
Light and heavy rail.
b
2–13
2–14
Great care should be taken when comparing modal energy intensity data among modes. Because of the inherent
differences between the transportation modes in the nature of services, routes available, and many additional factors,
it is not possible to obtain truly comparable national energy intensities among modes. These values are averages,
and there is a great deal of variability even within a mode.
Table 2.12
Energy Intensities of Highway Passenger Modes, 1970–2001
Buses
Year
Automobiles
(Btu per
(Btu per
vehicle-mile)
passenger-mile)
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
9,250
8,993
9,113
8,950
8,839
8,647
7,916
7,670
7,465
7,365
7,202
7,164
7,194
6,959
6,683
6,589
6,169
5,912
5,956
6,087
6,024
5,902
5,874
5,797
5,767
5,821
5,687
5,634
1970–2001
1991–2001
-1.6%
-0.5%
Transitb
a
Light truck
(Btu per
vehicle-mile)
(Btu per
vehicle-mile)
4,868
12,479
31,796
4,733
11,879
33,748
4,796
11,523
34,598
4,710
11,160
35,120
4,693
10,807
36,603
4,632
10,467
36,597
4,279
10,224
36,553
4,184
9,997
37,745
4,109
9,268
38,766
4,092
9,124
37,962
4,066
8,931
38,705
4,110
8,730
38,876
4,197
8,560
37,889
4,128
8,359
36,247
4,033
8,119
36,673
4,046
7,746
36,754
3,856
7,746
37,374
3,695
7,351
37,732
3,723
7,239
40,243
3,804
7,182
39,043
3,765
7,212
37,313
3,689
7,208
37,277
3,683
7,247
37,450
3,646
7,251
38,832
3,638
7,261
41,182
3,684
7,330
40,460
3,611
7,162
41,548
3,588
7,095
38,341
Average annual percentage change
-1.0%
-1.8%
0.6%
-0.3%
-0.4%
0.2%
(Btu per
passenger-mile)
2,472
2,814
2,896
2,889
2,883
2,795
2,813
3,027
3,237
3,177
3,307
3,423
3,545
3,594
3,706
3,732
3,794
3,877
4,310
4,262
4,268
4,310
4,340
4,431
4,387
4,332
4,515
4,125
1.7%
0.6%
Intercity
(Btu per
passenger-mile)
1,674
988
1,007
970
976
1,028
1,082
1,051
1,172
1,286
954
964
870
940
963
964
962
963
964
962
964
964
963
963
963
964
932
c
c
c
Source:
See Appendix A for Highway Passenger Mode Energy Intensities.
a
All two-axle, four-tire trucks.
Series not continuous between 1983 and 1984 because of a change in data source by the American Public Transit
Association (APTA).
c
2001data are not yet available.
b
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
2–15
Great care should be taken when comparing modal energy intensity data among modes. Because of
the inherent differences between the transportation modes in the nature of services, routes available,
and many additional factors, it is not possible to obtain truly comparable national energy intensities
among modes.
Table 2.13
Energy Intensities of Nonhighway Passenger Modes, 1970–2001
Air
Year
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
Certificated
air carriersa
(Btu per
passenger-mile)
10,282
7,826
7,511
6,990
6,144
5,607
5,561
5,774
5,412
5,133
5,298
5,053
5,011
4,827
4,861
4,844
4,875
4,662
4,516
4,490
4,397
4,349
4,172
4,166
4,146
4,061
3,952
3,968
1970–2001
1991–2001
-3.0%
-1.6%
Rail
Rail
Intercity
General
transit
Amtrak
aviation
(Btu per
(Btu per
(Btu per
passenger-mile)
passenger-mile)
passenger-mile)
b
10,374
2,453
10,658
3,677
2,962
10,769
3,397
2,971
11,695
3,568
2,691
11,305
3,683
2,210
10,787
3,472
2,794
11,497
3,176
3,008
11,123
2,957
2,946
13,015
3,156
3,069
11,331
2,957
3,212
11,454
3,027
3,732
11,707
2,800
3,461
11,935
2,574
3,531
11,496
2,537
3,534
11,794
2,462
3,585
10,229
2,731
3,397
10,146
2,609
3,453
9,869
2,503
3,710
9,785
2,610
3,575
9,653
2,646
3,687
9,163
2,357
3,828
9,870
2,590
3,818
9,258
2,792
3,444
9,688
2,918
3,253
11,252
2,900
3,216
12,206
3,062
3,168
11,526
3,356
3,105
10,384
4,137
3,114
Average annual percentage change
0.0%
0.4%c
0.8%
0.5%
5.2%
-1.7%
Commuter
rail
(Btu per
passenger-mile
b
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
3,011
3,053
3,174
3,043
3,075
3,120
3,068
3,011
2,848
3,222
2,904
2,849
2,796
2,946
2,859
2,929
2,759
2,717
-0.3%b
-1.0%
Source:
See Appendix A for Nonhighway Passenger Mode Energy Intensities.
a
These data differ from the data on Table 2.11 because they do not include any international services. These energy
intensities may be inflated because all energy use is attributed to passengers – cargo energy use is not taken into account.
Data are not available.
Average annual percentage change begins with the earliest year possible.
b
c
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
2–16
Figure 2.2. Energy Intensities for Transit Rail, 2001
Source:
U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration, 2001 National Transit Databases,
Washington, DC. (Additional resources: www.fta.dot.gov/ntl)
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
2–17
Figure 2.3. Energy Intensities for Selected Transit Bus Systems, 2001
Source:
U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration, 2001 National Transit Databases,
Washington, DC. (Additional resources: www.fta.dot.gov/ntl)
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
2–18
Great care should be taken when comparing modal energy intensity data among modes. Because of the
inherent differences between the transportation modes in the nature of services, routes available, and many
additional factors, it is not possible to obtain truly comparable national energy intensities among modes.
Table 2.14
Intercity Freight Movement and Energy Use in the United States, 2001
Trucks
Waterborne
commerce
Class I
railroads
Number of vehicles (thousands)
2,615
42
20a
Ton-miles (billions)
1,051
622
1,495
Tons shipped (millions)
4,122
1,037
1,742
Average length of haul (miles)
752b
600
859
Energy intensity (Btu/ton-mile)
3,337
444
346
Energy use (trillion Btu)
3,507
276
517
Source:
See Appendix A for Freight Movement and Energy Use.
a
Number of locomotives.
717 miles is for general freight (less than truckload). Based on data from the Eno Transportation Foundation, the
average length of haul for specialized freight (truckload) is 294 miles.
b
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
2–19
Great care should be taken when comparing modal energy intensity data among modes. Because of the inherent
differences between the transportation modes in the nature of services, routes available, and many additional
factors, it is not possible to obtain truly comparable national energy intensities among modes.
Table 2.15
Energy Intensities of Freight Modes, 1970–2001
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
Heavy single-unit and
combination trucks
(Btu per vehicle-mile)
24,960
24,485
24,668
24,777
24,784
24,631
24,566
24,669
24,655
24,745
24,757
25,058
24,296
23,852
23,585
23,343
23,352
22,922
22,596
22,411
22,795
22,749
22,608
22,373
22,193
22,096
22,109
21,340
21,514
22,880
23,443
23,237
1970–2001
1991–2001
-0.2%
0.2%
Year
Class I freight railroad
(Btu per freight car-mile)
(Btu per ton-mile)
17,669
18,171
18,291
18,468
18,852
18,739
18,938
19,226
18,928
19,188
18,742
18,629
18,404
17,864
17,795
17,500
17,265
16,790
16,758
16,894
16,619
15,835
16,043
16,056
16,340
15,992
15,747
15,784
15,372
15,363
14,917
15,107
Average annual percentage change
-0.5%
-0.6%
Domestic waterborne
commerce
(Btu per ton-mile)
691
717
714
677
681
687
680
669
641
618
597
572
553
525
510
497
486
456
443
437
420
391
393
389
388
372
368
370
365
363
352
346
545
506
522
576
483
549
468
458
383
436
358
360
310
286
346
446
463
402
361
403
387
386
398
389
369
374
412
415
435
457
508
444
-2.2%
-1.2%
-0.7%
1.4%
Source:
See Appendix A for Freight Mode Energy Intensities.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
2–20
Nearly all of the fuel ethanol used in the U.S. is made domestically. Twenty-eight percent of
MTBE was imported in 2002.
Table 2.10
U.S. Production and Imports of MTBEa and Fuel Ethanol, 1985–2002
(million gallons)
Production
Year
Fuel ethanol
1985
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
793
756
875
1,080
1,156
1,280
1,355
974
1,274
1,387
1,472
1,633
1,765
2,132
1985–2002
1992–2002
6.0%
9.3%
Imports
MTBEa
Fuel ethanol
MTBEa
b
b
b
b
b
b
b
b
b
b
302
1,542
2,081
10
2,205
12
2,506
16
2,846
13
3,011
4
3,151
3
3,315
4
3,253
5
3,257
13
3,133
13
Average annual percentage change
b
14.8%
b
b
306
595
692
733
918
1,040
1,146
1,176
1,146
907
b
b
Source:
Production - 1992–2002 Ethanol and MTBE: U.S. Department of Energy, Energy
Information Administration, Petroleum Supply Monthly, Washington, DC,
January 2003, Table D1. 1985–91 Ethanol: Information Resources, Inc.,
Washington, DC, 1991. 1985 MTBE: EA-Mueller,Inc., Baltimore, MD, 1992.
Imports - U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration,
Petroleum Supply Annual, 2002, Volume 1, Washington, DC, June 2003, Table
20, and annual.
Note:
Table 2.3 displays gasoline-equivalent gallons, which differ from these gallons.
a
b
Methyl tertiary-butyl ether.
Data are not available.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
Great care should be taken when comparing modal energy intensity data among modes. Because of the inherent differences between the
transportation modes in the nature of services, routes available, and many additional factors, it is not possible to obtain truly comparable
national energy intensities among modes. These values are averages, and there is a great deal of variability even within a mode.
Table 2.11
Passenger Travel and Energy Use, 2001
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 22—2002
Automobiles
Personal trucks
Motorcycles
Demand response
Vanpool
Buses
Transit
Intercityb
Schoolb
Air
Certificated routec
General aviation
Recreational boats
Rail
Intercityd
Transite
Commuter
Number of vehicles
(thousands)
137,633.5
64,637.0
4,903.1
34.6
5.4
Vehiclemiles
(millions)
1,619,422
677,798
9,529
789
71
a
76.7
a
2,389
a
a
a
607.8
a
a
211.5
128,876.0
17.6
0.4
12.1
5.1
a
5,925
a
a
1,317
378
662
277
Passengermiles
(millions)
2,542,493
1,165,812
11,625
855
490
Load factor
(persons/vehicle)
1.57
1.72
1.22
1.1
6.9
Energy intensities
(Btu per
(Btu per
vehicle-mile)
passenger-mile)
5,634
3,588
6,989
4,063
2,500
2,049
14,375
13,271
8,738
1,273
a
a
a
a
22,209
37,900
9.3
38,342
a
a
4,124
852
a
a
a
a
a
581,888
565,988
15,900
a
30,734
5,571
15,615
9,548
95.5
379,055
a
4,143
3,968
10,384
a
a
a
a
a
74,032
60,847
73,414
93,502
3,172
4,137
3,114
2,717
23.3
14.7
23.6
34.5
Energy use
(trillion Btu)
9,123.5
4,736.8
23.8
11.3
0.6
203.2
91.6
32.3
79.3
2,411.0
2,245.9
165.1
313.5
97.5
23.0
48.6
25.9
Source:
See Appendix A for Passenger Travel and Energy Use.
a
Data are not available.
2000 energy use data. 2001 data are not available.
c
Includes domestic scheduled services and ½ of international scheduled services.
d
Amtrak only.
e
Light and heavy rail.
b
2–21
2–22
Great care should be taken when comparing modal energy intensity data among modes. Because of the inherent
differences between the transportation modes in the nature of services, routes available, and many additional factors,
it is not possible to obtain truly comparable national energy intensities among modes. These values are averages,
and there is a great deal of variability even within a mode.
Table 2.12
Energy Intensities of Highway Passenger Modes, 1970–2001
Buses
Automobiles
(Btu per
(Btu per
vehicle-mile)
passenger-mile)
Year
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
9,250
8,993
9,113
8,950
8,839
8,647
7,916
7,670
7,465
7,365
7,202
7,164
7,194
6,959
6,683
6,589
6,169
5,912
5,956
6,087
6,024
5,902
5,874
5,797
5,767
5,821
5,687
5,634
1970–2001
1991–2001
-1.6%
-0.5%
Transitb
a
Light truck
(Btu per
vehicle-mile)
(Btu per
vehicle-mile)
4,868
12,479
31,796
4,733
11,879
33,748
4,796
11,523
34,598
4,710
11,160
35,120
4,693
10,807
36,603
4,632
10,467
36,597
4,279
10,224
36,553
4,184
9,997
37,745
4,109
9,268
38,766
4,092
9,124
37,962
4,066
8,931
38,705
4,110
8,730
38,876
4,197
8,560
37,889
4,128
8,359
36,247
4,033
8,119
36,673
4,046
7,746
36,754
3,856
7,746
37,374
3,695
7,351
37,732
3,723
7,239
40,243
3,804
7,182
39,043
3,765
7,212
37,313
3,689
7,208
37,277
3,683
7,247
37,450
3,646
7,251
38,832
3,638
7,261
41,182
3,684
7,330
40,460
3,611
7,162
41,548
3,588
7,095
38,341
Average annual percentage change
-1.0%
-1.8%
0.6%
-0.3%
-0.4%
0.2%
(Btu per
passenger-mile)
2,472
2,814
2,896
2,889
2,883
2,795
2,813
3,027
3,237
3,177
3,307
3,423
3,545
3,594
3,706
3,732
3,794
3,877
4,310
4,262
4,268
4,310
4,340
4,431
4,387
4,332
4,515
4,125
1.7%
0.6%
Intercity
(Btu per
passenger-mile)
1,674
988
1,007
970
976
1,028
1,082
1,051
1,172
1,286
954
964
870
940
963
964
962
963
964
962
964
964
963
963
963
964
932
c
c
c
Source:
See Appendix A for Highway Passenger Mode Energy Intensities.
a
All two-axle, four-tire trucks.
Series not continuous between 1983 and 1984 because of a change in data source by the American Public Transit
Association (APTA).
c
2001data are not yet available.
b
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
2–23
Great care should be taken when comparing modal energy intensity data among modes. Because of
the inherent differences between the transportation modes in the nature of services, routes available,
and many additional factors, it is not possible to obtain truly comparable national energy intensities
among modes.
Table 2.13
Energy Intensities of Nonhighway Passenger Modes, 1970–2001
Air
Year
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
Certificated
air carriers
(Btu per
passenger-mile)
10,282
7,826
7,511
6,990
6,144
5,607
5,561
5,774
5,412
5,133
5,298
5,053
5,011
4,827
4,861
4,844
4,875
4,662
4,516
4,490
4,397
4,349
4,172
4,166
4,146
4,061
3,952
3,968
1970–2001
1991–2001
-3.0%
-1.6%
Rail
Rail
Intercity
General
transit
Amtrak
aviation
(Btu per
(Btu per
(Btu per
passenger-mile)
passenger-mile)
passenger-mile)
a
10,374
2,453
10,658
3,677
2,962
10,769
3,397
2,971
11,695
3,568
2,691
11,305
3,683
2,210
10,787
3,472
2,794
11,497
3,176
3,008
11,123
2,957
2,946
13,015
3,156
3,069
11,331
2,957
3,212
11,454
3,027
3,732
11,707
2,800
3,461
11,935
2,574
3,531
11,496
2,537
3,534
11,794
2,462
3,585
10,229
2,731
3,397
10,146
2,609
3,453
9,869
2,503
3,710
9,785
2,610
3,575
9,653
2,646
3,687
9,163
2,357
3,828
9,870
2,590
3,818
9,258
2,792
3,444
9,688
2,918
3,253
11,252
2,900
3,216
12,206
3,062
3,168
11,526
3,356
3,105
10,384
4,137
3,114
Average annual percentage change
0.0%
0.4%b
0.8%
0.5%
5.2%
-1.7%
Source:
See Appendix A for Nonhighway Passenger Mode Energy Intensities.
a
Data are not available.
Average annual percentage change begins with the earliest year possible.
b
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
Commuter
rail
(Btu per
passenger-mile
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
3,011
3,053
3,174
3,043
3,075
3,120
3,068
3,011
2,848
3,222
2,904
2,849
2,796
2,946
2,859
2,929
2,759
2,717
-0.3%b
-1.0%
2–24
Figure 2.2. Energy Intensities for Transit Rail, 2001
Source:
U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration, 2001 National
Transit Databases, Washington, DC.
(Additional resources: www.fta.dot.gov/ntl)
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
2–25
Figure 2.3. Energy Intensities for Selected Transit Bus Systems, 2001
Source:
U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration, 2001 National
Transit Databases, Washington, DC.
(Additional resources: www.fta.dot.gov/ntl)
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
2–26
Great care should be taken when comparing modal energy intensity data among modes.
Because of the inherent differences between the transportation modes in the nature of services,
routes available, and many additional factors, it is not possible to obtain truly comparable
national energy intensities among modes.
Table 2.14
Intercity Freight Movement and Energy Use in the United States, 2001
Trucks
Waterborne
commerce
Class I
railroads
Number of vehicles (thousands)
2,615
42
20a
Ton-miles (billions)
1,051
622
1,495
Tons shipped (millions)
4,122
1,037
1,742
Average length of haul (miles)
752b
600
859
Energy intensity (Btu/ton-mile)
3,337
444
346
Energy use (trillion Btu)
3,507
276
517
Source:
See Appendix A for Freight Movement and Energy Use.
a
Number of locomotives.
717 miles is for general freight (less than truckload). Based on data from the Eno Transportation
Foundation, the average length of haul for specialized freight (truckload) is 294 miles.
b
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
2–27
Great care should be taken when comparing modal energy intensity data among modes. Because of the
inherent differences between the transportation modes in the nature of services, routes available, and
many additional factors, it is not possible to obtain truly comparable national energy intensities among
modes.
Table 2.15
Energy Intensities of Freight Modes, 1970–2001
Year
Heavy single-unit and
combination trucks
(Btu per vehicle-mile)
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
24,960
24,485
24,668
24,777
24,784
24,631
24,566
24,669
24,655
24,745
24,757
25,058
24,296
23,852
23,585
23,343
23,352
22,922
22,596
22,411
22,795
22,749
22,608
22,373
22,193
22,096
22,109
21,340
21,514
22,880
23,443
23,237
1970–2001
1991–2001
-0.2%
0.2%
Class I freight railroad
(Btu per freight carmile)
(Btu per tonmile)
17,669
691
18,171
717
18,291
714
18,468
677
18,852
681
18,739
687
18,938
680
19,226
669
18,928
641
19,188
618
18,742
597
18,629
572
18,404
553
17,864
525
17,795
510
17,500
497
17,265
486
16,790
456
16,758
443
16,894
437
16,619
420
15,835
391
16,043
393
16,056
389
16,340
388
15,992
372
15,747
368
15,784
370
15,372
365
15,363
363
14,917
352
15,107
346
Average annual percentage change
-0.5%
-2.2%
-0.6%
-1.2%
Source:
See Appendix A for Freight Mode Energy Intensities.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
Domestic waterborne
commerce
(Btu per ton-mile)
545
506
522
576
483
549
468
458
383
436
358
360
310
286
346
446
463
402
361
403
387
386
398
389
369
374
412
415
435
457
508
444
-0.7%
1.4%
3–1
Chapter 3
All Highway Vehicles and Characteristics
Summary Statistics from Tables in this Chapter
Source
Table 3.1
U.S. share of world automobile registrations, 2001
22.9%
Table 3.2
U.S. share of world truck & bus registrations, 2001
42.7%
Table 3.3
Number of U.S. automobiles, 2001 (thousands)
Table 3.3
Number of U.S. trucks, 2001 (thousands)
Table 3.5
Vehicle miles traveled, 2001 (million miles)
87,969
2,746,925
Automobiles
58.2%
Motorcycles
0.3%
Two-axle, four-tire trucks
Table 3.8
128,714
33.7%
Other single-unit trucks
2.6%
Combination trucks
4.9%
Buses
0.3%
Average age of vehicles, 2001
Automobiles (years)
9.0
Trucks (years)
7.9
Median lifetime of vehicles
Table 3.9
Automobiles (years)
16.9
Table 3.10
Light trucks (years)
15.5
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
3–2
The 1997 data in this series were never published. Use caution comparing historical data because of disconnects in data series, such as China in
1998. Also, the U.S. is unique in how many light trucks (SUVs, minivans, pickups) are used for personal travel. Those light trucks are not included
on this table. The U.S. share of world automobiles has been declining since 1998.
Table 3.1
Automobile Registrations for Selected Countries, 1950–2001
(thousands)
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 22—2002
Year
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
1950–2001
1970–2001
1991–2001
China
India
351
795
1,622
1,852
2,262
2,860
3,497
4,179
4,700
1,607
2,694
2,954
3,205
3,361
3,569
3,837
4,246
Japan
43
153
457
2,181
8,779
17,236
23,660
27,845
34,924
37,076
38,963
40,772
42,678
44,680
46,868
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
2,940e
3,400
3,750
4,325
4,820
5,200
5,150
5,750
49,896
51,164
52,437
53,300
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
8.9%
6.9%
15.0%
6.0%
3.7%
United
Kingdom
Germanya
Canadab
d
d
2,307
1,913
d
d
360
2,961
4,950
5,650
4,856
4,104
8,320
9,131
9,719
5,279
11,860
11,802
14,376
6,602
15,180
14,061
18,161
8,870
18,440
15,438
23,236
10,256
20,800
18,953
26,099
11,118
23,010
22,528
30,695
12,622
23,550
22,744
31,309
12,578
24,020
23,008
37,579
12,781
24,385
23,402
39,202
12,927
24,900
23,832
39,918
13,122
25,100
24,307
40,499
13,183
25,500
24,864
41,045
13,300
Data are not available.
26,800
22,115
41,674
13,887
27,480
27,539
42,423
16,538
28,060
27,185
43,772
16,832
28,700
27,790
44,383
17,055
Average annual percentage change
d
d
5.0%
4.4%
2.9%
2.8%
3.7%
3.1%
2.0%
2.0%
3.6%
3.1%
France
United
Statesc
U.S. percentage
of worldc
World
total
40,339
52,145
61,671
75,258
89,244
106,706
121,601
127,885
133,700
128,300
126,581
127,327
127,883
128,387
129,728
76.0%
71.4%
62.7%
53.8%
46.1%
41.0%
38.0%
34.5%
30.7%
29.1%
28.0%
28.3%
27.0%
26.9%
26.7%
53,051
73,036
98,305
139,776
193,479
260,201
320,390
370,504
435,050
441,377
452,311
450,473
473,487
477,010
485,954
131,839
126,869
127,721
128,714
27.5%
26.7%
23.3%
22.9%
478,625
496,059
547,147
561,687
2.3%
1.2%
0.0%
Source:
Ward’s Communications, Ward’s World Motor Vehicle Data, 2002 Edition, Southfield, MI, 2002, pp. 232–235 and annual.
(Additional resources: www.wardsauto.com)
a
Data for 1991 and prior include West Germany only. Kraftwagen are included with automobiles.
Data from 1991 and later are not comparable to prior data and data from 1999 and later are not comparable to prior data.
c
Data from 1985 and later are not comparable to prior data.
b
d
e
Data are not available.
Data are not comparable to prior data due to reclassification of autos and trucks.
4.7%
3.5%
2.4%
The 1997 data in this series were never published. Use caution comparing historical data because of disconnects in data series, such as China in
1998. The U.S. totals include SUVs, minivans, and light trucks, many of which are used for personal travel.
Table 3.2
Truck and Bus Registrations for Selected Countries, 1950–2001
(thousands)
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 22—2002
Year
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
1950–2001
1970–2001
1991–2001
China
India
811
1,480
2,402
4,496
4,721
5,177
5,316
5,922
6,221
6,750
1,045
1,536
1,687
1,872
1,967
2,083
2,221
2,506
Japan
183
318
896
4,119
8,803
10,854
14,197
18,313
22,773
22,839
22,694
22,490
22,333
22,173
21,933
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
8,313e
9,400
9,650
10,212
2,610
3,000
2,390
2,663
20,919
20,559
20,211
19,985
d
d
d
d
d
d
8.0%
4.7%
9.6%
2.7%
-1.3%
United
Kingdom
Germanya
d
d
1,060
d
d
1,244
1,540
1,534
786
1,770
1,748
1,021
1,850
1,769
1,228
2,210
1,934
1,337
2,550
1,920
1,617
3,310
3,278
1,723
4,748
3,774
1,989
4,910
3,685
2,114
5,040
3,643
2,672
5,065
3,604
2,842
5,140
3,605
2,960
5,195
3,635
3,062
5,255
3,621
3,122
Data are not available
5,500
3,169
4,357
5,609
3,392
3,370
5,753
3,361
3,534
5,897
3,412
3,592
Average annual percentage change
d
d
2.3%
3.8%
2.1%
3.5%
1.8%
-0.8%
5.4%
France
Canadab
643
952
1,056
1,232
1,481
2,158
2,955
3,149
3,931
3,402
3,413
3,409
3,466
3,485
3,515
3,694
722f
739f
729f
0.2%
-2.3%
-14.3%
United
Statesc
U.S. percentage
of worldc
World
total
8,823
10,544
12,186
15,100
19,175
26,243
34,195
43,804
55,097
59,837
63,781
66,736
70,162
73,143
76,637
50.9%
46.1%
42.6%
39.6%
36.2%
38.8%
37.7%
37.4%
37.2%
38.9%
39.6%
40.1%
45.1%
43.1%
41.3%
17,349
22,860
28,583
38,118
52,899
67,698
90,592
117,038
148,073
153,695
161,219
166,614
155,591
169,749
185,404
79,062
86,640
85,579
87,969
44.0%
46.9%
42.1%
42.7%
179,498
188,367
203,273
206,218
4.6%
5.0%
3.9%
5.0%
4.5%
3.0%
Source:
Ward’s Communications, Ward’s World Motor Vehicle Data, 2002 Edition, Southfield, MI, 2002, pp. 232–235 and annual.
(Additional resources: www.wardsauto.com)
a
Data for 1991 and prior include West Germany only. Kraftwagen are included with automobiles. Data from 1999 and later are not comparable to prior data.
Data from 1991 and later are not comparable to prior data.
c
Data from 1985 and later are not comparable to prior data.
d
Data are not available.
e
Data not comparable to prior data due to reclassification of autos and trucks.
f
Canada
b
3–3
3–4
VEHICLES IN USE
Both the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) and The Polk Company report figures on the
automobile and truck population each year. The two estimates, however, differ by as much as 11.2% (1981).
The differences can be attributed to several factors:
! The FHWA data include all vehicles which have been registered at any time throughout the calendar year.
Therefore, the data include vehicles which were retired during the year and may double count vehicles
which have been registered in different states or the same states to different owners. The Polk Company
data include only those vehicles which are registered on July 1 of the given year.
! The classification of mini-vans, station wagons on truck chasses, and utility vehicles as passenger cars
or trucks causes important differences in the two estimates. The Polk Company data included passenger
vans in the automobile count until 1980; since 1980 all vans have been counted as trucks. Recently, the
Federal Highway Administration adjusted their definition of automobiles and trucks. Starting in 1993,
some minivans and sport utility vehicles that were previously included with automobiles were included
with trucks. This change produced a dramatic change in the individual percentage differences of cars and
trucks. The difference in total vehicles has been less than 5% each year since 1990 and does not appear
to be significantly affected by the FHWA reclassifications.
! The FHWA data include all non-military Federal vehicles, while The Polk Company data include only
those Federal vehicles which are registered within a state. Federal vehicles are not required to have State
registrations, and, according to the General Services Administration, most Federal Vehicles are not
registered.
According to The Polk Company statistics, the number of passenger cars in use in the U.S. declined from
1991 to 1992. This is the first decline in vehicle stock since the figures were first reported in 1924. However,
the data should be viewed with caution. A redesign of Polk's approach in 1992 allowed a national check for
duplicate registrations, which was not possible in earlier years. Polk estimates that, due to processing
limitations, its vehicle population counts may have been inflated by as much as 1½ percent. Assuming that
percentage is correct, the number of passenger cars in use would have declined from 1991 to 1992 under the
previous Polk method. The growing popularity of light trucks being used as passenger vehicles could also
have had an impact on these figures.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
Table 3.3
U.S. Automobiles and Trucks in Use, 1970–2001
(thousands)
Automobiles
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 22—2002
Year
1970
1975
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
FHWA
89,243
106,706
121,601
123,098
123,702
126,444
128,158
127,885
130,004
131,482
133,836
134,559
133,700
128,300
126,581
127,327
127,883
128,387
129,728
129,749
131,839
132,432
133,621
137,633
The Polk
Company
80,448
95,241
104,564
105,839
106,867
108,961
112,019
114,662
117,268
119,849
121,519
122,758
123,276
123,268
120,347
121,055
121,997
123,242
124,613
124,673
125,966
126,869
127,721
128,714
Trucks
Percentage
difference
10.9%
12.0%
16.3%
16.3%
15.8%
16.0%
14.4%
11.5%
10.9%
9.7%
10.1%
9.6%
8.5%
4.1%
5.2%
5.2%
4.8%
4.2%
4.1%
4.1%
4.7%
4.4%
4.6%
6.9%
FHWA
18,797
25,781
33,667
34,644
35,382
36,723
37,507
43,210
45,103
46,826
49,941
52,172
54,470
59,206
63,136
66,082
69,491
72,458
75,940
77,307
79,062
83,148
87,108
92,045
The Polk
Company
17,688
24,813
35,268
36,069
36,987
38,143
40,143
42,387
44,826
47,344
50,221
53,202
56,023
58,179
61,172
65,260
66,717
70,199
73,681
76,398
79,077
82,640
85,579
87,969
Total
Percentage
difference
6.3%
3.9%
-4.5%
-4.0%
-4.3%
-3.7%
-6.6%
1.9%
0.6%
-1.1%
-0.6%
-1.9%
-2.8%
1.8%
3.2%
1.3%
4.2%
3.2%
3.1%
1.2%
0.0%
0.6%
1.8%
4.6%
FHWA
108,040
132,487
155,267
157,743
159,084
163,166
165,665
171,095
175,106
178,308
183,777
186,731
188,171
187,505
189,717
193,409
197,375
200,845
205,669
207,056
210,901
215,580
220,729
229,678
The Polk
Company
98,136
120,054
139,832
141,908
143,854
147,104
152,162
157,049
162,094
167,193
171,740
175,960
179,299
181,447
181,519
186,315
188,714
193,441
198,294
201,071
205,043
209,509
213,300
216,683
Percentage
difference
10.1%
10.4%
11.0%
11.2%
10.6%
10.9%
8.9%
8.9%
8.0%
6.6%
7.0%
6.1%
4.9%
3.3%
4.5%
3.8%
4.6%
3.8%
3.7%
3.0%
2.9%
2.9%
3.5%
6.0%
Source:
FHWA - U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics 2001, Washington, DC, 2002, Table VM-1, p. V-57, and
annual. (Additional resources: www.fhwa.dot.gov)
Polk - The Polk Company, Detroit, Michigan. FURTHER REPRODUCTION PROHIBITED. (Additional resources: www.polk.com)
3–5
3–6
The line on this graph shows the trend of vehicles per thousand people for the U.S. from 1900 to 2001. The
symbols on the graph show the 2001 vehicles per thousand people for other countries or regions around the
world. Canada in 2001 had about the same ratio of vehicles to people as the U.S. did in 1972 and Western
Europe had about the same ratio as the U.S. did in 1969. On the other end of the scale, China had about the
same ratio of vehicles per thousand people in 2001 as the U.S. had in 1913 and Africa had about the same
ratio as the U.S. did in 1915.
Figure 3.1. Vehicles per Thousand People: U.S. Compared to Other Countries
Source:
Population – U.S.: U.S. Bureau of the Census, Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2002, Table
No. 2. All others: United Nations Secretariat, Population Division, World Urbanization
Prospects, The 2001 Revision, March 20, 2002.
(Additional resources: www.un.org/esa/population/unpop.htm
Vehicles – U.S.: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway
Statistics 2001, Washington, DC, 2003. All others: Ward’s Communications, Ward’s Motor
Vehicle Data 2002, pp. 232-235.
(Additional resources: www.fhwa.dot.gov, www.wardsauto.com)
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
3–7
The data on automobile and light truck stock by size class are estimations based on historical sales data. This method assumes
a constant scrappage rate for all size classes. The definitions for the size classes are in the Glossary. The data on trucks by weight
class are based on estimates from the 1997 Vehicle Inventory and Use Survey (latest available survey) and a 2002 report entitled
“Investigation of Class 2b Trucks (Vehicles of 8,500 to 10,000 lbs GVWR).”
Table 3.4
Vehicle Stock and New Sales in the United States, 2001 Calendar Year
Vehicle stocka
Thousands
Autos
Two-seaters
New sales (in thousands)
Share
Importb
Domestic
Total
128,714
100.0%
6,325
(75.1%)
2,098
(24.9%)
8,423
1,908
1.5%
51
(42.5%)
69
(57.5%)
120
Minicompact
1,260
1.0%
0
(0.0%)
34
(100.0
34
Subcompact
26,294
20.4%
715
(76.5%)
220
(23.5%)
935
Compact
41,480
32.2%
2,150
(69.3%)
954
(30.7%)
3,104
Midsize
39,032
30.3%
1,961
(72.3%)
751
(27.7%)
2,712
Large
18,740
14.6%
1,448
(95.5%)
69
(4.5%)
1,517
128,714
100.0%
c
c
c
c
c
5.2%
c
c
c
c
c
122,074
94.8%
c
c
c
c
c
87,969
100.0%
8,048
(88.9%)
1,002
(11.1%)
9,050
75,835
86.2%
7,137
(88.0%)
978
(12.0%)
8,115
Small pickup
13,151
14.9%
821
(100.0%)
0
(0.0%)
821
Large pickup
21,880
24.9%
1,998
(100.0%)
0
(0.0%)
1,998
Small van
13,141
14.9%
1,113
(96.7%)
38
(3.3%)
1,151
Large van
5,497
6.2%
321
(97.6%)
8
(2.4%)
329
Small SUV
6,302
7.2%
578
(62.9%)
340
(37.1%)
918
12,266
13.9%
1,542
(73.2%)
565
(26.8%)
2,107
790
Autos
Business fleet autos
6,640
Personal autos
Trucks
Less than 8,500 lbs.
Medium SUV
Large SUV
3,599
4.1%
764
(96.7%)
26
(3.3%)
8,500 – 10,000 lbs.
6,416
7.3%
492
(100.0%)
0
(0.0%)
492
4,728
5.4%
404
(100.0%)
0
(0.0%)
404
Pickup
Van/SUV
10,000 – 26,000 lbs.
26,000 lbs. and over
Trucks
d
Business fleet trucks <= 19,500 lbs. GVW
Personal trucks <=19,500 lbs. GVW
Trucks > 19,500 lbs. GVW
1,687
1.9%
88
(100.0%)
0
(0.0%)
88
2,639
3.0%
188
(88.8%)
24
(11.2%)
212
3,079
3.5%
231
(99.7%)
1
(0.3%)
231
87,969
100.0%
c
c
c
c
c
8.0%
c
c
c
c
c
87.5%
c
c
c
c
c
4.5%
c
c
c
c
c
7,002
77,008
3,959
Source:
See Appendix A Highway Vehicle Stock and New Sales for detailed methodology and sources.
(Additional resources: www.polk.com)
a
Total auto and truck vehicle stocks as of July 1, 2001 from The Polk Company (FURTHER REPRODUCTION
PROHIBITED).
b
Includes domestic-sponsored imports.
c
Data are not available.
d
In fleets of four or more vehicles.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
3–8
The trend of using two-axle, four-tire trucks, such as pickups, vans, and sport-utility vehicles, for personal travel
is evident in these data; two-axle, four-tire trucks account for 23% more travel in 2001 than in 1970, and
automobiles account for 24% less travel in that time period.
Table 3.5
Shares of Highway Vehicle-Miles Traveled by Vehicle Type, 1970–2001
Year
1970
1975
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
Two-axle,
four-tire
trucks
Other
single-unit Combinatio
Automobiles Motorcycle
trucks
n
s
trucks
82.6%
0.3%
11.1%
2.4%
3.2%
77.9%
0.4%
15.1%
2.6%
3.5%
72.8%
0.7%
19.0%
2.6%
4.5%
72.9%
0.7%
19.1%
2.5%
4.4%
72.8%
0.6%
19.2%
2.5%
4.4%
72.3%
0.5%
19.8%
2.6%
4.5%
71.3%
0.5%
20.8%
2.6%
4.5%
70.2%
0.5%
22.0%
2.6%
4.4%
69.2%
0.5%
23.1%
2.5%
4.4%
68.5%
0.5%
23.8%
2.5%
4.5%
67.6%
0.5%
24.8%
2.4%
4.4%
66.8%
0.5%
25.6%
2.4%
4.4%
65.7%
0.4%
26.8%
2.4%
4.4%
62.5%
0.4%
29.9%
2.4%
4.4%
61.0%
0.4%
31.5%
2.4%
4.4%
59.9%
0.4%
32.5%
2.5%
4.5%
59.6%
0.4%
32.4%
2.6%
4.6%
59.4%
0.4%
32.6%
2.6%
4.8%
59.1%
0.4%
32.8%
2.6%
4.8%
58.7%
0.4%
33.2%
2.6%
4.9%
58.9%
0.4%
33.0%
2.6%
4.9%
58.3%
0.4%
33.5%
2.6%
4.9%
58.3%
0.4%
33.6%
2.6%
4.9%
58.2%
0.3%
33.7%
2.6%
4.9%
Average annual percentage change
1970–2001
1991–2001
Busesa
Total
vehicle-miles
traveled
(million miles)
0.4%
0.5%
0.4%
0.4%
0.4%
0.3%
0.3%
0.3%
0.3%
0.3%
0.3%
0.3%
0.3%
0.3%
0.3%
0.3%
0.3%
0.3%
0.3%
0.3%
0.3%
0.3%
0.3%
0.3%
1,109,724
1,327,664
1,527,295
1,555,308
1,595,010
1,652,788
1,720,269
1,774,826
1,834,872
1,921,204
2,025,962
2,096,487
2,144,362
2,172,050
2,247,151
2,296,378
2,357,588
2,422,696
2,485,848
2,561,695
2,631,522
2,691,056
2,746,925
2,781,462
3.0%
2.5%
Source:
U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics 2001, Washington, DC,
2002, Table VM-1, p. V-57, and annual. (Additional resources: www.fhwa.dot.gov)
a
The data do not correspond with vehicle-miles of travel presented in the "Bus" section of this chapter due to differing data
sources.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
Table 3.6
Automobiles in Operation and Vehicle Travel by Age, 1970 and 2001
1970
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 22—2002
Age
(years)
Under 1a
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15 and older
Subtotal
Age not given
Total
Average age
Median age
Vehicles
(thousands)
6,288
9,299
8,816
7,878
8,538
8,506
7,116
6,268
5,058
3,267
2,776
1,692
799
996
794
2,336
80,427
22
80,449
2001
Cumulative
Percentage percentage
7.8%
11.6%
11.0%
9.8%
10.6%
10.6%
8.8%
7.8%
6.3%
4.1%
3.5%
2.1%
1.0%
1.2%
1.0%
2.9%
100.0%
5.6
4.9
7.8%
19.4%
30.3%
40.1%
50.8%
61.3%
70.2%
78.0%
84.3%
88.3%
91.8%
93.9%
94.9%
96.1%
97.1%
100.0%
Vehicles
(thousands)
6,183
8,882
8,093
7,555
7,860
7,337
8,555
7,471
7,420
6,807
6,810
6,692
6,742
6,189
5,345
20,773
128,714
0
128,714
Percentage
4.8%
6.9%
6.3%
5.9%
6.1%
5.7%
6.6%
5.8%
5.8%
5.3%
5.3%
5.2%
5.2%
4.8%
4.2%
16.1%
100.0%
Cumulative
percentage
4.8%
11.7%
18.0%
23.9%
30.0%
35.7%
42.3%
48.1%
53.9%
59.2%
64.5%
69.7%
74.9%
79.7%
83.9%
100.0%
2001 Estimated
vehicle travel
Cumulative
Percentage percentage
6.9%
9.4%
8.2%
7.2%
7.2%
6.5%
7.4%
6.3%
6.1%
5.4%
5.0%
4.5%
4.7%
3.8%
2.9%
8.2%
6.9%
16.3%
24.6%
31.8%
39.1%
45.6%
53.1%
59.4%
65.5%
71.0%
76.0%
80.5%
85.2%
88.9%
91.8%
100.0%
Average
annual miles
per vehicle
15,000
14,300
13,700
12,900
12,400
12,000
11,700
11,400
11,100
10,700
9,900
9,000
9,400
8,200
7,200
5,300
9.0
8.1
Source:
The Polk Company, Detroit, MI. FURTHER REPRODUCTION PROHIBITED.
Vehicle travel - Average annual miles per auto by age were multiplied by the number of vehicles in operation by age to estimate the vehicle travel.
Average annual miles per auto by age - generated by ORNL from the National Household Travel Survey website: nhts.ornl.gov.
(Additional resources: www.polk.com, nhts.ornl.gov)
a
Includes automobiles from model year 2002 and 2001 which were sold prior to July 1, 2002, and similarly, model years 1971 and 1970 sold prior to July 1,
1970.
3–9
3–10
Table 3.7
Trucks in Operation and Vehicle Travel by Age, 1970 and 2001
Age
(years)
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 22—2002
Under 1a
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15 and older
Subtotal
Age not given
Total
Average age
Median age
1970
2001
Cumulative
Vehicles
(thousands Percentag percentage
)
e
Cumulative
Vehicles
(thousands) Percentag percentage
e
1,262
1,881
1,536
1,428
1,483
1,339
1,154
975
826
621
658
583
383
417
414
2,710
17,670
15
17,685
7.1%
10.6%
8.7%
8.1%
8.4%
7.6%
6.5%
5.5%
4.7%
3.5%
3.7%
3.3%
2.2%
2.4%
2.3%
15.3%
100.0%
7.3
5.9
7.1%
17.8%
26.5%
34.6%
43.0%
50.5%
57.1%
62.6%
67.3%
70.8%
74.5%
77.8%
80.0%
82.3%
84.7%
100.0%
6,213
7,958
7,522
6,398
6,109
5,122
5,574
5,042
4,148
3,395
3,221
3,039
3,345
3,112
2,544
15,227
87,969
0
87,969
7.1%
9.0%
8.6%
7.3%
6.9%
5.8%
6.3%
5.7%
4.7%
3.9%
3.7%
3.5%
3.8%
3.5%
2.9%
17.3%
100.0%
7.1%
16.1%
24.7%
31.9%
38.9%
44.7%
51.0%
56.8%
61.5%
65.3%
69.0%
72.5%
76.3%
79.8%
82.7%
100.0%
2001 Estimated
vehicle travel
Average annual
miles per
Cumulative
vehicle
Percentag percentage
e
8.5%
12.0%
11.7%
9.0%
8.4%
6.8%
6.8%
6.1%
4.9%
3.5%
2.3%
2.2%
2.4%
2.3%
1.8%
11.0%
100.0%
8.5%
20.6%
32.3%
41.3%
49.7%
56.6%
63.4%
69.5%
74.4%
77.9%
80.3%
82.5%
84.9%
89.1%
89.0%
100.0%
17,500
19,200
19,800
17,900
17,500
17,000
15,600
15,400
15,100
13,200
9,200
9,200
9,200
9,200
9,200
9,200
7.9
6.8
Source:
The Polk Company, Detroit, MI. FURTHER REPRODUCTION PROHIBITED.
Vehicle travel—The average annual vehicle-miles per truck by age were multiplied by the number of trucks in operation by age to estimate the vehicle
travel. Average annual miles per truck by age were generated by ORNL from the 1997 Truck Inventory and Use Survey public use tape provided
by U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Washington, DC, 2000. (Additional resources: www.polk.com, www.census.gov)
a
Includes trucks from model year 2002 and 2001 which were sold prior to July 1, 2002, and similarly, model years 1971 and 1970 sold prior to
July 1, 1970.
3–11
The average age of automobiles was lower than the average age of trucks until 1995. Since then, the
average automobile age continues to grow, while the average truck age has held about the same. The
increasing popularity of light trucks as personal passenger vehicles may have had an influence on the
average age of trucks.
Table 3.8
Average Age of Automobiles and Trucks in Use, 1970–2001
(years)
Calendar
year
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
Automobiles
Meana
Medianb
5.6
4.9
5.7
5.1
5.7
5.1
5.7
5.1
5.7
5.2
6.0
5.4
6.2
5.5
6.2
5.6
6.3
5.7
6.4
5.9
6.6
6.0
6.9
6.0
7.2
6.2
7.4
6.5
7.5
6.7
7.6
6.9
7.6
7.0
7.6
6.9
7.6
6.8
7.6
6.5
7.6
6.5
7.8
6.7
7.9
7.0
8.1
7.3
8.3
7.5
8.4
7.7
8.5
7.9
8.6
8.1
8.8
8.3
8.9
8.3
9.0
8.1
9.0
8.1
Trucks
Meana
7.3
7.4
7.2
6.9
7.0
6.9
7.0
6.9
6.9
6.9
7.1
7.5
7.8
8.1
8.2
8.1
8.0
8.0
7.9
7.9
8.0
8.1
8.4
8.6
8.4
8.4
8.3
8.3
8.3
8.2
8.0
7.9
Medianb
5.9
6.1
6.0
5.8
5.6
5.8
5.8
5.7
5.8
5.9
6.3
6.5
6.8
7.2
7.4
7.6
7.7
7.8
7.1
6.7
6.5
6.8
7.2
7.5
7.5
7.6
7.7
7.8
7.5
7.2
6.9
6.8
Source:
The Polk Company, Detroit, MI. FURTHER REPRODUCTION PROHIBITED.
(Additional resources: www.polk.com)
a
Mean is the sum of the products of units multiplied by age, divided by the total units.
Median is a value in an ordered set of values below and above which there are an equal number of values.
b
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
3–12
The average age of trucks (classes 1-8) has historically been higher than the average age of
automobiles. In 1995, however, this trend reversed, with average automobile age higher than average
truck age for the first time. The recent boom in the sales of minivans, sport-utility vehicles, and pickups, which are classified as trucks, is influencing the average age of trucks. So many new light trucks
are being added into the truck population, that the average age of trucks has been declining since
1993, while the average age of automobiles continues an upward trend.
Figure 3.2. Average Age and Registrations of Automobiles and Trucks, 1970–2001
Source:
See Tables 3.3 and 3.8.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
3–13
Using current registration data and a scrappage model by Greenspan and Cohen, [1996 paper:
http://www.federalreserve.gov/pubs/feds/1996/199640/199640pap.pdf], ORNL calculated new automobile
scrappage rates. The expected median lifetime for a 1990 model year automobile is 16.9 years. These data are
fitted model values which assume constant economic conditions.
Table 3.9
Automobile Scrappage and Survival Rates
1970, 1980 and 1990 Model Years
Vehicle
agea
(years)
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
Median
lifetime
1970 model year
Survival
Scrappag
rateb
e ratec
99.0
1.0
94.1
5.0
88.4
6.1
82.0
7.2
75.2
8.3
68.1
9.5
60.9
10.6
53.8
11.7
46.9
12.8
40.3
14.0
34.2
15.1
28.7
16.2
23.7
17.4
19.3
18.5
15.5
19.6
12.3
20.8
9.6
21.9
7.4
23.0
5.6
24.2
4.2
25.3
3.1
26.4
2.2
27.5
1.6
28.6
1.1
29.7
0.8
30.8
0.5
31.9
0.4
33.0
11.5 years
1980 model year
Survival
Scrappag
rateb
e ratec
100.0
0.0
96.3
3.7
91.3
5.1
85.7
6.1
79.7
7.1
73.3
8.1
66.6
9.0
60.0
10.0
53.3
11.0
46.9
12.0
40.8
13.0
35.1
14.0
29.8
15.0
25.0
16.1
20.8
17.1
17.0
18.1
13.8
19.1
11.0
20.1
8.7
21.2
6.7
22.2
5.2
23.2
3.9
24.2
2.9
25.3
2.2
26.3
1.6
27.3
1.1
28.4
0.8
29.4
12.5 years
1990 model year
Survival
Scrappag
rateb
e ratec
100.0
0.0
100.0
0.0
99.4
0.6
96.3
3.2
92.7
3.7
88.7
4.3
84.4
4.9
79.8
5.5
75.0
6.1
70.0
6.7
64.9
7.3
59.7
7.9
54.6
8.6
49.5
9.3
44.6
9.9
39.9
10.6
35.4
11.3
31.1
12.0
27.2
12.7
23.5
13.5
20.2
14.2
17.1
15.0
14.5
15.7
12.1
16.5
10.0
17.2
8.2
18.0
6.6
18.8
16.9 years
Source:
Schmoyer, Richard L., unpublished study on scrappage rates, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak
Ridge, TN, 2001.
a
It was assumed that scrappage for vehicles less than 4 years old is 0.
The percentage of automobiles which will be in use at the end of the year.
c
The percentage of automobiles which will be retired from use during the year.
b
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
3–14
Figure 3.3. Automobile Survival Rates
Source: See Table 3.9.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
3–15
Using current registration data and a scrappage model by Greenspan and Cohen [1996 paper:
http://www.federalreserve.gov/pubs/feds/1996/199640/199640pap.pdf], ORNL calculated new light truck
scrappage rates. The expected median lifetime for a 1990 model year light truck is 15.5 years. These data are
fitted model values which assume constant economic conditions.
Table 3.10
Light Trucka Scrappage and Survival Rates
Vehicle
ageb
(years)
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
Median
lifetime
1970 model year
Survival
Scrappag
ratec
e rated
99.7
0.3
97.5
2.2
94.9
2.7
91.8
3.2
88.3
3.8
84.4
4.4
80.2
5.0
75.7
5.6
70.9
6.3
66.0
6.9
61.0
7.6
55.9
8.3
50.8
9.0
45.9
9.8
41.1
10.5
36.4
11.3
32.1
12.0
28.0
12.8
24.2
13.6
20.7
14.4
17.5
15.2
14.7
16.1
12.2
16.9
10.1
17.8
8.2
18.6
6.6
19.5
5.2
20.4
1980 model year
Survival
Scrappag
rateb
e ratec
99.1
0.9
96.6
2.5
93.7
3.1
90.2
3.7
86.3
4.3
82.0
5.0
77.3
5.7
72.4
6.4
67.3
7.1
62.1
7.8
56.8
8.5
51.5
9.3
46.3
10.1
41.3
10.8
36.5
11.6
32.0
12.4
27.7
13.3
23.8
14.1
20.3
14.9
17.1
15.8
14.2
16.7
11.7
17.5
9.6
18.4
7.7
19.3
6.2
20.2
4.9
21.1
3.8
22.1
1990 model year
Survival
Scrappag
rateb
e ratec
99.3
0.7
96.9
2.4
94.1
3.0
90.7
3.6
86.9
4.2
82.7
4.8
78.2
5.5
73.4
6.1
68.4
6.8
63.3
7.5
58.0
8.2
52.8
9.0
47.7
9.7
42.7
10.5
37.9
11.3
33.3
12.1
29.0
12.9
25.0
13.7
21.4
14.5
18.1
15.4
15.2
16.2
12.6
17.1
10.3
18.0
8.4
18.8
6.7
19.7
5.3
20.6
4.2
21.5
16.2 years
15.3 years
15.5 years
Source:
Schmoyer, Richard L., unpublished study on scrappage rates, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak
Ridge, TN, 2001.
a
Light trucks are trucks less than 10,000 lbs. gross vehicle weight.
It was assumed that scrappage for vehicles less than 4 years old is 0.
c
The percentage of light trucks which will be in use at the end of the year.
d
The percentage of light trucks which will be retired from use during the year.
b
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
3–16
Figure 3.4. Light Truck Survival Rates
Source: See Table 3.10.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
3–17
Using current registration data and a scrappage model by Greenspan and Cohen [1996 paper:
http://www.federalreserve.gov/pubs/feds/1996/199640/199640pap.pdf], ORNL calculated heavy truck (trucks over
26,000 lbs. gross vehicle weight) scrappage rates. The expected median lifetime for a 1990 model year heavy
truck is 29 years. These data are fitted model values which assume constant economic conditions.
Table 3.11
Heavy Trucka Scrappage and Survival Rates
Vehicle
ageb
(years)
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
Median
lifetime
1970 model year
Survival
Scrappag
ratec
e rated
98.8
1.2
97.2
1.6
95.3
1.9
93.2
2.3
90.7
2.6
88.1
3.0
85.2
3.3
82.1
3.6
78.8
4.0
75.4
4.3
71.9
4.7
68.3
5.0
64.6
5.3
61.0
5.7
57.3
6.0
53.7
6.3
50.1
6.7
46.6
7.0
43.2
7.3
39.9
7.6
36.7
8.0
33.7
8.3
30.8
8.6
28.0
8.9
25.4
9.3
23.0
9.6
20.7
9.9
1980 model year
Survival
Scrappag
rateb
e ratec
98.5
1.5
96.7
1.9
94.5
2.3
92.0
2.7
89.1
3.1
86.0
3.5
82.7
3.9
79.1
4.3
75.4
4.7
71.6
5.1
67.7
5.5
63.7
5.9
59.7
6.3
55.7
6.7
51.8
7.1
47.9
7.4
44.2
7.8
40.6
8.2
37.1
8.6
33.7
9.0
30.6
9.4
27.6
9.7
24.8
10.1
22.2
10.5
19.8
10.9
17.6
11.2
15.5
11.6
1990 model year
Survival
Scrappag
rateb
e ratec
99.4
0.6
98.6
0.8
97.6
1.0
96.5
1.2
95.2
1.3
93.8
1.5
92.2
1.7
90.5
1.9
88.6
2.0
86.7
2.2
84.6
2.4
82.4
2.6
80.2
2.7
77.9
2.9
75.5
3.1
73.0
3.3
70.5
3.4
68.0
3.6
65.4
3.8
62.8
3.9
60.3
4.1
57.7
4.3
55.1
4.5
52.6
4.6
50.0
4.8
47.6
5.0
45.1
5.1
20.0 years
18.5 years
28.0 years
Source:
Schmoyer, Richard L., unpublished study on scrappage rates, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak
Ridge, TN, 2001.
a
Heavy trucks are trucks more than 26,000 lbs. gross vehicle weight.
It was assumed that scrappage for vehicles less than 4 years old is 0.
c
The percentage of heavy trucks which will be in use at the end of the year.
d
The percentage of heavy trucks which will be retired from use during the year.
b
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
3–18
Figure 3.5. Heavy Truck Survival Rates
Source: See Table 3.11.
Model year ‘90 estimates are based on minimal preliminary data.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
4–1
Chapter 4
Light Vehicles and Characteristics
Summary Statistics from Tables in this Chapter
Source
Table 4.1
Table 4.2
Table 4.5
Table 4.7
Table 4.8
Tables 4.18
and 4.19
Table 4.24
Passenger cars, 2001
Registrations (thousands)
Vehicle miles (million miles)
Fuel economy (miles per gallon)
Two-axle, four-tire trucks, 2001
Registrations (thousands)
Vehicle miles (million miles)
Fuel economy (miles per gallon)
Light truck share of total light vehicle sales
1970 calendar year
2001 calendar year
Automobile sales, 2002 sales period
Minicompact
Subcompact
Compact
Midsize
Large
Two-seater
Light truck sales, 2002 sales period
Small pickup
Large pickup
Small van
Large van
Small SUV
Medium SUV
Large SUV
Corporate average fuel economy
Automobile standard, MY 2002
Automobile fuel economy, MY 2002
Light truck standard, MY 2002
Light truck fuel economy, MY 2002
Average fuel economy loss from 55 to 70 mph
137,633
1,600,287
21.9
84,188
937,839
17.6
14.8%
50.5%
8,336,459
53,840
636,397
3,217,151
2,917,527
1,377,357
134,187
8,673,079
761,802
2,209,671
1,165,202
349,706
877,777
2,448,269
860,652
(mpg)
27.5
29.5
20.7
21.8
17.1%
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
4–2
The Federal Highway Administration released revised historical data back to 1985 in their “Highway Statistics
Summary to 1995" report. As a result, the data in this table have been revised. The data in this table from 1985–on
DO NOT include minivans, pickups, or sport utility vehicles.
Table 4.1
Summary Statistics for Passenger Cars, 1970–2001
Year
Registrationsa
(thousands)
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985c
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
89,244
92,718
97,082
101,985
104,856
106,706
110,189
112,288
116,573
118,429
121,601
123,098
123,702
126,444
128,158
127,885
130,004
131,482
133,836
134,559
133,700
128,300
126,581
127,327
127,883
128,387
129,728
129,749
131,839
132,432
133,621
137,633
Vehicle travel
(million miles)
Fuel use
(million gallons)
Fuel economyb
(miles per gallon)
916,700
67,820
966,330
71,346
1,021,365
75,937
1,045,981
78,233
1,007,251
74,229
1,033,950
74,140
1,078,215
78,297
1,109,243
79,060
1,146,508
80,652
1,113,640
76,588
1,111,596
69,981
1,133,332
69,112
1,161,713
69,116
1,195,054
70,322
1,227,043
70,663
1,246,798
71,518
1,270,167
73,174
1,315,982
73,308
1,370,271
73,345
1,401,221
73,913
1,408,266
69,568
1,358,185
64,318
1,371,569
65,436
1,374,709
67,047
1,406,089
67,874
1,438,294
68,072
1,469,854
69,221
1,502,556
69,892
1,549,577
71,695
1,569,100
73,283
1,600,287
73,065
1,619,422
73,261
Average annual percentage change
1.9%
0.2%
1.8%
1.3%
13.5
13.5
13.5
13.4
13.6
13.9
13.8
14.0
14.2
14.5
15.9
16.4
16.8
17.0
17.4
17.4
17.4
18.0
18.7
19.0
20.2
21.1
21.0
20.5
20.7
21.1
21.2
21.5
21.4
21.4
21.9
22.1
1970–2001
1.4%
1.6%
1991–2001
0.7%
0.5%
Source:
U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics 2001, Washington, DC,
2002, Table VM-1, p. V-57, and annual.
(Additional resources: www.fhwa.dot.gov)
a
This number differs from R.L. Polk’s estimates of “number of automobiles in use.” See Table 3.3.
Fuel economy for automobile population.
c
Beginning in this year the data were revised to exclude minivans, pickups and sport utility vehicles which
may have been previously included.
b
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
4–3
The Federal Highway Administration released revised historical data back to 1985 which better reflected two-axle,
four-tire trucks. The definition of this category includes vans, pickup trucks, and sport utility vehicles.
Table 4.2
Summary Statistics for Two-Axle, Four-Tire Trucks, 1970–2001
Year
Registrations
(thousands)
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985a
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
14,211
15,181
16,428
18,083
19,335
20,418
22,301
23,624
25,476
27,022
27,876
28,928
29,792
31,214
32,106
37,214
39,382
41,107
43,805
45,945
48,275
53,033
57,091
59,994
62,904
65,738
69,134
70,224
71,330
75,356
79,085
84,188
Vehicle travel
(million miles)
Fuel use
(million gallons)
123,286
12,313
137,870
13,484
156,622
15,150
176,833
16,828
182,757
16,657
200,700
19,081
225,834
20,828
250,591
22,383
279,414
24,162
291,905
24,445
290,935
23,796
296,343
23,697
306,141
22,702
327,643
23,945
358,006
25,604
390,961
27,363
423,915
29,074
456,870
30,598
502,207
32,653
536,475
33,271
574,571
35,611
649,394
38,217
706,863
40,929
745,750
42,851
764,634
44,112
790,029
45,605
816,540
47,354
850,739
49,389
868,275
50,462
901,022
52,859
923,059
52,939
937,839
53,294
Average annual percentage change
6.8%
4.8%
3.7%
3.4%
Fuel economy
(miles per gallon)
10.0
10.2
10.3
10.5
11.0
10.5
10.8
11.2
11.6
11.9
12.2
12.5
13.5
13.7
14.0
14.3
14.6
14.9
15.4
16.1
16.1
17.0
17.3
17.4
17.3
17.3
17.2
17.2
17.2
17.0
17.4
17.6
1970–2001
5.9%
1.8%
1991–2001
4.7%
0.3%
Source:
U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics 2001, Washington,
DC, 2002, Table VM-1, p. V-57, and annual. (Additional resources: www.fhwa.dot.gov)
a
Beginning in this year the data were revised to include all vans (including mini-vans), pickups and sport
utility vehicles.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
4–4
Because data on Class 2b trucks are scarce, the U.S. DOE funded a study to investigate available sources of data.
In the final report, four methodologies are described to estimate the sales of Class 2b trucks.
Table 4.3
Summary Statistics on Class 1, Class 2a, and Class 2b Light Trucks
CY 1999
truck
sales
(millions)
5.7
1.8
0.5
Class 1
Class 2a
Class 2b
MY 2000
truck
population
(millions)
49.7
19.2
5.8
Percent
diesel
trucks in
population
0.3%
2.5%
24.0%
Average
age
(years)
7.3
7.4
8.6
Estimated
fuel use
(billiona
gallons)
37.4
18.0
5.5
Estimated
annual
milesa
(billions)
672.7
251.9
76.7
Source: Davis, S.C. and L.F. Truett, Investigation of Class 2b Trucks (Vehicles of 8,500 to 10,000 lbs
GVWR), ORNL/TM-2002/49, March 2002, Table 16.
Note: CY - calendar year. MY - model year.
Table 4.4
Sales Estimates of Class 1, Class 2a, and Class 2b Light Trucks, 1989–1999
Calendar Year
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
Class 1
(6,000 lbs
and under)
3,313
3,451
3,246
3,608
4,119
4,527
4,422
4,829
5,085
5,263
5,707
1989–1999
72.3%
Sales estimates (thousands)
Class 2a
Class 2b
(6,001(8,50018,500 lbs)
10,000 lbs)
918
379
829
268
670
206
827
194
975
257
1,241
265
1,304
327
1,356
334
1,315
397
1,694
342
1,845
521
Percent change
101.0%
37.5%
Total
4,610
4,548
4,122
4,629
5,351
6,033
6,053
6,519
6,797
7,299
8,073
75.1%
Source: Davis, S.C. and L.F. Truett, Investigation of Class 2b Trucks (Vehicles of 8,500 to 10,000 lbs
GVWR), ORNL/TM-2002/49, March 2002, Table 1.
Note: These data were calculated using Methodology 4 from the report.
a
Estimates derived using 2000 population data and 1997 usage data. See source for details.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
4–5
Over one-quarter of autos sold in 2002 were transplants–autos built in the U.S. by a foreign firm.
Table 4.5
New Retail Automobile Sales in the United States, 1970–2002
Domestica
Calendar
year
1970
1975
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
1970–2002
1992–2002
Importb
(thousands)
7,119
1,285
7,053
1,571
6,581
2,398
6,209
2,327
5,759
2,223
6,795
2,387
7,952
2,439
8,205
2,838
8,215
3,238
7,081
3,197
7,526
3,099
7,073
2,825
6,897
2,404
6,137
2,038
6,277
1,937
6,742
1,776
7,255
1,735
7,129
1,506
7,255
1,271
6,917
1,355
6,762
1,380
6,979
1,719
6,831
2,016
6,325
2,098
5,878
2,226
-0.6%
-0.7%
1.7%
1.4%
Total
Percentage
transplantsc
on model
year basis
Percentage
imports
d
8,404
15.3%
d
8,624
18.2%
8,979
26.7%
2.1%
8,536
27.3%
1.8%
7,982
27.9%
1.4%
9,182
26.0%
1.3%
10,391
23.5%
2.0%
11,043
25.7%
2.2%
11,453
28.3%
2.8%
10,278
31.1%
5.2%
10,626
29.2%
5.8%
9,898
28.5%
7.3%
9,301
25.8%
11.2%
8,175
24.9%
13.7%
8,213
23.6%
14.1%
8,518
20.9%
14.9%
8,990
19.3%
16.5%
8,635
17.4%
18.9%
8,526
14.9%
22.3%
8,272
16.4%
23.7%
8,142
16.9%
25.1%
8,698
19.8%
24.6%
8,847
22.8%
24.4%
8,423
24.9%
26.0%
8,104
27.5%
26.7%
Average annual percentage change
-0.1%
-0.1%
Percentage
imports and
transplants
Percentage
diesel
d
d
d
0.31%
4.31%
6.10%
4.44%
2.09%
1.45%
0.82%
0.37%
0.16%
0.02%
0.13%
0.08%
0.10%
0.06%
0.03%
0.04%
0.04%
0.10%
0.09%
0.13%
0.16%
0.26%
0.18%
0.39%
28.8%
29.1%
29.3%
27.3%
25.5%
27.9%
31.1%
36.3%
35.0%
35.8%
37.0%
38.6%
37.7%
35.8%
35.8%
36.3%
37.2%
40.1%
42.0%
44.4%
47.2%
50.9%
54.2%
Source:
Domestic and import data - 1970–97: American Automobile Manufacturers Association, Motor Vehicle Facts and
Figures 1998, Detroit, MI, 1998, p. 15, and annual. 1997 data from Economic Indicators, 4th Quarter 1997.
1998–2002: Ward’s Communication, Ward’s Motor Vehicle Facts and Figures, Detroit, MI, 2000, p. 15.
Diesel data - Ward's Communications, Ward's Automotive Yearbook, Detroit, MI, 2003, p. 52, and annual.
Transplant data - Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Light Vehicle MPG and Market Shares Data System, Oak Ridge,
TN, 2002. (Additional resources: www.aama.com, www.wardsauto.com)
a
North American built.
Does not include import tourist deliveries.
c
A transplant is an automobile which was built in the U.S. by a foreign firm. Also included are joint ventures which
are built in the U.S.
d
Data are not available.
b
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
4–6
In 2000, light trucks, which include pick-ups, minivans, sport-utility vehicles, and other trucks less than 10,000
pounds gross vehicle weight (GVW), accounted for 48.7% of light vehicle sales.
Table 4.6
New Retail Sales of Trucks 10,000 Pounds GVW and Less in the United States, 1970–2002
Percentages
Calendar
year
Light truck
salesa
(thousands)
1970
1975
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
1,463
2,281
2,440
2,189
2,470
2,984
3,863
4,458
4,594
4,610
4,800
4,610
4,548
4,123
4,629
5,351
6,033
6,053
6,519
6,797
7,299
8,073
8,387
8,700
8,713
1970–2002
1992–2002
5.7%
6.5%
Importb
4.5%
10.0%
19.7%
20.3%
16.5%
15.6%
15.7%
17.2%
20.1%
17.9%
12.6%
10.9%
13.2%
12.8%
8.6%
6.8%
6.5%
6.5%
6.6%
8.4%
8.9%
9.5%
9.9%
11.3%
12.2%
Dieseld
Four-wheel drive
of domestic
light trucksd
f
g
f
f
g
Transplantsc
23.4%
0.9%
3.6%
20.7%
0.0%
3.1%
18.6%
0.0%
8.5%
16.8%
0.0%
6.7%
28.5%
2.0%
4.8%
27.0%
2.6%
3.8%
29.1%
2.3%
3.7%
27.0%
1.7%
2.3%
32.0%
2.4%
2.3%
32.1%
2.6%
2.9%
31.4%
3.4%
3.1%
31.6%
4.5%
3.2%
34.4%
5.5%
3.3%
31.6%
7.1%
3.7%
32.6%
8.1%
3.9%
34.4%
7.5%
4.1%
39.1%
8.4%
3.7%
35.7%
7.0%
4.8%
39.6%
7.6%
1.7%
43.8%
8.7%
5.9%
43.3%
11.3%
4.8%
41.7%
12.8%
5.3%
42.2%
12.1%
4.9%
46.4%
Average annual percentage change
Light trucks of
light-duty
vehicle salese
Light trucks
of total
truck sales
14.8%
20.9%
21.4%
20.4%
23.6%
24.5%
27.1%
28.8%
28.6%
31.0%
31.1%
31.8%
32.8%
33.5%
36.0%
38.6%
40.2%
41.2%
43.3%
46.6%
47.3%
48.1%
48.7%
50.8%
51.8%
80.4%
87.9%
88.9%
89.8%
92.8%
93.6%
93.0%
93.6%
94.3%
93.9%
93.2%
93.3%
93.9%
94.5%
94.4%
94.2%
94.0%
93.4%
94.1%
94.1%
93.3%
92.6%
93.9%
96.1%
96.4%
Source:
Four-wheel drive and diesel - 1970–88: Ward's Communications, Ward's Automotive Yearbook, Detroit, MI, 1989, p. 168, and
annual. 1989–on: Ward's Communications, Ward's Automotive Yearbook, Factory Installation Reports, Detroit, MI, 2003,
and annual.
Transplants - Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Light-Duty Vehicle MPG and Market Shares System, Oak Ridge, TN, 1996.
All other - 1970–97: American Automobile Manufacturers Association, Motor Vehicle Facts and Figures 1998, Detroit, MI,
1998, pp. 8, 15, 24, and annual. 1998–on: Ward’s Communications, Ward’s 2003 Motor Vehicle Facts and Figures,
Detroit, MI, p. 24, and annual. (Additional resources: www.aama.com, www.wardsauto.com)
a
Includes all trucks of 10,000 pounds gross vehicle weight and less sold in the U.S.
Excluding transplants.
c
Based on model year data. A transplant is a light truck which was built in the U.S. by a foreign firm. Also included
are joint ventures built in the U.S.
d
Based on model year factory installations. Column was revised.
e
Light-duty vehicles include automobiles and light trucks.
f
Data are not available.
g
Indicates less than 1 percent.
b
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
4–7
The sales-weighted fuel economy of automobiles increased dramatically from 1976 (17.2 mpg) to 1990 (27.6 mpg),
but has risen only about 1 mpg since then.
Table 4.7
Period Sales, Market Shares, and Sales-Weighted Fuel Economies
of New Domestic and Import Automobiles, Selected Sales Periodsa 1976–2002
Sales Perioda
MINICOMPACT
Total sales, units
Market share, %
Fuel economy, mpg
SUBCOMPACT
Total sales, units
Market share, %
Fuel economy, mpg
COMPACT
Total sales, units
Market share, %
Fuel economy, mpg
MIDSIZE
Total sales, units
Market share, %
Fuel economy, mpg
LARGE
Total sales, units
Market share, %
Fuel economy, mpg
TWO SEATER
Total sales, units
Market share, %
Fuel economy, mpg
TOTAL
Total sales, units
Market share, %
Fuel economy, mpg
1976
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2001
2002
428,346
4.7
29.4
52,295
0.5
32.7
76,698
0.8
26.4
44,752
0.5
27.0
19,245
0.2
25.6
33,206
0.4
24.6
53,840
0.6
26.2
2,625,929 3,441,480 2,382,339 2,030,226 1,518,209 1,789,350
27.1
37.8
21.7
22.0
17.4
19.9
23.5
27.3
30.1
31.3
31.7
31.1
922,287
11.1
29.6
636,397
7.6
27.6
599,423 3,526,118 3,156,481 3,289,735 2,397,813 3,058,389
6.6
32.1
34.2
37.7
26.7
36.8
22.3
29.6
28.9
30.2
30.4
31.3
3,217,151
38.6
31.5
1,815,505 3,073,103 3,117,817 2,511,503 2,498,521 3,352,198 2,669,116
18.7
33.8
28.4
27.2
28.6
37.3
32.1
15.3
21.3
24.9
25.9
25.9
26.8
27.2
2,917,527
35.0
27.4
2,206,102 1,336,190 1,516,249 1,279,092 1,320,608 1,297,237 1,506,890
22.8
14.7
13.8
13.9
15.1
14.4
18.1
13.9
19.3
22.3
23.5
24.1
25.3
25.4
1,377,357
16.5
25.5
–
–
–
2,839,603
29.3
17.1
199,716
2.1
20.1
215,964
2.4
21.0
373,697
3.4
27.6
170,465
1.8
28.0
53,045
0.6
24.7
122,259
1.4
25.8
118,097
1.4
26.5
134,187
1.6
25.2
9,686,855 9,094,506 10,968,51 9,224,465 8,724,870 8,978,102 8,307,985
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
17.2
23.2
27.0
27.6
28.0
28.2
28.5
8,336,459
100
28.5
Source:
Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Light Vehicle MPG and Market Shares System, Oak Ridge, TN, 2003.
(Additional resources: www-cta.ornl.gov)
a
Sales period is October 1 of the previous year through September 30 of the current year. These figures
represent only those sales that could be matched to corresponding EPA fuel economy values.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
4–8
Light truck sales have more than tripled from 1976 to 2001. Similar to the automobile trend, the sales-weighted
fuel economy of light trucks increased during the late ‘70's and ‘80's, but has remained fairly constant since then.
Table 4.8
Period Sales, Market Shares, and Sales-Weighted Fuel Economies
of New Domestic and Import Light Trucks, Selected Sales Periodsa 1976–2002
Sales Perioda
SMALL PICKUP
Total sales, units
Market share, %
Fuel economy, mpg
LARGE PICKUP
Total sales, units
Market share, %
Fuel economy, mpg
SMALL VAN
Total sales, units
Market share, %
Fuel economy, mpg
LARGE VAN
Total sales, units
Market share, %
Fuel economy, mpg
SMALL SUV
Total sales, units
Market share, %
Fuel economy, mpg
MEDIUM SUV
Total sales, units
Market share, %
Fuel economy, mpg
LARGE SUV
Total sales, units
Market share, %
Fuel economy, mpg
TOTAL
Total sales, units
Market share, %
Fuel economy, mpg
1976
1980
170,351
7.1
23.9
516,412
23.3
25.5
1985
1990
1995
2000
2001
2002
863,584 1,135,727 1,067,764 1,071,730
20.4
25.2
18.0
12.9
26.8
24.5
24.4
22.0
819,033
10.2
21.3
761,802
8.8
21.3
1,586,020 1,115,248 1,690,931 1,116,490 1,472,885 1,968,710
65.8
50.3
39.9
24.7
24.8
23.7
15.1
17.0
19.0
17.5
17.8
18.7
1,987,833
24.8
19.0
2,209,671
25.5
18.4
1,141,109
14.2
23.2
1,165,202
13.4
23.0
18,651
0.8
19.5
13,649
0.6
19.6
437,660 1,012,141 1,330,586 1,272,070
10.3
22.4
22.4
15.3
23.9
22.3
22.4
23.0
574,745
23.9
15.4
328,065
14.8
16.3
536,242
12.7
16.4
319,429
7.1
17.1
327,586
5.5
17.2
368,820
4.4
18.2
323,806
4.0
18.3
349,706
4.0
18.5
0
0.0
51,684
2.3
17.7
441,966
10.4
22.1
402,354
8.9
22.5
509,737
8.6
22.0
756,142
9.1
23.8
894,788
11.2
24.3
877,777
10.1
25.3
50,763
2.1
15.1
151,929
6.9
14.9
187,447
4.4
17.2
434,491 1,076,686 2,167,329
9.6
18.1
26.1
19.7
19.2
20.4
2,067,855
25.8
20.5
2,448,269
28.2
20.5
9,228
0.4
14.2
39,550
1.8
13.7
77,535
1.8
17.1
702,152
8.5
17.5
785,094
9.8
17.6
860,652
9.9
17.5
2,409,758 2,216,537 4,235,365 4,514,625 5,933,866 8,306,953
100
100
100
100
100
100
15.6
18.1
20.4
20.5
20.2
20.4
8,019,518
100
20.5
8,673,079
100
20.2
93,993
2.1
16.5
148,622
2.5
16.1
Source:
Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Light Vehicle MPG and Market Shares System, Oak Ridge, TN, 2003.
(Additional resources: www-cta.ornl.gov)
Note:
Revised definitions of light trucks are based on vehicle curb weight as follows:
Small pickup= <3,500 lbs.
Large pickup=3,500-8,500 lbs.
Small van = <4,500 lbs.
Large van=4,500-8,500 lbs.
Small utility= <3,500 lbs.
Medium utility=3,500-4,799 lbs.
Large utility=4,800-8,500 lbs.
a
Sales period is October 1 of the previous year through September 30 of the current year. These figures represent
only those sales that could be matched to corresponding EPA fuel economy values.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
4–9
Back in 1976 only 20% of new light vehicle sales were light trucks. Because of the boom in sales of minivans,
sport utility vehicles, and pick-up trucks, today more than half of light vehicle sales are light trucks.
Table 4.9
Light Vehicle Market Shares by Size Class, Sales Periodsa 1976–2002
Sales perioda
1976
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2001
2002
Minicompact
0.0%
3.8%
0.3%
0.6%
0.3%
0.1%
0.2%
0.3%
Subcompact
21.7%
30.4%
15.7%
14.8%
10.4%
10.4%
5.6%
3.7%
Compact
23.5%
5.3%
23.2%
23.0%
22.4%
13.9%
18.7%
18.8%
Midsize
15.0%
27.2%
20.5%
18.3%
17.0%
19.4%
16.3%
17.2%
Large
18.2%
11.8%
10.0%
9.3%
9.0%
7.5%
9.2%
8.1%
Two seater
1.7%
1.9%
2.5%
1.2%
0.4%
0.7%
0.7%
0.8%
Small pickup
1.4%
4.6%
5.7%
8.3%
7.3%
6.2%
5.0%
4.5%
Large pickup
13.1%
9.9%
11.1%
8.1%
10.0%
11.4%
12.2%
13.0%
Small van
0.2%
0.1%
2.9%
7.4%
8.6%
7.4%
6.4%
6.9%
Large van
4.8%
2.9%
3.5%
2.3%
9.1%
2.1%
2.0%
2.1%
Small utility
0.0%
0.5%
2.9%
2.9%
3.5%
4.4%
5.5%
5.2%
Medium utility
0.4%
1.3%
1.2%
3.2%
7.3%
12.5%
13.2%
14.3%
Large utility
0.1%
0.3%
0.5%
0.7%
1.0%
4.1%
4.8%
5.1%
Total light vehicles sold
12,096,613 11,311,043 15,203,880
13,739,090 14,658,736 17,285,055 16,327,503 17,009,538
Cars
80.1%
80.4%
72.1%
67.1%
59.5%
51.9%
50.9%
49.0%
Light trucks
19.9%
19.6%
27.9%
32.9%
40.5%
48.1%
49.1%
51.0%
Source:
Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Light Vehicle MPG and Market Shares System, Oak Ridge, TN, 2003.
(Additional resources: www-cta.ornl.gov)
a
Sales period is October 1 of the current year through September 30 of the next year.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
4–10
This graph shows the emergence of the mini-van in the early 1980's and the rising popularity of
sport utility vehicles in the 1990's.
Figure 4.1. Light Vehicle Market Shares, Sales Periods 1976–2002
New Light Vehicle Market Share
100%
Large SUV
90%
Medium SUV
80%
Small SUV
70%
Large Van
Minivan
Large Pickup
60%
Small pickup Two-Seater
Car
Large Car
50%
40%
Midsize Car
30%
20%
Compact
C
Subcompact Car
10%
0%
1976
1981
1986
1991
1996
2001
Source:
See Table 4.9
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
Minicompact
Car
4–11
The compact, midsize, and large automobile sales-weighted engine sizes declined dramatically in the late ‘70's
and early ‘80's.
Table 4.10
Sales-Weighted Engine Size of New Domestic and Import Automobiles by Size Class,
Sales Periodsa 1976–2002
( litersb)
a
Midsize
Large
Two seater
All
Sales period Minicompact Subcompact Compact
c
2.67
5.00
5.85
6.79
2.89
4.89
1976
1977
1.98
2.73
4.79
5.47
6.02
2.81
4.56
1978
2.06
2.67
3.95
4.89
6.17
3.01
4.33
1979
1.86
2.39
3.74
4.41
5.56
2.77
3.78
1980
1.90
2.10
3.03
3.90
5.12
2.79
3.22
1981
1.57
2.04
2.20
3.63
5.00
2.49
2.98
1982
1.53
2.08
2.12
3.47
4.73
2.41
2.89
1983
1.60
2.19
2.20
3.45
4.95
2.52
2.98
1984
2.17
2.22
2.21
3.40
4.87
2.50
2.97
1985
1.95
2.29
2.27
3.37
4.65
2.47
2.92
1986
1.45
2.19
2.21
3.19
4.38
2.83
2.76
1987
1.48
2.19
2.20
2.99
4.36
2.57
2.68
1988
1.52
2.05
2.21
3.00
4.32
2.75
2.66
1989
2.54
2.08
2.11
3.01
4.31
2.81
2.68
1990
2.42
1.96
2.25
3.13
4.33
2.57
2.72
1991
2.17
1.97
2.23
3.16
4.40
2.67
2.72
1992
1.89
2.01
2.33
3.16
4.34
3.01
2.76
1993
1.96
2.07
2.28
3.16
4.27
3.47
2.78
1994
2.21
2.27
2.23
3.15
4.17
3.82
2.79
1995
2.42
2.26
2.23
3.12
4.12
3.76
2.79
1996
2.49
2.23
2.19
2.98
4.09
3.67
2.71
1997
2.62
2.13
2.28
3.02
4.03
3.08
2.74
1998
3.15
2.29
2.17
2.94
3.98
3.51
2.75
1999
2.86
2.31
2.25
2.91
3.91
3.62
2.76
2000
2.55
2.30
2.23
2.85
3.88
3.45
2.73
2001
3.01
2.66
2.16
2.85
3.69
3.48
2.74
2002
2.90
3.01
2.14
2.87
3.69
3.74
2.75
Average annual percentage change
1976–2002
1.6%d
0.5%
-3.3%
-2.9%
-2.5%
1.1%
-2.4%
1992–2002
4.4%
4.1%
-0.8%
-1.0%
-1.6%
2.2%
0.0%
Source:
Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Light Vehicle MPG and Market Shares System, Oak Ridge, TN, 2003.
(Additional resources: www-cta.ornl.gov)
a
Sales period is October 1 of the previous year through September 30 of the current year.
1 liter = 61.02. cubic inches.
c
There were no minicompact automobiles sold in 1976.
d
Average annual percentage change begins with 1977.
b
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
4–12
Pickups and vans have been increasing over the years while utility vehicles engine sizes are smaller in 2002 than
in the 1970's.
Table 4.11
Sales-Weighted Engine Size of New Domestic and Import Light Trucks by Size Class
Sales Periodsa 1976–2002
(litersb )
Small
Large
Small
Large
Small
Medium
Large
Sales
pickup
pickup
van
van
utility
utility
utility
All
perioda
c
4.21
5.74
4.18
1976
1.92
4.41
1.97
4.27
c
1977
1.95
4.41
1.97
4.37
4.21
5.74
4.11
1978
1.96
4.39
1.97
4.25
3.80
4.48
5.74
4.09
1979
2.00
5.15
1.97
4.24
4.23
4.67
5.74
4.41
1980
1.99
4.41
1.97
4.85
2.47
4.51
5.74
3.88
1981
2.08
4.16
1.97
4.34
2.47
4.55
5.00
3.67
1982
2.06
4.02
1.59
4.33
2.47
4.54
5.00
3.55
1983
2.04
4.05
1.59
4.32
2.28
4.84
5.59
3.37
1984
2.05
4.17
2.13
4.33
2.33
4.14
5.65
3.40
1985
2.09
4.02
2.22
4.43
2.60
4.44
4.96
3.38
1986
2.13
3.79
2.29
4.41
2.28
4.33
4.95
3.12
1987
2.17
3.71
2.29
4.46
2.39
3.83
4.95
3.07
1988
2.56
4.68
3.15
5.21
3.23
4.19
5.55
3.82
1989
2.64
4.70
3.11
5.22
3.77
3.77
5.58
3.93
1990
2.90
5.14
3.43
5.24
3.68
3.55
5.56
3.93
1991
2.93
5.22
3.36
5.26
3.60
3.85
5.46
3.92
1992
3.09
5.15
3.43
5.31
3.62
3.94
5.45
4.00
1993
3.15
5.15
3.41
5.24
3.60
4.06
5.58
4.02
1994
3.05
5.26
3.58
5.37
3.53
4.01
5.54
4.10
1995
2.99
5.13
3.50
5.16
3.56
4.04
5.41
4.06
1996
2.93
5.17
3.51
5.25
3.43
4.29
5.35
4.12
1997
3.00
5.05
3.47
5.04
2.75
3.96
5.33
4.09
1998
2.89
5.01
3.45
4.99
2.84
4.15
5.39
4.16
1999
3.36
5.02
3.48
5.05
2.87
4.12
5.46
4.19
2000
3.42
4.94
3.43
5.00
2.78
4.03
5.21
4.11
2001
3.50
4.79
3.59
4.96
2.70
3.84
5.13
4.05
2002
3.54
4.88
3.61
4.89
2.60
3.80
5.18
4.09
Average annual percentage change
c
1976–2002
2.5%
0.4%
2.5%
0.5%
-0.4%
-0.4%
-0.1%
1992–2002
1.4%
-0.5%
0.5%
-0.8%
-3.3%
-0.4%
-0.5%
0.2%
Source:
Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Light Vehicle MPG and Market Shares System, Oak Ridge, TN, 2003.
(Additional resources: www-cta.ornl.gov)
Note:
Revised definitions of light trucks are based on vehicle curb weight as follows:
Small pickup= <3,500 lbs.
Large pickup=3,500-8,500 lbs.
Small van = <4,500 lbs.
Large van=4,500-8,500 lbs.
Small utility= <3,500 lbs.
Medium utility=3,500-4,799 lbs.
Large utility=4,800-8,500 lbs.
a
Sales period is October 1 of the previous year through September 30 of the current year.
1 liter = 61.02 cubic inches.
c
Data are not available.
b
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
4–13
The large car size class is the only class that showed a decline in curb weight from 1992 to 2002.
Sales
perioda
1976
Table 4.12
Sales-Weighted Curb Weight of New Domestic and Import Automobiles by Size Class,
Sales Periodsa 1976–2002
(pounds)
Two
Minicompact
Subcompact
Compact
Midsize
Large
seater
b
2,577
3,609
4,046
4,562
2,624
All
3,608
1977
2,228
2,586
3,550
3,900
4,026
2,608
3,424
1978
2,200
2,444
3,138
3,427
3,956
2,763
3,197
1979
2,120
2,367
3,048
3,287
3,763
2,699
3,000
1980
2,154
2,270
2,813
3,081
3,667
2,790
2,790
1981
1,920
2,370
2,382
2,996
3,672
2,744
2,744
1982
2,002
2,302
2,422
2,992
3,703
2,525
2,730
1983
2,072
2,334
2,441
3,027
3,779
2,663
2,788
1984
2,376
2,380
2,454
2,990
3,734
2,559
2,788
1985
2,211
2,392
2,464
2,954
3,575
2,539
2,743
1986
2,120
2,415
2,432
2,857
3,451
2,575
2,675
1987
1,960
2,423
2,474
2,857
3,483
2,602
2,689
1988
1,933
2,346
2,558
2,880
3,487
2,693
2,717
1989
2,576
2,357
2,517
2,985
3,496
2,735
2,760
1990
2,651
2,368
2,637
3,065
3,594
2,656
2,828
1991
2,584
2,406
2,652
3,085
3,650
2,707
2,848
1992
2,395
2,444
2,674
3,131
3,670
2,770
2,879
1993
2,449
2,478
2,659
3,142
3,615
2,967
2,894
1994
2,719
2,571
2,639
3,171
3,657
3,035
2,921
1995
2,831
2,552
2,647
3,179
3,648
2,947
2,937
1996
2,847
2,533
2,667
3,203
3,671
2,985
2,950
1997
2,997
2,489
2,737
3,241
3,653
2,863
2,977
1998
3,004
2,584
2,703
3,198
3,675
2,956
3,002
1999
2,835
2,626
2,755
3,198
3,689
3,007
3,034
2000
2,906
2,635
2,800
3,215
3,680
2,943
3,052
2001
3,332
2,803
2,720
3,197
3,606
2,849
3,047
2002
3,068
2,928
2,731
3,218
3,587
3,086
3,066
-0.9%
0.6%
-0.6%
Average annual percentage change
1976–2002
c
1.3%
0.5%
-1.1%
-0.9%
1992–2002
2.5%
1.8%
0.2%
0.3%
-0.2%
1.1%
Source:
Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Light Vehicle MPG and Market Shares System, Oak Ridge, TN, 2003.
(Additional resources: www-cta.ornl.gov)
a
Sales period is October 1 of the previous year through September 30 of the current year.
There were no minicompact automobiles sold in 1976.
c
Average annual percentage change begins with 1977.
b
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
0.6%
4–14
The sales-weighted interior space has not changed much for midsize automobiles over the last two decades, but has
increased for subcompact autos and decreased for compact and large autos.
Table 4.13
Sales-Weighted Interior Space of New Domestic and Import Automobiles by Size Class,
Sales Periodsa 1976–2002
(cubic feet)
Sales perioda Minicompact
( < 85)
Subcompact
(85–99)
Compact
(100–109)
Midsize
(110–119)
Large
( > 120)
Allb
1977
78.8
89.8
107.1
113.0
128.0
107.9
1978
79.4
89.8
105.3
112.9
128.5
107.9
1979
80.0
90.2
105.8
113.4
130.1
106.9
1980
82.4
89.9
105.4
113.5
130.8
104.9
1981
83.3
90.2
103.6
113.7
130.6
105.5
1982
83.1
91.3
102.9
113.9
130.4
106.0
1983
82.7
93.3
103.0
113.1
131.3
107.3
1984
77.0
93.8
103.0
113.3
130.4
108.0
1985
77.8
94.1
103.1
113.5
129.7
107.9
1986
80.1
94.5
102.8
113.8
127.6
107.0
1987
81.6
93.1
103.0
113.9
127.5
106.9
1988
81.0
93.5
103.3
113.6
127.2
107.0
1989
75.0
93.3
102.7
113.8
127.4
107.5
1990
79.9
93.9
103.2
113.8
127.8
107.3
1991
79.6
94.4
103.2
113.8
128.3
107.1
1992
79.1
94.0
104.2
114.0
129.2
107.5
1993
79.2
94.5
104.0
114.0
128.9
108.0
1994
79.4
94.4
103.8
113.8
128.8
108.0
1995
78.5
93.8
103.9
114.3
128.1
108.7
1996
76.7
94.9
103.4
114.2
128.0
108.8
1997
77.2
95.6
103.2
114.6
128.0
108.7
1998
66.9
97.0
102.2
114.4
127.7
109.2
1999
76.3
96.7
103.3
114.1
127.1
109.5
2000
76.3
96.6
103.1
114.2
126.4
109.3
2001
78.2
94.6
103.2
113.5
125.2
109.4
2002
80.3
94.7
103.7
114.8
125.0
110.1
Average annual percentage change
1977–2002
0.1%
0.2%
-0.1%
0.1%
-0.1%
0.1%
1992–2002
0.2%
0.1%
0.0%
0.1%
-0.3%
0.2%
Source:
Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Light Vehicle MPG and Market Shares System, Oak Ridge, TN, 2003.
(Additional resources: www-cta.ornl.gov)
a
b
Sales period is October 1 of the previous year through September 30 of the current year.
Interior volumes of two-seaters are not reported to EPA.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
4–15
The sales-weighted wheelbase of new automobiles and light trucks was rising in the 1990's. In this decade,
automobile wheel-base has not varied much while light truck wheel-base has declined slightly.
Table 4.14
Sales-Weighted Wheelbase of New
Automobiles and Light Trucks, Sales Periodsa 1976–2002
(inches)
Sales
perioda
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
1976–2002
1992–2002
Automobiles and
Light
light trucks
Automobiles
trucks
combined
110.78
118.87
112.03
109.75
117.79
111.05
107.67
116.23
108.65
105.77
116.27
107.93
103.61
114.54
105.76
102.97
114.86
105.10
103.01
114.87
105.60
103.76
113.73
106.10
103.50
113.87
106.21
102.96
113.98
106.02
102.27
113.40
105.48
102.11
113.27
105.52
102.21
111.79
105.21
102.66
112.23
105.71
103.13
111.41
105.85
103.27
111.09
105.82
103.60
112.68
106.78
104.03
112.57
107.21
104.31
113.23
107.75
104.95
113.37
108.31
105.04
113.36
108.53
105.36
113.36
108.89
105.55
114.53
109.76
105.77
114.70
110.06
105.89
114.05
109.81
105.66
113.04
109.64
105.87
112.91
109.84
Average annual percentage change
-0.2%
-0.2%
-0.1%
0.2%
0.0%
0.3%
Source:
Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Light Vehicle MPG and
Market Shares System, Oak Ridge, TN, 2003.
(Additional resources: www-cta.ornl.gov)
a
Sales period is October 1 of the current year through September 30 of the next year.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
4–16
The average auto lost over 300 pounds from 1978 to 1985, but gained a few pounds back since then. Much of the
weight reduction was due to the declining use of conventional steel and iron and the increasing use of aluminum
and plastics. Conventional steel, however, remained the predominant component of automobiles in 2001 with a
40.8% share of total materials. As conventional steel use has been decreasing, use of high-strength steel has
increased.
Table 4.15
Average Material Consumption for a Domestic Automobile,
1978, 1985, and 2001
1978
Material
Pounds
a
1985
Percentage
Pounds
2001
Percentage
Pounds
Percentage
Conventional steel
High-strength steel
Stainless steel
Other steels
Iron
Aluminum
Rubber
Plastics/composites
Glass
Copper
Zinc die castings
Powder metal parts
Fluids & lubricants
Other materials
1,880.0
127.5
25.0
56.0
503.0
112.0
141.5
176.0
88.0
39.5
28.0
16.0
189.0
112.5
53.8%
3.6%
0.7%
1.6%
14.4%
3.2%
4.1%
5.0%
2.5%
1.1%
0.8%
0.5%
5.4%
3.2%
1,481.5
217.5
29.0
54.5
468.0
138.0
136.0
211.5
85.0
44.0
18.0
19.0
184.0
101.5
46.5%
6.8%
0.9%
1.7%
14.7%
4.3%
4.3%
6.6%
2.7%
1.4%
0.5%
0.6%
5.8%
3.2%
1,349.0
351.5
54.5
25.5
345.0
256.5
145.5
253.0
98.5
46.0
11.0
37.5
196.0
139.5
40.8%
10.6%
1.6%
0.8%
10.4%
7.8%
4.4%
7.6%
3.0%
1.4%
0.3%
1.1%
5.9%
4.2%
Total
3,494.0
100.0%
3,187.5
100.0%
3,309.0
100.0%
Source:
American Metal Market, www.amm.com/ref/carmat98.htm, New York, NY, 2000.
(Additional resources: www.amm.com)
a
Includes cold-rolled and pre-coated steel.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
4–17
The number of franchised dealerships which sell new light-duty vehicles (cars and light trucks) has declined 27%
since 1970, though new vehicle sales have increased. The average number of vehicles sold per dealer in 2000 was
774 vehicles per dealer – more than double the 1970 number.
Table 4.16
New Light Vehicle Dealerships and Sales, 1970–2000
Calendar
year
Number of
franchised new
light vehicle
dealershipsa
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
New
light vehicle
sales
(thousands)
Light vehicle
sales
per dealer
30,800
9,867
320
30,300
12,006
396
30,100
13,189
438
30,100
14,184
471
30,000
11,191
373
29,600
10,905
368
29,300
13,066
446
29,100
14,613
502
29,000
15,122
521
28,500
13,984
491
27,900
11,419
409
26,350
10,725
407
25,700
10,452
407
24,725
12,166
492
24,725
14,254
577
24,725
15,501
627
24,825
16,047
646
25,150
14,888
592
25,025
15,426
616
25,000
14,508
580
24,825
13,849
558
24,200
12,298
508
23,500
12,842
546
22,950
13,869
604
22,850
15,023
657
22,800
14,688
644
22,750
15,046
661
22,700
15,069
664
22,600
15,441
683
22,400
16,771
748
22,250
17,234
774
Average annual percentage change
-1.1%
1.9%
3.0%
-1.1%
2.2%
3.3%
1970–2000
1990–2000
Source:
Number of dealers - National Automobile Dealers Association, Automotive
Executive Magazine, 2001. (Additional resources: www.nada.org)
Light-duty vehicle sales - See tables 4.5 and 4.6.
a
As of the beginning of the year.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
4–18
The number of conventional refueling stations is declining while the number of vehicles fueling at those stations
continues to rise. In 2001, there were 0.79 fueling stations per thousand vehicles. Data for alternative fuels in
2001 indicate that there was an average of 10.91 stations per thousand alternative fuel vehicles.
Table 4.17
Conventional and Alternative Fuel Refueling Stations
Number of
retail outlets
Year
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
LPG
CNG
Electricity
M85/M100
LNG
E85/E95
Total
207,416
202,878
195,455
190,246
187,892
182,596
180,567
175,941
171,169
170,678
3,431
1,166
872
0
35
149
5,653
Vehicles
in operation
(thousands)
Stations per
thousand vehicles
Conventional fuels
186,315
188,714
193,441
198,294
201,071
205,043
209,509
213,300
216,683
1.11
1.08
1.01
0.96
0.93
0.89
0.86
0.82
0.79
a
a
Alternative fuels, 2002
281
126
20
6
3
82
518
12.21
9.25
43.60
0.00
11.67
1.82
10.91
Source:
Conventional refueling stations: National Petroleum News Survey, 2002.
Alternative fuel refueling stations: Alternative Fuels Data Center, www.afdc.doe.gov.
Conventional vehicles: The Polk Company, Detroit, MI, FURTHER REPRODUCTION PROHIBITED.
Alternative fuels vehicles: U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Alternatives to Traditional
Transportation Fuels web site, www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/alternate/page/datatables/atf01-13_00.html
Note:
The County Business Patterns (CBP) data published by the Bureau of the Census tells the number of establishments by
North American Industry Classification System (NAICS). NAICS is an industry classification system that groups
establishments into industries based on the activities in which they are primarily engaged. NAICS 447 represents
gasoline stations. However, the CBP gasoline station data differ from the National Petroleum News Survey data; the
CBP may not include every gasoline retail outlet due to the classification of the primary activity of the business.
a
Data are not available.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
4–19
The Corporate Average Fuel Economy standards were established by the U.S. Energy Policy and Conservation
Act of 1975 (PL94-163). These standards must be met at the manufacturer level. Though the averages shown here
indicate the standards were met in most years, some manufacturers fell short of meeting the standards while others
exceeded them.
Table 4.18
Automobile Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE)
Standards versus Sales-Weighted Fuel Economy Estimates, 1978–2003a
(miles per gallon)
Automobiles
CAFE estimates
c
CAFE estimates
CAFE
Model
Autos and light
standards
yearb
trucks
combined
Domestic
Import
Combined
1978
18.0
18.7
27.3
19.9
19.9
1979
19.0
19.3
26.1
20.3
20.1
1980
20.0
22.6
29.6
24.3
23.1
1981
22.0
24.2
31.5
25.9
24.6
1982
24.0
25.0
31.1
26.6
25.1
1983
26.0
24.4
32.4
26.4
24.8
1984
27.0
25.5
32.0
26.9
25.0
1985
27.5
26.3
31.5
27.6
25.4
1986
26.0
26.9
31.6
28.2
25.9
1987
26.0
27.0
31.2
28.4
26.2
1988
26.0
27.4
31.5
28.0
26.0
1989
26.5
27.2
30.8
28.4
25.6
1990
27.5
26.9
29.9
27.9
25.4
1991
27.5
27.3
30.1
28.4
25.6
1992
27.5
27.0
29.2
27.9
25.1
1993
27.5
27.8
29.6
28.4
25.2
1994
27.5
27.5
29.7
28.3
24.7
1995
27.5
27.7
30.3
28.6
24.9
1996
27.5
28.1
29.6
28.5
24.9
1997
27.5
27.8
30.1
28.7
24.6
1998
27.5
28.6
29.2
28.8
24.7
1999
27.5
28.0
29.0
28.3
24.5
2000
27.5
28.7
28.3
28.5
24.8
2001
27.5
28.7
29.0
28.8
24.6
2002
27.5
29.0
28.7
28.9
24.6
2003
27.5
29.7
29.1
29.5
25.1
Source:
U.S. Department of Transportation, NHTSA, "Summary of Fuel Economy Performance," Washington, DC, March 2003.
(Additional resources: www.nhtsa.dot.gov)
a
Only vehicles with at least 75 percent domestic content can be counted in the average domestic fuel economy for a
manufacturer.
b
Model year as determined by the manufacturer on a vehicle by vehicle basis.
c
All CAFE calculations are sales-weighted.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
4–20
The Corporate Average Fuel Economy standards for light trucks are lower than the automobile standards. Light
trucks include pickups, minivans, sport utility vehicles and vans.
T able 4.19
Light Truck Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE)
Standards versus Sales-Weighted Fuel Economy Estimates, 1978–2003a
(miles per gallon)
Light trucksc
CAFE estimates
CAFE estimatesd
CAFE
Autos and light
Model
standards
trucks combined
yearb
Domestic
Import
Combined
e
f
f
g
1978
19.9
e
1979
17.7
20.8
18.2
20.1
e
1980
16.8
24.3
18.5
23.1
e
1981
18.3
27.4
20.1
24.6
1982
17.5
19.2
27.0
20.5
25.1
1983
19.0
19.6
27.1
20.7
24.8
1984
20.0
19.3
26.7
20.6
25.0
1985
19.5
19.6
26.5
20.7
25.4
1986
20.0
20.0
25.9
21.5
25.9
1987
20.5
20.5
25.2
21.7
26.2
1988
20.5
20.6
24.6
21.3
26.0
1989
20.5
20.4
23.5
21.0
25.6
1990
20.0
20.3
23.0
20.8
25.4
1991
20.2
20.9
23.0
21.3
25.6
1992
20.2
20.5
22.7
20.8
25.1
1993
20.4
20.7
22.8
21.0
25.2
1994
20.5
20.5
22.0
20.8
24.7
1995
20.6
20.3
21.5
20.5
24.9
1996
20.7
20.5
22.1
20.8
24.9
1997
20.7
20.1
22.1
20.6
24.6
1998
20.7
20.4
23.0
21.1
24.7
f
f
1999
20.7
20.9
24.5
f
f
2000
20.7
21.3
24.8
f
f
2001
20.7
20.9
24.6
f
f
2002
20.7
21.3
24.6
f
f
2003
20.7
21.8
25.1
Source:
U.S. Department of Transportation, NHTSA, "Summary of Fuel Economy Performance," Washington, DC, March 2003.
(Additional resources: www.nhtsa.dot.gov)
a
Only vehicles with at least 75 percent domestic content can be counted in the average domestic fuel economy for a
manufacturer.
b
Model year as determined by the manufacturer on a vehicle by vehicle basis.
c
Represents two- and four-wheel drive trucks combined. Gross vehicle weight of 0–6,000 pounds for model year
1978–1979 and 0–8,500 pounds for subsequent years.
d
All CAFE calculations are sales-weighted.
e
Standards were set for two-wheel drive and four-wheel drive light trucks separately, but no combined standard was set
in this year.
f
Data are not available.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
4–21
Manufacturers of autos and light trucks whose vehicles do not meet the CAFE standards are fined. Data from the
National Highway Traffic Safety Administration show that $34 million has been collected from the manufacturers
for model year (MY) 2001 and $51 million for MY 2000.
Table 4.20
Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Fines Collected, 1983-2001a
(thousands)
Model
year
Current
dollars
2001 constant
dollarsb
1983
58
103
1984
5,958
10,156
1985
15,565
25,618
1986
29,872
48,269
1987
31,261
48,735
1988
44,519
66,647
1989
47,381
67,670
1990
48,429
65,621
1991
42,243
54,928
1992
38,287
48,329
1993
28,688
35,161
1994
31,499
37,641
1995
40,787
47,398
1996
19,302
21,787
1997
36,212
39,957
1998
21,740
23,620
1999
27,516
29,251
2000
51,067
52,520
2001
33,974
33,974
Source:
U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety
Administration, Office of Vehicle Safety Compliance, Washington,
DC, January 2003.
(Additional resources: www.nhtsa.dot.gov)
a
These are fines which are actually collected. Fines which are assessed in certain year may not have been
collected in that year.
b
Adjusted using the Consumer Price Inflation Index.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
4–22
Consumers must pay the Gas Guzzler Tax when purchasing an automobile that has an Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) fuel economy rating less than that stipulated in the table below. The Gas Guzzler Tax doubled in
1991 after remaining constant from 1986 to 1990. The tax has not changed since 1991. This tax does not apply
to light trucks such as pickups, minivans, sport utility vehicles, and vans.
Table 4.21
The Gas Guzzler Tax on New Cars
(dollars per vehicle)
Vehicle fuel
economy
(mpg)
Over 22.5
22.0–22.5
21.5–22.0
21.0–21.5
20.5–21.0
20.0–20.5
19.5–20.0
19.0–19.5
18.5–19.0
18.0–18.5
17.5–18.0
17.0–17.5
16.5–17.0
16.0–16.5
15.5–16.0
15.0–15.5
14.5–15.0
14.0–14.5
13.5–14.0
13.0–13.5
12.5–13.0
Under 12.5
1980
1981
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
200
200
300
300
550
550
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
200
200
350
350
450
450
550
550
650
650
1982
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
200
200
350
350
450
450
600
600
750
750
950
950
1,200
1983
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
350
350
500
500
650
650
800
800
1,000
1,000
1,250
1,250
1,550
1,550
1984
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
450
450
600
600
750
750
950
950
1,150
1,150
1,450
1,450
1,750
1,750
2,150
1985
0
0
0
0
500
500
600
600
800
800
1,000
1,000
1,200
1,200
1,500
1,500
1,800
1,800
2,200
2,200
2,650
2,650
Source:
Internal Revenue Service, Form 6197, (Rev. 1-91), "Gas Guzzler Tax."
(Additional resources: www.irs.ustreas.gov)
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
1986–90
0
500
500
650
650
850
850
1,050
1,050
1,300
1,300
1,500
1,500
1,850
1,850
2,250
2,250
2,700
2,700
3,200
3,200
3,850
1991+
0
1,000
1,000
1,300
1,300
1,700
1,700
2,100
2,100
2,600
2,600
3,000
3,000
3,700
3,700
4,500
4,500
5,400
5,400
6,400
6,400
7,700
4–23
Consumers continue to demand gas guzzling automobiles. The IRS collected over $78 million in 2001 from those
buying autos with fuel economy less than 22.5 miles per gallon. This tax does not apply to light trucks such as
pickups, minivans, sport utility vehicles, and vans.
Table 4.22
Tax Receipts from the Sale of Gas Guzzlers, 1980–2001
(thousands)
Model
year
Current
dollars
2001 constant
dollarsa
1980
740
1,590
1981
780
1,520
1982
1,720
3,157
1983
4,020
7,148
1984
8,820
15,034
1985
39,790
65,491
1986
147,660
238,600
1987
145,900
227,455
1988
116,780
174,824
1989
109,640
156,591
1990
103,200
139,837
1991
118,400
153,955
1992
144,200
182,023
1993
111,600
136,778
1994
64,100
76,600
1995
73,500
85,412
1996
52,600
59,372
1997
48,200
53,185
1998
47,700
51,826
1999
68,300
72,605
2000
70,800
72,815
2001
78,200
78,200
Source:
Ward’s Communications, Motor Vehicle Facts and Figures, 2002,
Detroit, MI, 2002, p. 85. Original data source: Internal Revenue Service.
a
Adjusted using the Consumer Price Inflation Index.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
4–24
Fuel Economy by Vehicle Speed
ORNL has developed fuel consumption and emissions lookup tables for the Federal
Highway Administration, for use in their TRAF series of traffic models (NETSIM,
CORSIM, FRESIM), although more generic uses are also possible. To develop the databased models, vehicles are tested both on-road and on a chassis dynamometer. Engine
parameters are measured on-road under real-world driving conditions that cover the vehicle's
entire operating envelope. Emissions and fuel consumption are then measured on the chassis
dynamometer as functions of engine conditions. The two data sets are merged to produce
the final three-dimensional maps as functions of vehicle speed and acceleration. Eight wellfunctioning, late-model vehicles, and one 1997 model vehicle, have been tested thus far in
fully warmed-up conditions.
Similar continuing work is planned for the Department of Energy as well as FHWA,
which will include more well-functioning, late-model vehicles, pre-control (1960's) vehicles,
malfunctioning high-emitter vehicles, light-duty diesel vehicles (cars and pickup trucks),
alternative fuel vehicles, and possibly heavy-duty diesel vehicles. ORNL will also be
developing cold-start algorithms to enhance the existing models, since emissions and fuel
economy generally improve as vehicles warm up to normal operating temperatures.
For further information regarding this study please contact:
Scott Sluder
Fuels, Combustion, and Engine Technology
P.O. Box 2009, Building 9108
Oak Ridge, TN 37831-8087
Phone: 865-241-9133
Fax: 865-241-1747
email: sluders@ornl.gov
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
4–25
Table 4.23
Vehicle Specifications for Vehicles Tested in the 1997 Study
Engine
Fuel
delivery
systema
Transmission
City
Highway
2,665
2.8 liter V6
PFI
M5
19
29
1994 Olds Cutlass Supreme
3,290
3.4 liter V6
PFI
L4
17
26
1994 Oldsmobile 88
3,433
3.8 literV6
PFI
L4
19
29
1994 Mercury Villager
4,020
3.0 liter V6
PFI
L4
17
23
1995 Geo Prizm
2,359
1.6 liter I-4
PFI
L3
26
30
1994 Jeep Grand Cherokee
3,820
4.0 liter I-6
PFI
L4
15
20
1994 Chevrolet Pickup
4,020
5.7 liter V8
TBI
L4
14
18
1993 Subaru Legacy
2,800
2.2 liter H4
PFI
L4
22
29
1997 Toyota Celica
2,395
1.8 liter I4
PFI
L4
27
34
Curb
weight
1988 Chevrolet Corsica
Vehicle
EPA fuel economy
Source:
West, B.H., R.N. McGill, J.W. Hodgson, S.S. Sluder, and D.E. Smith, Development and Verification of Light-Duty
Modal Emissions and Fuel Consumption Values for Traffic Models, Washington, DC, April 1997 and additional
project data, April 1998.
a
PFI = port fuel injection. TBI = throttle- body fuel injection.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
4–26
The two earlier studies by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) indicate maximum fuel efficiency was
achieved at speeds of 35 to 40 mph. The recent FHWA study indicates greater fuel efficiency at higher speeds.
Note that the 1973 study did not include light trucks.
Table 4.24
Fuel Economy by Speed, 1973, 1984, and 1997 Studies
(miles per gallon)
Speed
(miles per hour)
1973a
(13 vehicles)
1984b
(15 vehicles)
1997c
(9 vehicles)
15
d
21.1
24.4
20
d
25.5
27.9
25
d
30.0
30.5
30
21.1
31.8
31.7
35
21.1
33.6
31.2
40
21.1
33.6
31.0
45
20.3
33.5
31.6
50
19.5
31.9
32.4
55
18.5
30.3
32.4
60
17.5
27.6
31.4
65
16.2
24.9
29.2
70
14.9
22.5
26.8
75
d
20.0
24.8
Fuel economy loss
55–65 mph
12.4%
17.8%
9.7%
65–70 mph
8.0%
9.6%
8.2%
55–70 mph
19.5%
25.7%
17.1%
Source:
1973- U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration,
Office of Highway Planning, The Effect of Speed on Automobile Gasoline
Consumption Rates, Washington, DC, October 1973.
1984 - U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Fuel
Consumption and Emission Values for Traffic Models, Washington, DC,
May 1985.
1997 - West, B.H., R.N. McGill, J.W. Hodgson, S.S. Sluder, and D.E. Smith,
Development and Verification of Light-Duty Modal Emissions and Fuel
Consumption Values for Traffic Models, FHWA Report (in press),
Washington, DC, April 1997, and additional project data, April 1998.
(Additional resources: www.fhwa-tsis.com)
a
Model years 1970 and earlier automobiles.
Model years 1981–84 automobiles and light trucks.
c
Model years 1988–97 automobiles and light trucks.
d
Data are not available.
b
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
4–27
Figure 4.2. Fuel Economy by Speed, 1973, 1984, and 1997 Studies
Source: See Table 4.23.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
4–28
Of the tested vehicles, the 1994 Oldsmobile Olds 88 had the greatest fuel economy loss from 55 mph to 75 mpg.
The 1997 Toyota Celica tested fuel economy was slightly better at 65 mph than at 55 mph.
Table 4.25
Steady Speed Fuel Economy for Vehicles Tested in the 1997 Study
(miles per gallon)
Speed
(mph)
1988
Chevrolet
Corsica
1993
Subaru
Legacy
1994
Oldsmobile
Olds 88
5
10.0
14.5
10.5
1994
Oldsmobile
Cutlass
5.1
1994
Chevrolet
Pickup
1994 Jeep
Grand
Cherokee
1994
Mercury
Villager
1995
Geo
Prizm
1997
Toyota
Celica
7.9
8.2
12.3
18.1
19.1
10
16.8
24.7
14.9
7.9
16.0
11.2
19.0
23.1
34.1
15
17.7
31.9
22.2
11.4
16.3
17.5
22.4
38.9
41.7
20
21.7
34.4
26.3
12.5
19.9
24.7
25.8
39.4
46.0
25
23.9
37.4
28.3
15.6
22.7
21.8
30.8
41.7
52.6
30
28.7
39.7
29.0
19.0
26.3
21.6
30.3
40.0
50.8
35
28.6
38.0
30.9
21.2
24.3
25.0
26.1
39.1
47.6
40
29.2
37.0
33.2
23.0
26.7
25.5
29.0
38.9
36.2
45
28.8
33.7
32.4
23.0
27.3
25.4
27.8
42.3
44.1
50
31.2
33.7
34.2
27.3
26.3
24.8
30.1
39.1
44.8
55
29.1
37.7
34.6
29.1
25.1
24.0
31.7
37.7
42.5
60
28.2
35.9
32.5
28.2
22.6
23.2
27.3
36.7
48.4
65
28.7
33.4
30.0
25.0
21.8
21.3
25.3
34.1
43.5
70
26.1
31.0
26.7
22.9
20.1
20.0
23.9
31.7
39.2
75
23.7
28.8
24.0
21.6
18.1
19.1
22.4
28.3
36.8
Fuel economy loss
55–65 mph
1.4%
11.4%
13.3%
14.1%
13.1%
11.3%
20.2%
9.5%
-2.4%
65–75 mph
17.4%
13.8%
20.0%
13.6%
17.0%
10.3%
11.5%
17.0%
15.4%
55–75 mph
18.6%
23.6%
30.6%
25.8%
27.9%
20.4%
29.3%
24.9%
13.4%
Source:
B.H. West, R.N. McGill, J.W. Hodgson, S.S. Sluder, D.E. Smith, Development and Verification of Light-Duty Modal Emissions and
Fuel Consumption Values for Traffic Models, Washington, DC, April 1997, and additional project data, April 1998.
(Additional resources: www.fhwa-tsis.com)
Note:
For specifications of the tested vehicles, please see Table 4.21.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
4–29
The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) tests new vehicles to determine fuel economy ratings. The city and
highway fuel economies that are posted on the windows of new vehicles are determined by testing the vehicle during
these driving cycles. The driving cycles simulate the performance of an engine while driving in the city and on the
highway. Once the urban cycle is completed, the engine is stopped, then started again for the 8.5 minute hot start cycle.
Figure 4.3. Urban Driving Cycle
Figure 4.4. Highway Driving Cycle
Source:
Code of Federal Regulations, 40CFR, "Subpart B - Fuel Economy Regulations for 1978 and Later Model Year
Automobiles - Test Procedures," July 1, 1988 edition, p. 676.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
4–30
The New York Test Cycle was developed in the 1970's in order to simulate driving in downtown congested areas. The
Representative Number Five Test Cycle was developed recently to better represent actual on-road driving by combining
modern urban and freeway driving.
Figure 4.5. New York City Driving Cycle
Figure 4.6. Representative Number Five Driving Cycle
Source:
Data obtained from Michael Wang, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, 1997.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
4–31
The US06 driving cycle was developed as a supplement to the Federal Test Procedure. It is a
short-duration cycle (600 seconds) which represents hard-acceleration driving.
Figure 4.7. US06 Driving Cycle
Source:
Data obtained from Michael Wang, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, 1997.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
4–32
Researchers at Argonne National Laboratory have estimated the fuel economy of a midsize car using
driving cycles from different countries. These results illustrate the difference in fuel economy which
can be obtained from the same vehicle using different test cycles.
Table 4.26
Projected Fuel Economies from U.S., European, and Japanese Driving Cycles
Driving Cycle
Projected fuel economy
for a 1995 composite
midsize vehiclea
Japanese 10/15 mode test cycle
17.5 mpg
New European Driving Cycle (NEDC)
22.0 mpg
U.S. EPA city cycle (LA4)
19.8 mpg
U.S. EPA highway cycle
32.1 mpg
U.S. Corporate Average Fuel Economy cycle
23.9 mpg
Source:
Santini, D., A. Vyas, J. Anderson, and F. An, Estimating Trade-Offs along the
Path to the PNGV 3X Goal, presented at the Transportation Research
Board 80th Annual Meeting, Washington, DC, January 2001.
a
The 1995 composite midsize vehicle is an average of a Chevrolet Lumina, Chrysler Concord,
and Ford Taurus. The fuel economies were projected using the National Renewable Energy Laboratory’s
Advanced Vehicle Simulator (ADVISOR) model.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
4–33
When comparing data between countries, one must realize that different countries have different testing
cycles to determine fuel economy and emissions. This table compares various statistics on the European,
Japanese, and U.S. testing cycles [for fuel economy measurements, the U.S. uses the formula, 1/fuel
economy = (0.55/city fuel economy) + (0.45/highway fuel economy)]. Most vehicles will achieve higher
fuel economy on the U.S. test cycle than on the European or Japanese cycles.
Table 4.27
Comparison of U.S., European, and Japanese Driving Cycles
Time
(seconds)
Japanese 10/15 mode
test cycle
Percent of
time
stopped
or
decelerating
Distance
(miles)
Average
speed
(mph)
Maximum
speed
(mph)
Maximum
acceleration
(mph/s)
631
52.3
2.6
14.8
43.5
1.78
New European Driving
Cycle (NEDC)
1,181
24.9
6.84
20.9
74.6
2.4
U.S. EPA city cycle
(LA4)a
1,372
43.2
7.5
19.5
56.7
3.3
765
9.3
17.8
48.2
59.9
3.3
2,137
27.9
10.3
29.9
59.9
3.3
U.S. EPA highway cycle
U.S. Corporate Average
Fuel Economy cycle
Source:
Santini, D., A. Vyas, J. Anderson, and F. An, Estimating Trade-Offs along the Path to the PNGV 3X Goal, presented
at the Transportation Research Board 80th Annual Meeting, Washington, DC, January 2001.
a
The actual Federal Procedure (FTP), which is also the test for emissions certification, repeats the first 505
seconds of the Federal Urban Driving Simulation cycle, hot started, after a 10 minute hot soak. Starting with Model
Year 2001, the emissions test-but not the fuel economy test-incorporates a supplemental cycle that simulates
aggressive urban driving, coupled with an added air conditioning load.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
4–34
Total traffic fatalities were lower in 2001 than in 1975. Fourteen percent of traffic fatalities in 2001 were not
vehicle occupants (pedestrians, cyclists, etc.).
Table 4.28
Occupant Fatalities by Vehicle Type and Nonoccupant Fatalities, 1975–2001
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2001
2001
share
Vehicle occupant fatalities by
vehicle type
Passenger car
Subcompact
3,834
7,299
7,993
8,309
6,791
4,718
4,417
10.5%
614
927
2,635
5,310
6,899
6,933
6,718
16.0%
1,869
3,878
4,391
4,849
4,666
5,131
5,401
12.8%
10,800
11,580
6,586
4,635
3,413
2,259
2,304
5.5%
8,812
3,765
1,607
989
654
1,451
1,393
3.3%
25,929
27,449
23,212
24,092
22,423
20,492
20,233
48.1%
Light
4,856
7,486
7
8,601
9,568
11,418
11,677
27.7%
Large
961
1,262
977
705
648
741
704
1.7%
5,817
8,748
7,666
9,306
10,216
12,159
12,381
29.4%
3,189
5,144
4,564
3,244
2,227
2,862
3,181
7.6%
53
46
57
32
33
22
34
0.1%
937
540
544
460
392
714
557
1.3%
Total
4,179
5,730
5,165
3,736
2,652
3,598
3,772
9.0%
TOTAL vehicle
occupant fatalities
35,925
41,927
36,043
37,134
35,291
36,249
36,386
86.4%
Pedestrian
7,516
8,070
6,808
6,482
5,584
4,739
4,882
11.6%
Pedalcyclist
1,003
965
890
859
833
690
728
1.7%
81
129
84
124
109
143
105
0.2%
8,600
9,164
7,782
7,465
6,526
5,572
5,715
13.6%
44,525
51,091
43,825
44,599
41,817
41,821
42,101
100.0%
Compact
Intermediate
Full
Unknown
Total
Truck
Total
Other Vehicles
Motorcycle
Bus
Other/unknown vehicle
type
Nonoccupant fatalities
Other
Total
TOTAL traffic
fatalities
Source:
Traffic Safety Facts 2001, Washington, DC, December 2002, pp. 86, 101 and 110.
(Additional resources: www.nhtsa.dot.gov)
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
4–35
In 2001, the fatality rate for vehicle occupants per 100 million vehicle miles are surprisingly similar for passenger
cars and light trucks—1.3 and 1.2 fatalities per 100 million vehicle miles, respectively. However, the injury rate
per 100 million vehicle miles is much lower for light trucks (88) than for passenger cars (122).
Table 4.29
Light Vehicle Occupant Safety Data, 1975–2001
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2001
Passenger cars
Fatalities
25,929
a
Injuries (thousands)
b
27,449
a
23,212
a
24,092
22,423
20,699
20,233
2,376
2,469
2,052
1,927
1,478
1,580
1,585
1,030
1,107
1,249
1,427
2.5
2.5
1.9
1.7
1.5
1.3
1.3
a
a
a
167
167
130
122
Vehicle-miles (billions)
Rates per 100 million vehicle miles
Fatalities
Injuries
Light trucks (10,000 lbs. or less)
Fatalities
4,856
a
Injuries (thousands)
b
a
204
Vehicle-miles (billions)
7,486
6,689
a
295
389
8,601
9,568
11,526
11,677
505
722
887
861
556
750
943
973
Rates per 100 million vehicle-miles
Fatalities
Injuries
2.4
2.5
1.7
a
a
a
1.5
1.3
1.2
1.2
91
96
94
88
Source:
U.S. DOT, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Traffic Safety Facts 2001, Washington, DC, December
2002, pp. 22, 24. (Additional resources: www.nhtsa.dot.gov)
a
Data are not available.
Vehicle-miles are estimated by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration and do not match
Federal Highway data.
b
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
4–36
In 2001, 38% of all passenger car and light truck fatal crashes were single-vehicle crashes. Because there
are so many passenger cars on the roads compared to the other vehicle types, total passenger car crashes
are half of total crashes. Most crashes are multiple-vehicle crashes with property damage only.
Table 4.30
Crashes by Crash Severity, Crash Type, and Vehicle Type, 2001
Fatal
Vehicle type
Passenger cars
Singlevehicle
crash
Injury
Multiplevehicle
crash
Property damage only
Singlevehicle
crash
Multiplevehicle
crash
Singlevehicle
crash
Multiplevehicle
crash
Total
crashes
10,314
17,115
344,000
1,935,000
725,000
3,674,000
6,705,429
Light trucksa
8,114
12,608
201,000
1,017,000
473,000
2,206,000
3,917,722
Large trucksb
810
3,983
14,000
76,000
81,000
253,000
428,793
Buses
100
192
1,000
11,000
8,000
35,000
55,292
1,454
1,795
26,000
31,000
7,000
8,000
75,249
Total
20,792
35,693
586,000
3,070,000
1,294,000
6,176,000
11,182,485
Share
0.2%
0.3%
5.2%
27.5%
11.6%
55.2%
100%
Motorcycles
Source:
U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Traffic Safety Facts 2001,
Washington, DC, December 2002, pp. 72, 74, 76, 80, 82.
(Additional resources: www.nhtsa.dot.gov)
Note:
Multiple-vehicle crashes cannot be totaled over vehicle type due to duplication of accidents between vehicle types.
a
Trucks 10,000 lbs. gross vehicle weight rating or less, including pickups, vans, and utility vehicles.
b
Trucks over 10,000 pounds gross vehicle weight rating including single-unit trucks and truck tractors.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
4–37
For fatal crashes in 2001, sport-utility vehicles (SUVs) had the highest rollover rate (35.2%) while other
light trucks had the lowest (13.8%). This does not mean that the rollover caused the fatality, just that a
vehicle in the crash rolled over.
Figure 4.8. Percent Rollover Occurrence in Fatal Crashes by Vehicle Type, 2001
Source:
U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Traffic
Safety Facts 2001 Washington, DC, December 2002, p. 64.
(Additional resources: www.nhtsa.dot.gov)
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
4–38
Demand response (also called paratransit or dial-a-ride) and public vanpools are widely used by transit
agencies. There were over 40 thousand of these vehicles active in 2001.
Table 4.31
Summary Statistics on Light Transit Vehicles, 1994–2001a
Year
Number of
active vehicles
Vehicle-miles
(millions)
Passenger-miles
(millions)
Energy use
(trillion Btu)
1994
31,090
490
781
9.8
1995
31,773
538
856
9.6
1996
33,472
588
958
10.2
1997
35,657
627
1,075
10.3
1998
33,481
721
1,103
10.9
1999
36,651
784
1,258
11.2
2000
37,957
826
1,274
11.4
2001
40,049
861
1,345
12.0
Average annual percentage change
1994–2001
3.7%
8.4%
8.1%
2.9%
Source:
American Public Transit Association, 2003 Public Transportation Fact Book, Washington, DC,
February 2003, Tables 6, 18, 22, 77 and 95. Historical van pool data are from earlier
editions. (Additional resources: www.apta.com)
Note:
See Glossary for detailed definitions of demand response and vanpool.
a
Includes demand response service and public van pools.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
5–1
Chapter 5
Heavy Vehicles and Characteristics
Summary Statistics from Tables in this Chapter
Source
Table 5.1
Heavy single-unit trucks, 2001
Registration (thousands)
5,704
Vehicle miles (millions)
72,286
Fuel economy (miles per gallon)
Table 5.2
Combination trucks, 2001
Registration (thousands)
Vehicle miles (millions)
Table 5.6
and 5.11
92.88%
3.80%
Heavy (26,001 lbs and over average weight)
3.32%
Freight Shipments,1997 Commodity Flow Survey
Value (billion dollars)
Ton-miles (billions)
and 5.13
135,400
Medium (10,001–26,000 lbs average weight)
Tons (millions)
Tables 5.12
2,154
Trucks by size, 1997 Vehicle Inventory & Use Survey
Light (0–10,000 lbs average weight)
Tables 5.10
7.4
6,944
11,089
2,661
Buses in operation, 2001
Transit
75,013
School
607,835
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
5–2
Heavy single-unit trucks include all single-unit trucks which have more than two axles or more than
four tires. Most of these trucks would be used for business or for individuals with heavy hauling or
towing needs.
Table 5.1
Summary Statistics for Heavy Single-Unit Trucks, 1970–2001
Year
1970
1975
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
Registrations
(thousands)
3,681
4,232
4,374
4,455
4,325
4,204
4,061
4,593
4,313
4,188
4,470
4,519
4,487
4,481
4,370
4,408
4,906
5,024
5,266
5,293
5,414
5,763
5,926
5,704
1970–2001
1991–2001
1.4%
2.4%
Vehicle travel
Fuel use
(million miles)
(million gallons)
27,081
3,968
34,606
5,420
39,813
6,923
39,568
6,867
40,658
6,803
42,546
6,965
44,419
7,240
45,441
7,399
45,637
7,386
48,022
7,523
49,434
7,701
50,870
7,779
51,901
8,357
52,898
8,172
53,874
8,237
56,772
8,488
61,284
9,032
62,705
9,216
64,072
9,409
66,893
9,576
67,894
9,741
70,304
9,372
70,500
9,563
72,286
9,732
Average annual percentage change
3.2%
2.9%
3.2%
1.8%
Fuel economy
(miles per gallon)
6.8
6.4
5.8
5.8
6.0
6.1
6.1
6.1
6.2
6.4
6.4
6.5
6.2
6.5
6.5
6.7
6.8
6.8
6.8
7.0
7.0
7.5
7.4
7.4
0.3%
1.3%
Source:
U. S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics 2001,
Washington, DC, 2002, Table VM1 and annual.
(Additional resources: www.fhwa.dot.gov)
Note:
Highway Statistics 1999 data were not used.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
5–3
Combination trucks include all trucks designed to be used in combination with one or more trailers. The
average vehicle travel of these trucks (on a per truck basis) far surpasses the travel of other trucks due
to long-haul freight movement.
Table 5.2
Summary Statistics for Combination Trucks, 1970–20011
Year
1970
1975
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
Registrations
(thousands)
905
1,131
1,417
1,261
1,265
1,304
1,340
1,403
1,408
1,530
1,667
1,707
1,709
1,691
1,675
1,680
1,681
1,696
1,747
1,790
1,831
2,029
2,097
2,154
1970–2001
1991–2001
2.8%
2.4%
Vehicle travel
Fuel use
(million miles)
(million gallons)
35,134
7,348
46,724
9,177
68,678
13,037
69,134
13,509
70,765
13,583
73,586
13,796
77,377
14,188
78,063
14,005
81,038
14,475
85,495
14,990
88,551
15,224
91,879
15,733
94,341
16,133
96,645
16,809
99,510
17,216
103,116
17,748
108,932
18,653
115,451
19,777
118,899
20,192
124,584
20,302
128,159
21,100
132,384
24,537
135,020
25,666
135,400
25,555
Average annual percentage change
4.4%
4.1%
3.4%
4.3%
Fuel economy
(miles per gallon)
4.8
5.1
5.3
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.5
5.6
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.8
5.8
5.7
5.8
5.8
5.8
5.8
5.9
6.1
6.1
5.4
5.3
5.3
0.3%
-0.7%
Source:
U. S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics 2001,
Washington, DC, 2002, Table VM1 and annual.
(Additional resources: www.fhwa.dot.gov)
Note:
Highway Statistics 1999 data were not used.
a
The Federal Highway Administration changed the combination truck travel methodology in 1993.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
5–4
Sales of the medium trucks, classes 3–6 rose substantially in 1998. Light trucks under 10,000 lbs., continue to dominate truck sales.
Table 5.3
New Retail Truck Sales by Gross Vehicle Weight, 1970–2002a
(thousands)
Class 7
26,001–
33,000 lbs.
Class 8
33,001 lbs.
and over
Total
36
23
58
51
62
59
78
97
89
83
117
100
76
82
138
134
1,791
2,351
2,231
1,972
2,248
2,710
3,538
3,983
101
103
103
93
85
73
73
81
98
107
104
114
115
130
123
92
69
113
131
148
145
121
99
119
158
186
201
170
179
209
262
212
140
146
4,870
4,912
5,149
4,942
4,846
4,365
4,903
5,681
6,421
6,481
6,930
7,226
7,826
8,716
8,965
9,050
9,035
1970–1985
5.7%
7.9%
6.8%
2.8%
1986–2002
3.7%
4.8%
-2.4%
1.6%
Source:
Ward’s Communication’s, Motor Vehicle Facts and Figures 2000, Southfield, MI, 2000, p. 24, and annual. (Additional resources: www.wardsauto.com)
5.5%
3.9%
Calendar year
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 22—2002
a
Class 1
6,000 lbs.
or less
Class 2
6,001–
10,000 lbs.
1970b
1975
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1,049
1,101
985
896
1,102
1,314
2,031
2,408
408
952
975
850
961
1,207
1,224
1,280
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
3,380
3,435
3,467
3,313
3,451
3,246
3,608
4,119
4,527
4,422
4,829
5,085
5,263
5,707
5,965
6,073
6,068
1,214
1,175
1,333
1,297
1,097
876
1,021
1,232
1,506
1,631
1,690
1,712
2,036
2,366
2,421
2,525
2,565
Sales include domestic-sponsored imports.
Data for 1970 is based on new truck registrations.
c
Data are not available.
b
Class 6
Class 5
Class 4
Class 3
19,501–
16,001–
14,001–
10,001–
26,000 lbs.
19,500 lbs.
16,000 lbs.
14,000 lbs.
Domestic sales (import data are not available)
6
12
58
133
23
1
9
159
c
2
90
4
c
2
72
1
c
1
44
1
c
c
1
47
c
5
55
6
c
5
48
11
Domestic and import sales
c
6
45
12
14
2
8
44
14
21
8
54
19
27
7
39
21
27
5
38
21
24
3
22
26
26
4
28
27
33
4
27
35
44
4
20
40
53
4
23
52
59
7
19
53
57
9
18
102
43
25
32
122
49
30
48
117
47
29
51
102
52
24
42
80
38
24
45
Average annual percentage change
4.1%
-15.1%
-6.6%
12.6%
9.1%
0.0%
5–5
Vehicle Inventory and Use Survey
The Vehicle Inventory and Use Survey (VIUS), which was formerly the Truck Inventory and Use
Survey (TIUS), provides data on the physical and operational characteristics of the Nation's truck population.
It is based on a probability sample of private and commercial trucks registered (or licensed) in each state.
The name of the 1997 survey was changed to the Vehicle Inventory and Use Survey due to future possibilities
of including additional vehicle types. The 2002 VIUS, however, will only include trucks. Data from the
2002 VIUS is expected in 2004. Copies of the 1997 VIUS report or CD may be obtained by contacting the
U.S. Bureau of the Census, Transportation Characteristics Surveys Branch (301) 457-2797. Internet site:
www. census.gov/svsd/www/tiusview.html
Since 1987, the survey has included minivans, vans, station wagons on truck chassis, and sport utility
vehicles in addition to the bigger trucks. The 1977 and 1982 surveys did not include those vehicle types.
The estimated number of trucks that were within the scope of the 1997 VIUS and registered in the U.S. as
of July 1, 1997, was 72.8 million. These trucks were estimated to have been driven a total of 1,044 billion
miles during 1997, an increase of 32.8% from 1992. The average annual miles traveled per truck was
estimated at 14,300 miles.
In the 1997 VIUS, there are several ways to classify a truck by weight. The survey respondent was
asked the average weight of the vehicle or vehicle-trailer combination when carrying a typical payload; the
empty weight (truck minus cargo) of the vehicle as it was usually operated; and the maximum gross weight
at which the vehicle or vehicle-trailer combination was operated. The Census Bureau also collected
information on the Gross Vehicle Weight Class of the vehicles (decoded from the vehicle identification
number) and the registered weight of the vehicles from the State registration files. Some of these weights are
only provided in categories, while others are exact weights. Since all these weights could be quite different
for a single truck, the tabulations by weight can be quite confusing. In most tables, the Gross Vehicle Weight
Class was used.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
5–6
Table 5.4
Truck Statistics by Gross Vehicle Weight Class, 1997
Manufacturer's
gross vehicle weight
class
Number of
trucks
1) 6,000 lbs and less
2) 6,001 – 10,000 lbs
3) 10,001 – 14,000
4) 14,001 – 16,000
5) 16,001 – 19,500
6) 19,501 – 26,000
7) 26,001 – 33,000
8) 33,001 lbs and up
Total
45,240,632
22,373,167
510,476
194,951
178,111
1,884,246
207,386
2,211,283
72,800,252
Percentage of
trucks
Average
annual miles
per truck
Average
fuel
economy
Gallons of
fuel used
(millions)
Percentage of
fuel use
62.14%
30.73%
0.70%
0.27%
0.24%
2.59%
0.28%
3.04%
100.00%
13,328
12,952
15,650
16,390
6,016
13,637
35,588
48,095
14,347
17.82
14.11
10.83
10.11
8.69
8.21
7.07
6.69
16.02
35,184
21,226
771
320
117
3,202
1,096
17,427
79,344
44.34%
26.75%
0.97%
0.40%
0.15%
4.04%
1.38%
21.96%
100.00%
Source:
U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1997 Vehicle Inventory and Use Survey, Microdata File on CD,
2000. (Additional resources: www.census.gov/svsd/www.tiusview.html)
Table 5.5
Truck Harmonic Mean Fuel Economy by Size Class, 1992 and 1997
(miles per gallon)
Manufacturer's
gross vehicle weight class
1) 6,000 lbs and less
2) 6,001–10,000 lbs
3) 10,000–14,000 lbs
4) 14,001–16,000 lbs
5) 16,001–19,500 lbs
6) 19,501–26,000 lbs
7) 26,001–33,000 lbs
8) 33,001 lbs and over
1992
TIUS
1997
VIUS
17.2
13.0
8.8
8.8
7.4
6.9
6.5
5.5
17.1
13.6
9.4
9.3
8.7
7.3
6.4
5.7
Source:
Estimates are based on data provided on the following public use files: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the
Census, Census of Transportation, Washington, DC, 1992 Truck Inventory and Use Survey, 1995; 1997 Vehicle
Inventory and Use Survey, 2000. (Additional resources: www.census.gov/svsd/www/tiusview.html)
Note:
Based on average fuel economy as reported by respondent.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
5–7
As expected, most light trucks travel within 50 miles of their home base and refuel at public stations. Sixty percent
of heavy trucks travel over 50 miles from their home base and 36% of them refuel at central company-owned
refueling stations.
Table 5.6
Truck Statistics by Size, 1997
Manufacturer's gross vehicle weight class
Light
(< 10,000 lbs)
Trucks
Trucks (%)
Miles per truck
Total miles (%)
Fuel use (%)
Fuel economy (mpg)
67,613,799
92.88%
13,204
86.35%
71.10%
15.81
Medium
(10,001–
26,000 lbs)
Heavy
(> 26,000 lbs)
2,767,784
2,418,669
3.80%
3.32%
13,712
47,022
3.35%
10.31%
5.56%
23.35%
7.84
5.75
Range of operation
64.45%
39.37%
16.53%
16.44%
5.64%
10.54%
Total
72,800,252
100%
14,347
100%
100%
13.02
Under 50 miles
51–100 miles
101–200 miles
75.11%
12.83%
3.86%
73.53%
13.09%
4.15%
201–500 miles
2.09%
4.65%
12.19%
2.52%
Over 500 miles
2.31%
1.25%
16.80%
2.75%
Off-road
3.81%
7.49%
4.66%
3.97%
Total
100%
100%
100%
100%
Central company-owned
11.52%
27.32%
35.94%
29.20%
Single off-site contract
3.61%
5.84%
7.00%
6.08%
Pubic station
82.49%
61.96%
53.25%
60.56%
Other
2.38%
4.88%
3.80%
4.16%
Total
100%
100%
100%
100%
Primary refueling facility
Source:
U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1997 Vehicle Inventory and Use Survey, Microdata
File on CD, 2000. (Additional resources: www.census.gov/svsd/www/tiusview.html)
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
5–8
More medium truck owners listed construction as the truck’s major use than any other major use category.
Construction was the second highest major use for light trucks and heavy trucks.
Table 5.7
Percentage of Trucks by Size Ranked by Major Use, 1997
Rank
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
Light
(< 10,000 lbs
average weight)
Personal
74.56%
Construction
7.56%
Servicesa
5.57%
Agriculture
3.82%
Retail
2.79%
Not in Use
1.61%
Wholesale
1.33%
Utilities
0.75%
Manufacturing
0.74%
Daily Rental
0.53%
Forestry
0.26%
Mining
0.25%
For Hire
0.21%
One-Way Rental
0.01%
Medium
(10,001 – 26,000 lbs
average weight)
Construction
20.19%
Agriculture
19.54%
Servicesa
11.64%
Retail
9.28%
Wholesale
7.31%
Personal
7.00%
For Hire
5.47%
Utilities
4.40%
Daily Rental
4.21%
Manufacturing
3.72%
Not in Use
3.21%
Forestry
1.64%
One-Way Rental
1.24%
Mining
1.14%
Heavy
(> 26,000 lbs
average weight)
For Hire
31.48%
Construction
17.56%
Agriculture
14.01%
Wholesale
7.81%
Servicesa
7.39%
Retail
5.67%
Manufacturing
5.61%
Forestry
2.56%
Utilities
2.18%
Mining
2.18%
Daily Rental
2.11%
Not in Use
1.11%
Personal
0.31%
One-Way Rental
0.01%
Source:
U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1997 Vehicle Inventory and Use Survey, Micro data File
on CD, 2000. (Additional resources: www.census.gov/svsd/www/tiusview.html)
a
Business and personal services.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
5–9
In 1997 nearly 60% of all truck fleets use public fueling stations as their primary refueling facility. As expected,
larger fleets use central company-owned facilities more than smaller fleets. Mid-size fleets (10–500 vehicles) use
off-site contract facilities more than the smaller or larger fleets.
Table 5.8
Percentage of Trucks by Fleet Size and Primary Fueling Facility, 1997
Primary refueling facility
Central
company-owned
fueling facility
1
2–5
6–9
10–24
25–99
100–499
500–999
1,000–4,999
5,000–9,999
10,000 & up
5.94%
13.80%
25.77%
37.08%
48.48%
48.76%
46.39%
45.24%
35.77%
71.72%
Single contract fueling
facility
located off-site
2.70%
4.56%
7.32%
10.43%
9.65%
10.62%
7.46%
4.93%
6.01%
2.56%
Overall
30.08%
6.39%
Truck
fleet size
Public fueling
stations
87.26%
76.12%
62.02%
49.70%
39.29%
38.40%
44.38%
45.94%
53.36%
19.27%
Other
4.09%
5.52%
4.88%
2.79%
2.59%
2.22%
1.77%
3.89%
4.87%
6.45%
Total
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
59.37%
4.16%
100%
Source:
U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1997 Vehicle Inventory and Use Survey, Microdata
File on CD, 2000. (Additional resources: www.census.gov/svsd/www/tiusview.html)
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
5–10
Most trucks are fueled at public fueling stations but one-way rental trucks are more often fueled at company-owned
central fueling facilities or contract fueling facilities than at public stations. Mining and quarrying activities use
central fueling facilities more than 40% of the time.
Table 5.9
Percentage of Trucks by Major Use and Primary Fueling Facility, 1997
Central
company-owned
fueling facility
Major Use
Agricultural services
Forestry or lumbering activities
Construction work
Contractor activities or special trades
Manufacturing, refining or processing activities
Wholesale trade
Retail trade
Business and personal services
Utilities
Mining or quarrying activities
Daily rental
Not in use for more than six months
For-hire transportation
One-way rental
Personal transportation
Overall
32.09%
22.49%
33.40%
12.09%
35.47%
32.56%
28.21%
26.40%
40.56%
43.82%
39.42%
10.56%
32.87%
48.47%
2.02%
29.20%
Primary fueling facility
Single contract
fueling facility
Public fueling
located off-site
stations
2.99%
4.50%
5.39%
4.38%
9.48%
11.90%
10.25%
6.33%
5.09%
9.32%
13.29%
2.37%
4.90%
3.10%
0.56%
6.08%
53.92%
70.33%
58.79%
81.18%
53.69%
53.62%
59.41%
65.42%
52.25%
44.44%
45.12%
53.12%
59.53%
48.43%
94.46%
60.56%
Other
11.00%
2.68%
2.42%
2.36%
1.36%
1.92%
2.12%
1.85%
2.09%
2.42%
2.17%
33.94%
2.70%
0.00%
2.96%
4.16%
Total
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
Source:
U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1997 Vehicle Inventory and Use Survey, Microdata File on CD,
2000. (Additional resources: www.census.gov/svsd/www/tiusview.html)
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
5–11
Commodity Flow Survey
The Commodity Flow Survey (CFS) is designed to provide data on the flow of goods and
materials by mode of transport. The 1993 and 1997 CFS are a continuation of statistics collected
in the Commodity Transportation Survey from 1963 through 1977, and include major
improvements in methodology, sample size, and scope. In 1997, CFS used a sample of 100,000
domestic establishments randomly selected from a universe of about 800,000 establishments
engaged in mining, manufacturing, wholesale, auxiliary establishments (warehouses) of
multi-establishment companies, and some selected activities in retail and service was used. Each
selected establishment reported a sample of approximately 25 outbound shipments for a oneweek period in each of the four calendar quarters of 1997. This produced a total sample of over
5 million shipments. For each sampled shipment, zip codes of origin and destination, 5-digit
Standard Classification of Transported Goods (SCTG) code, weight, value, and modes of
transport, were provided. Establishments also reported whether the shipment was containerized,
a hazardous material, or an export.
The 1993 and 1997 CFS differ from previous surveys in their greatly expanded coverage of
intermodalism (i.e., shipments which travel by at least two different modes, such as rail and
truck). Earlier surveys reported only the principal mode. The 1993 and 1997 surveys report all
modes used for the shipment (for-hire truck, private truck, rail, inland water, deep sea water,
pipeline, air, parcel delivery or U.S. Postal Service, other mode, unknown). Route distance for
each mode for each shipment as imputed from a mode-distance table was developed by Oak
Ridge National Laboratory. Distance, in turn, was used to compute ton-mileage by mode of
transport.
For more information about the CFS, contact the Commodity Flow Survey Branch,
Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Services Division at (301) 457-2108, or visit
the following Internet site: www.bts.gov/cfs .
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
5–12
Industries covered by the 1997 Commodity Flow Survey (CFS) shipped over 11 billion tons of goods worth almost
$7 trillion. Compared to the 1993 CFS, the value of shipments is up 2.2% per year and ton shipped are up 3.4%
per year. By value, intermodal shipments increased 7.0% per year from 1993 to 1997.
Table 5.10
Growth of Freight in the United States: Comparison of the 1997 and 1993 Commodity Flow Surveys
(Detail may not add to total because of rounding)
Value of goods shipped
Mode of Transportation
1997 (billion
1997
dollars)
Tons
1993
(billion
1997
dollars)
Average
annual
percent
change
1997
(millions)
1993
(millions)
Average
annual
percent
change
All modes
6,944.0
6,360.8
2.2%
11,089.7
9,688.5
3.4%
Single modes
5,719.6
5,376.3
1.6%
10,436.5
8,922.3
4.0%
4981.5
2901.3
2036.5
4791.0
2856.1
1910.4
1.0%
0.4%
1.6%
7700.7
3402.6
4137.3
6385.9
2808.3
3543.5
4.8%
4.9%
3.9%
319.6
269.2
4.4%
1,549.8
1,544.1
0.1%
75.8
53.9
1.5
20.4
67.1
44.3
3.1%
5.0%
21.5
-1.3%
563.4
414.8
38.4
110.2
505.4
362.5
33.0
109.9
2.8%
3.4%
3.9%
0.1%
a
Truck
For-hire truck
Private truck
Rail
Water
Shallow draft
Great Lakes
Deep draft
Air (includes truck and air)
c
c
229.1
151.3
10.9%
4.5
3.1
9.8%
b
113.5
97.8
3.8%
618.2
483.6
6.3%
Multiple modes
945.9
720.9
7.0%
216.7
225.7
-1.0%
Parcel, U.S. Postal Service
or courier
Truck and rail
Truck and water
Rail and water
Other multiple modes
855.9
75.7
8.2
1.8
4.3
612.8
90.4
10.2
4.0
3.5
8.7%
-4.3%
-5.3%
-18.1%
5.3%
23.7
54.2
33.2
79.3
26.2
18.9
40.6
68.0
79.2
18.9
5.8%
7.5%
-16.4%
0.0%
8.5%
Other and unknown modes
278.6
263.6
1.4%
436.5
540.5
-5.2%
Pipeline
Source:
U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Freight USA, Washington, DC, 2000. (Additional resources:
www.bts.gov/cfs)
a
"Truck" as a single mode includes shipments which went by private truck only, for-hire truck only, or a combination of private truck
and for-hire truck.
b
CFS data for pipeline lack most shipments of crude oil.
c
Denotes data do not meet publication standards because of high sampling variability or other reasons. Some unpublished estimates
can be derived from other data published in this table. However, figures obtained in this manner are subject to these same limitations.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
5–13
Industries covered by the 1997 Commodity Flow Survey (CFS) accounted for about 2.7 trillion ton-miles on the
nation’s highways, railways, waterways, pipelines, and aviation system. Ton-miles increased an average of 2.4%
per year from 1993 to 1997.
Table 5.11
Growth of Freight Miles in the United States: Comparison of the 1997 and 1993 Commodity Flow Surveys
(Detail may not add to total because of rounding)
Ton-miles
Average miles per shipment
1997
(billions)
1993
(billions)
All modes
2,661.4
2,420.9
2.4%
472
424
2.7%
Single modes
2,383.5
2,136.9
2.8%
184
197
-1.7%
Truck
For-hire truck
Private truck
1023.5
741.1
268.6
869.5
629.0
235.9
4.2%
4.2%
3.3%
144
485
53
144
472
52
0.0%
0.7%
0.5%
Rail
1,022.5
942.6
2.1%
769
766
0.1%
Mode of Transportation
a
Water
Shallow draft
Great Lakes
Deep draft
Air (includes truck and air)
Pipeline
261.7
189.3
13.4
59.0
272.0
164.4
12.4
95.2
6.2
4.0
c
b
Multiple modes
c
Average annual
percent change
1997
1993
c
Average annual
percent change
c
-1.0%
3.6%
2.0%
-11.3%
482
177
204
1,024
534
1,861
-21.4%
-13.9%
11.6%
1,380
1,415
-0.6%
c
c
c
c
c
c
204.5
191.5
1.7%
813
736
2.5%
Parcel, U.S. Postal Service
or courier
Truck and rail
Truck and water
Rail and water
Other multiple modes
18.0
55.6
34.8
77.6
18.6
13.2
37.7
40.6
70.2
c
8.1%
10.2%
-3.8%
2.5%
c
813
1,347
1,265
1,092c
734
1,403
1,417
627
1,082
2.6%
-1.0%
-2.8%
14.9%
c
Other and unknown modes
73.4
92.6
-5.6%
122
229
-14.6%
Source:
U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Freight USA, Washington, DC, 2000. (Additional resources:
www.bts.gov/cfs)
a
"Truck" as a single mode includes shipments which went by private truck only, for-hire truck only, or a combination of private
truck and for-hire truck.
b
CFS data for pipeline lack most shipments of crude oil.
c
Denotes data do not meet publication standards because of high sampling variability or other reasons. Some unpublished
estimates can be derived from other data published in this table. However, figures obtained in this manner are subject to these same
limitations.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
5–14
The American Public Transportation Association recently published data by mode and fuel type that
were not previously available. Transit bus energy use had been overestimated in previous editions due
to this lack of data.
Table 5.12
Summary Statistics on Transit Buses and Trolleybuses, 1994–2001
Year
Number of
active buses
Vehicle-miles
(millions)
Passengermiles
(millions)
Btu/
passenger-mile
Energy use
(trillion Btu)
1994
69,000
2,176
19,019
4,268
81.2
1995
67,992
2,198
19,005
4,310
81.9
1996
72,549
2,234
19,280
4,340
83.7
1997
73,629
2,259
19,793
4,431
87.7
1998
73,022
2,188
20,542
4,387
90.1
1999
75,087
2,290
21,391
4,332
92.7
2000
75,964
2,329
21,433
4,515
96.8
2001
76,675
2,389
22,209
4,125
91.6
Average annual percentage change
1994–2001
1.5%
1.3%
2.2%
-0.5%
1.7%
Source:
American Public Transportation Association, 2003 Public Transportation Fact Book, Washington, DC,
February 2003, Tables 6, 18, 22, and 77. (Additional resources: www.apta.com)
a
Comparisons cannot be made with data before 1992. Beginning in 1992, data were available on nondiesel fuel consumption (i.e. propane, compressed natural gas, methanol).
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
5–15
There are currently not many sources of data on intercity and school buses. The Eno Foundation for
Transportation publishes petroleum use for intercity and school buses, and passenger-miles for intercity
buses. The Federal Highway Administration publishes an estimate of the total number of school buses.
School Bus Fleet magazine also contains statistics on school buses (www.schoolbusfleet.com/stats.cfm).
Table 5.13
Summary Statistics on Intercity and School Buses, 1970–2001
Year
1970
1975
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
Intercity bus
passenger-miles
(billions)
25.3
25.4
27.4
27.1
26.9
25.6
24.6
23.8
23.7
23.0
23.1
24.0
23.0
23.1
22.6
24.7
28.1
28.1
28.8
30.6
31.7
34.7
37.9
41.5
Intercity bus
energy use
(trillion Btu)
42.4
25.1
29.7
28.5
31.5
32.9
23.5
23.0
20.6
21.6
22.3
23.1
22.1
22.3
21.8
23.8
27.1
27.1
27.7
29.5
30.5
33.4
32.3
Number of
school buses
288,700
368,300
418,255
432,813
442,133
470,727
471,461
480,400
479,076
486,753
498,907
507,628
508,261
513,227
525,838
534,872
547,718
560,447
569,395
568,113
582,470
592,029
606,028
a
607,835
Averagea annual percentage change
2.4%
a
1.7%
School bus
energy use
(trillion Btu)
41.18
46.95
52.14
53.12
54.74
55.03
51.51
58.37
63.50
66.91
70.19
68.41
64.83
73.25
74.98
73.25
74.98
74.87
74.87
74.81
75.56
76.31
79.3
a
a
1970–2001
1.6%
a
1991–2001
6.0%
Source:
Intercity bus data and school bus energy use - Eno Foundation for Transportation, Transportation
in America 2001, Nineteenth edition, Washington, DC, pp. 13 and 45. See Appendix A
Energy Use Sources for detailed methodology on energy use conversion.
(Additional resources: www.enotrans.com)
School buses - Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics 2001, Washington, DC,
2002, Table MV-10, and annual. (Additional resources: www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohpi)
a
Data are not yet available.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
6–1
Chapter 6
Alternative Fuel and Advanced Technology
Vehicles and Characteristics
Summary Statistics from Tables in this Chapter
Source
Table 6.1
Table 6.4
Table 6.5
Alternative fuel vehicles in use, 2002 estimates
LPG
CNG
E85a
Electric
M85
LNG
Number of alternative fuel refuel sites, 2002
LPG
CNG
Electric
U.S. sales of advanced technology vehicles, 1999–2002
Honda Insight
Toyota Prius
Honda Civic Hybrid
Fuel type abbreviations are used throughout this chapter.
B20
= 20% biodiesel, 80% petroleum diesel
CNG = compressed natural gas
E-85 = 85% ethanol, 15% gasoline
E-95 = 95% ethanol, 5% gasoline
H2
= hydrogen
LNG = liquified natural gas
LPG = liquified petroleum gas
M-85 = 85% methanol, 15% gasoline
M-100 = 100% methanol
a
Does not include flex-fuel vehicles.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
518,919
281,286
126,341
82,477
19,755
5,873
3,187
5,739
3,431
1,166
872
10,747
41,237
~12,000
6–2
Alternative Fuels
The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) defines alternative fuels as fuels which are
substantially non-petroleum and yield energy security and environmental benefits. DOE
currently recognizes the following as alternative fuels:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
methanol and denatured ethanol as alcohol fuels (alcohol mixtures that contain no less
than 70% of the alcohol fuel),
natural gas (compressed or liquefied),
liquefied petroleum gas,
hydrogen,
coal-derived liquid fuels
fuels derived from biological materials, and
electricity (including solar energy).
DOE has established the Alternative Fuels Data Center (AFDC) in support of its work aimed
at fulfilling the Alternative Motor Fuels Act (AMFA) directives. The AFDC is operated and
managed by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) in Golden, Colorado.
The purposes of the AFDC are:
•
to gather and analyze information on the fuel consumption, emissions, operation, and
durability of alternative fuel vehicles, and
•
to provide unbiased, accurate information on alternative fuels and alternative fuel
vehicles to government agencies, private industry, research institutions, and other
interested organizations.
The data are collected for three specific vehicle types: (1) light vehicles, including
automobiles, light trucks, and mini-vans; (2) heavy vehicles such as tractor-trailers and
garbage trucks; and (3) urban transit buses. Much of the AFDC data can be obtained through
their web site: www.afdc.doe.gov. Several tables and graphs in this chapter contain statistics
which were generated by the AFDC.
DOE is sponsoring the National Alternative Fuels Hotline for Transportation Technologies
in order to assist the general public and interested organizations in improving their
understanding of alternative transportation fuels. The Hotline can be reached by dialing 1800-423-1DOE, or on the Internet at www.afdc.doe.gov/hotline.html.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
6–3
There are more LPG vehicles in use than any other alternative fuel vehicle. The population of
E85 vehicles, however, has grown the most since 1993. For details on alternative fuel use by fuel
type, see Table 2.3.
Table 6.1
Estimates of Alternative Fuel Vehicles in Use, 1993–2002
Average annual
percentage
change
1993–2002
1998
2000
2001a
259,000
266,000
272,193
276,597
281,286
0.5%
32,714
50,218
78,782
100,738
113,835
126,341
16.2%
LNG
299
603
1,172
2,090
2,576
3,187
30.1%
M85
10,263
18,319
19,648
10,426
7,827
5,873
-6.0%
M100
414
386
200
0
0
0
-100.0%
E85b
441
1,527
12,788
58,621
71,336
82,477
78.8%
E95
27
136
14
4
0
0
-100.0%
1,690
2,860
5,243
11,834
17,848
19,755
31.4%
314,848
333,049
383,847
455,906
490,019
518,919
5.7%
Fuel type
1993
1995
LPG
269,000
CNG
Electricity
Total
2002a
Source:
U. S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Alternatives to Traditional Transportation
Fuels, 2000, Washington, DC, 2002, web site www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/alternate/page/datatables.html.
(Additional resources: www.eia.doe.gov)
a
2001 data are preliminary. 2002 data are based on plans or projections.
Does not include flex-fuel vehicles.
b
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
6–4
Nearly 90% of private alternative fuel vehicles are fueled by LPG and CNG. The Federal Government does
not own many LPG vehicles; its alternative fuel vehicle fleet is 30% CNG and 65% E-85 vehicles in 2002.
Table 6.2
Estimates of Alternative Fuel Vehicles by Ownership, 1998 and 2002
State and local
government
Private
Fuel type
1998
2002a
1998
LPG
213,000
222,727
53,000
CNG
43,329
66,866
LNG
279
M-85
Federal Government
1998
2002a
56,999
175
1,560
22,291
38,619
13,162
20,856
876
879
2,216
14
95
10,773
3,061
8,332
2,809
543
3
0
0
200
0
0
0
E-85
2,595
25,294
5,906
12,571
4,287
44,612
E-95
0
0
14
0
0
0
3,461
8,362
1,621
9,629
161
1,764
273,437
327,186
92,243
122,843
18,342
68,890
M-100
Electricity
Total
2002a
Source:
U. S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Alternatives to Traditional Transportation
Fuels, 2000, Washington, DC, 2002, web site www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/alternate/page/datatables.html.
(Additional resources: www.eia.doe.gov)
a
Based on plans or projections.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
6–5
Table 6.3
Alternative Fuel Vehicles Available by Manufacturer, Model Year 2001
Model
Fuel
Type
Emission class
Daimler Chrysler: 1-800-999-FLEET
Chrysler Sebring Sedan
E-85 flex fuel
Mid-Size Sedan
LEV
Chrysler Sebring Convertible
E-85 flex fuel
Convertible
LEV
Dodge Stratus Sedan
E-85 flex fuel
Sedan
LEV
Chrysler Town and Country
E-85 flex fuel
Minivan
LEV
Dodge Caravan
E-85 flex fuel
Minivan
LEV
Dodge Grand Caravan
E-85 flex fuel
Minivan
LEV
Dodge Ram Maxi Van
CNG dedicated
Van
ILEV/ULEV/CA-SULEV
Dodge Ram Van
CNG dedicated
Van
ILEV/ULEV/CA-SULEV
Ford: 1-877-ALT-FUEL
Ford F-150
CNG Bi-Fuel
Light-duty pickup
ULEV
Ford E-Series Van
CNG Dedicated
Van
SULEV
Ford E-Series Wagon
CNG Dedicated
Wagon
CA-SULEV
Ford F-150
CNG Dedicated
Light-duty pickup
ILEV/SULEV/CA-SULEV
Ford Crown Victoria
CNG dedicated
Large sedan
ULEV
Ford Taurus
E-85 flex fuel
Mid-size sedan
ULEV
Mercury Sable
E-85 flex fuel
Wagon
ULEV
Ford Explorer
E-85 flex fuel
Sport utility vehicle
LEV
Mercury Mountaineer
E-85 flex fuel
Sport utility vehicle
LEV
Ford Explorer Sport
E-85 flex-fuel
Sport utility vehicle
LEV
Ford Ranger
E-85 flex-fuel
Light-duty pickup
LEV
Ford F-150
LPG Bi-fuel
Light-duty pickup
ULEV
General Motors: 1-800-25Electric, 313-556-7723 or 1-888-GM-AFT-4U (CNG)
Chevy Silverado
CNG Bi-fuel
Light-duty pickup
LEV
GMC Sierra
CNG Bi-fuel
Light-duty pickup
LEV
Chevy Express
CNG Bi-fuel/CNG Dedicated
Cargo or passenger van
ULEV/(Dedicated CA-SULEV)
GMC Savana
CNG Bi-fuel/CNG Dedicated
Cargo or passenger van
ULEV/(Dedicated CA-SULEV)
Chevrolet Cavalier
CNG Bi-fuel
Compact sedan
LEV
GMC Yukon
E-85 flex-fuel
Sport utility vehicle
Tier 1
Chevrolet Suburban
E-85 flex fuel
Sport utility vehicle
Tier 1
GMC Yukon XL
E-85 flex fuel
Sport utility vehicle
Tier 1
Chevrolet Silverado
E-85 flex fuel
Light-duty pickup
Tier 1
GMC Sierra
E-85 flex fuel
Light-duty pickup
Tier 1
Honda: 1-888-CCHonda
Civic GX
CNG dedicated
Compact sedan
ILEV/SULEV (Tier II Bin II)
Mazda: 1-800-222-5500
B3000
E-85 flex fuel
Light-duty pickup
LEV
Nissan: 1-310-771-3422
Altra EV (CA fleets only)
Electric-lithium ion
Mid-size wagon
ZEV
Hypermini (CA fleets only)
Electric-lithium ion
Two-seater
ZEV
Solectria Corporation: 1-508-658-2231
Civitan
Electric-lead acid
Service van
ZEV
Source:
U.S. Department of Energy, National Alternative Fuels Data Center, web site, www.afdc.doe.gov/afvehicles.htm, May 2003.
(Additional resources: www.afdc.nrel.gov)
Note:
LEV=low emission vehicle. ILEV=inherently low emission vehicle. ULEV=ultra low emission vehicle. ZEV=zero emission vehicle.
TLEV=transitional low emission vehicle. SULEV=super ultra low emission vehicle. See Chapter 12 for details on emissions.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
6–6
This list includes public and private refuel sites; therefore, not all of these sites are available to the public.
Table 6.4
Number of Alternative Refuel Sites by State and Fuel Type, 2002
State
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
District of Columbia
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
N. Carolina
N. Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
S. Carolina
S. Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
W. Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Total
CNG
sites
E85
sites
LPG
sites
LNG
sites
Electric
sites
Biodiesel
sites
Hydrogen
sites
9
0
27
4
188
35
25
4
2
42
65
0
9
21
32
0
5
6
14
0
28
12
25
11
3
7
9
5
20
1
30
15
60
11
4
35
58
16
55
6
4
2
2
67
62
0
24
23
43
22
18
0
0
1
0
0
8
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
13
1
11
1
7
0
0
2
0
4
69
0
5
1
5
0
0
0
1
0
0
2
2
0
0
0
0
1
6
0
0
2
0
1
0
0
4
1
77
9
109
85
345
83
29
4
0
154
54
7
33
91
54
44
67
26
45
20
28
44
138
58
34
151
40
27
34
30
29
81
95
75
18
73
93
49
104
7
62
26
59
423
38
16
58
83
9
77
36
2
0
1
0
5
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
3
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
7
1
0
3
1
0
0
1
34
0
63
0
545
6
5
0
0
3
83
11
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
41
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
12
0
0
16
6
0
0
0
4
0
2
0
0
0
7
0
11
11
6
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
9
1
0
0
0
0
0
3
0
2
1
0
0
0
0
2
3
1
6
0
0
1
1
1
6
2
0
1
0
21
0
1
0
2
1
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
7
0
0
2
0
0
1
0
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
122
9
204
89
1,097
134
59
8
2
199
203
21
43
127
91
55
74
39
59
22
63
98
179
139
37
164
52
38
61
45
59
99
171
113
24
112
151
72
161
15
68
34
61
505
103
27
98
120
52
103
58
1,166
149
3,431
35
872
79
7
5,739
Source:
U.S. Department of Energy, Alternative Fuels Data Center web site, www.afdc.doe.gov/refuel/state_tot.shtml, April 2003.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
Total
6–7
Clean Cities is a locally-based government/industry partnership, coordinated by the U.S. Department of Energy to expand
the use of alternatives to gasoline and diesel fuel. By combining the decision-making with voluntary action by partners,
the "grass-roots" approach of Clean Cities departs from traditional "top-down" Federal programs.
Figure 6.1. Clean Cities Coalitions
Source:
U.S. Department of Energy, Alternative Fuel Data Center, July 2003.
(Additional resources: www.ccities.doe.gov)
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
6–8
The Honda Insight, Civic Hybrid and Toyota Prius are the three advanced technology vehicles
which are currently available to the public in the U.S. They are hybrid vehicles, using both
electricity (from batteries) and mechanical power (from a small internal combustion engine). Learn
more about DOE’s hybrid vehicle program at: www.ott.doe.gov/hev.
Table 6.5
Sales and Specifications of Available Advanced Technology Vehicles
Fuel economy (city/hwy)
Fuel tank capacity
Acceleration (0-60 mph)
Emissions rating
Aerodynamics
Curb weight
Passenger capacity
Dimensions:
Length
Width
Cargo Capacity
Price
1999
2000
2001
2002
Total
Honda
Insight CVTa
57/56 mpg
10.6 gal.
11.5 sec.
SULEV
0.25 Cd
1,967 lbs.
2
Toyota
Prius CVTa
52/45 mpg
11.9 gal.
12.3 sec.
SULEV
0.29 Cd
2,765 lbs.
5
Honda
Civic Hybrid CVT SULEVa
47/48 mpg
11.9 gal.
11.6 sec.
SULEV
0.28 Cd
2,740 lbs.
5
155.1 in.
169.6 in.
66.7 in.
66.7 in.
3
11.8 ft3
16.3 ft
$21,280
$20,480
Calendar year sales in the U.S.
17
0
3,788
5,562
4,726
15,556
2,216
20,119
10,747
41,237
174.8 in.
67.5 in.
10.1 ft3
$20,550
0
0
0
~ 12,000b
~ 12,000b
Source:
Manufacturer’s web sites: www.hondacars.com and www.toyota.com.
Insight and Prius sales data - Ward’s Communications, Inc., Wards Automotive Reports,
Southfield, MI, 2003.
Civic sales data - Crain Communications, Automotive News, December 23, 2002.
Note:
SULEV = Super ultra low emission vehicle. See Chapter 12 for details on emissions.
a
Specifications are for the model containing a continuously variable transmission (CVT).
Sales for the Civic Hybrid are not shown separately from other Civic models, but estimates
of 2002 sales are approximately 12,000 vehicles since its March 2002 debut.
b
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
6–9
FreedomCAR and Fuel Initiative
www.eere.energy.gov/hydrogenfuel
www.eere.energy.gov/vehiclesandfuels
www.eere.energy.gov/hydrogenandfuelcells
Freedom Cooperative Automotive Research (FreedomCAR) is a government-industry
partnership for the advancement of high-efficiency vehicles, focused on fuel cells and hydrogen
produced from renewable energy sources. The U.S. Department of Energy and the U.S. Council for
Automotive Research (composed of automakers Ford, General Motors, and DaimlerChrysler) began
this effort in January 2002 with the long-term goal of developing technologies for hydrogenpowered fuel cell cars and trucks that will require no foreign oil and emit no harmful pollutants or
greenhouse gases.
But, successful marketing of hydrogen cars may depend on the development of a hydrogen
infrastructure, like today’s petroleum infrastructure, at the same time automakers are perfecting
hydrogen vehicles. That means the creation of everything from hydrogen manufacturing plants, to
distribution and storage networks, to convenient hydrogen fueling stations.
The FreedomCAR and Hydrogen Fuel Initiative is aimed at coordinating the efforts of the
energy companies, automakers, utilities, state and local governments, foreign interests and other
appropriate players. By working on parallel tracks, developing the hydrogen vehicles and
infrastructure concurrently instead of consecutively, a decision to go forward with the
commercialization of hydrogen automobiles could be made as early as 2015, 15 years ahead of
current projections.
For additional information about the FreedomCAR and Hydrogen Fuel Initiative, visit the
websites listed above or call 1-800-DOE-3732.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
6–10
The relative efficiencies of seven different hydrogen production methods are summarized here as a
result of research done by Argonne National Laboratory. The study indicates that:
• Steam methane reforming is a very efficient and cost-effective way to manufacture hydrogen, but
there are issues with natural gas supply and carbon sequestration.
• Electrolysis is well understood but its overall efficiency depends largely on efficient electrical
generation.
• Thermochemical cycles have the potential to produce hydrogen from any high-temperature heat
source with high efficiency in very high volumes. New research into lower-temperature cycles
should increase the applicability of this method.
Table 6.6
Hydrogen Production Methods
Maximum process
temperature
(°C)
Overall
efficiency (%)
Status
Sulfur-iodine thermo-chemical cycle
850
45!49
Calculationa
Calcium-bromine thermo-chemical cycle
760
36!40
Pilot plantb
Copper-chlorine thermo-chemical cycle
500
41
Benchc
Electrolysis
90
20!30d
Commerciale
High-temperature electrolysis
900
40
Experimentf
Steam methane reforming (SMR)
900
77
Commerciale
SMR with CO2 sequestration
900
58
Calculationg
Method
Source:
Argonne National Laboratory (ANL), Meeting U.S. Transportation Needs in the Hydrogen Economy,
http://www.hydrogen.anl.gov/pdfs/meeting_transportation_needs.pdf, May 2003, and updates from ANL.
Note:
The efficiency is the ratio of the energy value of the hydrogen produced to that of the heat used in the
process, except in the case of steam methane reforming, where it is the ratio of the energy of the hydrogen
produced to that of the methane consumed.
a
Calculated from laboratory experiments and thermodynamic data. A full-scale pilot plant has
not yet been built.
b
A pilot plant has been constructed.
c
The efficiency calculation is based on thermodynamics.
d
Takes electricity generation efficiency into account.
e
Commercial Data.
f
Calculated from commercial electrolysis data and thermodynamic data. No pilot plant data
are yet available.
g
Calculated from SMR commercial plant data and estimates of the energy required to
sequester the CO2.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
6–11
According to recent data compiled by Argonne National Laboratory, there are more than 200 hydrogen
production plants in existence today. Many of the plants that produce hydrogen are part of other
processes, like petroleum refining, ammonia production, and methanol production.
Table 6.7
U.S. Hydrogen Production Plants and Storage Terminals
Number of production plants
Number of storage terminals
Gaseous hydrogen
81
14
Liquid hydrogen
10
3
Gaseous and liquid hydrogen
Not applicable
3
Petroleum refineries
61
Not available
Ammonia producers
54
Not available
Methanol producers
15
4
221
24
Total
Source:
Mintz, Marianne, Argonne National Laboratory, September 2003.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
6–12
In 1999 (the latest year for which data are available) the U.S. accounted for about 20% of world
hydrogen consumption. Ammonia producers made up 61% of World hydrogen consumption, but only
38% of U.S. hydrogen consumption.
Table 6.8
U.S. and World Hydrogen Consumption by End-Use Category, 1999
United States
(trillion
cubic feet)
World total
(share)
(trillion
cubic feet)
(share)
U.S. share
of World
total
Captive users:
Ammonia producers
1.185
38%
9.662
61%
12%
Oil refinersa
1.164
37%
3.721
23%
31%
Methanol producers
0.303
10%
1.428
9%
21%
Other
0.121
4%
0.482
3%
25%
Merchant users
0.379
12%
0.570
4%
67%
Total
3.153
100%
15.864
100%
20%
Source:
Hydrogen, Chemical Economics Handbook program, SRI Consulting, Menlo Park, CA, July 2001.
Note:
Captive users consume hydrogen at the site where it is produced. Merchant users consume
hydrogen at sites other than where it is produced.
a
Excluding byproduct hydrogen.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
6–13
The Department of Energy is currently developing systems which will store hydrogen on-board a light
vehicle. Below is a list of storage technologies and the advantages/disadvantages of each The DOE
goals for on-board hydrogen storage systems are listed at the bottom of the table.
Table 6.9
Hydrogen Storage Systems for On-Board Light Vehicles
Storage technology
Chemical hydride
Complex metal hydride
System status
1.6 kWh/kg, 1.4 kWh/L,
$8/kWh
0.8 kWh/kg, 0.6 kWh/L,
$16/kWh
Liquid hydrogen
2.0 kWh/kg, 1.6 kWh/L,
$6/kWh
10,000 psi compressed
hydrogen tanks
1.9 kWh/kg, 1.3 kWh/L,
$16/kWh
5,000 psi compressed
hydrogen tanks
2.1 kWh/kg, 0.8 kWh/L,
$12/kWh
Advantages/disadvantages
; Low pressure
: Low cost, energy-efficient regeneration
processes have not been developed
: By-product removal
; Low pressure
; Reversible H2 uptake and release
: Insufficient storage capacity at practical
temperature and pressure
; Lowest capital cost
; Highest gravimetric and volumetric
capacities
: Most energy intensive
: Boil-off requires venting, and presents an
energy penalty and a potential safety hazard
; Near-term solution to hydrogen storage
; Most energy efficient method to densify H2
: High pressure
: Cost is high due to high pressure
containment materials
Department of Energy 2010 and 2015 System Goalsa
Year 2010
• 2.0 kWh/kg (6 wt%)
• 1.5 kWh/L
• $4/k Wh
Year 2015
• 3.0 kWh/kg (9 wt%)
• 2.7 kWh/L
• $2/kWh
Source:
U.S. Department of Energy, Hydrogen, Fuel Cells & Infrastructure Technologies Program, 2003.
a
Goals apply to all storage technologies and are for the complete system including storage material,
packaging, regulators, valves, and any thermal management or other ancillary equipment; cost goals and status
are based on high-volume production.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
6–14
Table 6.10
Properties of Conventional and Alternative Fuels
Property
Chemical formula
Physical state
Gasoline
C4 to C12
Liquid
No. 2 diesel
C10 to C20
Liquid
Methanol
CH3OH
Liquid
Ethanol
C2H5OH
Liquid
Molecular weight
100–105
.200
32.04
46.07
85–88
12–15
0
84–87
33–16
0
Main fuel source(s)
Crude oil
Crude oil
Specific gravity (60< F/ 60< F)
Density (lb/gal @ 60< F)
Boiling temperature (F<)
Freezing point (F<)
0.72–0.78
6.0–6.5
80–437
-40
0.81–0.89
6.7–7.4
370–650
-40–30
37.5
12.6
49.9
Natural gas, coal, or
woody biomass
0.796
6.63
149
-143.5
52.2
13.1
34.7
Corn, grains, or
agricultural waste
0.796
6.61
172
-173.2
Autoiginition temperature (F<)
495
.600
867
793
Reid vapor pressure (psi)
8–15
0.2
4.6
2.3
Composition (weight %)
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Property
Chemical formula
Physical state
Molecular weight
Composition (weight %)
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Main fuel source
Specific gravity (60< F/ 60< F)
Density (lb/gal @ 60< F)
Boiling temperature (F<)
Freezing point (F<)
Autoiginition temperature (F<)
Reid vapor pressure (psi)
Propane
C3H8
CNG
CH4
Compressed gas
Compressed gas
44.1
16.04
82
18
n/a
75
25
n/a
Hydrogen
H2
Compressed gas or
liquid
2.02
0
100
0
Natural gas, methanol,
Underground reserves Underground reserves
and other energy
sources
0.508
0.424
0.07
4.22
1.07
n/a
-44
-259
-423
-305.8
-296
-435
850–950
1,004
1,050–1,080
208
2,400
n/a
Source:
Alternative Fuels Data Center, “Properties of Fuel,” www.afdc.doe.gov/pdfs/fueltable.pdf and “Fuel Comparison,”
www.afdc.doe.gov/fuel_comp.html, August 2003.
Note:
n/a = not applicable.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
6–15
There are many types of fuel cells which can be used in many different applications. The Proton
Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFCs) are the best candidates for transportation-related
applications, such as cars, trucks, buses and small portable devices, due to their relatively low operating
temperatures and their ability to vary their output to meet changing power demands.
Table 6.11
Fuel Cell Type Comparison
Electrolyte
Operating
Temperature Efficiency
Electrical
Power
Possible
Applications
Alkaline
Potassium Hydroxide
60 - 90°C
45 - 60%
Up to 20 kW Submarines, spacecraft
Direct
Methanol
Polymer Membrane
60 - 130°C
40%
< 1 kW
Portable applications
Molten
Carbonate
Immobilized Liquid
Molten Carbonate
650°C
45 - 60%
> 1 MW
Power stations
Phosphoric
Acid
Immobilized Liquid
Phosphoric Acid
200°C
36 - 38%
> 50 kW
Power stations
Proton
Exchange
Membrane
Ion Exchange
Membrane
80°C
35 - 60%
Up to 250 kW
Cars, buses, residential
energy supply
Solid Oxide
Ceramic
1,000°C
50 - 65%
Up to 1 MW
Small power stations
Source:
Fuel Cell Today, http://www.fuelcelltoday.com .
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
7–1
Chapter 7
Fleet Vehicles and Characteristics
Summary Statistics from Tables/Figures in this Chapter
Source
Figure 7.1
Fleet automobiles, 2002
5,350,000
Figure 7.1
Fleet trucks # 19,500 lbs. GVW, 2002
5,127,000
Table 7.4
Average annual miles per automobile
Table 7.4
Business fleets
22,780
Utility fleets
13,399
Government fleets
12,895
Average annual miles per light truck
(<8,500 lbs. GVW)
Business fleets
26,282
Utility fleets
12,096
Government fleets
Table 7.5
Federal government vehicles, FY 2001
Automobiles
Buses
Light trucks (<8,500 lbs. GVW)
6,797
567,581
114,544
6,726
357,136
Medium trucks (8,500–26,000 lbs. GVW)
89,720
Heavy trucks (>26,000 lbs. GVW)
27,988
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
7–2
Significant changes have been made in recent years to fleet vehicle estimations. Newly available data improve
the accuracy of fleet vehicle estimates but, at the same time, make it impossible to compare the data historically.
Therefore, only the latest data are presented here.
Figure 7.1. Fleet Vehicles in Service as of February 1, 2002
Source:
Bobit Publishing Company, Automotive Fleet Research Department, Automotive Fleet Factbook 2003,
Redondo Beach, CA, 2003. (Additional resources: www.fleet-central.com)
a
Taxi category includes vans.
Rental category includes vans and sports utility vehicles under automobiles, not trucks.
b
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
7–3
According to these estimates of light fleet vehicle population, utility and government fleets have a greater share
of light trucks in their light vehicle population than business fleets do. This is also reflected in the new vehicle
purchases.
Table 7.1
Light Vehicles in Fleets of 10 or More, 2000
Cars
Light trucksa and vans
Total light vehicles
Business
60.7%
39.3%
7,694,733
Utility
41.5%
58.5%
763,190
Government
37.7%
62.3%
3,152,831
Source:
See Appendix A for Fleet Vehicle Data, Light Fleet Vehicle Population.
Table 7.2
New Light Fleet Vehicle Purchases by Vehicle Type, 2000
Cars
Light trucksa and vans
Total light vehicles
Business
73.2%
26.8%
2,146,351
Utility
11.8%
88.2%
355,989
Government
47.1%
52.9%
235,085
Source:
See Appendix A for Fleet Vehicle Data., Light Fleet Vehicle New Sales.
a
In this study, light trucks are <10,000 lbs gross vehicle weight.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
7–4
The average length of service for an intermediate size fleet car is 30 months. Of the light vehicle types,
full-size vans have the longest average months in service. Medium trucks are in service for an average
of 70 months.
Table 7.3
Average Length of Time Business Fleet
Vehicles are in Service, 2001
Vehicle type
Average months
in service
Compact cars
21.1
Intermediate cars
25.8
Pickup trucks
30.4
Minivans
27.1
Sport utility vehicles
25.1
Full-size vans
29.4
Medium trucks
70.4
Source:
Bobit Publishing Company, Automotive Fleet Factbook 2002, pp. 52-60.
(Additional resources: www.fleet-central.com)
Note:
Based on data collected from four leading Fleet Management companies.
Table 7.4
Average Annual Vehicle-Miles of Travel
for Fleet Vehicles, 2000
Vehicle type
Cars
Light trucksa
All light vehicles
Business
22,780
26,282
24,158
Utility
13,399
12,096
12,583
Government
12,895
6,797
8,328
Source:
See Appendix A for Fleet Vehicle Data, Light Fleet Vehicle Travel.
a
In this study, light trucks are <10,000 lbs gross vehicle weight.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
7–5
These data, which apply to domestic Federal fleet vehicles, indicate that sedans and station wagons have
the highest average annual miles per vehicle, followed closely by buses. There is a 6,000-mile difference
in the average for 4x2 light trucks as opposed to 4x4 light trucks.
Figure 7.2. Average Miles per Domestic Federal Vehicle by Vehicle Type, 2001
Source:
U.S. General Services Administrations, Federal Vehicle Policy Division, FY 2001 Federal Fleet Report,
Washington, DC, 2002, Table 5.
(Additional resources: policyworks.gov/org/main/mt/homepage/mtv/mtvhp.htm)
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
7–6
Table 7.5
Federal Government Vehicles by Agency, Fiscal Year 2001a
Department or Agency
DOMESTIC
General Services Administratione
Department of Justice
Department of Agriculture
Department of Treasury
Department of the Interior
Department of Energy
Tennessee Valley Authority
Department of Veterans Affairs
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Department of Transportation
Department of Health and Human Services
Department of Commerce
Department of State
Department of Housing and Urban Development
Environmental Protection Agency
Smithsonian Institution
Federal Communications Commission
National Science Foundation
All other departments or agencies
DOMESTIC CIVILIAN AGENCIES
Department of Air Force
Department of Navy
Department of Army
United States Marine Corps
Defense Agencies
Corps of Engineers Civil
DOMESTIC MILITARY AGENCIES
U.S. POSTAL SERVICE
TOTAL DOMESTIC FLEETS
FOREIGN
Department of State
General Services Administratione
Department of Justice
U.S. Agency for International Development
Department of Agriculture
Department of Commerce
Department of Health and Human Services
All other departments or agencies
FOREIGN CIVILIAN AGENCIES
Department of Air Force
Department of Navy
Department of Army
United States Marine Corps
FOREIGN MILITARY AGENCIES
TOTAL FOREIGN FLEETS
GRAND TOTAL OF ALL FLEETS
Autos
Buses
Light
trucksb
54,039
21,414
3,439
11,030
1,299
467
585
121
104
73
155
117
132
133
15
9
53
14
45
93,244
1,073
2,428
471
170
1,923
0
6,065
9,214
108,523
3,145
373
39
12
158
141
0
106
71
11
6
2
1
0
1
5
0
5
2
4,078
968
373
205
191
0
0
1,737
0
5,815
1,743
1,753
312
99
23
87
24
88
4,129
865
465
368
194
1,892
6,021
114,544
Medium
trucksc
Heavy
trucksd
Total
76,593
14,519
24,762
5,114
9,502
2,321
921
1,056
357
415
351
313
143
83
80
122
63
66
65
136,846
9,301
11,648
2,983
541
75
95
24,643
181,504
342,993
30,885
3,958
5,395
434
3,293
960
905
225
223
96
68
50
8
4
39
21
0
8
28
46,600
12,838
6,181
4,603
707
1
234
24,564
10,874
82,038
3,902
504
650
202
2,014
1,402
353
136
111
198
102
10
12
0
28
5
0
16
10
9,655
4,451
3,215
1,670
751
0
355
10,442
4,713
24,810
168,564
40,768
34,285
16,792
16,266
5,291
2,764
1,644
866
793
682
492
296
220
163
162
116
109
150
290,423
28,631
23,845
9,932
2,360
1,999
684
67,451
206,305
564,179
20
160
0
9
0
0
0
1
190
482
163
62
14
721
911
2,113
2,260
512
635
160
90
151
61
5,982
3,830
2,572
1,156
603
8,161
14,143
1,843
402
14
64
1
0
0
4
2,328
4,471
662
166
55
5,354
7,682
99
150
0
15
1
0
0
0
265
1,848
850
176
39
2,913
3,178
5,818
4,725
838
822
185
177
175
154
12,894
11,496
4,712
1,928
905
19,041
31,935
6,726
357,136
89,720
27,988
596,114
Source:
U.S. General Services Administration, Federal Supply Service, FY 2001 Federal Fleet Report, Washington, DC, 2003, Table 14.
(Additional resources: policyworks.gov/org/main/mt/homepage/mtv/mtvhp.htm)
a
Federally-owned and commercially-leased domestic vehicles.
Less than 8,500 lbs GVWR. Includes ambulances.
c
8,501–23,999 lbs GVWR.
d
24,000 lbs. or more GVWR.
e
Most are leased by other Federal agencies.
b
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
7–7
Table 7.6
Federal Fleet Vehicle Acquisitions
by Fuel Type, FY 1998–2001
Gasoline
Diesel
Natural gas
Ethanol/E-85
Electricity
Other
Methanol/M-85
LPG
Biodiesel
Hydrogen
Total
FY98
48,338
2,503
1,139
3,015
36
0
104
91
0
0
55,226
FY99
54,625
3,100
1,836
3,886
11
107
33
33
5
0
63,636
FY00
38,561
1,700
1,469
5,615
620
0
10
63
0
0
48,038
FY01
18,886
2,569
371
1,466
8
0
3
22
0
0
23,325
Source:
U.S. General Services Administrations, Federal Vehicle Policy Division, FY 2001 Federal Fleet Report,
Washington, DC, 2003, Chart 16.
(Additional resources: policyworks.gov/org/main/mt/homepage/mtv/mtvhp.htm)
Table 7.7
Fuel Consumed by Federal Government Fleets, FY 1998–2001
(thousand gasoline equivalent gallons)
Gasoline
Diesel
CNG
Electricity
Biodiesel
Methanol/M-85
LPG
Ethanol/E-85
LNG
Other
Total
FY98
251,478
55,188
5,510
63
11
232
43
3,708
0
195
316,428
FY99
275,879
63,942
4,019
25
128
13
26
130
1
2,143
346,306
FY00
284,480
70,181
865
1
569
14
34
347
0
0
356,491
FY01
281,791
70,761
2,387
35
1,315
5
102
5,900
0
0
362,296
Source:
U.S. General Services Administrations, Federal Vehicle Policy Division, FY 2001 Federal Fleet Report,
Washington, DC, 2003, Charts 8 and 9.
(Additional resources: policyworks.gov/org/main/mt/homepage/mtv/mtvhp.htm)
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
7–8
The Energy Policy Act of 1992 (EPACT) set alternative fuel vehicle acquisition requirements for Federal and
State Governments, alternative fuel providers and the private sector. Additional rule making has adjusted the
original purchase requirements. State government and alternative fuel providers requirements began in 1997.
Table 7.8
Energy Policy Act Purchase Requirements of Light Alternative Fuel Vehicles
Year
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006–on
Federal
5,000
7,500
10,000
25%
33%
50%
75%
75%
75%
75%
75%
75%
75%
75%
State
10%
15%
25%
50%
75%
75%
75%
75%
75%
75%
Alternative fuel
providers
30%
50%
70%
90%
90%
90%
90%
90%
90%
90%
Privatea
20%
40%
60%
70%
70%
Source:
Final rule for the alternative fuels transportation programs, Federal Register, Vol. 61, p. 10622,
March 14, 1996.
Private alternative fueled vehicle acquisition requirements for private and local government fleets,
Federal Register, vol. 62, p. 19701, April 23, 1997.
a
The Department of Energy is presently considering implementation of private and municipal fleet rule making.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
8–1
Chapter 8
Household Vehicles and Characteristics
Summary Statistics from Tables/Figures in this Chapter
Source
Table 8.2
Vehicles per licensed driver, 2001
Table 8.3
Average household transportation expense, 2000
Table 8.4
Share of households owning 3 or more vehicles
Figure 8.1
1.13
19.1%
1960
2.5%
1970
5.5%
1980
17.5%
1990
17.3%
2000
18.3%
Average occupancy rates by vehicle type, 2001
Automobile
1.57
Pickup truck
1.48
Sports Utility
1.76
Van
2.22
Table 8.12
Average annual miles per household vehicle, 2001
Table 8.14
Share of workers who car pooled, 2000
Figure 8.4
Long-distance trips in the U.S., 1995
Trips
Person-miles
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
11,000
11.2%
1,001 million
827 billion
8–2
Vehicle-miles are growing at a faster rate than vehicles and more than twice the rate of population. See Table
8.2 for vehicles per capita and vehicle-miles per capita.
Table 8.1
Population and Vehicle Profile, 1950–2001
Number of
vehicles in
operation
(thousands)
43,256
Total
vehicle-miles
(millions)
458,246
Number of
licensed
drivers
(thousands)
62,194
Number of
civilian
employed
persons
(thousands)
58,918
Year
1950
Resident
populationa
(thousands)
151,868
Total
households
(thousands)
43,554
1955
165,069
47,874
55,804
605,646
74,686
62,170
1960
179,979
52,799
66,582
718,762
87,253
65,778
1965
193,526
57,251
82,067
887,812
98,502
71,088
1970
203,984
63,401
98,136
1,109,724
111,543
78,678
1975
215,465
71,120
120,054
1,327,664
129,791
85,846
1980
227,225
80,776
139,832
1,527,295
145,295
99,303
1985
237,924
86,789
157,048
1,774,826
156,868
107,150
1986
240,133
88,458
162,094
1,834,872
159,487
109,597
1987
242,289
89,479
167,193
1,921,204
161,975
112,440
1988
244,499
91,061
171,741
2,025,962
162,853
114,968
1989
246,819
92,830
175,960
2,096,487
165,555
117,342
1990
249,623
93,347
179,299
2,144,362
167,015
118,793
1991
252,981
94,312
181,438
2,172,050
168,995
117,718
1992
256,514
95,689
181,519
2,247,151
173,125
118,492
1993
259,916
96,391
186,315
2,296,378
173,149
120,259
1994
263,126
97,107
188,714
2,357,588
175,403
123,060
1995
266,278
98,990
193,441
2,422,696
176,628
124,900
1996
269,394
99,627
198,294
2,485,848
179,539
126,708
1997
272,647
101,018
201,071
2,561,695
182,709
129,558
1998
275,854
102,528
205,043
2,631,522
184,980
131,463
1999
279,040
103,874
209,509
2,691,056
187,170
133,488
2000
282,797
104,705
213,300
2,746,925
190,625
135,208
2001
284,797
b
216,683
2,781,462
191,276
135,073
Average annual percentage change
1950–2001
1.2%
b
3.2%
3.6%
2.2%
b
1.6%
1991–2001
1.2%
1.8%
2.5%
1.2%
1.4%
Source:
Resident population, total households, and civilian employed persons - U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census,
Statistical Abstract of the United States–2002, 122nd edition, Washington, DC, 2002, pp. 8, 49, 367, and annual. (Additional
resources: www.census.gov)
Vehicles in operation - The Polk Company. FURTHER REPRODUCTION PROHIBITED. (Additional resources: www.polk.com)
Licensed drivers and vehicle-miles - U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics 2001,
Tables DL-20 and VM-1, and annual. (Additional resources: www.fhwa.dot.gov)
a
Estimates as of July 1. Includes Armed Forces stationed in the United States.
Data is not available.
b
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
8–3
Vehicle-miles per capita have nearly reached 10,000 miles. There were 1.6 vehicles for every employed civilian
in the U.S. in 2001.
Table 8.2
Population and Vehicle Ratios, 1950–2001
Year
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
1950–2001
1991–2001
Vehicles per
capita
Vehicle-miles
per capita
0.285
3,029
0.338
3,656
0.370
3,994
0.424
4,587
0.481
5,440
0.557
6,162
0.615
6,722
0.660
7,460
0.675
7,641
0.690
7,929
0.702
8,286
0.713
8,494
0.718
8,590
0.717
8,586
0.708
8,760
0.717
8,835
0.717
8,960
0.726
9,098
0.736
9,228
0.737
9,396
0.743
9,540
0.751
9,644
0.754
9,713
0.761
9,766
Average annual percentage change
2.0%
2.3%
0.5%
1.3%
Vehicles per
civilian employed
persons
0.73
0.90
1.01
1.15
1.25
1.40
1.41
1.47
1.48
1.49
1.49
1.50
1.51
1.54
1.53
1.55
1.53
1.55
1.56
1.55
1.56
1.57
1.58
1.60
1.6%
0.4%
Source:
Resident population and civilian employed persons - U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Statistical
Abstract of the United States–2002, 122nd edition, Washington, DC, 2002, pp. 8, 367, and annual.
(Additional resources: www.census.gov)
Vehicles in operation - The Polk Company. FURTHER REPRODUCTION PROHIBITED. (Additional resources:
www.polk.com)
Vehicle-miles - U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics 2001, Table
VM-1 and annual.
(Additional resources: www.fhwa.dot.gov)
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
8–4
Transportation (19.1%) is second only to housing (31.7%) as the largest expenditure for the average household. In 2001, approximately 16.3% of transportation
expenditures were for purchasing gasoline and motor oil. There is an average of two vehicles per household.
Table 8.3
Average Annual Expenditures of Households by Income, 2001a
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 22—2002
Income before taxes
Total expenditures
All
households
Less than
$5,000
$5,000–
$9999
$10,000–
$14999
$41,395
$20,517
$16,625
$20,642
$15,000–
$19,999
$20,000–
$29,999
$30,000–
$39,999
$40,000–
$49,999
$50,000–
$69,999
$70,000 and
over
$25,028
$28,623
$35,430
$40,900
$50,136
$76,124
Percentage of total expendituresb
Foodc
14.6%
18.9%
19.5%
17.6%
16.0%
16.5%
15.2%
15.4%
14.5%
12.8%
Housing
31.7%
35.6%
36.2%
36.2%
33.2%
33.3%
31.1%
29.9%
30.6%
31.0%
Apparel and services
4.5%
5.4%
4.5%
4.2%
5.1%
3.7%
4.6%
4.6%
4.3%
4.6%
19.1%
16.7%
16.4%
17.1%
18.5%
19.7%
21.3%
21.2%
19.7%
18.2%
Vehicle purchases (net outlay)
9.1%
8.3%
8.1%
8.2%
8.6%
9.4%
10.9%
10.2%
9.2%
8.5%
Gasoline and motor oil
3.1%
3.1%
3.1%
3.1%
3.4%
3.7%
3.5%
3.6%
3.2%
2.7%
Other vehicle expenditures
5.9%
4.1%
4.3%
4.9%
5.4%
5.8%
6.1%
6.8%
6.4%
5.8%
Transportation
Public transportation
Health care
Entertainment
Personal Insurance & pensions
Othersd
1.0%
1.0%
0.8%
0.9%
0.9%
0.8%
0.8%
0.6%
0.9%
1.2%
5.4%
5.6%
7.7%
8.7%
8.6%
7.3%
6.2%
5.5%
5.0%
3.8%
4.9%
4.5%
3.8%
3.8%
5.2%
4.1%
4.6%
4.8%
5.3%
5.2%
10.9%
1.7%
2.0%
3.4%
4.8%
6.2%
8.5%
9.9%
11.8%
15.2%
9.0%
Householdse (thousands)
88,735
Percentage of households
100%
11.6%
4,100
4.6%
10.0%
6,829
7.7%
8.9%
8,099
9.1%
8.7%
7,014
7.9%
9.1%
12,075
13.6%
8.5%
10,508
11.8%
8.6%
8,737
9.8%
8.7%
12,480
14.1%
Average number of vehicles in HH
2.0
1.0
0.9
1.1
1.5
1.7
1.9
2.2
2.5
Source:
U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, web site: www.bls.gov/pub/special.requests/ce/share/2001/income.txt, April 2003. (Additional resources: www.bls.gov)
a
Public assistance monies are included in reported income. Data for those reporting income.
Percentages may not sum to totals due to rounding.
c
Includes alcoholic beverages.
d
Includes personal care, reading, education, tobacco and smoking supplies, cash contributions, and miscellaneous items.
e
The term household refers to a “consumer unit,” which is defined differently than households on Table 8.1.
b
9.1%
18,892
21.3%
2.9
8–5
Household vehicle ownership shows a dramatic increase from 1960 to 1990. In 1960, nearly 79% of
households owned less than two vehicles; by 1990, it declined to 45%. Census data prior to 1990 indicated
that the majority of households owned one vehicle; in 1990 that changed to two vehicles.
Table 8.4
Household Vehicle Ownership, 1960–2000 Census
(percentage)
No
vehicles
One
vehicle
Two
vehicles
Three or
more
vehicles
1960
21.53%
56.94%
19.00%
2.53%
54,766,718
1970
17.47%
47.71%
29.32%
5.51%
79,002,052
1980
12.92%
35.53%
34.02%
17.52%
129,747,911
1990
11.53%
33.74%
37.35%
17.33%
152,380,479
2000
9.35%
33.79%
38.55%
18.31%
179,417,526
Total
vehiclesa
Source:
U. S. Department of Transportation, Volpe National Transportation Systems Center, Journey-toWork Trends in the United States and its Major Metropolitan Area, 1960–1990, Cambridge,
MA, 1994, p. 2-2.
2000 data - U.S. Bureau of the Census, American Fact Finder, factfinder.census.gov, Table QT-04,
August 2001. (Additional resources: www.census.gov)
a
Estimates using Census Bureau data; these data on the total number of vehicles do not match the figures on
Table 8.1. The figures on Table 8.1, from R.L. Polk and Company, are the preferred data.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
8–6
2001 National Household Travel Survey
The Department of Transportation (DOT) colleted data on daily trips in 1969, 1977, 1983, 1990 and
1995 via the Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey (NPTS). Data on longer trips were collected in
1977 and 1995 via the American Travel Survey (ATS). For 2001, the DOT combined the collection of long
trip and daily trip data into one survey – the 2001 National Travel Household Travel Survey (NHTS).
The NHTS is the nation’s inventory of daily and long-distance travel. The survey includes demographic
characteristics of households, people, vehicles, and detailed information on daily and longer-distance travel
for all purposes by all modes. NHTS survey data are collected from a sample of U.S. households and
expanded to provide national estimates of trips and miles by travel mode, trip purpose, and a host of
household attributes.
The NHTS was designed to continue the NPTS and ATS series, but as with all data surveys, caution
should be used when comparing statistics from one survey to another due to changes in terminology, survey
procedures, and target population. The 2001 survey collected data on trips of children under 5 years of age,
while the previous NPTS did not. Improved methodologies first used in the collection of trip information
in the 1995 NPTS make it impossible to compare these data with past NPTS survey data. Thus, the 1990
NPTS trip data have been adjusted to make it comparable with the later surveys.
Version 1 of the NHTS data containing the daily trip data were released in January 2003 and are
available at the Internet site: nhts.ornl.gov. Data in this report are all generated from the Version 1 NHTS
databases. Subsequent versions of the databases will contain long trip data and revisions to the daily trip
data.
Table 8.5
Demographic Statistics from the 1969, 1977, 1983, 1990, 1995 NPTS and 2001 NHTS
1969
1977
1983
1990
1995
2001
Percent
change
1969–2001
Persons per household
3.16
2.83
2.69
2.56
2.63
2.58
-18%
Vehicles per household
1.16
1.59
1.68
1.77
1.78
1.90
64%
Workers per household
1.21
1.23
1.21
1.27
1.33
1.35
12%
Licensed drivers per household
1.65
1.69
1.72
1.75
1.78
1.77
8%
Vehicles per worker
0.96
1.29
1.39
1.40
1.34
1.41
46%
Vehicles per licensed driver
0.70
0.94
0.98
1.01
1.00
1.07
52%
Average vehicle trip length (miles)
8.89
8.34
7.90
8.98
9.06
9.82
10%
Source:
U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, 1990 Nationwide Personal Transportation
Survey: Summary of Travel Trends, FHWA-PL-92-027, Washington, DC, March 1992, Table 2. Data for
1995 and 2001 were generated from the Internet sites www-cta.ornl.gov/npts, and nhts.ornl.gov.
(Additional resources: www.fhwa.dot.gov)
Note:
Average vehicle trip length for 1990 and 1995 is calculated using only those records with trip mileage information
present. The 1969 survey does not include pickups and other light trucks as household vehicles.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
8–7
Due to methodology improvements in collecting trip information, the 2001 and 1995 data
should be compared only to the 1990 adjusted data. The original 1990 data are
comparable to all previous surveys; however, comparisons should always be made with
caution because of differing survey methodologies.
Table 8.6
Average Annual Vehicle-Miles, Vehicle Trips and
Trip Length per Household
1969, 1977, 1983, 1990, 1995 NPTS and 2001 NHTS
Journey-to-worka
All trips
Average annual vehicle-miles per household
1969
4,183
12,423
1977
3,815
12,036
1983
3,538
11,739
1990 original
4,853
15,100
1990 adjusted
4,853
18,161
1995
6,492
20,895
2001
5,783
21,253
Average annual vehicle trips per household
1969
445
1,396
1977
423
1,442
1983
414
1,486
1990 original
448
1,702
1990 adjusted
448
2,077
1995
553
2,321
2001
479
2,189
Average vehicle trip length (miles)
1969
9.4
8.9
1977
9.0
8.4
1983
8.5
7.9
1990 original
11.0
9.0
1990 adjusted
11.0
8.9
1995
11.8
9.1
2001
12.2
9.8
Source:
U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, 1990 Nationwide Personal
Transportation Survey: Summary of Travel Trends, FHWA-PL-92-027, Washington, DC,
March 1992, Table 7. Data for 1995 were generated from the Internet site wwwcta.ornl.gov/npts. 1990 adjusted data - Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN,
August 1998.
2001 NHTS data were generated from the Internet site nhts.ornl.gov.
(Additional resources: www.fhwa.dot.gov, www-cta.ornl.gov/npts)
a
It is believed that the methodology changes in the 1995 NPTS did not affect journey-to-work trips; therefore,
no adjustment is necessary.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
8–8
Due to methodology improvements in collecting trip information, the 2001 and 1995 data
should be compared only to the 1990 adjusted data. The original 1990 data are comparable
to all previous surveys; however, comparisons should always be made with caution because of
differing survey methodologies.
Table 8.7
Average Annual Person-Miles Traveled (PMT), Person Trips and Trip Length
per Household by Selected Trip Purposes
1983, 1990, 1995 NPTS and 2001 NHTS
Journey-to-worka
Shopping
Social and
recreational
All
purposesb
Average annual PMT per household
1983
4,586 (20%)
2,567 (11%)
8,964 (39%)
22,802 (100%)
1990 original
5,637 (23%)
2,674 (11%)
8,567 (35%)
24,803 (100%)
1990 adjusted
5,637 (19%)
3,343 (11%)
11,308 (37%)
30,316 (100%)
1995
7,740 (22%)
4,659 (14%)
10,571 (31%)
34,459 (100%)
2001
6,770 (18%)
5,086 (14%)
11,215 (30%)
37,498 (100%)
Average annual person trips per household
1983
537 (20%)
474 (18%)
728 (28%)
2,628 (100%)
1990 original
539 (20%)
504 (19%)
662 (25%)
2,673 (100%)
1990 adjusted
539 (17%)
630 (19%)
874 (27%)
3,262 (100%)
1995
676 (18%)
775 (20%)
953 (25%)
3,828 (100%)
2001
567 (15%)
742 (19%)
1,031 (27%)
3,828 (100%)
Average person trip length (miles)
1983
1990 original
8.5
5.4
12.3
8.7
10.7
5.4
13.2
9.5
1990 adjusted
10.7
5.4
13.2
9.5
1995
11.6
6.1
11.3
9.1
2001
12.2
7.0
11.1
10.0
Source:
U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Nationwide Personal Transportation
Study, Public Use Tapes, Washington, DC. Data for 1995 and 2001 were generated from the Internet sites
www-cta.ornl.gov/npts and nhts.ornl.gov. 1990 adjusted data - Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge,
TN, August 1998. (Additional resources: www.fhwa.dot.gov, www-cta.ornl.gov/npts)
Note:
Average person trip length for 1990 and 1995 is calculated using only those records with trip mileage
information present. “All purposes” includes unreported trip purposes.
a
It is believed that the methodology changes in the 1995 NPTS did not affect journey-to-work trips; therefore,
no adjustment is necessary.
b
Includes trip purposes not shown on this table.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
8–9
In 2001 vehicle-miles traveled (vmt) for a three-person household is over 28,000 miles. The number of
drivers in a household makes a big difference in vmt, as does the presence of children in the household.
Households with children have 74% more vmt than households without children.
Table 8.8
Average Number of Vehicles and Vehicle Travel per Household,
1990 NPTS and 2001 NHTS
Average
number of vehicles
per household
Average
vehicle-miles traveled
per household
1990
2001
1990
2001
1
1.5
1.2
15,200
9,800
2
2.1
2.2
22,900
26,000
3
2.9
3.0
29,400
36,400
4 or more
3.8
3.9
40,500
48,400
1 person
1.2
1.0
11,400
7,800
2 persons
1.9
2.0
19,300
21,000
3 persons
2.2
2.3
23,700
28,200
4 persons
2.4
2.4
25,300
29,400
5 persons
2.4
2.5
24,900
32,600
6 or more persons
2.7
2.6
29,200
35,000
Urban
1.9
1.8
19,000
19,400
Rural
2.1
2.3
22,200
28,500
With children
2.2
2.3
24,100
28,700
Without children
1.8
1.7
17,600
16,500
All households
1.8
1.9
18,300
21,300
Number of Licenced
Drivers
Household size
Household urban status
Household composition
Source:
Generated from the Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration,
Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey Public Use Files, Washington, DC,
2000 and the National Household Travel Survey Internet site: nhts.ornl.gov.
(Additional resources: www-cta.ornl.gov/npts)
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
8–10
While automobile occupancy declined slightly from 1995 to 2001, all other vehicle types showed increased
occupancy. Vans and sport utility vehicles have higher vehicle occupancies than automobiles.
Figure 8.1. Average Vehicle Occupancy by Vehicle Type, 1995 NPTS and 2001 NHTS
Source:
U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Nationwide Personal Transportation
Survey, Washington, DC, 1997.
(Additional resources: www.fhwa.dot.gov, www-cta.ornl.gov/npts, nhts.ornl.gov)
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
8–11
The average vehicle occupancy, calculated as person-miles per vehicle-mile, is highest for social and
recreational purposes. The highest vehicle occupancy levels for all purposes were in 1977. The increase in
number of vehicles per household and the decrease in average household size could have contributed to the
decline since then.
Figure 8.2. Average Vehicle Occupancy by Trip Purpose
1977 NPTS and 2001 NHTS
Source:
U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, 1990 Nationwide Personal Transportation
Survey: Summary of Travel Trends, FHWA-PL-92027, Washington, DC, March 1992, Figure 6. Data from
2001 NHTS were generated from the Internet site nhts.ornl.gov, June 2003.
(Additional resources: www.fhwa.dot.gov, nhts.ornl.gov)
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
8–12
As households owned more vehicles, the average annual miles for the most frequently driven vehicle increased.
For example, the most frequently driven vehicle in five-vehicle households was driven 36% more per year
than the one in two-vehicle households (15,019 miles vs. 20,467 miles).
Table 8.9
Average Annual Miles per Vehicle by Household Vehicle Ownership, 2001 NHTS
One-vehicle
household
Two-vehicle
household
Three-vehicle
household
Four-vehicle
household
Five-vehicle
household
#1
10,306
15,019
16,951
19,092
20,467
#2
-
7,505
8,951
10,212
11,433
#3
-
-
4,101
5,673
6,825
#4
-
-
-
2,851
3,883
#5
-
-
-
-
2,000
Average
10,306
11,775
11,000
10,711
10,327
Vehicle
a
Source:
Generated from the National Household Travel Survey Internet site nhts.ornl.gov.
Table 8.10
Average Age of Vehicles by Household Vehicle Ownership, 2001 NHTS
Vehicle
One-vehicle
household
Two-vehicle
household
Three-vehicle
household
Four-vehicle
household
Five-vehicle
household
#1
8.1
6.8
7.1
7.2
7.6
#2
-
8.9
9.1
9.2
9.1
#3
-
-
12.5
11.7
11.4
#4
-
-
-
15.0
14.8
#5
-
-
-
-
16.3
Average
8.1
7.7
9.1
10.1
11.0
a
Source:
Generated from the National Household Travel Survey Internet site nhts.ornl.gov.
a
Vehicles are ranked by descending annual miles driven.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
8–13
The average annual miles per vehicle declined from 1995 to 2001. With households having more and
more vehicles at their disposal, each vehicle is being driven fewer miles.
Table 8.11
Average Annual Miles Per Household Vehicle by Vehicle Age
Vehicle age
(years)
Under 1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10 and older
All household
vehicles
1983
self-reported
8,200
15,200
16,800
14,500
13,000
12,100
11,300
10,000
9,800
9,000
7,300
1990
self-reported
19,600
16,800
16,600
14,700
13,600
12,900
13,200
12,400
12,600
11,500
9,200
1995
self-reported
15,900
16,800
15,500
14,400
14,100
13,500
13,200
12,800
12,200
12,200
8,900
2001
self-reported
15,000
14,300
13,700
12,900
12,400
12,000
11,700
11,400
11,100
10,700
7,400
10,400
12,500
12,200
11,000
Source:
Nationwide Personal Transportation Study—1983: D. Klinger and J. Richard
Kuzmyak, COMSIS Corporation, Personal Travel in the United States, Volume
1: 1983–84 Nationwide Personal Travel Study, prepared for the U.S. Department
of Transportation, Washington, DC, August 1986, Table 4-22, p.4-21. 1990:
Generated from the 1990 Nationwide Personal Transportation Study Public Use
Tape, March 1992. 1995: Generated from the Internet site: wwwcta.ornl.gov/npts.
(Additional resources: www.fhwa.dot.gov, www.eia.doe.gov)
Note:
Data include all household vehicles, and have been rounded to the nearest hundred.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
8–14
Historically, the data from the Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey (NPTS) are based
on estimates reported by survey respondents. For the 1995 survey, odometer data was also
collected. These data indicate that respondents overestimate the number of miles driven in a
year.
Table 8.12
Self-Reported vs. Odometer Average Annual Miles, 1995 NPTS
Vehicle age
(years)
1995
self-reported
1995
odometer
Under 1
15,900
15,600
1
16,800
14,500
2
15,500
14,800
3
14,400
13,800
4
14,100
12,900
5
13,500
12,700
6
13,200
12,400
7
12,800
11,600
8
12,200
11,300
9
12,200
11,200
10 and older
8,900
9,000
12,200
11,800
All household
vehicles
Source:
Generated from the Internet site www-cta.ornl.gov/npts.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
8–15
According to the U.S. Census data, the percentage of workers who car pooled has dropped from 19.7% in 1980
to 11.2% in 2000. The percent of workers using public transit declined from 6.4% to 5.3% in the ten year period
between 1980 and 1990, but stayed relatively the same from 1990 to 2000 (5.2%). The average travel time
increased by 2.6 minutes from 1980 to 2000.
Table 8.13
Means of Transportation to Work, 1980, 1990 and 2000 Census
1980 Census
Number
of workers
(thousands)
Means of transportation
Private vehicle
1990 Census
Share
Number
of workers
(thousands)
2000 Census
Share
Number of
workers
(thousands)
Share
81,258
84.1%
99,593
86.5%
111,554
87.5%
Drove alone
62,193
64.4%
84,215
73.2%
97,247
76.3%
Car pooled
19,065
19.7%
15,378
13.4%
14,307
11.2%
6,175
6.4%
6,070
5.3%
6,575
5.2%
3,925
4.1%
3,445
3.0%
3,572
2.8%
88
0.1%
Public transportation
a
Bus or trolley bus
a
Streetcar or trolley car
Subway or elevated
b
b
78
0.1%
1,529
1.6%
1,755
1.5%
1,981
1.6%
Railroad
554
0.6%
574
0.5%
696
0.5%
Ferryboat
b
43
0.0%
Taxicab
167
0.2%
179
0.2%
194
0.2%
Motorcycle
419
0.4%
237
0.2%
158
0.1%
Bicycle
468
0.5%
467
0.4%
563
0.4%
b
37
0.0%
Walked only
5,413
5.6%
4,489
3.9%
3,413
2.7%
Other means
703
0.7%
809
0.7%
1,099
0.9%
2,180
2.3%
3,406
3.0%
4,075
3.2%
96,617
21.7
100.0%
115,070
22.4
100.0%
127,437
24.3
100.0%
Worked at home
Total workers
Average travel time (minutes)
Source:
1980-1990 data - Provided by the Journey-to-Work and Migration Statistics Branch, Population Division, U.S.
Bureau of the Census
2000 data - U.S. Bureau of the Census, American Fact Finder, factfinder.census.gov, Tables QT-03 and P047,
August 2001. (Additional resources: www.census.gov)
a
b
This category was "Bus or streetcar" in 1980.
Data are not available.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
8–16
More than half of workers had 15-29 minute commutes in 1990, but that dropped
to 35% by 2000. The share of workers commuting less than 15 minutes
increased the most in the ten-year period (14 percentage points), but the share
of workers commuting 30 minutes or more also saw small increases.
Table 8.14
Workers by Commute Time, 1990 and 2000 Census
Commute time
1990
2000
Less than 15 minutes
15.9%
30.1%
15–29 minutes
51.6%
36.3%
30–39 minutes
14.7%
15.7%
40–59 minutes
9.0%
10.7%
60 minutes or more
5.9%
7.3%
Average travel time (minutes)
22.4
24.3
Source:
1990 - U. S. Department of Transportation, Volpe National Transportation
Systems Center, Journey-to-Work Trends in the United States and its Major
Metropolitan Area, 1960–1990, FHWA-PL-94-012, Cambridge, MA, 1994,
p. 2-6.
2000 - U.S. Bureau of the Census, American Fact Finder, factfinder.census.gov,
Tables QT-03 and P048, August 2001.
(Additional resources: www.census.gov)
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
8–17
Sales of bicycles with wheel sizes of 20-inches and over have grown at an average annual rate of 2%
from 1981 to 2002. The largest growth in bicycle sales, however, were bicycles with wheel sizes under
20 inches which grew at an average annual rate of 4.8%.
Table 8.15
Bicycle Sales, 1981–2002
(millions)
Wheel sizes
under
20 inches
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
1981–2002
1992–2002
Wheel sizes
of 20 inches
and over
a
8.9
a
6.8
a
9.0
a
10.1
a
11.4
a
12.3
a
12.6
a
9.9
a
10.7
a
10.8
a
11.6
3.7
11.6
3.8
13.0
4.2
12.5
4.1
12.0
4.5
10.9
4.2
11.0
4.7
11.1
5.9
11.6
9.0
11.9
5.4
11.3
5.9
13.6
Average annual percentage change
a
2.0%
4.8%
1.6%
All
wheel sizes
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
15.3
16.8
16.7
16.1
15.4
15.2
15.8
17.5
20.9
16.7
19.5
a
2.5%
Source:
1981–1996: Bicycle Manufacturers Association. 1997–on: The Bicycle Council.
(Additional resources: www.nbda.com)
a
Data are not available.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
8–18
One-third of bicycle sales in 2002 were mountain bikes, which sold for an average of $450 per bike.
Road bicycles, which list the most expensive average price, have been slowly gaining market share from
2000 to 2002. Youth bicycles account for 28% of the bicycle market.
Table 8.16
Specialty Bicycle Sales by Year, 2000–2002a
2000
2001
2002
Average 2002
price
Mountain
41.0%
36.8%
33.8%
$450.30
Youth
28.5%
26.1%
28.3%
$197.49
Comfort
13.6%
20.8%
20.6%
$339.15
Hybrid
10.2%
8.8%
9.4%
$404.66
Road
3.6%
4.4%
5.3%
$1,194.68
Cruiser
2.8%
2.8%
2.2%
$275.17
Tandem
0.12%
0.11%
0.15%
$887.91
Category
Source:
National Bicycle Dealers Association Retail Data Capture Program.
a
Sales of top 19 bicycle brands through panel of retailers.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
8–19
In 2001, 5% of walk trips and 8% of bike trips were to/from work. More than half of all bike trips were
for social/recreational purposes. Thirteen-percent of walk trips were shopping trips.
Figure 8.3 Walk and Bike Trips by Trip Purpose,
2001 NHTS
Source:
U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, National Household Travel Survey
web site: nhts.ornl.gov.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
8–20
1995 American Travel Survey
The American Travel Survey (ATS) was conducted by the Bureau of Transportation Statistics,
U.S. Department of Transportation, to obtain information about the long-distance travel of persons
living in the United States. Approximately 80,000 randomly selected households were interviewed
for the survey, which collected information about all trips of 100 miles or more, one-way, taken by
household members in 1995. The ATS data provide detailed information on state-to-state travel, as
well as travel to and from metropolitan areas by mode of transportation.
For additional information about the American Travel Survey, contact the Bureau of
Transportation Statistics at (202) 366-3282 or visit the following Internet site: www.bts.gov/ats.
New data on long-distance travel will be available in late 2003 from the 2001 National Household
Travel Survey at nhts.ornl.gov.
Figure 8.4 Long-Distance Trips by Destination, 1995
Source:
U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, 1995 American Travel Survey
Profile, Washington, DC, October 1997, p. 2. (Additional resources: www.bts.gov/ats)
Note:
Definitions of divisions and regions are in Appendix C.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
8–21
Personal-use vehicles are by far the most predominant means of transportation on long-distance trips
(100 miles or more, one way); two-thirds of those personal vehicle trips are pleasure trips.
Table 8.17
Long-Distance Tripsa by Mode and Purpose, 1995
Principal means of
transportation
Business
Main purpose of trip
Pleasure
Visit friends
Total
or relatives
Leisure
pleasure
Personal
business
Total
Person trips (thousands)
Personal use vehicle
151,697
283,153
254,186
537,339
124,791
813,858
Commercial airplane
67,083
41,881
31,581
73,462
15,386
155,936
286
1,830
690
2,519
439
3,244
Charter or tour bus
1,281
1,198
9,253
10,451
2,514
14,247
Train
1,342
2,004
944
2,948
704
4,994
Ship, boat, or ferry
68
43
483
525
20
614
Total person-trips
224,835
330,755
299,355
630,110
146,338
1,001,31
Intercity bus
Percentage
Personal use vehicle
18.6
34.8
31.2
66.0
15.3
100.0
Commercial airplane
43.0
26.9
20.3
47.1
9.9
100.0
Intercity bus
8.8
56.4
21.3
77.7
13.5
100.0
Charter or tour bus
9.0
8.4
64.9
73.4
17.6
100.0
Train
26.9
40.1
18.9
59.0
14.1
100.0
Ship, boat, or ferry
11.1
7.0
78.7
85.5
3.3
100.0
Total
22.5
33.0
29.9
62.9
14.6
100.0
Source:
U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, 1995 American Travel Survey
Profile, Washington, DC, October 1997, p. 13. (Additional resources: www.bts.gov/ats)
a
A long-distance trip is any trip of 100 miles or more, one way.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
8–22
Those with a household income of less than $25,000 account for more than half (54%) of
intercity bus person-trips. Those with a household income of $50,000 or more account for
two-thirds (66%) of commercial airplane person-trips.
Figure 8.5. Shares of Long-Distance Person Trips by Mode and Household Income, 1995
Source:
U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, 1995 American Travel Survey
Profile, Washington, DC, October 1997, p. 8.
U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Statistical Abstract of the United States, 117th
Edition, Washington, DC, 1997, p. 465.
(Additional resources: www.bts.gov/ats, www.census.gov)
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
9–1
Chapter 9
Nonhighway Modes
Summary Statistics from Tables in this Chapter
Source
Passenger-miles, 2001
(millions)
Table 9.2
Domestic and international air carrier
664,841
Table 9.3
General aviation
Table 9.12
Amtrak
5,571
Table 9.13
Commuter rail
9,548
Table 9.14
Transit rail
16
15,615
Freight ton-miles, 2001
Table 9.5
Domestic waterborne commerce
Table 9.9
Class I railroad
Passenger energy use, 2001
(millions)
622,000
1,495,472
(trillion Btus)
Table 9.2
Domestic and international air carrier
Table 9.3
General aviation
165.1
Table 9.7
Recreational boats
313.5
Table 9.12
Amtrak
19.8
Table 9.13
Commuter rail
25.9
Table 9.14
Transit rail
48.6
Freight energy use, 2001
2,599.4
(trillion Btus)
Table 9.5
Domestic waterborne commerce
276.2
Table 9.9
Class I railroad
517.3
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
9–2
Nonhighway transportation modes accounted for about 20% of total transportation energy use in 2001.
Table 9.1
Nonhighway Energy Use Shares, 1970–2001
Year
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
Air
8.5%
8.2%
7.7%
7.7%
7.3%
7.3%
7.2%
7.0%
7.1%
7.4%
7.6%
7.6%
7.8%
7.7%
8.3%
8.5%
9.0%
9.2%
9.3%
9.2%
9.6%
9.1%
9.0%
8.9%
9.0%
9.1%
9.2%
9.4%
9.5%
9.5%
9.7%
9.3%
Water
4.9%
4.4%
4.2%
4.6%
4.7%
4.9%
5.5%
6.3%
7.0%
8.1%
7.5%
8.6%
7.4%
6.8%
6.8%
6.7%
6.5%
6.5%
6.4%
6.5%
7.0%
7.5%
7.6%
6.7%
6.3%
6.5%
6.1%
5.4%
5.2%
5.5%
5.8%
4.5%
Share of transportation energy use
Nonhighway
Pipeline
Rail
total
6.5%
3.6%
23.6%
6.4%
3.5%
22.4%
6.1%
3.4%
21.5%
5.6%
3.5%
21.4%
5.5%
3.6%
21.1%
4.9%
3.2%
20.4%
4.4%
3.2%
20.3%
4.1%
3.1%
20.5%
3.9%
2.9%
20.9%
4.3%
3.0%
22.8%
4.7%
3.1%
22.9%
4.8%
3.0%
23.9%
4.6%
2.6%
22.5%
4.0%
2.6%
21.1%
4.1%
2.8%
22.0%
3.9%
2.6%
21.6%
3.6%
2.4%
21.5%
3.7%
2.4%
21.8%
4.1%
2.4%
22.2%
4.1%
2.4%
22.2%
4.3%
2.4%
23.2%
4.1%
2.3%
22.9%
3.9%
2.3%
22.7%
4.0%
2.3%
21.8%
4.2%
2.4%
21.8%
4.1%
2.4%
22.1%
4.1%
2.4%
21.8%
4.2%
2.4%
21.4%
3.6%
2.4%
20.7%
3.5%
2.3%
20.8%
3.4%
2.3%
21.2%
3.4%
2.4%
19.6%
Source:
Table 2.7.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
Transportation
total (trillion Btu)
15,321
15,945
16,969
17,824
17,104
17,356
18,426
19,157
20,126
20,135
18,979
19,120
18,560
18,677
19,323
19,659
20,277
20,742
21,280
21,580
21,689
21,279
21,939
22,393
22,997
23,536
24,042
24,404
24,839
26,034
26,350
25,899
9–3
These data include all international and domestic certificated route air carrier statistics; therefore, the data are
different than those in Chapter 2. All of the air carrier statistics declined in the year 2001, most likely due to the
events of September 11, 2001, which caused air travel to decline drastically in the last quarter of the year.
Table 9.2
Summary Statistics for U.S. Domestic and International
Certificated Route Air Carriers (Combined Totals), 1970–2001a
Year
Average
Available
Revenue
Revenue
aircraft-miles passenger trip passenger-miles seat-miles
(millions)
(millions) lengthb (miles)
(millions)
1970
1975
1980
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2,383
2,241
2,924
3,462
3,873
4,182
4,355
4,442
4,724
4,661
4,899
5,118
5,360
5,627
5,855
6,025
6,227
6,558
6,944
6,807
678
698
736
758
767
779
786
792
803
806
806
799
787
791
802
814
812
824
833
842
1970–2001
1991–2001
3.4%
3.9%
0.7%
0.4%
Available
seats per
aircraftc
131,719 f
264,904 f
111
173,324
315,823
135
267,722
448,479
148
351,073
565,677
163
378,923
623,073
161
417,830
670,871
160
437,649
696,337
160
447,480
703,888
158
472,236
753,211
159
463,296
738,030
158
493,715
772,869
158
505,996
793,959
155
537,506
809,240
151
558,757
845,012
150
596,164
859,720
147
619,969
880,607
146
635,517
899,851
145
668,626
942,311
144
708,419
980,379
141
664,841
950,530
140
Average annual percentage change
5.4%
4.2%
0.8%
3.7%
2.6%
-1.2%
Passenger Revenue cargo
load factor
ton-miles
Energy use
(percentage)d (millions) (trillion Btu)e
49.7%f
54.9%
59.7%
62.1%
60.8%
62.3%
62.9%
63.6%
62.7%
62.8%
63.9%
63.7%
66.4%
66.1%
69.3%
70.4%
70.6%
71.0%
72.3%
69.9%
4,994
5,944
7,515
9,048
10,987
13,130
14,633
16,347
16,411
16,149
17,306
19,083
21,773
23,375
24,892
27,610
28,102
28,984
30,863
27,882
1,363.4
1,283.4
1,386.0
1,701.4
1,847.1
1,945.9
2,049.4
2,087.4
2,213.0
2,085.2
2,144.2
2,169.7
2,266.2
2,338.6
2,409.1
2,514.2
2,573.4
2,653.1
2,743.1
2,599.4
5.7%
5.6%
2.1%
2.2%
Source:
U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Air Carrier Traffic Statistics Monthly, December
2001/2000, Washington, DC, pp. 1–2, and annual.
1970–76 Energy Use - Department of Transportation, Civil Aeronautics Board, Fuel Cost and Consumption, Washington, DC,
1981, and annual.
1977–2001 Energy Use - Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, "Fuel Cost and Consumption Table,"
Washington, DC. (Additional resources: www.bts.gov, www.faa.gov)
a
Data are for all U.S. air carriers reporting on Form 41.
Scheduled services of domestic operations only. The average passenger trip length for international operations is more than three and a half
times longer than for domestic operations.
c
Available seats per aircraft is calculated as the ratio of available seat-miles to revenue aircraft-miles.
d
Passenger load factor is calculated as the ratio of revenue passenger-miles to available seat-miles for scheduled and nonscheduled services.
e
Energy use includes fuel purchased abroad for international flights.
f
Scheduled services only.
b
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
9–4
General aviation includes: (1) aircraft operating under general operating and flight rules; (2) not-for-hire airplanes
with a seating capacity of 20 or more or a maximum payload capacity of 6,000 lbs. or more; (3) rotocraft external
load operations; (4) on-demand and commuter operations not covered under Federal Aviation Regulations Part 121;
and (5) agricultural aircraft operations.
Table 9.3
Summary Statistics for General Aviation, 1970–2001
Calendar year
Total number
of aircraft
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
131,700a
168,475
177,964
184,294
199,178
210,339
211,045
213,226
209,779
213,293
220,943
196,500
205,300
202,700
196,200
205,000
198,000
196,874
185,650
177,120
172,935
188,089
191,129
192,414
204,710
219,464
217,533
211,446
1970–2001
1991–2001
Aircraft
hours flown
(thousands)
Intercity passenger travel
(billion passenger-miles)
26,030b
9.1
30,298
11.4
31,950
12.1
33,679
12.8
36,844
14.1
40,432
15.5
41,016
14.7
40,704
14.6
36,457
13.1
35,249
12.7
36,119
13.0
31,456
12.3
31,782
12.4
30,883
12.1
31,114
12.6
32,332
13.1
32,096
13.0
29,862
12.1
26,747
10.8
24,455
9.9
24,092
9.8
26,612
10.8
26,909
12.0
27,713
12.5
28,100
13.1
31,756
14.1
30,975
15.2
29,133
15.9
Average annual percentage change
1.5%
0.4%
1.8%
0.7%
-0.2%
2.8%
Energy use
(trillion btu)
94.4
121.5
130.3
149.7
159.4
167.2
169.0
162.4
170.5
143.9
148.9
144.0
148.0
139.1
148.6
134.0
131.9
120.4
104.7
97.5
95.3
106.6
111.1
121.1
147.4
172.1
175.2
165.1
1.8%
3.2%
Sources:
Intercity passenger-miles - Eno Foundation for Transportation, Transportation in America 2001,
Nineteenth edition, Lansdowne, VA, 2002, p. 45, and annual.
All other- U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration, General Aviation
Activity and Avionics Survey: Calendar Year 2001, Tables 1.2, 1.5, 5.1, and annual.
(Additional resources: apo.faa.gov/pubs.asp)
a
Active fixed-wing general aviation aircraft only.
Includes rotocraft.
b
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
9–5
In the early seventies, domestic waterborne commerce accounted for over 60% of total tonnage, but
by 1994 foreign tonnage grew to more than half of all waterborne tonnage and has continued to grow
each year since.
Table 9.4
Tonnage Statistics for Domestic and
International Waterborne Commerce, 1970–2001
(million tons shipped)
Year
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
1970–2001
1991–2001
Foreign and
Domestic totalb
domestic total
Foreign totala
1,532
581
951
1,695
749
946
1,835
856
979
1,908
935
973
2,021
946
1,075
2,073
993
1,080
1,999
921
1,077
1,942
887
1,054
1,777
820
957
1,708
751
957
1,836
803
1,033
1,788
774
1,014
1,874
837
1,037
1,967
891
1,076
2,088
976
1,112
2,140
1,038
1,103
2,164
1,042
1,122
2,092
1,014
1,079
2,132
1,037
1,095
2,128
1,060
1,068
2,215
1,116
1,099
2,240
1,147
1,093
2,284
1,183
1,101
2,334
1,221
1,113
2,339
1,245
1,094
2,323
1,261
1,062
2,425
1,355
1,070
2,387
1,344
1,042
Average annual percentage change
1.4%
2.7%
0.3%
1.3%
2.9%
-0.3%
Percent domestic
of total
62.1%
55.8%
53.4%
51.0%
53.2%
52.1%
53.9%
54.3%
53.9%
56.0%
56.3%
56.7%
55.3%
54.7%
53.3%
51.5%
51.8%
51.6%
51.4%
50.2%
49.6%
48.8%
48.2%
47.7%
46.8%
45.6%
44.1%
43.7%
Source:
U.S. Department of the Army, Corps of Engineers, Waterborne Commerce of the United States,
Calendar Year 2001, Part 5: National Summaries, New Orleans, Louisiana, 2002, Table 1-1,
p. 1-3, and annual. (Additional resources: www.wrc-ndc.usace.army.mil/ndc)
a
All movements between the U.S. and foreign countries and between Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands
and foreign countries are classified as foreign trade.
b
All movements between U.S. ports, continental and noncontiguous, and on the inland rivers, canals,
and connecting channels of the U.S., Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands, excluding the Panama Canal.
Beginning in 1996, fish was excluded for internal and intra port domestic traffic.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
9–6
Table 9.5
Summary Statistics for Domestic Waterborne Commerce, 1970–2001
Year
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
Number of
vesselsa
25,832
31,666
33,204
35,333
35,723
36,264
38,792
42,079
42,079
41,784
41,784
41,672
40,308
40,000
39,192
39,209
39,233
39,233
39,210
39,064
39,064
39,641
41,104
41,419
42,032
41,766
41,354
41,588
Average
Ton-miles Tons shippedb length of haul
(millions)
(billions)
(miles)
596
949
628.2
566
944
599.9
592
976
606.3
599
969
618.0
827
1,072
771.6
829
1,076
770.0
922
1,074
856.4
929
1,051
884.0
886
954
929.0
920
953
964.6
888
1,029
862.5
893
1,011
883.5
873
1,033
845.3
895
1,072
835.0
890
1,106
804.3
816
1,097
743.2
834
1,118
745.7
848
1,074
789.9
857
1,090
785.7
790
1,063
742.7
815
1,093
745.5
808
1,086
743.6
765
1,093
699.4
707
1,106
639.5
673
1,087
619.0
656
1,056
621.1
646
1,064
606.8
622
1,037
599.7
Average annual percentage change
0.1%
0.3%
-0.1%
-3.1%
-0.3%
-2.7%
Energy
intensity
Energy use
(Btu/ton-mile) (trillion Btu)
545
324.8
549
311.0
468
277.3
458
274.3
383
316.6
457
378.7
358
329.8
360
334.5
310
274.9
319
293.7
346
307.3
446
398.6
463
404.0
402
370.7
361
321.3
403
328.6
388
323.2
386
327.5
398
341.0
389
307.0
369
300.7
374
302.2
412
314.9
415
293.2
436
293.1
457
299.9
473
305.6
444
276.2
1970–2001
1.5%
-0.7%
-0.5%
1991–2001
0.6%
1.4%
-1.7%
Source:
Number of vessels 1970–92, 1995–2001 - U.S. Department of the Army, Corps of Engineers, "Summary of U.S. Flag
Passenger and cargo vessels, 2001," New Orleans, LA, 2002, and annual.
1993–94 - U.S. Dept of the Army, Corps of Engineers, The U.S. Waterway System-Facts,
Navigation Data Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, January 1996.
Ton-miles, tons shipped, average length of haul - U.S. Department of the Army, Corps of Engineers,
Waterborne Commerce of the United States, Calendar Year 2001 Part 5: National Summaries,
New Orleans, LA, 2002, Table 1-4, pp. 1-6, 1-7, and annual.
Energy use - See Appendix A for Water Energy Use.
(Additional resources: www.wrc-ndc.usace.army.mil/ndc)
a
Grand total for self-propelled and non-self-propelled.
These figures are not consistent with the figures on Table 9.3 because intra-territory tons are not
included in this table. Intra-territory traffic is traffic between ports in Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands.
b
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
Fifty-six percent of all domestic marine cargo in 2001 were energy-related products (petroleum, coal, coke). The majority of the energy-related products were
shipped internally and locally (62%). Barge traffic accounted for 96.3% of all internal and local waterborne commerce.
Table 9.6
Breakdown of Domestic Marine Cargo by Commodity Class, 2001
Coastwise
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 22—2002
Commodity class
Petroleum and products
Lakewise
Tons
shipped
(millions)
Average
haulb
(miles)
165
1,260
Tons
shipped
(millions)
Total domestica
Internal and local
Average
haulb
(miles)
Tons
shipped
(millions)
154
2
328
c
Average
haulb
(miles)
265
Tons
shipped
(millions)
321
Percentage
34.0%
Average
haulb
(miles)
777
Chemicals and related products
13
1,906
349
48
632
61
6.4%
899
Crude materials
11
503
75
507
116
408
202
21.4%
450
Coal and coke
13
638
19
561
174
365
206
21.8%
400
8
511
3
323
27
823
38
4.0%
712
Primary manufactured goods
Food and farm products
6
1,646
Manufactured equipment
9
1,771
c
981
c
c
Waste and scrap
c
0
Unknown
c
2,167
c
224
1,228
100
Total
Barge traffic (million tons)
Percentage by barge
102
45.6%
0
13
13.4%
90
1,002
96
10.2%
1,041
10
85
19
2.0%
862
1
198
0
1,000
509
c
620
597
96.3%
c
476
1
c
943
0.1%
198
0.0%
2,135
100.0%
658
712
75.5%
Source:
U.S. Department of the Army, Corps of Engineers, Waterborne Commerce of the United States, Calendar Year 2001, Part 5: National Summaries, New Orleans,
Louisiana, 2002, Tables 2-1, 2-2, and 2-3, pp. 2-1—2-8, and annual.
(Additional resources: www.wrc-ndc.usace.army.mil/ndc)
Note:
Coastwise applies to domestic traffic receiving a carriage over the ocean or between the Great Lakes ports and seacoast ports when having a carriage over the
ocean. Lakewise applies to traffic between United States ports on the Great Lakes. Internal applies to traffic between ports or landings wherein the entire
movement takes place on inland waterways. Local applies to movements of freight within the confines of a port.
a
Does not include intra-territory tons.
Calculated as ton-miles divided by tons shipped.
c
Negligible.
b
9–7
9–8
According to the U.S. Coast Guard there are 4,900 more recreational boats in 2001 than in 1977.
Even so, recreational boat fatalities are on the decline. There were only 5.3 fatalities per 100,000
boats in 2001.
Table 9.7
Recreational Boating Statistics, 1977–2001
Year
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
Number of
boats
(thousands)
7,976
8,036
8,279
8,578
8,905
9,074
9,165
9,420
9,589
9,876
9,964
10,363
10,777
10,996
11,068
11,132
11,283
11,430
11,735
11,878
12,313
12,566
12,738
12,782
12,876
Fatalities per
100,000
Fatalities
numbered boats
1,312
16.5
1,321
16.4
1,400
16.9
1,360
15.9
1,280
14.4
1,178
13.0
1,241
13.5
1,063
11.3
1,116
11.6
1,066
10.8
1,036
10.4
946
9.1
896
8.3
865
7.8
924
8.3
816
7.3
800
7.1
784
6.9
829
7.1
709
5.9
821
6.7
815
6.5
734
5.8
701
5.5
681
5.3
Average annual percentage change
-2.7%
-4.6%
-3.0%
-4.4%
Energy usea
(trillion btu)
194.2
195.6
201.5
208.8
216.8
220.9
223.1
229.3
233.4
240.4
242.6
252.3
262.4
267.7
269.4
271.0
274.7
278.2
285.7
289.2
299.7
305.9
310.1
311.2
313.5
1977–2001
2.0%
2.0%
1991–2001
1.5%
1.5%
Source:
U.S. Department of Transportation, United States Coast Guard, Boating Statistics - 2001,
pp. 5 and annual.
a
Energy use estimated using the methodology developed by D.L. Greene in the report Off-Highway
Gasoline in the United States, (DOT, FHWA, July 1986, p. 3–22) [0.95 x 205 gallons/boat x number of
boats].
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
9–9
The Interstate Commerce Commission designates Class I railroads on the basis of annual gross
revenues. In 2001, eight railroads were given this designation. The number of railroads
designated as Class I has changed considerably in the last 25 years; in 1976 there were 52
railroads given Class I designation.
Table 9.8
Class I Railroad Freight Systems in the United States
Ranked by Revenue Ton-Miles, 2001
Revenue ton-miles
(billions)
Railroad
Percent
Union Pacific Railroad Company
Burlington Northern and Sante Fe Railway Company
CSX Transportation
Norfolk Southern Corporation
Illinois Central Railroad Company
Soo Line Railroad Company
Kansas City Southern Railway Company
Grand Trunk Western Railroad Inc.
504
502
228
182
25
23
20
12
33.7%
33.6%
15.2%
12.2%
1.7%
1.5%
1.3%
0.8%
Total
1,496
100.0%
Source:
Association of American Railroads, Railroad Facts, 2002 Edition, Washington, DC, October 2002,
p. 66. (Additional resources: www.aar.org)
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
9–10
Revenue ton-miles for Class I freight railroads was nearly 1.5 trillion in 2001. Though there are many regional and
local freight railroads, the Class I freight railroads accounted for 92% of the railroad industry’s freight revenue in
2001 and 68% of the industry’s mileage operated. The energy intensity of Class I railroads hit an all-time low of
346 btu/ton-mile in 2001.
Table 9.9
Summary Statistics for Class I Freight Railroads, 1970–2001
Year
1970
1975
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
Number of
locomotives
in servicea
27,077d
27,846
28,094
27,421
26,795
25,448
24,117
22,548
20,790
19,647
19,364
19,015
18,835
18,344
18,004
18,161
18,505
18,812
19,269
19,684
20,261
20,256
20,028
19,745
Number of
freight cars
(thousands)b
1,424
1,359
1,168
1,111
1,039
1,007
948
867
799
749
725
682
659
633
605
587
591
583
571
568
576
579
560
500
Trainmiles
(millions)
427
403
428
408
345
346
369
347
347
361
379
383
380
375
390
405
441
458
469
475
475
490
504
500
1970–2001
1991–2001
-1.0%
0.7%
-3.3%
-2.3%
0.5%
2.9%
Average
Tons
length of
haul
Car-miles originatedc
(miles)
(millions)
(millions)
29,890
1,485
515
27,656
1,395
541
29,277
1,492
616
27,968
1,453
626
23,952
1,269
629
24,358
1,293
641
26,409
1,429
645
24,920
1,320
665
24,414
1,306
664
25,627
1,372
688
26,339
1,430
697
26,196
1,403
723
26,159
1,425
726
25,628
1,383
751
26,128
1,399
763
26,883
1,397
794
28,485
1,470
817
30,383
1,550
843
31,715
1,611
842
31,660
1,585
851
32,657
1,649
835
33,851
1,717
835
34,590
1,738
843
34,243
1,742
859
Average annual percentage change
0.4%
0.5%
1.7%
2.9%
2.3%
1.4%
Revenue
ton-miles
(millions)
764,809
754,252
918,958
910,169
797,759
828,275
921,542
876,984
867,722
943,747
996,182
1,013,841
1,033,969
1,038,875
1,066,781
1,109,309
1,200,701
1,305,688
1,355,975
1,348,926
1,376,802
1,433,461
1,465,960
1,495,472
Energy
intensity
(Btu/tonmile)
691
687
597
572
553
525
510
497
486
456
443
437
420
391
393
389
388
372
368
370
365
363
352
346
Energy
use
(trillion
Btu)
528.1
518.3
548.7
521.0
440.8
435.1
469.9
436.1
421.5
430.3
441.4
442.6
434.7
405.8
419.2
431.6
465.4
485.9
499.4
499.7
502.0
520.0
516.0
517.3
2.1%
3.7%
-2.2%
-1.2%
-0.1%
2.5%
Source:
Association of American Railroads, Railroad Facts, 2002 Edition, Washington, DC, October 2002, pp. 27, 28, 33, 34, 36, 49, 51, 61.
(Additional resources: www.aar.org)
a
Does not include self-powered units.
Does not include private or shipper-owned cars.
c
Tons originated is a more accurate representation of total tonnage than revenue tons. Revenue tons often produces
double-counting of loads switched between rail companies.
d
Data represent total locomotives used in freight and passenger service. Separate estimates are not available.
b
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
9–11
The “other” category, which consists primarily of intermodal traffic, has grown 146% in carloads from
1974 to 2001. Coal now accounts for more than one quarter of all carloads.
Table 9.10
Railroad Revenue Carloads by Commodity Group, 1974 and 2001
Carloads
(thousands)
Commodity group
1974
2001
1974
2001
Percentage
change
1974–2001
Coal
Farm products
Chemicals and allied products
Nonmetallic minerals
Food and kindred products
Lumber and wood products
Metallic ores
Stone, clay and glass
Pulp, paper, and allied products
Petroleum products
Primary metal products
Waste and scrap material
Transportation equipment
Others
4,544
3,021
1,464
821
1,777
1,930
1,910
2,428
1,180
877
1,366
889
1,126
3,451
7,295
1,461
1,801
1,280
1,446
603
251
528
601
523
692
591
1,650
8,483
17.0%
11.3%
5.5%
3.1%
6.6%
7.2%
7.1%
9.1%
4.4%
3.3%
5.1%
3.3%
4.2%
12.9%
26.8%
5.4%
6.6%
4.7%
5.3%
2.2%
0.9%
1.9%
2.2%
1.9%
2.5%
2.2%
6.1%
31.2%
60.5%
-51.6%
23.0%
55.9%
-18.6%
-68.8%
-86.9%
-78.3%
-49.1%
-40.4%
-49.3%
-33.5%
46.5%
145.8%
26,784
27,205
100.0%
100.0%
1.6%
Total
Percent distribution
Source:
1974 - Association of American Railroads, Railroad Facts, 1976 Edition, Washington, DC, 1975, p. 26.
2001 - Association of American Railroads, Railroad Facts, 2002 Edition, Washington, DC,
October 2002, p. 25.
((Additional resources: www.aar.org)
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
9–12
According to the 1997 Commodity Flow Survey, 5% of all freight ton-miles are rail intermodal
shipments (truck/rail or rail/water). See Table 5.11 for details. The number of trailers and
containers moved by railroads has increased more than five-fold from 1965 to 2001.
Containerization has increased in recent years, evidenced by the 175% increase in the number
of containers from 1988 to 2001.
Table 9.11
Intermodal Rail Traffic, 1965–2001
Year
Trailers &
containers
Trailers
Containers
a
a
1,664,929
a
a
2,363,200
a
a
2,238,117
a
a
3,059,402
a
a
4,590,952
a
a
4,997,229
a
a
5,503,819
5,779,547
3,481,020
2,298,527
5,987,355
3,496,262
2,491,093
6,206,782
3,451,953
2,754,829
6,246,134
3,201,560
3,044,574
6,627,841
3,264,597
3,363,244
7,156,628
3,464,126
3,692,502
8,128,228
3,752,502
4,375,726
7,936,172
3,492,463
4,443,709
8,143,258
3,302,128
4,841,130
8,698,308
3,453,907
5,244,401
8,772,663
3,353,032
5,419,631
8,907,626
3,207,407
5,700,219
9,176,890
2,888,630
6,288,260
8,935,444
2,603,423
6,332,021
Average annual percentage change
a
a
1965–2001
4.8%
1991–2001
3.6%
-2.0%
7.6%
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995b
1996b
1997b
1998b
1999c
2000c
2001
Source:
Association of American Railroads, Railroad Facts,
2002 edition, Washington, DC, October 2002 p. 26.
(Additional resources: www.aar.org)
a
Data are not available.
The Grand Trunk Western Railroad and the Soo Line Railroad Company data are
excluded.
c
The Illinois Central, Grand Trunk Western Railroad and the Soo Line Railroad
Company data are excluded.
b
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
9–13
The National Railroad Passenger Corporation, known as Amtrak, began operation in 1971. Though Amtrak revenue
passenger-miles have grown at an average annual rate of 3.5% from 1971 to 2001, they showed a small decline in annual
percentage change from 1991 to 2001.
Table 9.12
Summary Statistics for the National Railroad Passenger Corporation (Amtrak), 1971–2001
Year
1971
1975
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
1971–2001
1991–2001
Number of
locomotives
in service
Number of
passenger
cars
a
1,165
1,913
2,128
1,830
1,929
1,880
1,844
1,818
1,793
1,850
1,845
1,742
1,863
1,786
1,796
1,853
1,874
1,907
1,501
1,572
1,347
1,285
1,891
2,084
355
448
398
396
388
387
382
369
381
391
312
318
316
336
360
411
422
348
292
362
385
385
401
a
2.4%
2.0%
1.6%
Train-miles
(thousands)
Car-miles
(thousands)
Revenue
passengermiles
(millions)
16,537
140,147
1,993
30,166
253,898
3,753
29,487
235,235
4,503
30,380
222,753
4,397
28,833
217,385
3,993
28,805
223,509
4,227
29,133
234,557
4,427
30,038
250,642
4,785
28,604
249,665
5,011
29,515
261,054
5,361
30,221
277,774
5,686
31,000
285,255
5,859
33,000
300,996
6,057
34,000
312,484
6,273
34,000
307,282
6,091
34,936
302,739
6,199
34,940
305,600
5,869
31,579
282,579
5,401
30,542
277,750
5,066
32,000
287,760
5,166
32,926
315,823
5,325
34,080
349,337
5,289
35,404
371,215
5,574
36,512
377,705
5,571
Average annual percentage change
2.7%
3.4%
3.5%
0.7%
1.9%
-1.2%
Average
trip length
(miles)
Energy intensity
(Btu per revenue
passenger-mile)
Energy
use
(trillion
Btu)
188
224
217
226
220
223
227
238
249
259
265
274
273
285
286
280
276
266
257
255
251
245
243
238
a
a
3,677
3,176
2,979
3,156
2,957
3,027
2,800
2,574
2,537
2,462
2,731
2,609
2,503
2,610
2,646
2,357
2,590
2,792
2,918
2,900
3,062
3,356
4,137
13.8
14.3
13.1
12.6
12.5
13.4
13.4
12.9
13.6
14.0
16.0
15.8
15.7
15.9
16.4
13.8b
14.0
14.1
15.1
15.4
16.2
18.7
23.0
a
a
5.2%
3.9%
0.8%
-1.8%
Source:
1971–83- Association of American Railroads, Economics and Finance Department, Statistics of Class I Railroads, Washington, DC, and
annual.
1984–88- Association of American Railroads, Railroad Facts, 1988 Edition, Washington, DC, December 1989, p. 61, and annual.
1989–93- Personal communication with the Corporate Accounting Office of Amtrak, Washington, D.C.
1994–2001 - Number of locomotives in service, number of passenger cars, train-miles, car-miles, revenue passenger-miles, and average
trip length - Association of American Railroads, Railroad Facts, 2002 Edition, Washington, DC, 2002, p. 77.
Energy use - Personal communication with the Amtrak, Washington, DC.
(Additional resources: www.amtrak.com, www.aar.org)
a
Data are not available.
Energy use for 1994 on is not directly comparable to earlier years. Some commuter rail energy use may have been
inadvertently included in earlier years.
b
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
9–14
Commuter rail, which is also known as regional rail or suburban rail, is long-haul rail passenger service operating
between metropolitan and suburban areas, whether within or across state lines. Commuter rail lines usually have reduced
fares for multiple rides and commutation tickets for regular, recurring riders. In 2001, commuter rail operations showed
higher vehicle-miles, passenger-miles, and passenger trips than any other year in this series.
Table 9.13
Summary Statistics for Commuter Rail Operations, 1984–2001
Year
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
Number of
passenger
vehicles
4,075
4,035
4,440
4,686
4,649
4,472
4,415
4,370
4,413
4,494
4,517
4,565
4,665
4,943
4,963
4,883
5,073
5,124
Vehiclemiles
(millions)
167.9
182.7
188.6
188.9
202.2
209.6
212.7
214.9
218.8
223.9
230.8
237.7
241.9
250.7
259.5
265.9
270.9
277.3
1984–2001
1991–2001
1.4%
1.6%
3.0%
2.6%
Passenger
PassengerAverage
trips
miles
trip length
(millions)
(millions)
(miles)
267
6,207
23.2
275
6,534
23.8
306
6,723
22.0
311
6,818
21.9
325
6,964
21.4
330
7,211
21.9
328
7,082
21.6
318
7,344
23.1
314
7,320
23.3
322
6,940
21.6
339
7,996
23.6
344
8,244
24.0
352
8,351
23.7
357
8,038
22.5
381
8,704
22.8
396
8,766
22.1
413
9,402
22.8
419
9,548
22.8
Average annual percentage change
2.7%
2.6%
-0.1%
2.8%
2.7%
-0.1%
Energy
intensity
(Btu/
passengermile)
3,011
3,053
3,174
3,043
3,075
3,120
3,068
3,011
2,848
3,222
2,904
2,849
2,796
2,949
2,859
2,929
2,759
2,717
Energy use
(trillion Btu)
18.7
20.0
21.3
20.7
21.4
22.5
21.7
22.1
20.8
22.4
23.2
23.5
23.3
23.7
24.9
25.7
25.9
25.9
-0.6%
-1.0%
1.9%
1.6%
Source:
American Public Transportation Association, 2003 Public Transportation Fact Book, Washington, DC, February 2003,
pp. 31, 32, 37, 41, and 46. (Additional resources: www.apta.com)
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
9–15
This table on transit rail operations includes data on light rail and heavy rail systems. Light rail vehicles are usually
single vehicles driven electrically with power drawn from overhead wires. Heavy rail is characterized by high speed and
rapid acceleration of rail cars operating on a separate right-of-way. Transit rail operations were hitting all-time highs
in vehicle-miles, passenger-miles, and passenger trips in 2001.
Table 9.14
Summary Statistics for Rail Transit Operations, 1970–2001a
Year
1970
1975
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
Number of
passenger
vehicles
10,548
10,617
10,654
10,824
10,831
10,904
10,848
11,109
11,083
10,934
11,370
11,261
11,332
11,426
11,303
11,286
11,192
11,156
11,341
11,471
11,521
11,603
12,168
12,084
Vehiclemiles
(millions)
440.8
446.9
402.2
436.6
445.2
423.5
452.7
467.8
492.8
508.6
538.3
553.4
560.9
554.8
554.0
549.8
565.8
571.8
580.7
598.9
609.5
626.4
648.0
662.4
1970–2001
1991–2001
0.6%
0.6%
2.4%
1.8%
Passenger
Average trip
trips
length
Passenger-miles
(millions)b
(miles)d
(millions)c
f
2,116
12,273
f
1,797
10,423
2,241
10,939
4.9
2,217
10,590
4.8
2,201
10,428
4.7
2,304
10,741
4.7
2,388
10,531
4.4
2,422
10,777
4.4
2,467
11,018
4.5
2,535
11,603
4.6
2,462
11,836
4.8
2,704
12,539
4.6
2,521
12,046
4.8
2,356
11,190
4.7
2,395
11,438
4.8
2,234
10,936
4.9
2,453
11,501
4.7
2,284
11,419
5.0
2,418
12,487
5.2
2,692
13,091
4.9
2,669
13,412
5.0
2,813
14,108
5.0
2,952
15,200
5.1
3,064
15,615
5.1
Average annual percentage change
1.5%
1.7%
0.2%g
2.7%
3.4%
0.8%
Energy intensity
(Btu/
passenger-mile)e
2,453
2,962
3,008
2,946
3,069
3,212
3,732
3,461
3,531
3,534
3,565
3,397
3,453
3,727
3,575
3,687
3,828
3,818
3,444
3,253
3,216
3,168
3,105
3,114
Energy use
(trillion Btu)
30.1
31.1
32.9
31.2
32.0
34.5
39.3
37.3
38.9
41.0
42.2
42.6
41.6
41.7
40.9
42.2
44.0
43.6
43.0
42.6
43.1
44.7
47.2
48.6
0.8%
-1.8%
1.6%
1.5%
Source:
American Public Transit Association, 2003 Public Transportation Fact Book, Washington, DC, February 2003, pp. 31, 32, 41, and 46.
(Additional resources: www.apta.com)
Energy use - See Appendix A for Rail Transit Energy Use.
a
Heavy rail and light rail. Series not continuous between 1983 and 1984 because of a change in data source by
the American Public Transit Association (APTA). Beginning in 1984, data provided by APTA are taken from
mandatory reports filed with the Urban Mass Transit Administration (UMTA). Data for prior years were provided
on a voluntary basis by APTA members and expanded statistically.
b
1970–79 data represents total passenger rides; after 1979, data represents unlinked passenger trips.
c
Estimated for years 1970–76 based on an average trip length of 5.8 miles.
d
Calculated as the ratio of passenger-miles to passenger trips.
e
Large system-to-system variations exist within this category.
f
Data are not available.
g
Average annual percentage change is calculated for years 1980–2001.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
10–1
Chapter 10
Transportation and the Economy
Summary Statistics from Tables/Figures in this Chapter
Source
Figure 10.1
Table 10.11
Table 10.12
Table 10.18
Share of gasoline cost attributed to taxes, 2002
Canada
41%
France
73%
Germany
73%
Japan
57%
United Kingdom
77%
United States
27%
Average price of a new car, 2001 (current dollars)
21,605
Domestic
19,654
Import
27,477
Automobile operating costs, 2002
Variable costs (constant 2002 dollars per 10,000 miles)
1,180
Fixed costs (constant 2002 dollars per 10,000 miles)
4,874
Transportation sector share of total employment
1960
13.5%
1980
11.4%
2001
11.0%
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
10–2
Table 10.1
Gasoline Prices for Selected Countries, 1978–2002
Average annual
percentage change
Current dollars per gallon
1978a
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 22—2002
China
India
Japan
France
United Kingdom
Germany
Canada
United Statesd
1982a
1986a
c
c
c
c
c
c
2.00
2.15
1.22
1.75
0.69
0.66
2.60
2.56
2.42
2.17
1.37
1.32
2.79
2.58
2.07
1.88
1.31
0.93
1990b
c
1.92
3.05
3.40
2.55
2.72
1.92
1.04
1994b
c
2.28
4.14
3.31
2.86
3.34
1.57
1.24
1996b
0.93
2.25
3.77
4.41
3.47
4.32
1.80
1.28
2000b
2002b
1978–2002
1990–2002
1.21
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
3.65
4.01
5.13
3.78
2.04
1.47
2.94
3.31
4.16
3.49
1.73
1.29
1.6%
1.8%
5.2%
2.9%
3.9%
2.8%
-0.3%
-0.2%
4.2%
2.1%
-0.9%
1.8%
Average annual
percentage change
Constant 2002 dollarse per gallon
1978a
1982a
1986a
1990b
c
1994b
c
1996b
2000b
2002b
1978–2002
1990–2002
1.07
1.26
c
c
c
c
c
c
China
c
c
c
India
c
c
c
2.64
2.77
2.58
c
Japan
5.52
4.85
4.58
4.20
5.03
4.32
3.81
2.94
-2.6%
-2.9%
France
5.93
4.77
4.23
4.68
4.02
5.06
4.19
3.31
-2.4%
-2.8%
United Kingdom
3.37
4.51
3.40
3.51
3.47
3.98
5.36
4.16
0.9%
1.4%
Germany
4.83
4.05
3.09
3.74
4.05
4.95
3.95
3.49
-1.3%
-0.6%
Canada
1.90
2.55
2.15
2.64
1.91
2.06
2.13
1.73
-0.4%
-3.5%
United Statesd
1.82
2.46
1.53
1.43
1.51
1.47
1.54
1.29
-1.4%
-0.9%
Source:
U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, International Energy Annual 2001, Washington, DC, March 2003, Table 7.2 and annual.
(Additional resources: ww.eia.doe.gov)
Note:
Comparisons between prices and price trends in different countries require care. They are of limited validity because of fluctuations in exchange rates; differences in product
quality, marketing practices, and market structures; and the extent to which the standard categories of sales are representative of total national sales for a given period.
a
Prices represent the retail prices (including taxes) for premium leaded gasoline. Prices are representative for each country based on quarterly data averaged for the year.
Regular gasoline.
c
Data are not available.
d
These estimates are for international comparisons only and do not necessarily correspond to gasoline price estimates in other sections of the book.
e
Adjusted by the U.S. Consumer Price Inflation Index.
b
10–3
In 2002 more than seventy percent of the cost of gasoline in France, Germany, and the
United Kingdom went for taxes. Of the listed countries, the U.S. has the lowest
percentage of taxes.
Figure 10.1. Gasoline Prices for Selected Countries, 1990 and 2002
Source:
Table 10.1 and International Energy Agency, Energy Prices and Taxes, Fourth Quarter 2002, Paris, France,
2003. (Additional resources: www.iea.org)
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
10–4
Table 10.2
Diesel Fuel Prices for Selected Countries, 1978–2002a
Average annual
percentage change
Current dollars per gallon
1978
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 22—2002
China
India
Japan
France
United Kingdom
Germany
Canada
United Statesc
1982
1986
b
b
b
b
b
b
b
1.30
1.24
1.48
b
0.54
1.78
1.88
2.05
1.81
1.27
1.16
1.90
1.69
1.71
1.51
1.27
0.94
1990
b
0.78
1.75
1.78
2.04
2.72
1.55
0.99
1994
1996
b
0.88
0.92
2.51
3.10
3.26
3.02
1.43
1.15
0.74
2.48
2.10
2.46
2.16
1.47
0.96
2000
1.27
b
2.89
3.05
4.77
2.90
1.68
1.36
2002
1978–2002
b
b
b
b
b
b
2.39
2.47
3.94
2.27
1.43
1.15
China
India
Japan
France
1982a
1986a
b
b
b
b
b
b
b
3.59
1990b
b
1994b
b
2.7%
4.9%
2.6%
b
3.2%
2.6%
2.8%
5.6%
0.0%
0.7%
1.3%
Average annual
percentage change
Constant 2002 dollarsd per gallon
1978
b
1990–2002
1996b
2000b
1.01
1.33
b
2002b
1978–2002
b
b
b
b
b
b
1.07
0.90
1.05
3.32
3.12
2.41
3.01
2.88
3.02
2.39
3.50
2.77
2.45
2.55
3.55
3.19
2.47
b
-1.5%
1990–2002
-0.1%
0.1%
United Kingdom
3.42
3.82
2.81
2.81
2.99
3.74
4.98
3.94
0.6%
2.9%
Germany
4.08
3.37
2.48
3.74
2.62
3.46
3.03
2.73
-1.7%
-2.6%
2.37
2.08
2.13
1.78
1.64
1.76
1.43
2.16
1.54
1.36
1.17
1.32
1.42
1.15
Canada
United Statesc
b
1.49
b
-1.1%
-3.3%
-1.4%
Source:
U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, International Energy Annual 2001, Washington, DC, March 2003, Table 7.2 and annual.
(Additional resources: www.eia.doe.gov)
Note:
Comparisons between prices and price trends in different countries require care. They are of limited validity because of fluctuations in exchange rates; differences in
product quality, marketing practices, and market structures; and the extent to which the standard categories of sales are representative of total national sales for a
given period.
a
Prices represent the retail prices (including taxes) for diesel fuel. Prices are representative for each country based on quarterly data averaged for the year or on data as of January 1.
Data are not available.
c
These estimates are for international comparisons only and do not necessarily correspond to gasoline price estimates in other sections of the book.
d
Adjusted by the U.S. Consumer Price Inflation Index.
b
10–5
Diesel fuel is taxed heavily in the European countries shown here. The U.S. diesel fuel
tax share is the lowest of the listed countries.
Figure 10.2. Diesel Prices for Selected Countries, 1990 and 2002
Source:
Table 10.2 and International Energy Agency, Energy Prices and Taxes, Fourth Quarter 2002, Paris, France,
2003. (Additional resources: www.iea.org)
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
10–6
Though the cost of crude oil certainly influences the price of gasoline, it is not the only factor which
determines the price at the pump. Processing cost, transportation cost, and taxes also play a major part
of the cost of a gallon of gasoline. The average price of a barrel of crude oil (in constant 2002 dollars)
rose by 75% from 1998 to 2002, while the average price of a gallon of gasoline increased only 17% in
this same time period.
Table 10.3
Prices for a Barrel of Crude Oil and a Gallon of Gasoline, 1978–2002
Crude oila
(dollars per barrel)
Year
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
Current
12.5
17.7
28.1
35.2
31.9
29.0
28.6
26.8
14.6
17.9
14.7
18.0
22.2
19.1
18.4
16.4
15.6
17.2
20.7
19.0
12.5
17.5
28.3
23.1
24.1
1978–2001
1992–2002
2.8%
2.7%
Gasolineb
(cents per gallon)
Constant 2002c
Current
34.4
65.2
43.9
88.2
61.3
122.1
69.7
135.3
59.4
128.1
52.4
122.5
49.6
119.8
44.7
119.6
23.9
93.1
28.1
95.7
22.3
96.3
26.1
106.0
30.6
121.7
25.2
119.6
23.6
119.0
20.4
117.3
18.9
117.4
20.3
120.5
23.7
128.8
21.3
129.1
13.8
111.5
18.9
122.1
29.5
156.3
23.3
153.1
24.1
144.1
Average annual percentage change
-1.5%
3.4%
0.2%
1.9%
Constant 2002c
179.9
218.6
266.6
267.8
238.6
221.3
207.4
200.0
152.8
151.6
146.4
153.8
167.5
158.0
152.6
146.0
142.5
142.2
147.7
144.7
123.1
131.8
163.3
155.5
144.1
Ratio of
gasoline
to
crude oil
219.8
209.1
182.7
161.3
168.8
177.5
175.7
187.8
268.7
224.5
275.7
247.7
230.0
263.5
271.2
300.2
316.3
293.7
261.2
284.8
374.0
292.9
232.3
280.2
251.2
-0.9%
-0.6%
Sources:
Crude oil - U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Monthly Energy Review,
April 2003, Washington, DC, Table 9.1.
Gasoline - U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Monthly Energy Review,
April 2003, Washington, DC, Table 9.4.
(Additional resources: www.eia.doe.gov)
a
Refiner acquisition cost of composite (domestic and imported) crude oil.
Average for all types. These prices were collected from a sample of service stations in 85 urban areas
selected to represent all urban consumers. Urban consumers make up about 80% of the total U.S. population.
c
Adjusted by the Consumer Price Inflation Index.
b
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
10–7
Diesel fuel price is generally lower than gasoline; however, in 2001 the price of gasoline and diesel fuel were
almost equal.
Table 10.4
Retail Prices for Motor Fuel, 1978–2002
(cents per gallon, including tax)
Year
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
Average for all
gasoline typesb
Constant
Current
2002c
d
65
180
d
88
219
221
122
267
234
135
268
216
128
239
217
123
221
211
120
207
204
120
200
154
93
153
152
96
152
144
96
146
148
106
154
147
122
168
120
120
158
136
119
153
122
117
146
117
117
143
115
121
142
132
129
148
145
129
145
124
112
123
105
122
132
142
156
163
154
153
156
115
144
144
Average annual percentage change
-2.7%e
3.4%
2.5%
1.9%
-0.6%
-1.7%
Diesel fuel a
Constant
Current
2002c
d
d
101
118
116
120
122
122
94
96
95
102
107
91
106
98
96
97
115
129
112
97
136
152
115
1978–2002
0.5%e
1992–2002
0.8%
Source:
Gasoline - U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Monthly Energy Review,
2003, Washington, DC, Table 9.4.
Diesel - U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, International Energy Annual
2001, Washington, DC, March 2003, Table 7.2 (Additional resources: www.eia.doe.gov)
a
Collected from a survey of prices on January 1 of the current year.
These prices were collected from a sample of service stations in 85 urban areas selected to represent all urban consumers.
Urban consumers make up about 80% of the total U.S. population.
c
Adjusted by the Consumer Price Inflation Index.
d
Data are not available.
e
Average annual percentage change is from the earliest year possible to 2002.
b
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
10–8
The fuel prices shown here are refiner sales prices of transportation fuels to end users, excluding tax. Sales to end
users are those made directly to the ultimate consumer, including bulk consumers. Bulk sales to utility, industrial,
and commercial accounts previously included in the wholesale category are now counted as sales to end users.
Table 10.5
Refiner Sales Prices for Propane and No. 2 Diesel, 1978–2002
(cents per gallon, excluding tax)
Propanea
Year
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
Current
33.5
35.7
48.2
56.5
59.2
70.9
73.7
71.7
74.5
70.1
71.4
61.5
74.5
73.0
64.3
67.3
53.0
49.2
60.5
55.2
40.5
45.8
60.3
50.6
41.9
No. 2 diesel fuel
Constant
Constant
Current
2002b
2002b
92.4
37.7
104.0
88.5
58.5
145.0
105.2
81.8
178.6
111.8
99.5
196.9
110.4
94.2
175.6
128.1
82.6
149.2
127.6
82.3
142.5
119.9
78.9
131.9
122.3
47.8
78.5
111.0
55.1
87.3
108.6
50.0
76.0
89.2
58.5
84.9
102.5
72.5
99.8
96.4
64.8
85.6
82.4
61.9
79.4
83.8
60.2
74.9
64.3
55.4
67.3
58.1
56.0
66.1
69.4
68.1
78.1
61.9
64.2
72.0
44.7
49.4
54.5
49.5
58.4
63.1
63.0
93.5
97.7
51.4
84.2
85.5
41.9
76.2
76.2
Average annual percentage change
-3.2%
3.0%
-1.3%
-6.5%
2.1%
-0.4%
1978–2002
0.9%
1992–2002
-4.2%
Source:
U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Monthly Energy Review, April 2003,
Washington, DC, Table 9.7.
(Additional resources: www.eia.doe.gov)
a
Consumer grade.
Adjusted by the Consumer Price Inflation Index.
b
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
10–9
Average jet fuel prices jumped more than 30 cents per gallon from 1999 to 2000, but lowered again
in 2001 and 2002.
Table 10.6
Refiner Sales Prices for Aviation Gasoline and Jet Fuel, 1978–2002
(cents per gallon, excluding tax)
Year
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
1978–2002
1992–2002
Finished aviation
Kerosene-type
gasoline
jet fuel
Constant
Constant
Current
2002a
Current
2002a
51.6
142.4
38.7
106.8
68.9
170.7
54.7
135.5
108.4
236.7
86.6
189.1
130.3
257.9
102.4
202.7
131.2
244.6
96.3
179.5
125.5
226.7
87.8
158.6
123.4
213.7
84.2
145.8
120.1
200.8
79.6
133.1
101.1
165.9
52.9
86.8
90.7
143.6
54.3
86.0
89.1
135.5
51.3
78.0
99.5
144.4
59.2
85.9
112.0
154.2
76.6
105.4
104.7
138.3
65.2
86.1
102.7
131.7
61.0
78.2
99.0
123.3
58.0
72.2
95.7
116.2
53.4
64.8
100.5
118.2
54.0
63.7
111.6
128.0
65.1
74.6
112.8
126.4
61.3
68.7
97.5
107.6
45.2
49.9
105.9
114.4
54.3
58.6
130.6
136.4
89.9
93.9
132.3
134.4
77.5
78.7
131.7
131.7
72.2
72.2
Average annual percentage change
4.0%
-0.3%
2.6%
-1.6%
2.5%
0.0%
1.7%
-0.8%
Source:
U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Monthly Energy Review, April 2003,
Washington, DC, Table 9.7.
(Additional resources: www.eia.doe.gov)
a
Adjusted by the Consumer Price Inflation Index.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
10–10
Table 10.7
State Taxes on Motor Fuels, 2000
(dollars per gallon or gasoline equivalent gallon)
(Footnotes for this table appear on next page)
State
Gasoline Diesel fuel
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
District of
Columbia
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
0.18
0.08
0.18
0.186
0.18
0.22
0.36
0.23
0.19
0.08
0.27
0.186
0.18
0.205
0.18
0.22
0.20
0.13
0.075
0.16
0.25
0.19
0.15
0.20
0.18
0.164
0.20
0.19
0.235
0.21
0.19
0.20
0.184
0.17
0.27
0.246
0.2475
0.195
0.105
0.188
0.10f
0.223
0.20
0.22
0.17
0.24
0.12g
0.29
0.20
0.25
0.075
0.16
0.25
0.215
0.16
0.225
0.20
0.134
0.20
0.20
0.2425
0.21
0.15
0.20
0.184
0.17
0.2775
0.246
0.2775
0.195
0.135
0.198
0.10f
0.223
0.20
0.22
0.14
0.24
0.12g
0.29
CNG
Propane
Methanol
Ethanol
a
a
0.08
0.00
0.05c
0.00
0.00
0.16b
0.08b
0.00
0.186
0.09
0.205
0.37b
0.22
0.16b
0.04
0.00
0.186
0.09
0.17b
0.35
0.23
0.20
0.04b
0.075
0.16
0.25b
0.19b
0.15
0.19b
0.20
0.15
0.20b
0.18
0.235
0.21
0.15b
0.114
0.18b
0.17b
0.27
0.20
0.04b
0.075
0.16
0.23b
0.19b
0.15
0.19b
0.20
0.15
0.20b
0.18
0.235
0.21
0.025b
0.142
0.18b
0.17b
0.27
a
a
a
a
a
0.18
0.22
0.18
0.22
0.20
0.20
a
a
0.075
0.16
0.197d
0.19
0.075
0.16
0.181
0.19
a
a
0.16c
0.17
0.15
0.20
0.17
0.15
a
a
0.18
0.235
0.10
0.0
0.174
0.184c
0.18
0.235
0.10
0.15
0.15
0.17
a
a
0.07e
a
a
a
0.21
0.195
0.0525
a
0.08f
0.223
0.20
0.22
0.2475
0.195
0.0525
a
0.08f
0.223
0.20
0.22
a
a
0.24
0.12g
0.0
0.24
0.12g
0.29
a
c
0.2475
0.195b
0.105b
0.22b
0.08f
0.223
0.20b
0.22b
0.16b
0.24
0.12g
0.29
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
a
0.2475
0.195b
0.105b
0.22b
0.08f
0.223
0.20b
0.21b
0.16b
0.24
0.12g
0.29
10–11
Table 10.7 (continued)
State Taxes on Motor Fuels, 2000
(dollars per gallon or gasoline equivalent gallon)
State
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Gasoline Diesel fuel
0.16
0.21
0.20
0.20
0.245
0.20
0.18
0.23
0.2535
0.238
0.09
0.16
0.21
0.17
0.20
0.245
0.17
0.16
0.23
0.2535
0.238
0.09
CNG
Propane
0.16
0.06
0.13
0.16
0.16
0.17
a
a
0.04
0.20
0.10
0.04
a
a
0.2535
0.203
0.00
a
0.10
0.2535
0.186
0.00
Methanol
0.16
0.06
0.17
0.20b
0.04
0.20
0.18b
0.23
0.2535
0.238
0.09b
Ethanol
0.16
0.19
0.17
0.20b
0.04
0.20
0.18b
0.23
0.2535
0.238
0.09b
Source:
Energy Futures, Inc., The Clean Fuels and Electric Vehicles Report, Boulder, CO, December 2000,
pp. 154–155.
a
Annual flat fee.
Blends with gasoline only.
c
Per 100 ft3.
d
Per therm.
e
Per 120 ft3.
f
Plus a petroleum business tax; the amount varies but is usually in the ballpark of $0.12–$0.14.
g
Plus 0.1035 oil franchise tax.
b
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
10–12
At the end of 2001, only four states offered tax exemptions to encourage the use of gasohol for transportation
purposes. This list is quite short compared to the 30 states which offered gasohol tax exemptions twenty years
ago. Still, the Federal Government encourages gasohol use via a difference in the Federal tax rates of gasoline
and gasohol.
Table 10.8
State Tax Exemptions for Gasohol, 2001
State
Connecticut
Idaho
Iowa
South Dakota
Exemption
(Cents/gallon of gasohol)
1.0
2.5
1.0
2.0
Source:
U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, "Highway Statistics,”
January 2003, Washington, DC, Table MF-121T. (Additional resources:
www.fhwa.dot.gov)
Table 10.9
Federal Excise Taxes on Motor Fuels
Fuel
Gasoline
Diesela
Gasohol
Gasohol
Methanol
Ethanol
10% Ethanol
7.7% Ethanol
5.7% Ethanol
10% Methanol
7.7% Methanol
5.7% Methanol
Qualifiedb
Partially exemptc
Qualifiedb
Partially exemptc
Cents per gallon
18.30
24.30
13.00
14.24
15.32
12.40
13.78
14.98
12.85
9.20
12.85
9.25
48.54/mcfd
18.30
13.60
CNG
LNG
Propane
Source:
Energy Futures, Inc., The Clean Fuels and Electric Vehicles Report, Boulder,
CO, December 2000, p. 155.
a
Reduced diesel rates are specified for marine fleets, trains and certain intercity buses. Diesel rates are
also reduced for diesel/alcohol blends. Diesel used exclusively in state and local government fleets, nonprofit organization vehicles, school buses and qualified local buses is exempt from Federal taxes.
b
Qualified - contains at least 85 percent methanol or ethanol or other alcohol produced from a
substance other than petroleum or natural gas.
c
Partially exempt - 85 percent alcohol and produced from natural gas.
d
Thousand cubic feet.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
10–13
These states currently offer extra incentives for ethanol production or consumption (gasohol or
E85). Details on these incentives can be found at
www.fleets.doe.gov/fleet_tool.cgi?27519,benefits,2,3957 .
Table 10.10
State Ethanol Incentives, 2003
Producer
incentives
State
Arkansas
State tax
incentives
Other
incentives
T
California
T
Connecticut
T
T
Florida
Hawaii
T
T
T
Idaho
Illinois
T
Indiana
T
Iowa
T
Kansas
T
Maine
T
Minnesota
T
Missouri
T
Montana
T
Nebraska
T
North Carolina
T
North Dakota
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
Ohio
South Dakota
T
Wyoming
T
T
Source:
U.S. Department of Energy, “Alternative Fuel Vehicle Fleet Buyer’s Guide,
Incentives and Laws,”
www.fleets.doe.gov/fleet_tool.cgi?27519,benefits,2,3957.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
10–14
In current dollars, import cars, on average, were less expensive than domestic cars until 1982.
Since then, import prices have nearly tripled, while domestic prices have nearly doubled (current
dollars).
Table 10.11
Average Price of a New Car, 1970–2001
Year
1970
1975
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
1970–2001
1991–2001
Domestica
Constan
t
Current
2001
dollars
dollarsb
3,708
16,925
5,084
16,736
7,609
16,354
8,912
17,363
9,865
18,105
10,516
18,699
11,079
18,884
11,589
19,074
12,319
19,906
12,922
20,145
13,418
20,087
13,936
19,904
14,489
19,633
15,192
19,754
15,644
19,747
15,976
19,580
16,930
20,231
16,864
19,597
17,468
19,717
17,907
19,759
18,479
20,077
18,630
19,804
18,684
19,216
19,654
19,654
5.5%
2.6%
0.5%
-0.1%
Import
Total
Constant
Current
2001
Current
dollars
dollarsb
dollars
2,648
12,087
3,542
4,384
14,431
4,950
7,482
16,081
7,574
8,896
17,332
8,910
9,957
18,273
9,890
10,868
19,325
10,606
12,336
21,027
11,375
12,853
21,155
11,838
13,670
22,089
12,652
14,470
22,558
13,386
15,221
22,786
13,932
15,510
22,152
14,371
16,640
22,547
15,042
16,327
21,230
15,475
18,593
23,470
16,336
20,261
24,832
16,871
21,989
26,277
17,903
23,202
26,962
17,959
26,205
29,579
18,777
27,722
30,589
19,531
29,614
32,176
20,364
28,931
30,754
20,658
27,767
28,557
20,355
27,477
27,477
21,605
Average annual percentage change
7.8%
2.7%
6.0%
5.3%
2.6%
3.4%
Constant
2001
dollarsb
16,167
16,295
16,279
17,359
18,150
18,859
19,389
19,484
20,444
20,868
20,857
20,525
20,382
20,122
20,621
20,677
21,394
20,870
21,194
21,551
22,126
21,960
20,934
21,605
0.9%
0.7%
Source:
U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis, National Income and Product
Accounts, underlying detail estimates for Motor Vehicle Output, Washington, DC, 2002.
(Additional resources: www.stat-usa.gov)
a
Includes transplants.
Adjusted by the Consumer Price Inflation Index.
b
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
10–15
The total cost of operating an automobile is the sum of the fixed cost (depreciation, insurance,
finance charge, and license fee) and the variable cost (gas and oil, tires, and maintenance),
which is related to the amount of travel. The total auto operating cost declined slightly in 2001
and again in 2002. The gas and oil share of total cost in 2002 was only 9.7%, which is the
lowest in the history of this series.
Table 10.12
Automobile Operating Cost per Mile, 1985–2002
Constant 2002 dollars per 10,000 milesa
Model
year
Variable cost
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
1,241
1,070
1,061
1,201
1,161
1,156
1,281
1,154
1,145
1,105
1,133
1,101
1,211
1,181
1,145
1,275
1,382
1,180
1985–2002
-0.3%
Fixed cost
Total cost
Total cost per
mileb
(constant
2002 centsa)
3,446
4,686
3,787
4,857
3,687
4,748
4,608
5,809
4,236
5,397
4,482
5,638
4,710
5,991
4,852
6,006
4,634
5,779
4,657
5,761
4,728
5,861
4,808
5,908
4,874
6,095
4,997
6,167
5,032
6,177
4,935
6,210
4,694
6,076
4,874
6,054
Average annual percentage change
2.1%
1.5%
Percentage
gas and oil of
total cost
46.86
48.57
47.48
58.09
53.97
56.38
59.91
60.06
57.79
57.61
58.61
59.08
60.95
61.67
61.77
62.10
60.76
60.54
19.9%
15.1%
14.7%
13.6%
14.2%
13.2%
14.6%
12.6%
12.7%
11.8%
11.7%
10.9%
12.1%
11.1%
9.8%
11.6%
13.2%
9.7%
1.8%
Source:
American Automobile Association, Your Driving Costs, 2002 Edition, Heathrow, FL, and annual.
(Additional resources: www.aaa.com, www.runzheimer.com)
a
b
Adjusted by the Consumer Price Inflation Index.
Based on 10,000 miles per year.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
10–16
While the previous table shows costs per mile, this table presents costs per year for fixed costs associated with automobile operation. For 2002
model year autos, the fixed cost is almost $16 per day.
Table 10.13
Fixed Automobile Operating Costs per Year, 1975–2002
(constant 2002 dollars)a
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 22—2002
Model year
1975
1980
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
Fire & theftb
177
153
125
141
138
131
148
151
143
164
144
149
143
165
135
148
175
170
170
173
Collisionc
471
376
296
314
310
309
339
337
326
367
303
299
297
315
365
317
350
341
350
357
Property
License,
damage &
registration
liabilityd
& taxes
Depreciation
632
100
2,585
541
179
2,269
356
184
2,110
381
213
2,167
399
203
2,366
432
211
2,713
448
209
2,928
438
227
3,244
466
222
3,307
478
223
3,484
479
222
3,523
486
235
3,569
484
240
3,628
488
247
3,635
449
242
3,667
529
249
3,713
523
244
3,710
503
233
3,648
487
206
3,604
484
201
3,721
Average annual percentage change
-1.0%
2.6%
1.4%
0.1%
-1.0%
0.7%
Finance
charge
e
924
893
1,046
833
859
853
936
1,144
1,021
834
787
810
823
861
897
894
887
880
828
Total
3,966
4,439
3,964
4,261
4,249
4,655
4,925
5,334
4,816
5,737
5,505
5,524
5,601
5,673
5,720
5,853
5,896
5,781
5,702
5,764
e
1.4%
1975–2002
-0.1%
-1.0%
1992–2002
0.5%
-0.3%
-2.1%
0.0%
Source:
American Automobile Association, "Your Driving Costs," 2002 Edition, Heathrow, FL, and annual. (Additional resources: www.aaa.com,
www.runzheimer.com)
a
Adjusted by the Consumer Price Inflation Index.
$50 deductible 1975 through 1977; $100 deductible 1978 through 1992; $250 deductible for 1993 – on.
c
$100 deductible through 1977; $250 deductible 1978 through 1992; $500 deductible for 1993 – on.
d
Coverage: $100,000/$300,000.
e
Data are not available.
b
Average
fixed cost
per day
10.87
12.16
10.87
11.67
11.64
12.76
13.49
14.62
13.20
15.72
15.09
15.14
15.35
15.55
15.67
16.04
16.15
15.84
15.62
15.79
1.4%
0.0%
10–17
Table 10.14
Economic Indicators, 1970–2002
(billion dollars)
Gross National
Product
Year
1970
1980
1990
2000
2001
1970
1980
1990
2000
2001
2002
Total transportation
outlays
Constant
Current
2001a
1,046.1
3,938.8
2,830.8
5,427.4
5,832.2
7,372.3
9,848.0
10,080.2
10,104.1
10,104.1
Personal Consumption
Expenditures
648.9
2,443.3
1,762.9
3,379.9
3,831.5
4,843.3
6,683.7
6,841.3
6,987.0
6,987.0
7,303.7
7,221.2
Constant
Current
2001a
192.8
725.9
560.9
1,075.4
975.6
1,233.2
1,549.0
1,586.5
1,572.0
1,572.0
Transportation Personal
Consumption Expendituresb
81.1
305.4
238.4
457.1
455.5
575.8
768.8
788.9
794.8
794.8
810.4
801.2
Transportation as a
percent of GNP
18.4%
19.8%
16.7%
15.7%
15.6%
Transportation PCE as
a percent of total PCE
12.5%
13.5%
11.9%
11.5%
11.4%
11.1%
Sources:
GNP - U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis, Survey of Current Business, April
2003, Table 1.9, p. D-4, and annual. (Additional resources: www.bea.doc.gov)
Transportation outlays - Eno Transportation Foundation, Transportation in America 2001, Nineteenth
Edition, Lansdowne, VA, 2002, p. 1.
PCE - U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis, Survey of Current Business, April
2002, Table 2.2 and annual. (Additional resources: www.bea.doc.gov/bea/scbinf.html)
Table 10.15
Consumer Price Indices, 1970–2002
(1970 = 1.000)
Year
Consumer
Price Index
Transportation
Consumer
Price Indexc
New car
Consumer
Price Index
Used car
Consumer
Price Index
Gross National
Product Index
1970
1980
1990
2000
2002
1.000
2.124
3.369
4.438
4.637
1.000
2.216
3.213
4.088
4.077
1.000
1.667
2.286
2.689
2.637
1.000
1.997
3.769
4.994
4.872
1.000
2.706
5.575
9.414
9.977
Source:
Bureau of Labor Statistics, Consumer Price Index Table 1A for 2002, and annual. [GNP—see above.]
(Additional resources: stats.bls.gov/cpihome.htm)
a
Adjusted by the implicit GNP price deflator.
Transportation Personal Consumption Expenditures include user operating expenses (new and used auto
purchases, gas and oil, repair, greasing, washing, parking, storage, rental, other motor vehicles, insurance
premiums, tires, tubes and other parts); purchased intercity transportation; and purchased local transportation.
c
Transportation Consumer Price Index includes new and used cars, gasoline, auto insurance rates, intracity
mass transit, intracity bus fare, and airline fares.
b
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
10–18
Knowing the number of employees that are in transportation-related jobs is not an easy
task. The data below were summarized from the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Current
Employment Statistics Survey data using the North American Industry Classification
System (NAICS). Employment statistics shown in previous editions used the Standard
Industrial Classification System (SIC) and do not match these data due to the differences
between the two classification systems and other survey revisions by the BLS.
Table 10.16
Transportation-related Employment, 1993 and 2002
(thousands)
Truck transportation
Transit and ground transportation
Air transportation
Rail transportation
Water transportation
Pipeline transportation
Motor vehicle and parts - retail
Motor vehicles and parts - wholesale
Gasoline stations - retail
Automotive repair
Automotive equipment rental and leasing
Manufacturing
Autos and light trucks
Heavy-duty trucks
Motor vehicle bodies and trailers
Motor vehicle parts
Aerospace products and parts
Ship & boat building
All other transportation equipment
Tires
Oil and gas pipeline construction
Highway street and bridge construction
Scenic & sightseeing
Support activities for transporation
Couriers and messengers
Travel arrangement and reservation services
Total transportation-related employment
Total nonfarm employment
Transportation-related to total employment
1993
1,154.8
299.9
516.6
242.2
52.8
58.7
1,475.3
305.9
881.2
669.9
155.7
1,972.0
225.1
38.6
136.3
677.8
624.0
146.5
36.5
87.2
66.0
270.9
19.3
381.8
414.3
255.7
9,193.0
110,844.0
8.3%
2002
1,339.1
371.5
559.3
218.1
51.6
41.5
1,879.2
345.5
903.6
896.9
197.2
1,882.1
234.6
32.4
153.5
731.1
468.3
146.4
39.6
76.2
75.7
344.4
25.9
526.7
558.0
258.0
10,474.3
130,376.0
8.0%
Source:
Bureau of Labor Statistics web site query system: data.bls.gov/labjava/outside.jsp?survey=ce
(Additional resources: www.bls.gov)
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
11–1
Chapter 11
Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Summary Statistics from Tables in this Chapter
Source
Table 11.1
Carbon emissions (million metric tonnes)
United States
Table 11.4
1990
2001
1,352
1,559
China
617
832
Germany
271
223
Japan
269
316
United Kingdom
164
109
India
153
250
France
102
108
Transportation share of U.S. carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuel
consumption
1990
31.7%
1995
31.9%
2001
32.8%
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
11–2
The U. S. accounted for 23.0% of the World’s carbon emissions in 1990 and 23.9% in 2001.
Nearly half (48%) of the U.S. carbon emissions are from oil use.
Table 11.1
World Carbon Emissions from Energy Consumption, 1990 and 2001
1990
2001
Million
metric tons
Percent of
emissions
from oil use
Million
metric tons
Percent of
emissions
from oil use
Industrialized countries
2,844
49%
3,179
48%
United States
1,352
44%
1,559
43%
Canada
129
47%
155
45%
Mexico
84
77%
96
71%
United Kingdom
164
40%
153
41%
France
102
66%
108
68%
Germany
271
38%
223
43%
Italy
113
65%
121
59%
58
47%
68
40%
Other Western Europe
223
62%
271
64%
Japan
269
67%
316
58%
80
46%
109
34%
Eastern Europe
1,337
30%
856
23%
Developing countries
1,691
40%
2,487
41%
China
617
15%
832
21%
India
153
29%
250
30%
Other developing countries
921
58%
1,405
55%
5,872
42%
6,522
42%
Netherlands
Other industrialized countries
Total World
Source:
U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, International Energy Outlook 2003,
Washington, DC, May 2003, Tables A10 and A11. (Additional resources: www.eia.doe.gov)
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
11–3
Global Warming Potentials (GWP) were developed to allow comparison of the ability of each
greenhouse gas to trap heat in the atmosphere relative to carbon dioxide. Extensive research has been
performed and it has been discovered that the effects of various gases on global warming are too
complex to be precisely summarized by a single number. Further understanding of the subject also
causes frequent changes to estimates. Despite that, the scientific community has developed
approximations, which are shown below. Most analysts use the 100-year time horizon.
Table 11.2
Numerical Estimates of Global Warming Potentials Compared With Carbon Dioxide
(kilogram of gas per kilogram of carbon dioxide)
Global warming potential
Lifetime
direct effect for time horizons of
Gas
(years)
Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
5-200a
1
1
1
12
62
23
7
114
275
296
156
HFC-23
260
9,400
12,000
10,000
HFC-125
29
5,900
3,400
1,100
HFC-134a
14
3,300
1,300
400
HFC-152a
1
410
120
37
HFC-227ea
33
5,600
3,500
1,100
Perfluoromethane (CF4)
50,000
3,900
5,700
8,900
Perfluoroethane (C2F6)
10,000
8,000
11,900
18,000
3,200
15,100
22,200
32,400
Methane (CH4)
Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
b
20 years
100 years
500 years
c
HFCs , PFCs , and Sulfur Hexafluoride
Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6)
Source:
U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Emissions of Greenhouse Gases in the
United States 2001, Washington, DC, December 2002, Table G1. Original source:
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change; Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis
(Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2000), pp. 38 and 388-389.
(Additional resources: www.eia.doe.gov, www.ipcc.ch)
Note:
The typical uncertainty for global warming potentials is estimated by the Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change ± 35 percent.
a
No single lifetime can be defined for carbon dioxide due to different rates of uptake by different
removal processes.
b
Hydrofluorocarbons
c
Perfluorocarbons
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
11–4
Carbon dioxide emissions in 2001 were 16% higher than in 1990. Carbon dioxide accounts for the
majority of greenhouse gases.
Table 11.3
Estimated U.S. Emissions of Greenhouse Gases, 1990–2001
Greenhouse gas
Unit of measurea
1990
Carbon dioxide
million metric tons of gas
million metric tons of carbon
Methane
1995
2000
2001
5,002.8
5,320.9
5,855.1
5,788.5
1,364.0
1,451.0
1,597.0
1,579.0
31.7
31.1
28.3
28.0
199.0
195.0
178.0
176.0
1.2
1.3
1.2
1.2
million metric tons of carbon (gwp)b
94.0
102.0
98.0
97.0
million metric tons of carbon (gwp)b
25.0
27.0
34.0
31.0
million metric tons of gas
million metric tons of carbon (gwp)b
Nitrous oxide
HFCs, PFCs, and SF6c
million metric tons of gas
Source:
U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Emissions of Greenhouse Gases in the
United States, 2001, Washington, DC, December 2002, Tables ES1 andES2.
(Additional resources: www.eia.doe.gov)
a
Gases that contain carbon can be measured either in terms of the full molecular weight of the gas or just in
terms of their carbon content. See Appendix B, Table B.5 for details.
b
Based on global warming potential.
c
HFC-hydrofluorocarbons. PFC-perfluorocarbons. SF6-sulfur hexaflouride.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
11–5
Gases which contain carbon can be measured in terms of the full molecular weight of the gas
or just in terms of their carbon content. This table presents carbon content. The ratio of the
weight of carbon to carbon dioxide is 0.2727. The transportation sector accounts for
approximately one-third of carbon emissions.
Table 11.4
U.S. Carbon Emissions from Fossil Energy Consumption
by End-Use Sector, 1990–2001a
(million metric tons of carbon)
End use sector
1990
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
Residential
257.5
280.1
297.0
295.0
297.6
302.5
318.1
314.9
Commercial
212.6
228.5
237.4
249.3
253.9
258.0
274.4
279.7
Industrial
458.0
468.0
482.2
486.9
479.5
474.2
478.4
452.4
Transportation
431.4
457.4
468.5
473.2
481.3
495.3
507.3
511.6
Percentage
31.7%
31.9%
31.5%
31.5%
31.8%
32.4%
32.1%
32.8%
Total energy
1,359.5
1,434.0
1,485.1
1,504.4
1,512.3
1,530.0
1,578.2
1,558.6
Source:
U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Emissions of Greenhouse Gases in the
United States, 2001, Washington, DC, December 2002, Table 5, and annual.
(Additional resources: www.eia.doe.gov)
a
Includes energy from petroleum, coal, and natural gas. Electric utility emissions are
distributed across consumption sectors.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
11–6
Most U.S. transportation sector carbon emissions come from petroleum fuels (98%). Motor
gasoline has been responsible for about 60% of U.S. carbon emissions over the last twenty
years.
Table 11.5
U.S. Carbon Emissions from Energy Use in the Transportation Sector, 1990–2001
(million metric tons of carbon)
1990
Fuel
Emissions
1995
Percentage
Emissions
2001
Percentage
Emissions
Percentage
Petroleum
Motor
gasoline
260.5
60.4%
279.0
61.0%
308.0
60.2%
0.4
0.1%
0.3
0.1%
0.2
0.0%
Jet fuel
60.1
13.9%
60.0
13.1%
65.6
12.8%
Distillate fuel
75.6
17.5%
85.1
18.6%
107.5
21.0%
Residual fuel
21.6
5.0%
19.4
4.2%
17.8
3.5%
Lubricants
1.8
0.4%
1.7
0.4%
1.6
0.3%
Aviation gas
0.8
0.2%
0.7
0.2%
0.7
0.1%
420.8
97.5%
446.2
97.5%
501.4
98.0%
a
LPG
Subtotal
Other energy
Natural gas
9.8
2.3%
10.4
2.3%
9.2
1.8%
Electricityb
0.7
0.2%
0.9
0.2%
1.0
0.2%
431.3
100.0%
457.5
100.0%
511.6
100.0%
Total
Source:
U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Emissions of Greenhouse Gases in the
United States, 2001, Washington, DC, December 2002, Table 9, and annual.
(Additional resources: www.eia.doe.gov)
a
Liquified petroleum gas.
Share of total electric utility carbon dioxide emissions weighted by sales to the transportation sector.
b
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
11–7
The Greenhouse Gases, Regulated Emissions, and Energy Use
in Transportation (GREET) Model
greet.anl.gov
The GREET model, which is sponsored by the Department of Energy, estimates the full fuel-cycle
emissions and energy use associated with various transportation fuels and advanced transportation
technologies for light-duty vehicles. It calculates fuel-cycle emissions of three greenhouse gases (carbon
dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide) and five criteria pollutants (volatile organic compounds, carbon
monoxide, nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides, and particulate matter measuring 10 microns or less). The model
also calculates the total fuel-cycle energy consumption, fossil fuel consumption, and petroleum consumption
using various transportation fuels. The fuel cycles that are included in the GREET model are:
•
petroleum to conventional gasoline, reformulated gasoline, conventional diesel, reformulated diesel,
liquefied petroleum gas, and electricity via residual oil;
•
natural gas to compressed natural gas, liquefied natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas, methanol, FischerTropsch diesel, dimethyl ether, hydrogen, and electricity;
•
coal to electricity;
•
uranium to electricity;
•
renewable energy (hydropower, solar energy, and wind) to electricity;
•
corn, woody biomass, and herbaceous biomass to ethanol;
•
soybeans to biodiesel; and
•
landfill gases to methanol.
For additional information about the GREET model, see the GREET website, or contact:
Michael Q. Wang
Argonne National Laboratory
9700 South Cass Avenue, ES/362
Argonne, IL 60439-4815
phone: 630-252-2819
fax: 630-252-3443
email: mqwang@anl.gov
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
12–1
Chapter 12
Criteria Air Pollutants
Summary Statistics from Tables in this Chapter
Source
Table 12.1
Transportation’s share of U.S. emissions, 2001
CO
82.4%
NOX
55.5%
VOC
41.7%
PM-10
2.2%
PM-2.5
6.1%
SO2
4.4%
NH3
6.3%
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
12–2
Transportation accounts for the majority of carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxide emissions. Highway
vehicles are responsible for the largest share of transportation emissions.
Table 12.1
Total National Emissions of the Criteria Air Pollutants by Sector, 2001
(millions of short tons/percentage)
Sector
Highway vehicles
Aircraft
Railroads
Vessels
Other off-highway
Transportation total
Stationary source fuel combustion
Industrial processes
Waste disposal and recycling total
Miscellaneous
Total of all sources
CO
NOx
VOC
PM-10
PM-2.5
SO2
NH3
74.83
62.0%
0.26
0.2%
0.10
0.1%
0.13
0.1%
24.19
20.0%
99.50
82.4%
4.59
3.8%
2.74
2.3%
3.23
2.7%
10.69
8.9%
120.76
100.0%
8.25
36.9%
0.08
0.4%
1.00
4.5%
1.01
4.5%
2.07
9.2%
12.41
55.5%
8.60
38.5%
0.86
3.9%
0.17
0.8%
0.31
1.4%
22.35
100.0%
4.87
27.1%
0.02
0.1%
0.04
0.2%
0.03
0.2%
2.53
14.1%
7.50
41.7%
1.18
6.6%
7.45
41.5%
0.54
3.0%
1.29
7.2%
17.96
100.0%
0.22
0.9%
0.00
0.0%
0.03
0.1%
0.04
0.2%
0.24
1.0%
0.53
2.2%
1.50
6.2%
0.76
3.1%
0.50
2.1%
20.80
86.3%
24.10
100.0%
0.16
0.26
0.28
2.2%
1.7%
5.6%
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.0%
0.1%
0.0%
0.02
0.06
0.00
0.3%
0.4%
0.0%
0.04
0.16
0.00
0.5%
1.0%
0.0%
0.23
0.22
0.04
3.1%
1.4%
0.7%
0.45
0.70
0.32
6.1%
4.4%
6.3%
1.32
13.63
0.07
17.9% 86.3%
1.4%
0.52
1.41
0.17
7.1%
8.9%
3.4%
0.48
0.04
0.09
6.4%
0.2%
1.8%
4.61
0.01
4.35
62.5%
0.1% 87.1%
7.38
15.79
5.00
100.0% 100.0% 100.0%
Source:
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Emission Inventory Air Pollutant Emission Trends website
www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/trends (Additional resources: www.epa.gov/oar/oaqps)
Note:
CO = Carbon monoxide. NOx = Nitrogen oxides. PM-10 = Particulate matter less than 10 microns.
PM-2.5 = Particulate matter less than 2.5 microns. SO2 = Sulfur dioxide. VOC = Volatile organic compounds.
NH3 = Ammonia.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
12–3
The transportation sector accounted for more than 80% of the nation’s carbon monoxide (CO) emissions
in 2001. Highway vehicles are by far the source of the greatest amount of CO. For details on the
highway emissions of CO, see Table 12.3.
Table 12.2
Total National Emissions of Carbon Monoxide, 1980–2001a
(million short tons)
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2001
Percent
of total,
2001
143.83
0.21
0.12
0.13
16.23
134.19
0.22
0.10
0.14
18.58
110.26
0.24
0.09
0.13
20.98
83.88
0.25
0.10
0.14
23.39
68.06
0.27
0.10
0.13
23.68
74.83
0.26
0.10
0.13
24.19
62.0%
0.2%
0.1%
0.1%
20.0%
160.51
153.22
131.70
107.76
92.24
99.50
82.4%
Stationary fuel combustion total
7.30
8.49
5.51
5.93
4.60
4.59
3.8%
Industrial processes total
6.95
5.28
4.77
4.61
2.62
2.74
2.3%
Waste disposal and recycling total
2.30
1.94
1.08
1.19
3.23
3.23
2.7%
Miscellaneous total
8.34
7.93
11.12
7.30
20.90
10.69
8.9%
Total of all sources
185.41
176.85
154.19
126.78
123.59
Source category
Highway vehicles
Aircraft
Railroads
Vesselsb
Other off-highway
Transportation total
120.76 100.0%
Source:
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Emission Inventory Air Pollutant Emission Trends website
www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/trends (Additional resources: www.epa.gov/oar/oaqps)
a
The sums of subcategories may not equal total due to rounding.
Recreational marine vessels.
b
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
12–4
Though gasoline-powered light vehicles continue to be responsible for the majority of carbon monoxide
emissions from highway vehicles, the total pollution from light vehicles in 2001 is less than half what
it was in 1980. This is despite the fact that there were many more light vehicles on the road in 2001.
Table 12.3
Emissions of Carbon Monoxide from Highway Vehicles, 1980–2001a
(million short tons)
Source category
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2001
Percent of
total, 2001
Gasoline powered
Light vehicles & motorcycles
98.21
87.80
67.24
46.54
36.40
41.23
55.1%
Light trucks
28.83
32.11
32.23
29.81
27.04
29.33
39.2%
Heavy vehicles
15.35
12.40
8.92
5.96
3.42
3.13
4.2%
142.39
132.32
108.39
82.31
66.86
73.70
98.5%
b
Total
Diesel powered
Light vehicles
0.03
0.04
0.04
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.0%
Light trucks
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.0%
Heavy vehicles
1.36
1.80
1.81
1.53
1.19
1.12
1.5%
Total
1.43
1.87
1.87
1.57
1.20
1.13
1.5%
b
Total
Highway vehicle total
143.83
134.19
110.26
83.88
68.06
74.83
Percent diesel
1.0%
1.4%
1.7%
1.9%
1.8%
1.5%
100.0%
Source:
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Emission Inventory Air Pollutant Emission Trends
website www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/trends
(Additional resources: www.epa.gov/oar/oaqps)
a
The sums of subcategories may not equal total due to rounding.
Less than 8,500 pounds.
b
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
12–5
The transportation sector accounted for over half of the nation’s nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions in
2001, with the majority coming from highway vehicles. For details on the highway emissions of NOx,
see Table 12.5.
Table 12.4
Total National Emissions of Nitrogen Oxides, 1980–2001a
(million short tons)
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2001
Percent
of total,
2001
11.49
1.19
2.17
10.93
0.96
2.62
9.59
0.95
2.84
8.88
1.03
3.08
8.39
1.00
3.17
8.25
1.00
3.16
36.9%
4.5%
14.1%
Transportation total
14.85
14.51
13.38
12.99
12.56
12.41
55.5%
Stationary fuel combustion total
11.32
10.05
10.89
10.83
9.04
8.60
38.5%
Industrial processes total
0.56
0.80
0.80
0.77
0.83
0.86
3.9%
Waste disposal and recycling total
0.11
0.09
0.09
0.10
0.17
0.17
0.8%
Miscellaneous total
0.25
0.31
0.37
0.27
0.61
0.31
1.4%
Total of all sources
27.08
25.76
25.53
24.96
23.20
22.35
100.0%
Source category
Highway vehicles
Railroads
Other off-highway
Source:
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Emission Inventory Air Pollutant Emission Trends
website www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/trends (Additional resources: www.epa.gov/oar/oaqps)
a
The sums of subcategories may not equal total due to rounding.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
12–6
Heavy diesel-powered vehicles were responsible for nearly one-half of highway vehicle nitrogen oxide
emissions in 2001, while light gasoline vehicles were responsible for the rest.
Table 12.5
Emissions of Nitrogen Oxides from Highway Vehicles, 1980–2001a
(million short tons)
Source category
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2001
Percent of
total, 2001
Gasoline powered
Light vehicles & motorcycles
6.63
5.68
4.26
3.05
2.31
2.39
28.9%
Light trucks
1.58
1.60
1.50
1.46
1.44
1.50
18.2%
Heavy vehicles
0.62
0.58
0.57
0.52
0.45
0.46
5.5%
Total
8.83
7.85
6.33
5.03
4.20
4.35
52.7%
0.04
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.1%
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.1%
b
Diesel powered
c
Light vehicles
b
c
Light trucks
0.04
c
Heavy vehicles
2.59
3.00
3.19
3.82
4.18
3.89
47.2%
Total
2.66
3.08
3.26
3.85
4.19
3.90
47.3%
9.59
8.88
8.69
8.25
100.0%
Total
Highway vehicle total
11.49
10.93
Percent diesel
23.1% 28.2% 34.0% 43.4% 48.2% 47.3%
Source:
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Emission Inventory Air Pollutant Emission Trends
website www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/trends (Additional resources: www.epa.gov/oar/oaqps)
a
The sums of subcategories may not equal total due to rounding.
Less than 8,500 pounds.
c
Data are not available.
b
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
12–7
The transportation sector accounted for over 40% of the nation’s volatile organic compound
(VOC) emissions in 2001, with the majority coming from highway vehicles. For details on the
highway emissions of VOC, see Table 12.7.
Table 12.6
Total National Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds, 1980–2001a
(million short tons)
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2001
Percent
of total,
2001
13.87
2.19
12.65
2.44
9.39
2.66
6.75
2.89
5.33
2.64
4.87
2.62
27.1%
14.6%
16.06
15.09
12.05
9.64
7.97
7.50
41.7%
1.05
1.57
1.01
1.07
1.18
1.18
6.6%
12.10
9.50
9.01
9.71
7.28
7.45
41.5%
Waste disposal and recycling total
0.76
0.98
0.99
1.07
0.54
0.54
3.0%
Miscellaneous total
1.13
0.57
1.06
0.55
2.74
1.29
7.2%
Total of all sources
31.11
27.70
24.12
22.04
19.70
17.96
100.0%
Source category
Highway vehicles
Off-highway
Transportation total
Stationary fuel combustion total
Industrial processes total
Source:
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Emission Inventory Air Pollutant Emission Trends
website www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/trends (Additional resources: www.epa.gov/oar/oaqps)
a
The sum of subcategories may not equal total due to rounding. The EPA's definition of
volatile organic compounds excludes methane, ethane, and certain other nonphotochemically
reactive organic compounds.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
12–8
Gasoline-powered vehicles are responsible for 80% of highway vehicle emissions of volatile
organic compounds. VOC emissions from highway vehicles in 2001 were less than half the
1980 level.
Table 12.7
Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds from Highway Vehicles, 1980–2001a
(thousand short tons)
Source category
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2001
Percent of
total, 2001
Gasoline powered
Light vehicles & motorcycles
9,304 7,962
5,690
3,768
2,903
2,620
45.0%
Light trucks
2,864 2,908
2,617
2,225
1,929
1,805
31.0%
Heavy vehicles
1,198
959
633
421
256
224
3.9%
13,366 11,829
8,940
6,414
5,088
4,649
79.9%
b
Total
Diesel powered
Light vehicles
16
19
18
9
3
3
0.1%
28
22
15
10
4
4
0.1%
Heavy vehicles
459
483
415
315
230
218
3.7%
Total
503
525
448
335
238
225
3.9%
9,388
9,376
6,443
5,816
100.0%
4.8%
3.6%
3.7%
3.9%
b
Light trucks
Total
Highway vehicle total
Percent diesel
13,869 10,545
3.6%
5.0%
Source:
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Emission Inventory Air Pollutant Emission Trends website
www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/trends (Additional resources: www.epa.gov/oar/oaqps)
a
The sums of subcategories may not equal total due to rounding.
Less than 8,500 pounds.
b
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
12–9
The transportation sector accounted for only 2% of the nation’s particulate matter (PM-10)
emissions in 2001. For details on the highway emissions of PM-10, see Table 12.9.
Table 12.8
Total National Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM-10), 1980–2001a
(million short tons)
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2001
Percent
of total,
2001
0.43
0.26
0.41
0.30
0.39
0.33
0.30
0.34
0.23
0.32
0.22
0.32
0.9%
1.3%
Transportation total
0.69
0.71
0.72
0.64
0.55
0.53
2.2%
Stationary fuel combustion
total
2.45
1.54
1.20
1.18
1.53
1.50
6.2%
Industrial processes total
2.75
1.06
1.04
0.95
0.73
0.76
3.1%
Waste disposal and
recycling total
0.27
0.28
0.27
0.29
0.50
0.50
2.1%
29.73
8.01
18.08
6.46
17.01
5.76
14.31
7.08
14.66
6.14
60.8%
25.5%
Source category
Highway vehicles
Off-highway
Fugitive dust
Other miscellaneous
b
b
Miscellaneous total
0.85
37.74
24.54
22.77
21.39
20.80
86.3%
Total of all sources
7.01
41.32
27.76
25.82
24.70
24.10
100.0%
Source:
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Emission Inventory Air Pollutant Emission Trends
website www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/trends (Additional resources: www.epa.gov/oar/oaqps)
Note:
Because PM-10 is fine particle matter less than 10 microns, it also includes PM-2.5. Specific data
for PM-2.5 are shown on Tables 12.10 and 12.11.
a
Fine particle matter less than 10 microns. The sums of subcategories may not equal total due
to rounding.
b
Data are not available.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
12–10
Since 1985, diesel-powered vehicles have been responsible for more than half of highway
vehicle emissions of particulate matter (PM-10). Heavy vehicles are clearly the main source.
Table 12.9
Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM-10) from Highway Vehicles, 1980–2001a
(thousand short tons)
Source category
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2001
Percent of total,
2001
Gasoline powered
Light vehicles & motorcycles
141
86
57
53
51
51
23.4%
Light trucks
49
37
31
32
31
31
14.2%
Heavy vehicles
30
23
17
13
10
10
4.6%
220
146
105
98
92
92
42.2%
b
Total
Diesel powered
Light vehicles
9
13
11
4
1
1
0.5%
12
8
5
3
1
1
0.5%
Heavy vehicles
191
240
266
199
135
125
57.3%
Total
212
262
282
206
137
127
58.3%
100.0%
b
Light trucks
Total
Highway vehicle total
Percent diesel
432
408
387
304
230
218
49.1%
64.2%
72.9%
67.8%
59.6%
58.3%
Source:
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Emission Inventory Air Pollutant Emission Trends website
www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/trends (Additional resources: www.epa.gov/oar/oaqps)
Note:
Because PM-10 is fine particle matter less than 10 microns, it also includes PM-2.5. Specific data for PM-2.5
are shown on Tables 12.10 and 12.11.
a
The sums of subcategories may not equal total due to rounding.
Less than 8,500 pounds.
b
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
12–11
The transportation sector accounted for only 6% of the nation’s particulate matter (PM-2.5)
emissions in 2001. For details on the highway emissions of PM-2.5, see Table 12.11.
Table 12.10
Total National Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM-2.5), 1990–2001
(million short tons)
1990
1995
2000
2001
Percent
of total,
2001
0.32
0.30
0.25
0.31
0.17
0.30
0.16
0.29
2.2%
3.9%
Transportation total
0.63
0.56
0.47
0.45
6.1%
Stationary fuel combustion total
0.91
0.90
1.34
1.32
17.9%
Industrial processes total
0.56
0.50
0.50
0.52
7.1%
Waste disposal and recycling total
0.23
0.25
0.47
0.48
6.4%
3.17
2.06
3.04
1.69
2.57
2.82
2.63
1.98
35.6%
26.8%
Miscellaneous total
5.23
4.73
5.39
4.61
62.5%
Total of all sources
7.56
6.93
8.17
7.38
100.0%
Source category
Highway vehicles
Off-highway
Fugitive dust
Other miscellaneous
Source:
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Emission Inventory Air Pollutant Emission Trends website
www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/trends (Additional resources: www.epa.gov/oar/oaqps)
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
12–12
Diesel vehicles are responsible for the majority of highway vehicle PM-2.5 emissions. More than twothirds of the highway vehicles’ PM-2.5 emissions are from heavy diesel trucks.
Table 12.11
Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM-2.5) from Highway Vehicles, 1990–2001a
(thousand short tons)
Source category
Light vehicles & motorcycles
Light trucksb
Heavy vehicles
Total
Light vehicles
Light trucksb
Heavy vehicles
Total
Highway vehicle total
Percent diesel
1990
1995
Gasoline powered
35
30
21
20
11
9
67
59
Diesel powered
10
4
4
2
243
179
257
185
Total
324
245
79.3%
75.5%
2000
2001
Percent of
total, 2001
27
18
7
52
27
17
7
51
16.7%
10.5%
4.3%
31.5%
1
1
119
121
1
1
109
111
0.6%
0.6%
67.3%
68.5%
173
69.9%
162
68.5%
100.0%
Source:
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Emission Inventory Air Pollutant Emission Trends website
www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/trends (Additional resources: www.epa.gov/oar/oaqps)
a
b
The sums of subcategories may not equal total due to rounding.
Less than 8,500 pounds.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
12–13
The Greenhouse Gases, Regulated Emissions, and Energy Use
in Transportation (GREET) Model
greet.anl.gov
The GREET model, which is sponsored by the Department of Energy, estimates the full fuel-cycle
emissions and energy use associated with various transportation fuels and advanced transportation
technologies for light vehicles. It calculates fuel-cycle emissions of five criteria pollutants (volatile
organic compounds, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides, and particulate matter measuring
10 microns or less) and three greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide). The model
also calculates the total fuel-cycle energy consumption, fossil fuel consumption, and petroleum
consumption using various transportation fuels. The fuel cycles that are included in the GREET model
are:
•
petroleum to conventional gasoline, reformulated gasoline, conventional diesel, reformulated diesel,
liquefied petroleum gas, and electricity via residual oil;
•
natural gas to compressed natural gas, liquefied natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas, methanol,
Fischer-Tropsch diesel, dimethyl ether, hydrogen, and electricity;
•
coal to electricity;
•
uranium to electricity;
•
renewable energy (hydropower, solar energy, and wind) to electricity;
•
corn, woody biomass, and herbaceous biomass to ethanol;
•
soybeans to biodiesel; and
•
landfill gases to methanol.
For additional information about the GREET model, see the GREET website, or contact:
Michael Q. Wang
Argonne National Laboratory
9700 South Cass Avenue, ES/362
Argonne, IL 60439-4815
phone: 630-252-2819
fax: 630-252-3443
email: mqwang@anl.gov
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
12–14
Bin
10b
9b
8
7
6
5
Table 12.12
Tier 2 Emission Standards for Cars and Light Trucks
Effective for 2004–2009 Model Yearsa
(grams/mile)
NMOG
CO
NOx
PM
50,000 miles
c
0.125
3.4
0.4
a
0.075
3.4
0.2
a
0.100
3.4
0.14
a
0.075
3.4
0.11
a
0.075
3.4
0.08
a
0.075
3.4
0.05
120,000 miles
0.280
7.3
0.9
0.12
0.156
4.2
0.6
0.08
0.090
4.2
0.3
0.06
0.125
4.2
0.2
0.02
0.090
4.2
0.15
0.02
0.090
4.2
0.10
0.01
0.090
4.2
0.07
0.01
0.070
2.1
0.04
0.01
0.055
2.1
0.03
0.01
0.010
2.1
0.02
0.01
0.000
0.0
0.00
0.00
MDPVb
10b
9b
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
Source:
Federal Register, Vol. 65, No. 28, Thursday, February 10, 2000, pp. 6822–6870.
Acronyms Used on Tables 12.12 and 12.13
CO
GVW
HC
HCHO
LDT
LEV
LVW
MDPV
NMOG
NOx
PC
PM
SULEV
ULEV
Carbon monoxide
Gross vehicle weight
Hydrocarbons
Formaldehyde
Light-duty truck
Low-emission vehicle
Loaded vehicle weight
Medium-duty passenger vehicle
(8,500–10,000 lbs. GVWR)
Non-methane organic gases
Nitrogen oxides
Passenger car
Particulate matter
Super-ultra-low-emission vehicle
Ultra-low-emission vehicle
ZEV
Zero-emission vehicle
a
Some temporary standards are not shown.
Bin expires after 2008.
c
No standard.
b
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
HCHO
0.015
0.015
0.015
0.015
0.015
0.015
0.032
0.018
0.018
0.018
0.018
0.018
0.018
0.011
0.011
0.004
0.000
Table 12.13
Light Vehicle Exhaust Emission Standards in Effect in 2009
When U.S. Tier 2 Standards are Final
(grams/mile)
Vehicle fuels: Gasoline AND diesel unless noted otherwise
Vehicle size: Up to 8,500 lbs GVW unless noted otherwise
Useful life:
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 22—2002
U.S.
emission
standards
California
LEV II
emission
standards
Bins, category, size
Bins
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
Averagea
Category
LEVb
ULEV
SULEV
ZEVc
Avg. for all PCs + LDTs
0-3,750 lbs LVW
Avg. for LDTs 3,751 lbs
LVW - 8,500 lbs GVW
NMOG
CO
50,000 miles
NOx
PM HCHO
0.100
0.075
0.075
0.075
–
–
–
–
–
3.4
3.4
3.4
3.4
–
–
–
–
–
0.14
–
0.11
–
0.08
–
0.05
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
(Diesel only)
0.05
–
0.05
–
–
–
0.00
–
0.075
0.04
–
0.00
3.4
1.7
–
0.0
0.038
–
–
0.047
–
–
HC+NOx
NMOG
120,000 miles
CO NOx
PM
4.2
0.20 0.02
4.2
0.15 0.02
4.2
0.10 0.01
4.2
0.07 0.01
2.1
0.04 0.01
2.1
0.03 0.01
2.1
0.02 0.01
0.0
0.00 0.00
–
0.07
–
(Diesel only)
4.2
0.07 0.01
2.1
0.07 0.01
1.0
0.02 0.01
0.0
0.00 0.00
HCHO
0.015
0.015
0.015
0.015
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
0.125
0.090
0.090
0.090
0.070
0.055
0.010
0.000
–
0.018
0.018
0.018
0.018
0.011
0.011
0.004
0.000
–
0.015
0.08
–
0.00
–
–
–
–
0.090
0.055
0.010
0.000
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
0.018
0.011
0.004
0.000
Source:
U.S.: Federal Register, Vol. 65, No. 28, Thursday, February 10, 2000, pp. 6822–6870.
California Exhaust Emission Standards and Test Procedures for 2001 and Subsequent Model Passenger Cars, Light-Duty Trucks and Medium-Duty
Vehicles, as of December 1, 1999 (adopted August 5, 1999), incorporated by reference in section 1961(d), title 13, CCR.
Note:
See acronym list on previous page.
a
Includes medium-duty passenger vehicles which are also required to meet bin standards.
A LEV Option 1 with higher NOx levels also exists for up to 4% of LDTs above 3,750 lbs.
c
Only apply to PCs and LDTs 0-3750 lbs LVW.
b
12–15
12–16
Table 12.14
Federal Exhaust Emission Certification Standards for Gasoline- and Diesel-Powered Light Vehicles a,b
(grams per mile)
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 22—2002
Engine Type & Pollutant
Gasoline
Hydrocarbons (total)
Non-methane hydrocarbons
Carbon monoxide
Cold-temp. Carbon monoxidef
Nitrogen oxides
Particulates
Diesel
Hydrocarbons (total)
Non-methane hydrocarbons
Carbon monoxide
Nitrogen oxides
Particulates
Test Procedure
Useful Life (intermediate)b
(full)
Prior to
control
1968-69
1970-71
1972
11
d
80
d
4
d
c
e
c
e
e
e
2.2
3.4
1.5
0.41
23
39
15
7.0
11
d
80
4
d
e
e
e
e
7-mode
e
5 yrs/50,000 mi
1973-74
3.0
1975-76
3.1
1977-79
1980
2.0
1982-86
3.4
0.41
15
3.1
7.0
3.4
1.0
0.60
CVS-72
1987-93
1.0
1.5
2.0
1981
0.20
1994-2004 b
0.41
0.25
3.4
10
0.4
0.08
(e)
(0.31)
(4.2)
(e)
(0.6)
(0.10)
0.41
0.25
3.4
1.0
0.08
(e)
(0.31)
(4.2)
(1.25)
(0.10)
CVS-75
5 yrs/50,000 mi
10 yrs/100,000 mi
Source:
40 CFR 86.085-2; 40 CFR 86.090-2; 40 CFR 86.090-8; 40 CFR 86.094-8; 40 CFR 86.096-2; 40 CFR 86.096-8; 40 CFR 86.098-8;40 CFR 86.099-8; 40 CFR 86.082-2; 40 CFR 86.000-8.
Lisa Snapp, Office of Air and Radiation, Environmental Protection Agency, Personal communication, April 1999.
a
The test procedure for measuring exhaust emissions has changed several times over the course of vehicle emissions regulation. The 7-mode procedure was used through model
year 1971 and was replaced by the CVS-72 procedure beginning in model year 1972. The CVS-75 became the test procedure as of model year 1975. While it may appear that the total
hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide standards were relaxed in 1972-74, these standards were actually more stringent due to the more stringent nature of the CVS-72 test procedure.
Additional standards for carbon monoxide and composite standards for non-methane hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides tested over the new Supplemental Federal Test Procedure will be
phased-in during model years 2000-02; these standards are not shown in this table.
b
All emission standards must be met for a useful life of 5 years/50,000 miles. Beginning in with model year 1994, a second set of emission standards must also be met for a full
useful life of 10 years/100,000 miles (these standards are shown in parentheses). Tier 1 exhaust standards were phased-in during 1994-96 at a rate of 40, 80, and 100 percent, respectively.
c
In 1968-69, exhaust emission standards were issued in parts per million (ppm) rather than grams per mile and are, therefore, incompatible with this table.
d
No estimate available.
e
No standard set.
f
The cold CO emission standard is measured at 20 degrees F (rather than 75 degrees F) and is applicable for a 5-year/50,000-mile useful life.
Table 12.15
Federal Exhaust Emission Certification Standards for Gasoline- and Diesel-Powered Light Trucks (Category LDT1) a,b,c
(grams per mile)
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 22—2002
Engine Type & Pollutant
Gasoline
Hydrocarbons (total)
Non-methane hydrocarbons
Carbon monoxide
Cold-temp. carbon monoxide g
Nitrogen oxides
Particulates
Diesel
Hydrocarbons (total)
Non-methane hydrocarbons
Carbon monoxide
Nitrogen oxides
Particulates
Prior to
control
1968-69 1970-71 1972 1973-74 1975 1976-78 1979-81 1982-83 1984 1985-86 1987 1988-93 1994
11
e
80
e
4
e
d
f
d
f
f
f
11
e
80
4
e
f
f
f
f
f
2.2
3.4
2.0
1.7
0.80
23
39
20
18
10
3.1
2.3
3.0
1.2
1995–2004
f
(0.80)
0.25 (0.31)
3.4 (4.2)
10
(f)
0.4 (0.6)
0.08 (0.10)
2.0
1.7
0.80
20
3.1
18
2.3
10
1.2
0.60
0.26
f
(0.80)
0.25 (0.31)
3.4 (4.2)
1.0 (1.25)
0.08 (0.10)
GVWR up through 6,000 lbs;
LVW up through 3,750 lbs
LDT1 Weight Criteria h
GVWR up through 6,000 lbs
GVWR up through 8,500 lbs
Test Procedure b
7-mode
CVS-72
CVS-75
Useful Life (intermediate) c
f
5 yrs/50,000 mi
(full)
5 yrs/50,000 mi
11 yrs/120,000 mi
11 yrs/120,000 mi
Source:
40 CFR 86.082-2; 40 CFR 86.085-2; 40 CFR 86.090-2; 40 CFR 86.090-9; 40 CFR 86.091-9; 40 CFR 86.094-9; 40 CFR 86.096-2; 40 CFR 86.096-9; 40 CFR 86.099-9; 40 CFR 86.000-9;
40 CFR 86.001-9; 40 CFR 86.004-9. Lisa Snapp, Office of Air and Radiation, Environmental Protection Agency, Personal communication.
a
Light truck categories LDT1-LDT4 were not actually created until 1994. From 1968 to 1978 all trucks with a Gross Vehicle Weight Rating (GVWR) up to 6,000 lbs were
classified as light trucks and were required to meet the same standards. As of 1979, the maximum weight was raised to 8,500 lbs GVWR. During 1988 through 1993, light trucks were
divided into two subcategories that coincide with the current LDT1 and LDT2/3/4 categories.
b
The test procedure for measuring exhaust emissions has changed several times over the course of vehicle emissions regulation. The 7-mode procedure was used through model
year 1971 and was replaced by the CVS-72 procedure beginning in model year 1972. The CVS-75 became the test procedure as of model year 1975. While it may appear that the total
hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide standards were relaxed in 1972-74, these standards were actually more stringent due to the more stringent nature of the CVS-72 test procedure.
Additional standards for carbon monoxide and composite standards for non-methane hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides tested over the new Supplemental Federal Test Procedure will be
phased-in during model years 2000-02; these standards are not shown in this table.
c
Emission standards had to be met for a useful life of 5 years/50,000 miles through model year 1983, and a full useful life of 11 years 120,000 miles was defined for 1985-93
(several useful life options were available for 1984). Beginning in model year 1994, emission standards were established for an intermediate useful life of 5 years/50,000 miles as well as a
full useful life of 11 years/120,000 miles (these standards are shown in parentheses). Hydrocarbon standards, however, were established only for full useful life. Tier 1 exhaust standards,
except PM standards, were phased-in during 1994-96 at a rate of 40, 80, and 100 percent, respectively. PM standards were phased-in at a rate of 40, 80, and 100 percent during 1995-97.
d
In 1968-69, exhaust emission standards were issued in parts per million (ppm) rather than grams per mile and are, therefore, incompatible with this table.
e
No estimate available.
f
No standard set.
g
The cold CO emission standard is measured at 20 degrees F (rather than 75 degrees F) and is applicable for a 5-year/50,000-mile useful life.
h
Gross vehicle weight rating (GVWR) is the maximum design loaded weight. Loaded vehicle weight (LVW) is the curb weight (nominal vehicle weight) plus 300 lbs.
12–17
12–18
Table 12.16
Federal Exhaust Emission Certification Standards for Gasoline- and Diesel-Powered Light Trucks (Category LDT2) a,b,c
(grams per mile)
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 22—2002
Engine Type & Pollutant
Gasoline
Hydrocarbons (total)
Non-methane hydrocarbons
Carbon monoxide
Cold-temp. carbon monoxide g
Nitrogen oxides
Particulates
Diesel
Hydrocarbons (total)
Non-methane hydrocarbons
Carbon monoxide
Nitrogen oxides
Particulates
LDT2 Weight Criteria h
Prior to
control 1968-69 1970-71 1972 1973-74 1975
11
e
80
e
4
e
d
f
d
f
f
f
11
e
80
4
e
f
f
f
f
f
1976-78 1979-81 1982-83
1984 1985-86 1987 1988-90 1991-93 1994
2.2
3.4
2.0
1.7
0.80
23
39
20
18
10
3.1
2.3
3.0
1.7
1995–2004
f
(0.80)
0.32 (0.40)
4.4 (5.5)
12.5
(f)
0.7 (0.97)
0.08 (0.10)
GVWR up through 6,000 lbs
2.0
1.7
0.80
20
3.1
18
2.3
10
0.60
0.50
GVWR up through 8,500 lbs
1.7
0.45
f
(0.80)
0.32 (0.40)
4.4 (5.5)
f
(0.97)
0.13
0.08 (0.10)
GVWR up through 5,000 lbs and
LVW over 3,750 lbs
Test Procedure b
7-mode
CVS-72
CVS-75
Useful Life (intermediate) c
f
5 yrs/50,000 mi
(full)
5 yrs/50,000 mi
11 yrs/120,000 mi
11 yrs/120,000 mi
Source:
40 CFR 86.082-2; 40 CFR 86.085-2; 40 CFR 86.090-2; 40 CFR 86.090-9; 40 CFR 86.091-9; 40 CFR 86.094-9; 40 CFR 86.096-2; 40 CFR 86.096-9; 40 CFR 86.099-9; 40 CFR 86.000-9;
40 CFR 86.001-9; 40 CFR 86.004-9. Lisa Snapp, Office of Air and Radiation, Environmental Protection Agency, Personal communication, April 1999.
a
Light truck categories LDT1-LDT4 were not actually created until 1994. From 1968 to 1978 all trucks with a Gross Vehicle Weight Rating (GVWR) up to 6,000 lbs were
classified as light trucks and were required to meet the same standards. As of 1979, the maximum weight was raised to 8,500 lbs GVWR. During 1988-93, light trucks were divided into
two subcategories that coincide with the current LDT1 and LDT2/3/4 categories.
b
The test procedure for measuring exhaust emissions has changed several times over the course of vehicle emissions regulation. The 7-mode procedure was used through model
year 1971 and was replaced by the CVS-72 procedure beginning in model year 1972. The CVS-75 became the test procedure as of model year 1975. While it may appear that the total
hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide standards were relaxed in 1972-74, these standards were actually more stringent due to the more stringent nature of the CVS-72 test procedure.
Additional standards for carbon monoxide and composite standards for non-methane hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides tested over the new Supplemental Federal Test Procedure will be
phased-in during model years 2000-02; these standards are not shown in this table.
c
Emission standards had to be met for a useful life of 5 years/50,000 miles through model year 1983, and a full useful life of 11 years 120,000 miles was defined for 1985-93
(several useful life options were available for 1984). Beginning in model year 1994, emission standards were established for an intermediate useful life of 5 years/50,000 miles as well as a
full useful life of 11 years/120,000 miles (these standards are shown in parentheses). Hydrocarbon standards, however, were established only for full useful life. Tier 1 exhaust standards,
except PM standards, were phased-in during 1994-96 at a rate of 40, 80, and 100 percent, respectively. PM standards were phased-in at a rate of 40, 80, and 100 percent during 1995-97.
d
In 1968-69, exhaust emission standards were issued in parts per million (ppm) rather than grams per mile and are, therefore, incompatible with this table.
e
No estimate available.
f
No standard set.
g
The cold CO emission standard is measured at 20 degrees F (rather than 75 degrees F) and is applicable for a 5-year/50,000-mile useful life.
h
Gross vehicle weight rating (GVWR) is the maximum design loaded weight. Loaded vehicle weight (LVW) is the curb weight (nominal vehicle weight) plus 300 lbs.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 22—2002
Table 12.17
Federal Exhaust Emission Certification Standards for Gasoline- and Diesel-Powered Light Trucks (Category LDT3) a,b,c
(grams per mile)
Prior to
Engine Type & Pollutant
control 1968-69 1970-71 1972 1973-74 1975 1976-78 1979-81 1982-83 1984 1985-86 1987 1988-89 1990 1991-95
1996–2004
Gasoline
Hydrocarbons (total)
11
d
2.2
3.4
2.0
1.7
0.80
f
(0.80)
Non-methane hydrocarbons
e
f
0.32
(0.46)
Carbon monoxide
80
d
23
39
20
18
10
4.4
(6.4)
Cold-temp. carbon monoxide g
e
f
12.5
(f)
Nitrogen oxides
4
f
3.0
3.1
2.3
2.3
1.7
0.7
(0.98)
Particulates
e
f
f
(0.10)
Diesel
Hydrocarbons (total)
11
f
2.0
1.7
0.80
f
(0.80)
Non-methane hydrocarbons
e
f
0.32
(0.46)
Carbon monoxide
80
f
20
18
10
4.4
(6.4)
Nitrogen oxides
4
f
3.1
2.3
2.3
1.7
(0.98)
Particulates
e
f
0.60
0.50
0.45
0.13
(0.10)
LDT3 Weight Criteria
GVWR up through 6,000 lbs
GVWR up through 8,500 lbs
Any ALW
ALW up through
5,750 lbs
GVWR 6,001-8,500 lbs
Test Procedure b
7-mode
CVS-72
CVS-75
Useful Life (intermediate) c
f
5 yrs/50,000 mi
(full)
5 yrs/50,000 mi
11 yrs/120,000 mi
11 yrs/120,000
Source:
40 CFR 86.082-2; 40 CFR 86.085-2; 40 CFR 86.090-2; 40 CFR 86.090-9; 40 CFR 86.091-9; 40 CFR 86.094-9; 40 CFR 86.096-2; 40 CFR 86.096-9; 40 CFR 86.099-9; 40 CFR 86.000-9;
40 CFR 86.001-9; 40 CFR 86.004-9. Lisa Snapp, Office of Air and Radiation, Environmental Protection Agency, Personal communication, April 1999.
a
12–19
Light truck categories LDT1-LDT4 were not actually created until 1994. From 1968 to 1978 all trucks with a Gross Vehicle Weight Rating (GVWR) up to 6,000 lbs were
classified as light trucks and were required to meet the same standards. As of 1979, the maximum weight was raised to 8,500 lbs GVWR. During 1988-93, light trucks were divided into
two subcategories that coincide with the current LDT1 and LDT2/3/4 categories.
b
The test procedure for measuring exhaust emissions has changed several times over the course of vehicle emissions regulation. The 7-mode procedure was used through model
year 1971 and was replaced by the CVS-72 procedure beginning in model year 1972. The CVS-75 became the test procedure as of model year 1975. While it may appear that the total
hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide standards were relaxed in 1972-74, these standards were actually more stringent due to the more stringent nature of the CVS-72 test procedure.
Additional standards for carbon monoxide and composite standards for non-methane hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides tested over the new Supplemental Federal Test Procedure will be
phased-in during model years 2002-04; these standards are not shown in this table.
c
Emission standards had to be met for a full useful life of 5 years/50,000 miles through model year 1983, and a full useful life of 11 years 120,000 miles was defined for 1985-93
(several useful life options were available for 1984). Beginning in model year 1996, emission standards were established for an intermediate useful life of 5 years/50,000 miles as well as a
full useful life of 11 years/120,000 miles (these standards are shown in parentheses). This applied to all pollutants except hydrocarbons and particulates for all LDT3s and NOx for dieselpowered LDT3s, which were only required to meet full useful life standards. Tier 1 exhaust standards were phased-in during 1996-97 at a rate of 50 and 100 percent, respectively.
d
In 1968-69, exhaust emission standards were issued in parts per million (ppm) rather than grams per mile and are, therefore, incompatible with this table.
e
No estimate available.
f
No standard set.
g
The cold CO emission standard is measured at 20 degrees F (rather than 75 degrees F) and is applicable for a 5-year/50,000-mile useful life.
h
Gross vehicle weight rating (GVWR) is the maximum design loaded weight. Loaded vehicle weight (LVW) is the curb weight (nominal vehicle weight) plus 300 lbs.
12–20
Table 12.18
Federal Exhaust Emission Certification Standards for Gasoline- and Diesel-Powered Light Trucks (Category LDT4) a,b,c
(grams per mile)
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 22—2002
Engine Type & Pollutant
Gasoline
Hydrocarbons (total)
Non-methane hydrocarbons
Carbon monoxide
Cold-temp. carbon monoxide g
Nitrogen oxides
Particulates
Diesel
Hydrocarbons (total)
Non-methane hydrocarbons
Carbon monoxide
Nitrogen oxides
Particulates
LDT4 Weight Criteria h
Test Procedure b
Prior to
control 1968-69 1970-71 1972 1973-74 1975 1976-78 1979-81 1982-83 1984 1985-86 1987 1988-89
11
e
80
e
4
e
d
f
d
f
f
f
11
e
80
4
e
f
f
f
f
f
2.2
3.4
2.0
1.7
0.80
23
39
20
18
10
3.1
2.3
3.0
2.0
1.7
0.80
20
3.1
18
2.3
10
GVWR up through 6,000 lbs
7-mode
CVS-72
2.3
0.60
0.50
GVWR up through 8,500 lbs
1990
1.7
1991-95
1996–2004
f
0.39
5.0
12.5
1.1
f
(0.80)
(0.56)
(7.3)
(f)
(1.53)
(0.12)
f
(0.80)
0.39
(0.56)
5.0
(7.3)
2.3
1.7
f
(1.53)
0.45
0.13
f
(0.12)
Any ALVW
ALVW over
5,750 lbs
GVWR 6,001-8,500 lbs
CVS-75
Useful Life (intermediate) c
f
5 yrs/50,000 mi
(full)
5 yrs/50,000 mi
11 yrs/120,000 mi
11 yrs/120,000
Source:
40 CFR 86.082-2; 40 CFR 86.085-2; 40 CFR 86.090-2; 40 CFR 86.090-9; 40 CFR 86.091-9; 40 CFR 86.094-9; 40 CFR 86.096-2; 40 CFR 86.096-9; 40 CFR 86.099-9; 40 CFR 86.000-9;
40 CFR 86.001-9; 40 CFR 86.004-9. Lisa Snapp, Office of Air and Radiation, Environmental Protection Agency, Personal communication, April 1999.
a
Light truck categories LDT1-LDT4 were not actually created until 1994. From 1968 to 1978 all trucks with a Gross Vehicle Weight Rating (GVWR) up to 6,000 lbs were
classified as light trucks and were required to meet the same standards. As of 1979, the maximum weight was raised to 8,500 lbs GVWR. During 1988-93, light trucks were divided into
two subcategories that coincide with the current LDT1 and LDT2/3/4 categories.
b
The test procedure for measuring exhaust emissions has changed several times over the course of vehicle emissions regulation. The 7-mode procedure was used through model
year 1971 and was replaced by the CVS-72 procedure beginning in model year 1972. The CVS-75 became the test procedure as of model year 1975. While it may appear that the total
hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide standards were relaxed in 1972-74, these standards were actually more stringent due to the more stringent nature of the CVS-72 test procedure.
Additional standards for carbon monoxide and composite standards for non-methane hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides tested over the new Supplemental Federal Test Procedure will be
phased-in during model years 2002-04; these standards are not shown in this table.
c
Emission standards had to be met for a full useful life of 5 years/50,000 miles through model year 1983, and a full useful life of 11 years 120,000 miles was defined for 1985-93
(several useful life options were available for 1984). Beginning in model year 1996, emission standards were established for an intermediate useful life of 5 years/50,000 miles as well as a
full useful life of 11 years/120,000 miles (these standards are shown in parentheses). This applied to all pollutants except hydrocarbons and particulates for all LDT3s and NOx for dieselpowered LDT3s, which were only required to meet full useful life standards. Tier 1 exhaust standards were phased-in during 1996-97 at a rate of 50 and 100 percent, respectively.
d
In 1968-69, exhaust emission standards were issued in parts per million (ppm) rather than grams per mile and are, therefore, incompatible with this table.
e
No estimate available.
f
No standard set.
g
The cold CO emission standard is measured at 20 degrees F (rather than 75 degrees F) and is applicable for a 5-year/50,000-mile useful life.
h
Gross vehicle weight rating (GVWR) is the maximum design loaded weight. Adjusted loaded vehicle weight (ALVW) is the numerical average of the GVWR and the curb
weight.
Table 12.19
Federal Exhaust Emission Certification Standards for Gasoline- and Diesel-Powered Light Heavy Trucks
(Grams per brake horsepower-hour)
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 22—2002
Engine Type & Pollutant
Gasoline
Hydrocarbons + nitrogen oxides (HC + NOx)
Hydrocarbons (HC)
Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
Carbon Monoxide (CO)
Diesel
Hydrocarbons + nitrogen oxides (HC + NOx)
Hydrocarbons (HC)
Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
Non-methane hydrocarbons + nitrogen oxides
Carbon Monoxide (CO)
Particulates
Smoke Opacity (acceleration/lugging/peak) d
Weight Criteria for Light Heavy Trucks e
Test Procedure (gasoline) f
(diesel) f
1970-73
a
16
b
a
a
a
b
40
a
40/20/a
20/15/50
GVWR over 6,000 lbs
9-mode steady-state
13-mode steady-state
Useful Life (gasoline) g
5 years/50,000 miles
a
b
a
b
1974-78
1979-83
16
a
10
1.5
40
25
10
1.5
1984
1985-86
a
1.9
10.6
37.1
1987
1988-89
1990
1991-93
1994-97
1998-2003
2004+
1.1
6.0
5.0
4.0
6.0
5.0
4.0
14.4
a
1.3
10.7
2.4
25
15.5
0.60
GVWR over 8,500 lbs
MVMA transient
EPA transient
0.25
0.10
GVWR 8,501 through 14,000 lbs
8 years/110,000 miles
Sources:
40 CFR 86.082-2; 40 CFR 86.085-2; 40 CFR 86.088-10; 40 CFR 86.090-2; 40 CFR 86.090-10; 40 CFR 86.090-11; 40 CFR 86.091-10; 40 CFR 86.091-11; 40 CFR 86.093-11; 40 CFR
86.094-11; 40 CFR 86.096-2; 40 CFR 86.096-10; 40 CFR 86.096-11; 40 CFR 86.098-10; 40 CFR 86.098-11; 40 CFR 86.099-10; 40 CFR 86.099-11; 40 CFR 86.004-11; 40 CFR
86.004-15. Lisa Snapp, Office of Air and Radiation, Environmental Protection Agency, Personal communication, April 1999. Rob French, Office of Air and Radiation,
Environmental Protection Agency, Personal communication, April 1999.
a
No
b
standard set
Although emission standards for hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide were in effect for these years, they were not measured in grams/brake horsepower-hour and are, therefore,
incompatible with this table.
c
Vehicles can meet a composite non-methane hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides standard of 2.5, if they meet a non-methane hydrocarbon standard of no more than 0.5.
d
Smoke opacity is expressed in percentage for acceleration, lugging, and peak modes (acceleration/lugging/peak). Lugging is when a vehicle is carrying a load.
e
Gross vehicle weight rating (GVWR) is the maximum design loaded weight.
f
Several testing procedures have been used during the course of exhaust emission control. A steady-state 9-mode test procedure (13-mode for diesel) was used for 1970-83
standards. For 1984, either the steady-state tests or the EPA transient test procedure could be used. For diesels, the EPA transient test was required from 1985 to the present. For gasolinepowered vehicles, either either the EPA or MVMA (Motor Vehicle Manufacturers Association) transient test procedure could be used during 1985-86, and the MVMA procedure was
required thereafter.
g
Emissions standards apply to the useful life of the vehicle. Useful life was 5 years/50,000 miles through 1983, and 8 years/110,000 miles for model year 1985 and after. 1984
was a transitional year in which vehicles could meet the older standard (and test procedure) or the newer one. Useful life requirement for gasoline-powered trucks meeting NOx standards
for 1998 and after is 10 years/110,000 miles. The useful life requirements for heavy diesel truck standards are more complex and vary by vehicle weight, pollutant, test procedure, and
year. Consult the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations for further information.
12–21
12–22
Table 12.20
Federal Exhaust Emission Certification Standards for Gasoline- and Diesel-Powered Heavy Heavy Trucks
(Grams per brake horsepower-hour)
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 22—2002
Engine Type & Pollutant
Gasoline
Hydrocarbons + nitrogen oxides (HC + NOx)
Hydrocarbons (HC)
Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
Carbon Monoxide (CO)
Diesel
Hydrocarbons + nitrogen oxides (HC + NOx)
Hydrocarbons (HC)
Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
Non-methane hydrocarbons + nitrogen oxides
Carbon Monoxide (CO)
Particulates
Smoke Opacity (acceleration/lugging/peak) d
Weight Criteria for Heavy Heavy Trucks e
Test Procedure (gasoline) f
(diesel) f
1970-73
1974-78
1979-83
a
b
a
b
16
a
10
1.5
40
25
1984
1985-86
1987
1988-89
a
1.9
10.6
37.1
a
16
10
a
b
a
1.5
1.3
a
10.7
a
b
40
25
15.5
a
40/20/a
20/15/50
GVWR over
GVWR over 8,500 lbs
6,000 lbs
13-mode steady-state
MVMA
13-mode steady-state
EPA transient
1990
1991-93
1994-97
1998-2003
6.0
5.0
4.0
6.0
5.0
4.0
2004+
2.4c
0.60
0.25
0.10
GVWR over 14,000 lbs
Useful Life (gasoline) g
5 years/50,000 miles
8 years/110,000 miles
Sources:
40 CFR 86.082-2; 40 CFR 86.085-2; 40 CFR 86.088-10; 40 CFR 86.090-2; 40 CFR 86.090-10; 40 CFR 86.090-11; 40 CFR 86.091-10; 40 CFR 86.091-11; 40 CFR 86.093-11; 40 CFR
86.094-11; 40 CFR 86.096-2; 40 CFR 86.096-10; 40 CFR 86.096-11; 40 CFR 86.098-10; 40 CFR 86.098-11; 40 CFR 86.099-10; 40 CFR 86.099-11; 40 CFR 86.004-11; 40 CFR
86.004-15. Lisa Snapp, Office of Air and Radiation, Environmental Protection Agency, Personal communication, April 1999. Rob French, Office of Air and Radiation,
Environmental Protection Agency, Personal communication, April 1999.
a
No standard set.
Although emission standards for hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide were in effect for these years, they were not measured in grams/brake horsepower-hour and are, therefore,
incompatible with this table.
c
Vehicles can meet a composite non-methane hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides standard of 2.5, if they meet a non-methane hydrocarbon standard of no more than 0.5.
d
Smoke opacity is expressed in percentage for acceleration, lugging, and peak modes (acceleration/lugging/peak). Lugging is when a vehicle is carrying a load.
e
Gross vehicle weight rating (GVWR) is the maximum design loaded weight.
f
Several testing procedures have been used during the course of exhaust emission control. A steady-state 9-mode test procedure (13-mode for diesel) was used for 1970-83
standards. For 1984, either the steady-state tests or the EPA transient test procedure could be used. For diesels, the EPA transient test was required from 1985 to the present. For gasolinepowered vehicles, either either the EPA or MVMA (Motor Vehicle Manufacturers Association) transient test procedure could be used during 1985-86, and the MVMA procedure was
required thereafter.
g
Emissions standards apply to the useful life of the vehicle. Useful life was 5 years/50,000 miles through 1983, and 8 years/110,000 miles for model year 1985 and after. 1984
was a transitional year in which vehicles could meet the older standard (and test procedure) or the newer one. Useful life requirement for gasoline-powered trucks meeting NOx standards
for 1998 and after is 10 years/110,000 miles. The useful life requirements for heavy diesel truck standards are more complex and vary by vehicle weight, pollutant, test procedure, and
year. Consult the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations for further information.
b
Table 12.21
California Passenger Cars and Light Trucks Emission Certification Standards for Model Years 2001-2006
(grams/mile)
Vehicle Useful Life
Vehicle
Type
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 22—2002
Passenger car
LDT1
LDT2
Emission
Category
Tier 1
TLEV
LEV
ULEV
ZEV
Tier 1
TLEV
LEV
ULEV
ZEV
Tier 1
TLEV
LEV
ULEV
5 Years / 50,000 Miles
THCa NMHCb
–
0.25
–
–
–
–
–
–
0.0
0.00
–
0.25
–
–
–
–
–
–
0.0
0.00
–
0.32
–
–
–
–
–
–
NMOGc
–
0.125
0.075
0.040
0.000
–
0.125
0.075
0.040
0.000
–
0.160
0.100
0.050
CO
3.4
3.4
3.4
1.7
0.0
3.4
3.4
3.4
1.7
0.0
4.4
4.4
4.4
2.2
NOX
0.4
0.4
0.2
0.2
0.0
0.4
0.4
0.2
0.2
0.0
0.7
0.7
0.4
0.4
10 Years / 100,000 Miles
PM
d
0.08
–
–
–
0.00
0.08d
–
–
–
0.00
0.08d
–
–
–
HCHO
e
0.015
0.015
0.015
0.008
0.000
0.015e
0.015
0.015
0.008
0.000
0.018e
0.018
0.018
0.009
THCa NMHCb NMOGc
CO
NOX
PM
HCHO
–
–
–
–
0.00
–
–
–
–
0.00
–
–
–
–
4.2
4.2
4.2
2.1
0.0
4.2
4.2
4.2
2.1
0.0
5.5
5.5
5.5
2.8
0.6
0.6
0.3
0.3
0.0
0.6
0.6
0.3
0.3
0.0
0.97
0.9
0.5
0.5
–
0.08d
0.08d
0.04d
0.00
–
0.08d
0.08d
0.04d
0.00
–
0.10d
0.10d
0.05d
–
0.018
0.018
0.011
0.000
–
0.018
0.018
0.011
0.000
–
0.023
0.023
0.013
0.31
–
–
–
0.00
0.31
–
–
–
0.00
0.40
–
–
–
–
0.156
0.090
0.055
0.000
–
0.156
0.090
0.055
0.000
–
0.200
0.130
0.070
Source:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Transportation and Air Quality, EPA 420-B-00-001.
(Additional resources: www.epa.gov/otag)
Note:
After 2003, Tier 1 and TLEV standards will be eliminated.
LDT1 = light truck (6,000 lbs. or less GVWR) up through 3,750 lbs. loaded vehicle weight; LDT2 = light truck (6,000 lbs. or less GVWR) greater
than 3,750 lbs. loaded vehicle weight.
a
THCE for methanol vehicles. Does not apply to CNG vehicles.
THCE for Tier 0 methanol vehicles. NMHCE for other alcohol vehicles.
c
NMHC for diesel-fueled vehicles.
d
Diesel-fueled vehicles only.
e
Ethanol- and methanol-fueled vehicles only.
b
12–23
12–24
California's Low-Emission Vehicle regulations provide for reduced emission vehicles to be available to consumers.
Vehicles meeting these standards have even lower emissions than the basic Tier 1 standards for all new vehicles
sold in California. Currently, there is a wide array of TLEVs and LEVs, and a few ULEVs, SULEVs and ZEVs on
the market. For a listing of the available low emission vehicles, see the California Air Resources Board web site
referenced below.
Table 12.22
California Vehicle Emission Reduction for
Passenger Cars and Light Trucksa
Emission reduction from Tier 1
California standardsb
HC
CO
NOx
Transitional Low-Emission Vehicle (TLEV)
50%
=
=
Low-Emission Vehicle (LEV)
70%
=
50%
Ultra-Low-Emission Vehicle (ULEV)
85%
50%
50%
Super-Ultra-Low-Emission Vehicle (SULEV)
96%
70%
95%
Zero-Emission Vehicles (ZEV)
100%
100%
100%
Source:
California Air Resources Board web site, www.arb.ca.gov/msprog/ccbg/ccbg.htm
(Additional resources: www.arb.ca.gov)
Note:
= indicates equivalent emissions to vehicles meeting the Tier 1 California standard.
a
Light trucks less than 6,000 lbs. gross vehicle weight rating.
See Table 12.23.
b
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
A–1
APPENDIX A
SOURCES & METHODOLOGIES
This appendix contains documentation of the estimation procedures used by ORNL. The
reader can examine the methodology behind the estimates and form an opinion as to their utility.
The appendix is arranged by subject heading. Only tables which contain ORNL estimations are
documented in Appendix A; all other tables have sources listed at the bottom of the table. Since
abbreviations are used throughout the appendix, a list of abbreviations is also included.
Contents of Appendix A
List of Abbreviations Used in Appendix A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A–2
Energy Use Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A–3
Highway energy use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A–3
Off-highway energy use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A–8
Nonhighway energy use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A–9
Passenger Travel and Energy Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A–19
Highway Passenger Mode Energy Intensities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A–23
Nonhighway Mode Energy Intensities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A–25
Freight Movement and Energy Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A–26
Freight Mode Energy Intensities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A–27
Highway Vehicle Stock and New Sales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A–28
Fleet Vehicle Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A–33
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
A–2
List of Abbreviations Used in Appendix A
AAMA
American Automobile Manufacturers Association
AAR
Association of American Railroads
APTA
American Public Transit Association
Amtrak
National Railroad Passenger Corporation
Btu
British thermal unit
DOC
Department of Commerce
DOE
Department of Energy
DOT
Department of Transportation
EIA
Energy Information Administration
EPA
Environmental Protection Agency
FAA
Federal Aviation Administration
FHWA
Federal Highway Administration
GSA
General Services Administration
gvw
gross vehicle weight
lpg
liquefied petroleum gas
mpg
miles per gallon
NHTS
National Household Travel Survey
NHTSA
National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
NPTS
Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey
NVPP
National Vehicle Population Profile
ORNL
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
pmt
passenger-miles traveled
RECS
Residential Energy Consumption Survey
RTECS
Residential Transportation Energy Consumption Survey
TIUS
Truck Inventory and Use Survey
TSC
Transportation Systems Center
VIUS
Vehicle Inventory and Use Survey
vmt
vehicle-miles traveled
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
A–3
Energy Use Sources
Highway energy use
Automobiles
Fuel use in gallons from: DOT, FHWA, Highway Statistics 2001, Table VM-1 and annual editions back to
1996; DOT, FHWA, Highway Statistics Summary to 1995. Fuel use was distributed among fuel types using
the percentages shown in Table A.1.
Table A.1
Automobile Fuel Use and Fuel Type Shares for Calculation of Energy Use
Year
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
Fuel use
Source for
Source for
(million gallons) gasohol shares gasoline/diesel shares
67,820
71,346
75,937
78,233
74,229
74,140
78,297
79,060
80,652
76,588
69,981
69,112
69,116
70,322
70,663
71,518
73,174
73,308
73,345
73,913
69,568
64,318
65,436
67,047
67,874
68,072
69,221
69,892
71,695
73,283
73,065
73,261
FHWA, MF-24
FHWA, MF-24
FHWA, MF-24
FHWA, MF-24
FHWA, MF-24
FHWA, MF-24
FHWA, MF-24
FHWA, MF-24
FHWA, MF-24
FHWA, MF-24
FHWA, MF-24
FHWA, MF-24
FHWA, MF-24
FHWA, MF-24
FHWA, MF-24
FHWA, MF-24
FHWA, MF-24
FHWA, MF-24
FHWA, MF-24
FHWA, MF-24
FHWA, MF-24
FHWA, MF-24
1984 NVPP
interpolated
interpolated
interpolated
interpolated
interpolated
interpolated
interpolated
interpolated
1979 RTECS
interpolated
1981 RTECS
interpolated
1983 RTECS
interpolated
1985 RTECS
interpolated
interpolated
1988 RTECS
interpolated
interpolated
1991 RTECS
interpolated
interpolated
1994 RTECS
interpolated
interpolated
interpolated
interpolated
interpolated
2000 NVPP
2001 NVPP
Heat content used for conversion to btu:
Shares by fuel type
Gasoline
99.8%
99.2%
98.7%
98.1%
97.5%
97.0%
96.4%
95.8%
95.3%
94.7%
93.9%
93.4%
93.5%
93.2%
92.7%
90.8%
91.0%
92.4%
91.4%
92.6%
92.0%
90.8%
90.8%
89.7%
89.1%
87.6%
88.8%
86.9%
88.0%
88.3%
86.9%
86.5%
125,000
btu/gallon
Gasohol
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.5%
0.7%
2.3%
4.3%
5.3%
7.7%
7.6%
6.3%
7.4%
6.2%
6.8%
8.0%
7.9%
9.1%
9.6%
11.2%
10.1%
12.2%
11.2%
11.0%
12.6%
13.0%
120,900
btu/gallon
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
Diesel
0.2%
0.8%
1.3%
1.9%
2.5%
3.0%
3.6%
4.2%
4.7%
5.3%
5.6%
5.9%
4.2%
2.5%
2.0%
1.5%
1.4%
1.3%
1.2%
1.2%
1.2%
1.2%
1.2%
1.3%
1.3%
1.2%
1.0%
0.9%
0.8%
0.6%
0.5%
0.5%
138,700
btu/gallon
A–4
Motorcycles
DOT, FHWA, Highway Statistics 2001, Table VM-1, and annual editions.
Table A.2
Motorcycle Fuel Use
Fuel use
(million gallons)
59580000
72,140,000
86,620,000
103,880,000
108,900,000
112,580,000
120,060,000
126,980,000
143,160,000
172,740,000
204,280,000
213,800,000
198,200,000
175,200,000
175,680,000
181,720,000
Year
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
Year
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
Heat content used for conversion to btu:
Fuel use
(million gallons)
187,940,000
190,120,000
200,480,000
207,420,000
191,140,000
183,560,000
191,140,000
198,120,000
204,800,000
198,262,073
195,940,000
201,620,000
205,660,000
211,680,000
209,380,000
190,580,000
125,000 btu/gallon
Buses
Transit:
APTA, 2002 Transit Fact Book, 2002, Washington, DC. Includes motorbus and trolley
bus data. This data series was detailed separately from other transit modes for
the first time in 2003.
Table A.3
Transit Bus Fuel Use
Year
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
Heat content used
for conversion
to btu:
Methanol
(thousand
gallons)
12,470
11,967
11,600
8,705
4,976
2,711
821
763
LNG
(thousand
gallons)
1,138
1,737
2,278
3,276
3,075
5,251
10,464
11,670
LPG
(thousand
gallons)
249
269
591
1,033
879
659
723
1,171
CNG
(thousand
gal3109lons)
3,109
10,011
11,527
20,050
32,260
39,861
50,449
60,917
Gasoline
(thousand
gallons)
2,103
2,297
1,844
2,722
1,959
1,402
1,315
1,472
Diesel fuel
(thousand
gallons)
565,064
563,767
577,680
597,636
606,631
618,024
635,160
587,184
Electricity
(thousand
kilowatt
hours)
102,945
100,659
69,130
78,561
74,352
75,920
78,062
75,108
64,600
btu/gallon
90,800
btu/gallon
91,300
btu/gallon
129,400
btu/gallon
125,000
btu/gallon
138,700
btu/gallon
11,765
btu/kWhr
Intercity and School:
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
A–5
Eno Transportation Foundation, Transportation in America 2001, Nineteenth Edition,
2003, Washington, DC, pp. 20–23. School bus fuel was assumed to be 90%
diesel fuel and 10% gasoline based on estimates from the National Association of
State Directors of Pupil Transportation Services. Intercity bus fuel was assumed
to be 100% diesel. Because the 2001 data were not available at the time this
report went to press, the 2000 data were used again for 2001.
Table A.4
Intercity and School Bus Fuel Use
Year
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
Intercity
(million gallons)
305.34
296.73
288.12
252.42
216.72
181.02
182.28
181.86
180.18
205.38
213.78
205.38
227.22
237.30
169.26
165.48
148.68
155.82
160.44
166.74
159.60
160.44
157.08
171.36
195.30
195.30
199.92
212.52
220.08
241.08
233.10
Not available
Fuel type shares
100% diesel
Heat content used for
conversion to btu:
138,700
btu/gallon
School
(million gallons)
299.88
309.75
319.62
327.04
334.46
341.88
389.76
401.52
406.98
404.88
379.68
386.82
398.58
400.68
375.06
425.04
462.42
487.20
511.14
498.12
472.08
533.40
546.00
533.40
546.00
545.16
545.16
544.74
550.20
555.66
577.08
Not available
90% diesel
10% gasoline
138,700 btu/gallon
125,000 btu/gallon
Trucks
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
A–6
Light Trucks:
DOT, FHWA, Highway Statistics 2001, Table VM-1 and annual editions back to 1996;
DOT, FHWA, Highway Statistics Summary to 1995.
Table A.5
Light Truck Fuel Use and Fuel Type Shares for Calculation of Energy Use
Year
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
Fuel use
(million
gallons)
12,313
13,484
15,150
16,828
16,657
19,081
20,828
22,383
24,162
24,445
23,796
23,697
22,702
23,945
25,604
27,363
29,074
30,598
32,653
33,271
35,611
38,217
40,929
42,851
44,112
45,605
47,354
49,388
50,462
52,859
52,832
53,294
Source for
gasohol shares
FHWA, MF-24
FHWA, MF-24
FHWA, MF-24
FHWA, MF-24
FHWA, MF-24
FHWA, MF-24
FHWA, MF-24
FHWA, MF-24
FHWA, MF-24
FHWA, MF-24
FHWA, MF-24
FHWA, MF-24
FHWA, MF-24
FHWA, MF-24
FHWA, MF-24
FHWA, MF-24
FHWA, MF-24
FHWA, MF-24
FHWA, MF-24
FHWA, MF-24
FHWA, MF-24
FHWA, MF-24
Source for
gasoline/diesel
/lpg shares
1977 TIUS
1977 TIUS
1977 TIUS
1977 TIUS
1977 TIUS
1977 TIUS
1977 TIUS
1977 TIUS
Interpolated
Interpolated
Interpolated
Interpolated
1982 TIUS
Interpolated
Interpolated
Interpolated
Interpolated
1987 TIUS
Interpolated
Interpolated
Interpolated
Interpolated
1992 TIUS
Interpolated
Interpolated
Interpolated
Interpolated
1997 VIUS
1997 VIUS
1997 VIUS
1997 VIUS
1997 VIUS
Heat content used for conversion to btu:
Shares by fuel type
Gasoline
97.6%
97.6%
97.6%
97.6%
97.6%
97.6%
97.6%
97.6%
97.1%
96.7%
95.7%
95.1%
93.0%
91.0%
90.0%
87.6%
87.7%
89.0%
88.2%
89.5%
89.2%
88.1%
88.5%
87.3%
86.8%
85.1%
86.2%
84.2%
85.2%
85.4%
83.8%
83.4%
125,000
btu/gallon
Gasohol
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.5%
0.7%
2.3%
4.3%
5.3%
7.7%
7.6%
6.3%
7.4%
6.2%
6.8%
8.0%
7.9%
9.1%
9.6%
11.2%
10.1%
12.2%
11.2%
11.0%
12.6%
13.0%
120,900
btu/gallon
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
Diesel
1.6%
1.6%
1.6%
1.6%
1.6%
1.6%
1.6%
1.6%
2.0%
2.4%
2.7%
3.1%
3.5%
3.5%
3.5%
3.5%
3.5%
3.5%
3.5%
3.4%
3.4%
3.3%
3.3%
3.3%
3.3%
3.4%
3.4%
3.4%
3.4%
3.4%
3.4%
3.4%
138,700
btu/gallon
Lpg
0.8%
0.8%
0.8%
0.8%
0.8%
0.8%
0.8%
0.8%
0.9%
1.0%
1.0%
1.1%
1.2%
1.2%
1.2%
1.2%
1.2%
1.2%
1.0%
0.8%
0.7%
0.5%
0.3%
0.3%
0.3%
0.3%
0.3%
0.2%
0.2%
0.2%
0.2%
0.2%
90,800
btu/gallon
A–7
Medium/Heavy Trucks:
DOT, FHWA, Highway Statistics 2001, Table VM-1 and annual editions back to 1996;
DOT, FHWA, Highway Statistics Summary to 1995. Total gallons for other
trucks was the difference between total trucks and 2-axle, 4-tire trucks.
Table A.6
Medium/Heavy Truck Fuel Use and Fuel Type Shares
for Calculation of Energy Use
Year
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
Fuel use
(million gallons)
11,316
11,812
12,964
14,320
14,341
14,598
15,408
17,082
19,121
19,913
19,960
20,376
20,386
20,761
21,428
21,405
21,861
22,513
22,925
23,512
24,490
24,981
25,453
26,236
27,685
28,828
29,601
29,878
30,841
33,909
35,193
35,287
Source for
gasoline/diesel /lpg
shares
1977 TIUS
1977 TIUS
1977 TIUS
1977 TIUS
1977 TIUS
1977 TIUS
1977 TIUS
1977 TIUS
Interpolated
Interpolated
Interpolated
Interpolated
1982 TIUS
Interpolated
Interpolated
Interpolated
Interpolated
1987 TIUS
Interpolated
Interpolated
Interpolated
Interpolated
1992 TIUS
Interpolated
Interpolated
Interpolated
Interpolated
1997 VIUS
1997 VIUS
1997 VIUS
1997 VIUS
1997 VIUS
Heat content used for conversion to btu:
Shares by fuel type
Gasoline
10.4%
10.4%
10.4%
10.4%
10.4%
10.4%
10.4%
10.4%
16.2%
22.1%
27.9%
33.8%
39.6%
35.6%
31.5%
27.5%
23.4%
19.4%
18.8%
18.1%
17.5%
16.8%
16.2%
15.4%
14.7%
13.9%
13.2%
12.4%
12.4%
12.4%
12.4%
12.4%
125,000
btu/gallon
Diesel
89.5%
89.5%
89.5%
89.5%
89.5%
89.5%
89.5%
89.5%
83.5%
77.5%
71.4%
65.4%
59.4%
63.6%
67.8%
72.0%
76.2%
80.4%
81.0%
81.6%
82.1%
82.7%
83.3%
84.1%
84.8%
85.6%
86.3%
87.1%
87.1%
87.1%
87.1%
87.1%
138,700
btu/gallon
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
Lpg
0.1%
0.1%
0.1%
0.1%
0.1%
0.1%
0.1%
0.1%
0.3%
0.5%
0.6%
0.8%
1.0%
0.8%
0.7%
0.5%
0.4%
0.2%
0.3%
0.3%
0.4%
0.4%
0.5%
0.5%
0.5%
0.5%
0.5%
0.5%
0.5%
0.5%
0.5%
0.5%
90,800
btu/gallon
A–8
Off-highway energy use
Diesel:
DOE, EIA, Fuel Oil and Kerosene Sales 2001, Table 1. Unadjusted sales of distillate.
Gasoline:
DOT, FHWA, Highway Statistics 2001, Table MF-24, and annual editions back to 1985.
Table A.7
Off-Highway Fuel Use
Year
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
Heat content used
for conversion
to btu:
Gasoline
(thousand gallons)
Agriculture
Construction
1,080,677
250,935
964,226
275,997
921,692
278,767
806,097
275,927
821,612
297,577
681,220
318,184
776,217
278,237
805,511
272,896
845,320
245,299
903,682
266,560
926,732
280,046
918,085
283,911
984,450
300,491
906,941
234,705
702,700
177,758
652,256
191,516
801,552
506,682
Diesel
(thousand gallons)
Agriculture
Construction
3,102,106
1,522,041
3,340,813
1,659,365
2,998,681
1,559,873
3,162,575
1,671,387
3,360,092
1,689,651
3,403,400
1,808,646
3,158,477
1,641,560
3,499,518
1,757,788
3,410,827
2,104,299
3,270,227
2,153,153
3,476,472
2,173,054
3,591,383
2,245,922
3,547,699
2,276,548
3,410,801
2,477,199
3,411,623
2,490,492
3,454,861
2,589,383
3,584,104
2,708,228
125,000
btu/gallon
138,700
btu/gallon
125,000
btu/gallon
138,700
btu/gallon
Note:
The FHWA methodology for estimating construction gasoline use changed in 2001. Previous years’ data
are likely understated.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
A–9
Nonhighway energy use
Air
General Aviation:
DOT, FAA, General Aviation Activity and Avionics Survey: Annual Summary Report
Calendar Year 2001, Table 5.1, and annual.
Table A.8
General Aviation Fuel Use
Jet fuel
Year
(million gallons)
1970
208.0
1971
226.0
1972
245.0
1973
304.0
1974
357.0
1975
453.0
1976
495.0
1977
536.0
1978
763.0
1979
736.0
1980
766.0
1981
759.0
1982
887.0
1983
613.0
1984
738.9
1985
691.0
1986
732.1
1987
672.7
1988
746.0
1989
688.0
1990
662.0
1991
579.0
1992
496.0
1993
454.1
1994
470.8
1995
544.0
1996
567.5
1997
639.4
1998
814.6
1999
967.2
2000
998.1
2001
938.7
Heat content used for
135,000
conversion to btu:
btu/gallon
Aviation gasoline
(million gallons)
551.0
508.0
584.0
411.0
443.0
412.0
432.0
456.0
518.0
570.0
520.0
489.0
448.0
428.0
462.4
421.0
408.6
401.8
398.0
342.8
353.0
348.0
306.0
268.4
264.1
276.0
286.5
289.7
311.4
345.4
336.3
319.3
120,200
btu/gallon
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
A–10
Domestic and International Air Carrier:
DOT, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, "Fuel Cost and Consumption Tables."
Because the data for international included fuel purchased abroad, the international
total was divided in half to estimate domestic fuel use for international flights.
Table A.9
Air Carrier Fuel Use
Domestic
All international
Total
Year
(thousand gallons) (thousand gallons) (thousand gallons)
1970
10,085,000
1971
10,140,000
1972
10,302,000
Separate estimates for domestic and
international are not available from
1973
10,671,000
1970-1976.
1974
10,417,260
1975
10,412,640
1976
10,400,040
1977
8,202,051
1,708,376
9,910,427
1978
8,446,117
1,741,918
10,188,035
1979
8,865,885
1,828,435
10,694,320
1980
8,519,233
1,747,306
10,266,539
1981
8,555,249
2,032,520
10,587,769
1982
8,432,465
1,967,733
10,400,198
1983
8,672,574
1,998,289
10,670,863
1984
9,625,958
2,286,407
11,912,365
1985
10,115,007
2,487,929
12,602,936
1986
11,137,331
2,544,996
13,682,327
1987
11,586,838
2,893,617
14,480,455
1988
11,917,904
3,262,824
15,180,728
1989
11,905,144
3,557,294
15,462,438
1990
12,429,305
3,963,081
16,392,386
1991
11,506,477
3,939,666
15,446,144
1992
11,762,852
4,120,132
15,882,983
1993
11,958,663
4,113,321
16,071,984
1994
12,475,549
4,310,879
16,786,428
1995
12,811,717
4,511,418
17,323,135
1996
13,187,305
4,658,093
17,845,398
1997
13,659,581
4,964,181
18,623,762
1998
13,876,971
5,185,562
19,062,533
1999
14,402,127
5,250,492
19,652,619
2000
14,844,592
5,474,685
20,319,277
2001
14,017,461
5,237,487
19,254,948
2002
12,848,329
4,990,798
17,839,127
Heat content used for
135,000
135,000
135,000
conversion to btu:
btu/gallon
btu/gallon
btu/gallon
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
A–11
Water
Freight:
Total – DOE, EIA, Fuel Oil and Kerosene Sales 2001, Table 23. Adjusted sales of
distillate and residual fuel oil for vessel bunkering. (This may include some
amounts of bunker fuels used for recreational purposes.)
Table A.10
Diesel and Residual Fuel Oil for Vessel Bunkering
Distillate fuel oil
Year
(thousand gallons)
1970
819,000
1971
880,000
1972
1,013,000
1973
1,125,000
1974
1,018,920
1975
1,097,880
1976
1,220,100
1977
1,407,420
1978
1,578,822
1979
1,630,858
1980
717,376
1981
1,723,143
1982
1,423,216
1983
1,418,890
1984
1,692,141
1985
1,894,016
1986
2,034,215
1987
2,223,258
1988
2,310,367
1989
2,356,444
1990
2,197,004
1991
2,167,640
1992
2,240,170
1993
2,043,745
1994
2,026,899
1995
1,978,105
1996
2,177,608
1997
2,107,561
1998
2,125,568
1999
2,064,590
2000
2,041,433
2001
2,093,252
Heat content used for
138,700
conversion to btu:
btu/gallon
Residual fuel oil
(thousand gallons)
3,774,120
3,307,000
3,273,000
3,859,000
3,827,040
4,060,140
4,977,000
5,416,740
6,614,790
8,002,672
7,454,242
7,922,512
6,408,818
5,724,115
5,687,375
5,473,614
5,287,347
5,259,272
5,248,981
5,410,263
6,248,095
6,786,055
7,199,078
6,269,882
5,944,383
6,431,238
5,804,977
4,789,861
4,640,153
5,598,630
6,192,294
3,679,843
149,700
btu/gallon
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
A–12
Recreational Boating:
Fuel use by recreational boating from 1977-on was calculated using the methodology
developed by D. L. Greene in the report, Off-Highway Use of Gasoline in the United
States (DOT, FHWA, July 1986, p. 3-22). Results from Model 1 in the report indicated
an average annual consumption of 205 gallons per boat. Total consumption in gallons
was then calculated using the following equation: Total = 0.95 (Gal/boat) (number of
boats). An estimate of number of recreational boats in operation is from the U.S. Coast
Guard (numbered boats). Fuel use for recreational boating from 1970 to 1976 was from
FHWA, Highway Statistics, 1976, Table MF-24, and annual editions 1970-75.
Table A.11
Recreational Boating Fuel Use
Year
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
Number of
numbered boats
7,975,587
8,035,905
8,278,723
8,577,857
8,905,097
9,073,972
9,165,094
9,420,011
9,589,483
9,876,197
9,963,696
10,362,613
10,777,370
10,996,253
11,068,440
11,132,386
11,282,736
11,429,585
11,734,710
11,877,938
12,312,982
12,565,930
12,738,271
12,782,143
12,876,346
Source
FHWA, MF-24
FHWA, MF-24
FHWA, MF-24
FHWA, MF-24
FHWA, MF-24
FHWA, MF-24
FHWA, MF-24
Multiply by:
0.95 ×
205 gallons/boat
Heat content used for conversion to btu:
Estimated
gasoline use
(thousand gallons)
598,000
645,000
687,000
717,000
696,780
729,540
763,980
1,553,246
1,564,992
1,612,281
1,670,538
1,734,268
1,767,156
1,784,902
1,834,547
1,867,552
1,923,389
1,940,430
2,018,119
2,098,893
2,141,520
2,155,579
2,168,032
2,197,313
2,225,912
2,285,335
2,313,228
2,397,953
2,447,215
2,480,778
2,489,322
2,507,668
125,000
btu/gallon
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
A–13
Pipeline
The sum of natural gas, crude petroleum and petroleum product, and coal slurry and water.
Natural Gas:
The amount of natural gas used to transport natural gas was defined as "pipeline fuel" as
reported in DOE, EIA, Natural Gas Annual 2001, Table 1. Cubic feet were converted to
Btu using 1,031 Btu/ft3. Electricity use was estimated using the following procedure as
reported on p. 5-110 of J. N. Hooker et al., End Use Energy Consumption DataBase:
Transportation Sector. The energy consumption of a natural gas pipeline was taken to be
the energy content of the fuel used to drive the pumps. Some 94% of the installed
pumping horsepower was supplied by natural gas. The remaining 6% of the horse power
was generated more efficiently, mostly by electric motors. The energy consumed by
natural gas pipeline pumps that were electrically powered was not known. In order to
estimate the electricity consumed, the Btu of natural gas pipeline fuel consumed was
multiplied by a factor of 0.015. From this computed value, electricity efficiency and
generation loss must be taken into account. The electricity energy use in Btu must be
converted to kWhr, using the conversion factor 29.305 x 10-5 kWhr/Btu. Electricity
generation and distribution efficiency was 29%. When generation and distribution
efficiency are taken into account, 1 kWhr equals 11,765 Btu.
Crude petroleum and petroleum product:
J. N. Hooker, Oil Pipeline Energy Consumption and Efficiency, ORNL-5697, ORNL,
Oak Ridge, TN, 1981. (Data held constant; Latest available data.)
Coal slurry and water:
W. F. Banks, Systems, Science and Software, Energy Consumption in the Pipeline
Industry, LaJolla, CA, October 1977. (Data held constant; Latest available data.)
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
A–14
Table A.12
Pipeline Fuel Use
Year
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
Heat content used for
conversion to btu:
Natural gas
(million
Formula for estimating
cubic feet)
electricity use
722,166
742,592
766,156
Multiply natural gas by
728,177
heat content to get btu
668,792
× 0.015
582,963
× (29.305 ×10-5 kWhr/btu)
548,323
532,669
530,451
600,964
634,622
642,325
596,411
490,042
528,754
503,766
485,041
519,170
613,912
629,308
659,816
601,305
587,710
624,308
685,362
700,335
711,446
751,470
635,477
645,319
642,210
623,929
1,031 btu/cubic
foot
Estimated
electricity use
(million kWhr)
3,272.9
3,365.4
3,472.2
3,300.1
3,031.0
2,642.0
2,485.0
2,414.1
2,404.0
2,723.6
2,876.1
2,911.0
2,703.0
2,220.9
2,396.3
2,283.1
2,198.2
2,352.9
2,782.3
2,852.0
2,990.3
2,725.1
2,663.5
2,829.4
3,106.1
3,173.9
3,224.3
3,405.7
2,880.0
2,924.6
2,910.5
2,827.7
11,765
Btu/kWhr
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
Electricity
constant
(btu)
212.1
212.1
212.1
212.1
212.1
212.1
212.1
212.1
212.1
212.1
212.1
212.1
212.1
212.1
212.1
212.1
212.1
212.1
212.1
212.1
212.1
212.1
212.1
212.1
212.1
212.1
212.1
212.1
212.1
212.1
212.1
212.1
A–15
Rail
Freight:
AAR, Railroad Facts, 2002 Edition, Washington, DC, 2002.
Table A.13
Class I Freight Railroad
Fuel Use
Year
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
Heat content used for
conversion to btu:
Diesel fuel
(thousand gallons)
3,807,663
3,822,907
3,996,985
4,160,730
4,175,375
3,736,484
3,895,542
3,985,069
3,968,007
4,072,187
3,955,996
3,756,439
3,178,116
3,137,295
3,388,173
3,144,190
3,039,069
3,102,227
3,182,267
3,190,815
3,134,446
2,925,970
3,022,108
3,111,981
3,355,802
3,503,096
3,600,649
3,602,793
3,619,341
3,749,428
3,720,107
3,729,985
138,700
Btu/gallon
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
A–16
Passenger:
Commuter - APTA, 2003 Transit Fact Book, Washington, DC, 2003.
Table A.14
Commuter Rail Fuel Use
Year
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
Heat content used for
conversion to btu:
Diesel
(thousand gallons)
58,320
55,372
54,608
51,594
53,054
52,516
52,681
54,315
54,951
59,766
61,900
63,064
61,888
63,195
69,200
73,005
70,818
72,204
138,700
Btu/gallon
Electricity
(million kWhr)
901
1,043
1,170
1,155
1,195
1,293
1,226
1,239
1,124
1,196
1,244
1,253
1,255
1,270
1,299
1,322
1,370
1,354
11,765
Btu/kWhr
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
A–17
Transit – APTA, 2003 Transit Fact Book, Washington, DC, 2003. Includes light rail and
heavy rail.
Table A.15
Transit Rail Fuel Use
Electricity (million kWhr)
Year
Light rail
Heavy rail
Total
1970
2,561
1971
2,556
1972
2,428
1973
2,331
1974
2,630
1975
2,646
1976
2,576
Light rail and heavy rail data are
1977
not available separately from
2,303
1970 to 1985.
1978
2,223
1979
2,473
1980
2,446
1981
2,655
1982
2,722
1983
2,930
1984
3,092
1985
2,928
1986
173
3,066
3,239
1987
191
3,219
3,410
1988
243
3,256
3,499
1989
242
3,286
3,528
1990
239
3,284
3,523
1991
274
3,248
3,522
1992
297
3,193
3,490
1993
281
3,287
3,568
1994
282
3,431
3,713
1995
288
3,401
3,689
1996
321
3,322
3,643
1997
361
3,253
3,614
1998
381
3,280
3,661
1999
416
3,385
3,801
2000
463
3,549
4,012
2001
487
3,646
4,133
Heat content used for
11,765
11,765
11,765
conversion to btu:
Btu/kWhr
Btu/kWhr
Btu/kWhr
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
A–18
Intercity – Personal communication with Amtrak, Washington, DC.
Table A.16
Intercity Rail Fuel Use
Year
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
Heat content used for
conversion to btu:
Diesel fuel
(thousand gallons)
73,516
72,371
71,226
75,656
75,999
79,173
94,968
96,846
138,700
Btu/gallon
Electricity
( thousand kWhr)
308,948
335,818
362,689
389,559
416,429
443,300
470,170
817,274
11,765
Btu/kWhr
Calculation of
Million Barrels per Day
Crude Oil Equivalent
One gallon of gasoline, diesel fuel, or lpg is estimated to be the equivalent of one gallon of crude oil.
Petroleum used for electricity was calculated using the following formula:
({[(BTU*S)/G ]/P }/365)/1000
BTU =
S
=
G
P
=
=
Btus of electricity from Table 2.4
Share of petroleum used in making primary electricity (Calculated from Table 2.6 from the
EIA, Monthly Energy Review)
Electricity generation and distribution (assumed 29%)
Btus per barrel of petroleum product (Table A3 from the EIA, Monthly Energy Review).
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
A–19
Passenger Travel and Energy Use
Automobiles
Number of vehicles, vehicle-miles – DOT, FHWA, Highway Statistics, 2001, Table VM-1. Data series
shown in Table 4.1.
Passenger-miles – Vehicle-miles multiplied by an average load factor.
Load factor – 2001 NHTS shows automobile load factor as 1.1 persons per vehicle.
Energy intensities –
Btu per vehicle-mile – Automobile energy use divided by vehicle-miles.
Btu per passenger-mile – Automobile energy use divided by passenger-miles.
Energy use – See Energy Use Sources, p. A-3. Data series shown in Table 2.6.
Light trucks
Number of vehicles, vehicle-miles – DOT, FHWA, Highway Statistics 2001, Table VM-1. Data by truck
type were multiplied by the shares of trucks/truck travel which are for personal use (Table A.17).
Passenger-miles – Vehicle-miles multiplied by an average load factor.
Load factor – 2001 NHTS shows personal light truck load factor as 1.72 persons per vehicle.
Energy intensities Btu per vehicle-mile – Personal light truck energy use divided by personal light truck vehicle-miles.
Btu per passenger-mile – Personal light truck energy use divided by personal light truck passengermiles.
Energy use – See Energy Use Sources, p. A-6, A-7 (light trucks, medium/heavy trucks). Data by truck
type were multiplied by the shares of truck fuel use which are for personal use (Table A.17) which
were derived by ORNL from the 1997 VIUS Micro Data File on CD.
Table A.17
Share of Trucks, Truck Travel,
and Fuel Use for Personal Travel
Personal trucks
75.2%
2-axle, 4-tire trucks
16.9%
Other single-unit and combination trucks
Personal truck travel
70.7%
2-axle, 4-tire trucks
7.1%
Other single-unit and combination trucks
Personal truck fuel use
68.5%
2-axle, 4-tire trucks
3.7%
Other single-unit and combination trucks
Note:
Since these shares come from the 1997 VIUS, they may
underestimate the amount of personal trucks, truck travel,
and energy use for 2001.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
A–20
Motorcycles
Number of vehicles, vehicle-miles – DOT, FHWA, Highway Statistics 20001 Table VM-1.
Passenger-miles – Vehicle-miles multiplied by an average load factor.
Load factor - 2001 NHTS shows motorcycle load factor as 1.22 persons per vehicle.
Energy intensities –
Btu per vehicle-mile – Motorcycle energy use divided by vehicle-miles.
Btu per passenger-mile – Motorcycle energy use divided by passenger-miles.
Energy use – See Energy Use Sources, p. A-4. Data series shown in Table 2.6.
Demand Response
Number of vehicles, vehicle-miles, passenger-miles – APTA, 2003 Public Transportation Fact Book,
Washington, DC, 2003.
Load factor – Passenger-miles divided by vehicle-miles.
Energy intensities –
Btu per vehicle-mile – Energy use divided by vehicle-miles.
Btu per passenger-mile – Energy use divided by passenger-miles.
Energy use – APTA, 2003 Public Transportation Fact Book, Washington, DC, 2003, Table 95.
Vanpool
Number of vehicles, vehicle-miles, passenger-miles – APTA, 2003 Public Transportation Fact Book,
Washington, DC, 2003.
Load factor – Passenger-miles divided by vehicle-miles.
Energy intensities –
Btu per vehicle-mile – Energy use divided by vehicle-miles.
Btu per passenger-mile – Energy use divided by passenger-miles.
Energy use – APTA, 2003 Public Transportation Fact Book, Washington, DC, 2003, Table 144.
Buses
Transit
Number of vehicles, vehicle-miles, passenger-miles – APTA, 2003 Public Transportation Fact
Book, Washington, DC, 2003. Data series shown on Table 5.12.
Load factor – Passenger-miles divided by vehicle-miles.
Energy intensities –
Btu per vehicle-mile – Transit bus energy use divided by transit bus vehicle-miles.
Btu per passenger-mile – Transit bus energy use divided by transit bus passenger-miles.
Energy use - See Energy Use Sources, p. A-4. Data series shown in Table 5.12.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
A–21
Intercity
Passenger-miles – Eno Foundation for Transportation, Transportation in America 2001, Nineteenth
edition, Washington, DC. Data series shown in Table 5.13. Because the 2001 data were not
available at the time this report went to press, the 2000 data were used again for 2001.
Energy intensities –
Btu per passenger-mile – Intercity bus energy use divided by intercity bus passenger-miles.
Energy use – See Energy Use Sources, p. A-5 . Data series shown in Table 5.13. Because the 2001
data were not available at the time this report went to press, the 2000 data were used again for
2001.
School
Number of vehicles – DOT, FHWA, Highway Statistics 2001, Table MV-10. Data series shown in
Table 5.13.
Energy use – See Energy Use Sources, p. A-5 . Data series shown in Table 5.13. Because the 2001
data were not available at the time this report went to press, the 2000 data were used again for
2001.
Air
Certificated air carriers
Aircraft-miles, passenger-miles – DOT, BTS, Air Carrier Traffic Statistics Monthly, December
2001/2000, Washington, DC.
Load factor – Passenger-miles divided by aircraft-miles.
Energy intensities Btu per passenger-mile – Certificated air carrier energy use divided by passenger-miles.
Energy use – See Energy Use Sources, p. A-10. All of domestic fuel use and half of international
fuel use was considered to be domestic use.
Note: These data differ from the data in Table 9.1 because that table contains data on ALL
domestic AND international air carrier energy use and passenger-miles.
General aviation
Number of vehicles – DOT, FAA, General Aviation Activity and Avionics Survey: Calendar Year
2001. Data series shown in Table 9.2.
Passenger-miles – Eno Foundation for Transportation, Transportation in America 2001, Nineteenth
edition, Washington, DC. Data series shown in Table 9.2.
Energy intensities –
Btu per passenger-mile – General aviation energy use divided by passenger-miles.
Energy use – See Energy Use Sources, p. A-9. Data series shown in Table 9.2.
Recreational boating
Number of vehicles – DOT, U.S. Coast Guard, Office of Boating Safety, Washington, DC, 2003.
Energy use – See Energy Use Sources, p. A-12.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
A–22
Rail
Intercity
Number of vehicles, vehicle-miles, passenger-miles – AAR, Railroad Facts, 2002 Edition,
Washington, DC, 2002.
Load factor – Passenger-miles divided by vehicle-miles.
Energy Intensities Btu per vehicle-mile – Intercity rail energy use divided by vehicle-miles.
Btu per passenger-mile – Intercity rail energy use divided by passenger-miles.
Energy use - See Energy Use Sources, p. A-18. Data series shown in Table 9.11.
Transit
Number of vehicles, vehicle-miles, passenger-miles – APTA, 2003 Public Transportation Fact
Book, Washington, DC, 2003. Sum of light and heavy rail transit. Data series shown on
Table 9.13.
Load factor – Passenger-miles divided by vehicle-miles.
Energy intensities –
Btu per vehicle-mile – Light and heavy transit rail energy use divided by vehicle-miles.
Btu per passenger-mile – Light and heavy transit rail energy use divided by passenger-miles.
Energy use – See Energy Use Sources, p. A-17. Data series shown in Table 9.13.
Commuter
Number of vehicles, vehicle-miles, passenger-miles – APTA, 2003 Public Transportation Fact
Book, Washington, DC, 2003. Data series shown on Table 9.12.
Load factor – Passenger-miles divided by vehicle-miles.
Energy intensities –
Btu per vehicle-mile – Commuter rail energy use divided by vehicle-miles.
Btu per passenger-mile – Commuter rail energy use divided by passenger-miles.
Energy use – See Energy Use Sources, p. A-16. Data series shown in Table 9.12.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
A–23
Highway Passenger Mode Energy Intensities
Automobiles
Btu per vehicle-mile – Automobile energy use divided by automobile vehicle miles of travel.
Energy use – See Energy Use Sources, p. A-3. Data series shown in Table 2.6.
Vehicle-miles – DOT, FHWA, Highway Statistics 2001, Table VM-1 and annual editions back to
1996; DOT, FHWA, Highway Statistics Summary to 1995. Data series shown in Table 4.1.
Btu per passenger-mile – Automobile energy use divided by automobile passenger-miles.
Energy use – See Energy Use Sources, p. A-3. Data series shown in Table 2.6.
Passenger miles – Vehicle miles multiplied by an average load factor.
Vehicle-miles – DOT, FHWA, Highway Statistics 2001, Table VM-1 and annual editions back to
1996; DOT, FHWA, Highway Statistics Summary to 1995. Data series shown in Table 4.1.
Load factor – NPTS 1969, 1977, 1983/84, 1990, and 1995, and NHTS 2001.
Table A.18
Automobile Load Factor used to calculate Passenger-Miles
Year
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
Source
1969 NPTS
Interpolated
Interpolated
Interpolated
Interpolated
Interpolated
Interpolated
1977 NPTS
Interpolated
Interpolated
Interpolated
Interpolated
Interpolated
1983/84 NPTS
Interpolated
Interpolated
Interpolated
Interpolated
Interpolated
Interpolated
1990 NPTS
Interpolated
Interpolated
Interpolated
Interpolated
1995 NPTS
Interpolated
Interpolated
Interpolated
Interpolated
Interpolated
2001 NHTS
Load Factor
1.90
1.90
1.90
1.90
1.90
1.90
1.90
1.90
1.88
1.87
1.85
1.83
1.82
1.80
1.77
1.74
1.71
1.69
1.66
1.63
1.60
1.60
1.60
1.60
1.60
1.60
1.60
1.59
1.59
1.58
1.58
1.57
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
A–24
Light trucks
Btu per vehicle-mile – Light truck energy use divided by light truck vehicle miles of travel.
Energy use – See Energy Use Sources, p. A-6. Data series shown in Table 2.6.
Vehicle-miles – DOT, FHWA, Highway Statistics 2001, Table VM-1 and annual editions back to
1996; DOT, FHWA, Highway Statistics Summary to 1995. Data series shown in Table 4.2.
Buses
Transit
Btu per vehicle-mile – Transit bus energy use divided by transit bus vehicle-miles.
Energy use – See Energy Use Sources, p. A-4. Data series shown in Table 5.12.
Vehicle-miles – APTA, 2003 Public Transportation Fact Book, Washington, DC, 2003. Data
series shown on Table 5.12.
Btu per passenger-mile – Transit bus energy use divided by transit bus passenger-miles.
Energy use – See Energy Use Sources, p. A-4. Data series shown in Table 5.12.
Passenger-miles – APTA, 2003 Public Transportation Fact Book, Washington, DC, 2003. Data
series shown on Table 5.12.
Intercity
Btu per passenger-mile – Intercity bus energy use divided by intercity bus passenger-miles.
Energy use – See Energy Use Sources, p. A-5 . Data series shown in Table 5.13. Because the
2001 data were not available at the time this report went to press, the 2000 data were used
again for 2001.
Passenger-miles – Eno Foundation for Transportation, Transportation in America 2001,
Nineteenth edition, Washington, DC. Data series shown in Table 5.13. Because the 2001 data
were not available at the time this report went to press, the 2000 data were used again for
2001.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
A–25
Nonhighway Mode Energy Intensities
Air
Certificated air carriers
Btu per passenger-mile – Certificated air carrier energy use divided by passenger-miles.
Energy use – See Energy Use Sources, p. A-10. All of domestic fuel use and half of international
fuel use was considered to be domestic use.
Passenger-miles – DOT, BTS, Air Carrier Traffic Statistics Monthly, December 2001/2000,
Washington, DC, and annual editions back to 1994. Pre-1994 data are from various editions
of the FAA Statistical Handbook of Aviation (no longer published). Scheduled service
passenger-miles of domestic air carriers and half of international air carriers were used to
coincide with fuel use.
Note: These data differ from the data in Table 9.1 because that table contains data on ALL
domestic AND international air carrier energy use and passenger-miles.
General aviation
Btu per passenger-mile – General aviation energy use divided by passenger-miles.
Energy use – See Energy Use Sources, p. A-9. Data series shown in Table 9.2.
Passenger-miles – Eno Foundation for Transportation, Transportation in America 2001,
Nineteenth edition, Washington, DC. Data series shown in Table 9.2.
Rail
Intercity
Btu per passenger-mile – Intercity rail energy use divided by passenger-miles.
Energy use – See Energy Use Sources, p. A-18. Data series shown in Table 9.11.
Passenger-miles – AAR, Railroad Facts, 2002 Edition, and previous annual editions.
Transit
Btu per passenger-mile – Transit rail energy use divided by passenger-miles.
Energy use – See Energy Use Sources, p. A-17. Data series shown in Table 9.13.
Passenger-miles – APTA, 2003 Public Transportation Fact Book, Washington, DC, 2003. Data
series shown on Table 9.13.
Commuter
Btu per passenger-mile – Commuter rail energy use divided by passenger-miles.
Energy use – See Energy Use Sources, p. A-16. Data series shown in Table 9.12.
Passenger-miles – APTA, 2003 Public Transportation Fact Book, Washington, DC, 2003. Data
series shown on Table 9.12.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
A–26
Freight Movement and Energy Use
Truck
Number of vehicles – DOT, FHWA, Highway Statistics 2001, Table VM-1. Data by truck type were
multiplied by the shares of trucks engaged in intercity freight movement (Table A.19).
Ton miles, tons shipped and average length of haul – Eno Transportation Foundation, Transportation
in America 2001, Nineteenth Edition, Washington, DC, 2002.
Energy intensity – Freight truck energy use divided by ton-miles.
Energy use – See Energy Use Sources (light trucks, medium/heavy trucks), pp. A-6, A-7. Data by truck
type were multiplied by the shares of trucks engaged in intercity freight movement (Table A.19).
Table A.19
Share of Trucks and Truck Fuel Use
for Trucks Engaged in Intercity Freight Movement
Intercity freight trucks
0.4%
2-axle, 4-tire trucks
29.0%
Other single-unit and combination trucks
Intercity freight truck fuel use
1.0%
2-axle, 4-tire trucks
71.3%
Other single-unit and combination trucks
These percentages were derived by ORNL from the 1997 VIUS Micro Data File on CD. Intercity
freight trucks were defined as any truck whose:
- greatest share of miles were traveled more than 50 miles away from the vehicle’s home base;
and
- principal use was not personal or passenger transportation; and
- body type was not pickup, minivan, or utility vehicle.
Rail
Number of locomotives, ton-miles, tons shipped, average length of haul – AAR, Railroad Facts, 2002
Edition, Washington, DC, 2002. Data series shown in Table 9.8.
Energy intensity – Class I rail energy use divided by freight car-miles.
Energy use – See Energy Use Sources, p. A-15. Data series shown in Table 9.8.
Water
Number of vehicles – U.S. Department of the Army, Army Corps of Engineers, “Summary of U.S. Flag
Passenger and Cargo Vessels, 2001,” New Orleans, LA, 2002.
Ton-miles, tons shipped, average length of haul – U.S. Department of the Army, Army Corps of
Engineers, Waterborne Commerce of the United States, Calendar Year 2001, Part 5: National
Summaries, New Orleans, LA, 2002. Data series shown in Table 9.4.
Btu per ton-mile – Domestic waterborne commerce energy use divided by ton-miles.
Energy use – See Energy Use Sources, p. A-11. Data series shown in Table 9.4.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
A–27
Freight Mode Energy Intensities
Truck
Btu per vehicle-mile – Heavy single-unit and combination truck energy use divided by vehicle miles
Energy use – See Energy Use Sources (medium/heavy trucks), p. A-7.
Vehicle-miles – DOT, FHWA, Highway Statistics 2001, Table VM-1 and annual editions back to
1996; DOT, FHWA, Highway Statistics Summary to 1995. Data series is the total of vehicle
travel data on Tables 5.1 and 5.2.
Rail
Btu per freight car-mile – Class I rail energy use divided by freight car-miles.
Energy use – See Energy Use Sources, p. A-15. Data series shown in Table 9.8.
Freight car miles – AAR, Railroad Facts, 2002 Edition, Washington, DC, 2002. Data series
shown in Table 9.8.
Btu per ton-mile – Class I rail energy use divided by ton-miles.
Energy use – See Energy Use Sources, p. A-15. Data series shown in Table 9.8.
Ton-miles – AAR, Railroad Facts, 2002 Edition, Washington, DC, 2002. Data series shown in
Table 9.8.
Water
Btu per ton-mile – Domestic waterborne commerce energy use divided by ton-miles.
Energy use – See Energy Use Sources, p. A-11. Data series shown in Table 9.4.
Ton-miles – U.S. Department of the Army, Army Corps of Engineers, Waterborne Commerce of
the United States, Calendar Year 2001, Part 5: National Summaries, New Orleans, LA, 2002.
Data series shown in Table 9.4.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
A–28
Highway Vehicle Stock and New Sales
2001 Calendar Year
Automobiles
Stock – Vehicle registrations by model year are from The Polk Company’s National Vehicle
Population Profile. Vehicles were distributed into size classes using the percentages in
Table A.20. This method assumed that all vehicles, large and small, were scrapped at the same
rate. Shares were generated from the ORNL MPG and Market Shares Database, 2003.
Table A.20
Shares by Automobile Size Class and Model Year
Year
Pre-1977
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
Minicompact Subcompact
7.1%
22.0%
7.2%
16.2%
8.5%
19.0%
5.5%
30.7%
4.7%
37.8%
3.3%
33.0%
2.9%
31.4%
2.6%
26.8%
0.4%
24.6%
0.6%
21.7%
1.8%
22.4%
1.4%
19.5%
0.8%
19.1%
0.2%
19.3%
0.9%
22.0%
0.9%
26.1%
1.2%
25.3%
0.9%
22.6%
0.5%
22.1%
0.5%
17.4%
0.4%
15.2%
0.5%
18.3%
0.2%
18.5%
0.1%
18.8%
0.2%
19.9%
0.4%
11.2%
Compact
16.4%
25.7%
15.2%
8.4%
6.6%
13.4%
17.0%
22.0%
27.1%
32.1%
33.2%
39.1%
40.5%
36.2%
34.2%
29.5%
30.6%
32.3%
35.2%
37.8%
40.3%
35.5%
28.6%
27.4%
26.7%
36.8%
Midsize
29.5%
21.7%
33.0%
33.8%
33.8%
35.1%
33.1%
31.7%
30.0%
28.4%
26.9%
25.2%
24.6%
28.9%
27.2%
27.9%
27.7%
29.1%
26.5%
28.6%
28.8%
30.6%
38.4%
38.8%
37.4%
32.1%
Large
23.0%
27.4%
22.3%
19.4%
14.7%
12.5%
13.0%
14.5%
14.7%
13.8%
13.2%
12.5%
13.2%
13.8%
13.9%
13.9%
14.1%
14.2%
14.9%
15.1%
14.6%
14.1%
13.0%
13.7%
14.4%
18.1%
Two-seater
2.0%
1.8%
2.0%
2.2%
2.4%
2.7%
2.6%
2.4%
3.2%
3.4%
2.5%
2.3%
1.8%
1.6%
1.8%
1.7%
1.1%
0.9%
0.8%
0.6%
0.7%
1.0%
1.3%
1.2%
1.4%
1.4%
Business fleet autos – Bobit Publishing Company, Automotive Fleet Research Department,
Automotive Fleet Factbook 2002, Redondo Beach, CA, 2002.
Personal autos – Difference between total vehicle stock and business fleet autos.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
Total
100.0%
100.0%
100.0%
100.0%
100.0%
100.0%
100.0%
100.0%
100.0%
100.0%
100.0%
100.0%
100.0%
100.0%
100.0%
100.0%
100.0%
100.0%
100.0%
100.0%
100.0%
100.0%
100.0%
100.0%
100.0%
100.0%
A–29
Sales – Domestic and import totals are from Ward’s Motor Vehicle Facts and Figures 2002.
Domestic-sponsored imports (captive imports) were included in the import figure only. Domestic
and import sales were distributed into size classes using the percentages in Table A.21 from the
ORNL MPG and Market Shares Database, 2003.
Table A.21
Automobile Sales Shares by Size Class, 2001
Size class
Two-seaters
Minicompact
Subcompact
Compact
Midsize
Large
Domestic
0.8%
0.0%
11.3%
34.0%
31.0%
22.9%
Import
3.3%
1.6%
10.5%
45.5%
35.8%
3.3%
See Glossary for definition of Automobile Size Classifications.
Trucks
Stock – Total truck population from The Polk Company, 2002. The trucks were distributed using
shares of trucks by standard weight classes from VIUS 1997 (Table A.22).
Table A.22
Share of Trucks by Weight Class
Share of trucks in the
Weight classes
0 - 10,000 lbs
10,001-19,500 lbs
19,501–26,000 lbs
26,001 lbs and over
Total
population
93.5%
2.0%
1.0%
3.5%
100.0%
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
A–30
Then, the number of trucks in Class 2b were split from Classes 1 and 2 by model year (Polk
NVPP data) using shares from ORNL’s Class 2b study (Table A.23).
Table A.23
Share of Class 1 and 2 Trucks
that are Class 2b Trucks (8,500-10,000 lbs)
Model Year
Pre-1974
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
Share of class 2b trucks
7.35%
15.64%
17.15%
18.29%
14.60%
17.90%
17.79%
18.20%
13.87%
14.05%
8.13%
9.74%
9.56%
8.77%
8.91%
6.90%
8.34%
6.73%
4.91%
5.04%
5.60%
5.60%
7.05%
6.71%
7.86%
5.01%
9.36%
8.94%
8.61%
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
A–31
Trucks less than 8,500 lbs (Classes 1 and 2a) were distributed into size classes using the
percentages in Table A.24. This method assumed that all vehicles, large and small, were
scrapped at the same rate. Shares were generated from the ORNL MPG and Market Shares
Database, 2003.
Table A.24
Shares by Light Truck Size Class and Model Year for Trucks under 8,500 lbs
Sales period Small pickup
Pre-1976
9.5%
1976
7.1%
1977
11.0%
1978
10.5%
1979
16.1%
1980
23.3%
1981
24.4%
1982
27.2%
1983
33.3%
1984
23.7%
1985
20.4%
1986
21.7%
1987
21.2%
1988
21.6%
1989
18.4%
1990
25.2%
1991
24.8%
1992
22.8%
1993
21.6%
1994
20.3%
1995
18.0%
1996
16.2%
1997
15.0%
1998
12.5%
1999
13.9%
2000
12.9%
Large
pickup
66.1%
65.7%
68.5%
64.0%
58.5%
50.3%
50.0%
46.8%
35.7%
38.1%
40.0%
35.2%
33.7%
30.6%
33.2%
24.7%
23.1%
23.6%
22.2%
24.5%
24.9%
25.7%
24.3%
27.4%
25.3%
23.7%
Small van
0.9%
0.8%
1.0%
0.8%
0.6%
0.6%
0.6%
0.6%
0.5%
6.2%
10.3%
14.1%
16.0%
18.0%
18.0%
22.4%
23.4%
23.6%
23.8%
23.6%
22.4%
21.0%
19.9%
17.8%
17.1%
15.3%
Large
van
21.1%
23.9%
16.6%
22.8%
20.7%
14.8%
16.9%
17.8%
18.0%
15.1%
12.7%
11.3%
10.3%
10.3%
9.9%
7.1%
6.1%
6.4%
6.2%
5.6%
5.5%
4.7%
4.7%
4.6%
4.5%
4.4%
Small utility
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.1%
1.8%
2.3%
2.0%
1.3%
6.3%
10.6%
10.4%
11.7%
12.3%
12.5%
9.8%
8.9%
8.6%
8.7%
8.2%
7.6%
8.6%
9.3%
5.4%
6.8%
8.3%
9.1%
Medium
utility
2.0%
2.1%
2.5%
1.4%
1.9%
6.9%
4.7%
4.8%
4.5%
4.4%
4.4%
4.1%
4.8%
4.9%
8.6%
9.6%
12.2%
13.3%
15.5%
16.0%
18.1%
20.4%
22.2%
22.2%
22.0%
26.1%
Large
utility
0.4%
0.4%
0.4%
0.4%
0.4%
1.8%
1.4%
1.5%
1.7%
1.9%
1.8%
1.9%
1.7%
2.1%
2.1%
2.1%
1.8%
1.6%
2.5%
2.4%
2.5%
2.7%
8.5%
8.7%
8.9%
8.5%
Total
100.0%
100.0%
100.0%
100.0%
100.0%
100.0%
100.0%
100.0%
100.0%
100.0%
100.0%
100.0%
100.0%
100.0%
100.0%
100.0%
100.0%
100.0%
100.0%
100.0%
100.0%
100.0%
100.0%
100.0%
100.0%
100.0%
The Class 2b trucks were split into two truck types - pickups and van/SUV using shares from the
report Investigation of Class 2b Trucks, ORNL/TM-2002/49, Table 11, which are shown here in
Table A.25.
Table A.25
Shares of Class 2b Trucks by Truck Type
Truck types
Shares of class 2b truck
population
Pickup
73.7%
Van/SUV
26.3%
Business fleet trucks – Bobit Publishing Company, Automotive Fleet Research Department,
Automotive Fleet Factbook 2002, Redondo Beach, CA, 2002.
Personal trucks – Difference between total stock and business fleet trucks.
Sales – Domestic and import totals are from Ward’s Motor Vehicle Facts and Figures 2002. Domesticsponsored imports (captive imports) were included in the import figure only.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
A–32
According to the Investigation of Class 2b Trucks, ORNL/TM-2002/49, 6.5% of all classes 1 and 2
truck sales were Class 2b trucks. Also, there were no class 2b trucks which were imported into the
U.S. in 2000.
Domestic and import sales of trucks less than 8,500 lbs were distributed into size classes using the
percentages in Table A.26 from the ORNL MPG and Market Shares Database, 2003.
Table A.26
Light Truck Sales Shares by Size Class, 2001
for Trucks less than 8,500 lbs
Size class
Small pickup
Large pickup
Small van
Large van
Small SUV
Medium SUV
Large SUV
Domestic
11.5%
28.0%
15.6%
4.5%
8.1%
21.6%
10.7%
Import
0.0%
0.0%
3.9%
0.8%
34.8%
57.8%
2.7%
The Class 2b truck sales were split into two truck types - pickups and van/SUV using shares from
the report Investigation of Class 2b Trucks, ORNL/TM-2002/49, Table 6, which are shown here
in Table A.27.
Table A.27
Shares of Class 2b Truck Sales
by Truck Type, 2000
Truck types
Shares of class 2b truck
population
Pickup
82.1%
Van/SUV
17.9%
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
A–33
Fleet Vehicle Data
Light Fleet Vehicle Population
Automobiles – Bobit Publishing Company, Automotive Fleet Factbook 2001, Redondo Beach, CA, 2002,
p. 12. Fleets of 10 or more units. Taxi and Rental categories were considered Business fleets.
Light trucks – Bobit Publishing Company, Automotive Fleet Factbook 2001, Redondo Beach, CA, 2002,
p. 12. Trucks under 19,501 lbs GVW in fleets of 10 or more units. Light trucks were split from
the total using shares from the 1997 VIUS (business, rental, and utility) and the GSA Federal
Fleet Factbook (government) shown in Table A.28.
Table A.28
Light Truck Share of Fleet Trucks
Less than 19,501 lbs GVW
Vehicles in Fleets of 10 or more
Business
92.1%
Utility
89.6%
Rental
97.3%
Federal Government
81.6%
Light Fleet Vehicle New Sales
Automobiles – Bobit Publishing Company, Automotive Fleet Factbook 2001, Redondo Beach, CA, 2002,
p. 40–48, Fleet 2000 Model Year registrations. New registrations are considered a proxy for new
vehicle sales. Commercial and rental categories were considered Business fleets. Utility fleets
were estimated as share of business fleet purchases based on data from the National Association
of Fleet Administrators shown in Table A.29.
Light trucks – Bobit Publishing Company, Automotive Fleet Factbook 2001, Redondo Beach, CA, 2002,
p. 48–52, Fleet 2000 Model Year registrations. New registrations are considered a proxy for new
vehicle sales. Commercial and rental categories were considered Business fleets. Utility fleets
were estimated as a share of business fleet purchases based on data from the National Association
of Fleet Administrators shown in Table A.29.
Table A.29
Share of Business Fleet Vehicles
which are Utility Fleet Vehicles
Vehicle type
Automobiles
2.6%
Passenger vans
7.3%
Cargo vans
64.3%
Sport utility vehicles
14.8%
Pickup trucks
66.2%
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
A–34
Light Fleet Vehicle Travel
Automobiles
Business
Bobit Publishing Company, Automotive Fleet Factbook 2001, Redondo Beach, CA, 2002, p.5867. Average annual miles of compact and intermediate size automobiles were based on data from
four leading fleet management companies. Weighted average of automobile travel was derived
based on the estimated share of vehicles in the population from The Polk Company. Compact
autos and smaller were assumed to travel as compact cars. Intermediate autos and larger were
assumed to travel like intermediate autos. Average annual miles and weights are shown in Table
A.30.
Government
The only source of data on government fleet travel was for the Federal Government fleet vehicles.
Data on sedans and station wagons from the GSA Federal Fleet Factbook was used for
government fleet travel and is shown in Table A.30.
Utility
The only source of data available on utility fleet vehicle travel was for the fleets of the Tennessee
Valley Authority (TVA). Data on the TVA automobile fleet from the GSA Federal Fleet
Factbook was used for utility fleet travel and is shown in Table A.30.
Table A.30
Average Annual Miles and Population Shares
of Fleet Automobiles
Estimated share of
Average annual
vehicles in the
miles, 2000
population, 2000
Business automobiles
Compact
Intermediate
22,689
22,893
Government automobiles
Sedans and station wagons
12,895
Utility automobiles
Sedans and station wagons
13,399
55.6%
44.4%
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
A–35
Light trucks
Business
Bobit Publishing Company, Automotive Fleet Factbook 2001, Redondo Beach, CA, 2002, p.5867. Average annual miles of pickups, minivans, sport utility vehicles and full-size vans were
based on data from four leading fleet management companies. Weighted average of light truck
travel was derived based on the estimated share of vehicles in the population from The Polk
Company. Average annual miles and weights are shown in Table A.31.
Government
The only source of data on government fleet travel was for the Federal Government fleet vehicles.
Data on ambulances, 2x4 trucks, and 4x4 trucks from the GSA Federal Fleet Factbook were used
for government fleet travel. Weighted average of light truck travel was derived based on the
estimated share of vehicles in the population from the same GSA report. Average annual miles
and weights are shown in Table A.31.
Utility
The only source of data available on utility fleet vehicle travel was for the fleets of the Tennessee
Valley Authority (TVA). Data on the 2x4 trucks and 4x4 trucks in the TVA fleet from the GSA
Federal Fleet Factbook were used for utility fleet travel. The weighted average of travel was
derived based on the share of vehicles in the population from the same GSA report. Average
annual miles and weights are shown in Table A.31.
Table A.31
Average Annual Miles and Population Shares
of Fleet Light Trucks
Estimated share of
Average annual
vehicles in the
miles, 2000
population, 2000
Business light trucks
Pickup trucks
28,515
48.8%
Minivans
25,677
17.1%
Sport utility vehicles
24,003
28.4%
Full-size vans
20,412
5.8%
Government light trucks
Ambulances
2x4 trucks
4x4 trucks
5,946
5,747
12,022
0.5%
82.8%
16.7%
Utility light trucks
2x4 trucks
4x4 trucks
10,405
14,208
55.5%
44.5%
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
B–1
APPENDIX B
CONVERSIONS
A Note About Heating Values
The heat content of a fuel is the quantity of energy released by burning a unit amount of that
fuel. However, this value is not absolute and can vary according to several factors. For example,
empirical formulae for determining the heating value of liquid fuels depend on the fuels' American
Petroleum Institute (API) gravity. The API gravity varies depending on the percent by weight of the
chemical constituents and impurities in the fuel, both of which are affected by the combination of raw
materials used to produce the fuel and by the type of manufacturing process. Temperature and
climatic conditions are also factors.
Because of these variations, the heating values in Table B.1 may differ from values in other
publications. The figures in this report are representative or average values, not absolute ones. The
gross heating values used here agree with those used by the Energy Information Administration
(EIA).
Heating values fall into two categories, usually referred to as “higher” and “lower.” If the
products of fuel combustion are cooled back to the initial fuel-air or fuel-oxidizer mixture
temperature and the water formed during combustion is condensed, the energy released by the
process is the higher (gross) heating value. If the products of combustion are cooled to the initial
fuel-air temperature, but the water is considered to remain as a vapor, the energy released by the
process is lower (or net) heating value. Usually the difference between the gross and net heating
values for fuels used in transportation is around 5 to 8 percent; however, it is important to be
consistent in their use.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
B–2
Table B.1
Hydrogen Heat Content
1 kilogram hydrogen =
Higher heating value
Lower heating value
134,200 Btu
113,400 Btu
39.3 kWhr
33.2 kWhr
141,600 kJ
119,600 kJ
33,800 kCal
28,560 kCal
Table B.2
Hydrogen Conversions
Weight
Pounds
(lb)
Kilograms
(kg)
Gas
Standard
cubic feet
(SCF)
Liquid
Normal
cubic meter
(Nm3)
Gallons
(gal)
Liters
(L)
1 lb
1.0
0.4536
192.00
5.047
1.6928
6.408
1 kg
2.205
1.0
423.3
11.126
3.733
14.128
1 SCF gas
0.005209
0.002363
1.0
0.02628
0.008820
0.0339
1 Nm3 gas
0.19815
0.08988
38.04
1.0
0.3355
1.2699
1 gal liquid
0.5906
0.2679
113.41
2.981
1.0
3.785
1 L liquid
0.15604
0.07078
29.99
0.77881
0.2642
1.0
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
B–3
Table B.3
Heat Content for Various Fuels
Automotive gasoline
125,000 Btu/gal(gross) = 115,400 Btu/gal(net)
Diesel motor fuel
138,700 Btu/gal (gross) = 128,700 Btu/gal (net)
Biodiesel
126,206 Btu/gal (gross) = 117,093 Btu/gal (net)
Methanol
64,600 Btu/gal (gross) = 56,560 Btu/gal (net)
Ethanol
84,600 Btu/gal (gross) = 75,670 Btu/gal (net)
Gasohol
120,900 Btu/gal (gross) = 112,417 Btu/gal (net)
Aviation gasoline
120,200 Btu/gal (gross) = 112,000 Btu/gal (net)
Propane
91,300 Btu/gal (gross) = 83,500 Btu/gal (net)
Butane
103,000 Btu/gal (gross) = 93,000 Btu/gal (net)
Jet fuel (naphtha)
127,500 Btu/gal (gross) = 118,700 Btu/gal (net)
Jet fuel (kerosene)
135,000 Btu/gal (gross) = 128,100 Btu/gal (net)
Lubricants
144,400 Btu/gal (gross) = 130,900 Btu/gal (net)
Waxes
131,800 Btu/gal (gross) = 120,200 Btu/gal (net)
Asphalt and road oil
158,000 Btu/gal (gross) = 157,700 Btu/gal (net)
Petroleum coke
143,400 Btu/gal (gross) = 168,300 Btu/gal (net)
Natural gas
Wet
Dry
Compressed
Liquid
Crude petroleum
1,109 Btu/ft3
1,027 Btu/ft3
20,551 Btu/pound
960 Btu/cubic foot
90,800 Btu/gal (gross) = 87,600 Btu/gal (net)
138,100 Btu/gal (gross) = 131,800 Btu/gal (net)
Fuel Oils
Residual
Distillate
149,700 Btu/gal (gross) = 138,400 Btu/gal (net)
138,700 Btu/gal (gross) = 131,800 Btu/gal (net)
Coal
Anthracite - Consumption
Bituminous and lignite - Consumption
Production average
Consumption average
21.711 x 106 Btu/short ton
21.012 x 106 Btu/short ton
21.352 x 106 Btu/short ton
21.015 x 106 Btu/short ton
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
B–4
Table B.4
Fuel Equivalents
1 million bbl crude oil/day
= 0.365 billion bbl crude oil/year
= 2.117 quadrillion Btu/year
= 100.465 million short tons coal/year
= 91.142 million metric tons coal/year
= 2.065 trillion ft3 natural gas/year
= 2,233.435 petajoules/year
1 billion bbl crude oil/year
= 2.740 million bbl crude oil/day
= 5.800 quadrillion Btu/year
= 275.247 million short tons coal/year
= 249.704 million metric tons coal/year
= 5.659 trillion ft3 natural gas/year
= 6,119 petajoules/year
1 quadrillion Btu/year
= 0.472 million bbl crude oil/day
= 172.414 million bbl crude oil/year
= 47.456 million short tons coal/year
= 43.052 million metric tons coal/year
= 975.610 billion ft3 natural gas/year
= 1,055 petajoules/year
1 billion short tons coal/year
= 0.907 billion metric tons coal/year
= 9.954 million bbl crude oil/day
= 3.633 billion bbl crude oil/year
= 21.072 quadrillion Btu/year
= 20.558 trillion ft3 natural gas/year
= 22,230.960 petajoules/year
1 billion metric tons coal/year
= 1.102 billion short tons coal/year
= 9.030 million bbl crude oi l/day
= 3.296 billion bbl crude oil/year
= 19.117 quadrillion btu/year
= 18.650 trillion ft3 natural gas/year
= 20,167.927 petajoules/year
1 trillion ft3 natural gas/year
= 0.484 million bbl crude oil/day
= 0.177 billion bbl crude oil/year
= 1.025 quadrillion Btu/year
= 48.643 million short tons coal/year
= 44.129 million metric tons coal/year
= 1,081.375 petajoules/year
1 petajoule/year
= 447.741 bbl crude oil/day
= 163.425 thousand bbl crude oil/year
= 0.948 trillion Btu/year
= 44.982 thousand short tons coal/year
= 40.808 thousand metric tons coal/year
= 0.925 billion ft3 natural gas/year
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
B–5
Table B.5
Energy Unit Conversions
1 Btu
= 778.2 ft-lb
1 kWhr
= 3412 Btua
= 107.6 kg-m
= 2.655 x 106 ft-lb
= 1055 J
= 3.671 x 105 kg-m
= 39.30 x 10-5 hp-h
= 3.600 x 106 J
= 39.85 x 10-5 metric hp-h
= 1.341 hp-h
-5
= 29.31 x 10 kWhr
= 1.360 metric hp-h
1 kg-m = 92.95 x 10-4 Btu
1 Joule
= 94.78 x 10-5 Btu
= 7.233 ft-lb
= 0.7376 ft-lb
= 9.806 J
= 0.1020 kg-m
= 36.53 x 10-7 hp-h
= 37.25 x 10-8 hp-h
= 37.04 x 10-7 metric hp-h
= 37.77 x 10-8 metric hp-h
= 27.24 x 10-7 kWhr
= 27.78 x 10-8 kWhr
1 hp-h = 2544 Btu
1 metric hp-h
6
= 2510 Btu
= 1.98 x 10 ft-lb
= 1.953 x 106 ft-lb
= 2.738 x 106 kgm
= 27.00 x 104 kg-m
= 2.685 x 106 J
= 2.648 x 106 J
= 1.014 metric hp-h
= 0.9863 hp-h
= 0.7475 kWhr
= 0.7355 kWhr
a
This figure does not take into account the fact that electricity generation and distribution efficiency
is approximately 29%. If generation and distribution efficiency are taken into account, 1 kWhr = 11,765
Btu.
Table B.6
International Energy Conversions
Gigacalories
Million tonnes of
oil equivalent
Million
Btu
Gigawatthours
1
238.8
2.388 x 10-5
947.8
0.2778
Gigacalories
4.1868 x 10-3
1
10-7
3.968
1.163 x 10-3
Million tonnes
of oil equivalent
4.1868 x 104
107
1
3.968 x 107
11,630
Million Btu
1.0551 x 10-3
0.252
2.52 X 10-8
1
3.6
860
8.6 x 10-5
3412
To:
From:
Terajoules
Gigawatthours
Terajoules
multiply by:
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
2.931 x 10-4
1
B–6
Table B.7
Distance and Velocity Conversions
1 in.
= 83.33 x 10-3 ft
1 ft
= 12.0 in.
-3
= 0.33 yd
-6
= 189.4 x 10-3 mile
-3
= 0.3048 m
= 27.78 x 10 yd
= 15.78 x 10 mile
= 25.40 x 10 m
-6
= 0.3048 x 10-3 km
= 0.2540 x 10 km
1 mile = 63360 in.
1 km
= 39370 in.
= 5280 ft
= 3281 ft
= 1760 yd
= 1093.6 yd
= 1609 m
= 0.6214 mile
= 1.609 km
= 1000 m
1 ft/sec = 0.3048 m/s = 0.6818 mph = 1.0972 km/h
1 m/sec = 3.281 ft/s = 2.237 mph = 3.600 km/h
1 km/h = 0.9114 ft/s = 0.2778 m/s = 0.6214 mph
1 mph = 1.467 ft/s = 0.4469 m/s = 1.609 km/h
Table B.8
Alternative Measures of Greenhouse Gases
1 pound methane, measured in carbon
units (CH4)
=
1.333 pounds methane, measured at full
molecular weight (CH4)
1 pound carbon dioxide, measured in
carbon units (CO2-C)
=
3.6667 pounds carbon dioxide, measured at
full molecular weight (CO2)
1 pound carbon monoxide, measured in
carbon units (CO-C)
=
2.333 pounds carbon monoxide, measured at
full molecular weight (CO)
1 pound nitrous oxide, measured in
nitrogen units (N2O-N)
=
1.571 pounds nitrous oxide, measured at full
molecular weight (N2O)
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
B–7
Table B.9
Volume and Flow Rate Conversionsa
1 U.S. gal
= 231 in.3
1 liter
= 61.02 in.3
= 0.1337 ft3
= 3.531 x 10-2 ft3
= 3.785 liters
= 0.2624 U.S. gal
= 0.8321 imperial gal
= 0.2200 imperial gal
= 0.0238 bbl
= 6.29 x 10-3 bbl
= 0.003785 m3
= 0.001 m3
A U.S. gallon of gasoline weighs 6.2 pounds
1 imperial gal = 277.4 in.3
1 bbl
= 0.1606 ft3
= 5.615 ft3
= 4.545 liters
= 158.97 liters
= 1.201 U.S. gal
= 42 U.S. gal
= 0.0286 bbl
= 34.97 imperial gal
3
1 U.S. gal/hr
= 9702 in.3
= 0.004546 m
= 0.15897 m3
= 3.209 ft3/day
= 1171 ft3/year
= 90.84 liter/day
= 33157 liter/year
= 19.97 imperial gal/day
= 7289 imperial gal/year
= 0.5712 bbl/day
= 207.92 bbl/year
For Imperial gallons, multiply above values by 1.201
1 liter/hr
1 bbl/hr
= 0.8474 ft3/day
= 309.3 ft3/year
= 6.298 U.S. gal/day
= 2299 U.S. gal/year
= 5.28 imperial gal/day
= 1927 imperial gal/year
= 0.1510 bbl/day
= 55.10 bbl/year
= 137.8 ft3/year
= 49187 ft3 year
= 1008 U.S. gal/day
= 3.679 x 105 U.S. gal/year
= 839.3 imperial gal/day
= 3.063 x 105 imperial gal/year
= 3815 liter/day
= 1.393 x 106 liter/day
a
The conversions for flow rates are identical to those for volume measures, if the time units are identical.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
B–8
Table B.10
Power Conversions
TO
FROM
Horsepower
Horsepower
1
Kilowatts
0.7457
1
Metric
horsepower
Ft-lb per sec
Kilocalories
per sec
1.014
550
1.360
737.6
0.239
0=9478
1
542.5
0.1757
0=6971
Kilowatts
1.341
Metric
horsepower
0.9863
0.7355
Ft-lb per sec
1.36 x 10-3
1.356 x 10-3
1.84 x 10-3
Kilocalories
per sec
5.615
4.184
5.692
3088
Btu per sec
1.415
1.055
1.434
778.2
1
0.1781
Btu per sec
0.3238 x 10-3
1
0.2520
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
0.7068
1.285 x 10-3
3=968
1
B–9
Table B.11
Mass Conversions
TO
FROM
Pound
Kilogram
Short ton
-4
Long ton
Metric ton
-4
4.5362 x 10-4
Pound
1
0.4536
5.0 x 10
Kilogram
2.205
1
1.1023 x 10-3
9.8425 x 10-4
1.0 x 10-3
Short ton
2000
907.2
1
0.8929
0.9072
Long ton
2240
1016
1.12
1
1.016
Metric ton
2205
1000
1.102
0.9842
1
4.4643 x 10
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
B–10
Table B.12
Fuel Efficiency Conversionsa
MPG
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
105
110
115
120
125
130
135
140
145
150
Formula
Miles/liter
2=64
3=96
5=28
6=60
7=92
9=25
10=57
11=89
13=21
14=53
15=85
17=17
18=49
19=81
21=13
22=45
23=77
25=09
26=42
27=74
29=06
30=38
31=70
33=02
34=34
35=66
36=98
38=30
39=62
MPG/3.785
Kilometers/L
4=25
6=38
8=50
10=63
12=75
14=88
17=00
19=13
21=25
23=38
25=51
27=63
29=76
31=88
34=01
36=13
38=26
40=38
42=51
44=64
46=76
48=89
51=01
53=14
55=26
57=39
59=51
61=64
63=76
MPG/[3.785/1.609]
L/100 kilometers
23=52
15=68
11=76
9=41
7=84
6=72
5=88
5=23
4=70
4=28
3=92
3=62
3=36
3=14
2=94
2=77
2=61
2=48
2=35
2=24
2=14
2=05
1=96
1=88
1=81
1=74
1=68
1=62
1=57
235.24/MPG
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
B–11
Table B.13
SI Prefixes and Their Values
One million million millionth
One thousand million millionth
One million millionth
One thousand millionth
One millionth
One thousandth
One hundredth
One tenth
One
Ten
One hundred
One thousand
One million
One billiona
One trilliona
One quadrilliona
One quintilliona
Value
Prefix
Symbol
10-18
10-15
10-12
10-9
10-6
10-3
10-2
10-1
100
101
102
103
106
109
1012
1015
1018
atto
femto
pico
nano
micro
milli
centi
deci
a
f
p
n
:
m
c
deca
hecto
kilo
mega
giga
tera
peta
exa
a
k
M
G
T
P
E
Care should be exercised in the use of this nomenclature, especially in foreign correspondence, as it
is either unknown or carries a different value in other countries. A "billion," for example, signifies a value of
1012 in most other countries.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
B–12
Table B.14
Metric Units and Abbreviations
Quantity
Energy
Specific energy
Specific energy consumption
Energy consumption
Energy economy
Power
Specific power
Power density
Speed
Acceleration
Range (distance)
Weight
Torque
Volume
Mass; payload
Length; width
Brake specific fuel consumption
Fuel economy (heat engine)
Unit name
joule
joule/kilogram
joule/kilogram•kilometer
joule/kilometer
kilometer/kilojoule
kilowatt
watt/kilogram
watt/meter3
kilometer/hour
meter/second2
kilometer
kilogram
newton•meter
meter3
kilogram
meter
kilogram/joule
liters/100 km
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
Symbol
J
J/kg
J/(kg•km)
J/km
km/kJ
Kw
W/kg
W/m3
km/h
m/s2
km
kg
N•m
m3
kg
m
kg/J
L/100 km
B–13
Conversion of Constant Dollar Values
Many types of information in this data book are expressed in dollars. Generally, constant
dollars are used--that is, dollars of a fixed value for a specific year, such as 1990 dollars. Converting
current dollars to constant dollars, or converting constant dollars for one year to constant dollars for
another year, requires conversion factors (Table B.15 and B.16). Table B.15 shows conversion
factors for the Consumer Price Index inflation factors. Table B.16 shows conversion factors using
the Gross National Product inflation factors.
Due to the size of the tables, the data in Tables B.15 and B.16 were changed to two decimal
places starting with Edition 17 and data for years 1971–74 were taken off in Edition 21. However,
three decimal places were used to calculate all constant dollar values.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
B–14
Table B.15
Consumer Price Inflation (CPI) Index
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 22—2002
To:
From: 1970 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
1970 1.00 1.39 1.47 1.56 1.68 1.87 2.12 2.34 2.49 2.57 2.68 2.77 2.82 2.93 3.05 3.20 3.37 3.51 3.62 3.72 3.82 3.93 4.04 4.14 4.20 4.29 4.44 4.56 4.64
1975 0.72 1.00 1.06 1.13 1.21 1.35 1.53 1.69 1.79 1.85 1.93 2.00 2.04 2.11 2.20 2.30 2.43 2.53 2.61 2.69 2.75 2.83 2.92 2.98 3.03 3.10 3.20 3.29 3.34
1976 0.68 0.95 1.00 1.07 1.15 1.28 1.45 1.60 1.70 1.75 1.83 1.89 1.93 2.00 2.08 2.18 2.30 2.39 2.47 2.54 2.60 2.68 2.76 2.82 2.86 2.93 3.03 3.11 3.16
1977 0.64 0.89 0.94 1.00 1.08 1.20 1.36 1.50 1.59 1.64 1.71 1.78 1.81 1.87 1.95 2.05 2.16 2.25 2.32 2.38 2.45 2.51 2.59 2.65 2.69 2.75 2.84 2.92 2.97
1978 0.60 0.83 0.87 0.93 1.00 1.11 1.26 1.39 1.48 1.53 1.59 1.65 1.68 1.74 1.81 1.90 2.00 2.09 2.15 2.22 2.27 2.34 2.41 2.46 2.50 2.56 2.64 2.72 2.76
1979 0.53 0.74 0.78 0.83 0.90 1.00 1.14 1.25 1.33 1.37 1.43 1.48 1.51 1.56 1.63 1.71 1.80 1.88 1.93 1.99 2.04 2.10 2.16 2.21 2.25 2.29 2.37 2.44 2.48
1980 0.47 0.65 0.69 0.74 0.79 0.88 1.00 1.10 1.17 1.21 1.26 1.31 1.33 1.38 1.44 1.50 1.59 1.65 1.70 1.75 1.80 1.85 1.90 1.95 1.98 2.02 2.09 2.15 2.18
1981 0.43 0.59 0.63 0.67 0.72 0.80 0.91 1.00 1.06 1.10 1.14 1.18 1.21 1.25 1.30 1.36 1.44 1.50 1.54 1.59 1.63 1.68 1.73 1.77 1.79 1.83 1.89 1.95 1.98
1982 0.40 0.56 0.59 0.63 0.68 0.75 0.85 0.94 1.00 1.03 1.08 1.12 1.14 1.18 1.23 1.29 1.35 1.41 1.45 1.50 1.54 1.58 1.63 1.66 1.69 1.73 1.78 1.84 1.86
1983 0.39 0.54 0.57 0.61 0.65 0.73 0.83 0.91 0.97 1.00 1.04 1.08 1.10 1.14 1.19 1.25 1.31 1.37 1.41 1.45 1.49 1.53 1.58 1.61 1.64 1.67 1.73 1.78 1.81
1984 0.37 0.52 0.55 0.58 0.63 0.70 0.79 0.87 0.93 0.96 1.00 1.04 1.05 1.09 1.14 1.19 1.26 1.31 1.35 1.39 1.43 1.47 1.51 1.54 1.57 1.60 1.66 1.70 1.73
1985 0.36 0.50 0.53 0.56 0.61 0.67 0.77 0.84 0.90 0.93 0.97 1.00 1.02 1.06 1.10 1.15 1.21 1.27 1.30 1.34 1.38 1.42 1.46 1.49 1.51 1.55 1.60 1.65 1.67
1986 0.35 0.49 0.52 0.55 0.59 0.66 0.75 0.83 0.88 0.91 0.95 0.98 1.00 1.04 1.08 1.13 1.19 1.24 1.28 1.32 1.35 1.39 1.43 1.46 1.49 1.52 1.57 1.62 1.64
1987 0.34 0.47 0.50 0.53 0.57 0.64 0.73 0.80 0.85 0.88 0.91 0.95 0.96 1.00 1.04 1.09 1.15 1.20 1.24 1.27 1.30 1.34 1.38 1.41 1.43 1.47 1.52 1.56 1.58
1988 0.33 0.45 0.48 0.51 0.55 0.61 0.70 0.77 0.82 0.84 0.88 0.91 0.93 0.96 1.00 1.05 1.10 1.15 1.19 1.22 1.25 1.29 1.33 1.36 1.38 1.41 1.46 1.50 1.52
1989 0.31 0.43 0.46 0.49 0.53 0.59 0.66 0.73 0.78 0.80 0.84 0.87 0.88 0.92 0.95 1.00 1.05 1.10 1.13 1.17 1.20 1.23 1.27 1.29 1.31 1.34 1.39 1.43 1.45
1990 0.30 0.41 0.44 0.46 0.50 0.56 0.63 0.70 0.74 0.76 0.80 0.82 0.84 0.87 0.91 0.95 1.00 1.04 1.07 1.11 1.13 1.17 1.20 1.23 1.25 1.27 1.32 1.36 1.38
1991 0.28 0.40 0.42 0.44 0.48 0.53 0.61 0.67 0.71 0.73 0.76 0.79 0.80 0.83 0.87 0.91 0.96 1.00 1.03 1.06 1.09 1.12 1.15 1.18 1.20 1.22 1.26 1.30 1.32
1992 0.28 0.38 0.41 0.43 0.46 0.52 0.59 0.65 0.69 0.71 0.74 0.77 0.78 0.81 0.84 0.88 0.93 0.97 1.00 1.03 1.06 1.09 1.12 1.14 1.16 1.19 1.23 1.26 1.28
1993 0.27 0.37 0.39 0.42 0.45 0.50 0.57 0.63 0.67 0.69 0.72 0.74 0.76 0.79 0.82 0.86 0.90 0.94 0.97 1.00 1.03 1.05 1.09 1.11 1.13 1.15 1.19 1.23 1.24
1994 0.26 0.36 0.38 0.41 0.44 0.49 0.56 0.61 0.65 0.67 0.70 0.73 0.74 0.77 0.80 0.84 0.88 0.92 0.95 0.98 1.00 1.03 1.06 1.08 1.10 1.12 1.16 1.20 1.21
1995 0.25 0.35 0.37 0.40 0.43 0.48 0.54 0.60 0.63 0.65 0.68 0.71 0.72 0.75 0.78 0.81 0.86 0.89 0.92 0.95 0.97 1.00 1.03 1.05 1.07 1.09 1.13 1.16 1.18
1996 0.25 0.34 0.36 0.39 0.42 0.46 0.53 0.58 0.62 0.63 0.66 0.69 0.70 0.72 0.75 0.79 0.83 0.87 0.89 0.92 0.94 0.97 1.00 1.02 1.04 1.06 1.10 1.13 1.15
1997 0.24 0.34 0.35 0.38 0.41 0.45 0.51 0.57 0.60 0.62 0.65 0.67 0.68 0.71 0.74 0.77 0.81 0.85 0.87 0.90 0.92 0.95 0.98 1.00 1.02 1.04 1.07 1.10 1.12
1998 0.24 0.33 0.35 0.37 0.40 0.45 0.51 0.56 0.59 0.61 0.64 0.66 0.67 0.70 0.73 0.76 0.80 0.84 0.86 0.89 0.91 0.94 0.96 0.98 1.00 1.02 1.06 1.09 1.10
1999 0.23 0.32 0.34 0.36 0.39 0.44 0.49 0.55 0.58 0.60 0.62 0.65 0.66 0.68 0.71 0.74 0.78 0.82 0.84 0.87 0.89 0.91 0.94 0.96 0.98 1.00 1.03 1.06 1.08
2000 0.23 0.31 0.33 0.35 0.38 0.42 0.48 0.53 0.56 0.58 0.60 0.62 0.64 0.66 0.69 0.72 0.76 0.79 0.81 0.84 0.86 0.89 0.91 0.93 0.95 0.97 1.00 1.03 1.04
2001 0.22 0.30 0.32 0.34 0.37 0.41 0.47 0.51 0.54 0.56 0.59 0.61 0.62 0.64 0.67 0.70 0.74 0.77 0.79 0.82 0.84 0.86 0.89 0.91 0.92 0.94 0.98 1.00 1.02
2002 0.22 0.30 0.32 0.34 0.36 0.40 0.46 0.51 0.54 0.55 0.58 0.60 0.61 0.63 0.66 0.69 0.73 0.76 0.78 0.80 0.82 0.85 0.87 0.89 0.91 0.93 0.96 0.98 1.00
Source:
U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Table B.16
Gross National Product Implicit Price Deflator
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 22—2002
To
From 1970 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987
1970 1.00 1.38 1.46 1.55 1.66 1.80 1.96 2.15 2.28 2.37 2.46 2.54 2.59 2.67
1975 0.73 1.00 1.06 1.12 1.21 1.31 1.43 1.56 1.66 1.72 1.78 1.84 1.88 1.94
1976 0.69 0.95 1.00 1.06 1.14 1.24 1.35 1.47 1.57 1.63 1.69 1.74 1.78 1.83
1977 0.65 0.89 0.94 1.00 1.07 1.16 1.27 1.39 1.47 1.53 1.59 1.64 1.67 1.72
1978 0.60 0.83 0.88 0.93 1.00 1.08 1.18 1.29 1.37 1.43 1.48 1.53 1.56 1.61
1979 0.56 0.77 0.81 0.86 0.92 1.00 1.09 1.19 1.27 1.32 1.37 1.41 1.44 1.48
1980 0.51 0.70 0.74 0.79 0.85 0.92 1.00 1.09 1.16 1.21 1.25 1.29 1.32 1.36
1981 0.47 0.64 0.68 0.72 0.77 0.84 0.91 1.00 1.06 1.10 1.15 1.18 1.21 1.24
1982 0.44 0.60 0.64 0.68 0.73 0.79 0.86 0.94 1.00 1.04 1.08 1.11 1.14 1.17
1983 0.42 0.58 0.61 0.65 0.70 0.76 0.83 0.91 0.96 1.00 1.04 1.07 1.09 1.13
1984 0.41 0.56 0.59 0.63 0.68 0.73 0.80 0.87 0.93 0.96 1.00 1.03 1.05 1.09
1985 0.39 0.54 0.57 0.61 0.65 0.71 0.77 0.85 0.90 0.93 0.97 1.00 1.02 1.05
1986 0.39 0.53 0.56 0.60 0.64 0.69 0.76 0.83 0.88 0.91 0.95 0.98 1.00 1.03
1987 0.37 0.52 0.55 0.58 0.62 0.67 0.74 0.80 0.85 0.89 0.92 0.95 0.97 1.00
1988 0.36 0.50 0.53 0.56 0.60 0.65 0.71 0.78 0.83 0.86 0.89 0.92 0.94 0.97
1989 0.35 0.48 0.51 0.54 0.58 0.63 0.69 0.75 0.80 0.83 0.86 0.89 0.90 0.93
1990 0.34 0.46 0.49 0.52 0.56 0.60 0.66 0.72 0.77 0.80 0.83 0.85 0.87 0.90
1991 0.32 0.45 0.47 0.50 0.54 0.58 0.64 0.70 0.74 0.77 0.80 0.82 0.84 0.87
1992 0.32 0.44 0.46 0.49 0.53 0.57 0.62 0.68 0.72 0.75 0.78 0.80 0.82 0.84
1993 0.31 0.43 0.45 0.48 0.51 0.56 0.61 0.66 0.70 0.73 0.76 0.78 0.80 0.82
1994 0.30 0.42 0.44 0.47 0.50 0.54 0.59 0.65 0.69 0.72 0.74 0.77 0.78 0.81
1995 0.30 0.41 0.43 0.46 0.49 0.53 0.58 0.64 0.68 0.70 0.73 0.75 0.77 0.79
1996 0.29 0.40 0.42 0.45 0.48 0.52 0.57 0.62 0.66 0.69 0.71 0.74 0.75 0.78
1997 0.29 0.39 0.42 0.44 0.47 0.51 0.56 0.61 0.65 0.68 0.70 0.72 0.74 0.76
1998 0.28 0.39 0.41 0.44 0.47 0.51 0.55 0.60 0.64 0.67 0.69 0.71 0.73 0.75
1999 0.28 0.38 0.40 0.43 0.46 0.50 0.55 0.60 0.63 0.66 0.68 0.70 0.72 0.74
2000 0.27 0.37 0.40 0.42 0.45 0.49 0.53 0.58 0.62 0.64 0.67 0.69 0.70 0.73
2001 0.27 0.37 0.39 0.41 0.44 0.48 0.52 0.57 0.61 0.63 0.65 0.67 0.69 0.71
2002 0.26 0.36 0.39 0.41 0.44 0.47 0.52 0.56 0.60 0.62 0.65 0.67 0.68 0.70
1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
2.87 2.87 2.98 3.09 3.16 3.24 3.31 3.38 3.44 3.51 3.55 3.60 3.68 3.76 3.81
2.08 2.08 2.16 2.24 2.29 2.35 2.40 2.45 2.50 2.55 2.58 2.61 2.67 2.73 2.76
1.97 1.97 2.05 2.12 2.17 2.22 2.27 2.32 2.36 2.41 2.44 2.47 2.53 2.58 2.61
1.85 1.85 1.92 1.99 2.04 2.09 2.13 2.18 2.22 2.26 2.29 2.32 2.38 2.43 2.46
1.73 1.73 1.79 1.86 1.90 1.95 1.99 2.03 2.07 2.11 2.14 2.17 2.22 2.27 2.29
1.59 1.59 1.66 1.72 1.76 1.80 1.84 1.88 1.91 1.95 1.97 2.00 2.05 2.09 2.12
1.46 1.46 1.52 1.57 1.61 1.65 1.68 1.72 1.75 1.79 1.81 1.83 1.88 1.92 1.94
1.34 1.34 1.39 1.44 1.47 1.51 1.54 1.57 1.60 1.63 1.65 1.68 1.72 1.75 1.77
1.26 1.26 1.31 1.35 1.39 1.42 1.45 1.48 1.51 1.54 1.56 1.58 1.61 1.65 1.67
1.21 1.21 1.26 1.30 1.33 1.37 1.39 1.42 1.45 1.48 1.50 1.52 1.55 1.59 1.61
1.17 1.17 1.21 1.26 1.29 1.32 1.34 1.37 1.40 1.43 1.44 1.46 1.50 1.53 1.55
1.13 1.13 1.17 1.22 1.25 1.28 1.30 1.33 1.36 1.38 1.40 1.42 1.45 1.48 1.50
1.11 1.11 1.15 1.19 1.22 1.25 1.27 1.30 1.33 1.35 1.37 1.39 1.42 1.45 1.47
1.07 1.07 1.12 1.16 1.18 1.21 1.24 1.26 1.29 1.31 1.33 1.35 1.38 1.41 1.43
1.04 1.04 1.08 1.12 1.14 1.17 1.20 1.22 1.25 1.27 1.29 1.30 1.33 1.36 1.38
1.00 1.00 1.04 1.08 1.10 1.13 1.15 1.18 1.20 1.22 1.24 1.26 1.28 1.31 1.33
0.96 0.96 1.00 1.04 1.06 1.09 1.11 1.13 1.16 1.18 1.19 1.21 1.24 1.26 1.28
0.93 0.93 0.97 1.00 1.02 1.05 1.07 1.09 1.12 1.14 1.15 1.17 1.19 1.22 1.23
0.91 0.91 0.94 0.98 1.00 1.02 1.05 1.07 1.09 1.11 1.12 1.14 1.17 1.19 1.20
0.89 0.89 0.92 0.95 0.98 1.00 1.02 1.04 1.06 1.08 1.10 1.11 1.14 1.16 1.18
0.87 0.87 0.90 0.93 0.96 0.98 1.00 1.02 1.04 1.06 1.07 1.09 1.11 1.14 1.15
0.85 0.85 0.88 0.91 0.94 0.96 0.98 1.00 1.02 1.04 1.05 1.07 1.09 1.11 1.13
0.83 0.83 0.87 0.90 0.92 0.94 0.96 0.98 1.00 1.02 1.03 1.05 1.07 1.09 1.11
0.82 0.82 0.85 0.88 0.90 0.92 0.94 0.96 0.98 1.00 1.01 1.03 1.05 1.07 1.09
0.81 0.81 0.84 0.87 0.89 0.91 0.93 0.95 0.97 0.99 1.00 1.01 1.04 1.06 1.07
0.80 0.80 0.83 0.86 0.88 0.90 0.92 0.94 0.96 0.97 0.99 1.00 1.02 1.04 1.06
0.78 0.78 0.81 0.84 0.86 0.88 0.90 0.92 0.93 0.95 0.96 0.98 1.00 1.02 1.04
0.76 0.76 0.79 0.82 0.84 0.86 0.88 0.90 0.91 0.93 0.94 0.96 0.98 1.00 1.01
0.73 0.75 0.78 0.81 0.83 0.85 0.87 0.89 0.90 0.92 0.93 0.95 0.97 0.99 1.00
Source:
U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis, Survey of Current Business, Washington, DC, monthly.
B–15
C–1
APPENDIX C
MAPS
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
C–2
Table C.1
Census Divisions and Regions
Northeast Division
Mid-Atlantic region
New Jersey
New York
New England region
Pennsylvania
Connecticut
Maine
Massachusetts
New Hampshire
Rhode Island
Vermont
South Division
West South Central
region
Arkansas
Louisiana
Oklahoma
Texas
East South Central
region
Alabama
Kentucky
Mississippi
Tennessee
South Atlantic
region
Delaware
Florida
Georgia
Maryland
North Carolina
South Carolina
Virginia
Washington, DC
West Virginia
West Division
Pacific region
Alaska
California
Hawaii
Oregon
Washington
Mountain region
Arizona
Colorado
Idaho
Montana
Nevada
New Mexico
Utah
Wyoming
Midwest Division
West North Central region
Iowa
Kansas
Minnesota
Missouri
Nebraska
North Dakota
South Dakota
East North Central region
Illinois
Indiana
Michigan
Ohio
Wisconsin
Source:
U.S. Census Bureau.
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Figure C1. Census Divisions and Regions
Source: See Table C.1.
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Table C.2
Petroleum Administration for Defense Districts (PADD)
District
Subdistrict
States
PAD District 1
East Coast
Subdistrict 1X
New England
Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New
Hampshire, Rhode Island, Vermont
Subdistrict 1Y
Central Atlantic
Delaware, District of Columbia, Maryland, New
Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania
Subdistrict 1Z
Lower Atlantic
Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina,
Virginia, West Virginia
PAD District 2
Midwest
Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky,
Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North
Dakota, South Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma,
Tennessee, Wisconsin
PAD District 3
Gulf Coast
Alabama, Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, New
Mexico, Texas
PAD District 4
Rocky Mountains
Colorado Idaho, Montana, Utah, Wyoming
PAD District 5
West Coast
Alaska, Arizona, California, Hawaii, Nevada,
Oregon, Washington
Source:
Energy Information Administration web site: http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/oog/info/twip/padddef.html
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
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Figure C.2. Petroleum Administration for Defense Districts
Source: See Table C.2.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
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GLOSSARY
Acceleration power - Measured in kilowatts. Pulse power obtainable from a battery used to
accelerate a vehicle. This is based on a constant current pulse for 30 seconds at no less than
2/3 of the maximum open-circuit-voltage, at 80% depth-of-discharge relative to the battery's
rated capacity and at 20" C ambient temperature.
Air Carrier - The commercial system of air transportation consisting of certificated air carriers, air
taxis (including commuters), supplemental air carriers, commercial operators of large
aircraft, and air travel clubs.
Certificated route air carrier: An air carrier holding a Certificate of Public Convenience
and Necessity issued by the Department of Transportation to conduct scheduled interstate
services. Nonscheduled or charter operations may also be conducted by these carriers.
These carriers operate large aircraft (30 seats or more, or a maximum payload capacity of
7,500 pounds or more) in accordance with Federal Aviation Regulation part 121.
Domestic air operator: Commercial air transportation within and between the 50 States and
the District of Columbia. Includes operations of certificated route air carriers, Pan
American, local service, helicopter, intra-Alaska, intra-Hawaii, all-cargo carriers and other
carriers. Also included are transborder operations conducted on the domestic route segments
of U.S. air carriers. Domestic operators are classified based on their operating revenue as
follows:
Majors - over $1 billion
Nationals - $100-1,000 million
Large Regionals - $10-99.9 million
Medium Regionals - $0-9.99 million
International air operator: Commercial air transportation outside the territory of the
United States, including operations between the U.S. and foreign countries and between the
U.S. and its territories and possessions.
Supplemental air carrier: A class of air carriers which hold certificates authorizing them
to perform passenger and cargo charter services supplementing the scheduled service of the
certificated route air carriers. Supplemental air carriers are often referred to as nonscheduled
air carriers or "nonskeds."
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Alcohol - The family name of a group of organic chemical compounds composed of carbon,
hydrogen, and oxygen. The molecules in the series vary in chain length and are composed
of a hydrocarbon plus a hydroxyl group. Alcohol includes methanol and ethanol.
Amtrak - See Rail.
Anthropogenic - Human made. Usually used in the context of emissions that are produced as the
result of human activities.
Automobile size classifications - Size classifications of automobiles are established by the
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) as follows:
Minicompact - less than 85 cubic feet of passenger and luggage volume.
Subcompact - between 85 to 100 cubic feet of passenger and luggage volume.
Compact - between 100 to 110 cubic feet of passenger and luggage volume.
Midsize - between 110 to 120 cubic feet of passenger and luggage volume.
Large - more than 120 cubic feet of passenger and luggage volume.
Two seater - automobiles designed primarily to seat only two adults.
Station wagons are included with the size class for the sedan of the same name.
Aviation - See General aviation.
Aviation gasoline - All special grades of gasoline for use in aviation reciprocating engines,
as given in the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Specification D 910.
Includes all refinery products within the gasoline range that are to be marketed straight or
in blends as aviation gasoline without further processing (any refinery operation except
mechanical blending). Also included are finished components in the gasoline range which
will be used for blending or compounding into aviation gasoline.
Barges - Shallow, nonself-propelled vessels used to carry bulk commodities on the rivers and
the Great Lakes.
Battery efficiency - Measured in percentage. Net DC energy delivered on discharge, as a
percentage of the total DC energy required to restore the initial state-of-charge. The
efficiency value must include energy losses resulting from self-discharge, cell equalization,
thermal loss compensation, and all battery-specific auxiliary equipment.
Btu -
British thermal unit. The amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 pound of
water 1 degree Fahrenheit at or near 39.2 degrees Fahrenheit. An average Btu content of fuel
is the heat value per quantity of fuel as determined from tests of fuel samples.
Bunker - A storage tank.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
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Bunkering fuels - Fuels stored in ship bunkers.
Bus Intercity bus: A standard size bus equipped with front doors only, high backed seats,
luggage compartments separate from the passenger compartment and usually with restroom
facilities, for high-speed long distance service.
Motor bus: Rubber-tired, self-propelled, manually-steered bus with fuel supply on board
the vehicle. Motor bus types include intercity, school, and transit.
School and other nonrevenue bus: Bus services for which passengers are not directly
charged for transportation, either on a per passenger or per vehicle basis.
Transit bus: A bus designed for frequent stop service with front and center doors, normally
with a rear-mounted diesel engine, low-back seating, and without luggage storage
compartments or restroom facilities.
Trolley coach: Rubber-tired electric transit vehicle, manually-steered, propelled by a motor
drawing current, normally through overhead wires, from a central power source not on board
the vehicle.
Calendar year - The period of time between January 1 and December 31 of any given year.
Captive imports - Products produced overseas specifically for domestic manufacturers.
Carbon dioxide (CO2) - A colorless, odorless, non-poisonous gas that is a normal part of the
ambient air. Carbon dioxide is a product of fossil fuel combustion.
Carbon monoxide (CO) - A colorless, odorless, highly toxic gas that is a by-product of incomplete
fossil fuel combustion. Carbon monoxide, one of the major air pollutants, can be harmful
in small amounts if breathed over a certain period of time.
Car-mile (railroad) - A single railroad car moved a distance of one mile.
Cargo ton-mile - See Ton-mile.
Certificated route air carriers - See Air carriers.
Class I freight railroad - See Rail.
Coal slurry - Finely crushed coal mixed with sufficient water to form a fluid.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
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Combination trucks - Consist of a power unit (a truck tractor) and one or more trailing units (a
semi-trailer or trailer). The most frequently used combination is popularly referred to as a
"tractor-semitrailer" or "tractor trailer".
Commercial sector - An energy-consuming sector that consists of service-providing facilities of:
businesses; Federal, State, and local governments; and other private and public
organizations, such as religious, social or fraternal groups. Includes institutional living
quarters.
Commuter railroad - See Rail.
Compact car - See Automobile size classifications.
Constant dollars - A time series of monetary figures is expressed in constant dollars when the effect
of change over time in the purchasing power of the dollar has been removed. Usually the
data are expressed in terms of dollars of a selected year or the average of a set of years.
Consumer Price Index (CPI) - An index issued by the U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor
Statistics. The CPI is designed to measure changes in the prices of goods and services
bought by wage earners and clerical workers in urban areas. It represents the cost of a
typical consumption bundle at current prices as a ratio to its cost at a base year.
Continuous discharge capacity - Measured as percent of rated energy capacity. Energy delivered
in a constant power discharge required by an electric vehicle for hill climbing and/or highspeed cruise, specified as the percent of its rated energy capacity delivered in a one hour
constant-power discharge.
Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) standards - CAFE standards were originally
established by Congress for new automobiles, and later for light trucks, in Title V of the
Motor Vehicle Information and Cost Savings Act (15 U.S.C.1901, et seq.) with subsequent
amendments. Under CAFE, automobile manufacturers are required by law to produce
vehicle fleets with a composite sales-weighted fuel economy which cannot be lower than the
CAFE standards in a given year, or for every vehicle which does not meet the standard, a
fine of $5.00 is paid for every one-tenth of a mpg below the standard.
Crude oil - A mixture of hydrocarbons that exists in the liquid phase in natural underground
reservoirs and remains liquid at atmospheric pressure after passing through surface
separating facilities. Crude oil production is measured at the wellhead and includes lease
condensate.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
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Crude oil imports - The volume of crude oil imported into the 50 States and the District of
Columbia, including imports from U.S. territories, but excluding imports of crude oil into
the Hawaiian Foreign Trade Zone.
Curb weight - The weight of a vehicle including all standard equipment, spare tire and wheel, all
fluids and lubricants to capacity, full tank of fuel, and the weight of major optional
accessories normally found on the vehicle.
Current dollars - Represents dollars current at the time designated or at the time of the transaction.
In most contexts, the same meaning would be conveyed by the use of the term "dollars." See
also constant dollars.
Demand Response - A transit mode that includes passenger cars, vans, and small buses operating
in response to calls from passengers to the transit operator who dispatches the vehicles. The
vehicles do not operate over a fixed route on a fixed schedule. Can also be known as
paratransit or dial-a-ride.
Diesel fuel - See distillate fuel oil.
Disposable personal income - See Income.
Distillate fuel oil - The lighter fuel oils distilled off during the refining process. Included are
products known as ASTM grades numbers 1 and 2 heating oils, diesel fuels, and number 4
fuel oil. The major uses of distillate fuel oils include heating, fuel for on-and off-highway
diesel engines, and railroad diesel fuel.
Domestic air operator - See Air carrier.
E85 - 85% ethanol and 15% gasoline.
E95 - 95% ethanol and 5% gasoline.
Domestic water transportation - See Internal water transportation.
Electric utilities sector - Consists of privately and publicly owned establishments which generate
electricity primarily for resale.
Emission standards - Standards for the levels of pollutants emitted from automobiles and trucks.
Congress established the first standards in the Clean Air Act of 1963. Currently, standards
are set for four vehicle classes - automobiles, light trucks, heavy-duty gasoline trucks, and
heavy-duty diesel trucks.
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Energy capacity - Measured in kilowatt hours. The energy delivered by the battery, when tested at
C/3 discharge rate, up to termination of discharge specified by the battery manufacturer. The
required acceleration power must be delivered by the battery at any point up to 80% of the
battery's energy capacity rating.
Energy efficiency - In reference to transportation, the inverse of energy intensiveness: the ratio of
outputs from a process to the energy inputs; for example, miles traveled per gallon of fuel
(mpg).
Energy intensity - In reference to transportation, the ratio of energy inputs to a process to the useful
outputs from that process; for example, gallons of fuel per passenger-mile or Btu per tonmile.
Ethanol (C2H5OH) - Otherwise known as ethyl alcohol, alcohol, or grain-spirit. A clear, colorless,
flammable oxygenated hydrocarbon with a boiling point of 78.5 degrees Celsius in the
anhydrous state. In transportation, ethanol is used as a vehicle fuel by itself (E100 – 100%
ethanol by volume), blended with gasoline (E85 – 85% ethanol by volume), or as a gasoline
octane enhancer and oxygenate (10% by volume).
Fixed operating cost - See Operating cost.
Fleet vehicles Private fleet vehicles: Ideally, a vehicle could be classified as a member of a fleet if it is:
a) operated in mass by a corporation or institution,
b) operated under unified control, or
c) used for non-personal activities.
However, the definition of a fleet is not consistent throughout the fleet industry. Some
companies make a distinction between cars that were bought in bulk rather than singularly,
or whether they are operated in bulk, as well as the minimum number of vehicles that
constitute a fleet (i.e. 4 or 10).
Government fleet vehicles: Includes vehicles owned by all Federal, state,
county, city, and metro units of government, including toll road operations.
Foreign freight - Movements between the United States and foreign countries and between Puerto
Rico, the Virgin Islands, and foreign countries. Trade between U.S. territories and
possessions (e.g. Guam, Wake, American Samoa) and foreign countries is excluded. Traffic
to or from the Panama Canal Zone is included.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
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Gas Guzzler Tax - Originates from the 1978 Energy Tax Act (Public Law 95-618). A new car
purchaser is required to pay the tax if the car purchased has a combined city/highway fuel
economy rating that is below the standard for that year. For model years 1986 and later, the
standard is 22.5 mpg.
Gasohol - A mixture of 10% anhydrous ethanol and 90% gasoline by volume; 7.5% anhydrous
ethanol and 92.5% gasoline by volume; or 5.5% anhydrous ethanol and 94.5% gasoline by
volume. There are other fuels that contain methanol and gasoline, but these fuels are not
referred to as gasohol.
Gasoline - See Motor gasoline.
General aviation - That portion of civil aviation which encompasses all facets of aviation except air
carriers. It includes any air taxis, commuter air carriers, and air travel clubs which do not
hold Certificates of Public Convenience and Necessity.
Gross National Product - A measure of monetary value of the goods and services becoming
available to the nation from economic activity. Total value at market prices of all goods and
services produced by the nation's economy. Calculated quarterly by the Department of
Commerce, the Gross National Product is the broadest available measure of the level of
economic activity.
Gross vehicle weight (gvw) - The weight of the empty truck plus the maximum anticipated load
weight.
Gross vehicle weight rating (gvwr) - The gross vehicle weight which is assigned to each new truck
by the manufacturer. This rating may be different for trucks of the same model because of
certain features, such as heavy-duty suspension. Passenger cars do not have gross vehicle
weight ratings.
Heavy-heavy truck - See Truck size classifications.
Household - Consists of all persons who occupy a housing unit, including the related family
members and all unrelated persons, if any, who share the housing unit.
Housing unit - A house, apartment, a group of rooms, or a single room occupied or intended for
occupancy as separate living quarters. Separate living quarters are those in which the
occupants do not live and eat with any other persons in the structure and which have either
(1) direct access from the outside of the building or through a common hallway intended to
be used by the occupants of another unit or by the general public, or (2) complete kitchen
facilities for the exclusive use of the occupants. The occupants may be a single family, one
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
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person living alone, two or more families living together, or any other group of related or
unrelated persons who share living arrangements.
Hydrocarbon (HC) - A compound that contains only hydrogen and carbon. The simplest and
lightest forms of hydrocarbon are gaseous. With greater molecular weights they are liquid,
while the heaviest are solids.
Income Disposable personal income: Personal income less personal tax and non-tax payments.
National income: The aggregate earnings of labor and property which arise in the
current production of goods and services by the nation's economy.
Personal income: The current income received by persons from all sources, net of
contributions for social insurance.
Industrial sector - Construction, manufacturing, agricultural and mining establishments.
Inertia weight - The curb weight of a vehicle plus 300 pounds.
Intercity bus - See Bus.
Internal water transportation - Includes all local (intraport) traffic and traffic between ports or
landings wherein the entire movement takes place on inland waterways. Also termed
internal are movements involving carriage on both inland waterways and the water of the
Great Lakes, and inland movements that cross short stretches of open water that link inland
systems.
International air operator - See Air carrier.
International freight - See Foreign freight.
Jet fuel - Includes both naphtha-type and kerosene-type fuels meeting standards for use in aircraft
turbine engines. Although most jet fuel is used in aircraft, some is used for other purposes
such as generating electricity in gas turbines.
Kerosene-type jet fuel: A quality kerosene product with an average gravity of 40.7 degrees
API and 10% to 90% distillation temperatures of 217 to 261 degrees centigrade. Used
primarily as fuel for commercial turbojet and turboprop aircraft engines. It is a relatively
low freezing point distillate of the kerosene type.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
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Naphtha-type jet fuel: A fuel in the heavy naphtha boiling range with an average gravity
of 52.8 degrees API and 10% to 90% distillation temperatures of 117 to 233 degrees
centigrade used for turbojet and turboprop aircraft engines, primarily by the military.
Excludes ramjet and petroleum.
Kerosene - A petroleum distillate in the 300 to 500 degrees Fahrenheit boiling range and generally
having a flash point higher than 100 degrees Fahrenheit by the American Society of Testing
and Material (ASTM) Method D56, a gravity range from 40 to 46 degrees API, and a
burning point in the range of 150 to 175 degrees Fahrenheit. It is a clean-burning product
suitable for use as an illuminant when burned in wick lamps. Includes grades of kerosene
called range oil having properties similar to Number 1 fuel oil, but with a gravity of about
43 degrees API and an end point of 625 degrees Fahrenheit. Used in space heaters, cooking
stoves, and water heaters.
Kerosene-type jet fuel - See Jet fuel.
Large car - See Automobile size classifications.
Lease Condensate - A liquid recovered from natural gas at the well or at small gas/oil separators in
the field. Consists primarily of pentanes and heavier hydrocarbons (also called field
condensate).
Light duty vehicles - Automobiles and light trucks combined.
Light truck - Unless otherwise noted, light trucks are defined in this publication as two-axle, fourtire trucks. The U.S. Bureau of Census classifies all trucks with a gross vehicle weight less
than 10,000 pounds as light trucks (See Truck size classifications).
Light-heavy truck - See Truck size classifications.
Liquified petroleum gas (lpg) - Consists of propane and butane and is usually derived from natural
gas. In locations where there is no natural gas and the gasoline consumption is low, naphtha
is converted to lpg by catalytic reforming.
Load factor - Total passenger miles divided by total vehicle miles.
Low emission vehicle - Any vehicle certified to the low emission standards which are set by the
Federal government and/or the state of California.
M85 - 85% methanol and 15% gasoline.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
G–10
M100 - 100% methanol.
Medium truck - See Truck size classifications.
Methanol (CH3OH) - A colorless highly toxic liquid with essentially no odor and very little taste.
It is the simplest alcohol and boils at 64.7 degrees Celsius. In transportation, methanol is
used as a vehicle fuel by itself (M100), or blended with gasoline (M85).
Midsize car - See Automobile size classifications.
Minicompact car - See Automobile size classifications.
Model year - In this publication, model year is referring to the "sales" model year, the period from
October 1 to the next September 31.
Motor bus - See Bus.
Motor Gasoline - A mixture of volatile hydrocarbons suitable for operation of an internal
combustion engine whose major components are hydrocarbons with boiling points ranging
from 78 to 217 degrees centigrade and whose source is distillation of petroleum and
cracking, polymerization, and other chemical reactions by which the naturally occurring
petroleum hydrocarbons are converted into those that have superior fuel properties.
MTBE - Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether - a colorless, flammable, liquid oxygenated hydrocarbon
containing 18.15 percent oxygen.
Naphtha-type jet fuel - See Jet fuel.
National income - See Income.
Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey (NPTS) - A nationwide survey of households that
provides information on the characteristics and personal travel patterns of the U.S.
population. Surveys were conducted in 1969, 1977, 1983, 1990, and 1995 by the U.S.
Bureau of Census for the U.S. Department of Transportation.
Natural gas - A mixture of hydrocarbon compounds and small quantities of various nonhydrocarbons existing in the gaseous phase or in solution with crude oil in natural
underground reservoirs at reservoir conditions.
Natural gas, dry: Natural gas which remains after: 1) the liquefiable hydrocarbon portion
has been removed from the gas stream; and 2) any volumes of nonhydrocarbon gases have
been removed where they occur in sufficient quantity to render the gas unmarketable. Dry
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
G–11
natural gas is also known as consumer-grade natural gas. The parameters for measurement
are cubic feet at 60 degrees Fahrenheit and 14.73 pounds per square inch absolute.
Natural gas, wet: The volume of natural gas remaining after removal of lease condensate
in lease and/or field separation facilities, if any, and after exclusion of nonhydrocarbon gases
where they occur in sufficient quantity to render the gas unmarketable. Natural gas liquids
may be recovered from volumes of natural gas, wet after lease separation, at natural gas
processing plants.
Natural gas plant liquids - Natural gas liquids recovered from natural gas in processing
plants and from natural gas field facilities and fractionators. Products obtained include
ethane, propane, normal butane, isobutane, pentanes plus, and other products from natural
gas processing plants.
Nitrogen oxides (NOx) - A product of combustion of fossil fuels whose production increases with
the temperature of the process. It can become an air pollutant if concentrations are
excessive.
Oil Stocks - Oil stocks include crude oil (including strategic reserves), unfinished oils, natural gas
plant liquids, and refined petroleum products.
Operating cost Fixed operating cost: In reference to passenger car operating cost, refers to those
expenditures that are independent of the amount of use of the car, such as insurance costs,
fees for license and registration, depreciation and finance charges.
Variable operating cost: In reference to passenger car operating cost, expenditures which
are dependent on the amount of use of the car, such as the cost of gas and oil, tires, and other
maintenance.
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) - Consists of Australia,
Austria, Belgium, Canada, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece,
Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, Mexico, Netherlands, New Zealand,
Norway, Poland, Portugal, South Korea, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, United
Kingdom, and United States. Total OECD includes the United States Territories (Guam,
Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands). Total OECD excludes data for Czech Republic,
Hungary, Mexico, Poland, and South Korea which are not yet available.
OECD Europe: Consists of Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France,
Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway,
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
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Poland, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, and United Kingdom. OECD Europe
excludes data for Czech Republic, Hungary, and Poland which are not yet available.
OECD Pacific: Consists of Australia, Japan, and New Zealand.
Organization for Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) - Includes Saudi Arabia, Iran,
Venezuela, Libya, Indonesia, United Arab Emirates, Algeria, Nigeria, Ecuador, Gabon, Iraq,
Kuwait, and Qatar. Data for Saudi Arabia and Kuwait include their shares from the
Partitioned Zone (formerly the Neutral Zone).
Arab OPEC - Consists of Algeria, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the United
Arab Emirates.
Other single-unit truck - See Single-unit truck.
Oxygenate - A substance which, when added to gasoline, increases the amount of oxygen in that
gasoline blend. Includes fuel ethanol, methanol, and methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE).
Particulates - Carbon particles formed by partial oxidation and reduction of the hydrocarbon fuel.
Also included are trace quantities of metal oxides and nitrides, originating from engine wear,
component degradation, and inorganic fuel additives. In the transportation sector,
particulates are emitted mainly from diesel engines.
Passenger-miles traveled (PMT) - One person traveling the distance of one mile. Total passengermiles traveled, thus, give the total mileage traveled by all persons.
Passenger rail - See Rail, "Amtrak" and "Transit Railroad".
Persian Gulf countries: Consists of Bahrain, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the United
Emirates.
Personal Consumption Expenditures (PCE) - As used in the national accounts, the market value
of purchases of goods and services by individuals and nonprofit institutions and the value
of food, clothing, housing, and financial services received by them as income in kind. It
includes the rental value of owner-occupied houses but excludes purchases of dwellings,
which are classified as capital goods (investment).
Personal income - See Income.
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Petroleum - A generic term applied to oil and oil products in all forms, such as crude oil, lease
condensate, unfinished oil, refined petroleum products, natural gas plant liquids, and nonhydrocarbon compounds blended into finished petroleum products.
Petroleum consumption: A calculated demand for petroleum products obtained by
summing domestic production, imports of crude petroleum and natural gas liquids, imports
of petroleum products, and the primary stocks at the beginning of the period and then
subtracting the exports and the primary stocks at the end of the period.
Petroleum exports: Shipments of petroleum products from the 50 States and the District
of Columbia to foreign countries, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and other U.S. possessions
and territories.
Petroleum imports: All imports of crude petroleum, natural gas liquids, and petroleum
products from foreign countries and receipts from Guam, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands,
and the Hawaiian Trade Zone. The commodities included are crude oil, unfinished oils,
plant condensate, and refined petroleum products.
Petroleum inventories: The amounts of crude oil, unfinished oil, petroleum products, and
natural gas liquids held at refineries, at natural gas processing plants, in pipelines, at bulk
terminals operated by refining and pipeline companies, and at independent bulk terminals.
Crude oil held in storage on leases is also included; these stocks are know as primary stocks.
Secondary stocks - those held by jobbers dealers, service station operators, and consumers
-are excluded. Prior to 1975, stock held at independent bulk terminals were classified as
secondary stocks.
Petroleum products supplied: For each petroleum product, the amount supplied is
calculated by summing production, crude oil burned directly, imports, and net withdrawals
from primary stocks and subtracting exports.
Processing Gain - The amount by which the total volume of refinery output is greater than the
volume of input for given period of time. The processing gain arises when crude oil and
other hydrocarbons are processed into products that are, on average, less dense than the
input.
Processing Loss - The amount by which the total volume of refinery output is less than the volume
of input for given period of time. The processing loss arises when crude oil and other
hydrocarbons are processed into products that are, on average, more dense than the input.
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Proved Reserves of Crude Oil - The estimated quantities of all liquids defined as crude oil, which
geological and engineering data demonstrate with reasonable certainty to be recoverable in
future years from known reservoirs under existing economic and operating conditions.
Quad - Quadrillion, 1015. In this publication, a Quad refers to Quadrillion Btu.
Rail Amtrak (American Railroad Tracks): Operated by the National Railroad Passenger
Corporation of Washington, DC. This rail system was created by President Nixon in 1970,
and was given the responsibility for the operation of intercity, as distinct from suburban,
passenger trains between points designated by the Secretary of Transportation.
Class I freight railroad: Defined by the Interstate Commerce Commission each year
based on annual operating revenue. A railroad is dropped from the Class I list if it fails to
meet the annual earnings threshold for three consecutive years.
Commuter railroad: Those portions of mainline railroad (not electric railway)
transportation operations which encompass urban passenger train service for local travel
between a central city and adjacent suburbs. Commuter railroad service - using both
locomotive-hauled and self-propelled railroad passenger cars - is characterized by multi-trip
tickets, specific station-to-station fares, and usually only one or two stations in the central
business district. Also known as suburban railroad.
Transit railroad: Includes "heavy" and "light" transit rail. Heavy transit rail is
characterized by exclusive rights-of-way, multi-car trains, high speed rapid acceleration,
sophisticated signaling, and high platform loading. Also known as subway, elevated
railway, or metropolitan railway (metro). Light transit rail may be on exclusive or shared
rights-of-way, high or low platform loading, multi-car trains or single cars, automated or
manually operated. In generic usage, light rail includes streetcars, trolley cars, and
tramways.
Residential sector - An energy consuming sector that consists of living quarters for private
households. Excludes institutional living quarters.
Residential Transportation Energy Consumption Survey (RTECS) - This survey was designed
by the Energy Information Administration of the Department of Energy to provide
information on how energy is used by households for personal vehicles. It has been
conducted five times since 1979, the most recent being 1991.
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Residual fuel oil - The heavier oils that remain after the distillate fuel oils and lighter hydrocarbons
are boiled off in refinery operations. Included are products know as ASTM grade numbers
5 and 6 oil, heavy diesel oil, Navy Special Fuel Oil, Bunker C oil, and acid sludge and pitch
used as refinery fuels. Residual fuel oil is used for the production of electric power, for
heating, and for various industrial purposes.
Rural - Usually refers to areas with population less than 5,000.
Sales period - October 1 of the previous year to September 30 of the given year. Approximately the
same as a model year.
Sales-weighted miles per gallon (mpg) - Calculation of a composite vehicle fuel economy based
on the distribution of vehicle sales.
Scrappage rate - As applied to motor vehicles, it is usually expressed as the percentage of vehicles
of a certain type in a given age class that are retired from use (lacking registration) in a given
year.
School and other nonrevenue bus - See Bus.
Single-unit truck - Includes two-axle, four-tire trucks and other single-unit trucks.
Two-axle, four-tire truck: A motor vehicle consisting primarily of a single motorized
device with two axles and four tires.
Other single-unit truck: A motor vehicle consisting primarily of a single motorized device
with more than two axles or more than four tires.
Special fuels - Consist primarily of diesel fuel with small amount of liquified petroleum gas, as
defined by the Federal Highway Administration.
Specific acceleration power - Measured in watts per kilogram. Acceleration power divided by the
battery system weight. Weight must include the total battery system.
Specific energy - Measured in watt hours per kilogram. The rated energy capacity of the battery
divided by the total battery system weight.
Subcompact car - See Automobile size classifications.
Supplemental air carrier - See Air carrier.
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Test weight - The weight setting at which a vehicle is tested on a dynomometer by the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). This weight is determined by the EPA using the
inertia weight of the vehicle.
Ton-mile - The movement of one ton of freight the distance of one mile. Ton-miles are computed
by multiplying the weight in tons of each shipment transported by the distance hauled.
Transmission types A3 - Automatic three speed
A4 - Automatic four speed
A5 - Automatic five speed
L4 - Automatic lockup four speed
M5 - Manual five speed
Transit bus - See Bus.
Transit railroad - See Rail.
Transportation sector - Consists of both private and public passenger and freight transportation,
as well as government transportation, including military operations.
Truck Inventory and Use Survey (TIUS) - Survey designed to collect data on the characteristics
and operational use of the nation's truck population. It is conducted every five years by the
U.S. Bureau of the Census. Surveys were conducted in 1963, 1967, 1972, 1977, 1982, 1987,
and 1992. For the 1997 survey, it was renamed the Vehicle Inventory and Use Survey in
anticipation of including additional vehicle types. However, no additional vehicle types
were added to the 1997 survey.
Trolley coach - See Bus.
Truck size classifications - U.S. Bureau of the Census has categorized trucks by gross vehicle
weight (gvw) as follows:
Light - Less than 10,000 pounds gvw (Also see Light Truck.)
Medium - 10,001 to 20,000 pounds gvw
Light-heavy - 20,001 to 26,000 pounds gvw
Heavy-heavy - 26,001 pounds gvw or more.
Two-axle, four-tire truck - See Single-unit truck.
Two seater car - See Automobile size classifications.
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Ultra-low emission vehicle - Any vehicle certified to the ultra-low emission standards which are set
by the Federal government and/or the state of California.
Urban - Usually refers to areas with population of 5,000 or greater.
Vanpool - A transit mode made up of vans and sometimes small buses operating as a ridesharing
arrangement to provide transportation to a group of individuals traveling directly between
their homes and a regular destination within the same geographical area. Most vanpools are
privately-operated, are not available to the public, and are not considered public
transportation. Vanpool data in this report are for vanpools that are owned, purchased or
leased by a public entity and are publicly available.
Variable operating cost - See Operating cost.
Vehicle Inventory and Use Survey - See Truck Inventory and Use Survey.
Vehicle-miles traveled (vmt) - One vehicle traveling the distance of one mile. Total vehicle miles,
thus, is the total mileage traveled by all vehicles.
Zero-emission vehicle - Any vehicle certified to the zero emission standards which are set by the
Federal government and/or the state of California. These standards apply to the vehicle
emissions only.
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
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TITLE INDEX
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
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Acquisitions
Federal Fleet Vehicle Acquisitions by Fuel Type, FY 1998–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-7
Act
Energy Policy Act Purchase Requirements of Light Alternative Fuel Vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-8
Advanced
Sales and Specifications of Available Advanced Technology Vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-8
Age
Automobiles in Operation and Vehicle Travel by Age, 1970 and 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-9
Trucks in Operation and Vehicle Travel by Age, 1970 and 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-10
Average Age of Automobiles and Trucks in Use, 1970–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-11
Average Age and Registrations of Automobiles and Trucks, 1970–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-12
Average Age of Vehicles by Household Vehicle Ownership, 2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-12
Average Annual Miles per Household Vehicle by Vehicle Age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-13
Agency
Federal Government Vehicles by Agency, Fiscal Year 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-6
Air
Summary Statistics for U.S. Domestic and International Certificated Route Air Carriers (Combined
Totals), 1970–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-3
Total National Emissions of the Criteria Air Pollutants by Sector, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-2
Alternative
Alternative Fuel and Oxygenate Consumption, 1992–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-5
Conventional and Alternative Fuel Refueling Stations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-18
Estimates of Alternative Fuel Vehicles in Use, 1992–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-3
Estimates of Alternative Fuel Vehicles by Ownership, 1996 and 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-4
Alternative Fuel Vehicles Available by Manufacturer, Model Year 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-5
Number of Alternative Refuel Sites by State and Fuel Type, 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-6
Properties of Conventional and Alternative Fuels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-14
Energy Policy Act Purchase Requirements of Light Alternative Fuel Vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-8
Amtrak
Summary Statistics for the National Railroad Passenger Corporation (Amtrak), 1971 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-13
Annual
Average Annual Vehicle-Miles of Travel for Fleet Vehicles, 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-4
Average Annual Expenditures of Households by Income, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-4
Average Annual Vehicle-Miles, Vehicle Trips and Trip Length per Household 1969, 1977, 1983, 1990,
1995 NPTS and 2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-7
Average Annual Person-Miles Traveled, Person Trips and Trip Length per Household by Selected Trip
Purposes, 1983, 1990, 1995 NPTS and 2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-8
Average Annual Miles per Vehicle by Household Vehicle Ownership, 2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-12
Average Annual Miles per Household Vehicle by Vehicle Age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-13
Self-Reported vs. Odometer Average Annual Miles, 1995 NPTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-14
Automobile
Automobile Registrations for Selected Countries, 1950-2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-2
Automobile Scrappage and Survival Rates 1970, 1980 and 1990 Model Years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-13
New Retail Automobile Sales in the United States, 1970-2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-5
Average Material Consumption for a Domestic Automobile, 1978, 1985, and 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-16
Automobile Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Standards versus Sales-Weighted
Fuel Economy Estimates, 1978-2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-19
Automobile Operating Cost per Mile, 1985-2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-15
Fixed Automobile Operating Costs per Year, 1975-2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-16
Automobiles
Automobiles and Trucks in Use, 1970–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-5
Automobiles in Operation and Vehicle Travel by Age, 1970 and 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-9
Average Age of Automobiles and Trucks in Use, 1970–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-11
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Automobiles (continued)
Average Age and Registrations of Automobiles and Trucks, 1970–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-12
Import Automobiles, Selected Sales Periods 1976-2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-7
Sales-Weighted Engine Size of New Domestic and Import Automobiles by Size Class, Sales Periods
1976–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-11
Sales-Weighted Curb Weight of New Domestic and Import Automobiles by Size Class, Sales Periods
1976–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-13
Sales-Weighted Interior Space of New Domestic and Import Automobiles by Size Class, Sales Periods
1976–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-14
Sales-Weighted Wheelbase of New Automobiles and Light Trucks, Sales Periods 1976–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . 4-15
Period Sales, Market Shares, and Sales-Weighted Fuel Economies of New Domestic and Available
Alternative Fuel Vehicles Available by Manufacturer, Model Year 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-5
Sales and Specifications of Available Advanced Technology Vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-8
Average
Average Age of Automobiles and Trucks in Use, 1970–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-11
Average Age and Registrations of Automobiles and Trucks, 1970–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-12
Average Material Consumption for a Domestic Automobile, 1978, 1985, and 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-16
Automobile Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Standards versus Sales-Weighted
Fuel Economy Estimates, 1978–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-19
Light Truck Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Standards versus Sales-Weighted
Fuel Economy Estimates, 1978–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-20
Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Fines Collected, 1983–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-21
Average Length of Time Business Fleet Vehicles are in Service, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-4
Average Annual Vehicle-Miles of Travel for Fleet Vehicles, 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-4
Average Miles per Domestic Federal Vehicle by Vehicle Type, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-5
Average Annual Expenditures of Households by Income, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-4
Average Annual Vehicle-Miles, Vehicle Trips and Trip Length per Household 1969, 1977,
1983, 1990, 1995 NPTS and 2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-7
Average Annual Person-Miles Traveled, Person Trips and Trip Length per Household by Selected Trip
Purposes, 1983, 1990, 1995 NPTS and 2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-8
Average Number of Vehicles and Vehicle Travel per Household, 1990 NPTS and
2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-9
Average Vehicle Occupancy by Vehicle Type, 1995 NPTS and 2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-10
Average Vehicle Occupancy by Trip Purpose, 1977 NPTS and 2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-11
Average Annual Miles per Vehicle by Household Vehicle Ownership, 2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-12
Average Age of Vehicles by Household Vehicle Ownership, 2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-12
Average Annual Miles per Household Vehicle by Vehicle Age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-13
Self-Reported vs. Odometer Average Annual Miles, 1995 NPTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-14
Average Price of a New Car, 1970–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-14
Aviation
Summary Statistics for General Aviation, 1970–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-4
Refiner Sales Prices for Aviation Gasoline and Jet Fuel, 1978–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-9
Axle
Summary Statistics for Two-Axle, Four-Tire Trucks, 1970–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-3
Barrel
Refinery Yield of Petroleum Products from a Barrel of Crude Oil, 1978–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-15
Prices for a Barrel of Crude Oil and a Gallon of Gasoline, 1978–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-6
Bicycle
Bicycle Sales, 1981–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-17
Specialty Bicycle Sales by Year, 2000–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-18
Bike
Walk and Bike Trips by Trip Purpose, 2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-19
Boating
Recreational Boating Statistics, 1977–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-8
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I–4
Breakdown
Breakdown of Domestic Marine Cargo by Commodity Class, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-7
Bus
Energy Intensities for Selected Transit Bus Systems, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-17
Truck and Bus Registrations for Selected Countries, 1950–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-3
Buses
Summary Statistics on Transit Buses, 1984–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-14
Summary Statistics on Intercity and School Buses, 1970–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-15
Business
Average Length of Time Business Fleet Vehicles are in Service, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-4
CAFE
Automobile Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Standards versus Sales-Weighted Fuel
Economy Estimates, 1978–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-19
Light Truck Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Standards versus Sales-Weighted Fuel
Economy Estimates, 1978–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-20
Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Fines Collected, 1983–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-21
Calendar
Vehicle Stock and New Sales in the United States, 2001 Calendar Year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-7
California
California Passenger Cars and Light Trucks Emission Certification Standards for Model
Years 2001–206 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-23
California Vehicle Emission Reduction for Passenger Cars and Light Trucks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-24
Car
Average Price of a New Car, 1970–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-14
Carbon
World Carbon Emissions from Energy Consumption, 1990 and 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-2
Numerical Estimates of Global Warming Potentials Compared with Carbon Dioxide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-3
U.S. Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Fossil Energy Consumption by End-Use Sector, 1990–2001 . . . . . . . 11-5
U.S. Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Energy Use in Transportation Sector, 1990–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-6
Total National Emissions of Carbon Monoxide, 1980–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-3
Emissions of Carbon Monoxide from Highway Vehicles, 1980–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-4
Cargo
Breakdown of Domestic Marine Cargo by Commodity Class, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-7
Carloads
Railroad Revenue Carloads by Commodity Group, 1974 and 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-11
Carriers
Summary Statistics for U.S. Domestic and International Certificated Route Air Carriers (Combined
Totals), 1970–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-3
Cars
Summary Statistics for Passenger Cars, 1970–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-2
The Gas Guzzler Tax on New Cars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-22
Tier 2 Emission Standards for Cars and Light Trucks Effective for 2004-2009 Model Years . . . . . . . . . . . 12-14
California Passenger Cars and Light Trucks Emission Certification Standards for Model Years
2001–2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-23
California Vehicle Emission Reduction for Passenger Cars and Light Trucks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-24
Category
U.S. and World Hydrogen Consumption by End-Use Category, 1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-12
Federal Exhaust Emission Certification Standards for Gasoline- and Diesel-Powered Light Trucks
(Category LDT1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-17
Federal Exhaust Emission Certification Standards for Gasoline- and Diesel-Powered Light Trucks
(Category LDT2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-18
Category (continued)
Federal Exhaust Emission Certification Standards for Gasoline- and Diesel-Powered Light Trucks
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(Category LDT3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-19
Federal Exhaust Emission Certification Standards for Gasoline- and Diesel-Powered Light Trucks
(Category LDT4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-20
Cell
Fuel Cell Type Comparison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-15
Census
Household Vehicle Ownership, 1960-2000 Census . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-5
Means of Transportation to Work, 1980, 1990 and 2000 Census . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-15
Workers by Commute Time, 1990 and 2000 Census . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-16
Certificated
Summary Statistics for U.S. Domestic and International Certificated Route Air Carriers (Combined
Totals), 1970–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-3
Certification
Federal Exhaust Emission Certification Standards for Gasoline- and Diesel-Powered Light Vehicles . . . . 12-16
Federal Exhaust Emission Certification Standards for Gasoline- and Diesel-Powered Light Trucks
(Category LDT1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-17
Federal Exhaust Emission Certification Standards for Gasoline- and Diesel-Powered Light Trucks
(Category LDT2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-18
Federal Exhaust Emission Certification Standards for Gasoline- and Diesel-Powered Light Trucks
(Category LDT3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-19
Federal Exhaust Emission Certification Standards for Gasoline- and Diesel-Powered Light Trucks
(Category LDT4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-20
Federal Exhaust Emission Certification Standards for Gasoline- and Diesel-Powered Light
Heavy Trucks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-21
Federal Exhaust Emission Certification Standards for Gasoline- and Diesel-Powered Heavy
Heavy Trucks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-22
California Passenger Cars and Light Trucks Emission Certification Standards for Model Years
2001–2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-23
Cities
Clean Cities Coalitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-7
City
New York City Driving Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-30
Class
Summary Statistics on Class 1, Class 2a, and Class 2b Light Trucks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-4
Sales Estimates of Class 1, Class 2a, and Class 2b Light Trucks, 1989–1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-4
Light Vehicle Market Shares by Size Class, Sales Periods 1976–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-9
Sales-Weighted Engine Size of New Domestic and Import Automobiles by Size Class, Sales
Periods 1976–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-11
Sales-Weighted Engine Size of New Domestic and Import Light Trucks by Size Class, Sales
Periods 1976–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-12
Sales-Weighted Curb Weight of New Domestic and Import Automobiles by Size Class, Sales
Periods 1976–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-13
Sales-Weighted Interior Space of New Domestic and Import Automobiles by Size Class, Sales
Periods 1976–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-14
Truck Statistics by Gross Vehicle Weight Class, 1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-6
Truck Harmonic Mean Fuel Economy by Size Class, 1992 and 1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-6
Breakdown of Domestic Marine Cargo by Commodity Class, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-7
Class I Railroad Freight Systems in the United States Ranked by Revenue Ton Miles, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-9
Summary Statistics for Class I Freight Railroads, 1970–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-10
Clean
Clean Cities Coalitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-7
Coalitions
Clean Cities Coalitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-7
Collected
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Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Fines Collected, 1983–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-21
Commerce
Tonnage Statistics for Domestic and International Waterborne Commerce, 1970–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-5
Summary Statistics for Domestic Waterborne Commerce, 1970–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-6
Commodity
Growth of Freight in the United States: Comparison of the 1997 and 1993 Commodity Flow Surveys . . . . . 5-12
Growth of Freight Miles in the United States: Comparison of the 1997 and 1993 Commodity
Flow Surveys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-13
Breakdown of Domestic Marine Cargo by Commodity Class, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-7
Railroad Revenue Carloads by Commodity Group, 1974 and 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-11
Commute
Workers by Commute Time, 1990 and 2000 Census . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-16
Commuter
Summary Statistics for Commuter Rail Operations, 1984–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-14
Compounds
Total National Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds, 1980–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-7
Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds from Highway Vehicles, 1980–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-8
Constant
Crude Oil Prices in Current and Constant Terms, 1870–002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-9
Consumed
Fuel Consumed by Federal Government Fleets, FY 1998–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-7
Consumer
Consumer Price Indices, 1970–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-17
Consumption
World Petroleum Consumption, 1960–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-5
World Oil Reserves, Production and Consumption, 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-6
World Natural Gas Reserves, Production, and Consumption, 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-7
Petroleum Production and Consumption Ratios, 1950–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-17
Consumption of Petroleum by End-Use Sector, 1973–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-19
World Consumption of Primary Energy, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-2
Distribution of Energy Consumption by Source, 1973 and 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-4
Alternative Fuel and Oxygenate Consumption, 1992–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-5
Domestic Consumption of Transportation Energy by Mode and Fuel Type, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-6
Highway Transportation Energy Consumption by Mode, 1970–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-8
Nonhighway Transportation Energy Consumption by Mode, 1970–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-9
U. S. Consumption of Total Energy by End-Use Sector, 1973–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-30
Average Material Consumption for a Domestic Automobile, 1978, 1985, and 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-16
U.S. and World Hydrogen Consumption by End-Use Category, 1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-12
U.S. Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Fossil Energy Consumption by End-Use Sector, 1990–2001 . . . . . . . 11-5
Conventional
Conventional and Alternative Fuel Refueling Stations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-18
Properties of Conventional and Alternative Fuels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-14
Corporate
Automobile Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Standards versus Sales-Weighted Fuel
Economy Estimates, 1978–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-19
Light Truck Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Standards versus Sales-Weighted Fuel
Economy Estimates, 1978–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-20
Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Fines Collected, 1983–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-21
Corporation
Summary Statistics for the National Railroad Passenger Corporation (Amtrak), 1971 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-13
Cost
Automobile Operating Cost per Mile, 1985–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-15
Costs
Fixed Automobile Operating Costs per Year, 1975–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-16
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Countries
Petroleum Stocks of OECD Countries by Ownership, 1995–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-8
Automobile Registrations for Selected Countries, 1950–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-2
Truck and Bus Registrations for Selected Countries, 1950–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-3
Vehicles per Thousand People: U.S. Compared to Other Countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-6
Gasoline Prices for Selected Countries, 1978–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-2
Diesel Fuel Prices for Selected Countries, 1978–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-4
Crash
Crashes by Crash Severity, Crash Type, and Vehicle Type, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-36
Crashes
Crashes by Crash Severity, Crash Type, and Vehicle Type, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-36
Percent Rollover Occurrence in Fatal Crashes by Vehicle Type, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-37
Criteria
Total National Emissions of the Criteria Air Pollutants by Sector, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-2
Crude
World Crude Oil Production, 1960–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-3
Crude Oil Prices in Current and Constant Terms, 1870–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-9
U.S. Refinery Input of Crude Oil and Petroleum Products, 1987–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-14
Refinery Yield of Petroleum Products from a Barrel of Crude Oil, 1978–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-15
Prices for a Barrel of Crude Oil and a Gallon of Gasoline, 1978–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-6
Curb
Sales-Weighted Curb Weight of New Domestic and Import Automobiles by Size Class, Sales
Periods 1976–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-13
Current
Crude Oil Prices in Current and Constant Terms, 1870–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-9
Cycles
Projected Fuel Economies from U.S., European, and Japanese Driving Cycles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-32
Comparison of U.S., European, and Japanese Driving Cycles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-33
Dealerships
New Light Vehicle Dealerships and Sales, 1970–2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-17
Defending
Summary of 1996 Military Expenditures for Defending Oil Supplies from the Middle East . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-12
Demographic
Demographic Statistics, 1969, 1977, 1983, 1990, 1995 NPTS and 2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-6
Destination
Long-Distance Trips by Destination, 1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-20
Diesel
Off-Highway Use of Gasoline and Diesel, 1985–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-10
Diesel Fuel Prices for Selected Countries, 1978–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-4
Refiner Sales Prices for Propane and No. 2 Diesel, 1978-2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-8
Federal Exhaust Emission Certification Standards for Gasoline- and Diesel-Powered Light Vehicles . . . . 12-16
Federal Exhaust Emission Certification Standards for Gasoline- and Diesel-Powered Light Trucks
(Category LDT1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-17
Federal Exhaust Emission Certification Standards for Gasoline- and Diesel-Powered Light Trucks
(Category LDT2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-18
Federal Exhaust Emission Certification Standards for Gasoline- and Diesel-Powered Light Trucks
(Category LDT3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-19
Federal Exhaust Emission Certification Standards for Gasoline- and Diesel-Powered Light Trucks
(Category LDT4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-20
Diesel (continued)
Federal Exhaust Emission Certification Standards for Gasoline- and Diesel-Powered Light
Heavy Trucks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-21
Federal Exhaust Emission Certification Standards for Gasoline- and Diesel-Powered Heavy
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Heavy Trucks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-22
Dioxide
Numerical Estimates of Global Warming Potentials Compared with Carbon Dioxide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-3
U.S. Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Fossil Energy Consumption by End-Use Sector, 1990–2001 . . . . . . . 11-5
U.S. Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Energy Use in Transportation Sector, 1990–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-6
Distance
Long-Distance Trips by Destination, 1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-20
Long-Distance Trips by Mode and Purpose, 1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-21
Shares of Long-Distance Person Trips by Mode and Household Income, 1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-22
Distribution
Distribution of Energy Consumption by Source, 1973 and 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-4
Domestic
Domestic Consumption of Transportation Energy by Mode and Fuel Type, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-6
Period Sales, Market Shares, and Sales-Weighted Fuel Economies of New Domestic and Import
Automobiles, Selected Sales Periods 1976–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-7
Period Sales, Market Shares, and Sales-Weighted Fuel Economies of New Domestic and Import Light
Trucks, Selected Sales Periods 1976–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-8
Sales-Weighted Engine Size of New Domestic and Import Automobiles by Size Class, Sales
Periods 1976–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-11
Sales-Weighted Engine Size of New Domestic and Import Light Trucks by Size Class, Sales
Periods 1976–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-12
Sales-Weighted Curb Weight of New Domestic and Import Automobiles by Size Class, Sales
Periods 1976–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-13
Sales-Weighted Interior Space of New Domestic and Import Automobiles by Size Class, Sales
Periods 1976–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-14
Average Material Consumption for a Domestic Automobile, 1978, 1985, and 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-16
Average Miles per Domestic Federal Vehicle by Vehicle Type, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-5
Summary Statistics for U.S. Domestic and International Certificated Route Air Carriers (Combined
Totals), 1970–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-3
Tonnage Statistics for Domestic and International Waterborne Commerce, 1970–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-5
Summary Statistics for Domestic Waterborne Commerce, 1970–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-6
Breakdown of Domestic Marine Cargo by Commodity Class, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-7
Driving
Urban Driving Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-29
Highway Driving Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-29
New York City Driving Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-30
Representative Number Five Driving Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-30
US06 Driving Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-31
Projected Fuel Economies from U.S., European, and Japanese Driving Cycles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-32
Comparison of U.S., European, and Japanese Driving Cycles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-33
East
Summary of 1996 Military Expenditures for Defending Oil Supplies from the Middle East . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-12
Economic
Oil Price and Economic Growth, 1970–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-11
Economic Indicators, 1970-2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-17
Economies
Period Sales, Market Shares, and Sales-Weighted Fuel Economies of New Domestic and Import
Automobiles, Selected Sales Periods 1976–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-7
Period Sales, Market Shares, and Sales-Weighted Fuel Economies of New Domestic and Import
Light Trucks, Selected Sales Periods 1976–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-8
Projected Fuel Economies from U.S., European, and Japanese Driving Cycles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-32
Economy
Automobile Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Standards versus Sales-Weighted Fuel
Economy Estimates, 1978–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-19
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
I–9
Light Truck Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Standards versus Sales-Weighted Fuel
Economy Estimates, 1978–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-20
Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Fines Collected, 1983–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-21
Fuel Economy by Speed, 1973, 1984 and 1997 Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-26
Fuel Economy by Speed, 1973, 1984 and 1997 Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-27
Steady Speed Fuel Economy for Vehicles Tested in the 1997 Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-28
Truck Harmonic Mean Fuel Economy by Size Class, 1992 and 1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-6
Effective
Tier 2 Emission Standards for Cars and Light Trucks Effective for 2004–2009 Model Years . . . . . . . . . . . 12-14
Emission
Tier 2 Emission Standards for Cars and Light Trucks Effective for 2004–2009 Model Years . . . . . . . . . . . 12-14
Light Vehicle Exhaust Emission Standards in Effect in 2009 when U.S. Tier 2 Standards are Final . . . . . . 12-15
Federal Exhaust Emission Certification Standards for Gasoline- and Diesel-Powered Light Vehicles . . . . 12-16
Federal Exhaust Emission Certification Standards for Gasoline- and Diesel-Powered Light Trucks
(Category LDT1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-17
Federal Exhaust Emission Certification Standards for Gasoline- and Diesel-Powered Light Trucks
(Category LDT2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-18
Federal Exhaust Emission Certification Standards for Gasoline- and Diesel-Powered Light Trucks
(Category LDT3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-19
Federal Exhaust Emission Certification Standards for Gasoline- and Diesel-Powered Light Trucks
(Category LDT4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-20
Federal Exhaust Emission Certification Standards for Gasoline- and Diesel-Powered Light
Heavy Trucks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-21
Federal Exhaust Emission Certification Standards for Gasoline- and Diesel-Powered Heavy
Heavy Trucks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-22
California Passenger Cars and Light Trucks Emission Certification Standards for Model Years
2001–2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-23
California Vehicle Emission Reduction for Passenger Cars and Light Trucks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-24
Emissions
World Carbon Emissions from Energy Consumption, 1990 and 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-2
Estimated U.S. Emissions of Greenhouse Gases, 1990–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-4
U.S. Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Fossil Energy Consumption by End-Use Sector, 1990–2001 . . . . . . . 11-5
U.S. Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Energy Use in Transportation Sector, 1990–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-6
Total National Emissions of the Criteria Air Pollutants by Sector, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-2
Total National Emissions of Carbon Monoxide, 1980–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-3
Emissions of Carbon Monoxide from Highway Vehicles, 1980–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-4
Total National Emissions of Nitrogen Oxides, 1980–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-5
Emissions of Nitrogen Oxides from Highway Vehicles, 1980–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-6
Total National Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds, 1980–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-7
Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds from Highway Vehicles, 1980–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-8
Total National Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM 10), 1980–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-9
Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM 10) from Highway Vehicles, 1980–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-10
Total National Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM-2.5), 1990–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-11
Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM-2.5) from Highway Vehicles, 1990–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-12
Employment
Transportation-related Employment, 1993 and 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10–18
Energy
World Consumption of Primary Energy, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-2
U. S. Consumption of Total Energy by End-Use Sector, 1973–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-3
Distribution of Energy Consumption by Source, 1973 and 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-4
Domestic Consumption of Transportation Energy by Mode and Fuel Type, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-6
Transportation Energy Use by Mode, 2000–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-7
Highway Transportation Energy Consumption by Mode, 1970–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-8
Nonhighway Transportation Energy Consumption by Mode, 1970–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-9
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
I–10
Passenger Travel and Energy Use, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-13
Energy Intensities of Highway Passenger Modes, 1970–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-14
Energy Intensities of Nonhighway Passenger Modes, 1970–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-15
Energy Intensities for Transit Rail, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-16
Energy Intensities for Selected Transit Bus Systems, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-17
Intercity Freight Movement and Energy Use in the United States, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-18
Energy Intensities of Freight Modes, 1970–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-19
Nonhighway Energy Use Shares, 1970–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-2
Energy Policy Act Purchase Requirements of Light Alternative Fuel Vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-8
U.S. Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Fossil Energy Consumption by End-Use Sector, 1990–2001 . . . . . . . 11-5
U.S. Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Energy Use in Transportation Sector, 1990–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-6
Engine
Sales-Weighted Engine Size of New Domestic and Import Automobiles by Size Class, Sales Periods
1976–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-11
Sales-Weighted Engine Size of New Domestic and Import Light Trucks by Size Class, Sales Periods
1976–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-12
Estimated
Estimated U.S. Emissions of Greenhouse Gases, 1990–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-4
Estimates
Sales Estimates of Class 1, Class 2a, and Class 2b Light Trucks, 1989–1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-4
Automobile Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Standards versus Sales-Weighted Fuel
Economy Estimates, 1978–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-19
Light Truck Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Standards versus Sales-Weighted Fuel
Economy Estimates, 1978–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-20
Estimates of Alternative Fuel Vehicles in Use, 1992–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-3
Estimates of Alternative Fuel Vehicles by Ownership, 1996 and 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-4
Numerical Estimates of Global Warming Potentials Compared with Carbon Dioxide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-3
Ethanol
U.S. Production and Imports of MTBE and Fuel Ethanol, 1985–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-12
State Ethanol Incentives, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-13
European
Projected Fuel Economies from U.S., European, and Japanese Driving Cycles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-32
Comparison of U.S., European, and Japanese Driving Cycles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-33
Excise
Federal Excise Taxes on Motor Fuels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-12
Exemptions
State Tax Exemptions for Gasohol, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-12
Exhaust
Light Vehicle Exhaust Emission Standards in Effect in 2009 when U.S. Tier 2 Standards are Final . . . . . . 12-15
Federal Exhaust Emission Certification Standards for Gasoline- and Diesel-Powered Light Vehicles . . . . 12-16
Federal Exhaust Emission Certification Standards for Gasoline- and Diesel-Powered Light Trucks
(Category LDT1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-17
Exhaust (continued)
Federal Exhaust Emission Certification Standards for Gasoline- and Diesel-Powered Light Trucks
(Category LDT2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Federal Exhaust Emission Certification Standards for Gasoline- and Diesel-Powered Light Trucks
(Category LDT3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Federal Exhaust Emission Certification Standards for Gasoline- and Diesel-Powered Light Trucks
(Category LDT4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Federal Exhaust Emission Certification Standards for Gasoline- and Diesel-Powered Light
Heavy Trucks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Federal Exhaust Emission Certification Standards for Gasoline- and Diesel-Powered Heavy
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
12-18
12-19
12-20
12-21
I–11
Heavy Trucks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-22
Expenditures
Summary of 1996 Military Expenditures for Defending Oil Supplies from the Middle East . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-12
Average Annual Expenditures of Households by Income, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-4
Exports
United States Petroleum Production, Imports and Exports, 1950–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-16
Facility
Percentage of Trucks by Fleet Size and Primary Fueling Facility, 1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-9
Percentage of Trucks by Major Use and Primary Fueling Facility, 1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-10
Fatal
Percent Rollover Occurrence in Fatal Crashes by Vehicle Type, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-37
Fatalities
Occupant Fatalities by Vehicle Type and Nonoccupant Fatalities, 1975–2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-34
February
Fleet Vehicles in Service as of February 1, 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-2
Federal
Average Miles per Domestic Federal Vehicle by Vehicle Type, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-5
Federal Government Vehicles by Agency, Fiscal Year 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-6
Federal Fleet Vehicle Acquisitions by Fuel Type, FY 1998–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-7
Fuel Consumed by Federal Government Fleets, FY 1998–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-7
Federal Excise Taxes on Motor Fuels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-12
Federal Exhaust Emission Certification Standards for Gasoline- and Diesel-Powered Light Vehicles . . . . 12-16
Federal Exhaust Emission Certification Standards for Gasoline- and Diesel-Powered Light Trucks
(Category LDT1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-17
Federal Exhaust Emission Certification Standards for Gasoline- and Diesel-Powered Light Trucks
(Category LDT2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-18
Federal Exhaust Emission Certification Standards for Gasoline- and Diesel-Powered Light Trucks
(Category LDT3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-19
Federal Exhaust Emission Certification Standards for Gasoline- and Diesel-Powered Light Trucks
(Category LDT4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-20
Federal Exhaust Emission Certification Standards for Gasoline- and Diesel-Powered Light
Heavy Trucks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-21
Federal Exhaust Emission Certification Standards for Gasoline- and Diesel-Powered Heavy
Heavy Trucks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-22
Final
Light Vehicle Exhaust Emission Standards in Effect in 2009 when U.S. Tier 2 Standards are Final . . . . . . 12-15
Fines
Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Fines Collected, 1983–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-21
Fiscal
Federal Government Vehicles by Agency, Fiscal Year 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-6
Fixed
Fixed Automobile Operating Costs per Year, 1975–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-16
Fleet
Percentage of Trucks by Fleet Size and Primary Fueling Facility, 1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-9
Fleet Vehicles in Service as of February 1, 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-2
New Light Fleet Vehicle Purchases by Vehicle Type, 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-3
Average Length of Time Business Fleet Vehicles are in Service, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-4
Average Annual Vehicle-Miles of Travel for Fleet Vehicles, 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-4
Federal Fleet Vehicle Acquisitions by Fuel Type, FY 1998–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-7
Fleets
Light Vehicles in Fleets of 10 or More, 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-3
Fuel Consumed by Federal Government Fleets, FY 1998–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-7
Flow
Growth of Freight in the United States: Comparison of the 1997 and 1993 Commodity Flow Surveys . . . . . 5-12
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Growth of Freight Miles in the United States: Comparison of the 1997 and 1993 Commodity
Flow Surveys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-13
Fossil
World Fossil Fuel Potential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-2
U.S. Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Fossil Energy Consumption by End-Use Sector, 1990–2001 . . . . . . . 11-5
Freight
Intercity Freight Movement and Energy Use in the United States, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-18
Energy Intensities of Freight Modes, 1970–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-19
Growth of Freight in the United States: Comparison of the 1997 and 1993 Commodity Flow Surveys . . . . . 5-12
Growth of Freight Miles in the United States: Comparison of the 1997 and 1993 Commodity
Flow Surveys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-13
Class I Railroad Freight Systems in the United States Ranked by Revenue Ton Miles, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-9
Summary Statistics for Class I Freight Railroads, 1970–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-10
Fuel
World Fossil Fuel Potential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-2
U.S. Production and Imports of MTBE and Fuel Ethanol, 1985–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1
Alternative Fuel and Oxygenate Consumption, 1992–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-5
Domestic Consumption of Transportation Energy by Mode and Fuel Type, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-6
Period Sales, Market Shares, and Sales-Weighted Fuel Economies of New Domestic and Import
Automobiles, Selected Sales Periods 1976–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-7
Period Sales, Market Shares, and Sales-Weighted Fuel Economies of New Domestic and Import Light
Trucks, Selected Sales Periods 1976–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-8
Conventional and Alternative Fuel Refueling Stations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-18
Automobile Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Standards versus Sales-Weighted Fuel
Economy Estimates, 1978–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-19
Light Truck Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Standards versus Sales-Weighted Fuel
Economy Estimates, 1978–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-20
Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Fines Collected, 1983-2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-21
Fuel Economy by Speed, 1973, 1984 and 1997 Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-26
Fuel Economy by Speed, 1973, 1984 and 1997 Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-27
Steady Speed Fuel Economy for Vehicles Tested in the 1997 Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-28
Projected Fuel Economies from U.S., European, and Japanese Driving Cycles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-32
Truck Harmonic Mean Fuel Economy by Size Class, 1992 and 1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-6
Estimates of Alternative Fuel Vehicles in Use, 1992–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-3
Estimates of Alternative Fuel Vehicles by Ownership, 1996 and 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-4
Alternative Fuel Vehicles Available by Manufacturer, Model Year 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-5
Number of Alternative Refuel Sites by State and Fuel Type, 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-6
Fuel Cell Type Comparison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-15
Federal Fleet Vehicle Acquisitions by Fuel Type, FY 1998–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-7
Fuel Consumed by Federal Government Fleets, FY 1998–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-7
Energy Policy Act Purchase Requirements of Light Alternative Fuel Vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-8
Fuel (continued)
Diesel Fuel Prices for Selected Countries, 1978–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-4
Retail Prices for Motor Fuel, 1978–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-7
Refiner Sales Prices for Aviation Gasoline and Jet Fuel, 1978–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-9
Fueling
Percentage of Trucks by Fleet Size and Primary Fueling Facility, 1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-9
Percentage of Trucks by Major Use and Primary Fueling Facility, 1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-10
Fuels
Highway Usage of Gasoline and Special Fuels, 1973–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-11
Properties of Conventional and Alternative Fuels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-14
State Taxes on Motor Fuels, 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-10
Federal Excise Taxes on Motor Fuels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-12
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FY
Federal Fleet Vehicle Acquisitions by Fuel Type, FY 1998–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-7
Fuel Consumed by Federal Government Fleets, FY 1998–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-7
Gallon
Prices for a Barrel of Crude Oil and a Gallon of Gasoline, 1978–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-6
Gas
World Natural Gas Reserves, Production, and Consumption, 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-7
The Gas Guzzler Tax on New Cars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-22
Tax Receipts from the Sale of Gas Guzzlers, 1980–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-23
Gases
Estimated U.S. Emissions of Greenhouse Gases, 1990–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-4
Gasohol
State Tax Exemptions for Gasohol, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-12
Gasoline
Off-Highway Use of Gasoline and Diesel, 1985–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-10
Highway Usage of Gasoline and Special Fuels, 1973–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-11
Gasoline Prices for Selected Countries, 1978–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-2
Prices for a Barrel of Crude Oil and a Gallon of Gasoline, 1978–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-6
Refiner Sales Prices for Aviation Gasoline and Jet Fuel, 1978–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-9
Federal Exhaust Emission Certification Standards for Gasoline- and Diesel-Powered Light Vehicles . . . . 12-16
Federal Exhaust Emission Certification Standards for Gasoline- and Diesel-Powered Light Trucks
(Category LDT1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-17
Federal Exhaust Emission Certification Standards for Gasoline- and Diesel-Powered Light Trucks
(Category LDT2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-18
Federal Exhaust Emission Certification Standards for Gasoline- and Diesel-Powered Light Trucks
(Category LDT3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-19
Federal Exhaust Emission Certification Standards for Gasoline- and Diesel-Powered Light Trucks
(Category LDT4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-20
Federal Exhaust Emission Certification Standards for Gasoline- and Diesel-Powered Light
Heavy Trucks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-21
Federal Exhaust Emission Certification Standards for Gasoline- and Diesel-Powered Heavy
Heavy Trucks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-22
Global
Numerical Estimates of Global Warming Potentials Compared with Carbon Dioxide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-3
Government
Federal Government Vehicles by Agency, Fiscal Year 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-6
Fuel Consumed by Federal Government Fleets, FY 1998–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-7
Greenhouse
Estimated U.S. Emissions of Greenhouse Gases, 1990–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-4
Gross
Refinery Gross Output by World Region, 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-13
New Retail Truck Sales by Gross Vehicle Weight, 1970–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-4
Truck Statistics by Gross Vehicle Weight Class, 1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-6
Growth
Oil Price and Economic Growth, 1970–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-11
Growth of Freight in the United States: Comparison of the 1997 and 1993 Commodity Flow Surveys . . . . . 5-12
Growth of Freight Miles in the United States: Comparison of the 1997 and 1993 Commodity
Flow Surveys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-13
Guzzler(s)
The Gas Guzzler Tax on New Cars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-22
Tax Receipts from the Sale of Gas Guzzlers, 1980–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-23
GVW
New Retail Sales of Trucks 10,000 pounds GVW and Less in the United States, 1970–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-6
Harmonic
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Truck Harmonic Mean Fuel Economy by Size Class, 1992 and 1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-6
Heavy
Heavy Truck Scrappage and Survival Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-17
Federal Exhaust Emission Certification Standards for Gasoline- and Diesel-Powered Light
Heavy Trucks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-21
Federal Exhaust Emission Certification Standards for Gasoline- and Diesel-Powered Heavy
Heavy Trucks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-22
Highway
Highway Transportation Energy Consumption by Mode, 1970–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-8
Off-Highway Use of Gasoline and Diesel, 1985–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-10
Highway Usage of Gasoline and Special Fuels, 1973–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-11
Energy Intensities of Highway Passenger Modes, 1970–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-14
Shares of Highway Vehicle-Miles Traveled by Vehicle Type, 1970–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-8
Highway Driving Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-29
Emissions of Carbon Monoxide from Highway Vehicles, 1980–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-4
Emissions of Nitrogen Oxides from Highway Vehicles, 1980–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-6
Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds from Highway Vehicles, 1980–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-8
Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM 10) from Highway Vehicles, 1980–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-10
Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM-2.5) from Highway Vehicles, 1990–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-12
Household
Household Vehicle Ownership, 1960-2000 Census . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-5
Average Annual Vehicle-Miles, Vehicle Trips and Trip Length per Household 1969, 1977, 1983, 1990,
1995 NPTS and 2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-7
Average Annual Person-Miles Traveled, Person Trips and Trip Length per Household by Selected Trip
Purposes, 1983, 1990, 1995 NPTS and 2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-8
Average Number of Vehicles and Vehicle Travel per Household, 1990 NPTS and 2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . . . 8-9
Average Annual Miles per Vehicle by Household Vehicle Ownership, 2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-12
Average Age of Vehicles by Household Vehicle Ownership, 2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-12
Average Annual Miles per Household Vehicle by Vehicle Age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-13
Shares of Long-Distance Person Trips by Mode and Household Income, 1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-22
Households
Average Annual Expenditures of Households by Income, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-4
Hydrogen
Hydrogen Production Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-10
U.S. Hydrogen Plants and Storage Terminals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-11
U.S. and World Hydrogen Consumption by End-Use Category, 1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-12
Hydrogen Storage Systems for On-Board Light Vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-13
Import
Period Sales, Market Shares, and Sales-Weighted Fuel Economies of New Domestic and Import
Automobiles, Selected Sales Periods 1976–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-7
Period Sales, Market Shares, and Sales-Weighted Fuel Economies of New Domestic and Import
Light Trucks, Selected Sales Periods 1976–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-8
Sales-Weighted Engine Size of New Domestic and Import Automobiles by Size Class, Sales Periods
1976–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-11
Sales-Weighted Engine Size of New Domestic and Import Light Trucks by Size Class, Sales Periods
1976–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-12
Sales-Weighted Curb Weight of New Domestic and Import Automobiles by Size Class, Sales Periods
1976–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-13
Sales-Weighted Interior Space of New Domestic and Import Automobiles by Size Class, Sales Periods
1976–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-14
Imports
U.S. Petroleum Imports by World Region of Origin, 1960–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-10
United States Petroleum Production, Imports and Exports, 1950–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-16
U.S. Production and Imports of MTBE and Fuel Ethanol, 1985–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-12
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Incentives
State Ethanol Incentives, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-13
Income
Average Annual Expenditures of Households by Income, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-4
Shares of Long-Distance Person Trips by Mode and Household Income, 1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-22
Indicators
Economic Indicators, 1970–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-17
Indices
Consumer Price Indices, 1970–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-17
Input
U.S. Refinery Input of Crude Oil and Petroleum Products, 1987–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-14
Intensities
Energy Intensities of Highway Passenger Modes, 1970–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-14
Energy Intensities of Nonhighway Passenger Modes, 1970–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-15
Energy Intensities for Transit Rail, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-16
Energy Intensities for Selected Transit Bus Systems, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-17
Energy Intensities of Freight Modes, 1970–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-19
Intercity
Intercity Freight Movement and Energy Use in the United States, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-18
Summary Statistics on Intercity and School Buses, 1970–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-15
Interior
Sales-Weighted Interior Space of New Domestic and Import Automobiles by Size Class, Sales Periods
1976–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-14
Intermodal
Intermodal Rail Traffic, 1965–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-12
International
Summary Statistics for U.S. Domestic and International Certificated Route Air Carriers (Combined
Totals), 1970–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-3
Tonnage Statistics for Domestic and International Waterborne Commerce, 1970–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-5
Japanese
Projected Fuel Economies from U.S., European, and Japanese Driving Cycles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-32
Comparison of U.S., European, and Japanese Driving Cycles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-33
Jet
Refiner Sales Prices for Aviation Gasoline and Jet Fuel, 1978–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-9
LDT1
Federal Exhaust Emission Certification Standards for Gasoline- and Diesel-Powered Light Trucks
(Category LDT1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-17
LDT2
Federal Exhaust Emission Certification Standards for Gasoline- and Diesel-Powered Light Trucks
(Category LDT2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-18
LDT3
Federal Exhaust Emission Certification Standards for Gasoline- and Diesel-Powered Light Trucks
(Category LDT3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-19
LDT4
Federal Exhaust Emission Certification Standards for Gasoline- and Diesel-Powered Light Trucks
(Category LDT4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-20
Length
Average Length of Time Business Fleet Vehicles are in Service, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-4
Average Annual Vehicle-Miles, Vehicle Trips and Trip Length per Household 1969, 1977, 1983, 1990,
1995 NPTS and 2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-7
Average Annual Person-Miles Traveled, Person Trips and Trip Length per Household by Selected Trip
Purposes, 1983, 1990, 1995 NPTS and 2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-8
Light
Light Truck Scrappage and Survival Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-15
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Summary Statistics on Class 1, Class 2a, and Class 2b Light Trucks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-4
Sales Estimates of Class 1, Class 2a, and Class 2b Light Trucks, 1989–1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-4
Period Sales, Market Shares, and Sales-Weighted Fuel Economies of New Domestic and Import Light
Trucks, Selected Sales Periods 1976–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-8
Light Vehicle Market Shares by Size Class, Sales Periods 1976–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-9
Sales-Weighted Engine Size of New Domestic and Import Light Trucks by Size Class, Sales Periods
1976–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-12
Sales-Weighted Wheelbase of New Automobiles and Light Trucks, Sales Periods 1976–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . 4-15
New Light Vehicle Dealerships and Sales, 1970–2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-17
Light Truck Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Standards versus Sales-Weighted Fuel
Economy Estimates, 1978–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-20
Light Vehicle Occupant Safety Data, 1975–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-35
Summary Statistics on Light Transit Vehicles, 1994–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-38
Hydrogen Storage Systems for On-Board Light Vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-13
Light Vehicles in Fleets of 10 or More, 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-3
New Light Fleet Vehicle Purchases by Vehicle Type, 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-3
Energy Policy Act Purchase Requirements of Light Alternative Fuel Vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-8
Tier 2 Emission Standards for Cars and Light Trucks Effective for 2004–2009 Model Years . . . . . . . . . . . 12-14
Light Vehicle Exhaust Emission Standards in Effect in 2009 when U.S. Tier 2 Standards are Final . . . . . . 12-15
Federal Exhaust Emission Certification Standards for Gasoline- and Diesel-Powered Light Vehicles . . . . 12-16
Federal Exhaust Emission Certification Standards for Gasoline- and Diesel-Powered Light Trucks
(Category LDT1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-17
Federal Exhaust Emission Certification Standards for Gasoline- and Diesel-Powered Light Trucks
(Category LDT2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-18
Federal Exhaust Emission Certification Standards for Gasoline- and Diesel-Powered Light Trucks
(Category LDT3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-19
Federal Exhaust Emission Certification Standards for Gasoline- and Diesel-Powered Light Trucks
(Category LDT4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-20
Federal Exhaust Emission Certification Standards for Gasoline- and Diesel-Powered Light
Heavy Trucks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-21
California Passenger Cars and Light Trucks Emission Certification Standards for Model Years
2001–2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-23
California Vehicle Emission Reduction for Passenger Cars and Light Trucks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-24
Manufacturer
Alternative Fuel Vehicles Available by Manufacturer, Model Year 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-5
Marine
Breakdown of Domestic Marine Cargo by Commodity Class, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-7
Market
Period Sales, Market Shares, and Sales-Weighted Fuel Economies of New Domestic and Import
Automobiles, Selected Sales Periods 1976–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-7
Period Sales, Market Shares, and Sales-Weighted Fuel Economies of New Domestic and Import Light
Trucks, Selected Sales Periods 1976–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-8
Light Vehicle Market Shares by Size Class, Sales Periods 1976–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-9
Material
Average Material Consumption for a Domestic Automobile, 1978, 1985, and 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-16
Matter
Total National Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM 10), 1980–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-9
Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM 10) from Highway Vehicles, 1980–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-10
Total National Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM-2.5), 1990–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-11
Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM-2.5) from Highway Vehicles, 1990–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-12
Mean
Truck Harmonic Mean Fuel Economy by Size Class, 1992 and 1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-6
Middle
Summary of 1996 Military Expenditures for Defending Oil Supplies from the Middle East . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-12
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Mile
Automobile Operating Cost per Mile, 1985–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-15
Miles
Ton-Miles of Petroleum and Petroleum Products in the U.S. by Mode, 1975–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-20
Shares of Highway Vehicle-Miles Traveled by Vehicle Type, 1970–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-8
Growth of Freight Miles in the United States: Comparison of the 1997 and 1993 Commodity
Flow Surveys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-13
Average Annual Vehicle-Miles of Travel for Fleet Vehicles, 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-4
Average Miles per Domestic Federal Vehicle by Vehicle Type, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-5
Average Annual Vehicle-Miles, Vehicle Trips and Trip Length per Household 1969, 1977, 1983, 1990,
1995 NPTS and 2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-7
Average Annual Person-Miles Traveled, Person Trips and Trip Length per Household by Selected Trip
Purposes, 1983, 1990, 1995 NPTS and 2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-8
Average Annual Miles per Vehicle by Household Vehicle Ownership, 2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-12
Average Annual Miles per Household Vehicle by Vehicle Age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-13
Self-Reported vs. Odometer Average Annual Miles, 1995 NPTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-14
Class I Railroad Freight Systems in the United States Ranked by Revenue Ton Miles, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-9
Military
Summary of 1996 Military Expenditures for Defending Oil Supplies from the Middle East . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-12
Mode
Ton-Miles of Petroleum and Petroleum Products in the U.S. by Mode, 1975–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-20
Domestic Consumption of Transportation Energy by Mode and Fuel Type, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-6
Transportation Energy Use by Mode, 2000–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-7
Highway Transportation Energy Consumption by Mode, 1970–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-8
Nonhighway Transportation Energy Consumption by Mode, 1970–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-9
Long-Distance Trips by Mode and Purpose, 1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-21
Shares of Long-Distance Person Trips by Mode and Household Income, 1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-22
Model
Automobile Scrappage and Survival Rates 1970, 1980 and 1990 Model Years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-13
Alternative Fuel Vehicles Available by Manufacturer, Model Year 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-5
Tier 2 Emission Standards for Cars and Light Trucks Effective for 2004–2009 Model Years . . . . . . . . . . . 12-14
Modes
Energy Intensities of Highway Passenger Modes, 1970–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-14
Energy Intensities of Nonhighway Passenger Modes, 1970–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-15
Energy Intensities of Freight Modes, 1970–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-19
Monoxide
Total National Emissions of Carbon Monoxide, 1980–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-3
Emissions of Carbon Monoxide from Highway Vehicles, 1980–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-4
Motor
Retail Prices for Motor Fuel, 1978–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-7
State Taxes on Motor Fuels, 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-10
Federal Excise Taxes on Motor Fuels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-12
Movement
Intercity Freight Movement and Energy Use in the United States, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-18
MTBE
U.S. Production and Imports of MTBE and Fuel Ethanol, 1985–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-12
National
Summary Statistics for the National Railroad Passenger Corporation (Amtrak), 1971 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-13
Total National Emissions of the Criteria Air Pollutants by Sector, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-2
Total National Emissions of Carbon Monoxide, 1980–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-3
Total National Emissions of Nitrogen Oxides, 1980–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-5
Total National Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds, 1980–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-7
Total National Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM 10), 1980–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-9
Total National Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM-2.5), 1990–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-11
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Natural
World Natural Gas Reserves, Production, and Consumption, 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-7
NHTS
Demographic Statistics, 1969, 1977, 1983, 1990, 1995 NPTS and 2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-6
Average Annual Vehicle-Miles, Vehicle Trips and Trip Length per Household 1969, 1977, 1983, 1990,
1995 NPTS and 2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-7
Average Annual Person-Miles Traveled, Person Trips and Trip Length per Household by Selected Trip
Purposes, 1983, 1990, 1995 NPTS and 2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-8
Average Number of Vehicles and Vehicle Travel per Household, 1990 NPTS and 2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . . . 8-9
Average Vehicle Occupancy by Vehicle Type, 1995 NPTS and 2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-10
Average Vehicle Occupancy by Trip Purpose, 1977 NPTS and 2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-11
Average Annual Miles per Vehicle by Household Vehicle Ownership, 2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-12
Average Age of Vehicles by Household Vehicle Ownership, 2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-12
Walk and Bike Trips by Trip Purpose, 2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-19
Nitrogen
Total National Emissions of Nitrogen Oxides, 1980–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-5
Emissions of Nitrogen Oxides from Highway Vehicles, 1980–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-6
No
Refiner Sales Prices for Propane and No. 2 Diesel, 1978–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-8
Nonhighway
Nonhighway Transportation Energy Consumption by Mode, 1970–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-9
Energy Intensities of Nonhighway Passenger Modes, 1970–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-15
Nonhighway Energy Use Shares, 1970–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-2
Nonoccupant
Occupant Fatalities by Vehicle Type and Nonoccupant Fatalities, 1975–2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-34
NPTS
Demographic Statistics, 1969, 1977, 1983, 1990, 1995 NPTS and 2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-6
Average Annual Vehicle-Miles, Vehicle Trips and Trip Length per Household 1969, 1977, 1983, 1990,
1995 NPTS and 2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-7
Average Annual Person-Miles Traveled, Person Trips and Trip Length per Household by Selected Trip
Purposes, 1983, 1990, 1995 NPTS and 2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-8
Average Number of Vehicles and Vehicle Travel per Household, 1990 NPTS and 2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . . . 8-9
Average Vehicle Occupancy by Vehicle Type, 1995 NPTS and 2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-10
Average Vehicle Occupancy by Trip Purpose, 1977 NPTS and 2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-11
Self-Reported vs. Odometer Average Annual Miles, 1995 NPTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-14
Numerical
Numerical Estimates of Global Warming Potentials Compared with Carbon Dioxide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-3
Occupancy
Average Vehicle Occupancy by Vehicle Type, 1995 NPTS and 2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-10
Average Vehicle Occupancy by Trip Purpose, 1977 NPTS and 2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-11
Occupant
Occupant Fatalities by Vehicle Type and Nonoccupant Fatalities, 1975–2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-34
Light Vehicle Occupant Safety Data, 1975–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-35
Odometer
Self-Reported vs. Odometer Average Annual Miles, 1995 NPTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-14
OECD
Petroleum Stocks of OECD Countries by Ownership, 1995–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-8
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Oil
World Crude Oil Production, 1960–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-3
World Oil Reserves, Production and Consumption, 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-6
Crude Oil Prices in Current and Constant Terms, 1870–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-9
Oil Price and Economic Growth, 1970–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-11
Summary of 1996 Military Expenditures for Defending Oil Supplies from the Middle East . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-12
U.S. Refinery Input of Crude Oil and Petroleum Products, 1987–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-14
Refinery Yield of Petroleum Products from a Barrel of Crude Oil, 1978–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-15
Prices for a Barrel of Crude Oil and a Gallon of Gasoline, 1978–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-6
Operating
Automobile Operating Cost per Mile, 1985–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-15
Fixed Automobile Operating Costs per Year, 1975–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-16
Operation
Automobiles in Operation and Vehicle Travel by Age, 1970 and 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-9
Trucks in Operation and Vehicle Travel by Age, 1970 and 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-10
Operations
Summary Statistics for Commuter Rail Operations, 1984–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-14
Summary Statistics for Rail Transit Operations, 1970–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-15
Organic
Total National Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds, 1980–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-7
Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds from Highway Vehicles, 1980–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-8
Origin
U.S. Petroleum Imports by World Region of Origin, 1960–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-10
Output
Refinery Gross Output by World Region, 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-13
Ownership
Petroleum Stocks of OECD Countries by Ownership, 1995–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-8
Estimates of Alternative Fuel Vehicles by Ownership, 1996 and 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-4
Household Vehicle Ownership, 1960–2000 Census . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-5
Average Annual Miles per Vehicle by Household Vehicle Ownership, 2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-12
Average Age of Vehicles by Household Vehicle Ownership, 2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-12
Oxides
Total National Emissions of Nitrogen Oxides, 1980–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-5
Emissions of Nitrogen Oxides from Highway Vehicles, 1980–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-6
Oxygenate
Alternative Fuel and Oxygenate Consumption, 1992–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-5
Particulate
Total National Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM 10), 1980–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-9
Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM 10) from Highway Vehicles, 1980–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-10
Total National Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM-2.5), 1990–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-11
Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM-2.5) from Highway Vehicles, 1990–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-12
Passenger
Passenger Travel and Energy Use, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-13
Energy Intensities of Highway Passenger Modes, 1970–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-14
Energy Intensities of Nonhighway Passenger Modes, 1970–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-15
Summary Statistics for Passenger Cars, 1970–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-2
Summary Statistics for the National Railroad Passenger Corporation (Amtrak), 1971 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-13
California Passenger Cars and Light Trucks Emission Certification Standards for Model Years
2001–2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-23
California Vehicle Emission Reduction for Passenger Cars and Light Trucks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-24
People
Vehicles per Thousand People: U.S. Compared to Other Countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-6
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Percentage
Percentage of Trucks by Size Ranked by Major Use, 1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-8
Percentage of Trucks by Fleet Size and Primary Fueling Facility, 1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-9
Percentage of Trucks by Major Use and Primary Fueling Facility, 1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-10
Periods
Period Sales, Market Shares, and Sales-Weighted Fuel Economies of New Domestic and Import
Automobiles, Selected Sales Periods 1976–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-7
Period Sales, Market Shares, and Sales-Weighted Fuel Economies of New Domestic and Import Light
Trucks, Selected Sales Periods 1976–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-8
Light Vehicle Market Shares by Size Class, Sales Periods 1976–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-9
Sales-Weighted Engine Size of New Domestic and Import Automobiles by Size Class, Sales Periods
1976–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-11
Sales-Weighted Engine Size of New Domestic and Import Light Trucks by Size Class, Sales Periods
1976–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-12
Sales-Weighted Curb Weight of New Domestic and Import Automobiles by Size Class, Sales Periods
1976–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-13
Sales-Weighted Interior Space of New Domestic and Import Automobiles by Size Class, Sales Periods
1976–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-14
Sales-Weighted Wheelbase of New Automobiles and Light Trucks, Sales Periods 1976–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . 4-15
Person
Average Annual Person-Miles Traveled, Person Trips and Trip Length per Household by Selected
Trip Purposes, 1983, 1990, 1995 NPTS and 2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-8
Shares of Long-Distance Person Trips by Mode and Household Income, 1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-22
Petroleum
World Petroleum Production, 1973–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-4
World Petroleum Consumption, 1960–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-5
Petroleum (continued)
Petroleum Stocks of OECD Countries by Ownership, 1995–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-8
U.S. Petroleum Imports by World Region of Origin, 1960–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-10
U.S. Refinery Input of Crude Oil and Petroleum Products, 1987–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-14
Refinery Yield of Petroleum Products from a Barrel of Crude Oil, 1978–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-15
United States Petroleum Production, Imports and Exports, 1950–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-16
Petroleum Production and Consumption Ratios, 1950–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-17
Consumption of Petroleum by End-Use Sector, 1973–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-19
Ton-Miles of Petroleum and Petroleum Products in the U.S. by Mode, 1975–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-20
PM
Total National Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM 10), 1980–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-9
Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM 10) from Highway Vehicles, 1980–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-10
Total National Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM-2.5), 1990–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-11
Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM-2.5) from Highway Vehicles, 1990–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-12
Policy
Energy Policy Act Purchase Requirements of Light Alternative Fuel Vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-8
Pollutants
Total National Emissions of the Criteria Air Pollutants by Sector, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-2
Population
Population and Vehicle Profile, 1950–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-2
Population and Vehicle Ratios, 1950–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-3
Potential
World Fossil Fuel Potential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-2
Potentials
Numerical Estimates of Global Warming Potentials Compared with Carbon Dioxide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-3
Pounds
New Retail Sales of Trucks 10,000 Pounds GVW and Less in the United States, 1970–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-6
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Powered
Federal Exhaust Emission Certification Standards for Gasoline- and Diesel-Powered Light Vehicles . . . . 12-16
Federal Exhaust Emission Certification Standards for Gasoline- and Diesel-Powered Light Trucks
(Category LDT1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-17
Federal Exhaust Emission Certification Standards for Gasoline- and Diesel-Powered Light Trucks
(Category LDT2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-18
Federal Exhaust Emission Certification Standards for Gasoline- and Diesel-Powered Light Trucks
(Category LDT3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-19
Federal Exhaust Emission Certification Standards for Gasoline- and Diesel-Powered Light Trucks
(Category LDT4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-20
Federal Exhaust Emission Certification Standards for Gasoline- and Diesel-Powered Light
Heavy Trucks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-21
Federal Exhaust Emission Certification Standards for Gasoline- and Diesel-Powered Heavy
Heavy Trucks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-22
Price
Oil Price and Economic Growth, 1970–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-11
Average Price of a New Car, 1970–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-14
Consumer Price Indices, 1970–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-17
Prices
Crude Oil Prices in Current and Constant Terms, 1870–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-9
Gasoline Prices for Selected Countries, 1978–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-2
Diesel Fuel Prices for Selected Countries, 1978–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-4
Prices for a Barrel of Crude Oil and a Gallon of Gasoline, 1978–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-6
Retail Prices for Motor Fuel, 1978–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-7
Refiner Sales Prices for Propane and No. 2 Diesel, 1978–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-8
Refiner Sales Prices for Aviation Gasoline and Jet Fuel, 1978–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-9
Primary
World Consumption of Primary Energy, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-2
Percentage of Trucks by Fleet Size and Primary Fueling Facility, 1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-9
Percentage of Trucks by Major Use and Primary Fueling Facility, 1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-10
Production
Hydrogen Production Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-10
U.S. Hydrogen Production Plants and Storage Terminals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-11
Products
U.S. Refinery Input of Crude Oil and Petroleum Products, 1987–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-14
Refinery Yield of Petroleum Products from a Barrel of Crude Oil, 1978–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-15
Ton-Miles of Petroleum and Petroleum Products in the U.S. by Mode, 1975–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-20
Profile
Population and Vehicle Profile, 1950–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-2
Projected
Projected Fuel Economies from U.S., European, and Japanese Driving Cycles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-32
Propane
Refiner Sales Prices for Propane and No. 2 Diesel, 1978–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-8
Purchase
Energy Policy Act Purchase Requirements of Light Alternative Fuel Vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-8
Purchases
New Light Fleet Vehicle Purchases by Vehicle Type, 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-3
Purpose
Average Vehicle Occupancy by Trip Purpose, 1977 NPTS and 2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-11
Walk and Bike Trips by Trip Purpose, 2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-19
Long-Distance Trips by Mode and Purpose, 1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-21
Purposes
Average Annual Person-Miles Traveled, Person Trips and Trip Length per Household by Selected
Trip Purposes, 1983, 1990, 1995 NPTS and 2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-8
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Rail
Energy Intensities for Transit Rail, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-16
Intermodal Rail Traffic, 1965–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-12
Summary Statistics for Commuter Rail Operations, 1984–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-14
Summary Statistics for Rail Transit Operations, 1970–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-15
Railroad
Class I Railroad Freight Systems in the United States Ranked by Revenue Ton Miles, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-9
Railroad Revenue Carloads by Commodity Group, 1974 and 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-11
Summary Statistics for the National Railroad Passenger Corporation (Amtrak), 1971 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-13
Railroads
Summary Statistics for Class I Freight Railroads, 1970–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-10
Ranked
Percentage of Trucks by Size Ranked by Major Use, 1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-8
Class I Railroad Freight Systems in the United States Ranked by Revenue Ton Miles, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-9
Rates
Automobile Scrappage and Survival Rates 1970, 1980 and 1990 Model Years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-13
Light Truck Scrappage and Survival Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-15
Heavy Truck Scrappage and Survival Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-17
Ratios
Petroleum Production and Consumption Ratios, 1950–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-17
Population and Vehicle Ratios, 1950–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-3
Receipts
Tax Receipts from the Sale of Gas Guzzlers, 1980–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-23
Recreational
Recreational Boating Statistics, 1977–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-8
Reduction
California Vehicle Emission Reduction for Passenger Cars and Light Trucks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-24
Refiner
Refiner Sales Prices for Propane and No. 2 Diesel, 1978–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-8
Refiner Sales Prices for Aviation Gasoline and Jet Fuel, 1978–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-9
Refinery
Refinery Gross Output by World Region, 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-13
U.S. Refinery Input of Crude Oil and Petroleum Products, 1987–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-14
Refinery Yield of Petroleum Products from a Barrel of Crude Oil, 1978–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-15
Refuel
Number of Alternative Refuel Sites by State and Fuel Type, 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-6
Refueling
Conventional and Alternative Fuel Refueling Stations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-18
Region
U.S. Petroleum Imports by World Region of Origin, 1960–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-10
Refinery Gross Output by World Region, 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-13
Registrations
Automobile Registrations for Selected Countries, 1950–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-2
Truck and Bus Registrations for Selected Countries, 1950–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-3
Average Age and Registrations of Automobiles and Trucks, 1970–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-12
Reported
Self-Reported vs. Odometer Average Annual Miles, 1995 NPTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-14
Representative
Representative Number Five Driving Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-30
Reserves
World Oil Reserves, Production and Consumption, 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-6
World Natural Gas Reserves, Production, and Consumption, 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-7
Retail
New Retail Automobile Sales in the United States, 1970–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-5
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New Retail Sales of Trucks 10,000 pounds GVW and Less in the United States, 1970–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-6
New Retail Truck Sales by Gross Vehicle Weight, 1970–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-4
Retail Prices for Motor Fuel, 1978–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-7
Revenue
Class I Railroad Freight Systems in the United States Ranked by Revenue Ton Miles, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-9
Railroad Revenue Carloads by Commodity Group, 1974 and 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-11
Rollover
Percent Rollover Occurrence in Fatal Crashes by Vehicle Type, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-37
Route
Summary Statistics for U.S. Domestic and International Certificated Route Air Carriers (Combined
Totals), 1970–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-3
Safety
Light Vehicle Occupant Safety Data, 1975–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-35
Sale
Tax Receipts from the Sale of Gas Guzzlers, 1980–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-23
Sales
Vehicle Stock and New Sales in the United States, 2001 Calendar Year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-7
Sales Estimates of Class 1, Class 2a, and Class 2b Light Trucks, 1989–1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-4
New Retail Automobile Sales in the United States, 1970–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-5
New Retail Sales of Trucks 10,000 pounds GVW and Less in the United States, 1970–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-6
Period Sales, Market Shares, and Sales-Weighted Fuel Economies of New Domestic and Import
Automobiles, Selected Sales Periods 1976–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-7
Period Sales, Market Shares, and Sales-Weighted Fuel Economies of New Domestic and Import
Light Trucks, Selected Sales Periods 1976–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-8
Sales (continued)
Light Vehicle Market Shares by Size Class, Sales Periods 1976–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-9
Sales-Weighted Engine Size of New Domestic and Import Automobiles by Size Class, Sales Periods
1976–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-11
Sales-Weighted Engine Size of New Domestic and Import Light Trucks by Size Class, Sales Periods
1976–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-12
Sales-Weighted Curb Weight of New Domestic and Import Automobiles by Size Class, Sales Periods
1976–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-13
Sales-Weighted Interior Space of New Domestic and Import Automobiles by Size Class, Sales Periods
1976–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-14
Sales-Weighted Wheelbase of New Automobiles and Light Trucks, Sales Periods 1976–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . 4-15
New Light Vehicle Dealerships and Sales, 1970–2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-17
Automobile Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Standards versus Sales-Weighted Fuel
Economy Estimates, 1978–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-19
Light Truck Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Standards versus Sales-Weighted Fuel
Economy Estimates, 1978–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-20
New Retail Truck Sales by Gross Vehicle Weight, 1970–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-4
Sales and Specifications of Available Advanced Technology Vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-8
Bicycle Sales, 1981–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-17
Specialty Bicycle Sales by Year, 2000–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-18
Refiner Sales Prices for Propane and No. 2 Diesel, 1978–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-8
Refiner Sales Prices for Aviation Gasoline and Jet Fuel, 1978–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-9
School
Summary Statistics on Intercity and School Buses, 1970–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-15
Scrappage
Automobile Scrappage and Survival Rates 1970, 1980 and 1990 Model Years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-13
Light Truck Scrappage and Survival Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-15
Heavy Truck Scrappage and Survival Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-17
Sector
Consumption of Petroleum by End-Use Sector, 1973–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-19
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U. S. Consumption of Total Energy by End-Use Sector, 1973–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-3
U.S. Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Fossil Energy Consumption by End-Use Sector, 1990–2001 . . . . . . . 11-5
U.S. Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Energy Use in Transportation Sector, 1990–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-6
Total National Emissions of the Criteria Air Pollutants by Sector, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-2
Selected
Energy Intensities for Selected Transit Bus Systems, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-17
Automobile Registrations for Selected Countries, 1950–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-2
Truck and Bus Registrations for Selected Countries, 1950–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-3
Period Sales, Market Shares, and Sales-Weighted Fuel Economies of New Domestic and Import
Automobiles, Selected Sales Periods 1976–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-7
Period Sales, Market Shares, and Sales-Weighted Fuel Economies of New Domestic and Import
Light Trucks, Selected Sales Periods 1976–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-8
Average Annual Person-Miles Traveled, Person Trips and Trip Length per Household by Selected
Trip Purposes, 1983, 1990, 1995 NPTS and 2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-8
Gasoline Prices for Selected Countries, 1978–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-2
Diesel Fuel Prices for Selected Countries, 1978–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-4
Self
Self-Reported vs. Odometer Average Annual Miles, 1995 NPTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-14
Service
Fleet Vehicles in Service as of February 1, 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-2
Average Length of Time Business Fleet Vehicles are in Service, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-4
Severity
Crashes by Crash Severity, Crash Type, and Vehicle Type, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-36
Shares
Shares of Highway Vehicle-Miles Traveled by Vehicle Type, 1970–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-8
Period Sales, Market Shares, and Sales-Weighted Fuel Economies of New Domestic and Import
Automobiles, Selected Sales Periods 1976–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-7
Period Sales, Market Shares, and Sales-Weighted Fuel Economies of New Domestic and Import
Light Trucks, Selected Sales Periods 1976–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-8
Light Vehicle Market Shares by Size Class, Sales Periods 1976–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-9
Shares of Long-Distance Person Trips by Mode and Household Income, 1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-22
Nonhighway Energy Use Shares, 1970–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-2
Single
Summary Statistics for Other Single-Unit Trucks, 1970–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-2
Sites
Number of Alternative Refuel Sites by State and Fuel Type, 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-6
Source
Distribution of Energy Consumption by Source, 1973 and 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-4
Space
Sales-Weighted Interior Space of New Domestic and Import Automobiles by Size Class, Sales Periods
1976–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-14
Specialty
Specialty Bicycle Sales by Year, 2000–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-18
Specifications
Vehicle Specifications for Vehicles Tested in the 1997 Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-25
Sales and Specifications of Available Advanced Technology Vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-8
Speed
Fuel Economy by Speed, 1973, 1984 and 1997 Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-26
Fuel Economy by Speed, 1973, 1984 and 1997 Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-27
Steady Speed Fuel Economy for Vehicles Tested in the 1997 Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-28
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Standards
Automobile Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Standards versus Sales-Weighted Fuel
Economy Estimates, 1978–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-19
Light Truck Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Standards versus Sales-Weighted Fuel
Economy Estimates, 1978–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-20
Tier 2 Emission Standards for Cars and Light Trucks Effective for 2004–2009 Model Years . . . . . . . . . . . 12-14
Light Vehicle Exhaust Emission Standards in Effect in 2009 when U.S. Tier 2 Standards are Final . . . . . . 12-15
Federal Exhaust Emission Certification Standards for Gasoline- and Diesel-Powered Light Vehicles . . . . 12-16
Federal Exhaust Emission Certification Standards for Gasoline- and Diesel-Powered Light Trucks
(Category LDT1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-17
Federal Exhaust Emission Certification Standards for Gasoline- and Diesel-Powered Light Trucks
(Category LDT2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-18
Federal Exhaust Emission Certification Standards for Gasoline- and Diesel-Powered Light Trucks
(Category LDT3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-19
Federal Exhaust Emission Certification Standards for Gasoline- and Diesel-Powered Light Trucks
(Category LDT4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-20
Federal Exhaust Emission Certification Standards for Gasoline- and Diesel-Powered Light
Heavy Trucks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-21
Federal Exhaust Emission Certification Standards for Gasoline- and Diesel-Powered Heavy
Heavy Trucks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-22
California Passenger Cars and Light Trucks Emission Certification Standards for Model Years
2001–2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-23
Stations
Conventional and Alternative Fuel Refueling Stations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-18
Statistics
Summary Statistics for Passenger Cars, 1970–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-2
Summary Statistics for Two-Axle, Four-Tire Trucks, 1970–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-3
Summary Statistics on Class 1, Class 2a, and Class 2b Light Trucks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-4
Summary Statistics on Light Transit Vehicles, 1994–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-38
Summary Statistics for Other Single-Unit Trucks, 1970–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-2
Summary Statistics for Combination Trucks, 1970–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-3
Truck Statistics by Gross Vehicle Weight Class, 1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-6
Truck Statistics by Size, 1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-7
Summary Statistics on Transit Buses, 1984–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-14
Summary Statistics on Intercity and School Buses, 1970–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-15
Demographic Statistics, 1969, 1977, 1983, 1990, 1995 NPTS and 2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-6
Summary Statistics for U.S. Domestic and International Certificated Route Air Carriers (Combined
Totals), 1970–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-3
Summary Statistics for General Aviation, 1970–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-4
Tonnage Statistics for Domestic and International Waterborne Commerce, 1970–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-5
Summary Statistics for Domestic Waterborne Commerce, 1970–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-6
Recreational Boating Statistics, 1977–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-8
Summary Statistics for Class I Freight Railroads, 1970–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-10
Summary Statistics for the National Railroad Passenger Corporation (Amtrak), 1971 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-13
Summary Statistics for Commuter Rail Operations, 1984–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-14
Summary Statistics for Rail Transit Operations, 1970–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-15
Steady
Steady Speed Fuel Economy for Vehicles Tested in the 1997 Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-28
Stock
Vehicle Stock and New Sales in the United States, 2001 Calendar Year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-7
Stocks
Petroleum Stocks of OECD Countries by Ownership, 1995–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-8
Storage
U.S. Hydrogen Production Plants and Storage Terminals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-11
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Hydrogen Storage Systems for On-Board Light Vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-13
Summary
Summary of 1996 Military Expenditures for Defending Oil Supplies from the Middle East . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-12
Summary Statistics for Passenger Cars, 1970–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-2
Summary Statistics for Two-Axle, Four-Tire Trucks, 1970–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-3
Summary Statistics on Class 1, Class 2a, and Class 2b Light Trucks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-4
Summary Statistics on Light Transit Vehicles, 1994–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-38
Summary Statistics for Other Single-Unit Trucks, 1970–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-2
Summary Statistics for Combination Trucks, 1970–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-3
Summary Statistics on Transit Buses, 1984–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-14
Summary Statistics on Intercity and School Buses, 1970–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-15
Summary Statistics for U.S. Domestic and International Certificated Route Air Carriers (Combined
Totals), 1970–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-3
Summary Statistics for General Aviation, 1970–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-4
Summary Statistics for Domestic Waterborne Commerce, 1970–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-6
Summary Statistics for Class I Freight Railroads, 1970–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-10
Summary Statistics for the National Railroad Passenger Corporation (Amtrak), 1971 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-13
Summary Statistics for Commuter Rail Operations, 1984–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-14
Summary Statistics for Rail Transit Operations, 1970–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-15
Supplies
Summary of 1996 Military Expenditures for Defending Oil Supplies from the Middle East . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-12
Surveys
Growth of Freight in the United States: Comparison of the 1997 and 1993 Commodity Flow Surveys . . . . . 5-12
Growth of Freight Miles in the United States: Comparison of the 1997 and 1993 Commodity
Flow Surveys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-13
Survival
Automobile Scrappage and Survival Rates 1970, 1980 and 1990 Model Years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-13
Light Truck Scrappage and Survival Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-15
Heavy Truck Scrappage and Survival Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-17
Systems
Energy Intensities for Selected Transit Bus Systems, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-17
Class I Railroad Freight Systems in the United States Ranked by Revenue Ton Miles, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-9
Hydrogen Storage Systems for On-Board Light Vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-13
Tax
The Gas Guzzler Tax on New Cars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-22
Tax Receipts from the Sale of Gas Guzzlers, 1980–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-23
State Tax Exemptions for Gasohol, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-12
Taxes
State Taxes on Motor Fuels, 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-10
Federal Excise Taxes on Motor Fuels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-12
Technology
Sales and Specifications of Available Advanced Technology Vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-8
Terminals
U.S. Hydrogen Production Plants and Storage Terminals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-11
Terms
Crude Oil Prices in Current and Constant Terms, 1870–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-9
Tested
Vehicle Specifications for Vehicles Tested in the 1997 Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-25
Steady Speed Fuel Economy for Vehicles Tested in the 1997 Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-28
Thousand
Vehicles per Thousand People: U.S. Compared to Other Countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-6
Tier
Tier 2 Emission Standards for Cars and Light Trucks Effective for 2004–2009 Model Years . . . . . . . . . . . 12-14
Light Vehicle Exhaust Emission Standards in Effect in 2009 when U.S. Tier 2 Standards are Final . . . . . . 12-15
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Time
Average Length of Time Business Fleet Vehicles are in Service, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-4
Workers by Commute Time, 1990 and 2000 Census . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-16
Tire
Summary Statistics for Two-Axle, Four-Tire Trucks, 1970–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-3
Ton
Ton-Miles of Petroleum and Petroleum Products in the U.S. by Mode, 1975–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-20
Class I Railroad Freight Systems in the United States Ranked by Revenue Ton Miles, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-9
Tonnage
Tonnage Statistics for Domestic and International Waterborne Commerce, 1970–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-5
Totals
Summary Statistics for U.S. Domestic and International Certificated Route Air Carriers (Combined
Totals), 1970–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-3
Traffic
Intermodal Rail Traffic, 1965–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-12
Transit
Energy Intensities for Transit Rail, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-16
Energy Intensities for Selected Transit Bus Systems, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-17
Summary Statistics on Light Transit Vehicles, 1994–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-38
Transit (continued)
Summary Statistics on Transit Buses, 1984–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-14
Summary Statistics for Rail Transit Operations, 1970–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-15
Transportation
Domestic Consumption of Transportation Energy by Mode and Fuel Type, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-6
Transportation Energy Use by Mode, 2000–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-7
Highway Transportation Energy Consumption by Mode, 1970–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-8
Nonhighway Transportation Energy Consumption by Mode, 1970–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-9
Means of Transportation to Work, 1980, 1990 and 2000 Census . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-15
Transportation-related Employment, 1993 and 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10–18
U.S. Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Energy Use in Transportation Sector, 1990–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-6
Travel
Passenger Travel and Energy Use, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-13
Automobiles in Operation and Vehicle Travel by Age, 1970 and 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-9
Trucks in Operation and Vehicle Travel by Age, 1970 and 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-10
Average Annual Vehicle-Miles of Travel for Fleet Vehicles, 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-4
Average Number of Vehicles and Vehicle Travel per Household, 1990 NPTS and 2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . . . 8-9
Traveled
Shares of Highway Vehicle-Miles Traveled by Vehicle Type, 1970–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-8
Average Annual Person-Miles Traveled, Person Trips and Trip Length per Household by Selected
Trip Purposes, 1983, 1990, 1995 NPTS and 2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-8
Trip
Average Annual Vehicle-Miles, Vehicle Trips and Trip Length per Household 1969, 1977, 1983, 1990,
1995 NPTS and 2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-7
Average Annual Person-Miles Traveled, Person Trips and Trip Length per Household by Selected
Trip Purposes, 1983, 1990, 1995 NPTS and 2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-8
Average Vehicle Occupancy by Trip Purpose, 1977 NPTS and 2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-11
Walk and Bike Trips by Trip Purpose, 2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-19
Trips
Average Annual Vehicle-Miles, Vehicle Trips and Trip Length per Household 1969, 1977, 1983, 1990,
1995 NPTS and 2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-7
Average Annual Person-Miles Traveled, Person Trips and Trip Length per Household by Selected
Trip Purposes, 1983, 1990, 1995 NPTS and 2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-8
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Walk and Bike Trips by Trip Purpose, 2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-19
Long-Distance Trips by Destination, 1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-20
Long-Distance Trips by Mode and Purpose, 1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-21
Shares of Long-Distance Person Trips by Mode and Household Income, 1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-22
Truck
Truck and Bus Registrations for Selected Countries, 1950–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-3
Light Truck Scrappage and Survival Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-15
Heavy Truck Scrappage and Survival Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-17
Light Truck Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Standards versus Sales-Weighted Fuel
Economy Estimates, 1978–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-20
New Retail Truck Sales by Gross Vehicle Weight, 1970–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-4
Truck Statistics by Gross Vehicle Weight Class, 1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-6
Truck Harmonic Mean Fuel Economy by Size Class, 1992 and 1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-6
Truck Statistics by Size, 1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-7
Trucks
Automobiles and Trucks in Use, 1970–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-5
Trucks in Operation and Vehicle Travel by Age, 1970 and 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-10
Average Age of Automobiles and Trucks in Use, 1970–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-11
Average Age and Registrations of Automobiles and Trucks, 1970–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-12
Summary Statistics for Two-Axle, Four-Tire Trucks, 1970–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-3
Trucks (continued)
Summary Statistics on Class 1, Class 2a, and Class 2b Light Trucks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-4
Sales Estimates of Class 1, Class 2a, and Class 2b Light Trucks, 1989–1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-4
New Retail Sales of Trucks 10,000 pounds GVW and Less in the United States, 1970–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-6
Sales-Weighted Engine Size of New Domestic and Import Light Trucks by Size Class, Sales Periods
1976–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-12
Sales-Weighted Wheelbase of New Automobiles and Light Trucks, Sales Periods 1976–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . 4-15
Period Sales, Market Shares, and Sales-Weighted Fuel Economies of New Domestic and Import
Light Trucks, Selected Sales Periods 1976–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-8
Summary Statistics for Other Single-Unit Trucks, 1970–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-2
Summary Statistics for Combination Trucks, 1970–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-3
Percentage of Trucks by Size Ranked by Major Use, 1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-8
Percentage of Trucks by Fleet Size and Primary Fueling Facility, 1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-9
Percentage of Trucks by Major Use and Primary Fueling Facility, 1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-10
Tier 2 Emission Standards for Cars and Light Trucks Effective for 2004–2009 Model Years . . . . . . . . . . . 12-14
Federal Exhaust Emission Certification Standards for Gasoline- and Diesel-Powered Light Trucks
(Category LDT1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-17
Federal Exhaust Emission Certification Standards for Gasoline- and Diesel-Powered Light Trucks
(Category LDT2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-18
Federal Exhaust Emission Certification Standards for Gasoline- and Diesel-Powered Light Trucks
(Category LDT3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-19
Federal Exhaust Emission Certification Standards for Gasoline- and Diesel-Powered Light Trucks
(Category LDT4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-20
Federal Exhaust Emission Certification Standards for Gasoline- and Diesel-Powered Light
Heavy Trucks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-21
Federal Exhaust Emission Certification Standards for Gasoline- and Diesel-Powered Heavy
Heavy Trucks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-22
California Passenger Cars and Light Trucks Emission Certification Standards for Model Years
2001–2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-23
California Vehicle Emission Reduction for Passenger Cars and Light Trucks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-24
Unit
Summary Statistics for Other Single-Unit Trucks, 1970–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-2
United
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United States Petroleum Production, Imports and Exports, 1950–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-16
Intercity Freight Movement and Energy Use in the United States, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-18
Vehicle Stock and New Sales in the United States, 2001 Calendar Year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-7
New Retail Automobile Sales in the United States, 1970–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-5
New Retail Sales of Trucks 10,000 pounds GVW and Less in the United States, 1970–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-6
Growth of Freight in the United States: Comparison of the 1997 and 1993 Commodity Flow Surveys . . . . . 5-12
Growth of Freight Miles in the United States: Comparison of the 1997 and 1993 Commodity
Flow Surveys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-13
Class I Railroad Freight Systems in the United States Ranked by Revenue Ton Miles, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-9
Urban
Urban Driving Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-29
US06
US06 Driving Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-31
Vehicle
Vehicle Stock and New Sales in the United States, 2001 Calendar Year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-7
Shares of Highway Vehicle-Miles Traveled by Vehicle Type, 1970–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-8
Automobiles in Operation and Vehicle Travel by Age, 1970 and 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-9
Trucks in Operation and Vehicle Travel by Age, 1970 and 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-10
Light Vehicle Market Shares by Size Class, Sales Periods 1976–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-9
New Light Vehicle Dealerships and Sales, 1970–2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-17
Vehicle (continued)
Vehicle Specifications for Vehicles Tested in the 1997 Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-25
Occupant Fatalities by Vehicle Type and Nonoccupant Fatalities, 1975–2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-34
Light Vehicle Occupant Safety Data, 1975–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-35
Crashes by Crash Severity, Crash Type, and Vehicle Type, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-36
Percent Rollover Occurrence in Fatal Crashes by Vehicle Type, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-37
New Retail Truck Sales by Gross Vehicle Weight, 1970–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-4
Truck Statistics by Gross Vehicle Weight Class, 1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-6
New Light Fleet Vehicle Purchases by Vehicle Type, 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-3
Average Annual Vehicle-Miles of Travel for Fleet Vehicles, 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-4
Average Miles per Domestic Federal Vehicle by Vehicle Type, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-5
Federal Fleet Vehicle Acquisitions by Fuel Type, FY 1998–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-7
Population and Vehicle Profile, 1950–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-2
Population and Vehicle Ratios, 1950–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-3
Household Vehicle Ownership, 1960–2000 Census . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-5
Average Annual Vehicle-Miles, Vehicle Trips and Trip Length per Household 1969, 1977, 1983, 1990,
1995 NPTS and 2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-7
Average Number of Vehicles and Vehicle Travel per Household, 1990 NPTS and 2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . . . 8-9
Average Vehicle Occupancy by Vehicle Type, 1995 NPTS and 2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-10
Average Vehicle Occupancy by Trip Purpose, 1977 NPTS and 2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-11
Average Annual Miles per Vehicle by Household Vehicle Ownership, 2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-12
Average Age of Vehicles by Household Vehicle Ownership, 2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-12
Average Annual Miles per Household Vehicle by Vehicle Age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-13
Light Vehicle Exhaust Emission Standards in Effect in 2009 when U.S. Tier 2 Standards are Final . . . . . . 12-15
California Vehicle Emission Reduction for Passenger Cars and Light Trucks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-24
Vehicles
Vehicles per Thousand People: U.S. Compared to Other Countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-6
Vehicle Specifications for Vehicles Tested in the 1997 Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-25
Steady Speed Fuel Economy for Vehicles Tested in the 1997 Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-28
Summary Statistics on Light Transit Vehicles, 1994–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-38
Estimates of Alternative Fuel Vehicles in Use, 1992–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-3
Estimates of Alternative Fuel Vehicles by Ownership, 1996 and 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-4
Alternative Fuel Vehicles Available by Manufacturer, Model Year 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-5
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Sales and Specifications of Available Advanced Technology Vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-8
Hydrogen Storage Systems for On-Board Light Vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-13
Fleet Vehicles in Service as of February 1, 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-2
Light Vehicles in Fleets of 10 or More, 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-3
Average Length of Time Business Fleet Vehicles are in Service, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-4
Average Annual Vehicle-Miles of Travel for Fleet Vehicles, 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-4
Federal Government Vehicles by Agency, Fiscal Year 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-6
Energy Policy Act Purchase Requirements of Light Alternative Fuel Vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-8
Average Number of Vehicles and Vehicle Travel per Household, 1990 NPTS and 2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . . . 8-9
Average Age of Vehicles by Household Vehicle Ownership, 2001NHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-12
Emissions of Carbon Monoxide from Highway Vehicles, 1980–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-4
Emissions of Nitrogen Oxides from Highway Vehicles, 1980–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-6
Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds from Highway Vehicles, 1980–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-8
Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM 10) from Highway Vehicles, 1980–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-10
Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM-2.5) from Highway Vehicles, 1990–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-12
Federal Exhaust Emission Certification Standards for Gasoline- and Diesel-Powered Light Vehicles . . . . 12-16
Volatile
Total National Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds, 1980–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-7
Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds from Highway Vehicles, 1980–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-8
Walk
Walk and Bike Trips by Trip Purpose, 2001 NHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-19
Warming
Numerical Estimates of Global Warming Potentials Compared with Carbon Dioxide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-3
Waterborne
Tonnage Statistics for Domestic and International Waterborne Commerce, 1970–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-5
Summary Statistics for Domestic Waterborne Commerce, 1970–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-6
Weight
Sales-Weighted Curb Weight of New Domestic and Import Automobiles by Size Class, Sales Periods
1976–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-13
New Retail Truck Sales by Gross Vehicle Weight, 1970–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-4
Truck Statistics by Gross Vehicle Weight Class, 1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-6
Weighted
Period Sales, Market Shares, and Sales-Weighted Fuel Economies of New Domestic and Import
Automobiles, Selected Sales Periods 1976–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-7
Period Sales, Market Shares, and Sales-Weighted Fuel Economies of New Domestic and Import
Light Trucks, Selected Sales Periods 1976–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-8
Sales-Weighted Engine Size of New Domestic and Import Automobiles by Size Class, Sales Periods
1976–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-11
Sales-Weighted Engine Size of New Domestic and Import Light Trucks by Size Class, Sales Periods
1976–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-12
Sales-Weighted Curb Weight of New Domestic and Import Automobiles by Size Class, Sales Periods
1976–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-13
Sales-Weighted Interior Space of New Domestic and Import Automobiles by Size Class, Sales Periods
1976–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-14
Sales-Weighted Wheelbase of New Automobiles and Light Trucks, Sales Periods 1976–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . 4-15
Automobile Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Standards versus Sales-Weighted Fuel
Economy Estimates, 1978–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-19
Light Truck Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Standards versus Sales-Weighted Fuel
Economy Estimates, 1978–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-20
Wheelbase
Sales-Weighted Wheelbase of New Automobiles and Light Trucks, Sales Periods 1976–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . 4-15
Work
Means of Transportation to Work, 1980, 1990 and 2000 Census . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-15
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
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Workers
Workers by Commute Time, 1990 and 2000 Census . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-16
World
World Fossil Fuel Potential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-2
World Crude Oil Production, 1960–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-3
World Petroleum Production, 1973–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-4
World Petroleum Consumption, 1960–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-5
World Oil Reserves, Production and Consumption, 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-6
World Natural Gas Reserves, Production, and Consumption, 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-7
U.S. Petroleum Imports by World Region of Origin, 1960–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-10
Refinery Gross Output by World Region, 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-13
World Consumption of Primary Energy, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-2
U.S. and World Hydrogen Consumption by End-Use Category, 1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-12
World Carbon Emissions from Energy Consumption, 1990 and 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-2
Years
Automobile Scrappage and Survival Rates 1970, 1980 and 1990 Model Years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-13
Tier 2 Emission Standards for Cars and Light Trucks Effective for 2004–2009 Model Years . . . . . . . . . . . 12-14
Yield
Refinery Yield of Petroleum Products from a Barrel of Crude Oil, 1978–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-15
TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
@FedFRASER