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AUGUST 1979 /
VOLUME 59 NUMBER
8
PART II
SURVEY OF CURRENT BUSINESS
CONTENTS
Explanations of Declining Productivity Growth
1
State Differences in Per Capita Personal
ILS. Department of Commerce
Income Growth in the Seventies
25
State Personal Income, 1958-78
28
Juanita M, Kreps /
Seasonally Unadjusted NIP A Estimates
56
Courtenay M. Slater / Chief Economist
for the Department of Commerce
Summary National Income and Product Series,
1929-1978
Alternative Estimates of Capital Consumption and
Profits of Nonfinancial Corporations, 1975—78
58
60
Secretary
Bureau of Economic Analysis
George Jaszi / Director
Allan H. Young / Deputy. Director
Durable Goods Owned by Consumers
in the United States, 1975-78
61
Fixed Nonresidential Business and Residential
Capital in the United States, 1975-78
62
Carol S. Carson / Editor-in-Chief,
Survey of Current Business
Manuscript Editor: Dannelet A. Grosvenor
Managing Editor: Patli A. Trujillo
Staff Contributors to This Issue: Kenneth P. Berkman, Robert B. Bretzfelder, David W. Cartwright,
Edward F. Denison, Howard L. Friedenberg, Jeanette
Honsa, John C. Musgrave, Elizabeth H. Queen.
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By EDWARD F. DENISON
Explanations of Declining Productivity Growth
vxROWTH of American productivity
was rapid by historical standards during
most of the postwar period. But in the
last half of the 1960's the rate began to
slacken. Until 1974 this slackening was
not particularly disturbing from the
standpoint of long-term growth. It was
partly the consequence of short-term
fluctuations in determinants of output
that typically display irregular movements, chiefly a drop in the intensity of
use of employed labor and capital from
a peak reached in 1965-66. The remainder resulted from developments
that were inevitable or even welcome.
Transfer of surplus workers from farming to nonfarm jobs, in which they produce output of greater value, diminished as the pool of such labor approached exhaustion. The proportion of
inexperienced workers among the employed was boosted by great increases
in the working-age population under 25
years of age, a rising ratio of employment to population in the young age
groups, and entry of many adult women
into the labor force. Costs of regulations that the Government presumably
felt had benefits in excess of their costs
began to impinge upon productivity.
This comfortable characterization of the
productivity slowdown is not applica- based mainly on establishment reports
ble to more recent years. Beginning in
In nonresidential business, national
1974 the situation became disturbing income per person employed (NIPPE)
and also puzzling. The productivity increased by an average of 2.4 percent
trend turned far more adverse, and the a year during the quarter century from
influences responsible for the slowdown 1948 to 1973—a total of 82 percent over
prior to 1974 were no longer sufficient the period. It then dropped by a total
to explain the shortfall from the earlier of 5.6 percent from 1973 to 1975.
trend. The major productivity series— Even after a recovery in 1976, NIPPE
output per person employed, output remained lower than 3 years before;
per hour, and output per unit of input— its 1973-76 growth rate was —0.5
all show much the same pattern of percent a year. The analysis of growth
retardation.
sources upon which this article draws
The discussion in this article is has been carried only to 1976, but it is
organized by reference to output per evident that slow productivity growth
person employed and the decline in its has characterized the entire period
growth rate since 1973. The estimates after 1973, continuing to the present
cited refer to the nonresidential busi- time. In 1977 and 1978 NIPPE inness sector, which makes up more than creased only enough to regain its 1973
three-fourths of the whole economy. level, so over the whole 5-year period
Output is measured by national income from 1973 to 1978 its growth rate was
in constant (1972) prices. Employment zero. The first half of 1979 was below
is defined as the number of persons 1973 (and 1978). Let me observe here
employed, iull-time or part-time, during that when I use adjectives such as
an average week. Wage and salary "slow" or "retarded" to describe growth
workers, the self-employed, and unpaid in recent periods, and when I refer to a
family workers are included. The aver- growth rate as having declined, I mean
age level of the series is based on the to include situations in which the
Current Population Survey, but for recent growth rate has actually been
maximum consistency with the na- negative.
tional income series its movement is
I have previously studied economic
This article discusses a wide range of suggested causes of the decline in the rate of productivity growth in recent years.
It is the second SURVEY OF CURRENT BUSINESS article that presents portions of Mr. Denison's comprehensive study
of this subject, which will be published by The Brookings Institution as Accounting for Slower Growth: The United
States in the 1970s. The first article, which appeared in the January 1978 SURVEY, dealt with effects on output per
unit of input of new requirements to protect the physical environment against pollution, increased requirements to
protect the safety and health of employed persons, and a rise in dishonesty and crime.
Mr. Denison, who is now an Associate Director of the Bureau of Economic Analysis, was a Senior Fellow of The
Brookings Institution when he wrote the forthcoming book. Financial support for the study was provided in part
by National Science Foundation Grant 75-23131 to The Brookings Institution. Views expressed are the author's and
should not be ascribed to the trustees, officers, or other staff members of the Institution or the Foundation or to the
U.S. Department of Commerce.
SUEVEY OF CUEEENT BUSINESS
growth in advanced countries by techniques that have become known as
"growth accounting'' or "sources of
growth" analysis. Estimates resulting
from such analysis were published for
this country in my Accounting for
United States Economic Growth, 19291969 (hereinafter cited as Accounting for
Growth).1 They are revised and updated
in a forthcoming book titled Accounting
for Slower Economic Growth: The United
States in the 1970s (hereinafter cited as
Accounting for Slower Growth).2 Growth
accounting views growth as the result
of changes in a large number of determinants that govern the size of a
nation's output. The contributions,
positive or negative, that were made to
the growth rate by changes in these
determinants are estimated directly
for as many determinants as is feasible.
The combined contribution of the remaining determinants is obtained as a
residual.
The directly estimated determinants lessening fatigue and absenteeism, so
of nonresidential business output ac- that the percentage decline in labor
counted for almost all of the variation input is less than that in hours. Also,
in the rate of growth of NIPPE within otherwise similar individuals are
the period from 1948 to 1973. But they counted as the same amount of labor
explain only part of the subsequent input whether they are nonfarm wage
decline in this growth rate. The final and salary workers, nonfarm self-emchapter of the forthcoming book ex- ployed and unpaid family workers, or
amines possible explanations for the farm workers, provided that each works
remainder of the decline. That chapter the average full-time hours of persons
is presented, with minor adaptations, of his or her own sex in the category ir|
as part 2 of this article.
which he or she is employed. ConseTo understand the discussion in part quently, the contribution of hours
2, the reader must know what output changes is not affected by that part of
determinants have been estimated di- the decline in average hours that resulted from reductions in the proporrectly; these determinants are not
tions of workers in farming or nonfarm
discussed in part 2 because they do not self-employment, categories with very
contribute to the unexplained portion long hours.
of the decline in the growth rate of
Hours worked by persons in different
NIPPE. Part 1, which should be re- age-sex groups do not represent the
garded as an introduction, provides that same amount of labor input. If average
information; it describes briefly these hourly earnings in one such group are
determinants and their contributions. double those in another, an hour's work
is considered, on the average, to represent twice as much labor input in the
former as in the latter. Changes in agesex composition make a positive contribution when the proportion of total
same as for total output because the hours that are worked by persons in the
ratio of output to input is unchanged highly weighted groups—particularly
when both are divided by employment. males 35 to 64 years of age—rises, as
was the case from 1948 to 1954, and a
Growth from 1948 to 1973
negative contribution when that proTo consider recent changes, it is first portion falls, as has been the case since
necessary to know what the various de- 1954. Over the whole 1948-73 period
terminants of output contributed to changes in age-sex composition subgrowth of NIPPE in the past. From tracted 0.17 percentage points from the
1948 to 1973 the growth rate of NIPPE growth rate.
Persons with different amounts of
was 2.43 percent a year.3 The first
column of table 1 summarizes my esti- education also are regarded as promates of the sources of its growth in viding different amounts of labor input.
Their work is weighted in accordance
that period.
Changes in average hours at work with average earnings differentials besubtracted an estimated 0.24 percentage tween persons who differ only with
points from the growth rate in 1948-73. respect to amount of education. For
This is not an estimate of the growth rate example, in recent years a full-time
of average hours, which was —0.50 worker with 4 years of college is counted
percent, but an estimate of the net as 1.84 times as much labor as one with
effect of changes in average working 8 years of elementary education. The
hours upon the growth rate of output. contribution of education measures the
It allows for the fact that labor is only amount by which output per worker
one, though by far the largest, type of has been raised by the upswing in the
factor input. In addition, it takes into educational background of employed
account the probability that shorter persons. The educational distribution
hours for full-time workers have in- of employed persons rose greatly, so
creased the work done in an hour by the contribution of education was
Part 1. Sources of Growth of National Income
Per Person Employed
GROWTH of output may be obtained
by using more labor and property
resources in production or by increasing
the output obtained from the same
quantity of resources. In a table
showing sources of growth of total
output, the contributions made to the
growth rate of output by changes in
employment, working hours, and pertinent personal attributes of employed
persons, by changes in the amount of
capital, and by changes in the amount
of land, would appear as contributions
of total factor input, while the contributions of output per unit of input
would include changes in the state of
knowledge, the degree of misallocation
of resources, the size of markets, and
other conditions that alter the amount
of output that is obtained from a given
amount of input. In a table, such as
table 1, that shows the sources of growth
of output per person employed, employment disappears as a source of growth,
and all other inputs—capital and land
as well as labor characteristics—are
measured on a per person-employed
basis. Output per unit of input is the
Part II August 1979
Part II August 1979
SURVEY OF CURRENT BUSINESS
Table 1.—National Income Per Person Employed in Nonresidential Business: Growth
Rate and Sources of Growth, 1948-73 and 1973-76
1948-73
Growth Rate.
2.43
1973-76
Change
-0.54
-2.97
Contributions to growth rate in percentage points
Total factor input:
Changes in workers' hours and attributes:
Hours
Age-sex composition
Education
—
-.24
-.17
.52
-.54
-.25
.88
-.30
-.08
.36
Changes in capital and land per person employed:
Inventories
—
Nonresidential structures and equipment
Land
.10
.29
-.04
.02
.25
-.03
-.08
-.04
.01
.37
-.04
.41
-.18
1.41
-.01
-.44
.24
.09
-.75
-.38
-.40
-.17
.27
-2.16
Output per unit of input:1
Improved allocation of resources 2
_
Changes in the legal and human environment 3
Economies of scale
Irregular factors
Advances in knowledge and miscellaneous determinants *
1. Contributions to the growth rate shown in subsequent lines are restricted to effects upon output per unit of input.
2. Includes only gains resulting from the reallocation of labor out of farming and out of self-employment and unpaid family
labor in small nonfarm enterprises.
3. Includes only the effects on output per unit of input of costs incurred to protect the physical environment and the safety
and health of workers, and of costs of dishonesty and crime.
4. Obtained as a residual.
Source: Edward F. Denison, Accounting for Slower Economic Growth: The United States in the 1970s, The Brookings Institution, 1979, Table 7-3. (To be published)
positive and large, 0.52 percentage
points.4
The contributions of capital and
land result from changes in the amounts
of inventories, nonresidential structures and equipment, and land used in
nonresidential business per person employed. The main points to note are
that dwellings and governmental assets
are excluded, and that capital input is
so defined and measured that changes
in output that result from advances in
the design of capital goods are classified
as contributions of advances in knowledge, not of capital.
The contributions of capital and land
do not reflect changes in the intensity
of their utilization. Instead, a single
estimate is made of the effect upon output per unit of input of changes in the
intensity with which capital, land, and
labor (as measured by hours at work)
are utilized. That series is a component
of the "irregular factors" line in table 1.
Inventories and fixed capital both
increased more than employment from
1948 to 1973, so that capital input per
person employed rose. The increase in
the quantity of inventories per person
employed contributed an estimated
0.10 percentage points to the growth
rate of NIPPE, and the increase in nonresidential structures and equipment
per person employed contributed 0.29
percentage points. The land available
per worker declined as employment increased. This subtracted an estimated
0.04 percentage points from the 1948-73
growth rate.
Improved allocation of resources contributed an estimated 0.37 percentage
points to the growth rate. This estimate
refers to gains in output from bringing
the allocation of resources within the
nonresidential business sector nearer to
the allocation that would maximize
output per unit of input. Only two
types of changes in resource allocation
are covered by this estimate. One is the
reduction in the percentage of the labor
used in nonresidential business that consists of surplus labor in farming. The
other is the reduction in the percentage
of labor that is misallocated to nonfarm
self-employment and unpaid family
labor in enterprises too small for efficiency .
The institutional and human environment within which business must
operate has changed in several ways
that adversely affect output per unit of
input. The effect of three such changes
has been estimated. New or strengthened governmental controls required
business to divert from ordinary production to pollution abatement a growing share of the labor and capital that
it employs, so that these resources
are no longer available to produce
measured output. Other controls have
similarly diverted labor and capital to
the protection of worker safety and
health. In addition, rising crime has
forced business to divert resources to
crime prevention, and thefts of merchandise have directly reduced measured output. Important changes in
these conditions began only towards the
end of the 1948-73 period, and they are
estimated to have subtracted only 0.04
percentage points from the growth rate
over that whole period.
Gains from economies of scale refer
to the rise in output per unit of input
that is made possible by changes in the
size of the markets that business
serves. Economies of scale are not
limited to those internal to firms;
specialization of all sorts, including
larger production runs and larger transactions, is covered by my use of the
term. Economies of scale are estimated
to have contributed 0.41 percentage
points to the 1948-73 growth rate, and
thus to be an important growth source.
It should be noted that I have measured
the contributions of all other sources as
if the economy were operating under
constant returns to scale, so that to
the definition of their contributions
must be added the stipulation that the
size of markets is taken as given.
The estimate of the effects of irregular
factors upon output per unit of input
covers three determinants. Two—the
effect of weather upon farm output, and
the effect of work stoppages—are rather
minor, but the third is often important.
This is the effect of changes in the intensity with which employed labor,
capital, and land are used that result
from fluctuations in demand. These
changes are related to the business
cycle, but swings in productivity usually
run substantially ahead of those in
total output or unemployment. The
position was much less favorable to
high output per unit of input in 1973
than in 1948, and irregular factors subtracted 0.18 percentage points from the
1948-73 growth rate.
The contribution of advances in
knowledge and miscellaneous determinants is obtained, statistically, as a
residual. As its title indicates, it has
two main parts.
The contribution of advances in
SURVEY OF CURRENT BUSINESS
knowledge is, conceptually, a comprehensive measure of the gains in measured output that result from the incorporation into production of new
knowledge of any type—managerial
and organizational as well as technological—regardless of the source of that
knowledge, the way it is transmitted to
those who can make use of it, or the
way it is incorporated into production.
The reference to "measured" output
is important because of quality change.
The introduction of new final products
provides the user with a greater range
of choice or enables him to meet his
needs better with the same use of resources, but it does not, in general,
contribute to growth as measured; it
results in "noneconomic" or "unmeasured" quality change. In general, as a
consequence, only the advances in
knowledge that reduce the unit costs of
final products already in existence
contribute to measured growth.
The "miscellaneous determinants"
portion of the title of this series refers
to a large number of determinants that
can be specified but whose effects have
either been estimated at zero or not
quantified.5 The effects of the determinants included are believed small, and
as a group as likely to be favorable as
unfavorable, in the 1948-73 period.6
The advance in knowledge was the
largest source of increase in NIPPE
from 1948 to 1973 unless I am altogether wrong in my judgment that
miscellaneous determinents were not
important in that period. The contribution of advances in knowledge and
miscellaneous determinants is estimated
at 1.41 percentage points in 1948-73.
In summary, important contributions
to the growth of NIPPE in 1948-73
were made by advances in knowledge,
increased education of employed persons, increased capital per worker,
improved resource allocation, and economies of scale. Eeductions in average
hours of work and shifts in age-sex
composition were the main negative
factors.
Change from 1948-73 to 1973-76
The growth rate of NIPPE fell from
2.43 percent in 1948-73 to —0.54 percent in 1973-76. This decline of nearly
3.0 percentage points occurred even
though changes in three determinants
were more favorable than in 1948-73.
First, the contribution of education increased by 0.36 percentage points as thp
educational level of persons employed
by business moved upward at an accelerated rate. Major factors were that
government stopped absorbing a disproportionate part of the increase in
Part II August 1979
highly educated persons, and that the
average age of adult workers declined.
(Young adult workers have more education than older workers.) Second, the
drag of a fixed quantity of land was a
trifle less than in 1948-73 because employment increased less. Third, irregular factors were more favorable in 1976
than in 1973 and made a positive contribution to the 1973-76 growth rate,
CHART 1
Nonresidential Business: Constant-Dollar National Income, Total
and Per Person Employed, 1948-78, and Residual Series, 1948-76
Index, 1972=100 (Ratio scale)
120
100
.
•
.
,
-
-'•'-
80
60
50
r W ' r ' f '•!• i'\ :i."'t H "P t t i * n i ' f Wv i t r - v f f i T >-' t i
•
•
•
•
40
EDGE
i
I8
100
0
-• : §fE
***
80 -
jrrr*
*****
.i
''k
../ ;=
50
52
54
56
58
r
i \ \ t
i
1948
-
<f •
yij^:^{y[^l
60
i
*}/
60
62
64
1
66
i
t •„. r .
68
i r
70
i 1 i r i f
72
74
76
!
78
Source: Edward F. Denison, "Accounting for Slower Economic Growth: The United States in the 1970s," (Brookings Institution, 1979, forthcoming), tables 2-7, 4-6,
and 5-1.
U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis
79-8-1
Part II August 1979
whereas they reduced the 1948-73 rate.
These determinants would, in themselves, have raised the growth rate by
more than 0.6 percentage points.
Other sources for which specific estimates are made would, in themselves,
have taken nearly 1.5 percentage points
off the previous growth rate of NIPPE,
an amount that is equal to three-fifths
of the earlier rate. Six groups of sources
contributed to this amount. An accelerated reduction in average hours was
responsible for 0.30 percentage points,
a faster shift in age-sex composition for
0.08 points, and a slower increase in
capital per worker for 0.12 points, with
both inventories and structures and
equipment contributing to the last
amount. Gains from the reallocation
out of farming and nonfarm self-employment both disappeared, and this
reduced the growth rate by 0.38 points.
The three specified types of changes in
the legal and human environment in
which business operates cut the earlier
growth rate of NIPPE by 0.40 points. 7
Finally, gains from economies of scale
were down by 0.17 points as growth of
the economy slackened; this is a very
crude estimate but there is no doubt
that there was an appreciable reduction.
Almost 2.2 percentage points of the
drop in the growth rate of NIPPE remain in the residual series for advances
in knowledge and miscellaneous determinants. The contribution of the
residual fell from 1.41 percentage points
in 1948-73 to —0.75 percentage points
in 1973-76. After rising steadily until
1973, the series dropped sharply in 1974
and 1975, then in 1976 made a normal
gain from the lower level.
Chart 1 helps to make clear how extraordinary the period since 1973 has
been. From 1948 to 1973 total national
income originating in nonresidential
business, shown in the top panel, grew
irregularly, with actual declines experienced in 4 years. But by the second
year the previous peak had been exceeded in every case. The 1973 peak,
in contrast, was not exceeded until 3
years later, and then narrowly. NIPPE,
plotted in the middle panel, is a
smoother series. Although periods of
slower and faster growth alternated,
NIPPE increased annually until 1968
SUEVEY OF CUREENT BUSINESS
and, after a small cyclical dip in 196970, again rose strongly until 1973.
Thereafter, it fell sharply in both 1974
and 1975 and showed no net increase
from 1973 to 1978. At its 1948-73
growth rate, NIPPE would have risen
13 percent in these 5 years.
It is the change in the behavior of the
residual series measuring the effects of
advances in knowledge and miscellaneous determinants that is most
remarkable, however. Because determinants whose effects are directly
estimated account for most irregularities in the movement of NIPPE up to
1973, the residual is a rather smooth
series with a nearly constant growth
rate from 1948 to 1973 and an increase
every year. Much of the variation in
annual increases that does remain in the
residual appears to be due to the calendar.8 Up to 1973 there was no tendency
for growth of the residual to slow down.
Indeed, its growth rate from 1969 to
1973 was a little above that from 1948
to 1969. Thus the sharp drops in the
series in 1974 and 1975 were abrupt
departures from past experience. In
1976 the index was still 2.2 percent below 1973 whereas it would have been 4.3
percent above 1973 at its 1948-73
growth rate. The series (and hence the
bottom panel of the chart) ends at 1976
but it seems safe to infer from the behavior of NIPPE that, if the residual
index increased at all after 1976, the
annual gain was far smaller than in the
years up to 1973 and that the residual
index was further below its 1948-73
trend line in 1978 than in 1976.
Part 2. The Unexplained Portion of the Decline
in Productivity Growth
THE contribution of advances in knowledge and miscellaneous determinants
to growth rates in nonresidential business, as measured by the residual series,
fell from 1.4 percent a year in the 194873 period to —0.8 percent a year in the
1973-76 period, with the decline clearly
beginning in 1974. The contribution
over the whole 1973-78 period was also
far below that in 1948-73, it can be inferred from the behavior of NIPPE and
output per hour.
That I do not know why the record
suddenly turned so bad after 1973 must
be obvious, because the effects of all of
the determinants of NIPPE that I
could measure continuously are excluded from the residual. Perhaps it
would be wisest to end with this statement, but I find that to do so leads to
insistent questions about what might
have been responsible and to requests
for comments on specific suggestions.
The rest of the article takes up these
matters. From the almost limitless list
of possible influences on the residual
series, I have selected those that have
been or may be seriously suggested as
important causes of productivity slowdown. Inevitably there is some overlap-
ping among the suggestions examined.
One general point needs stressing.
According to my estimates there is no
unexplained retardation in the rate of
growth of productivity change until
1974, and the drop in the rate that
started at that time was abrupt and large.
I consider this timing an important clue
in any attempt to unravel the mystery
surrounding the productivity slowdown.
But nearly all the possible reasons advanced for the slowdown would be
much more likely to take effect gradually than suddenly. This counts heavily
against them. Nevertheless, I have included such suggestions in the following
discussion. Most were proposed by observers who, if they had in mind any
specific data at all, were trying to explain the slackening in growth that
began about 1967 in the Bureau of
Labor Statistics series for output per
hour.
Of course, "coming events cast their
shadows before/' and the onset of
fundamental changes that were to lead
to decline may have been discernible
in advance of the actual event. But the
unexplained decline itself does not
appear until 1974.
SUEVEY OF CURRENT BUSINESS
Suggestions Affecting
Advances in Knowledge
This section is concerned with four
suggested explanations that pertain to
advances in knowledge. The two following sections are concerned with 13
suggested explanations relating to miscellaneous output determinants.
Curtailment of expenditures on research and development
Secretary of Commerce Juanita
Kreps, formerly professor of economics
at Duke University, has stated that a
"Probable source of the slowdown in
productivity is the dramatic reduction
in expenditures for research and development." 9 John W. Kendrick, of
George Washington University, an
expert in productivity analysis, has
repeatedly called attention to the decline in research and development
(R. & D.). The conclusions of a 2-day
meeting held by the American Association for the Advancement of Science
were summarized in The Washington
Post as follows: "The United States is
losing its competitive edge in technology because American industry is
spending less on research and because
the Federal Government withdrew
much of its support for industrial research at the ends of the Apollo space
program and the Vietnam War." 10
Expenditures for organized E. & D.
in the United States have been much larger
in the postwar period than ever before,
and within the period, expenditures
rose rapidly until the mid-1960's.
How one describes their subsequent
behavior depends on the series he
chooses to emphasize.
If expressed as a percentage of gross
national product (GNP), total R. & D.
expenditures rose from 0.95 percent in
1955 to a peak of 2.97 percent in 1964,
then slipped gradually to 2.27 percent
in 1976 and 1977. The drop was mainly
in expenditures financed by the Federal
Government, largely for defense and
space programs, whose connections
with productivity advance is slight.
Expenditures financed by other sources
(mostly industry but including universities and nonprofit organizations) con-
tinued to climb throughout the 1960Js,
rising from 0.99 percent of GNP in
1963 and 1964 to 1.15 percent in 1969
and 1970. They then slipped, but only
to 1.07 percent, in 1972 and 1973 before
recovering to 1.11-1.13 percent every
year from 1974 through 1977.11 I
have quoted percentages of GNP because this practice is widespread, but
its rationale is not clear. Just because
the size of the economy is, say, twice as
big, does it take twice as much R. & D.
to obtain the same annual productivity
gain? Doubtless it would take twice as
much R. & D. if an economy doubled its
size by producing twice as many products, each with a unique technology,
and no more of any one product. But
why should more R. & D. be needed if
growth occurs by expanding the average output of products rather than
their number? An invention that cuts
1 percent from the production cost of
5 million automobiles should do as
much for 10 million.
Total R. & D. expenditures themselves, when expressed in constant
(1972) dollars, rose rapidly until 1966,
when they reached $28.5 billion, then
less rapidly until 1968, when they
peaked at $29.8 billion.12 Expenditures
in all years from 1969 through 1976
were in the range of $27.7 billion to
$29.6 billion, so that in the whole
1966-76 period they were essentially
flat. In 1977, constant-dollar expenditures reached a record $30.2 billion.
Within the total, R. & D. that was
financed by industry increased rapidly
until 1969, when it reached $11.5 billion,
then more slowly to $13.2 billion in
1976 and $13.9 billion in 1977. Its annual growth rate was 6.5 percent in
1960-69 and 2.0 percent in 1969-76.13
R. & D. financed by universities (including State and local governments)
and nonprofit organizations increased
steadily to $1.1 billion in 1976. R. & D.
financed by the Federal Government
jumped rapidly to $17.3 billion in 1964,
peaked at $18.2 billion in 1967, fell to
$14.4 billion in 1974, and recovered to
$14.6 billion in 1976 and $15.2 billion
in 1977.14
The number of scientists and engineers employed in R. & D., computed
on a full-time equivalent basis, peaked
at 558,000 in 1969, fell 7 percent to
Part II August 1979
521,000 in 1973, and recovered to
550,000 in 1976 and a record 571,000
in 1977. The pattern in industry was
similar: a drop from a peak of 386,000
in 1969 to 353,000 in 1972, then a recovery to 372,000 in 1976 and to 390,000
in 1977. The industry figure includes
personnel employed in business who are
engaged in federally funded research,
including defense and space.15
Kendrick constructed a series for the
"stock"' of knowledge acquired from
all components of domestic organized
R. & D. by cumulating past expenditures and applying an obsolescence rate.
This series, measured in constant prices,
increased at annual rates of 9.6 percent
a year from 1948 to 1966 and 5.2 percent from 1966 to 1973, when it ends.16
Like the United States, other advanced countries sharply increased
R. & D. spending, both in absolute
terms and as a percentage of GNP,
until about 1965. During the middle and
late 1960's total R. & D. spending began
to increase less than GNP not only in
the United States but also in the United
Kingdom, France, and Canada, and
after 1970 in West Germany. In Japan,
R. & D. spending continued to increase
as a percentage of GNP but more
slowly than before.17 The absolute
amount of foreign R. & D. spending
measured in constant prices increased
throughout the period.
To consider the impact of changes in
R. & D. on output per unit of input, it
is first necessary to recall that only
certain types of advances in knowledge
raise output per unit of input as it is
actually measured, namely, those that
allow the same amount of measured
output to be obtained with less input.
Advances that do so are those that
reduce the unit cost of final products
that are already in existence.
Advances leading to the introduction
of new products for final sale from the
business sector (primarily to households
and government) do not have this
effect, no matter whether the new
products are color television sets, space
rockets, atomic-powered aircraft carriers, tastier biscuits, or microwave
ovens for household use. After their introduction, total measured product will
be the same as if the labor, capital, and
land devoted to their production were
Part II August 1979
used instead to produce previously
existing products. When products with
new features—for example, refrigerators with automatic ice makers and
stoves with self-cleaning ovens—are
introduced, they qualify as new products in this formulation. Thus R. & D.
that is directed toward new final products for civilian or military use, even
if highly successful in meeting its objectives, does not contribute to the
growth of measured output per unit
of input except insofar as it may have
some incidental offshoots that cut the
costs of existing final products. Nearly
all federally-financed R. & D. is in this
category and so is the larger part of
industry financed R. & D. Only R. & D.
that is directed either toward new
processes, which may be roughly identified with research to reduce a firm's
own costs, or toward new intermediate
products and capital goods has an
objective that, if achieved, raises measured output per unit of input.18
Organized R. & D. in the United
States is only one of many points of origin for advances in knowledge that
raise output per unit of input, but fortunately it is one (the only one) for
which a separate estimate of the contribution to growth has been hazarded.
In 1961 I compounded a series of plausible assumptions and guessed that
one-sixth of the total contribution of
advances in knowledge was the contribution of domestic R. & D.19 A more
recent and somewhat more solidly based
attempt to estimate this contribution
was made by Zvi Griliches of Harvard
University.20 Griliches estimated that
R. & D. was contributing no more than
0.3 percentage points to the growth rate
of private domestic GNP as of 1966
and probably considerably less; his
maximum estimate equals less than onefourth of my estimate of the contribution being made by advances in knowledge at that time.21
The main elements in these and similar calculations are the value of R. & D.
expenditures for projects that, if successful, can be expected to raise output
per unit of input; the social rate of return on such projects; and sometimes
the rate of obsolescence on knowledge
gained from previous R. & D.22 R. & D.
expenditures are too small to yield
SUKVEY OF CURRENT BUSINESS
Griliches a contribution above 0.3 percentage points even though he deliberately made a generous estimate of
their amount and even though the social
rate of return is high.
The large gap between estimates of
the contributions of advances in knowledge and of R. & D. expenditures does
not imply that the estimates are inconsistent. As already stressed, organized R. & D. conducted in the
United States is only one source of
advances in knowledge. Managerial
and organizational knowledge of how
to produce at low cost stems from
sources that are unrelated to expenditures measured in series for R. & D.
The observation and ingenuity of
persons engaged in production and
distribution contribute new technological knowledge. So do individual
inventors. All types of knowledge
originate in all countries, not only the
United States.
If R. & D. contributed no more than
0.3 percentage points to the growth
rate in the mid-1960's, retardation of
such expenditures could have contributed little, if anything, to the decline
of productivity growth even if the
percentage of GNP spent on R. & D.
of all types were the relevant series
and the period from 1964 peak to 1976
trough were the relevant timespan.
The drop in the percentage was about
one-fourth, so if the 0.3 percentage
point contribution of R. & D. to the
growth rate of output were reduced
proportionally, it would decline by
less than 0.1 percentage points. Expenditures financed from private
sources, measured in constant prices,
are a more pertinent series for R. & D.
Since this series did not decline at all,
there is no assurance that R. & D.
spending contributed anything to the
decline in productivity
growth.
Griliches, using a somewhat broader
series for R. & D. spending relevant to
productivity growth, suggested that
the change in R. & D. spending from
the 1966 rate to the 1970 rate might
reduce its contribution by 0.1 percentage points, with the effect perhaps
delayed until the mid-1970's. The
range from 0.0 to —0.1 percentage
points covers the probable change in
the contribution.
Kendrick estimated higher contributions from organized R. & D. than did
Griliches or I: The percentage point
contributions were 0.85 in 1948-66 and
0.71 in 1966-73.23 The high estimates
stem from counting in the "stock" all
R. & D. performed in the business
sector, including all that is devoted to
new and improved products and all
that is financed by the Federal Government. As justifications, Kendrick mentions spin-offs and the prevalence of
learning curves for all new products,
regardless of their buyers, but I do not
believe the procedure is tenable.24 Even
so, Kendrick obtains a reduction in the
contribution only slightly in excess of
0.1 percentage points during the period
he covered.
Roger E. Brinner of Data Resources,
Inc., has, so far as I am aware, the only
estimates that show a much larger decline.25 His estimate of the contribution
of R. & D. falls by 0.2 percentage points
from the 1960-65 period to the 1965-70
period, and then an additional 0.2 percentage points from the 1965-70 period
to the 1970-75 period, when he puts the
contribution at only 0.05 percentage
points.25 This unusual set ol results apparently stems from the combination
of two features of his estimates. First,
like Kendrick (whose stock series is
BrinnerJs starting point), Brinner
counts government-financed R. & D.,
so he has gross additions to knowledge
from R. & D. declining. Second, the
amount of old knowledge that he eliminates from the stock, presumably because it is rendered obsolete by new
knowledge, is related to the stock of
knowledge rather than to the amount
of new knowledge, so it rises even when
new knowledge falls. This procedure
would permit R. & D. to contribute
negatively to growth.27
To conclude, as I have, that R. & D.
probably is not responsible for much of
the productivity retardation is not to
deny that expansion of R. & D. is a
promising way of promoting future
productivity growth. Available studies,
though limited in scope, indicate that
the social rate of return on R. & D. is
high.28 This, when combined with the
inability of firms financing successful
R. & D. to capture more than a fraction
of that return for themselves, provides
8
justification for policies either to raise
that fraction or to increase governmental support.
Decline in opportunity for major
new advances
In the postwar period, advances in
knowledge and, in consequence, growth
rates of productivity as well as total
output have been exceptionally large by
past standards. Many have regarded
this period as beginning a new era, to
be characterized by exponential growth
at high rates for an indefinite time. But
it is arguable that in the long sweep of
history a slackening of the advance in
knowledge might reasonably be anticipated quite apart from any reduction
in research, and fast postwar growth
may appear as a temporary bulge.
The postwar jump in productivity is
attributed by some to the crest of a
wave of new advances in knowledge
made possible by science-based technology, the so-called "second industrial
revolution." In their view this wave has
passed. This opinion is often based on
reasoning such as that of Orio Giarini,
who stated that "we are more and more
coming to the point where sciencebased technology, at least in certain
sectors, has exploited all the major possibilities made available by the scientific
advances of the last century," and that
we may have to wait decades for the
reservoir to be replenished.29 Other
observers, also envisaging a drop in the
contribution of new knowledge, rely on
Schumpeter's idea that innovations
typically come in waves as an idea
spreads and is applied in many fields,
and suppose that we have come to the
end of such a wave.
F. M. Scherer of Northwestern University, a former Director of the Bureau
of Economics of the Federal Trade
Commission, suggests, though cautiously, that both explanations may be
correct (and their effects exacerbated by
the slowdown in R. & D. expenditures
and contracting career opportunities for
scientists). To indicate a slackening
rate of advance in technological knowledge, he points out that the number of
patents issued to domestic corporations
peaked in 1971 and declined 20 percent
by 1976. Scherer notes that if patents
tag 3 years behind inventions, this
SUEVEY OF CURRENT BUSINESS
would date the invention peak as 1968.30
I have no trouble accepting the
possibility of declining opportunities for
technological advances, but the diversity of the economy should ensure that
the resulting retardation of growth
would be gradual. The residual shows
no sign at all of retarded growth up to
1973. It is not plausible that declining
opportunity for new advances could be
responsible for much of the sudden drop
in the residual after that year.
Decline of Yankee ingenuity and
deterioration of American tech"
nology
"There is today a pervasive perception that the dynamic vitality of the
U.S. economy is faltering. This perception appears to be founded on two
concerns: first, that America is not as
productive as it used to be; and second,
that we are somehow not as inventive
either." So reads the box summarizing
a 1978 Washington Post article, "Something's Happened to Yankee Ingenuity." 31
Have Americans become less ingenious? To answer this question one
would have to isolate possible deterioration in American ingenuity from the
possibility, which Giarini regards as a
fact, that the remaining problems that
would need solving to expand output
are more stubborn than those encountered in the recent past.32 He would also
have to disentangle changes in the speed
with which Yankee ingenuity solves
problems of production and distribution from possible lengthening of lags
between solution and implementation
as a result of new government regulations and other institutional changes.
In fact, the main reason for suspecting
a decline in Yankee ingenuity seems to
be the retardation of productivity
growth, a development for which there
are many alternative suggestions. Irwin
B. Margiloff, industrial executive and
engineer, and Delbert Tesar of the
University of Florida believe long-run
deterioration of American technology
is responsible for poor productivity
performance, but the deterioration they
have in mind set in much too early to
explain the recent productivity slowdown.33
Part II August 1979
Increased lag in the application of
knowledge due to the aging of
capital
The "best" practice possible with the
knowledge available at any given time
may be distinguished from the average
practice actually in use. Translating
this distinction into a classification
suitable for analysis of growth, one may
distinguish in principle between the
contribution made possible by advances
in knowledge as such and the contribution (positive or negative) that may be
made by a change in the lag of average
practice behind the best known.
The residual series under discussion,
insofar as it measures the contribution
of advances in knowledge, is an estimate
of the effects of incorporating new
knowledge into the productive process.
It therefore includes the effect of
changes in the "lag." It is widely suggested that the lag has increased and
that this is a reason for the poor
performance of productivity.
The most common basis for this belief
is that fixed capital formation has declined. This is thought to be germane
because it affects the average age of
structures and equipment, the carriers
of much new technology. Many observers think this was a very important
factor. But this is not so. Even the
assumptions of an extreme vintage
model would yield only 0.1 percentage
points as the contribution of the reduction in average age to the growth rate
from 1948 to 1973, —0.1 percentage
points as the contribution of the increase in average age from 1973 to 1976,
and therefore —0.2 percentage points
as the contribution of this factor to the
decline in the growth rate of the residual.34 This calculation assumes that reducing the average age of capital (when
its mix is held constant) by 1 year raises
output by 1.4 percent, the contribution
of advances in knowledge and miscellaneous determinants to the 1948-73
growth rate. Such a model greatly overestimates the effect of a change in average age. One objection is the implausible
assumption that all advances in knowledge are embodied in structures and
equipment, but a little reflection will
reveal a more fundamental objection.
During any span of time, different types
SURVEY OF CUREENT BUSINESS
9
Under this heading I shall discuss diversions of input other than that imposed
by programs for pollution abatement
and worker safety and health. The
effect of the latter programs, which deducted an estimated 0.3 percentage
points from the 1973-76 growth rate,
was eliminated before arrival at the
residual series. There are, however,
other programs that impose similar resource costs, and for which requirements are new or have become more
stringent. In the field of consumer protection are regulation of food and drugs
by various agencies and regulation by
the Consumer Product Safety Commission, created in 1972 to protect the
buyers of consumer goods from unnecessary hazards.37 Other regulations,
such as the national speed limit, are designed to conserve energy or force utilities and manufacturers to substitute
one fuel for another; these began only
after 1973. Costs in these and other
relatively new areas have not been estimated, but they surely increased relative to national income from 1973 to
1976 and contributed to the decline in
the residual. However, Robert W. Crandall, Senior Fellow of The Brookings
Institution, states that of the agencies
entrusted with social regulation, the
Suggested Effects of Govern- two having the largest impact on busiment Regulation and Tax- ness costs are the Occupational Safety
ation
and Health Administration (OSHA)
and the Environmental Protection
A variety of explanations for the
Agency (EPA), both covered by my
retardation of output per unit of input
estimates for pollution abatement and
would affect miscellaneous determiworker safety and health.38 This statenants. These explanations are often
ment tends to be supported by a study
overlapping, and they could be classi- of the 1977 incremental costs imposed
fied and grouped in alternative ways. on 48 large companies by six programs.
In this section I consider suggested Incremental costs to these companies
effects of government regulation and imposed by requirements of the Equal
taxation. Government actions that may Employment Opportunity Commission
have reduced output per unit of input (EEOC), the Department of Energy,
are examined here under seven head- the Employee Retirement Income Seings.36
curity Act, and consumer protection
Diversion of input to comply with activities of the Federal Trade Commisgovernment regulation,
except sion, together, were 19 percent as large
as the incremental costs imposed by
pollution and safety
EPA and OSHA.39
The most direct way that government
I should be surprised if the increase
regulation affects measured output per in the total resource costs, except paperunit of input is by requiring business to work costs, of all other regulatory prodivert labor, capital, and land from pro- grams together affected the change in
duction of measured output to tasks re- output per unit of input as much from
quired to comply with regulations. 1973 to 1976 as that attributable to the
two programs for which I made estimates. But it is also likely that these
costs have been rising sharply.
Part II August 1979
of capital goods undergo very different
amounts of quality improvement. Other
things being equal, the return on replacement investment, and hence the
incentive to invest, is highest for types
of capital goods that have experienced
the most obsolescence resulting from
quality improvement in new vintages.
Any substantial amount of total gross
investment permits investment opportunities created by sizable quality improvements in new capital goods to be
grasped. Additional gross investment
involves less profitable investment, devoted to the replacement of capital
goods of types in which quality change
has been small. The gain in the average
quality of capital that vintage models
imagine to be derived from additional
new investment is not realized because
the effect on average age automatically
is largely offset by a reduction in the
average amount of quality improvement incorporated in new capital.35
The lag of average practice behind
the best known may have lengthened
for a different reason: government
regulations may delay or prevent remunerative projects using new technology. I discuss this possibility in the
context of government regulation.
Government-imposed
paperwork
Filing reports, making and preserving
records, and compiling data in order to
meet government requirements also
absorb resources that could otherwise
be used to produce measured output.
Most of these costs are associated with
tax collection or with regulatory activities—for example, railroad rate or
pension fund regulation—that do not
otherwise require diversion of an appreciable amount of input from the
production of measured output.
The Commission on Federal Paperwork estimated that paperwork necessary to meet the requirements of the
Federal Government cost American
business $25 billion to $32 billion in
1976.40 This is 2.4 to 3.1 percent of
1976 nonresidential business national
income. The requirements of State and
local governments may have raised the
percentage by one-fourth to one-half,
bringing it into the 3.0-4.6 percent
range.41
Estimates of the total hours required
to meet Federal reporting requirements,
assembled from agency reports by the
Office of Management and Budget
(OMB), suggest that business reports to
the Federal Government required perhaps 530 million hours a year as of
January 1977.42 This is only 0.2 percent
of total hours worked in nonresidential
business in 1976 and thus suggests a
much smaller paperwork burden than
do the dollar estimates; it seems, in
fact, incredibly small.43
Whether the higher or lower percentages for the level of the paperwork burden are correct, the following considerations show that the burden cannot have
increased enough to depress productivity significantly from 1973 to 1976 if
the OMB's allocation of the man-hour
estimates among programs is anywhere
near correct. OMB analyses indicate
that major changes in the burden are
the result of changes in programs.44 Tax
forms account for perhaps four-fifths of
all the hours, and there were no major
changes in the tax area; all of the principal tax forms go back to at least 1963.45
10
SUEVEY OF CURRENT BUSINESS
Subcommittee on Economic Growth
and Stabilization, calls Federal regulation "America's number one growth
industry." 48 Failure to learn of and
conform to regulations can have serious
legal consequences, including criminal
penalties.49 Failure to find the cheapest
way to conform can be expensive.
Failure to learn of proposals for new
laws or regulations and to participate
in hearings and use other channels to
help shape their final form can bring
permanently higher costs or loss of
markets. So can failure to foresee
changes in laws and regulations and to
take timely action in advance to minimize losses or maximize gains from
the change.50
Not only laws and regulations actually proposed or made effective are
pertinent; one must guess at what may
be proposed in the future. In the words
of Irwin L. Kellner, vice president
and economist of Manufacturers Hanover Trust, not only have laws, rules,
regulations, and regulatory agencies
leaped upward in number, but they
"have become increasingly unpredictable of late. Unlike economic, technological, or other uncertainties indigenous to the private free enterprise system, political uncertainties tend to be
Regulation and taxation: diversion sudden, swift, and unprecedented."51
of executive attention
Now that mandatory price and wage
The profitability of a business is now controls have been introduced once in
greatly affected by the way it responds peacetime, business must (and does)
to rapid changes in government action, consider the possibility that such connot only with respect to regulation but trols will be repeated and position
also to provisions in the tax laws that itself appropriately. The spring and
discriminate among different types of summer 1978 quarterly surveys of
income and different business costs. businessmen conducted by the U.S.
Under these conditions it is not sur- Chamber of Commerce showed a majorprising that top management and other ity anticipated mandatory wage and
business people of great talent devote price controls within 2 years. In the
more and more of their time to the same year, regulation displaced taxafirm's interaction with government and tion as the greatest concern of recorrespondingly less time to its inter- spondents to the chamber's surveys.
action with competitors, customers, and
Glen McLaughlin, vice president for
suppliers and to its internal operation. finance of Four Phase Systems, Inc., of
This can hardly fail to impair efficiency Cupertino, California, says:
and productivity in the ordinary sense
"Corporations have been burdened
of these words.
with regulatory excess to the point of
A burgeoning of regulation during stifling normal improvement in effithe past decade has affected practically ciencies. Business leaders can and will
all the domestic and foreign activities continue to assume additional taxes and
of businesses in every industry, so much regulations; however, as each new tax
so that Senator Lloyd Bentsen, Chair- and each new regulation is imposed, anman of the Joint Economic Committee's other layer of incentive to perform is
The number of public use reports subject to OMB review, which excludes tax
forms, peaked in 1944, 1952, and 1973
because of economic controls (wage and
price controls in all three periods and,
in the first two, production and resource
allocation regulations as well). Statistical
series for the number of such reports
were disrupted after 1973 as responsibility for reviewing reports for regulatory commissions and certain other
agencies was transferred from the OMB
to the General Accounting Office. But
it is known that elimination of wage and
price controls had eliminated much
reporting by 1976. Although new types
of Government regulation created new
paperwork requirements, the OMB estimates that the total hours outside the
tax area declined from 1973 to 1976.
Thus the evidence indicates that
paperwork can be eliminated as a
significant source of productivity decline from 1973 to 1976, although it
may have been a factor—but not a
major one—if one goes back to 1966.
The general impression of the burden
of paperwork may be exaggerated
because, in Herbert Kaufman's phrase,
red tape is universally an "object of
loathing." 47
Part II August 1979
removed and otherwise creative efforts
are diverted to nonproductive, but
lucrative, jobs of avoiding taxes and
doing battle with bureaucrats. This is a
tremendous waste of national resources;
however, it is occurring at an accelerating rate." 52
George C. Eads of the Eand Corporation suggests that the change in emphasis among the activities that are
required for a business to prosper must
also affect the type of person who will
emerge to manage firms. Presumably
more emphasis will be placed on knowledge of the law, the legislative process,
and public relations and less on production, sales, and internal management.53
Concern about government regulation is not confined to top management.
Murray L. Weidenbaum of Washington
University points out that:
"Virtually every major department
of the typical industrial corporation . . .
has one or more counterparts in a federal agency that controls or strongly influences its internal decision making:
OSHA for 'production'; the Consumer
Product Safety Commission for 'marketing' ; several agencies concerned with
safety and efficiency rather than sales
promotion for 'advertising'; EEOC for
'personnel'; IRS, SEC (Securities and
Exchange Commission), and the credit
agencies for 'finance'; EPA for 'research
and development'; and so on." 54
Government regulation: delay of
new projects
Government regulatory requirements
for applications, permits, and reports
give rise to delays between first consideration and completion of projects, and
the spread of regulation has undoubtedly lengthened delays substantially in
recent years.55 The difficulty of coordinating several permits from different
agencies may result in long delays or
even abandonment of projects.56 The
timespan between administrative receipt of an application and a decision
is often long, and delays are greatly
extended by judicial appeals. Delays
resulting from government regulation
not only slow the introduction of new
ideas and new technology, but also reduce the flexibility of firms in dealing
SUKVEY OF CUEEENT BUSINESS
Part II August 1979
with recurrent changes in production
and marketing conditions.
Increased delay stemming from increased regulation unquestionably contributed to the recent retardation of
productivity growth. No estimate is
available of the amount by which it
did so.
Regulation and taxation:
tion of resources 57
misalloca-
Efficiency is greatest when individuals and jobs are properly matched (the
round pegs are in the round holes) and
when total input is allocated among uses
in such a way as to maximize output.
Government regulations and various
provisions of the tax code affect resource allocation, and hence output, in
many ways.
Because of privacy legislation, which
denies confidentiality to appraisals of
students, government employees, and
other groups, prospective employers
must find references of less value. Civil
rights legislation has added new criteria
for hiring, promotion, and release of
workers that may affect resource allocation positively in the long run, yet in
the short run be adverse to the selection
of the best person for each job. It also
adds to costs of personnel management.58
At the macro level the tax code is
packed with provisions that discriminate among types of expenditures and
kinds of activity. For example, the investment tax credit has discriminated
against inventories and structures in
favor of producers7 durables, and among
producers' durables against those with
the longest and shortest service lives.
Neither inventories nor structures were
eligible for any investment tax credit
in the period under review. The credit
on producers' durables was proportional
to gross investment rather than to capital stock, a formula that discriminates
against longer lived assets, but also contained a provision for graduated rates
that more than offset that difference
among durables with a service life of
less than 7 years. The President's Council of Economic Advisers calculated that
if the rate of return was 10.0 percent
before allowance for the investment tax
credit, the credit raised the rate of return to 11.57 percent if the asset had a
4-year service life, to 13.30 percent if it
had a 7-year life, and to 11.31 percent if
it had a 30-year life.59 The 1978 tax
amendments made structures eligible for
the credit but their long service lives
assure that the benefit will be small relative to producers' durables.
New government regulations, like old
ones, contain provisions to protect regional, industrial, or other special interests. Other provisions serve only to
appeal to uninformed prejudices; an example is the prohibition of the exportation of surplus Alaskan oil from the
west coast to Japan and the offsetting
importation of oil on the Atlantic and
gulf coasts.
Perhaps the aspect of regulation most
adverse to efficient resource allocation is increased uncertainty. I do not
refer now to the effect this uncertainty
is sometimes said to have on the
amount of investment; rather, I am
concerned here with its effect on
composition. The enormous change in
the scope of regulation is sometimes
said to have placed nearly all business in
the category of regulated industries.
When an investment decision must be
made, the way that regulations will be
applied in the specific instance and the
length of time that will be required to
secure all necessary regulatory decisions
so that a project may proceed are
important, but the difficulties of deciding the characteristics of a project or of
determining the future benefits from it
are accentuated by the prospect that
regulatory conditions may change once
a facility is in use, altering the optimal
combination of inputs and conceivably
even banning the sale of products. It is a
reasonable inference that the allocation
of the capital stock among types and
uses must depart further from the
optimal allocation at any given time
than it would if regulations were less
pervasive, changing, and uncertain in
application. The wedge introduced by
regulation between costs and benefits
that are anticipated and those that are
realized probably is increasingly
widened as the planned life of investment lengthens, so regulation probably
moves the distribution of investment
toward shorter lived assets, as is frequently asserted. But this is only a
detail within the general picture.
11
Effects of high tax rates on incentives
and efficiency
Beryl W. Sprinkel, economist and
executive vice president of the Harris
Trust and Savings Bank, believes that:
"The reason for the poor performance
of our economy [that is, significantly
deteriorating productivity trends in the
past dozen years, accompanied by accelerating inflation] has been the growing
burden of government. The tax burden
at all levels of government in 1966 was
33 percent of national income. This
past fiscal year the tax burden rose to a
record 39.2 percent of national income.
Although voters perceive taxes paid as
the cost of government, the real economic cost is represented by the share of
national income devoted to government
outlays. This figure rose from 34 percent
of national income in fiscal 1966 to 41
percent last year." 60
One way a large government share
might reduce productivity is by contributing to inflation, which (as explained
in a later section) may impair efficiency.
It was inflation that Colin Clark, the
Australian author of The Conditions of
Economic Progress, forecast as the disastrous result if government expenditures exceeded 25 percent of national
income.61 Subsequently others have
forecast various dire consequences, including impaired growth of both productivity and total output, at some
higher percentage. The assertion that
high taxes diminish incentives to work
and to save is commonplace.
Herbert Stein, professor of economics
at the University of Virginia and a former chairman of the President's Council of Economic Advisers, examined this
view, which he described as follows:
"The argument that increased government spending, as a share of GNP,
slows down the rate of growth of real
output runs along familiar lines. The
higher taxes needed to finance the
higher spending would weaken incentives to work and to invest, and would
absorb funds that otherwise would have
been saved and invested. If the government borrows to finance its expenditures, that will crowd out private investment. A more recent version of this
view is that the absorption of productive resources by the government cuts
12
the supply of resources available to
produce investment goods and marketable consumption goods, which will
reduce private investment especially,
since workers will resist reducing their
consumption of marketable goods. Another aspect to be considered is that increased government spending absorbs
workers into public employment, where
productivity is low and growing slowly
if at all, and that this restrains the
growth of total output." 62
If the consequences of large budgets
asserted in this argument were confined
to a reduction of the labor and capital
used in nonresidential business, they
would not reduce output per unit of
imput in the sector.63 They would do so
only if the effect on labor took the form
of people working less hard while at
work or refusing promotions.
But Stein finds little support in the
American experience for any of the
processes he described. In particular,
"no stagnation of growth was evident
during the period of high and rising
government expenditures." Nor is any
effect on the private saving rate or
much, if any, on employment to be
observed. Stein finds that the evidence
suggests that the effects of government
spending and taxes on economic growth
during the period from 1956 to 1973
were "at least uncertain and probably
small." 64
The period after 1973 was one of poor
growth and productivity performance
but not one in which the government
share shot up abruptly. Federal, State,
and local government expenditures,
which rose from 24.8 percent of GNP
in 1956 to 31.0 percent in 1973, went to
33.5 percent in 1976 and 32.5 percent
in 1978. The increase from 1973 to 1976
was partly due to increased unemployment. Government receipts were 26.1
percent of GNP in 1956, 31.0 percent
in 1973, 31.6 percent in 1976, and 32.4
percent in 1978.65
I agree with Stein that the general
size of government budgets has not had
a substantial adverse effect on growth
and productivity. This does not necessarily mean, of course, that there would
be no such effect from a further increase,
such as has recently been experier
in several European countries. In .
Netherlands, the three Scandinavian
SURVEY OF CURRENT BUSINESS
countries, and the United Kingdom,
general
government
expenditure
reached 44 to 51 percent of gross
domestic product in 1975, compared
with 34 percent in the United States.66
Part II August 1979
of resources that would reduce the residual. It seems inescapable that capital
gains taxation has such a tendency, and
therefore that higher capital gains taxation increases the tendency. This statement does not rely on an assumption
Capital gains provisions of the Revthat investors are averse to risks. A $1
enue Act of 1969
million investment certain to repay $1.1
William F. Ballhaus, president of million has the same expected return as
Beckman Instruments, Inc., ascribes a $1 million investment that has nine
the recent slowdown in growth and chances of becoming a total loss and
productivity to the provisions of the one of repaying $11 million, and the
Revenue Act of 1969 that affected two investments are equally advantacapital gains. Previously, only half of geous to society. But if the government
long-term capital gains (then gains on shares in gains but not in losses, the
assests held 6 months or more) were safer investment promises the higher
subject to the Federal individual in- return to the investor. Ballhaus ascome tax, and the rate on this half was signs a particularly strategic role to inlimited to 50 percent, so the top dividual investors in small companies,
effective marginal rate was 25 percent.67 and states that equity investment in
The Revenue Act of 1969, effective small companies declined after 1969 and
January 1, 1970, deleted the 50 per- almost vanished in 1973-75.
cent rate ceiling; this raised the effecThe argument that high capital gains
tive rate for high-income individuals from taxation impedes growth became cen25 percent to 35 percent. For a small tral in 1978 to the case for Congressman
number whose income was largely from William A. Steiger's proposal to restore
sources given preferential tax treat- the situation that existed before the
ment, the effective marginal rate could Revenue Act of 1969. The tax bill actube higher, as much as 49.1 percent, as ally passed in 1978 was not much less
the result of a new minimum tax pro- favorable than his proposal for any taxvision of the law, or even 52.3 percent payer and even more favorable for most.
for a few individuals with large foreign Sixty percent of long-term gains, as
tax credits. In addition, the period for against the previous 50 percent, was
which assets had to be held for gains exempted from income tax and this, toon them to qualify as long-term rather gether with changes in the minimum
than short-term gains (which are taxed tax and the enactment of a new "alterlike ordinary income) was to be in- native minimum tax," reduced the
creased, but this provision became highest effective marginal tax rate on
effective only in 1977.68
capital gains to 28 percent. If the 1969
Ballhaus sees the increased taxation change in capital gains taxation was an
of capital gains as the cause of reduced obstacle to growth, that obstacle has
investment.69 He also sees it as the been removed.
cause of reduced spending for research
However, the increase in the tax
and development.70 Even if these effects yield from capital gains that resulted
were sizable, they probably con- from the 1969 law was less than $1
tributed little to the slowdown in the billion at 1978 income levels, according
residual,11 Less investment reduces capi- to Treasury Department estimates.
tal input, not the residual, although it The small size of the extra tax burden
does affect output per hour. Less R. & suggests that the misallocation resultD. would tend to reduce the residual, ing from it, though doubtless present,
but R. & D. has already been rejected was not large.
as a probable cause of very much of the
productivity slowdown.
Other Suggestions Affecting
But Ballhaus has a third effect: TaxaMiscellaneous Determinants
tion of capital gains biases the distribution of investment and R. & D. away
In this part of the article I consider
" the more risky undertakings. This six additional causes that have been
another cause of misallocation suggested for retardation of the growth
Part II August 1979
rate of productivity and that would
affect my residual series. Like suggestions considered in the preceding section, their effects, if any, would be on
miscellaneous determinants of output,
including aspects of labor input and
resource allocation for which specific
estimates were not prepared.
"People don't want to work any
more"
The press recently quoted me as
stating—as I have here—that productivity had declined, in part for
reasons that were mysterious. The result
was long-distance calls informing me,
usually with the patronizing air used
in speaking to children and the simpleminded, that the trouble is obvious:
"People don't want to work any more."
Sometimes the comment was more
pointed: "Young people don't work
like we did at their age." This is without
doubt the number one popular explanation of low productivity. It is also
shared by some economists.
Thus Arthur F. Burns, then Chairman of the Board of Governors of the
Federal Reserve System and previously
president of the National Bureau of
Economic Research and Chairman of
the President's Council of Economic
Advisers, devoted most of his 1977
commencement address at the University of South Carolina to this theme.72
"Careful study [of labor force composition and capital per worker] still leaves
a substantial part of the recent productivity slowing unexplained," he stated.
"Other adverse influences apparently
have been at work as well. My own
judgment is that we have been undergoing a change in our societal values
and attitudes that has contributed significantly to poorer job performance in
recent years. I advance that as a hypothesis only, not as an established fact.
It is a hypothesis, however, for which
there is regrettably a considerable body
of supportive evidence." 73
The attitudes and behavior that
trouble Burns and so many others are
highly visible. And the difficulty of
finding reliable workers for jobs that
are particularly hot, dirty, noisome,
arduous, or regarded as menial can
scarcely be denied, though this may be
more the result of improved alterna-
SUEVEY OF CUREENT BUSINESS
tives than of changes in workers'
preferences.
Yet I am skeptical that a sudden
drop in willingness to work is responsible for the recent retardation of productivity, whether that is dated after
1966 or after 1973. My skepticism is
largely attributable to having heard
similar generalizations all my life and
having read them in the works of observers who wrote long before my birth.
It was well before 1967 that I wrote,
"Like the supposed decline in the spirit
of enterprise, there seems always to be
a popular belief that people are less
willing to 'put in a hard day's work'
than they used to be, but this is scarcely
evidence." 74
These generalizations, moreover, are
also common in other countries, including those with excellent records for
raising productivity. And they are not
new there either. Thus the Tokyo
Mainichi Daily News editorialized on
April 7, 1976:
"Opinions have been expressed at
offices and factories that today's young
people are not eager to work. The view
is not anything new. Every generation
seems to say the same thing about its
youths. Still, young people must seriously ponder the allegation. . . . We . . .
exhort the newly employed young people
to tackle their work with due seriousness.
"A government survey shows that two
thirds of today's youth want to live a
carefree life to their personal taste outside concern about work. If they want
to take a job, however, they are required
to care more seriously about work. A
switch is needed in their life style
concept."
Testimony about a similar observation in Germany comes from Walter W.
Heller, another former Chairman of the
President's Council of Economic Advisers and an expert on the puritan
ethic, who dissents from the Burns view
about "this supposedly weakening work
ethic." Heller noted:
"Ludwig Erhard used to tell me that
'the world-famous German diligence
has disappeared.' He told me that in
the fifties, and he told me that in the
sixties, and now I am hearing it in the
seventies." Burns' very interesting response to Heller was: "It has been true
each time." 75
13
It is indeed possible, as those quoted
have suggested, that always and everywhere work effort has declined and has
curtailed productivity growth. If so,
my residual persistently understates the
contribution of advances in knowledge.
But even if this pattern were an accurate description, it would not explain
a downturn in recent years in my
residual. It is also possible, as Solomon
Fabricant has suggested, that over long
periods work effort has fluctuated and
that the impressions reported all refer
to the declining phases of these cycles.76
Is there any reason at all for a recent
(post-1966 or post-1973) sudden sharp
decline in work effort from its past
trend, whatever that trend may be? One
possibility, perhaps slight, was suggested in Accounting for Growth. "Programs to hire the 'hard core' unemployed that do not require them to meet
as stringent performance standards as
those applied to the ordinary work force
pose a possible danger: acceptance of
lower standards for a special group in an
establishment may reduce performance
standards for the rest of the work force
in that establishment." 77 Hiring to meet
objectives of legislation to promote
equal employment opportunities has a
similar potential. "On the other hand,"
as I wrote, "such programs may help to
remove irrelevant hiring tests or other
forms of disguised discrimination."78
My series for average hours, which
enters into the calculation of total input, measures time spent at the work
place. The Survey Research Center at
the University of Michigan reports that
time records kept by a small sample of
married men showed the ratio of time
actually worked to time at the work
place to have been 2 percent lower in
1974-76 than in 1965-66.79 Whether
there was a change in trend, and if so,
when it occurred, cannot be ascertained
from these data. The concept of time
actually worked is obviously a difficult
one for many categories of workers.
I have no desire to minimize the importance of work effort. In Why Growth
Rates Differ I suggested that higher intensity of work in the United States
than in at least several of the European
countries may well help to account for
the higher level of productivity in the
14
SUEVEY OF CUEEENT BUSINESS
United States. I also stated that an "in- would itself increase transaction costs]
ability to answer the simple question— and renders indexing more advantagehow hard do people work?—and to ous. But it takes time for actual practice
compare different places and dates, is to adjust. In the meantime, prior arprobably the most serious gap in my rangements introduce rigidities that
measure of labor input." 80 It is quite reduce the effectiveness of markets. An
possible that a decline in work effort additional element of uncertainty is, as
contributed something to the retarda- it were, added to every market arrangetion of productivity, although this has ment. In addition, indexing is, even at
not been demonstrated. But it is un- best, an imperfect substitute for stalikely to have been a major cause of the bility of the inflation rate. Price indexes
suddenly retarded growth of the re- are imperfect; they are available only
with a lag and generally are applied to
sidual after 1973.81
contract terms only with a further lag.
Impairment of efficiency by inflation
"These developments clearly lower
Inflation is widely thought to impair economic efficiency." 87
growth of output per hour or per
Friedman also effectively states the
worker by reducing saving and invest- general inefficiency argument. "A second
ment.82 In my classification this effect related effect of increased volatility of
would be captured by the contribution inflation is to render market prices a less
of capital and would not reduce output efficient system for coordinating economper unit of input or the residual series. ic activity. A fundamental function of
A consequence of inflation that would a price system . . . is to transmit comdo so is rendering rational calculations pactly, efficiently, and at low cost the
by businessmen more expensive and less information that economic agents need
accurate. When prices are changing in order to decide what to produce and
rapidly, information about prices how to produce it, or how to employ
charged in different markets and out- owned resources. The relevant informalets is quickly outdated.83 So is knowl- tion is about relative prices—of one
edge about wage rates and interest product relative to another, of the servrates. The problem is intensified if, as ices of one factor of production relative
stated by the Bank for International
to another, of products relative to factor
Settlements, "a high average rate of
services, of prices now relative to prices
inflation almost certainly entails an
in the future. But the information in
increased variance of individual price
practice is transmitted in the form of
84
changes." As Arthur M. Okun, Senior
absolute prices—prices in dollars or
Fellow of the Brookings Institution and
pounds or kronor. If the price level is on
a former Chairman of the President's
the average stable or changing at a
Council of Economic Advisers, says,
steady rate, it is relatively easy to
inflation "disturbs a valuable set of
extract the signal about relative prices
institutions that economize on informafrom
the observed absolute prices. The
tion, prediction, and transaction costs
more
volatile the rate of general inflathrough continuing employer-worker
tion,
the
harder it becomes to extract
85
and buyer-seller relationships." Many
the
signal
about relative prices from the
others have pointed out that inflation
absolute
prices:
the broadcast about
erratically affects the tax burden, esrelative
prices
is,
as it were, being jampecially that of firms, because the tax
med
by
the
noise
coming from the
system is based on nominal incomes and
86
inflation
broadcast.
.
.
. At the extreme,
book profits.
the system of absolute prices becomes
In his Nobel lecture, Milton Friednearly useless, and economic agents
man of the University of Chicago
resort either to an alternative currency
discussed limitations of indexing as a
or to barter, with disastrous effects on
method of minimizing the impact of inproductivity. . . .
flation on efficiency. Inflation that is
'These effects of increased volatility
high on the average tands to be highly
of
inflation would occur even if prices
variable in its rate, and "increased
variability shortens the optimum length were legally free to adjust—if, in that
of unindexed commitments [which sense, the inflation were open. In prac-
Part II August 1979
tice, the distorting effects of uncertainty, rigidity of long-term contracts,
and the contamination of price signals
will almost certainly be reinforced by
legal restrictions on price change. In
the modern world, governments are
themselves producers of services sold
on the market: from postal services to
a wide range of other items. Other prices
are regulated by government and require government approval for change:
from air fares to taxicab fares to charges
for electricity. In these cases, governments cannot avoid being involved in
the price-fixing process. In addition, the
social and political forces unleashed by
volatile inflation rates will lead governments to try to repress inflation in still
other areas: by explicit price and wage
control, or by pressuring private businesses or unions Voluntarily' to exercise 'restraint/ or by speculating in
foreign exchange in order to alter the
exchange rate." 8 8
That inflation impairs productivity
seems certain. But I have no idea how
much it may have done so from 1973
to 1976.
Lessening of competitive
pressure
and changes in the quality of
management
According to my calculations, output
per unit of input in the United States
surpassed that in Western Europe
(in 1960) and Japan (in 1970) by a
much wider margin than is explained
by determinants whose effects I could
calculate directly.89 In discussing the
differential with Europe, I listed less
intense competitive pressures in Europe
among probable contributors to the
differential, noting that "less competition means that inefficient firms and
inefficient management are under less
pressure to minimize costs and less
likely to be displaced by those who can
do better." I also wrote: "In the field
of 'managerial knowledge' it is probably
futile to distinguish between what
management knows and what management does with the knowledge it has;
but somewhere in this area, I suspect,
lies an important part of the explanation for the productivity differential."90
Competitive pressure clearly affects
management quality but is not the
only influence on it. I have suggested
Part II August 1979
SUEVEY OF CURRENT BUSINESS
15
that increased competition and im- described how the need to interact with is a good deal of evidence that imaginaproved management probably contrib- the government has diverted executive tive scientists and engineers are being
uted to the increase over time in attention from competition and other replaced with business school graduates
efficiency in France. Eleanor M. Hadley conventional concerns. Other alleged and lawyers, that is, by people who
of George Washington University and effects of regulation (including financial perform the same function in modern
the General Accounting Office con- regulation) are the heightening of societies as did genetic inbreeding in
cluded that increased competition has barriers against the entry of new firms feudalistic societies." 96 It is evident
and the elimination of small firms that that Klein blames loss of rivalry for
done so in Japan. 91
When I examined American economic are unable to afford compliance costs alleged managerial changes that others
growth in 1961, I quoted Edward S. (although the latter seems to be more a ascribe to government regulation.
Managerial behavior is, of course,
Mason and Theodore J. Kreps to the forecast of things to come than a description
of
events
up
to
1976).
Consubject
to many influences. For exameffect that either there had not been a
glomerate
mergers,
which
peaked
in
ple, Alfred Rappaport of Northwestern
change in monopoly or the size of the
competitive area in America or it was number and value in 1966-68, are University believes that executive comimpossible to know whether there had sometimes suspected of having lessened pensation systems often instill a drive
been any change.92 This seems still to competition, but Peter O. Steiner of to produce short-term results, influencthe University of Michigan, who cites ing management to forego investment
be the case.
The only broad quantitative meas- Jesse W. Markham of Harvard Uni- in capital equipment and R. & D. and
ures available refer to concentration in versity and the Bureau of Economics to take other actions, such as corporate
manufacturing industries. The four- of the Federal Trade Commission in takeovers, that sacrifice longer term
firm concentration ratio for an industry addition to his own analysis, found no earnings to secure short-term ac94
is the percentage of the industry's ship- major effect of this type. On the other counting profits of less value to the
ments made by the four firms with the side, it is pointed out that foreign firm.97
largest value of shipments. A summary competition has become much more
measure can be obtained by computing intense. Also, recurrent and persistent Rise in energy prices
weighted average concentration ratios underutilization of resources since 1969
The sharp drop in the growth of the
for all manufacturing industry, letting has cut into profits and made for a residual series coincided with the sudden increase in OPEC oil prices at the
each individual industry's four-firm highly competitive situation.
ratio be weighted by the value added
Burton H. Klein of the California end of 1973 and in early 1974. Explanaoriginating in that industry. F. M. Institute of Technology places great tions that ascribe the productivity drop
Scherer has provided such ratios for emphasis on competition—or to use his to the oil price increase are therefore exseveral years: 93
term, "rivalry," which he particularly ceptional in that they account for the
98
associates with battles for market timing of the drop. One study described
1947
35.3
shares—as the engine driving firms to later in this section, that by Rasche and
1954
36.9
improve technique and especially to Tatom, even estimated the effect to be
1958
37.0
lower costs.95 He regards the early post- of a size about equal to the amount by
1963
38.9
war "golden age" as "primarily the which growth of the residual deterio1972
39.2
result of a highly competitive economy rated. To be able to accept this estiAlthough there is some increase in con- generating a wide diversity of ideas." mate would be doubly satisfying becentration, it is small from 1963 to 1972. As Klein sees it, the situation has cause it would not only solve the proThe increase up to 1963 seems to result changed, evidently, since about 1965. ductivity mystery but also would be
mainly from changes in industry compo- "The dynamism of the American econ- somewhat reassuring for the future. For
sition and weights; with constant omy is highly dependent upon new even if a one-time fuel price increase
weights and constant industry defini- firms. . . ." Klein believes the entry of permanently lowers the level of protions—but unavoidably, much less com- new firms has become rare, primarily ductivity, it should not reduce the
plete coverage—the percentages are because of the unavailability of risk subsequent growth rate once the tranthose shown below:
capital for new firms. "Openness" of sition is completed. Unfortunately, the
firms, which in Klein's terminology is Rasche-Tatom estimate appears to be
1947
38.0
the opposite of a closed hierarchical many times too big, for reasons ex1954
38.1
system that is resistant to new blood plained below, and I do not think that
1958
and radical new ideas, has diminished. much of the productivity slowdown
1963
37.9
"A decline in openness," he reports, can be ascribed to energy prices.
1972
38.5
It is necessary to distinguish three
"has caused large firms to become more
I am aware, of course, that some structured and, as such, less able to effects of the oil price increase. First,
observers believe the breadth and deal with risk. Moreover, the change in the increase in the price of imported oil
strength of competition has declined. internal incentives results in the selec- was the main component of a deterioraSometimes this belief is related to the tion of managers with quite different tion in the terms of trade that reduced
argument of a previous section, which personality characteristics. And there the Nation's command over goods and
16
services by about 1 percent, but this
did not directly change national income (or other output measures, such
as GNP) or productivity." Hence the
"terms of trade" effect can be ignored
here. Second, the Government did
intervene, with controls over fuel consumption and choice of fuels, to try to
reduce present and future imports.
These were among the many new controls discussed earlier. Third, the high
price of energy resulting from the higher
price of imported oil probably caused
nonresidential business to use less
energy per unit of labor, capital, and
land.100 The questions that must be
explored here are, How much? And
what was the effect on output per unit
of input? This section describes some
studies.
The usual way to approach the subject is to treat energy as if it were a
factor input. Energy gets about 5 percent of the total input weight in the
business sector, according to Eoger
Brinner.101 Data from the Nuclear
Energy Policy Study Group, when
combined with estimates by Sam H.
Schurr and Joel Darmstadter of Eesources for the Future, yield about the
same result, 4.6 percent. The calculation is as follows. The Study Group put
the cost of primary energy in 1975 at
$70 billion.102 Schurr and Darmstadter state that "no more than 60
percent of yearly energy use goes to
the (nonresidential) business sector." m
Hence the value of primary energy
used by nonresidential business can be
put at $42 billion in 1975, which was
4.6 percent of a $916 billion nonresidential business national income.104
This percentage is based on energy
prices after the 1973-74 oil price increase; before the increase it was
smaller.
Given the weight of energy, the effect
on output per unit of input of any
given percentage decline in energy use
by nonresidential business depends on
the elasticity of substitution between
energy, on the one hand, and labor and
capital, on the other. If the elasticity
of substitution is unity and the weight
of energy is 5 percent, a 1-percent
reduction in energy consumption with
no change in labor and capital would
reduce output by 0.05 percent and out-
SUEVEY OF CUEEENT BUSINESS
put per unit of input by the same percentage.
To be sure, this approach has difficulties. The amount by which the
price rise may have reduced fuel consumption in nonresidential business is
hard to estimate. One reason is that it
is not easy to say what would have
happened to total energy consumption
after 1973 in the absence of a price
change, because earlier experience was
not uniform.105 The ratio of total energy
consumption to GNP has declined in
the long run—say, since 1920—but not
steadily; there was little net change
from about 1953-54 to 1973. Short-run
fluctuations in the ratio have been
sizable, reflecting in part effects of the
business cycle and war. Worse, a
suitable time series for actual energy
consumption by nonresidential business
has not been compiled for either the
historical or recent period.106 Much of
the energy supply is used to heat, air
condition, and illuminate dwellings and
government buildings; for cooking and
household appliances; and to operate
consumer and government motor vehicles, planes and ships. The remainder—that is, nonresidential business use—may not have moved as the
total did. Partly because of these difficulties, only rough impressions of the
elasticity of substitution are available.
Moreover, energy is not really a
factor input but is itself the product of
labor, capital, and land (natural resources). At the point where it reaches
the user, most of its value consists of
the earnings of the labor and capital
required to transform a natural resource into the form needed by energy
users and move it to where it is needed.
Additional energy can always be provided by adding labor and capital,
although it may require the use of
poorer natural resources requiring more
labor and capital.
This suggests another approach to
the question. Suppose 20 percent of
energy were imported and higher import prices caused imports to be cut by
one-fourth (5 percent of consumption).
The loss could be made good without
changing consumption by raising domestic energy production from 80 percent to 85 percent of consumption.
Suppose the cost in labor and capital
Part II August 1979
per unit of energy were as much as
twice as high for the additional energy
as for existing domestic production. If
80 units of labor and capital were required to produce 80 percent of consumption, 90 units would be required
to produce 85 percent of the same
consumption. The labor and capital
requirement for domestic energy production per unit of energy would be
raised to 105.9 percent (90-7-85) of the
original requirement. This would leave
business with as much energy as ever.
If domestically produced energy were
initially 4 percent of nonresidential
business output and input, output per
unit of labor and capital in nonresidential business would be reduced by
4 percent of 5.9 percent, or 0.24 percent. This figure could be reduced by
some substitution of labor and capital
for energy. These import substitution
numbers are only illustrative, but they
suggest the dimensions of the effect.
I turn now to actual estimates that
have been made of the effect of the
energy price increase on the course of
productivity after 1973. George L.
Perry, a Senior Fellow of The Brookings
Institution, has made what I regard as
the most reasonable calculation.107 Perry
prepared a time series for nonresidential
business use of energy, measured in
BTUs, that begins in 1949. It covered
about three-fifths of the total; the main
omissions were commercial uses of
petroleum for heating and transportation. For the 1949-73 period (as well as
for subperiods) he related this series for
energy use to gross business product,
the ratio of actual to potential gross
business product, and the trend in the
ratio of energy use to output (which is
downward by 1.3 percent to 1.6 percent
a year). He then used three alternative
equations based on these data to predict
the ratio of energy use to gross business
product in 1976. They predicted declines from 1973 to 1976 of 7.3, 7.0, and
5.3 percent, respectively. The actual
decline was 10.2 percent. The difference
of 2.9 to 4.9 percent between actual and
predicted reductions is an estimate of
the reduction one can ascribe to higher
energy prices or other unspecified factors, including Government controls.
Perry considers this a maximum estimate because the equations assume a
Part II August 1979
SUEVEY OF CUEEENT BUSINESS
constant downtrend through 1973 in output per unit of input (my objective
energy per unit of gross business prod- here), only the second reduction should
uct, whereas the decline was actually be made. A reduction from a midpoint
accelerating. (If the estimated 1973-76 0.4-percent estimate to 0.3 percent is
decline in the absence of the price rise is reasonable for 1976. This would mean
understated for this reason, the effect that higher energy prices reduced the
of the price rise on energy use is over- growth rate of the residual from 1973
estimated.) Perry next estimates that to 1976 by 0.1 percentage points. This
the value of the energy saved by the is a significant amount, but less than
2.9- to 4.9-percent reduction was $2.4 one-twentieth of the drop for which an
billion to $4.1 billion, based on the explanation is needed.
1976 general price level but (approThe conclusion that output per unit
priately) at the average of the 1973 and of input would be cut 0.3 percent by a
1976 ratios of the price of energy to the 3.9-percent reduction in energy use in
general price level.108
nonresidential business (the midpoint of
Because Perry is interested in output Perry's estimates) is broadly similar
per hour worked rather than output per to—indeed, even above—two other
unit of input (and also to avoid explicit estimates. Eonald G. Eidker, William
estimates of elasticities of substitution), D. Watson, Jr., and Adele Shapanka,
he uses a variant of the income share all of Eesources for the Future,
approach at this point. He reasons as wrote:". . . we believe that the following rule will prove to be in the ball park.
follows:
"Even if business is assumed to have According to this rule, a 10 percent
accomplished all this saving by sub- reduction in net industrial and comstituting labor for energy, not much mercial energy use per unit of output,
extra labor could have been used in this over what would otherwise have occurprocess. $4.1 billion is 0.5 percent of red had the pre-1973 trend in the ratio
employee compensation in the business prevailed, results in a 0.5 percent decline
sector. $2.4 billion is 0.3 percent. Since in GNP during a transition period of
110
William W.
an unknown amount of the substitution ten to fifteen years."
must involve capital as well as labor, the Hogan and Alan S. Manne of the Inadded labor input would be smaller stitute for Energy Studies at Stanford
still. . . . Finally, some part of the University estimated the decline in outenergy saving must have involved no put would be 0.4 percent from a 10 per111
substitution of other inputs at all: cent reduction in energy. Moreover,
lowering thermostats to 68 degrees in the President's Council of Economic
winter and raising them to 75 degrees in Advisers points out that the shortsummer or turning out every other light term effect is less than the longer term
in hallways are obvious examples, but effect. "Widespread declines in prothere must have been less obvious ex- ductivity growth rates would only occur
amples of 'waste' that were eliminated as adjustment of production methods to
only after the OPEC crisis made firms economize on energy took place. Actumore energy conscious . . . I know of ally, adjustment to the new oil prices
112
no way to pin down the answer more has been extremely slow."
accurately; but on the basis of the eviBefore Perry's study, Eobert H.
dence here, it seems unlikely that higher Easche and John A. Tatom of the Fedenergy prices have caused more than a eral Eeserve Bank of St. Louis esti0.2 percent loss of labor productivity mated that the increase in the price of
and potential output between 1973 and energy permanently reduced economic
1976." 109
capacity, or potential output, by 4 to 5
When Perry reduced the initial 0.3 percent.113 This would mean a reduction
or 0.5 percent to 0.2 percent in order to of 5 or 6 percent in potential nonresidenobtain the effect of the higher energy tial business national income and in my
price on labor productivity (output per residual series. Their estimate flowed
hour) he took into account both the from what are, conceptually, two equasubstitution of capital for energy and tions. One assumes that the elasticity of
the conservation of energy without loss demand for energy used in production is
of production. To estimate the effect on unity, so that each 10-percent increase
298-342
0 - 7 9 - 3
17
in the price of energy relative to the
price of output reduces energy input by
9.1 percent. The other assumes a CobbDouglas-type of production function, in
which energy is treated as an input
along with labor and capital. Energy is
given a weight of 12 percent, so each
drop of 9.1 percent in energy consumption reduces GNP by 1.1 percent.
Lacking data on energy consumption,
Easche and Tatom condensed the two
equations, estimating that each 10 percent increase in the relative price of
energy reduces output by 1.1 percent.
Although the condensation of the
equations eliminates the calculation of
energy input, it is easy to calculate that
the assumption of unit elasticity of demand implies that the 57-percent increase in the relative price of energy
from 1973 to 1976 reduced energy use
by 36 percent relative to what it would
otherwise have been (since 100-^-1.57
=64) The Easche-Tatom estimate of the
productivity loss assumes that this actually happened. Although the size of
the actual reduction is uncertain, it is
obvious that it did not remotely approach such a magnitude. Easche and
Tatom radically overestimated the size
of the quantity response to the price
increase. A second reason the EascheTatom result is so high is their use of
a 12-percent weight for energy, which
they based on "a finding that the share
of energy costs in total factor costs"
was quite stable throughout the 1960's
at around 12 percent of total factor
costs. The estimate cited refers only
to manufacturing.114 It is far above any
of the estimates for nonresidential business or the whole economy that I have
located.
If Perry's estimate that the use of
energy was reduced by 2.9 to 4.9 percent were substituted for the implied
Easche-Tatom estimate of 36 percent,
and if Brinner's 5 percent weight were
substituted for their 12 percent, then
the second Easche-Tatom formula
would yield 0.14 to 0.25 percent as the
reduction in output per unit of input
in 1976 that stemmed from the energy
price increase.115
Another sizable estimate has recently
appeared. Edward A. Hudson of Data
Eesources, Inc., and Dale W. Jorgenson
of Harvard University analyzed the
18
impact of higher energy prices by using
their "dynamic general equilibrium
model of the U.S. economy." 116 A feature of the model is its reliance on a
close relationship between the quantity
of capital and energy use—that is,
energy and capital are considered complements with a low elasticity of substitution between them. But a high
degree of substitution is thought to
exist between energy and capital, on
the one hand, and labor, on the other.
The model "was used to simulate two
economic growth paths over the 19721976 period. In the first simulation,
actual values of the exogenous variables,
including world oil prices, were employed as the basis for model solution. . . . In the second simulation,
1972 energy prices were employed over
the whole 1972-1976 period." Since all
other exogenous variables were the
same, "the differences in simulated
economic activity can be attributed
solely to the impact of the oil price
increase." 117 These differences include
the effects of the impact of the oil price
increase on demand as well as on production relationships.
Their model results showed energy
consumption 8.8 percent lower in 1976
with the energy price increase than
without, real GNP 3.2 percent lower,
and energy consumption per unit of
GNP 5.8 percent lower. The energy
estimates refer to all uses of energy, not
just business use, so the 5.8-percent
reduction is not necessarily comparable
to Perry's 2.4-4.9 percent; still, it is
in the same ball park. The model
showed labor input lower by 0.5 million
jobs or just over 0.5 percent with the
energy price increase than without it,
and GNP per unit of labor 2.57 percent lower. Capital input evidently was
3.0 percent lower.118 The base to which
the percentage reduction in capital
refers is unclear. If it includes all nonresidential and residential business capital and land (that is, all nonlabor input)
the reduction in total factor input is
about 1.23 percent because the weights,
gross of depreciation, in the economy
as a whole, are about 0.72 for the drop
of something over 0.5 percent in labor
and 0.28 for the 3.0 percent drop in
"capital." 119 With total energy use
reduced 8.8 percent, energy per unit of
SURVEY OF CURRENT BUSINESS
factor input is lowered by 7.7 percent.
With GNP reduced 3.2 percent, GNP
per unit of factor input is lowered by
2.0 percent. If as seems reasonable,
1973 GNP was unaffected, the rise in
energy prices would than have reduced
the growth of GNP per unit of input in
the whole economy by almost 0.7 percentage points from 1973 to 1976.
The implied drop of 2.0 percent in
GNP per unit of labor, capital, and
land as the result of a mere 7.7-percent
decline in total energy consumption
per unit of labor, capital, and land is
puzzling. The value of energy used in
nonresidential business does not exceed 4 percent of total factor input in
the whole economy. Suppose business
use of energy fell by the same percentage (7.7) per unit of input as total
use. The usual procedure would then
yield a reduction in output per unit of
labor, capital, and land of only 0.3 percent (7.7 x 0.04). Hudson and Jorgenson obtain a result seven times as
large. The disparity is partly due to
different estimates of elasticities of
substitution, but it does not seem that
this could be the whole explanation.
Both the difference in elasticities and
the cause of the remainder of the difference need more explanation than has
been made available.
My citation of several studies may
create the false impression that the
scale of investigation of the effect of
the energy price increase on past output has been substantial. In fact, study
of the actual effect of the change in
the energy situation on total output
and productivity since 1973 is miniscule even in comparison with the
resources devoted to trying to guess
at its implications for the 21st century.
More research specifically devoted to
measuring the effects already experienced is needed. Pending such research,
the estimate that the energy price increase reduced the growth rate of my
residual by about 0.1 percent a year
from 1973 to 1976 is reasonable.
The "shift to the services" and other
structural changes
Whenever productivity is discussed
at any length, someone will assert that
opportunities to raise productivity are
less for services than for commodities,
Part II August 1979
that the service share of the economy is
rising rapidly, and that the overall rate
of productivity advance most therefore
decline. I examined this allegation in a
long article in 1973 and concluded that
within the nonfarm nonresidential business sector it simply has no substance.120
The most obvious, although not the
only, reason is that within this sector
there was no appreciable shift to the
services. This is so whether one considers employment classified by industry or output classified by end product. The shift of employment from
farming to other commodity and service
industries did affect productivity. Because the shift reduced misallocation, its
effect was favorable and its diminishment therefore unfavorable. But the
amount was estimated in the present
study and is excluded from my residual
series.
In the same article I stressed that a
classification based on commodities and
services is in any case inappropriate because industries or products classified
iu each group are completely lacking in
homogeneity with respect to productivity change—or to almost anything
else. Both groups contain industries of
fast and slow productivity growth.
The Bureau of Labor Statistics has
also explored the effect of the shift to
the services. Jerome A. Mark, its
Assistant Commissioner for Productivity and Technology, noted in testimony
before the Joint Economic Committee
that services can be defined very narrowly, to include only business or personal services, or (as I defined them)
very broadly to include all noncommodity producing industries. In either case
the effect of the shift was trivial. Under
the narrow definition the effect of shifts
in hours to the services was —0.01 percentage points in 1947-76, zero in 194766, and —0.02 in 1966-76. By the broad
definition it was slightly positive: 0.01
percentage points in 1947-76, zero in
1947-66, and 0.04 in 1966-76.121
Quite apart from such calculations
and the inappropriateness of a commodity-service dichotomy, in the article
previously cited I raised "a fundamental
objection to the procedure of analyzing
the behavior of components in the past
in order to judge future productivity
Part II August 1979
trends within nonfarm nonresidential
business. The objection is to the implicit assumption that components
which gain or lose share of employment
or total input, and which have above
average or below average productivity
gains in one period, will have the same
characteristics in the next period." 122
I went on to say:
"Suppose we classify nonfarm nonresidential business or a major portion
of it by detailed components, whether
by industry or by end product. Available evidence suggests that over any
time span that is long and terminated
by years that are representative we
are likely to find that employment and
other input measures increased by an
above average amount in components
whose productivity increased by an
above average amount. This is not
really surprising. One reason is that
components toward which demand shifts
secure the greatest productivity gains
from economies of scale. Another is
that new components typically both
increase their shares and have large
productivity gains. A third is that demand appears typically to be so elastic
that declining relative prices resulting
from above average productivity gains
raise volume more than enough to offset the saving in employment and other
inputs that results from above average
productivity gains." m
And finally:
"If this relationship holds, components with above average productivity
gains during a period will be found to
have bigger shares of employment or
total input at the end of a period than
at its beginning. Does this mean we
should expect ever-rising rates of productivity growth in the sector as a whole?
Of course not. Such a tendency would
be present only if at every date the
components which had high rates of
productivity gain and increased their
shares of input or employment in
previous periods will again have high
rates of productivity gain, and increase
or at least not reduce their shares, in
the period to come. There is no such
continuity. Industries rise and fall.
"Suppose, instead, that in some period or by some classification the relationship is the opposite: that components
with fast-rising productivity in a period
SURVEY OF CURRENT BUSINESS
systematically lose their shares of inputs. Would this mean an ever-falling
rate of productivity increase? No, for
the same reason." 12i
Possible errors in the data
The change in the course of NIPPE
was so sudden and sharp after 1973 that
some observers have wondered whether
it really happened. They ask whether
some development might have introduced a sudden error into the output
measure.
An error in real output could result
from an incorrect series for output
valued in current prices or from errors
in price data used for deflation. Output
(national income) in current prices is
measured in two ways. In one, GNP is
first estimated, as the sum of expenditures for final products (personal consumption expenditures, gross private
domestic investment, net exports, and
government purchases). To obtain national income, capital consumption,
indirect business taxes, and business
transfer payments are then subtracted
from GNP and subsidies are added.
The second way, on which my series is
based, is to add the several types of
earnings from current production (employee compensation, proprietors' earnings, rental income of persons, corporate
earnings, and net interest). The two
estimates agree rather well from 1973 to
1976.
There is, nevertheless, one reason to
suspect that national income in current
prices may be unusually subject to error
in 1973-76. It pertains to the inventory
valuation adjustment, which enters
into the estimates obtained by both
methods.125 Estimates of inventory
valuation adjustment are needed to
obtain the change in nonfarm business
inventories (a component of gross
private domestic investment, which
enters into the first estimate) and nonfarm proprietors' earnings and corporate earnings (components of the second
estimate). The inventory valuation
adjustment is difficult to measure and it
was unusually big from 1973 through 1976
as the result of large price movements.
At the same time, difficulties in its
estimation were increased by widespread changes in business accounting
practices (shifting from first-in-first-out
19
to last-in-first-out accounting). As a
result, output in current prices was
more susceptible to measurement error,
in either direction, than usual. Even so,
an error in the current-dollar figures
large enough to alter the productivity
picture materially would surprise me
greatly. With respect to the possibility
of systematic downward bias in the
current-dollar series after 1973, I am
not aware of any development likely
to lead to such a bias.
The price data used for deflation are
ordinarily subject to greater error than
the current-dollar measures. The period
under discussion was one of unusually
large price change, and this may have
made the data unusually prone to error.
I do not know that price indexes are
subject to greater error when prices are
changing sharply than when they are relatively stable, but such a relationship
seems plausible. For some components
of fixed investment and government
purchases from business there may be
timing discrepancies between a price
index and the current-dollar figure it is
used to deflate; the former, for example,
may refer to new contracts, the latter
to deliveries or work done. Error from
timing mismatches becomes more difficult to avoid if prices fluctuate widely.
In the period under review there is
also a special consideration: Price data
may have been affected by price controls. Price controls tend to cause understatement of reported prices, which
would cause measures of real output
to be overstated. Controls of fluctuating
severity were in effect from August 1*5,
1971, through April 1974. Consequently
output in this period may be overstated
relative to earlier and later years. This
would make the 1969-73 growth rate
too high and the 1973-76 rate too low.
If 1973 prices were understated by onehalf percent, for example, the growth
rates of output and the residual would
be 0.13 percentage points too high in
1969-73 and 0.17 points too low in
1973-76. Unless the price bias were
bigger than this, the retardation in the
growth rate of the residual would still
be confined to the 1973-76 period.126
The Federal Reserve Board Index
of Industrial Production is sometimes
compared with components of real GNP
that roughly correspond to its cover-
SURVEY OF CURRENT BUSINESS
20
age.127 With respect to changes from
1973 to either 1976 or 1977, and based on
the data available at the end of 1978,
the series happen to be in close agreement; the Industrial Production Index
actually yields growth rates slightly
(about 0.1 percent a year) lower than
the GNP series.128
There is no way to determine the
accuracy of the output data conclusively; only impressions can be offered.
Mine is that statistical errors in output
measurement may have contributed
something to the observed productivity
slowdown, but it is improbable that
they contributed very much.
The growth rate of NIPPE would be
affected by errors in employment data
as well as in the output series, except to
the extent that inconsistencies are
eliminated by measuring current-dollar output by adding the several types
of earnings from current production.129
The growth rate of the residual would
also be affected by noncompensating
errors in the series measuring effects of
other determinants. Random errors in
these series, if not offsetting, consequently could cause the amount of retardation in the residual to be
overstated—or understated.130
It is sometimes suggested that growth
of an illegal economy, or a barter
economy, has caused a large amount
of production to disappear from the
scope of the output measure. I have
not been able to visualize how this
might have occurred in such a way as to
instill a sudden sharp downward bias in
output per unit of input when output
is measured by adding the several types
of earnings from current production.
Summary and Clues
Seventeen suggested reasons for the
slowdown in my residual series have
been explored. I rejected a few suggestions, expressed skepticism about some,
had no opinion about others, and characterized the rest as probably correct
but individually able to explain only a
small part of the slowdown. No single
hypothesis seems to provide a probable
explanation o? the sharp change after
1973.
It is possible, perhaps even probable,
that everything went wrong at once
Part II August 1979
Table 2.—GNP in 1973 in Constant (1972) Prices and Growth Rates of GNP Per Hour
Worked, 1948-73, 1973-76, and 1973-78, by Industry »
GNP, 1973
(Billions
of 1972
dollars)
Industry 2
Growth rates (percent)
1948-73
1973-76
1973-78
Agriculture, forestry, and fisheries.
Mining
Contract construction 3
Manufacturing; nondurable goods..
Manufacturing; durable goods
35.9
19.2
58.3
124.1
189.0
4.5
3.6
1.6
3.3
2.6
1.1
-6.6
.9
2.0
1.1
2.0
-4.8
-1.1
2.3
1.1
Transportation
Communication
Electric, gas, and sanitary services .
Wholesale trade 3
Retail trade a
Services 4
50.6
32.0
30.0
88.9
123.1
137.9
3.0
5.2
5.4
3.3
2.4
1.0
.1
8.4
1.4
-1.3
1.1
-.2
.8
7.1
.7
-.6
1.1
.1
1. Denominator of GNP per hour worked excludes hours worked by unpaid family workers.
2. Excludes finance, insurance, and real estate; private households; and government and government enterprises.
3. Classification for 1948-73 growth rate differs slightly from classification used for 1973-76 and 1973-78 rates.
4. Excludes private households; includes nonprofit institutions.
Sources: Calculated from national income and product account tables 6.2,6.11, and (to eliminate hours in private households) 6.10.
among the determinants that affect the
residual series. Many determinants
whose effects were directly estimated
contributed to the drop in the growth
rate of NIPPE from 1948-73 to 197376, and the rest of the drop may have
resulted from a large number of the
explanations explored here, with each
subtracting one- or two-tenths of a
point from the growth rate. Several
developments may have combined to
slow the advance in knowledge itself,
and others to retard incorporation of
new knowledge into production. Similarly, inflation, regulation, soaring
energy prices, high taxes, and changing
attitudes may have conspired to exert
a large adverse impact upon the miscellaneous determinants of output that
forced the residual series into an actual
decline.
The finding that the unexplained
slowdown in productivity growth
started only after 1973 not only is in
itself an important clue to the causes of
the slowdown but also permits one to
arrive at another: The retardation was
typical of the main industrial branches
of the economy rather than focused in
one or two areas for which one might
seek special explanations.131 Table 2
compares the rates of real GNP per
Table 3.—Selected Growth Rates in IndustrialI Countries, Selected Periods
Growth rates (percent)
Country
1950-73
1960-73
1973-76
1973-77
1973-78
Real gross domestic product per employed civilian:
United States
Canada
. . _Japan
France
-------West Germany
_..
Italy
United Kingdom
-
---
2.1
2.6
7.8
4.6
5.0
5.3
2.5
2.1
2.4
8.8
4.6
4.4
5.8
2.6
-0.1
.4
2.3
2.7
3.3
.8
.4
0.3
.5
2.7
2.9
3.3
-.2
.4
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
2.7
4.2
9.7
n.a.
5.2
5.3
5.8
6.6
6.2
5.3
3.1
3.2
4.6
10.0
7.0
7.0
5.7
5.5
7.2
7.4
6.7
3.9
1.2
1.3
1.4
6.7
6.2
4.7
6.0
3.0
5.4
.9
.6
1.5
2.1
2.4
6.6
5.2
4.8
5.5
2.4
4.9
.5
-.2
1.7
2.5
3.5
Output per hour in manufacturing:
United States
Canada
Japan
Belgium .
Denmark
France
West Germany
Italy
Netherlands
Sweden
United Kingdom
n.a. Not available.
(July 10,1979).
-
.
-
-
. .
-
.
-
-
n.a.
4.7
4.8
5.1
2.6
n.a.
1.5
.2
Part II August 1979
hour at work in 1948-73 with the rates
from 1973 to both 1976 and 1978. In 10
of the 11 branches, including both nondurable and durable goods manufacturing, the growth rates of GNP per hour
in both 1973-76 and 1973-78 were
much below the 1948-73 rate.132 The
only exception is communication
(mainly the telephone industry).133 It
seems safe to infer that the decline in
the residual was also general.
International comparisons provide an
opportunity to obtain still another clue.
To do so, however, it would be necessary
to develop up-to-date estimates of the
sources of growth in other advanced
countries comparable to mine for the
United States.134 If the residual series
for other countries showed no retardation, it would suggest a localized cause
for the decline in the United States. But
if most other countries experienced a
similar setback, this would strengthen
the case for causes (such as inflation)
that have been widespread.
The top panel of table 3 compares
growth rates of output per employed
civilian in the whole economy in the
SURVEY OF CURRENT BUSINESS
United States and six other large industrial countries. In the United States
the growth rate per employed civilian
dropped by about 2 percentage points
from either 1950-73 or 1960-73 to
either 1973-76 or 1973-77. The rate also
dropped in all six other countries
shown. The drop was smaller than in the
United States only in Germany. It was
about the same in Canada, France, and
the United Kingdom. In Japan and
Italy it was much larger. It should be
called, however, that all these countries
shared in the world recession after 1973.
The bottom of table 3 compares output per hour in manufacturing in 197376, 1973-77, and 1973-78 with rates in
1950-73 and 1960-73 for 10 countries
besides the United States. Among the
six large foreign countries, all except
Germany experienced an unambiguous
drop in the rate. The drop was less than
in the United States in France and
larger in Canada, Japan, Italy, and the
United Kingdom. Among the four
smaller countries, the rate dropped
sharply in Sweden. If the recent years
are compared with 1960-73, the rate
21
also dropped appreciably (though much
less than in Sweden) in Denmark and
the Netherlands, but not very much in
Belgium.
These data show that sharp declines
in the growth rates of NIPPE and of
output per hour in manufacturing were
widespread. They do not prove that
this pattern carries over to the residual,
but it may. It would be worthwhile to
find out.135
Another way to learn more about
the causes of the slowdown in the
residual is to investigate intensively
the suggestions I have reviewed in this
chapter. Although some are not readily
amenable to research, many are,
and properly focused investigations on
each of them would be valuable.
Finally, the mere accumulation of
experience as time elapses will be helpful. The residual series may regain its
lost ground, resume its old growth
rate at the new lower level, or assume
a lower growth rate from this lower
level. Knowledge of the actual path
over the next few years should assist
in the identification of causes.
Footnotes
1. The Brookings Institution, 1974.
2. To be published by The Brookings Institution at the end of this year. Methods of estimation are little changed from those described in Accounting for Growth.
3. The practice of using two decimal points to present growth rates and the contributions of
the sources is adopted to prevent rounding errors in small numbers when sources or periods are
compared. It is not meant as an indication of accuracy.
4. Three aspects of the education component need stating even in a brief summary. First,
it counts only regular, formal education (except insofar as other types of education are systematically related to formal education). Second, it measures the contribution made to output by
increased skills and versatility of workers resulting from additional education when the state
of knowledge in the society is given. Neither the fact that advances in knowledge permit new
knowledge to be transmitted in educational institutions nor the possibility that a more educated population may advance the frontiers of knowledge more rapidly is reflected in the education estimate. Third, the size of the contribution made by education in any time period
depends upon the difference between the education of persons who left employment during
the period and those who entered it, not the difference between those attending school at the
beginning of the period and those attending at its end.
5. See Accounting for Growth, 1929-1969, p. 77, for the main categories. Part of the fifth category now appears in table 1 as "Changes in the legal and human environment" and therefore
is no longer included in miscellaneous determinants.
6. To the extent that they are not offsetting, some types of error in the estimates for other
determinants also affect this estimate. This, of course, is not a matter of classification but of
accuracy.
7. Estimates through 1975 were published in Edward F. Denison, "Effects of Selected
Changes in the Institutional and Human Environment Upon Output Per Unit of Input,"
SURVEY OF CURRENT BUSINESS, vol. 58 (January 1978). The 1976 estimate assumes the
changes analyzed in the article curtailed the annual increase in output per unit of input less
in 1976 than in 1975.
8. For an explanation of the effect of variations in the calendar on productivity see Accounting for Growth, pp. 67-68 and 311-13. The fact that 1976 was a leap year that consisted of 52
weeks plus a Thursday and Friday probably raised the 1976 figure for the residual and for
productivity series.
9. "Tax Policy and the Supply Side," address before the American Economic Association
and the American Finance Association in Chicago, August 29, 1978. The Secretary also
pointed to regulatory costs.
10. Thomas O'Toole, The Washington Post, June 21, 1978. The experts also referred to increased Government regulation and an outdated patent policy.
11. National Science Board, National Science Foundation, Science Indicators, 1976 (GPO,
1977), p. 207, and unpublished current and revised data. In this terminology, the whole
business sector is covered by the word "industry."
12. The conversion of R. & D. expenditures to a constant price basis is subject to considerable possible error. The National Science Foundation, whose data I cite, uses the GNP
implicit deflator.
13. Private R. & D. expenditures for pollution abatement, which appear mainly in the
industry total, were an unchanging $0.5 billion a year from 1972, the first year for which
estimates are available, through 1976. Current-dollar data are from SURVEY, vol. 58 (February 1978), p. 12. They were deflated by the GNP implicit deflator.
14. Science Indicators, 1976, p. 207, and unpublished current and revised data. Values in
1972 prices are current-dollar values divided by the GNP implicit deflator.
15. Ibid., p. 206, and unpublished current and revised data.
16. John W. Kendrick, The Formation and Stocks of Total Capital (New York: National
Bureau of Economic Research, 1976); and idem., "Total Investment and Productivity Developments," paper prepared for the Joint Session of the American Finance Association and
the American Economic Association, New York, December 30,1977.
17. Science Indicators, 1976, pp. 5,184.
18.1 have discussed this important aspect of output measurement more extensively in earlier
books. See especially The Sources of Economic Growth in the United States and the Alternatives
Before Us (New York: Committee for Economic Development, 1962), pp. 155-57 and 231-46.
Hereinafter cited as The Sources of Economic Growth.
19. Ibid, pp. 239-46.
20. "Research Expenditures and Growth Accounting," in B. R. Williams, ed., Science and
Technology in Economic Growth (New York: Halsted Press for the International Economic
Association, 1973).
21. He also estimated that if R. & D. were capitalized instead of expensed, the growth rate
of output and the contribution of R. & D. would both be 0.2 percentage points higher.
22. The largest sample of cases for rates of return has been built up by Edwin Mansfield of the
University of Pennsylvania and his associates. See Edwin Mansfield and others, "Social and
Private Rates of Return from Industrial Innovation," Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol.
91 (May 1977), pp. 221-40. See also Edwin Mansfield, "Research and Development, Productivity Change, and Public Policy," in Relationships between RandD and Economic Growth!Productivity (National Science Foundation, November 9,1977).
23. Kendrick, "Total Investment and Productivity Developments."
24. In "Research Expenditures and Growth Accounting," p. 80, Griliches says that "if one
expands the boundaries of the relevant concept of R. & D., one should probably adjust the
22
SUEVEY OF CUEEENT BUSINESS
estimated rates of return downward accordingly..." (Kendrick does not do so.) Tf one adopted
this alternative, he would need to use a higher rate of return in the 1970's than in the 1960's
because the proportion of R. & D. that is largely irrelevant declined. Kendrick actually uses a
lower rate in 1966-73 than in 1948-66, and this contributes to the decline in his estimate of the
contribution.
25.1 disregard in this article attempts to ascertain the results of R. & D. spending on the
economy as a whole by correlation analysis because results are too tenuous. Problems are
described in Zvi Griliches, "Issues in Assessing the Contribution of Research and Developlent to Productivity Growth," Harvard Institute of Economic Research Discussion Paper
41 (August 1978). For a comprehensive discussion of efforts to arrive at results of R. & D., see
all the papers (by Edwin Mansfield, M. Ishaq Nadiri, Nestor E. Terleckyj, George C. Eads,
and John W. Kendrick) in Relationship Between R & D and Economic Growth/Productivity.
26. Roger Brinner, Technology, Labor, and Economic Potential (Lexington, Mass.: Data Resources, Inc., 1978), p. 102.
27. Whether obsolescence should be deducted at all in calculating the contribution of R. & D.
to growth is a question that need not be resolved here, but I shall note that such a deduction
seems questionable to me (except when obsolescence results from demand shifts rather than
new knowledge). This is because the social rates of return used in such calculations are based
on comparisons of the output obtained when the fruits of an R. & D. project are available with
the output obtainable from the same inputs when the fruits of that project are not available
but all other existing knowledge, including any made obsolete by the new knowledge, is available. If R. & D. expenditures are multiplied by such a net rate of return to obtain the increase
in output that they permit, where is the overstatement that the obsolescence deduction is
meant to eliminate?
28. See citations in note 22.
29. Orio Giarini, "Economics, Vulnerability and the Diminishing Returns of Technology,"
The Geneva Papers on Risk and Insurance, no. 6, (October 1977), p. 10. Dr. Giarini is secretary
general of the International Association for Risk and Insurance Economics Research and
formerly was a division head of the Battelle Institute of Geneva.
30. F. M. Scherer, "Technological Maturity and Waning Economic Growth," Arts and
Sciences, (Northwestern University, Fall 1978), pp. 7-11. The accuracy of patents as an index
of inventions, it should be noted, has been debated for many years.
31. Bradley Graham, The Washington Post, September 3.3978.
32. Giarini, "Economics, Vulnerability and the Diminishing Returns of Technology," p. 18.
33. Margiloff says that a decline in the public's expectation of technological innovation has
led society to seek to meet problems by turning to financial solutions (pouring in money)
and to improvements in management technique. Technology, he laments, has been left to
set its own goals without guidance from the public, with adverse effects on productivity.
He argues that it is possible to identify desired rates of change of productivity, particularly
in manufacturing and construction, and that a suitable structure of recognition for achievements in these directions would result in having professionals strive to meet these needs,
rather than less socially important ones that often enjoy more public and professional acclaim.
He contrasts the great advances in the art of construction during the 19th century with their
absence in the 20th. He points to a lessened attraction of engineering for the brightest young
people, relative to the sciences. He regrets the absence of awards for technology comparable
to the Nobel prizes for science and reports that the American Institute of the City of New
York "was founded to spur the development of what we now call civilian technology and
did so for about a hundred years." About 50 years ago the institute dropped activities that
related to technology and began to sponsor the high school science fairs, no longer participating "in spurring or rewarding in any way the development of technology, which was its
original function." Other organizations acted in much the same way. But it seems clear that
the developments Margiloff describes are very long run and would not have produced a sudden
recent change in productivity. (Irwin B . Margiloff, "When Technology Falters," address to
the 142nd Annual Meeting of the American Institute of the City of New York, February 4,
1970, and correspondence with the author.)
Tesar reports that companies had hired expert designers from central Europe to compensate
for American inactivity in machine science during the first half of the 20th century but that
they no longer do so. He states that machine science never enjoyed a significant portion of
research funding even in periods of research expansion; the National Science Foundation
supported little basic research in mechanical engineering and mechanics. According to Tesar,
the weakness of U.S. mechanical technology is especially damaging currently in the field of
high-quality consumer products and in light industry. (Delbert Tesar, "Mission Oriented
Research for Light Machinery," Science, vol. 201 (September 8,1978), pp. 880-87.)
34. Accounting for Slower Growth, chapter 6, provides details of the calculation.
35. See Edward F. Denison, assisted by Jean-Pierre Poullier, Why Growth Rates Differ
Postwar Experience in Nine Western Countries (The Brookings Institution, 1967; hereinafter
cited as Why Growth Rates Differ), pp. 145-46, and citations provided there.
36. Both the Ford and Carter administrations have been well aware of these effects and
tried to minimize them when legislation permitted. For a brief discussion of some of the steps
taken or recommended, see Economic Report of the President, January 1979, pp. 85-91, 94,
130-31, and 162.
37. The costs of regulation of motor vehicles, aside from recalls, do not affect the residual.
See citation in note 7.
38. Robert W. Crandall, "Federal Government Initiatives to Reduce the Price Level,"
in Arthur M. Okun and George L. Perry, eds., Curing Chronic Inflation (The Brookings
Institution, 1978), p. 183.
39. Arthur Andersen and Company, Costs of Government Regulation Study for the Business
Roundtable (Business Roundtable and Arthur Andersen and Co., 1979). The concept of incremental costs differs from mine in the case of capital costs; capital outlays are counted instead
of the sum of depreciation and the net opportunity cost of invested capital.
40. Commission on Federal Paperwork, A Report of the Commission on Federal Paperwork,
no. 6: Final Summary Report (GPO, 1977), pp. 5, 66. The estimate, the sum of estimates for
small and large firms, is based on small samples. Though crude, it is apparently the best
available. Inclusion of an additional $354 million estimated to be spent by farms (p. 64) would
not change the rounded aggregate.
41. A report by Peat, Marwick, Mitchell and Co., commissioned by OMB, indicated that
Part II August 1979
one-third of the government paperwork burden on small businessmen comes from State and
local governments. A survey of small Wisconsin foundries found that 21 percent of costs allocable by level of government were for State and local governments and 70 percent for the
Federal Government; the amount allocated excludes 34 percent of cost that was for consultants to ensure compliance and not divided by level of government. Efforts to Reduce Federal
Paperwork, Hearing before the Subcommittee on Oversight of the Senate Committee on
Government Operati ons, 94th Congress, 1st Session [GPO, 1976], pp. 27, 53.
42. This is a rough estimate that I derived from Paperwork and Red Tape: New PerspectivesNew Directions, A Report to the President and the Congress from the Office of Management
and Budget (GPO, 1978). The page references in the description that follows refer to that
report.
An estimate of 465 million hours as of March 31,1977, was obtained as the sum of the following
components: one-fourth, including farms (p. 15), of 126 million hours (p. 34) to complete forms
for departments and agencies subject to OMB review; 95 percent (assumed) of 237 million
hours (p. 14) for Internal Revenue Service (IRS) forms W-2 (wage and tax statements for
employees), 941 (employers' Federal tax return for employees) and 1099 (recipients of interest
and dividends); one-tenth (assumed) of 149 million hours (p. 14) for IRS form 1040 (individual
income tax long form); none of 33 million hours (p. 14) for IRS form 1040A (individual income
tax short form); three-fourths (assumed) of 184 million hours (pp. 14, 34) for other forms (including the corporate income tax) that are required by the IRS and other agencies that are
exempt from review of forms; and all of 43 million hours (p. 34) for forms for independent
regulatory commissions and agencies subject to General Accounting Office review.
Total hours per year required of all respondents fell from 870 million as of January 31,1977,
to 785 million as of March 31,1978 (p. 34). If hours needed for business reports changed in the
same proportion, their number was 530 million as of January 31.1977,
43. In 1965 the Subcommittee on Census and Government Statistics of the Committee on
Post Office and Civil Service of the House of Representatives stated that "the wide disparity
between agency estimates for minimum time required to complete a report and respondents'
estimates for the same report for the most part casts serious doubt on the realism of the agency
estimates." Continuing, the subcommittee said that "it can only conclude that not only are
some agencies completely unrealistic concerning the cost to the public of their paperwork
undertakings but, also, that—ostrich like—they would prefer not to know such costs." (Committee on Post Office and Civil Service, The Federal Paperwork Jungle: A Report on the
Paperwork Requirements Placed Upon Business, Industry, and the Public by the Federal
Departments and Agencies, H. Rept. 52, 89th Congress, 1st Session (GPO, 1965), pp. 45-56.)
Several instances of verified understatement are cited in Commission on Federal Paperwork,
"Study of Federal Paperwork Impact on Small and Large Businesses" (July 1977), pp. 35,
36, 40.
44. Testimony of Robert H. Marik, Associate Director of OMB, in Hearing on HR I6424. to
Establish a Commission on Federal Paperwork, Hearing before the House Committee on
Government Operations, 93rd Congress, 2d Session (GPO, 1974), pp. 34-36. Marik gave a
breakdown by source of the increase of 50 percent that occurred between December 1967 and
June 1974 in the reporting burden on American business caused by required forms other than
tax forms. Occupational safety and health programs, expanded social ecurity (especially
medicare and medicaid), manpower programs, aircraft and airport regulations, and equal
opportunity led the list.
45. This fraction is based on the OMB data cited in note 42. Estimates from the Commission
on Federal Paperwork, "Study of Federal Paperwork Impact on Small and Large Businesses," imply a smaller fraction, since they show IRS forms to be responsible for 75 percent of
the costs to small business (tables 6 and 1-3) and apparently much less for large business (p.
46). (Small business costs are about three-fifths of the estimated total.)
46. Paperwork and Red Tape, p. 30.
47. Herbert Kaufman, Red Tape: Its Origins, Uses, and Abuses (The Brookings Institution,
1977), p. 4.
48. Notes from the Joint Economic Committee, vol. 4 (May 16,1978).
49. Francis A. Allen of the University of Michigan School of Law states that "criminal
provisions are routinely included in most pieces of regulatory legislation" and that "there are
few, if any, regulatory areas of importance in which the possibility of criminal punishment is
lacking." Regulation by Indictment; The Criminal Law as an Instrument of Economic Control,
William K. Mclnally Memorial Lecture, Graduate School of Business Administration, the
University of Michigan (1978), p. 9.
50. The number of proposed and final actions that affected the iron and steel industry and
that were published in the Federal Register in a 2-year period (1974 and 1975) came to 19,464.
They consisted of 333 proposed new agency regulations, 581 final agency regulations, and
13,160 final amendments to existing regulations. Many of these also affected many or most
other industries. The data are from Council on Wage and Price Stability, "Catalog of Federal
Regulations Affecting the Iron and Steel Industry," in Commission on Federal Paperwork,
"Study of Federal Paperwork Impact on Small and Large Businesses," p. 15.
51. Manufacturers Hanover Trust, Business Report, Autumn 1977, p. 2.
52. McLaughlin rates the regulatory burden second to the tax legislation of 1969 and subsequent years (relating to capital gains taxes and qualified stock options) as a source of productivity slowdown. The quotation is from a letter to the author, dated March 7,1978.
53. George C. Eads, "Achieving 'Appropriate' Levels of Investment in Technological
Change: What Have We Learned"? Relationships Between R. & D. and Economic Growth/
Productivity.
54. Murray L. Weidenbaum, Government-Mandated Price Increases (American Enterprise
Institute for Public Policy Ressarch, 1975), p. 100.
55. Weidenbaum believes there has been not only a spread of regulation but also a lengthening of "regulatory lag" for old typss of rsgulation. (Murray L. Weidenbaum, The Costs of
Government Regulation of Business, A Study Prepared for the Use of the Subcommittee on
Economic Growth and Stabilization of the Joint Economic Committee (GPO ; 1978), p. 15.)
56. John K. Evans, president of the Hampton Roads Energy Company, planned to build a
$500 million oil refinery in Hampton Roads. He was unable to obtain any decision concerning
a permit (the last he needed) from the Corps of Engineers for more than 3 years after filing an
environmental impact statement, and his project was placed in jeopardy becauss his marine
resources and air permits were both about to expire. (Statement submitted to the Energy and
Part II August 1979
SUEVEY OF CURRENT BUSINESS
Power Subcommittee of the House Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce; letter
to the Department of Energy on June 14,1978, and letter to the author dated June 21,1978.)
57. See also the section headed "Capital Gains Provisions of the Revenue Act of 1969."
58. See Carol J. Loomis, "A.T.&T. in the Throes of Equal Employment," Fortune, January 15,1979, pp. 44-57, for an examination of telephone industry experience under a consent
decree.
59. The Annual Report of the Council of Economic Advisers, January 1977, pp. 163-65. Discrimination from the investment tax credit is discussed at greater length in Accounting for
Slower Growth, chapter 4.
60. Tax Reductions, Economists Comments on H.R. 8888 and S. 1860, prepare^ for the House
Committed on Ways and Means, 95th Congress, 2d Session (GPO, 1978), p. 85.
61. Colin Clark, "Public Finance and Changes in the Value of Money," Economic Journal,
vol. 45 (December 1945), pp. 370-89.
62. Herbert Stein, "Spending and Getting," in William Fellner, ed., Contemporary Economic Problems, 1977 (American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, 1977), p. 74.
The "more recent version" to which Stein refers is that developed by Robert Bacon and
Walter Eltis with respect to Great Britain. Eltis applies it to the United States and Canada
as well. See Walter Eltis, "Are Canada and the United States Following Great Britain?"
New International Politics, vol. 2 (July 1977).
63. Output per hour would be reduced if investment were impaired.
64. Ibid., pp. 74, 77.
65. These are based on national income and product account definitions. Percentages for
1948 and 1973 are from Stein, "Spending and Getting," p. 65. Those for 1976 and 1978 were
computed from the SURVEY, vol. 58 (July 1978) and vol. 59 (March 1979).
66. Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, "Public Expenditure
Trends" (February 2,1978), p. 13.
67. A temporary surtax raised the percentage to 26.875 in 1968 and 27.5 in 1969.
68. Both the old and new laws permitted capital losses to be deducted from capital gains.
But only a token amount of capital losses could be deducted against other income (and this
small benefit was halved by the 1969 act). Losses exceeding gains in one year could be used to
offset gains in a future year. The government paid no interest on a backlog of capital losses
waiting to be deducted from the future gains. Since there was no negative income tax, the
Government made no payment to a taxpayer whose cumulatad total income (including
capital gains and lossas) was negative. Consequently, the Government is said to share in gains
but not in losses.
69. John Cobbs, "The Tax That is Killing Investment," Business Week, January 16,1978.
70. William F. Ballhaus, "Personal Investment is Necessary for R. & D. Growth," Industrial Research!Development, April 1978, pp. 84-87.
71. Despite claims during the 1978 tax debate that repeal of capital gains taxes would raise
stock values, and hence cut the cost of equity financing, by enormous amounts it really is not
clear that capital gains taxation curtails total investment by business in real assets more than
other taxes. In a 1978 U.S. Chamber of Commerce survey of businessmen, 48 percent said they
would increase investment if capital gains taxes were reduced; 82 percent said they would do
so if the investment tax credit were increased, 78 percent if the corporate tax rate were reduced,
78 percent if faster depreciation write-offs were allowed, and 71 percent if the investment tax
credit were extended to structures. ("Fear of Recession Grows Stronger," Nation's Business,
October 1978, p. 45.)
72. "The Significance of Our Productivity Lag," May 14,1977.
73. As evidence of "a lessened sense of industriousness on the part of our work force," the
speech cited only high and rising absenteeism and an increase in time paid for but not worked.
Neither bears directly on effort while at the work place, although they may be indicative of a
change in attitudes.
74. Denison, The Sources of Economic Growth, Committee for Economic Development,
December 1961, p. 166. For a history of the survival of the work ethic despite changes in the
character of work as factories spread, and of the perceived need constantly to denounce laziness
and profligacy, see David T. Rodgers, The Work Ethic in Industrial America, 1850-1920 (University of Chicago Press, 1978).
75. "Tax Revolt: The Lady or the Tiger," Public Opinion, vol. 1, (July-August 1978), p. 60.
76. Special Study on Economic Change, Hearings before the Joint Economic Committee, 95th
Congress, 2d Session (GPO 1978), pt. 2, p. 535.
77. Accounting for Growth, p. 79.
78. Ibid.
79. F. Stafford and G. Duncan, "The Use of Time and Technology by Households in the
United States," (July 1977), table 4. A much larger decline was reported for married women.
80. Why Growth Rates Differ, pp. 112-14.
81. I briefly discussed effort and incentives in the context of economic growth in The Sources
of Economic Growth, pp. 166-69, and Why Growth Rates Differ, pp. 112-14. The literature on
the general topic of influences affecting work effort is limitless. It has apparently burgeoned
in the past decade as "quality of working life" has become a popular catch phrase and as the
relationship between work satisfaction and productivity has received renewed interest. Two
studies of interest, both of which summarize broad experience, are Raymond A. Katzell and
Daniel Yankelovich, with others, Work, Productivity, and Job Satisfaction (Psychological
Corporation, January 1975); and Swedish Employers' Confederation, Job Reform in Sweden
(Stockholm: Grofisk Reproduktion, 1975). Whatever the relationship, work satisfaction seems
not to have changed. Bernard J. White reported that "survey results over the last forty years
have been remarkably consistent in finding that from 80% to 90% of working people report
moderate to high satisfaction with their jobs. Only 10% to 20% report actual dissatisfaction."
("Does Bureaucracy Deserve Its Bad Reputation?" Dividend, the Magazine of the Graduate
School of Business Administration, University of Michigan, Winter 1977, p. 8.)
82. For example, Robert C. Turner of Indiana University, a former member of the President's Council of Economic Advisers, considers inflation "the most serious economic threat
to economic expansion in the United States" because it reduces investment incentives and
may reduce the propensity of individuals to save. (Committee on Ways and Means, Tax
Reductions—Economists Comments, p. 97.) George Terborgh, a leading expert on the investment process, stresses the adverse effect that inflation exerts on business earnings after tax
because business, in his opinion, does not usually base prices on replacement costs and be-
23
cause of its effects on tax liabilities. (George Terborgh, Corporate Earning Power in the Seventies: A Disaster [Machinery and Allied Products Institute, August 1977]). Arthur M. Okun
says "the gap (created by inflation) between actual, historical costs of old plant and equipment and current or predicted costs of new facilities creates agonies in capital budgeting and
weakens investment." (Arthur M. Okun, "The Great Stagflation Swamp," address to the
Economics Club of Chicago, October 6,1977.)
83. Arthur M. Okun, "Inflation: Its Mechanics and Welfare Costs," Brookings Papers on
Economic Activity, 1975:2, pp. 351-401.
84. Bank for International Settlements, 47th Annual Report (Basle, Switzerland: June 13,
1977), p. 48.
85. Arthur M. Okun and George L. Perry, "Editors' Summary," Brookings Papers on
Economic Activity1', 1975:2, p. 252.
86. For an extended discussion, see Henry J. Aaron, ed., Inflation and the Income Tax (The
Brookings Institution, 1976).
87. Milton Friedman, "Nobel Lecture: Inflation and Unemployment," Journal of Political
Economy, vol. 85 (June 1977), p. 466.
88. Ibid, pp. 466-67.
89. Why Growth Rates Differ, pp. 289-95; and Edward F. Denison and William K. Chung,
How Japan's Economy Grew So Fast: The Sources of Postwar Expansion (The Brookings
Institution, 1976), pp. 110-11.
90. Why Growth Rates Differ, p. 292.
91. Eleanor M. Hadley, Anti-Trust in Japan (Princeton University Press, 1970), pp. 438,
442.
92. The Sources of Economic Growth, pp. 193-95.
93. Data are from the forthcoming revised edition of F. M. Scherer, Industrial Market Structure and Economic Performance, first published by the Rand Corporation in 1971. The first
text table excludes newspapers and ordnance, and the second also excludes the numerous
industries for which data conforming to constant definitions were not available.
94. Peter O. Steiner, Mergers, Motives, Effects, Policies (University of Michigan Press, 1975),
pp, 320-22. Federal Trade Commission data for mergers are summarized in Bureau of the
Census, Statistical Abstract of the United States 1978 (GPO, 1978), p. 580, and preceding issues
of the Abstract. After an extended period of low activity, conglomerate mergers again increased
in the last half of the 1970's.
95. Burton H. Klein, Dynamic Economics (Harvard University Press, 1977). The quotations
that follow are from pp. 182-83.
96. I am reminded that Erik Lundberg, the Swedish economist, ascribed this role to
engineers, though only those above 40 years of age. In recent years Lundberg, describing
Sweden, has written about a tendency for business to select "managers that correspond to a
soft type—-not strong in maximizing profits and enforcing efficiency—but good at dealing
with trade unions, caring for stable employment and not least in getting money (soft loans
and subsidies) from Government." (Letter from Lundberg to author, February 26,1979.)
97. Alfred Rappaport, "Executive Incentives vs Corporate Growth," Harvard Business
Review, vol. 56 (July-August 1978), pp. 81-88.
98. This was observed in the Economic Report of the President, January 1977, p. 55.
99. As explained in Accounting for Slower Growth, chapter 2, this is because imports and
exports are deflated separately.
100. The high price of energy and government controls presumably forced some existing
capital out of use. In the absence of information about this, no reduction was made in the
Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) capital stock series so, if this happened, the effect was
to reduce growth of the residual rather than of capital input.
101. "Energy inputs represent only approximately 5 percent of total factor costs." Roger
Brinner, Technology, Labor, and Economic Potential (Data Resources, Inc., 1978), p. 74.
102. It estimated primary energy use at 70 quads (a quad is 1015 British thermal units) and
the average price of energy at $1.00 per million BTU. (Nuclear Power Issues and Choices,
Report of the Nuclear Energy Policy Study Group sponsored by the Ford Foundation
[Ballinger, 1977], p. 49.) The Bureau of Mines and the Energy Information Administration
put the average price of domestically produced mineral fuels at 85.4 cents per million B T U .
(Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Annual Report to Congress,
vol. 3: Statistics and Trends of Energy Supply, Demand, and Prices [GPO, 1978], p. 19.) Inclusion of imported fuel and hydro and nuclear power and exclusion of exports would probably bring this figure to $1.00.
103. "The Energy Connection," Resources, no. 53 (Fall 1976), p. 5.
104. See also citations given in notes 110 and 111 to articles by Ridker, Watson, and Shapanko
of Resources for the Future and by Hogan and Manne of Stanford University, which give 4
or 5 percent as the energy share.
105. See Jack Alterman, The Energy/Real Gross Domestic Product Ratio: An Analysis^of
Changes During the 1966-1970 Period in Relation to Long-Run Trends, BE A Staff Paper'30
(BEA, October 1977). See also Sam H. Schurr, "Energy, Economic Growth, and Human
Welfare," EPRI Journal, May 1978, pp. 14-18.
106. Noteworthy is the absence of any such series in Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Annual Report to Congress, 1978.
107. George L. Perry, "Potential Output: Recent Issues and Present Trends," in Center for
the Study of American Business, U.S. Productive Capacity: Estimating the Utilization Gap,
Working Paper 23 (1977), pp. 6-13 (Also, Reprint 336 of The Brookings Institution).
108. His reason for averaging relative prices before and after the increase is the same as
mine for averaging share weights at the beginning and end of a period when I compute
the percentage change in total factor output.
109. Perry, "Potential Output," pp. 11-12.
110. "Economic, Energy, and Environmental Consequences of Alternative Energy Regimes, An Application of the RFF/SEAS Modeling System," in Charles J. Hitch, ed., Modeling Energy-Economy Interactions: Five Approaches (Resources for the Future, 1977).
111. "Energy-Economy Interactions: The Fable of the Elephant and the Rabbit?" in
Hitch, Modeling Energy-Economy Interactions, p. 248.
112. Economic Report of the President, January 1979, p. 71.
113. Robert H. Rasche and John A. Tatom, "The Effects of the New Energy Regime on
Economic Capacity, Production, and Prices", Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Review,
24
SURVEY OF CURRENT BUSINESS
vol. 59 (May 1977), pp. 2-12; and idem., "Energy Resources and Potential G N P , " Federal
Reserve Bank of St. Louis Review, vol. 59 (June 1977), pp. 10-24. The range cited is from the
introduction to the first article. Slightly different results based on different periods and data
are provided elsewhere in these articles.
In the same articles Rasche and Tatom present a potential output series. To avoid misunderstanding, I stress that my disagreement with them is not over their conclusion that
growth of potential output was sharply curtailed after 1973, but with their attribution of the
change to the higher price of oil.
114. The particular use made of the estimate by Rasche and Tatom is in an analysis of manufacturing, but the manufacturing results are applied to the whole economy.
115. An interesting feature of the Rasche-Tatom analytical framework is that the output
reduction is the result of a change—not of an increase—in the relative price of oil. A decrease in
the price of oil would have had the same effect. A change in the relative prices of labor and
capital, in either direction, also reduces output in this framework, as the authors clearly
realize,'since they calculate the cost of such a change. All this is rather baffling because the
authors do not have in mind temporary costs of adjustment. On the contrary, they insist that
the impact of the oil price increase on the American economy is "profound and permanent."
Given that any change in either direction reduces output, one might expect that productivity
would drop again if the price of oil were now to fall, but in another puzzling sentence the
authors state that the only way potential output could be restored is for the relative price of
oil to return to its old level, a statement that in another context would seem entirely reasonable.
116. Edward A. Hudson and Dale W. Jorgenson, "Energy Prices and the U.S. Economy,
1972-1976," Data Resources U.S. Review (September 1978), pp. 1.24-1.37.
117. Quotations appear in ibid., p. 1.25.
118. In the Hudson-Jorgenson calculations, the 3.2-percent drop in GNP would in itself
cause a proportional 3.2-percent drop in the demand for and use of "capital services," and
therefore a 3.2-percent drop in capital stock. The drop in capital services from this cause is
valued at $15.5 billion. However, the higher energy price induces changes in the composition
of demand and substitutions among labor, capital, and energy that provide a small offset,
reducing the drop in capital services to $14.5 billion. Hence the percentage drop in capital
services and capital stock was 3.2 percent X 14.5-h 15.5, or 3.0 percent.
119. The calculation is (0.72X0.54)-;-(0.28X3) =1.23. If the percentage reduction in capital
refers only to fixed residential and nonresidential capital, which seems likely, the reduction in
total factor input in the economy as a whole is less.
120. Edward F . Denison, "The Shift to Services and the Rate of Productivity Change,"
SURVEY, (vol. 53, October 1973), pp. 20-35.
121. Jerome A. Mark, "Productivity Trends and Prospects," Special Study on Economic
Change, Hearings before the Joint Economic Committee, 95th Congress, 2d Session (GOP,
1978), pt. 2, p. 485.
122. Ibid., p. 34. The reasoning applies equally to a comparison of two past periods.
123. Ibid. "Both (W. E . G . ) Salter and (John) Kendrick found that industries that reduced
factor input per unit of output most also reduced materials input per unit of output most. This
is important in explaining the finding, because factor inputs are only part of the total costs of
an industry and a given percentage reduction in factor input costs alone would yield a much
smaller percentage reduction in price."
124. Denison, "The Shift to Services," p. 34. In the same article I explain why it is a mistake
to suppose that within nonresidential business the accuracy of series for commodity-producing
industries is greater than that for service-producing industries.
125. The inventory valuation adjustment is the difference between (1) the change in the
physical volume of inventories valued in prices of the current period and (2) the change in the
value of inventories reported by business.
126. A discussion of other potential biases in prices series used in deflation that might have
caused overstatement of the decline in real output in 1974-75 is found in the appendix to
Part II August 1979
Victor Zarnowitz and Geoffrey H. Moore, "The Recession and Recovery of 1973-1976," Explorations in Economic Research, Occasional Papers of the National Bureau of Economic Research, vol. 4 (Fall 1977), pp. 471-557. To affect the 1973-76 movement of the residual, such a
bias would have to affect the output series differently than in previous cyclical swings (otherwise it would be picked up in the series for intensity of utilization) and, to have an appreciable
effect, would also have to affect price movements in the downswing without being offset in the
recovery. None of the suggestions offered seem likely to qualify.
127. The GNP series includes all "goods" components, personal consumption expenditures
for electricity and gas, and 40 percent of structures, minus gross farm product and margins on
the sale of used cars.
128. The relative position of the intervening years differs substantially, with industrial production showing 1974 higher and 1975 lower relative to 1973 and 1976 than does the GNP series.
129. See Accounting for Growth, pp. 164-65.
130. The depth of the 1974-75 recession dropped my index for intensity of utilization due to
fluctuations in demand below the previous range of experience (in the period for which it has
been calculated). If its drop was underestimated, this would cause the residual to be underestimated in those years. But if that were the cause of the 1974-75 drop, it should have been
followed by an exceptually strong advance in the recovery period, which did not happen.
131. Edward F. Renshaw used the same body of data to reach a similar conclusion in "A
Note on the Aggregate Learning Curve for the U.S. Economy and the Persistent Gap Between Actual and Potential G N P " (1978).
132. Government and government enterprises; finance, insurance, and real estate; and
private households are excluded because the data have no independent meaning and are
chiefly outside nonresidential business. Nonprofit institutions were not eliminated, and this
accounts for the low 1948-73 growth rate in services.
133. By dividing the postwar period at 1967 instead of 1973 and comparing 1950-67 with
1967-77, the Council on Wage and Price Stability concluded from the same data source that a
reduction in the growth rate of productivity did not occur in manufacturing, but was confined to construction and most of the service divisions. (Council on Wage and Price Stability,
Executive Office of the President News, October 4,1978.) Even if one were concerned with longer
periods such as those the Council examined, the Council's conclusion would be questionable
because the result was entirely dependent on the exact choice of periods. If the Council had
divided the period at 1965, 1966, or 1968 instead of 1967, it would have obtained a decline in
the growth rate of manufacturing productivity, and the declines would have been larger if
the period had begun in 1948 instead of 1950. To illustrate with an extreme case, the growth
rate of output per hour in manufacturing dropped by 0.74 percentage points from 1948-65
to 1965-77 according to the series the Council used.
Jerome Mark has shown that the decline in the rate of growth of output per hour from 194766 to 1966-76 was general among 62 detailed industries for which the Bureau of Labor Statistics
published series. Forty-six had lower growth rates of output per hour in 1966-76 than in 194766, one had the same rate, and 15 had higher rates. (Mark, "Productivity Trends and Prospects," p. 484.) An unpublished compilation provided by Mark in February 1979 also shows
that 53 of 74 industries had lower growth rates from 1973 to 1977 (or 1976 if 1977 was not available) than from 1947 (or the earliest subsequent date for which the series was available) to
1973. The proportion was the same, three-fourths, in manufacturing and nonmanufacturing
industries.
134. My study for eight Western European countries ended with 1962 (Why Growth Rates
Differ), that for Canada by Dorothy Walters with 1967 (Canadian Growth Revisited, 1950-67,
Staff Study 28 [Economic Council of Canada, 19701), and that for Japan by William Chung
and me with 1971 (How Japan's Economy Grew So Fast).
135. The adjustment for intensity of utilization is likely to be very difficult in several countries because it has become increasingly difficult or expensive to lay off unneeded workers.
A decline in demand is likely to be matched to a lesser extent by a drop in input and to a
greater extent by a drop in output per unit of input than was formerly the case or is now the
case in the United States.
By ROBERT BRETZFELDER and HOWARD FRIEDENBERG
State Differences in Per Capita Personal
Income Growth in the Seventies
i N the seventies, State differences in
per capita personal income narrowed,
as they have in every decade since 1930.
From 1969 to 1978, per capita personal
income increased at a rate that was 15
percentage points slower in the highincome States than in the low-income
States.1 In the high-income States
(which include the District of Columbia) , per capita personal income relative
to the national average declined from
114 to 112 percent, while in the lowincome States, it increased from 86 to
91 percent. The sharply reduced disparity among States in per capita personal income during the seventies reflected the surge in industrial growth of
the South and West relative to the
Northeast-Great Lakes manufacturing
belt. Charts 2 and 3 show State per
capita personal incomes for 1969 and
1978, respectively.
Among the 14 high-income States,
11—including 9 States in the NortheastGreat Lakes manufacturing belt—had
below-average increases in per capita
income, or, as in Michigan, an average
increase (table 1). In the nine manufacturing-belt States, per capita income
relative to the national average declined substantially—from 114 to 108
percent. The largest declines were in
New York and Connecticut. Each of the
nine had below-average increases in
1. The timespan is from the national cyclical peak year
nearest 1970 to the most recent year for which State per capita
personal income estimates are available. States are divided
into high-income and low-income groups based on per capita
personal income relative to the national average in 1969 (see
table 1).
Table 1.—Per Capita Personal Income, 1969-78
Rank
in
Percent of
U.S. average, 1969
1969
United States
. .
Change, 1969-78
Percent
Index: U.S.
percent
change—100
Percent of
U.S. average, 1978
100
113.7
100
100
127
119
118
118
116
116
115
115
115
114
109
109
108
107
103
92.0
101.3
129.0
90.0
100.0
122.0
111.0
160.7
112.4
102.3
98.1
109.8
114.1
117.4
107.9
81
89
113
79
88
107
98
141
99
90
86
97
100
103
95
114
112
127
105
109
120
114
140
114
108
101
107
108
108
100
111.3
98
112.9
105.1
113.4
122.5
108.1
129.5
114.6
132.7
127.1
118.6
132.5
120.3
99
92
100
108
95
114
101
117
112
104
117
106
114.0
153.5
125.6
122.7
136.0
101.8
115.6
116.6
132.4
110.1
119.6
134.5
100
135
110
120
90
102
103
116
97
105
118
75
75
73
70
63
124.2
143.4
137.2
127.6
130.4
136.6
133.1
128.8
142.1
133.4
132.3
137.6
109
126
121
112
115
120
117
113
125
117
116
121
86
125.8
111
High-income States:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
Connecticut
New Jersey
District of Columbia
New York
Delaware .
Nevada
Illinois
Alaska
California
Hawaii
.
Massachusetts
Maryland
Michigan
Washington
Ohio
- . _ _ _ _ . . .
-
.
. . .
.
- -
. . .
Average
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
Rhode Island
Pennsylvania
Indiana
Minnesota
New Hampshire
Colorado
Wisconsin
Oregon
Kansas
Nebraska
Iowa
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
Missouri
Wyoming
Virginia. .
Arizona
Texas
Vermont.
Montana
Georgia.
Oklahoma
Maine
North Carolina
Idaho
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
Utah
North Dakota
South Dakota
Tennessee
Kentucky
Louisiana
New Mexico
South Carolina
West Virginia
Alabama
Arkansas
Mississippi-
.
.
_
Florida
Average
112
114
Low-income States:
4
99
99
98
97
96
96
96
95
95
95
94
94
93
93
93
_.
_
__. _
.
._
. . . .
. . . .
90
89
89
85
84
84
82
82
82
80
80
79
78
78
77
77
. . . .
. . .
95
99
98
101
94
103
96
103
101
97
102
97
93
110
98
94
99
84
86
86
91
80
84
89
108
84
92
88
84
84
86
84
80
85
80
76
71
91
25
298-342
0 - 7 9 - 4
SURVEY OF CURRENT BUSINESS
26
both components of the per capita in- tain, and Plains regions—had abovecome quotient—personal income and average increases in per capita income
population. Manufacturing employ- or, as in Indiana and Missouri, an
ment declined, and employment growth average increase. All of the Southwest,
in other industries with relatively high Rocky Mountain, and Southeast States
except West Virginia had above-average
earnings per worker slowed.
Three high-income States and the increases in both personal income and
District of Columbia had above-average population. Employment increased
increases in per capita income. Alaska, rapidly in construction, coal mining,
Nevada, and Washington had above- and manufacturing, where earnings per
average increases in both personal worker are relatively high. Moreover,
income and population; employment rapid increases in property income—
growth was strong in construction, serv- specifically, in the imputed rental inices, and manufacturing. The District come on owner-occupied dwellings—
of Columbia had a below-average in- reflected the large increases in both the
crease in total personal income but a number of housing units and their
more than offsetting decline in popula- values in the fast-growing population
centers of the South and West. All of the
tion.
Among the 36 low-income States, Plains States except Missouri had
31—including all of the States in the above-average increases in personal inSoutheast, Southwest, Rocky Moun- come and below-average increases in
Part II August 1979
population. Continued technological
change in agriculture increased income
per worker in the Plains and reduced
agricultural employment; this reduction
was only partially offset by an increase
in nonagricultural employment, and net
population outmigration ensued.
Five low-income States—including
four in New England—had belowaverage increases in per capita income.
Reflecting the migration of workers
from central and southern New England
to northern New England, New Hampshire, Vermont, and Maine had unusually
large increases in population. Relative
to the U.S., the growth of population
outpaced the growth of personal income, thereby dampening the growth
of per capita income in these three
northern New England States.
CHART 2
Per Capita Personal Income, 1969
$3,535 X
^
$3,254^^
x $2,839/
•*^_
$2,3271 $2,695 [
\ _ J^
^
$3,437
Alaska
UNITED STATES $3,667
$3,667-4,642 High-income States
$2,327-3,666 Low-income States
$4,170 * ^
U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis
Part II August 1979
SURVEY OF CURRENT BUSINESS
27
CHART 3
Per Capita Personal Income, 1978
$5,969 /«*-"[
OUTHEAST
UNITED STATES $7,836
$7,836-10,963
•
U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis
$5,529-7,835
High-income States
Low-income States
Table 1.—Total Personal Income,
State Personal Income,
1958-78
[Millions
Line
State and region
1958
1959
1960
356,939
380,014
396,086
22,927
24,482
25,481
6,493
1,631
11,284
1,148
1,735
637
6,945
1,701
12,071
1,246
1,832
7,219
1,789
12,563
1,315
1,869
725
88,735
93,998
97,962
1,124
2,017
6,495
14,553
41,130
23,416
1,173
2,081
6,878
15,655
43,632
24,579
1,228
2,159
7,221
16,477
45,515
25,361
77,632
82,811
85,891
24,077
25,592
9,570
17,520
21,770
8,359
26,387
10,046
18,225
22,602
8,631
29,652
31,182
5,098
4,327
6,410
8,300
2,637
1,027
1,070
5,233
4,384
6,653
8,776
2,664
956
5,403
4,550
7,071
9,045
2,846
1,066
1,200
56,863
60,862
63,133
4,502
2, 205
8,497
5,819
4,412
5,044
2,343
6,367
2,941
5,116
6,804
2,813
4,741
2,394
9,397
6,214
4,642
5,276
2,571
6,822
3,169
5,477
7,254
2,906
4,945
2,430
9,832
6,504
4,794
5,377
2,610
7,213
3,336
5,634
7,509
2,949
24,551
26,001
26,914
Arizona
New Mexico
Oklahoma
Texas
2,174
1,567
3,952
16,858
2,634
1,731
4,322
18,227
Rocky Mountain
8,105
2,407
1,684
4,116
17,794
8,541
3,464
1,130
1,324
1,535
653
3,721
1,186
1,295
1,645
695
3,974
1,215
1,347
1,759
732
United States L
New England
__.
Connecticut
Maine
Massachusetts
New Hampshire
Rhode Island
Vermont
Mideast
estimates of State personal income are presented in this
article on a consistent basis for the 21year period 1958-78. Revised 1978
estimates and estimates for 1958-70
that incorporate the 1976 national
benchmark revisions are presented for
the first time. Previously State estimates incorporating the benchmark
revisions were available only back to
1971. Estimates for 1973-77 which
had been presented previously, are
revised. A discussion of the State
benchmark revisions appears in the
August 1977 SURVEY OF CURRENT
BUSINESS, and discussion of the benchmark revisions of the national income
and product accounts appears in Part I
of the January 1976 SURVEY.
Personal income is the current income
received by residents of an area from all
sources. It is measured after deduction
of personal contributions for social
security, government retirement, and
other social insurance programs but
before deduction of income and other
personal taxes. It includes income received from business, governments
(Federal, State, local and foreign),
private households, and institutions.
It consists of wage and salary disbursements, various types of supplementary
earnings termed "other labor income,"
proprietors' income, rental income of
persons, dividends, personal interest income, and government and business
transfer payments. Per capita personal
income is the total personal income of
residents divided by the resident
population.
XJLNNUAL
28
The definitions underlying the State
series are, for the most part, the same
as those underlying the personal income
series in the national income and product accounts. The major difference is in
the treatment of U.S. citizens temporarily working on assignment abroad.
The national series includes not only
Federal personnel—civilian and military—stationed abroad but also—since
the 1976 benchmark revisions—U.S.
residents employed by private U.S.
firms on temporary foreign assignment.
The State series includes only persons
working and/or residing in the 50
States and the District of Columbia.
Tables 1 and 2 present the estimates
of total and per capita personal income,
respectively, for the United States,
regions, States, and the District of
Columbia on a consistent basis, for the
entire period 1958-78. In these tables
the income flows are assigned to the
State in which the individual receiving
the income resides.
Table 3 presents estimates of personal
income by type and labor and proprietors' income by industry, for the
United States, regions, States, and the
District of Columbia, for the years
1958, 1963, 1968, 1973, 1976,1977, and
1978. (Estimates for the years not
shown are available from the Regional
Economic Measurement Division, Bureau of Economic Analysis, Washington, D.C. 20230.) Table 3 also shows
the derivation of personal income by
place of residence. The estimates of
labor and proprietors' income are reported by industry at the point of
Delaware
District of Columbia
Maryland
New Jersey
New York
Pennsylvania
Great Lakes
Illinois
Indiana
Michigan. _
Ohio
Wisconsin
__.
16,520
20,346
7,700
Plains
Iowa
Kansas
Minnesota
Missouri—
Nebraska.
North Dakota
South Dakota
Southeast
Alabama.
Arkansas
Florida
Georgia
Kentucky
Louisiana
Mississippi
North Carolina
South Carolina
Tennessee
Virginia
West Virginia
Southwest
Colorado
Idaho
Montana
Utah
Wyoming
Far West
California
Nevada
Oregon
Washington
60
Alaska
Hawaii
9,027
47,606
51,845
54,441
37,325
675
6,119
40,844
741
3,771
6,489
43,020
812
3,888
6,720
507
1,145
542
1,280
628
1,429
24,482
25,481
87,354
85,891
31,182
47,951
17,983
30,357
14,204
55,685
Addenda
67
New England
Middle Atlantic
East North Central.—
West North Central. .
South Atlantic
East South Central.__
West South Central.. .
Mountain
Pacific
22,927
79,099
77,632
42,877
16,374
28,058
12,521
48,583
82,811
29,652
45,893
17,431
29,580
13,373
52,926
Part II August 1979
SURVEY OF CURRENT BUSINESS
29
by States and Regions, Revised 1958-78
of dollars]
1972
1973
1968
1969
1970
1971
620,020
677,786
738,233
793,485
851,952
39,768
43,255
46,870
50,419
53,079
57,478
62,806
68,453
73,477
80,067
10,860
2,419
17,750
1,961
2,705
1,095
11,867
2,541
19,110
2,127
2,931
1,192
12,866
2,729
20,851
2,342
3,166
1,302
13,926
2,971
22,596
2,559
3,396
1,422
14,802
3,240
24,392
2,760
3,687
1,539
15,344
3,435
25,778
2,948
3,930
1,645
16,496
3,746
27,882
3,261
4,291
1,802
18,088
4,216
30,204
3,688
4,626
1,983
19,716
4,717
32,860
4,061
4,956
2,144
21,066
5,038
35,319
4,417
5,313
2,324
127,708
137,704
147,283
160,474
173,001
186,413
198,756
214,103
231,771
252,661
1,706
2,697
10,560
22,400
58,563
31,782
1,818
2,838
11,651
24,269
62,811
34,317
1,932
2,947
12,650
26,107
67,027
36,619
2,113
3,161
13,993
28,536
73,195
39,476
2,305
3,301
15,420
30,930
78,353
42,692
2,459
3,506
16,805
33,680
84,144
45,819
2,652
3,805
18,181
36,181
89,452
48,485
2,899
4,116
20,071
39,029
95,097
52,892
3,239
4,364
22,239
42, 532
101,440
57,958
3,507
4,734
24,309
46, 225
109,982
63,904
104,396
114,417
124,838
131,608
143,120
155,222
163,276
175,207
190,831
213,380
32,006
12,369
22,768
26,809
10,444
34,820
13, 717
25,386
29,126
11,368
37,906
14,893
27,723
31,881
12,435
40,256
15, 665
29,046
33,503
13,137
43,123
16,981
32,097
36, 775
14,142
46,579
18, 572
34,803
39,905
15,363
49,462
19,299
35,955
42,133
16,427
53,030
20,829
39,191
44,552
17, 606
56,928
22, 784
43,432
48,434
19,253
63,562
26,158
48,467
53,614
21, 579
35,839
37,429
41,376
44,714
47,205
50,967
55,504
59,788
63,877
70,817
6,295
5,112
8,256
10,293
3,265
1,280
1,337
6,615
5,395
8,581
10,877
3,364
1,277
1,321
7,441
5,805
9,494
11,870
3,761
1,508
1,498
8,118
6,282
10,319
12, 758
4,040
1,553
1,645
8,349
6,630
11,085
13,608
4,238
1,592
1,703
8,822
7,152
12,150
14,850
4,528
1,645
1,820
9,653
7,758
13, 358
15,860
5,112
1,830
1,933
10,306
8,374
14,571
17,119
5,442
1,904
2,072
10,774
9,044
15,415
18,363
5,864
2,158
2,259
12,059
10,092
16,870
19,873
6,638
2,676
2,610
70,623
75,329
81,410
88,826
97,924
106,281
117,438
129,513
141,055
154,489
5,349
2,810
11,132
7,256
5,375
5,871
2,946
8,173
3,752
6,300
8,561
3,099
5,704
2,989
11,937
7,874
5,646
6,274
3,237
8,617
3,975
6,688
9,152
3,235
6,199
3,250
13,047
8,531
5,918
6,739
3,372
9,350
4,287
7,196
10,070
3,451
6,764
3,470
14,340
9,429
6,428
7,362
3,679
10,151
4,737
7,872
10,897
3,697
7,315
3,886
15,837
10,448
7,042
8,198
4,033
11,350
5,338
8,727
11,822
3,928
7,765
4,137
17, 575
11,343
7,621
8,957
4,360
12, 277
5,775
9,361
12,902
4,207
8,485
4,525
19,997
12,624
8,359
9,764
4,763
13, 537
6,415
10,314
14,199
4,456
9,272
4,914
22,824
14,092
9,170
10,275
5,167
15,061
7,062
11,210
15,689
4,777
9,978
5,387
25,317
15,198
9,937
11,034
5,657
16,317
7,668
12,121
17,135
5,307
10,891
5,879
28,340
16,617
10,744
11,914
6,215
17,709
8,382
13,283
18, 737
5,778
28,283
29,783
31,125
33,375
36,020
39,267
42,904
47,528
52,556
57,587
2,842
1,803
4,466
19,172
3,074
1,882
4,665
20,162
3,237
1,945
4,837
21,106
3,459
2,057
5,188
22,671
3,693
2,190
5,612
24,525
4,051
2,322
6,042
26,853
4,433
2,410
6,596
29,465
5,016
2,611
7,139
32, 762
5,751
2,851
7,784
36,171
6,488
3,116
8,574
39,410
1962
1963
1964
411,301
436,894
459,075
491,341
26,620
28,169
29,404
31,381
33,725
36,790
7,602
1,803
13,138
1,379
1,948
750
8,095
1,872
13,865
1,472
2,080
785
8,537
1,931
14,420
1,530
2,174
813
9,147
2,080
15,337
1,639
2,311
867
9,860
2,251
16,403
1,770
2,484
957
101,414
106,959
111,641
119,260
1,260
2,239
7,652
17, 250
47,272
25,741
1,332
2,337
8,259
18,502
49,762
26,768
1,428
2,443
8,841
19,415
51,741
27,772
1,542
2,557
9,640
20,782
55,113
29,626
87,523
92,742
97,131
27,283
10,304
18,169
22,898
8,870
28,787
11,024
19,450
24,115
9,366
29,951
11,588
20,770
25,121
9,702
32,214
34,371
5,663
4,747
7,386
9,295
2,913
995
1,213
5,924
4,964
7,798
9,791
3,159
1,353
1,381
66,220
5,084
2,628
10,333
6,760
5,075
5,573
2,805
7,603
3,489
5,940
7,950
2,978
532,022 579,158
1974
1975
1976
1967
1965
1966
1961
1977
1978
Line
935,463 1,045,303 1,147,257 1,248,631 1,374,265 1,523,631 1,708,545
1
87,613
96,820
2
22,763
5,739
38,185
4,995
5,805
2,579
25,041
6,208
41,621
5,626
6,312
2,805
27,612
6,867
45, 751
6,409
6,984
3,197
3
4
5
6
7
8
272,216
293,056
316,503
347,485
9
3,808
5,189
26,383
49, 762
117,904
69,171
4,131
5,628
29,117
53,625
124,975
75,579
4,453
6,140
31,536
58,121
133, 714
82,540
4,972
6,684
34,646
64,231
145,963
90,939
10
11
12
13
14
15
231,050
247,678
273,283
304,189
339,119
16
69, 376
27, 776
51,850
58,380
23, 667
75,400
29,816
54,737
61,955
25, 771
81,827
33,180
61,645
68,527
28,104
90,340
36,949
69,480
75,959
31,461
17
18
19
20
21
83,754
87,774
95,502
101,937
114,288
100,091
41,412
77,943
84,432
35,241
130,194
14,839
11,685
19,882
22, 261
7,834
3,875
3,378
15, 226
12,477
21,178
23, 905
8,009
3,740
3,240
16,898
13,577
22,686
26,098
9,087
3,755
3,401
17,597
14,814
24,603
28,363
9,396
3,728
3,436
19,859
16,333
28,214
31,658
10,374
3,828
4,022
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
174,173
198,045
220,801
239,863
267,115
296,936
23,170
18,505
31,703
35, 538
11,868
4,677
4,733
334,155
12,081
6,611
32,964
18, 764
11,891
13,040
7,057
19,965
9,452
14,968
20,941
6,439
13,596
7,770
38,661
21,218
13, 396
14, 515
7,995
22,633
10, 775
16,908
23,514
7,064
15,141
8,836
43,256
23,180
15,174
16,451
8,816
24,865
12, 229
18, 737
26, 212
7,903
16,753
9,552
46,632
24,798
16,537
18, 297
9,460
26,899
13,133
20,124
28,738
8,939
18,837
10,468
50,903
27,492
18, 536
20,927
10,716
29,884
14, 732
22,626
31,954
10,039
20,906
11,779
56,963
30, 535
20,656
23,537
11,994
32,691
16,267
25,212
35,277
11,120
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
62,209
69,610
79,188
89,319
99,934
113,116
128,187
23, 540
13,047
65, 084
34,087
23,114
26,638
13,290
36,671
18,346
28,527
39,492
12,318
146,478
7,389
3,434
9,122
42,264
8,546
3,857
10,113
47,094
9,868
4,341
11,446
53,533
11,071
4,840
12,832
60,575
11,865
5,532
14,206
68,331
13,220
6,233
15,902
77,760
14, 871
7,014
18,056
88,247
17,352
7,969
20,556
100,601
45,343
44
45
46
47
49
50
51
52
53
22
30
43
9,536
10,244
10,580
11,021
11,858
12,644
13,446
14,628
16,124
17,832
19,591
22,333
25,795
28,817
31,714
35,189
39,421
4,268
1,282
1,346
1,873
767
4,482
1,369
1,568
2,031
794
4,702
1,397
1,558
2,112
812
4,956
1,437
1,581
2,214
832
5,307
1,634
1,704
2,345
867
5,733
1,673
1,840
2,501
897
6,182
1,775
1,899
2,634
957
6,884
1,888
2,002
2,827
1,028
7,648
2,115
2,175
3,065
1,121
8,537
2,326
2,367
3,377
1,226
9,522
2,526
2,486
3,747
1,309
10,829
2,929
2,885
4,185
1,506
12,448
3,459
3,422
4,710
1, 756
13,832
4,004
3,670
5,262
2,049
15,264
4,233
4,018
5,897
2,302
16,836
4,797
4,289
6,620
2,647
18,890
5,305
4,665
7,487
3,074
57,335
61,724
65,596
70,417
75,202
82,112
88,068
96,549
105,100
112,195
119,429
130,310
143,973
160,776
178,978
200,104
225,430
21, 645
6,156
5,299
8,585
3,658
257,072
45,379
896
4,019
7,041
623
1,532
48,802
1,077
4,265
7,581
52,111
1,211
4,499
7,776
56,171
1,309
4,831
8,107
59,855
1,409
5,207
8,731
64,913
1,492
5, 723
9,984
69,540
1,581
6,045
10,902
76,114
1,785
6,587
12,063
82,828
2,041
7,169
13,062
88,554
2,261
7,722
13,658
94,206
2,476
8,430
14,317
102,539
2,769
9,467
15,534
112, 641
3,157
10,689
17,485
125,579
3,481
11,977
19, 739
139,472
3,917
13,166
22,422
155,626
4,483
14,938
25,&57
175,155
5,232
17,201
27,842
199,010
6,229
19, 775
32,058
55
56
57
58
651
1,626
708
1,723
794
1,857
857
2,033
926
2,237
1,016
2,441
1,110
2, 717
1,245
3,099
1,412
3,509
1,557
3,758
1,698
4,110
2,002
4,590
2,437
5,170
3,528
5,742
4,195
6,203
4,315
6,749
4,415
7,465
59
60
57,478
187,018
190,831
70,817
135,611
45,997
76,858
37,505
133,349
62,806
201,929
213,380
83,754
153, 705
51,896
87,265
43,161
147,408
68,453
220, 111
231,050
87, 774
170,195
57,868
98,695
48,209
164, 902
73,477
236,836
247,678
95,502
184,520
62,875
110,386
53,027
184,331
80,067
254,180
273,283
101,937
203,882
70, 715
125,057
59,125
206,019
87,613
274,375
304,189
114,288
224,981
78,768
141,618
66,537
231,262
96,820
301,183
339,119
130,194
252,300
88,472
160,842
76,893
262, 723
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
48
54
]3y census regions
26,620
90,262
87,523
32,214
50,265
18,905
31,840
15,077
58,594
28,169
95,032
92, 742
34,371
53,900
19,969
33,509
16,277
62,925
29,404 31,381 33, 725 36,790 39, 768 43,255
98,928 105,521 112,'/45 121,397 129, 753 141,208
97,131 104,396 114,417 124,838 131, 608 143,120
35,839 37,429 41,376 44,714 47,205 50,967
57, £03 62,476 68,213 75,030 81,610 90,494
24, 743 27,117 29,107 31, 920
21,275
22,685
35,206 37,848 40,970 44, 979 49,155 54,192
19,150 20,509
21,870 24,040
16,973
17,846
66,816
71, 760 76,683 83,783 89, 944 98,591
46,870
151, 975
155,222
55,504
100,530
34,820
59,143
26,767
107,402
50,419
163,643
163,276
59, 788
109, 713
37,692
64,405
29,696
114,854
1. The personal income level shown for the United States differs from that in the national
income and product accounts because of adjustments to labor and proprietors' income. These
adjustments were required to insure appropriate subnational distributions of personal in-
53,079
174,119
175,207
63,877
120,200
41,133
69,179
32,889
122,268
come. They included such adjustments as exelusion of the pay of Federal and other employees stationed abroad.
SURVEY OF CURRENT BUSINESS
30
Part II August 11)71)
Table 2.—Per Capita Personal Income, by States and Regions, Revised 1958-78
[Dollars]
Line
1958
1959
1960
1961
2,050
2,145
2,201
2,248
2,353
2,436
2,244
2,346
2,419
2,496
2,608
2,677
2,654
1,728
2,252
1,975
2,022
1,676
2,753
1,777
2,359
2,091
2,138
1,774
2,838
1,835
2,435
2,160
2,186
1,864
2,939
1,812
2,517
2,231
2,271
1,924
3,058
1,883
2,634
2,329
2,389
1,996
3,131
1,945
2,698
2,358
2,481
2,047
3,269
2,095
2,815
2,472
2,611
2,174
2,352
2,461
2,538
2,592
2,704
2,785
2,596
2,665
2,178
2,471
2,478
2,118
2,660
2,735
2,243
2,603
2,615
2,188
2,735
2,823
2,320
2,700
2,703
2,239
2,733
2,878
2,409
2,753
2,771
2,260
2,839
2,966
2,531
2,902
2,876
2,357
2,957
3,062
2,611
2,973
2,963
2,431
Great Lakes..
2,182
2,305
2,367
2,390
2,511
Illinois
Indiana
Michigan..
Ohio
Wisconsin..
2,435
1,961
2,155
2,120
2,004
2,563
2,074
2,256
2,251
2,148
2,616
2,149
2,326
2,322
2,178
2,693
2,179
2,302
2,324
2,212
2,800
2,328
2,452
2,429
2,313
1,925
1,951
2,022
2,069
1,883
2,020
1,935
1,983
1,907
1,695
1,631
1,917
2,029
1,977
2,061
1,907
1,547
1,478
1,960
2,084
2,064
2,091
2,009
1,681
1,758
2,055
2,143
2,129
2,137
2,015
1,553
1,750
1,519
State and Region
United S t a t e s .
New England.
Connecticut
Maine
Massachusetts.._
New Hampshire.
Rhode Island
Vermont
Mideast..
Delaware
District of ColumbiaMaryland..
New Jersey
New York
Pennsylvania.
Plains
Iowa.
Kansas
Minnesota
Missouri
Nebraska
North DakotaSouth Dakota...
Southeast.
Alabama
Arkansas
Florida
Georgia
Kentucky
Louisiana
Mississippi
North Carolina..
South Carolina...
Tennessee
Virginia
_.
West Virginia....
Southwest..
Arizona
New Mexico.
Oklahoma
Texas
Rocky Mountain.
Colorado
Idaho
Montana
Utah
Wyoming
Far West
California....
Nevada
Oregon
Washington .
Alaska
Hawaii
1965
1966
1967
1968
2,572
2,750
2,963
3,142
3,401
2,805
2,977
3,219
3,440
3,717
3,451
2,257
2,981
2,619
2,782
2,369
3,741
2,421
3,207
2,880
3,009
2,650
4,043
2,531
3,416
3,051
3,224
2,818
4,341
2,745
3,711
3,303
3,433
3,028
2,941
3,113
3,329
3,539
3,102
3,205
2,761
3,120
3,133
2,572
3,364
3,384
2,933
3,310
3,302
2,735
3,523
3,587
3,153
3,542
3,520
2,942
3,681
3,726
3,367
3,768
3,737
3,135
2,600
2,757
2,979
3,205
3,345
3,610
3,890
2,879
2,415
2,578
2,516
2,359
3,025
2,547
2,781
2,660
2,508
3,256
2,787
3,038
2,855
2,686
3,498
2,979
3,257
3,086
2,909
3,677
3,100
3,366
3,217
3,053
3,922
3,334
3,691
3,497
3,255
4,219
3,611
3,963
3,778
3,509
2,195
2,281
2,371
2,6!6
2,814
2,961
3,176
3,426
2,154
2,225
2,220
2,247
2.158
2,125
1,959
2,292
2,306
2,338
2,344
2,212
1,988
1,889
2,409
2.442
2,412
2,449
2,270
1,968
1,885
2,714
2,631
2,643
2,657
2,556
2,323
2,164
2, 939
2,855
2,853
2,821
2,775
2,401
2 409
2,989
3,018
3,030
2,998
2,909
2,543
2,538
3,147
3, 227
3,281
3,251
3,087
2,650
2,720
3,441
3,470
3,555
3,418
3,468
2,947
1962
1963
1964
66
67
68
69
New England
Middle Atlantic
East North Central
West North Central
South Atlantic
East South Central
West South Central
Mountain
Pacific . . .
1972
1973
3,667
3,893
4,132
4,493
4,931
3,994
4,245
4,416
4,747
5,167
4,642
2,995
3,999
3,535
3,643
3,254
4,871
3,250
4,276
3,720
3,878
3,447
4, 998
3,396
4,469
3,876
4,105
3,630
n, 353
3,636
4,816
4,193
4, 433
3,906
5,873
4,059
5, 203
4,637
4,766
4,264
3,828
4,108
4,384
4,635
4 985
5,419
3, 957
4,063
3,668
4,074
4,055
3,362
4,268
4,333
3,987
4,359
4,328
3,636
4,468
4,644
4,267
4,684
4,605
3,879
4,732
5,064
4,539
4,967
4,859
4,086
5,085
5,523
4,949
5,326
5,178
4,451
5, 64S
5,928
5,459
5,807
5,570
4,890
4,050
4,318
4,679
5,225
4,446
3,709
4,041
3,949
3,712
4,744
3,974
4,371
4,153
3,945
5, 075
4,314
4,804
4, 512
4, 23<>
5, 6«7
4,93.')
5,341
4,9)0
4, 754
3,657
3,878
4,274
5,037
3,643
3,725
3,819
3,654
3,657
3,077
3,108
3,788
4,017
3,999
3,887
3,904
3,448
3,371
4,218
4,470
4, 35S
4,185
4, 364
4, 235
3, 847
5,1*6
5,154
5,113
4, 672
5,113
6,117
4, 965
1,597
1,624
1,675
1,758
1,849
1,969
2,122
2,317
2,494
2,728
2,981
3,208
3,458
3,823
4,279
1,480
1,363
1,954
1,606
1,548
1,645
1,202
1,530
1,350
1,555
1,836
1,566
1,510
1,358
1,965
1,644
1,576
1,649
1,196
1,577
1,394
1,576
1,884
1,592
1,533
1,455
1,971
1,684
1,662
1,696
1,272
1,631
1,448
1,640
1,941
1,629
1,610
1,516
2,040
1,776
1,746
1,755
1,313
1,736
1,549
1,715
2,048
1,713
1,698
1,594
2,121
1,887
1,824
1,858
1,443
1,817
1,616
1,799
2,140
1,801
1,826
1,713
2,257
2,004
1,891
1,956
1,505
1,947
1,732
1,908
2,311
1,920
1,965
1,832
2,408
2,177
2,047
2,106
1,638
2,087
1,899
2,073
2,471
2,070
2,112
2,046
2,595
2,386
2,238
2,309
1,796
2,318
2,118
2,283
2,653
2,213
2,245
2,176
2,816
2,573
2,403
2,501
1,957
2,479
2,280
2,426
2,862
2,378
2,462
2,379
3,109
2,817
2,616
2,710
2,146
2,705
2,507
2,660
3,115
2,527
2,695
2,569
3,437
3,096
2,867
2,839
2,327
2,994
2,748
2,877
3,400
2,736
2,892
2,791
3,698
3,300
3,076
3,023
2,547
3,200
2,951
3,079
3,677
3,038
3,131
2,999
4,007
3,550
3,278
3,227
2,770
3,431
3,169
3,333
3, 973
3,287
3, 439
3, 302
4,461
3, 953
3,613
3, 493
3,094
3,810
3, 519
3. 6i)6
4,3*6
3,612
3,840
3,822
4,988
4,403
4,032
3,875
3,451
4, 263
3,957
4,131
4,848
3,962
1,805
1,874
1,891
1,941
1,995
2,060
2,185
2,337
2,522
2,727
2,971
3,219
3,465
3,669
4,023
4,482
1,822
1,769
1,743
1,822
1,909
1,832
1,798
1,892
1,994
1,814
1,850
1,894
2,020
1,868
1,877
1,952
2,090
1,922
1,922
2,006
2,128
1,966
1,983
2,078
2,223
2,045
2,121
2,208
2,332
2,164
2,300
2,363
2,510
2,306
2,462
2,559
2,693
2,410
2,650
2,780
2,627
2,852
3,028
3,311
2,820
3,071
3,275
3,614
3,045
3,341
3,507
3,928
3,265
3,509
3,700
4,319
3,596
3,841
4, 053
4, 745
3, 951
4,305
4, 525
1,958
2,021
2,075
2,121
2,237
2,284
2,358
2,523
2,670
2,811
3,005
3,262
3,540
3,794
4,189
4,701
3,838
3,243
3,395
3,169
3,672
4,167
3,434
3,503
3,427
3,847
4, ">40
3,872
4, 013
3, 719
4,352
5, 021
4,476
4, 699
4,082
4,977
2,078
1,749
1,987
1,817
2,072
2,176
1,804
1,936
1,891
2,171
2,247
1,811
1,983
1,954
2,210
2,314
1,875
1,934
2,002
2,275
2,360
1,979
2,246
2,120
2,384
2,428
2,045
2,216
2,168
2,416
2,516
2,114
2,239
2,264
2,455
2,673
2,383
2,414
2,366
2,612
2,857
2,428
2,602
2,479
2,778
3,011
2,580
2,709
2,585
2,971
3,247
2,716
2,860
2,747
3,172
3,531
2,992
3,133
2, 928
3,407
2,424
2,552
2,619
2,669
2,782
2,868
3,006
3,142
3,375
3,554
3,842
4,106
4,310
4,530
4,908
5,362
3,095
3,072
2,559
2,738
3,221
3,174
2,688
2,943
3,442
3,346
2,907
3,266
3,626
3,521
3,054
3,435
3,925
3,848
3,287
3,689
4,202
4,252
3,477
3,907
4,423
4,583
3,677
3,997
4,647
4,825
3, 944
4,161
5, 022
5,167
4, 338
4,555
5,45S
5, 723
4,815
5, 087
3,020
2,739
3,164
2,912
3,419
3,210
3,655
3,448
3,895
3, 779
4,205
4,170
4,638
4,599
4,939
4,785
5, 234
5,078
6,046
5, 529
3,440
3,551
3,345
2, 961
2,768
2,289
2,647
2, 776
3,553
3,717
3,837
3,610
3,176
3,024
2,506
2,878
3,002
3,840
3,994
4,114
3,890
3,426
3,315
2, 730
3,095
3,276
4,106
4,245
4,390
4,050
3,657
3,562
2,936
3,323
3,557
4,317
4,416
4,636
4,318
3,878
3,834
3,167
3,516
3,820
4,536
4,747
4, 977
4, 679
4,274
4, 239
3,502
3,845
4, 205
4,912
5,167
5,401
5,225
5,037
4,712
3,910
4,305
4,683
5,368
2,508
2,509
2,030
2,207
2,641
2,657
2,160
2,300
2,711
2,791
2,194
2,354
2 751
2,845
2,249
2,443
2,859
3,059
2,346
2,577
2,949
3,050
2,428
2,631
2,262
1, 925
2,422
2,099
2, 743
2,619
2,382
2,647
2,491
2,765
2,568
By census regions
2,244
2,358
2,182
1,925
1,712
1,402
1,711
1,930
2,406
2,346
2 471
2,305
1,951
1,796
1,469
1,776
2,001
2,536
2,419
2,549
2,367
2,022
1,838
1,490
1,785
2,054
2,608
2,496
2,600
2,390
2,069
1,885
1,550
1,841
2,099
2,658
2,608
2,713
2,511
2,195
1,983
1,621
1,896
2,205
2,768
2,677
2,793
2,600
2,281
2,073
1,714
1,972
2,251
2,855
1. State population used in the computation of per capital personal income in 1975 included
65,000 Vietnamese refugees located as follows: Indian Gap Military Reservation, Pennsylvania; (17,000); Fort Chafee, Arkansas (24,000); Elgin Air Force Base, Florida (6,000); and
1971
1,423
1,277
1,835
1,530
1,490
1,599
1,123
1,455
1,277
1,474
1,738
1,525
Addenda
61
62
63
64
65
1970
2,805
2,950
2,757
2,371
2,211
1,810
2,096
2,329
2,997
2,977
3,121
2,979
2,616
2,373
1,960
2,250
2,474
3,135
3,219
3,339
3,205
2,814
2,576
2,139
2,445
2,629
3,371
Camp Pendleton, California (18,000). By the end of 1975, these refugees were resettled throughout the United States and the camps were closed.
SURVEY OF CURRENT BUSINESS
Part II August 1979
1974
19751
1976
1977
1978
Line
5,428
5,861
6,402
7,042
7,836
1
5,635
6,027
6,560
7,159
7,900
2
6,389
4,495
5,666
5,024
5,283
4,584
6,795
4,762
6,071
5,441
5,705
4,923
7,338
5,357
6,593
6,040
6,204
5,403
8,059
5,724
7,204
6,618
6,734
5,819
8,911
0, 292
7,924
7,357
7,472
6, 566
3
4
5
6
5,924
6,378
6,876
7,452
8,230
9
6,074
6,568
5,944
6,313
6,076
5,397
6,573
7,292
6,401
6,786
6, 523
5,832
7,100
8,039
7,058
7,288
6, 922
6,404
7,649
8,965
7,623
7,921
7,457
6,997
8,534
9,924
8,363
8,773
8,22-4
7,740
10
11
12
13
14
15
5,649
6,049
6,679
7,407
8,224
16
6,216
5,228
5,687
5,433
5,183
6,734
5,612
6,008
5,771
5, 616
7,310
6,245
6,765
6,410
6,097
8,046
6,906
7,595
7,102
6,775
8,903
7,706
8,483
7,855
7, 532
17
18
19
20
21
8
5,270
5,722
6,069
6,761
7,650
22
5,330
5,506
5,424
5,010
5,198
5,883
4,755
5,907
5,955
5,785
5, 475
5,887
5,896
4,995
6,123
6,444
6,22>
5, 925
6,054
5,781
5,011
6,877
7,040
7,088
6,565
6,672
5,887
5,850
8,002
7,882
7,910
7,313
7,582
7,174
0,864
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
4, €92
5,031
5,541
6,089
6,773
30
4,236
4,274
5,341
4,753
4,524
4,373
3,777
4,626
4,407
4,516
5,339
4,429
4,634
4,527
5,634
5,029
4,882
4,808
4,042
4,943
4,665
4,823
5,770
4, 968
5,156
4,945
6,094
5,517
5,395
5,401
4,530
5,471
5,180
5,344
6,325
5,480
5,664
5,473
6,728
6,058
5,957
5,989
5,028
5,928
5,653
5,874
6,924
6,000
6,291
5,969
7, 573
6,705
6,607
6, 710
5, 529
0, 575
6,288
0, 547
7,671
0,024
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
4,968
5,458
6,020
6,703
7,527
43
5,126
4,325
4,786
5,041
5,364
4,836
5,233
5,583
5,878
5,318
5,741
6,172
6,453
5,864
6,409
6,891
7,372
0, 574
7,137
7,730
44
45
46
47
5,157
5,584
6,082
6,656
7,478
48
5,500
5,032
4,982
4,465
5,662
6,006
5,205
5,387
4,903
6,127
6,537
5,759
5,679
5,373
6,775
7,196
6,197
6,092
5,895
7,571
8,105
7,015
('), 755
0,566
8,630
49
50
51
52
53
5,911
6,477
7,128
7,885
8,812
54
6,015
6,065
5,311
5,649
6,580
6,636
5,764
6,300
7,231
7,318
6,422
6,939
8,003
8,213
7,214
7,564
8,927
9,439
8,092
8,495
55
56
57
58
7,138
6,130
9,673
6,711
10,275
7,127
10,458
7,673
10,903
8,437
59
60
5,635
5,907
5,649
5,270
5,125
4,315
4,808
5,107
5,929
6,027
6,355
6,049
5,722
5,482
4,652
5,290
5,509
6,522
6,560
6,830
6,679
6,069
6,008
5,166
5,855
6,021
7,169
7,159
7,402
7,407
6,761
6,569
5, 693
6,525
6,614
7,908
7,900
8,179
8,224
7,650
7,296
6,319
7, 290
7,473
8,816
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
disbursement (establishment location).
Industry definitions are not entirely
consistent throughout the 1958-78
period. Estimates for 1975-78 are based
on the 1972 Standard Industrial Classification (SIC). Estimates for the years
preceding 1975 are based on the 1967
SIC. A consistent set of reliable estimates on the 1972 SIC basis is not
possible because of problems in recon-
31
ciling differences in the underlying data
from the unemployment insurance system for the overlap year 1975. A review
of the industrial coding for employers
(refiling) coincided in many States with
the change in the SIC classification
system. It is not possible for BEA to
distinguish between the code changes
due to refiling and those mandated by
the change in the classification system.
Acknowledgments
The personal income estimates were prepared under the direction of Edwin J. Coleman,
Chief of the Regional Economic Measurement Division. The review and evaluation of
methods was provided by Jeanne S. Goodman. Tables were prepared by Eunice P. James,
Stuart A. Schwartz, and Kathy A. Albetski of the Regional Economic Information System
Branch. Secretarial support was provided by C. Dale Lyons.
Estimates of private nonfarm wages and salaries and other labor income were prepared
under the supervision of Elizabeth H. Queen, Chief of the Private Wage and Income
Branch. She was assisted principally by: David J. Albright, Carl J. Carlson, Sharon C.
Carnevale, Carol E. Evans, Kevin O'Brien, Michael G. Pilot, William E. Reid, Jr., and
Victor Sahadachny.
Estimates of farm income, government wages and salaries, government other labor income, proprietors' income, property income, transfer payments, and contributions for
social insurance were prepared under the supervision of Kenneth P. Berkman, Chief of the
Government, Proprietary, and Investment Income Branch. He was assisted principally
by: Vivian G. Conklin, Andrew E. W^eiser, Gary V. Kennedy, and Jeanne O'Neill.
Residence adjustments, disclosure-avoidance, andfinalpreparation of the State personal
income estimates were performed under the supervision of David W. Cartwright, Chief of
the Regional Economic Information System Branch. He was assisted principally by
WTallace K. Bailev and Paul M. Levit.
SUEVEY OF CURRENT BUSINESS
32
Part II August 1979
Table 3.—Personal Income by Major
[Millions
United States
N e w England
Item
Line
1958
1963
1968 1973
1976
1977
1978
1958
1963
1968
1973
1976
1977
71978
294,904 573,812 £0,547 335,195
049,386
167,975
317,680
18,243
23,188
33,676
48,262
58,511
64,503
71,651
t62,435 195,024
25,016 48,670
63,096 91,501
11,692 30,878
51,404 60,623
884,082
77,376
87,928
16,900
71,028
976,917
91,713
99,345
18,827
80,518
096,462
106,408
114,810
25,630
89,180
.5,507
613
2,124
203
1,921
19,899
917
2,373
149
2,223
!8,877
1,603
3,198
162
3,034
tl, 476 50,001
2,970
4,491
3,816
4,019
272
258
3,545
3,763
>4, 783 60,682
5,203 5,976
4,517 4,993
205
225
4,313 4,768
15,281 14,316 15,324 35,925
Farm
279,623 159,496 135,223 r99,270
Nonfarm_
Private
- 238,098 302,402 444,848 .54,515
1,826 2,951
997
1,201
Agricultural
services, forestry, fisheries, and
3
other.
1,532 2,456
739
Agricultural services
953
294
495
257
Forestry,fisheries,and other 3 _..
248
8,403
Mining
4,596 4,547 5,759
1,268 2,418
Coalmining
_
1,232
1,052
2,775 3,431
Oil and gas extraction
2,163 2,145
1,161
766
Metal mining
557
597
1,393
950
Nonmetallic minerals, except fuels
644
753
Construction
— 17,855 22,940 34,101 53,547
23,948
025,438
26,254
141,721
33,341
284,774
276
33,400
409
47,853
417
1,219
941,547
4,568
067,878
5,426
28,752
115
40,374
191
415
58,098
49,193
242
64,117
838,921
3,919
334
262
.7,909 22,926
.5,549 19,817
83
84
54,477
290
60,883
342
3,174
745
15,756
4,472
7,905
1,628
1,751
61,301
3,669
899
17,556
5,428
8,449
1,765
1,914
4,373
1,053
20,552
5,864
10,444
2,076
2,168
79,777
45
37
22
52
33
25
31
138
53
41
154
88
52
21
1,078
24
1,379
(D>
30
2,088
1
38
3,166
198
144
87
22
11
(*)
53
271,624
100,031
22,097
306,582
110,347
23,997
9,343
10,877
11,608
15,819
20,248
4,980
1,099
10,122
2,254
345,419
121,450
26,170
9,993
11, 927
12, 792
17,579
22,321
5,579
1,221
11,428
2,440
6,729
2,753
392
481
283
370
327
191
16
4
299
389
8,387
3,164
423
484
314
447
428
248
16
4
381
419
1,738
4,087
521
566
387
597
587
341
19
4
527
540
.4,721
5,006
630
636
447
796
792
512
()
45
2,831
18,006
5,861
735
665
521
177
113
82
21
8
1
51
3,046
4,500
21,826
22,250
32,835
25,096
15,777
196,235
9,631
5,080
24,831
24,991
37,401
28,570
17,484
223,969
11,097
5,789
28,081
28,159
43,200
33,033
20,248
3,977
126
87
356
505
810
678
616
5,223
147
106
398
614
1,101
970
820
7,651
190
137
539
915
1,538
1,455
1,258
9,715
269
190
646
1,341
1,940
1,954
1,293
12,145
305
205
710
1,864
2,426
2,342
1,908
15,651
2,224
7,721
5,601
3,832
19,101
23,349
26,215
9,191
8,184
4,529
10,367
9,521
5,010
11,895
10,706
5,546
43
102
127
236
291
62
208
166
316
315
92
332
247
496
451
139
289
352
720
580
Transportation and public utilities
Railroad transportation
Trucking
and warehousing..
Water transportation
Other transportation
Communication
Electric, gas, and sanitary services
22,921 27,335 38,562 61,644
5,724 5,404 5,967 8,206
4,656
6,335 9,332 15,407
2,165
2,493
1,317
1,565
6,264 9,628
3,057 3,831
4,394 5,493 8,421 15,635
3,773 4,707 6,413 10,215
78,475
9,577
18,213
3,110
12,594
21.701
13,280
88,730
10,413
21,235
3,380
14,532
24.318
14,852
100,648
11,197
24,405
3,957
16,454
27,953
16,682
1,081
184
241
26
123
278
229
1,288
162
321
29
155
341
280
1,770
162
473
37
239
474
384
Wholesale trade
Retail trade
Finance, insurance, and real estate
Banking
Other finance, insurance, and real estate
Services
Hotels and other lodging places
Personal servicesPrivate households
Business and repair services
Amusement and recreation incl. motion pictures.
Professional, social, and related services
18,424
34,666
15,054
3,058
11,996
37,426
1,1"""
4,104
3,494
6,074
2,072
23,242
41,507
19,946
4,215
15,731
52,164
2,116
4,985
3,791
9,211
2,635
50,591
59,610 86,855
30,117 43.414
6,446 10,999
23,671 32.415
81,938 127,548
3,323 4,899
6,749 7,158
4,801
5,326
14,966 24,124
5,316
69,784
107,601
57,308
15,415
41,893
173,153
6,125
76,380
117,605
66,548
16,921
49,627
194,692
6,830
9,096
6,759
38,520
8,060
86,231
131,721
76,165
18,990
57,175
221,939
7,882
10,024
7,435
45,542
9,171
1,024
2,096
1,045
222
823
2,392
19,982
29,426
48,211
80,725
112,339
125,427
141,885
243
191
320
85
1,461
1,254
2,583
1,345
285
1,059
3,471
ir
298
205
58:
111
57,094 90,375 144,755
12,181 16, 111 23,877 34,848
7,836
8,674 12,581 16,810
21,507 32,309 53,917 93,097
186,517
45,073
18,352
123,092
200,174
48,294
18,854
133,026
216,431
52,250
19,847
144,364
2,360
602
494
1,264
Total labor and proprietors income by place of work. . 294,904 373,812 550,547 835,195 1,049,386 1,167,975 1,317,680
60,910
Less: Personal contributions for social insurance by
69,156
55,242
6,8"' 11,684 22,634 41,949
place of work.
Net labor and proprietors income by place of work.. - 288,069 362,128 527,913 793,246
994,144 1,107,065 1,248,524
5 -380
Plus: Residence adjustment
5 -412
s -218 s-227 5-178 s-236
5 -326
Net labor and proprietors income by place of resi- 287,851 361,901 527,735 793,010
993,818 1,106,685 1,248,112
dence.
208,57'
236,340
Plus: Dividends, interest, and rent •
43,110 61,336 90,131 133,407
186,606
224,093
Plus: Transfer payments
193,841
25,978 35,838 59,920 118,886
Personal income by place of residence..
Per capita income (dollars)
Total population (thousands)
Income by place of work
Total labor and proprietors income *_
By type
Wage and salary disbursements.
Other labor income2
Proprietors income
Farm
Nonfarm*
!38,690
9,432
46, 782
12,370
34,412
110,122
13, 955
49,735
10,994
38,741
By industry
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
Manufacturing
Nondurable goods
Food and kindred products
Textile mill products
Apparel and other textile products..
Paper and allied products
Printing and publishing
Chemicals and allied products..
Petroleum and coal products
Tobacco manufactures
Rubber and misc. plastics products..
Leather and leather products
Durable goods
_
Lumber and wood products
Furniture and fixtures
Primary metal industries
Fabricated metal products
Machinery, except electrical
Electric and electronic equipment
Transporcation equipment exc. motor
vehicles.
Motor vehicles
and equipment
Ordnance4
Stone, clay, and glass products
Instruments and related products
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries
Government and government enterprises
Federal, civilian
Federal, military.
State and local
._
86,160 L09,520 L59, 999
34,811 42,360 58,666
8,885 10,251 13,007
3,241 3,799 5,597
4,013 4,880 6,945
5,662
3,070 4,091
8,607
4,977 6,198
5,168
6,680 9,783
1,898
2,246
1,928
380
565
456
1,905 2,644 4,360
1,273
1,894
1,433
519,562
79,353
16,982
7,721
8,711
8,088
11,823
13,416
2,968
796
6,877
1,971
51,349 67,160 .01,333 ! 40,209
2,535 3,056 4,120 6,226
1,619
2,006 2,949 4,347
7,411
9,091 12,832 18,188
6,182
7,635 11,581 16, 788
8,243 11,232 17,876 25,632
6,905 10,315 15,850 21,873
6,340 6,815 11,219 12,126
4,402
973
3,032
1,956
1,751
6,257
2,310
3,789
2,585
2,069
9,749
3,245
5,061
3,981
2,870
41,525
10,219
10,361
14,442
18,203
4,420
1,033
8,374
2,199
171,593
6,337
33,216
C)
(*)
a
715
643
49
8
788
502
20,130 22,436
6,350 6,873
773
830
710
755
548
592
1,085
1,191
1,064
1,162
695
776
57
63
9
10
894
937
515
558
13,781
338
218
763
2,015
2,902
2,654
2,138
15,563
401
242
895
2,244
3,245
3,016
2,366
138
183
207
1,130
732
432
1,326
812
513
1,517
917
2,942
195
749
64
377
974
583
3,525
226
792
66
481
1,266
694
3,948
241
902
64
578
1,403
760
4,333
258
1,004
74
647
1,534
814
1,
3,645
1,973
428
1,544
5,603
172
400
25!
962
166
2,818
5,093
2,826
723
2,103
8,576
237
400
273
1,448
242
3,556
6,014
3,658
959
2,699
11,308
293
440
325
1,832
278
3,865 4,260
6.505 7,172
4,089 4,609
1,102
1,035
3,054 3,507
12,521 14,275
369
331
530
487
382
347
2,096 2,500
353
328
2,158
3,651
5,976
8,140
8,932
3,109
778
487
1,845
4,648
1,060
578
3,010
7,479
1,476
697
5,306
8,903
1,796
573
6,534
9,641 10,351
1,939 2,108
652
592
7,110 7,591
18,243
409
23,188
704
33,676
1,333
48,262
2,314
58,511
2,982
64,503 71,651
3,228 3,619
17,835
314
18,149
22,484
425
22,909
32,343
673
33,016
45,947
940
46,887
55,529
1,078
56,607
61,275 68,032
1,147 1,249
62,421 69,281
2,959
1,820
4,199
2,296
6,442
3,79^
8,528
7,390
11,507
11,952
12,658
12,534
22,927
2,244
10,219
29,404
2,677
10,986
43,25£
62,806
5,16"
12,154
80,067
6,560
12,205
87,613 96,820
7,900
7,159
12,238 12,256
or
10,142
Derivation of personal income by place of residence
67
356,939 459,075 677,786 1,045,30: 1,374,265 1,523,63: 1,708,545
7,04!
7,836
2,050
3,401
6,402
2,436
4.981
216,37!
174,143 188,423 199,297 209,846
218,04:
214,675
* Less than $500,000.
D Not shown to avoid disclosure of confidential information; data are included in totals.
1. Consists of wage and salary disbursements, other labor income, and proprietors' income.
3,7r
11,637
14,265
13,298
2. Includes the capital consumption adjustment for nonfarm proprietors.
3. Includes wages and salaries of U.S. residents working for international organizations.
SUKVEY OF CURRENT BUSINESS
Part II August 1979
33
Sources, Selected Years 1958-78
of dollars]
Maine
Connecticut
1978
1958
1963
1968
1973
1976
1977
18,128
20,139
1,329
1,571
2,197
3,255
4,256
13,990
1,316
1,068
24
1,045
15,414
1,525
1,189
37
1,152
17,103
1,744
1,293
16
1,277
1,095
30
204
59
145
1,334
47
190
34
155
1,859
90
248
31
216
2,653
184
418
124
294
85
13,493
76
16,300
96
18,031
79
20,060
101
1,229
61
1,510
55
2,141
8,521
29
11,759
47
14,244
51
15,827
59
17,652
68
988
15
1,182
13
28
1
8
48
3
17
56
3
45
64
4
45
4
11
1
1963
1968
1973
1976
1977
5,006
6,531
9,658
13,578
16,375
4,192
185
629
46
583
5,536
279
716
35
681
8,204
487
967
38
928
11,630
878
1,070
40
1,029
72
4,934
66
6,465
71
9,587
4,483
18
5,844
19
17
1
6
17
1
6
(D)
607
2,136
486
68
66
64
42
82
65
4
1
85
9
2,821
597
82
67
67
50
111
97
4
1
106
12
4,034
786
107
88
75
74
151
133
8
2
133
14
1,650
(D)
2,224
245
327
177
452
304
459
263
662
8
46
29
88
78
256
46
57
(D)
333
6
424
46
1
13
(*)
(*)
(*)
12
903
8
9,138
11,605
16,542
23,700
28,382
31,264
34,447
1
3,481
308
467
117
350
3,757
353
465
73
392
4,176
406
493
59
434
7,906
317
916
39
877
10,082
468
1,055
32
1,022
14,321
792
1,429
33
1,396
20,618
1,447
1,635
29
1,606
24,499
2,142
1,741
32
1,709
26,742
2,465
2,056
28
2,028
29,348
2,822
2,277
38
2,239
2
3
4
5
6
148
3,107
149
4,108
109
4,466
97
4,978
72
9,066
64
11,540
66
16,476
72
23,628
78
28,304
80
31,184
94
34,353
7
8
1,707
16
2,461
28
3,291
39
3,588
53
4,022
61
7,855
40
9,953
43
14,202
54
19,917
86
23,855
116
26,329
134
29,208
162
9
10
4
9
1
7
10
2
10
17
2
12
27
3
14
40
3
15
46
2
18
23
8
22
20
8
35
19
10
67
49
15
77
57
16
84
78
17
2
1
334
2
8
656
(*)
10
985
59
27
12
(*)
(*)
(*)
12
1,519
13
1,239
15
1,328
16
1,399
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
9,895
3,226
402
332
373
493
601
331
35
(*)
429
228
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
6,670
72
103
295
853
1,540
1,582
591
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
397
277
40
46
7
95
11
3
(*)
1,111
722
5,723
32
64
418
1,090
1,085
743
1,561
120
54
138
60
(D)
213
82
(D)
6
18
18
25
35
306
118
(D)
4,686
23
60
357
913
873
562
1,315
5,200
25
64
368
985
1,036
634
1,437
15
53
44
119
84
(D)
119
72
181
(D)
88
110
211
130
28
30
28
110
302
145
124
333
163
439
44
112
862
60
186
64
60
306
42
73
(D)
(D)
83
74
221
560
326
62
264
619
15
63
61
83
21
283
683
411
69
342
892
18
78
66
139
27
727
1,315
920
176
744
2,196
37
109
91
384
58
5,075
871
564
78
66
20
208
26
(D)
(D)
(*)
28
125
3,849
(D)
51
309
675
728
464
1,037
428
960
595
104
491
1,420
29
107
83
221
41
4,575
705
492
68
65
12
154
17
10
1
(*)
13
152
3,249
(D)
33
245
465
616
372
1,003
106
1977
487
349
47
52
8
118
13
4
1
(.*)
9
98
5,986
1,299
165
114
93
134
269
270
23
(P)
(P)
127
1976
7,245
1,523
184
120
107
172
325
350
23
10
219
12
6,614
1,414
173
119
96
150
294
298
22
8
241
13
714
49
179
(D)
?D)
225
164
1973
1
216
4,925
1,076
127
111
86
105
207
217
(D)
5
186
(D)
HI
1968
1
126
16
937
(P)
(P)
(P)
174
190
1963
(P
(P)
(P
73
85
18
820
(P)
210
1958
8
14
742
4
71
(P)
(P)
(P)
10
10
16
3
25
10
10
25
146
378
177
(*)
(*)
4
1
3
1
5
6
1
3
194
985
66
216
(D)
(E>)
334
215
1,098
70
246
(D)
(D)
368
233
96
33
19
2
6
19
17
105
29
24
3
7
24
19
988
1,540
1,220
237
982
2,838
41
118
108
498
77
1,086
1,663
1,388
258
1,130
3,167
45
129
115
609
91
1,238
1,852
1,589
290
1,299
3,579
50
143
127
729
99
74
148
47
12
35
137
12
14
19
13
4
86
170
61
16
45
175
14
16
20
19
5
(P)
(P)
298
7
1978
(*
(D
«
7
(D)
25
26
47
41
(D)
(D)
13
(P)
(P)
314
299
7
502
s
2
1
Line
279
33
14
3
(*)
39
153
1,422
892
119
93
37
345
42
20
3
(*>
46
187
3,239
1,516
227
206
188
179
192
114
11
3
166
230
3,890
1,677
232
208
213
220
243
132
10
2
197
219
5,212
2,085
271
229
263
285
329
171
9
2
271
256
6,565
2,486
334
271
294
362
431
235
14
1
343
203
7,935
2,832
366
300
340
408
519
297
218
8,906
3,022
378
316
356
449
561
316
30
(*)
398
218
389
140
9
5
47
34
56
57
440
155
11
6
50
43
65
70
530
183
12
6
55
55
80
90
1,723
26
52
126
197
356
442
131
2,213
31
60
144
238
480
574
125
3,126
37
70
195
337
684
775
201
4,079
52
88
210
498
886
1,065
180
5,103
55
86
203
708
1,147
1,266
444
5,884
62
90
238
772
1,356
1,435
509
30
56
60
126
121
40
150
75
165
131
64
206
109
265
185
95
192
153
433
226
83
124
144
165
687
260
182
832
285
221
950
319
562
74
126
677
66
168
931
66
244
1,568
78
378
2,095
98
450
2,274
105
492
(D)
286
1,863
89
396
(D)
(D)
687
343
375
837
396
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
11
9
12
(P)
6
17
5
9
18
5
10
20
9
8
132
31
34
3
9
31
24
216
40
58
6
12
62
39
275
46
69
10
17
86
46
296
44
77
8
21
96
50
320
47
89
8
23
98
55
109
249
88
24
65
280
19
23
25
27
7
160
377
129
42
87
464
30
26
27
50
9
229
467
171
56
115
662
36
30
32
68
12
247
507
192
61
131
744
43
34
34
78
16
273
571
215
69
146
842
45
37
38
89
18
6
9
1
4
(D)
1978
1,246
806
107
89
29
321
36
16
3
(*)
40
165
(P)
(P)
26
(P)
7
333
1958
5
341
7
Massachusetts
(P) (P)
(P)
(P)
155
184
(P)
(P)
542
(P)
D
(361
)
(P)
(P)
768
112
140
(^)
246
192
593
1,059
544
121
423
1,308
45
130
80
190
47
718
1,328
706
164
542
1,927
53
158
85
370
58
1,014
1,843
1,041
242
798
3,113
79
207
101
617
82
1,554
2,537
1,417
403
1,014
4,659
99
198
106
850
131
1,833
2,960
1,793
523
1,271
6,102
127
217
126
1,044
132
1,981
3,197
1,969
557
1,412
6,702
142
241
135
1,149
159
2,117
3,463
2,187
561
1,626
7,692
161
260
148
1,379
167
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
377
564
941
1,518
1,996
2,178
2,432
75
101
179
322
484
539
615
816
1,202
2,027
3,274
4,455
4,876
5,577
62
450
78
57
316
621
104
64
454
1,066
167
83
817
1,734
256
129
1,349
2,055
308
146
1,601
2,205
351
160
1,694
2,408
402
179
1,827
240
81
70
89
328
111
83
134
434
139
80
215
646
169
101
376
816
247
110
459
878
266
110
502
956
292
120
544
1,212
330
212
670
1,587
425
193
970
2,273
544
230
1,500
3,711
759
246
2,705
4,449
921
189
3,339
4,855
982
194
3,678
5,145
1,049
215
3,881
63
64
65
66
5,006
101
6,531
186
9,658
365
13,578 16,375
614
815
18,128
895
20,139
1,003
1,329
32
1,571
50
2,197
95
3,255
163
4,256
236
4,575
246
5,075
277
9,138
204
11,605
349
16,542 23,700
1,119
644
28,382
1,383
31,264
1,485
34,447
1,648
67
68
4,905
274
5,179
6,345
372
6,717
9,293
565
9,858
12,963
728
13,691
15,561
800
16,361
17,232
839
18,072
19,136
909
20,045
1,297
-16
1,281
1,521
-32
1,489
2,102
-35
2,067
3,092
-19
3,073
4,020
-33
3,988
4,329
-28
4,300
4,798
-26
4,773
8,935
-16
8,919
11,256
-37
11,219
15,898
-60
15,838
22,580
-108
22,473
26,999
-165
26,834
29,779
-186
29,593
32,798
-195
32,604
69
70
71
898
416
1,322
498
2,134
874
2,708
1,689
3,633
2,770
4,022
2,947
4,529
3,046
196
154
243
199
352
311
527
617
725
1,027
795
1,112
897
1,199
1,427
938
2,008
1,193
3,055
1,958
3,966
3,765
5,316
6,036
5,804
6,224
6,533
6,625
72
73
6,493
2,654
2,446
8,537
3,131
2,727
12,866
4,341
2,964
18,088
5,873
3,080
22,763
7,338
3,102
25,041
8,059
3,107
27,612
8,911
3,099
1,631
1,728
944
1,931
1,945
993
2,729
2,745
994
4,216
4,059
1,039
5,739
5,357
1,071
6,208
5,724
1,084
6,867
6,292
1,091
11,284
2,252
5,010
14,420
2,698
5,344
20,851
3,711
5,618
30,204
5,203
5,805
38,185
6,593
5,791
41,621
7,204
5,777
45,751
7,924
5,774
74
75
76
4. Under the 1972 SIC code ordnance was reclassified to four 2-digit industries:
ted metal products, electric and electronic equipment, transportation equipment
struments and related products.
5. Adjustment for border workers: income of U.S. residents working across U.S.
less income of foreign residents working in the U.S.
6. Includes the capital consumption adjustment for rental income of persons.
7. Because of an error in nonfarm proprietors' income which could not be corrected
fabricaand in-
for publication, the 1978 derivation of personal income by place of residence will not add to
total personal income. A corrected table will be available upon request to the Regional Economic Measurement Division.
borders
in time
NOTE.—Estimates for years prior to 1975 are based on the 1967 Standard Industrial Classiation (SIC).
ficatio
( ) Estimates for 1975-78 are based on the 1972 SIC.
N
NOTE.—See
S
ffootnotes
t t
on ttables
bl
1 and
d 2.
2
SURVEY OF CURRENT BUSINESS
34
Part II August 1979
Table 3.—Personal Income by Major Sources,
[Millions
New Hampshire
Line
Rhode Island
Item
1963
1968
1973
869
1,128
1,713
2,661
3,406
3,886
717
25
127
13
114
948
40
140
11
129
1,446
189
14
175
2,244
165
252
18
234
2,868
267
270
15
256
24
845
19
1,108
21
1, 691
25
2,636
731
3
948
3
1,464
5
2
3
4
1958
1976
1977
"1978
7
1958
1963
1968
1973
1976
1977
4,497
1,374
1,696
2,520
3,513,
4,169
4,555
5,066
3,252
324
310
11
299
3,770
386
342
11
331
1,198
42
134
6
128
1,483
61
152
4
148
2,195
111
214
4
210
3,063
207
243
2
241
3,609
323
237
3
235
3,927
377
251
2
250
4,345
430
292
16
276
22
3,384
19
3, 867
19
4,463
9
1, 366
1,689
g
2,512
6
3,508
4,162
4,548
22
5,044
2,225
11
2,859
11
3,291
12
3,848
14
1,094
5
1,364
5
2,007
8
2,789
13
3,422
18
3,752
21
4 189
25
9
2
4
9
2
6
10
2
6
12
3
3
2
1
4
2
1
6
2
2
9
4
2
10
8
2
11
10
2
12
13
4
153
2
193
2
188
2
204
3
231
1978
Income by place of work
otal labor and proprietors income }
1
By type
Wage and salary disbursements Other labor income 2
Proprietors income
.
F arm
Nonfarm
By industry
Farm
Nonfarm
2
3
4
5
6
g
.
...
- ...
--
Private
-- --Agricultural services, forestry, fisheries, and
other.3
Agricultural services
.
Forestry fisheries and other 3
Mining
Coal mining
.
Oil and gas extraction M^etal mining
Nonmetallic minerals exceDt fuels
Construction
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
Manufacturing
. . - .
Nondurable goods
Food and kindred Droducts
Textile mill products
ADDnrel mid other tpxtile Droduct0
Paper and allied products
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
-- --
Printincr and DiiblishinET
Chemicals and allied Droducts
Petroleum and coal Droducts
Tobacco manufactures
Rubber and misc nlastics Droducts
Leather and leather Droducts
-
Durable goods
_
.
-Lumber and wood products
Furniture and fixtures
Primary metal industries
Fabricated metal products
Machinery except electrical
Electric and electronic equipment
...
Transportation equipment exc. motor vehicles.
Motor vehicles and equipment
.Ordnance *
Stone clav and glass products
Instruments and related products
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries
Transportation and public utilities
-Railroad transportation
Trucking and warehousing
Water transportation
Other transportation
Communication
Electric, gas, and sanitary services .
.
Wholesale trade
Retail trade
Finance, insurance and real estate
Banking._.
Otherfinance,insurance, and real estate
Services. .
Hotels and other lodging places
Personal services
Private households
Business and repair services
Amusement and recreation incl. motion
pictures.
Professional, social, and related services
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
Government and government enterprises
Federal, civilian
...
Federal, military..
State and local
.
(*)
(*)
(*)
(*)
(*)
(*)
2
(*)
(*)
(*)
(•)
(*)
(*)
(*)
C)
(*)
(•)
56
74
125
4
213
6
212
264
326
71
1
96
327
418
638
854
1,083
1,258
1,479
489
589
841
1,097
1,375
1,524
1,700
196
227
311
374
433
492
548
255
330
397
442
471
519
23
89
54
11
1
130
123
83
91
(*)
112
91
47
59
26
104
70
11
1
(*)
132
100
227
41
51
25
98
61
11
1
5
73
16
45
8
37
21
2
(*)
(*)
16
81
21
51
13
51
29
3
(*)
(*)
40
103
1
(*)
70
76
131
191
327
480
650
766
25
9
32
46
48
16
53
18
14
45
7
36
15
2
(*)
23
9
36
34
11
10
50
66
C)
(*)
(*)
13
(D)
14
12
7
10
61
5
87
5
18
17
76
44
30
43
116
177
7
(*)
8
4
1
6
50
6
20
21
74
137
53
27
(D)
26
5
18
(*)
36
78
172
185
40
80
242
197
8
26
114
12
8
20
34
4
32
110
13
10
27
11
1
(*)
46
6
36
130
17
17
39
20
1
(*)
59
12
930
262
333
511
61
21
4
5
50
99
310
226
10
3
43
43
42
15
49
49
61
35
65
70
91
67
4
6
15
23
87
93
7
26
2
(*)
1
12
29
65
14
34
78
16
40
92
21
155
6
193
7
217
7
58
(D)
248
8
78
9
19
2
45
(D)
68
30
31
67
43
700
933
1,053
5
11
5
11
105
109
124
116
61
105
116
138
140
88
119
131
153
160
77
9
12
16
19
22
22
34
139
30
50
202
34
57
296
39
61
329
50
68
380
121
8
38
3
187
9
209
11
55
6
217
13
60
5
234
14
64
6
11
22
12
29
(D)
56
19
23
69
25
74
58
81
91
34
42
46
50
21
24
30
42
72
45
45
68
180
205
241
79
95
132
194
238
111
40
8
136
53
11
123
204
80
18
458
197
50
531
228
59
10
10
11
18
5
7
15
31
12
18
26
63
94
156
278
114
23
160
33
227
48
29
61
37
91
28
151
411
79
869
20
1,128
36
1,713
73
849
60
909
1,091
104
1,196
146
93
15
34
33
110
10
12
42
158
12
15
62
255
20
21
57
320
123
32
410
170
45
91
423
30
24
18
125
596
37
28
21
55
80
147
674
41
33
169
773
45
36
153
65
14
51
153
5
18
12
47
144
36
39
79
54
^ 9
86
93
116
91
8
21
18
13
10
18
1,181
81
(D)
103
(D)
(•)
91
28
(*)
74
(D)
12
16
81
(E))
22
23
53
33
45
130
32
34
72
46
(*)
(*)
87
25
187
84
18
66
214
6
24
269
123
28
370
171
49
94
359
8
32
122
562
9
32
15
50
16
87
427
222
70
152
743
11
33
19
112
6
14
48
51
253
282
454
249
77
499
285
87
172
828
13
35
196
931
15
37
20
129
22
145
23
96
25
114
29
33
7
10
14
20
22
24
27
403
452
520
92
134
240
398
546
607
685
524
98
54
576
113
630
117
272
71
325
83
505
131
718
168
739
159
796
161
856
176
372
54
409
58
455
114
87
106
136
152
221
161
38<
61
52C
63
571
69
611
2,661
138
3,406
191
3,886
215
4,497
252
1,374
40
1,696
62
2,520
115
3,513
200
4,169
257
4,555
277
5,066
310
1,639
183
1,822
2,523
271
2,794
3,215
374
3,589
3,670
403
4,073
4,245
435
4,680
1,335
20
1,355
1,634
29
1,663
2,405
44
2,449
3,313
100
3,413
3,912
135
4,047
4,278
155
4,434
4,756
169
4,925
207
128
315
205
472
422
724
682
817
736
928
803
219
161
312
199
396
320
573
640
741
1,017
803
1,076
1,148
1,975
1,530
2,358
2,342
3,303
3,688
4,637
4,995
6,040
5,626
6,618
6,409
7,357
1,735
2,022
2,174
2,481
3,166
3,433
4,626
4,766
5,805
6,204
6,312
6,734
906
1,155
6,984
7,472
581
649
709
795
827
850
871
858
922
971
936
937
935
51
282
19
13
28
Derivation of personal income by place of residence
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
Total labor and proprietors income by place of work
Less: Personal contributions for social insurance
by place of work.
Net labor and proprietors income by place of work..
Plus: Residence adjustment
Net labor and proprietors income by place of residence.
Plus: Dividends, interest, and rent 6
Plus: Transfer payments
Personal income by place of residence
Per capita income (dollars)
Total population (thousands)
See footnotes on pp. 32-33.
876
SURVEY OF CURRENT BUSINESS
Part II August 1979
35
Selected Years 1958-78—Continued
of dollars]
Mideast
Vermont
Delaware
._ Line
1958
I 1963
1968
1973
1976
1977
U978
1958
1963
1968
1973
1976
1977
7
1978
1958
1963
1968
1973
1976
1977
7
1978
527
658
1,047
1,555
1,923
2,096
2,427
73,561
91,168 130,559 185.371 223,300 240,825 264,966
925
1,155
1,725
2,713
3,305
3,536
3,979
399
14
114
41
73
516
22
120
32
88
851
45
150
42
108
1,267
88
199
59
141
1,553
135
235
66
168
1,691
159
246
54
192
1,941
189
297
85
212
62,622
2,565
8,374
78,451 112,502 161,466 193,172 207,745 227, 434
3,610
6,012 10,822 16,043 18,582 21,088
9,108 12,045 13,082 14,086 14, 498 16, 444
591
676 1,077
848
615 1,100
8,516 11,370 12,006 13,238 13,883 15,344
782
40
103
27
76
994
54
107
19
88
1,496
2,311
2,808
3,024
3,356
93
136
21
115
177
226
90
136
263
234
85
149
306
206
61
145
350
273
112
161
57
470
44
614
54
993
74
1,481
84
1,839
74
2,022
106
2,321
965 1,490
1,215
1,704
1,109
887
1,408
72, 452 90,281 129, 593 183,881 221,892 239,610 263,562
37
888
28
29
100
96
73
125
1,127
1,696
2,613
3,209
3,463
3,854
398
2
525
2
850
3
1,222
6
1,520
8
1,965
12
62,900
779
(D)
979
(D)
1,460
2,936
3,283
9
10
(D)
(DD)
()
(D)
(D)
(*)
7
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
2
11
1
11
5
1
8
6
C)
(*)
C)
6
34
6
44
143
51
16
4
6
10
8
1
184
59
16
3
5
12
12
2
C)
(*)
6
3
125
16
3
41
23
5
307
83
17
3
6
16
23
4
(*)
<•)
11
3
224
19
13
9
4
55
79
12
8
122
9
115
409
109
21
5
7
22
31
517
133
26
5
9
29
38
8
(*)
(*)
13
3
300
26
20
4
8
68
110
20
(*)
10
130
(D)
(D)
77,332 109,001 150,285 180,639 196, 210 216, 787
(D)
(D)
512
613
690
761
(D)
48
?
358
38
265
37
C)
37
(D)
37
11
162
695
166
31
6
12
38
46
10
(*)
3
582
145
28
6
10
33
41
8
(*)
(*)
16
3
384
34
23
4
10
76
158
25
437
38
24
6
11
87
184
27
529
46
28
7
15
102
225
36
30
15
8
33
18
9
37
20
12
124
12
35
1
9
42
24
139
14
40
1
11
46
27
%
7,554
40
(D)
(
(*)
(*)
820
20
4
3,975
(P)
5,113
24,026 28,657
10, 636 12,436
2,013
2,317
(D)
65
(D)
279
403
109
800
66
199
47
219
10, 839
10,022
10,694
11,992
64
82
118
48,683
20,164
3,315
1,363
3,357
1,672
3,653
4,260
57, Oil 62,563
23,586 25,598
3,950
4,196
1,303
1,365
3,516
3,659
2,265
2,018
4,272
4,614
5,474
(D)
1,013
1,137
68,887
27,875
4,516
1,437
3,975
2,501
4,995
399
304
26
10
14
491
386
29
10
15
724
545
48
10
19
974
482
76
393
390
470
77
556
429
529
91
872
529
1,227
13,390
16,221
22,523
28,519
205
346
235
397
297
534
396
665
2,610
1,573
2,042
2,247
1,093
2,988
1,776
2,608
2,983
1,091
4,042
2,432
3,864
4,134
1,499
(D)
3,168
4,969
5,071
1,506
715
96
505
(D)
(D)
(D)
1,632
1,321
(D)
1,829
(*)
542
572
(D)
33,425
(D)
36,965
41, 012
586
589
640
660
731
6,108
4,017
6,096
5,776
1,759
6,760
4,298
6,723
6,244
2,034
7,396
4,687
7,736
6,949
2,275
1,099
(D)
2,330
2,535
317
252
1,009
688
786
1,932
2,505
1,223
2,188
3,143
1,380
2,396
3,460
1,491
2,686
3,788
1,568
158
15
45
1
13
54
29
6,151
1,251
1,044
7,227
1,130
1,415
9,797
1,152
2,045
14,588
1,420
3,211
17,748
1,682
3,498
1,087
3,212
5,385
2,885
19,683
1,838
3,943
1,163
3,596
5,949
3,195
21,874
1,972
4,427
1,343
3,962
6,678
3,493
94
225
94
32
62
407
46
15
20
36
9
107
255
107
37
71
457
52
17
22
44
10
5,089
8,040
4,502
16,037
21,906
16,835
4,851
11,984
46,421
1,099
1,759
1,528
9,777
1,693
17,698
23,926
18,646
5,341
13,304
51,556
1,229
1,899
1,681
11,209
1,882
256
280
259
46
9
205
319
63
13
243
1,047
41
1,555
79
638
-13
625
1,006
-23
983
73
57
108
80
637
1,676
380
813
2,047
397
38
15
7
6
46
13
12
(*)
3
10
8
60
9
18
1
5
15
11
28
12
5
102
12
31
1
7
31
19
22
65
23
6
17
65
6
5
9
4
2
27
80
30
8
23
107
9
7
10
12
5
39
121
47
12
35
176
18
10
14
16
10
61
174
67
21
45
273
32
11
15
23
6
88
209
83
29
54
368
41
13
18
31
8
39
64
109
186
72
19
12
41
88
23
5
60
142
31
6
106
527
12
658
20
515
-9
506
635
735
932
946
1,005
1,263
1,249
1,531
1,167
1,896
2,260
1,512
2,645
4,036
2,331
6,173
9,443
5,727
1,287
4,441
14,328
8,433
13,086
8,816
1,955
6,862
22,030
12,022
17,862
11,929
3,281
8,648
33,050
954
459
549
725
986
1,037
1,231
1,554
1,204
6,926
1,260
15,086
20,883
15,292
4,542
10,751
42,760
1,044
1,658
1,432
8,666
1,514
979
3,524
10,410
8
217
(D)
(D)
3
f)
(D)
1,421
1,362
1,913
1,029
23
9
3
9
(*)
6
7,171
2,097
2,260
479
235
863
7
65
190
729
268
8
18
5
2
(D)
m\
(D)
81
1,053
1,307
C)
15
4
2
(D)
(D)
191
774
822
2,434
565
196
1,447
983
198
10
41
133
1,728
1,789
783
513
177
1,381
950
166
2,718
8
1,224
779
189
38,841
16,318
2,768
1,067
3,153
1,261
2,855
3,193
2,207
459
154
2,227
(D)
(P)
10
283
(*)
95
3
(*)
13
(E>)
(D)
(D)
5
13
396
10
(*)
(D)
105
3
(*
)
D
()
16
1
5
1
179
3
1
1
(D)
(*)
(*)
(D)
2
1
1
60
18
11
67
16
16
93
17
24
(P)
(P)
10
(D)
(P)
(P)
17
9
11
13
26
93
33
10
23
100
36
117
44
13
30
138
(P)
10
(P)
12
13
15
5
7
54
181
69
21
47
216
5
17
22
34
10
18
(D)
(*)
7
U
6
198
1
208
1
213
1
243
1,016
1,249
731
63
9
11
10
935
81
1,376
1,023
1,525
1,102
(D)
(D)
(D)
(P)
20
(*)
48
8
285
4
2
(P)
18
8
(D)
25
8
4
(D)
(*)
8
17
1
36
16
24
687
(*)
6
314
(P)
(D)
25
23
11
4
(D)
(D)
(P)
48
25
762
31
(*)
48
4
52
26
823
30
C)
55
2
353
7
3
38
29
422
9
3
46
29
14
4
12
4
(D)
(D)
9
25
1
10
32
1
12
39
2
148
25
37
7
11
31
36
192
33
48
8
18
42
44
208
36
50
230
39
56
96
280
116
38
78
363
(D)
130
327
143
(P)
(D)
20
46
(D)
331
156
(P)
(P)
(P)
453
488
10
(P)
24
31
74
15
33
82
17
(D)
21
50
(D)
(D)
7
8
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
560
(D)
25
36
100
17
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
(D)
62
368
173
(D)
848
909
1,912
2,844
582
733
1,570
1,114
4,630
1,010
313
5,572
8,061
12,981
21,120
28,446
30,566
33,656
52
78
127
222
332
65
11
256
356
71
12
273
9,552
3,475
12,949
4,563
986
972
5,091
7,414
20,593
6,561
1,384
12,647
33,596
9,579
1,734
22,283
41,253
12,351
1,716
27,185
43,400
13,124
1,699
28,577
46,475
14,372
1,752
30,552
109
23
34
51
148
27
40
81
236
42
56
138
386
62
58
266
491
83
65
344
527
88
64
375
571
94
68
409
63
64
65
66
1,923
101
2,096
110
2,427
128
73,561
1,780
91,168 130,559 185,371 223,300 240,825 264,966
2,914
9,524 11,727 12,613 14,008
5,382
925
17
1,155
1,725
2,713
3,305
3,536
3,979
31
63
130
159
171
192
67
68
1,475
-33
1,443
1,822
-33
1,789
1,986
-36
1,950
2,299
-44
2,255
71,781 88,254 125,177 175,847 211,573 228,212 250,958
-728 -1,094 -1,695 -2,474 -3,224 -3,453 -3,740
71,053 87,160 123,482 173,373 208,349 224,759 247,218
909
-67
842
1,124
1,662
-66
-70
1,058
1,592
2,583
-103
2,480
3,146
-122
3,023
3,365
-137
3,228
3,786
-155
3,632
69
70
71
190
129
282
258
369
421
416
438
473
470
50,194
50,159
226
57
292
78
385
135
489
270
630
478
697
528
783
558
72
73
1,302
3,028
430
1,983
4,264
465
2,579
5,403
477
2,805
5,819
482
3,197
6,566
487
88,735 111, 641 160,474 231,771 293,056 316,503 347,485
2,352
7,452
2,785
3,828
5,419
6,876
8,230
37,721 40,083 41,924 42,774 42,621 42,470 42,224
1,124
2,596
1,428
2,957
2,113
3,957
3,239
5,648
4,131
7,100
4,453
7,649
4,972
8,534
433
483
534
573
582
582
583
74
75
76
11,264
6,418
15,911
8,570
22,668
14,324
30,702
27,695
40,639
44,068
44,604
47,141
26
69
14
(D)
(D)
SUEVEY OF CUEEENT BUSINESS
36
Part II August 1979
Table 3.—Personal Income by Major
[Millions
District of Columbia
Item
Line
Maryland
1958
1963
1968
1973
1976
1977
'1978
1958
1963
1968
1973
1976
1977
U978
2,612
3,535
5,116
7,337
9,533
10,377
11,337
4,918
6,484
10,183
16,080
20,249
21,755
23,858
2,431
41
140
(*)
140
3,297
83
155
4,809
136
171
6,917
256
164
8,890
464
180
9,628
535
214
10,499
601
236
(*)
236
4,138
143
548
5,552
226
708
48
658
8,786
417
980
70
910
13,917
816
1,347
188
1,159
17,488
1,293
1,469
158
1,311
18,801
1,499
1,455
91
1,365
20, 432
1,681
1,745
236'
1,509
120
4,798
83
6,401
100
10,082
3,718
19
4,868
7,430
32
13
7
14
12
5
17
27
6
15
(D)
(*)
Income by place of work
Total labor and proprietors income 1
By type
Wage and salary disbursements.
Other labor income
Proprietors income2
Farm
Nonfarm2
C)
155
%
?
By industry
Farm
Nonfarm_
Private
Agricultural
services, forestry, fisheries, and
other.3
Agricultural services
Forestry,fisheries,and other3
Mining
Coalmining
Oil and gas extraction
Metal mining
Nonmetallic minerals, except fuels
Construction
Manufacturing
_
Nondurable goods
Food and kindred products
Textile mill products
Apparel and other textile products...
Paper and allied products
Printing and publishing
Chemicals and allied products
Petroleum and coal products
Tobacco manufactures
.
Rubber and misc. plastics products..
Leather and leather products
Durable goods
Lumber and wood products
Furniture and fixtures
Primary metal industries
Fabricated metal products
Machinery, except electrical
Electric and electronic equipment
Transportation equipment exc. motor
vehicles.
Motor vehicles
and equipment
Ordnance4
Stone, Clay, and glass products
Instruments and related products
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries, _.
Transportation and public utilities
Railroad transportation
Trucking and warehousing
W ater transportation
_.
Other transportation
_.
Communication
Electric, gas, and sanitary servicesWholesale trade
Retail trade
Finance, insurance, and real estate
Banking
_
Otherfinance,insurance, and real estate
Services
Hotels and other lodging places...
Personal services
Private households..
_
Business and repair services
Amusement and recreation incl. motion
pictures.
Professional, social, and related services
Government and government enterprises .
Federal, civilian..
_
Federal, military...
State and local
Derivation of personal income by place of residence
67
a,ft.
3,535
1,856
(D)
),377
2,564
(D)
(D)
(D)
s1
120
104
31
3,396
45
4,446
65
2
43
2
63
3
1
()
C)
C)
171
147
128
32
(*)
191
167
36
C)
(D)
125
3
o
(D)
()
276
224
201
8(*)D,
()
3
856
m
2
3
2
2
252
258
278
248
19
282
251
20
D
)
310
279
20
5
213
6
6
213
1,362
493
163
24
72
40
4
30
8
8
n
C)
453
(D)
662
1,641
615
185
11
88
52
98
108
9
2,231
852
237
15
121
74
149
139
11
()
51
31
127
235
118
22
96
451
( )
38
47
D
( )
D
229
33
16
()
75
40
161
284
157
28
129
697
(D)
45
51
D
( )
314
23,543
11,485
56
14,386
60
15,747
63
17,322
65
48
8
21
5
1
(*)
15
1,270
2,831
1,090
(D)
12
136
101
218
55
5
22
11
1
(•)
10
1,351
3,379
1,282
353
(D)
133
132
271
216
18
(*)
127
1,472
16
1
(*)
10
1,596
4,114
1,511
8
14
14
1,026
1,379
1,742
(D)
5
(*)
185
37
14
227
231
159
15,850 20,022 21,596
63
74
235
87
99
96
113
133
159
129
148
186
158
144
3,756
1,398
(D)
12
(D)
142
309
(D)
17
(D)
u
328
(D>
18
2,098
46
38
607
174
213
403
173
2,359
55
42
675
195
233
451
194
2,603
55
47
751
197
367
526
215
181
125
135
29
147
32
35
154
38
2
116
139
84
21
27
196
3
2
2
65
145
61
16
19
284
3
2
1
26
28
46
11
15
230
3
2
1
168
41
40
133
54
407
27
18
1
86
208
67
499
47
15
1
66
288
81
564
66
14
(D)
72
325
617
71
15
D
)
78
361
D
)
106
77
27
46
65
67
455
98
104
32
54
83
83
642
111
162
41
70
145
114
1,003
139
273
71
73
265
181
1,255
156
332
93
97
351
226
1,426
169
379
93
119
411
255
1,589
182
425
111
130
455
286
219
355
241
45
196
1,048
51
52
65
166
23
207
391
323
76
247
1,520
(D)
72
243
30
227
448
422
)
474
465
)
499
515
489
1,209
500
80
420
1,649
27
130
99
418
66
835
1,905
785
144
641
2,778
51
144
113
671
86
1,133
2,408
1,028
210
818
3,750
65
172
134
860
105
1,231
2,532
1,163
234
928
4,077
180
143
964
119
1,350
2,764
1,296
266
1,031
4,520
(D)
196
157
1,100
124
5,849
2,513
465
2,871
6,221
2,559
479
3,183
312
30
15
)
()
()
()
2,226
80
()
2,504
90
42
92
348
29
14
17
690
1,071
263
442
1,259
1,008
135
117
1,679
1,376
129
174
2,552
2,072
160
320
3,941
3,070
227
644
5,088
4,097
257
734
5,521
255
870
1,904
329
307
747
301
52
249
930
(D)
87
75
(D)
42
526
1,714
2,414
6,029
4,835
256
1,080
520
211
349
1,533
753
225
556
2,652
1,216
374
1,062
4,365
1,879
510
1,976
5,637
2,478
464
2,695
()
2,770
104
45
101
408
31
2,081
228
581
212
36
176
589
(D)
70
68
(D)
31
21,755 23,858
1,164 1,283
Total labor and proprietors income by place of work
Less: Personal contributions for social insurance
by place of work.
Net labor and proprietors income by place of work..
Plus: Residence adjustment
Net labor and proprietors income by place of residence.
Plus: Dividends, interest, and rent •
Plus: Transfer payments
2,612
96
3,535
153
5,116
255
7,337
410
9,533
513
10,377
549
11,337
602
4,918
128
6,484
223
10,183
436
16,080
819
20,249
1,084
2,516
-991
1,525
1,598
1,784
4,861
2,581
2,279
6,927
4,015
2,912
9,020
-5,516
3,504
9,828
-5,971
3,856
10,735
-6,544
4,191
4,790
566
5,355
6,262
951
7,212
9,747
1,597
11,344
15,261
2,527
17,789
19,165 20,591 22,574
3,384 3,690 4,085
22,550 24, 281 26, 660
310
182
414
246
480
401
636
815
918
1,207
1,017
1,266
1,146
1,349
759
1,071
557
1,641
1,008
2,327
2,123
Personal income by place of residence..
Per capital income (dollars)
Total population (thousands)
2,017
2,665
757
2,443
3,062
798
3,161
4,063
778
4,364
5,928
736
700
6,140
8,965
685
6,684
9,924
674
6,495
2,178
2,982
8,841
2,611
3,386
See footnotes on pp. 32-33.
3,100
3,468
3,506
3,749
3,935
4,060
13,993 22,239 29,117
3,668 5,459 7,058
3,815 4,074 4,125
31,536
7,r~~
4,137
34,646
8,363
4,143
SUEVEY OF CURRENT BUSINESS
Part II August 1979
37
Sources, Selected Years 1958-78—Continued
of dollars]
]STew York
N e w Jersey
Pennsylvania
Line
1958
1963
1968
1973
1976
1977
11,127
14,465
20,791
30,733
37,198
40,531
7
1978
1958
1963
45,203
34,725
42,943
1968
1973
1976
1977
U978
1958
1963
1968
1973
1976
1977
19,254
22,586
32,426
46,219
57,671
62,919
7
1978
69,596
1
48,769 52,874 58,180
4,571
5,469
6,206
4,332 4,576 5,211
315
295
481
4,016
4,281
4,730
2
3
4
5
6
541
352
129
426
387
324
531
517
680
149
118
132
416
500
452
289
113
113
373
106
406
10,978 14,352 20,685 30,604 37,080 40,418 45,371 34,309 42,570 59,912 81,789 94,918 101,355 110,541 18,867 22,297 32,103 45,689 57,130 62,402 68,916
7
8
9,335
449
1,343
96
1,247
60,318 82,289
95,344 101,708 110,993
12,316 17,729 26,572 31,904 34,733 38,623 29,811 37,155 52,165 72,317 83,314 88,685 96,345
644 1,078
1,953 2,842 3,270 3,767
1,159
1,627 2,610 4,605 6,610 7,504 8,482
1,505
1,984 2,208 2,452 2,528 2,813 3,755 4,160 5,543 5,367 5,419 5,519
6,166
63
54
71
52
39
60
300
256
298
344
238
130
211
1,442
1,930 2,137 2,400 2,490 2,754 3,455
3,904 5,244 5,023 5,181 5,388
5,955
9,757
31
12,653
37
26
5
25
(D)
33
4
28
(D)
17,975 25,979 31,191 34,093 38,223 30,340 37,172 51,389 67,848 78,734 84,572 92,810
59
90
109
125
140
70
91
145
213
247
278
306
84
6
48
(•
)
(DD)
()
43
1,903
95
13
48
(D)
4
(D)
35
1,708
110
16
49
(D)
3
(D)
37
1,805
124
16
53
(D)
4
(D)
40
2,145
54
15
70
(DD)
()
21
38
1,770
16,124 19,136 27,517 39,433
733
976 1,677 3,016
2,397 2,474 3,232 3,770
308
205
232
383
2,088 2,269 3,000
3,387
16,953 19,805 28,184 39,351 49,165
37
39
60
100
•123
54,006 59,840
142
159
9
10
200
78
189
1
75
38
74
3,425
218
88
201
1
88
30
82
3,825
37
1
426
355
26
10
34
1,061
38
1
337
261
23
12
40
1,194
152
7
1,154
(D)
96
(D)
85
3,925
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
25,947
10,701
1,646
552
2,104
898
2,615
1,582
491
66
451
296
7,354
2,656
534
283
480
208
353
324
219
43
108
104
8,757 12,239 15,986 19,179 21,186 23,370
3,141
4,157
5,302 6,242 6,849 7,497
640
786 1,008
1,280
1,371
1,485
294
381
469
467
503
547
595
817
948
983 1,038
1,127
267
365
512
621
698
773
414
555
729
866
937 1,029
423
579
754
980 1,118
1,227
203
229
287
379
425
460
42
50
48
38
37
42
140
246
395
463
554
631
123
148
151
165
167
175
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
8,856 10,778 12,459 13,753 15,246
146
158
171
187
117
248
276
252
267
297
741 1,018
1,114
1,213
1,266
793
952 1,123
1,251
1,382
1,825 2,215 2,647
2,955 3,388
1,569
1,936
2,177 2,379 2,712
727
639
771
827
868
4,698
69
101
1,616
615
648
644
214
5,616
80
119
1,819
680
839
893
293
118
21
401
198
155
213
104
517
306
201
339
70
758
377
276
415
547
640
912
482
350
1,009
549
378
1,135
627
383
39
40
41
42
43
4,935
857
1,329
183
435
1,090
1,040
166
47
145
1
50
27
66
4,225
179
69
185
3
77
35
70
3,255
59
2
358
273
23
16
46
1,995
96
3
582
(D)
26
(D)
65
2,967
119
4
960
764
99
23
74
3,221
137
5
1,108
(D)
80
(D)
77
3,527
648
24
900
54
4
29
(*)
(*)
2
26
1,302
4,360
1,929
335
161
263
158
176
568
101
7
116
45
5,464
2,445
443
161
295
218
227
745
100
7
202
56
7,433
3,430
554
223
411
290
330
1,139
118
3
294
69
9,695 11,328 12,364 13.621
4,688 5,742
6,234 6,785
678
811
812
876
309
293
295
315
473
512
533
571
447
504
554
612
490
612
759
688
1,671
2,230 2,488 2,714
166
266
294
318
3
(D)
(D)
(D)
379
432
487
536
73
(D)
(D)
(D)
10,430 12,157 16,023 18,931 21,598 23,598
5,150 5,711
7,167 8,153
9,139
9,844
924
988 1,107
1,249
1,406
1,528
305
345
437
564
519
546
1,377
1,440
1,784
1,788
1,850
1,933
362
429
524
602
740
817
1,057
1,260
2,286 2,442
1,683 2,021
612
700
938 1,095
1,355
1,476
147
149
160
227
317
366
25
28
45
51
57
38
116
138
209
301
351
402
225
233
260
265
276
286
2,431
(D)
43
241
296
363
683
190
3,009
(D)
54
278
381
458
859
187
4,003
(D)
(D)
363
552
704
1,086
159
5,007
(D)
(DD)
()
797
918
1,250
118
5,587
(D)
94
(D)
957
1,106
1,328
99
6,131
75
102
437
995
1,201
1,468
105
6,836
87
123
486
1,112
1,404
1,608
114
5,280
84
180
475
569
955
842
452
6,446
95
198
571
610
1,215
1,127
510
165
275
362
384
516
475
256
557
539
289
612
591
316
223
151
271
674
405
378
103
350
833
457
496
63
431
1,242
603
633
47
568
1,656
693
601
2,126
736
663
2,301
784
756
2,490
826
97
51
365
146
133
4,842
387
707
632
1,279
1,265
572
6,987
450
1,014
532
1,850
2,220
920
8,308
507
1,006
584
2,236
2,819
1,157
9,052
554
1,130
623
2,488
3,009
1,249
9,958
594
1,263
717
2,722
3,297
1,364
1,625
504
324
72
162
253
309
1,809
445
425
87
185
293
375
2,353
485
610
104
235
425
493
3,533
636
1,010
124
294
735
734
4,387
797
1,146
159
373
998
916
5,458
920
1,509
212
487
1,200
1,131
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
1,308
2,371
1,032
246
786
2,960
1,791
3,289
1,505
359
1,146
4,594
3,388 3,574
3,998
5,616 5,988
6,611
2, 785 3,123
3,531
804
863
956
1,981
2,260 2,575
9,506 10,424 11, 633
280
275
304
447
483
523
289
308
339
1,490
1,707
1,924
265
302
332
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
C)
(D)19
71
20
76
(D)
(D)
21
40
2,322
117
28
96
(DD)
()
22
48
2,924
174
176
132
233
257
152
320
333
195
229
10
458
425
221
858
147
224
68
108
153
158
1,108
134
339
105
141
192
197
1,555
122
527
150
221
274
261
2,510
142
857
211
329
577
393
3,106
142
953
242
421
887
462
3,499
155
1,040
256
463
1,069
515
4,021
166
1,159
291
523
1,315
567
3,035
438
393
463
631
730
380
3,558
403
515
506
799
877
459
626
1,261
543
99
445
1,405
44
167
108
326
57
827
1,524
689
128
561
2,074
54
205
116
524
74
1,204
2,177
999
185
814
3,217
85
262
144
811
103
2,018
3,184
1,444
334
1,110
5,086
125
266
156
1,282
134
2,732
3,813
1,862
435
1,427
6,484
126
289
186
1,645
175
2,985
4,027
2,091
465
1,626
7,147
135
307
199
1,858
193
3,377
4,397
2,341
510
1,831
8,129
172
333
218
2,223
206
2,908
3,681
2,765
617
2,148
5,611
286
499
427
1,128
388
3,534 4,675
4,399 5,876
3,505
5,502
819 1,264
2,686 4,238
7,530 11,305
338
416
595
736
456
553
1,578 2,499
494
661
6,287 7,476 7,859 8,552
7,471 8,271 8,554 9,288
7,150 9,053 9,838 10, 789
2,102 2,933 3,118 3,421
5,048 6,120 6,720 7,368
16,440 20,341 21,780 23,944
486
489
514
565
696
688
723
776
594
707
754
829
3,526 4,300 4,819 5,454
794
926 1,034
1,172
1,174
2,189
831
196
636
2,255
82
254
186
303
87
10,343
102
(D)
117
(D)
(D)
753
942
1,075
8,082 10,684
107
158
178
247
2,523
3,279
954 1,245
1,193
1,624
1,308
1,715
479
597
96
140
287
196
435
100
373
231
701
146
2,579
4,631
2,111
587
1,524
6,864
250
386
243
1,136
2C2
12,937 14,338 15,874
249
281
321
200
226
261
3,935
4,391
4,839
1,734
1,825
1,964
2,101
2,306
2,547
1,853
1,927 2,085
706
900 1,071
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
702
1,101
1,813
3,123
4,063
4,455
4,976
2,883
4,068
6,439
13, 232 13, 937 15,148
1,343
1,846
3,002
4,648
6,741
7,345
8,211
62
1,221
293
199
729
1,699
392
212
1,095
2,710
600
345
1,765
4,625
879
358
3,389
5,889
1,222
322
4,345
6,325
1,299
306
4,720
6,847
1,441
299
5,107
3,970
956
257
2,758
5,398
1,171
247
3,980
8,523 13, 941 16,184 16, 783 17, 730
1,452 2,104 2,483 2,746 2,989
282
379
390
400
432
6,789 11,457 13, 311 13,638 14,309
1,914
675
150
1,089
2,492
845
119
1,529
3,919
1,179
167
2,572
6,338
1,586
201
4,551
7,965
1,988
220
5,756
8,396
2,083
210
6,102
9,077
2,253
218
6,605
63
64
65
66
14,465 20, 791 30, 733 37,198 40,531
454
852 1,643 2,010 2,182
45,203
2,442
19, 254 22,586 32,426
444
716 1,380
46,219
2,447
57,671 62,919
3,128 3,381
69,596
3,764
67
68
59,538
-495
59,043
65, 833
-535
65, 298
«9
70
71
10,398
13,099
11,713
13,953
72
73
75, 579 82,540 90,939
6,404 6,997 7,740
11,802 11,796 11,750
74
75
76
11,127
251
34,725 42, 943 60, 318 82,289
844 1,338 2,396 4,075
95, 344 01, 708 10,993
4,832 5,166 5,725
10, 875 14, 011 9,939 29,090 35,188 38,349 42, 761 33,881 41,604 57,922 78, 213 90, 512 96,542 05,268 18,810
1,731
1,155
2,840 3,883 4,497 4,777 5,175 -1, 320 -1,962 -3,143 -4,372 -4,999 - 5 , 316 -5, 767
-70
12; 030 15, 742 22, 779 32, 973 39,685 43,126 47, 937 32,561 39,643 54, 778 73,841 85,512 91, 225 99, 501 18,740
1,592
930
2,388
1,285
14,553
2,471
5,890
19,415
2,973
6,531
3,613
2,144
5,278
4,280
6,885
7,056
7,446
7,549
28,536 42,532 53, 625 58,121
4,074 5,807 7,288 7,921
7,005 7,324 7,358 7,338
8,414
7,946
5,657
2,913
64, 281 41,130
8,773 2,478
7,327 16,601
8,160
3,939
11, 513 14,998 19,795
6,904 12, 601 19,668
51, 741 73,195
2,963 4,055
17,461 18,051
43, 772 54,543
-394
-467
43,378 54,076
5,035
3,731
6,974
7,605
45, 963 23, 416 27,772 39,476
8,224 2,118 2,431
3,362
17,748 11, 058 11,424 11,741
57,958
4,890
11,853
21, 539 24,202
20,949 22, 292
01,440 24,975 33,714
5,570 6,922 7,457
18, 213 18,054 17,932
21, 871 31,046
-150
-337
21,721 30,709
2,720
1,955
3,586
2,465
9,311
12,192
SURVEY OF CURRENT BUSINESS
38
Part II August 1979
Table 3.—Personal Income by Major
[Millions of
Great Lakes
Item
Line
1973
Illinois
7
1958
1963
1908
64,863
80,291
:8,583
4,199
214,244
240,210
269,236
i3, 254
2,503
9,107
2,181
6,926
.7, 252
3,423
9, 617
1,966
7,651
10,256
6,124
2, 203
2,098
0,104
16,545
1,736
5, 918
4,715
1,204
180,413
17,974
15,857
3,441
12,416
200,605
21,339
18,265
4,131
14,134
2,490
62,373
2,373
77, 919
2,491
.6, 092
5,289
•8,911
4,316
209, 928
55,912
141
>9,063
163
)2,074
246
[6, 215
358
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
Farm
Nonfarm.
Private
Agricultural services, forestry, fisheries, and
other. 3
Agricultural services.
Forestry, fisheries, and other 3
Mining
Coal mining
Oil and gas extraction
Metat mining
Nonmetallic minerals, except fuels
Construction
135
6
486
167
111
60
149
3,858
158
5
508
167
113
59
168
4,442
240
6
628
213
126
77
212
7,470
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
M anufacturing
Nondurable goods
Food and kindred products
Textile mill products
Apparel and other textile products...
Paper and allied products
Printing and publishing
Chemicals and allied products
Petroleum and coal products
Tobacco manufactures
Rubber and misc. plastics products..
Leather and leather procducts
25,394
7,310
2,183
133
352
818
1,350
1,084
334
13
833
209
31,963
2,363
145
428
1,070
1,640
1,348
340
12
1,117
235
18,084
197f>
1977
1978
1958
1963
1968
1973
1976
1977
'1978
i,204
14,512
5,231
51,108
63,330
70,2)8
8,371
224,609
24,544
20,082
4,449
15,633
6,633
691
2,881
730
2,150
:0,519
966
3,028
658
370
1,652
3,591
578
3,014
43,041
3,054
5,013
1,643
3,370
53, 619
4,846
4,865
1,024
3,841
58,838
5,724
5,736
1,305
4,431
55,323
6,595
6,453
1,536 i
4,917 /
,056
235,154
5,475
263, 761
817
'65
3,747
672
34,559
1,779
49,330
1,264
62,066
1,585
68,713
1,813
6,558
181,117
439
204,636
523
230,543
610
7,440
42
11,076
49
0,351
75
42,498
105
53,411
124
59,614
150
36,807
174
346
12
952
415
144
102
291
9,944
425
14
1,676
(D)
433
(D)
337
11,055
504
19
1,810
899
399
140
372
12,720
587
24
1,983
925
462
175
420
14,745
41
1
203
79
66
3
56
1,283
47
1
200
78
59
2
61
1,432
102
3
340
195
51
1
94
3,101
120
4
619
344
153
146
236
102
60
1
74
2,324
[6,631
.1, 953
2, 939
172
607
1,440
2,254
2,069
402
9
1,777
282
65,688
16,041
3,841
208
757
1,970
2,981
2,795
576
10
2,590
314
78,780
19,863
5,009
219
872
2,446
3,492
3,702
801
11
2,997
315
22,050
5,414
246
979
2,706
3,779
4,077
893
11
3,623
320
101,152
24, 292
5,901
247
1,060
3,010
4,163
4,534
961
13
4,068
337
6,772
2,434
806
(D)
166
177
617
310
121
(D)
121
73
8,200
2,850
879
(D)
178
242
741
393
125
(D)
170
81
1,701
3,913
1,107
(D)
219
328
1,022
631
167
(D)
313
90
15,936
5,139
1,445
(D)
234
443
1,306
810
276
(D)
486
102
483
2,832
2,439
3,645
2,394
900
23,265
329
538
3,718
3,108
4,:
3,115
846
34,678
448
746
5,271
4,740
7,517
4,565
1,366
49,647
659
1,034
7,790
6,646
10,325
6,171
1,644
58,917
918
1,079
9,115
8,359
12,448
6,610
1,959
67,939
1,059
1,193
10,413
9,664
14,143
7,591
2,253
76,859
1,228
1, ~
11,815
10,791
16,104
8,673
2,673
4,338
67
139
596
750
1,033
884
145
5,350
72
161
776
865
1,420
1,067
130
7,788
94
221
1,071
1,285
2,149
1,551
215
10,797
120
286
1,538
1,756
3,006
2,107
326
3,325
158
859
358
415
4,598
181
1,004
449
485
7,042
359
1,319
678
628
11, 463
228
1,946
923
816
13,893
16,545
18,604
241
37
317
342
264
652
2,916
1,592
1,126
143
23
250
242
201
534
2,611
1,447
1,021
133
15
213
193
170
443
2,359
1,253
925
36
448
458
353
562
612
413
601
699
451
659
737
486
Income by place of work
Total labor and proprietors income *
By type
Wage and salary disbursements.
Other labor income
Proprietors income 2
Farm
_
Nonfarm 2
By industry
10
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
39
40
41
42
43
Durable goods..
Lum ber and wood products
Furniture and fixtures
Primary metal industries
Fabricated metal products
Machinery, except electrical
Electric and electronic equipment
Transportation equipment exc. motor
vehicles.
Motor vehicles
and equipment
Ordnance 4
Stone, clay, and glass products
Instruments and related products
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries..
C)
C)
121
3,527
18,993
6,322
1,822
(D)
231
562
1,498
1,091
411
(D)
584
140
3,943
169
5
719
412
151
(*)
156
4,471
21,180
6,890
1,962
(D)
248
602
1,624
1,202
448
(D)
673
83
23, 662
7,577
2,151
(D)
263
67,167
1,792
1,339
470
(D)
762
79
12,671
143
295
1,759
2,120
3,733
2,171
421
411
136
14, 290 16,085
166
185
322
346
1,97
2,355
2,404
2,688
4,218
4,726
2, 433
2,691
491
560
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
Transportation and public utilities...
Railroad transportation
Trucking and warehousing
Water transportation
O ther transportation
Communication
.
Electric, gas, and sanitary services..
4,764
1,366
1,188
100
415
834
862
5,543
1,310
1,588
108
524
979
1,035
7,619
1,465
2,328
138
819
1,469
1,400
11,790
1,968
3,755
151
1,156
2,622
2,138
14, 475
2,253
4,272
181
1,468
3,548
2,754
16,276
2,439
4,992
200
1,728
3,908
3,009
18,393
2,624
5,749
238
1,993
4,415
3,375
1,723
583
392
22
178
29:
258
1,983
562
508
26
252
328
308
2,637
585
732
34
422
465
400
4,056
779
1,134
39
646
838
620
4,994
864
1,312
49
836
1,150
783
5,567
930
1,506
57
953
1,263
858
6,266
999
1,709
63
1,093
1,454
947
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
Wholesale trade
Retail trade
Finance, insurance, and real estate
Banking
Other finance, insurance, and real estate
Services
Hotels and other lodging places
Personal services
Private households
Business and repair services
Amusement and recreation incl. motioi
pictures.
Professional, social, and related services
3,830
7,352
2,913
559
2,354
7,175
4,690
8,557
3,705
735
2,97
9,492
315
1,027
524
1,642
377
6,800
12,401
5,450
1,12C
4,330
14,828
470
1,404
13,423
20,830
9,97:
2,55
7,420
30,468
750
1,598
798
5,389
95,
14,787
22,767
11,388
2,799
8,589
34,377
842
1,769
851
6,231
1,102
16,52
25,234
12,938
3,136
9,803
38,962
941
1,93
936
7,27
18
1,501
2,27:
1,09*
20
894
2,543
11
31
14
49C
11
1,833
2,67:
1,384
27
5,015
6,176
3,843
3,324
13C
355
150
644
129
2,614
3,776
2,015
400
1,614
4,973
181
458
179
973
194
3,658
5,075
2,827
2,588
566
10,016
17,235
7,545
1,832
5,713
22,687
648
1,446
671
4,02'
76:
5,569
6,727
4,347
1,05?
3,2&
11,443
306
515
24i
2,39;
252
319
6,138
7,47'
4,942
1,182
3,760
12,958
33£
56.
266
2,707
384
3,97,
5,60;
9,17
15,134
20,971
23,582
26,69J
1,365
1,91,
2,988
4,793
6,778
7,61
8,705
6,46:
1,47'
55
4,42$
8,856
1,934
572
6,35C
14,01
2,79C
815
10,41-
22,691
3,972
983
17, 74C
28,811
4,934
1,107
22, 761
30,518
5,200
1,125
24,192
33,21!
5,61
1,144
26,462
1,94
501
21
1,225
2,67
63;
22:
1,813
4,209
917
353
2,938
6,832
1,288
393
5,151
8,655
1,508
477
6,670
9,09!
1,657
496
6,947
9,751
1,744
498
7,50<
Total labor and proprietors income by place o
work.
Less: Personal contributions for social insurance
by place of work.
Net labor and proprietors income by place of work
70
Plus: Residence adjustment
71 Net labor and proprietors income by place of res
dence.
72
Plus: Dividends, interest, and rent«
73
Plus: Transfer payments
64,863
80,29:
118,58:
174,19S
214,244
240,210
20,20
24,511
35,231
51,108
63,330
70,298
78,37:
1,394
2,35*
4,65
8,32:
43!
73
1,393
2,440
3,246
3,553
3,98;
74
75
76
62
63
64
65
Government and government enterprises
Federal, civilian
Federal, military
State and local
27 r
89C
492
1,20*
62S
i, n;
673
956
2,154
7,400
2,887
10,120
243
438
190
261
463
227
1,485
2,071
Derivation of personal income by place of resideno
Personal income by place of residence
Per capita income (dollars)
Total population (thousands)
~ ~ ~"
See footnotes o n pp. 32-33.
63,46S
10,
12,003
269,23<
13,566
165,87:
44(
166,3:
203,41'
64!
204,0J
228, 207
717
228, 921
18,07i
10,91<
25,69S
21,36'
34,55:
34,6"
38,356
36,910
256,4'
43,19(
39,54^
143,12i
3,61(
39,64i
213,38C
5,225
40,83'
273,2&
6,67!
40,91*
304,1&
7,407
41,066
339,11!
8,22'
41,23!
63,5
77, 933 113,93$
20?
10C
114,
78,03
8,7K
5,40
12,24:
6,841
77,63:
2,18:
35, 571
97,13:
2,601
37,35
255,671
so:
48,669 60,084 66,746 74,385
35i
214
172
300
289
34,010 48,883 60,372 67,046 74,73'
19,76<
8'
19,8
23, 77
12e
23,9(
2,76!
1,451
4,070
1,977
5,942
3,172
8,397
6,282
11,362
10,092
12,571
10,723
24,07'
2,435
9,88C
29, 95
2,87!
10,40:
43,123
3,922
10,995
63,562
5,687
11,177
81,827
7,310
11,193
90,340 100,09:
8,90:
8,046
11,228 11,241
14,160
11, 222
SUEVEY OF CUKEENT BUSINESS
Part II August 1979
39
Sources, Selected Years 1958-78—Continued
dollars]
Michigan
Indiansi
Ohio
Line
•
7
1958
1963
1968
1973
1976
1977
33,157
13,717
17,320
26,886
40,230
48,610
27,299
3,051
2,807
11,280
14,578
22,778
1,631
2,476
34,184
3,245
2,801
41,076
4,834
2,701
1978
7
1978
1958
1963
1968
1973
1976
1977
71978
55,532
62,832
16,972
20,788
30,684
44,049
54,232
60,397
67,332
1
46,543
5,849
3,140
52,552
6,735
3,544
14,310
17,783
26,266
1,528
2,890
37,800
2,896
3,352
46,148
4,382
3,703
51,148
5,142
4,107
57,052
5,871
4,409
2
3
4
5
6
1958
1963
1968
1973
1976
1977
7,652
9,782
14,317
21,683
26,409
29,457
6,152
8,061
11,957
17,540
1,478
2,665
1,161
1,505
21,643
2,235
2,532
24,248
2,644
2,565
888
625
662
286
251
238
469
344
446
565
363
283
363
590
611
606
544
1,643
1,940
2,145
1,478
1,628
2,239
2,332
2,357
2,695
2,979
1,689
1,864
2,527
2,762
3,092
3,501
3,865
311
427
776
1,189
1,294
1,583
404
405
890
1,216
785
368
674
862
1,764
1,880
609
858
2,052
2,148
448
470
424
344
332
325
585
482
588
716
428
369
444
713
813
792
782
13,892
1,044
25,365
836
9,312
1,254
20,429
783
7,204
28,674
32,321
13,373
16,988
26,561
39,644
48,128
54,945
62,115
16,544
20,420
30,240
43,336
53,419
59,605
66,550
6,475
8,278
12, 232
17,956
22,209
25,258
28,566
11,916
15,005
23,315
.34,237
41,212
47,581
54,040
14,849
18,138
26,785
37,779
46,453
52,205
58,497
15
18
26
40
48
58
67
25
29
50
77
95
112
134
43
46
65
91
109
133
153
9
10
15
(*)
58
28
12
1
18
452
18
(*)
63
25
12
2
24
523
26
(*)
70
39
1
95
53
5
(*)
37
48
1
179
99
57
1
195
123
66
2
213
132
22
48
2
116
107
5
263
127
6
314
(D)
(•)
(D)
1,980
74
3
173
(*)
25
90
58
91
4
266
(D)
(*)
(D)
1,705
87
(*)
11
48
28
708
28
1
91
(*)
11
51
29
865
42
1
117
60
22
2
33
46
1
136
64
32
2
39
64
1
185
81
45
7
52
89
2
312
166
63
8
74
106
3
572
321
164
11
76
128
4
620
364
158
12
85
148
5
688
380
196
14
98
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
3,145
4,162
809
246
996
283
(D)
(D)
(*)
i
(D)
(D)
C)80
(D)
78
120
(D)
87
153
29
901
1,236
(D)
(*)
(D)
1,430
1,489
2,107
(D)
(D)
2,088
2,522
(D)
3,050
1,042
1,151
2,006
2,489
2,800
3,126
3,626
6,081
1,314
8,927
1,784
10,664
2,175
12,187
2,430
13,877
2,680
6,032
1,148
7,827
1,395
11,965
1,929
17, 298
2,633
20,686
3,273
24, 375
3,707
27,413
4,071
7,041
2,054
8,738
2,444
12, 703
3,413
17,481
4,545
322
402
515
557
604
346
17
95
205
198
347
29
3
134
22
434
23
179
246
272
495
32
1
217
29
573
22
260
317
396
647
47
828
60
394
426
473
938
66
(*)
481
42
896
47
431
454
522
625
76
107
367
558
571
109
4
939
57
795
93
135
492
715
806
151
4
26,398
6,824
1,208
71
163
584
846
74
174
647
911
81
189
716
989
1,101
1,220
1,381
71
(*)
590
43
496
58
77
257
412
369
91
5
632
46
23,681
6,217
1,111
1,017
463
50
75
210
331
309
85
5
483
44
20, 768
5,555
1,026
226
3
262
3
291
3
1,477
1,760
1,902
68
37
CD)
95
9
140
11
225
13
330
17
386
18
479
19
541
21
331
11
49
165
173
281
25
3
94
15
34
757
47
325
381
435
859
59
(*)
370
39
58
59
56
63
2,336
3,166
4,767
7,142
8,490
9,757
11,196
4,884
6,431
10,036
14,666
17,413
20,668
23,341
4,987
6,295
9,290
12,936
15, 213
17,464
19,574
45
84
580
208
276
406
213
61
110
750
296
387
617
233
83
161
126
232
229
219
267
238
322
271
82
179
132
246
161
274
181
301
200
354
48
108
55
110
83
133
123
182
158
191
182
215
215
236
1,101
1,626
2,042
2,351
1,151
1,605
1,764
2,227
1,838
2,145
2,458
2,155
2,558
2,946
249
84
404
122
550
120
593
204
717
240
2,373
2,841
3,448
1,026
1,291
674
895
1,046
1,304
1,772
1,042
441
587
944
387
60
120
715
808
1,774
1,382
2,015
1,231
2,617
1,940
2,827
1,399
3,071
2,470
3,360
1,545
3,473
2,837
3,687
1,869
3,815
3,158
4,140
2,064
320
13
133
18
40
453
36
144
29
50
548
166
148
2
46
89
98
364
871
315
60
255
706
25
99
59
89
30
(D)
38
58
109
148
99
(D)
(D)
47
85
147
188
90
(D)
(D)
(D)
63
117
209
269
89
81
162
285
404
96
(D)
(D)
(D)
95
202
357
496
97
(D)
0»
101
222
387
546
109
(D)
(D)
109
249
427
599
120
(D)
C)
337
842
975
1,521
1,088
1,660
1,283
1,819
2,730
1,075
1,451
2,011
517
582
693
845
51
109
473
562
827
246
90
638
121
186
42
76
1,068
1,268
1,504
1,764
2,208
2,935
4,700
7,465
9,142
10,875
12,015
53
272
67
91
333
112
114
371
136
121
425
161
142
76
102
65
74
38
129
65
77
53
188
100
87
43
301
103
109
344
143
111
401
165
129
642
160
199
2
51
103
127
895
192
287
4
69
167
174
1,382
1,745
821
154
218
15
53
176
204
965
153
291
15
70
204
233
1,419
2,185
2,654
2,999
312
565
11
103
396
359
1,985
332
2,230
253
470
8
84
289
278
195
429
15
123
319
338
261
683
19
158
559
505
300
740
24
192
750
649
329
885
26
236
822
701
456
646
984
691
850
1,044
1,499
2,112
1,518
1,747
415
83
332
954
32
116
64
132
35
611
131
480
848
210
638
1,432
2,538
1,106
550
118
432
679
142
537
1,360
2,645
1,047
2,121
3,821
1,403
2,468
4,523
1,812
2,708
4,952
2,095
1,504
2,332
46
164
81
206
49
70
178
90
348
61
1,483
49
1,954
52
207
660
101
175
110
250
68
117
352
655
12
137
444
405
358
758
14
156
492
451
1,568
2,810
1,258
1,726
3,130
1,399
306
742
986
624
423
918
1,286
822
371
1,297
596
585
643
709
810
737
78
435
82
109
1,144
2,010
2,339
2,894
3,360
447
193
138
471
17
374
55
96
101
565
124
142
60
822
196
176
992
264
179
1,090
1,220
306
202
336
222
3,437
1,259
1,458
2,003
3,112
3,765
4,244
4,798
355
365
314
57
102
205
216
344
435
59
110
252
258
386
664
77
145
384
348
918
1,895
1,129
2,183
697
126
571
894
159
725
1,580
3,175
1,291
1,836
2,403
68
1,046
30
282
921
803
3,149
5,518
2,401
521
598
648
697
1,108
1,233
1,462
1,676
73
187
696
527
84
227
933
690
88
269
114
310
1,030
1,160
746
841
2,368
4,397
1,755
3,216
5,393
2,213
3,535
5,866
2,532
3.953
6,427
2,872
7
8
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
76
576
120
205
241
264
61
222
139
297
92
103
345
175
647
154
214
265
292
319
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
404
576
958
1,586
2,136
2,408
2,709
831
1,150
1,991
3,437
4,605
5,218
5,934
1,025
1,436
2,358
3,827
5,262
5,888
6,595
62
729
160
56
513
1,034
2,474
3,156
3,416
3,755
1,458
7,364
8,076
1,695
617
114
654
119
715
122
220
91
870
207
899
201
978
194
490
147
5,556
1,228
6,966
1,543
7,399
1,592
8,053
1,726
231
255
256
272
1,239
1,866
2,425
2,643
2,917
1,146
2,652
5,839
6,264
6,903
1,058
2,282
643
133
1,505
3,455
494
114
5,407
672
193
4,542
6,916
78
1,983
299
125
1,559
3,246
215
55
764
1,661
343
2,370
4,097
5,169
5,551
6,055
64
65
66
7,652
67
294
811
3,066
89
194
107
462
78
322
351
935
3,494
100
219
1,049
3,943
111
237
126
114
558
94
377
518
568
648
3,225
92
309
137
1,026
5,052
112
316
143
1,293
6,620
142
1,527
7,554
167
1,753
8,626
190
346
170
385
181
423
199
878
166
1,153
1,362
1,616
238
809
455
139
254
147
396
244
396
545
589
658
1,047
3,777
97
1,358
5,776
159
1,668
7,618
174
1,943
8,469
173
2,214
9,582
199
377
186
426
221
464
236
509
260
1,013
1,270
1,415
1,701
877
208
63
9,782
14,317
21,683
26,409
29,457
33,157
13,717
17,320
26,886
40,230
48,610
55,532
62,832
16,972
20,788
30,684
44,049
54,232
60,397
67,332
160
275
546
970
1,309
1,462
1,665
279
486
1,027
1,929
2,387
2,669
3,051
379
622
1,217
2,116
2,748
3,082
3,456
68
7,492
9,507
13,771
20,713
25,099
27,996
13,438
16,834
25,859
38,301
46,223
52,803
59,780
64
75
124
211
295
326
364
13,502
16,908
25,984
38,512
46,518
53,180
60,144
16,592
-159
16,433
20,167
-176
19,991
29,467
-245
29,222
41,932
-314
41,618
51,484
-373
51,112
57,315
-408
56,907
63,876
-464
63,412
69
70
71
11
9
72
106
131
7,503
0,516
13,771
20,785
25,205
28,126
31,491
139
31,630
872
614
1,284
787
1,952
1,259
2,948
2,424
4,203
3,772
4,795
4,028
5,372
4,422
1,765
1,254
2,450
1,411
3,767
2,346
5,175
4,780
7,022
8,104
7,800
8| 491
8,800
9,017
2,375
1,537
3,182
1,948
4,627
2,927
6,443
5,552
8,377
9,039
9,332
9,720
10,501
10,541
72
73
8,989
1,961
4,583
11,588
2,415
4,799
16,981
3,334
5,093
26,158
4,935
5,301
33,180
6,245
5,313
36,943
6,906
5,350
41,412
7,706
5,374
16,520
2,155
7,667
20,770
2,578
8,058
32,097
3,691
8,696
48,467
5,341
9,075
61, 645
6,765
9,113
69,480
7,595
9,148
77,943
8,483
9,189
20.346
2,120
9.599
25,121
2,516
9,986
36,775
3,497
10,516
53,614
4,990
10,745
68,527
6,410
10,690
75.959
7,102
10,696
84,432
7,855
10,749
74
75
76
(*)
SUEVEY OF CURRENT BUSINESS
40
Part II August 1979
Table 3.—Personal Income by Major
[Millions of
Wisconsin
Plains
Item
Line
1958
1963
1968 1973
6,318
7,889
11,466
4,880
218
1,221
6,311
310
1,268
369
899
452
5,866
7
1976
1977
'1978
17,129
21,663
24,524
27,544 23,932
9,267
537
1,662
552
1,110
13,980
1,063
2,086
851
1,235
17,929
1,677
2,057
573
1,484
19,827
1,981
2,717
1,150
1,567
22,383 16,893 21,809 31,991 47,746 62,972 69,437
2,292
618
942
1,704 3,342 5,522 6,513
6,422 6,323 7,344 16,203 9,204 12,013
1,142 3,286 2,874 3,007 10,940 2,791 4,939
1,727 3,136 3,448 4,338 5,263 6,412 7,073
437
7,452
10,840
958
16,171
1,307
23,217
1,327 3,596
26,217 20,337
3,259 3,410
25,814 37,629
11,569
55,722
3,677 5,848
74,021 82,115
8,973
92,581
5,233
15
6,566
21
9,392
30
13,744
45
713
20,950
17,832
63
19,978
70
17,395
85
21,780 31,471
155
104
45,906
212
61,259
232
270
77,763
317
14
1
20
(*)
(*)
14
373
20
1
18
(*)
(*)
2
16
470
29
2
22
42
3
33
(*)
(*)
22,633
82
77
5
49
103
1
296
15
96
115
70
1,880
153
2
382
17
106
169
91
2,654
208
4
484
35
94
233
123
3,772
227
5
875
52
320
346
157
5,113
263
7
841
72
292
316
161
5,661
1,071
92
359
437
183
6,651
2,405
866
337
26
24
208
120
37
3
1
40
3,036
1,013
360
29
30
281
142
52
4
(*)
5,065
2,422
1,201
(D)
164
152
377
243
67
(D)
68
129
2,643
105
69
152
318
512
278
479
6,484
2,995
1,381
(D)
190
282
468
322
77
(D)
114
131
9,900
4,064
1,732
37
248
431
652
485
87
1
220
169
13,933
5,520
2,217
53
342
670
950
606
(D)
(*)
383
17,871
7,161
2,896
59
382
860
1,238
852
158
(*)
499
217
20,192
7,812
3,108
63
399
938
1,359
940
173
(*)
611
221
22,895
8,649
3,406
68
433
1,057
1,514
1,039
202
(•)
685
246
112
78
197
389
747
447
546
5,836
151
120
282
618
1,394
865
857
8,413
256
203
434
956
2,313
1,230
1,025
10,710
382
(D)
541
1,440
3,029
1,442
1,278
12,380
443
242
642
1,629
3,511
1,649
1,323
14,246
519
276
770
1,848
3,962
1,908
1,649
301
153
235
169
114
522
320
313
247
147
834
167
448
317
230
1,044
1,423
1,548
582
(D)
277
656
558
305
770
655
342
6,661
1,334
1,753
85
926
1,478
1,085
7,536
1,446
2,065
85
1,072
1,641
1,229
8,526
1,554
2,393
102
1,151
1,973
1,353
1958
1963
1968
1973
29,073 41,039
67,291
1976
1977
1978
Income by place of work
Total labor and proprietors income l
77,698 87,963 101,404
By type
Wage and salary disbursements.
Other labor income
_
Proprietors income 2
Farm
Nonfarm 2
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
37
By industry
Farm
Nonfarm.
Private
—Agricultural services, forestry, fisheries, and
other.3
Agricultural services
Forestry,fisheries,and other3
_.
Mining
Coalmining
_
Oil and gas extraction..
Metal mining
Nonmetallic minerals, except fuels
Construction
()
2
20
750
()
1
314
14
116
125
60
1,402
42
74
382
193
104
5
(*)
84
92
6,046
1,940
626
54
47
556
280
127
5
(*)
142
104
6
31
1,210
7,670
2,539
889
56
58
717
356
155
8
(*)
181
119
1,539
66
43
141
177
521
234
29
2,023
80
36
186
220
652
359
28
2,797
107
51
280
328
994
434
45
4,105
156
88
404
512
1,371
593
96
5,131
226
100
405
783
1,808
640
109
5,760
262
116
463
890
2,008
753
121
6,663
306
132
541
1,029
193
37
36
27
34
330
5
47
31
48
318
47
63
558
36
103
702
738
814
128
122
108
148
142
119
166
166
139
178
104
234
124
92
Transportation and public utilities
Railroad transportation. _
Trucking and warehousing
Water transportation
_.
Other transportation..
CommunicationElectric, gas, and sanitary services
414
99
117
3
36
73
86
496
92
155
6
42
92
110
134
140
1,055
154
359
12
82
239
208
1,317
180
422
14
109
319
272
1,481
199
485
17
133
349
299
1,662
214
561
17
152
387
332
2,120
736
471
12
244
334
322
2,431
709
602
14
290
402
414
3,241
798
856
23
433
573
557
5,151
1,141
1,442
68
645
1,021
833
Wholesale trade
Retail trade
Finance, insurance, and real estate
_.
Banking
Other finance, insurance, and real estate
Services
Hotels and other lodging places
Personal services..
Private households..
_
Business and repair services
Amusement and recreational incl. motion
pictures.
Professional, social, and related services
351
796
253
52
201
607
28
78
43
83
27
423
912
333
70
263
857
33
96
46
119
600
1,307
487
108
379
1,349
53
128
57
186
1,830
712
175
536
2,127
64
138
62
303
1,292
2,199
998
237
760
3,043
85
169
73
431
90
1,407
2,411
1,157
261
896
3,417
96
186
78
499
107
1,559
2,682
1,324
297
1,027
3,853
108
204
86
587
116
1,632
2,990
1,171
257
914
2,617
119
321
211
389
107
2,011
3,496
1,539
353
1,186
3,538
141
382
227
543
130
2,669
4,937
2,182
500
1,682
5,352
205
507
282
795
189
4,011 6,248
7,043 8,484
3,039 4,175
1,090
782
2,257 3,085
8,260 11,600
401
288
660
547
368
310
1,892
1,289
344
260
348
529
877
1,492
2,195
2,452
2,753
1,472
2,115
3,374
5,566
7,936
6,158
1,420
664
4,074
9,817
2,077
982
6,758
12,762
2,645
1,067
9,050
Manufacturing
Nondurable goods..
Food and kindred products
Textile mill products.
_
Apparel and other textile products. _
Paper and allied products
Printing and publishing
Chemicals and allied products
Petroleum and coal products
Tobacco manufactures
_
Rubber and misc. plastics products.
Leather and leather products
Durable goods
Lumber and wood products
Furniture and fixtures
Primary metal industries
Fabricated metal products
Machinery, except electrical
Electric and electronic equipment
Transportation equipment exc. motor
vehicles.
M 0 tor vehicles
and equipment
Ordnance4
—
Stone, clay, and glass products
Instruments and related products
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries...
Government and government enterprises
Federal, civilian...
Federal, military
State and local.
4,180
1,383
450
107
217
29
1,010
34
1,424
8,566
2,806
957
63
62
810
384
171
9
C)
229
121
1,619
3,140
1,040
919
433
198
9
(*)
273
131
881
152
2,942
750
452
1,740
4,034
999
512
2,523
78,054
7,570
15,780
7,975
7,805
6,803 7,622
9,210 10,246
4,902 5,612
1,192 1,333
3,710 4,280
13,033 14,822
526
810
726
432
393
2,150 2,532
396
8,903
10,084
13.667 14,668
2,880 3,062
1,061 1,083
9,727 10,523
633
102
50
481
886
140
38
709
1,448
198
36
1,214
2,427
291
51
2,084
3,118
396
55
2,667
3,239
399
54
2,787
Total labor and proprietors income by place of work.
Less: Personal contributions for social insurance
by place of work.
Net labor and proprietors income b y place of work...
Plus: Residence adjustment...
Net labor and proprietors income b y place of residence.
Plus: Dividends, interest, and r e n t 6
Plus: Transfer payments
6,318
137
7,889
242
11,466
468
17,129
872
21,663
1,136
24,524
1,237
27,544 23,932
517
1,410
29,073 41,039
875 1,711
67,291
3,096
77,698 87,963 L01,404
4,237 4,672 5,320
6,182
43
6,224
7,647
73
7,720
10,997
156
11,154
16,257
263
16,520
20,526
325
20,851
23,288
368
23,656
26,134 23,415
-125
415
26,550 23,290
28,198 39,328 64,195
-564
-362
-203
27,995 38,966 63,631
73,461 83,291 96,084
-892
-789
-707
72,754 82,502 95,192
936
540
1,256
726
1,782
1,206
2,734
2,324
3,586
3,667
3,857
3,948
Personal income b y place of residence..
Per capita income (dollars)
_.
Total population (thousands)
_.
7,700
2,004
3,843
9,702
2,359
4,112
14,142 21,579
3,255 4,754
4,345
28,104
6,097
4,610
31,461
6,775
4,644
3,584
449
58
3,077
Derivation of personal income by place of residence
67
See footnotes on pp. 32-33.
4,357
4,343
3,491
2,087
4,982
2,862
7,319
4,682
11,398
8,725
15,711
13,472
35,839 50,967 83,754 .01,937
35,241
7,532 1,925 2,281 3,176 5,037 6,069
4,679 14,994 15,715 16,047 16,628 16,797
17,341
14,446
19,449
15,602
14,288 30,194
6,761 7,650
16,903 17,018
SURVEY OF CUEEENT BUSINESS
Part II August 1979
41
Sources, Selected Years 1958-78—Continued
dollars]
Kansas
Iowa
Minnesota
Line
7
7
1978
1958
1963
1968
1973
1976
1977
71978
1958
1963
1968
1973
1976
14,745
17,538
3,386
3,828
5,258
8,669
10,554
11,726
13,484
5,271
6,734
9,926
16,346
19,216
4,971
263
1,732
866
867
7,420 10,193 11,337
522
896 1,063
3,677
1,892 2,346
2,600
658 1,023
1,077
1,233
1,323
12.548
1,217
3,774
2,318
1,456
2,374
90
922
456
466
2,868
129
831
325
506
4,061
227
970
315
654
6,061
426
2,182
1,373
809
8,331
744
1,479
413
1,066
9,210 10, 436
884 1,041
1,633 2,007
504
760
1,128
1,247
3,926
152
1,193
533
660
5,239
236
1,260
533
726
7,987 12,173 15,912 17,566
432
871 1,439
1,701
1,507
3,302
1,865
3,173
585 2,226
574 1,633
922 1,077
1,291
1,540
20,067
2,008
3,343
1,641
1,702
2
3
4
5
6
912
4,123
956
6,010
2,742
8,877
887 1,271 2,572
12,094 13, 474 14,967
497
2,889
379
3,449
371
4,887
1,463
7,208
754 1,809
18,462 20,631
1,834
23,584
7
8
2,866
23
3,541
28
5,127
40
7, 494 10,181 11, 417 12,786
46
43
49
56
2,352
9
2,770
15
3,920
25
5,744
35
11, 704 15, 496 17, 449 20,120
44
57
71
82
9
10
23
(*)
19
(D)
1
(*)
(D)
226
28
(*)
20
(D)
(*)
(*)
(D)
283
40
(*)
28
2
(*)
25
447
45
1
35
(DD)
(D)
()
31
598
43
1
37
-2
(DD)
()
36
900
48
1
40
(DD)
(D)
()
36
1,006
55
1
44
(DD)
(D)
()
40
1,154
9
(*)
105
D
()
94
(D)
9
204
15
(*)
90
(D)
80
(D)
7
247
24
(*)
96
3
86
(*)
8
335
883
421
282
2
12
14
58
29
1
(*)
22
1
1,144
518
334
3
14
16
70
37
2
(*)
39
2
1,757
720
434
6
20
29
95
60
2
(*)
70
3
2,609
966
567
9
22
41
131
78
(D)
(*)
112
(D)
3, 413
1,263
737
13
29
53
175
120
3
(*)
128
6
3,911
1,396
790
14
32
60
191
134
4
(*)
165
6
4,362
1,536
860
14
36
68
216
147
5
(*)
183
7
673
266
114
(*)
9
10
39
42
38
(*)
13
1
in
314
132
(*)
12
14
47
48
40
(*)
20
1
462
24
11
32
49
180
78
15
627
21
14
52
58
251
128
6
1,037
28
26
74
87
412
207
19
1,643
50
46
115
159
741
255
44
2,149
65
51
134
243
988
335
55
2,515
69
58
165
286
1,191
365
53
2,826
75
69
198
314
1,329
400
64
407
7
6
8
32
35
9
247
6
9
31
10
17
8
14
39
12
23
14
66
52
21
32
53
35
74
23
49
70
91
107
108
32
68
122
38
77
136
43
91
303
98
77
(*)
18
54
57
344
96
99
(*)
18
61
70
442
95
145
(*)
24
87
91
699
139
241
1
31
150
137
890
163
284
2
42
212
187
1,014
177
333
2
50
234
219
258
535
197
41
156
421
16
52
35
57
15
302
596
259
58
202
564
18
64
38
81
19
379
858
349
82
267
828
26
81
48
109
25
556
1,212
485
128
357
1,254
42
90
54
178
34
1,034
1,413
681
178
503
1,769
52
113
64
259
44
1958
1963
1968
1973
1976
1977
4,216
5,035
6,966
11,619
12,981
2,611
94
1,510
863
647
3,352
142
1,541
824
716
932
3,284
C)
1977
1978
22,440 25,418
643
543
10,011 11,083
894
12, 740
584
4,687
608
6,127
657 2,341
9,268 11,005
8,126
32
9,060
39
10,394
46
4,081
18
5,265
20
7,923
31
35
(*)
95
7
76
(*)
12
476
32
(*)
273
(D)
246
(*)
(D)
698
39
1
249
11
219
(*)
19
792
45
1
299
16
262
18
(*)
104
19
(*)
101
C)
(*)97
C)
30
1
137
(*)
1
121
15
705
42
2
188
(DD)
()
170
17
971
55
2
292
(DD)
()
262
24
1,252
7
226
26
1,375
7
355
30
1,673
1,166
422
139
(*)
20
21
75
89
43
(*)
34
1
1,631
600
211
1
27
33
125
83
48
(*)
70
1
2,250
814
298
(*)
32
42
163
125
75
(*)
78
2
463
8
9
9
38
48
15
228
744
9
14
17
61
103
24
354
1,030
16
19
37
109
201
56
361
1,437
43
20
38
171
278
88
483
26
1
33
1
4
41
14
45
3
5
61
23
63
10
7
88
10
91
24
18
112
34
22
130
42
26
1,131
190
379
2
54
265
240
303
135
50
(*)
24
41
52
342
135
72
(*)
24
47
63
429
155
101
(*)
27
66
80
696
233
183
1
39
122
119
914
253
247
1
75
181
157
1,089
1,535
808
195
613
1,964
60
119
68
287
52
1,186
1,695
921
217
704
2,236
65
131
75
347
57
159
421
141
36
106
335
12
42
30
49
13
202
473
179
45
134
445
14
49
33
63
17
275
661
253
63
190
679
21
68
42
94
24
448
961
362
102
260
1,040
24
76
46
162
28
791
1,151
531
148
383
1,485
37
93
55
234
33
147
68
3
258
C)
79
3
392
C)
1
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
21
896
8
337
1
89
11
451
2,521
923
329
(*)
30
47
181
140
82
(*)
112
2
2,942
1,029
348
32
50
204
162
102
1,197
573
309
10
28
68
103
31
9
1,590
765
344
12
29
175
129
33
16
2,553
1,063
441
17
35
273
175
50
21
3,692
1,528
536
25
61
444
267
76
24
4,705
1,977
687
28
61
570
360
96
33
5,332
2,172
747
32
65
620
407
105
37
6,118
2,400
812
36
69
695
454
119
41
128
2
11
6
19
8
40
11
73
20
115
25
134
26
149
28
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
1,598
51
23
45
186
308
104
506
1,914
61
25
63
203
336
122
696
624
34
13
34
77
154
61
7
825
35
16
41
102
255
117
7
1,490
50
24
61
163
531
233
28
2,164
93
42
82
260
827
313
64
2,728
139
38
90
485
1,022
303
55
3,160
167
41
103
559
1,192
350
57
3,718
202
49
140
646
1,378
422
70
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
178
19
37
75
89
23
28
35
42
117
30
46
91
59
155
50
73
70
92
175
73
103
129
148
153
52
25
122
288
82
139
333
89
168
394
100
39
40
41
42
43
1,052
277
298
1
96
202
177
1,198
298
348
1
110
242
198
474
170
95
3
68
70
69
541
155
120
4
86
82
93
742
178
179
6
131
118
129
1,215
257
305
35
211
211
197
1,544
274
375
35
301
305
254
1,734
297
435
33
342
342
285
1,979
319
500
38
338
469
314
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
866
1,210
642
164
479
1,689
44
103
59
286
39
989
1,359
727
183
544
1,937
50
112
64
347
43
4^0
646
291
64
227
602
31
71
45
94
27
521
806
379
85
294
858
38
85
48
133
32
725
1,158
546
119
427
1,327
58
118
56
212
46
1,097
1,657
761
1S7
573
2,080
78
124
59
331
68
1,652
2,031
1,043
258
785
2,919
113
147
70
477
96
1,784
2,275
1,245
283
962
3,375
131
167
75
573
110
2,020
2,579
1,434
319
1,115
3,843
144
186
83
690
122
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
177
C)
C)
246
344
538
858
1,239
1,378
1,562
190
268
431
704
1,032
1,158
1,319
334
522
837
1,418
2,015
2,318
2,618
62
418
84
26
308
583
113
19
451
882
149
24
710
1,383
218
32
1,133
1,913
284
34
1.596
2,057
299
33
1,725
2,180
290
36
1.855
538
118
155
264
679
139
154
386
967
189
191
587
1,462
287
287
888
1,886
374
293
1,219
2,023
404
302
1,316
2,196
455
315
1,427
606
124
39
443
861
172
38
652
1,346
243
48
1,055
2,302
361
59
1,881
2,965
450
62
2,453
3,183
492
66
2,625
3,463
550
69
2,844
63
64
65
66
4,216
89
5,035
145
6,966 11, 619 12,981 14,745 17,538
287
517
706
783
882
3,386
71
3,82^
122
5,258
226
8,669 10,554 11, 726 13, 484
415
578
639
731
5,271
119
6,734
200
9,926 16,346 19, 216 22,440
403
796 1,066
1,175
25,418
1,352
67
68
4,127
37
4,164
4,890
52
4,942
6,679 11,102 12, 275 13, 962 16, 656
72
87
108
95
102
6,751 11,189 12,382 14,057 16,759
3,315
190
3,505
3,706
262
3,968
5,032
409
5,441
8,254 9,976 11,088 12,750
569
674
728
800
8,823 10,650 11, 816 13,550
5,152
3
5,155
6,534
-1
6,533
9,523
-22
9,500
15,551
-33
15,518
18,150
-17
18,133
21,265
-21
21,244
24,066
-25
24,040
69
70
71
580
354
867
486
3,800
2,621
546
275
752
392
1,071
640
1,674
1,189
2,332
1,831
2,512
2,005
2,808
2,155
765
490
1,071
652
1,577
1,073
2,326
2,038
3,334
3,136
3,633
3,336
4,095
3,579
5,098
1,883
2,708
6,295
2,292
2,747
19, 859 23,170
6,877 8,002
2,888 2,896
4,327
2,020
2,142
5,112
2,306
2,217
7,152
3,227
2,216
11,685
5,154
2,267
14,814
6,444
2,299
16,333
7,040
2,320
18,505
7,882
2,348
6,410
1,935
3,313
8,256
2,338
3,531
12,150
3,281
3,703
19,882
5,113
3,888
24,603
6,222
3,954
28,214
7,088
3,980
31,703
7,910
4,008
72
73
74
75
76
1,258
813
2,188
1,462
2,980
2,235
8,822 14,839
3,147 5,186
2,803 2,861
17,597
6,123
2,874
3,404
2,398
SUEVEY OF CURRENT BUSINESS
42
Part II August 1979
Table 3.—Personal Income by Major
[Millions of
Missouri
Item
Line
Nebraska
1970
1977
18,575
22,581
10,540
578
1,571
402
1,169
15, 111
1,092
2,372
1,068
1,304
435
8,266
467
12,221
5,738
16
7,206
20
16
44
7
1
17
19
399
1958
19G3
1968
1973
7,075
8,701
12,689
5,549
217
1,309
484
825
7,092
323
1,286
379
907
542
6,533
7
7
1978
1958
1963
1968
1973
1976
1977
25,529
28,833
2,212
2,625
3,537
6,163
7,094
7,764
8,995
18,963
1,685
1,933
294
1,639
20,915
1,995
2,619
724
1,895
23,349
2,296
3,188
1,092
2,096
1,428
43
741
436
305
1,910
71
643
305
338
2,656
130
751
334
417
4,172
270
1,720
1,169
551
5,613
465
1,016
350
666
6,121
530
1,113
454
659
6,769
608
1,618
893
726
1,159
.7,416
394
22,186
805
24,723
1,213
27,620
475
1,736
360
2,264
3,148
1,271
4,892
612
7,151
1,062
7,933
10,448
30
.4,648
44
18,652
54
20,936
63
23, 661
74
1,422
9
1,823
12
2,547
15
3,913
22
5,381
24
5,773
25
6,432
31
20
(*)
47
7
1
14
25
561
30
(*)
75
9
2
32
32
777
43
1
105
19
2
43
41
1,062
54
1
149
62
2
158
72
2
162
C)
22
()
14
(*)
8
1,916
895
297
(D)
111
56
138
130
18
(D)
15
121
2,454
1,079
341
(D)
129
72
174
189
17
(D)
25
120
3,651
1,444
433
13
164
100
245
263
18
1
53
154
23
1
31
(D)
19
(D)
14
524
1,146
559
361
3
13
19
74
29
3
(*)
55
2
25
(•)
31
(•)
16
(*)
15
569
1,244
574
358
3
15
20
79
33
3
60
2
34
(*)
18
(*)
16
633
1,404
660
418
3
16
27
84
38
4
(*)
67
2
1,021
31
34
73
138
121
108
204
1,375
38
31
87
162
167
145
293
587
26
22
24
90
150
126
26
670
28
24
28
103
177
145
31
744
31
27
33
124
185
153
37
121
56
78
17
41
1978
Income by place of work
Total labor and proprietors income *_..
By type
Wage and salary disbursements.
Other labor income
Proprietors income 2
Farm
Nonfarm 2
By industry
Farm
Nonfarm.
Private
Agricultural services, forestry, fisheries, and
other 3.
Agricultural services
Forestry,fisheries,and other 3
Mining
Coal mining
Oil and gas extraction
Metal mining
Nonmetallic minerals, except fuels
Construction
Manufacturing
Nondurable goods
Food and kindred products
Textile mill products
Apparel and other textile products-..
Paper and allied products
Printing and publishing
Chemicals and allied products
Petroleum and coal products
Tobacco and manufactures
Rubber and misc. plastics products.
Leather and leather products
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
Durable goods
Lumber and wood products
Furniture and fixtures
Primary metal industries
Fabricated metal products
M achinery, except electrical
Electrical and electronic equipment
Transportation equipment exc. motor
vehicles.
Motor vehicles
and equipment
Ordnance 4
Stone, clay, and glass products
Instruments and related products
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries. _.
Transportation and public utilities
Railroad transportation
Trucking and warehousing
Water transportation
Other transportation
Communication
Electric, gas, and sanitary services
Wholesale trade
Retail trade
Finance, insurance, and real estate
Banking
Otherfinance,insurance, and real estate
Services
Hotels and other lodging places
Personal services
Private households
Business and repair services
Amusement and recreation incl. motion
pictures.
Professional, social, and related services
Government and government enterprises..
Federal, civilian
Federal, military
State and local
(•)
12
13
C)
12
31
C)
()
()
()
4,832
1,854
531
14
214
137
342
339
18
(•)
91
168
48
1,303
5,901
2,321
658
13
236
175
430
476
33
(•)
118
181
48
1,445
6,702
2,498
717
12
244
190
462
522
35
(•)
132
183
55
1,719
7,528
2,757
793
12
264
215
512
567
41
(•)
148
205
2,207
52
45
119
252
285
326
440
2,978
72
70
188
337
408
477
512
3,580
90
77
254
430
509
571
634
4,204
104
94
301
471
556
666
664
4,771
123
103
335
531
633
787
772
105
4
5
4
19
18
21
7
158
6
7
8
24
19
42
11
297
7
12
11
47
46
70
15
214
76
86
29
385
99
111
47
46
593
37
143
68
73
668
970
1,048
15
33
18
14
9
19
12
29
23
11
50
236
104
99
9
2
16
7
7
42
197
90
91
5
1
11
42
178
82
87
34
12
40
38
14
45
42
17
700
188
175
9
112
110
107
811
175
222
9
135
134
135
1,132
206
316
17
219
191
183
1,732
274
489
31
324
343
271
2,212
315
58
47
452
490
339
2,508
340
677
49
521
540
382
2,841
365
794
60
576
631
415
215
100
47
(*)
15
37
16
245
103
54
(*)
18
48
22
309
118
71
(*)
21
67
32
560
176
138
(*)
25
123
43
697
249
172
(*)
33
183
771
269
197
(*)
36
203
65
853
289
220
(*)
556
874
367
75
292
865
39
109
64
138
36
677
1,019
480
103
377
1,137
45
126
.70
193
44
906
1,450
704
150
554
1,723
66
165
90
279
65
1,302
2,009
950
230
720
2,612
89
173
101
441
97
1,722
2,459
1,234
312
922
3,618
120
206
120
665
129
1,936
2,677
1,408
339
1,069
4,038
133
229
128
730
141
2,186
2,963
1,620
380
1,240
4,566
161
263
141
816
161
136
276
115
23
91
231
12
28
19
34
10
173
331
157
35
122
314
14
34
20
50
10
218
459
215
48
167
476
18
44
25
69
17
330
690
321
78
243
755
28
49
27
123
21
592
799
450
109
341
1,054
3"
60
32
177
642
846
517
118
400
1,128
4r
64
34
188
30
692
917
587
130
457
1,280
46
69
37
228
33
1,059
1,711
2,378
2,671
3,025
129
185
304
508
722
769
1,773
561
196
1,017
2,768
799
256
1,713
3,535
1,000
294
2,241
3,788
1,115
262
2,410
3,960
1,160
237
2,562
315
84
61
169
441
111
94
23;
601
131
92
378
979
192
143
644
1,290
244
161
884
1,378
256
172
951
1,50:
267
186
1,04'
2, 212
8,995
479
C)
5
125
301
196
144
(*)
4
4
26
10
1
(*)
(*)
()
184
241
395
237
168
(•)
6
4
33
15
1
C)
10
602
305
204
(*)
(*)
43
21
2
(•)
18
C)
()
12
391
881
413
263
4
10
15
58
27
(D)
C)
34
)
468
12
26
11
77
95
116
C)
230
71
796
262
132
403
1,060
352
126
582
Total labor and proprietors income by place oi
work.
Less; personal contributions for social insurance by
place of work.
Net labor and proprietors income by place of w o r k . . .
Plus: Residence adjustment
Net labor and proprietors income by place of resi
dence.
Plus: Dividends, interest, and rent 6
Plus: Transfer payments
7,075
8,701
18,575
22,581
25, 529
28,833
2,625
3,537
6,163
7,094
7,764
154
261
536
864
1,187
1,310
1,485
4'
83
149
287
381
415
467
6,921
-290
6,631
8,441
-433
8,008
12,153
21, 394
-1,250
20,144
24, 219
-1,369
22,851
27, 349
-1,516
25,832
2,165
-7r
17,712
-1,034
16, 678
8,528
-138
8,390
1,410
875
2,958
2,624
4,077
4,142
4,408
4,400
4,892
4,736
34'
171
533
245
5,876
-99
5,777
1,294
763
7,348
-125
7, 22'
1,026
643
3,388
-72
3,316
792
420
6,713
-130
6,582
11, 436
2,023
1,391
2,120
2,542
-55
2,487
1,667
1,147
1,911
1,239
2,124
1,359
Personal income by place of residence..
Per capita income (dollars)
Total population (thousands)
8,300
1,983
4,186
10,293
2,344
4,392
14,850
3,251
4,568
22, 261
4,672
4,765
28,363
5,925
4,787
31,658
6,565
4,822
35,538
7,313
4,860
2,637
1,907
1,383
3,265
2,212
1,476
4,528
3,087
1,467
7,834
5,113
1,532
9,396
6,054
1,552
10,376,672
1,555
11,868
7,582
1,565
Derivation of personal income by place of residence
67
74
See footnotes on pp. 32-33.
AK
SUEVEY OF CUEEENT BUSINESS
Part II August 1979
43
Sources, Selected Years 1958-78—Continued
dollars]
South Dakota
North Dakota
Southeast
Line
7
1963
1968
1973
1976
1977
897
1,078
1,386
2,697
2,464
2,561
192
786
508
278
509
12
376
258
118
675
23
379
248
131
887
40
459
298
161
1,374
86
1,237
1,008
228
179
2,596
581
2,958
2,257
14
273
804
601
6
325
1,061
1,953
11
280
617
465
5
777
9
11
13
5
13
35
-1
4
258
61
17
40
-1
4
274
90
23
61
(*)
6
345
10
3
51
12
3
76
15
4
72
110
54
32
(*)
199
78
47
197
88
52
220
100
58
61
47
38
81
57
46
14
1
6
19
2
8
20
2
8
23
2
9
110
75
59
(*)
(*)
(
3
(*)
120
5
2
(*)
11
62
6
8
1963
1968
1973
1976
1977
876
1,072
1,277
3,222
2,809
2,776
3,539
496
10
370
255
115
671
18
383
259
123
890
34
354
206
148
1,435
75
1,712
1,496
216
2,081
143
585
335
249
2,239
162
375
121
254
286
590
292
780
244
1,034
1,542
1,680
403
2,406
472
4
574
3
730
5
1,196
9
1,798
11
4
(*)
15
2
12
3
(*)
11
2
7
5
9
11
58
78
3
*U
2
77
17
5
10
(*)
3
147
33
24
17
43
25
16
1958
(•)
(*)
7
(*)
(•)
8
(*)
60
35
22
(*)
(*)
(*)
10
1
P)(*) w(•) w(•)
9
18
(*)
(*)
(*)
(*)
C)
C)
(*)
(*)
C)
(*)
C)
3
2,983
3,596
46,843
60,801
94,517 156,676 200,381 223,262 253,116
1
1,878
150
435
167
268
2,050
178
755
481
274
2,323
209
1,064
763
302
36,735
1,265
8,842
2,953
5,889
49,094 78,569 129,440 167,321 186,101 210,042
2,025 4,119 8,910 14,555 17,219 20,043
9,681 11,829 18,326 18,505 19,941 23,032
3,009 2,821 6,260 4,691
4,366 5,765
6,672 9,008 12,065 13,814 15,575 17,267
2
3
4
5
6
1,050
1,647
210
2,254
528
2,456
3,599
43,244
3,791 3,710 7,394 6,168
5,913
7,481
57,010 90,807 149,281 194,212 217,349 245,635
7
8
1,207
12
1,689
10
1,861
11
817
2,779
2,112
13
34,968
212
45,720 72,502 119,856 154,952 174,521 198,554
254
386
625
801
916
1,128
9
10
19
12
10
»
(*)
(*)
20
8
127
11
1
44
13
41
(*)
2
127
85
1,210
649
378
34
149
2,909
178
104
77
(*)
*\o
13
1
2
1
R5
U
257
148
109
18
3
3
19
4
3
22
4
7
1
1,041
1,417
1,632
1,782
532
499
2,042
672
558
2,370
745
639
39
40
41
42
43
188
24
64
(D)
(D)
49
39
243
28
91
(D)
(D)
63
46
3,555
1,036
681
193
474
609
563
4,347
996
978
243
594
810
726
6,546
1,150
1,544
402
1,024
1,378
1,048
11,623
1,686
2,863
550
1,777
2,895
1,852
15,149
2,007
3,442
790
2,277
4,150
2,484
17,321
2,187
4,066
878
2,660
4,717
2,812
19,802
2,355
4,710
1,086
2,982
5,432
3,237
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
243
373
160
55
105
479
27
25
18
56
14
2,700
5,710
2,071
385
1,686
5,889
286
677
1,003
747
205
3,578 5,377 9,163 12,879
6,782 10,399 16, 938 21, 335
2,872 4,446
7,466
9,707
566
1, 754 2,452
946
2,306 3,500 5,712 7,255
8,109 13, 226 21,986 29,800
352
1,123 1,446
669
824 1,210
1,416
1,652
1,101 1,441
1,637 1,948
1,136 1,958 3,707 5,194
283
775
992
454
14,154
23,406
11,344
2,705
8,639
33, 494
1,599
1,815
2,078
6,060
1,150
16,075
26,393
12,988
3,049
9,939
38, 442
1,828
2,006
2,285
7,261
1,333
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
13,328
18, 568 20, 792 23, 729
62
11,290 18, 304 29,426
3,273 4,941
7,553
2,760 4,187 5,532
5,256 9,176 16,342
39,260 42,828 47,081
10,155 10,996 12,031
6,603 7,015
6,311
22, 794 25,229 28, 036
63
64
65
66
52
12
15
(*)
39
35
11
10
15
15
20
21
141
17
52
(*)
9
33
31
161
254
79
26
54
257
17
17
10
26
5
250
317
118
39
79
376
22
20
12
38
6
269
334
142
44
98
420
29
21
12
40
7
306
359
163
49
115
480
33
24
14
48
8
52
117
30
10
20
83
5
10
9
9
3
62
137
42
15
27
115
6
12
10
14
5
77
180
61
21
41
163
7
16
12
18
7
118
260
80
31
50
263
11
18
13
29
8
206
315
118
45
73
379
19
22
15
41
11
213
26
76
(D)
(D)
55
42
217
333
140
50
90
419
24
23
16
46
12
4
16
16
61
120
30
9
22
79
5
9
7
8
3
74
134
42
12
30
107
6
11
8
11
3
90
172
55
17
37
156
9
15
9
15
5
1
66
12
20
85
13
26
C)
3
153
21
1
19
39
18
2
47
68
103
182
278
311
354
46
68
103
184
272
297
339
2,971
118
34
8
76
206
49
50
108
304
68
77
159
484
104
135
244
608
135
147
326
643
142
146
356
701
150
151
400
152
45
30
77
203
63
33
108
284
79
37
168
440
116
69
254
565
157
77
331
595
172
80
344
666
190
90
387
8,276
2,429
2,373
3,474
876
1,072
1,277
3,222
2,809
2,776
3,539
897
1,078
1,386
2,697
2,464
2,983
3,596
46,843
20
32
56
110
164
180
207
18
33
54
108
155
171
194
1,061
856
-20
836
1,040
-28
1,012
1,221
-34
1,188
3,112
-58
3,054
2,645
-97
2,548
2,596
-102
2,494
3,332
-119
3,214
879
-1
878
1,045
(*)
1,045
1,332
2
1,334
2,589
3
2,592
2,309
5
2,314
2,812
4
2,816
3,402
4
3,406
45,781
468
46,249
114
77
1,027
1,695
606
168
100
293
165
506
316
712
468
817
517
907
558
181
112
305
181
451
334
609
513
656
550
734
595
6,097
4,517
1,280
1,988
644
1,645
2,650
621
3,875
6,117
634
3,728
5,781
645
3,828
5,887
650
4,677
7,174
652
114
77
1,070
1,631
656
1,337
1,889
708
1,820
2,720
669
3,378
4,965
680
3,436
5,011
686
4,022
5,850
688
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
763
265
1,515
361
432
280
65
60
(D)
(D)
72
68
(*)
1
25,488 29,395
2,680 3,114
1,853 2,102
3,120 3,589
3,082 3,534
3,484 4,024
3,951
4,679
2,629 2,967
417
457
903
180
266
244
61
48
(D)
(D)
64
58
(*)
21,850
2,358
1,621
2,686
2,675
2,985
3,316
2,354
206
241
625
79
145
216
56
42
(D)
(D)
58
49
?
17,658
1,871
1,531
2,016
1,995
2,178
2,747
1,984
2,565
1,887
1,356
3,424
308
136
44
454
41
99
161
45
34
(*)
(
3
6
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
16
19
5
*15
4
(*)
53,914 60,696
28,427 31,301
4,399
4,805
6,650 7,146
3,462 3,811
2,874 3,231
1,960
2,216
5,318 5,796
529
624
978
1,080
1,831
2,125
426
467
13
4
5
4
1,015
373
47,577
25,727
4,014
6,164
3,259
2,547
1,754
4,744
465
921
1,428
431
14
16
4
3
C)
(*)
3
37,483
19,825
2,982
10
2
1
(*)
6
8
5
1
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
13
17
(*)
5
C)
3
4
1
1
(*)
1
35
4
502
623
707
884
123
178
244
209
2,557 4,741
5,379 6,028
1,387 2,614
1.665
2,009
755
1,592
34
37
551
625
381
498
12,015 12,962 14,592 17,003
10
13
3
2
3
C)
(*)
1978
6
3
11
4
2
8
(*)
23
4
(*)
(*)
1977
14
25
12
2
4
14
4
(*)
(*)
6,338
10, 714 14,822 24,184
6,462 8,561 13,351
1,211
1,492 2,097
3,622
616
1,014 1,782
603
817 1,203
844
426
545
1,169
1,559 2,396
216
187
182
459
105
192
455
104
159
279
4,252 6,260 10,833
718
886 1,233
379
561
955
697
867 1,312
476
640 1,097
321
558 1,154
406
748 1,474
482
704 1,385
1976
108
16
3
121
3
295
91
1,601
722
594
1973
74
10
(*)
(*)
10
13
12
5
4
56
3
o1
320
167
117
174
80
1,186
572
407
25
182
3,770
1968
6
1
124
19
1
(*)
15
31
13
2
2
(*)
* 50
15
231
1
6
4
(*)
(*)
( }
13
199
284
160
115
177
7
57
7
23
12
11
81
32
14
P)(*)
C)
1963
5
27
3
4
102
33
19
(*)
6
23
21
72
33
12
(*)
(*)
8
1
1958
3
9
(*)
g3
7
1
U
7
1978
9
6
15
(•)
(*)
C)
(*)
2
4
2
2
1958
2
(*)
109
4
2
(*)
9
56
6
9
25
C)
(*)
1978
7
4,733 56,863
6,864 1,519
690 37,435
4,413
7,494
60,801 94,517 156,676 200,381 223,262 253,116
67
13,449
68
58,927 90,654 148, 717 189,708 211, 450 239,668
698 1,108
1,558 2,168 2,290 2,468
59,625 91,763 150,275 191,876 213,741 242,136
69
70
71
43,524
48,604
72
73
75,329 117,438 198,045 267,115 296,936 334,155
6,089 6,773
5,541
1,849 2, 728 4,279
40,742 43,042 46,287 48,207 48,766 49,334
74
75
76
1,874
3,862
9,055 14,297
6,649 11,378
7,959
23,567
24,194
10,673
34,092
41,148
11,812
38,474
44,722
SUEVEY OF CURRENT BUSINESS
44
Part II August 1979
Table 3.—Personal Income by Major
[Millions of
Alabama
Arkansas
Item
Line
1958
1963
1968
1973
1976
1977
3,805
4,684
6,909
10,868
14,457
2,995
102
707
263
444
3,798
155
730
238
492
5,764
319
827
201
626
8,956
643
1,269
494
776
297
3,508
275
4,408
243
6,666
2,773
15
3,448
16
10
6
68
43
(D)
15
(D)
202
1,011
433
83
120
51
59
27
48
10
6
53
35
()
241
1,287
571
104
137
90
88
34
61
35
)
45
7
1978
1958 | 1963
1968
1973
1976
1977 I M978
I
16,058
18,228
1,814
2,388
3,485
6,005
7,622
8,677
9,648
11,998
1,082
1,377
381
997
13,402
1,290
1,367
344
1,023
15,180
1,501
1,546
409
1,137
1,289
44
481
210
271
1,765
74
549
237
312
2,676
154
655
258
397
4,367
341
1,298
739
559
5,881
567
1,174
511
6,652
684
1,341
640
702
7,507
800
1,342
565
777
545
10,323
442
14,015
407
15,651
487
17,740
287
1,528
318
2,070
329
3,157
831
5,174
591
7,030
5,254
23
8,141
43
11,076
53
12,431
54
14,106
1,241
7
1,714
10
2,624
21
4,327
32
5,821
30
735
7,942
6,634
16
7
66
46
25
18
112
90
23
243
193
22
285
233
24
41
29
328
266
30
972
()
1,105
()
1,219
19
2
37
1
19
6
11
238
28
4
43
2
19
6
16
373
26
4
94
2
20
4
7
99
1
28
1
15
4
8
167
665
8,984
7,553
49
41
7
1,426
205
346
246
233
79
143
3,985
1,894
266
423
345
335
102
232
4,530
2,109
292
445
359
372
117
262
5,154
2,306
319
473
394
410
126
289
331
168
53
6
17
29
14
21
15
516
252
79
8
30
41
22
27
15
886
432
123
18
58
65
36
47
18
1,545
659
190
()
140
10
)
153
)
222
1,613
(D)
()
615
202
108
91
170
2,091
266
54
761
284
148
141
191
2,422
308
62
870
320
169
173
193
Income by place of work
Total labor and proprietors income lBytype
Wage and salary disbursements..
Other labor income
Proprietors income 2
Farm
Nonfarm 2
By industry
Farm
Nonfarm _
Private
Agricultural
services, forestry, fisheries, and
other 3 .
Agricultural services
Forestry, fisheries, and other 3
Mining
Coalmining
Oil and gas extraction
Metal mining
Nonmetallic minerals, except fuels
Construction
Manufacturing
Nondurable goods
Food and kindred products
Textile mill products
Apparel and other textile products..
Paper and allied products
_
Printing and publishing
Chemicals and allied products
Petroleum and coal products
Tobacco manufacturers
Rubber and misc. plastics products..
Leather and leather products
39
40
41
42
43
Durable goods
Lumber and wood products
Furniture and fixtures
Primary metal industries
Fabricated metal products
Machinery, except electrical
Electric and electronic equipment
Transportation equipment exc. motor
vehicles.
Motor vehicles
and equipment
Ordnance 4
Stone, clay, and glass products
Instruments and related products
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries. >.
579
72
9
268
59
23
17
77
2,033
932
151
217
167
149
50
103
D
()
(D)
74
716
89
14
313
70
41
21
80
1,100
129
11
28
39
25
59
57
119
70
44
108
(D)
46
3
89
15
15
8
65
103
118
30
33
140
43
41
252
8
2,848
365
79
1,008
362
215
220
218
128
159
50
44
C)
117
55
60
D
()
C)
()
492
30
5
92
10
51
10
21
566
2,010
924
257
41
104
173
75
106
24
2,359
1,047
301
45
107
200
86
119
27
C)
83
957
64
205
102
88
140
120
201
32
1,313
239
116
115
166
155
260
42
1,510
276
125
138
187
184
299
55
42
50
61
7
21
639
2,695
1,186
343
47
110
236
95
137
32
8
21
°30
454
116
60
35
39
31
68
)
13
27
20
20
26
13
47
57
34
34
(*)
15
5
265
87
33
(D)
20
14
31
7
3
11
20
8
249
62
72
435
104
133
()
47
57
()
92
82
579
125
161
3
31
147
112
659
136
189
3
35
168
128
759
147
224
4
40
196
149
459
493
911
404
120
284
1,115
46
67
69
175
32
565
1,018
453
135
318
1,278
53
75
75
202
35
10
163
64
22
(D)
12
6
12
4
58
48
67
172
42
73
81
41
59
70
36
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
Transportation and public utilities
Railroad transportation
Trucking and warehousing
Water transportation
Other transportation
Communication
__
Electric, gas, and sanitary services.
260
78
48
23
19
43
49
310
73
69
25
22
57
64
436
89
107
31
25
99
85
731
128
181
35
32
200
155
149
234
47
40
305
209
1,135
161
277
51
47
359
239
1,342
174
321
62
56
414
316
153
63
29
(*)
10
22
29
179
52
49
1
10
28
39
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
Wholesale trade
Retail trade
Finance, insurance, and real estate
Banking
Other finance, insurance, and real estate
Services
Hotels and other lodging places
Personal services
_
_
Private households
_
Business and repair services
Amusement and recreation incl. motion pictures.
Professional, social, and related services
204
419
147
26
121
447
11
49
94
63
10
261
484
194
38
156
602
15
57
102
92
13
366
594
1,069
445
117
329
1,416
38
89
141
264
28
896
1,396
628
173
455
1,920
55
108
168
312
37
1,516
747
193
554
2,070
62
118
179
332
40
1,085
1,676
832
220
612
2,402
70
130
197
416
47
87
244
73
16
57
212
10
26
37
26
7
121
294
102
24
78
296
13
33
40
41
10
169
422
155
41
115
447
19
46
49
60
14
282
661
248
70
179
708
29
54
54
112
21
219
324
510
855
1,240
1,340
1,541
106
160
258
439
644
726
837
735
317
139
280
960
447
128
385
1,413
529
221
663
2,182
774
299
1,109
2,939
1,017
328
1,595
3,220
1,086
337
1,798
3,634
1,161
344
2,129
287
75
77
135
356
94
70
191
533
134
70
328
847
207
104
537
1,210
278
141
791
1,307
291
141
875
1,431
319
149
963
Total labor and proprietors income by place of workLess: Personal contributions for social insurance by
place of work.
Net labor and proprietors income by place of work
Plus: Residence adjustment
Net labor and proprietors income by place of residence.
Plus: Dividends, interest, and rent»_
Plus: Transfer payments
3,805
90
4,684
155
6,909
296
10,868
567
14,457
819
16,058
908
18,228
1,028
1,814
41
2,388
72
3,485
149
6,005
302
7,622
424
8,677
477
9,648
543
3,715
35
3,750
4,529
59
4,588
6,613
116
6,729
10,301
194
10,495
13,638
243
13,881
15,150
270
15,420
17,200
304
17,504
1,774
3
1,777
2,316
2,323
3,337
29
3,366
5,704
20
5,724
7,197
9
7,207
8,200
9
8,209
9,105
12
9,117
575
540
873
373
1,295
1,806
1,893
3,062
2,179
3,307
2,466
3,576
204
224
333
334
563
910
1,136
1,535
2,035
1,719
2,216
Personal income by place of residence..
Per capita income (dollars)
Total population (thousands)
4,502
1,423
3,163
5,704
8,485
2,462
3,446
13,596
3,840
3,541
18,837
5,156
3,653
20,906
5,664
3,691
23,540
6,291
3,742
1,277
1,726
2,989
1,594
1,875
4,525
2,379
1,902
7,770
3,822
2,033
1,377
1,884
10,468
4,945
2,117
11,779
5,473
2,152
13,047
5,969
2,186
62
Government and government enterprisesFederal, civilian
_
Federal, military
_
State and local
67
226
950
27
80
128
188
19
105
230
992
41
62
64
152
28
Derivation of personal income by place of residence
V
3,358
See footnotes on pp. 32-33.
SURVEY OF CURRENT BUSINESS
Part II August 1979
45
Sources, Selected Years 1958-78—Continued
dollars]
]Kentucky
Georgia
Florida
Line
7
7
1958
1963
1968
1973
1976
1977
U978
1958
1963
1968
1973
1976
1977
43,673
4,972
6,661
10,663
17,744
21,843
24,422
27,351
3,551
4,510
6,698
10,566
14,072
15,729
31,737
2,793
3,232
36,463
3,325
3,885
3,932
5,438
8,979
14,761
2,652
3,462
5,349
8,400
111
788
323
465
165
883
350
533
310
689
1,039
1,478
11,179
1,237
1,656
12,479
1,435
1,815
14,117
1,667
1,959
328
710
551
927
527
537
543
1,129
1,279
1,415
1958
1963
1968
1973
1976
1977
6,545
8,943
14,819
28,106
33,747
37,761
5,168
7,224
12,279
157
281
605
28,589
2,346
2,812
1978
1,221
1,438
1,935
23,514
1,547
3,044
250
970
302
347
595
559
505
865
1,135
1,588
2,449
2,254
2,727
3,020
117
923
299
624
198
439
972
1,025
1,246
2,012
18,609
1,544
1,690
20,841
1,844
1,736
22,968
2,115
2,268
319
706
272
974
725
425
241
612
1,287
1,265
1,495
1,656
1978
17,743
374
414
548
872
934
923
395
349
834
582
401
800
360
405
391
625
629
645
682
8,529
14,272
27,234
32,813
36,838
1,363
42,310
357
6,171
4,615
6,266
10,314
16,911
21,260
24,022
26,551
3,191
4,105
6,307
9,941
13,443
15,084
17,061
5,030
6,885
11,488
22,297
26,007
29,435
34,262
3,720
4,991
8,187
13,688
16,985
19,266
21,428
2,649
3,345
5,072
8,131
11,053
12,520
14,272
46
73
117
192
275
314
397
30
37
46
66
74
83
94
10
11
16
27
37
42
50
30
17
41
(D)
3
(D)
35
628
59
14
48
(D)
5
(D)
40
700
99
18
63
(D)
8
(D)
52
175
18
110
(*D)
(D)
()
86
249
26
137
-1
31
8
98
281
34
134
(*)
13
9
112
361
37
162
(*)
15
9
137
13
17
22
16
21
27
27
20
44
C)
(*)1
C)
(*)2
58
35
114
2
2
(*)
109
1,132
3,205
2,305
2,589
3,117
263
42
620
52
31
104
2
2
(*)
99
1,200
1,123
1,305
1,458
10
(*)
188
153
(DD)
()
10
204
139
(DD)
()
15
307
15
(*)
224
181
(DD)
()
19
487
26
1
447
402
18
27
352
47
27
88
(*)
3
(*)
85
11
C)
(*)
C)22
46
20
71
(*)
1
1
68
807
420
141
D
()
24
74
70
74
(D)
22
2
(D)
1,317
2,270
4,981
2,199
5,937
2,480
1,681
1,040
2,810
1,679
4,201
2,537
5,238
3,239
5,902
3,586
6,462
3,896
1,702
437
24
179
199
286
226
14
27
77
28
572
34
213
253
359
367
18
26
114
29
635
34
230
274
407
410
22
25
138
24
694
40
270
305
469
451
30
25
167
29
203
370
172
131
64
68
6
3
10
13
295
627
284
195
106
101
8
3
37
20
443
937
390
297
162
164
16
596
665
726
1,151
1,265
1,348
514
448
241
248
(DD)
()
161
19
559
508
260
272
(DD)
()
176
21
490
147
9
70
16
55
95
10
67
12
10
731
180
15
124
104
22
489
392
209
224
(DD)
()
136
20
806
387
133
8
48
8
50
69
8
52
3
7
1,067
914
280
D
()
90
141
150
164
(D)
25
30
14
4,299
1,985
1,200
589
197
D
()
39
94
97
120
(D)
19
8
(D)
3,605
1,495
388
57
29
9
66
24
31
71
728
65
33
13
82
51
126
148
1,357
2,111
2,315
2,782
3,457
1,664
1,998
2,316
2,566
140
98
50
285
221
386
409
179
76
48
323
292
519
505
222
86
61
390
343
585
613
268
114
67
473
419
800
749
641
104
32
29
53
54
35
155
1,131
84
55
24
139
126
258
308
438
83
26
21
28
37
20
105
142
()
107
97
69
310
220
77
128
176
167
139
268
265
74
193
201
207
182
252
300
86
227
243
250
210
243
344
98
265
272
260
256
274
419
31
22
57
71
69
105
4
577
36
28
78
84
113
145
5
971
52
39
121
136
204
253
(D)
3
31
49
9
10
4
114
65
13
14
9
190
100
35
29
15
158
241
64
45
17
23
28
159
13
87
14
32
257
6
153
25
49
427
317
141
81
93
1
61
6
20
431
252
140
66
61
(*)
^38
4
16
344
211
91
54
183
37
60
2i6
45
65
250
47
73
25
(*)
24
3
7
38
(*)
34
7
9
74
(*)
49
(D)
20
510
105
72
20
144
99
69
659
88
106
28
190
149
98
1,130
2,323
2,939
3,312
3,793
2,539
231
484
116
922
249
587
149
809
133
190
13
180
179
115
2,254
209
398
106
797
980
449
499
113
118
8
88
101
72
1,950
172
361
87
670
705
327
377
116
79
5
52
72
53
1,491
115
169
50
376
267
154
202
356
20
351
366
196
222
418
26
488
506
290
243
483
31
576
582
339
261
539
37
660
668
373
297
122
51
6
27
41
49
348
128
70
6
31
50
62
474
143
107
11
44
81
89
454
977
436
60
376
595
925
2,022
452
497
566
2,667
9,022
206
502
183
40
143
300
745
267
63
204
2,848
2,248
7,791
162
444
144
28
116
1,631
139
1,866
6,817
984
228
756
2,421
2,814
1,570
337
546
116
430
820
394
429
286
313
936
326
473
317
373
513
354
398
590
396
437
1,370
60
128
2,340
103
144
191
222
87
254
216
265
428
146
616
20
1,911
2,296
1,225
292
933
3,080
163
2,160
2,541
1,406
1,581
5,341
526
708
340
67
273
1,383
1,952
980
161
819
386
586
240
48
192
1,146
620
96
524
2,337
4,579
2,318
797
1,242
1,848
3,755
1,918
544
16
62
856
30
90
62
1,166
1,395
1,702
395
456
184
201
51
151
206
434
71
503
849
1,538
3,051
4,093
1,142
1,644
2,784
4,938
259
379
504
363
409
872
628
583
946
824
6,806
1,308
1,573
3,167
6,545
8,943
14,819
150
279
620
6,395
8,664
14,199
1,130
122
117
170
159
59
1,095
1,027
1,263
464
518
2,527
5,041
2,744
2,849
5, 750
3,234
762
158
293
111
86
49
44
5
2
4
10
307
331
1,099
3,512
1,239
3,958
167
245
591
87
184
185
261
703
101
204
201
287
832
118
14
51
42
47
17
27
83
135
13
95
37
23
40
1
48
2
1,144
1,051
1,284
1,181
55
(*)
38
979
63
(*)
41
1,223
717
36
1
922
815
70
(*)
37
868
2,863
1,096
3,635
1,464
4,161
1,612
4,664
1,774
235
44
161
59
127
189
25
151
74
31
311
61
197
93
155
258
68
190
94
36
339
68
210
105
166
295
83
199
115
33
356
69
222
115
189
324
91
220
152
36
1,766
2,171
2,549
2,890
88
57
227
211
391
450
(D)
111
58
312
256
531
472
19
117
67
355
305
589
571
24
136
71
411
335
673
634
26
172
C)28
228
308
368
81
34
36
109
36
39
131
40
43
149
42
46
782
204
201
16
56
152
154
1,026
1,184
1,330
272
252
26
62
232
182
293
305
31
74
267
214
315
349
34
81
306
244
(D)
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
482
780
829
959
1,092
1,393
1,503
1,716
376
108
268
531
165
366
616
186
430
704
216
488
1,345
1,861
2,062
2,341
44
70
183
41
60
117
84
238
54
65
127
89
287
63
78
140
98
347
70
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
535
69
132
78
17
26
85
144
116
26
4,676
5,362
298
423
745
1,374
1,828
2,077
2,316
222
330
538
908
1,309
1,430
1,607
62
8,047
1,571
1,106
5,370
896
289
282
324
1,275
2,128
3,222
672
726
1,236
323
285
597
477
629
481
2,480
2,751
2,990
627
430
381
999
566
462
1,762
759
192
190
376
2,790
598
541
141
159
242
2,564
922
539
5,123
1,407
2,391
628
562
937
4,756
1,333
1,810
397
379
499
4,275
1,197
4,534
7,403
1,436
1,023
4,944
1,363
1,490
1,680
63
64
65
66
28,106
1,421
33,747
1,666
37, 761
1,845
43,673
2,157
4,972
6,661
10,663
17, 744
10,566
14,072
908
27,351
1,439
6,698
417
24,422
1,288
4,510
207
21,843
1,155
3,551
115
80
133
270
524
722
784
896
26,685
32,081
35,916
41,516
4,857
6, 454 10, 246
16,836
20,688
23,134
25,913
3,471
4,377
6,428
10,042
13,350
14,944
16, 847
-36
-48
965
-14
-16
-13
-21
-29
-31
-37
4
-6
6,381
8,648
14,186
26,664
32,052
35,885
41,479
4,861
6,448
1,430
685
2,091
1,199
3,516
2,294
6,684
5,312
9,649
9,202
10,858
10, 220
12,405
11,223
534
424
826
600
8,497
1,835
4,630
11,937
2,121
5,628
19,997
3,109
6,433
38,661
4,988
7,751
50,903
6,094
8,353
56,963
6,728
8,466
65,084
7,573
8,594
5,819
1,530
3,804
7,874
1,887
4,172
(DD)
3
C)
176
1
47
67
22
105
33
99
15, 729 17, 743
67
68
-75
-94
-89
89
91
131
118
89
116
135
10, 210 16, 787 20, 613
23,041
25,823
3,559
4,468
6,559
10,160
13, 438
15,061
16, 981
69
70
71
2,234
2,196
3,040
3,839
3,423
4,071
3,875
4,400
449
403
638
540
922
877
1,455
1,781
2,207
2,890
2,509
3,087
2.819
3,322
72
73
12, 624 21, 218
4,403
2,817
4,482
4,819
27,492
5,517
4,984
30,535
6,058
5,041
34,087
6.7C5
5,084
4,412
1,490
2,961
5,646
1,824
3,096
8,359
2,616
3,195
13,396
4,032
3,322
18,536
5,395
3,436
20,656 23,114
5, 957 6,607
3,468
3,498
74
75
76
1,377
1,037
SUEVEY OF CUREENT BUSINESS
46
Part II August 1979
Table 3.—Personal Income by Major Sources,
[Millions
Line
Louisiana
Item
1958
1963
4,131
5,007
3,319
154
658
152
506
4,050
208
748
207
542
194
3,937
1968
1973
Mississippi
1973
1976
1977
7
3,885
6,422
8,109
9,109
10,121
1,915
76
653
360
294
3,032
162
691
298
392
4,954
361
1,107
574
533
6,465
582
1,062
372
7,221
697
1,190
464
726
8,168
806
1,146
341
805
275
1,673
429
2,215
375
3,510
671
5,751
508
7,601
8,500
479
9,642
17,533
100
1,341
12
1,738
14
2,763
17
4,514
24
6,046
34
6,795
36
7,746
50
50
50
1,628
D
()
1,563
(D)
65
2,126
3,630
2,022
372
(D)
82
322
109
766
319
(*)
(D)
5
7
32
(*)
29
(*)
3
108
407
207
51
13
58
44
10
18
3
(*)
42
(*)
38
(*)
4
143
12
5
50
D
()
44
(*)
(D)
216
17
6
61
(D)
50
(*)
(D)
383
20
14
136
(D)
124
(*)
(D)
492
24
12
139
(*)
126
(*)
13
554
38
12
171
(*)
155
(*)
16
651
560
298
67
18
92
55
12
25
7
(*)
13
1,005
454
97
32
149
56
17
39
13
(*)
37
13
1,689
651
137
40
207
80
26
59
19
(*)
70
12
2,217
857
185
51
264
99
37
86
33
(*)
86
16
2,521
932
203
55
276
115
44
97
34
(*)
93
16
2,827
1,035
224
59
297
134
56
112
39
(*)
98
16
262
72
30
(D)
26
21
28
41
551
127
65
(D)
51
48
60
106
1,039
196
122
22
90
94
141
257
1,360
234
142
34
102
121
190
381
1,590
267
160
37
118
145
241
420
1,792
311
174
45
147
184
288
428
47
42
14
34
7
19
12
(*)
61
10
34
22
()
24
1
11
84
14
37
94
19
42
108
19
46
524
81
114
30
25
161
113
606
89
139
34
32
183
129
694
96
169
40
36
208
145
243
71
172
783
31
54
91
103
14
461
807
337
106
231
1,038
47
64
108
151
15
500
884
389
118
271
1,163
50
70
116
173
19
568
1,016
450
135
315
1,318
57
77
127
196
23
1976
1977
11,440
16,308
18,274
20,949
1,948
2,644
6,523
390
972
229
743
9,433
708
1,299
437
862
13,528
1,271
1,509
284
1,225
15,154
1,494
1,626
312
1,315
17,502
1,773
1,673
213
1,461
1,417
44
487
223
264
264
4,743
296
7,590
507
10,933
356
15,953
380
17,894
288
20,661
3,288
22
3,907
22
6,272
8,954
50
13,345
69
15,028
80
9
13
298
(*)
278
(*)
20
330
738
519
133
3
16
90
29
116
131
10
13
325
(*)
304
16
13
500
(*)
467
(*)
32
779
1,394
782
203
3
33
135
47
232
126
(*)
(D)
29
21
648
(D)
612
(D)
36
925
34
34
1,216
(D)
1,154
(D)
61
1,633
1,953
1,119
248
(D)
52
207
68
364
165
(*)
(D)
2,815
1,583
316
(D)
69
253
91
580
237
(*)
(D)
40
41
1,357
D
()
1,293
(D)
64
1,764
3,199
1,788
338
(D)
75
287
612
89
7
43
79
42
22
132
834
131
9
77
119
71
76
215
1,232
176
10
113
219
120
118
336
1,411
199
11
132
241
140
158
4
118
63
3
6
41
72
6
11
109
11
14
125
12
15
144
16
15
1958
1963
1978
Income by place of work
Total labor and proprietors income 1
By type
Wage and salary disbursements.
Other labor income.. _
Proprietors income 2
Farm
Nonfarm 2
By industry
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
Farm
Nonfarm.
Private.
Agricultural
services, forestry, fisheries, and
other 3
Agricultural services
Forestry,fisheries,and other3
Mining
Coal mining..
Oil and gas extraction
Metal mining
Nonmetallic minerals, except fuels
Construction
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
Manufacturing
Nondurable goods
Food and kindred products
Textile mill products
Apparel and other textile products...
Paper and allied products
Printing and publishingChemicals and allied products
Petroleum and coal products
Tobacco manufactures
Rubber and misc. plastics products..
Leather and leather products
9
10
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
Durable goods
Lumber and wood products
Furniture and fixtures
Primary metal industries
Fabricated metal products
Machinery, except electrical
Electric and electronic equipment
Transportation equipment exc. motor
vehicles.
Motor vehicles
and equipment
Ordnancei
Stone, clay, and glass products
Instruments and related products
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries...
Transportation and public utilities
Railroad transportation
Trucking and warehousing
Water transportation
Other transportation
Communication
Electric, gas, and sanitary services
Wholesale trade
Retail trade
Finance, insurance, and real estate
B anking
Otherfinance,insurance, and real estate
Services
Hotels and other lodging places
Personal services
Private households
Business and repair services
Amusement and recreation incl. motion
pictures.
Professional, social, and related services
Government and government enterprisesFederal, civilian
Federal, military
State and local
C)
21
347
(•)""
904
555
152
2
18
102
33
131
115
1
(*)
1
219
59
5
24
32
20
1
36
349
62
5
30
48
27
1
60
1
1
33
1
5
40
3
5
424
78
51
107
56
56
76
495
74
67
133
62
67
92
727
78
107
220
89
111
122
1,118
120
184
277
134
222
180
1,562
142
238
427
183
336
237
1,765
154
282
470
221
381
258
2,100
167
340
591
258
454
291
125
37
24
3
6
24
30
154
36
33
6
7
33
39
223
45
46
13
9
54
55
261
506
187
35
152
523
22
54
97
68
21
319
568
240
49
191
686
24
62
106
99
25
504
865
360
79
281
1,115
45
87
136
182
35
772
1,245
527
134
393
1,716
70
92
152
322
46
1,136
1,717
744
197
547
2,452
95
116
180
542
65
1,278
1,930
865
220
645
2,789
103
131
192
629
76
1,510
2,197
1,005
257
748
3,236
118
146
212
759
90
247
65
17
48
254
9
27
65
21
5
122
285
96
25
71
323
12
33
70
32
175
413
154
42
112
509
21
48
85
68
10
9
266
(*)
(D)
217
12
160
280
170
179
411
200
60
17
(D)
10
11
13
60
(*)
391
61
96
23
17
109
261
371
629
1,035
1,454
1,658
1,914
128
169
277
653
735
649
124
141
384
837
162
150
524
1,318
239
214
865
1,979
355
271
1,353
2,608
483
274
1,850
2,866
526
294
2,047
3,128
583
335
2,209
332
89
80
163
477
118
118
241
747
176
160
411
1,237
269
245
722
1,555
362
248
944
1,705
399
254
1,052
1,896
464
265
1,167
4,131
86
5,007
141
7,886
296
11,440
530
16,308
817
18, 274
911
20,949
1,055
1,948
42
2,644
73
3,885
158
6,422
312
8,109
453
9,109
503
10,121
574
4,045
-10
4,035
4,866
-9
4,857
7,589
-6
7,584
10,909
10,905
15, 492
23
15,515
17,362
17
17,379
1,096
12
1,918
2,571
18
2,589
3,727
25
3,752
6,110
50
6,159
7,655
58
7,714
8,606
64
8,670
9,547
76
9,624
602
407
849
568
1,277
904
1,814
1,797
2,558
2,854
3,009
3,149
19,894
11
19,905
3,373
3,369
204
221
329
319
475
536
735
1,101
1,160
1,842
1,308
2,016
1,475
2,196
5,044
1,599
3,155
6,274
1,858
3,377
9,764
2,710
3,603
14, 515
3,875
3,746
20,927
5,401
3,875
23,537
5,989
3,930
26, 638
6,716
3,966
2,343
1,123
2,086
3,237
1,442
2,244
4,763
2,146
2,219
7,995
3,451
2,317
10,716
4,530
2,365
11,994
5,028
13,290
5,529
2,404
Derivation of personal Income by place of residence
Total labor and proprietors income by place of work..
Less: Personal contributions for social insurance
by place of work.
Net labor and proprietors income by place of work.
Plus: Residence adjustment
Net labor and proprietors income by place of
residence.
Plus: Dividends, interest, and rent 6
Plus: Transfer payments
Personal income by place of residence..
Per capita income (dollars)
Total population (thousands)
See footnotes on pp. 32-33.
c
SUEVEY OF CURRENT BUSINESS
Part II August 1979
47
Selected Years 1958-78—Continued
of dollars]
r
South Carolina
North Carolina
rennessee
Line
7
1958
1963
1968
1973
1976
1977
23,727 26,042 29,421
2,511
3,348
5,403
8,855
11,483
12,727
9,579 15, 652 19,704 21,749 24,124
469 1,011
1,550
1,829 2,100
1,427 2,442 2,473 2,464 3,197
417 1,101
1,012
777 1,327
1,341
1,461
1,687 1,870
1,010
2,032
54
425
146
279
2,784
97
467
145
321
4,604
217
582
115
467
7,524
467
865
265
600
1, S 51
27,869
186
2,325
195
3,153
15,259 20,416 22,789
72
85
97
1,817
12
5
6
6
1958
1963
1968
1973
5,437
7,264
11,475
19,104
4,115
122
1,201
531
670
5,812
219
1,234
482
752
611
4,826
1,242
540 1,246
599
6,666 10, 935 17,859 22,485
4,003
21
5,486
21
8,990 14,688
35
65
15
6
12
(DD)
()
2
11
266
17
5
14
(DD)
()
(*)
14
381
29
6
24
(*)
(*)
(*)
24
656
53
12
38
1
1
(*)
36
1,232
55
16
50
-2
1
(*)
52
1,277
1,651
1,178
116
674
74
67
41
60
1
133
10
3
2,308
1,607
148
872
142
85
56
103
2
179
14
6
3,904
2,633
218
1,451
280
122
90
192
2
209
52
16
6, 242
3,963
311
2,052
401
209
136
384
2
295
147
25
473
96
134
11
31
42
100
13
701
123
207
16
45
74
138
12
1,271
161
350
46
85
200
257
20
7
(*)
32
1
8
8
10
50
7
10
304
61
109
3
27
57
47
31$
611
203
39
164
618
19
78
112
60
16
1976
1977
1,013
25,029
64
20
60
1978
7
1958
1963
1968
1973
1976
1977
14,469
4,318
5,610
8,658
14,047
17,958
20,065
22,943
1
9,861 10,844 12,226
756
895 1,048
866
988 1,196
158
119
233
707
869
963
3,308
120
889
277
612
4,484
192
934
245
689
7,155 11, 572 14, 873 16, 701 19, 068
404
842 1,334
1,576
1,840
1,098
1,634
1, 751 1,788 2,035
197
419
301
256
337
901 1,214
1,450
1,532
1,698
2
3
4
5
6
164
5,239
330
236
199
319
8,525 11,247 12,528 14,150
314
4,004
297
5, 313
484
248
341
375
422
8,409 13,563 17,583 19, 723 22, 520
7
8
2,485
12
4,124
20
6,716
33
8,743
43
9,872
54
11,238
65
3,397
10
4, 482
12
7,099 11,385 14, 619 16,364
22
34
40
46
7
5
7
21
12
17
30
24
22
(DD)
()
(•)
22
838
38
27
25
(DD)
()
(•)
25
967
9
1
34
13
(*)
7
14
227
12
1
37
12
(•)
16
652
26
18
19
(•)
(*)
(•)
19
734
1,395
75
21
70
(*D)
()
(D)
69
1,562
(D)
(•)
(•)
(D)
142
(D)
(*)
(•)
(D)
184
13
8
10
(DD)
(D)
()
10
347
7,595
4,901
427
2,289
528
297
184
499
2
420
221
34
8,526
5,375
448
2,471
588
341
198
566
2
452
273
37
9,442
5,815
489
2,604
674
369
226
606
6
484
315
42
785
668
40
423
62
38
16
79
2
5
4
(•)
1,147
920
49
557
108
61
20
108
2
6
8
1
1,901
1,428
76
844
164
94
30
195
2
6
15
1
2,955
2,119
102
1,190
224
149
52
354
4
3
39
1
3,876
2,760
137
1,449
298
208
65
460
5
4
132
2
4,327
3,012
151
1,541
312
231
71
519
6
4
175
2
4,867
3,337
168
1,652
362
261
80
580
7
5
221
2
2,279
242
572
71
187
373
466
72
2,693
314
634
89
283
473
488
36
3,150
349
744
105
321
551
573
40
3,627
398
838
124
365
603
670
46
117
47
12
(D)
6
13
6
2
227
59
14
(D)
19
41
26
4
473
79
23
(D)
44
93
67
42
836
(D)
40
42
91
207
135
(D)
1,116
141
41
66
137
306
165
33
1,315
1,530
159
188
44
52
79
101
167
191
365
424
204
229
37
41
19
(*)
88
23
24
47
(*)
149
56
44
61
95
135
(*)
20
1
3
8
(D)
111
28
33
19
244
145
59
6
(D)
72
15
22
14
204
123
44
1
(D)
37
9
12
12
184
94
38
129
49
36
149
58
39
409
60
161
4
38
80
66
669
72
272
15
66
144
99
1,203
110
473
14
103
287
215
1,489
127
541
13
127
390
291
1,717
141
624
16
150
445
341
1,915
152
688
17
164
505
388
125
33
27
3
10
27
24
154
34
36
5
11
37
31
249
41
65
9
16
66
53
473
65
131
14
25
134
105
627
75
167
22
33
192
138
437
748
300
63
238
867
679
1,161
476
109
368
1,385
49
154
159
154
41
1,063
1,852
779
204
574
2,214
77
179
180
330
57
1,382
2,342
998
278
720
3,054
1,532
2,558
1,130
303
828
3,412
116
215
228
573
89
1,770
2,847
1,266
327
938
3,821
124
233
251
651
99
103
295
88
15
73
263
9
32
67
23
6
142
338
125
23
102
375
13
38
74
52
9
224
531
199
40
160
642
387
851
339
79
260
1,009
52
71
114
170
27
556
1,092
451
111
340
1,344
74
87
136
200
36
26
101
122
105
24
C)
(DD)
()
59
(D)
100
201
214
520
78
7
1978
26
62
99
96
17
1978
18, 673
54
9
10
9
17
325
20
2
50
15
1
14
19
528
31
3
77
29
1
17
30
886
37
4
120
56
7
18
39
1,026
42
4
155
85
6
22
42
1,140
49
5
190
110
7
24
49
1,335
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
1,246
782
141
93
90
46
59
277
3
4
27
43
1,708
1,040
167
114
153
62
74
342
4
5
49
70
2,857
1,628
229
170
266
100
116
533
6
7
88
114
4,423
2,393
343
234
383
162
182
715
10
12
193
159
5,479
3,038
490
244
470
219
232
945
13
17
232
176
6,213
3,362
529
256
498
254
257
1,026
13
20
329
179
6,998
3,702
565
287
534
291
290
1,121
14
22
383
195
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
29
29
30
463
58
44
70
87
40
54
15
667
74
71
102
102
60
98
22
1,230
95
134
166
174
130
191
79
2,030
131
191
210
286
294
344
115
2,442
177
208
271
381
386
375
109
2,852
201
230
326
429
463
449
128
3,296
232
254
361
484
537
518
166
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
9
7
54
10
16
16
8
77
13
24
35
45
108
25
47
108
41
191
39
80
151
184
240
171
68
45
222
60
100
261
71
109
297
82
125
39
40
41
42
43
734
85
194
24
37
220
173
873
92
230
32
45
255
220
300
101
86
2
31
63
18
356
100
119
3
36
75
23
510
111
185
894
156
364
1,355
206
535
.15
151
374
75
1,576
222
634
19
186
433
82
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
616
1,209
528
123
404
1,544
87
99
145
234
45
702
1,370
607
139
468
1,762
101
109
159
279
49
308
517
194
35
158
561
17
69
81
83
18
412
597
276
52
224
760
24
81
88
121
23
1,460
2,022
1,006
258
748
2,967
141
182
154
517
98
1,630
2,305
1,141
292
849
3,444
168
201
169
604
117
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
C)
120
33
224
53
1,171
189
446
13
132
327
63
611
898
418
88
329
1,205
53
118
110
187
34
968
1,459
652
166
487
1,992
99
142
121
328
63
1,349
1,861
874
235
639
2,698
126
169
144
452
81
(D)
(D)
(D)
(D)
333
490
829
1,390
1,942
2,191
2,462
127
189
342
575
811
934
1,064
293
423
704
1,238
1,727
1,876
2,185
62
823
148
278
397
1,180
203
346
631
1,945
322
560
1,063
3,171
506
796
1,869
4,226
695
941
2,590
4,613
733
982
2,899
5,080
783
1,085
3,212
508
123
202
183
668
163
242
263
1,115
265
391
459
1,809
361
549
898
2,504
555
695
1,254
2,656
554
680
1,423
2,913
590
668
1,654
607
200
96
312
830
257
94
478
1,311
357
133
821
2,178
630
134
1,414
2,963
922
162
1,880
3,359
1,067
154
2,138
3,847
1,291
166
2,390
63
64
65
66
29,421
1,591
2,511
55
3,348
104
5,403
222
8,855 11,483
466
654
12,727 14,469
717
817
4,318
97
5,610
174
8,658
355
14,047
729
17,958 20,065
998 1,109
22,943
1,268
67
68
24, 624 27,830
-30
-32
24,593 27,798
2,455
13
2,468
3,244
29
3,273
5,181
73
5,254
8,390 10,829 12,010 13,652
140
183
202
221
8,530 11,012 12, 212 13,873
4,221
-13
4,208
5,436
-32
5,404
8,303
-75
8,228
13,318
-191
13,127
16,960
-217
16,743
18,955
-262
18,694
21,675
-326
21,349
69
70
71
2,020
2,459
506
403
730
554
1,127
959
1,832
1,949
2,518
3,365
2,911
3,607
3,293
3,896
72
73
10, 775 14, 732 16, 267 18,346
3,957 5,180 5,653 6,288
2,723
2,844
2,878
2,918
5,116
1,474
3,471
6,688
1,799
3,718
10,314
2,660
3,878
16,908
4,131
4,093
22,626
5,344
4,234
25, 212 28,527
5,874 6,547
4,292 4,357
74
75
76
5,437
118
7,264 11,475
219
464
19,104 23, 727 26,042
968 1,287
1,418
5,319
14
5,333
7,045 11,010
11
1
7,057 11,011
18,136
-32
18,104
22,440
-31
22,408
602
431
909
651
1,453
1,074
2,353
2,175
3,462
4,014
3,777
4,321
4,257
4,627
261
212
391
310
629
531
6,367
1,455
4,376
8,617
1,817
4,742
13,537
2,705
5,004
22,633
4,263
5,310
29,884
5,471
5,462
32,691
5,928
5,515
36,671
6, 575
5,577
2,941
1,277
2,304
3,975
1,616
2,460
6,415
2,507
2,559
1,068
1,177
1,605
2,115
1,790
2,265
SUKVEY OF CUEEENT BUSINESS
48
Part II August 1979
Table 3.—Personal Income by Major
fMillions
Virginia
Item
Line
1958
1963
1973 I
I
5,429
7,095
11,000
4,507
127
794
226
568
6,105
218
772
103
282
5,147
West Virginia
1976
1977
18,058
23,390
25,854
9,543
427
1,030
140
15,681
925
1,453
325
1,128
20,240
1,559
1,591
161
1,430
167
6,928
200
10,800
400
17,658
3,643
22
4,945
22
7,519
34
12
10
83
70
14
8
88
71
2
10
324
14
25
9
113
92
1
2
18
704
U978
7
1958
1963
1968
1973
1976
1977
1978
29,121
2,381
2,647
3,635
5,460
7,666
8,544
9,450
22,205
1,847
1,802
163
1,639
24,853
2,135
2,132
310
1,822
2,000
112
52
217
2,257
142
248
22
226
3,086
223
326
17
4,628
406
426
35
728
544
1
544
7,117
836
591
10
581
651
8
643
259
23,131
240
25,614
401
28,720
2,318
34
2,613
28
3,607
50
5,410
15
7,651
20
8,524
24
9,426
12,396
51
16,413
64
18,445
73
20,845
2,066
3
2,293
3
3,111
5
4,618
8
6,586
11
7,316
13
8,109
15
44
8
216
187
52
11
349
311
5
2
31
1,541
59
14
447
406
4
3
34
1,716
71
18
458
410
4
4
40
1,959
3
(*)
341
313
5
(*)
421
386
25
8
(*)
717
675
26
(*)
16
413
10
1
1,368
1,235
116
14
1
1,501
(D)
109
498
12
1
1,441
(D)
91
(•)
(D)
641
4,573
2,376
392
394
240
204
198
519
7
250
143
5,157
2,628
427
439
250
230
226
574
7
264
184
28
5,757
2,903
469
530
264
260
260
576
8
309
196
30
1,379
506
50
D
()
33
15
36
326
12
1,855
707
64
D
()
42
21
46
467
19
2,038
777
72
D
()
43
17
49
519
25
()
12
()
18
()
20
749
2,261
845
79
(D)
44
18
55
562
28
D
(
())
22
2,197
238
213
192
243
181
412
416
2,529
266
237
227
276
200
463
477
2,855
314
275
262
312
228
515
502
873
45
13
377
74
58
43
1,148
53
9
520
106
101
53
43
1,261
55
10
585
107
116
62
44
1,416
66
9
647
125
126
73
52
Income by place of work
Total labor and proprietors income 1
By type
Wage and salary disbursements.
Other labor income
Proprietors income 2
Farm
_.
Nonfarm 2
By industry
Farm
Nonfarm.
Private
---•
Agricultural services, forestry, fisheries, and
other.3
Agricultural services
Forestry, fisheries, and other s
Mining
Coalmining
Oil and gas extraction
Metal mining
Nonmetallic minerals, except fuels
C onstruction
Manufacturing
Nondurable goods
Food and kindred products
Textile mill products
Apparel and other textile p r o d u c t s Paper and allied products
Printing and publishing
Chemicals and allied products
Petroleum and coal products
Tobacco manufacturers
Rubber and misc. plastics products.
Leather and leather products
Durable goods
Lumber and wood products
Furniture and fixtures
Primary metal industries
Fabricated metal products
Machinery, except electrical
Electric and electronic equipment
Transportation equipment exc. motor
vehicles.
Motor vehicles and equipment
Ordnance *
Stone, clay, and glass products
Instruments and related products
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries...
()
25
1,335
(*)
19
(*)
5
117
•20
8
125
2,363
1,343
197
227
144
109
16
1,510
860
141
144
84
73
61
240
4
76
20
17
4
106
46
27
3,590
1,862
281
324
207
159
146
439
4
183
95
24
55
37
45
18
27
90
649
88
90
56
55
33
73
159
1,021
123
137
92
74
71
147
231
1,728
192
206
133
182
128
305
356
19
34
(D)
74
(D)
22
738
164
165
26
137
154
91
54
(D)
121
(D)
27
1,282
239
281
46
259
302
155
87
141
170
145
34
163
38
41
187
45
44
103
(D)
1,667
269
345
61
337
436
218
1,877
290
399
66
386
488
248
2,083
312
454
78
399
556
284
244
93
30
6
13
35
67
267
91
42
7
13
39
75
1,073
665
122
114
56
57
46
181
3
11
4
33
6
14
C)
52
8
16
272
40
D
()
10
6
16
181
5
1,059
397
47
14
8
18
240
5
23
10
26
261
6
8?)
2
3
()
240
817
339
40
(D)
385
22
4
175
30
17
19
6
C)10
478
27
5
206
36
30
28
10
)
126
8
271
50
43
39
23
8
12
(D)
198
(D)
17
15
19
19
227
7
14
244
12
270
10
17
60
8
16
57
95
500
124
101
11
19
102
144
633
146
128
16
23
137
182
722
158
156
21
27
155
206
797
170
174
22
30
175
228
387
685
229
79
150
920
38
56
39
122
25
429
751
258
91
167
1,025
47
62
42
136
482
844
296
104
191
1,165
57
69
46
160
34
34
(D)
144
)
Transportation and public utilities
Railroad transportation
Trucking and warehousing
Water transportation
Other transportation
Communication
Electric, gas, and sanitary services
437
147
75
16
77
69
53
517
146
108
18
85
94
66
Wholesale trade
Retail trade
Finance, insurance, and real estate. _
Banking
Other finance, insurance, and real estate
Services
_
Hotels and other lodging places
Personal services
Private households
Business and repair services
Amusement and recreation incl. motion pictures.
Professional, social, and related services
227
613
226
50
176
638
22
74
86
92
20
322
758
315
68
246
916
31
97
97
160
26
467
1,139
485
108
376
1,476
66
142
136
246
838
1,813
789
187
602
2,482
127
152
162
444
58
1,222
2,337
1,037
259
778
3,623
174
189
192
750
91
1,342
2,540
1,250
289
961
4,042
184
206
205
905
100
1,534
2,840
1,431
326
1,105
4,694
209
229
226
1,112
115
100
251
68
16
52
233
11
29
20
28
9
114
258
80
21
59
288
12
31
22
30
12
159
360
112
32
81
422
19
40
29
42
17
266
531
165
53
112
640
26
47
33
78
21
344
505
849
1,538
2,227
2,442
2,804
136
181
274
434
640
707
799
1,065
212
21
832
1,208
232
22
954
1,317
244
23
1,049
1,504
615
520
370
807
623
554
3,281
1,242
994
1,045
5,261
1,990
1,369
1,903
6,719
2,557
1,479
2,683
7,169
2,742
1,568
2,860
7,875
2,990
1,665
3,221
252
51
21
180
321
69
11
240
496
98
14
384
792
162
21
608
Total labor and proprietors income by place of workLess: Personal contributions for social insurance by
place of work.
Net labor and proprietors income by place of w o r k Plus: Residence adjustment
Net labor and proprietors income by place of residence.
Plus: Dividends, interest, and rent •
__
Plus: Transfer payments.._
5,429
134
7,095
235
11,000
462
18,058
935
23,390
1,267
25,854
1,397
29,121
1,577
2,381
54
2,647
82
3,635
153
5,460
296
411
8,544
453
9,450
505
5,296
421
5,717
630
7,489
10,538
943
11,481
17,123
1,422
18,545
22,123
2,030
24,154
24,457
2,165
26,622
27,544
2,337
29,881
2,327
-86
2,241
2, 565
-85
2,480
3,482
-79
3,402
5,164
-90
5,074
7,255
-117
7,138
8,091
-137
7,954
8,945
-144
8,801
419
1,023
640
1,571
1,147
2,463
2,505
3,572
4,229
4,005
4,650
4,517
5,106
257
315
360
395
482
572
734
1,256
1,050
1,851
1,171
1,995
1,305
2,215
Personal income by place of residence..
Per capita income (dollars)
Total population (thousands)
6,804
1,738
3, 914
9,152
2,140
4,276
14,199
3,115
4,558
23,514
4,848
4,850
31,954
6,325
5,052
35,277
6,924
5,095
39, 492
7,671
5,148
2,813
1,525
1,845
3,235
1,801
1,796
4,456
2,527
1,763
7,064
3,962
1,783
10,039
5,480
1,832
11,120
6,000
12,318
6,624
1,860
Government and government enterprises.
Federal, civilian.
Federal, military
__
State and local
Derivation of personal income by
place of residence
67
See footnotes on pp. 32-33.
U
SURVEY OF CURRENT BUSINESS
Part II August 1979
49
Sources, Selected Years 1958-78—Continued
of dollars]
ISouthwest
New Mexico
Arizona
Line
7
1958
1963
1968
1973
1976
1977
97,691 113,043
1,816
2,612
4,016
7,775
9,688
11,021
93,760
9,145
10,138
1,571
8,566
1,466
2,190
3,358
6,620
8,274
9,382
38
312
68
244
75
347
60
287
148
510
114
396
440
716
164
552
696
718
231
487
833
806
184
622
1977
1958
1963
1968
1973
1976
20,460
25,043
38,277
62,350
85,900
15,791
20,286
50,650
3,605
8,094
2,899
5,195
71,563
6,415
7,923
1,330
6,593
80,817
7,691
9,180
1,465
7,715
1978
7
1978
7
1958
1963
1968
1973
1976
1977
13,064
1,372
1,643
2,130
3,395
4,722
5,359
6,139
1
11,135
1,000
1,107
1,365
1,784
2,813
3,967
4,495
5,111
34
231
80
151
51
227
57
170
83
263
73
191
174
408
154
254
322
433
113
320
386
477
109
368
456
572
162
410
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1978
633
918
4,035
1,261
2,774
3,838
3,009
31,431
1,719
5,127
1,027
4,100
1,632
18,827
1,201
23,841
1,425
36,852
3,367
58,983
1,915
83,985
2,132
2,231
95,559 110,812
136
111
187
252
339
307
368
112
88
103
192
161
160
220
1,680
2,501
3,829
7,523
9,349
10,713
12,696
1,260
1,555
2,027
3,203
4,561
5,199
5,919
15,240
19,065
29,322
46,779
67,538
77,813
91,474
1,326
1,970
2,943
5,877
7,060
8,255
9,938
1,377
2,179
3,171
3,685
4,276
83
140
237
316
378
499
8
12
18
43
78
77
(*)
9
13
14
17
20
18
(•)
155
(*)
2
150
3
284
52
52
(*)
458
6
12
(*)
125
(*)
1
121
3
239
37
36
1
351
904
4
1,094
60
4
(*)
119
1
64
30
24
112
6
(*)
127
2
60
36
29
119
9
(*)
142
5
61
50
26
142
13
(*)
188
14
1
403
17
1
464
20
1
541
394
88
41
693
127
53
85
34
16
106
39
20
129
49
22
829
48
12
72
11
124
16
206
31
271
46
325
52
439
60
1,439
1,448
1,777
2,359
4,880
5,378
6,607
6
5
8
22
56
85
122
1,239
1,208
1,481
1,802
4,070
4,479
5,626
121
72
160
75
204
84
409
126
586
168
620
193
645
214
1,378
1,740
2,646
4,760
6,534
7,753
9,428
8
(*)
94
(*)
1
88
5
180
3,402
1,669
4,316
2,012
7,354
2,880
471
27
114
57
196
299
537
26
169
83
251
421
J14
10,949
4,358
1,004
(D)
15,641
6,419
1,453
(D)
17,985
7,260
1,604
20,849
8,115
1,748
236
63
34
670
331
758
90
710
389
862
94
781
440
991
453
(*)
449
(*)
510
227
581
933
698
1,482
1,158
1,679
1,332
1
1,917
1,446
1
284
46
415
69
519
75
615
81
39
12
63
13
297
365
644
532
(*)
121
26
1,733
2,303
4,475
6,590
9,222
10,725
12,734
101
53
186
217
288
122
482
129
65
222
282
403
281
429
178
107
355
531
751
690
308
175
595
926
454
192
834
553
214
656
246
1,050
1,296
1,105
1,001
1,462
2,152
1,374
1,325
1,050
1,599
2,537
1,666
1,438
1,199
1,895
3,177
2,023
1,600
48
24
152
31
30
77
111
213
55
38
137
195
300
118
61
201
117
518
225
124
293
354
386
679
283
174
796
327
191
973
367
213
1,677
1,990
2,818
4,837
6,725
7,845
9,097
378
337
58
277
282
344
352
434
90
324
363
427
390
655
128
515
538
592
593
724
793
855
1,127
1,457
1,771
2,089
1,298
2,569
1,669
3,065
1,328
2,490
4,445
2,045
199
825
1,111
983
4,150
7,071
3,277
264
301
371
1,188
1,697
1,396
1,412
1,939
1,630
1,614
2,277
1,891
7,194
10,794
5,471
1,297
4,174
15,016
8,480
12,452
6,470
1,511
4,959
17,593
(D)
6
(P)
16
4
(*)
1
(*)
173
17
(P)
9
(D)
25
6
(D)
18
(P)
36
8
8 85
2
(*)
C)
(D)
(D)
336
(P)
881
1,172
229
84
(•)
31
(D)
69
15
(*)*
(P)
2
943
44
11
67
59
136
306
129
17
49
40
43
57
48
566
25
5
37
34
87
176
95
1
4
45
23
15
3
6
35
26
35
5
14
48
73
42
13
176
34
33
242
35
45
489
53
86
(D)
305
22
(P) (P)
(P)
(P)
9
19
(*)
9
3
2
133
35
22
(D)
(P)
(P)
(P)
29
42
(D)
(DS
35
51
62
67
91
255
93
18
74
235
19
26
22
35
11
130
351
147
31
117
397
28
38
25
78
20
187
500
219
51
168
645
48
55
35
111
24
43
(*)
462
(D)
(D)
429
10
666
450
(P) (P)
(P)
(P)
418
407
12
883
1,253
1,464
1,734
2,054
312
113
3
348
119
(*)
41
23
104
27
4
396
130
(*)
46
27
121
33
5
20
3
24
4
29
4
1,151
1,386
1,658
55
13
124
61
182
309
229
73
15
150
73
236
360
269
88
21
176
94
294
418
306
(*)
(D)
(P)
89
24
9
(*)
7
(*)
(*)
(*)
52
9
2
223
59
518
378
146
53
6
21
1
27
11
431
162
56
8
22
1
32
9
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
18
23
(*)
28
(*)
27
28
1
4
1
4
29
30
232
35
2
23
17
25
39
30
269
38
2
23
19
29
49
39
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
70
32
258
158
48
352
221
83
33
4
12
320
126
48
(D)
(D)
(*)
24
10
5
3
8
1
1
1
2
1
3
67
10
138
18
2
6
10
21
27
16
193
29
2
11
14
22
33
25
(*)
(*)
3
1
10
4
6
8
80
14
1
2
5
6
16
18
(P) (P)
(P)
(P)
3
3
3
10
8
H
(P)
196
19
23
26
1
20
10
1
2
2
3
10
1
4
1
(*)
20
3
11
6
8
117
91
28
1
15
6
1
2
7
91
73
25
23
2
26
29
2
23
37
3
22
658
58
103
763
63
126
1
133
228
213
897
67
154
1
142
276
257
107
31
20
(*)
8
19
29
127
32
24
(*)
10
25
36
158
34
27
270
44
51
371
50
69
429
55
86
499
59
103
53
158
49
10
39
217
11
17
13
34
5
67
189
69
15
(D)
186
504
579
705
1,167
1,312
1,550
535
166
369
648
181
466
786
208
578
1,207
1,560
1,826
2,164
87
71
42
225
41
113
83
50
282
49
121
96
54
325
56
140
108
59
411
65
371
933
436
123
313
2
55
435
(D)
(D)
(D)
(P)
1
1
3
(P)
(P)
(P)
(P)
9
11
7
18
O 15
35
48
82
246
90
21
69
379
20
24
18
149
10
(P)
(P) (P)
(D)
(P)
(P)
75
100
111
79
123
141
140
399
140
39
101
550
32
29
20
188
16
226
539
186
57
129
758
47
33
24
238
22
255
605
224
63
161
877
51
38
25
278
28
129
166
297
690
267
74
193
57
42
28
321
33
456
533
62
1,513
1,643
63
64
65
66
294
443
790
2,465
1,034
3,425
1,602
5,606
2,487
9,139
111
299
294
389
97
145
373
327
570
127
248
529
439
378
607
508
521
736
605
566
845
645
663
946
710
1,029
1,826
2,791
3,308
4,117
184
278
355
427
494
1,276
1,884
3,176
5,542
7,956
9,225
10,664
122
208
371
740
982
1,174
1,381
137
182
157
266
393
3,587
1,042
1,037
1,508
4,777
1,373
1,109
2,295
7,530
2,161
1,581
3,787
12,204
3,240
2,294
6,670
16,447
4,169
2,509
9,769
17,746
4,443
2,539
10,764
19,338
4,757
2,675
11,906
354
100
93
161
531
144
94
293
887
215
171
501
1,646
2,288
2,459
2,758
547
304
614
333
1,456
1,608
1,810
650
226
98
326
1,390
528
304
461
160
97
205
1,024
379
278
990
356
124
100
133
330
168
526
417
186
787
452
192
870
481
207
955
20,460
25,043
62,350
3,063
85,900
4,400
97,691 113,043
4,979
5,822
2,612
4,016
7,775
9,688
11,021
13,064
1,372
1,643
2,130
3,395
4,722
5,359
6,139
781
38,277
1,562
1,816
464
41
85
171
393
536
620
734
30
52
87
172
251
286
327
19,996
-121
19,875
24,261
36,715
59,287
81,500
2,527
3,845
7,382
9,152
10,401
12,330
1,342
1,591
2,043
3,224
4,471
-70
-77
196
36,645
59,210
81,696
92,712 107,221
-121
-21
92,691 107,100
1,775
-72
24,190
3,084
1,592
4,512
2,423
6,681
4,202
11,367
8,611
17,115
14,305
19,880
15,617
24,551
1,805
13,598
31,125
2,060
15,108
47,528
2,971
15,998
54
284
14
21
14
45
8
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
6,423
9,577
4,477
1,150
3,328
12,963
952
200
751
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
67
68
24
(P)
(P)
144
197
136
929
234
694
1,013
67
68
-22
-17
-9
-9
-17
-25
-19
-24
-28
-26
-29
-28
2,510
3,836
7,373
9,134
10,376
12,302
-25
1,753
1,317
1,572
2,020
3,196
4,445
5,044
5,784
69
70
71
22,366
17,065
268
152
457
270
669
511
1,325
1,170
2,017
2,069
2,240
2,255
2,579
2,476
158
92
224
149
332
259
564
580
825
964
933
1,037
1,055
1,133
72
73
79,188 113,116 128,187 146,478
4,482
6,020
6,703
7,527
17,669 18,790 19,123 19,460
2,174
1,822
1,193
3,237
2,128
1,521
5,016
2,982
1,682
9,868
4,745
2,080
13,220
5,878
2,249
14,871
6,453
2,305
17,352
7,372
2,354
1,567
1,769
1,945
1,966
2,611
2,627
886
989
994
4,341
3,951
1,099
6,233
5,318
1,172
7,014
5,864
1,196
7,969
6,574
1,212
74
75
76
-29
5,073
5,812
SUEVEY OF CUEEENT BUSINESS
50
Part II August 1979
Table 3.—Personal Income by Major
[Millions
Line
Oklahoma
Item
Texas
7
1958
1963
1968
1973
1976
1977
7 1978
1958
1963
1968
1973
1976
1977
3,187
3,753
5,500
8,709
11,355
12,812
14,883
14,086
17,035
26,630
42,470
60,135
68,499
2,404
95
687
268
419
2,998
134
620
174
447
4,454
246
799
171
628
6,784
485
1,440
679
761
9,401
836
1,118
179
939
10,576
996
1,240
121
1,119
12,137
1,178
1,569
328
1,241
10,814
466
2,805
845
1,960
13,733
658
2,644
538
2,105
21,835
1,241
3,554
669
2,885
34,434
2,506
5,529
1,902
3,628
49,920
4,561
5,654
807
4,847
56,364 65,377
5,478 6,511
6,657 7,068
1,051
847
5,607 6,221
307
215
3,538
218
5,281
284
11,071
247
12,565
788
16,247
916
25,714
2,181
40,289
1,131
59,004
1,418
67,081
2,752
13
4,041
21
8,721
31
10,037
38
437
14,447
11,700
43
1,078
13,007
2,261
10
742
7,967
6,157
32
10,750
37
13,249
52
20,962
92
32,566
155
48,586
227
55,836
270
1,207
77,750
65,559
357
10
)
21
(*)
383
4
368
2
9
319
37
1
1,054
28
1,007
-1
20
821
42
2
1,282
38
1,221
(*)
23
25
11
923
41
11
897
76
16
1,098
127
29
1,387
(*)
1,315
183
44
3,070
(*)
2,976
1
93
4,830
220
50
3,401
4
3,285
7
105
5,613
300
57
4,333
13
4,182
16
123
6,661
925
328
101
7
31
8
50
11
91
(*)
28
2
32
(*)
433
(D)
410
1
D
()
551
1,447
532
144
(D)
63
(D)
76
20
109
(*)
78
4
30
1
945
16
913
-1
17
1,997
756
192
D
()
85
(D)
101
46
167
(*)
112
4
2,283
842
207
17
89
35
111
54
183
2,615
919
225
15
11
1
13
(*)
299
3
286
1
8
246
547
236
81
1
15
5
34
10
72
(*)
17
1
597
14
10
34
112
127
66
92
916
30
19
51
168
240
139
112
1,241
42
22
69
269
352
141
111
1,441
52
24
83
295
424
175
128
60
25
96
343
524
204
142
11,860
5,224
1,100
(D)
527
279
545
1,403
970
(D)
282
59
6,636
327
155
630
1,118
1,596
891
960
15,749
6,638
1,337
70
619
373
716
1,816
1,219
1
418
311
10
5
22
54
68
36
42
1,649
395
25
143
73
182
403
372
(*)
43
12
1,620
86
54
177
206
287
182
13,590
5,925
1,225
67
559
331
620
1,587
1,121
1
352
63
241
8
5
16
44
50
8
63
2,635
1,367
346
24
98
52
144
283
382
(*)
27
11
1,268
66
45
145
160
219
64
370
7,665
393
173
794
1,214
1,852
1,092
1,010
9,111
470
198
904
1,439
2,331
1,351
1,113
18
51
57
9
39
(•)
95
10
13
65
71
84
147
69
330
170
85
269
169
27
23
112
106
208
74
43
254
146
21
21
62
34
137
34
28
202
131
22
18
42
9
104
21
23
459
191
106
530
231
122
651
246
139
438
45
118
705
62
200
1,108
83
301
157
150
135
484
949
408
117
292
1,147
34
83
61
184
30
951
75
248
1
210
232
185
()
257
219
1,271
89
348
)
()
300
248
1,180
272
243
58
195
186
226
1,387
250
307
90
222
242
276
277
467
128
356
362
391
3,373
433
790
198
578
740
633
4,744
541
1,037
262
835
1,167
902
5,545
593
1,259
300
995
1,343
1,056
6,430
639
1,485
370
1,145
1,572
1,220
733
1,248
556
171
385
1,574
45
92
73
272
36
834
1,399
658
193
466
1,842
50
106
78
337
44
991
1,607
767
224
542
2,129
60
117
86
412
50
1,777
676
140
536
1,656
67
213
226
260
67
1,239
2,081
924
200
724
2,263
87
261
250
373
83
1,913
3,076
1,466
298
1,168
3,828
157
375
334
673
128
3,154
4,790
2,293
512
1,781
6,235
225
424
384
1,229
190
4,960
6,623
3,200
756
2,444
9,071
316
528
458
1,997
248
754
1,057
1,228
1,404
823
1,209
2,162
3,783
5,524
1978
Income by place of work
Total labor and proprietors income J ...
78,957
By type
Wage and salary disbursements.
Other labor income
Proprietors income 2
Farm
Nonfarm 2
By industry
Farm
Nonfarm.
Private
Agricultural services, forestry, fisheries, and
other. 3
Agricultural services
Forestry, fisheries, and other 3 .
Mining
Coalmining
Oil and gas extraction
Metal mining
._
Nonmetaliic minerals, except fuels
Construction
M anufacturing
Nondurable goods
Food and kindred products
Textile mill products
Apparel and other textile products...
Paper and allied products
Printing and publishing
Chemicals and allied products.
Petroleum and coal products
Tobacco manufactures
Rubber and misc. plastics productsLeather and leather products
Durable goods
Lumber and wood products
Furniture and fixtures
Primary metal industries
Fabricated metal products
Machinery, except electrical- Electric and electronic equipment
Transportation equipment exc. motor
vehicles.
Motor vehicles
and equipment
Ordnance 4
Stone, clay, and glass products
Instruments and related products
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries...
Transportation and public utilities
Railroad transportation
Trucking and warehousing
Water transportation
O ther transportation
Communication
Electric, gas, and sanitary services
Wholesale trade
Retail trade
Finance, insurance, and real estate
Banking
Other finance, insurance, and real estate
Services
Hotels and other lodging places
Personal services
Private households
Business and repair services
Amusement and recreation incl. motion
pictures
Professional, social, and related services
Government and government enterprises
Federal, civilian
Federal, military
State and local
2
7
188
446
205
75
3
9
4
29
8
64
C)
C)
33
6
3
11
43
5
5
257
41
52
301
36
71
()
48
54
()
54
65
185
379
134
33
102
357
13
43
34
60
14
232
444
187
49
139
481
15
53
38
73
17
193
285
C)
623
269
72
198
754
23
74
52
97
22
122
59
194
(*)
166
5
886
2
35
C)
C)
861
2
35
1,137
1,050
3
46
1,901
5,607
2,375
538
41
245
119
267
623
433
(*)
86
23
3,232
125
91
282
380
532
433
846
619
219
148
253
787
286
152
349
1,240
445
238
556
1,810
628
280
903
2,350
755
345
1,250
2,528
776
356
1,396
2,747
827
368
1,552
2,258
599
697
962
2,997
783
766
1,449
Total labor and proprietors income by place of work.
Less: Personal contributions for social insurance
by place of work.
Net labor and proprietors income by place of work..
Plus: Residence adjustment
Net labor and proprietors income by place of
residence.
Plus: Dividends, interest, and rent 6
Plus: Transfer payments
3,187
74
3,753
122
5,500
246
8,709
453
11,355
603
12,812
677
14,883
14,086
319
17,035
523
3,113
5
3,118
3,631
16
3,648
5,254
39
5,293
8,256
74
10,752
173
10,925
12,135
148
12,283
14,095
144
14,239
13,766
-79
13,688
487
347
694
495
1,042
804
1,637
1,479
2,556
2,421
3,146
2,627
3,492
2,831
2,170
1,000
Personal income by place of residence
Per capita income (dollars)
Total population (thousands)
3,952
1,743
2,267
4,837
1,983
2,439
7,139
2,852
2,503
11, 446
4,305
2,659
15,902
5,741
2,770
18,056
6,409
2,817
20,556
7,137
2,880
16,858
1,822
9,252
4,753
1,275
1,074
2,405
3,069
8,109
3,514
743
(D)
404
192
419
895
578
(D)
190
4,594
215
143
471
744
7,723
1,904
1,568
4,251
5,526 6,486
7,479 8,606
3,941 4,650
860 1,005
3,081 3,645
10, 471 12,288
406
344
679
605
537
488
2,368 2,974
345
299
6,367
7,346
10, 419 11,245 12,191
2,668 2,834
2,469
1,687 1,768
1,674
6,275 6,890 7,589
Derivation of personal income by place of residence
See footnotes on pp. 32-33.
78,957
3,973
26, 630 42,470
2,045
1,058
60,135
3,010
16,512 25,573
52
-76
16, 460 25,496
40,425
-115
40,310
57,125
66
57,192
65,103 74,984
-208
-115
64,988 74,776
3,136
1,509
4,638
2,628
7,841
5,382
11,717
8,852
13,561
21,106
2,078
10,159
32,762
3,028
10,819
53,533
4,525
11,832
77,760
6,172
12,599
88,247 100,601
6,891 7,730
12,806 13,030
3,396
15,239
10,625
SURVEY OF CURRENT BUSINESS
Part II August 1979
51
Sources, Selected Years 1958-78—Continued
of dollars]
(Colorado
Rocky Mountain
Idaho
Line
1958
1963
1968
1973
1976
1977
U978
1958
1963
1968
1973
1976
1977-
•1978
6,676
8,639
11,742
20,820
27,347
30,611
35,646
2,805
3,783
5,491
10,118
13,096
14,693
17,025
5,095
6,917
9,557
16,463
1,001
3,356
1,635
1,721
22,705
1,774
2,868
25,556
2,123
2,932
29,478
2,550
3,617
2,197
3,086
4,546
8,364
11,076
12,410
674
391
779
2,541
2,838
113
584
98
486
202
744
160
583
14,321
1,200
1,504
2,193
65
543
131
412
774
158
260
439
1,423
1,463
1,746
530
893
444
490
1,018
1,256
484
830
995
1,270
1,189
1,294
458
811
230
959
171
247
1,123
1,257
1958
1968
1973
1976
1977
945
1,143
1,535
2,775
3,688
4,019
4,758
1
680
20
246
120
126
860
31
252
112
140
1,180
1,959
2,928
3,254
3,720
57
298
118
180
131
684
432
252
239
521
175
346
281
485
82
403
334
704
255
449
2
3
4
5
6
161
784
175
969
7
8
181
517
333
223
412
2,257
3,355
3,796
4,346
773
5
1,082
1,798
2,679
3,067
3,544
10
17
25
29
34
9
10
2
1
23
4
1
22
9
1
30
15
2
36
23
2
48
26
3
55
(*)
21
2
78
(*)
20
2
75
(*)
24
5
102
(*)
27
8
201
34
12
325
2
41
13
375
31
3
75
(*)
3
53
20
417
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
141
63
35
(*)
1
(D)
187
93
51
(*)
(*)
265
113
80
(*)
448
183
124
(P)
*17
()
27
(*)
8
10
14
D
()
(*)
(•)
(*)
(*)
753
302
198
3
1
22
27
41
(*)
(*)
9
(*)
875
337
219
3
1
26
31
47
(*)
( )
10
(*)
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
78
59
(*)
94
69
1
(D)
4
5
(*)
3
538
336
31
70
17
13
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
633
703
1,065
26,282
219
547
318
275
362
29,837
1,214
34,432
144
11,040
1,938
18,882
178
8,006
2,627
3,639
5,272
9,571
12,778
14,423
16,663
4,793
6,253
8,342
14,479
20,349
23,424
27,480
2,105
2,854
4,006
7,396
9,856
11,300
13,333
18
28
42
75
97
114
137
10
15
19
33
42
51
63
641
3
16
1
311
34
116
141
20
530
27
1
318
25
107
161
25
663
40
2
401
27
150
183
41
811
69
5
632
67
226
268
71
10
(*)
92
12
42
32
7
235
15
(*)
92
10
41
37
4
290
19
(*)
128
14
60
49
4
390
32
1
199
24
101
62
13
935
42
(*)
437
50
1
521
62
1
679
250
113
D
()
924
276
149
(D)
1,077
(D)
1,311
936
418
193
2
12
10
65
43
51
(*)
32
10
1,381
1,754
869
340
148
2,067
2,403
2,832
668
319
2
25
23
117
48
49
639
253
117
D
()
7
1,555
528
247
1
15
17
89
53
53
427
195
89
776
336
3
28
23
147
83
13
858
357
966
396
38
15
517
110
9
150
36
46
13
66
853
142
11
156
46
61
31
123
4
19
47
4
13
634
237
131
92
5
107
7
129
7
1,536
1,960
192
559
389
138
261
632
492
150
346
805
629
179
1,777
2,198
2,593
3,022
2,954
1,052
4,068
1,493
4,689
1,660
5,488
1,864
484
5
51
45
189
81
64
667
6
75
61
256
168
96
727
8
84
69
284
193
104
800
8
94
79
330
228
115
60
26
99
35
123
42
141
49
158
52
1,085
1,902
2,575
3,030
3,624
202
20
203
75
161
62
91
317
38
286
150
297
198
145
466
40
396
254
510
179
225
551
46
453
281
473
213
262
648
56
518
329
620
266
318
6
187
68
8'
14
13
129
84
25
22
26
164
178
51
52
40
46
60
217
182
65
283
346
75
333
390
86
745
233
169
1
83
137
123
982
248
226
1
137
201
169
1,673
2,318
2,648
3,097
350
407
440
532
2
311
620
411
479
619
2
367
707
474
514
732
3
454
845
549
504
683
1,051
1,418
1,154
2,378
418
96
323
593
141
453
979
251
728
1,789
3,104
1,337
1,947
3,459
1,652
2,253
3,952
1,972
1,144
1,657
2,857
71
109
57
178
46
107
138
67
287
62
444
683
1,192
433
207
552
6,676
8,639
158
281
6,518
8,358
C)65
109
92
391
861
306
64
243
806
55
89
54
130
35
-3
]
223
407
284
368
970
(D)
352
196
14
7
19
(D)
552
245
1
21
15
114
27
9
30
10
35
15
54
25
86
34
101
41
116
48
129
50
232
10
5
55
16
30
9
55
386
14
7
62
22
39
22
22
529
19
14
77
42
114
44
27
1,002
1,291
1,545
1,865
33
23
108
95
198
165
34
41
22
152
155
327
130
121
50
26
180
171
265
155
143
63
30
204
196
369
186
182
4
12
24
2
8
5
144
35
6
8
9
103
47
21
13
18
148
107
40
33
22
25
32
122
158
40
172
315
45
201
353
50
254
65
65
315
65
81
(D)
434
64
104
784
90
175
(*)
158
226
135
1,051
1,206
1,432
111
211
123
245
132
289
(P)
330
(P)
453
183
(D)
375
207
609
893
952
1,180
1,504
1,677
578
123
456
742
172
570
914
188
725
1,525
2,196
2,499
2,919
69
86
36
309
62
101
104
43
399
88
119
119
46
481
149
134
50
594
502
961
1,461
(D)
(E>)
D
5
()
36
13
7
(D)
50
39
190
368
160
27
133
367
21
42
25
58
(P)
9
(P)
(P)
52
68
(P)
67
53
249
465
224
42
182
564
33
54
27
87
(E>)
?D)
101
75
357
657
327
65
262
824
48
69
(I>)
34
27
165
91
(P)
36
29
194
112
D
()
3
3
(*)
(*)
D
(D)
(D)
5
3
(E>)
152
101
1
12
7
6
1
11
(D)
(*)
(D)
238
(E>)
1
1
(P)
2
81
35
16
92
35
21
114
35
26
(D)
13
13
(E>)
15
16
(P)
24
23
(P)
(P)
14
16
22
(*)
4
665
272
178
3
1
20
25
38
n
8
(*)
(*)
451
290
()
11
10
g30
393
252
6
24
19
46
10
11
1
3
14
(*)
3
3
3
18
(*)
5
21
(*)
6
24
(*)
6
188
51
50
266
65
70
308
70
85
357
76
102
265
165
(D)
D
(D)
24
54
12
13
49
58
64
132
322
100
33
67
353
20
20
10
89
8
247
415
157
53
105
529
28
26
12
135
(D)
266
462
200
61
139
619
30
30
13
169
(D)
298
526
240
71
169
721
36
33
14
200
(D)
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
205
(D)
(D)
(D)
62
(D)
42
35
(P) (P)
(P)
(P)
(D)
i)
69
80
96
45
129
34
9
26
108
6
11
9
26
4
56
153
47
12
34
136
7
13
9
28
5
(D)
52
75
143
42
23
78
198
55
31
110
272
76
31
165
459
119
60
280
676
179
72
425
730
183
73
473
802
197
82
523
63
64
65
66
945
21
1,143
1,535
2,775
3,688
4,019
4,758
36
69
121
200
223
256
67
68
1,466
2,653
3,489
3,798
4,502
1,098
1,905
1,093
73
203
64
18
45
221
13
17
414
487
4,160
1,485
5,600
154
165
70
561
108
226
204
84
776
144
256
231
89
935
167
310
260
98
996
1,798
2,726
3,107
3,582
1,753
2,698
603
282
868
912
432
4,403
1,324
5,934
1,721
6,414
1,850
6,952
1,930
702
755
780
784
2,377
3,458
3,784
4,237
11, 742 20,820
509 1,011
27,347
1,447
30,611
1,652
11,233
25,900
28,959
27
32
4
-2
-1
-4
-5
-5
-6
3
9
15
33
34
33,763
2,746
3,663
5,269
9,636
12,453
13,965
16,172
924
-1
923
1,108
26
25, 926 28, 986
1,111
1,475
2,669
3,522
3,831
-3
1,354
19,810
8
12
6,516
8,356
11,241
19,822
1,003
1,381
586
844
2,024
1,363
3,249
2,725
8,105
1,958
4,139
10,580
2,284
4,632
139
210
(D)
(D)
(D)
(D)
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
1,238
4,786
1,140
1978
1,353
690
5,986
1,279
7
1963
220
873
523
173
125
225
785
245
159
381
1,266
2,175
2,922
3,123
3,330
364
288
615
584
464
760
486
823
508
827
490
1,127
1,675
1,795
2,013
35,646
1,915
2,805
3,783
5,491
10,118
13,098
14,698
17,025
64
118
221
478
638
728
847
33,730
2,741
3,664
5,270
9,640
12,458
13,970
16,178
63
(D)
111
697
4,543
41
69
70
71
872
744
72
73
74
75
76
4,854
4,409
5,582
4,853
6,348
5,251
472
246
654
385
982
632
1,542
1,270
2,324
2,059
2,658
2,267
3,046
2,437
120
87
168
118
225
188
414
377
634
641
14, 628 25, 795 35,189
4,701
3,005
6,082
5,487
4,868
5,786
39,421
6,656
5,923
45,343
7,478
6,064
3,464
2,078
1,667
4,702
2,428
1,936
6,884
3,247
2,120
12,448
5,021
2,479
16,836
6,537
2,575
18,890
7,198
2,625
21,645
8,105
2,670
1,130
1,749
1,397
2,045
1,888
2,716
3,459
4,476
4,797
5,759
5,305
6,197
6,156
7,015
646
683
695
773
833
856
878
SUEVEY OF CUEEENT BUSINESS
52
Part II August 1979
Table 3.—-Personal Income by Major
[Millions of
Montana
Item
Line
Utah
1976
1958
1963
1968
1973
1977
U978
1,083
1,269
1,556
2,727
3,195
3,444
736
23
325
190
134
927
34
307
164
144
1,184
55
317
135
182
1,837
113
777
530
247
2,476
198
521
213
308
226
857
202
1,066
178
1,378
602
2,126
692
2
816
3
1,046
6
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
Farm
Nonfarm.
Private
--Agricultural services, forestry, fisheries, and
other. 3
Agricultural services
Forestry,fisheries,and other 3
Mining
_
_
Coal mining
Oil and gas extraction
Metal mining
Nonmetallic minerals, except fuels
Construction
2
1
52
1
18
30
3
70
3
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
Manufacturing
Nondurable goods
Food and kindred products
Textile mill products
Apparel and other textile products...
Paper and allied products
Printing and publishing
Chemicals and allied products
Petroleum and coal products
Tobacco manufactures.
Rubber and misc. plastics productsLeather and leather products
112
47
20
1958
1963
1968
1973
1976
1977
3,953
1,300
1,787
2,354
3,831
5,288
6,031
2,786
233
425
83
342
3,149
276
528
148
380
1,073
37
190
37
153
1,524
61
201
28
174
1,995
95
264
48
216
3,227
209
395
114
282
4,501
5,099
373
415
56
359
444
488
55
433
286
2,910
147
3,297
226
3,727
53
1,247
45
1,742
65
2,289
133
3,698
80
5,208
83
5,948
1,597
11
2,223
11
2,524
13
2,895
16
982
1
1,354
3
1,650
5
2,759
7
3,976
10
4,604
11
5
1
50
1
19
22
7
117
10
1
83
7
18
49
10
184
12
2
125
24
49
39
13
298
14
2
160
37
65
43
14
336
(*)
88
19
12
52
5
98
C)
10
122
19
49
41
13
247
11
(*)
305
(D)
59
159
179
62
28
251
89
37
333
110
44
385
124
53
442
138
57
26
11
Income by place of work
Total labor and proprietors i n c o m e 1
By type
Wage and salary disbursementsOther labor income
Proprietors income2
Farm 2
Nonfarm
By industry
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
(
\
30
6
101
141
53
24
(*)
(*)
10
13
(*)
(*)
(*)
(*)
(*)
(*)
Durable goods
Lumber and wood products
_
Furniture and fixtures
Primary metal industries. _
Fabricated metal products
—
Machinery except electrical
Electric and electronic equipment
—
Transportation equipment exc. motor
vehicles.
Motor vehicles
and equipment
_.
Ordnance2
Stone, clay, and glass products
Instruments and related products
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries. .
Transportation and public utilities
Railroad transportation
_
Trucking and warehousing
Water transportation
_
Other transportation
_
Communication
Electric, gas., and sanitary services..
Wholesale trade
Retail trade
_
Finance, insurance, and real estate
Banking
Otherfinance,insurance, and real estate—
Services
.
Hotels and other lodging places
Personal services
Private househ ol ds
Business and repair services
Amusement and recreation inch motion
pictures.
Professional, social, and related services
65
33
(*)
2
1
(*)
88
49
(D)
2
2
(*)
C)
(*)
(D)
12
3
13
(*)
(*)
117
68
1
31
3
2
(*)
12
16
5
17
°\
50
142
37
11
26
117
10
13
8
14
4
59
158
47
16
31
141
12
13
9
19
19
18
151
58
28
(*)
12
28
24
74
203
66
22
44
201
16
16
10
24
6
)
23
(*)
(*)
(*)
(*)
C)
162
91
41
5
2
223
126
1
59
7
5
1
2
98
11
8
68
12
134
159
25
27
98
9
297
214
82
42
364
95
48
389
120
54
618
179
67
6
1
12
7
12
(*)
7
2
16
8
11
2
12
236
90
48
262
154
304
182
132
3
3
65
14
11
3
10
269
5
3
65
18
16
8
97
(D)
C)
C)
27
720
39
12
189
74
139
44
102
48
22
17
56
29
20
456
86
140
1
46
102
81
519
91
163
1
52
115
96
364
580
238
68
170
735
31
37
11
136
407
648
294
79
215
865
35
42
11
164
6
11
35
10
13
329
116
64
370
126
73
418
135
87
(*)
27
96
72
126
5!
25
(*)
11
20
19
147
52
35
(*)
13
25
22
194
57
52
320
71
104
36
30
68
48
250
476
186
63
123
611
43
29
14
79
13
86
156
58
12
46
156
8
16
22
118
199
78
18
61
229
9
22
8
34
151
261
107
25
82
312
12
27
9
48
250
424
169
45
124
51.
18
30
9
95
25
119
305
91
33
58
316
23
19
10
44
8
202
383
132
48
83
465
33
24
l:
61
10
25
84
62
222
418
160
55
105
531
38
26
C)
624
32
11
162
68
125
37
90
3
19
18
3
6
C)
1,012
292
101
1
45
8
57
44
439
15
10
120
37
80
24
77
1
34
18
1
4
73
54
544
882
257
92
269
7
4
83
23
37
16
51
C)
13
16
45
36
450
*12
'7
1
23
C)
54
133
42
7
51
34
19
(•)
12
1
37
23
19
1
4
(*)
C)
261
15
2
22
10
11
(*)
5
17
1
3
(*)
<\
116
49
20
21
8
22
4
C)
87
13
10
58
6
130
(P)
(•)
(D)
109
53
16
(*)
10
17
14
3
*20
15
1
68
84
129
212
325
i:
67
12
37J
165
48
24
93
250
71
4:
132
332
94
50
188
529
142
69
318
68"
152
76
459
773
200
7i
500
832
208
75
548
265
140
20
105
388
193
25
170
639
330
38
272
939
409
63
468
1,232
525
68
639
1,344
543
75
726
Total labor and proprietors income by place of work
Less: Personal contributions for social insurance by
place of work.
Net labor and proprietors income by place of work...
Plus: Residence adjustment
Net labor and proprietors income by place of residence.
Plus: Dividends, interest, and rent 6
Plus: transfer payments
1,083
27
1,269
44
1,556
73
2,727
135
3,195
192
3,444
224
3,953
255
1,300
33
1,787
63
2,354
11"
3,831
204
5,288
306
6,031
347
1,057
1,225
1,483
2,592
3,003
3,220
3,698
1,266
2,242
3,627
1
3,629
4,982
c
4,984
5,684
2
5,686
795
841
871
930
Personal income by place of residence..
Per capita income (dollars)
Total population (thousands)
6,620
5,373
1,232
7,487
5,895
1,270
Government and government enterprises
Federal, civilian
Federal, military
State and local
-
433
338
Derivation of personal income by
place of residence
See footnotes on pp. 32-33.
1,056
1,224
1,482
2,591
2,999
3,215
—6
3,693
1,265
1,724
(*)
1,724
161
107
20:
134
313
207
446
385
683
607
781
668
879
730
165
105
242
146
337
247
556
526
1,324
1,""
666
1,558
2,216
703
2,002
2,860
70C
3,422
4,699
728
4,289
5,679
755
4,665
6,092
766
5,299
6,755
785
1,535
i,8r
845
2,112
2,168
974
2,827
2,747
1,029
4,710
4,082
1,154
2,243
7
1978
SUEVEY OF CUEEENT BUSINESS
Part II August 1979
53
Sources, Selected Years 1958-78—Continued
dollars]
Far Wes t
Wyoming
California
Line
1958
1963
1968
1973
1976
1977
7
1978
1958
1963
1 1968
1973
1976
1977
7
1978
1958
1963
1968
1973
1976
1977
7
1978
i
r
53,453 78,788 114,649 152,438 173,252 198,536
543
657
806
1,369
2,079
2,419
2,941
409
13
120
51
69
520
20
118
43
75
653
30
123
29
94
1,076
63
230
101
129
1,725
134
221
(*)
221
2,007
170
241
(*)
241
2,418 31, 486 44,508 66,240 96,241 127,361 143,391 163,652
214 1,044
1,806 3,187
6,036 10,077 12,431 14.802
309 6,310
7,138 9,361 12,373 15,000 17,430 20,081
(*)
1,124
1,114 1,397
3,054 2,832 2,680 3,716
269 5,186
6,024 7,964 9,319 12,167 14,750 16,365
72
471
67
590
58
748
139
1,230
47
2,032
46
2,373
94 1,768
2,847 37,073
374
1
456
2
560
3
929
6
1,615
8
1,929
9
2,348 30,523 42,163 61,397 87,216 117,162 135, 441 157,632
10
211
259
389
693 1,108 1,321
1,567
1
(*)
56
2
43
6
4
50
2
(*)
67
2
42
17
7
68
3
(*)
95
2
62
19
12
68
5
1
155
12
80
32
31
160
(DD)
()
410
55
205
69
82
253
8
1
530
86
245
105
94
298
9
1
688
119
308
150
111
348
42
31
6
(*)
(*)
(*)
(DD)
()
21
(*)
(*)
(*)
50
34
8
(*)
(*)
(*)
(DD)
()
22
(*)
(•)
(*)
52
34
9
(DD)
()
(*)
5
2
19
(*)
(*)
(*)
82
49
11
(D)
1
(D)
121
78
16
(D)
2
(D)
11
6
43
(*)
1
(D)
136
84
18
(D)
2
(D)
12
7
44
(*)
1
(*)
158
92
18
(D)
3
(D)
14
8
48
(*)
1
(*)
9,762 13,331 19,361 24,806 32,187 36,593 42,434
3,030
3,824 5,170
7,144 9,575 10,816 12,058
1,802
1,137
1,392
2,368
3,166 3,550
3,902
83
150
186
210
237
(D)
(D)
257
308
433
663
901
1,012
1,156
559
800 1,098 1,244
1,247
(D)
(D)
495
663
910 1,284
1,644 1,843 2.148
348
465
601
795 1,121 1,242
1,401
308
341
410
457
667
741
831
D
(
*
)
(
*
)
(
*
)
(D)
(
*
)
(
)
C)
135
184
328
562
701
868 1.010
29
31
43
64
93
(D)
(D)
10
4
(*)
(*)
1
(*)
(*)
(*)
16
5
(*)
1
1
1
(*)
1
17
7
(*)
(*)
1
2
(*)
33
12
(DD)
()
2
7
(D)
43
16
(*)
(*)
4
7
(*)
52
19
(*)
(*)
5
10
(*)
66
19
(*)
(*)
6
15
(*)
6,732
886
190
429
616
580
768
2,220
(*)
(*)
(*)
(*)
(*)
(*)
(*)
(*)
(*)
C)
3
1
(*)
1
4
(*)
(*)
64
32
10
(*)
6
8
7
75
32
12
(*)
20
67
16
5
11
58
10
21
76
22
8
15
74
11
7
5
9
2
10
14
7
5
10
3
3
26
(*)
c*) 1
1
38,840
150
61
267
1
164
33
69
2,585
1,822 2,244 4,333 4,827 4,768 5,658
51,631 76,544 110,316 147,610 168,484 192,877
205
55
293
1
167
36
88
3,778
329
60
397
1
235
56
105
4,607
9.507 14,191
1,396
1,066
246
326
544
826
777 1,169
857 1,495
1,737 2,605
2,253 3,707
427
572
122
537
10
294
61
172
6,720
1,241
902 1,048
206
273
326
892
968 1,121
11
17
20
608
635
737
58
82
93
215
234
272
8,621 10,496 12,608
17,662 22,612 25,777 30,376
2,104 2,837 3,354
3,810
506
562
669
793
1,130
1,431 1,628
1,894
1,598 2,168 2,410 2,819
2,312 3,184 3,623
4,321
3,395 4,058 4,601
5,519
3,523 4,961
5,397 6,387
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19,527 25,102 28,400 32.806
5.777 7,678 8,661
9,742
1,848 2,463 2,756
3,014
125
157
178
201
598
809
912 1,046
440
673
724
598
1,069
1,354 1,518
1,777
686
950 1,047
1,177
424
613
682
762
(D)
(D)
(*)
(*)
528
645
796
921
60
87
(D)
(D)
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
7,646 11,112 13,750 17,424 19,739 23,084
357
432
617
860 1,040
1,177
215
278
433
495
591
706
411
608
791
960 1,081
1.233
696 1,030 1.391
1.821 2,024
2.354
3,761
762 1,319 2,009 2,788 3,154
1,680 2,492 3.190 3 90S 4,413
5.275
1,628 2,473 2,540 3,733 4,030 4,571
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
283
26
337
(*)
233
27
76
3,459
7,714 10,718
2,419 3,072
894 1,107
27
39
233
279
144
206
412
560
255
349
295
325
(*)
C)
132
177
26
29
15,306
4,194
1,418
65
391
301
766
509
391
(*)
313
39
5,295
304
163
318
546
517
741
1,755
492
51
447
3
293
27
125
5,054
794
84
775
-1
598
23
154
6,300
919
89
822
3
627
31
162
7,618
924
1,082
899
1,127
456
1,041
1,324
540
39
40
41
42
43
8,550 11,001 12,534
851
908
987
1,860 2,308 2,738
477
574
607
1,785 2,400 2.758
2,426 3,328 3,792
1,151
1,484 1,652
14,461
1,060
3,168
670
3,199
4,495
1,868
2,169
353
419
201
341
538
316
2,764
333
628
223
457
716
407
4,302
384
900
328
933
1,179
577
6,657
544
1,394
318
1,511
1,959
931
8,472
561
1,700
379
1,986
2,666
1,180
9,627 11,122
609
654
2,008 2,322
408
441
2,267 2,633
3,023 3,591
1,311
1,480
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
11,200 12,909
18,624 21,298
10,337 12,315
2,506
2,900
7,831
9,416
33,368 38,918
1,419
1,732
1,407
1,578
804
884
7,550 9,179
2,743
3,216
1,859
3,819
1,610
302
1,309
4,426
186
423
313
797
514
2,567 3,547 5,490 7,713 8,609 9,910
4,985 7,013 9.880 12,718 14,322 16, 314
2,335 3,557 4,916 6.634 8,288 9,853
1,764 2,008 2,312
699 1,217
465
1,870 2.857 3,699 4,870 6,280 7,541
6,803 10,519 16,076 22.575 26, 401 30,749
259
389
528
661
771
584
765
765
944 1,082
1,215
347
464
532
633
676
743
2,139 3.525 5,136 6,223 7,594
1,391
650
993 1,225 1,733 2,091
2,465
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
15,559
17,838
62
23,836 25,896
4,927 5,329
2,848 2,949
16,081 17,618
27,382
5,809
3,124
18,449
63
64
65
66
67
68
284
73
64
(*)
23
63
59
2,838
535
459
271
418
672
393
3,593
511
810
320
557
886
510
27
95
30
11
19
100
18
9
6
13
4
43
147
41
16
24
149
24
10
6
24
5
84
221
68
100
253
85
32
53
272
34
15
7
55
7
124
297
103
38
65
337
41
17
8
69
9
2,398
4,907
2,038
381
1,657
5,516
286
535
388
960
617
3,264 4,550 7,018 10,009
6,333 8,962 12,684 16,525
2,916 4,448 6,076 8,245
579
882 1,523 2,198
2,337 3,566 4,553 6,047
8,395 13,171 20,132 28,573
405
658
936 1,220
720
961
985 1,230
426
559
633
753
1,667 2,634 4,206 6,250
815 1,237
1,595 2,278
27
1,081
114
943
2
723
41
177
8,960
179
24
246
(*)
166
14
66
2,963
784
975
393
245
68
52
(*)
19
52
53
41
235
33
13
7
44
7
132
27
228
(*)
163
12
53
2,019
710
215
62
47
717
9
10
595
742
667
461
313
145
48
30
(*)
11
26
30
473
24,004 33,583 48,348 68,591 91,167 105,094 121,852
159
203
310
543
878 1,008
1,195
382
1,135
427
304
231
(*)
1,104
1,445
7
8
1,698
60,396
251
959
346
192
148
89
35
16
(*)
9
13
17
15
46
44
3,079
3,690 3.812 4,127
86,809 115,003 130,990 149,234
1,346
41,095
173
288
241
145
105
(*)
600
1,330
29,112
681
743
801
499
370
25
37
50
81
130
155
194
2,731
4,362
16,842 19,444
22.328
2,193
3,573
5,769
9,501
97
31
15
51
133
38
20
75
188
48
25
115
301
71
46
185
417
104
52
260
443
101
53
289
499
117
55
327
6,549
1,741
1,475
3,333
9,468 15,147 23,100 30,449 33,042
2,274 3,561
4,985 6,468 6,979
1,656 2,521
3,228 3,560 3,684
5,537 9,066 14,887 20,421 22,380
35,245
7,633
3,899
23,714
5,108
1,320
1,187
2,600
7,512
1,748
1,350
4,414
12,048
2,778
2,070
7,200
18.218
3.859
2,666
11,693
543
13
657
20
806
34
1,369
72
2,079
112
2,419
130
2,941 38,840
157 1,011
53,453 78,788 114,649 152,438 73,252 198,536 30, 441 42,441
1,822 3,479 6,348 8,464 9,415 10,894
817 1,478
62,094 89,888 118,693 134,802 153,361
2,785 5,064 6,584 7,315 8,438
530
-4
526
637
-2
635
772
-1
771
1,297
1
1,298
1,968
(*)
1,968
2,288
1
2,289
2,784
37,829
-39
37,791
51,630 75,310 108,301 143,974 63,837 187,642 29,625
-50
3
3
409
175
47
-54
51,580 75,313 108,304 144,383 64,012 187,689 29,571
59,309
2,784
85
41
116
61
168
89
291
168
418
260
493
292
556
319
6,334
3,481
653
2,072
315
812
2,416
336
1,028
3,172
324
1,756
4,977
353
2,647
6,775
391
3,074
7,571
406
7,123
3
4
5
6
1,242
278
960
417
202
1,173
2
1,294
1,651
646
189
288
292
153
122
5,512
75,726 99,148 111,352 126,336
4,849 8,058 9,812 11,655
9,313 11,487 13,637 15,370
2,070 2,128 2,183 2,666
7,243 9,359 11,455 12,704
1,112
1,384
548
21
1
1
170
24,767 35,434 52,264
877 1,514 2,621
4,798 5,494 7,209
818
810 1,034
3,980 4,684 6,175
1,051
15
1
1
516
324
263
1
804
12
1
1
1,136
89,888 118,693 134,802 153,361
42,441
962
1,177
469
9
1
5
1
62,094
30,441
11,778
8,790 12,199 18,207 27,020 30,488
5,226 9,038 17,462 28,701 30,930
35,667
33,283
5,139
2,615
3,658 47,606 65,596 96,549 143,973 200,104 25,430 257,072
8,636 2,424 2,868 3,842 5,362 7,128 7,885 8,812
424 19, 640 22,873 25,132 26,848 28,071 28,590 29,171
37,325
2,508
14,880
40,963
-56
40,908
7,118
4,085
59,303
13,468
84,825 112,109 127,487 144,923
1
158
58
18
84,825 112,267 127,544 144,941
9,642 14,222 21,035 23,592 27, 812
7,170 13,594 22,325 24,018 25,797
52, 111 76,114 112,641 155,626 75,155 99,010
2,949 3,925 5,458 7,231 8,003 8,927
17,668 19,394 20,640 21,522 21,887 22,294
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
SUEVEY OF CUEKENT BUSINESS
54
Part II August 1979
Table 3.—Personal Income by Major
[Millions
Oregon
Nevada
Item
Line
1958
1963
1968
1973
1976
1977
584
1,061
1,540
2,687
3,591
4,220
487
10
929
24
108
12
96
1,362
40
137
8
129
2,370
103
214
43
171
3,189
175
227
18
209
23
562
21
1,041
22
1,518
59
2,628
3,552
452
1
874
2
3
2,126
7
2,875
10
7
1978
1958
1963
1968
1973
1976
1977
5,131
2,842
3,669
5,347
8,540
11,416
13,212
3,714
218
288
10
278
4,528
268
334
22
312
2,210
52
580
129
451
2,984
92
594
98
495
4,399
178
770
113
657
6,980
450
1,110
297
813
9,422
772
1,222
213
1,009
10,723
1,119
1,371
115
1,255
34
4,186
3,452
13
49
5,082
183
2,659
174
3,495
190
5,157
8,131
363
11,052
328
12,885
4,249
15
2,263
16
2,919
18
4,284
27
6,684
47
9,052
71
10,717
94
)
)
7
9
9
10
8
10
)
()
28
20
21
8
266
16
11
14
(*)
(*)
2
12
356
37
34
24
(*)
1
(*)
23
719
(*)
(D)
925
245
115
11
12
51
36
12
3
(*
)
(D)
1,383
345
155
14
15
(D)
49
19
(D)
(*)
6
531
365
10
34
30
31
16
(D)
681
434
14
41
38
45
38
(D)
1,039
587
(D)
70
67
83
72
12
28
(D)
27
15
13
Income by place of work
Total labor and proprietors income 1
By type
Wage and salary disbursements.
Other labor income
Proprietors income 2
Farm
_
Nonfarm 2
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
By industry
Farm
Nonfarm.
Private
.Agricultural services, forestry, fisheries, and
other.3
Agricultural services
Forestry, fisheries, and other 3 . - _
Mining
Coalmining
Oil and gas extraction
Metal mining
Nonmetallic minerals, except fuels
Construction
Manufacturing
Nondurable goods
Food and kindred products
Textile mill products
Apparel and other textile products..
Paper and allied products
Printing and publishing
Chemicals and allied products
Petroleum and coal products
Tobacco manufactures
Rubber and misc. plastics productsLeather and leather products.,
Durable goods
Lumber and wood products
Furniture and fixtures
Primary metal industries
Fabricated metal products
Machinery, except electrical
Electric and electronic equipment
Transportation equipment exc. motor
vehicles.
Motor vehicles
and equipment
Ordnance 4
Stone, clay, and glass products
Instruments and related products
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries...
Transportation and public utilities
Railroad transportation _
Trucking and warehousing
Water transportation
Other transportation
Communication
Electric, gas, and sanitary services
Wholesale trade
Retail trade
Finance, insurance, and real estate
Banking
Other finance, insurance, and real estate
Services
Hotels and other lodging places
Personal services
Private households
Business and repair services
Amusement and recreation incl. motion
pictures.
Professional, social, and related services
Government and government enterprises Federal, civilian
Federal, military
State and local
(*)
23
()
()
17
6
142
32
14
5
(D)
(*)
(D)
4
5
(*)
(*)
(D)
50
21
(D)
3
(*)
32
(*)
2
23
7
111
61
26
9
()
10
6
(*)
C)
(*)
(D)
(*)
9
(*) 7
43
54
30
13
280
5
30
19
285
71
-1
5
44
22
394
126
46
14
1
174
63
17
218
74
21
()
o
19
10
(*)
(*)
(*)
80
4
3
18
6
8
13
(*)
10
)
10
6
17
81
23
5
18
186
55
10
5
22
(*)
(*)
()
(*)
18
(*)
(*)
C)
C)
(*)
183
733
202
98
10
10
41
31
(*)
144
10
2
23
14
14
25
111
7
1
21
11
14
21
189
14
3
29
23
20
33
(*)
21
2
12
2
19
204
24
29
292
28
41
1
344
30
51
1
21
12
106
17
16
()
()
32
19
47
66
37
77
92
54
106
60
35
122
48
10
38
376
88
18
5
81
49
178
65
15
50
621
175
24
7
137
90
304
113
30
84
958
290
31
8
141
275
135
422
146
39
107
1,358
394
39
10
187
412
153
480
192
46
146
1,588
212
317
()
8
40
27
551
275
86
24
(*)
(*)
(*)
C)
75
(•)
96
449
44
10
215
490
22
37
6
23
407
33
61
2
119
125
9
260
73
55
)
()
48
41
315
72
79
()
58
53
187
581
235
54
181
1,923
602
53
11
256
560
184
387
138
109
352
16
38
26
55
15
245
484
184
41
143
471
24
44
28
76
17
29
442
85
123
)
373
660
283
64
219
746
39
62
33
116
27
()
20
556
2,164
510
218
19
22
126
76
26
8
(*)
13
2
2,858
684
281
21
28
181
102
37
22
)
3,390
781
318
23
32
212
117
39
9
(•)
29
3
1,654
905
36
113
105
143
121
2,174
1,172
(D)
163
154
188
47
2,608
1,388
38
205
187
241
59
101
56
167
22
214
26
121
220
43
53
158
103
134
273
50
75
220
137
1,036
147
330
52
92
256
159
599
1,012
399
108
290
1,189
51
75
35
195
34
846
1,346
561
142
419
1,739
71
93
41
298
44
965
1,543
723
160
563
2,038
90
108
44
359
55
8
D
379
440
203
282
470
799
1,192
1,382
110
34
30
45
167
292
76
54
162
501
111
87
304
677
153
108
416
734
150
113
471
833
175
120
539
397
107
30
259
576
151
34
392
873
210
37
626
1,447
321
44
1,082
2,000
405
55
1,540
2,167
450
58
1,659
584
12
1,061
29
1,540
54
2,687
123
3,591
169
4,220
194
5,131
235
2,842
63
3,669
116
5,347
232
8,540
444
572
-14
558
1,033
-26
1,007
1,486
-34
1,452
2,564
-65
2,499
3,422
-84
4,025
-102
3,923
4,896
-131
4,765
2,780
-11
2,769
3,554
-29
3,525
5,115
-58
5,057
76
41
138
66
204
130
298
581
564
683
625
793
673
415
304
571
402
877
653
1,386
1,316
2,094
2,201
2,469
2,412
675
2,509
269
1.211
3,050
397
1,785
3,848
464
3,157
5,723
552
4,483
7,318
613
5,232
8,213
637
6,229
9,439
660
3,488
2,030
1,718
4,499
2,428
1,853
6,587
3,287
2,004
10.689
4,815
2.220
14,938
6.422
2,326
17.201
7,214
2,385
Derivation of personal income by place of residence
67
Total labor and proprietors income by place of work,
"/ess: Personal contributions for social insurance
by place of work.
Net labor and proprietors income by place of work _.
Plus: Residence adjustment
Net labor and proprietors income by place of residence.
Plus: Dividends, interest, and rent 6
Plus: Transfer payments
Personal income by place of residence..
Per capita income (dollars)
Total population (thousands)
See footnotes on pp. 32-33.
11, 416 13,212
645
728
8,096 10. 771 12. 484
-164
-127
-109
7,986 10,643 12,320
U978
SURVEY OF CURRENT BUSINESS
Part II August 1979
55
Sources, Selected Years 1958-78—Continued
of dollarsl
Alaska
Washington
Hawaii
Line
7
1968
1973
1976
1977
696
1,082
1,794
4,726
4,365
4,207
461
7
39
1
38
622
19
55
(*)
55
979
33
71
1
69
1,622
74
98
1
97
4,283
244
199
3
196
3,844
285
236
3
233
595 1,001
787
335
735
9,473 12,748 18,003 20,423 23,639
2
505
1
695
2
1,080
2
1,792
4
4,722
14,067 16,178 19,002
150
206
236
257
14
367
14
606
19
1,002
35
62
88
40
12
5
4
19
1,317
71
135
45
13
3
6
23
1,588
1
13
10
3
2
5
(*)
72
1
13
15
3
8
3
1
63
1
18
41
2
36
2
1
118
2,990
810
288
5
42
233
120
74
26
4,054
1,151
404
(D)
61
318
162
119
(D)
4,586
1,300
455
9
66
359
181
141
49
5,405
1,383
512
10
73
313
204
163
55
33
26
19
(*)
(*)
4
2
(*)
49
36
20
{*)
(*)
12
3
1
(*)
70
45
25
(*)
(*)
12
5
2
1
20
3
32
(D)
37
3
49
4
(*)
(*)
(*)
(*)
(*)
(D)
2,180
578
34
208
96
152
71
899
2,903
798
3,286
916
39
318
185
214
104
1,265
4,022
1,037
42
391
212
245
127
1,676
25
20
(*)
(*)
(*)
1
(*)
1
47
37
1
(*)
1
1
(*)
1
71
51
(*)
(*)
4
3
(*)
1
77
59
(D)
(*)
(D)
(D)
42
50
(*)
(*)
(*)
(*)
(D)
(•)
1958
1958
1963
1968
1973
1976
1977
4,972
6,281
9,808
13,534
18,738
21,018
24,640
506
4,022
105
845
162
683
5,162
176
943
194
749
8,215 11,164 15,602 17,603 20,381
348
634 1.072
1,282 1,538
1,245
1,736 2,064 2,134 2,721
242
644
474
372
767
1,003 1,091
1,590
1,762 1,954
232
4,740
281
6,000
3,805
35
4,788
36
7,539
49
9,814
95
10
26
11
1
1
4
5
337
13
23
15
1
1
4
8
406
26
22
15
(*)
(*)
4
11
680
44
51
25
7
(*)
3
15
830
1,283
394
140
(D)
14
96
48
80
11
(*)
2
(D)
1,638
487
163
(D)
17
130
59
97
13
889
215
17
71
40
31
12
452
1,151
271
16
84
40
50
17
605
10
(D)
3
15
2,610
605
219
CD)
26
178
85
67
(D)
9
2,005
375
(D)
133
70
92
39
1,180
18
287
182
194
84'
1,116
1978
88
149
59
15
5
9
30
2,009
H
(*)
(*)
7
4
C)
(*)
(*)
(*)
(*)
(*)
(*)
(*)1
1963
13
9
(*)
(*)
(*)
(*)
(*)
(*)
(*)
1976
1977
980
1,459
2,284
3,783
4,842
5,293
5,876
1
3,626
320
262
3
259
847
27
106
12
95
1,284
36
139
17
123
2,033
77
175
13
161
3,375
173
235
26
209
4,292
281
269
33
236
4,633
323
333
32
301
5,124
371
331
48
333
2
3
4
5
6
5
4,360
6
4,201
63
918
86
1,373
98
2,187
134
3,649
152
4,690
158
5,135
181
5,694
7
8
3,632
48
3,160
41
2,909
43
560
(D)
843
(D)
1,382
(D)
2,405
14
3,081
23
3,416
25
3,854
22
9
10
(DD)
()
41
(D)
35
(D)
1
177
3
45
138
4
128
4
3
1,585
4
38
182
4
39
248
(D)
236
(D)
3
538
(D)
(D)
(D)
(D)
17
5
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
121
74
42
(*)
197
126
74
(D)
(*)
29
12
7
3
261
180
110
(*)
(*)
33
16
(D)
7
98
84
65
(D)
6
(D)
9
2
(*)
C)19
8
4
1
1
31
(D)
10
38
(D)
12
54
(D)
16
72
(D)
30
100
33
42
115
41
47
137
50
55
362
93
68
47
50
76
29
438
90
90
66
63
91
38
663
113
134
103
114
146
53
991
161
218
115
175
243
80
1,348
185
293
145
262
350
113
1,527
200
348
146
302
408
122
1,746
215
407
169
338
476
141
31
1
7
4
15
2
3
70
1
8
9
20
26
6
96
1
13
10
31
30
11
170
3
23
12
59
53
21
337
621
266
45
221
552
29
64
44
86
(D)
417
743
349
63
287
745
34
74
46
120
D
()
582
1,111
543
104
439
1,285
55
109
55
242
(D)
838
1,487
648
169
479
1,909
67
114
58
344
61
1,315
2,040
904
252
652
2,901
94
155
69
630
89
1,472
2,280
1,134
293
841
3,341
110
173
74
753
108
1,679
2,625
1, 359
345
1,013
3,884
131
192
81
901
128
12
37
11
3
8
37
3
4
1
5
2
18
56
19
6
13
64
5
5
2
14
2
31
89
29
10
19
113
10
54
150
55
19
36
199
15
9
4
32
4
(*)
(*)
(*)
(*)
3
(*)
(*)
6
(*)
(*)
7
3
28
3
7
1973
(D)
2
1958
1968
(D)
(D)
1978
1963
(D)
(D)
7
1
(P)
172
(D)
3
955
226
149
86
(*)
C)33
14
(D)
4
(D)
1
3
(*)
1
(D)
1
1
D
()
C)
81
55
()
(*)
5
9
(*)
1
(*)
()
(*)
(*)
14
2
3
(*)
2
I
(*)
(*)
(*)
(*)5
D
2
()
(
19
4
?
C)
O
(D197
)
(*)
(*)
C)
378
130
106
78
(D)
8
(D)
14
3
<*)
(*)
(*)
167
130
90
(D)
13
(D)
18
5
2
225
168
100
(D)
20
3
29
7
7
24
3
4
1
3
1
3
1
36
4
3
2
5
1
(*)
4
P c>D
(D6)8 (112
)
C)
D
1
D
(*)
(*)
(*)
1
(*)
(*)
(*)
1978
21
5
(*)
(*)
(*)
(*)
(*)
C)
379
C)
(*376
)
C)
420
285
219
134
1
23
3
36
10
10
300
226
140
1
23
4
39
7
11
322
243
153
1
25
4
42
6
9
1
1
1
1
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
57
10
5
(D)
5
2
(*)
66
(DD)
()
5
7
2
(*)
8
73
6
()
4
8
2
(*)
10
79
6
()
4
8
2
(*)
10
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
(D)
(*)
25
(*)
3
(*)
(*)
(*)
27
1
7
30
(D)
32
(D)
9
39
40
41
42
43
(D)
1
D
D
1
1
1
(*)
(*)
15
(*)
2
441
3
122
31
133
114
39
455
4
97
45
137
131
41
520
4
85
33
193
157
47
71
(*)
6
17
23
12
12
101
1
10
18
36
18
18
182
(*)
18
21
65
54
24
320
(*)
30
24
136
91
39
431
(*)
37
31
199
117
48
485
(*)
43
35
226
130
51
547
(*)
49
38
258
147
55
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
150
296
130
43
87
647
35
14
4
286
5
149
326
159
51
109
666
37
16
5
255
7
149
357
181
56
125
611
38
18
5
151
9
52
104
45
7
37
119
13
10
12
15
7
82
139
76
15
61
198
21
16
13
30
10
114
228
135
22
113
351
61
23
15
55
18
184
401
222
44
178
661
134
29
15
102
32
221
553
315
63
252
874
191
35
18
140
41
244
608
370
70
300
1,009
215
40
20
158
47
260
691
433
76
357
1,159
243
45
22
182
52
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
10
(D)
1
(D)
9
(D)
8
(*)
(*)
(D)
(D)
1,266
1,865
2,124
2,452
21
35
63
135
302
346
390
62
108
180
348
448
529
614
62
935
280
227
428
1,212
327
236
649
1,934
497
360
1,077
2,933
694
431
1,808
3,936
984
549
2,403
4,245
1,050
564
2,632
4,637
1,148
588
2,901
247
102
115
30
328
127
125
76
474
166
171
137
790
239
241
311
1,090
322
264
504
1,200
364
273
563
1,292
373
288
631
357
130
140
87
531
187
198
145
805
304
248
253
1,244
402
418
424
1,609
512
490
607
1,719
519
499
701
1,841
574
555
712
63
64
65
66
4,972
119
6,281
200
9,808 13,534 18,738
409
718 1,066
21,018
1,178
24,640
1,372
506
14
696
22
1,082
42
1,794
100
4,726
204
4,365
232
4,207
224
980
29
1,459
52
2,284
102
3,783
206
4,842
281
5,293
304
5,876
340
67
68
4,853
40
4,893
6,081
60
6,141
9,399 12,817 17,672 19,840 23,268
102
176
384
363
463
9,501 12,993 18,135 20,224 23,630
492
—31
461
675
—34
640
1,040
-52
988
1,694
-80
1,615
4,522
—914
3,608
4,133
—472
3,660
3,984
—259
3,725
952
1,408
2,182
3,576
4,561
4,990
5,535
952
1,408
2,182
3,576
4,561
4,990
5,535
69
70
71
705
521
963
672
1,476
1,086
2,239
2,253
3,310
3,612
3,743
3,874
4,255
4,186
22
24
36
31
66
56
118
268
296
291
313
341
333
358
140
54
227
88
365
170
563
450
822
820
884
876
1,004
928
72
73
6,119
2,207
2,773
7,776
2,631
2,955
12,063
3,689
3,270
17,485
5,087
3,437
25,057
6,939
3,611
27,842
7,564
3,681
32,058
8,495
3,744
507
2,262
224
708
2,765
256
1,110
3,895
285
2,002 4,195
4,315
6,046 10,275 10,458
408
331
413
4,415
10,963
403
1,145
1,925
595
1,723
2,568
671
2,717
3,779
719
4, 590
5,529
830
6,203
7,127
870
6,749
7,673
880
7,465
8,437
885
74
75
76
SUKVEY OF CUEEENT BUSINESS
56
Part II August 1979
SEASONALLY UNADJUSTED NIPA ESTIMATES
Table 1.22.—Gross National Product: Quarterly Totals Not Seasonally Adjusted
[Billions of dollars]
1975
1976
IV
1977
1978
II
III
IV
I
II
III
IV
II
III
IV
.
418.9
418.1
426.0
459.5
435.9
467.0
480.9
515.7
483.9
522.8
537.9
582.8
Personal consumption expenditures
267.5
252.9
267.1
272.7
297.2
278.8
296.6
303.3
331.3
309.9
330.9
339.9
370.1
39.0
114.7
113.8
34.5
99.4
118.9
39.0
108.5
119.5
38.4
110.9
123.3
45.4
125.0
126.8
39.3
106.2
133.2
44.4
117.9
134.3
43.5
120.3
139.5
51.7
136.9
142.8
42.8
116.2
150.9
50.4
129.0
151.5
49.1
133.5
157.3
58.1
151.9
160.1.
55.7
56.2
58.6
62.2
66.0
66.9
73.3
80.0
83.1
77.6
86.0
90.5
97.4
54.2
49.7
58.9
60.7
63.7
58.3
71.8
74.8
76.4
67.6
84.5
87.2
89.8
40.2
14.4
25.7
14.0
13.4
.4
.3
37.0
12.8
24.3
12.6
12.1
.3
.3
41.4
14.2
27.2
17.5
17.0
.2
41.5
15.0
26.5
19.2
18.6
.3
.3
44.9
15.3
29.6
18.7
18.0
.3
.3
47.6
15.4
32.1
24.2
23.4
.4
.4
47.7
16.7
31.0
27.1
26.2
.5
.4
52.1
17.4
34.6
24.4
23.7
.3
.4
47.5
15.0
32.5
20.1
19.3
.3
.4
55.9
18.6
37.2
28.6
27.7
.4
.5
55.8
20.6
35.2
31.4
30.3
.6
.5
61.9
22.2
39.7
27.8
26.9
.5
.5
1.5
.5
1.0
6.7
6.9
-.3
-.3
.6
1.4
1.8
-.4
2.3
2.8
-.5
42.1
13.1
29.0
16.3
15.6
.3
.4
8.6
8.8
-.2
1.5
1.3
.3
5.2
4.7
.5
6.6
6.0
.7
9.9
9.7
.2
1.5
1.3
.1
3.3
2.9
.4
7.6
7.3
.3
-.8
2.5
-2.0
-1.1
-4.0
-2.8
-5.2
-1.3
-4.6
45.8
46.9
43.1
47.1
44.9
47.7
45.4
50.6
52.9
54.2
51.0
55.7
57.9
57.0
101.6
104.1
101.8
107.3
112.1
114.4
23.8
14.9
65.4
37.0
24.4
12.6
64.7
36.8
24.8
12.0
70.5
38.1
24.8
13.3
74.0
40.6
25.0
15.7
73.7
Gross national product
Durable goods
Nondurable goods
Services
Gross private domestic investment
Fixed investment
Nonresidential
Structures
Producers' durable equipment
Kesidential
Nonfarm structures
Farm structures
Producers' durable equipment
Change in business inventories
Nonfarm
_
Farm
_
Net exports of goods and services
Exports
Imports...
6.5
3.5
2.7
39.3
32.9
38.6
35.1
41.0
38.3
39.8
40.6
43.8
41.4
42.0
44.0
85.9
89.7
91.9
93.8
92.2
31.1
21.3
9.8
54.9
31.9
21.7
10.1
57.8
32.1
21.4
10.7
59.9
34.7
22.0
12.7
59.1
33.8
22.9
10.9
58.5
Government purchases of goods and services
Federal
National defense
Nondefense
State and local
33.0
22.1
10.9
56.2
..
35.5
23.6
11.9
62.7
36.3
23.5
12.9
65.2
Table 2.5.—Personal Consumption Expenditures by Major Type of Product: Quarterly Totals Not Seasonally Adjusted
[Billions of dollars]
1975
IV
Personal consumption expenditures.
Durable goods
Motor vehicles and parts
Furniture and household equipment
Other
Nondurable goods
Food....
Clothing and shoes
Gasoline and oil
Fuel oil and coal
Other....
Services
Housing
Household operation
Electricity and gas
Other
Transportation.._
Other
1977
1976
III
II
IV
1978
III
IV
II
III
IV
267.5
252.9
267.1
272.7
297.2
278.8
296.6
303.3
331.3
309.9
330.9
339.9
370.1
39.0
34.5
39.0
38.4
45.4
39.3
44.4
43.5
51.7
42.8
50.4
49.1
58.1
14.6
17.9
6.5
16.3
13.4
4.8
18.0
15.3
5.7
17.2
15.6
5.6
18.5
19.7
7.2
19.7
14.5
5.1
21.2
16.9
6.3
19.7
17.4
6.4
20.9
22.2
21.4
15.4
6.0
24.4
18.5
7.4
22.4
19.0
7.7
23.0
24.7
10.4
114.7
99.4
108.5
110.9
125.0
106.2
117.9
120.3
138.9
116.2
129.0
133.5
151.9
55.7
22.8
10.3
3.0
22.8
52.0
14.8
9.8
4.0
18.9
56.4
17.9
10.8
2.2
21.3
58.5
18.1
11.3
1.9
21.0
60.1
25.1
11.1
3.9
24.9
55.1
15.7
10.7
4.7
20.0
61.9
18.9
12.0
2.4
22.6
19.6
12.2
2.1
22.6
65.9
28.2
11.7
3.8
27.3
17.2
11.4
5.2
21.9
67.5
21.1
12.6
2.8
25.0
70.6
21.9
13.4
2.1
25.4
72.9
31.0
13.5
3.9
30.6
113.8
118.9
119.5
123.3
126.8
133.2
134.3
139.5
142.8
150.9
151.5
157.3
160.1
40.9
16.9
7.1
9.8
9.3
52.4
42.2
17.4
7.3
10.1
9.7
54.1
47.7
19.8
8.8
11.0
11.2
60.9
48.9
20.9
9.5
11.4
11.6
61.3
50.5
25.4
13.6
11.8
11.9
63.1
52.3
21.1
9.0
12.0
12.2
66.0
54.0
21.9
9.5
12.4
12.5
55.4
23.0
10.4
12.6
12.6
69.1
39.1
16.4
7.3
9.1
8.7
49.7
40.0
19.3
9.8
9.5
9.0
50.6
43.1
19.2
8.8
10.4
9.9
54.6
44.6
22.7
12.1
10.5
10.0
55.9
46.1
18.7
7.9
10.8
10.8
58.8
Table 8.4.—Corporate Profits With Inventory Valuation Adjustment and Without Capital Consumption Adjustment: Quarterly Totals
Not Seasonally Adjusted
[Billions of dollars]
1975
IV
Corporate profits with inventory valuation
adjustment and without capital consumption adjustment
1977
1976
I
II
III
IV
I
II
1978
III
IV
I
II
III
IV
32.5
32.9
37.2
36.2
35.0
33.6
42.5
43.5
42.4
34.4
47.5
48.0
50.9
Profits before tax. . . .
34.6
35.6
41.5
39.7
39.2
38.3
46.8
45.8
46.2
40.4
54.7
53.4
57.5
Profits tax liability
14.1
20.6
14.6
21.1
17.4
24.1
16.4
23.3
15.5
23.7
15.5
22.8
19.5
27.3
18.9
26.9
18.7
27.6
15.8
24.6
22.6
32.1
22.4
31.1
23.7
33.8
-2.2
-2.8
-4.3
-3.4
-4.2
-4.6
-4.4
-2.3
-3.9
-6.0
-7.2
-5.5
-6.5
Profits after tax
Inventory valuation adjustment
SURVEY OF CURRENT BUSINESS
Part II August 1979
57
SEASONALLY UNADJUSTED NIPA ESTIMATES—Continued
Table 3.3.—Federal Government Receipts and Expenditures: Quarterly Totals Not Seasonally Adjusted
[Billions of dollars]
1975
1976
IV
Receipts..
P ersonal tax and nontax receipts
Corporate profits tax accruals
Indirect business tax and nontax accruals..
Contributions for social Insurance
II
1977
III
IV
1978
III
IV
II
III
IV
71.1
76.7
89.5
86.3
78.9
87.6
103.6
95.9
88.2
95.3
119.6
111.5
105.6
32.6
12.0
6.5
19.9
29.6
12.5
5.5
29.1
39.0
14.9
6.0
29.6
41.0
14.0
6.0
25.3
37.5
13.2
5.9
22.3
36.2
13.1
5.8
32.5
47.6
16.6
6.2
33.1
44.7
16.1
6.6
28.5
41.2
15.9
6.4
24.8
37.8
13.4
6.4
37.8
54.7
19.3
7.2
38.5
52.7
19.1
7.3
32.4
49.7
20.3
7.3
28.3
93.9
94.4
94.2
95.8
100.6
101.2
103,0
106.6
111.8
112.5
114.8
120.6
Purchases of goods and services.
National defense
Nondefense
33.0
22.1
10.9
31.1
21.3
31.9
21.7
10.1
32.1
21.4
10.7
34.7
22.0
12.7
33.8
22.9
10.9
36.3
23.5
12.9
38.8
23.8
14.9
37.0
24.4
12.6
36.8
24.8
12.0
38.1
24.8
13.3
40.6
25.0
15.7
Transfer payments.
To persons
To foreigners
38.5
37.8
.7
40.9
40.2
.8
39.6
38.8
.8
40.0
39.1
41.1
40.3
.8
43.4
42.7
35.\5
23.6
11.9\
42.3
41.5
42.9
41.9
44.2
43.4
46.1
45.3
45.5
44.5
1.0
46.2
45.3
47.6
46.5
1.0
Grants-in-aid to State and local governments
14.6
14.3
14.7
15.4
16.7
15.3
16.4
18.0
17.9
18.2
19.2
19.4
20.6
6.2
7.4
6.3
1.1
1.2
6.6
7.7
6.7
1.1
1.2
6.6
7.9
6.8
1.1
1.3
6.6
8.0
6.9
1.2
1.4
7.0
8.5
7.3
1.2
1.5
7.1
8.5
7.3
1.2
1.4
7.1
8.7
7.4
1.3
1.6
7.2
8.8
7.4
1.4
1.6
7.6
9.5
7.8
1.7
1.8
8.3
10.1
8.2
1.9
1.9
8.4
10.5
8.5
2.1
2.1
11.0
8.9
2.1
2.2
9.3
11.8
9.3
2.5
2.5
1.5
1.3
1.6
1.5
1.4
1.2
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.5
1.7
1.6
1.7
1.5
2.3
2.4
2.6
2.3
2.6
2.1
2.3
2.1
2.5
2.9
-.3
-.1
-.2
-.2
.3
-.1
-.2
-.5
-.2
0
0
0
0
Expenditures.
Net interest paid
Interest paid
To persons and business...
To foreigners
Less: Interest received by government
_..
Subsidies less current surplus of government
enterprises
Subsidies
Less: Current surplus of government enterprises
Less: Wage accruals less disbursements.
Surplus or deficit (—), national income and
product accounts
-22.8
-17.7
0
-4.7
.7
0
0
0
-9.4
-21.7
-13.6
1.8
.2
-.5
0
.4
-.2
0
0
-10.8
2.1
-22.7
0
0
-16.5
7.1
-3.3
-15.0
Table 3.5.—State and Local Government .Receipts and Expenditures: Quarterly Totals Not Seasonally Adjusted
[Billions of dollars]
1975
IV
Receipts
Personal tax and nontax receipts
Corporate profits tax accruals
Indirect business tax and nontax accruals
Contributions for social insurance
Federal grants-in-aid
II
1978
1977
1976
III
IV
II
III
III
IV
IV
67.2
62.7
65.8
63.8
75.7
69.3
73.5
72.0
83.9
77.5
83.4
80.1
90.1
11.2
2.0
35.0
4.3
14.6
11.8
2.1
29.8
4.6
14.3
13.0
2.5
30.7
4.8
14.7
12.0
2.4
29.0
5.0
15.4
13.1
2.3
38.5
5.2
16.7
13.7
2.3
32.5
5.5
15.3
14.6
2.9
33.9
5.8
16.4
13.9
2.8
31.3
6.0
18.0
14.6
2.8
42.3
6.3
17.9
14.8
2.4
35.6
6.5
18.2
16.9
3.3
37.2
6.7
19.2
15.8
3.3
34.7
6.9
19.4
16.6
3.5
42.4
7.0
20.6
60.3
59.2
62.4
64.6
63.9
63.5
67.8
70.1
70.5
69.9
75.5
79.0
79.1
Purchases of goods and services
Transfer payments to persons
Net interest paid
56.2
6.5
-1.2
54.9
6.6
-1.1
57.8
6.7
-1.0
59.9
6.9
-1.0
59.1
7.1
-1.0
58.5
7.3
-1.1
62.7
7.4
-1.1
65.2
7.6
-1.3
65.4
7.8
-1.5
64.7
8.1
-1.6
70.5
8.2
-1.8
74.0
8.4
-1.8
73.7
8.6
-1.9
Subsidies less current surplus of government
enterprises
Subsidies
Less: Current surplus of government enterprises
Less: Wages accruals less disbursements
-1.2
0
1.2
0
-1.2
0
1.3
0
-1.2
0
1.2
0
-1.2
0
1.3
0
-1.2
0
1.3
0
-1.2
.1
1.3
0
-1.2
.1
1.3
0
-1.5
.1
1.5
0
-1.2
.1
1.2
0
-1.3
.1
1.3
0
-1.4
.1
1.5
0
-1.5
.1
1.6
.1
-1.3
.1
1.3
.1
Surplus or deficit (—), national Income and
product accounts..
6.8
3.5
3.4
11.8
5.8
5.7
1.9
13.4
7.6
7.8
1.0
11.0
Expenditures
Table 4.2.—Foreign Transactions in the National Income and Product Accounts: Quarterly Totals Not Seasonally Adjusted
[Billions of dollars]
1975
1976
IV
Receipts from foreigners
Exports of goods and services
Capital grants received by the United States (net)
Payments to foreigners
Imports of goods and services
Transfer payments (net)
From persons (net)
From government (net)
Interest paid by government to foreigners
Net foreign investment
II
1978
1977
III
IV
II
III
IV
II
III
IV
39.3
38.6
41.0
39.8
43.8
42.0
45.8
43.1
44.9
45.4
52.9
51.0
57.9
39.3
0
38.6
39.8
0
43.8
42.0
0
0
45.8
0
43.1
0
44.9
0
45.4
0
41.0
0
0
52.9
0
51.0
0
57.9
0
39.3
38.6
41.0
39.8
43.8
42.0
45.8
43.1
44.9
45.4
52.9
51.0
57.9
32.9
1.0
.2
.7
1.1
4.4
35.1
1.0
.2
.8
1.1
1.5
38.3
1.0
.2
.8
1.1
.7
40.6
1.1
.2
.9
1.2
-3.1
41.4
1.0
.2
.8
1.2
.3
44.0
1.0
.2
.7
1.2
-4.1
46.9
1.0
.2
.8
1.3
-3.5
47.1
1.1
.2
.9
1.4
-6.5
47.7
1.0
.2
.8
1.7
-5.5
50.6
1.0
.2
.8
1.9
-8.2
54.2
1.2
.2
1.0
2.1
-4.6
55.7
1.1
.2
.9
2.1
-7.8
57.0
1.3
.2
1.0
2.5
-2.9
SUEVEY OF CUEEENT BUSINESS
58
Part II August 1979
Summary National Income
Table A.—Gross National Product
[Billions of dollars]
Constant (1972) dollars
Current dollars
Gross private
domestic investment
Year
GNP
PCE
Fixed
Total investment
Net
exports
Government
purchases
Gross private
domestic investment
GNP
PCE
Fixed
Total investment
CBI
103.4
77.3
16.2
14.5
1.7
I-1
8.8
314.6
215.6
55.9
51.3
90.7
76.1
58.3
55.8
65.3
69.9
60.5
48.6
45.8
51.3
10.2
5.6
1.0
1.4
3.3
10.6
6.8
3.4
3.0
4.1
-.4
-1.1
-2.5
-1.6
-.7
1.0
.5
.4
.4
.6
9.5
9.5
8.3
8.2
10.0
285.2
263.3
227.1
222.1
239.0
200.0
192.1
174.1
170.7
177.2
38.6
23.7
7.9
8.4
13.1
39.1
26.7
15.1
13.3
16.4
-s.o
-7.2
-4.9
-3.3
1935—
1936...
1937._.
1938...
1939...
72.5
82.7
90.7
85.0
90.8
55.8
62.0
66.6
64.0
67.0
6.4
8.5
11.8
6.5
9.3
5.3
7.2
9.2
7.4
8.8
1.1
1.3
2.5
-.9
.4
.1
.1
.3
1.3
1.1
10.2
12.2
12.0
13.2
13.5
260.5
295.4
309.2
296.4
318.8
188.1
206.8
214.3
209.2
220.3
24.0
32.2
39.8
24.0
33.6
1940...
1941-..
1942.-.
1943...
1944...
100.0
124.9
158.3
192.0
210.5
71.0
80.8
88.6
99.4
108.2
13.1
17.9
9.9
5.8
7.2
10.9
13.4
8.1
6.4
8.1
2.2
1.7
4.5
1.3
1.8
.0
- . 6 -2.0
-1.0 -1.8
14.2
24.9
59.8
88.9
97.0
343.3
398.5
460.3
530.6
568.6
230.4
244.1
241.7
248.7
255.7
1945._.
1946...
1947...
1948...
1949.-.
212.3
209.6
232.8
259.1
258.0
119.5
143.8
161.7
174.7
178.1
10.6
30.7
34.0
45.9
35.3
11.7
24.3
34.4
41.1
38.4
-1.0
6.4
-.5
4.7
-3.1
-.6
7.6
11.6
6.5
6.2
82.8
27.5
25.5
32.0
38.4
560.0
476.9
408.3
487.7
490.7
1950...
1951._.
1952....
1953...
1954....
286.2
330.2
347.2
366.1
366.3
192.0
207.1
217.2
229.1
235.8
53.8
59.2
52.1
53.3
52.7
47.0
48.9
49.0
52.9
54.3
6.8
10.3
3.1
.4
-1.5
1.9
3.8
2.4
.6
2.0
38.5
60.1
75.6
82.5
75.8
1955-...
1956._..
1957....
1958....
1959...
399.3
420.7
442.8
448.9
486.5
253.7
266.0
280.4
289.5
310.8
68.4
71.0
69.2
61.9
77.6
62.4
66.3
67.9
63.4
72.3
6.0
4.7
1.3
-1.5
5.2
2.2
4.3
6.1
2.5
.6
1960...
1961...
1962....
1963...
1964....
506.0
523.3
563.8
594.7
635.7
324.9
335.0
355.2
374.6
400.4
76.4
74.3
85.2
90.2
96.6
72.7
72.1
78.7
84.2
90.8
3.8
2.2
6.5
6.0
5.8
1965...
1966...
1967...
1968....
1969...
688.1
753.0
796.3
868.5
935.5
430.2
464.8
490.4
535.9
579.7
112.0
124.5
120.8
131.5
146.2
102.5
110.2
110.7
123.8
136.8
9.5
14.3
10.1
7.7
9.4
1970...
1971.__
1972...
1973...
1974...
982.4
1,063.4
"., 171.1
1,306.6
1,412.9
618.8
668.2
733.0
140.8
160.0
188.3
220.0
214.6
137.0
153.6
178.8
202.1
205.7
1975...
1976...
1977..1978--.
1,528.8 979.1 190.9
1,702.2 1,089.9 243.0
1.899.5 1,210.0 303.3
2.127.6 1,350.8 351.5
Government
purchases
Current
dollars
Constant
(1972)
dollars
GNP
implicit
price
deflator
(Index
numbers,
1972=100)
Year-to-year percent change
Current
dollar
GNP
Constant
dollar
GNP
GNP
implicit
price
deflator
4.6
2.2
40.9
101.7
310.0
32.87
6.6
6.6
0.0
e
2.0
1.3
.9
.2
.5
44.7
46.2
44.2
42.8
48.2
91.1
77.2
60.8
57.4
66.0
285.7
266.3
234.2
226.9
242.3
31.80
28.89
25.67
25.14
27.32
-12.3
-16.1
-23.4
-4.2
17.0
-9.3
-7.7
-13.8
-2.2
7.6
-3.3
-9.1
-11.2
-2.1
8.7
21.1
28.4
33.5
26.6
32.0
2.9 - 1 . 1
3.8 - 1 . 3
6.3 - . 7
-2.6
2.6
1.6
2.0
49.5
57.8
55.7
60.6
62.9
71.4
81.5
88.2
85.9
90.4
257.5
291.6
302.9
299.0
317.2
27.83
28.01
29.34
28.66
28.48
11.0
14.1
9.7
-6.4
6.9
9.0
13.4
4.7
-4.2
7.6
1.9
.6
4.7
-2.3
-.7
44.6
55.8
29.6
18.1
19.8
38.4
43.8
24.4
18.0
22.1
6.2
3.0
12.0
.8
5.2 -2.5
.1 -7.3
- 2 . 3 -7.2
65.2
97.7
191.5
271.2
300.3
97.8
120.4
156.5
192.6
211.5
337.1
386.4
455.1
530.5
570.9
29.13
31.34
34.39
36.18
37.03
10.1
24.9
26.8
21.3
7.7
16.1
15.5
15.3
7.1
2.3
7.6
9.7
5.2
2.3
271.4
301.4
306.2
312.8
320.0
27.8
71.0
70.1
82.3
65.6
31.4
58.8
70.4
76.8
70.0
12.2
-.2
5.5
-4.4
-4.5
11.6
16.6
8.5
8.8
265.3
93.0
75.4
84.1
96.2
213.4
203.2
233.2
254.4
261.1
563.6
464.7
468.5
482.2
495.1
37.92
43.95
49.70
53.13
52.59
-1.3
11.1
11.3
-.4
-1.5
-14.8
-1.8
4.1
.6
2.4
15.9
13.1
6.9
-1.0
533.5
576.5
598.5
621.8
613.7
338.1
342.3
350.9
364.2
370.9
93.7
94.1
83.2
85.6
83.4
83.2
80.4
78.9
84.1
85.6
10.6
13.7
4.3
1.5
-2.2
4.0
7.4
4.9
2.0
4.5
97.7
132.7
159.5
170.0
154.9
279.4
319.9
344 0
365.7
367.8
522.9
562.8
594.2
620.3
615.8
53.64
57.27
5S.00
58.88
59.69
10.9
15.4
5.1
5.5
.0
8.7
8.1
3.8
3.9
-1.3
2.0
6.8
1.3
1.5
1.4
75.0
79.4
87.1
95.0
97.6
654.8
668.8
680.9
679.5
720.4
395.1
406.3
414.7
419.0
441.5
104.1
102.9
97.2
87.7
107.4
96.3
97.1
95.7
89.6
101.0
7.7
5.8
1.5
-1.8
6.5
4.7
7.3
8.9
3.5
.9
150.9
152.4
160.1
169.3
170.7
393.3
416.0
441.4
450.4
481.2
647.1
633.0
679.4
681.3
714.0
60.98
62.90
65.02
66.06
67.52
9.0
5.4
5.2
1.4
8.4
6.7
2.1
1.8
-.2
6.0
2.2
3.2
3.4
1.6
2.2
4.4
5.8
5.4
6.3
8.9
100.3
108.2
118.0
123.7
129.8
736.8
755.3
799.1
830.7
874.4
453.0
462.2
482.9
501.4
528.7
105.4
103.6
117.4
124.5
132.1
101.0
100.7
109.3
116.8
124.8
4.4
2.9
8.1
7.8
7.3
5.5
6.7
5.8
7.3
10.9
172.9
182.8
193.1
197.6
202.7
502.2
521.1
557.3
588.8
629.9
732.4
752.4
791.0
823.0
867.1
68.67
69.28
70.55
71.59
72.71
4.0
3.4
7.7
5.5
6.9
2.3
2.5
5.8
4.0
5.3
1.7
.9
1.8
1.5
1.6
7.6
5.1
4.9
2.3
1.8
138.4
158.7
180.2
198.7
207.9
925.9
981.0
,007.7
, 051.8
, 078. 8
558.1
586.1
603.2
633.4
655.4
150.1
161.3
152. 7
159. 5
168.0
138.8
144.6
140.7
lfiO. 8
157.5
11.3
8.2
4.3
16.7
3.5
12.0
8.7 - . 4
1
.3
10.6
209.6
229.3
248.3
259.2
256.7
678.6
738.7
786.2
860.8
926.2
914.6
964.3
995.7
1,043.1
1,068.2
74.32
76.76
79.02
82.57
86.72
8.2
9.4
5.8
9.1
7.7
5.9
5.9
2.7
4.4
2.6
2.2
3.3
2.9
4.5
5.0
3.9
3.8
1.6
6.4
9.4 - 3 . 3
7.1
17.9
6.0
8.9
218.9
233.7
253.1
269.5
302.7
, 075.3
, 107.5
, 171.1
, 235.0
,217.8
668.9
691.9
733.0
767.7
760.7
154.7
166.8
188.3
207.2
183.6
150.4
160.2
178.8
190.7
175.6
4.3
1.4
6.6 - . 6
9.4 - 3 . 3
7.6
16.5
8.0 15.9
250.2
249.4
253.1
252.5
257.7
978.6
1,057.1
1,161.7
1,288.6
1,404.0
,071.0
, 100.9
,161.7
, 218. 5
,209.9
91.36
96.02
100.00
105.80
116.02
5.0
8.2
10.1
11.6
8.1
-.3
3.0
5.7
5.5
-1.4
5.4
5.1
4.1
5.8
9.7
338.4
361.3
396.2
435.6
, 202. 3
,273.0
, 340.5
, 399.2
774.6
820.6
861.7
900.8
142.6
173.4
200.1
214.3
152.4
166.8
186.9
200.2
22.6
15.8
10.3
11.0
262.6
263.3
268.5
273.2
1,539.6
1,692.1
1,877.6
2,105.2
, 212.1
,266.4
, 327.4
, 385.1
127.15
133. 71
141. 70
152.05
8.2
11.3
11.6
12.0
-1.3
5.9
5.3
4.4
9.6
5.2
6.0
7.3
201.6 -10.7 20.4
8.0
233.0
10.0
281.3
21.9 - 9 . 9
329.1
22.3 -10.3
NOTE.—PCE=Personal consumption expenditures; CBI=Change in business inventories.
Net
exports
CBI
1930...
1931...
1932...
1933...
1934...
1929
Final sales
_
-9.8
6.6
13.1
14.1
Part II August 1979
SUKVEY OF CURRENT BUSINESS
59
and Product Series, 1929-78
Table B.—National Income and Disposition of Personal Income
Pillions of dollars]
Year
Proprietors' income with
IVA and CCAdj.
ComRental
Na- pensaincome
tional tion of
of persons
income emwith
ployees Total Farm NonCCAdj.
farm
Corporate profits with IVA and CCAdj.
Total
Profits
before
tax
Profits after tax
Total
Undistributed
IVA
CC
Net
interest
Adj.
Less:
Per- Personal
Less: Equals: Saving DPI in
Per- as per- contax
and Equals: Personal
DPI
sonal sonal centage stant
income nontax
payoutlays saving of DPI (1972)
ments
dollars
1929
84.8
51.1
14.9
6.2
8.8
4.9
9.2
10.0
8.6
2.8
0.5
-1.3
4.7
84.9
2.6
82.3
79.1
3.1
3.8
229.8
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
73.8
58.6
42.4
39.9
48.7
46.8
39.7
31.1
29.5
34.3
11.7
9.1
5.6
5.8
7.5
4.3
3.4
2.1
2.6
3.0
7.4
5.6
3.5
3.2
4.6
4.4
3.6
2.9
2.2
1.7
5.9
1.3
-1.7
-1.7
1.0
3.7
-.4
-2.3
1.0
2.3
2.9
-.9
-2.7
.4
1.6
-2.6
-4.9
-5.2
-1.6
-1.0
3.3
2.4
1.0
-2.1
-.6
-1.0
-.7
-.5
-.5
-.7
4.9
5.0
4.6
4.1
4.1
76.2
65.4
50.0
43.9
53.7
2.5
1.8
1.4
1.4
1.6
73.7
63.5
48.6
45.5
52.1
71.1
61.4
49.3
48.5
52.0
2.6
2.1
-.7
-1.0
.1
3.5
3.3
-1.4
-2.2
.2
210.6
201.7
174.3
169.7
179.7
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
56.5
64.3
72.3
66.0
71.3
37.3
42.9
47.9
45.0
48.1
10.7
10.9
13.1
11.2
11.7
5.3
4.3
6.0
4.4
4.4
5.4
6.6
7.1
6.8
7.3
1.8
1.8
1.9
2.4
2.6
2.6
4.9
5.6
3.8
5.3
3.6
6.3
6.8
4.0
7.0
2.6
4.9
5.3
2.9
5.6
-.2
.4
.6
-.2
1.8
-.2
-.7
0
1.0
-.7
-.8
-.7
-1.2
-1.1
-1.0
4.1
3.8
3.7
3.6
3.6
60.3
68.4
73.8
68.0
72.4
1.9
2.2
2.9
2.8
2.4
58.4
66.2
70.9
65.1
69.9
56.4
62.8
67.5
64.9
67.8
2.0
3.4
3.4
.3
2.1
3.4
5.2
4.7
.4
3.0
198.6
220.7
227.8
212.8
230.1
1940
1941
1942
1943
1944
79.7
102.6
135.7
169.1
181.9
52.1
64.8
85.3
109.5
121.2
12.9
17.4
24.0
29.0
30.2
4.5
6.4
9.8
11.7
11.6
8.4
10.9
14.3
17.3
18.6
2.7
3.1
4.0
4.4
4.5
8.7
14.1
19.3
23.5
23.6
10.0
17.7
21.5
25.1
24.1
7.2
10.1
10.1
11.1
11.2
3.2
5.7
5.9
6.6
6.5
-.2
-2.5
-1.2
-.8
-.3
-1.1
-1.1
-1.0
-.8
-.2
3.3
3.3
3.1
2.7
2.4
77.8
95.3
122.4
150.7
164.4
2.6
3.3
5.9
17.8
18.9
75.2
92.0
116.5
132.9
145.5
72.0
81.8
89.4
100.1
109.0
3.3
10.2
27.0
32.7
36.5
4.4
11.1
23.2
24.6
25.1
244.3
278.1
317.3
332.2
343.9
1945
1946
1947
1948
1949
180.6
178.3
194.6
219.0
212.7
123.1
118.1
129.2
141.4
141.3
31.7
36.6
35.8
40.7
36.1
12.2
14.9
15.2
17.5
12.7
19.4
21.6
20.6
23.2
23.5
4.6
5.5
5.3
5.7
6.1
19.0
16.6
22.2
29.1
26.9
19.7
24.6
31.5
35.2
28.9
9.0
15.5
20.2
22.7
18.7
4.4
9.9
13.9
15.7
11.5
-.6
-5.3
-5.9
-2.2
1.9
-.1
—2 7
-3! 4
-3.9
-3.8
2.2
1.6
2.1
2.1
2.2
169.8
177.3
189.8
208.5
205.6
20.8
18.7
21.4
21.0
18.5
149.0
158.6
168.4
187.4
187.1
120.4
145.2
163.5
176.9
180.4
28.5
13.4
4.9
10.6
6.7
19.2
8.5
2.9
5.7
3.6
338.6
332.4
318.8
335.5
336.1
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
236.2
272.3
285.8
299.7
299.1
154.8
181.0
195.7
209.6
208.4
38.4
42.8
42.9
41.3
40.8
13.5
15.8
14.9
12.9
12.3
24.9
27.0
28.0
28.4
28.5
7.1
7.7
8.8
10.0
11.0
33.7
38.1
35.4
35.5
34.6
42.6
43.9
38.9
40.5
38.1
24.7
21.3
19.5
20.2
20.5
15.9
12.8
11.0
11.5
11.4
-5.0
-1.2
1.0
-1.0
-.3
-4.0
-4.6
-4.5
-4.1
-3.2
2.3
2.7
3.0
3.4
4.3
226.1
253.7
270.4
286.1
288.2
20.6
28.9
34.0
35.5
32.5
205.5
224.8
233.4
250.7
255.7
194.7
210.0
220.4
233.7
240.1
10.8
14.8
16.0
17.0
15.6
5.3
6.6
6.8
6.8
6.1
381.9
371.6
382.1
397.5
402.1
1955
1956....
1957
1958
1959
328.0
346.9
362.3
364.0
397.1
224.9
243.5
256.5
258.2
279.6
42.5
43.6
45.0
47.4
47.2
11.3
11.2
11.0
13.1
10.7
31.2
32.4
33.9
34.3
36.6
11.3
11.6
12.2
12.9
13.2
44.6
42.9
42.1
37.5
48.2
48.4
48.6
46.9
41.1
51.6
26.4
26.6
25.5
22.1
28.0
16.1
15.5
14.0
10.8
15.8
-1.7
-2.7
-1.5
-.3
-.5
-2.1
-3.0
-3.3
-3.4
-2.9
4.8
5.2
6.5
8.0
8.8
308.8
330.9
349.3
359.3
382.1
35.4
39.7
42.4
42.1
46.0
273.4
291.3
303.9
317.1
338.1
258.5
271.6
283.4
295.4
317.3
14.9
19.7
20.6
21.7
18.8
5.4
6.8
6.7
6.8
5.6
425.9
444.9
453.9
459.0
477.4
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
412.0
424.2
457.4
482.8
519.2
294.9
303.6
325.1
342.9
368.0
47.0
48.3
49.6
50.3
52.2
11.4
11.8
11.9
11.6
10.3
35.6
36.4
37.7
38.7
42.0
13.8
14.3
15.0
15.7
16.1
46.6
46.9
54.9
59.6
67.0
48.5
48.6
53.6
57.7
64.7
25.8
25.8
29.6
31.5
36.7
13.0
12.5
15.2
16.0
19.4
.3
.1
.1
-.2
-.5
-2.3
-1.8
1.2
2.1
2.8
9.8
11.2
12.8
14.3
15.9
399.7
415.0
440.7
433.1
495.7
50.4
52.1
56.8
60.3
58.6
349.4
362.9
383.9
402.8
437.0
332.3
342.7
353.5
384.0
410.9
17.1
20.2
20.4
18.8
26.1
4.9
5.6
5.3
4.7
6.0
487.3
500.6
521.6
539.2
577.3
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
566.0
622.2
655.8
714.4
767.9
396.5
439.3
471.9
519.8
571.4
56.7
60.3
61.0
63.4
66.2
12.6
13.6
12.1
12.0
13.9
44.1
43.7
48.9
51.4
52.3
17.1
18.2
19.4
18.6
18.1
77.1
82.5
79.3
85.8
81.4
75.2
80.7
77.3
85.6
83.4
44.3
47.1
44.9
46.2
43.8
25.2
27.6
24.7
24.2
21.2
-1.9
-2.1
-1.7
-3.4
-5.5
3.8
3.9
3.7
3.7
3.5
18.5
21.9
24.3
26.8
30.8
537.0
584.9
626.6
685.2
745.8
64.9
74.5
82.1
97.1
115.4
472.2
510.4
544.5
583.1
630.4
441.9
477.4
503.7
550.1
595.3
30.3
33.0
40.9
38.1
35.1
6.4
6.5
7.5
6.5
5.6
612.4
643.6
669.8
695.2
712.3
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
798.4
858.1
951.9
1,064.6
1,136.0
609.2
650.3
715.1
799.2
875.8
65.1
67.7
76.1
92.4
86.2
13.9
14.3
18.0
32.0
25.4
51.2
53.4
58.1
60.4
60.9
18.6
20.1
21.5
21.6
21.4
67.9
77.2
92.1
99.1
83.6
71.5
82.0
96.2
115.8
126.9
37.0
44.3
54.6
67.1
74.5
14.1
21.3
30.0
39.3
43.6
-5.1
-5.0
-6.6
-18.6
-40.4
1.5
.3
2.5
1.9
-2.9
37.5
801.3
859.1
42.8
942.5
47.0
52.3 1,052.4
69.0 1,154.9
115.3
116.3
141.2
150.8
170.3
685.9
742.8
801.3
901.7
984.6
635.4
635.5
751.9
831.3
913.0
50.6
57.3
49.4
70.3
71.7
7.4
7.7
6.2
7.8
7.3
741.6
769.0
801.3
854.7
842.0
1975
1976
1977
1978
1,215.0 931.1
1,359.8 1,037.8
1,525.8 1,156.9
1,724.3 1,304.5
87.0
89.3
100.2
116.8
23.5
18.3
19.6
27.7
63.5
71.0
80.5
89.1
22.4
22.1
24.7
25.9
95.9
126.8
150.0
167.7
120.4
156.0
177.1
206.0
70.6
92.2
104.5
121.5
38.7
54.7
62.4
74.3
-12.4
-14.6
-15.2
-25.2
-12.0
-14.5
-12.0
-13.1
1,255.5
1,381.6
1,531.6
1, 717.4
168.8
197.1
226.4
259.0
1,085. 7
1,184.5
1,305.1
1,458.4
1,003.0
1,115.9
1,240.2
1,383.4
83.6
68.6
65.0
72.0
7.7
5.8
5.0
4.9
859.7
891.8
929.5
972.5
78.6
83.8
94.0
109.5
NOTE.—IVA=Inventory valuation adjustment; CCAdj. = Capital consumption adjustment; DPI=Disposal personal income.
60
SUKVEY OF CUEEENT BUSINESS
Part n August 1979
Alternative Estimates of Capital Consumption and Profits of Nonfinancial Corporations, 1975-78
Estimates of capital consumption and profits of nonfinancial corporations for 1975-78, based on alternative depreciation formulas and
service lives and valued at historical and current cost, are shown below. The estimates for 1976-78 incorporate the revised and updated
national income and product account (NIPA) estimates that appeared in the July 1979 SURVEY OF CURRENT BUSINESS. Estimates for
1929-72 appeared in the March 1976 SURVEY; estimates for 1973 appeared in the August 1976 SURVEY; and estimates for 1974 appeared
in the August 1977 SURVEY. Service lives used for nonresidential structures and equipment are 100 percent of Internal Revenue Service
Bulletin F (F), 85 percent of Bulletin F (.85F), 75 percent of Bulletin F (.75F), and 100 percent of Bulletin F through 1940 with a gradual
decrease to 75 percent of Bulletin F in 1960 (F to .75F); for residential structures, the lives are 80 and 65 years for new l-to-4 and 5-ormore unit structures, respectively, with lives half as long as these for additions and alterations.
Table 1.—Capital Consumption Allowances, Nonfinancial Corporations: National Income and Product Account Estimates and
Estimates Based on Alternative Methods of Depreciation
Table 2.—-Capital Consumption Adjustment, Nonfinancial Corporations: National Income and Product Account Estimates and
Estimates Based on Alternative Methods of Depreciation
[Billions of dollars]
[Billions of dollars]
1975
Line
1
Capital consumption allowances, N I P A *
2
Capital consumption allowances2 with capital consumption adjustment, NIPA
84.9
96.8
1976
92.4
106.8
1977
1978
104.2
114.3
116.0
3
4
5
6
. . .
Double-declininir balance denreciation:
F service lives
.85F service lives
.75F service lives _ _
F to 75F service lives
7
g
9
10
Current-cost valuation:
Straight-line depreciation:
F service lives
.75F service lives
F to .75F service lives
11
12
13
Double-declining balance depreciation:
F service lives
.85F service lives
.75F service lives
F to .75F service lives
.
. .
14
15
16
17
1
Capital consumption adjustment, NIPA »
Historical-cost valuation:
Straight-line depreciation:
F service lives
.85 F service lives .
.75F service lives
F to .75F service lives
2
3
4
5
60.3
64.5
67.8
68.5
66.2
70.8
74.4
75.1
71.2
76.3
80.4
81.0
77.3
83.1
87.8
88.4
69.0
72.9
75.9
76.5
75.6
79.9
83.2
83.7
82.2
87.0
90.8
91.3
90.3
96.0
100.5
100.9
92.7
100.0
102.9
102.4
110.2
113.0
111.3
119.6
122.4
121.7
130.9
133.7
99.7
103.2
105.8
107.8
109.0
112.5
115.1
117.1
118.2
121.9
124.7
126.7
129.6
133.8
137. C
139.1
1. Tax return-based capital consumption allowances.
2. Based on current cost valuation, straight-line depreciation, and .85F service lives.
1975
1976
1977
-11.9
-14.4
-11.8
-12.6
24.6
20.4
17.1
16.4
26.2
21.6
18.0
17.3
33.0
27.9
23.8
23.2
37.0
31 2
26.5
25.9
16.0
12.1
9.0
8.5
16.8
12.5
9.2
8.7
22.1
17.2
13.4
12.9
24.0
18.4
13.8
13.4
1978
Capital consumption adjustment, alternative
methods of depreciation:*
126.9
Capital consumption allowances with capital consumption adjustment, alternative methods of
depreciation:
Historical-cost valuation:
Straight-line depreciation:
F service lives .85F service lives
.75F service lives
F to .75F service lives
Line
Double-declining balance depreciation:
F service lives
.85F service lives
.75F service lives
F to .75F Service lives.. _
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Current-cost valuation:
Straight-line depreciation:
F service lives
.75F service lives
F to .75F service lives
—7.8
-15.1
-17.9
—10.0
-17.8
-20.6
—7.1
-15.4
-18.1
—7.4
-16.5
-19.4
13
14
15
16
Double-declining balance depreciation:
F service lives
•85F service lives
.75F service lives
F to .75F service lives.
—14.8
—18.2
-20.8
-22.9
-16.6
—20.1
-22.7
-24.7
—14.0
-17.7
-20.5
-22.5
—15.3
-19.5
-22.7
-24.7
1. Equals line 1, table 1, minus line 2, table 1.
2. Lines 2 through 16 are equal to tax return-based capital consumption allowances (line 1,
table 1) minus the capital consumption allowances based on the designated valuation, depreciation formula, and service lives (lines 3 through 17, table 1). For example, line 2 equals line 1,
table 1, minus line 3, table 1.
Table 3.—Corporate Profits With Inventory Valuation Adjustment, Nonfinancial Corporations:1 National Income and Product Account
Estimates and Estimates Based on Alternative Methods of Depreciation
[Billions of dollars]
Line
1975
1976
1977
1978
1
Corporate profits before deduction of capital consumption allowances, with inventory valuation adjustment, NIP A. .
173.8
207.7
232.5
255.2
2
Corporate profits with inventory valuation adjustment and without capital consumption adjustment, NIPA'
88.9
115.3
123.3
140.9
3
Corporate profits with inventory valuation and capital consumption adjustments, NIPA *
76.9
100.9
116.5
128.3
113.5
109.3
106.0
105.3
141.5
136.9
133.3
132.6
161.3
156.2
152.1
151.5
177.9
172.1
167.5
166. a
104.8
100.9
97.9
97.3
132.1
127.8
124.5
124.0
150.4
145.5
141.7
141.2
164.9
159.3
154.7
154.3
81.1
73.8
70.9
105.3
97.6
94.7
121.2
112.9
110.2
133.5
124.4
121.5
74.1
70.6
68.0
66.0
98.7
95.2
92.7
90.6
114.3
110.6
107.8
105.8
125.7
121.4
118.2
116.2
Corporate profits with inventory valuation and capital consumption adjustments, alternative methods of depreciation: *
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
1.
2.
3.
4.
Historical-cost valuation:
Straight-line depreciation:
F service lives
_
.85F service lives
. 75F service lives
F to .75F service lives
Double-declining balance depreciation:
F service lives
_
.85F service lives
___
_
.75F service lives
—
F to .75F service lives
Current-cost valuation:
Straight-line depreciation:
F service lives
.75F service lives
F to .75F service lives
_._
Double-declining balance depreciation:
F service lives
_
.85F service lives
.75F service lives
F to .75F service lives
_
.
Excludes profits originating in the rest of the world.
Equals line 1, table 3, minus line 1, table 1.
Equals line 2, table 3, plus line 1, table 2.
Lines 4 through 18 are equal to NIPA profits with inventory valuation adjustment and
__
.
_
without capital consumption adjustment (line 2, table 3) plus the capital consumption adjustment based on the designated valuation, depreciation formula, and service lives (lines 2
through 16, table 2). For example, line 4 equals fine 2, table 3, plus line 2, table 2.
SURVEY OF CURRENT BUSINESS
Part II August 1979
61
Durable Goods Owned by Consumers in the United States, 1975-78
Estimates of durable goods owned by consumers in the United States for 1975-78 are shown below. The estimates for 1976-78 incorporate the revised and updated national income and product account estimates of personal consumption expenditures for durable goods that
appeared in the July 1979 SURVEY OF CURRENT BUSINESS. Estimates for 1925-74 appeared in the March 1979 SURVEY.
Table 1.—-Current-Dollar Gross Stock of Durable Goods Owned by Consumers, by Type
[Billions of dollars]
Motor vehicles
Yearend
1975
1976
1977
1978
Total
1,109.7
1,219.7
1,347.2
1,512.8
.
Autos
382.6
424.6
475.9
526.9
1
Other
40.2
48.1
58.5
70.7
Other
Furniture and household equipment
Radio
and
Furniture,
Kitchen
China,
television
including
and
glassware
Other
receivers,
mattresses
other
tableware,
durable
records,
and
household
and
house
and
bedsprings appliances 2
utensils furnishings3
musical
instruments
153.8
163.5
176.0
198.2
97.6
106.4
115.5
128.3
57.4
60.7
65.0
72.7
Jewelry
and
watches
95.5
105.4
115.4
130.1
113.8
125.9
138.2
155.1
Ophthalmic
products
and
orthopedic
appliances
56.9
61.5
66.5
77.2
Books
and
maps
Wheel
goods,
durable
toys, sports
equipment,
boats, and
pleasure
aircraft
10.9
11.6
12.4
13.3
29.7
32.2
35.3
39.3
71.2
79.9
88.6
100.8
5.5
5.8
6.3
6.8
15.9
17.2
19.0
21.5
40.8
45.4
50.2
57.3
8.8
8.9
9.0
9.2
24.7
25.6
26.8
28.5
59.1
63.4
68.2
74.0
4.4
4.5
4.5
4.7
13.2
13.6
14.4
15.6
34.0
36.1
38.6
42.1
Table 2.—Current-Dollar Net Stock of Durable Goods Owned by Consumers, by Type
[Billions of dollars]
591.2
644.7
710.7
799.1
1975.
1976.
1977.
1978.
184.8
202.4
226.6
251.2
22.7
27.3
33.5
40.7
84.2
89.3
96.2
108.5
54.7
59.1
63.7
70.3
64.3
70.5
77.1
86.3
30.6
31.9
34.0
38.0
31.9
34.4
37.2
43.4
55.8
61.3
66.9
75.1
Table 3.—Constant-Dollar Gross Stock of Durable Goods Owned by Consumers, by Type
[Billions of 1972 dollars]
925.3
978.8
1,036.6
1,097.8
1975.
1976.
1977.
1978.
321.3
339.0
356.4
373.4
33.8
38.3
43.8
50.1
124.0
128.1
132.8
137.8
81.4
85.0
89.0
92.8
39.5
40.4
41.4
42.4
95.0
100.8
107.2
113.9
47.6
50.3
53.3
56.9
90 0
99.0
108.7
118.7
Table 4.—Constant-Dollar Net Stock of Durable Goods Owned by Consumers, by Type
[Billions of 1972 dollars]
1975
1976
1977
1978
493.3
518.2
548.4
581.6
155.2
161.6
169.8
178.1
19.1
21.8
25.1
28.8
67.9
70.0
72.6
75.4
45.7
47.2
49.1
50.9
1. Includes tires, tubes, accessories, and other parts.
2. Consists of refrigerators and freezers, cooking ranges, dishwashers, laundry equipment,
stoves, air conditioners, sewing machines, vacuum cleaners, and other appliances.
3. Includes such house furnishings as floor coverings, comforters, quilts, blankets, pillows,
21.1
21.3
21.6
22.1
52.5
57.6
63.0
68.5
53.6
56.5
59.8
63.3
26.6
28.1
29.8
32.0
picture frames, mirrors, art products, portable lamps, and clocks. Also includes writing equipment and hand, power, and garden tools.
NOTE.—The stock estimates are based on straight-line depreciation and service lives given
in table F of the March 1979 SURVEY article.
Table 5.—Personal Consumption Expenditures for Durable Goods, Depreciation, and
Personal Consumption Expenditures for Durable Goods Net of Depreciation, in
Current and Constant Dollars
Billions of dollars
Year
Expenditures
1975
1976
1977
1978
132.6
157.4
178.8
200.3
Depreciation
106.0
116.9
128.2
142.9
Billions of 1972 dollars
Expenditures net
of depreciation
26.6
40.5
50.6
57.4
Expenditures
112.7
126.6
138.2
146.7
Depreciation
91.0
95.8
101.2
106.9
Expenditures net
of depreciation
21.7
30.8
37.0
39.8
SURVEY OF CURRENT BUSINESS
62
Part II August 1979
Fixed Nonresidential Business and Residential Capital in the United States, 1975-78
Estimates of fixed nonresidential business and residential capital in the United States for 1975-78 are shown below. The estimates for
1976-78 incorporate the revised and updated national income and product account estimates of fixed investment t h a t appeared in the
July 1979 SURVEY OF CURRENT BUSINESS. Estimates for 1925-72 appeared in the April 1976 SURVEY; estimates for 1973 appeared in the
August 1976 SURVEY; and estimates for 1974 appeared in the August 1977 SURVEY.
Table 1.—Current-Dollar Gross Stocks of Fixed Nonresidential Business Capital, by Major Industry Group and Legal Form of
Organization
[Billions of dollars]
By major industry group
Total
Farm
Manufacturing
By legal form of organization
Corporate
Nonfarm nonmanufacturing
Noncorporate
Yearend
Total
Nonfinancial
EquipEquipEquipEquipEquipEquipEquiDment Equip- Struc- ment Equip- Struc- ment Equip- Struc- ment Equip- Struc- ment Equip- Struc- ment Equip- Struc- ment Equip- Strucand
and
and
and
tures
and
tures
ment
ment
and
ment
tures
tures
and
tures
ment
ment
ment
tures
ment
tures
strucstrucstrucstrucstrucstrucstructures
tures
tures
tures
tures
tures
tures
1975—
1976...
1977...
1978—
2,392.4
2,600.0
2,871.3
3,206. 6
1,104.8
1,215.4
1,348.6
1,491.2
1,287.6
1,384.5
1,522. 6
1,715. 4
164.1
180.0
198.3
220.3
95.9
106.8
118.1
130.2
68.3
73.2
80.1
90.1
527.8
566.8
625.3
695.7
307.0
341.1
383.0
426.1
220.8
225.7
242.3
269.6
1,700.5
1,853.2
2,047.7
2,290. 6
701.9
998.5 1,768.5
878.7
889.8
767.6 1,085.6 1,933.3
954.0
979.3
847.5 1,200.2 2,139. 6 1,089.0 1,050.6
934.9 1,355. 7 2,389.9 1,206.0 1,183. 9
1,693.7 858.2 835.5
1,850.3 943.5 906.8
2,045.3 1,048.6 996.7
2,280. 2 1,159.4 1,120.8
6?3.9
666.7
731.6
816.7
215.0
236.1
259.6
285. 3
408.9
430.6
472.0
531.5
Table 2.—Current-Dollar Net Stocks of Fixed Nonresidential Business Capital, by Major Industry Group and Legal Form of
Organization
1975—
1976—
1977...
1978—
1, 378.6
1, 485.0
1, 631.8
1, 816.7
605.2
773.4
660.8
824.2
731.6
900.2
807.0 1,009.7
91.3
99.9
109.3
120.7
51.3
57.3
63.0
68.9
39.9
42.5
46.3
51.8
280.4
301.1
332.5
369.6
165.3
184.2
208.2
231.4
115.1
116.9
124.3
138.2
1, 006.9
1, 084.1
1, 190.0
1, 326.4
388.6
419.2
460.4
506.7
618.3
664.9
729.6
819.7
1,005.1
1,089.9
1,201.5
1,339. 2
491.2
535.4
593.7
655.3
513. 9
953.5
554.4 1, 033.3
607.8 1, 137.8
683.9 1, 265.8
471.8
513. 7
569.4
627.6
481.7
519.6
568.4
638.2
373.5
395.1
430.3
477.5
114.0
125.4
137.9
151.7
259.5
269.8
292.4
325.8
Table 3.—Constant-Dollar Gross Stocks of Fixed Nonresidential Business Capital, by Major Industry Group and Legal Form of
Organization
[Billions of 1972 dollars]
1975—
1976...
1977...
1978—
1, 701.7
1, 748.2
1, 805.2
1, 866.7
806.9
832.8
867.6
903.0
894.7
915.4
937.6
963.7
115.4
118.7
121.3
124.0
65.5
67.5
69.0
70.4
49.9
51.2
52.4
53.7
380.6
389.7
401.3
413.5
223.0
231.9
242.9
253.1
157.6
157.8
158.4
160.5
1, 205.6
1, 239.8
1, 282.6
1, 329.1
518.4
533.3
555.7
579.5
687.2
706.4
726.8
749.6
1, 255.5
1, 290.7
1, 336.1
1, 385.2
652.5
674.0
704.3
734.7
603.0
616.7
631.8
650.4
1, 199.3
1, 230.4
1, 271.6
1, 315.9
627.2
646.7
675.0
703.0
572.2
583.7
596.6
612.9
446.2
457.5
469.1
481.5
154.5
158.8
163.3
168.2
291.7
298.7
305.8
313.3
Table 4.—Constant-Dollar Net Stocks of Fixed Nonresidential Business Capital, by Major Industry Group and Legal Form of
Organization
1975... 981.2
1976... 1, 000.8
1977— 1, 029.0
1978— 1, 060.2
442.3
453.4
472.1
490.7
539.0
547.4
556.8
569.6
64.6
66.3
67.4
68.4
35.4
36.6
37.1
37.5
29.2
29.7
30.3
30.8
202.2
206.8
213.3
219.9
120.0
125.2
132.0
137; 6
82.2
81.7
81.2
82.3
714.5
727.7
748.3
771.9
286.9
291.7
303.0
315.5
NOTE.—Capital stock estimates are based on straight-line depreciation and .85F service lives.
427.6
436.0
445.3
456.5
714.0
728.9
752.1
778.0
360.2
368.8
385.0
400.7
353. 8
360 1
367. 1
377. 3
675.6
688.1
709.0
732.1
344.8
352.4
367.6
382.0
330.8
335.7
341.4
350.1
267.3
272.0
276.9
282.2
82.1
84.6
87.2
90.0
185.2
187.4
189.7
192.3
SURVEY OF CURRENT BUSINESS
Part II August 1979
63
Table 5.—Current-Dollar Gross Stocks of Residential Capital, by Legal Form of Organization and Tenure Group
[Billions of dollars]
By tenure group *
By legal form of organization
Business
Total
Yearend
Corporate
Total
Total
1975
1976
1977
1978
2,043.9
2,289.6
2,639.4
3,026.4
1,998.4
2,239.2
2,581.9
2,961.1
74.4
82.6
94.2
107.2
Owner occupied
Government
Nonfinancial
Noncorporate
71.2
78.7
89.3
101.0
Total
1,924.1
2,156. 6
2,487.7
2,853.9
45.4
50.4
57.5
65.3
Federal
13.9
15.4
17.4
19.6
State
and
local
31.5
35.0
40.1
45.7
Farm
58.7
64.4
72.5
81.0
Nonfarm
Tenant occupied
Farm
1,392.7
1,573.2
1,829.8
2,115. 2
Nonfarm
16.9
18.0
19.7
21.4
524.0
577.3
653.3
736.9
4.4
4.6
4.9
5.2
306.3
335.3
378.5
426.0
Table 6.—Current-Dollar Net Stocks of Residential Capital, by Legal Form of Organization and Tenure Group
1975
1976
1977
1978
. . .
1,327.8
1,483.3
1,710.5
1,961.6
1,295.1
1,447.6
1,670.4
1,916.6
52.5
57.5
64.9
73.1
50.3
54.7
61.2
68.4
1,242.6
1,390.1
1,605.5
1,843.5
32.7
35.7
40.1
45.0
9.3
10.1
11.3
12.5
23.4
25.6
28.9
32.5
26.5
29.0
32.9
36.7
956.4
1,077.4
1,253.4
1,448.6
Table 7.—Constant-Dollar Gross Stocks of Residential Capital, by Legal Form of Organization and Tenure Group
[Billions of 1972 dollars]
1,476.9
1,510.3
1,552.4
1,595.6
1975.
1976
1977
1978
1,444.1
1,477.2
1,518.7
1,561.3
53.9
54.7
55.7
56.8
51.6
52.1
52.7
53.5
1,390.2
1,422.5
1,463.0
1,504.5
32.8
33.1
33.7
34.3
10.0
10.1
10.2
10.3
22.7
23.0
23.5
24.0
42.4
42.4
42.6
42.6
1,005.6
1,036.8
1,074.9
1,113.6
12.2
11.9
11.5
11.2
379.5
382.0
385.9
390.4
Table 8.—-Constant-Dollar Net Stocks of Residential Capital, by Legal Form of Organization and Tenure Group
1975.
1976.
1977.
1978.
959.3
978.2
1,005.6
1,033.5
935.7
954.7
982.1
1,009.9
38.0
38.0
38.3
38.7
36.4
36.2
36.1
36.1
1. Excludes stocks of nonhousekeeping residential capital, such as hotels, motels, and
dormitories.
897.7
916.7
943.8
971.2
23.6
23.5
23.5
23.6
6.7
6.6
6.6
6.6
16.9
16.8
16.9
17.0
19.2
19.1
19.3
19.3
690.5
709.9
736.1
762.2
3.1
3.0
2.9
2.7
221.8
221.8
223.4
225.6
NOTE.—Capital stock estimates are base! on straight-line depreciation and service lives
given in the text of the April 1976 SURVEY article.
U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1979 0 - 298-342
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