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U. S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR

CHILDREN’S BUREAU
JU LIA C . L A T H R O P . Chief

SUMMARY OF

CHILD-WELFARE LAWS
PASSED IN 1916

M IS C E L L A N E O U S SE R IES N o. 7
Bureau Publication N o. 2 1

WASHINGTON
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
1917

I------------------------------------------------------------------------36>A.

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ADD ITIO N AL COPIES
OF THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE PROCURED FROM
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•WASHINGTON, D. C.
AT

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1 .7

CONTENTS.
Page.

Letter of transmittal..................... . . ..................................................................... .......
Introduction................................................................... . _.........................J'____. . . . . .
Abbreviations used in references.......................................................... .............
List of codes, revisions, or compilations referred to..........................................
Parent and child............................................................................................................
Adoption...................................................... ..................................... .......... ...........
New Y o rk ........................................................................... .............. ..............
Desertion of minor child................................................................ ........... ............
K entucky..................................................................... . ............... .... ^..........
New Jersey..... ...................... ............................................ ...............................
Miscellaneous provisions concerning parent and c h ild .... . ........................
New Y ork....................... ...... ........................................................ . .................
Virginia.............................................................................................. _.............
Offenses against the ch ild .................................................................
Offenses against the person.....................................................................................
K en tu ck y.
.................................... ..............................•...'......................
Louisiana..................................
New Y o r k ....................................... ’ .............................................. .................
Virginia..................................
Miscellaneous offenses against the ch ild.......................................................... ...
Louisiana....... ...................
Maryland..........................
Porto R ico ..........................
Virginia.........................
Health and sanitation, including recreation.............................................................
Birth registration........................................... .'.................................... ..................
Maryland...................................... .................... ......... ............. .............. ' . . . .
New Y ork....................................... ...................................... .-.
4.
____
Health......... ............................... ............................................. . . . ; ................... ... .
Louisiana..........................................................................
Maryland......................
Massachusetts..............................
M ississippi........................................................ ...............................; .............
New Jersey.........................................................................................................
New Y ork......................................
Philippine Islands..............................1.........................................................
Rhode Island........................................
South Carolina......... ...............................
Recreation...............................................................
United States..............................................
.........
Louisiana..................................................................................
Maryland........................
....
Massachusetts.....................................................................................................
New Jersey.....................................................................
New Y ork............................................................................
Rhode Island......... ..........................................
3


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4

CONTENTS.
Page.

Child labor and school attendance.................. ................. ....... .................................- 19^31
Child labor............ ................................ ................................................................... 19-281
United States..................................................................................... ...............
19
20
Georgia........................ ........... ............... ............................................................
K entucky...........................................................................................................
20
Louisiana...................... ......................................... %........................................
21
Maine........................................................................................... .......................
21
Maryland..................................................................................................... - - - 21
Massachusetts............................................................................. ....... ...............
23
Mississippi.......................................................................
25;
New Jersey.........................................................................................................
25
26
New Y ork...........................................................................
R hode Island................................................................................................... 27 •:
South Carolina......................................................................................... .........
27
27
Virginia...........................................................- ........................................ .........
Compensation for injured minor..................... . ............... ................................
28
United States.....................................................................................................
28
K entucky............................................. .............................................. - .............
28
New Y ork........................................................................ ............. - ................. 28
Porto R ic o .. „ . ....................................................................................................
28
School attendance..................................................................................................... 28-31
Georgia......... ......................................................................................................
28
K entucky....... .............................................................................. - ...................
29
Louisiana........................................................................... - ................... - - - - - 29
Maryland............................................................................................... - ...........
30
Massachusetts...........................................................
31
Mississippi.................................................................- ................... *i.................
31
32-53
Defective, delinquent, and dependent children..................................
Contributory delinquency, dependency, or neglect............................. -.......... 32-33
Louisiana.................................... - ................... - .......................................... - - 32
Maryland.............................................. - ............................................ - - ...........
32
Deaf, dumb, and b lin d ................7*......................................................................... 33-34
K entucky................................................................................ - .........................
33
Louisiana.................................. .................................................... - - - - .............
33
33
Massachusetts....................................................................................................
New Jersey.......................
34
Dependent children...............................................- .............................................. .. 34-35
Mississippi..................................................................................................... *- 34
New Y o r k ................................................................................................... , - 34
Virginia.............. ........................................................................- — .................
35
Juvenile courts.............................................................................- ............... ........... 35-40
35
District of Columbia................... ‘............................... - - - - ............... .............
Georgia......................................................................................................
35
Louisiana............................................
36
Maryland............. ..................... ......... ............... - - .............................................
36
Massachusetts..................................................
38
New Jersey___ .... « ................................................................................- .........
39
New Y ork..................................... ............. |............. ........................................
39
Porto R ico ............................................................................- .............................
39
Juvenile delinquents.........................................................................
40-43
K entucky...................................................................................- ................... -40
M aryland...................................................................................... - ...................
41
Massachusetts..........................................
41
Mississippi.................
41


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CONTENTS.

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Defective, delinquent, and dependent children— Continued.
Juvenile delinquents— Continued.
Page.
New Y ork........................................................................................................
42
South Carolina....................................................................................................
42
Virginia........................................................................£......................................
43
Mental defectives........................................................... .............. .......... . .............
43
K entucky............................................................................................................
43
Maryland.............................................................................................................
43
Massachusetts.....................................................................................................
44
New Jersey........................................................................ .......... ....................
45
New Y ork.....................'.................................J..................................................
45
Rhode Island....................................................................................................
46
Virginia..................................... .................................................................. .......
46
Mothers’ pensions........................................... * . ...................................................... 51-52
Maryland............................................................................................................
51
New Jersey.............................................................................. ..........................
52
New Y ork....................................... ..........................................I ......................
52
Miscellaneous provisions affecting defective, delinquent, and dependent
children......... . ............................... ....................................................................... 52-53
Georgia....................................................................................... |..... ............. ..
52
M aryland ..................................................................................... . ...................
53
Miscellaneous provisions affecting children................................................................ 54-57
Military and physical training................................ .............................................. 54-56
Louisiana............................................................................................................
54
54
Maryland................................................................................................. ..
Massachusetts....................................................................................................
54
54
New Jersey ........................................................................................................
55
New Y ork....... .............................................................. ...................................
Policewomen..................................................... ....... .... . . ^ ....................................
57
Virginia...............................................................................................................
57
57
Social insurance................................... ...............................................................
Massachusetts.....................................................................................................
57
Topical index b y political divisions........................................................................... 59-62
59
District of Columbia............................................ 1..................................................
Georgia..................................................................................... ................... .............
59
K en tu ck y .................................................... ....................................... . ...................
59
Louisiana......................................... -...........................................•.........................
59
59
Maine.................................... ................... - .......................................................... i,
59
Maryland....... - . . i ......................................................................................................
60
Massachusetts................................................................................*.............. —------61
Mississippi...................................................................................................................
61
New Jersey....................... .------- .\ ............................................................... ...........
61
New Y ork.................................................................................................................
62
Philippine Islands............................ ................... » .......................................... ..
62
Porto R i c o . .. ................................. ........................................................... ...............
62
Rhode Island.............................................................................................................
62
South Carolina...........................................................................................................
62
United States................i ................................ ..........................................................
62
V irgin ia................................... — .......... 1..............................................................
A ppendix........................................................- ................................................................ 63-74
63
Outline for index of existing legislation affecting child welfare.....................


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LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.
U . S. D

epartm ent of

C

L

h il d r e n ’s

abor,

B

u reau

,

Washington, February 3, 1917.
S i r : I transmit herewith a summary of child-welfare laws passed
in 1916. The summary relates new provisions to those which they
supplement or supersede and gives exact legal references for all
material included. The summary is based on an outline o f topics
which was originally prepared as the basis for the bureau’s reference
index of legislation in various States and which is appended to the
summary.
The summary o f current legislation was prepared by Miss Anna
Rochester and Miss Lulu L. Eckman, with the assistance of Miss
Ella A. Merritt. The outline index was planned by Miss Emma 0 .
Lundberg, with the assistance of other members of the staff.
Respectfully submitted.
J u l i a C . L a t h r o p , Chief.
Hon. W i l l i a m B. W i l s o n ,
Secretary o f Labor.


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SUMMARY OF CHILD-WELFARE LAWS PASSED IN 1916.
INTRODUCTION.
Laws affecting the welfare o f children were passed during the
year 1916 by each o f the 11 State legislatures holding a regular
session,1 by the legislatures o f the Philippine Islands and Porto Rico,
and by the Federal Congress. The acts o f 11 extra sessions held in
10 States2 between October 1, 1915, and December 1, 1916, have also
been examined. This report summarizes the changes in child-welfare
legislation found in these session laws3 and compares the new pro­
visions with those which they supersede and, in some cases, with re­
lated provisions in the same State. Exact legal references are given
for each statement, but these references do not attempt to cover the
entire field o f the subject under discussion.
The main divisions of this summary follow the main divisions of
the index outline of child-welfare legislation 4 prepared by the Chil­
dren’s Bureau, with certain modifications made necessary by the
present less detailed plan of analysis. Thus the two subjects (E )
Education laws and (F ) Child-labor legislation, which the index out­
line separates, have been combined under the heading “ Child labor
and school attendance,” and only such education laws have been in­
cluded as directly affect employment, viz, those relating to compul­
sory school attendance, school census, length o f school term, and
attendance at part-time continuation schools. Laws which the index
outline divides under three main headings—-(G ) State care o f chil­
dren, general provisions for administration, supervision, and main­
tenance; (H ) Delinquent, dependent, and neglected children; and
(I) Defective children— are given in the section entitled “ Defective,
1 Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Massachusetts, Mississippi, New Jersey,
New York, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Virginia.
2 California, Connecticut, Illinois (2 extra sessions), Massachusetts, Minnesota, Okla­
homa, South Dakota, Tennessee, Vermont, W isconsin.
3 Two changes in child-welfare legislation— one in Louisiana and one in Maine—
made effective by referendum vote between Oct. 1, 1915, and Dec. 1, 1916, have been
included.
i For scope and text of this index outline, see Appendix, page 63. The subdivisions
under the main headings are not arranged in the order in which they are found in the

index

outline.

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delinquent, and dependent children.” Two divisions o f the index
outline have been entirely omitted: (B ) Guardian and ward, and
(J ) Minor’s capacity or incapacity to acquire rights and to incur
liabilities. In other divisions topics which are legal rather than
social, or which concern adults primarily and children only indirectly,
have not been included. For example, in the section entitled “ Parent
and child,” changes are noted only in provisions regarding aban­
donment and neglect; abuse; care and support; custody o f child; void
and voidable marriages, with effect on legitimacy o f child; adoption;
and illegitimacy. Similarly, in the section on “ Health and sanita­
tion,” no general health laws in which minors are not specifically
mentioned have been included except provisions regarding venereal
disease, infantile paralysis, visiting nurses, and town physicians (as
distinct from health officers). But all laws concerning infant blind­
ness, hospitals specified as for children or mothers, midwives, birth
registration, and official divisions o f child hygiene are covered. Rec­
reation laws are placed in the section on health and sanitation, as in
the index outline. Under the title “ Defective, delinquent, and de­
pendent children” only such Jaws relating to delinquents and de­
pendents are included as specifically refer to minors, but all changes
in provisions concerning mental defectives are summarized. In the
last section, entitled “ Miscellaneous provisions affecting children,”
are included a few laws not closely related to any of the subjects
o f the index outline.
The laws summarized under the heading “ Child labor and school
attendance” cover the same topics as those published by the Chil­
dren’s Bureau in the bulletin entitled “ Child-Labor Legislation in
the United States,” and this review of 1916 laws may therefore be
used as a supplement (in summary) to that volume. Three types
o f laws not given in the earlier publication, however, are included,
viz: Provisions specifying a required length o f annual school term
are summarized; reference is made to provisions for investigations,
a type o f temporary legislation quite outside the scope of the other
publication; and all provisions of workmen’s compensation laws
which specifically affect minor employees are indicated. The earlier
bulletin referred only to such provisions of compensation laws as
affected minors illegally employed; and those were not given in
full, but summarized in the “ Introduction.” Even in the present
summary changes in compensation laws which do not mention minor
employees are not included, and none o f the benefit provisions are
mentioned.
A few local laws, i. e., State laws affecting a single county or
city, etc., have been included, but neither the changes in local laws
here summarized nor the references relating them to earlier local
provisions cover this entire field. Appropriations are referred to


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only as they are given in the text of an act establishing new work
or creating a new office. Changes in appropriations for work already
under way are not noted.
The topical index by States gives chapter references to the 1916
session law volumes.
ABBREVIATIONS USED IN REFERENCES.
[References giving chapter or number for a specified year are in every case
to session laws o f that year unless otherwise indicated.]
A ------------------------------ ---------------------------- — --------- Act.
A C----------------------- --------------------------- ------------- ----- Annotated Code.
art— I--------- ------------------------------------------------ ----------article.
C— ---------------------:— — ----------------------------------------- Chapter, Chapters.
C L ----------- 1--------------------------------------------- .------ 3------Consolidated Laws.
C S-------- v--------------------- .------------------------- --------------- Compiled Statutes.
G L ----------- ----------------------------------------------------------- General Laws.
N o------------------------------------------------------------------------Number.
p----------------------- ------------------------------------------------ —page.
R L ------------- ---------------------------------------------------------- Revised Laws.
s - ------ ,------------------------------------------------------------- ----- section.
ss--------------------------------------------------------------- ------ „--- sections.
St---------------------------- l-------------------------------------------- Statutes.
Stat L --------------------------------------------------------------— .United States Statutes at Large.
Supp— — --------------------------------------------------- ---------- Supplement.
W R L -------------------- ---------------------------------------------- W olff’s Revised Laws.
v------------- ------------------------------------------------------------- volume.

LIST OF CODES, REVISIONS, OR COMPILATIONS USED.
United States----------------------------------- United States Statutes at Large.
D istrict o f Columbia------------------ ____United States Statutes at Large.
Georgia________ ____________________ Code 1914.
K entucky----------------------------------------- Statutes 1915.
Louisiana----------------------------------------- W olff’s Revised Law s 1904.
W olff’s Revised Laws, Supplement 1904-1908.
M aryland----------------------------------------- Annotated' Code 1911 and 1914.
Massachusetts----------------------------------Revised Laws 1902.
Mississippi_____ ____________________ Code 1906.
New Jersey----------- ,--------------------------Compiled Statutes 1910.
New Y ork----------------------------------------- Consolidated Laws 1909.
Code o f Civil Procedure.
Rhode Island------------------------- -----------General Laws 1909.
South Carolina---------------------------------Code 19Î2.
V irginia--------------------------------------------Code 1904.

P A R E N T A N D CHILD.
ADOPTION.

New Y ork.—The law concerning adoption is amended to provide
that in the adoption o f an illegitimate child the fact of illegitimacy
shall in no case appear upon the record. The amended law specifies

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that if the foster parents reside outside the State proceedings must
be in the county where the minor resides; otherwise, as formerly, in
the county where the foster parents reside.
1916 C 453 amending O L 1909 (D om estic Relations) G 14 ss 112-114 as
amended by 1915 G 352, and 115.

DESERTION OE MINOR CHILD.
See also Contributory delinquency, dependency, or neglect, pp. 32 to 33;
Juvenile courts, Maryland, p. 36, and Massachusetts, p. 38; and Juvenile delin­
quents, Mississippi, p. 41.

K entucky.— A parent willfully deserting an indigent child under
16 years o f age is declared guilty o f a felony, punishable by imprison­
ment for not less than one nor more than five years, but it is also
provided that the parent, before or after conviction, may be placed
on probation, subject to power o f court, for a period o f five years.
By a former statute a parent guilty o f willful nonsupport o f child
under 14 years o f age is punishable by a fine of not more than $20
or imprisonment in county jail or workhouse for not more than six
months. Formerly parent deserting child under 6 years o f age was
subject to imprisonment in penitentiary for not more than three
years. Compare provisions in juvenile-court law concerning parent
contributing to dependency or neglect o f minor.
1916 C 6.

See St 1915 ss 328, 329, 331d, 331e.

New Jersey.— A mother who abandons a minor child dependent on
her for support is declared guilty o f a misdemeanor, but no penalty
is specified. [The penalty for a misdemeanor unless otherwise speci­
fied is a fine o f not exceeding $1,000, or imprisonment for not exceed­
ing three years, or both.] The act to which this is a supplement
defined her as a “ disorderly person.” According to a former act a
father deserting his minor child is held guilty o f a misdemeanor and
subject to fine of not more than $100 or imprisonment for not more
than one year. Compare the act for welfare of children [1915 C
246— not referred to in the 1916 act], which provides that any parent
abandoning or neglecting child or children is to be deemed guilty of
“ cruelty to or neglect o f children ” and subject to a fine o f not ex­
ceeding $100 or imprisonment for not more than one year in workhouse or penitentiary.
1916 C 45 supplementing C S 1910 v 2 (D isorderly Persons) ss 17-30 p 1931.
See also O S 1910 v 2 (Crim es) s 73a p 1770 and 1915 O 246.

MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS CONCERNING PARENT AND CHILD.

New Y ork.— The law providing for the annulment of a marriage
contracted when one or both parties were under the age of legal
consent is amended by adding the provision that an action may be

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maintained when either or both parties had not attained the age at
which the consent o f parent or guardian was not required by the
laws of the State where the marriage took place. The amendment
specifically applies to marriages heretofore or hereafter contracted.
1916 C 605 amending Code o f Civil Procedure ss 1743, 1744.

Virginia.— The father and the mother o f a legitimate unmarried
minor child are to be equally entitled to the custody, services, and
earnings of the child. I f either be dead or disabled, or i f either
refuses to take custody or has abandoned his or her family, the
other is entitled to custody, services, and earnings. Formerly the
father, if living, had custody of the child.
1916 C 417.

See Code 1904 v 2 s 2603.

OFFENSES AGAINST THE CHILD.
OFFENSES AGAINST THE PERSON.

Kentucky.— Pandering is defined and prohibited. Any female
involved in the acts so defined is declared a competent witness. A
penalty o f imprisonment in penitentiary for from one to five years
is provided.
1916 C 49. F or previous law s applying to abduction, seduction, and assisting
in prostitution, not superseded unless in conflict with this act, see St 1915 ss
1156, 1158, 1214-1215a.

Louisiana,.— Provision is made for indeterminate sentence for
certain offenses, specifically including rape and attempt to commit
rape, subject to the minimum and maximum terms defined in the
statute under which the prisoner is convicted. The former statutes
under which, apparently, a prisoner would be convicted provide death
sentence for rape and imprisonment for varying periods for attempt
to commit rape. [See references below.]
1916 A 123. Compare W R L 1904 v 1 p 320 (1855 A 120 s 4 as amended
by 1878 A 24) ; and W R L 1904 v 1 p 325 (1855 A 120 s 9 as amended by
1896 A 59 and 1912 A 9 ). F or other penalties for attempt to commit rape, see
W R L 1904 v 1 p 369 (1870 Extra Session A 8 ) ; W R L 1904 v 1 p 322 (1892
A 26) ; and 1912 A 192 s 1.

New York.— Seduction" of an unmarried female of previous chaste
character under pretense o f marriage is made punishable by impris­
onment for not more than five years, or fine of not more than $1,000,
or both.
1916 C 196 amending C L 1909 (P en al) C 40 s 2175.

Virginia.— The age o f consent is raised from 14 to 15 years.
1916 C 478 amending Code 1904 s 3680.

See also law [1916 C 168] forbidding employment agencies to
send females to places o f bad repute, given under “ Child labor,”
page 27.

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MISCELLANEOUS OFFENSES AGAINST THE CHILD.

Louisiana.— It is made unlawful for the owner o f a junk shop, or
his employee, to purchase goods from a minor under 17 years of age,
and a penalty is provided.
1916 A 15.

Maryland.—Any proprietor o f a public pool room, billiard room,
or bowling alley in Garrett County or Washington County is for­
bidden to permit persons under 16 years of age to loiter on the
premises, to participate in games, or to watch others play. Any
minor under 14 years o f age is also forbidden to frequent or use
tables at any licensed billiard room in Allegany County.
1916 C 140, 205, 479.

Porto R ico.—The admission o f any minor to the places within the
hippodromes designated for betting is prohibited, and the sale to
any minor o f a slip or ticket for a bet is forbidden. The penalty
for a first offense is a fine or from $200 to $500 or imprisonment for
from one to three months, or both.
1916 No 42.

The sale or donation of cigars, cigarettes, or tobacco to children
under 18 years of age is prohibited, with a penalty for first violation
o f a fine not to exceed $100 or imprisonment for not more than 90
days or both fine and imprisonment.
1916 No 21.

Virginia.— The new prohibition law includes the provision that
it is a misdemeanor for a minor to have liquor in his possession; the
former law concerning the sale o f intoxicants forbade furnishing or
selling liquor to a minor, employing a minor in a saloon, and grant­
ing a license for the sale o f liquor to a social club having minors
among its members. The new law provides also that “ wife, child,
parent, guardian, employer, or other person who shall be injured in
person or property or means o f support by any intoxicated person ”
has a right o f action against the person who, by selling, bartering,
or giving away intoxicating liquors, shall have caused the intoxi­
cation.
1916 C 146 ss 41, 74.

F or form er liquor la w see 1910 C 190.

HEALTH AND SANITATION, INCLUDING RECREATION.
BIRTH REGISTRATION.

Maryland.—The vital statistics law is amended in several particu­
lars. The amendments include the following changes: The State
registrar is now permitted to combine two or more registration dis
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tricts in any county into one registration district without the former
restriction that the population of the combined districts may not ex­
ceed 100,000; the city o f Baltimore is now included in the provision,
applying formerly to the remainder of the State, that originals of
all certificates o f birth or death shall be transmitted at least monthly
to the State registrar.
1916 O 691 amending A C 1911 v 3 (1914) art 43 ss 8, 9, 12, 17.

New Y ork.—The birth-registration law is amended by making the
penalty apply specifically to any physician, midwife, or other person
charged with filing a record of birth (formerly the penalty applied
to “ any person required by law ” to report births, which included
physician or m id w ife); and by adding the provision that action to
recover penalty may be brought by State commissioner of health in
any court of competent jurisdiction. [Another section of this law,
not amended in 1916, provides that commissioner of health may
report violations to district attorney, who shall institute proceed-

HEALTH.

Louisiana.— It is made unlawful for a nurse or midwife to ad­
minister an anesthetic except by direction and under supervision of
a physician. Violation of this proyision is a misdemeanor subject
to a fine of not exceeding $1,000, or imprisonment for not exceeding
six months, or both.
1916 A 163.

Maryland.— The county commissioners o f Cecil County are author­
ized to appropriate not more than $1,000 for the construction o f a
maternity department o f Union Hospital of Cecil County, and to
levy an annual tax for its maintenance.
1916 C 183.

Massachusetts.— The State department o f health is authorized to
purchase drugs o f value in preventing the transmission of syphilis,
fo r free distribution among boards of health, hospitals, dispensaries,
and physicians, subject to such regulations as the department may
prescribe.
1916 Resolves C 47.

Local boards of health, or the selectmen in towns having no boards
of health, are authorized to make regulations to check the spread of
infantile paralysis. Local authorities are required to notify the
State department of health of any such regulation, and the State'
.department o f health has power to revoke or revise any regulation
81573 ° — 17— -2


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under this act which it considers unnecessary or unreasonable.
Regulations are to be in effect only until January 15, 1917.
1916 C 313.

Provision is made for an investigation by the State department
o f health of nonpulmonary tuberculosis with special reference to
children and adolescents. This investigation is to determine the
number of cases, the number of hospital beds now available for such
cases and the number needed, and the department is to report to the
legislature in January, 1917, its conclusions and recommendations
with drafts o f proposed legislation. Not exceeding $500 may be
spent upon the investigation.
1916 Resolves C 62. '

Mississippi.—An act for the prevention of infant blindness is
passed, which provides that all cases of inflamed or sore eyes occur­
ring at any time within two weeks after birth shall be reported
within six hours by the physician, midwife, parent, or other person
in attendance to the local health officer, who shall investigate the
cases and report to the State board of health. The State is required
to furnish, if necessary, daily inspection and gratuitous treatment.
The act provides also for the free distribution o f a scientific prophy­
lactic with directions*for use to all physicians and midwives; and the
use of a prophylactic in the eyes of the new born is required in all
cases o f childbirth in a maternity home, hospital, or institution, and
in every case under the care of a midwife. The State board of health
is required to publish information on the subject and to furnish
copies of the law to all physicians and midwives and may make fur­
ther regulations to be followed by local health officers. An appro­
priation o f $300 is made for the year 1916 and one o f the same
amount for the year 1917 for carrying out the provisions o f the act.
Failure to comply with any provision o f the act constitutes a misde­
meanor punishable by a fine of from $50 to $200.
1916 C 115.

New Jersey.—Municipalities are authorized to employ visiting
nurses.
1916 C 202.

#

New Y o rk —Any town containing a village which has no resi­
dent practicing physician within its boundaries or within a radius
of 8 miles is authorized to appoint a town physician at a salary of not
more than $1,000, to be paid from tax money, whose duty it shall be
to render medical relief to poor persons within the town. I f the
physician is also a local health officer, he is to receive in addition to
this salary the compensation fixed for a health officer.
1916 C 413 amending C L 1909 (T ow n ) C 62 by adding s 142.


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Philippine Islands—The sum of 1,000,000 pesos ($500,000) is ap­
propriated for a campaign to protect early infancy, to be conducted
in cooperation with the Liga Nacional para la Protección de la
Primera Infancia, and it is provided that officers and employees of
the insular, provincial, and municipal governments, when so directed
by the Governor General, shall serve gratuitously in connection with
the work.
1916 No 2633.

Rhode Island.— The city of Providence is authorized to make an
appropriation of $5,000 toward the support of the Providence Dis­
trict Nursing Association.
1916 C 1405.

South Carolina.— The State board of health is instructed to ap­
point a county health officer for Greenville County at a salary of
$1,800, to be paid from the county funds. [Qualification are not
specified.] His duties include the examination of all children in the
county under 12 years of age, unless they have been examined by a
physician, to ascertain whether they have physical defects which
might be remedied by treatment, and in case he discovers need of
treatment the facts are to be communicated to the parents, guardian,
or custodian o f the child. The former health officer received a salary
c f $1,000. His specific duties did not include examination of children.
1916 No 399 repealing 1914 No 390.

The State board of health is required to make the Wassermann
test free of charge.
1916 No 531.

RECREATION.

United States.—Congress by special act incorporates the Boy
Scouts o f America, of which the purpose is stated as follows: To
promote, through organization and through cooperation with other
agencies, the ability of boys to do things for themselves and others;
to train them in scoutcraft; and to teach them patriotism, courage,
self-reliance, and kindred virtues, using the methods which are now
in common use by Boy Scouts. The national organization was for­
merly a corporation under the laws of the District of Columbia.
39 Stat L C 148 p 227 (A ct o f June 15, 1916).

Louisiana.— In redrafting the school law provision is made [s 65]
authorizing the Orleans Parish School Board to maintain play­
grounds and social centers.
1916 A 120 repealing 1910 A 39 and 1912 A 214.


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Maryland.— The mayor and city council of Baltimore are author­
ized to use the public-school buildings and other city property for
any public purpose which will not materially interfere with the pur­
pose for which such property was primarily designed.
1916 C 231 adding paragraph 32 to s 6 o f Revised Charter o f Baltim ore city.
See A C 1911 v 2 (1911) art 77 ss 121, 123.

In redrafting the school law for the State outside of Baltimore
city, Maryland amends the provisions concerning the use of school
buildings for other than school purposes by providing that when ap­
plication is made by 25 citizens in the district for the use o f a school
building for a nonpartisan gathering for discussion of public ques­
tions, or for other civic, social, or recreational activities, the school
authorities shall allow free use of buildings or grounds. The law
formerly provided that school officials should “ have authority to
allow ” snch use.
1916 C 506 s 34 amending A C 1911 v 3 (1914) art 77 s 34.

Massachusetts.— The law permitting the use of school buildings in
Boston for social and civic purposes is amended by eliminating the
provision that in case of such use no admission fee shall be charged.
This proviso had previously been eliminated from the law applying
to the rest o f the State.
1916 Special Acts 0 86 amending 1912 C 195 s 1.
amended by 1914 C 538.

Compare 1913 C 391 as

New Jersey.—Any commission, board, or other local authority
having control of parks, playgrounds, or other public property is
specifically permitted to authorize their use for athletic purposes or
as playgrounds, subject to reasonable regulation.
1916 C 59. For form er provision concerning playgrounds managed by board
o f playground commissioners, compare 1911 C 308.

New Jersey adds to the provision permitting the use o f school
buildings and grounds for social and recreational purposes specific
permission to improve and equip school property for such purposes.
1916 C 227 amending 1913 C 309.

New Y ork.— A specific provision concerning land for athletic fields
and playgrounds is added to the law concerning the acquisition by
villages o f lands for parks and squares. Villages are also authorized
to equip and maintain parks, athletic fields, Dr playgrounds on
leased land.
1916 C -42 amending C L 1909 (V illage) C 64 s 169.

Rhode Island.-—The school committee o f Providence is authorized
to permit the occasional use of school buildings for certain specified
purposes, including civic, social, and recreational meetings and enter­
tainments, No admission fee is to be charged unless the proceeds are

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for an educational purpose connected with the school, and no politi­
cal or religious meeting is to be permitted. Formerly the use of such
buildings was permitted only for activities under auspices of school
committee or board of recreation.
1916 C 1414.

See 1912 C 858 and 1913 0 980. .

CHILD LABOR AND SCHOOL ATTENDANCE.
CHILD LABOR.

United States.— Congress enacts a Federal child-labor law, to be
effective September 1, 1917, forbidding the shipment in interstate or
foreign commercé of the product o f a manufacturing establishment
or of a mine or quarry in the United States in which, within 30
days prior to the removal of the product from such establishment,
mine, or quarry, children have been employed contrary to the follow­
ing provisions: (1) No child under 14 to be employed at any time in
any mill, cannery, workshop, factory, or manufacturing establish­
ment; (2 ) no child between the ages o f 14 and 16 years to be em­
ployed in establishments specified in ( 1) more than eight hours in
any day, or more than six days in any week, or between 7 p. m. and
6 a. m. ; (3) no child under 16 to be employed at any time in any
mine or quarry. The Attorney General, the Secretary of Commerce,
and the Secretary o f Labor constitute a board to make regulations
for carrying out the provisions of the act. The Secretary of Labor
and his deputies have authority to inspect at any time establishments
covered by the act. A dealer is protected from prosecution by estab­
lishing a guaranty issued by the manufacturer or producer. The
producer, manufacturer, or dealer is protected from prosecution for
violation if at the time o f employment of the child the producer or
manufacturer had in good faith procured and has since kept on file
a certificate issued according to regulations of the board (o f Secre­
taries), showing the child to be of such an age that shipment of the
product was not prohibited. The board may designate States in
which an employment certificate issued under State law shall be
accepted as fulfilling this provision.
The district attorney is to cause proceedings to be commenced in a
Federal court for the enforcement of the penalties provided by the
act upon receiving a report o f a violation from the Secretary of
Labor or upon receiving satisfactory evidence o f violation from any
State factory or mining or quarry inspector, State medical inspector,
school-attendance officer, or any other person.
The penalty for violation, including obstruction o f entry or inspec­
tion authorized by the act, is as follows: For each offense prior to
first conviction, a fine of not more than $200 ; for each offense subse-


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c h il d - w e l f a r e

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quent to first conviction, a fine of from $100 to $1,000, or imprison­
ment for not more than three months, or both.
39 Stat L C 432 p 675 (A ct of- Sept 1, 1916).

The Adamson Act provides that in contracts for labor and service
eight hours shall be deemed a day’s work and the measure or stand­
ard o f a day’s work for the purpose of reckoning compensation of
all employees [whether minors or adults] actually engaged in the
operation o f trains used for the transportation o f persons or prop­
erty on interstate railroads, except railroads independently owned and
operated not exceeding 100 miles in length, electric street railroads,
and electric interurban railroads. The President is to appoint a
commission o f three to observe during a period o f six to nine months
the operation o f the eight-hour day, and within 30 days thereafter
the commission shall report its findings to the President and Con­
gress. The sum o f $25,000 is appropriated for the necessary expenses
of the commission. Pending their report and for 30- days thereafter
the compensation of railroad employees subject to the act jshall not
be reduced below the present standard day’s wage, and for all neces­
sary time in excess of eight hours such employees shall be paid at a
rate not less than the pro rata rate for such standard eight-hour
workday. Violation o f any provision constitutes a misdemeanor,
punishable by fine of from $100 to $1,000, or by imprisonment not
to exceed one year, or by both.
39 Stat L C 436 p 721 (A ct o f Sept 3, 5, 1916).

Congress amends the act limiting the hours of service for em­
ployees [whether minors or adults] upon interstate railroads to not
more than 16 hours’ continuous service with 10 consecutive hours off
duty, by making the penalty for violation a fine of not less than $100
nor more than $500, instead o f “ not to exceed $500,” as formerly.
39 Stat L C 109 p 61 ( Act o f May 4, 1916) amending 34 Stat L C 2939 s 3
p 1415 (A ct o f Mar 4, 1907).

Georgia.— The commissioner o f commerce and labor is given au­
thority to appoint one factory inspector to aid in the enforcement of
the child-labor law and such other laws as may come under juris­
diction o f the department o f commerce and labor. Formerly there
was no specific provision for appointment of factory inspectors.
1916 No 547 p 113.

See Code 1914 (P olitical) s 2141.

K entucky.— The child-labor law is amended by the addition o f a
provision that “ nothing in this act shall prevent ” employment o f
children under 16 not residents o f the State to perform in a duly
licensed theater, provided the child is accompanied to and from the
theater by a parent, guardian, or other adult custodian who remains
in the wings during the performance. The law to which this proviso


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is added forbade the employment o f any child under 14 on the
stage and provided that children 14 to 16 years o f age must have
regular employment certificates for all work in theaters and must not
be employed in such work between 6 p. m. and 7 a. m.
1916 C 23 amending St 1915 s 331a.l.

See also St 1915 ss 331a.2-331a.6.

Louisiana.— The law fixing a maximum 10-hour day and 60-hour
week for females and for persons under 18 employed in specified
occupations, and prohibiting night work for boys under 16 and girls
under 18, is amended by eliminating the former exemption of stores
and mercantile establishments for 20 days before Christmas. The
former exemption o f such establishments from these regulations on
Saturdays is now limited to those employing more than five persons.
1916 A 177 amending W It L Supp 1904-1908 v 3 p 414 (1908 A 301 ss 4, 5 ).

Louisiana rewords and strengthens the law forbidding women and
minors to serve in saloons and other specified places where liquors
are sold.
1916 A 220 amending W It L Supp 1904-1908 v 3 p 872 (1908 A 176 s 5 ).

Maine.— The law passed by the legislature of 1915 limiting hours
of work in specified occupations for all females and for boys under
16 years of age to 9 hours per day, with exceptions, and 54 hours
per week, and prohibiting in the same occupations work o f minors
under 16 between 6 p. m. and 6.30 a. m., is adopted by.referendum
vote.
Referendum o f Sept 11, 1916 adopting 1915 C 350.

Maryland.— An amendment to the child-labor law adds to occu­
pations prohibited under 14 years of age work in mercantile estab­
lishments, stores, offices, boarding houses, places o f amusement, clubs,
and in the distribution or sale of merchandise. The minimum age
for employment in these occupations was formerly 12, but another
section of the child-labor law, still, in effect, prohibited any employ­
ment under 14 during school hours unless child had fulfilled the
legal requirements concerning school attendance. The minimum age
in canning and packing establishments is left at 12 years. The new
law adds to the occupations and processes prohibited under 16 years
of age operating crosscut saws, or “ any, machine operated by power
other than foot br hand power,” and work in any establishment
where “ tobacco or tobacco products are prepared, manufactured,
assorted, or packed” [instead o f “ in assorting, manufacturing, or
packing tobacco,” as formerly], and work in a theater or motionpicture establishment by omitting the former provision authorizing
the chief of the bureau o f statistics and information to issue to chil­
dren under 16 years of age, at his discretion, permits for employ­
ment in connection with theatrical exhibitions. The age below which


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C H I L D -W E L F A R E

LAW S.

females may not be employed at occupations requiring constant
standing is lowered from 18 to 16 years.
The law permits the issuing of employment certificates by county
issuing officials only in the county where the child resides, not, as
formerly, also in the county where the child is employed; and it
adds to the papers which the child must present before an employ­
ment certificate may be issued to him an employment ticket signed
by the prospective employer stating the occupation, industry, and
place in which child will work. The latter requirement was implied
in the former law but was not specifically mentioned. Formerly
there were no educational requirements for obtaining a vacation cer­
tificate; the new law specifies that the child must be able to read and
write English.
The provision as to posting of hours is made more explicit but
affects only establishments employing children under 16 instead of
18, as formerly. The requirement that lists o f children o f specified
ages shall be posted is omitted.
The minimum age for newsboys in cities o f 20,000 or over is raised
from 10 to 12, except for boys over 10 already licensed, and a special
badge and permit may be issued to boys over 10 for delivering papers
on a regular route between 3.30 and 5 p. m. Formerly there was no
restriction upon the age of boys serving routes outside of school
hours. Street-trades permits and badges must be renewed one year
from date of issuance instead of annually on January 1.
Certain minor changes are made in the office procedure to be fol­
lowed by certificate-issuing officials.
The hours o f work of all children under 16 in all occupations for
which the minimum age is 141 are limited to 8 hours per day, 6 days
per week, and 48 hours per week, and work in these occupations be­
tween 7 p. m. and 7 a. m. is prohibited. Formerly there was no regu­
lation o f hours o f labor specifically applying to children under 16,
except a 10-hour day in stores and mercantile businesses in Balti­
more and in factories throughout the State, and a prohibition of
night work from 8 p. m. to 8 a. m. for messengers under 16. [For
10-hour day for females in specified establishments and for all boys
under 21 and females in certain factories, see A C 1911 v 3 (1914)
art 100 ss 1-3, 51, 53-55.]
1916 C 222 amending A C 1911 v 3 (1914) art 100 ss 4, 5, 7-9, 11-16, 23, 25,
26, 28, 20-31, 37, 39-43, 46, 48, and adding s 22A to same article. Compare A C
1911 v 1 (1911) art 23 s 375; and A C 1911 v 3 (1914) art 27 s 239.

The provisions concerning the evidence o f age required for em­
ployment certificates are amended. The law now provides that
only a birth certificate, passport, or baptismal record will be ac1 Including, among other establishments and occupations, factories, workshops, me­
chanical and mercantile establishments, and messenger service, but not canning and
packing establishments.


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•V

f

eepted as documentary evidence, whereas formerly other documen­
tary evidence was admitted. In case the specified evidence is not
available the law now permits the issuance of a temporary permit,
good for 10 days, pending inquiry by issuing officer as to available
evidence and the acceptance of a physician’s certificate of age.
Formerly a child who was unable to present satisfactory documents
could not secure any permit until after he had waited 10 days for
a physician’s certificate of age. *
1916 C 701 amending A C 1911 v 3 (1914) art 100 s 13.

A State board of labor and statistics (three commissioners ap­
pointed by the governor) is created and is given all the duties and
powers of the former bureau of statistics and information and of
the former inspectors of female labor, both abolished by the same
act. The board’s duties include the administration and the en­
forcement of the child-labor law and of the law limiting the hours
of work o f women, but county school superintendents or their depu­
ties retain the right to issue employment certificates outside of
Baltimore city. One commissioner is designated by the governor
as chairman of the board and receives a salary of $2,500 5 the other
two receive $500 each. The board is authorized to appoint deputies,
inspectors, assistants, and employees subject to the approval o f the
governor.
1916 C 406 amending A C 1911 v 2 (1911) art 89 ss 1, 2, adding ss 2A and
11-15 to same article, and repealing A C 1911 v 3 (1914) art 100 s 53; 1916 O
407 amending A C 1911 v 3 (1914) art 27 .s 240.

The 10-hour law for females employed in specified occupations is
amended by omitting the former special provisions concerning sea­
sonal industries in Allegany County, and by adding a new exemption
permitting women employed in retail mercantile establishments out­
side of Baltimore city to work 12 hours on Saturdays and on
Christmas Eve and the five preceding working days, provided that
on each o f those days they have at least two rest intervals of one
hour each and provided they do not work more than 9 hours a day
during the remainder o f the year. This act affects only females 16
years of age and over, as girls under 16 are covered by the provisions
of 1916 C 222 [summarized on page 21].
1916 C 147 repealing and reenacting A C 1911 v 3 (1914) art 100 s 51.

Massachusetts.—Provision is made for the issuance of summer va­
cation employment certificates to children between 14 and 16, sub­
ject to the regulations of child labor and to all the requirements for
general employment certificates except completion o f the fourth
grade, which is the educational qualification required for general
employment certificates.
1916 C 66 amending 1909 C 514 s 59 as amended by 1913 C 779 s 17 and 1914
O 580.


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CHILE-WELFARE LAWS.

Special employment certificates are to be issued, by the local super­
intendents o f schools to children between 14 and 16 years o f age who
are attending cooperative courses. These are defined as courses ap­
proved by the board o f education and conducted in public schools, in
which technical or related instruction is given in conjunction with
practical experience by employment in a cooperating factory, or
manufacturing, mechanical, or mercantile establishment, or work­
shop. [Contents of certificates are not specified.] Further, pupils
in cooperative courses are exempted from the provision requiring a
certificate of literacy or attendance at evening school for employment
o f minors between 16 and 21 years o f age.
1916 C 95 amending 1909 C 514 s 17 as amended by 1912 C 191 : s 57 as
amended by 1913 C 779 s 15 ; and s 66 as amended by 1913 O 779 s 23.

Massachusetts amends the law fixing a maximum 10-hour day and
54-hour week for women and children under 18 in manufacturing,
mechanical, mercantile, and other specified establishments, with cer­
tain exceptions and exempting manufacturing establishments where
employment is by seasons, by providing that the State board o f labor
and industries shall determine what employments are seasonal.
1916 C 222 amending 1909 C 514 s 48 as amended by 1915 C 57.

It is provided that in cities [o f 50,000 or less population] all
children under 16, instead of only those under 14 as heretofore, are
to be under the jurisdiction o f the school committee with respect to
obtaining permits for boot blacking, newspaper selling, and other
specified street trades. A special street-trades law applying to cities
of over 50,000 population had, before 1916, placed with school officials
the licensing of street traders under 16 years of age in such cities.
[Cities having over 50,000 population by the Federal census of 1910:
Boston, Brockton, Cambridge, Fall River, Holyoke, Lawrence,
Lowell, Lynn, New Bedford, Somerville, Springfield, Worcester.]
1916 C 242 s 4 amending R L 1902 C 65 s 17 as amended by 1910 C 419 •
1916 C 242 s 5 amending R L 1902 C 65 s 18. F or street-trades law applying to
cities o f over 50,000, see 1913 C 831 ss 11-15, 19, 22-25.
‘

An act providing for special one-day licenses for street selling and
soliciting on behalf o f a charitable organization states that no person
under 16 shall serve as the accredited agent o f such organization.
1916 C 188.

The act establishing a minimum-wage commission is amended to
provide that one o f the three members shall be an employer of female
labor and that one member may be a representative o f labor. The
only former provision as to the personnel of the commission, that one
member may be a woman, is retained.
1916 C 303 amending 1912 C 706 s 1.


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The State board of labor and industries is directed to investigate
hours and conditions of labor in hotels and restaurants and to re­
port in January, 1917, upon the advisability o f legislation providing
for one day’s rest in seven for hotel and restaurant employees.
These are specifically exempt from the existing law requiring one
day’s rest in seven for employees, with certain exceptions, in manu­
facturing and mercantile establishments.
1916 Resolves C 74.

Compare 1913 C 619.

The special commission on social insurance1 [appointed by 1916
Resolves C 157] is directed to study and report on hours of labor in
continuous industries and to present drafts o f such laws as it may
deem expedient to recommend.
1916 Resolves C 164.

Mississippi.— The 10-hour law applying to all persons employed in
manufacturing or repairing establishments is amended by permitting
30 minutes (instead of 20 minutes) overtime the first five days of
the week, provided such overtime is deducted from the working hours
on Saturday. The law as amended provides further that persons
working only at night may work 11| hours each night from Mon­
day to Friday and 3f hours on Saturday night and specifically ex­
empts employees of railroads or public-service corporations. This
law does not apply to all minors employed in manufacturing or
repairing establishments, since other acts further regulate hours of
boys and girls under specified ages in certain occupations.
1916 C 239 amending 1912 C 157 s 1 as amended by 1914 C 169.
C 99 as amended by 1912 C 165 and 1914 C 163, 164, 165.

See 1908

New Jersey.— Provision is made for the issuance of special em­
ployment certificates by the commissioner o f education and the com­
missioner of labor-for pupils above the age of 14 years attending
vocational schools and working part time in factories, workshops,
mills, and all places where the manufacture of goods is carried on,
designated by the board of education. [Contents o f certificates are
not specified.] A proviso, the significance o f which is not clear, states
that “ nothing in this act shall be construed to permit children to
be employed for more than eight hours in any one day or more than
six days in any week and in accordance with the provisions of chap­
ter 252, P. L. 1914.” The earlier act referred to contains the ^pro­
visions fixing a minimum age of 14 and maximum hours of eight per
day in factories and a minimum age of 16 in certain dangerous occu­
pations, and requiring employment certificates.
1916 C 242 supplementing C S 1910 v 3 (L ab or) ss 16—25 p 3023 as amended
by 1914 C 60, 236, 252. Compare 1913 C 294.


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CHILD-WELFARE LAWS.

The department o f labor (whose duties include the enforcement of
the child-labor law) is reorganized with eight bureaus, including a
bureau of inspection and a bureau of hygiene and sanitation.
1916 C 40 and 54. Compare C S 1910 v 3 (L ab or) s 60 p 3034 as amended by
1912 C 117, C S 1910 v 3 (L ab or) s 61 p 3035, and 1914 C 236 s 3 for provisions
concerning form er organization o f the department w ith reference to enforcement
o f the child-labor law.

New Y ork.—The employment-certificate provisions of the childlabor law are amended, amendments to take effect February 1, 1917.
A child who is 14 years o f age but under 15 may not receive an em­
ployment certificate unless he has completed the course o f the public
elementary schools or its equivalent. Children 15 but under 16 may
receive certificates if they have completed only the sixth grade as
formerly required for children o f both 14 and 15. The former specific
permission to accept a certificate o f graduation as evidence of age is
omitted. The officer issuing certificate upon documentary evidence
of age other than birth certificate, graduation certificate, passport, or
baptismal certificate was formerly instructed to file with the local
board of health for its approval a signed statement showing the facts
“ together with such affidavits or papers as may have been produced
before him constituting evidence ” ; the words “ affidavits or ” are now
omitted. Formerly the evidence had to be approved by the board of
health at a regular meeting; now the commissioner of health, or, if
officially authorized, the issuing officer himself may approve the
evidence, a record of which must be entered on the minutes of the
next meeting o f the board. As before, in first-class cities [New York
City, Buffalo, and Rochester], if no satisfactory documentary evidence
o f age can be produced, a physician’s certificate as to age may be
accepted as evidence, but the waiting period after an application for
such a certificate is reduced from 90 to 60 days. The literacy require­
ment which the issuing officer must state that the child has satisfied
is changed from “ to read and legibly w rite” simple English sen­
tences to “ to read and write correctly ” simple English sentences.
1916 C 465 s 1 amending C L 1909 (L ab or) C 31 s 71 as amended by 1912
O 333; 1916 C 465 s 2 amending O L 1909 (L abor) C 31 s 163 as amended by 1913
C 144. See also C L 1909 (L ab or) O 31 ss 73, 165, both as amended by 1913
C 144.

New York provides that posing in connection with making of a
motion-picture film is prohibited to a child under 16 unless a special
permit is secured from mayor of city or president o f board of trustees
of village. Formerly this provision for permit applied only to chil­
dren under 16 employed in theatrical exhibitions or as musicians in
concerts. The application for permit for a child to be employed in
making o f a motion-picture film must be accompanied by detailed
statement o f just what the child is to be required to do.
1916 C 278 amending C L 1909 (P en al) C 40 s 485.


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LAW S.

Rhode Island.— It is provided that a child’s employment certificate
shall be kept on file at the issuing office until that office receives a
written statement from the employer agreeing to employ the child
lawfully and to return the certificate to the issuing office within five
days after termination o f employment. The certificate shall be then
delivered to the employer and in no case to the child. Formerly
the certificate was delivered to the child upon issuance, and, if he
so demanded," given back to him by the employer upon termination
o f employment. The compensation for each o f the two physicians
appointed to examine applicants for certificates in Providence is
increased from $750 to $1,200 per annum.
1916 C 1358 and 1378 both amending G L 1909 C 78 s 1 as amended by 1915
O 1253.

South Carolina.—The minimum age for employment in a factory,
"mine, or textile establishment is raised from 12 to 14 years. [The
section o f the former act which required work permits for children
under 14 is not changed, and the amended act includes no provision
for work permits for children 14 and over.]
1916 No 361 amending 1912 Criminal Code C 16 s 422.
Code C 16 s 426.

See also 1912 Criminal

The law fixing maximum hours o f not more than 11 per day and
60 per week for -work in cotton and woolen manufacturing establish­
ments, except for certain employees [mechanics, engineers, firemen,
watchmen, teamsters, yard employees, or members o f clerical force],
is amended by placing restrictions upon the making up o f lost time
and by adding a new provision for posting regular hours and special
hours to be worked under exemption clauses.
1916 No 547 amending Criminal Code 1912 C 16 s 421.

South Carolina limits to 10 hours per day the work of any em­
ployee [whether minor or adult] of an interurban railway operating
40 miles or less, and permits exemption in case of accident or un­
avoidable delay.
1916 No 544.

Virginia.—Among the amendments to the law regulating employ­
ment agencies is the provision that any bureau or agency which
knowingly sends any female to any place of bad repute shall be
deemed guilty of a felony, punishable by fine of from $100 to $1,000,
or imprisonment o f from 1 to 10 years, or both fine and imprison­
ment. [Compare with other provisions according to which any
person over 18 years o f age who sends or causes to be sent any child
under 18 to any house of prostitution is guilty of a misdemeanor
and subject to fine of not more than $500, or imprisonment not exceed­
ing one year, or both.]
1916 C 168 am ending 1910 C 155.


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Com pare 1914 C 350.

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For provisions making unnecessary the law prohibiting employ­
ment o f a minor in a saloon [1910 C 190], see new law prohibiting
sale o f liquor [1916 0 146, summarized on page 14].
COMPENSATION FOR INJURED MINOR.

United States.— Congress, in the workmen’s) compensation act
applying to Federal employees, enacted in 1916, provides [s 6] that
“ in the case of persons who at the time of the injury were minors
* * * and who were not physically or mentally defective, the
commission shall, on any review after the time when the monthly
wage-earning capacity of such persons would probably, but for the
injury, have increased, award compensation based on such probable
monthly wage-earning capacity.”
39 Stat L C 458 p 742 (A ct o f Sept 7, 1916).

Kentucky.— A workmen’s compensation law is passed which in­
cludes the following provisions: A minor, unless employed in willful
violation of a State law regulating employment of minors, shall be
deemed sui juris for purposes of the act, and no other person shall
have cause o f action by reason o f the employee’s minority, but in
the event o f the award of lump-sum compensation to such minor
payment shall be made to his guardian. In case of a minor employed
in willful and known violation of a State law, his statutory guardian
or personal representative may claim compensation under terms of
the act or may sue to recover damages as if the act had not been
passed.
1916 C 33 ss 11, 30.

New York.—In the revision of the workmen’s compensation law
it is provided [s 2 o f amended act] that a minor employee shall be
deemed sui juris for the purposes of election as to accepting provi­
sions o f the act.
,
1916 C 622 amending 1913 O 816 as reenacted by 1914 G 41.

Porto Rico.—A workmen’s compensation law is passed which spe­
cifically provides [s 32] that a child or a woman who is employed is
on the same footing as a man in regard to the provisions of the act.
1916 No 19.

SCHOOL ATTENDANCE.

Georgia.— School attendance is required of all children between the
ages of 8 and 14 years for four months each year, beginning with
opening o f the first term, but exemptions are permitted under the
following conditions: (1) I f child has completed the fourth grade;
(2) if because of poverty his services are necessary for the support
o f a parent or other member o f his family dependent on his services;


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(3) if the parent is too poor to provide textbooks and clothing; (4)
if child’s mental or physical condition renders attendance inex­
pedient; (5) if there is no school within 3 miles; or (6) if “ for other
good reason (the sufficiency o f which shall be determined by the
board o f education of county or city or town in which child resides)
the said board excuses the child from such attendance.” School
boards are specifically authorized to take into consideration the sea­
sons for agricultural labor and the need for such labor in authorizing
the excuse of children in farming districts. A parent, guardian,
or other person willfully failing to send child to school is guilty of
misdemeanor and may be punished by fine not exceeding $10 for
first offense and $20 for each subsequent offense. Punishment may
be suspended by court if parent immediately places child in school.
It is the duty o f the principal or teacher in charge to report monthly
to .board o f education Having supervision of school on attendance
of pupils, and the duty o f the county or municipal board of educa­
tion to investigate attendance and nonattendance and to institute
proceedings for violations of act. No provision is made for at­
tendance officers. Heretofore Georgia had no compulsory schoolattendance law.
1916 No 576 p 101.

K entucky.—In the revision and codification of the common-school
law provision is made for a biennial school census instead of an
annual one, as formerly.
1916 C 24 repealing and reenacting certain sections o f St 1915 O 113 (ss
4363-4535h). Compare 1916 C 24 ss 90, 94, 207 w ith St 1915 ss 4426a.5, 4432,
4449, 4523. See also St 1915 ss 2978a.35, 2978C.10.

The title o f the chief truant officer in first-class cities [federal
census of 1910, Louisville only] is changed to director of attendance,
and the supervision of the school census in his city, under direction
of board of education, is included in his duties.
1916 C 121 amending St 1915 s> 2978c.6.

Louisiana.—A compulsory school-attendance law applying to the
entire State except the parish o f Orleans is passed. The law for­
merly applying outside o f the parish o f Orleans affected only cities
o f over 25,000 inhabitants. It required school attendance o f children
between 8 and 14 years of age with exceptions. The new law re­
quires the attendance o f every child between 7 and 14 years of age,
both inclusive, for a minimum of 140 days, or for the entire session
if that is less than 140 days. Children must enter not later than
two weeks after the beginning of the term. Children who in the
j udgment o f the parish school board are within the following classi­
fications are exempted: (1) Children mentally or physically inca-


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pacitated; (2) those who have completed the elementary course;
(3) those who live more than 2| miles from a school of suitable
grade and for whom free transportation is not furnished by the
school board; (4) those for whom adequate school facilities are not
provided; and (5) those whose services are needed to support a
widowed mother. The law specifies a penalty for the parent in case
o f violation, but provides that nonattendance due to truancy o f child
instead o f to neglect of parent shall be considered delinquency, and
that in such cases the child shall be brought before the juvenile court.
The new law, like the old, contains no provision for enforcement or
for appointment o f attendance officers. The compulsory schoolattendance law for the parish o f Orleans, which is not affected by
the legislation o f 1916, applies with certain exemptions to chil­
dren 8 to 14 years o f age, inclusive, and to those from 14 to 16 who
are not regularly and lawfully emploj^ed at least six hours daily. # It
provides for the appointment o f attendance officers and has no
poverty exemption clause.
1916 A 27 repealing 1914 A 91. See also 1910 A 222 as amended by 1912 A 232.

Maryland.— The laws relating to public education are amended
and codified. The following amendments and additions are in­
cluded :
The State board of education shall prescribe, with advice of
the State superintendent of schools, the rules and regulations for
taking a biennial school »census of all children 6 to 18 years of age,
inclusive. This census shall be taken under the direction o f county
boards of education and county superintendents. The only former
school-census provision, requiring in Baltimore city an annual census
of all children 6 to 18 years of age, inclusive, is not changed by the
new law. The State superintendent o f schools may cause the census
o f Baltimore city or of any county to be retaken if he believes it
has not been correctly taken.
A t least one attendance officer shall be appointed in each county by
the county board o f education on nomination of the county superin­
tendent and subject to the written approval of the State superin­
tendent. The law formerly permitted but did not require the ap­
pointment o f attendance officers except in Baltimore city. The Bal­
timore provisions are not changed by the 1916 law.
Elementary schools for white children shall be kept open for not
less than 180 school days, and,#if possible, for 10 months each year.
The law formerly required “ for 10 months each year if possible.”
The minimum annual term for colored elementary schools is fused
at 140 school days, or 7 months. There was form erly no minimum
term fo r colored schools.


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The school-attendance requirements outside of Baltimore city are
amended. It is now provided that every child “ being 7 years of age
and under 13 years of age ” shall attend school the entire session.
Every child 13 or 14 years of age shall attend at least 100 days, be­
ginning not later than November 1, and if such child is not regularly
and lawfully employed at home or elsewhere he (or she) shall attend
school the entire session. Every child 15 or 16 years o f age is subject
to the same provisions as those applying to children 13 or 14, except
that a child 15 or 16 who has completed the work o f the elementary
school is exempt. None o f these provisions apply to children whose
mental or physical condition renders school attendance inexpedient.
Any person having a child under his control who fails to comply
with these provisions shall be guilty o f a misdemeanor and fined
not more than $5. The former school-attendance provisions out­
side o f Baltimore city, which were less comprehensive and from
which six counties were specifically exempted, applied only to noun­
ties where the board of county school commissioners had adopted
them and had appointed an attendance officer. On April 1,1916, the
old provisions were in force in nine counties.
1916 C 506 amending A C 1911 v 2 (1911) art 77 and A 0 1911 v 3 (1914)
art 77 ; amended sections include ss 43, 73, 75, 131, 153A (n ow 162), 156; cer­
tain sections including ss 12F, 21B, 25M are added. Compare A C 1911 v 3
(1914) art 77 ^s 153, 159.

Massachusetts.—Provisions concerning the school census are
amended to make the attendance officers responsible for its accuracy
and completeness. Private schools are required to report registra­
tions to the city or town superintendent o f schools. A definite method
for using school census in enforcing compulsory school attendance is
prescribed. The school committees’ reports to the commissioner of
education shall state the number of minors o f specified ages as of the
1st day o f April instead of the 1st day of September.
1916 C 102 amending R L 1902 C 43 ss 3, 4, both as amended by 1914 C 443.

Married women are exempted from the provision requiring all illit­
erate minors 16 to 21 years of age to attend evening or other school.
1916 C 82 amending 1913 C 467 s 1.

Mississippi.— A special commission is to be appointed to study
school laws of other States and other countries and to compile a com­
plete code o f school laws to be submitted to the Mississippi Legisla­
ture in January, 1918. [The Mississippi laws include no provisions
for school census or for compulsory school attendance.]
1916 C 603.
81573°— 17----- 0 ■


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DEFECTIVE, DELINQUENT, AND DEPENDENT
CHILDREN.
CONTRIBUTORY DELINQUENCY, DEPENDENCY, OR NEGLECT.
See also Desertion o f minor child, p. 12; Juvenile courts, Maryland, p. 36,
and Massachusetts, p. 38; and Juvenile delinquents, Mississippi, p. 41.

Louisiana.— Contributory delinquency, dependency, or neglect on
the part of parent, guardian, or other person having custody or con­
trol of a child under 17 is defined, and it is provided that any person
coming under that definition shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor
and shall be punishable by a fine of not more than $1,000, or by im­
prisonment for not more than one year, or both. [According to the
State constitution, art. 118, the juvenile court, parish of Orleans, and
district courts outside of said parish, sitting as juvenile courts, have
jurisdiction over “ all persons charged with contributing to the
neglect or delinquency of children under 17 years of age.” This
article contains, however, no special definition of contributory
neglect, etc., and provides no penalty therefor.]
1916 A 139.

Maryland.— The procedure to be followed in case of a parent,
guardian, or other person having custody, control, or supervision of
a child defined by law as “ a minor without proper care or guardian­
ship ” is specified, and it is expressly provided that the act shall be
liberally construed in favor of the State for the protection o f a
child not only from neglect on the part of the parents or guardians
but “ from the effects of the improper conduct or acts o f any person
wThich may cause, encourage, or contribute to dependency, neglect,
or delinquency of such child, or to the conditions which render it a
minor without proper care or guardianship, although such person is
in no way related to such child.” Jurisdiction is given to circuit
courts in counties; in Baltimore city the preliminary hearing at which
all persons named in the petition are present [apparently including
the minor] is to be before the magistrate for juvenile causes, and this
magistrate has concurrent jurisdiction with the criminal court of
Baltimore city if the accused waives his right to trial by jnry. The
court is given wide discretion in dealing with cases of contributory
delinquency, etc.; it may place the adult on probation, or impose a
fine not exceeding $500, or sentence to imprisonment in house of cor­
rection for not exceeding two years, or impose both fine and impris­
onment. This act shall not prevent proceedings under any other
statute which is applicable, and gives the court authority to direct
the State’s attorney to prosecute under criminal laws.
State-wide provisions earlier than 1916 specifically concerned with
adult’s contributory delinquency? dependency, or neglect related only


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LAW S.

to father’s desertion of wife and minor child and to parent’s aban­
donment o f child under 3 years of age. Contributory delinquency,
dependency, or neglect was previously defined and declared a misde­
meanor in certain local juvenile-court laws, and is so declared and
defined in the new juvenile-court act, State wide except for Balti­
more city [summarized on page 36].
1916 C 674. See A C 1911 v 3 (1914) art 27 ss 75-78.
see 1914 C 171, 367, 701. Compare also 1916 C 326.

For certain local laws

D E A F , D U M B , A N D B L IN D .

K entucky.— The name o f the Kentucky Institution for Education
c f the Blind is changed to the Kentucky School for the Blind.
1916 C 84.

See St 1915 ss 299-311.

Louisiana.— The State schools for the deaf and dumb and for the
blind which were formerly under separate special boards are placed
under the control of the State board of education.
1916 A 237. Compare W R L 1904 v 1 p 576 (1898 A 145) as amended by
W R L Supp 1904-1908 v 3 p 201 (1908 A 238 s 1) ; and W R L 1904 v 1 p 579
(1898 A 166) as amended by W R L Supp 1904-1908 v 3 p 202 (1908 A 239 s i ) .

The governor is authorized to appoint a nonsalaried commission of
five residents of the State to consider the advisability of establishing
an institution for the care and training o f colored deaf, dumb, and
blind persons. I f commission recommends establishment of institu­
tion, its report shall include details as to location, cost, and working
plans.
1916 A 72.

Massachusetts.— Provision is made for the interchange o f informa­
tion concerning needy blind persons between the Massachusetts Com­
mission for the Blind and the State board of charity, and the city and
town overseers of the poor throughout the State. The former pro­
vision requiring the bureau of statistics to report to the commission
all blind persons found in the decennial census is retained. Further,
the law now authorizes the commission to keep a register, not only
o f blind persons, as formerly, but o f persons who have seriously de­
fective sight, and to take measures, in cooperation with other authori­
ties, for the prevention of blindness and for the education and voca­
tional guidance of persons having defective sight.
1916 C 160 amending 1906 C 385 s 2 and adding s 2A to same chapter.
also 1907 O 173 and compare 1916 Resolves C 75.

See

The commission on economy and efficiency is directed to investigate
the advisability of providing pensions for needy blind and to report
to the legislature in January, 1917.
1916 Resolves C 139.


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Compare 1906 C 385 s 6.

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New Jersey.—The commission for ameliorating the condition of
the blind is authorized to make inquiries concerning the causes of
blindness, to learn what proportion o f the causes o f blindness are
preventable, and to cooperate with the State board o f health and
other officials in adopting and enforcing preventive measures. For­
merly the commission had power only to report and recommend
methods of preventing blindness.
1916 C 22 amending C S 1910 v 2 (Deaf-mutes, Blind, and Feeble-minded) ss
41-43 p 1903 as amended by 1911 0 82.

The commission for ameliorating the condition of the blind is au­
thorized to lend State money to provide capital and tools for blind
persons who wish to earn a living by any form o f business or pro­
ductive activity.
1916 C 17. -

A former act appropriating a specified pen capita sum for the care
and instruction of certain dependents, including blind persons, in in­
stitutions is amended to include the provision that blind babies and
young children too frail or backward to enter institutions for the
blind shall have necessary hospital care, and the per capita allowance
for these children is fixed at $450 instead of -$300.
1916 C 134 amending O S 1910 v 2 (Deaf-mutes, Blind, and Feeble-minded) s
1 p 1896 as amended by 1915 O 297.
D E P E N D E N T C H IL D R E N .

See also Juvenile courts, pp. 35 to 40 ; Juvenile delinquents, Mississippi, p. 41 ;
M others’ pensions, pp. 51 to 52; and Miscellaneous provisions affecting defec­
tive, delinquent, and dependent children, pp. 52 to 53.

Mississippi.— The board of supervisors [of each county] is author­
ized to commit dependent children to any orphan asylum in the State
or to any organization in the State caring for dependent children,
and to appropriate from the county funds not more than $100 to
pay the expenses of placing a child. The law also retains the pro­
vision authorizing the board to bind out poor children, which was
formerly the only method of handling such cases. The board of
supervisors has power to change the commitment of any child, and
also, as formerly, to revoke articles of apprenticeship. The law now
requires that every master of apprentices to whom a child has been
bound out and every asylum or organization to which a child has
been committed shall report annually to the board concerning the
welfare of each child. The age above which healthy children may
not remain at a poorhouse is reduced from 10 to 7.
1916 C 227 amending Code 1906 ss 3582, 3584—3586.

New Y ork.—The administration of county charities and correc­
tions in Westchester County is reorganized and provision is made for

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a department o f child welfare, with a director whose duties shall be
prescribed by the county commissioner of charities (an office created
by this act) and the county board of supervisors.
1916 C 242. See C L 1909 (P oor) C 42 art 2, 3, 4 (especially ss 5, 6 , 140),
5 ; Code o f Criminal Procedure s 910; C L 1909 (State Charities) C 55 s 450;
1911 C 843.

The law permitting the county board of supervisors to abolish or
revive the distinction between town and county poor is amended by
a provision specifying that such action may be taken for persons over
16 years o f age only or for persons 16 years and under only, or for all
persons. Formerly in abolishing or reviving the distinction between
town and county poor no difference in the treatment of the two age
groups was permitted.
1916 C 379 amending C L 1909 (P oor) C 42 s 138.

Virginia.— The former provisions requiring maternity hospitals
and persons receiving or boarding children to obtain licenses issued
by the local boards of health on the recommendation of the State
board o f charities and corrections are extended to include persons
receiving children under 17 years of age, instead of only those under
5 years as formerly.
1916 C 436 amending 1912 C 43.
J U V E N I L E COURTS.

See also Juvenile delinquents, pp. 40 to 43.

D istrict o f Columbia.— Congress provides that no judgment of
conviction against any child which is of record in the Juvenile Court
of the District of Columbia shall operate as a disqualification for
civil life.
39 Stat L C 92 p 56 (A ct o f Apr 27, 1916).

Georgia.— Provisions for court procedure in juvenile cases (chil­
dren under 16) are extended to cover the entire State. The juvenilecourt law, passed in 1915, applied formerly only to counties having
a population of 60,000 or more [Federal census of 1910, Chatham
and Fulton Counties]. The law now provides that in all other
counties the judge o f the superior court shall designate an existing
court o f record to act as a juvenile court, and that in counties hav­
ing a population o f between 35,000 and 60,000 [Federal census o f
1910: Bibb, Floyd, Laurens, Muscogee, Richmond Counties], upon
recommendation of two successive grand juries, he shall appoint
a special judge, “ whereupon it shall be considered that a special
juvenile court has been established in said county.” A ll provi­
sions o f the act of 1915 concerning authority, procedure, probation
officers, and detention are to apply in every county whether the
court be designated or special. The new law, however, amends

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the provisions regarding the court’s disposition o f a child by elimi­
nating the permission to commit to any institution that may care
for children within or without the State and substituting specific
permission to commit to the Georgia State Reformatory, to the
Georgia Training School for Girls, or to any other State institu­
tion already existing or hereafter to be established for the correction,
reformation, or protection of children.
Outside o f the two counties having juvenile courts there was
formerly no special procedure in regard to delinquent minors, but
certain provisions (not juvenile-court laws) permitted commitment
o f destitute, abandoned, and neglected children by the ordinary of
the county; by the mayor, recorder, or other magistrate; or by the
judge o f the superior court or o f a court o f record.
1916 No 575 p 58 amending 1915 No 210 p 35.
ss 2849, 2850, 2862.

Compare Code 1914 (C ivil)

Louisiana.— Provisions concerning procedure in juvenile cases are
made State wide in their application. These formerly applied only
to parishes containing an incorporated town of more than 7,000
population, unless the governor issued a proclamation extending
them to a parish not in this classification, after receiving an appli­
cation from the police jury of such parish. [Federal census o f 1910:
Fifty-three parishes without incorporated town or city o f more than
7,000; 7 parishes with such town— Caddo, Calcasieu, East Baton
Rouge, Iberia, Orleans, Ouachita, Rapides.]
1916 A 13, adopted by popular vote Nov 7, 1916, repealing s -5 o f art 118 o f
State constitution.

Maryland.—Provision is made for the organization of a “ circuit
court sitting in juvenile causes,” with a specially designated judge,
in each county o f the State outside of Baltimore city. A special
magistrate sitting in juvenile causes had been previously provided for
Baltimore city, and the new law, State wide except for Baltimore
city, follows closely the provisions of local laws passed in 1914 for
Baltimore County and Harford County. It is not required that
such a “ circuit court sitting in juvenile causes ” shall be organized,
but the judges o f each judicial circuit shall decide for the counties
within their circuit. When such a court is organized it has juris­
diction exclusive o f justices of the peace in all cases o f trial or com­
mitment to any juvenile institution o f any dependent, delinquent,
or neglected boy under 20 or girl under 18 years o f age and plenary
jurisdiction to hear and determine all cases o f such children and to
provide for their control and maintenance until they are 21 years of
age. The definition o f children subject to provisions o f the act in­
cludes a child “ who is feeble-minded or otherwise mentally deficient.”
The former procedure in regard to minors now brought under the
jurisdiction o f this act is changed by expressly giving to any resident

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o f the county or any agent o f a society incorporated for the care of
children the right o f petition to initiate proceedings in cases of
delinquent, dependent, or neglected children. Hearings and trials
are to be conducted without regard to technicalities of procedure.
No justice of the peace in any county in which a circuit court sit­
ting in juvenile causes has been organized shall commit to jail any
child under 14 years of age; such children if unable to give bail shall
be committed, pending trial by the juvenile court, to the care o f a
probation officer or to the custody o f some society or institution
organized for the care o f children.
A circuit court sitting in juvenile causes is required to keep separate
records o f juvenile cases, and to appoint one or more probation
officers, either men or women, except that two adjacent counties may
with the consent of the judges of their circuit or circuits arrange for
a joint probation officer to serve both counties. The duties o f proba­
tion officers specifically include taking charge o f children before or
after trial as the court may direct.
A minor charged by petition with a criminal offense may pray jury
trial, but pending information, indictment, or trial by criminal pro­
cedure the juvenile court retains its powers over his person.
A circuit court sitting in juvenile causes has authority to leave at
his home on probation any child whom it deems dependent, delin­
quent, or neglected, or to place him under custody of some agency or
in an institution, State or otherwise, and to change its disposition of
the child at its own discretion. The agency or institution to which a
child is cqmmitted has the right to place him in a family home and
in this case must visit him at least once in three months and report
to the court. The court may require the parent or other person
legally charged with the support of any dependent, neglected, or de­
linquent child to pay, in full or in part, the cost o f maintaining the
child and may assess against him the cost o f proceedings. The cost
o f proceedings may not be assessed against the petitioner unless the
court is satisfied that the case was instituted through prejudice or
without reasonable grounds. Costs, except as thus specifically pro­
vided, are to be met by the county commissioners.
Any person willfully contributing to delinquency or dependency
o f a child or willfully neglecting a child for whose care or support
he or she is responsible is guilty of a misdemeanor and “ shall be fined
or imprisoned, or both.” [But compare 1916 C 674, summarized on
page 32.]
The act expressly states that it confers additional powers and
jurisdiction on the circuit courts and is not a substitute for other
powers possessed by these courts under existing general or local laws.
It repeals all laws or parts of laws in conflict with its provisions to
the extent of the conflict but no further.

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Power to commit to various institutions for delinquent minors was
formerly lodged with circuit courts and with justices o f the peace,
except in certain counties where it was otherwise ordered in local
laws. Under the new act justices o f the peace retain their jurisdic­
tion in counties for which no juvenile court is organized, and in these
counties the forms o f commitment by justices o f the peace are not to
be affected. A former provision for commitment of minors who are
without proper guardianship (including definitions corresponding
to present definitions of dependent and neglected children) gave
jurisdiction to circuit courts and to justices o f the peace concurrently,
except in certain counties where it was otherwise ordered in local
laws.
1916 C 326. See A C 1911 v 3 (1914) art 27 ss 343, 345, 414, 415, 418, 476, 477,
513-520, 540-550, 568-570, 589-591, 593-595, 602, 611-613, 616-622. Also A C
1911 v 1 (1911) art 42 ss 18-20. Compare 1916 C 674. F or local laws, B alti­
more County and H arford County, see 1914 C 171, 367.

Massachusetts.— Certain provisions concerning the trial and com­
mitment o f delinquent children, which are State wide in their appli­
cation except as they have been specifically superseded by the Boston
juvenile-court law, are amended. Juvenile cases must now be heard
in rooms not used for criminal trials, and unless a separate juvenilecourt room is provided, hearings shall, so far as possible, be in cham­
bers. The court has power to exclude all persons who have no direct
interest in the case. The former provisions applying outside of
Boston stated only that the juvenile session should be separate from
the sessions for criminal trials, and should so far as practicable be
held in a room not used for such trials; private hearings were not pro­
vided for.
The State-wide provisions concerning juvenile cases appealed to
superior court are amended to require a juvenile session o f the
superior court with a separate trial list and docket. No decision
shall be rendered in such cases until the superior court is supplied
with report o f any investigation made by a probation officer o f the
lower court.
In the case of delinquent boys under 15 and girls under 17 the
court is to commit to the Lyman School for Boys or the State Indus­
trial School for Girls, not, as formerly, until 21, but until discharged
by the trustees, and in no case for a longer period than until the
child attains the age of 21 years. [This change in the juvenile-court
law apparently corresponds to an earlier statute providing that the
board of trustees o f industrial schools “ may grant an honorable dis­
charge to any person in their custody who, in its opinion, for meri­
torious conduct is worthy and deserving o f such a discharge, and
whom the trustees believe to be permanently reformed.” ]


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LAW S.

The definition o f contributory delinquency on the part of an adult
is strengthened. The court, however, is now given authority to re­
lease adult on probation or to suspend sentence. In Boston the
juvenile court is to have concurrent jurisdiction with the municipal
court in complaints against adults under this section.
1916 C 243 amending 1906 O 413 ss 5, 6, 8, 13.
C 113.

Compare 1906 C 489; 1915

New Jersey.— Provisions regarding the use of court records of
juvenile delinquents are amended. The former provisions concern­
ing the use o f such records in evidence are retained, except that where
formerly the record might be offered as evidence in a subsequent
criminal action in any juvenile court,.now this clause is omitted and
provision is made t h a t r e c o r d may be used in evidence in any
civil or criminal proceeding within two years after the dis­
charge * * * from any institution to which * * * defend­
ant may have been committed by juvenile courts.” The act further
provides that the record of a juvenile delinquent shall be destroyed
at the close o f his probationary period or at the expiration of two
years after his discharge from an institution, unless in the meantime
he is convicted of an offense. [This act amends section 2 of act,
p 477, Acts of 1903, contained in C S 1910 v 2 (Criminal Procedure)
s 207 p 1887, and both the amended and amending acts refer to
records of the judge of the court o f common pleas sitting as a juve­
nile court. An intervening act (1912 C 353), creating a separate
court to be known as a juvenile court in first-class counties (Federal
census o f 1910: Essex, Hudson, and Passaic Counties), makes no
provision as to the subsequent use of records as evidence in proceed­
ings, or as to the destruction o f records, and it is not clear whether
or not the new law (1916 C 212) applies to these first-class counties.]
1916 C 212 amending C S 1910 v 2 (Crim inal Procedure) s 207 p 1887.
also 1912 C 353, especially s 23.

See

New Y ork.— The law concerning the children’s court in Syracuse
is amended by adding a specific provision that all trials in that court
shall be held by the justice without jury. Provisions concerning
jurisdiction o f the court and of the justice thereof are reworded.
1916 C 487 ss 1 and 3 amending 1910 C 676 ss 1, 2, 24, 30.

Porto R ico.— Any juvenile-court judge may require the physicians
employed in the sanitation service or in any insular penal institution
to make, without charge, such physical or mental examinations of
children brought before the court as he may deem necessary. The
judge may also hear the report o f any other physician. The court
may order commitment o f children to a public institution upon the
occurrence o f a vacancy; formerly it had authority only to “ recom­
mend the commitment” to such institutions. The confinement of

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neglected children in places where delinquent children are confined
is permitted when u absolutely necessary ” ; formerly such confine­
ment was prohibited without exception. No delinquent children
are to be confined in the boys’ or girls’ charity schools.
1916 No 10 amending 1915 No 37.
J U V E N I L E D E L IN Q U E N T S .

See also Juvenile courts, pp. 35 to 40, and Miscellaneous provisions affecting
defective, delinquent, and dependent children, Maryland, p. 53.

K entucky.—A separate house of reform for girls is provided, with
a board o f managers to consist o f two men and three women ap­
pointed by the governor and-serving without compensation. This
house o f reform will receive any girl between 10 and 18 years of
age committed to it by a court, but no girl shall be so committed
who has a contagious disease or is a paralytic or appears to be
feeble-minded, epileptic, or insane. It is the duty of the court to
have the girl examined by a physician before commitment. I f within
six months after any girl is committed it develops that she has a
contagious disease or is epileptic, insane, feeble-minded, or a para­
lytic, she may be returned to the county from which she was com­
mitted. Commitment shall be made for an indeterminate period,
subject to parole at the discretion of the superintendent and board
o f managers; and the board has authority to place a girl in a suit­
able home subject to supervision by an agent o f the institution.
Certain earlier provisions applying to the house o f reform at Greendale, to which girls as well as boys were formerly committed, are
by the present act made applicable to the new house of reform for
girls. The juvenile-court law, in effect since 1908, contains special
provision for caring for diseased children coming under its
jurisdiction.
1916 C 85.

Compare St 1915 ss 33le.8, 2095b.

The office of court matron for police courts in first-class cities
[Federal census of 1910, Louisville only] is created. The matron
is to be appointed by the police judge at a salary o f $75 per month.
She must have had experience and training in social work, and her
duties include the investigation of histories, surroundings, character,
and habits o f all women and girls brought before the court and the
supervision o f those “ under suspended sentence until final disposi­
tion of charge.” [She will be concerned only with girls and women
18 years of age and over, since the juvenile court has jurisdiction
over delinquent girls under 18 years o f age.]
1916 C 3 amending St 1915 C 89 (ss 2774-3716) by adding s 2928b.


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See also

CHILD-WELFARE LAWS.

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Maryland.— A curfew law is enacted to apply to incorporated
towns of Kent County, forbidding the presence of any minor under
15 on the streets or in public places after 9 p. m. from October 1
to June 1, and after 10 p. m. during the other months, unless he is
accompanied by an adult or is going to or from home or place o f
employment in the course of his occupation.
1916 C 2.

Massachusetts.—The State board o f charity is instructed to inves­
tigate whether it would be desirable for the Commonwealth to assume
the control and care o f all juvenile offenders and to acquire the
buildings and grounds of the Suffolk School for Boys [formerly
used as truant school in Boston], The board is to report in Janu­
ary, 1917, with drafts of such legislation as it may recommend.
1916 Resolves C 46.

Mississippi.— An act is passed providing for special court pro­
cedure in the case of any “ destitute, abandoned, or delinquent ”
child under 18, and authorizing the establishment of a State school
for such children. [This act applies, therefore, not only to “ delin­
quent ” but to “ neglected ” children, and is closely related in some
respects to the acts classified under “ Juvenile courts.” The pro­
cedure, however, is optional, and the act is chiefly concerned with
delinquents.] There was formerly no special procedure or institu­
tion for delinquent minors. A State industrial and training school
is to be established, to which any child under 18 who is delinquent,
destitute, or in evil environment may be committed. The school
is to be governed by a board o f five trustees appointed by the gov­
ernor with advice of the senate, two for a term of two years and three
for a term o f five years, who shall report biennially to the State
legislature. Women are specifically eligible to appointment as mem­
bers o f the board.
Court proceedings in cases concerning children under 18 years of
age may be by petition to a chancery or circuit judge, any one o f
whom has jurisdiction over any case from any county in his district
with power to act in vacation as well as during term of court. Juve­
nile cases are to be given precedence over all others except habeas
corpus proceedings. The parent or guardian named in the petition
is summoned to appear with the child for a hearing, from which the
public may be excluded; and the clerk may, at his discretion, direct
an officer of the court to bring the child at once, in which case he
may admit child to bail or arrange for his custody; in no case shall
he place the child in jail pending trial. The clerk o f the court or the
chief probation officer, if there be one, may arrange for detention
rooms with any person or association, or the board o f county super­
visors may provide permanent detention rooms from county funds.

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The judge is given wide discretion in dealing with a child; he may
commit to the State industrial and training school or to any other
institution subject to inspection o f the court; he may release on
parole or probation; or he may remand the case o f a delinquent child
to the circuit court for investigation by the grand jury. In the last
case the judge may commit the child to jail.
Court costs are to be taxed against parent or guardian, and in case
o f commitment to any person or to any institution other than the
Mississippi Industrial and Training School a sum for maintenance
may be required of parent or other person having custody o f the
child at the discretion o f the judge.
When a child under 18 is brought before any court for misde­
meanor or violation of law, the case may be transferred to the chan­
cery judge. Separate records shall be kept for all juvenile cases.
A child sent tb the State industrial and training school may be
released subject to approval o f the committing judge or paroled by
the superintendent at any time; if committed after conviction for
crime, however, commitment is for a definite period and child may
be released or paroled only by order of the court. No child shall
be kept at the school after the age of 21 years.
Probation officers may be appointed at the discretion o f the chan­
cellor for any or all counties of his district, or by the municipal
authorities for any municipality.
Any adult, whether parent, guardian, or other person, responsi­
ble for or contributing to delinquency or neglect o f a child may be
required by the court before which the child is brought to do or
omit to do any acts which the judge considers, necessary for the wel­
fare o f the child, under penalty of punishment for contempt of
court.
Appeals from decisions of the court concerning custody o f child
shall be in the manner provided in civil cases.
1916 C i l l .

New Y ork.—Provision is made for the complete separation of
minor prisoners from adult prisoners in county penitentaries.
1916 C 394 amending C L 1909 (P rison ) C 43 by adding s 325.

South Carolina.—A ll matters relating to the management o f the
South Carolina Industrial School [for white boys] are placed under
the exclusive supervision and control of its board of trustees; and the
dismissal from the institution of boys under the age o f 21 now may
be granted only by board o f trustees upon recommendation of super­
intendent o f the school. Dismissal was formerly permitted by the
board of trustees alone or by a judge o f the supreme court or of a
circuit court.
1916 No 509 amending 1912 Criminal Code s 992, s 993 as amended by 1912
No 298.


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43

Virginia.— The number of negro minors under the charge o f the
Negro Reformatory Association of Virginia for whose care com­
pensation may be charged to the Commonwealth is increased from
150 to 200.
1916 C 35 amending Code 1904 s 4173e subsection 5 as amended by 1908 C 371.
M E N T A L D E F E C T IV E S .

See also Juvenile courts, Maryland, p. 36, and Porto Rico, p. 39.

K entucky.— The governor is authorized to appoint a nonsalaried
commission of five persons to study feeble-mindedness in the State.
This commission is to determine the number of feeble-minded per­
sons, the cost to the Commonwealth o f maintaining them, the causes
of feeble-mindedness, the effect of marriage o f defectives and de­
linquents upon the problem, and the means the State should employ
to lessen the seriousness of the problem. The commission has power
to employ a salaried investigator, but it is expressly provided that
neither salary of investigator nor expenses incurred by the commis­
sion shall be paid by the Commonwealth. The commission is to re­
port to the governor with recommendations concerning legislation
not later than June 1, 1917.
"

1916 C 146.

Maryland.—More specific provisions are made for securing from
parents, guardians, or others legally liable for support, payment for
the maintenance, in whole or in part, o f such inmates of the Mary­
land Asylum and Training School for Feeble-minded as are not
totally indigent. The duty to secure information as to the financial
condition of patients and relatives and to determine the amount to
be paid in each case (not to exceed, however, $20 per month), together
with authority to enforce collection, is placed with the orphans’
court or with the county commissioners of the county in which the
patient resides. [Both the orphans’ court and the county commis­
sioners formerly had and still retain the right to commit patients
to this institution.]
1916 C 566 ss 3 and 5 amending A C 1911 v 2 (1911) art 59 by adding ss 3A,
3B, 46A, 46B.

A State commission, consisting of the State lunacy commission and
the State board o f public works, is appointed to report to the legis­
lature of 1918 on the advisability o f purchasing, for a State hospital
for insane and feeble-minded persons in western Maryland, the prop­
erty in Allegany County now being used as a county home for in­
sane and feeble-minded [the last such county home in the State].
The county commissioners o f Allegany County are authorized to sell
the property.
1916 C 642.


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Massachusetts.—The State board of insanity is abolished and there
is substituted for it a commission on mental diseases, which has all
the powers and duties of the former board. This commission is to
consist o f five members appointed by the governor. The director
and at least two associate members shall be physicians expert in
the care o f the insane. The director shall receive not more than
$7,500 salary and the others shall serve without compensation. The
board of insanity had three members, all salaried, one o f whom was
an expert. In addition to performing duties of former board of
insanity, commission shall inspect every institution under its super­
vision at least once a year, and oftener if the governor directs, and
every patient shall be given opportunity for an interview with the
visiting members or agents of the commission. Every private hos­
pital for the feeble-minded, epileptic, etc., must be licensed annually
by the commission. The former law (1914) provided for an annual
license o f such hospitals established thereafter, but did not require
the annual licensing of older institutions.
1916 C 285.

Compare 1914 C 762.

The procedure for the commitment o f feeble-minded persons to the
Massachusetts School for Feeble-minded [at Waverley] and to the
Wrentham State School is amended. Any physician who certifies to
a judge of probate [court having jurisdiction in commitment] con­
cerning the mental condition of an alleged feeble-minded person shall
have examined the patient within 5 days of signing the certificate; the
certificate must bear a date not more than 10 days earlier than the
order of commitment; and the order of commitment is void if the
patient is not received at the school within 30 days after the date of
the order. The law includes a similar amendment concerning a phy­
sician’s certificate for a voluntary patient. The inmate himself is
now permitted to make application for release.
1916 C 122 amending 1909 C 504 ss 63, 64, 78-80.

The State board of insanity [commission on mental diseases] is
authorized to establish at Belchertown a new school for the feeble­
minded. An appropriation o f $150,000 is made, but it is provided
that no expense shall be incurred until the plans of construction
and an outline plan for future development have been approved
by the governor and council. The labor o f patients under the control
o f the trustees o f the Massachusetts School for the Feeble-minded
shall be utilized so far as possible. Massachusetts has already two
State schools for the feeble-minded, the Massachusetts School for the
Feeble-minded at Waverley and the Wrentham State School.
1916 Resolves C 160.
summarized above.


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Compare 1909 C 504 ss 14, 59-65.

See also 1916 C 285,

C H I L D -W E L F A R E

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45

The construction o f a recreation building at the Massachusetts
School for the Feeble-minded is authorized, and the sum of $23,700
is appropriated for the purpose.
1916 Resolves 0 127.

New Jersey.— The establishment of State colonies for feeble­
minded males is authorized. These patients formerly were cared for
at the village for epileptics, though by an act o f 1915 admission o f
feeble-minded males to the State home for feeble-minded women was
permitted. The colonies are to be under a nonsalaried board o f man­
agers, consisting of the commissioner o f charities and corrections
and four other persons appointed by the governor. Admission shall
be in the manner already provided by law for the admission of
feeble-minded persons to institutions. The act includes an appro­
priation of $25,000.
1916 C 61.

Compare 1911 C 229; 1915 C 151.

It is provided that the cost o f maintaining those patients com­
mitted to the village for epileptics who are not indigent shall be paid
in whole or in part from the patient’s estate or by certain specified
relatives. The amount is to be determined in each individual case
by the committing court, and in no case shall it exceed the minimum
paid by private patients.
1916 C 95 supplementing C S 1910 v 4 (State Village for Epileptics) ss 1-31
p 4961 as amended by 1914 C 224.

The commission for the study of mental defectives is continued,
and it is directed to report to the legislature o f 1917.
1916 Joint Resolution No 1.
Resolution No 1.

See 1913 Joint Resolution No 5 and 1915 Joint

New Y ork.— The superintendent of the Rome State Custodial
Asylum [for feeble-minded and idiots] is authorized to grant to
groups of inmates parole or leave of absence to do domestic, agri­
cultural, or forestry work under specified State supervision, such
action to be subject to the approval of the board of managers of the
asylum. The expense connected therewith is to be met by the
asylum. Formerly there was merely a general provision for parole
by the superintendent subject to rules of the board o f managers of
the asylum.
1916 C 71 amending C L 1909 (State Charities) C 55 s 95 as amended by 1912
C 448 by adding subdivision 11.

It is made a misdemeanor to entice away or assist in the escape of
an inmate of any public charitable institution for the feeble-minded,
epileptic, or insane, or of a reform school; or, knowing a person to
be such an inmate, to promise to provide a home for, or to pay for


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services of, or to marry him or her without approval of the board of
managers of the institution.
1916 C 320 amending C L 1909 (Penal) C 40 by adding s 1250-a.

Rhode Island.— The name o f the Rhode Island School for the
Feeble-minded is changed to Exeter School.
1916 C 1381 amending G L 1909 C 103.

Virginia.— The duties and powers o f the State board o f charities
and corrections are extended, with special reference to the feeble­
minded. [For a provision concerning the duties of the board in rela­
tion to dependent children, see 1916 C 436, summarized on page 35.]
It is now specified that this board shall license and inspect private
institutions caring for the feeble-minded and supervise the placing
out of feeble-minded children. The board formerly had these duties
in relation to dependent and delinquent children, but feeble-minded
persons were not specified. Further, the board is now required to
visit from time to time all feeble-minded children placed in homes
and is given the right to place them elsewhere if the rules laid down
by the board are not followed. It is required to keep a register of
the feeble-minded ; to take such legal steps as may be necessary to
protect feeble-minded persons in any town or county; to institute/
proceedings for commitment and registration o f all feeble-mindêd
persons ; to give notice and instructions confidentially to parents and
guardians of such mentally defective children as are not dependent
upon the care o f the State and are not a menace to themselves and
others. The board is instructed also to deport such nonresidents of
Virginia as may be found within the State and liable to become
charges upon the State when in the judgment of the court deportation
is necessary.
1916 C 104. For duties o f State board o f charities, see 1908 C 276 ; 1910
C 289 ; 1912 C 309 ; 1914 C 147, 350.

A law concerning the commitment of feeble-minded persons is
enacted. Formerly such commitment was subject to the provisions
concerning the insane except in so far as special procedure was set
forth in the act (1912) governing the colony for feeble-minded white
persons or in the act (1914) governing the colony for feeble-minded
colored persons. The new law is a substitute for the sections relating
to commitment in these acts and includes, with amendments, the
special procedure of these earlier acts, incorporates with it certain
provisions from the laws governing the insane, and adds certain new
provisions. The precedure set forth in the present act is summarized
below, and provisions which did not formerly appear in any statute
are indicated as new. [It should be noted that the act of 1914 was
more detailed than the act of 1912, and certain provisions not desig-


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Dated: as new in the following summary applied formerly to colored
patients but not to white patients.]
A feeble-minded person is defined [new] as “ any person with
mental defectiveness from birth or from an early age, but not a
congenital idiot so pronounced that he is incapable o f caring for him­
self or managing his affairs, or o f being taught to do so, and is
unsafe and dangerous to himself and to others and to the community,
and who, consequently, requires care, supervision, and control for the
protection and welfare o f himself, o f others, and o f the community,
but who is not classable as a n £insane person,’ as usually interpreted.”
When a person is supposed to be feeble-minded, any reputable citi­
zen may file a petition with the circuit or corporation court, or, in
vacation, with the judge thereof, or before a justice in the city or
county in which the alleged feeble-minded person lives, setting forth
the facts under oath [“ under oath ” new] and stating [new] the
person’s financial condition, and the names and financial condition of
the persons, if any, having custody over him, and of his parents,
guardians, brothers, and sisters.
The judge or justice shall issue a warrant ordering the alleged
feeble-minded person to be brought before him and shall summon as
witnesses not only two physicians (one o f whom shall when prac­
ticable be the family physician o f the feeble-minded person and
neither o f whom shall be related to him) and other persons com­
petent to testify, but also [new] the persons named in the petition.
The judge or justice and the two physicians shall constitute a com­
mission to determine whether or not the person is feeble-minded;
and, if they find that he is feeble-minded and is not under such care
as to insure the welfare of himself and o f others, they shall file with
circuit or corporation court a written report containing their conclu­
sions and recommendations.
I f commission reports that the person is not feeble-minded, he is
discharged and the petition dismissed. I f he is deemed feeble­
minded, the court, or the judge in vacation, may appoint a guardian
o f the feeble-minded person and also the same or a different person
as guardian o f his property, or he may commit the person to a State
institution for the feeble-minded or [new] to a private institution
approved by the State board of charities and corrections. Pending
admission into an institution the person may be committed to the
custody o f the city or county superintendent of the poor. The person
adjudged feeble-minded has right of appeal to the supreme court o f
appeals. [Formerly appeal was allowed from unlawful confinement,
but. court was not specified.]
I f person is committed to an institution, the clerk o f the court shall
send a copy o f the order of commitment to the State board of chari­
ties and corrections and two copies to the superintendent of the in815730—17----- 4

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stitution, who shall receive the patient as soon as there may be room
for him. The superintendent shall examine the papers and return
them for correction if he discovers any irregularity in the papers or
has reason to believe that the person is illegally committed. Upon
receiving the patient the superintendent indorses the commitment
papers and returns one copy to the court. The superintendent is to
be notified o f time and place of hearing upon any petition for the
removal o f the patient or for variations in the order o f commitment.
[Provisions for filing o f papers with State board of charities and
corrections and for examination and indorsement o f papers by super­
intendent are new.]
Before being delivered to an institution the patient must be clean,
properly clothed, and free from contagious disease, and he must
have been successfully vaccinated against smallpox. He shall be
delivered, at the expense of the county or corporation from which
he is committed, at the nearest railroad station or steamboat landing.
The superintendent shall appoint an attendant to conduct the pa­
tient to the institution; female attendants [new] shall be provided
for female patients. The cost of conveying the patient shall be paid
from funds appropriated for his support.
Upon admission to an institution the patient shall be under special
observation for not less than two months [ “ two months” new], and
his mentality shall be tested by the superintendent and by an expert
approved by the board of directors o f the institution. Expert was
formerly approved by State board of charities and corrections. I f
after observation and examination the patient is considered to be
not feeble-minded or not a suitable subject for care and treatment,
he shall be returned to the city, county, or institution from which he
was committed.
The superintendent shall provide training, suitable employment,
and [new] such medical and surgical care as may better the condition
of the inmates.
Any person maliciously contriving the commitment of a person
who is not feeble-minded or any person violating any provision of
the act shall be guilty o f a misdemeanor and subject to fine-of not
more than $1,000, or to imprisonment for not more than one year,
or both [new].
Specific provision [new] is made for transfer o f patients from an
institution for the feeble-minded to an institution for the insane and
vice versa.
Furloughs may be issued by the superintendent, at his discretion,
if the cost is met by the inmates granted furloughs or by their
friends; and [new] if they can not pay the cost of a furlough the
institution may do so.


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Voluntary patients may be received by a State institution pro­
vided [new] no indigent person who has been committed is thereby
denied admission. The receiving o f any voluntary patient shall be
reported to the commissioner of State hospitals and the special
board o f directors [of the institution]. Charges for voluntary pa­
tients shall be fixed by the commissioner of hospitals and the general
board of directors o f State hospitals and may not exceed the cost
o f care, maintenance, and treatment.
Forms for papers used in carrying out provisions of the act shall
be prepared by a committee consisting of the superiritendents o f the
State colonies for the feeble-minded, the secretary of the State board
of charities and corrections, and the commissioner o f State hospitals
for the insane.
As soon as room is available at the appropriate institution, no
feeble-minded woman of childbearing age shall be received as an
inmate of any almshouse [new].
This act includes a provision [given more fully in 1916 C 312,
summarized below] concerning examination of prisoners o f doubtful
mentality, who have been brought before a court for any cause.
Former provisions are repealed only in so far as they are incon­
sistent with the present act, and apparently any points affecting com­
mitment o f the feeble-minded not otherwise specifically provided for
are subject to the general provisions concerning the insane.
1916 C 388. For form er law governing colony for feeble-minded w hite per­
sons, see 1912 C 196 ; for form er law governing colony fo r feeble-minded colored
persons,- see 1914 G 346. F or provisions in law governing the insane not found
in either 1912 C 196 or 1914 C 346 but included (w ith amendments) in 1916
0 388, see Code 1904 ss 1669 as amended by 1910 C 102, 1671-1673, 1675-1677,
1685, 1688, 1690, 1697, 1698 as amended by 1912 C 168, 1699-1702 ; 1914 C 248.
F or general law governing the insane, see Code 1904 ss 1660-1713c and the
follow ing acts amendatory and supplementary thereto : 1906 C 115, 189 ; 1908
C 184 ; 1910 C 102, 319, 320, 321 ; 1912 C 168 ; 1914 C 248, 313, 334. “

The judge of any court [specifically including the juvenile court]
is authorized to direct some officer of the court or other suitable per­
son to institute proceedings leading to inquiry concerning the mental
condition o f any person brought before the court for any cause, who
appears to be feeble-minded. The act provides for care and deten­
tion pending inquiry and for observation o f mental condition for
from 60 days to 6 months, and specifies that in certain cases the test
o f mentality shall be applied with assistance of expert designated
by State board of charities. Former statutes permitted mental ex­
amination only o f criminals suspected of insanity and o f children
brought before a juvenile court.
1916 C 312. F or juvenile-court provision, see 1914 C 350 s 4 ; for provisions
for criminal insane; see Code 1904 s 1660 as amended by 1910 C 319 ; s 1682
as amended by 1910 C 320 and 1914 C 313 ; s 1687 as amended by 1910 C 321 ;
ss 4030-4035. See also 1916 C 388 s 10.


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LAW S.

Commitment procedure is eliminated from the act governing the
colony for feeble-minded white persons (part o f the Virginia State
Epileptic Colony). [F or present procedure, see 1916 C 388, sum­
marized above.] The following changes are made in provisions o f
the act:
The relation o f this colony to the Virginia State Epileptic Colony
in regard to management, records, etc., is more clearly defined. Chil­
dren not under 8 years o f age [and, as formerly, women 12 to 45]
are to be given preference in admitting patients to colony. The
superintendent's specifically instructed to provide for the training,
suitable employment, and medical care of patients. A special teacher
for children of school age in the colony is to be provided; these
children are to be included in the school census. The superintendent
is to employ an expert in making mental examinations to test condi­
tion of all patients from time to time and to act with State board of
charities and corrections in making such tests as law or board may
require. The definition of feeble-mindedness is reworded; it now
corresponds to that in the general commitment act [see 1916 C 388,
summarized above] except that the clause in that act exempting con­
genital idiots without defining them is omitted, and the following
provision is added: “ No feeble-minded person o f the class commonly
known as 4congenital idiots ’—that is, whose mentality is not beyond
that of a normal child 2 years old— shall be admitted to the said
colony until a separate building has been provided for that class o f
feeble-minded persons.” The former law governing the colony for
feeble-minded white persons provided that no congenital idiots were
to be admitted.
Feeble-minded males are to be cared for at the State epileptic
colony until a separate building can be provided for them at the
feeble-minded colony.
1916 C 106 amending 1912 C 196.

Compare 1916 C 388.

The act governing the colony for feeble-minded colored persons is
amended by eliminating the commitment procedure [for present com­
mitment procedure, see 1916 C 388, summarized above] and by re­
wording the definition of a feeble-minded person to agree with that
found in the commitment act [1916 C 388, summarized above] except
that the clause in that act exempting congential idiots (without
defining them) is omitted.
1916 C 207 amending 1914 C 346.

The income from the estate of a person committed to a State in­
stitution for insane, epileptic, or feeble-minded shall be paid to the
steward of the institution for the purchase of extra comforts for the
inmate, but must not be applied to the cost of ordinary maintenance.
Such payment, however, shall not exceed $200 annually unless specifi
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CHILD-WELFARE LAWS.

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cally ordered by the court and is not required when inmate has hus­
band, wife, or child lawfully dependent on him or her for support.
1916 C 255.
M O T H E R S ’ P E N SIO N S.

Maryland.— Provision is made for pensions from county funds, or
in Baltimore city from city funds, for widowed mothers of children
under 14 years o f age, subject to the following conditions: (1) Child
or children must be living with the mother; (2) conditions must be
such that if relief were not granted the mother would be required to
work regularly away from home in order to maintain her child or
children (but permission may be granted to a mother receiving a
pension to work away from home for a definite number o f days each
week to be specified in the order giving re lie f); (3)- mother must be
“ a proper person, worthy and fit, to bring up her children ” ; (4)
mother may not be owner of property, either real or personal, other
than her household goods; (5) mother must have resided in the
county where application is made, or in Baltimore city if applica­
tion is made there, at least three years before making application;
(6) relief granted on behalf o f any child ceases when that child be­
comes 14 years of age, except that if child is ill or incapacitated for
work the pension may continue during his illness or incapacity until
he is 16. Amount of pension is fixed as follow s: $12 per month for
the oldest child, $10 per month for the next oldest, and $6 per month
for each additional child; total not to exceed $40 for any one family.
County commissioners in the counties, and in Baltimore city the
board of estimate and city council, are empowered and instructed to
raise funds to pay the allowances by a tax levy not exceeding onetenth o f a mill, or to provide funds from the general tax levy. The
total to be raised is not stated, and the law provides that in case funds
are insufficient the neediest mothers shall be selected.
The administration of the law in Baltimore city is placed with
the board for mothers’ relief (three persons, only two o f whom
shall be o f the same sex) to be appointed by the mayor, or with the
supervisors of city charities if, at the discretion of the mayor and
city council, such board is not appointed. In the counties the law is
to be administered by the county commissioners. Petition for pen­
sion is presented to these authorities and investigated by them, but
the power to grant and to revoke a pension rests with the juvenile
court or, in a county where no juvenile court exists, with the circuit
court. The State appropriates $10,000 for the establishment and
maintenance of the board of mothers’ relief in Baltimore city; the
board is to receive $5 per day for each member for each day the board
shall sit, and it has power to employ a secretary, a stenographer, and
three investigators. It also appropriates $5,000 “ for administrative
purposes,” to be divided among the several counties in proportion

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to their population. Recommendations, together with a detailed re­
port of the number of beneficiaries, the amount expended, and the
advantages o f the system, are to be made to the legislature o f 1918
by the authorities administering the law.
1916 C 670.

New Jersey.— It is provided that if any county board o f chosen
freeholders has appropriated no money or too little money to meet
the expenses o f certain specified county activities, including widows’
pensions and work of the State board o f children’s guardians [care
and supervision o f dependent children], then the board may raise
the money to meet the deficiency by adding the amount thereof to
the appropriations for the current year, which may be raised by
taxation or by a temporary loan bond.
1916 C 201 supplementing C S 1910 v 1 (Chosen Freeholders) ss 70-74 p 492.
See C S 1910 v 2 (In fan ts) ss 62-74 p 2819 and 1913 C 281 as amended by 1915
C 118 and 238.

New Torh.— The provision that city commissioners o f public chari­
ties shall be ex officio members o f the city boards o f child welfare
appointed to administer the mothers’ pension law in cities is repealed.
An appointed member is to be substituted fo r such commissioner, and
the term o f office for all members is lengthened from eight to nine
years. The investigation and supervision o f persons receiving allow­
ances is to be only by the board; formerly “ by the board when con­
sistently possible or by authorities now intrusted with similar work.”
1916 C 504 amending C L 1909 (General M unicipal) C 24 ss 150 and 152
subdivision 4, both as added by 1915 C 228.
M IS C E L L A N E O U S P R O V IS IO N S A F F E C T IN G D E F E C T IV E ,
Q U E N T , A N D D E P E N D E N T C H IL D R E N .

D E L IN ­

Georgia.— Provision is made that at each regular term o f court the
grand jury of each county shall appoint from among their own
number a special committee of not less than five persons, whose duty
it shall be to visit, inspect, and inquire into all private institutions
of specified types within the county [institutions in which persons
are kept in confinement; orphanages specified in title of act]. The
committee is instructed to confer with each inmate to learn how he
or she came to be confined in the institution; what labor, if any,
is required; and whether he or she desires to remain. The committee
is to report publicly to the judge and to the solicitor o f the superior
court the names of dissatisfied persons and the facts in each case; if
any person is illegally deprived of liberty, the committee shall demand
his release; if release is refused, the grand jury shall make special
presentment for false imprisonment. A previous law, still in force,
provides for annual inspection o f the Georgia Industrial Home and


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other similar institutions for children by a committee o f nine from
the general assembly.
1916 No 548-p 126.

Compare Code 1914 (C ivil) s 2865.

Maryland.— The provisions relating to organization and powers
o f the board o f State aid and charities are changed. Provision is now
made for appointment by the governor biennially o f three members
to serve four years, the governor himself to be ex officio the seventh
member o f the board. Two o f the members may be women ; not more
than three members shall be residents o f the same city or county.
The salary o f the secretary is raised from $1,800 to $2,200 and he is
required to give full time to the duties o f the board. The law now
provides also for clerks. Right of inspection is extended to include
institutions for dependents and delinquents having contracts with the
State as well as such institutions receiving financial aid from the
State. Formerly the board had supervision only over the latter.
Appeal from decision of the board may be taken to any court of
general common-law jurisdiction in the county or city where thé
office o f the board is located. A ll moneys appropriated to institutions
shall be paid on a per capita basis according to rates fixed by the
board o f public works.
1916 C 705 amending A C 1911 v 2 (1911) art 88A ss 1, 3, 5, 6, and adding
s 4A to same article.

A child under 6 months o f age may not be separated from its
mother for the purpose o f placing child in foster home or institution
unless (a) two physicians certify that the separation is necessary for
the physical good of mother or child; or (b) a court of competent
jurisdiction so orders; or (c) the board o f State aid and charities
considers the separation necessary and consents in writing thereto. A
foster home or institution receiving any child under such age without
its mother is required to file the physicians’ certificate above provided
for with the board o f State aid and charities. It is the duty o f all
persons participating in the separation of a child from its mother to
find out whether the separation has been duly permitted or ordered.
A ll participating in receiving a child at an institution are required to
find out whether the mother is living, and in that case are similarly
responsible for verifying the legality o f the separation and also for
reporting any violation of the act. This board shall investigate the
facts in each case o f separation coming under its notice, and when
it appears that this act has been violated shall report the facts to the
authorities charged with the enforcement of the criminal laws. Vio­
lation o f any provision is a misdemeanor punishable by a fine of not
more than $100, or imprisonment in jail for not more than 100 days,
or both.
1916 C 210 amending A C 1911 v 3 (1914) art 27 by adding s 483.


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MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS AFFECTING CHILDREN.
M I L I T A R Y A N D P H Y S IC A L T R A I N I N G .

Louisiana.— It is required that’ in ail grades o f the public schools
higher than the eighth instruction in military science and tactics
shall be given to all male pupils for at least one hour a week.
1916 A 131.

Maryland.— The governor is authorized to appoint a nonsalaried
commission o f nine persons (adjutant general and two other officers
o f militia, three members o f veteran organizations, and three per­
sons not members o f either), to report on military education, military
service, and a military reserve. Two of the subjects specified are the
practicability o f providing military education for boys between 14
and 21 and the practicability o f providing military training for
youths in the public schools.
1916 C 23.

Massachusetts.—The governor is authorized to appoint a special
nonsalaried board o f three persons to investigate the subject of
physical training of boys and girls in public schools and to recom­
mend a system which will improve their physical, mental, and moral
qualities and provide an adequate basis for a citizen soldiery, with
special reference to physical and disciplinary training, military his­
tory, and personal hygiene and sanitation; the board is to report to
the legislature in January, 1917. The sum of $1,000 is allowed for
expenses. [A similar commission was appointed in 1915 to report in
January, 1916, on military training in high schools.]
1916 Resolves C 90.

Compare 1915 Resolves C 81.

A law is enacted permitting students in educational institutions
where military science is a prescribed part of the course o f instruc­
tion and students enrolled in a military organization approved by the
Secretary o f War or the Secretary of the Navy o f the United States,
and over which an officer of the United States Army or Navy or the
Massachusetts volunteer militia has supervision, to drill and parade
with firearms in public under the superintendence of their instructors,
subject to the approval of the governor and such conditions as he
may prescribe.
1916 C 8 amending 1908 C 604 s 170.

New Jersey.— Provision is made for a nonsalaried commission to
investigate and report to the legislature on February 1, 1917, upon
military training and instruction for national defense in high schools.
This commission is directed to consider what instruction would be
feasible, the extent to which the Federal Government would cooper
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CHILD-WELFARE LAWS.

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ate, and the probable expense to the State, giving attention to the
experience o f other States and nations. It shall consist o f one mem­
ber of the house and one member o f the senate, to be named by these
bodies; two schoolmen connected with the high schools o f New Jer­
sey, to be named by the commissioner of education; and one person
in active military service, if possible the national service, to be ap­
pointed by the governor. The commission shall expire on June 1,
1917, unless otherwise ordered by the legislature.. The sum of $2,000
is appropriated for expenses.
' 1916 C 211.

New Y ork.— Provision is made for a permanent nonsalaried mili­
tary training commission of three members—the major general com­
manding the National Guard, one member appointed by the board
of regents o f the University of the State o f New York, and one
member appointed by the governor; the term of office o f appointed
members is four years. The commission shall appoint an inspector
of physical training at a salary not to exceed $5,000. An appropria­
tion of $100,000 is made for expenses.
|
A ll boys above 16 and not over 19 years o f age are to be given
sijich military training as the commission shall prescribe for not
more than three hours weekly, except that any boy may be exemptedby the commission, and that boys who are regularly and lawfully
employed/ are not required to take training unless they volunteer and
are accepted. For boys attending school or college this training
shalUbe given during the school or college year, but outside of the
time assigned to other instruction; for boys who are not pupils it
shall be given between September 1 and June 15. This training is
to be conducted under the supervision o f the commission by such
male teachers and physical directors as may be assigned by school
and college authorities and accepted by the commission, and by
militia officers and men detailed by the major general commanding
the National Guard or such officers and men o f the United States
Army as may be available. Instructors other than United States
Army instructors are to be paid by the commission.
The commission shall establish and maintain State military camps
for field training of boys between 16 and 19 years of age who are
physically fit and who are accepted by the commission; where suffi­
cient money is not available to provide for all, preference will be
given first to boys attending secondary schools during the preceding
year, and second to those attending State agricultural schools and
colleges. Each detachment o f boys must remain in camp not less
than two nor more than four weeks, as the commission may deter­
mine; training and discipline are to be under the major general
commanding the National Guard, subject to the supervision of the


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commission; militia officers and men are to be detailed as instructors.
The commission is to determine the location of the camps, and any
organization owning a fairground and entitled to an apportionment
of State moneys must, if requested by the commission, allow the use
o f its grounds for such a camp unless they are needed for its own
purposes or have been previously leased to other parties; if it refuses
such use, the State appropriation for that year will be withheld.
The commission shall advise with the board o f regents as to the
physical training td be prescribed for the elementary and secondary
schools as provided in the education law [1916 C 567, summarized
below], and it shall further recommend to the board o f regents the
establishment in these schools o f such, habits, customs, and methods
as are best adapted to “ develop correct physical posture and bearing,
mental and physical alertness, self-control, disciplined initiative,
sense of duty and the spirit of cooperation under leadership.”
Other powers and duties o f the commission include inspecting'the
work prescribed under this act or under the provisions o f the educa­
tion law [1916 C 567, summarized below] ; prescribing the powers
and duties o f the inspector of physical training; and maintaining
and cooperating with colleges in the State and with Federal authori­
ties in maintaining courses of instruction for male teachers, physio&Y
•instructors, and others who volunteer and are accepted by the com­
mission.
Armories and military property o f the State may be loathed to the
commission for carrying out these provisions, and the use o f school
buildings and grounds is permitted. The provisions of the aet do
not apply to pupils o f any college receiving Federal aid and requir­
ing military drill.
1916 C 566 amending C L 1909 (M ilitary) C 36 by adding ss 26 to 29-d.

The education law is amended by providing that all pupils, both
boys and girls, above 8 years of age shall receive as a part of the
course of instruction in all elementary and secondary schools the
prescribed course o f physical training which may be adopted by the
board o f regents of the University of the State o f New York after
conference with the military-training commission. [See 1916 C 566,
summarized above.] This training shall average not less than 20
minutes a day. Attendance at a private school at which a similar
prescribed course in physical training is not given shall not be con­
sidered equivalent, in satisfaction o f the compulsory school-attend­
ance requirements of the law, to instruction in a public school.
Regents are responsible for administrative details in making the act
effective. State school money is to be apportioned to each district
and to meet part o f the expense o f the prescribed courses.
1916 C 567 amending C L 1910 (E ducation) C 16 by adding article 26 -A (ss
695-697).


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P O L IC E W O M E N ,

Virginia.— The appointment of policewomen in cities having
15,000 or more population is permitted.
1916 C 281.
SO C IA L IN S U R A N C E .

Massachusetts.— Provision is made for a special recess commis­
sion on social insurance to consist of two senators appointed by the
president o f the senate, four representatives appointed by the speaker
o f the house, and three other persons appointed by the governor.
The commission is to receive such compensation as shall be allowed
by the governor and council, and is to report to the legislature in
January, 1917, with drafts of such laws as it may recommend.
1916 Resolves C 157.


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TOPICAL INDEX, BY POLITICAL DIVISIONS.
[The chapter references are to the 1916 session laws unless otherwise specified.]
D is t r ic t o f C olu m bia :
Page.
Juvenile courts (39 Stat L C 92 p 56 A ct of Apr 27, 1916)................................
35
G e o rg ia :
Child labor (No 547 p 1 1 3 ).................... ................. ...............................................
20
Compulsory school attendance (No 576 p 1 0 1 )........................ ........................
28
Dependent children. (See Juvenile courts, and Private institutions,
inspection of.)
Juvenile courts (No 575 p 5 8 ) ....... . ....................................................................
35
Juvenile delinquents. (See Juvenile courts.)
Private institutions, inspection of (No 548 p 1 2 6 )............................................
52
K en tu ck y :
Blind, name of State school (C 8 4 ) .................... ..................................................
33
Child labor, compensation for injured minor (C 33) .........................................
28
Child labor, theaters (C 23)..................................................................... ..............
20
Compulsory school attendance. (See School census.)
Desertion of minor child (C 6) .............................................................................
12
Investigations. (See Mental defectives—investigation.)
40
•Juvenile delinquents, institution for girls (C 85). .................. .........................
Juvenile delinquents, police court matron (C 3 )..........................................
40
Mental defectives—investigation (C 146)............................................................
43
Pandering (C 49)..............................................................................- .......................
13
School census (C 24 and 121).................................................................................
29
Workmen’s compensation. (See Child labor, compensation for injured
minor.)
L ou isian a:
Blind. (See Deaf, dumb, and blind.)
Child labor (A 177 and 220)....................................................................... . .........
21
Compulsory school attendance (A 2 7 ) .................................................................
29
Contributory delinquency, dependency, or neglect (A 139)...........................
32
Deaf, dumb, and blind (A 237).................................- ................... ......................
33
Deaf, dumb, and blind—investigation (A 72).......................................... .........
33
Dependent children. (See Juvenile courts.)
Investigations. (See Deaf, dumb, and blind—investigation.)
Juvenile courts (A 13, adopted b y popular vote N ov 7, 1916)................ ..
36
Juvenile delinquents. (See Juvenile courts.)
Mid wives (A 163)................................................................... ...................................
15
Military training (A 131)................................................ '. .......................- .............
54
17
Playgrounds and social centers (A 120)............ ............. •-..................................
Rape, penalty (A 123)........................... ..................................................... T------13
Receiving goods from minor unlawfully (A 15)...................... ...........................
14
M a in e:
Child labor (1915 C 350; referendum vote of Sept 11, 1916) ..........................
21
M aryla n d :
Admittance to pool rooms (C 140, 205, and 479) ^....... .............................. .
14
Birth registration (C 691)....................................................... ................. ...............
14
Board of State aid and charities (C 705)............ ............................. .................
53
59


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M arylan d—Continued.

Child labor (C 222, 701, 406, 407, and 147)............................... ....................
Child labor, street trades (C 222).....................................................................
Child labor, theaters (C 222)...........................................................................
Compulsory school attendance (C 506)............................................................
Contributory delinquency, dependency, or neglect (C 674).........................
( See also Juvenile courts.)
Curfew law (C 2)................................................................................................
Dependent children. (See Board of State aid and charities; Juvenile
courts; Mothers’ pensions; and Separation of mother and infant.)
Investigations. (See Mental defectives—investigation, and Military train­
ing—investigation.)
Juvenile courts (C 326)................... .......................................................... . . , .......
Juvenile delinquents. (See Board of State aid and charities; Curfew law;
and Juvenile courts.)
Length of school term. (See Compulsory school attendance.)
Maternity hospital (C 183)......................................................................................
Mental defectives (C 566)........... . ..................................................« ............. .......
Mental defectives—investigation (C 642)................... .....................................
Military training—investigation (C 23)................................................................
Mothers’ pensions (C 670)......................................................................... ..............
School census. (See Compulsory school attendance.)
Separation of mother and infant (C 210)..... .......................................................
Social centers (C231 and 506).................................................. . ...........................
M a ssa ch u setts:
Blind and visually handicapped (C 160)............................................................
Blind, pensions for—investigation (Resolves, C 1 3 9 )................ ................. ...
Child labor (C 66, 95, and 222) .............................. .............................................
(See also Minimum-wage commission.)
Child labor—investigations (Resolves, C 74 and 164)....... ..............................
Child labor, street trades (C 242 and 188)................................................... .
Commission for blind. (See Blind and visually handicapped.)
Commission on mental diseases (C 285 and Resolves, C 160).........................
Compulsory school attendance, illiterate minors (C 82)...................................

Page.

21
22
21
30
32
41

36

15

43
43
54
51

53
18
' 33

33
23
25
24

44
31

Compulsory school attendance. ( See School census.)
Contributory delinquency, dependency, or neglect. (See Juvenile courts.)
Dependent children. (S ee Juvenile courts.)
Investigations. (S ee Blind, pensions for—investigation; Child labor—
investigations; Juvenile delinquents—investigation; Military training—
investigation; Social insurance—investigation; and Tuberculosis among
children—investigation.)
Juvenile courts (C 243).......................................................... ......... ........... ..........
Juvenile delinquents. (See Juvenile courts.)
Juvenile delinquents—investigation (Resolves, C 46)....................................
Mental defectives (C 285 and 122; Resolves, C 160 and 127)..........................
Military training (C 8)..................................................................... ........................
Military training—investigation (Resolves, C 90)............................................
Minimum-wage commission (C 303).................. .................................................
Part-time schools (C 95)............................*............................................................
School census (C 102)...................... ....................................*................. .
Social centers (Special Acts, C 86)......................................................................
Social insurance—investigation (Resolves, C 157)............................................
Syphilis (Resolves, C 47)....................... ..............................................................
Tuberculosis among children— investigation (Resolves, C 62).......................


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38
41
44
54
54
24
24
31
18
57
15
16

T O P IC A L

IN D E X .

61

M ississippi:
Page.
Child labor (C 239)..................................................................................................
25
Compulsory school attendance. {See School laws—investigation.)
Contributory delinquency, dependency, or neglect. {See Juvenile de­
linquents.)
Dependent children (C 227)...................................................................................
34
{See also Juvenile delinquents.)
Infant blindness (C 115)........................................................................................
16
Investigations. {See School laws—investigation.)
Juvenile delinquents (C 111)................................, ..................... .........................
41
School laws—investigation (C 603).............................................
31
N e w J e rse y :
Blind (C 22, 17, and 134).....................................................* .....................'*.........
34
Child labor (C 242, 40, and 54)....................... ..................... |..............................
25
34
Commission for ameliorating the condition of the blind (C 22 and 17)___
Dependent children. {See Mothers’ pensions.)
Desertion of minor child (C 45).............................................................................
12
Investigations. {See Mental defectives—investigation, and Military
training—investigation.)
Juvenile courts (C 212) .........................................................
39
Juvenile delinquents. {See Juvenile courts.)
Mental defectives (C 61 and 95).......................................... . ...............................
45
Mental defectives—investigation (Joint Res No 1 ) ......................... .................
45
Military training—investigation (C 211).............................................................
54
Mothers’ pensions (C 201)............................................ .........................................
52
Part-time schools (C 242).............. ...................................... ..................................
25
Playgrounds (C 59 and 227)...................................................................................
18
Social centers (C 227)........................................................ ....................................
18
State board of children’s guardians. {See Mothers’ pensions.)
Visiting nurse (C 202).......................................................................... ..................
16
N ew Y ork :
Adoption (C 453)......................................................................................................
11
Annulment of marriage (C 605).............................................................................
12
Birth registration (C 53)........................................................................................
15
Child labor (C 46 5 ). ...............................................................................................
26
Child labor, compensation for injured minor (C 622)......................................
28
Child labor, theaters and motion pictures (C 278)............................................
26
Department of child welfare. Westchester County (C 242)..... .......................
34
Dependent children (C 379)............................................... ...........................
35
{See also Department of child welfare, Westchester County, and
Mothesy’ pensions.)
Illegitimacy. (See Adoption.)
Juvenile court, Syracuse (C 487)..........................................................................
39
Juvenile delinquents (C 394)........................ ........................................................
42
{See also Juvenile court, Syracuse.)
Mental defectives (C 71 and 9£G)..... ..................... ................. ............................
45
Military training (C 563)................................................................................. ......
55
Mothers’* pensions (C 504):....... ....................... ..... , ................ .............................
52
Physical training (C 5673........................................................................................
56
{See also Military training.)
Playgrounds (C 4 2 )................................................................................................
18
Seduction (C 196)...........
13
Town physician (C 413)..........................................................................................
16
Workmen’s compensation. {See Child labor, compensation for injured
minor.)


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62

CHILD-WELFARE LAWS.

Philippin e Islan ds:
Page
Infant welfare (No 2633)............................................ ............... „ . . .....................
47
P o r t o R ic o :
Betting (No 42)............................................................... ........... ; ...........................
34
Child labor, compensation for injured minor (No 19)............ ..........................
28
Dependent children. (S ee Juvenile courts.)
39
Juvenile courts (No 10)............................................. . . ____; ................'.............
Juvenile delinquents. (See Juvenile courts.)
Mental defectives. (See Juvenile courts.)
Unlawful sales to minor (No 21) ................................ .........................................
14
Workmen’s compensation. (See Child labor, compensation for injured
minor.)
R h o d e Islan d:
Child labor (C 1358 and 1378).................................................. ......................... .
27
Mental defectives, name of school (C 1381)........................................................
46
Social centers (C 1414)................................... ........................................................
18
Visiting nurse (C 1405)............................................................................................
17
S o u th C arolina:
Child labor (No 361 and 547).......................................... ......................................
27
(See also Hours of labor, interurban railways.)
Hours of labor, interurban railways (No 544)................................................. ..
27
Juvenile delinquents (No 509)............................. .............................................. .
42
Physical examination of young children (No 3 9 9 ) . . . ....................................
17
Venereal disease (No 531)............................................................................ ..
17
U n ite d S ta tes:
B oy Scouts (39 Stat L C 148 p 227 A ct of June 15, 1916).................................
17
Child labor (39 Stat L C 432 p 675 A ct of Sept 1, 1916).................................
19
(See also Homs of labor, interstate railroads.)
Child labor, compensation for injured minor (39 Stat L C 458 p 472 A ct
of Sept 7, 1 9 16 ).....................................................................................................
28
Hours of labor, interstate railroads (39 Stat L C 436 p 721 A ct of Sept 3,
5, 1916, and 39 Stat L C 109 p 61 A ct of May 4, 1916).......................
20
Workmen’s compensation. (See Child labor, compensation for injured
minor.)
V irg in ia :
Age of consent (C 478)............................................................................................
13
Child labor. (See Prohibition law, special provisions affecting minors.)
Child labor, employment agencies (C 168).....................................................
27
Dependent children (C 436)...................................................................................
35
Disorderly house, sending minor to. (See Child labor, employment agen­
cies.)
Juvenile delinquents (C 35)...................................................................................
43
Mental defectives (C 104, 388, 312,106, 207, and 255).................... .................
4ft
(See also State board of charities and corrections.)
Parental right of custody (C 417).................................................................... .
13
Policewomen (0 281)......................... ................................................................
57
Prohibition law, special provisions affecting minors (C 146).................... .
14
State board of charities and corrections (C 104)............... ....... .........................
46
(S ee also Dependent children.)


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A P P E N D IX .
O U T L IN E

FO R

IN D E X

OE E X I S T I N G L E G IS L A T IO N
C H IL D W E L F A R E .

A F F E C T IN G

This index outline does not contain a model list o f topics which
should be covered by legislation, but is merely a list o f topics which
have been found to be at present covered by the laws o f a number of
States. It is not based upon any logical or ideal analysis o f childwelfare laws, but upon the topics as they are actually found in exist­
ing legislation. In certain cases, as, for example, in the case o f laws
relating to dependent and to delinquent children, two distinct though
related subjects are frequently connected in the laws as they now
stand upon the statute books, and this connection has been preserved
in the index outline wherever necessary to avoid a large amount of
duplication in the references.
- The Children’s Bureau is preparing a reference index by States of
existing legislation on the subjects covered by the outline, specifying
for each State those topics given in the index outline upon which that
State has legislation, together with references to the sections and
acts where such legislation is found. In indexing these laws char­
ter provisions and local and special laws are omitted and court
decisions are not at present included.
(A )

P A R E N T A N D C H IL D :

1. D U TIES AND L IA B IL IT IE S OF PA R EN TS—
Abandonment— Neglect— Nonsupport.
Abuse and cruelty.
Acts committed by child, parental liability f o r ; liability for torts
o f child, etc.
Care and support, duty to provide—
Duty o f father to p rov id e; when duty o f mother.
. (In cases o f divorce or separation, see “ A -3, D ivorce.” )
(F or illegitimate children, see “ A -5 .” )
Maintenance, allowance for, out o f child’s estate.
Protection (o f child from in ju ry ; justifiable homicide, etc.).
Miscellaneous.
2. R IG H TS OF PAR E N T AN D C H ILD —
Actions (fo r injury to person o f child, etc.).
Custody and control o f child’s person and property.
“ A -3, D ivorce.” )

( See also

Legal settlement o f children. (S ee also “ H - 6, Poor relief.” )
Parental rights, termination o f—Emancipation, etc.
Services and earnings.
Support o f parent by child. (S ee also “ H - 6, Poor relief.” )
Miscellaneous.
81573°— 17------1 '


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64

C H I L D -W E L F A R E

LAW S.

(A ) PARENT AND CHILD— Continued.
3. M A R R IA G E AN D D IVO RCE—
D ivorce—
Grounds for, etc.
Custody and support o f children.
Effect on legitim acy o f children, etc.
M arriage—
Age o f consent to marriage, consent o f parents, guardians, etc.
M arriage o f feeble-minded, epileptic, insane, etc.
Void and voidable marriages, what constitutes; effect o f on
legitim acy o f children. (F or annulment o f marriage, sec
“ A -3 , D ivorce.” )
M iscellaneous: Licenses, etc.
4. AD O PTIO N —
W ho may ad opt; who may be adopted.
Consent o f parent, guardian, etc.
Court jurisdiction, procedure, records, etc.
Effect o f adoption—
Change o f name o f child.
Liabilities o f adopting person.
Inheritance and property rights o f adopted child and others.
Abrogation o f adoption.
Advertising, etc., fo r adoption; penalty.
State control over adoption.
(F o r adoption through and from institutions, see “ H - 4 ” ; from
boarding homes fo r infants, see “ D -3 ” ; and see also “ H -3 ,”
“ H -5 ,” and “ G.” )
5. ILLE G ITIM A C Y —
Illegitimate children, who are. ( See also “ A—3.” )
Responsibility o f fa th e r ; o f mother.
Illegitim acy proceedings—
Disclosure o f father.
Complaint, warrant, arrest.
Bond for support, etc.
Methods o f legitimation—
Acknowledgment by father.
Subsequent intermarriage o f parents, etc.
Inheritance and property rights and disabilities o f parent and
child.

6. M ISCELLANEOUS.
(B ) GUARDIAN AND W A R D :
Appointment and kind o f guardian—
“ Joint guardianship.”
Testamentary guardianship, right o f father, and o f mother
to appoint.
Miscellaneous.
Duties, powers, and responsibilities o f guardian.
Rights and liabilities o f the ward.
Termination o f guardianship, etc.
State guardianship; guardianship o f institutions and agencies,
etc. (F or this subject, see “ G,” “ H -3 ,” '“ H -4 ,” and “ I - L ” )


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OUTLINE INDEX,

65

(C) OFFENSES AGAINST THE CHILD:
1. SP E C IFIC O FFENSES—
Abandonment and neglect. (F or same by parents, see “ A - l . ” )
Abduction— Kidnapping— Child stealing.
Abortion and prevention o f conception.
Abuse and cruelty. (F or same by parents, see “ A - l . ” )
Adm ittance to dance halls, saloons, etc.
Age o f consent. (F o r this subject, see “ Sexual crim es” here­
under. )
Contributing to dependency and delinquency o f child. ( See also
“ H - l, Adult responsibility for delinquency and dependency,”
and “ H—3.” )
Corrupting and depraving morals.
Cruelty, societies for prevention of. (S ee “ Abuse and cruelty,”
hereunder, and also “ C -2.” )
Disposing o f child for unlaw ful purposes.
Endangering life, health, or limb.
Gaming.
Indecencies with children.
Infanticide.
Medicines and poisons, distribution of.
Obscenity : Literature, plays, pictures, etc.
. Prostitution, procuring girls for, etc.
Receiving goods from minor unlawfully.
Sales, gifts, etc., unlawful : Cigarettes, weapons, liquor, etc.
Sexual crimes ; Age o f consent, etc.
Substitution o f children.
Trials, indecent, etc., exclusion o f child ; o f public when child
testifies.
Miscellaneous—
Pregnant woman, suspension o f execution.
Misdemeanor, penalty for, etc.
Blindness o f infants, failure to report. (F o r this subject, see
“ D -2 ” )
Concealment o f birth. (S ee also “ A -5 ,” arid “ D -5 , Births,
concealment o f.” )
U nlawful employment o f child. (F or this subject, see
“ F -l.” )
2. ENFORCEM ENT AND EN FORCING AGENCIES.

(D) HEALTH AND SANITATION:
1. A D M IN IST R A T IV E AND ENFORCING AGENCIES.
(B oards o f health— Health officers— M iscellaneous.)
2. BLIN DN ESS OF INFANTS, PRE VEN TIO N OF— O PH TH ALM IA
NEONATORUM.
3. H O SPITA LS FO R CH ILD R E N (fo r defectives, see “ 1 - 1 ” ) —
Boarding homes for infants.
Children’s hospitals.'
County and municipal hospitals, provisions for children in.


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66

CH ILD-W ELF ARE LAWS.

(D ) HEALTH AND SANITATION— Continued.
3. H O SPITA LS FO R CH ILD R E N — Continued.
M aternity hospitals.
Tuberculosis hospitals. (Provisions for children are specified.
For schools for tubercular children, see “ 1-1, Diseased, general
provisions for.” )
Other hospitals, provisions for children in.
Miscellaneous.
4 . M ID W IV E S —

Registration of.
Regulations for practice o f profession ; licensing, etc.
Duty to report cases o f infected eyes. (S ee “ D -2 .” )
Duties relative to reporting births.
(S ee “ D -5, Births and
deaths, registration o f.” )
5. V IT A L ST A TIST IC S (birth registration, e tc .)—
Births and deaths, registration o f—
State and local authorities (registrars, etc.) charged with
collecting and recording vital statistics ; enforcement.
D uty o f midwives, physicians, householders, etc., to report
births.
Certificate o f birth, contents; illegitimacy, stillbirths, infan­
tile blindness, etc., reportable. ( See also “ D -2 ” and
“ D -4 .” )
Births, concealment of. (S ee also “ A -5 ” and “ C -l, M iscella­
neous.” )
Miscellaneous.
6. M ISCELLANEOUS H E A L T H LA W S—
Adulteration o f candy. (Provisions are given where children are
specified. )
Antitoxins, etc., free to indigent.
Communicable diseases, where children are specified.
Divisions o f child hygiene, establishment of. (¿?ee also “ D - l . ” )
M ilk regulations.
Public health or visiting nurses.
Vaccination o f pupils, etc.
(F or alcoholics and narcotics, teaching effect of, see “ E - 3 ” ;
medical and dental examination o f pupils, see “ E -3 ” ; health
and sanitation in schoolhouses, etc., see “ E - 3 ” ; health and
sanitation in institutions, see “ H -4 ” and “ 1-1.” )
7. RE CRE ATIO N —
Civic and social centers, use o f schoolhouses, public buildings, etc.,
for.
Dance halls, theaters, etc., regulation of.
minors, see also “ C - l .” )
Playgrounds and recreation centers.
Public baths.
Miscellaneous.


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(F or admittance to, o f

67

OUTLINE INDEX»

(E )

EDUCATION LAW S:
1. A D M IN IST R A T IV E
briefly)—

SU PERVISIO N

AND

CONTROL

(indexed

Boards o f education, school officers, etc.
School meetings.
Adm inistrative units : Districts, consolidation o f districts, etc.
2. FINANCES AND SU PPORT— GROUNDS AND BU ILDIN GS.
(These law s are not included.
etc., see “ E -3 .” )

For sanitation o f schoolhouses,

3. M ISCELLANEOUS PRO VISIO N S AND REGU LATIO N S—
Age o f children entitled to educational facilities ; other require­
ments.
Arbor day and other holiday provisions.
Alcoholics and narcotics, teaching effect of.
Colored children, separate provisions for.
Exclusion and expulsion o f pupils.
F ire drills ; fire escapes.
Health provisions and sanitation in schoolhouses.
Liquor traffic ; sale o f intoxicants within certain distance from
schools.
M edical and dental examination o f pupils.
School discipline.
Subjects taught.
Subnormal children, special provisions for.
Teachers, special qualifications o f ; attendance at institutes.
Textbooks, free.
Term, length of.
Transportation o f pupils.
(F o r compulsory school attendance, school census, and truant and
parental schools, see “ F -2 ” ; civic and social centers and play­
grounds, see “ D -7 ” ; school children, special aid to, see “ H -6 ” ;
schools for tubercular children, see “ 1-1, Diseased, general pro­
visions for ” ; vaccination o f pupils, see “ D -6.” )
4. SPECIAL SCHOOLS—
Agricultural schools.
Continuation schools.
Domestic science.
(S ee also Vocational, trade, and industrial
schools hereunder. )
Evening schools.
Kindergartens.
Manual » training.
(S ee also Vocational, trade, and industrial
schools hereunder.)
Trade and industrial schools.
(See also Vocational, trade, and
industrial schools hereunder.)
Vocational, trade, and industrial schools.
Miscellaneous.


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68

CHILD-WELFARE LAWS.

( E ) CH ILD -LAB O R , L E G IS L A T IO N (indexed briefly) :
1. C H IL D LAB O R LA W S—
Minimum age (specifying occupations).
Employment certificates and records.
H ours o f labor (specifying occupations).
Street trades.
Public exhibitions.
Enforcement.
Violations and penalties.
2. COM PULSORY SCHOOL ATTEND ANCE—
Ages between which attendance is compulsory.
Attendance required.
Attendance o f w orking children (day, evening, and continuation
schools included).
Enforcement ; attendance and truant officers, etc.
School census.
Violations and penalties.
Truant and parental schools.
(F o r employment during school hours, etc., see “ F - l . ” )
(F o r compulsory school attendance o f defectives, see “ 1-1.” )
3. A PP R E N T IC E S H IP —
W ho may bind children as apprentices.
Terms o f indenture (including schooling while employed, e tc.).
Duties o f parent, guardian, master, and apprentice.
Penalties for violation ; master, apprentice.
Apprenticing by institutions; by overseers o f the poor. (F or this
subject, see “ H -4 ” ; “ H -6, Almshouses, children in ” ; and
“ H -6, Poor relief.” )
4. W O RK M E N ’ S COM PENSATION— EM PLO YE R’ S L IA B IL IT Y .
(A ll provisions in which minors are specified; minor employed,
illegally employed, etc.)
5. M ISCELLANEOUS.
(In indexing preference is given to title “ F - l . ” )
6. EM PLOYM ENT AGENCIES.
(Provisions fo r children are specified.)
7. EM PLOYM ENT OF W OMEN (see also “ F - l ” ) —
Before and after childbirth.
H ours o f labor.
Minimum wage.
Seats, etc., provisions for.


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69

In d e x ,

(G) STATE, COUNTY, AND MUNICIPAL CARE OE CHILDREN; GEN­
ERAL PROVISIONS FOR ADMINISTRATION, SUPERVI­
SION, AND MAINTENANCE:
1. STATE BO AR D S OR D EPAR TM E N TS (names o f boards, etc., speci­
fied, and each treated separately)—
Creation and organization.
Jurisdiction, powers, and duties—
Children under direct control of. (S ee also “ H-5.” )
State and other institutions and agencies under control and
jurisdiction of.
Miscellaneous—
Constitutional provisions.
Provisions fo r creating, e tc .; funds for maintenance.
2. COUNTY AN D M U N ICIPAL BO ARDS OR AGENCIES.

(H ) DELINQUENT,

DEPENDENT,

AND . NEGLECTED

CHILDREN

(see also “ 6 ” ) :
1. G EN ERAL—
A cts which render child delinquent (certain specific acts, smok­
ing cigarettes, carrying weapons, etc.).
Adult responsibility fo r delinquency and dependency. (See also
“ H -3 ” )
Capacity to commit crime.
Definitions— classes considered delinquent and dependent.
Delinquent and dependent, bringing into State.
Dependent and neglected, commitment and care o f—
Court having jurisdiction, etc.
Certain provisions apart from juvenile court and institu­
tional laws, which do not properly fall under subjects
given below.
Miscellaneous.
2. TR E A TM E N T OF DELINQ UENT M INORS A P A R T FROM JU VE­
N ILE COURT AN D IN S TITU TIO N A L L A W S—
Court having jurisdiction.
Provisions fo r treatment o f minors—
Above juvenile-court age (generally between 16 and 21).
In States having no juvenile-court law.
3. JU VEN ILE COURTS—
Creation, designation, and organization o f cou rt; appointment,
term, and qualifications o f judge, etc.
Jurisdiction—
Children o f certain ag es; delinquent and dependent as de­
fined.
O f parents, guardians, e tc .; o f contributory delinquency and
dependency, etc.
Extent o f jurisdiction in general.
Probation officers—
Appointment, duties and powers, compensation, etc.
Referees, etc., appointment and duties of.


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70

CHILD-WELFARE LAWS.

(H ) DELINQUENT, DEPENDENT, ETC., CHILDREN— Continued.
3. JU VEN ILE COURTS— Continued.
Procedure—
Petition ; summons ; trial, how conducted, etc. ; appeal, etc.
Release pending hearing; recognizance, detention homes, etc. ,
Final disposition o f child—
Placing under probation— leaving child in its home, placing
in a fam ily home, etc., or committing to detention home, etc.
Commitment to an institution ; powers and duties o f insti­
tution to which committed.
Advisory board, appointment, organization, and duties of, etc.
Disqualification o f child.
Contributory delinquency and dependency.
Miscellaneous—
Civil liability o f ch ild ; medical care o f child during pro­
ceedings, etc.
4. IN STITU TIO N S F O R D ELINQUENTS AN D D EPEN DEN TS—
(Nam e and kind o f institution— State, county, municipal, sem i­
public, or private— is specified, and each is treated separately.)
Institutions for delinquents (State) —
Establishment, organization, management, a n d . maintenance.
Supervision and inspection by State board, etc.
( See also
“ G.” )

Health and sanitation— regulations and inspection.
Object and jurisdiction o f institution—
Age limitations.
Classes o f children committed and received.
Courts or judges committing—
Procedure.
Term o f commitment.
Jurisdiction and supervision after commitment.
Exam ination on entering institution; provisions for treat­
ment.
Expenses and support, liability fo r (parent, coun ty).
Treatment o f inmates—
Exceptional offenders, special provisions for.
D efective children, transfer and removal of.
Correctional methods.
Education and training.
, Employment in institutions.
Placing out and apprenticing o f children.
Parole— Transfer— Discharge.
Miscellaneous.
( County, municipal, semipublic, and private institutions are
treated sim ilarly; provisions fo r financing, State aid, etc., and
fo r licensing o f private institutions arè specified.)
Institutions fo r dependents (S ta te )—
Establishment, organization, management, and maintenance.
Supervision and inspection by State board, etc.
( See also
“ G ”)

Health and sanitation— regulations and inspection.


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OUTLINE INDEX.

71

(H ) DELINQUENT, DEPENDENT, ETC., CHILDREN — Continued.
4.

IN STITU TIO N S FO R D ELINQUENTS AND D EPEN DENTS— Contd.
Institutions for dependents (S ta te )— Continued.
Admission— Commitment—
Procedure.
Classes o f children received.
Age lim itations; how long retained, etc.
Physical and mental examinations upon entrance.
Delinquent children, transfer and removal of.
Expenses and support o f ch ild ; payment by county, byparent.
Education and training ; employment in institution.
Placing out— Apprenticing— Adoption.

Miscellaneous.
( County, municipal, semipublic, and private institutions and agen­
cies are treated sim ilarly; provisions fo r financing, State aid,
etc., and fo r licensing o f private institutions and agencies are
specified. )
Institutions for delinquents and dependents.
(In indexing preference is given to the tw o preceding titles,
unless the law clearly indicates that both classes are re­
ceived in an institution. For subjects covered, see “ Insti­
tutions for delinquents ” and “ Institutions for dependents ”
hereunder.
Institutions in general.
(Certain constitutional and other provisions applying to insti­
tutions in general are specified.)
5. PLACING OR BO AR D IN G OUT OF C H ILD R E N (by State, county,
or municipal boards) —
Classes o f children received.
Age limitations.
Authority o f board over various classes.
Method o f placing.
Placement agents, investigation, supervision, etc.
Provisions for tem porary care.
6. COUNTY AND M U N ICIPAL R E L IE F —
Almshouses, children in.
Children born in institutions, disposition of.
Legal settlement o f child. {S ee Poor relief, hereunder,)
Mothers’ pensions.
Pensions, miscellaneous.
Poor relief.
School children, special aicT to.
Support o f fam ily o f inmate o f penal or other institution.
Miscellaneous.


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72

CHILD-WELFARE LAWS.

( I ) DEFECTIVE C H IL D R E N (see also “ G ” ) :
1. G ENERAL PRO VISIO N S
FO R D E FE C TIV E S—

FO R

D E FE C TIV E S— IN STITU TIO N S

( Name and kind o f institution— State, county, municipal, semipublic, or private— is specified, and each is treated separately.)
Blind, general provisions for—
State commission for.
State aid to, within their homes.
Education of, in public schools.
Compulsory school attendance.
Books and readers for the blind, provisions for, by State.
Enumeration of, etc.
Blind, institutions for (S ta te )—
Establishment, organization, management, and maintenance.
Supervision and inspection by State board, etc.
(S ee
also “ G.” )
Health and sanitation— regulations and inspection.
Admission or commitment-—
Procedure.
Age limitations.
Classes o f children received.
Compulsory commitment, etc.
Custodial powers.
Expenses and support o f child ; payment by county, by
parent.
Education and training; employment in institution.
Expulsion—-Transfer— Parole— Discharge.
Supervision or aid after leaving institution.
Miscellaneous.
( County, municipal, semipublic, and private institutions are
treated sim ilarly; provisions fo r financing, State aid, etc., and
for licensing o f private institutions are specified.)
Crippled and deformed, general provisions for—
Education in public schools ; State aid to, etc.
Compulsory school attendance.
Crippled and deformed, institutions and hospitals fo r (State hos­
p ita l; State university hospital, e tc .)—
Duties o f hospital official.
Assignment o f competent surgeon to case.
W ho may receive treatment— indigent and other children.
Expenses and support o f ch ild ; payment by city, county,
parent.
Miscellaneous.
(F or provisions for treatment and separate departments in
institutions fo r dependents, see “ H -4, Institutions for
dependents.” )
D eaf and dumb, general provisions for—
Education in public sch ools; State aid to, etc.
Compulsory school attendance.


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IN D E X .

(I ) DEFECTIVE CHILDREN— Continued.
1, GEN ERAL PRO VISIO N S FO R D EFE C TIV E S— IN STITU TIO N S
FO R D E FE C TIV E S— Continued.
D eaf and dumb, institutions for—
(F or subjects covered, see “ Blind, institutions for,” here­
under. )
Diseased, general provisions for—
Education o f tubercular children in open-air sch ools; State
aid to, etc.
Miscellaneous.
Diseased, institutions for.
(F or this subject, see “ D -3 .” )
Feeble-minded and epileptic, general provisions for—
Commissions fo r studying treatment, needs, and care of.
Statistics relating to, etc.
Miscellaneous.
Feeble-minded and epileptic, institutions for.

(F o r subjects covered, see “ Blind, institutions for,” here­
under. )
Insane, hospitals for—
General provisions for admittance.
Provisions for children.
Miscellaneous.
Institutions in general.
(Certain constitutional and other previsions applying to all
institutions for defectives are specified; in indexing prefer­
ence is given to “ Institutions in general,” under Title
“ H -4 .” )
Miscellaneous.
2. PRE VEN TIO N OF TRA N SM ISSIO N OF D EFEC T—
Asexualization.
Miscellaneous.
For marriage and divorce o f feeble-minded, epileptic, etc.,
see “ A -3 ” ; for sexual crimes committed w ith defectives,
see “ C -l, Sexual crim es.” )

(J) MINOR’S CAPACITY OR INCAPACITY TO ACQUIRE RIGHTS
AND TO INCUR LIABILITIES:
1. R IG H TS AND D IS A B IL IT IE S IN GEN ERAL
STATUS, E T C .)—
Age o f majority.
Capacity in which minor may act.
Capacity to appoint others to act.
Capacity to make a will.
Legal disability, what constitutes.
Legal disability, removal of.
Witnesses, minors as.

Miscellaneous.


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(M IN O R ’ S C IV IL

74

CHILD-WELFARE LAWS.

(J) MINOR’S CAPACITY OR INCAPACITY TO ACQUIRE RIGHTS
AND INCUR LIABILITIES— Continued.
2. M ISCELLANEOUS R IG H T S AN D L IA B IL IT IE S —
Actions. (F or real actions, see “ Real p rop erty ” hereunder.)
Right o f action, who has.
Capacity to sue and be su ed; guardian ad litem, necessity
and purpose o f appointment, etc.
P rocedure: Summons, how served, etc.
E ffect o f attaining m ajority during action.
Judgm ent; review o f action, appeal, etc.
Lim itation o f actions.
Citizenship o f minor.
Contracts.
Inheritance and testamentary rights.
(F or adopted and ille­
gitimate children, see “ A- 4 ” and “ A -5 .” )
Personal property.
R eal property. (F o r care o f property by guardian, see “ B .” )
T o r ts : W rongs, liability for.
Miscellaneous.

o


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