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UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR Frances Perkins, Secretary B U R E A U O F L A B O R ST A TISTIC S Isador Lubin, Commissioner Strikes in the U nited States 1 8 8 0 -1 9 3 6 + By FLORENCE PETERSON o f the Bureau o f Labor Statistics Bulletin 7s[o. 651 A ugust 1937 U N IT E D S T A T E S G O V E R N M E N T P R IN T IN G OFFICE W A S H IN G T O N : 1938 For sale by the Superintendent o f Documents, Washington, D . C. Price 20 cents CONTENTS Page Preface__________________________________________________________________________ Introduction____________________ Definition of strike and lock-out_______________ Measurement of strikes___________________________________________________ Cost of strikes_____________________________________________________________ C hapter I.— Early history of strikes______________________________ ^ ______ C hapter II.— General trend of strikes from 1881 to 19 36________________ C hapter III.— Strike statistics, 1880 to 1905_______________________________ Strikes during 1880_____________________________________ Strikes from 1881 to 1905______________________________ C hapter IV .— Strikes from 1914 to 1926____________________________________ C hapter V.— Analysis of strikes, 1927-36___________________________________ Strikes by years_________________________________________ Seasonal trend__________________________________________ Number of workers_____________________________________ Establishments involved_______________________________ Sex of workers__________________________________________ Duration of strikes_____________________________________ Labor organizations____________________________________ Major issues_____________________________________________ Results__________________________________________________ Strikes in various cities_________________________________ Strikes in each State_______________ v___________________ Major causes of strikes in each industry______________ A ppend ix I.— Strikes involving 10,000 or more workers, 1 9 2 7 -3 6 ______ A ppend ix II.— Methods used in analyzing strikes_________________________ A ppen d ix III.— Method of collecting strike data___________________________ A p pen d ix IV .— Labor disputes in foreign countries, 1 9 2 7 -3 6 _____________ General index___________________________________________________________________ Index to table 3 7 _______________________________________________________________ V 1 3 7 10 12 21 27 27 28 35 41 41 43 47 48 50 51 54 58 66 81 85 122 161 163 170 173 177 180 Tables T able T able T able T able T able T able T able T able T able T able T able 1.— 2.— 3.— 4.— Number of strikes and workers involved, 1881 -1 936___________ Causes of strikes in 1880_________________________________________ Results of strikes in 1880_________________________________________ Number of strikes, workers, and establishments involved, 1881-1905_______________________________________________________ 5.— Strikes for 25-year period, 1881-1905, by industry_ 6.— Strikes for 25-year period, 1881-1905, by States___ 7.— Strikes ordered by labor organizations, 18 81 -1 905_____________ 8.— Major causes of strikes, 18 81 -1 905______________________________ 9.— Workers involved in strikes due to various causes, 1881-1905- _ 10.— Results of strikes, 18 81 -1 905___________________________________ 11.— Strikes, by months, 1914 -2 6____________________________________ hi 21 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 34 35 CONTENTS IV Page T able T able T able T able T able T able T able T able T able T able T able T able T able T able T able T able T able T able T able T able T able T able T able T able T able T able T able T able 12.— Strikes, b y States, 1 9 1 4 -2 6 ______________________________________ 13.— Sex o f w orkers in v o lv e d in strikes, 1 9 1 6 -2 6 ____________________ 14.— N u m b er o f establish m en ts in v o lv e d in strikes, 1 9 1 7 -2 6 _______ 15.— N u m b er o f strikes in specified industries, 1 9 1 4 -2 6 ____________ 16.— N u m b er o f w orkers in v o lv e d in strikes, 1 9 1 6 -2 6 ______________ 17.— R e la tion o f w orkers t o la b o r u n ion s____________________________ 18.— M a jo r cau ses o f strikes, 1 9 1 4 -2 6 _______________________________ 19.— R esu lts o f strikes, 1 9 1 6 -2 6 ______________________________________ 20.— Strikes fro m 1927 t o 1936, b y y ea rs____________________________ 21.— Strikes fr o m 1927 t o 1936, b y m o n th s __________________________ 22.— Strikes b y n u m ber o f w orkers in v o lv e d , 1 9 2 7 -3 6 ______________ 23.— Strikes b y n u m ber o f establish m en ts in v o lv e d , 1 9 2 7 -3 6 ________ 24.— N u m b er o f strikes en d in g 1 9 2 7-3 6 , b y sex o f w orkers in v o lv e d 25.— N u m b er o f persons in v o lv e d in strikes en d in g 1 9 2 7-3 6 , b y sex_ 26.— D u ra tion o f strikes en d in g 1 9 2 7 -3 6 _____________________________ 27.— L a b o r orga n iza tion s in v o lv e d in strikes en d in g 1 9 2 7 -3 6 ______ 28.— M a jo r issues in v o lv e d in strikes en d in g 1 9 2 7 -3 6 ______________ 29.— R esu lts o f strikes en d in g 1 9 2 7 - 3 6 ._____________________________ 30.— R esults o f strikes en d in g 1 9 2 7-3 6 in rela tion t o m a jo r issues in v o lv e d __________________________________________________________ 31.— R esults o f strikes en d in g 1 9 2 7-3 6 in rela tion t o th eir d u ra tio n 32.— R esults o f strikes en din g 1 9 2 7-3 6 in rela tion t o th e n u m ber o f w orkers in v o lv e d _______________________________________________ 33.— Strikes b egin n in g 1 9 2 7-3 6 , in cities w h ich h a d 10 o r m ore lo ca l strikes in a n y y e a r ____________________________________________ 34.— Strikes b egin n in g 192 7-3 6 , b y S ta te s ___________________________ 35.— Strikes in ea ch S tate h av in g 25 o r m ore strikes in a n y year, 1927-36, b y in d u stry g ro u p ___________________________________ 36.— M a jo r issues in v o lv e d in strikes in va riou s in d u stry grou ps fo r th e 10-year p eriod 1 9 2 7 -3 6 ______________________________ 37.— Strikes begin n in g 1 9 27-36, b y industries a n d m a jo r issues in v o lv e d (see p . 180 fo r in dex t o this t a b le ) _________________ 38.— Strikes in v o lv in g 10,000 o r m ore w orkers, 1 9 2 7 -3 6 ___________ 39.— L a b o r disp utes in foreign cou ntries, 1 9 2 7 -3 6 __________________ 37 38 38 38 39 39 39 40 41 45 48 49 50 51 52 56 61 69 71 77 79 82 86 94 123 125 161 173 C h a rts C hart C hart C hart C hart C hart 1.— T re n d o f strikes, 1 8 8 0 -1 9 3 6 ______________________________________ 2.— Strikes du rin g 1 9 2 7 -3 6 ____________________________________________ 3.— Strikes b egin n in g in ea ch m on th , 1 9 2 7 -3 6 _______________________ 4.— M a jo r issues in v o lv e d in strikes, 1 9 2 7 -3 6 _______________________ 5.— R esults o f strikes, 1 9 2 7 -3 6 ____________ 20 42 44 59 68 PREFACE A strike or lock-out is an evidence of discontent and an expression of protest. While some strikes arise over minor internal shop matters, most of them have broader application and are directed toward a change in basic working conditions or employer-employee relationship. The number of strikes and their magnitude is, therefore, one indica tion of the degree of industrial unrest existing at any particular time or in any particular situation. Although an important indicator, strike statistics can never exactly measure industrial unrest. Discontent may be greatest precisely when and because workers exist so precariously that they have no hope of bettering their immediate position through the use of economic weapons. Other political and social statistics must be used to measure the extent of unrest when it is coupled with despair. In general, strike statistics measure such unrest as prevails under circumstances that lead workers to hope that they may better their conditions or mitigate a worsening of conditions through strike action. For example, they tend to be used more sparingly when large numbers of unemployed stand in the streets as competitors for existing jobs. A public opinion or government hostile or indifferent to the claims of labor may decrease the number of strikes while actually increasing the basic unrest. The strike is a cultural development, a conventionalized expression of discontent. It involves mass action and presupposes a belief in the efficacy of mass action. It aims at a temporary and complete inter ruption of the process of production, with the expectation that work will be resumed when a settlement is effected. In this respect it differs sharply from the anarchic and continuous expression of dis content that manifests itself in sabotage. PREFACE VI The strike is also a more or less definite overt act, growing out of discontent but not measuring with any precision the intensity of that discontent. Statistics of the number of strikes or of their magnitude cannot reflect the obviously differing degrees of discontent felt by the workers in sweated plants, driven almost to the stage of revolt, and by a group of relatively well-paid craftsmen who seize a strategic opportunity to drive a better bargain with an employer. Finally, the frequency and duration of strikes reflect the temper of employers as well as of workers, the extent to which they are unwilling to recognize the union as the representative of the employees, and the extent to which they feel they must resist or are able to resist the demands of a union which they have recognized. Employer resist ance, like workers’ overt expressions of protest, varies with the con ditions prevailing at the time. The condition of the industry and labor market, the attitude of the public and government, the strength of the union, all influence the employer’s willingness to allow unrest to reach the state of strike action. In view of the factors mentioned above, it is evident that any series of strike statistics extending over a period of years and into a variety of circumstances is not a complete measurement of the extent of in dustrial unrest. Strike statistics are of interest chiefly as showing the changing frequency with which recourse is had to one method of settling problems that arise in the employer-employee relationship. The interest, in other words, is largely confined to the strike per se. But such an interest cannot be satisfied merely by knowing how many strikes have occurred or how many workers have been involved. It becomes necessary to set such facts in their social, economic, and political background to arrive at significant interpretations. W hy do strikes occur at one time rather than another? Under what condi tions are strikes most likely to succeed? As an aid to the study of such questions strike statistics should record and classify not only the gross number of strikes, but also their causes and results, the charac teristics of the parties involved in their beginning and settlement, and any other information which contributes toward a better understanding of the group interests involved and the methods used to advance these interests. I sador L u b in , Commissioner of Labor Statistics. A ugust 1, 1937. Bulletin Ns>- 651 o f the U nited States Bureau o f Labor Statistics Strikes in the United States, 1880-1936 In tro d u ctio n In all the realm of industrial statistics, employer-employee disputes present some of the most baffling problems. In addition to the factor of judgment which enters into all statistical procedure, strikes and lock-outs, by their very nature, lead to differences of viewpoint and approach in their measurement and classification. Since they are controversies in which the interests of employer, workers, and the public are at stake, each group naturally interprets and evaluates the situation in the way the dispute affects it. This divergency of viewpoint persists throughout every phase of the statistical treatment of strikes and lock-outs— definition, unit of measurement, magnitude, causes, and results. Furthermore, the facts with reference to strikes and lock-outs very often are too involved or indeterminate to be accurately and simply classified from whatever approach they are viewed. Causes leading up to any one dispute may be many and varied and the basic causes may never be actually voiced by either party. So also with the results, especially when the dispute ends with no written contract or definite oral agreement. Even the date of the ending is not always clear-cut; some strikes begun years ago have never been officially called off by their initiators, despite the fact that the employer concerned is carrying on his business in a normal manner. In view of these divergencies of approach as well as of the impossi bility of always getting sufficiently detailed information, a portion of the statistics on strikes is necessarily based on arbitrary estimates and rule-of-thumb procedure. Nevertheless, through the use of specific definitions and the adoption of some broad general policies, a certain degree of comparability and uniformity of treatment can be obtained.1 * See appendixes II and III for methods used in analyzing and collecting strike data. 1 2 STR IK ES IN THE U N IT E D STA TES, 1 8 8 0 -1 9 3 6 The history of statistics on strikes and lock-outs in the United States can be divided into six periods: (1) the years previous to 1880, for which no statistics are available, but for which some summarized accounts of individual strikes have been compiled; (2) the year 1880, when data on strikes and lock-outs were gathered at the time the Tenth Census was taken; (3) 1881-1905, during which time four periodic surveys providing a continuous count of the strikes and lock outs were made by the Commissioner of Labor; (4) 1906-13, when no studies were made and for which no information is available; (5) 1914-26, when the Bureau of Labor Statistics maintained a fairly adequate reporting service on the number of strikes; in only a limited number of cases, however, were data obtained on number of persons involved, man-days idle, and other items; (6) 1927 to the present, during which time the Bureau of Labor Statistics has collected and published monthly data on the number of strikes, workers involved, man-days idle, and other pertinent information. This bulletin contains the major statistical data that are available on strikes and lock-outs from the earliest recorded date through the year 1936. Since original schedules and other source material have been destroyed, dependence has necessarily been placed upon pre viously published material for early periods. Some readjustments and combinations have been made in previously published tables in order to make them readily comparable with data for later periods. For example, strikes and lock-outs were treated separately in earlier reports. These are combined in this bulletin since no such separation was made in later years. The major portion of this bulletin deals with strikes and lock-outs since 1927. During this period changes of a more or less important nature were made in methods of collecting and interpreting the source material. In 1934 the statistical work was reorganized. The number of possible sources or “ leads” was materially increased, the industry classification was revised, and other classifications were added. Some changes were made in the definitions and inclusiveness of terms used. In order to provide continuous series in as many classifications as possible, all available data on strikes occurring since 1927 were reviewed and necessary revision made so that figures for this period might be comparable. Appendixes II and III contain an explanation of the methods used in obtaining and analyzing data on strikes, and some of the difficulties and anomalies existing in strike statistics. IN T R O D U C TIO N 3 D efinition o f Strike and Lock-out A strike is a temporary stoppage of work by a group of employees in order to express a grievance or to enforce a demand; a lock-out is a temporary withholding of work from a group of employees by an employer (or a group of employers) in order to coerce them into accepting the employer’s terms. Previous to 1922, the Bureau presented separate tables for strikes and for lock-outs. Because of the inherent confusion existing in any industrial dispute, the difficulty of separating a strike situation from a lock-out was early recognized.2 In later years no effort was made to distinguish the two, and all labor disputes involving stoppages of work were grouped together as “ strikes and lock-outs.” 3 This phrase was abandoned in 1935, the term “ strike” being used in the generic sense to include all stoppages of work due to labor disputes, whether initiated by employer (lock-out) or by the workers. Technically, the distinction between a strike and a lock-out turns on the party which actually initiates the stoppage. Even though it were possible to make a literal interpretation, the notion of responsi bility or moral obligation would be implied— concepts which are impossible to define for statistical purposes. Furthermore, a strike might develop into a lock-out or vice versa, as is indicated by the following illustrations: An employer says he cannot operate a plant unless wages are reduced. The workers refuse to accept the reduction. The plant shuts down and reopens a month later at the old wage. Here the employer sought to enforce terms upon the workers who refused to accept them. While the workers would call this a lock-out, the employer would be likely to call it a strike because his employees refused to work at the wages which he considered reasonable. A group of workers go out on strike for a wage increase. After a few weeks they express a willingness to return to work without the increase. In the meantime, general business conditions or the em ployer’s strategic position have so altered that the employer refuses to take them back unless they accept a wage reduction. The strike thereupon becomes a lock-out. Sometimes one party anticipates the action of the other. Em ployees are dissatisfied and strike talk is prevalent, although no date is set. The employer decides to act first and closes the plant or lays off the dissatisfied group for a specific time “ to teach them a lesson.” If there had been no lock-out, there would have been a strike. 2 See p. 29. 3 It is an interesting fact that in its first reports Great Britain also distinguished between strikes and lock-outs but abandoned the attempt in 1893. M ost foreign statistics on industrial disputes are grouped together as “ strikes and lock-outs.” (M ethods of Compiling Statistics of Industrial Disputes, International Labour Office, Geneva, 1926.) 4 STR IK ES I K THE U N IT E D STA TES, 1880-19 36 Were strikes and lock-outs of approximately like frequency, the theoretical distinction between them might necessitate an attempt to distinguish them in tabulation despite all the difficulties involved. But because of the relatively strong position which the employer usually has in the bargaining relationship, he very seldom needs to resort to a lock-out. Probably not more than 1 or 2 percent of the total disputes at the present time can be called lock-outs. In earlier years the proportion was slightly greater (see p. 29). Since their industrial causes and effects are practically the same, and because of the relative insignificance in the number of lock-outs, it seems reason able to use the term “ strike” to cover all industrial disputes involving stoppages of work. Though the distinction between a strike and a lock-out need not be maintained, the precise phrasing of the definition adopted for either will affect the resulting statistical series. It is therefore necessary to analyze carefully the exact interpretation of each of the phrases in the definitions given. A strike is a temporary stoppage. So far as the intention and attitude of the strikers is concerned, they look upon themselves as continuing to retain the status of employees of the company against which they are striking, with vested interests in their individual jobs. If the dispute develops into a permanent severance of relations between the employer and this group of workers, the situation ceases to be a strike. A stoppage of work is effected either by walking out, not reporting for work at the usual or expected time, or reporting for duty but refusing to perform any work (“ sit-down” ). A walk-out is a fairly clear-cut situation, but the other two forms of stoppage are sometimes difficult to interpret. For instance, workers in seasonal or intermittent trades— fruit pickers, seamen or longshoremen, building workers, etc.— may refuse to go to work on terms offered by an employer. There is no actual walk-out, since work has never started on the sea son’s fruit picking, loading or unloading the boat, or constructing the building. To the employer who needs to have the work done, refusal to work means a serious stoppage. Such situations are considered to be strikes, since the Bureau interprets a strike to exist when an em ployer offers jobs to a specific group of workers who refuse to accept until certain terms or conditions are adjusted. Restriction of output or sabotage sometimes approximates a “ sit-down” strike. The Bureau interprets the situation as a strike only when the participants publicly state the fact of a stoppage for certain specific causes, it is the practice with some unions to call a stoppage while new agreements or wage rates are being negotiated. Although the union distinguishes such a stoppage from a strike, the Bureau classifies it as a strike if IN TR O D U C TIO N 5 the situation has the characteristics included in the above-mentioned definition. A strike or lock-out implies stoppage of work by a group. An indi vidual stoppage is a “ quit” or “ lay-off.” For purposes of convenience, the Bureau includes in its statistical analysis only those disputes which involve six or more persons and last 1 day or longer. This arbitrary limitation presents some anomalies. For example, a strike of 5 bakers in a small bakery shop may represent the entire working force and mean a closing of the shop, while a strike of 500 employees in a large plant may not tie up the plant’s operations. Nevertheless, because of the difficulty of securing reports on small disputes and the necessity for adopting some limitation, the Bureau excludes all disputes involving fewer than six persons and lasting less than 1 day. The strike must involve a group of employees; that is, there must be a recognized employer-employee relationship between the parties in volved in the dispute. Statistics on labor disputes, therefore, exclude so-called buyers’ strikes, farmers’ strikes— except in the case of farm labor— student strikes, etc. There are certain border-line situations in which it is difficult to determine whether the strikers have the status of employee or entrepreneur, as, for example, the small dealer who is producing or distributing goods or services for another person or company. The Bureau considers an employer-employee relationship to exist when one of the parties maintains direction and control over the work of the other; that is, the right to approve or disapprove employment, and control over working conditions. Thus the term “ employee” covers gasoline-station attendants, even though on a lease and contract sales arrangement, fishermen who must sell their catch to one certain wholesaler who determines the price, and persons who work at home at piece rates for a manufacturer or wholesaler. The purpose of a strike or lock-out is to express a grievance or to enforce a demand. It is a fairly simple matter to interpret a stoppage of work as a strike or lock-out when either the worker group or the employer makes definite demands upon the other. Some situations, however, are not so easy to define, such as jurisdictional disputes, quarrels between rival unions, sympathetic protests, organization drives by outside unions where employees within the plant seemingly take no active part. In the usual jurisdictional dispute it would appear that the employer is passive— that it is a quarrel solely be tween worker groups who have no grievance against their employer. In some cases the employer very obviously has an interest as to which union does a particular piece of work, because of differences in wage rates. In all cases, each group is demanding from the employer that it get the assignment for certain work, and thus jurisdictional dis putes can justifiably be called strikes. 6 STR IK ES I N THE U N IT E D STA TES, 1880-19 36 Disputes between rival unions present a somewhat different picture. In these cases a second group with similar trade jurisdiction seeks to displace a union which has already been recognized by the employer. (Since the American Federation of Labor does not permit dual union ism within its ranks, at least one of the two groups fighting for control is a union not affiliated with the American Federation of Labor. Sometimes neither organization is affiliated.) While the immediate issue causing the stoppage of work appears to be the rivalry of two factions of workers, the employer is, nevertheless, an integral factor in the situation. The very fact that there are two rival unions fighting for control generally signifies discontent by one group of workers with the terms which the other union has obtained from the employer and the hope that the second union can obtain better terms. The employer-employee relationship need not necessarily be direct and proximate to permit a strike situation. In a so-called sympathetic strike, an individual employer may not be responsible for any of the dissatisfactions which bring about the strike. These are strikes, nevertheless, since they are called for the purpose of demonstrating the solidarity of workers and broadening the group pressure upon the employer against whom there is a strike for specific cause.4 Similarly, a local union in an organization drive may picket a plant where none of the employees belong to the union, nor apparently have expressed a desire to join. The picketing leads to the closing of the plant. Although his employees have made no demands upon this particular employer, such a situation is interpreted to be a strike, since it is a means by which organized labor seeks to increase its area of control and set up an effective instrument through which these employees can, in the future, make demands upon the employer. General strikes .— The term “ general strike” is used by the Bureau to refer to stoppages of work by all or a large majority of workers in different industries and crafts within a certain community. Such strikes are usually called in sympathy for a particular group of strikers or in protest against some action taken by public authorities during a strike of a particular group. The term “ general strike” is differentiated from “ general industry” strike. The latter refers to a widespread strike in a particular in4 U. S. C., Title 29, section 13 (c) (Norris-LaGuardia Anti-injunction Act) defines a labor dispute to include “ A n y controversy concerning terms or conditions of employment, or concerning the association or representation of persons in negotiating, fixing, maintaining, changing, or seeking to arrange terms or conditions of employment, regardless of whether or not the disputants stand in the proximate relation of employer and employee.” Thus, if a dispute arises between members of a union and an employer, other workers in the same trade or industry elsewhere in the country m ay not be enjoined from acting against their own employer to further the cause of those members who are directly engaged in the labor dispute. IN T R O D U C T IO N 7 dustry. When called by the office of an international union for the entire industry, the strike becomes interstate. On the other hand, all the locals of a union in a particular city may unite in calling a strike; for instance, a strike against all the barber shops, laundries, or cleaning and dyeing establishments within a city. Both of these situations are termed “ general industry” strikes. Measurement o f Strikes The three basic measures now used by the Bureau in strike statistics are the number of strikes, the number of workers involved, and the man-days idle. For a particular purpose one of these measures may be more useful than the others. The number of strikes, for instance, is an approximation of the number of times group action has been taken on the calling of strikes. The number of workers involved is useful in terms of the incidence of strikes on the working population.5 The total number of man-days idle gives a rough estimate of the amount of time lost by persons while involved in strikes.6 As the following paragraphs indicate, each of these units of measure ment has many variable characteristics and the unit is more or less arbitrarily determined in many instances. For that reason, as well as the fact that the size of the strike must necessarily be given considera tion, no one unit of measurement should be used as the sole indicator of the severity or extent of strikes— the number of strikes, the workers involved, and the man-days idle during strikes must all be taken into account. In a large number of cases there is a question as to what should be counted as one strike. For instance, shall a general strike called by an international union, extending into several States and hundreds of establishments, be called one strike or as many as there are employers, States, or cities affected? Shall strikes in several branches of one cor poration, located thousands of miles apart, be considered one strike or as many as the number of communities affected or the number of local unions which agreed to the stoppage? The initiating force or cause of the strike is the chief determining factor now used by the Bureau in deciding what shall be the unit of measurement. In other words, the number of different organizations 5 It must be noted that this figure cannot be used to obtain the proportion of all workers who have been involved in strikes during any year, since some of the same persons may have been involved in more than one strike. 6 Such an estimate is likely to be misleading, however. See discussion on cost of strikes, p. 10. 8 STR IK E S I N THE U N IT E D STA TES, 1 8 8 0 -1 9 3 6 initiating the strike and the reason for calling the strike take preced ence over the number of establishments or localities affected.7 An industrial dispute is an expression of conflicting wills or interests of employers and employees, and is brought about by a determination of one group to force the other to correct certain grievances. The will of the workers may be expressed through the executive office of their international union which calls a general strike throughout the entire industry; or workers in various trades in a city may express their will through the city trades assembly, which calls a city-wide strike of all trades. Such instances are considered as single strikes since the workers are operating through a common agency. If, how ever, several local unions in the same city or different cities call strikes, even though for a common cause, these are counted separately. The unit of measurement, however, cannot always be determined by the scope of jurisdiction of the union or unions, since some strikes are not officially authorized by the union. In such cases, the unit of measurement is based upon evidence of a common cause and the area of concerted action. In addition to the more or less arbitrary unit of measurement which is used in counting the number of strikes is the obvious fact that a strike of 10 workers is counted equally with a strike of half a million workers. These inherent variable characteristics in the unit used in counting industrial disputes make it evident that the number of strikes should not be used as the sole indicator. The number of workers involved and man-days idle are of at least equal value in measuring the importance and extent of industrial disputes. There is a difference of opinion among those concerned with strike statistics as to how inclusive the term “ number of workers involved’ ’ should be. Sometimes two classifications are made, viz, “ directly” and “ indirectly” involved. Those “ directly involved” are generally defined to include those employees who initiated or voted the strike, 7 This does not mean that there would not be a good deal of value in knowing the total number of estab lishments involved in strikes—another matter from counting strikes on the basis of establishments affected. Unfortunately, it is not always possible to obtain the number of establishments involved in large general strikes, so that this fourth means of measuring the extent of strikes is impossible (see appendix II, p. 164). It m ay be noted that during the period 1881-86 the business establishment was the unit used. This was later changed, although the establishment was retained as the unit for measuring the results of strikes until 1905. The Third Annual Report of the Commissioner of Labor, 1887 (pp. 11-12) has this statement: “ It has been found absolutely necessary to make the establishment the unit in the tabular presentation, and not the strike. * * * W ith the isolated strikes occurring in single establishments there is no diffi culty; oftentimes with general strikes where m any establishments are involved there is none; but there are other cases where it m ay be called 1 strike or 10 or 50, b y different individuals. Disagreement m ay arise in a certain industry in a certain city and a strike in 10 establishments be precipitated. Here a single cause is at work within a limited area, and it m ay be designated as 1 strike; but this is a simple general strike. In the case of one that is complex m any localities m ay be involved, though not all, necessarily, for the same period of time; one general cause m ay have its influence, but special ones will have more here and there; beginning with those of a certain trade it m ay extend to cognate industries; and lastly, its area does not take account of political divisions, so that when it is determined how it shall be counted in the industrial section at one end of a State, and whether it should be again counted in a similarly affected section at the other end, there still remains the point to be decided whether it shall be counted again in adjoining or maybe quite distant States.’ * IN T R O D U C TIO N 9 or those covered by the terms of settlement; those “ indirectly involved” are defined as the remaining employees who were forced to stop work when the shop closed because of the strike. By others the term “ indirectly involved” is used to include persons not employed in the establishment where the strike took place but who, nevertheless, were affected by the strike; for example, an automobile assembly plant closed down because the transmission plant was on strike. Under these various concepts, the number involved could vary greatly. For reasons of practicability, the Bureau arbitrarily confines tne number involved to include only employees in the plant or establish ment where the strike takes place. No attempt is made to separate within the establishment those directly and those indirectly involved in starting the strike or in the terms of settlement. In some cases such a distinction can be made comparatively easily. For instance, the exact number initiating, and the number indirectly affected, can be determined in cases where a craft union, such as machinists or shoe cutters, calls a strike which necessitates the closing of the entire plant. In the majority of cases, however, the dissatisfaction which gives rise to the strike is not confined to a particular department or occupation. A greater or lesser number of employees throughout the plant decide to strike; some others are more or less secretly favorable to the strike but would not have initiated it themselves; some employees are secretly or openly opposed to the strike. In other words, certain employees initiate a strike and the others are willingly or unwillingly drawn into it. It would be necessary for a psychologist to have a personal interview with each employee in such situations in order to determine the number who were responsible for or who actually favored the strike. Also, as attitudes change as the strike progresses, this number would vary from day to day. The same kind of intangible factors enter into any attempt to include in the number involved only those affected by the terms of settlement, or those belonging to the labor organization which called the strike. Many strikes terminate with no formal settlement. In others, resulting in compromise settlements, certain individuals or groups may gain some or all their demands while the remainder return to work with no change in their status. It is equally difficult to decide in each case what is the constituency of the union calling the strike. Some strikes are called in order to demonstrate dramatically the strength of, or arouse interest in, a newly organized union. Not even the union’s officers know the exact number who are sympathetic with the organization. As the strike progresses, interest and member ship in the union may wane or increase. For statistical purposes, the only practical procedure seems to be to include in the number involved all employees within the establish ment who stop work or are thrown out of work because of an indus- 10 STR IK ES I N THE U N IT E D STA TES, 188 0 -1 9 3 6 trial dispute. Even this figure can be only an estimate in some instances. The reports obtained are frequently biased, the employer having a tendency to minimize and the union to magnify the number. In large general industry strikes involving many companies and many communities, nobody knows the exact number. Furthermore, the number may change from day to day as the strike grows in size or gradually wanes. In such cases, the Bureau makes as accurate an estimate as is possible from the data obtainable.8 The number of man-days idle affords one of the best criteria of the magnitude of a strike, since it incorporates the two elements of number of workers involved and the number of work days these persons lost during the strike. The man-days idle during a strike are determined by figuring the calendar days idle minus holidays and any other days these employees would not have worked had there been no strike. For instance, if the plant had been operating on a 3- or 4-day week, the number of man-days idle is based on a 3- or 4-day week. If the plant was oper ating on more than one shift per day, the man-days idle figure includes the number of workers engaged in each shift. Proper allowance is made in cases where the number engaged in the strike fluctuates as the strike progresses. Cost o f Strikes In former years, the figure now classified under “ man-days idle” appeared under the heading “ man-days lost.” This term has been discarded because its connotation may be inaccurate. While certain workers are idle during a strike, it does not necessarily follow that the days' work or wages have been lost. Anticipating a strike, there may have been overtime and building up for stock before the strike began. There may be overtime after the strike closes to fill delayed orders, or there may exist such a chronic oversupply that a prolonged strike does not materially affect the year's output. In other words, at times neither the employer nor workers suffer any net annual loss due to cessation of work during the strike. Furthermore, a prolonged strike in one area may mean a shift in production to another area 8 It should be noted that the number of workers given in the tables is the maximum or total involved in the strike throughout its progress, since it is impracticable to show the different number of workers participating at different times. This leads to certain unavoidable anomalies in the statistical presentation, especially in the m onthly tables. For instance, a strike which involved a certain number of persons is listed as begin ning in a certain month; the actual number of persons engaged in that strike that particular month m ay be much less than the total given, since the strike did not attain its maximum or total strength until the follow ing month. IN T R O D U C T IO N 11 with no lessening of the total national output.9 Even though certain employers and groups of workers suffer disastrous loss, other employers and workers may gain. Such gains of others attributable to the strike cannot be measured as a rule, but from a national point of view this must be taken into account. If it is impossible to estimate accurately the total man-days’ work lost or wages lost due to strikes, any figure on the total cost of strikes would be even more fictitious. This vague concept, “ cost of strikes” , necessarily includes theoretical estimates of cost to employers, workers, and the public. Practically, these three elements cannot be grouped together. The employer might consider a wage increase gained through a strike as a loss to him; the workers obviously con sider it a gain which, in time, will more than offset the lack of pay envelopes during the strike. Similarly, local merchants may profit through the increased wages although their business suffered during the strike. Because of these conflicting factors, an estimate of the cost of individual strikes or the cost of all strikes in a given period is mislead ing as well as inaccurate. The cost of such matters as extra policing, property damage, etc., which accompany some strikes could be fairly accurately determined. The Bureau, however, has never had the resources which would be necessary to get data of this kind. There is available, therefore, no information as to the cost of policing, loss through property and personal damage, etc., occasioned by strikes. 9 Example: In spite of extended strikes in the coal industry during 1927-29, there was no great change in the annual tonnage produced. There were, however, shifts in production from strike areas to mines where there were few or no strikes. There was a drastic decrease in production in Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, and Pennsylvania, but Kentucky, West Virginia, and Alabama produced more coal than they ever had up to that time. 13894°— 38---------2 C h ap ter I E a rly H isto r y o f S trik es Industrial disputes in the United States coincide with the beginning of our national history. In 1776, while New York City was occupied by British troops, the printers demanded a wage increase from their employers and were refused. They thereupon ordered a “ turn-out” and forced their employers to grant the increased wage.1 The second authenticated strike was a successful “ turn-out” of 26 Philadelphia printers in 1786, in protest against a reduction of wages to $5.83K a week. The strike call indicates that benefits were paid to strikers. “ We will support such of our brethren as shall be thrown out of employment on account of their refusing to work for less than $6 per week.” 2 The first recorded strike for a 10-hour day was called by some carpenters in Philadelphia in 1791. The carpenters lost the strike and in retaliation organized a cooperative and contracted for jobs “ 25 percent below the current rate established by master carpenters.” 3 In March 1800 occurred the sailors' strike in New York which for many years was thought to be the first strike in the United States.4 A number of sailors, demanding an increase from $10 to $14 a month, marched around the city compelling other seamen to join the strike until their leader was arrested and lodged in jail, when the strike unsuccessfully terminated. 1 The Third Annual Report of the Commissioner of Labor, 1887, gives a summary, in chronological order, of all the strikes and lock-outs recorded up to that time. M ost of his information was obtained from pub lished reports of various State bureaus of labor statistics, particularly Massachusetts and Pennsylvania, and later Ohio. This listing of early strikes and lock-outs is far from complete. In 1908-10, Dr. John R . Commons and associates, under the auspices of the American Bureau of Industrial Research, carried on an exhaustive search of all early newspapers, legal documents, and court records for source material having a bearing on American industrial society. This material was published in 10 volumes under the title “ A Documentary History of American Industrial Society.” References and interpretations of this source ma terial were later made b y Dr. Commons and associates in the History of Labour in the United States, published in 1918. These publications provide valuable material on early disputes. Little is known about strikes in colonial times. The Third Annual Report (p. 1030) cites the strike of journeymen bakers in 1741, who refused “ to bake bread but on certain terms.” This action was not a strike of wage earners against employers. The price of bread was regulated b y public authorities and these bakers, since they sold their own goods directly to the consumer, were acting more in the capacity of merchants protesting against imposed prices. 2 U. S. Department of Commerce and Labor. Bureau of Labor. Bull. N o. 61, pp. 861-863, A D ocu mentary History of the Early Organizations of Printers, b y Ethelbert Stewart. Washington, 1905. 3 Commons, John R ., and associates: History of Labour in the United States. The Macmillan Co., N ew York, 1918, vol. I, p. 110. 4 History of the People of the United States, McMaster. Appleton & Co., N ew York, 1885, vol. II, p. 618, gives the date of this strike as October 1802. The Third Annual Report of the Commissioner of Labor (p. 1031), taken from the report of the Bureau of Statistics of N ew Jersey, 1885, p. 272, gives the date as Novem ber 1803. Mention, however, was made of this strike in the Federal Gazette, Apr. 11, 1800, which gives the date as Mar. 26, 1800. 12 EAR LY H IST O R Y OE STR IKES 13 The most notable strikes of this period were those conducted by journeyman shoemakers of New York and Philadelphia, which resulted in several criminal conspiracy cases. The court records of these easesgive a colorful picture of the causes and conduct of the strikes and reveal surprising similarities to strike situations today.5 The Federal Society of Journeymen Cordwainers, which had been organized in Philadelphia in 1794, called a strike in 1796 and again in 1798. Both resulted in wage increases. A strike in 1799, called by this same society of over 100 shoemakers, introduced the paid walking delegate. Previously an unpaid “ tramping committee” visited various places to detect and deal with “ scabs.” Strikers took turns in serving on this committee. Since such frequent changes in personnel proved to be inefficient, the cordwainers chose one of the committee and paid him to do the visiting.6 In order to completely tie up the employers, the society insisted that those who worked on custom-made shoes go on strike with the bootmakers, although the strike demand was for an increase in wages on boots only. This strike, which lasted about 10 weeks and which was not without violence, was only partially successful. A strike called in 1805 by the Philadelphia Society of Cordwainers resulted in the first attempt by employers of this country to invoke the aid of the courts and law to prohibit strikes and organization of workers. Leaders of the strike were prosecuted, under the English common-law doctrine, for criminal conspiracy. In spite of vigorous defense and appeal to public opinion,7 the jury found them “ guilty of a combination to raise their wages.” The Journeymen Cordwainers’ Society of Baltimore ordered a gen eral industry strike in January 1809. The county court indicted 39 members, charging them with compelling an employer to discharge certain employees and preventing them from obtaining employment elsewhere. This indictment indicates that the Baltimore shoe workers were seeking closed-shop conditions during the strike. The records do not indicate that the judge ever imposed a sentence on the de fendants in this trial.8 In November 1809, about 200 journeyman cordwainers of New York City engaged in a “ general turn-out.” The strike was originally called by the cordwainers’ association against one company. Sus pecting that this company was secretly getting work done at other shops, a general strike was called. The leaders of this strike were * Reports of these trials are printed verbatim in A Documentary History of American Industrial Society, by Commons and Gilmore. The Arthur H . Clark Co., Cleveland, 1910, vols. I l l and IV . « The testimony at the trial (A Documentary History of American Industrial Society, vol. I l l, p. 74) reveals a member of such committee “ scabbing” on days he did not serve on the committee. This is the first strike in which we have record of the term “ scab.” ? Commons, John R ., and Gilmore, Eugene A .: A Documentary History of American Industrial Society. The Arthur H . Cl§r£ Co., Cleveland, 1910, vol, III, p. 236. f Idem, p. 249, 14 STR IK ES IN THE U N IT E D STA TES, 18 8 0 -1 9 3 6 immediately indicted for employing unlawful means to gain increased wages. Although the defendants were convicted for conspiracy, they were fined only $1 each and costs.9 The first known strike in which women participated was among contract workers in Pawtucket, R. I., in 1824, when “ female weavers” struck with the men in an attempt to resist a reduction in wages and increase in hours. In 1825 a strike of women alone occurred for higher wages— the tailoresses of New York. During these years of the twenties many strikes occurred, most of them for higher wages but some for the 10-hour day. The first great strike for the 10-hour day was called by 600 carpenters in Boston in 1825. Newspapers of the time indicate that tailors, carpenters, house painters, stonecutters, riggers, stevedores, common laborers, hand-loom weavers, and cabinetmakers in Buffalo, Philadelphia, New York, and Baltimore went out on frequent strikes.1 0 The first recorded strike of factory operatives was called by textile workers in Paterson, N. J., in 1828. This was also the first known instance of the calling out of militia to quell a labor disturbance. The strikers demanded a 10-hour day but went back to work without gaining their demand. Later, during the same year, strikes were called in cotton mills in Philadelphia and Baltimore.1 1 The period from 1776 to 1830 not only witnessed a considerable number of industrial disputes in comparison with the relatively few persons working for wages at that time, but the causes of these strikes and the tactics pursued by the strikers and the employers bear close similarity to those existing today. These years saw the introduction by the workers of the walking delegate, strike benefits, the use of the general strike when an individual strike proved ineffective, picketing, social ostracism and sometimes physical violence toward “ scabs” , and the use of militia and the courts by the employers and public authorities. In general, there were at least two differences between the strikes in this early period and those of later date. First, practically all the early strikes occurred among hand craftsmen. This, of course, • These conspiracy cases, in addition to setting legal precedent for organizations of workers and their ability to strike, were a test between the Jeffersonian Democrats and the Federalists over the introduction of English common law in this country. One of the leading Jeffersonian newspapers, the Philadelphia Aurora, attacked the court and the law under which these convictions were made. In its N ov. 28, 1805, issue appeared this editorial: “ Hitherto the people had travelled the level road to equal justice * * *. Of all the barbarous principles of feudalism entailed on us b y England, none was left but slavery, and even this would be generally restricted in 1808. Yet, would it be believed, at the very time when the state of the Negro was about to be improved attempts were being made to reduce the whites to slavery. Was there anything in the Constitution of the United States or in the Constitution of Pennsylvania which gave one m an a right to say to another what should be the price of labor? There was not. It was b y the English com m on law that such things became possible.” (Commons, John R ., and associates: History of Labour in the United States, vol. I, p. 142.) 1 Commons, John R ., and associates: History of Labour in the United States. N ew York, 1918, vol. I, 0 pp. 156-159. 1 Idem , pp. 418-419. 1 EAR LY H IST O R Y OF STR IKES 15 merely reflected the nature of industrial processes at that time, since factory production, even in textiles, was just getting a foothold. Second, with the exception of the shoe workers and printers, the strikes were spasmodic walk-outs of unorganized workers, or workers who organized expressly for the strike, the organization disbanding after the strike. Permanent, stable labor organizations existed only among the printers and shoe workers in the larger cities. Strikes in the 1880’s.— There were a few isolated strikes during the first years of the thirties. Due to the depression of 1837, the number decreased toward the end of the decade. But during the 3 years from 1834 to 1836, there were 152 strikes mentioned in the Philadelphia newspapers and trade papers of the time, an unprecedented number which caused no little alarm among the employers and the public. “ The times,” said the Philadelphia Gazette of June 8, 1835,1 “ are 2 completely out of joint * * *. Our streets and squares are crowded with an idle population. Some manifestations of violence have already taken place; * * *. Our buildings are at a stand, and business generally is considerably impeded.” The New York Daily Advertiser, issue of June 6, 1835,1 observed that “ strikes are all the fashion” and 3 that “ it is an excellent time for the journeymen to come from the country to the city.’7 Two chief causes of the strikes of this period were the growing insistence on the part of the workers for the 10-hour day, and the rise in cost of living due to the inflation and speculation which took place in 1835-36. Among the notable strikes of this period were:1 4 The first strike in Lowell, Mass., occurred in February 1834, in protest against a 15-percent reduction in wages. Some 800 to 2,000 went on strike but in a few days all except the ringleaders returned to work at the reduced rates.1 5 In March 1834 the Schuylkill Factory Co. at Manayunk, Pa., announced they would continue operation only on condition their employees would accept a 25-percent reduction. All the employees immediately quit work and organized a picket force. The company then offered a 15-percent reduction, which was rejected. Thereupon the company brought in families from outside, gave them police protection, and broke the strike.1 6 In April 1835 the carpenters, masons, and stonecutters of Boston joined in a strike for a 10-hour day. This strike won sympathy among workers throughout the country. Trade-unions from various cities sent them money and passed resolutions to stand by the “ Boston House Wrights who, in imitation of the noble and decided stand taken 1 Quoted in History of Labour in the United States, vol. I, p. 390. 2 Quoted in the Third Annual Report of the Commissioner of Labor, Washington, 1888, p. 1029. ii These cases are described in History of Labour in the United States, vol. I, pt. 3, ch. 3 and appendix 2. is Idem, p. 425. I®Idem, p. 420. 1 3 16 STR IK E S IN THE U N IT E D STA TES, 188 0 -1 9 3 6 by their Revolutionary Fathers, have determined to throw off the shackles of more mercenary tyrants than theirs/71 In spite of the 7 wide support given this strike, it was finally lost. During the same summer the building-trades mechanics and factory operators in Philadelphia joined in the mass movement for the 10hour day. Groups of different crafts quit work, organized processions, and marched through the streets with fife and drum and flags. These demonstrations definitely turned the tide in favor of shorter hours. Several cities established the 10-hour day for public servants, from 6 a. m. to 6 p. m., with 1 hour for breakfast and 1 hour for dinner. A number of private employers in Philadelphia were forced to follow. In July 1835 the textile workers in Paterson, N. J., demanded that their hours be reduced from 13 K to 10 hours a day. Upon the refusal of the employers to grant a hearing to their committee, a strike was called which involved 20 mills and 2,000 persons. Financial aid was extended the strikers by workingmen in Newark and New York City. After 2 months the employers conceded a reduction of IK hours per day and the strike ended. Due to the rapid rise in the cost of living in 1836, the Philadelphia cordwainers asked for wage increases. Upon refusal they went on a strike which lasted 3 months. The employers won this strike by combining with shoe merchants and leather dealers in an agreement not to deal with any employer who paid the wages the workingmen asked. In February 1836 the bookbinders in Philadelphia went out on strike in protest against a wage reduction. The employers issued a list of the strikers for publication throughout the country, advertised for bookbinders in other cities, and agreed with booksellers that they should give no work to any master binder who employed members of trade-unions. With the help of financial contributions from unions in New York, Washington, Albany, Newark, and Boston, the strikers were enabled to hold out for 3 months, when they obtained a satis factory settlement. Strikes during the 1840’s.— The prolonged depression lasting from 1837 until the gold discoveries of 1849 practically destroyed aggressive trade-unionism and discouraged the calling of strikes. State labor bureaus reported a few strikes, some of them attended with a good deal of violence.1 Most of the strikes, whether for the 10-hour day or in 8 protest against wage reduction, proved to be unsuccessful. Boilers in Pittsburgh rolling mills were unsuccessful in their strike of 1842, called in protest against a wage reduction. Three years later a success ful strike brought them a wage increase. Twelve hundred joumey1 Quoted in History of Labour in the United States, vol. I, p. 389, from Pennsylvanian, Philadelphia. 7 July 31, 1835. J8 Third Annual Report of the Commissioner of Labor. Washington, 1888, pp. 1037-1040. EAR LY H IST O R Y OF STR IKES 17 man tailors of Pennsylvania won advances in prices in 1847, after a 4months’ strike. In 1848 Pennsylvania passed a 10-hour law for textile and paper mills and bagging factories. Numerous strikes seemed necessary to put this law in operation— in some cases with accompany ing reduction of wages. Strikes during the 1850’s.— Numerous strikes occurred between 1850 and 1852 among building workers, shoemakers, and printers in New York, Philadelphia, and Boston. Many of these strikes were unsuccessful. In the absence of trade agreements with fixed wages, workers frequently struck in the spring for higher wages and again in the fall to prevent the lowering of wages.1 9 During the 2 years 1853 and 1854, there was a great increase in the number of strikes. It is estimated that this number totaled 400. Strikes were called for wage increases, closed shop, shorter hours, aboli tion of night work, greater frequency and regularity of wage payment, substitution of cash pay for store scrip, and restriction of apprentices. Because labor was organized somewhat better, and also due to the prevailing prosperity, more of these strikes were successful than during the previous 2 years.2 0 There were relatively few strikes during the last half of the decade, due to two depression periods— the one in 1854-55 and the more serious one of 1857. During the preceding prosperous years, unions had neglected to build up strike funds and were, therefore, unable to conduct strikes against the wage decreases which accompanied the depression. Indeed, unemployment became so severe that the unions practically disappeared. There were a few strikes in Massachusetts textile mills but most of them failed. In 1858 the shoe workers’ union at Randolph, Mass., made an unsuccessful attempt to regain predepression wages. A strike in the same trade at Natick, Mass., in 1859 gained a slight wage advance. The same year, 1,700 shoe workers in Philadelphia went on strike for uniform rates in all shops. About 1,000 obtained work at the prices asked and many who failed to obtain work moved West. Coal miners in Monongahela Valley in Pennsylvania struck against the irregular sizes of cars and for scales at each pit for weighing each miner’s coal. The strike lasted from July to November with women participating in the picketing. The strike not only failed but 27 men and women were convicted of riotous conduct. Glass blowers at Mill ville, Pa., and Glassboro, N. J., struck against the employment of an excessive number of apprentices. The manufacturers united, imported nonunion men from Pittsburgh, and had 14 strikers arrested for con spiracy. The strike failed and the union collapsed.2 1 Commons, John R ., and associates: History of Labour in the United States, vol. I, p. 576. so Idem, pp. 607-614. *i Third Annual Report of the Commissioner of Labor. Washington, 1888, pp. 1044-1046. 18 ST R IK E S I N THE U N IT E D STA TES, 1 8 8 0 -1 9 3 6 Strikes during the 1860’s.— Two significant strikes took place in 1860. The Lynn shoe workers called a strike for increased wages, which spread throughout the shoe area of Massachusetts, and brought about the largest labor demonstrations which Massachusetts had experienced up to that time. The strike failed in a few weeks and employers filled the strikers’ places with workmen from Maine and New Hampshire. In the same year the machinists and blacksmiths’ union called a strike in the Baldwin Locomotive Works in Philadelphia against a proposed reduction in wages. The strike ended in defeat within 4 months.2 2 In spite of rapidly rising prices, there were comparatively few strikes during the Civil War years. Leading papers mentioned 38 in 1863,108 the next year, and 85 in 1865.2 Coal miners engaged in a number of 3 strikes, most of which were successful because of the rise in prices of coal. The majority of strikes in other industries were not successful in bringing about increased wages or shorter hours. The Iron Moulders’ International, the strongest labor organization of that time, called a strike in Cincinnati in 1867, against a 60-percent wage reduction announced by the National Stove Manufacturers’ and Iron Founders’ Association, the first national employers’ association in this country. The strike lasted 9 months and strike benefits almost broke the union’s treasury. The failure of this strike, and a strike in Pittsburgh a few months later, led the union to discourage strikes and turn its attention to cooperatives.2 4 In 1865 the iron manufacturers of Pittsburgh locked out the puddlers when they demanded a wage increase. This dispute was settled by arbitration, the earliest recorded wage arbitration case in the United States.2 5 The recently organized Order of St. Crispin (shoe workers) called a number of strikes during the latter part of the sixties and the early years of the seventies. Many of these were successful. During one of these strikes, New England shoe workers received their first threat of competition with low-wage orientals when Chinese coolies from California were imported into Massachusetts as strikebreakers.2 2 A strike of miners in 1868, demanding enforcement of the 8-hour law which the Pennsylvania State Legislature had passed that year, caused almost general suspension of work throughout the anthracite fields. Strikes among cigar makers in New York City and Cincinnati in 1869 resulted in employers introducing the mold machine, thereby displacing skilled hand workers.2 2 2 Third Annua] Report of the Commissioner of Labor. Washington, 1888, p. 1046 ff. 2 2 Commons, John R ., and associates: History of Labour in the United States, vol. II, p. 23. 3 2* Idem, pp. 48-53; and Third Annual Report of the Commissioner of Labor. M onthly Labor Review, Novem ber 1929, p. 16. 2 5 Washington, 1888, p. 1051. EARLY H IS T O R Y OF S T R IK E S 19 Strikes during the 1870’s.— This decade witnessed a strong revival of national trade-unions. During the first 2 years these unions demanded, and frequently obtained, increased wages and reductions in hours. The latter part of the decade was characterized by defen sive strikes— a desperate effort to stave off wage reductions which followed in the wake of the business depressions of 1873 and 1877. A strike of 100,000 workers in New York City in 1872, the largest labor dispute up to that time, resulted in the 8-hour day for practically all the building trades as well as for a few other trades. Strikes against the numerous wage reductions which were introduced in 1873 were particularly prevalent among shoe workers, cigar makers, and textile and iron workers. The numerous strikes of textile workers in Fall River against periodic wage cuts were uniformly unsuccessful. Employers filled vacancies with French-Canadian immigrants and strikers were forced to sign agreements to join no labor organization as the price of reemployment.2 6 A strike of New York cigar makers in 1873, against a large concern, stimulated employers throughout the city to scatter their work among small tenement-house shops. Four years later the cigar workers’ union called a strike against this system. Although it attracted wide public attention to the evils of the sweat-house system, the strike was lost. There were many bitter strikes in the bituminous-coal mines, particularly in Ohio. Very few met with any degree of success. A 7-months’ strike of anthracite miners against wage reductions in 1874 resulted in the breaking up of the trade-agreement system which had existed since 1869, the dissolution of the once powerful Working men’s Benevolent Association, and the revival of the “ Molly M a guires.” The latter were finally crushed in 1876.2 7 The year 1877 is generally referred to as the year of “ the great railroad strikes.” Starting on the Baltimore & Ohio at Martinsburg, W. Va., they quickly spread to most of the lines operating from St. Louis to the Atlantic Seaboard, confined largely to freight trains. While the basic general cause was the successive reductions in wages which had been made during preceding years, other reasons for dis content were the irregularity of employment, delay in payment of wages, and introduction of the double-header freight trains of 34 cars instead of the customary 17 and its displacement of engineers. These railroad strikes were marked by much violence and property damage. For the first time in this country Federal troops were called out in time of peace to quell strikes. All of these railroad strikes failed in bringing any immediate gains to the workers.2 8 26 Third Annual Report of the Commissioner of Labor. Washington, 1888, p. 1058 ff. 2 Commons, John R ., and associates: History of Labour in the United States, 1918, vol. II, pp. 178-191. 7 2 Third Annual Report of the Commissioner of Labor. Washington, 1888, pp. 1071-1079. Also, Dacus, 8 J. A .: Annals of the Great Strikes. L. T . Palmer & Co., Chicago, 1877. to o Chart 1 T R E N D OF S T R IK E S , 1880-1936 In d e x N u m b e r I.4 U U ^ 1 9 2 7 -2 9 = 1 0 0 I N um ber 1.4U U ndex 1000 1.000 aoo aoo U N IT E D 600 600 IN 1.200 THE ST B IK E S 1.200 ca! 0: In f o r m a t io n r 400 200 No i r u []\ ~ -W 0 R K E R .S n m et teas U. S. B u r e a u o f L a bo r /aoo S t a t is t ic s 1895 /9oo /9os 1914 1920 1925 mo mo 1 8 8 0 -1 9 36 zoo /\ ~p STA TES, 400 Chapter II General Trend of Strikes from 1881 to 1936 The trend of strikes since 1881 indicates a general tendency to follow the business cycle. In the main, strikes tend to diminish when business activity declines and job opportunities disappear. Business recovery is generally accompanied by revival of trade-union activity and industrial disputes. However, this relationship does not occur with year-to-year regularity. There has been less strike activity in some years of business prosperity than in depression years. For instance, in 1894 there were more persons involved in strikes than in the relatively prosperous years preceding the depression of the 1890’s. During the 1927-29 period there were fewer strikes than during the depression of 1920-21, or even the prolonged depression of 1893-98. It would appear that other conditions such as the political situation, the state of mind of the workers, and the type of labor leadership have as much to do with the amount of strike activity as the purely eco nomic factors of prices and business conditions. (See chart 1.) T able 1 .— Num ber of strikes and workers involved , 1 8 8 1 -1 9 8 6 [1906-13 om itted]1 Number of— Index (1927-29=100) Year Number of— Index (1927-29=100) Year Strikes Workers involved Strikes Strikes Workers Workers involved Strikes Workers 1881. 1882. 1883. 1884. 1885. 477 476 506 485 695 130,176 158,802 170, 275 165,175 258,129 64 64 68 65 93 42 51 55 53 83 1914________ 1915________ 1916 «_______ 1917________ 1918________ 1,204 1,593 3,789 4,450 3, 353 0) 0) 1, 599, 917 1, 227, 254 1, 239, 989 162 214 509 598 451 0) 0) 1886. 1887. 1888. 1889. 1890. 1,572 1,503 946 1,111 1,897 610,024 439,306 162, 880 260,290 373,499 211 202 127 149 255 196 141 52 84 120 1919________ 1920________ 1921________ 1922________ 1923________ 3, 630 3,411 2, 385 1,112 1,553 4,160,348 1,463,054 1,099,247 1,612, 562 756,584 488 458 321 149 209 1,337 470 353 517 243 1891. 1892. 1893. 1894. 1895. 1,786 1,359 1,375 1,404 1,255 329,953 238,685 287, 756 690,044 407,188 240 183 185 189 169 106 77 93 222 131 1924________ 1925________ 1926________ 1927________ 1928________ 1,249 1,301 1,035 707 604 654,641 428,416 329, 592 329,939 314, 210 168 175 139 95 81 210 138 106 106 101 1896. 1897. 1900. 1,066 1,110 1,098 1,838 1,839 248,838 416,154 263, 219 431,889 567,719 143 149 148 247 247 80 134 85 139 182 1929________ 1930________ 1931________ 1932________ 1933________ 921 637 810 841 1,695 288,572 182,975 341, 817 324, 210 1,168, 272 124 86 109 113 228 93 59 110 104 376 1901. 1902. 1903. 1904. 1905. 3,012 3,240 3,648 2,419 2,186 563,843 691, 507 787, 834 573, 815 302,434 405 435 490 325 294 181 222 253 184 97 1934________ 1935________ 1936________ 1,856 2,014 2,172 1,466,695 1,117,213 788, 648 250 271 292 472 359 254 514 495 399 1 N o information available. See p. 2. The number of workers involved in strikes between 1916-26 is known for only a portion of the total. However, the missing information is for the smaller disputes and it is believed that the total here given is fairly accurate. See p. 36 and table 16, p. 39. 2 21 22 ST B IK E S m THE U N IT E D STA TES, 1 8 8 0 -1 9 3 6 During the first 5 years for which strike statistics are available, 1881-85, strikes were comparatively infrequent in the United States. At this time the Knights of Labor 1 were competing with rapidly growing trade-unions composed mostly of skilled workers. Both groups engaged in some strikes, the Knights of Labor being particularly active in the railroad 2 and telegraph3 industries. The depression of 1884-85 is reflected in the relatively large proportion of strikes in protest against wage decreases and hour increases. (See table 8, p. 33.) Following the depression of 1884-85, there was a Nation-wide wave of strikes. Many of these were sympathetic strikes, the Knights of Labor at that time being prone to call out workers in various trades to aid strikers in other plants. A number were the result of the great mass movement for the 8-hour day, which was inaugurated by the trade-unions in 1886. That year is remembered for the Haymarket riot;4 the railroad strikes,2 which were serious enough to bring about a congressional investigation; and the strikes and lock-outs in the packing industry in Chicago, which were chiefly over the issue of the 8-hour day. The number of strikes declined in 1888-89. Many of those which took place were of a defensive character. Trades which had been successful in their strikes for the 8-hour day were now forced to strike against a return of the longer day. There were almost as many strikes against hour increases and wage decreases as there were for a reduction in hours and increases in wages. (See tables 8 and 9, pp. 33-34.) The 8-hour-day campaign was renewed in 1890-91, especially in the building trades, and strikes multiplied. There were a number of strikes in the steel industry in 1892, including the well-known Home stead strike.5 Most of these were lost and were followed by a gradual elimination of the union in practically all the large steel concerns in the country. On the whole, there was a decrease in strike activity during the depression of 1893-98. However, there were more persons involved in strikes in 1894 than there had been in any previous year. A large portion of these were in coal mining and in shops of the Pullman 1 The N oble Order of the Knights of Labor, which was founded in 1869, first became important in the labor movement after 1878, when it abolished secrecy and adopted a program calling for the organization of all toilers “ to check the power of wealth.” * The 1885 and 1886 railroad strikes were confined very largely to the shopmen of railroads in the Southwest, the Missouri Pacific (Gould) system. 3 The telegraphers’ strike of 1883 involved the majority of the commercial telegraphers of the country. 4 A t a mass meeting of strikers in Haymarket Square, an unknown person threw a bom b, killing and wounding a number of policemen. E ight labor leaders were convicted on the charge of being accessories before the fact. Four were hanged, one committed suicide while in jail, and three received prison sen tences. T h e latter were pardoned b y Governor Altgeld in 1893. 5A pitched battle at Homestead, Pa., between strikers and Pinkerton detectives hired b y the Carnegie Steel Co. resulted in a number of deaths and serious injuries. GENERAL TREND OE S T R IK E S , 1881 TO 1$3 6 23 Palace Car Co.6 in protest against wage reductions. In 1897 the United Mine Workers won a general bituminous-coal strike which brought wage increases and an 8-hour day in most of the central competitive fields. Strikes increased with the return of industrial prosperity and the expansion of labor organizations in 1899 and the first years of the twentieth century. Many of these, as was to be expected after a long period of wage reductions, were for wage increases, although union recognition became an increasingly important issue. About as many workers were involved in union-recognition strikes between 1901 and 1905 as were involved in wage disputes. (See table 8, p. 33.) One of the major issues in the anthracite strike in 1900 was the recognition of the union. Although wage increases and other conces sions were granted, formal recognition was not given to the United Mine Workers of America and this, together with demands for a wage increase and hour decrease, brought on the anthracite strike of 1902.7 An important strike in 1903-4 was that called by the Western Fed eration of Miners 8 in the Colorado Cripple Creek region for the 8-hour day. Since there are no strike statistics for the period 1905-14, it is not known how many strikes took place. The depression of 1907-8 no doubt discouraged strike activity during those years. Following this depression there were a great many industrial disputes in the textile, iron, and mining industries. In 1910 the clothing workers of Chi cago engaged in a city-wide strike. The invasion by the I. W. W. into the eastern textile and clothing centers led to numerous strikes, the most important being those in wool textiles at Lawrence, Mass., in 1912, and in the silk mills in Paterson, N. J., in 1912-13. Wage increases were won at Lawrence but the Paterson strike for the most part brought no gains to the workers. At about the same time the New York and Philadelphia clothing workers struck for an 8-hour day and union recognition. A majority of the shops signed union agreements. 6The Pullman strike was called b y the American Railway Union, an industrial union, organized b y Eugene Debs. M any railroad workers went on strike in sym pathy with the Pullman employees, although the railroad brotherhoods were opposed to the strike. The strike is significant in labor history because of the numerous injunctions issued b y the Federal courts upon the initiative of the Department o f Justice and because President Cleveland sent United States troops to Chicago in spite of the protest of the G ov ernor of the State. 7 This 5-months’ strike was terminated when the operators agreed to arbitration b y the Anthracite Coal Strike Commission, appointed b y President Theodore Roosevelt. This strike “ was doubtless the most important single event in the history of American trade unionism until that time * * * for the first time a labor organization tied up for months a strategic industry and caused wide suffering and discomfort to the public without being condemned as a revolutionary menace to the existing social order calling for suppression b y the Government; it was, on the contrary, adjudged a force within the preserves of orderly society and entitled to public sym pathy.” Perlman, Selig: History of Trade Unionism in the United States. T he Macmillan Co., New York, 1923, p. 177. 8The Western Federation of Miners, headed b y William D . H aywood, was then a part o f the Industrial Workers of the W orld. There had been a bitter strike in this same area for an 8-hour day in 1893. 24 STR IK ES IK THE U N IT E D STA TES, 1 8 8 0 -1 9 3 6 In 1911 there were numerous strikes among railroad shopmen in Chicago and on roads west and south of Illinois. The Structural Iron Workers, in their efforts to get recognition, engaged in numerous strikes. During one of these the Los Angeles Times Building was dynamited.9 In 1912-13 there were continuous strikes in the West Virginia coal fields for union recognition and the same working con ditions as the United Mine Workers had obtained in the central competitive field. The depression of 1914 discouraged much strike activity, although one of the widely known strikes occurred that year, the strike of the Colorado Fuel and Iron Company.1 0 It was not until late in 1915 that American business generally began to feel the effects of the war in Europe. With the rising prices and the increasing need for labor, industrial disputes more than doubled in 1916 and reached their all-time high of 4,450 in 1917. A large proportion of the wartime strikes occurred in the building and metal trades, in the shipyards, and in the lumber, coal, copper, and trans portation industries. Textile and clothing strikes also were more numerous than usual. (See table 15, p. 38.) The most serious strikes, so far as the conduct of the war was concerned, were those which took place at Bridgeport, Conn., and in the Northwest lumber industry. The latter, which tied up the entire Northwest lumber industry during the greater part of 1917, were primarily for the 8-hour day, although wages and working conditions were important factors.1 The machinists’ strikes in the munition 1 factories at Bridgeport were for wage increases and against union discrimination.1 3 As numerous as the wartime strikes were, they were of comparatively short duration and did not involve, on the average, a large number of workers.1 The largest number of persons, over 4 million, were 3 involved in the strikes of 1919. The chief causes of these widespread disputes were the ever rising cost of living 1 and the determination 4 8The dynamiting of the Times Building was the climax of numerous disturbances in this area in which that paper had vigorously taken sides with the employers. The MacNamara brothers, officers of the Struc tural Iron W orkers' Union, were indicted and confessed to this dynamiting when brought to trial. io This strike was called b y the local union of the United M ine Workers for union recognition, wage increases, and changes in working and living conditions. The strikers, ejected from company houses, settled in tent colonies on adjacent land. On Apr. 20, 1914, militia set fire to one of these colonies, the Ludlow Camp. This became known as the “ Ludlow massacre.” « In spite of appeals from the Secretary of W ar and the President’s Mediation Commission, the Lumber men’s Protective Association refused the hour reduction, even going so far as to pledge themselves to dis criminate against any member w ho would grant the 8-hour day. Finally, in the spring of 1918, the basic 8-hour day was granted. It was at this time that the Loyal Legion of Loggers and Lumbermen was organized. 1 A number of Government agencies intervened to settle these strikes but dissatisfaction continued 3 throughout the war, although some wage increases were granted. In lieu of trade-union recognition, an elaborate employee-representation plan was established b y the W ar Labor Board. This, no doubt, was due to the numerous Government labor boards which were established to maintain industrial peace for the duration of the war. Cost of living rose steadily until, in 1920, it was twice as high as in 1914. See M onthly Labor Review, September 1935, p. 832, GENERAL TREND OF STRIKES, 1881 TO 1936 25 of trade-unions to extend further the influence of union organization in areas in which they had obtained a foothold during the war. Some of the outstanding strikes which took place during 1919 were the general strike in Seattle,1 the strike of Boston policemen,1 and 5 6 the New England telephone strike.1 The largest strikes were in steel 7 and bituminous-coal mining. The steel strike, in which 367,000 workers were involved, was primarily over the question of union recognition.1 While this controversy was still in progress, a strike 8 was called in the bituminous-coal industry. Approximately 425,000 miners were involved, tying up 75 percent of the industry. The chief cause of this strike was a failure to get a new agreement with wage advances in line with the increased cost of living.1 9 Although there were no such large disputes in 1920 as there had been during the preceding year, the total number of strikes remained at a high level. A large proportion were for wage increases. The wage issue was sharply reversed in 1921 2 when there were almost 0 1,000 strikes in protest against wage decreases. (See table 18, p. 39.) The largest strike during this year was that of 140,000 marine workers in all the principal ports. The printing unions engaged in an un precedented number of strikes in their drive for a 44-hour week.2 1 There were less than half as many strikes in 1922 as in 1921, although the number of workers involved in strikes was 50 percent greater. The latter was largely due to the strike of 400,000 railroad-shop craftsmen against wage reductions ordered by the Railroad Labor Board,2 and strikes in anthracite and bituminous coal which involved 2 i* This was probably the first general or city-wide strike of any size which had ever occurred in the United States. It was estimated that 60,000 workers engaged in this strike (Feb. 6-11), which was called in sym pa thy with the metal-trades workers in the local shipyards. 1 The policemen of Boston, dissatisfied over wages and working conditions, formed a policemen’s union 6 and affiliated with the American Federation of Labor. W hen a number of them were discharged for joining the union, the entire police force went on strike. The N ew England telephone strike for wage increases practically cut off all telephone communication throughout New England for 6 days. The wage increases were granted. There were a number of telephone strikes during the summer of 1919, most of which resulted in wage increases. is This strike was lost, the men gradually returning to work within a few months. See M onthly Labor Review, Decem ber 1919, pp. 79-94. Also see M on th ly Labor Review, M ay 1937, p. 1237, for a later account of collective bargaining in the steel industry. is This strike lasted from October to December 1919. The men returned to work after accepting the compromise proposal offered b y President Wilson. See M onthly Labor Review, December 1919, pp. 61-78, for account of this strike. 2 Cost of living dropped about 17 percent from its high point in 1920. See M onthly Labor Review, 0 September 1935, p. 832. Accounts of some of these strikes are given in the M onthly Labor Review, M ay 1922, p. 183. A n evidence that many of these strikes were successful is the fact that the index of union hours in book and job printing dropped 8 percent in 1921. See U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Bull. No. 631: Union Scales of Wages and Hours in the Printing Trades, M a y 15, 1936, Washington, 1937. 2 2 See M onthly Labor Review, December 1922, pp. 1-21. During the progress of this strike, other matters than the wage question assumed importance. A sweeping injunction was issued which practically forbade every traditional strike activity carried on b y unions. The loss of prestige which the Railroad Labor Board suffered during this strike contributed to its abandonment soon afterward. M any com pany unions were established in the railroad shops during the course of this dispute. 26 STRIKES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1 8 8 0 -1 9 3 6 a total of about 600,000 miners,2 and a New England textile strike 3 involving over 60,000 workers.2 The decrease in strikes was most 4 marked in the building trades, where they dropped from 583 to 113.2 5 Although the number of strikes increased in 1923, there were less than half as many workers involved as in 1922. Most of this increase was due to strikes for higher wages, indicating an effort to regain some of the wage losses of the 1921-22 depression. Beginning in 1924 there was an almost steady decline in the number of strikes each year until, in 1928, there were fewer strikes than there had been in any year since 1884.2 The total number of workers involved in strikes during these 6 years was also small in spite of the fact that there were several large strikes. The largest was the 1927 strike of 165,000 bituminous-coal miners.2 During 1929, a peak year in business activity, there was 7 some increase in the number of strikes but they were all small disputes, the total number of workers involved being less than in preceding years. Beginning with the depression in 1930, the number of strikes declined and remained low during the following 3 years. Practically half of the strikes in 1931 and 1932 were in protest against wage reductions. (See table 28, p. 61.) With the passage of the National Industrial Recovery Act and the beginning of business recovery, industrial disputes became more numerous. In spite of the steady increase in number each year from 1933 to 1936, these strikes did not equal those of the war and post war period. 2 See M onthly Labor Review, November 1922, pp. 1-22. The question of the continuation of the existing 3 collective-bargaining machinery was a vital issue in these strikes. 2 M onthly Labor Review, M a y 1923, pp. 13-36. 4 2 The depression did not affect wages in the building trades until agreements were being negotiated in 5 the spring of 1922. Average wage rates then dropped about 6 percent but were largely restored in 1923. See U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Bull. No. 626: Union Scales of Wages and Hours in the Building Trades, M a y 15, 1936, Washington, 1937, p. 5. 2 This, of course, ignores the period 1906-13 for which no figures are available. 9 2 A list of all strikes from 1927-36 involving 10,000 or more workers is given in appendix I, p. 161. 7 Chapter III Strike Statistics, 1880 to 1905 Strikes D uring 1880 The first attempt by any Federal agency to procure statistics on strikes and lock-outs was that made by the Bureau of the Census in 1880.1 Schedules were sent to employers and workers involved in all disputes occurring during 1880 of which notice appeared in the press. No doubt a number of disputes, especially such small local strikes as occur in the building trades, were never mentioned in the public press and, therefore, were not included in this report. The total number of establishments involved in strikes and lock outs, concerning which some information was received, amounted to 762. States in which 10 or more disputes occurred are shown below. Number of strikes Number of strikes Pennsylvania _ _ _____ 304 New York _____ 104 Ohio _ _____ 93 Illinois. _____ 35 New Jersey_____ 32 Missouri- _ _____ 30 Massachusetts ______ W est Virginia .______ Maryland _ _.______ Indiana __ ______ Iowa_____ ______ K e n tu c k y ,. ______ 25 22 18 15 14 11 The distribution of the strikes reported for 1880, by causes results, is shown in tables 2 and 3. T able Industry 2 .— Causes of strikes in 1880 1 Total 2 Wage increase Total____________________________ 813 503 Agriculture____________ ________ Construction___ _________ ______ M ining__ ________________ _ ___ Professional and personal________ Trade and transportation________ Manufacturing__________________ Iron and steel_______ ______ Boot and s h o e _________ Cigar___ ________ _______ __ G la s s ___ ___ ________ ______ Printing___________ ____ ___ Textiles------ --------------------------Other________________________ 1 41 187 5 53 1 29 104 4 40 Reduction of hours 79 Unionism Miscellane ous and unknown 7 22 202 1 45 2 Wage decrease 2 9 19 133 66 8 12 11 15 10 11 1 34 11 1 526 325 44 5 259 13 42 31 38 50 93 163 3 18 19 22 32 68 24 1 4 1 5 1 8 1 1 3 1 3 1 6 8 1 Adapted from table II, pp. 18-21, Tenth Census, vol. X X . 3 Greater number of causes than of strikes is due to the fact that some involve more than 1 cause. This table is a distribution of causes rather than of strikes b y major causes as is shown in later tables. 1 Tenth Census, vol. X X , pt. 4. This census count was made b y establishments or plants affected b y strikes. These figures cannot, therefore, be compared with those given for later years where one strike might include a number of plants. 13894°—38-----3 27 28 STRIKES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1 8 8 0 -1 9 3 6 T able 3 . — Results of strikes in 18801 Total causes 3 Successful Causes Com pro mise Unsuccess ful Unknown Total_________________________________________ 813 169 85 227 332 Wage increase________________________________ Against wage decrease. ____ ________________ Hour reduction_____ _________ _____________ __ Unionism ________ ____ _____ ________ _____ Miscellaneous and unknown__________________ 503 79 7 22 202 127 3 62 8 7 32 15 118 34 5 7 63 196 34 2 g 92 1 Adapted from table IV , p. 25, Tenth Census, vol. X X . 3 See footnote 2, table 2. Strikes From 1881 to 1905 In 1887 the Bureau of Labor (then in the Department of Interior) examined the files of the leading daily papers, trade magazines, and commercial periodicals in the United States for all years from 1881 through 1886. Members of the staff then visited the areas in which strikes had occurred and obtained detailed information from every body who might have some knowledge of the strike or lock-out. It was believed that in this way the Bureau “secured information relating to nearly every strike, if not every strike, which occurred in the United States during the period covered.” 2 A similar study was made in 1894, which included the years 1887 to July 1894.3 Another study was made in 1901, which included the last 6 months of 1894 and through the year 1900.4 In 1906 the Bureau of Labor continued the study, using the same procedure for the next 5 years. In the report on these strikes and lock-outs was included a summary covering the entire 25-year period from 1881 to 1905.5 Tables 4 to 10, covering the period 1881 to 1905, are based on data published in this last-mentioned report of the Commissioner of Labor dealing with strikes and lock-outs. The definitions used in this early period were very similar to those used today, thereby permitting comparisons with recent reports. A strike was “ a concerted withdrawal from work by a part or all of the employees of an establishment, or several establishments, to enforce a demand.” 6 Disputes lasting less than 1 day were omitted and duration was measured in calendar days, including holidays and Sundays, similar to the current procedure. Only continental United States was covered. A strike or lock-out was considered ended when employees went back to work or “when a sufficient number of new employees had been taken on to put the establishment in practically good running order.” 7 This is the same measure as is used at the 3 Third Annual Report of the Commissioner of Labor. Washington, 1888, p. 10. 3 Tenth Annual Report of the Commissioner of Labor. Washington, 1896, vol. 1. * Sixteenth Annual Report of the Commissioner of Labor. Washington, 1901. * Twenty-first Annual Report of the Commissioner of Labor. Washington, 1907. * Idem, p. 11. 7 Idem, p. 109, STKXKE STATISTICS, 1880 TO 1905 29 present time in dealing with strikes of long duration which have no definite time of settlement. An effort was made, not without difficulty,8 to distinguish strikes from lock-outs and separate tables were compiled for each. During the 25-year period there were 4.2 lock-outs for each 100 strikes. As small as this number is, the proportion is higher than in later years, for, as nearly as it can be determined, lock-outs amount to less than 1 percent of the labor disturbances at the present time. In order to make the earlier data comparable with current reports, strikes and lock-outs have been combined in the following tables.9 T able 4 .— Number of strikes, workers, and establishments involved, 1881-1905 1 Average per strike or lock-out Number of— Year Strikes and lock outs Workers involved Establish ments involved Workers Estab lish ments 1881_____________________________________ 1882____________ ______ _________________ 1883_____________________________________ 1884_____________________________________ 1885_____________________________________ 477 476 506 485 695 130,176 158,802 170, 275 165,175 258,129 2,937 2,147 2,876 2, 721 2,467 1886_____________________________________ 1887_____________________________________ 1888_____________________________________ 1889_____________________________________ 1890____ ________________________________ 1,572 1,503 946 1, 111 1,897 610,024 439,306 162,880 260,290 373,499 11,562 7,870 3,686 3,918 9,748 1891_____________________________________ 1892_____________________________________ 1893_____________________________________ 1894_____________________________________ 1895_____________________________________ 1,786 1,359 1,375 1,404 1,255 329,953 238, 685 287, 756 690, 044 407,188 8, 662 6,256 4,860 9,071 7,343 185 176 209 492 325 1896_____________________________________ 1897_____________________________________ 1898_____________________________________ 1899_____________________________________ 1900_____________________________________ 1,066 1,110 1,098 1,838 1,839 248,838 416,154 263, 219 431,889 567, 719 5, 513 8, 663 3,973 11, 640 11, 529 233 375 340 235 309 5 8 1901_____________________________________ 1902_____________________________________ 1903_____________________________________ 1904_____________________________________ 1905_____________________________________ 3,012 3,240 3,648 2,419 2,186 563, 843 691, 507 787, 834 573,815 302, 434 11,359 15, 552 23, 536 12, 518 9,547 187 213 216 237 138 4 4 38,303 9, 529, 434 199,954 249 5 Total and average... _ __ _ _ _ _ 273 334 336 341 371 388 292 172 234 197 , 1 Adapted from tables in the Twenty-first Annual Report of the Commissioner of Labor. 1907, pp. 15, 20, 487, and 736. 6 5 6 6 4 7 5 4 4 5 5 5 4 7 6 4 6 6 5 7 5 Washington, During the 25-year period, about 10 million workers were involved in 38,303 strikes. During the first half of the 1880’s the number was small. From 1886 to 1900 the average number each year almost 8 “ It was sometimes hard to determine whether a difficulty was a strike or a lock-out. Such a case occur when the employes have determined to order a strike and have so ordered it, but not actively entered upon it, and prior to the date on which the strike was to be carried out the management ordered a lock-out. As a rule, however, popular opinion as to whether the difficulty was a strike or a lock-out was observed, and the Bureau has, therefore, made a positive classification of strikes and lock-outs, leaving no difficulties to be classed as mixed strikes and lock-outs.” Third Annual Report of the Commissioner of Labor. Wash ington, 1888, pp. 10-11. 9 See Introduction, p. 3, for discussion of strikes vs. lock-outs. 30 STRIKES IN TH E UNITED STATES, 18 8 0 - 1 9 3 6 tripled, and from 1901 to 1905 the average number each year was twice that of the preceding 15 years. The peak year during the entire period was in 1903, when the 3,648 strikes which occurred involved almost .788,000 workers in 23,536 establishments. For a more detailed year-to-year account of these strikes, see chapter II. The industry classifications used in the early strike statistics do not follow those used currently. Except in a few industries, therefore, the data are not comparable with the later statistics. T a b l e 5 . — Strikes fo r 25-yea r period 1 8 8 1 -1 9 0 5 , by industry 1 N um ber of strikes and lock outs N um ber of workers involved Agricultural implements-----------Agriculture_____________________ Automobiles and bicycles----------Awnings, tents, and sails----------Bakery_________________________ 96 35 83 10 450 24,181 13,227 9,225 374 35,265 Blacksmithing and horseshoeing. Boots and shoes________________ Brass and brass goods__________ Brewing________________________ Brick and tile__________________ 94 1,168 123 185 339 8,717 201,707 13,975 25,740 92,801 Brooms and brushes____________ Building trades-------------------------Canning and preserving________ Car building___________________ Carpets---------- --------------------------- 43 2,140 9,819 1,329,461 9.164 48 452 92,729 179 69,826 Carriages and wagons---------------Clothing, m en's________________ Clothing, wom en’s_____________ Coal and coke__________________ Coffins and undertakers’ g ood s .. Confectionery______ ___________ 132 26,897 1,222 510,165 664 239,986 3,403 2,531,192 17 936 17 2,820 Industry Cooperage---------------------------------Cotton and woolen goods_______ Cotton goods___________________ Cutlery and edge tools--------------Dom estic service_______________ 338 112 691 102 349 28,677 65,031 297,480 11,324 33, 278 Electric and gas apparatus and supplies______________________ Electric light and power________ Flour mill products_____________ Foundry and machine shop------Freight handling and teaming. 72 85 44 1,751 941 9,468 4,421 4,805 299,363 291,260 Furnishing goods, m en’s________ Furniture and upholstering_____ Gas___........................ ..................... Glass_____ _____________________ Gloves and mittens_____________ 213 577 48 595 53 45,244 73,282 5,618 162,937 34,921 Hardware_______ ______________ Harness and saddlery___________ Hats and caps__________________ Hosiery and knit goods-------------Iron and steel__________________ 297 157 398 216 880 40,963 8,903 62,849 42,954 454,652 Ironwork, ornamental__________ 35 4,603 Industry N um N um ber of strikes ber o f and workers lock involved outs Jewelry and silverware._________ Laundry work__________________ Leather________________ ______ Leather goods_______ __________ 82 74 222 21 10,257 12,820 37,255 1,334 Lime and cement_______________ Lithographing__________________ Lumber and timber products___ Metallic goods__________________ Millinery go o d s............................. 50 68 275 215 16 9,248 12,100 73, 626 17,054 3,190 Mining, ore_ _ __________ __ _ Musical instruments___________ Paper__________________________ Paper goods___ _____ ________ . Planing mill products__________ 233 133 92 64 403 97,918 23,082 21,112 5,996 68, 303 Pottery_________________________ Printing and publishing____ . . . Public works________ ________ Railroad and road building_____ Railroad transportation________ 90 1,116 147 378 509 28, 523 63, 675 23,194 91,604 218,393 Rope, twine, and bagging............ Rubber goods_____ _______ ____ Shipbuilding___________________ Silk g o o d s ... ________________ Slaughtering and meat packing.. 49 81 277 407 166 10, 516 19,480 66,331 101,997 152,544 75 368 306 447 20,977 166,969 47,117 125, 253 70, 742 Telegraph and telephone_______ T in and sheet metal goods______ Tobacco: Chewing and smoking. Tobacco: Cigars and cigarettes. . Trunks and valises_____________ 330 252 31 1,931 53 22,697 28, 672 17, 383 329,506 4,589 Typewriters, cash registers, and sewing machines_____________ Watches and clocks_____________ Water transportation__________ W ooden goods_______________ . W oolen goods______ ___________ Miscellaneous__________________ 41 40 133 83 410 991 10, 725 4,765 51,997 14, 271 92,403 129,255 Smelting and refining___________ Stone quarrying and cutting-----Stoves and furnaces____________ Street railway transportation___ Streets and sewers______________ T ota l.. . ________________ 1,111 38,303 9,529,434 i Adapted from tables in the Twenty-first Annual Report of the Commissioner of Labor. 1907, pp. 16 and 20. Washington, There seemed to be a tendency to break down a strike or lock-out which spread across State lines into as many strikes or lock-outs as STRIKE STATISTICS, 1880 31 TO 1 9 0 5 there were States involved. No strikes or lock-outs were classified as interstate. Because of this, the number of strikes and lock-outs given for this period would tend to be slightly exaggerated in comparison with recent figures. Strikes and lock-outs involving two or more States where “it was impossible to make such division of the facts as would allow of their tabulation in proper proportion under each of the States involved”, were tabulated under the State most affected.1 0 This tended to concentrate the full force of the strike or lock-out in one State, although only a majority of the entire number of workers involved might have worked in that State. This situation, however, probably did not occur very frequently. T a b l e 6 .— Strikes fo r 25-year 'period, 1 8 8 1 -1 9 0 5 , by States 1 Num ber o f strikes and lock outs Number of workers involved Alabama----------- ---------------Arizona............ . ..................... Arkansas_______ _____ ____ California.________________ Colorado______________ . . . 303 16 74 679 401 81,038 4,339 11,425 110,919 97,499 Nebraska_______ _________ Nevada___________________ New Hampshire___________ N ew Jersey________________ N ew M exico_______________ 116 4 195 1,562 30 31,854 242 33, 455 279, 581 4, 964 C onnecticu t.._____ _______ Delaware__________________ District of Colum bia______ Florida_____________ ____ _ Georgia____________ _____ _ 998 78 124 431 277 122,466 10,020 11,819 110,538 47,039 New Y ork ______________ . . North Carolina____________ North Dakota_____________ Ohio______________________ Oklahoma________________ 10,525 31 29 2,680 29 1, 943, 705 6, 679 2,099 609, 853 9,590 Idaho___________ _________ Illinois------------------------------Indiana____________ _ ... Iowa______________________ Kansas.................................. 22 3, 765 1,179 469 180 7,085 1,425, 285 227,126 82,843 42,094 Oregon____________________ Pennsylvania______________ Rhode Island--------------------South Carolina____ _______ South D akota. . . . . . . . . . . 81 4,323 377 41 24 20,045 2, 327, 308 78, 563 5,010 1,502 K entucky........ ........... .......... Louisiana.................... ......... M aine________ ____ . . M aryland_________________ Massachusetts-------------------- 425 214 249 401 2,902 71, 980 89, 497 49,375 78, 568 563,125 Tennessee_________________ T exa s.____________________ U tah______________________ Verm ont________________ _ Virginia___________________ 477 341 66 73 237 74, 541 36, 993 6,975 20,129 50,306 M ichigan__________________ M inn esota...-------- ------------Mississippi____ _______ . . . Missouri__________________ M ontana__________________ 681 568 32 1,044 139 144,327 92, 787 2,984 182,606 20, 853 W ashington_________ _____ West Virginia_____________ W isconsin_________________ W yom ing________________ 230 304 834 43 26,593 131, 367 132,214 8, 229 United States_______ 38,303 9,529, 434 State State Number o f strikes and lock outs i Adapted from tables in the Twenty-first Annual Report of the Commissioner of Labor. 1907, pp. 18 and 23. Number of workers involved Washington, The data having to do with relation of labor organizations to strikes and lock-outs are not strictly comparable to similar data for recent years. In the earlier period the distinction was made between strikes ordered by labor organizations and those not so ordered. This ex cluded so-called “illegal” strikes, or those not authorized by the cen tral office of the union or business agent acting under power conferred by the central office. At the present time no such distinction is attempted.1 Strikes and lock-outs are classified according to whether 1 i® Twenty-first Annual Report of the Commissioner of Labor. ii See appendix II, p. 166. Washington, 1907, p. 109. STBXKES IH THE UNITED STATES, 1 8 8 0 -1 9 3 6 32 or not most of the strikers belong to a union and act as an organized group when the strike is declared and settled. Just how much this difference in method of classification affects the comparability of the figures for the two periods it is difficult to determine. In recent years there has been a tendency on the part of the national or central office of the union to make a strike “official” after it actually takes place, even though the proper sanction was not given or even asked for when the strike was first called. It is not clear whether this policy was adhered to by the officers of the unions during this earlier period. T a b l e 7 . — Strikes ordered by labor organizations , 1 8 8 1 -1 9 0 5 1 Percentage ordered b y labor organiza tions Percentage not ordered b y labor organiza tions W ork Strikes ers in volved Strikes W ork ers in volved Percent Percent 56.2 47.3 65.0 48.5 66.5 56. 7 60.5 54.2 55.3 67.1 Percent 52.7 51.5 43. 3 45.8 44.7 Percent 43.8 35.0 33.5 39.5 33.9 1886___________ 1887____ ______ 1888 _. ____ 1889 . _ _____ 1890___________ 53.3 66.3 68.1 67.3 71.3 75.0 73.7 73.3 77.2 75.1 46.7 33.7 31.9 32.7 28.7 25.0 26.3 26. 7 22.8 24.9 1891___________ 74.8 70. 7 69! 4 62.8 77.6 77.1 75.5 85.4 25. 2 29. 3 30! 6 37.2 22. 4 22.9 24.5 14.6 1RQ9 1893___________ 1894___________ Percentage not ordered b y labor organiza tions Year Year 1881 __________ 1882___________ 1883 _____ 1884 __________ 1885___________ Percentage ordered b y labor organiza tions Strikes 1895___________ W ork ers in volved Percent Percent 54. 2 69. 2 Strikes W ork ers in volved Percent Percent 30.8 45.8 1896_____ _____ 1897___________ 1898___________ 1899___________ 1900___________ 64. 6 55. 3 60. 4 62.0 65. 4 72. 3 73. 9 69. 1 71.1 80. 4 35. 4 44. 7 39. 6 37.9 34.6 27.7 26.1 30. 9 28.9 19. 6 1901. . . 1902.. ______ 1903 __________ 1904___________ 1905- ______ -- 75.9 78. 2 78. 8 82.1 74. 7 82.9 88. 0 83. 7 90.6 73. 4 24.1 21. 8 21. 2 17.9 25. 3 17.1 12. 0 16. 3 9.4 26. 6 Total 69.0 77.5 31.0 22.5 1 Adapted from tables in the Twenty-first Annual Report of the Commissioner of Labor. Washington, 1907, pp. 32 and 42. In the original tables as many as 60 to 65 different causes or groups of causes were listed. These have been combined in tables 8 and 9 and all strikes are classified under 9 major causes or groups of causes. STRIKE STATISTICS, T able Year Wage increase 1880 33 TO 1 9 0 5 8 . — M ajor causes of strikes , 1 8 8 1 -1 9 0 5 Wage Wage increase Hour decrease and decrease and hour hour increase decrease Recog nition, union rules, and other Recog nition, wages, hours 1 Sym pathy Miscel laneous 2 Total 1881____________ 1882____________ 1883____________ 1884____________ 1885____________ 302 258 226 138 275 9 4 3 5 6 17 15 5 7 15 54 76 138 191 190 4 4 10 13 5 28 34 45 37 62 2 3 2 6 20 61 82 77 88 122 477 476 506 485 695 1886____________ 1887____________ 1888____________ 1889____________ 1890____________ 667 502 254 342 607 80 37 18 13 51 163 113 52 54 173 163 184 216 253 208 32 35 19 23 49 178 264 144 150 269 37 71 34 67 188 252 297 209 209 352 1,572 1,503 946 1,111 1,897 1891____________ 1892____________ 1893____________ 1894____________ 1895____________ 489 398 337 432 533 62 27 16 19 25 93 79 58 24 15 223 189 372 390 237 49 37 36 23 41 285 224 221 183 176 204 117 62 120 7 381 288 273 213 221 1,786 1,359 1,375 1,404 1,255 1896____________ 1897____________ 1898____________ 1899____________ 1900____________ 294 411 404 743 633 27 24 35 92 144 14 21 29 61 96 212 224 177 118 118 49 33 46 85 91 248 160 190 386 323 7 9 9 29 29 215 228 208 324 465 1,066 1,110 1,098 1,838 1,839 1901____________ 1902____________ 1903____________ 1904____________ 1905____________ 912 1,118 1,198 576 642 123 158 184 68 56 231 189 248 89 118 147 139 148 211 126 139 200 284 130 90 877 851 916 834 710 71 87 88 93 61 512 498 582 418 383 3, 012 3, 240 3,648 2, 419 2,186 T otal____ Percent of total. 12, 691 33.1 1, 286 3.4 1,979 5.2 4,704 12.3 1, 527 4.0 7,795 20.3 1,423 3.7 6,898 18.0 38, 303 100.0 1 Adapted from tables X and X I X in the Twenty-first Annual Report of the Commissioner of Labor. Washington, 1907, pp. 580 and 763. 2 M any of these strikes were listed in the original tables as “ Concerning the employment of certain per sons.” T he explanation given for this term is “ demands for or against discharge of certain employees or foremen, objections against working with Negroes and foreigners, etc., in which disputes the question of union rules is not involved” (Twenty-first Annual Report of the Commissioner of Labor, p. 113). A considerable number of these miscellaneous strikes were originally classified under “ Saturday part holiday” and ‘ ‘method and time of payment. ” T h e latter probably referred not so m uch to piece and bonus systems as to payment in scrip or kind. Also, the absence of State laws and union agreements requiring wages to be paid at specified dates, e. g., weekly, semimonthly, created situations where workers went on strike for more frequent or convenient pay days. Other causes included in this miscellaneous group are back wages due, overtime work and pay, docks and fines, and general working conditions. About the same criteria as those now employed were used to meas ure the results of strikes and lock-outs: “A strike was reported as successful when the employees succeeded in enforcing full compliance with all of their demands; partly successful, when they succeeded in enforcing compliance with a part of their demands, or partial com pliance with some or all of their demands; and failed, when they did not succeed in enforcing even partial compliance with any of their demands.” 1 2 It should be noted that in table 10 the results are in terms of establishments affected by strikes. In later tables the results are given in terms of number of strikes and workers involved in strikes. 1 Twenty-first Annual Report of the Commissioner of Labor. 3 Washington, 1907, p. 79. 34 STRIKES IN TH E UNITED STATES, 1 8 8 0 - 1 9 3 6 T 9 . — Workers involved in strikes due to various causes, 1 8 8 1 -1 9 0 5 1 able Wage Wage increase Hour decrease and decrease and hour hour increase decrease Recog nition, wages, hours Recog nition, union rules, and other Sym pathy Year Wage increase 1881____________ 1882____________ 1883____________ 1884____________ 1885.......... ......... 86,678 94,981 66,891 52, 557 113,638 4,138 228 14,866 8,866 12,476 8,658 4,060 263 8,640 11,904 18,868 33, 364 49,086 75, 332 76, 250 1,296 73 3,877 1,983 5,227 3,377 12,203 23, 789 1, 553 8,419 532 154 250 510 6,519 6,629 13, 739 11,253 15, 734 23, 696 130,176 158,802 170, 275 165,175 258,129 1886____________ 1887____________ 1888____________ 1889____________ 1890..................... 186,073 120, 706 61,189 105,032 171,898 83, 745 20,295 2,008 988 24, 734 100, 506 20, 256 6,110 5,699 44,450 74, 386 87, 625 30, 212 95, 760 34,507 21,188 7, 278 5,145 10,770 9,286 57,394 84,150 17, 306 17,838 22,304 35,161 25, 483 12, 466 3,569 15,662 51, 571 73, 513 28, 444 20,634 50,658 610,024 439, 306 162,880 260, 290 373,499 1891____________ 1892____________ 1893____________ 1894____________ 1895____________ 142, 220 50,364 74,418 272, 541 191,879 21,374 6,131 6,080 11,008 27, 314 27,812 29, 535 9,666 16, 761 7,785 29, 789 36,096 72,149 168,769 78,438 16,820 6,989 18, 529 5,593 32,037 38,053 10,604 52, 279 14,159 40, 750 10,174 19,494 154,256 18, 751 1,228 43,281 43,132 55,990 41,622 49, 756 329,953 238, 685 287, 756 690,044 407,188 1896____________ 1897____________ 1898____________ 1899____________ 1900.................... 69,867 226,403 98, 626 199,104 125,893 12,158 36,033 22, 221 50,147 43,403 4,255 2,826 5,049 19,898 15,988 73,834 69, 702 58,336 18, 584 24,360 22, 790 18, 746 8,795 30,416 190,675 29,965 17,680 20,768 35,109 91, 237 761 2, 468 3,172 14,678 13,035 35,208 42, 296 46, 252 63,953 63,128 248,838 416,154 263, 219 431,889 567, 719 1901____________ 1902____________ 1903____________ 1904____________ 1905____________ 136, 215 169, 575 228,020 143, 530 88,436 26, 727 56,065 61, 222 9,033 19, 318 106,134 32, 660 63, 332 9,005 16,204 18,457 20,953 43, 594 110, 763 67,417 37, 768 206,451 103, 923 77, 050 11,839 123,489 72, 203 131, 356 132, 547 45,161 28, 214 28, 313 30,867 23,934 13, 385 86,839 105, 287 125, 520 67,953 40, 674 563,843 691, 507 787,834 573,815 302,434 Total____ 3,276, 734 34.4 Percent of total. 580, 578 6.1 577,456 1, 466,631 6.1 15.4 Miscel laneous 2 Total 854, 544 1,117,175 449,554 1,206,762 9,529,434 9.0 11.7 4.7 12.7 100.0 1 Adapted from tables X and X I X in the Twenty-first Annual Report of the Commissioner of Labor. Washington, 1907, pp. 580 and 763. 2 See footnote 2, table 8. T able 10 .— Results of strikes , 1 8 8 1 -1 9 0 5 1 Percent of establishments in which strike or lock-out was— Year Percent of establishments in which strike or lock-out was— Year Favorable to workers Unfavor able to workers 1881_________ 1882_________ 1883_________ 1884-............. 1885-........... . 61.2 53.2 57.6 54.1 53.2 31.8 38.8 27.0 42.5 37.7 7.0 8.0 15.4 3.4 9.1 1886....... ......... 1887................ 1888......... . 1889................ 1890................ 38.3 48.7 50.7 46.1 51.8 43.5 45.1 43.9 34.8 38.3 18.2 6.2 5.4 19.1 9.9 1891_________ 1892................ 1893____ ____ 36.8 35.5 50.2 54.5 53.9 39.0 8.7 10.6 10.8 Favorable to workers Unfavor able to workers 1894_________ 1895_________ 42.8 56.8 44.8 33.7 12.4 9.5 1896......... . 1897_________ 1898_________ 1899_________ 1900................ 58.8 56.9 63.0 73.5 38.3 33.8 15.5 30.8 12.6 45.1 7.4 27.6 6.2 13.9 16.0 1901_________ 1902_________ 1903_________ 1904_________ 1905_________ 47.7 44.8 37.0 32.7 39.5 34.2 33.9 42.1 50.6 46.1 18.1 21.3 20.9 16.7 14.4 A ll....... — . 46.5 38.7 14.8 Compro mise Compro mise 1 Adapted from tables IV and X V I in the Twenty-first Annual Report of the Commissioner of Labor. Washington, 1907, pp. 479 and 737. Chapter IV Strikes From 1914 to 1926 In 1914, for the first time since 1905, the Bureau of Labor Statistics made an attempt to get a record of all the strikes and lock-outs throughout the United States. The compilation was made from material gathered from printed sources only— newspapers, labor journals, trade journals, etc. In appraising its work for this year the Bureau stated: “It would be manifestly incorrect to compare the incomplete data collected in this manner with the more comprehensive reports secured by the investigations of trained field agents. In spite of the incompleteness of the data for 1914, however, the figures give considerable information of value in regard to the labor dis turbances which occurred in that year.” 1 April M ay June July August September October November December 19142_____ 1915 3 ________ 19164_____ 1917______ 1918______ 73 188 288 191 60 206 211 223 97 294 318 312 112 434 445 321 140 617 463 392 72 354 323 296 126 313 448 288 172 326 360 278 189 252 349 212 114 261 322 145 123 197 257 208 84 149 197 250 231 198 469 237 1,204 1,593 3, 789 4,450 3,353 1919.......... . 1920______ 1921______ 1922______ 199 280 238 131 198 214 172 96 192 288 194 75 270 427 292 109 431 422 575 104 322 317 152 64 381 298 167 101 417 2b4 1*3 95 425 231 124 85 334 192 90 64 165 106 92 64 140 108 76 43 156 264 70 81 3,630 3, 411 2, 385 1,112 1923______ 1924______ 1925______ 1926______ 69 102 94 62 72 70 89 74 123 118 83 84 212 144 161 127 246 155 161 141 133 98 108 73 146 89 103 84 106 81 123 98 93 71 104 85 117 74 77 60 66 61 63 48 59 40 45 33 111 146 90 66 1,553 1,2*9 1,301 1, 035 Year Total March M onth not stated 1 1.— Strikes , by monthsy 1 9 1 4 -2 6 1 February able January T 1 This and subsequent tables include a few strikes and lock-outs involving fewer than 6 persons and lasting less than 1 day; also some occurring outside continental United States (see table 12). 3 Adapted from M onthly Review, July 1915 and April 1916. M onthly data not available, s Idem, April 1917. < Idem, July 1929. In 1915 the Bureau inaugurated a method for the collection of strike and lock-out material which has been followed, in general, since that time. Leads or announcements of strikes and lock-outs were obtained through clipping services, newspapers, and labor and trade journals. Schedules were then mailed to the interested parties, asking 1 M onthly Review, U. S. Bureau of Labor S tatistics, July 1915, p. 20. 35 36 STRIKES IK THE UNITED STATES, 18 8 0 - 1 9 3 6 for verification and additional details.2 Since that time, however, there have been changes in the number of papers read, the type of questions asked on the schedules, and the amount of persistence used in getting replies. All these factors necessarily affect the exhaustive ness with which knowledge of disputes becomes known, as well as the accuracy of details concerning the disputes. In two specific respects the statistical data shown for the period 1914-26 are not comparable with the statistics for earlier or later periods. First, they include strikes and lock-outs involving fewer than six persons and lasting less than 1 day as contrasted #with the earlier and later data which exclude these classifications and, second, they include strikes and lock-outs in Alaska, and American territory outside continental United States (Hawaii, Puerto Rico, Canal Zone, and Virgin Islands). It is not known how many of the small dis putes are included in the tables for this period, although the number is probably not large due to the inherent difficulty in learning about small, brief disputes in such a large country as the United States. The number of disputes recorded for Alaska and the insular areas is shown in table 12. The year in which most of them occurred (1920) they amounted to 3% percent of the total for that year. The industries in which the strikes and lock-outs took place are not known in a large number of cases. Of the total number of disputes recorded for the period, only 72 percent can be assigned to specific industries (see table 15). Labor-union affiliation is not known for a large portion of these disputes, especially during the war and post war period (see table 17). Data on causes and results are some what more complete (see tables 18 and 19). The most serious discrepancy in the statistics for these years is the lack of complete coverage on the number of workers involved in the disputes and the number of man-days idle. Because of the various interpretations which can be applied to the counting of strikes, the number of workers involved and man-days idle afford a more accurate index of labor disturbances than the number of strikes and lock-outs. Unfortunately, there is no available information regarding the num ber of man-days' work lost by employees involved in the strikes and lock-outs from 1914 through 1926, and the number of workers involved is recorded for only about two-thirds of the disputes (see table 16). 2 “ During these 5 years this information has been obtained from agents of the Bureau in the field, reports of Commissioners of Conciliation of the Department of Labor, and other similar boards, reports of the various State labor boards, lists of strikes issued b y labor, trade, and other organizations, and from clipping bureaus, supplemented b y an examination of 25 daily papers printed in the more important industrial cities of the country, 100 labor papers, as m any trade-union periodicals, and 20 leading trade papers. During the year 1918,3,997 circulars of inquiry asking information in regard to about 3,500 reputed strikes and lock-outs were sent to employers reported to have had strikes in their establishments and to officials of unions whose m em bers had been concerned in or were believed to have knowledge of labor troubles. Of this number, 1,392 were returned answered in whole or in part, 420 were returned undelivered for various reasons, and the remainder were unanswered." M onthly Labor Review, June 1919, p. 307. STR IK E S FROM 1914 TO 37 1926 The following tables include all the statistical data which are avail able for the strikes which took place between 1914 and 1926. T able 12.— Strikes , by States , 191/^-26 1 19142 19153 1921 1922 Total_____________ 1,204 1,593 3,789 4,450 3,353 3,630 3, 411 2,385 1,112 State Alabama__________ Arkansas__________ California_________ Colorado.................. 7 3 8 63 10 2 1 4 5 3 27 1916 1917 2 0 2 0 2 36 0 112 55 15 7 1918 13 4 11 1919 1920 135 6 A 30 4 1 5 19 4 5 3 4 4 2 1 63 15 15 4 72 35 14 5 17 29 24 27 10 8 11 12 11 17 48 326 92 14 1 11 12 8 9 8 178 17 14 16 28 13 2 0 95 45 16 5 74 30 13 7 5 159 75 26 15 32 282 73 65 53 248 76 41 41 267 106 57 45 16 15 4 13 19 99 13 160 30 48 383 38 39 40 59 353 19 23 36 72 347 26 51 40 41 396 M ichigan_________ Minnesota_______ Mississippi Missouri__________ Montana__________ 36 24 33 15 64 53 13 84 49 77 60 40 5 105 33 Nebraska_________ Nevada _ ___ New Hampshire. _. New Jersey_______ New Mexico 3 4 28 11 7 74 5 17 5 34 183 4 2 1 12 1 1 4 1 32 6 145 125 1 2 C o n n e c ticu t.-.___ Delaware District of Columbia______________ Florida____________ Georgia____ ____ Idaho _ _ _ Illinois__________ . Indiana___________ Iowa_____ ________ Kansas.................. Kentucky_________ Louisiana_________ M aine____________ M aryland_________ Massachusetts____ New Y ork ____ . . . North Carolina___ North Dakota Ohio_____ ____ ___ Oklahoma............ O r e g o n .._________ Pennsylvania_____ Rhode Island_ _ . South Carolina __ South Dakota 4 2 3 13 1 10 11 1 33 10 2 156 3 1 91 6 8 107 14 3 1 6 153 14 6 1 43 3 8 71 30 4 97 15 2 1 2 0 12 2 2 2 0 20 0 417 227 4 22 2 592 8 711 7 137 7 17 138 2 2 69 23 5 254 99 47 14 2 2 37 2 2 42 56 16 35 26 41 14 9 37 4 3 4 34 25 14 2 12 130 50 54 5 4 9 1 M onthly Labor Review, July 1929, table 3, p. 134. Idem, April 1916, p. 19. 2 2 167 29 7 113 14 5 12 403 281 4 301 7 6 1 65 2 13 28 31 14 69 49 63 28 41 4 19 2 5 13 261 5 13 5 1 3 4 2 2 8 2 1 36 28 15 23 15 27 24 1 1 6 8 6 1 1 10 16 2 3 11 1 2 92 7 15 28 64 5 1 2 1 8 12 12 2 3 10 78 8 10 1 27 73 14 4 5 5 92 15 234 25 40 50 6 8 6 2 10 1 12 1 63 73 9 1 8 2 2 10 2 1 42 37 12 2 11 12 22 0 6 2 23 250 89 5 5 113 63 77 4 17 162 1 1 6 26 28 3 294 64 57 25 97 6 12 7 6 3 3 30 71 38 280 78 58 40 63 84 45 2 18 311 53 3 3 2 0 1 1 80 28 15 1 4 35 58 494 105 7 3 37 27 2 11 10 27 7 23 574 77 5 10 5 26 7 164 40 4 2 6 29 1 6 10 6 2 2 46 4 19 14 237 32 2 1 8 26 18 9 279 35 3 10 52 71 45 9 54 8 1 34 5 63 50 4 63 16 384 26 5 47 3 139 2 1 1,035 4 40 21 0 290 24 7 39 9 3 164 61 42 37 7 1926 3 29 5 16 7 19 217 4 206 24 2 2 2 1 1 2 1925 3 57 377 600 53 14 43 10 14 9 29 536 Washington......... . West Virginia_____ Wisconsin_________ W yom ing__ _____ Interstate_________ Alaska and islands. 2 30 39 10 689 14 3 197 19 15 35 9 5 10 11 10 128 2 Tennessee_________ Texas____ ______ _ Utah......... ............. V e rm o n t__ Virginia— ............... 2 40 6 1 2 10 12 2 0 2 2 31 94 32 4 1924 1, 553 1,249 1,301 15 4 7 99 27 18 7 7 25 9 15 1923 10 1 23 ...... 1 10 9 73 10 8 6 16 9 72 32 14 2 12 5 1 9 9 4 1 8 84 216 2 6 8 2 8 5 184 25 162 28 11 2 4 1 3 7 4 15 11 8 8 2 0 14 1 12 3 1 1 3 5 3 38 STR IK ES I N THE U N IT E D STA TES, 1 8 8 0 -1 9 3 6 T able 13 . — Sex of workers involved in strikes , 1 9 1 6 -2 6 1 Number of strikes beginning in— Sex of persons involved 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 Males only__________ Females only________ Both sexes__________ N ot reported________ 3,121 3,611 521 203 2, 347 78 343 643 1,750 30 558 47 676 190 491 2,467 90 278 518 2,818 269 277 357 57 983 31 445 94 877 23 280 69 891 31 338 41 831 33 150 Total__________ 3,789 4,450 3,353 3,630 3, 411 2,385 1,112 1, 553 1, 249 1,301 1,035 12 2 158 1M onthly Labor Review, July 1929, p. 135. 8 8 2 2 1926 2 1 N o information available for 1914-15. T able 14 . — Number of establishments involved in strikes , 1 9 1 7 -2 6 1 Number of strikes beginning in— Establishments involved 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 3,078 143 73 41 18 403 694 2, 541 70 42 23 90 327 260 2,136 142 99 59 52 910 232 1,989 3__________________ 4__________________ 5_____________ ____ Over 5___ ________ N ot reported_____ 59 40 35 426 776 1,071 113 94 62 43 584 418 745 28 17 17 9 104 192 Total_______ 4,450 3,353 3,630 3,411 2,385 1,112 1__________________ 2__________________ 1M onthly Labor Review, July 1929, p. 138. 8 6 1922 1924 1923 1,133 56 35 15 1926 820 34 23 16 17 84 255 898 60 25 24 649 26 23 98 184 14 94 219 1,249 1,301 1,035 10 21 0 103 1, 553 1925 10 12 N o information available for 1914-16. T able 15 . — Num ber o f strikes in specified industries , 1 9 1 4 -2 6 1 Industry 19142 19153 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 Total strikes and lock-outs_____ 1,204 1, 593 3,789 4,450 3,353 3, 630 3, 411 2,385 Total for industries listed_______ 731 983 2,579 3,233 2,476 2,572 2,341 2,007 Building t r a d e s . _____ ____ Clothing _ _ _ _______________ Furniture______________________ Iron and steel.. ____________ Leather. ___________ ____ _____ 275 78 18 14 Lum ber_____ ____ _____________ M etal trades________________ _ M ining, c o a l.____ _____________ M ining, other— ______ ________ Paper manufacturing. ................. 40 129 51 Printing and publishing________ Shipbuilding___________________ Slaughtering, meat cutting, and packing______________________ Stone__________________________ 2 0 T e x tile s ___________ __________ Tobacco________________________ Transportation, steam and elec tric________________ _________ 54 955 998 828 113 240 4 208 395 17 349 231 56 7 5 272 194 46 17 270 238 35 7 5 1 0 19 113 158 58 177 9 48 3 75 78 12 16 g g 1 0 506 2 0 56 4 19 12 6 1 14 9 • 30 34 g 41 61 15 38 114 19 115 13 241 37 67 394 227 50 72 34 468 495 43 56 19 434 436 26 74 16 473 322 35 76 27 521 336 26 25 32 583 240 17 25 26 13 289 69 44 547 373 43 54 299 515 355 94 41 76 441 162 46 40 46 581 148 28 47 38 452 161 25 194 87 39 42 5 27 31 41 106 40 140 71 109 83 45 2 1 7 70 61 38 26 42 14 74 13 42 29 93 261 63 247 47 2 12 50 273 58 2 11 52 228 343 227 191 8 2 0 1M onthly Labor Review, July 1929, p. 139. 2Idem, April 1916, p. 18. 3Idem, April 1917, p. 604. 860 1,181 259 131 16 33 5 14 1,112 1, 553 1,249 1,301 1,035 2 2 8 12 1 1 0 0 83 44 5 1 6 0 1 10 4 2 2 11 e O 14 15 17 U 134 16 80 339 4 90 14 31 18 7 8 io X4 STR IK ES T Year 1916_________ 1917________ 1918_________ 1919......... ....... 1920_________ 1921..... .......... able FROM 1914 TO 39 1926 16 .— Number of workers involved in strikes , 1 9 1 6 -2 6 1 Total num ber of strikes beginning each year Number of strikes in which number of workers is reported Total num ber of strikes beginning each year Year Workers involved Strikes 3,789 4,450 3,353 3,630 3,411 ,385 2,667 2,325 2,151 2,665 2,226 1,785 2 1,599,917 1,227,254 1,239,989 4,160,348 1,463,054 1,099, 247 Number of strikes in which number of workers is reported 1,112 1922... .......... 1923................ 1 9 2 4 - .......... 1925................ 1926................ Workers involved Strikes 1,612,562 756,584 654,641 428,416 329, 592 899 1,199 898 1,553 1,249 1,301 1,035 1,012 783 1 Adapted from M onthly Labor Review, July 1929, table 9, p. 138. Although the number of workers in volved was obtained on only about % of the total number of strikes, the missing information is for the smaller disputes. The unknown number for the smaller strikes is probably offset b y the “ generous” figure used in large strikes. Information on the latter was usually taken from newspaper reports, which are likely to give slightly exaggerated figures. T able 17 . — Relation of workers to labor unions 1 Number of strikes Relation of workers to union 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 Connected with unions_________ 2,458 2,392 1,903 2,033 2,506 2,038 62 209 362 143 137 446 N ot connected with unions_____ 55 5 26 30 Organized after strike b e g a n ----71 Union and nonunion workers___ 814 1, 794 1,062 1, 424 760 280 N ot reported.................................. 8 Total........... ... ............ .......... 3,789 4, 450 3, 353 3,630 3, 411 2, 385 i Adapted from M onthly Labor Review, July 1929, p. 136. T able Cause of strikes Total strikes.. _______________ 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 844 1,265 1,063 1,018 37 142 77 69 5 18 14 16 29 31 38 214 164 72 87 823 93 19 15 85 12 1,112 1, 553 1, 249 1,301 1,035 N o information available for 1914 and 1915. 18 . — M a jor causes o f strikes , 1 9 1 4 -2 6 1 19142 19153 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1,204 1,593 3,789 4, 450 3,353 3,630 3, 411 2,385 Wages and hours—........................ 403 770 2,036 2,268 1,869 2,036 2,038 1,501 Wage increase___________ Wage decrease____________ Wage increase—hour de crease____________________ Hour decrease______________ Hour increase______________ Wages, hours, and other___ 192 92 367 1,301 1, 571 1, 397 1,115 1,429 107 35 36 147 36 8 6 12 0 973 1,112 1, 553 1, 249 1, 301 1,035 583 721 537 537 478 156 301 445 49 255 132 277 12 1 260 53 16 30 18 5 97 29 7 35 49 481 113 7 99 95 578 1±7 25 115 123 34 294 18 62 76 58 16 5 148 97 39 19 4 103 O rganization.-.____ ___________ 253 312 721 799 584 869 622 373 208 308 244 219 206 Recognition________________ Recognition, wages, and hours. _____ __________ Discrimination in em ploy ment and discharge______ 94 95 408 346 248 536 314 197 143 161 161 110 12 1 36 48 159 80 8 3^8 132 18 133 256 79 6 269 62 8 2 2 12 6 67 57 169 207 144 170 138 131 2 6 1 8 29 35 92 160 144 246 192 163 170 45 44 79 54 74 61 Miscellaneous-.............................. 152 234 401 591 439 475 446 348 258 441 360 445 303 General conditions_________ Jurisdiction______ ____ ____ Sym pathy___________ ____ _ Other...................................... 72 16 25 39 41 28 17 148 116 123 16 108 228 83 72 67 243 36 219 33 143 80 13 31 317 79 23 71 383 93 16 35 295 116 19 33 281 236 89 59 39 258 17 29 191 Unknown...................................... . 396 277 631 792 461 250 305 163 63 83 108 10 0 48 6 8 2 1 1Adapted from M onthly Labor Review, July 1929, table 7, p. 136. 3 Adapted from table in M onthly Review, July 1915, p. 21 . * Idem, April 1917, p . 605. 2 1 1 0 0 0 2 2 24 6 6 40 STR IK ES I N T THE able U N IT E D STA TES, 1 8 8 0 -1 9 3 6 19 .— Results of strikes, 1 9 1 6 -2 6 1 Number of strikes ending in— Kesuit 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 748 749 777 395 631 720 465 627 691 687 627 797 677 472 448 701 256 291 248 259 105 368 403 168 283 354 138 253 349 138 226 288 147 73 137 191 204 2 11 50 59 61 214 80 198 16 113 46 160 45 139 51 198 36 83 T o t a l ___________________ 2, 448 2,074 2,198 2,220 1,872 1,526 741 1,145 959 989 780 In favor of employers----------------In favor o f em ployees.____ _____ Compromise___________________ Employees returned pending arbitration------- ---------- -----------N ot reported................... ................ 2 1 10 1 1926 Adapted from M on th ly Labor Review, July 1929, p. 140. N o information available for 1914 and 1915. * It should be noted that there is considerable difference between the number of strikes ending each year, in the above table, and the number of strikes beginning each year, in previous tables. This is probably due to the fact that no information was obtained on a large number of disputes as to ending date and results. T he above table should, therefore, be considered as incomplete. Chapter V Analysis of Strikes, 1927-361 Strikes by Years There were fewer strikes during each of the years 1927 to 1932 than there were in any year since 1885.2 These 6 years included 1 year of business recession, 2 years of prosperity, and 3 years of extreme busi ness depression. During 1927, however, there were more man-days of idleness because of strikes than for any of the succeeding 9 years. (See chart 2 .)3 This was due to the general coal strike which started in April and continued through the rest of the year. In 1928 there was another protracted strike in the bituminous-coal industry although this did not involve as many workers as the 1927 strike. T able 20 . — Strikes from 1927 to 1 9 3 6 , by years Num ber of workers involved in strikes Num ber of strikes Year Begin ning in year 1927___________________ 1928___________________ 1929___________________ 1930___________________ 1931___________________ 707 604 921 637 810 1932___________________ 1933___________________ 1934___________________ 1935___________________ 1936___________________ 841 1, 695 1,856 2,014 2,172 Man-days idle during year Ending in year Beginning in year In progress during year Ending in year 645 946 659 818 666 620 924 651 796 329,939 314,210 288,572 182,975 341,817 0) 324,707 290,413 187,225 347,141 319,442 322,866 286,163 181,901 345,669 26,218, 628 12,631,863 5,351,540 3,316.808 6,893,244 863 1,706 1,890 2,087 2,256 852 1, 672 1,817 2,003 2,156 324,210 1,168,272 1,466, 695 1,117, 213 788, 648 325,682 1,168,994 1,491,779 1,128, 646 815,395 324,960 1,143,910 1.480,343 1,101,902 709, 748 10,502,033 16,872,128 19,591,949 15,456, 337 13,901,956 In prog ress dur ing year 0) 1 Information not available. Strike activity was at its minimum in 1930, the first year of the depression. The rapid recession of business activity discouraged strikes for wage increases. At the same time comparatively few wage cuts were put into effect that year. By 1931 and 1932 wage reductions became general and protest strikes became more numerous. The relatively large number of man-days lost because of strikes in 1932 is largely due to the prolonged strikes in the southern Illinois coal fields. 1 Tables prepared b y Don Q. Crowther, of the Bureau of Labor Statistics. 2 The years 1906-13 are ignored in this analysis, since no strike data are available for that period. 3 N o figures for man-days idle are available previous to 1927. 41 42 STR IK ES I N THE U N IT E D STA TES, 1 8 8 0 -1 9 3 6 C hart 2 S T R IK E S D U R IN G 1927-1936 1927- 29=100 N UM BER OF S T R IK E S N umber Thousands NUM BER OF W O RKERS INVOLVED U. S. B ureau of L abor Statistics Number Thousands A N A L Y S IS OF ST R IK E S, 19 2 7 - 3 6 43 The first year of recovery and the impetus for increased labor activ ity ensuing from the National Industrial Recovery Act doubled the number of strikes in 1933. Rising prices and union-organization drives brought on a slightly increased number of strikes from that time through 1936. While there were more strikes in 1936 than in the preceding years, there were not as many workers involved nor mandays lost. There were no extremely large strikes in 1936, such as the textile strike in 1934 and the bituminous-coal strike in 1935, nor as many fairly large strikes of prolonged duration as there were in 1933. (See appendix I.) Seasonal Trend In general, the smallest number of strikes occur during the winter months from November through February. In each of the 10 years fewer strikes occurred in December than in either of the next 2 months. In all but one of the years there were fewer strikes in November than in the succeeding January, but only in 1927 were there fewer than in December. (See chart 3.) Strikes begin to increase in the spring, especially in M ay, and remain at a relatively high level all summer. In 5 of the 10 years the largest number of strikes took place in May, and in a sixth year the highest number was shared between April and May. In 1930 there were more strikes in July than in any other month of that year. In 1933 and 1935 the greatest number occurred during August. There was a seasonal increase in strikes during May 1936, but the maximum for the year did not occur until September. About the same seasonal characteristics pertain to the number of workers involved in strikes. In 6 years out of the 10, December wit nessed the smallest number of workers involved in strikes begun that month. November, January, and February had the smallest number in the other 4 years. The peak month for number of workers idle because of strikes begun during the month was not as consistent as that for number of strikes, due to the influence of one or two large strikes on the total number of workers. Thus, in 1 year (1930) the largest number of workers involved in strikes was in February; in 4 years April had the greatest number; July had the greatest number in 1931; September in 3 years (1933, 1934, and 1935); and October in 1936. The number of workers involved in strikes in progress during any month indicates the full impact of strikes which began in preceding months and remained unsettled, as well as those involved in strikes beginning in the month. Due to this cumulative effect, there may be a large number of workers involved in strikes in progress during a certain month even though the number involved in new strikes is on 13894°— 38-------4 S T R IK E S BEGINNING IN E A C H M O N TH 1 9 2 7 -1 9 3 6 N u m ber Num ber 300 £00 £00 ISO ISO STA TES, 100 19£ 7 !9£Q U. S Bureau or L abor Statistics /9£9 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1 8 8 0 -1 9 3 6 50 U N IT E D £50 THE £50 STR IK ES I N 300 ANALYSIS OF STRIKES, 45 19 2 7 - 3 6 the decline. For instance, because of the prolonged bituminous-coal strike in 1927, the number of workers involved in strikes in progress during May and the succeeding months was very high although the number of workers in strikes beginning in those months was unusually small. Another prolonged general coal strike and clothing and textile strikes in Massachusetts and New York City caused the largest num ber of workers to be out in June 1928. A large strike in the New York clothing industry occurred in July 1929. The large number of workers in February 1930 was primarily due to a dressmakers’ strike in New York City. During August 1931, a coal strike in Pennsylvania and a strike in the men’s clothing industry of New York contributed sub stantially to the total number of workers involved in strikes. Large strikes in progress in the construction industry in New York City, and in the bituminous-coal regions of Illinois, accounted for the large number of workers in May 1932. In September 1933 strikes in anthracite and bituminous coal, as well as several strikes in New York clothing plants, caused a large number of persons to be out. A general textile strike took place in September 1934, and a general bituminouscoal strike in September 1935. Maritime strikes on all three coasts and strikes in the glass and automobile industries contributed toward the large number involved in strikes in December 1936. In general, the number of man-days idle because of strikes increases each spring and summer and is lowest during December and January. During 2 years in the 10-year period the number of man-days remained relatively high in December. In 1927 this was due to the coal strike; in 1936, to the maritime strikes and strikes in the glass and automobile industries. T Month able 1927 2 1 . — Strikes 1928 1929 from 1927 to 1936, by months 1930 1932 1931 1933 1934 1935 1936 Number of strikes beginning in month January_____ February___ M arch______ April............... M a y _______ June........... . . 35 63 70 84 95 80 45 46 41 69 80 44 July_________ August______ Septem ber.. . October_____ N ov em b er... December___ 55 56 58 50 28 33 56 53 48 60 37 25 50 51 68 121 121 77 81 86 99 73 60 34 49 49 47 58 52 53 78 104 88 66 60 63 89 91 74 68 67 78 81 42 36 27 86 57 48 68 58 61 79 53 68 72 89 50 43 36 83 67 106 89 161 154 237 261 233 145 87 72 98 94 161 210 226 165 151 183 150 187 130 101 140 149 175 180 174 189 167 148 185 183 206 188 184 239 162 190 142 90 173 228 234 192 136 132 STRIKES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1 8 8 0 -1 9 3 6 46 T Month 21 . — Strikes from 1927 to 1936, by months— Continued able 1927 1928 1929 1930 1932 1931 1933 1934 1935 1936 Number of strikes in progress during month January_____ February-----M arch______ April— .......... M a y ............... June........... July................ August--------S eptem ber... October_____ N ov em b er... December___ 86 79 108 138 163 164 134 111 102 94 80 72 92 75 84 103 158 179 156 103 97 91 96 89 85 94 75 59 143 144 146 124 93 67 104 81 64 48 96 88 104 120 71 74 88 113 86 66 110 94 73 87 106 146 113 97 103 117 137 125 141 133 217 219 105 125 118 112 119 134 131 85 98 66 86 58 132 143 283 329 276 213 232 277 294 307 319 251 250 304 313 340 309 277 297 259 297 229 317 377 311 332 274 201 101 210 324 355 379 335 252 258 222 297 348 347 267 178 136 Number of workers involved in the strikes beginning in month January......... February____ M arch........ . A p r il............. M a y ............... J une.............. 5,140 9,726 16,280 189, 943 21,031 19,602 17,081 35,995 8,414 89,347 17,078 33,225 15,045 27,254 18,747 41, 277 37,389 24,986 11,180 38,266 17,639 11,918 11, 213 18,566 11,159 31,488 32, 214 39,034 36,758 31,968 13,417 44,621 36,025 52,998 49,971 18,520 23, 676 13,626 45,183 37,807 68,310 96,187 81,650 89, 562 91,559 185, 282 145.830 56, 244 81,194 64,238 53,089 67,857 102, 491 48,917 32,406 63,056 75,191 65, 379 72,824 63, 429 July................ August........... S eptem ber... October_____ N ov em b er... December___ 19,416 8, 419 13, 731 14,140 7,187 5,325 18,318 11,366 9,110 28,301 40,459 5,516 37,148 28, 741 22,356 19,389 12, 715 3, 525 18, 716 20, 487 14,840 10,175 4,660 5,315 50,105 13,849 39,273 35,388 16,036 4,545 30,095 38,916 19, 615 11, 251 4,898 3.883 175,177 224,696 290,408 81,447 74,231 37, 524 180,268 80,071 423,915 69,441 37,869 25,004 70,046 74,313 453,820 48,223 38,279 14,746 38,017 68, 752 65,994 100, 845 70,116 72,639 Number of workers involved in the strikes in progress during month January____ February___ M arch______ A p ril............ . M a y . ........... J u n e......... . 11,932 21,749 198,306 206,070 202, 661 27,578 48,153 41,865 95,047 91,741 113,189 16,886 32, 707 29,126 49,005 60,303 60, 762 15,430 45,582 26,672 19,019 18,893 25,327 16,483 34, 585 47, 572 70,493 70,105 58,061 14,889 49,902 79,229 65, 747 103, 641 103,108 24,398 23,738 54,193 53,061 101, 295 128,207 106, 734 160, 713 128,886 229, 552 234,364 119, 509 92, 630 96,533 98, 457 124,174 151,163 129, 784 59,153 89, 735 122,162 95, 526 123,030 133, 531 July_________ August______ S eptem ber... October_____ N o v e m b e r... December___ 202, 541 180, 553 184,981 184,136 181,890 182, 293 106,196 89,138 83,183 103, 759 92,728 55,105 65, 244 45,418 30,366 28,026 19, 548 12,103 30, 748 28,928 26,109 25,979 22, 422 15, 396 91,194 94,273 62,809 76,746 48,968 19, 246 88,972 102,977 63,441 21,713 10, 551 6, 232 251, 723 312, 539 382, 213 296,110 241, 316 69,397 250,328 162,980 480,318 104, 207 94, 494 73, 279 141,829 150,835 514, 427 133, 742 100, 732 61, 782 125, 281 118, 268 130,875 148, 570 157,007 184,859 Number of man-days idle during month 54,209 315, 293 66,658 236,927 January......... February___ 118,346 445, 273 156,047 503,189 M arch............ 249,905 400, 707 300,387 342,187 A p ril.............. 3,570,181 1,447,876 653,585 425,908 M a y . ............ 3, 712,396 1,704,045 950,097 225,925 June............... 3,635,099 1,905,190 931, 488 189,823 J u l y ________ A u g u s t-........ September. ._ October.......... N o v e m b e r... December___ 181, 466 131,895 278, 257 822, 400 720, 778 635, 519 320, 736 467,159 136,862 867,912 836, 498 748,491 317,185 544,687 521, 289 1, 237,055 966,980 1,331,162 935,418 1, 390,337 730,320 2,333,230 1,178,851 699,900 569,806 2,078,812 1,066,664 1,956,868 1,697,848 1,019,171 807, 554 1,822,979 1,083, 537 1, 565,601 1, 311, 278 1,327,678 3,618,813 1, 694, 794 900, 680 203, 733 700, 501 1, 618, 441 1,775,301 2, 221,663 1, 297, 730 3,330,092 1, 730,937 395, 219 165,405 883,605 1,416,504 2,060,855 2,188,239 1,191,663 3, 294,922 1,115,323 273, 891 206,141 548,952 630,449 3, 594,401 4,136,108 3,027,040 1,522,635 726,118 307,312 345, 701 1,044,383 238, 292 3,508,918 909,459 1,562,908 1,544,661 717,280 260,169 269,389 420,299 114, 782 1,620,415 969,061 1,003,852 47,696 495, 309 384, 353 660,911 1, 567, 369 429,027 156,007 202,480 163,339 1,105, 480 911, 216 1,063,100 1,053,878 1,940,628 2,065, 733 ANALYSIS OF STRIKES, 192 7 -3 6 47 Number of Workers4 The number of workers involved in a strike includes those workers within the plant or establishment who stop work or are thrown out of work because of the strike. Thus the number shown in the tables is not limited to the employees of the plant who actually took part in the strike. On the other hand, it does not include workers in other plants who may have been affected by the strike.5 More than half of the strikes (54 percent) involved fewer than 100 workers each. About 30 percent involved between 100 and 500 workers. During the 10 years, strikes involving 500 and more workers comprised only 16 percent of the total. In 1933 as many as 22 percent and in 1934 as many as 19 percent involved 500 and more workers. These years also had the greatest proportion of very large strikes— 2% percent of the total in each year involving 5,000 and more workers. During the 10-year period 1927-36, there was an average of about 515 workers involved in each strike. The average number of workers per strike each year is a measure of the relative severity of all the strikes which occur during the year. Since the average, however, is materi ally affected by a few extremely large strikes, the median figure gives a more accurate picture of the sizes of strikes each year. Since 1933 a larger proportion of the strikes included more workers than in the preceding years. Thus about half of the strikes each year from 1927 to 1932 involved fewer than 56 workers, with the exception of 1929 when the median was 70. More large strikes in 1933 and 1934 in creased the median number of workers to 150 and 114, respectively. There was practically no difference in the characteristic sizes of strikes in 1935 and 1936, half of them in each year involving fewer than 74 or 75 workers. * For information on results of strikes in relation to number of workers involved, see table 32. A list of strikes which involved 10,000 workers or over is given in appendix I. * It should be noted that strikes involving fewer than 6 workers are omitted from all these statistical analyses. pp. 5 and 9. See STRIKES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1 8 8 0 -1 9 3 6 48 T able 22.— Strikes by number of workers involved Strikes in which the number of workers involved was— Year Aver Median age number workers in of 20 100 500 1,000 5.000 10,000 Totals 250 6 workers volved and and and and and and and and in per under under under under under under under over strikes strike 100 250 500 1,000 5,000 10.000 20 Number of strikes 707 604 921 637 810 157 117 167 125 177 291 256 354 264 322 104 85 176 118 155 67 55 90 64 59 48 41 63 32 39 36 41 63 31 45 7 1 1 6 1932_____________ 1933_____________ 1934_____________ 1935_____________ 1936_____________ 841 1,695 1,856 2, 014 2,172 201 334 524 590 755 840 144 367 386 420 414 79 253 262 219 238 34 172 178 143 158 38 158 135 113 4 26 28 15 7 17 18 9 102 20 8 5.1 0.4 .7 0.1 .8 178 259 340 392 3 4 7 1 1927_____________ 1928_____________ 1929_____________ 1930_____________ 1931_____________ 2 5 467 520 313 287 422 50 52 70 53 56 386 689 790 555 363 53 150 114 75 74 Percent of strikes 1927_____________ 1928_____________ 1929___________ __ 1930_____________ 1931_____________ 100.0 100.0 100. 0 100.0 100.0 22.2 19.4 18.1 19.6 21.9 41. 2 42.3 38. 5 41.5 39.7 14.7 14.1 19.1 18.5 19.1 1932_____________ 1933_____________ 1934_____________ 1935_____________ 1936___ ____ 100.0 100. 0 100.0 100. 0 100.0 23.9 10.5 14. 0 16.9 18.0 39.8 31.0 31.7 37. 5 38.6 17.1 21.7 20.8 20.9 19.1 9.5 9.1 9.8 10.0 7.3 9.4 14.9 14.1 10.9 11.0 6.8 6.8 6.8 6.8 6.8 5.0 4.8 4.9 5.6 .3 .9 .2 4.0 4.5 9.3 7.3 5.6 4.7 .5 1.5 1.5 .7 .9 .8 1. 0 1. 0 10.1 9.6 7.1 7.3 .8 .1 .7 .4 .4 Establishments Involved It is impossible to obtain data on the number of establishments involved in many of the large strikes, especially when these strikes extend into numerous cities and States. For that reason there are no separate classifications of strikes which extend into more than 10 establishments.6 The establishments involved in a strike may be different plants of the same company or plants of several companies either in the same city or scattered over a more extensive area. During the 10-year period 1927-36, almost 70 percent of the strikes were confined to single establishments. This percentage was fairly uniform for all years except in 1927 when 61 percent7 and in 1928 when 65 percent of the strikes were confined to single establish ments. In only 1 year, 1929, were there more workers involved in strikes confined to single establishments than in strikes of a more general character. During this year there was only 1 large strike, that of 15,000 cloak and suit workers in New York City. Less than 12 percent of the strikes during the 10 years extended into more than 10 establishments. While 59 percent of the total ®See appendix II, p. 164. 7 If information on the 90 “ not reported” were known, this proportion might be larger. T Number of establishments involved able 23 . — Strikes by number of establishments involved , 1 9 2 7 -3 6 1928 1927 1929 1930 1931 1932 1934 1933 1935 1936 Number of strikes ending in year 666 620 924 651 796 852 1,672 1,817 2,003 2,156 405 74 18 79 90 405 93 32 90 636 118 53 117 454 88 25 84 560 117 16 93 10 603 105 32 96 16 1,168 217 65 201 21 1,262 245 72 225 13 1,418 296 57 217 15 1,561 287 85 203 20 Total_____ ____________ _______ Number of workers involved in strikes ending in year . 319,442 322,866 286,163 181,901 345,669 324,960 1,143,910 1,480,343 1,101,902 709,748 1 ____________________________________________ 2 to 5________________________________________ 6 to 10_______________________________________ 11 and over__________________________________ N ot reported-------------------------------------------------- 48,203 15, 715 4, 207 230, 510 20,807 83,372 22,474 38,110 178,910 112,369 36,440 38,928 98,426 56,367 31, 769 2,470 91,295 70, 247 63, 534 15,480 189,078 7,330 68,121 25,221 13,236 212,779 5,603 241, 736 115, 756 41,353 735,260 9,805 302,043 152,344 54,331 969, 530 2,095 235,644 108,588 28,394 725,314 3,962 328, 511 98, 730 42, 232 234,157 6,118 Total____________ _________ ____ _________ Total_______ 25,689,915 13,065,634 5,304,638 3,107,948 7, 212,127 10, 521,437 16,563,940 19,491,844 14,918, 234 11, 432,536 1___________ 2 to 5_____ 6 to 10______ 11 and over_. N ot reported 718, 590 155,402 75,474 24, 298, 278 442,171 1,091,104 330,409 326,197 11,317,924 1,956,824 578,692 313,685 2, 455, 437 952,181 792, 353 64,593 1,298,821 1,023,806 1,396,993 263,010 4,462, 308 66, 010 1, 238, 755 420,105 213, 204 8, 570, 566 78, 807 2, 571, 290 1,827,057 730,050 11,143, 384 292,159 4,562,370 2, 591, 841 911,916 11,401, 568 24,149 3,926, 509 2, 278, 791 596,706 8,079, 506 36,722 5,046,924 1,713,470 1,117,364 3,444,678 110,100 192 7 -3 6 Number of man-days idle as a result of the strikes ending in year A N A L Y S IS OF S T R IK E S , ____________ 1_____________________________________________ 2 to 5________________________________________ 6 to 10_______________________________________ 11 and over___________ ____________ _ ______ N ot reported_________________________________ CD 50 ST R IK E S I N THE U N IT E D STA TES, 1 8 8 0 -1 9 3 6 workers were involved in these strikes, they caused 68 percent of the total man-days idle. This would indicate that the extensive strikes on the average were more prolonged than those involving only a few establishments. There was a good deal of variation from year to year in the proportion of total workers and man-days idle in strikes confined to one or many establishments. In 1927 and 1928, largely due to the coal strikes mentioned previously, 95 and 87 per cent of the total man-days of idleness were in strikes occurring in more than 10 establishments. In 1932 a few large strikes in textiles, clothing, mining, and several building trades in New York City accounted largely for the fact that 65 percent of the total workers and 81 percent of the man-days idle during that year were in con nection with strikes involving more than 10 establishments. On the other hand, in 1936 only 33 percent of the total workers and 30 per cent of the man-days idle were in connection with strikes extending into more than 10 establishments. Sex o f W orkers In 60 percent of the strikes occurring during 1927-36, men alone were involved. In 36 percent of the strikes both men and women were involved. (See table 24.) About 73 percent of the total number of persons involved in strikes during this period were men and 17 percent were women. For 10 percent of the workers the sex was not reported. (See table 25.) T able 24.— N um ber o f strikes ending 1 9 2 7 -3 6 , by sex o f workers involved Num ber of strikes involving— Year Total Males only Females only Males and females Sex not reported 1927 ____________________________________ 1928 _____ ____________________________ 1929 ____________________________________ 1930______________ _______________________ 1931________ ____________________ ________ 666 620 924 651 796 525 435 604 473 542 11 11 23 14 12 130 174 297 164 237 5 1932______________________________________ 1933______________________________________ 1934____ _________________________________ 1935______________________________________ 1936_______ ______________________________ 852 1,672 1,817 2,003 2,156 575 775 1,041 1,126 1,254 12 35 33 55 82 259 811 689 801 799 6 51 54 21 21 T otal for 10-year period___________________ 12,157 7,350 288 4,361 158 Percentage for 10-year period. ___________ 100.0 60.4 2.4 35.9 1.3 According to the 1930 census, 22 percent of those gainfully em ployed were women. The lesser proportion of women involved in strikes is probably due to the nature of the occupations in which large numbers of them are engaged. Thus, women predominate in domestic service and public-school teaching. Strikes are rare in these occupa- A N A L Y S IS OF ST R IK E S, 51 19 2 7 - 3 6 tions, not necessarily because the employees are women, but because of the nature of the occupation. On the other hand, building con struction, coal mining, steel, logging, and water, steam, and motor transportation are essentially male occupations and the type of work in which strikes are likely to occur. T able 2 5 . — N u m b e r o f p erson s involved in strikes en d in g in 1 9 2 7 - 8 6 , b y sex Year Total Males Sex not reported Females 1927____ __________ ____________________ ___ ___ _______ __________________________________ 1928 1929 ________________ ______ _________________________ 1930 _______ _________________________________________ 1931____ __________ _____________________ ____ _____ 319,442 322,866 286,163 181,901 345,669 310,460 255,289 216,240 138,493 268,635 8,982 21,420 30,671 36,058 58,846 46,157 39,252 7,350 18,188 1932___________________________________________________ 1933 _____________________________________ ____ _______ 1934______ ____ _______________________________________ 1935__________ ____ ___________________________________ 1936___________________________________________________ 324,960 1,143,910 1,480,343 1,101,902 709,748 243,759 748,620 920,200 903,814 538, 736 45,322 284,553 327,884 129,912 105,101 35,879 110, 737 232,259 68,176 65,911 Total for 10-year period --------------------------------------------- 6,216,904 4,544,246 1,048, 749 623,909 Percentage for 10-year period__________________________ 100.0 73.1 16.9 10.0 Duration o f Strikes 8 On the average, the 12,157 strikes occurring from 1927 to 1936 lasted 22 days. Chiefly due to the prolonged strikes in the bituminouscoal industry, the average duration in 1927 and 1928 was unusually large. In 1931 and 1933 the greater proportions of strikes lasting less than 1 week and fewer number lasting longer than 3 months caused the average duration of all strikes for these years to be less than the 10-year average. The average duration of strikes in each of the 10 years, in terms of calendar days, was as follows: Average duration Year 1927____________ 1928____________ 1929____________ 1930____________ 1931____________ __________ __________ __________ __________ __________ 26. 27. 22. 22. 18. Year 5 1932 ___________ __________ 6 1933____________ __________ 6 1934____________ __________ 3 1935____________ __________ 8 1936____________ __________ Average duration 19. 16. 19. 23. 23. 6 9 5 8 3 Aside from the year 1927 when only 27 percent of the strikes were terminated within a week, and the years 1931 and 1933 referred to above, the proportion of short (less than 1 week) strikes did not greatly vary throughout the period. The low proportion of short strikes in 1927 was offset by a greater than usual number of strikes lasting one-half month to 3 months— 45.5 percent of the total. The largest proportion of prolonged strikes was in 1928, when over 8 percent continued for 3 months or more. As mentioned above, the lowest proportion of prolonged strikes occurred in 1931 (2.1 percent) and 1933 (1.4 percent). 8 For information on duration of strikes in relation to results, see table 31. T able Oi 2 6 .— Duration of strikes ending 1 9 2 7 -3 6 to Strikes with duration of— Year Total 1 week and less than Yz month H month and less than 1 month 1 and less than 2 months 2 and less than 3 months Total 3 months or over 1 week Less than and less 1 week than H month Number of strikes Yi month 1 2 and and less lessand than less than than 1 2 months 3 months month 3 months or over Percentage of strikes 152 131 218 157 169 138 98 143 111 136 118 75 127 80 116 47 30 33 41 39 30 51 43 24 17 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 27.2 38.0 38.9 36.5 40.1 22.8 21.1 23.6 24.1 21.2 20.7 15.8 15.5 17.1 17.1 17.7 12.1 13.7 12.3 14.6 7.1 4.8 3.6 6.3 4.9 4.5 8.2 4.7 3.7 2.1 1932____________ 1933____________ 1934____________ 1935____________ 1936____________ 852 1, 672 1,817 2,003 2,156 334 700 703 709 753 165 362 360 437 512 149 307 337 347 382 146 222 288 284 291 35 57 88 127 106 23 24 41 99 112 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 39.2 41.8 38.7 35.5 35.0 19.4 21.7 19.8 21.8 23.7 17.5 18.4 18.5 17.3 17.7 17.1 13.3 15.9 14.2 13.5 4.1 3.4 4.8 6.3 4.9 2.7 1.4 2.3 4.9 5.2 Percentage of workers involved 319,442 322,866 286,163 181,901 345,669 47,504 84,243 113,845 43, 778 51,873 31,891 46, 570 56,047 75, 717 77,905 29,872 89,797 48,069 30,320 94,710 34,007 13,421 37,027 15,819 61,189 8,497 6,976 19,948 6,279 38,640 167,671 81,859 11, 227 9,988 21,352 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 14.9 26.1 39.8 24.1 15.0 10.0 14.4 19.6 41.5 22.5 9.4 27.7 16.8 16.7 27.4 10.6 4.2 12.9 8.7 17.7 2.7 2.2 7.0 3.5 11.2 52.4 25.4 3.9 5.5 6.2 1932____________ 1933____________ 1934____________ 1935____________ 1936____________ 324,960 1,143,910 1,480, 343 1,101,902 709,748 55,166 326, 756 414,406 568, 581 224,601 67,894 241,502 227,957 190,312 142,788 75,963 265,792 565,863 103,232 157,068 64,656 227,063 208,891 111, 913 86,252 6,816 64,369 45,642 44, 213 60,173 54, 465 18,428 17, 584 83, 651 38,866 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 17.0 28.7 28.0 51.5 31.6 20.9 21.1 15.4 17.3 20.1 23.3 23.2 38.2 9.4 22.1 19.9 19.8 14.1 10.2 12.2 2.1 5.6 3.1 4.0 8.5 16.8 1.6 1.2 7.6 5.5 18 8 0 - 1 9 3 6 1927____________ 1928____________ 1929____________ 1930____________ 1931_____ ______ STA TES, Number of workers involved U N IT E D 181 235 360 238 319 THE 666 620 924 651 796 IN 1927____________ 1928____________ 1929____________ 1930____________ 1931____________ STR IKES Less than 1 week Strikes with duration of— Percentage of man-days idle Number of man-days idle 25, 689, 915 13,065. 634 5, 304, 638 3,107, 948 7, 212,127 142,911 246, 203 297, 279 146, 331 140, 648 260, 759 365,247 509, 254 826,062 649,118 514,110 1,126, 223 808, 858 441,148 1, 317, 612 1,182,838 365,148 1, 253, 350 542,487 1, 651,861 550,096 427.978 1, 226, 268 369,938 1, 768, 744 23,039, 201 10, 534,835 1, 209, 629 781,982 1, 684,144 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 .6 1.9 5.6 4.7 2.0 1.0 2.8 9.6 26.5 9.0 2.0 8.6 15.2 14.2 18.3 4.6 2.8 23.7 17.5 22.9 2.1 3.3 23.1 11.9 24.4 89.7 80.6 22.8 25.2 23.4 1932____________ 1933____________ 1934____________ 1935____________ 1936_________ _ 10, 521,437 16, 563, 940 19,491,844 14, 918, 234 11, 432, 536 140,879 1, 071, 264 1,151, 515 2, 320, 904 545,159 674, 556 1,844,786 1, 610, 768 1, 303, 773 928, 299 1,051,992 3, 531,278 6,916. 711 1,471,969 2,161, 736 2,123, 744 5, 709,938 6,060,913 3,499,122 2, 598,424 358,019 2,964,047 2,236,851 1,986, 375 1,917,471 6,172, 247 1, 442, 627 1, 515,086 4, 336,091 3, 281,447 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 1.3 6.5 5.9 15.6 4.8 6.4 11.1 8.3 8.7 8.1 10.0 21.3 35.4 9.9 18.9 20.3 34.5 31.1 23.5 22.7 3.4 17.9 11.5 13.3 16.8 58.6 8.7 7.8 29.0 28.7 OF ST R IK E S, 19 2 7 - 3 6 A N A L Y S IS 1927____________ 1928____________ 1929____________ 1930____________ 1931____________ Or 00 54 STR IK ES I N THE U N IT E D STA TES, 1 8 8 0 -1 9 3 6 Over 31 percent of the workers involved in all strikes during the 10-year period were in strikes lasting less than 1 week. Over 8 percent of the workers were involved in the 4 percent of the strikes lasting 3 months or longer. The larger proportion of workers was principally due to prolonged coal strikes in 1927, 1928, and 1932. In 4 of the 10 years the greatest percentage of workers were involved in strikes lasting less than 1 week. The extensive but short-lived coal strike in 1935 brought the proportion of workers involved in strikes of less than 1 week to as high as 51.5 percent, and the proportion of man-days idle to 15.6 percent. Throughout the period less than 5 percent of the total man-days idle were during strikes lasting less than 1 week while 42 percent were during the strikes which lasted 3 months or longer. Again, the wide spread and prolonged coal strikes were the major influences in causing the percentages of man-days idle in strikes of 3 months or longer dura tion to be as high as they were in 1927, 1928, and 1932. Although the number of large strikes in 1933 and 1934 was comparatively great (see table 22), most of them were brief. This accounts for the small percentage of man-days idle in strikes lasting 3 months or longer during these years. Labor Organisations The largest proportion of strikes taking place from 1927 to 1936 were under the auspices of unions affiliated with the American Fed eration of Labor.9 These strikes included about three-fourths of the total number of workers involved in strikes. Only five strikes, involv ing 1,458 workers, were called by railroad brotherhoods during the entire 10 years. A relatively large number of strikes were called by independent unions during the years 1929-33.1 Some of these independent unions 0 later affiliated with the A. F. of L. as, for example, the Amalgamated Clothing Workers, which so affiliated during the latter part of 1933. Others like the National Textile Workers, the Needle Trades Workers Industrial Union, and the National Miners Union dissolved as separate organizations and merged with A. F. of L. affiliates. Independent unions were connected with a smaller proportion of the total strikes during 1934-36. About 15 percent of the total number of strikes involving independent unions during these 3 years occurred on work-relief and W. P. A. projects. The comparatively large number of strikes during 1929-33 in which no union was involved1 is partially accounted for by the fact that many 0 of these workers had once belonged to trade-unions but the locals had disintegrated during the depression. The workers, however, were ®See appendix II for methods used in classifying strikes b y labor organizations involved. There m ay have been independent unions connected with some of those classified under “ no organiza tion.” It is difficult to learn all the particulars about such strikes. A N A L Y S IS OF ST R IK E S, 19 2 7 - 3 6 55 accustomed to collective action and the strike weapon. An evidence of this is that a large number of these strikes occurred in the industries and areas which at a previous time had been unionized, e. g., coal mines and shoe factories. Nearly one-fourth of the “ no organiza tion” strikes during the years 1934-36 were on work-relief and W. P. A. projects. In September 1936 the executive council of the American Federation of Labor suspended 10 of its international unions which were associated with the Committee for Industrial Organization. These, together with independent unions which were never affiliated with the A. F. of L. before they joined the C. I. O., participated in 133 strikes involving 105,814 workers during the months from September through December 1936. Or T a b l e 2 7 . — L abor organizations involved in strikes en d in g 1 9 2 7 - 3 6 Types of labor organization involved 1927 1929 1928 1930 1931 | 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 Number of strikes ending in year . .................. 620 924 651 796 852 1, 672 1,817 2,003 2,156 574 432 473 486 806 66 2 424 1 57 3 163 5 61 1 136 6 38 61 35 52 61 22 37 145 59 92 6 102 6 1 61 136 17 343 14 4 31 317 157 1,379 1 231 14 9 31 116 36 1, 551 1 258 11 15 2 160 5 2 1, 780 2 161 2 10 7 183 11 24 118 82 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 71.1 62. 2 66. 3 59.4 57.0 48. 2 8.4 .3 68.4 .2 9.2 .5 17.6 .5 9.4 .2 16.0 .7 5.7 9. 2 5.3 8.4 9.8 3.5 4.0 15.7 9. I 14. 1 .9 12.8 .8 .1 7. 7 17. 1 2. 1 20. 5 .8 .2 1.9 19. 0 9.4 75.9 0) 12.7 .8 .5 1. 7 6. 4 2. 0 77.5 0) 13.0 .5 .7 .1 8. 0 .2 282. 5 .1 7. 5 .1 .5 .3 8. 5 .5 1,101, 902 709, 748 2.8 13. 9 9. 6 Number of workers involved in strikes ending in year Total_________________________________ _______ ______ ___________ 319,442 322, 866 286,163 181, 901. 345, 669 324, 960 1,143, 910 American Federation of L abor................. ............. .......................... . Railroad brotherhoods....... ........................................... ..................... . Nonaffiliated unions_____________________________________________ Tw o rival unions_________ _____ ________ ____________________ ._ Company unions____ __________ ___________________ ________ ____ Organization involved but type not reported........ ................. ........... N o organization _____ ____ ________ ________________________ . 280, 628 197, 563 400 41,375 32, 345 191, 409 138, 241 212, 375 238, 038 684, 247 48, 369 280 18,126 250 37 595 9,237 4, 351 8, 651 37, 454 9,698 15, 403 183 16, 405 45 6, 659 9 152 1, 480, 343 1, 220, 894 972,171 2 590, 419 28 560 470 101,301 152, 264 86, 271 42, 499 314, 246 79, 221 264 67, 463 8,026 383 25, 222 4,040 229 2,440 2,905 1, 743 1, 751 4, 860 5, 252 64 360 6,267 4,969 23, 436 32,941 26, 377 78, 857 32,369 26,762 N 1, 797 ot reported as to whether 335 not any organization was inv olv ed .. 464 34, or 533 4, 616 1 8 8 0 -1 9 3 6 100.0 American Federation of Labor_________________________________ Railroad brotherhoods......... ......................... .......... ............................... Nonaffiliated unions.. _____________________ . . . . _ __________ Tw o rival unions___________ _______ . _ ..... _ . .... Company unions_______ ___________________________ ______ _____ Organization involved but type not reported_____________________ N o organization___________________________ ______________ ____ _ N ot reported as to whether or not any organization was involved.. STA TES, Total___ ____________________________ _____ _________ ____ _______ U N IT E D Percentage of total strikes ending in year THE 666 474 STR IK ES I N Total_______________________ ____________ _ American Federation of Labor..................... ..................... ... .... Railroad brotherhoods_______________ _____ ___________________ Nonaffiliated unions.. __________________________ _______ _______ Two rival unions. . . . _________ . . . . ______ ________ ______ . . . Company unions____________ _________ _____ __________ _______ Organization involved but type not reported_______ _____ _______ N o organization___________ I _______ 1_____ ________ _____ ______ N ot reported as to whether or not any organization was involved.. 6, 553 Percentage of total workers involved in strikes ending in year 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 61.3 .1 66.9 76.0 61.4 73.3 59.7 5.1 12.8 29.3 .1 .1 1.8 6.8 .5 13.1 .1 27.5 82. 5 0) 10.3 4.6 1.5 8. 1 3.9 .5 6.9 3.0 88.3 0) 7.9 .7 .2 0) 2.9 0 283.1 .1 11.2 .6 .2 .1 4.6 .1 ................. 25, 689,915 13, 065, 634 5, 304, 638 3,107, 948 7, 212,127 10, 521,437 16, 563, 940 19, 491,844 14,918, 234 11,432, 536 100.0 2.9 2. 1 .1 10.0 .1 11.6 2.9 1.3 2. 1 16.9 10.0 0 3.0 13.1 5.3 8.5 .1 2.2 .2 .2 .3 1.8 .3 Number of man-days idle as a result of strikes ending in year Total_________________ _ 7,888, 325 3,195, 808 2,496, 391 4,967,181 400 880,621 1,432, 343 281,883 1,893,170 245,472 4,865 1, 500 3,065 687 69, 725 3,850, 031 196, 084 166, 776 256,155 159, 259 475, 538 156, 365 41, 526 22,144 5,033 9, 469, 034 10, 580, 767 16,635, 880 12, 765,908 U0,059,390 22, 180 1, 880 56 554, 561 4,470, 333 1,868, 279 1, 658,942 1,113, 054 2, 653 702,121 678, 064 202, 260 13, 480 25, 891 13,135 17, 873 18,403 161, 491 28,295 91, 952 3, 141 695 199, 332 497, 656 194, 819 131, 500 269, 610 134, 366 258, 877 71,154 8, 599 2,360 Total________________________________________________ _____ _____ 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 American Federation of Labor___________________________________ Railroad brotherhoods____ _____ ____ __________ _____ ___________ Nonafliliated unions_____ ________________________________________ T w o rival unions________________________________________________ Com pany unions___________________________ ______ _______ ______ Organization involved but type not reported_____________________ N o organization_________________________________________________ N o t reported as to whether or not any organization was involved .. 97.9 60.4 60. 2 80.3 68. 9 90. 0 63.8 85. 2 85. 6 6.7 1.9 27.0 .1 9. 1 3. 7 9. 0 27.0 4.2 .2 .2 3. 0 1. 6 288. 0 2 9. 7 .1 2 29. 5 1. 2 .3 26. 2 0 0) 1.0 3. 6 .3 5.3 0 19 2 7 - 3 6 Percentage of total man-days idle as a result of strikes ending in year OF ST R IK E S, American Federation of Labor______________________ ____ _______ 25,137, 490 Railroad brotherhoods_____________________ _____ _________ _____ 198,143 . . . . . .. ___ ______________ Nonafliliated unions.________ 360 T w o rival unions. _______ ..... _____ . . . _ Company u n io n s ________ _ ___________________________________ 140, 530 Organization involved but type not reported____ ____ ___________ 112, 787 N o organization.. ______ _________ . ______ _____ _____________ 100, 605 N ot reported as to whether or not any organization was involved.. A N A L Y S IS 100.0 87.8 Total. American Federation of Labor________________________________ Railroad brotherhoods____ _______ _____________ ___________ _____ NonaflSliated unions.—----------- ----------------------------------------------------T w o rival unions _________ ______________________________________ Company u n i o n s . ________ ____________ ____ _______ ____ ______ Organization involved but type not reported............... ...................... N o organization_________________________________________________ N ot reported as to whether or not any organization was involved.. .8 0) .5 .4 .4 0 5. 4 5. 0 .2 1 Less than Ho o f 1 percent. in clu d e s strikes in which were involved the 10 international unions suspended b y the A . F. of L. in September 1936. 0 1. 5 1.9 1.3 See text above. 0 9.6 3. 5 .1 .5 .7 .4 0 11. 1 1.4 .1 0) 1.8 0 0 1.7 .1 <1 58 STRIKES IN THE UNITED STATES, 18 8 0 -1 9 3 6 Major Issues In table 28 strikes are assigned to 18 classifications according to their major issues or causes. These classifications are divided into three groups: (1) Wages and hours, (2) union organization, (3) miscellane ous. In actual strike situations the major issues are varied and com plex, with overlapping between these groups. Thus, in many strikes where the question of union recognition seems to be the major issue, questions of wages and hours are also important. Wages and hours demands are frequently accompanied by questions of seniority, work ing rules, and other working conditions.1 1 In the 10-year period 1927-36, 44 percent of the strikes were con cerned chiefly with questions of wages and hours, 40 percent with union-organization matters, and 16 percent with other issues, such as jurisdiction, work surroundings, objection to certain foremen or work ing rules, etc. Hours, as a single issue, was the major cause of com paratively few strikes throughout the period although hours combined with wages were factors in a number of the disputes. About these same proportions pertain to the total number of workers involved in strikes: 44 percent were connected with strikes caused chiefly over questions of wages and hours, 38 percent over unionorganization matters, and 18 percent over other questions. About 56 percent of the man-days idle because of strikes between 1927 and 1936 were due chiefly to wages and hours demands, 36 percent to questions of union organization, and 8 percent to other causes. There was considerable variation from year to year in the propor tion of strikes due to various causes. Demands for wage increases was the greatest single cause of strikes in 1927, this being the major issue in 22 percent of the strikes. In that year strikes in protest against wage decreases involved 54 percent of all the workers involved in strikes. Most of these workers were in the bituminous-coal strike. During the next year 18 percent of the strikes were for wage increases, while 12 percent were called in protest against wage decreases. Wage reductions brought on an increasingly larger proportion of strikes, until in 1932 half of all the strikes were due to this reason. In 1933, with the beginning of business recovery, a reverse trend set in, about 42 percent of the strikes being for wage increases and hour decreases, with about 13 percent against wage decreases. Dur ing the next year, 32 percent of the strikes were for wage increases and hour decreases and only 6 percent were in protest against wage decreases. About this same proportion continued until the first month after the invalidation of the National Industrial Recovery A c t1 when, for the first time since 1932, there were almost twice as 2 w See appendix II, p. 166, for discussion of problems pertaining to classification of strikes b y major issues involved. 1 fahecfiter v. United States, 295 U. S. 495, M a y 27, 1935, 3 ANALYSIS OF STRIKES, 192 7 -3 6 59 Chart 4 M A JO R ISSU ES INVOLVED IN S TR IK E S 1 9 2 7 -1 9 3 6 Major issues : U. S. Bureau of L abor Statistics 13894°— 38--------5 IV7771 Mis c e l l a n e o u s | Un io n Or g a n iz a t io n | Wa g es a n o H o ur s 60 STRIKES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1 8 8 0 -1 9 3 6 many strikes in protest against wage decreases as for wage increases. While such protest strikes slightly declined during succeeding months, the proportion for the year (1935) was comparatively high— about 60 percent as many as for wage increases and hour decreases. In 1936 about 9 percent of the strikes were in protest against wage decreases and hour increases and 26 percent for wage increases and hour decreases.1 3 During 1927 and 1928 about one-third of the total number of strikes were due to demands for union recognition, closed shop, and protest against union discrimination and violation of union agreements. In 1929 over 40 percent? were chiefly over these issues. The proportion declined during the next 3 years. In 1932 less than one-fifth of all the strikes were due to union-organization matters. Even in the midst of the depression, however, union-organization activity was not entirely absent. In 1930, for instance, almost 42 percent of the workers involved in strikes were in strikes in which union organiza tion matters were the dominant issues. A large proportion of these were in the textile industry. After the beginning of recovery, the proportion of strikes over union-organization questions increased. In 1935 almost half of the strikes were due to union-organization matters. The comparatively small proportion of workers (26 percent) involved in these strikes is due to the influence of the general bituminous-coal strike for a wage increase. Excluding this mining strike, more workers in 1935 were involved in strikes due to union-organization questions than to wages and hours. In 1936 over half of the total strikes were due to questions of union organization. These strikes involved over half of the workers engaged in industrial disputes during that year. During the 10-year period less than 3 percent of the strikes, includ ing about an equal proportion of all workers involved in strikes, were due to internal disputes among unions— that is, over matters of juris diction or quarrels between rival unions or factions. About 1% per cent of all strikes, including about 5 percent of all workers involved, were sympathetic strikes. is During the latter part of 1935 and in 1936 when strikes in protest against wage decreases and hour increases were declining, strikes for union organization were increasing (see following paragraphs). A n y causal rela tionship between the two is difficult to trace clearly. W hen wages and hours were secondary factors in organization strikes, m any were for wage increases and hour decreases. Since any wage and hour changes which took place between the termination of N . R . A . and the time of the strike are not known, it is impos sible to determine whether these strikes were for restoration of wage and hour scales in force during the N . R , A . or for improvements over N . R . A . conditions. T able 1927 2 8 . — M a j o r issu es involved in strikes en ding 1 9 2 7 - 3 6 1929 1928 1930 | 1931 | 1932 1935 1934 1933 1936 M ajor issues Number of strikes ending in year 2,156 _ _ ___________________ 666 620 924 651 796 852 1,672 1,817 2,003 W ages and hours---------------------------------------------- 273 222 284 447 560 926 717 760 147 61 47 1 1 16 113 75 22 2 3 7 373 90 329 10 9 4 5 100 421 24 10 4 17 70 165 39 3 1 6 5 543 220 152 1 1 9 487 112 100 6 2 10 368 178 96 73 33 12 413 151 146 19 15 12 240 382 207 221 66 35 3 162 533 835 945 1,083 74 23 5 10 43 45 40 226 86 28 1 19 63 20 9 163 145 1 81 41 95 179 194 173 272 168 151 232 14 357 130 120 24 153 172 169 317 18 2 16 117 7 3 21 141 16 5 22 126 All issues___________ Union organization............. ............. ... _______ Miscellaneous_________ _____ . . . _ ___________ 48 21 3 12 59 44 20 160 14 1 29 116 34 29 52 38 12 15 21 45 28 5 7 226 224 1 101 109 154 20 128 130 213 265 298 6 7 22 91 2 3 6 16 97 8 9 15 16 150 23 45 15 22 169 14 42 12 25 218 1 7 7 25 2 37 251 2 19 2 S y m p a th y -----------------------------------------------Rival unions or factions_____ _______ _ _ Jurisdiction___ ___________________________ Other ____________________________________ N ot reported______ ____ __________________ 102 62 1 32 91 66 28 756 OF ST R IK E S, Recognition_____ __ _____ ____________ Recognition and w ages.. _____ __________ Recognition and hours___ _ _. . . . _. .. Recognition, wages, and hours____________ Closed shop. __ __________________________ Discrimination________ ______ _________ . Other_________________ _____ _____________ 130 129 93 A N A L Y S IS Wage increase. ______ . . . ____ . ... Wagedecrease. _____ _________ . . . ... . Wage increase, hour decrease________ _____ Wage decrease, hour increase______________ Hour increase_________ _ ________________ Hour decrease_________ ____________ ____ ... O* T able 2 8 . — M a jo r issu es involved in strikes en d in g 1 9 2 7 - 3 6 — Continued 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 Major issues Percentage of total strikes ending in year 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Wage increase-------------------------------------------W age decrease_____ ______________ _______ Wage increase, hour decrease______________ Wage decrease, hour increase______________ Hour increase________ ____ ____ ________ Hour decrease----------- ---------------- ------------- 41.0 22.0 9.1 7.1 .2 .2 2.4 35.8 18.3 12.1 3.5 .3 .5 1.1 40.4 14.1 14.0 10.1 .4 1.8 43.6 10.8 25.2 6.0 .5 .2 .9 56.1 11.3 41.3 1.3 1.1 .5 .6 65.7 11.7 49.4 2.8 1.2 .6 55.4 32.4 13.2 9.1 .1 .1 .5 39.5 26.8 6.2 5.5 .3 .1 6 37.9 18.4 8. 9 4.8 3.6 1.6 .6 35.1 19.1 7.0 6.8 .9 .7 .6 Organization........... .......................................... 86.0 36.5 41.3 31.8 19.0 31.9 45.9 47.2 50.2 Recognition----------------- -------------- ----------Recognition and wages________ _ ________ _ _ Recognition and h o u rs ___ Recognition, wages, and hours------------------Closed shop_______ _______________________ Discrimination________ ___________________ Other--------------------------- ----------------------------- 11.0 3.5 .8 1.5 6.5 6.7 6.0 13.8 4.5 .2 3.1 10.2 3.2 1.5 11.1 6.7 .1 3.5 9.8 7.1 3.0 7.4 3.2 .5 1.8 9.0 6.8 3.1 27.8 8.3 4.4 .4 1.9 6.5 4.8 1.5 4.0 3.4 9. 7 8.7 .1 4.8 2.5 5.7 .4 12.3 12.3 .1 5.6 6.0 8. 5 1.1 8.9 9.7 .3 8.4 7.5 11.7 .7 8.0 12.6 16.6 6.0 5.6 1.1 Miscellaneous--------------------------------------------------- 28.0 27.7 1.1 .5 18.3 24.6 16.1 15.3 14.9 14.7 3.4 22. 7 2.4 13.7 .4 .7 1.9 11.4 .9 12.7 .5 14.6 .8 .9 2.8 11.3 .3 All issues_______ ___ ___ Sym pathy________________________________ Rival unions or factions.__________________ Jurisdiction_______ ________________ _____ Other_____________________________________ Not reported....... ........... ............ ............... 5.7 .3 2.4 17.6 1.7 .5 2.2 .2 4.5 17.7 2.5 5.2 3.3 .6 .9 1.0 8.9 1.4 2.5 .8 1.2 9.3 .8 2.1 .6 1.2 11.0 0) •3 1.2 .1 1.7 11.6 .1 Number of workers involved in strikes ending in year All issues_____________________________________ 319,442 322,866 286,163 181,901 345,669 324,960 W ages and hours._____ ________________________ 232,217 139,913 104,059 155,308 234,158 21,310 111, 619 4,993 445 142 1,404 73,223 30, 743 26,160 35,163 14,886 38,091 17,091 364 103 2,688 31, 791 110,141 8,237 2,378 1,930 831 19,064 189,272 23,116 2,611 Wage increase-------------------------------------------Wage decrease________________ __________ Wage increase, hour decrease_____________ Wage decrease, hour increase__________ __ Hour increase. _ ______ _________ . . Hour decrease...............— ....................... ....... 39,159 172,442 17,878 26 8 2,704 225 11,768 95 1,48’0,343 1 m, 902 , 709,748 544,084 346,174 662,539 250,672 220,162 61,961 259,144 70 24 2,723 207,868 46,529 79,796 10,578 760 643 561,423 46, 585 31,303 16,309 6,068 851 142,663 45,031 37,178 2,665 17,676 5,459 1,143,910 STRIKES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1 8 8 0 - 1 9 3 6 ______________ W ages and hours.-------------------------------------- 44,451 Miscellaneous____________________ Sym pathy_______ ____________ Rival unions or factions______ Jurisdiction__________________ Other________________________ N ot rep orted .._______ ________ 42,774 6, 785 6,827 975 4,818 7,417 8,051 9, 578 12,634 45 7,350 22, 745 762, 367 287, 876 365,019 32, 708 2, 047 2, 055 1,173 168, 784 162, 717 2,000 102,645 6,090 21,118 1,918 111, 446 458,329 125 131, 463 16, 586 39, 304 5,114 34, 271 68, 736 557 94,879 46, 213 34,883 8,337 47,347 103, 521 325 120,820 42, 543 26,019 24,444 74,364 17, 862 134, 554 371,802 151, 487 94,057 1,474 297 1,689 70, 769 135 366 383 1,122 15,090 901 207,897 67,665 1,935 91, 692 2, 613 61,066 8,105 3, 535 78,762 19 4,976 4,040 4,236 80,647 158 100.0 101,724 76,949 72,940 19,901 16, 549 36 37, 360 8,009 16,608 3,261 115,997 51,836 14,149 250 14,807 6,282 7,197 799 10,133 4, 575 2, 642 40, 712 7,898 9. 309 680 40, 554 47,022 742 12,453 5, 784 7, 695 1, 747 87,633 80,380 82,729 95,320 255 32,345 1,645 53,388 14, 268 280 2, 431 63, 401 1, 521 250 1,927 29,031 2,820 32,137 465,272 1,892 65, 222 1,808 62,130 3, 502 Percentage of total workers involved in strikes ending in year 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Wages and hours_________________ Wage increase________________ Wage decrease_______________ Wage increase, hour decrease.. Wage decrease, hour increase.. Hour increase________________ Hour decrease____ ___________ 72.7 43.4 36.4 40.3 44.9 72.1 47.5 23.4 60.2 12.3 54.0 5.6 6.7 34.7 1.5 10.7 9.1 12.4 8.2 20.9 9.4 .2 .1 1.5 9.2 31.8 2.4 .7 .6 .2 5.9 58.3 7.1 .8 19.2 5.4 22.7 14.1 3.1 5.4 51.0 4.2 2.8 1.5 .6 .1 20.1 6.3 41.7 33.6 22.4 40.7 26.1 51.4 11.7 13.7 .2 3.6 1.7 2.2 .5 .9 9.9 10.0 .6 .6 .4 14.8 14.2 .2 9.(h .5 1.8 .2 11.8 0) 0) .1 Organization_____________________ Recognition__________________ Recognition and wages_______ Recognition and hours_______ Recognition, wages, and hours Closed shop__________________ Discrimination______________ Other._______________________ 13.9 29.5 35.5 2.1 2.1 .3 1.5 2.3 2.5 3.1 16.1 4.4 .1 4.6 1.9 2.2 .2 7.0 5.8 (0 13.0 2.8 5.8 1.1 5.6 2.5 1.5 22.3 4.3 5.1 .4 Miscellaneous____________________ Sym pathy___________________ Rival unions or factions______ Jurisdiction__________________ Other________________________ N ot reported___________ ____ _ 13.4 27.1 28.1 18.0 21.5 5.5 5.0 .1 .8 22.2 .8 .1 1.1 16.0 .4 .1 .5 20.5 .1 .1 .3 4.7 .3 .8 4.0 0) 2.3 7.1 .1 10.0 .5 16.5 0) 0) 0) 0) .7 .1 .2 .2 5.7 .2 5.4 .3 0) 51.5 .8 8.9 1.1 2.7 .3 3.1 6.2 .1 8.5 4.2 3.2 .8 25.1 13.7 13.3 14.0 4.6 .1 6.2 .2 5.5 .7 .3 7.2 .7 .6 .6 11.4 7.5 31.0 0) 5.2 .4 2.5 0) 6.7 14.6 0) 17.0 6.0 3.7 3.4 192 7 -3 6 .4 .1 4.1 0) 35.3 OF S T B IK E S , All issues________________________ A N A L Y S IS Organization.................................... Recognition__________________ Recognition and wages_______ Recognition and hours________ Recognition, wages, and hours. Closed shop__________________ Discrimination_______________ Other_____ ____ ______________ 0) i Less than Ho of 1 percent. O 00 T able 2 8 . — M a jo r issu es involved in strikes en ding 1 9 2 7 - 3 6 — Continued 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 Major issues Number of man-days idle as a result of strikes ending in year 25,689,915 13,065,634 5,304,638 3,107, 948 7,212,127 10, 521,437 16,563,940 19,491, 844 14,918, 234 11,432, 536 24,049,622 836, 312 22, 883,857 293,408 26 104 35.915 10,731, 568 491,937 10,100,370 113,485 10,410 5,780 9,586 2,311,270 478,987 359,887 1,122,055 3,216,684 428,081 2,302,083 410,970 29,484 16,035 30,031 8, 583,088 344, 633 8, 073, 272 108, 089 54, 759 725 349, 616 1,309,636 218, 527 835,821 205, 565 34, 706 4,223 10,794 6,309,415 2, 581,084 1,156, 214 2, 556,010 770 312 15,025 4, 732, 677 2,481,486 464,964 1, 560, 525 213,672 2,020 10,010 6,399, 526 4,920, 316 954,468 273,308 196,391 48, 297 6,746 3,685, 852 1,820, 000 879,170 468,704 54, 366 384, 328 79, 284 Organization___________________________________ Recognition______ ________________________ Recognition and wages____________________ Recognition and hours ___________________ Recognition, wages, and hours_____________ Closed shop________ _____ ________________ Discrimination_____ ____ _______________ Other______________ ______________________ 843, 535 138,004 195,001 10, 240 159,939 104,913 64,560 170,878 1, 555, 889 691,583 124,013 14,250 411,540 257,389 40,771 16,343 1,953,952 385,161 402,692 756 679,824 245,099 199,182 41,238 1,467,228 379,198 228,926 60,443 574,911 126,951 88,073 8,726 3,026, 865 1,415,715 1,055,471 10,070 365,823 106,897 52,788 20,101 1, 740,190 38,357 1,150,173 451,976 40,068 35,378 24,238 8,664,221 2, 745, 567 2, 558, 618 4,000 3, 000,544 69, 602 264, 716 21,174 12,236,680 2,085,822 5,830, 737 10, 750 3,538, 547 252,488 466, 742 51,594 7,051,122 746, 253 2,391, 813 4,122 2,496, 513 704,558 623, 241 84, 622 6, 882,037 829, 047 2,273, 459 7,382 2,310, 771 667, 983 618, 526 174,869 Miscellaneous__________ ________________ __ _ Sym pathy________________________________ Rival unions or factions _________________ Jurisdiction._____ ________________________ Other. _____________________________ _____ _ Not rep orted ..____ __________ ____________ 796,758 339,716 360 103,798 352,884 778,177 2,040 245,472 38,366 492,299 1,039,416 148,706 4,865 93,713 792,132 331,084 11,686 1, 500 22,957 294,941 968, 578 11,314 4,121 28,026 923,332 1,785 198,159 1,446 2, 653 14,250 171,081 8, 729 1,590,304 7,994 942,121 40, 509 574,915 24, 765 2, 522,487 1,097,825 678,872 34,176 685,026 26, 588 1,467,586 280,914 203, 603 63, 025 919, 626 418 864,647 29,599 13,480 62, 236 757, 372 1,960 All issues_________________ 2,335 STRIKES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1 8 8 0 - 1 9 36 __________________ Wages and hours--------- -------------------- ---------Wage increase. _____ ___ _____ __________ Wage decrease_____________________________ Wage increase, hour decrease______________ Wage decrease, hour increase__ Hour increase____________ ________________ Hour decrease_____ _____ _________________ Percentage of total man-days idle as a result o f strikes ending in year 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100 0 100.0 93.6 3.3 89.1 1.1 82.1 3.8 77.2 .9 .1 43.6 9.0 6.8 21.2 42.1 7.0 27.0 6.6 1.1 .1 .3 44.6 5.9 32.0 5.7 .4 .2 .4 81.6 3.3 76.8 1.0 .5 38.1 15.6 7.0 15.4 24.3 12.7 2.4 8.0 1.1 42.9 33.1 6.4 1.8 1.3 .3 32.2 15.8 7.7 4.1 .5 3.4 .7 47.2 12.2 7.4 1.9 18.5 4.1 2.8 .3 42.0 19.7 14.6 .1 5.1 1.5 .7 .3 47.8 5.0 16.0 16.8 4.7 4.2 .6 60.2 7.3 19.9 .1 20.2 5.8 5.4 1.5 10.7 .4 13.4 .2 .1 .4 12.7 9.8 1.9 1.4 .4 6.1 7.6 .3 .1 *5 6.7 Wage increase_____ __________ Wage decrease_______________ Wage increase, hour decrease _ Wage decrease, hour increase _. Hour increase________________ Hour decrease________________ (9 (l) Organization__________________ Recognition__________________ Recognition and wages_______ Recognition and hours_______ Recognition, wages, and hours Closed shop__________________ Discrimination_______________ Other________________________ (9 (9 11.9 5.4 .9 .1 3.1 2.0 .3 .1 .6 .4 .3 .7 3.1 1.3 .4 1.4 .1 6.0 (9 1.9 .3 3.8 0) 6.6 36.8 7.3 7.6 0) 12.7 4.6 3.8 .8 19.6 2.8 .1 1.8 14.9 (9 .7 9.6 (9 (9 (9 (9 52.3 16.6 15.4 16.5 .4 10.9 4.3 .4 .3 .2 (9 (9 .1 1.7 .1 18.2 .4 1.6 .1 9.6 1.9 (9 (9 .1 5.8 .2 3.5 .1 (9 .1 62.8 10.7 29.8 .1 18.2 1.3 2.4 .3 12.9 5. 6 3.5 .2 3.5 .1 (9 (9 (9 (9 192 7 -3 6 1 Less than Ho of 1 percent. (9 3.3 .5 .8 Miscellaneous___ __________ Sympathy___________________ Rival unions or factions______ Jurisdiction__________________ Other________________________ Not reported_________________ .1 OF S T R IK E S, 100.0 Wages and hours______________ A N A L Y S IS All issues------------------------------- Or 66 STR IK ES I N THE U N IT E D STA TES, 1 8 8 0 -1 9 3 6 Results o f Strikes to Workers Any classification of the results of strikes is necessarily a matter of judgment and can be considered only proximate. For this reason, strikes are not categorically classified as successful or unsuccessful but are measured in such relative terms as substantial gains to workers, partial gains or compromises, and little or no gains to workers.1 Such 4 terminology, however, is likely to be misleading in the case of defensive strikes, that is, strikes against wage decreases or hour increases. Even though such a strike is successful, it merely means a continuation of the status quo and not a betterment of employment conditions, as the term “ substantial gains to workers” might imply. During some years, particularly in times of business depression, many of the strikes classified as resulting in substantial gains to workers were really only a successful staving off of less satisfactory conditions. This is revealed in table 30, where the results of strikes in protest against wage de creases and hour increases are shown. Table 29 indicates the results of all strikes ending during the years 1927-36. During the 10-year period practically the same number of strikes resulted in substantial gains to workers as resulted in little or no gains. About 36 percent brought substantial gains to the workers, 24 percent were compromised, and 35 percent resulted in little or no gains. Results of a few were indeterminate or not reported. More workers were in successful strikes than in strikes bringing no gains. About 30 percent of the total number of workers involved won their strikes, 42 percent compromised, and 22 percent lost. By far the largest propor tion of man-days of idleness was spent in strikes resulting in no gains to workers. Strikes which were won included 17 percent of the man-days idle during all strikes, strikes which were compromised included 36 percent of the man-days, and strikes which were lost included 43 percent. The proportions of successful, compromised, and lost strikes differed from year to year. From 1927 through 1932 about one-fourth of the strikes were successful from the viewpoint of the workers. During 1933 and 1934 more than one-third and in 1935 and 1936 almost half of the strikes brought substantial gains to workers. During the years 1927 to 1932 from 40 to 52 percent of the strikes resulted in no gains to workers. This is in contrast to the next 4 years, when only 27 to 33 percent of the strikes resulted in no gains (see chart 5). Because of the influence of the prolonged and large strikes 1 the 5 percentages of workers and man-days idle in the three categories varied from the number of strikes. Thus the loss of the general coal strike in 1927 caused 66 percent of the total workers involved and 92 percent of the total man-days idle during strikes of that year to be classified under 1 See A ppendix II, p. 167, for explanation of interpretation of results of strikes. 4 1 See appendix I, p. 161, 8 ANALYSIS OF STRIKES, 19 2 7 - 3 6 67 “Little or no gains.” The failure of another prolonged coal strike in 1928 caused the percentage of man-days idle in the lost-strikes category to be relatively high. A dispute between unions in the anthracite fields in the same year caused the highest percentage of workers in any year to be listed under the fourth category of “Jurisdiction or rival unions.” Short but extensive strikes among cloak and suit workers in New York in 1929 and among dressmakers in 1930 resulting in compromises, account partially for the large proportion of workers and man-days idle involved in compromised strikes in 1929 and 1930. During 1931 there were several large strikes in textiles, clothing, and coal which resulted in compromise settlements. A ^months’ strike in the Illinois coal fields in 1932 caused the proportion of man-days idle in the loststrike category to be as high as it was. In 1933 most of the large strikes resulted in successful and compromise settlements and this accounts for the comparatively low percentages of workers and mandays idle in the “Little or no gains” classification. The general textile strike enhanced the percentage of compromised strikes in 1934, so far as workers and man-days idle were concerned. The brief but extensive coal strike in 1935 materially helped to raise the proportion of workers in successful strikes to 54 percent. Since most of the strikes in 1936 involving as many as 10,000 workers resulted in favorable settlements and none were lost, there was greater parity in proportions of number of strikes, workers, and man-days idle in each of the categories. A greater percentage of the larger and longer-than-average strikes, however, resulted in com promise settlements, as is indicated by the fact that, while 24 percent of all strikes were compromised, these involved 36 percent of the workers and 37 percent of the man-days idle.1 6 1 See table 31, p. 78, for an analysis of strikes in relation to their duration. 6 68 STRIKES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1 8 8 0 - 1 9 3 6 C hart 5 R E S U L T S O F S T R IK E S 1 9 2 7 - 1936 i// U. S . B u r e a u of L a b o r S t a t is t ic s / / \ O thers | L ost | Compromise Substantially Won . T able 2 9 — Results of strikes ending 1 9 2 7 -3 6 Results 1929 192 8 1927 1931 1930 1933 1932 1936 1935 1934 Number of strikes ending in year T otal____________ _______ ____ - ____ _ 21 620 173 171 244 24 6 2 924 651 796 852 1,672 1,817 2,003 2,156 260 233 380 27 21 3 156 150 290 30 24 1 212 146 372 29 35 2 233 134 442 22 4 17 617 442 525 30 11 47 634 571 512 37 17 46 886 374 669 37 24 13 991 508 592 39 22 4 Percentage of total strikes ending in year 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100,0 25.5 24.9 41.4 2.7 2.3 3.2 27.9 27.6 39.3 3.9 1.0 .3 28.1 25.2 41.2 2.9 2.3 .3 24.0 23.0 44.5 4.6 3.7 26.6 18.3 46.8 3.6 4.4 .3 27.3 15.7 51.9 2.6 .5 2.0 36.9 26.4 31.4 1.8 .7 2.8 35.0 31.4 28.2 2.0 .9 2.5 44.3 18.7 33.4 1.8 1.2 .6 45.9 23.6 27.5 1.8 1.0 .2 .2 T o ta l_______ _____ ____________________________ 319. 442 322,866 286,163 181,901 345,669 324,960 1,143,910 1,480,343 1,101,902 709,748 Substantial gains to workers______ ___________ Partial gains or com prom ises.. . ______________ Little or no gains___________ ____ _ _________ Jurisdiction or rival unions. . . . ______________ Indeterminate. ______________________________ N ot re p o rte d ........................................................... 26,710 60,530 212,063 7,395 4,786 7,958 79,278 103,555 102,122 33,990 3,305 616 69, 597 117,191 92,746 2, 711 3,742 176 29,585 86,361 58,792 2,177 4,973 13 47, 287 149,168 136,980 1,986 10,068 180 90,273 102,495 128,711 1,505 279 1,697 399, 534 523, 767 177,192 27,030 3,246 13,151 232,484 918,915 202,143 69,600 50,237 6,964 596, 253 296,885 161,598 11, 640 34, 755 771 19 2 7 -3 6 Num ber of workers involved in strikes ending in year S T R IK E S , 100.0 Substantial gains to w orkers.._ _______________ iPartial gains or compromises______ . . . ___ Little or no g a in s __________ _______ __________ Jurisdiction or rival unions___________ _______ Indeterminate________________ ___________ N o t reported.. ________________ ____ _________ OF T o ta l______________ __________________________ A N A L Y S IS Substantial gains to workers—- _____ ____ — Partial gains or compromises - _______________ Little or no g a in s _ ____ _______ ____ __ . . . Jurisdiction or rival unions. . . . _ _ ________ Indeterminate. __ _____ _____________ ______ N ot reported_________ ________________________ 666 170 166 276 18 15 288,952 254, 751 120,288 8,276 36,879 602 oa co T Results able 1927 2 9 . — Results of strikes ending 1927-36 — Continued 1928 1929 1930 1931 | o 1933 1932 1934 | 1935 1936 Percentage of total workers involved in strikes ending in year 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Substantial gains to workers___________________ Partial gains or compromises___ ____________ Little or no g a in s _____ - _______ _____ ______ Jurisdiction or rival unions________ ____ ____ Indeterminate__________________ _________ ___ N ot r e p o r t e d . _______ _________ _____________ 8.4 18.9 66.4 2.3 1.5 2.5 24.6 32.1 31.6 10.5 1.0 .2 24.3 41.0 32.4 .9 1.3 .1 16.3 47.5 32.3 1.2 2.7 13.7 43.1 39.6 .6 2.9 .1 27.8 31.5 39.6 .5 .1 .5 34.9 45.8 15.5 2.4 .3 1.1 15.7 62.0 13.7 4.7 3.4 .5 54.0 26.9 14.7 1.1 3.2 .1 40.7 35.9 16.9 1.2 5.2 .1 0) Number of man-days idle as a result of strikes ending in year Total______________ _____ _____________________ 25,689,915 13,065,634 5,304,638 3,107,948 7, 212,127 10,521,437 16, 563,940 19,491,844 14, 918, 234 11,432,536 Substantial gains to workers. _ __________ Partial gains or compromises___________ _____ Little or no gains____________________________ _ Jurisdiction or rival unions____ _________ Indeterminate- _______ ____ ____ ______________ N ot reported......................................................... . 404,079 1,174,374 23,640,923 104,158 131,670 234, 711 1,189,340 4,871, 367 6,689,039 283,838 25,306 6, 744 1,135,479 1, 742, 488 2, 279,884 98,578 45,456 2,753 362,982 1, 220,058 1,238,038 24,457 262,062 351 650,392 3,030,478 3,387,325 32,147 107,705 4,080 1,108,851 2, 530,081 6,841,306 16,903 1,189 23,107 4,636,572 8, 798,094 2, 240,939 742,630 82,252 63,453 3,358,083 11,936,940 2,491,281 713,048 944,420 48,072 4,515, 596 6,883,118 3,155,827 266,628 84,349 12, 716 4,136,603 4,244,071 2,836, 771 75, 716 137,059 2, 316 Percentage of total man-days idle as a result of strikes ending in year T otal.___________ _____________________________ 100.0 100.0 Substantial gains to workers________ _________ Partial gains or compromises___________ _____ _ Little or no gains______________________________ Jurisdiction or rival unions. __________________ Indeterminate_____ ___________________________ N ot reported__________ __________ ____________ 1.6 4.6 92.0 .4 .5 .9 9.1 37.3 51.1 2.2 .2 .1 i Less than Ho of 1 percent. 100.0 21.4 32.8 42.9 1.9 .9 .1 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 11.7 39.3 39.8 .8 8.4 9.0 42.0 47.0 .4 1.5 .1 10.5 24.0 65.1 .2 28.0 53.1 13.5 4.5 .5 .4 17.2 61.3 12.8 3.7 4.8 .2 30.3 46.0 21.2 1.8 .6 .1 36.2 37.1 24.8 .7 1.2 0) 0) .2 0) STRIKES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1 8 8 0 -1 9 3 6 Total_________________________________________ 71 ANALYSIS OF STRIKES, 192 7 - 3 6 R esu lts in R e la tio n to Cause In the 10-year period 1927-36, about 35 percent of the wage and hour strikes brought substantial gains to the workers, 28 percent resulted in compromises, and 36 percent brought little or no gains. In strikes in which the major issues were questions of union organiza tion, 41 percent resulted in gains to workers, 21 percent were com promised, and 36 percent resulted in no gains (see table 30). There was variation from year to year in the proportionate results of strikes for various causes. Each year from 1927 through 1930 a greater proportion of the union organization than the wage and hour strikes were won and lost and fewer were compromised. In 1931 and 1932 a greater proportion of the wage and hour than the union organi zation strikes resulted in no gains to workers. In the latter year a considerably greater proportion of the union organization strikes were won and a smaller proportion compromised than wage and hour strikes. From 1933 through 1936 the proportions of wage and hour strikes which resulted in substantial gains, compromises, and losses were approximately the same as those of strikes over union organiza tion matters, there being no greater than a 6-percent difference in any year. T able 3 0 . — Results of strikes ending 1927— , in relation to major issues involved 36 STRIKES Total strikes Major issues and years ALL WAGES AND HOURS STRIKES 1927_________________________________ 1928 ______________ _______ ________ 1929_________________________________ 1930______________________________ . 1931_________________________________ 1932_________________________________ 1933_________________________________ 1934_________________________________ 1935_____________________________ 1936 _______ ____________ Wage increase: 1927_____________________________ 1928_____________________________ 1929______ ____________________ 1930_____________________________ 1931_____________________________ 1932 __________________ 1933_____________________________ 1934.. ___________________ 1935_______ ___________________ 1936.................................................... Wage decrease: 1927_________ ___________________ 1928_____ _______________ _ 1929_____________________________ 1930_____________________________ 1931 ______ ... _ _ 1932_____________________________ 1933_____________________________ 1934_____________________________ 1935 ............................ 1936...................... ............ .................. Wage increase, hour decrease: 1927 _________ 1928 1929........ .......................... ................. N um ber Per cent age Percentage of strikes resulting in— Substan tial gains to workers Partial gains or compro mises Little or no gains to workers Indeter minate N ot re ported 1.8 273 222 373 284 447 560 926 717 760 756 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 22.3 26.6 21.7 21.8 26.8 24.3 39.2 38.2 45.7 45.9 34.1 40.5 37.0 28.2 17.0 18.0 28.9 36.4 19.7 27.1 39.6 32.4 39.9 48.2 52.6 56.6 29.4 24.5 33.8 26.6 2.2 5.1 1.1 1.8 3.4 .2 .3 .1 147 113 130 70 90 100 543 487 368 413 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 22.4 29.2 18.5 27.1 37.8 52.0 39.8 35.3 47.2 47.3 36.1 39.8 41.5 25.7 18.9 12.0 28.2 38.4 20.7 28.3 35.4 31.0 39.2 44.3 38.9 35.0 28.7 25.5 30.7 24.2 3.4 61 75 129 165 329 421 220 112 178 151 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 23.0 22.7 24.8 17.0 23.4 15.0 28.2 40.2 39.9 32.5 29.5 42.6 25.6 23.6 15.8 19.5 28.2 26.8 17.4 25.2 44.3 34.7 47.2 57.6 57.5 64.3 42.6 31.2 42.7 41.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.8 3.3 .2 .5 .9 .8 47 22 93 100.0 100.0 100.0 23.4 22.7 20.4 38.3 41.0 48.4 38.3 31.8 30.1 .3 .2 .9 2.2 .8 .8 .4 .8 2.9 3.3 .4 2.7 1.1 1.0 2.9 .8 1.4 .2 .7 4.5 1.1 1.0 .5 .9 72 S T R IK E S IN THE U N IT E D STATES, 1 8 8 0 -1 9 3 6 T a b l e 3 0 .— Results of strikes ending 1 927 -3 6 , in relation to major issues involved— Continued STRIKES—Continued Total strikes Major issues and years Wage increase, hour decrease—Con. 1930 ___ ________________________ 1931_____________________________ 1932 1933 _ _ 1934 __ ___ ___ ___ 1935_____ ______ ________ 1936 ___ ______ ________________ Wage decrease, hour increase: 1927 1928____ _________________ ____ 1929 1930 ______ 1931_____________________________ 1932_____________________________ 1933____ • _ _ _________ 1934_________ ________________ 1935_____________________________ 1936_____________________________ H our increase: 1927________ _________________ 1928_________ _________________ 1929 1930 1931 1932____ _ _ ____ 1933________ ________________ 1934________________ . . ______ 1935_____________________________ 1936________ _____ ________ Hour decrease: 1927_____________________________ ____________ . — 1928 . 1929_____________________________ 1930 _ _ . 1931 __ ___ 1932 . . _ . 1933 _ . 1934____ __________ 1935_____________________________ 1936____ _______________ N um ber Per cent age 100.0 10 100.0 100.0 100.0 10 100.0 0 96 100.0 146 100.0 1 100.0 2 100.0 3 100.0 9 100.0 10 100.0 1 100.0 6 100.0 73 100.0 19 100.0 1 100.0 3 100.0 4 100.0 1 100.0 4 100.0 1 100.0 2 100.0 33 100.0 15 100.0 16 100.0 7 100.0 17 100.0 6 100.0 5 100.0 5 100.0 9 100.0 10 100.0 12 100.0 12 100.0 Percentage of strikes resulting in— Substan tial gains to workers 39 25.6 24 152 66.7 51.9 45.0 46.9 55.4 10.0 Partial gains or compro mises Little or no gains to workers 48.8 60.0 25.6 30.0 12. 5 13.2 15.0 28.1 15.8 20.8 32.9 40.0 24.0 28.8 66.7 55.6 66.7 46.6 31.6 11.1 10.0 33.3 17.8 26.3 35.6 42.1 100.0 18.8 28.6 35.3 50.0 60.0 60.0 55.6 60.0 41.7 50.1 2.0 1.0 33.3 33.3 70.0 33.3 25.0 50.0 54.6 66.7 N ot re ported 100.0 100.0 20.0 100.0 Indeter minate 100.0 66.7 75.0 75.0 25.0 100.0 12.1 50.0 33.3 13.3 20.0 25.0 42.8 29.4 50.0 56.2 28.6 35.3 20.0 20.0 20.0 11.1 10.0 33.3 40.0 25.0 8.3 33.3 33.3 17.1 15.9 13.4 17.4 45.8 44.3 45.2 49.7 41.2 47.5 34.3 30.7 34.9 27.3 10 .0 8.3 ALL UNION ORGANIZATION STRIKES 1927 . . _ __________________ 1928_________________________________ 1929_______________________________ 1930_______ __________________ _ 1931_________________________________ 1932_________________________________ 1933_________________________________ 1934_________________________________ 1935-_ -_______ 1936. ____ _____________________ Recognition: 1927_____________________________ 1928 ___ _______________ 1929 ____________________________ 1930_____________________________ 1931 _____________________ _________ _________ 1932 . _ 1933 . _____________________ 1934 ____________________________ 1935_____________________________ 1936_____________________________ Recognition and wages: 1927_____________________________ 1928 ___________________________ 1929___ _______________________ 1930 ___________________________ 1931_____________________________ 1932_____________________________ 1933 _ _____________________ 1934____ ________________________ 1935._________ __________________ 1936................................................................. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 2 1 100.0 2 162 100.0 533 100.0 835 100.0 945 100.0 1,083 100.0 240 226 382 207 74 8 6 10 2 48 6 6 100 .0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 34 100.0 163 100.0 226 100 .0 179 100.0 173 100.0 23 100.0 28 100.0 62 100.0 2 100.0 1 35 100.0 29 100.0 145 100.0 100.0 224 194 100.0 272 100,0 32.1 37.6 39.0 27.1 32.1 41.4 37.7 35.9 46.1 49.9 20.8 8.0 33.8 44.2 43.1 27.1 7.0 5.9 21.2 29.4 31.9 41.5 50.2 41.6 21.7 35.8 53.3 23.8 20.0 34.5 44.1 33.0 48.0 50.0 25.9 30.1 18.1 21.9 8.1 6.2 18.2 8.8 19.0 19.9 10.1 9.8 43.6 32.1 14.5 19.0 37.1 6.9 38.6 45.6 23.7 29.8 58.1 45.3 48.1 62.5 51.5 61.8 46.7 34.1 38.5 46.9 30.4 32.1 27.4 47.7 34.3 55.2 16.6 21.4 27.8 20.2 .8 1.8 2.1 5.8 5.4 .6 .6 1 .0 .5 .7 2.3 2.9 4.2 7.6 1.8 1.8 .6 1. 7 4. 2 .4 .3 .5 2.5 1.5 2.3 .4 .2 1 .2 1.5 .6 6 2.7 . 4.3 3.2 9.5 8.6 1.6 3.4 . 7 .5 A N A L Y S IS T able OF S T R IK E S , 73 19 2 7 -3 6 3 0 . — Results of strikes ending 1 9 2 7 -8 6 , in relation to major issues involved— Continued S T R IK E S — C o n t in u e d T o t a l strik e s M a j o r issu es a n d y e a rs R e c o g n it io n a n d h o u r s : 1 9 27______________________________________ 19 28______________________________________ 1 9 2 9 ______________________________________ 1 9 3 0 ______________________________________ 1 9 31______________________________________ 1 9 3 2 ______________________________________ 1 9 3 3 ______________________________________ 1 9 3 4 ______________________________________ 19 35______________________________________ 1 9 3 6 ______________________________________ R e c o g n it io n , w a g e s , a n d h o u r s : 1927 _____________ ____________________ ______ 1928 ________ 1 9 29_______________________________________ 1930 1 9 31_______________________________________ 1 9 32_______________________________________ 1 9 33_______________________________________ 1 9 3 4 _______________________________________ 1935 1936 ______ C lo s e d s h o p : 1927 _______________________________ 19 28______________________________________ 1929 _ . __________ ________ 1 9 3 0 -_ _________________________________ 1931 ______________________________ 1932 __________________________________ 1933 1934 ______ ________ ____________ 1935 __ _____________________ __________ 1936 D is c r im in a t io n : 1927 ____________________________ 1928 _______________________________ 1929 _________________________________ 1930 _____________________________________ 1931 __________________________________ 1 9 32______________________________________ 1933 1934 ____________________________________ 1 9 35_______________________________________ 19 3 6 ______________________________________ O th e r: 1 9 27 _____________________________________ 1928 _______ ____________________ 1 9 2 9 ______________________________________ 1930 _____________________________________ 1931 ___________________________________ _____________________ 1932 1933 1934 _ _______ _____________________ 1935 ____ ____ . .. . 19 3 6 _______________________________________ Num ber P er c e n t age P e r c e n ta g e o f s tr ik e s r e s u ltin g in — S u b sta n t ia l g a in s to w orkers 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 6 6 .7 1 1 7 7 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 4 2 .9 5 7 .1 10 19 32 12 15 21 81 101 168 357 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 .0 2 1 .1 1 5 .6 3 3 .3 43 63 91 59 52 45 41 109 151 130 L i t t l e or n o g a in s to w o rk e rs 2 0 .0 5 1 1 3 3 P a r tia l g a in s or com pro m ise s 8 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 100. 0 3 3 .3 6 6 .7 3 3 .3 4 2 .9 5 2 .4 4 3 .3 3 0 .7 4 9 .4 5 5 .8 4 0 .0 26. 3 43. 8 25. 0 46. 7 33. 3 1 6 .0 18. 8 25. 6 1 7 .9 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 3 4 .9 3 4 .9 3 4 .1 2 5 .4 55. 8 5 1 .1 2 4 .4 3 3 .0 4 9 .0 52. 2 7 .0 1 1 .1 1 2 .1 2 2 .0 9 .6 4 .4 9. 8 1 7 .4 1 3 .2 1 8 .5 44. 2 5 2 .4 52. 7 4 4 .1 3 0 .8 3 5 .6 6 5 .8 4 4 .1 3 6 .4 2 8 .5 45 20 66 44 38 28 95 154 232 120 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 100. 0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 3 1 .1 3 5 .0 27. 3 2 2 .7 3 4 .2 35. 7 35. 8 3 4 .4 3 5 .3 3 7 .5 2 0 .0 5 .0 16. 7 15. 9 1 3 .2 10. 7 16. 8 1 9 .5 1 7 .2 1 5 .8 4 4 .5 5 5 .0 5 4 .5 6 1 .4 5 0 .0 53. 6 45. 3 40. 3 4 6 .2 4 4 .2 40 9 28 20 12 5 7 20 14 24 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 100. 0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 4 2 .5 4 4 .5 6 4 .3 4 5 .0 5 0 .0 6 0 .0 7 1 .4 6 0 .0 7 1 .5 6 6 .7 2 2 .5 3 3 .3 7 .1 1 0 .0 1 6 .7 3 2 .5 2 2 .2 2 8 .6 3 0 .0 2 5 .0 4 0 .0 18 7 16 14 6 3 9 45 42 25 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 6 .7 2 8 .6 6 .3 2 8 .6 N o t re p o r te d 14. 2 42. 9 3 0 .0 5 2 .6 37. 5 41. 7 53. 3 1 4 .3 3 7 .0 49. 5 2 4 .4 2 5 .5 In d e te r m in a t e 14. 3 2 5 .0 2 1 .4 2 0 .8 2 0 .0 3 .1 3 .7 1 .0 .6 .8 2. 3 1. 6 1 .1 8 .5 3 .8 2 .2 .7 1 1 .6 6 .7 5 .5 .7 .8 4 .4 5 .0 1 .5 2 .6 1 .9 1 .3 1 .7 2 .1 3 .9 .8 2 .5 1 5 .0 8 .3 1 4 .3 5 .0 1 0 .0 7 .1 1 2 .5 MISCELLANEOUS 1 Sympathy: 1 9 2 7 ______________________________________ 1928 - - - - . ________ 19 29 __________________________________ 1 9 3 0 ______________________________________ 1931 _____________________________________ 1 9 3 2 ______________________________________ 1 9 3 3 ______________________________________ 1934 _ ___________________ 1935 _______________________ 1 9 3 6____ ____________ _ 2 7 .8 3 1 .3 2 1 .4 3 3 .3 2 4 .4 3 3 .3 3 6 .0 1 1 .2 4 0 .1 2 6 .2 2 0 .0 4 9 .9 7 1 .4 6 2 .4 5 0 .0 6 6 .7 66. 7 4 4 .4 1 1 .1 2 3 .8 2 0 .0 5 .6 3 3 .3 4 4 .4 1 1 .1 16. 7 2 4 .0 1 3 .3 1 Other miscellaneous strikes included in previous tables are not listed here. In addition to a few strikes for which no information as to major issues involved is available, these omissions include strikes due to rival unions competing for control, jurisdictional disputes, and other strikes over miscellaneous grievances. STRIKES IN TH E UNITED STATES, 74 T able 1 8 8 0 -1 9 3 6 30. — Results o f strikes ending 1 9 2 7 -8 6 , in relation to major issues involved— Continued W O R K E R S IN V O L V E D Total workers Major issues and years Percentage of workers involved in the strikes resulting in— Number Per cent ber age Substan tial gains to work ers Partial gains or compro mises Little or no gains to work ers 232,217 139,913 104,059 73, 223 155, 308 234,158 544, 084 346,174 662, 539 250, 672 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 4.4 13.0 26.4 20. 4 17.7 14. 6 46.0 25.4 73.0 37.8 13.3 46. 3 37.8 40. 9 30.5 38.8 38.5 53.4 17.0 44. 0 78.6 40. 7 35.7 38. 5 48.9 46. 0 14.0 21.1 9.9 17. 5 0.8 (2 ) .1 .2 2.8 .1 .2 (3 ) 39,159 21, 310 30, 743 14,886 31, 791 19, 064 220,162 207, 868 561,423 142, 663 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 12.4 27.9 15. 9 34.9 13.6 67.1 42.2 24. 8 80. 0 37.6 40.3 51. 6 66. 9 26. 2 65.7 4.6 33.2 52.8 13.9 46.5 25.4 20. 5 17.1 38. 7 20.0 28. 2 21.3 22. 3 6. 0 15.8 4.7 172, 442 111, 619 26,160 38, 091 110,141 189, 272 61, 961 46, 529 46, 585 45,031 100.0 100.0 100.0 100. 0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 2.4 8.8 27.3 16.0 18.8 7.0 32.9 16.8 21.3 34.2 .9 44. 3 16. 7 28. 4 17. 2 38.6 41.5 45.3 37. 7 31.4 96. 7 46. 9 55.5 55. 2 61.6 53.7 24.8 37. 5 41.0 34.1 17, 878 4, 993 35,163 17, 091 8, 237 23,116 259,144 79, 796 31, 303 37,178 100.0 100. 0 100.0 100. 0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 6.7 23. 6 17.1 6.3 .5 34.6 52. 0 21. 3 37.2 16. 6 66. 3 72.8 36. 8 87.0 87. 5 64. 9 42.6 67.1 41.8 75. 8 27.0 2.8 46.0 6. 7 12.0 .5 5. 2 11.6 20.8 7. 6 26 445 100.0 100.0 100.0 364 2,378 2,611 70 10,578 16,309 2,665 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 31.3 85.3 8.6 100.0 96.8 50.9 18.3 8 142 225 103 1,930 100.0 100.0 100.0 100. 0 100.0 24 760 6,068 17, 676 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Indeter minate N ot re ported ALL W A G E S AND HOURS STRIKES 1927_________________________________ _ ___ 1928___ _ 1929_________________________________ 1930 __ . 1931_________________________________ 1932_________________________________ 1933_________________________________ 1934_________________________________ _____ _________ 1935__________ 1936 ______ W age increase: 1927_____________________________ 1928_____________________________ 1929 1930 ______ _ 1931_____________________________ 1932_____________________________ 1933_____________________________ 1934 . . ________ __ 1935_______ __________________ 1936_____________________________ W age decrease: 1927_____________________________ 1928 _____ __________ 1929_____________________________ 1930_____________________________ 1931_____________________________ 1932_____________________________ 1933_____________________________ 1934_____________________________ 1935____________________________ 1936_____________________________ W age increase, hour decrease: 1927_____________________________ 1928_____________________________ 1929_____________________________ 1930____________ _______________ 1931_____________________________ 1932_____________________________ 1933________ ________________ 1934_____________________________ 1935_____________________________ 1936_______ _______________ W age decrease, hour increase: 1927_____________________________ 1928_____________________________ 1929____ ___ 1930_____________________________ 1931____ 1932_____________________________ 1933__ _____ ___ _ _ __________ 1934_____________________________ 1935_____________ ____ __________ 1936_____________________________ H our increase: 1927_____________________________ 1928_____________________________ 1929_____________________________ 1930_______ ________ _ . 1931______________ ____ _________ 1932_____________________________ 1933_____________________________ 1934______________________ ____ 1935_____________________ _______ 1936...... .......... ............ ....................... 3 Less than Ho of 1 percent. .1 .2 .4 .5 (2) 19. 2 92.1 69.2 95.0 14.9 2.3 .2 .6 .5 .3 .3 .8 .1 .2 .2 100.0 68.3 91.1 100.0 7.9 15. 9 2.7 .3 .1 2.8 .1 .1 (2 ) .3 .4 2.4 .1 .3 .1 30.7 36.7 31.7 8.9 100.0 17.2 .1 68.7 2.1 14.8 3.2 18.4 45.0 .1 .5 1.3 .1 .1 .7 100.0 12. 6 76.6 2.9 (2 ) 80.8 ANALYSIS OF STRIKES, T able 75 192 7 - 3 6 30. — Results of strikes ending 1 9 2 7 -3 6 , in relation to major issues involved — Continued W O R K E R S I N V O L V E D — C o n t in u e d Total workers Major issues and years Per Number cent ber age Percentage of workers involved in the strikes resulting in— Substan tial gains to work ers Partial gains or compro mises Little or no gains to work ers Indeter minate N ot re ported Hour decrease: . - ___________ 1927__________ 1 9 2 8 .. - _____ ______________ ___________ 1929___________________________________ 1930 _____ 1931. ______ ____ 1932 _______ __________ 1933__________ . _ _________ 1934__________ __ ________________ 1935__________ ____ 1936___________ _ ____ 2 ,7 0 4 1 ,404 11,768 2 ,6 8 8 831 95 2, 723 643 851 5,459 100 .0 1 00 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 00 .0 100. 0 1 00 .0 10 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 100 .0 1 00 .0 6 .5 5 3 .2 7 9 .8 91 .1 3 8 .5 6 8 .4 89. 2 7 9 .6 1 4 .8 4 1 .7 6 2 .8 42. 7 12 .1 8. 9 15. 8 9. 7 17. 6 3 4 .5 .4 61. 5 15. 8 1 .1 1. 2 50 .7 3 0 .4 44,451 95, 320 101,724 75, 949 115, 997 72, 940 465, 272 762, 367 287, 876 365, 019 100 .0 100.0 1 00 .0 100.0 100 .0 1 00 .0 1 00 .0 100 .0 100 .0 100 .0 2 8 .5 6 1 .6 3 5 .0 11 .7 1 4 .8 7 4 .3 2 8 .5 15 .4 2 8 .8 4 6 .5 37 .1 19 .9 3 6 .2 6 3 .4 5 7 .4 4 .8 56 .7 70 .8 4 8 .9 33.1 3 1 .6 1 5 .3 2 8 .0 2 0 .9 2 5 .4 2 0 .8 14.1 1 0 .0 2 1 .9 15.1 6, 785 51, 836 19, 901 1 0 ,1 3 3 40, 554 2, 820 168, 784 1 0 0 .0 1 00 .0 1 0 0 .0 100. 0 1 0 0 .0 100. 0 1 0 0 .0 6 0 .2 7 7 .3 46. 5 24. 1 9 .0 2 6 .2 1 1 .2 5 .6 8 .1 4. 9 2. 0 4 2 .3 5. 0 6 5 .9 3 4 .2 1 0 .0 4 7 .0 72. 5 4 7 .6 68. 8 2 2 .3 100.0 100.0 100.0 29.7 39.0 37.3 55.9 14.6 10.9 11.9 46.3 20.3 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 4.9 15.4 70. 3 6.4 9.3 68.3 56.7 8.2 26.0 52.3 68.7 66.4 10. 5 14. 7 87.4 .3 40.0 85.5 49.2 30.9 22.7 18.2 18.4 30.4 1.0 31.4 3.2 6.3 24.7 16.8 41.0 59.0 100.0 100.0 .6 3 0 .7 4 .1 8 .1 1 .6 27. 5 UNION ORGANIZATION STRIKES 1927________________________________________ 1928________________________________________ 1929________________________________________ 1930________________________________________ 1931________________________________________ 1932_____________________________________ _ 1933_______________________________________ 1934_______________________________________ 1935_______________________________________ 1936________________________________________ .4 2 .6 .8 4 .0 2 .3 2 .4 .6 (2 ) .1 .1 ..5 .3 (2 ) .2 3 .5 .4 5 .2 (2) .1 Recognition: 1927______________ ____ 1928___________________________________ 1929________________________ ______ 1930 - 1931___________________________________ 1932 _______ 1933___________________________________ 1934_____________________________ 111, 446 34, 271 1935_____________________________ 1936 ____ 47, 347 Recognition and wages: . ___ 6, 827 1927__________ 14,149 1928_____________________________ 1929_____________________________ 16, 549 4, 575 1930______ _ _____ 47, 022 1931_____________________________ 1932_____________________________ 32,137 162, 717 1933______ 1934_____________________________ 458, 329 _________ 68, 736 1935_______ ____ 103,521 1936 . Recognition and hours: 975 1927 _____ ___________ 1928 250 1929 __ __________ 36 2,642 1930_________ ________________ 742 1931-. ____ . . 1932 1933 2,000 1934 125 1935557 325 1936 Recognition, wages, and hours: 4, 818 1927 ___ _ - _____ 14,807 1928 ____ __________ 37, 360 1929 ___ 40, 712 1930 - 12,453 1931 _ ____ 32, 708 1932 ______ 102, 645 1933___ __________ 1984 _____ _______________ 131, 463 94, 879 1935_______ _____________ 1936_____________________________ 120. 820 2 Less than Ho of 1 percent. 1 38 9 4 °— 38- -6 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 59. 6 99.4 40.4 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 43.8 69.5 40.0 41.5 59.7 7.9 4.3 45.0 28. 5 79.1 94.8 61. 2 8.8 74.9 55.9 64.1 49.3 11.0 11.8 12.8 .9 38.8 3.3 11.5 10.9 6.7 6.4 .5 1.9 .1 31. 5 1 .2 .2 .1 .6 (2 ) 3.7 .3 .5 48. 5 2.3 (2 ) .1 .1 16.2 30.5 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 3 .4 1 .6 1. 4 .9 87.9 12.6 16.5 29.2 43.9 2.5 .2 1.0 16.7 .4 (2 ) 76 STRIKES IN TH E UNITED STATES, T able 1 8 8 0 - 1 9 36 3 0 . — Results o f strikes ending 1 9 2 7 -3 6 , in relation to major issues involved— Continued W O R K E R S IN V O L V E D — C o n t in u e d Total workers Major issues and years Number Per cent ber age Closed shop: 1927_____________________________ 1928..____ ______________________ 1929_____________________________ 1930_____________________________ 1931_____________________________ 1932_____________________________ 1933_____________________________ 1934_______ _____ _______________ 1935__________________________ . 1936_____________________________ Discrimination: 1927_____________________________ 1928_____________________________ 1929_____________________________ 1930_____________________________ 1931_____________________________ 1932_____________________________ 1933______ ____ _________________ 1934_____________________________ 1935_____________________________ 1936_____ _____ _________________ Other: 1927— ____ _____________________ 1928_____________________________ 1929______ ____ _________________ 1930_____________________________ 1931_____________________________ 1932 . _________________ 1933_____________________________ 1934____ ____ _____ _____________ 1935_____________________________ 1936_____________________________ MISCELLANEOUS Percentage of workers involved in the strikes resulting in— Substan tial gains to work ers Partial gains or compro mises Little or no gains to workers Indeterminate 7,417 6,282 8,009 7,898 5,784 2,047 6,090 16, 586 46, 213 42,543 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 20.1 40.4 42.1 31.5 36.2 68.8 8.1 23.6 17.3 30.8 45.1 12.7 20.2 27.7 3.8 4.4 8.5 24.1 66.5 32.5 46.6 36.5 32.8 59.1 23.5 83.4 48.4 16.1 35.8 8,051 7,197 16, 608 9,309 7,695 2,055 21,118 39, 304 34,883 26,019 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 11.8 65.4 37.2 16.0 67.7 37.0 23.9 42.7 28.4 54.9 20.6 3.7 16.7 41.1 1.4 15.4 44.2 20.0 21.9 11.6 66.1 21.3 44. 6 42.9 16. 5 47.6 28.1 28.8 46. 3 18.7 9, 578 799 3,261 680 1,747 1,173 1,918 5,114 8, 337 24,444 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 39.8 43.2 68.4 59.6 81.6 47.3 41.3 79.9 70.7 69.5 40.1 16.0 2.3 12.6 3.4 18.2 1.9 40.8 _________ 29.3 _________ 21.6 6.2 11.6 3.4 52.7 _________ 12,634 255 14,268 1,521 1,474 366 1,892 207,897 61,066 4,976 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 4.9 67.5 .3 30.4 N ot re ported 52.2 15.9 27.7 30.0 .3 1.2 8.0 .9 1.0 — 2.3 3.9 .1 (2 ) .9 _________ 1. 5 9. 6 _______ 1. 5 _______ __________________ 14. 4 _______ __________________ _________ 3.8 6.3 2.2 3. 4 _______ 14.4 .4 6.5 3.4 .8 1.6 .5 1 Sympathy: 1927___________________ ____ ____ 1928_____________________________ 1929_____________________________ 1930 _____________________ 1931 _____________________ 1932 _ _________________________ 1933_____________________________ 1934------ ------------------------------------1935_____________________________ 193 6 -______ ____________________ 1 See footnote p. 73. 64.7 6.8 3.9 2.7 1.2 8.9 24.9 26. 3 73.6 41.7 26.9 30.2 32.5 92.9 65.7 15.2 97.3 9.9 13.0 1.4 3.5 .2 84.8 63.8 _______ 10.7 1. 5 48.0 _______ 44.7 _______ 2Less than Ho of 1 percent. Results in Relation to Duration Strike experience during the 10 years 1927-36 indicates that a larger proportion of the short strikes are successful than of the long drawii-out disputes. Table 31 shows that the ratio of those lost to those which were successful reversed with strikes lasting 1 month or more. Out of every 100 strikes lasting less than 1 month 39 were won and 33 were lost, from the workers point of view. Of each 100 strikes which lasted a month or more, on the other hand, only 25 were won while 43 were lost. In the longest strikes, those lasting 3 months or longer, the proportion of failures was even greater. Almost A N A L Y S IS OF S T R IK E S , 77 192 7 -3 6 half of these strikes resulted in no gains, 26 percent were compromised, while 22 percent brought substantial gains to workers. Very short strikes, those of less than a week’s duration, had a greater tendency to result either in gains (39.7 percent) or losses (35.5 percent) than in compromises (19.3 percent). With this excep tion, the proportion of compromised strikes showed little fluctuation in relation to the duration of the strikes, varying from 24 to 30 percent throughout the period. The proportion of short and long strikes to the total successful, compromise, and unsuccessful strikes each year was about the same as the average for the 10-year period. T able 31 .— Results o f strikes ending 1 9 2 7 -3 6 , in relation to their duration Percentage of strikes result ing in— Number of strikes resulting in— Years and duration of strikes Total Sub stantial gains to workers Partial Little Partial Sub Little Total gains or no stantial gains or no or or gains O ther1 gains gains O ther1 com com to to to pro workers workers pro workers mises mises 10-year period—Total___ 12,157 4,332 2,894 4, 302 629 100.0 35.6 23.8 35.4 Less than 1 week......... 1 week and less than A m on th ................... ....... A and less than 1 m onth. 1 and less than 2 months. 2 and less than 3 months. 3 months or over. ........... 4,532 1,797 876 1,608 251 100.0 39.7 19.3 35.5 5.5 2,663 2,147 1, 748 602 465 1,045 781 458 149 102 704 582 431 181 120 795 686 753 236 224 119 98 106 36 19 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 39.2 36.3 26.2 24.8 21.9 26.4 27. 1 24.7 30. 1 25.8 29.9 32.0 43.0 39.1 48.2 4.5 4.6 6.1 6.0 4.1 8.1 5.2 1927— T otal....................... 666 170 166 276 54 100.0 25.5 24.9 41.5 Less than 1 week_______ 1 week and less than A m onth....... .............. ....... A and less than 1 month. 1 and less than 2 months. 2 and less than 3 months. 3 months or over_______ 181 50 45 73 13 100.0 27.6 24.9 40.3 7.2 152 138 118 47 30 42 43 23 8 4 44 29 37 8 3 53 54 50 26 20 13 12 8 5 3 100.0 100.0 27.6 31.2 19.5 17.0 13.3 28.9 21.0 31.4 17.0 10.0 34.9 39.1 42.3 55.4 66.7 8.6 8.7 6.8 10.6 10.0 1928—Total_____________ 620 173 171 244 32 100.0 27.9 27.6 39.3 5.2 Less than 1 week______ 1 week and less than A _ m onth____ ________ A and less than 1 m onth. 1 and less than 2 months. 2 and less than 3 months. 3 months or over___ 235 67 58 102 8 100.0 28.5 24.7 43.4 3.4 131 98 75 30 51 43 29 18 5 11 43 28 24 8 10 39 36 25 12 30 6 5 8 5 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100. 0 32.8 29.6 24.0 16.7 21. 6 32.8 28.6 32.0 26. 7 19. 6 29.8 36.7 33.3 39.9 58.8 4.6 5.1 10.7 16.7 1929—Total........................ 924 260 233 380 51 100.0 28.1 25.2 41.2 5.5 Less than 1 week_______ 1 week and less than y m on th ... ............. ....... Yi and less than 1 m onth. 1 and less than 2 m onths. 2 and less than 3 months. 3 months or over............ . 360 116 82 149 13 100.0 32.2 22.8 41.4 3.6 218 143 127 33 43 69 37 24 5 9 61 39 36 10 5 79 56 54 17 25 9 11 13 1 4 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 31.7 25.9 18.9 15.2 20.9 28.0 27.3 28.3 30.3 11.6 36.2 39.1 42.6 51.5 58.2 4.1 7.7 10.2 3.0 9.3 1930—Total_____________ 651 156 150 290 55 100.0 24.0 23.0 44. 6 8.4 Less than 1 week_______ 1 week and less than y% m onth______ _______ y and less than 1 m onth. 1 and less than 2 months. 2 and less than 3 months. 3 months or o v e r ............. 238 65 30 124 19 100.0 27.3 12.6 52.1 8.0 157 111 80 41 24 44 26 13 7 1 52 34 18 11 5 49 45 39 19 14 12 6 10 4 4 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 28.0 23.4 16.3 17.1 4.2 33.2 30. 6 22.5 26.8 20.8 31.2 40.6 48.7 46.3 58.3 7.6 5.4 12.5 9.8 16.7 100. 0 100.0 100.0 1 Includes strikes for which sufficient information was not available as well as those involving rival unions and questions of jurisdiction, the results of which cannot be evaluated in terms of their effect on the welfare of all workers concerned. STRIKES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1 8 8 0 -1 9 3 6 78 T able 31 -R e s u lt s o f strikes en din g 1 9 2 7 - 3 6 , in relation to their d ura tion — Con. Percentage of strikes result ing in— Number of strikes resulting in— Years and duration of strikes Partial Sub Total stantial gains Little or no or Other gains gains com to to pro workers mises workers 1931—Total_____________ Less than 1 week_______ 1 week and less than A m onth________________ A and less than 1 m onth. 1 and less than 2 months. 2 and less than 3 months. 3 months or over________ 796 319 212 146 49 372 90 169 136 116 39 17 55 42 17 4 4 32 28 16 16 5 1932—Total............. .......... 852 334 233 101 165 149 146 35 23 1, 672 Partial Sub Total stantial gains Little or no or gains gains Other com to to workers pro workers mises 66 22 100.0 100.0 26.6 28.2 46.8 49.5 8.3 15.4 64 56 72 14 8 18 10 11 5 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 32.5 30.9 14.7 10.3 23. 5 18.9 20.6 13.8 41.0 29.4 37.9 41.1 62.0 35.9 47.1 10.7 7.4 9.5 12.8 134 46 442 172 43 15 100.0 100.0 27.3 30.2 15.7 13.8 52.0 51.5 5.0 4.5 51 44 23 11 3 31 23 19 7 8 67 75 100 16 12 16 7 4 1 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 30.9 29.5 15.8 31.4 13.0 18.8 15.4 13.0 20.0 34.8 40.6 50.4 68.5 45.7 52. 2 9.7 4.7 2.7 2.9 617 255 441 89 58 100.0 100.0 36.9 36.4 31.4 145 525 242 26.4 700 20.7 34.6 5.3 8.3 362 307 222 56 25 147 118 71 16 10 106 95 65 20 10 99 87 78 16 3 10 7 8 4 2 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 40.7 38.5 32.0 28.6 40.0 29.3 30.9 29.3 35.7 40.0 27.3 28.3 35.1 28.6 12.0 2.7 2.3 3.6 7.1 8.0 1934—Total_____________ 1,817 Less than 1 week_______ 703 1 week and less than A m onth________ _______ 360 337 A and less thaq 1 m onth. 1 and less than 2 months. 288 2 and less than 3 months. 88 41 3 months or over_______ 634 279 571 170 512 100 45 100.0 100.0 34.9 39.7 31.4 24.2 28.2 209 29.7 5.5 6.4 140 103 77 23 12 117 133 96 36 19 91 85 96 25 6 12 16 19 4 4 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 38.9 30.6 26.7 26.1 29.3 32.5 39.5 33.3 41.0 46.3 25.3 25.2 33.4 28.4 14.6 3.3 4.7 6.6 4.5 9.8 1935—Total_____________ 2,003 Less than 1 week______ 709 1 week and less than y2 m on th .._ __________ 437 A and less than 1 m onth. 346 1 and less than 2 months. 285 2 and less than 3 months. 1«7 3 months or over_______ 99 886 376 374 106 669 198 74 29 100.0 100.0 44.2 53.0 18.7 15.0 33.4 27.9 3.7 4.1 209 164 89 31 17 82 70 50 33 33 130 100 136 58 47 16 12 10 5 2 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 47.8 47.4 31.2 24.4 17.2 18.8 20.2 17.5 26.0 33.3 29.7 28.9 47.8 45.7 47.5 3.7 3.5 3.5 3.9 2.0 1936—Total_____________ 2,156 Less than 1 week. _____ 753 1 week and less than A m onth________________ 512 A and less than 1 m onth. 382 1 and less than 2 months. 291 2 and less than 3 months. 106 3 months or over___ __ 112 991 508 145 592 181 65 29 100.0 100.0 45.9 52.8 23.6 19.3 27.5 3.0 398 24.0 3.9 245 175 103 39 31 136 103 70 32 22 124 92 103 33 59 7 12 15 2 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 47.8 45.9 35.3 36.7 27.7 26.6 26.9 24.1 30.2 19.6 24.2 24.1 35.4 31.2 52.7 1.4 3.1 5.2 1.9 Less than 1 week_______ 1 week and less than A m onth_______ ________ A and less than 1 month. 1 and less than 2 months. 2 and less than 3 months. 3 months or over_______ 1933—Total_____________ Less than 1 week_______ 1 week and less than A m onth___________ _ _ A, and less than 1 m onth. 1 and less than 2 months. 2 and less than 3 months. 3 months or over________ 158 18.3 6.9 Results in Relation to Sise The most significant fact revealed in table 32, “ Results of strikes ending 1927-36 in relation to the number of workers involved,” is that compromise settlements are more numerous in the larger strikes. During the 10-year period, only 13 percent of the strikes involving fewer than 20 workers resulted in compromises. This percentage consistently increased with the size of the strikes, approximately 50 percent of those involving 5,000 or more workers resulting in compromise settlements. ANALYSIS OF STRIKES, 19 2 7 -3 6 79 Conversely, the proportion of successful and unsuccessful strikes decreased as the size of the strike increased. The reduction, however, was more marked with the unsuccessful strikes, a greater proportion of the very small strikes and a lesser proportion of the largest strikes resulting in failures than in gains. Of the strikes involving 6 to 20 workers, 45 percent were lost. This proportion steadily declined with the increase in size, about 15 percent of those involving 10,000 or more workers resulting in failure. Approximately 35 to 36 percent of the strikes involving from 6 to 1,000 workers were won, about 30 percent of those involving from 1,000 to 5,000, and approximately 21 to 22 percent of the largest strikes resulted in substantial gains to workers. There was no uniform difference in the proportion of successful and unsuccessful strikes of various sizes. A greater percentage of the strikes involving fewer than 100 workers were lost than won. In each of the classifications from 100 to 5,000 workers more of the strikes were won than lost. About the same proportion of the strikes involving from 5,000 to 10,000 workers were successful and unsuccessful, and 5 percent more of the largest strikes resulted in substantial gains than in little or no gains. T able 3 2 . — R esu lts o f strikes en din g 1 9 2 7 - 3 6 , in relation to the n u m ber o f w orkers involved Percentage c f strikes result ing in— Number of strikes resulting in— Years and number of workers involved Sub Total stantial gains to work ers Sub Partial Little Partial Little Total stantial gains gains or no or no gains gains or or gains O ther1 O ther1 com to com to to work work work pro pro mises ers mises ers ers 10-year period—Total___ 12,157 4,332 2,894 4,302 629 100.0 35.6 23.8 35.4 5.2 6 and under 20________ 20 and under 100____ __ 100 and under 250_______ 250 and under 500____ _ 500 and under 1,000._ . . . 1,000 and under 5,000___ 5,000 and under 10,000. _. 10,000 workers and o v e r .. 2,106 4, 495 2,343 1,374 900 755 113 71 764 1, 627 860 499 317 225 25 15 277 884 601 422 310 308 56 36 950 1,719 767 4.10 233 186 26 11 115 265 115 43 40 36 6 9 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 36.3 36.2 36.7 36.4 35.3 29.8 22.1 21.1 13.2 19. 7 25. 7 30. 7 34.4 40.8 49.6 50.7 45.0 38.2 32. 7 29.8 25.9 24.6 23.0 15.5 5.5 5.9 4.9 3.1 4.4 4.8 5.3 12.7 1927—Total_____________ 6 and under 2 0............. 20 and under 300_____ _ 100 and under 250_______ 250 and under 500_______ 500 and under 1,000 . . . 1,000 and under 5,000___ 5,000 and under 10,000_ _ 10,000 workers and over.. 666 149 275 96 64 44 34 3 1 170 46 73 16 18 13 4 166 21 60 29 24 16 15 1 276 67 118 46 19 12 13 54 15 24 5 3 3 2 2 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 25.5 30. 9 26.5 16. 7 28. 1 29.5 11.8 24.9 14. 1 21.8 30. 2 37.5 36.4 44. 1 41.5 44.9 43.0 47.9 29. 7 27.3 38.2 8.1 10.1 8.7 5.2 4.7 6.8 5.9 1928—Total_____________ 6 and under 20_____ . _ 20 and under 100____ 100 and under 250_______ 250 and under 500____ ._ 500 and under 1,000. _. ._ 1,000 and under 5,000___ 5,000 and under 10,000_ _ 10,000 workers and o v e r .. 620 119 259 89 56 45 43 4 5 173 45 69 25 14 8 9 2 1 171 13 72 22 20 21 20 1 2 244 56 103 35 22 13 13 1 1 27.9 37.8 26. 6 28. 1 25. 0 17.8 20.9 27.6 10.9 27.8 24.7 35. 7 46.6 46.6 39.3 47. 1 39.8 39.3 39. 3 28.9 30.2 5.2 4.2 5.8 7.9 1 32 5 15 7 3 1 1 100. 0 100.0 (2 ) (2) 100.0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100.0 (2) (2 ) 6.7 2.3 1 unions andIncludes strikes for which sufficient information was not available as well as those involving rivalwelfare of allquestions concerned. the results of which cannot be evaluated in terms of their effect on the workers of jurisdiction, 2Too few to give percentage. 80 T able STKIKES IN TH E UNITED STATES, 1 8 8 0 - 1 9 3 6 32. — R esu lts o f strikes en din g 1 9 2 7 - 3 6 , in relation to the n u m ber o f w orkers involved — Continued Percentage of strikes result ing in— Number of strikes resulting in— Years and number of workers involved Total Sub stantial gains to work ers Partial Little gains or no or gains com to work pro ers mises Other Sub Total stantial gains to work ers Partial Little gains or no or gains com to pro work mises ers Other 1929—Total_____________ 924 260 233 380 51 100.0 28.1 25. 2 41. 2 5.5 6 and under 20__________ 20 and under 1 0 0 -.- ____ 100 and under 250 ___ __ 250 and under 500_ __ ___ 500 and under 1,000_____ 1,000 and under 5,000----5,000 and under 10,000__ 10,000 workers and over. 167 361 174 90 62 62 7 1 42 96 55 23 24 20 22 84 49 29 23 22 3 1 95 154 62 33 13 19 4 8 27 8 5 2 1 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 (2 ) (2 ) 25.1 26.6 31.6 25.6 38.7 32.3 13.2 23.3 28.2 32.2 37.1 35.5 56.9 42. 6 35.6 36.6 21.0 30.6 4.8 7.5 4.6 5.6 3.2 1.6 1930—T otal_____________ 651 156 150 290 55 100.0 24.0 23.0 44.6 8.4 6 and under 20_____ 20 and under 100-----------100 and under 250----------250 and under 500____ _. 500 and under 1,000 _ __ 1,000 and under 5,000___ 30 64 32 16 7 7 18 55 33 21 8 12 2 1 72 122 44 25 17 10 10 27 13 3 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 (2 ) (2 ) 23.1 23.9 26.2 24.6 21.9 22.6 13.8 20. 5 27.0 32.3 25.0 38.6 55.4 45. 5 36.1 38. 5 53.1 32.3 7. 7 10.1 10.7 4.6 10,000 workers and over. _ 130 268 122 65 32 31 2 1 1931—T otal_____________ 796 212 146 372 66 100.0 26.6 18.3 46.8 8.3 6 and under 20____ ______ 20 and under 100-----------100 and under 250----------250 and under 500----------500 and under 1,000_____ 1,000 and under 5,000___ 5,000 and under 10,000_ _ 10,000 workers and over. _ 169 317 152 59 40 46 7 6 35 94 44 17 9 13 22 65 23 13 5 11 2 5 101 127 73 25 23 17 5 1 11 31 12 4 3 5 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 (2 ) (2 ) 20. 7 29. 7 28.9 28.8 22.5 28.3 13.0 20.5 15.1 22.0 12. 5 23.9 59.8 40.0 48.1 42.4 57.5 36.9 6.5 9.8 7.9 6.8 7.5 10.9 1932—Total_____________ 852 233 134 442 43 100.0 27.3 15.7 52.0 5.0 6 and under 20--------------20 and under 100-------- . . 100 and under 250____ __ 250 and under 500------ --500 and under 1,000-------1,000 and under 5,000___ 5,000 and under 10,000__ 10,000 workers and over. _ 208 334 148 79 34 38 4 7 65 93 36 17 8 11 1 2 19 51 20 19 7 14 1 3 114 170 81 42 18 13 2 2 10 20 11 1 1 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 (2 ) (2 ) 31. 2 27.8 24.3 21. 5 23. 5 28.9 9.1 15.3 13.5 24.1 20.6 36. 9 54.9 50.9 54.8 53.1 53.0 34. 2 4.8 6.0 7.4 1.3 2.9 1,672 617 441 525 89 100.0 36.9 26.4 31.4 5.3 176 523 363 251 160 157 26 16 55 188 134 107 61 61 7 4 29 100 104 74 52 60 14 8 87 202 105 61 34 30 4 2 5 33 20 9 13 6 1 2 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 31.2 35.9 36.9 42.6 38.1 38.9 26.9 25.0 16.5 19.1 28.7 29. 5 32. 5 38.2 53.9 50.0 49. 5 38.7 28.9 24.3 21.3 19.1 15.4 12.5 2.8 6.3 5.5 3.6 8.1 3.8 3.8 12.5 1934—Total_____________ 1,817 634 571 512 100 100.0 34.9 31.4 28.2 5.5 6 and under 20__________ 20 and under 100-----------100 and under 250----------250 and under 500----------500 and under 1,000-------1,000 and under 5,000___ 5,000 and under 10,000__ 10,000 workers and o v e r .. 245 575 373 255 187 135 28 19 109 225 122 75 58 37 6 2 36 120 138 98 88 63 18 10 83 195 93 72 35 27 4 3 17 35 20 10 6 8 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 44.5 39.1 32. 7 29.4 31.0 27.4 21. 4 10.5 14.7 20.9 37.0 38.5 47.1 46. 7 64. 3 52.6 33.9 33.9 24.9 28.2 18.7 20.0 14. 3 15.8 6.9 6.1 5.4 3.9 3.2 5.9 1933—Total_____________ 6 and under 20--------------20 and under 100-----------100 and under 250----------250 and under 500_______ 500 and under 1,000... __ 1,000 and under 5,000___ 5,000 and under 10,000... 10,000 workers and over. _ 2T oo few to give percentage. 2 4 6.5 21.1 A N A L Y S IS T able OF S T R IK E S , 192 7—36 81 3 2 . — R esu lts o f strikes en ding 1 9 2 7 - 8 6 , in relation to the n u m ber o f w orkers involved — Continued Percentage of strikes result ing in— Number of strikes resulting in— Years and number of workers involved Sub Partial Total stantia] gains or gains com to work pro ers mises Little or no gains to work ers Other 669 74 Other 44.2 18. 7 33.4 3.7 20 30 10 3 4 5 1 1 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 (2) 47.2 44.0 45.9 47.9 38.1 34.9 21.4 11.8 14.2 19. 5 19.2 34.5 41.2 42.9 35.3 37.8 32.2 31. 5 24. 5 19.3 28.6 5.7 4.0 2.4 1.4 2.9 4.6 7.1 592 65 100.0 45.9 23.6 27.5 3.0 152 245 94 42 34 23 2 14 23 9 5 5 6 2 1 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 (2 ) 43.8 47.3 50.0 45.4 48.3 25.0 33.3 14.2 20.5 24.9 34. 7 26.8 46.0 44.5 38.5 29.4 22.9 17.8 21.7 23.0 11. 1 3.5 2.8 2.2 2.1 3.2 6.0 11.1 886 374 348 749 416 219 139 109 14 9 164 330 191 105 53 38 3 2 41 106 81 42 48 45 6 5 123 283 134 69 34 21 4 1 1936—Total_____________ 2,156 991 508 6 and under 20_______ . . 20 and under 100._______ 100 and under 250_______ 250 and under 500_______ 500 and under 1,000_____ 1,000 and under 5,000___ 5,000 and under 10,000... 10,000 workers and over. . 395 834 410 236 157 100 18 6 173 395 205 107 76 25 6 4 56 171 102 82 42 46 8 1 6 and under 20__________ 20 and under 100________ 100 and under 250____ . _ 250 and under 500_____ . 500 and under 1,000_____ 1,000 and under 5,000___ 5,000 and under 10,000... 10,000 workers and over. _ Partial Little or no gains or gains com to work pro mises ers 100.0 2,003 1935—Total_____________ Sub Total stantial gains to w ork ers 2T oo few to give percentage. Strikes In Various Cities 1 7 Greater New York had nearly three times as many strikes (1,652) during the 10-year period 1927-36 as Philadelphia, which had the second highest number (568). Almost one million workers were involved in the strikes in New York City. This does not necessarily mean that a million different persons engaged in strikes, since some of these workers may have been involved in more than one strike. Chicago had the third highest number of strikes (330), the number of workers involved being almost two-thirds as great as the number involved in Philadelphia. Cleveland had 241 strikes during the 10-year period, and the San Francisco Bay area had 224. Other cities which had more than 100 strikes were Boston; Los Angeles; St. Louis; Detroit; Pittsburgh; Paterson and Newark, N. J.; M il waukee; and Baltimore. u It should be noted that the data in table 33 pertain to local strikes only. In other words, the incidence of intercity strikes is not shown in this table. It was not possible accurately to determine how many workers in intercity strikes were employed in each of the cities affected, hence the figures in this table are exclusive of intercity strikes. STRIKES IK THE UNITED STATES, 1 8 8 0 -1 9 3 6 82 T able 3 3 . — Strik es begin n in g in 1 9 2 7 - 3 6 , in cities which had 1 0 or m ore local strikes in a n y yea r C ity and year Akron: 1927________________ 1928_________________ 1929_________________ 1930_________________ 1931___________ ___ 1932_________________ 1933_________________ 1934_________________ 1935_________________ 1936_________________ Allentown: 1927_________________ 1928_________________ 1929_________________ 1930 ___ 1931_______ _____ 1932 ___ 1933— _ ___ 1934___ ____ 1935_________________ 1936________________ Baltimore: 1927 1928 _ . _ 1929_________________ 1930_________________ 1931 ___ 1932 „ ___ 1933 _________ ___ 1934_________________ ___ 1935 _ 1936. _ ___ Birmingham: 1927__________ ___ 1928 - ____________ 1929 ___ 1930_________________ 1931___ ______ 1932_________________ 1933_________________ 1934_________________ 1935_________________ 1936_________________ Boston: 1927— _ 1928_________________ 1929_________________ 1930 ____ ________ 1931________________ 1932_________________ 1933_________________ 1934_________________ 1935_________________ 1936-____ __________ Buffalo: 1927_________________ 1928_________________ 1929_________________ 1930___________ 1931_______ _______ 1932_________________ 1933_________________ 1934_________________ 1935___ ____ 1936_________________ Chattanooga: 1927_________________ 1928_________________ 1929_________________ 1930_________________ 1931_________________ 1932_________________ 1933_________________ 1934_________________ 1935________________ 1936............................. . N um ber of N um Manstrikes ber of days idle begin during workers ning year involved in year 1 1 1 150 20 72 600 80 2,160 5 13 3 43 536 4,310 '352 70, 797 5,780 94,683 20, 574 488,346 4 2 10 1 3 337 237 471 35 3,137 3,479 9, 762 5,365 70 257,939 8 8 9 5 984 963 1,172 811 9, 557 27,950 24,135 11,114 7 7 10 8 5 5 9 16 20 15 8, 651 ' 737 1,833 5,535 243 5,165 1, 575 2,317 6,231 2,961 109,643 20,863 16,148 67,084 6,114 36,924 30,903 16,677 31,821 33,887 1 1 2 1 14 8 3 50 72 27 62 8,999 1,401 1,455 1,150 10, 512 328 1,028 227,759 33, 668 5,005 21 25 20 8 15 14 22 16 16 17 4,185 4, 764 5, 517 2, 797 6,776 3,446 11, 317 4,200 3, 694 7, 226 48, 326 118, 476 328,105 32,162 240, 977 55,897 118,116 58, 611 29,127 63,504 3 8 8 2 3 2 21 12 16 13 414 2, 623 460 97 262 156 8, 833 4,366 2, 676 1,683 11, 216 21,157 6, 761 1, 354 2,124 156 45,865 147,808 40,037 36,815 2 1 1 1 1,115 6 15 8 37,865 12 285 8 1 2 11 8 2 44 18 2,755 434 123 968 326 45, 221 16,772 1,701 C ity and year Chicago: 1927_________________ 1928_________________ 1929_________________ 1930_________________ 1931— 1932— _ -1933______ 1934— _ _ __ 1935— 1936— _________ Cincinnati: 1927_________________ 1928_________________ 1929_________________ 1930— _________ 1931_________________ 1932_________________ 1933________________ 1934_____ _________ 1935_________________ 1*936______- .......... ... Cleveland: 1927____________ _ 1928_________________ 1929_________________ 1930_________________ 1931____ ________ 1932_____ _________ 1933_________________ 1934_________________ 1935_____ _______ 1936-_______ _______ Columbus: 1927_________________ 1928......... ................... . 1929— ____ _ 1930_________________ 1931— ___________ 1932_________________ 1933_________________ 1934_____ _________ 1935_________________ 1936— .................... Detroit: 1927__________ 1928_________________ 1929_______________ 1930— _ _ . 1931____ ______ 1932______________ _ 1933_________________ 1934_________________ 1935_________________ 1936.......................... Easton: 1927_________________ 1928_________________ 1929__________ ____ 1930_____________ 1931_________________ 1932________________ 1933_____________ 1934 1935— 1936_____ ___ Elizabeth: 1927______________ _ 1928_________________ 1929_________________ 1930— ............... 1931______________ 1932______________ 1933_____ ____ ______ 1934.................. 1935__________ 1936............................... N um ber of Manstrikes N um begin ber of days idle workers during ning involved year in year 29 11 32 18 21 27 58 48 47 39 8,572 6,456 11, 586 1,414 7, 257 8,414 28, 206 21,310 17, 891 3, 221 177,182 82,950 189, 784 27,711 79, 961 165,048 347,949 196,930 440, 782 66,418 1 127 11,303 4 2 4 5 6 13 17 7 1,036 550 534 492 358 2,382 6, 288 600 36, 785 2, 400 5, 323 10, 816 11, 252 57, 289 95, 834 7, 506 5 9 11 12 3 3 26 67 66 39 817 711 1, 518 3, 866 330 163 5, 550 30,727 28,490 13,918 15,172 36, 796 43,194 72, 991 3, 280 4,113 67, 503 428,956 538, 022 124, 926 4 2 3 1 2 72 43 156 250 108 3, 604 283 356 1, 250 888 5 13 6 2 411 3,391 1, 544 489 7,356 13, 757 46,367 23, 705 6 3 10 11 1 4 13 44 26 18 376 199 1,972 650 190 314 10,398 16,954 6,514 12,603 2, 498 18, 510 21,664 9,860 1, 520 2,489 174, 915 227, 542 113,968 102, 690 4 1 506 90 18, 586 90 2 3 1 1 475 510 100 61 10, 325 4,490 600 915 3 14 176 1, 586 1 ,158 144' 254 2 1 130 50 1, 580 *200 2 6 1 5 2 10 8 45 81 16 2,896 132 1,748 2,200 285 530 908 53,725 1, 548 12, 344 24, 739 ANALYSIS OF STRIKES, 19 2 7 -3 6 T able 83 3 3 . — Strik es begin n in g in 1 9 8 7 - 8 6 , in cities w hich had 1 0 or m ore local strikes in a n y yea r — Continued C ity and year Erie: 1927_________________ 1928_________________ 1929_________________ 1930_________________ 1931_________________ 1932_________________ 1933_________________ 1934_________________ 1935_________________ 1936_________________ Fall River: 1927_________________ 1928_________________ 1929_________________ 1930_________________ 1931_________________ 1932_________________ 1933_________________ 1934_________________ 1935_________________ 1936_________________ Haverhill: 1927_________________ 1928_________________ 1929_________________ 1930_________________ 1931_____ ____ _______ 1932__________ _____ 1933_________________ 1934_________________ 1935_________________ 1936___________ ___ H ou ston :1 1927_________________ 1929_________________ 1931_________________ 1932_________________ 1934_________________ 1935_________________ 1936_________________ Jersey C ity: 1927_________________ 1928_________________ 1929_________________ 1930_________________ 1931_________________ 1932_________________ 1933______________ 1934_________________ 1935_________________ 1936_________________ Kansas C ity: 1927_________________ 1928_________________ 1929_________________ 1930_________________ 1931_________________ 1932_________________ 1933_________________ 1934________________ 1935_________________ 1936_„_............... ........ Los Angeles: 1927_________________ 1928_________________ 1929____________ 1930....... .............. ........ 1931________________ 1932_________________ 1933_____________ _ 1934_______________ _ 1935________ _______ 1936_________________ Num ber of N um Manstrikes ber of days idle begin workers during ning involved year in year 1 100 800 1 10 1 2 10 658 100 386 60 23,848 700 2, 216 2 3 160 92 2,124 1,909 8 17 2 5 4 5 14 12 7 9 718 4,141 17 875 611 645 5,497 6,385 632 4,010 7,502 68,482 25 6,719 12, 444 8,450 64,739 45, 774 1,844 49, 631 1 7 8 2 3 3 16 6 8 3,000 5,023 5,835 51 181 671 9,454 7,195 916 36,000 44,370 369,495 894 2,133 2,844 149,845 184,358 9, 686 2 2 1 1 4 2 11 25 180 150 60 565 68 1,056 290 720 2, 250 180 12, 388 68 14, 467 3 3 3 6 4 7 2 4 10 5 791 41 272 555 447 765 288 308 431 812 11, 307 1, 663 8, 277 6,750 1,497 11, 779 288 3,355 10, 600 3, 632 2 1 1 5 1 5 6 12 10 2 22 14 415 497 200 540 146 1, 540 582 2,472 1,321 14 415 4,812 200 4, 370 3,692 7,377 8,347 24,940 6 8 9 3 5 2 20 18 42 50 200 624 1, 648 906 228 20 13,029 4, 738 3,790 10, 502 8,521 5,812 27,864 25, 391 2, 519 200 211,297 60,994 70,938 239,497 1N o strikes during 1928, 1930, and 1933, City and year Lynn: 1927__________ _____ 1928_________________ 1929_________________ 1930_________________ 1931_________________ 1932_________________ 1933_________________ 1934_________________ 1935_________________ 1936_________________ Milwaukee: 1927_________________ 1928_________________ 1929_________________ 1930_________________ 1931_________________ 1932_________ ______ 1933__________ _____ 1934_________________ 1935_________________ 1936_________________ Minneapolis: 1927________________ 1928_________________ 1929________________ 1930________________ 1931________________ 1932_________________ 1933________________ 1934_________________ 1935_________________ 1936____________ ___ Newark: 1927_________________ 1928_________________ 1929_________________ 1930_________________ 1931_________________ 1932_________________ 1933___________ _____ 1934_________________ 1935_________________ 1936_________________ New Bedford: 1927_________________ 1928_________________ 1929_________________ 1930________________ 1931_________________ 1932_________________ 1933_________________ 1934_________________ 1935______________ 1936.............................. New York (Greater): 1927_________________ 1928_________________ 1929_________________ 1930_________________ 1931..... ............ ............ 1932_________________ 1933_________________ 1934_________________ 1935_________________ 1936_________ ______ _ Paterson: 1927_________________ 1928_______ ____ ____ 1929......... ................— 1930______________ 1931....... .......... ........... 1932......... ..................... 1 1933............................... N um ber of Manstrikes N um days idle begin ber of workers during ning involved year in year 2 9 8 3 3 6 7 3 7 11 35 4,070 6, 484 143 170 984 8,175 3, 353 1,881 3,638 520 35,812 80,956 1,933 822 9, 749 47, 606 34, 668 22, 735 25, 464 2 1 4 6 1 6 42 21 24 365 100 182 1,973 100 482 13,980 3,952 4,512 4, 525 4,400 2, 650 44,027 600 8,489 307,002 69, 587 60, 360 7 1 8 3 3 2 4 12 16 30 568 120 387 80 241 525 628 19,127 2,706 5,230 28, 420 4,380 6,200 3,318 5, 503 5,845 28,985 258,404 131,320 194, 642 3 8 1, 218 621 1,690 234 2,583 723 2,494 2,399 4,406 9, 342 11,725 8,355 5,781 110,606 10,054 43,931 51,205 134, 878 12,073 13 11 8 9 24 22 13 7 8 6 4 1 1 888 868 20,925 25, 749 3,689, 221 180 6, 519 44 1,531 13 26 4 7 7,126 2,191 545 1,852 19,350 10, 814 6,061 38,684 117 87 125 86 169 171 152 201 257 287 42,757 75,021 60, 673 51, 745 59,976 110,441 187, 582 133, 465 102, 267 128,644 1, 111, 780 908,966 1, 212,180 602, 732 624,342 2,192, 451 2,957, 224 1,628, 422 955, 210 1,368, 813 6 10 24 422 6,481 726 930 8,273 2,067 25,069 11, 540 250,451 13, 642 19,694 499,919 40, 773 936,167 9 11 8 5 12 15 84 STRIKES IN TH E UNITED STATES, 1 8 8 0 - 1 9 3 6 T able 33 .— Strikes beginning in 1 927 -3 6 , in cities which had 10 or more local strikes in any year— Continued C ity and year Paterson—Continued. 1934_________________ 1935_________________ 1936_________ _______ Philadelphia: 1927....... ................... 1928_________________ 1929— ............. ............ 1930________________ 1931-______ ________ 1932—............... ......... . 1933_______ ____ ____ 1934— ........... ............ 1935....... ........... .......... 1936— ..........- .......... Pittsburgh: 1927..................... ......... 1928_____________ 1929_________________ 1930________________ 1931....... — ................. 1932_________________ 1933_________________ 1934_________________ 1935_________________ 1936_____________ — Portland (Oreg.): 1927_________________ 1928............................1929______________ 1930________________ 1931..................- .......... 1932____________ ___ 1933_______________ _ 1934_________________ 1935____________ ____ 1936________________ Providence: 1927_________________ 1928......... ................— 1929_________________ 1930_________________ 1931_________________ 1932_________________ 1933________ _______ 1934_________________ 1935__________ _____ 1936________________ Reading: 1927_________________ 1928_________________ 1929____________ _ 1930— ____ ________ 1931_________________ 1932_________________ 1933_________________ 1934___________ ____ 1935.............................. 1936....... .................... . Rochester: 1927_________________ 1928__________ _____ 1929_________________ 1930________________ 1931_________________ 1932_________________ 1933_________________ 1934_________________ 1935_________________ 1936-____ __________ St. Louis: 1927_________________ 1928— .......................1929............................... N um ber of N um Manstrikes ber of days idle begin during workers ning involved year in year 7 18 14 1,541 16,661 2,302 26,815 282,044 26,508 23 22 75 33 31 34 106 68 74 102 2,502 1,729 13, 293 5,314 8,672 2,946 60,122 36,076 14,873 31,901 71,350 19,470 184,435 183,511 536,234 46,299 601,975 498,814 161,656 347,198 8 6 12 9 16 10 20 18 17 16 2,429 530 1,884 1,975 2,684 2,860 5,061 2,399 1,246 3,256 20,324 3,046 66,923 193,346 33,989 80,854 87,775 40,974 49,279 54,807 4 396 10,542 5 1 4 4 1 16 10 31 276 40 126 590 15 2,807 403 3,632 3,558 720 396 3,865 15 25, 207 7,970 75, 294 7 2 4 5 3 5 12 2 7 10 571 550 359 270 1,150 205 2,364 81 427 2,070 16,884 15,500 1,514 1,970 20,350 1,794 17,789 81 2,450 30,474 2 3 5 4 3 4 22 7 8 6 462 271 792 742 148 252 3,204 730 829 5,784 13,832 10,618 12,182 7,144 780 7,059 69,515 14,427 25,844 153,144 11 3 6 3 5 8 6 14 7 10 377 89 190 322 863 1,219 7,618 2,116 306 3,941 4,794 435 2,826 3,321 1,178 14,117 32,650 13,096 2,782 36,662 11 5 14 1,325 640 6,660 25,162 50,379 184,210 C ity and year St. Louis— Continued. 1930_________________ 1931_________________ 1932_________________ 1933— ........................ 1934_________________ 1935_________________ 1936_____ ____ ______ San Francisco (B ay area): 1927_________________ 1928____ ____________ 1929_________________ 1930_________________ 1931_________________ 1932_________________ 1933_________________ 1934_________________ 1935-____ __________ 1936_________________ Seattle: 1927_________________ 1928_________________ 1929_________________ 1930_________________ 1931_________________ 1932_________________ 1933_________________ 1934_________________ 1935_________________ 1936_________________ Scranton: 1927_________________ 1928_________________ 1929_________________ 1930_________________ 1931_________________ 1932_________________ 1933_________________ 1934— ______________ 1935_________________ 1936_________________ Terre Haute: 1927_________________ 1928_________________ 1929_________________ 1930_________________ 1931_________________ 1932_________________ 1933_________________ 1934_________________ 1935_________________ 1936_________________ Toledo: 1927_________________ 1928_________________ 1929_________________ 1930_________________ 1931_________________ 1932_________________ 1933_________________ 1934_________________ 1935_________________ 1936_________________ Washington, D . C.: 1927_________________ 1928____ ____________ 1929________________ 1930_________________ 1931_________________ 1932_________________ 1933_________________ 1934_________________ 1935_________________ 1936......................... — N um ber of Manstrikes N um begin ber of days idle workers during ning year in involved year 4 10 10 29 20 21 20 1,334 354 2,319 13,428 6,184 2,673 2,369 26,052 9,965 26,503 340, 272 90,691 64,429 26,311 7 3 8 3 10 7 8 42 60 76 174 90 3,651 66 846 478 1,001 97,665 11, 549 18,882 4,446 1,270 22,103 282 18,324 4,290 18,468 328,826 142,291 422,737 1 4 2 1 6 3 5 6 22 21 15 155 68 18 1,851 1,150 327 331 3,340 2,775 105 2,107 915 270 75,375 14,600 5,327 1,291 33,918 105,698 5 6 10 3 5 3 13 10 3 5 1,751 1,783 1,887 373 375 82 6,922 1,625 233 681 150,794 119,504 7,174 4,775 16,055 1,374 39,312 25,353 1,785 8,266 1 1 2 1 125 125 80 45 125 4,000 4,262 2,070 2 496 2,504 7 10 2 1,082 27,896 114 12,055 135,855 765 1 2 2 3 3 7 14 18 22 22 140 17 122 102 245 5,147 8,034 4,811 22 3,920 449 792 502 1,599 58,545 125,949 117,561 2 5 4 20 281 225 249 249 1,914 3,175 4,401 1,231 100 12,024 2,669 1,479 2,286 19,767 60,329 10,521 22,474 6 6 14 22 13 16 85 ANALYSIS OF STRIKES, 19 2 7 - 3 6 T able 3 3 .— Strikes beginning in 1927— 6 , in cities which had 10 or more local 8 strikes in any year — Continued C ity and year Woonsocket: _____ 1927 1928 _____ 1929_________________ 1930 _______ ________ 1931_________________ 1932_________________ 1933_________________ 1934_________________ 193*)— ____ ____ 1936_________________ Worcester: 1927_________________ 1928 ____________ 1929 ______________ 1930 _____ 1931 _______ N um ber of N um Manstrikes ber of days idle begin during workers ning involved year in year 4 1,655 59,533 1 1 2 1 14 1 4 7 50 23 335 118 3, 257 350 501 1, 437 100 92 335 1,652 41,249 29,050 2,620 19,243 2 2 1 1 2 55 36 50 18 65 1,2J0 1,308 150 90 1,430 C ity and year Worcester— Continued. 1932 . _____________ 1933 ________________ 1934_________________ 1935 ________________ 1936_________________ York: 1927_________________ 1928_________________ 1929_________________ 1930_________________ 1931_________________ 1932_________________ 1933_________________ 1934_________________ 1935________ 1936. ___ _____ N um ber of N um Manstrikes ber of days idle begin workers during ning involved year in year 2 2 2 11 4 132 705 220 468 93 257 10, 514 3,968 3.838 4,083 3 1 97 174 934 696 2 11 5 2 61 1,384 272 88 103 23, 013 8,802 354 Strikes in Each State 1 8 In 7 of the 10 years from 1927 to 1936, Pennsylvania had more workers involved in strikes than any other State. In the other 3 years— 1930, 1932, and 1936— the greatest number were in New York. In 1930 New York had 31 percent of the total number of workers involved in all strikes, in 1932 over 42 percent, and in 1936 over 20 percent. The years in which Pennsylvania had the greatest number of workers involved, the proportion varied from 17 to 30 percent of the total. There were 2,333 strikes in New York State from 1927 to 1936. Almost 1% million workers were involved in these strikes. Although there were fewer strikes in Pennsylvania (2,135), more workers (1,389,482) were involved. Massachusetts had 903 strikes during this period, which involved almost one-half million workers. Other States having more than 500 strikes were Ohio, 850; New Jersey, 818; Illinois, 706; California, 594. 1 In table 34 the interstate strikes have been broken down, insofar as possible, and regarded as separate 8 strikes in each State affected, with the proper allocation of workers involved and man-days of idleness. Because of this division the sum of the strikes in all States for any year would amount to more than the total number of strikes for the year as shown in other tables. Strikes for which information was lacking wth respect to number of workers affected in each State have been listed at the end of the table. 86 STKiKES IN' TH E UNITED STATES, 1 8 8 0 - 1 9 3 6 T able 34 .— Strikes beginning in 1 9 2 7 -8 6 , by States Man-days idle during year Workers involved State and year Alabama: 1927____________________________ 1928____________________________ 1929____________________________ 1930____________________________ 1931____________________________ 1932____________________________ 1933____________________________ 1934____________________________ 1935____________________________ 1936____________________________ Arizona: 1927_____ ____________________ 1928____________________________ 1929...... .................. ............ . 1930____ __ _________________ 1931__________________ _______ 1932____ _____________________ 1933____________________________ 1934______________ _____________ 1935____________________________ 1936._____ _____________________ Arkansas: 1927____________________________ 1928__________________________ 1929____________________________ 1930— - _____ __________________ 1931____________________________ 1932________________________ 1933_____ ____ _________________ 1934____________________________ 1935____________________________ 1936____________________________ California: 1927____________________________ 1928____________________________ 1929____________________________ 1930____________________________ 1931____________________________ 1932____________________________ 1933_______________ ____ _______ 1934________ ____ ______________ 1935____________________________ 1936___________ ____ ___________ Colorado: 1927____ _______________________ 1928____________________________ 1929____________________________ 1930____________________________ 1931____________________________ 1932____________________________ 1933____________________________ 1934____________________________ 1935____________________________ 1936____________________________ Connecticut: 1927— ____ ___________________ 1928____________________________ 1929____ ___________ ____ ______ 1930____ _______________________ 1931____________________________ 1932____________________________ 1933____________________________ 1934____________________________ 1935____________________________ 1936____________________________ Delaware: 1927— _______ _________________ 1928___________ ______ _________ 1929____________________________ 1930__________ ____ ____________ 1931____ _______________________ 1932___________________________ 1933____________________________ 1934____________________________ 1935____ _______________________ 1936______ _____________________ * Less than Ho of 1 percent. Number of strikes beginning in year Number Percent age of total for all States 1 30 1 1 1 5 21 45 59 31 14 50 72 702 6,799 84,228 38,275 10,126 3 66 0) 2 43 0) 3 2 2 2 2,807 400 260 940 1 1 2 1 2 400 22 185 400 324 8 2 7 4 1,263 1,388 6,371 2,825 20 16 28 14 23 23 47 92 137 194 1,464 1,119 6,719 4,272 5,769 2,090 38,950 130,456 29, 487 70,027 6 5 1 4,856 480 45 4 3 105 340 499 1,914 8,170 1,707 4 12 5 8 Average per strike Number Percent age of total for all States 30 P) 0) 0) 0.2 .6 5.7 3.4 1.3 120 0) 14 50 72 140 324 1,872 649 327 14 1,150 10, 512 4,878 93, 781 1, 722, 993 1,124,392 278,674 P) P) P) 22 P) 730 P) 0.2 .6 8.8 7.3 2.0 22 172 P) 936 200 130 470 13,904 4,300 6,650 1,880 P) P) P) 400 22 93 400 162 45,600 22 2,015 3,600 1,824 .6 .4 158 694 910 706 15,317 55, 208 49,168 64,602 .1 .3 .3 .5 .4 .4 2.3 2.3 1.7 .6 3.3 8.9 2.6 8.9 73 70 240 305 251 91 829 1,418 215 361 18,005 9,017 57,009 79, 231 37, 398 28, 796 638,435 1,110, 254 479, 677 2,038,101 .1 .1 1.1 2.4 .5 .3 3.8 5.7 3.0 14.7 1.5 .2 809 06 45 233, 293 168,421 315 26 113 125 160 1,634 213 224 3,810 3,630 13,947 56, 764 13,084 159 237 259 88 188 60 427 565 288 210 75,445 40, 772 47,354 16,886 78,307 21,157 230, 610 409, 791 194, 291 178,674 .2 P) 0) .1 .1 P) .1 .2 .1 P) .1 P) P) P) .1 .1 .7 .2 .1 .2 P) P) .1 P) P) P) P) P) 1.2 .6 .9 .4 2.2 2.2 45 4,302 2,368 3,365 1,138 3,201 1,330 26,061 31, 635 12, 656 9,435 .1 79 1,513 .2 185 6,646 80 P) 155 150 173 42 1,310 1,800 1,965 2,823 P) P) P) P) .1 .4 .1 P) 20 102 40 .9 1.3 27 10 13 13 17 22 61 56 44 3 59 307 40 2 3 2 6 310 450 345 249 .8 1.1 1.2 237 3 3 1 1.3 P) P) P) (i) P) .3 .3 .9 .5 1.1 .2 1.4 2.1 1.3 1.3 P) .2 ANALYSIS OF STRIKES, 87 1 9 2 7 -3 6 T able 3 4 . — Strikes beginning in 1 9 2 7 -8 6 , by States— Continued Man-days idle during year Workers involved State and year District of Columbia: 1927____________________________ 1928 ______________ __________ 1929____________________________ 1930____________________________ 1931____________________________ 1932____________________________ 1933____________________________ 1934____________________________ 1935____________________________ 1936________________________ Florida: 1927____________________________ 1928.— _____________________ 1929................ ..................... ............ 1930____________________________ 1931_______________________ 1932_____________________ _____ ___________________ _______ 1934______________________ ____ 1935.______ ____________ ____ _ 1936____________________________ Georgia: 1927-........... ...................... ............ 1928— ............... ... ..................... . 1929____________________________ 1930___________________________ 1931_________ _______ __________ 1932 . . ...... ................... . 1933......... .......... ... ......................... 1934 ________ __________________ 1935— ____ _______ ____________ 1936_______ ____________________ Idaho: 1927 ______ ______ ___________ 1928 1929 . ... 1930— _____ ___________________ 1931_______ ____ _______________ 1932 1933____________________________ 1934. . . . _______________ 1935____________________________ 1936_______________________ ___ Illinois: 1927_____________ _____________ 1928____________________________ 1929_____ ____ _________________ 1930____________________________ 1931___________________________ 1932____ ________________ ____ _ 1933— ____ _____ ____________ 1934____________________________ 1935..______ ___________________ 1936____________________________ Indiana: 1927____________________________ 1928____________________ _______ 1929____________________________ 1930.__________ ________________ 1931____________________________ 1932— _____ __________________ 1933__ ______ 1934____________________________ 1935____________________________ 1936____________________________ Iowa: 1927..________ _________________ 1928-____ _____________________ 1929___________________________ 1930____________________________ 1931____________________________ 1932..____ _____________________ 1933___________________________ 1934— . ____________ 1935___________________________ 1936_____ _____ ________________ i Less than Ho of 1 percent. Number of strikes beginning in year Number Percent age of total for all States 2 5 4 6 6 14 22 13 16 20 281 225 249 249 1,914 3,175 4,401 1,231 6 2 2 3 4 2 1933 8 4 9 7 516 70 275 168 8,812 17 12,207 246 7,046 1,491 1 2 3 2 3 2 17 18 16 10 7 62 893 61 482 81 11, 219 38, 637 6, 692 2,558 2 1 124 25 0) 0) Average per strike Number Percent age of total for all States 10 56 56 42 42 137 144 339 77 100 12,024 2,669 1,479 2,286 19, 767 60, 329 10, 521 22,474 86 35 138 56 2,203 9 1,526 62 783 213 21,046 7,640 18, 325 1, 668 110, 067 29 129,315 18, 264 290,070 13,864 7 31 298 30 161 41 660 2,147 418 256 434 1,457 10,053 1,187 4, 232 1,287 73,401 503,974 182, 236 64, 850 0) 0) .1 0) 62 25 744 250 0) 0) 0.1 .1 .1 .1 .2 .2 .4 .2 .2 0) .1 .1 2.6 0) 1.0 0) .6 .2 0) 0) 0) .3 .1 0) 1.0 2.6 .6 .3 0) 0) 0) 0.2 .1 .1 .3 .1 .2 .1 .1 .3 .1 1. 6 0) 0) 0) .8 .1 1.9 .1 .2 .1 .4 2. 6 1. 2 .5 1 13 13 91 0) 5 5 1, 623 2,617 .1 .3 325 523 6, 373 123, 375 0) 44 40 65 45 42 52 104 110 106 98 77, 770 39, 382 22,591 12,022 17, 790 40, 270 38, 457 44,900 73, 538 24,094 23. 6 12.5 7.8 6.6 5.2 12.4 3.3 3.1 6. 6 3.1 1,768 985 348 267 424 774 370 408 694 246 7,882, 094 2, 302, 617 290, 706 378,127 455, 226 3,530, 524 480, 705 455, 950 834,043 409, 748 30.1 18.2 5.4 11.4 6. 6 33. 6 2.8 2.3 5.4 2.9 17 15 40 27 19 17 23 40 41 34 18,534 4,179 10,760 3,930 7,124 6,083 6,590 9, 600 46,448 11,726 5. 6 1.3 3.7 2.1 2.1 1.9 .6 .7 4.2 1.5 1,090 279 269 146 375 358 287 240 1,133 345 2,036,077 450, 385 398, 577 56, 867 97, 802 442, 075 69,577 194, 852 350, 207 153, 596 7.8 3. 6 7.4 1. 7 1.4 4. 2 .4 1.0 2.3 1.1 7 12 7 4 10 8 12 14 13 10 5,825 6,037 806 414 942 599 7,378 8,289 11,129 1, 210 1.8 1.9 .3 .2 .3 .2 .6 .6 1.0 .2 832 503 115 104 94 75 615 592 856 121 640, 645 241,474 4,505 12,052 9,808 8, 809 248, 446 64, 765 79, 796 45. 297 2.4 1.9 .1 .4 .1 .1 1. 5 .3 .5 .3 .9 88 STRIKES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1 8 8 0 - 1 9 3 6 T able 34. — Strikes beginning in 1927-36 , by States— Continued Man-days idle during year Workers involved State and year Kansas: 1927____________________________ 1928_________ ____ _____________ 1929___________________________ 1930____________________________ 1931___________________________ 1932____________________________ 1933____________________________ 1934___________________________ 1935___________________________ 1936____________________________ Kentucky: 1927____________________________ 1928___________________________ 1929___________________________ 1930___________________________ 1931___________________________ 1932____________________________ 1933____________________________ 1934____________________________ 1935____________________________ 1936____________________________ Louisiana: 1927____________________________ 1928___________________________ 1929___________________________ 1930____________________________ 1931____________________________ 1932___________________________ 1933___________________________ 1934____________________________ 1935____________________________ 1936____________________________ Maine: 1927____________________________ 1928____________________________ 1929___________________________ 1930___________________________ 1931____________________________ 1932____________________________ 1933____________________________ 1934____________________________ 1935____________________________ 1936____________________________ Maryland: 1927____________________ _______ 1928____________________________ 1929____________________________ 1930____________________________ 1931____________________________ 1932____________________________ 1933___________________________ 1934____________________________ 1935____________________________ 1936____________________________ Massachusetts: 1927____________________________ 1928____________________________ 1929____________________________ 1930____________________________ 1931____________________________ 1932____________________________ 1933____________________________ 1934____________________________ 1935____________________________ 1936___________________________ Michigan: 1927____________________________ 1928____________________________ 1929____________________________ 1930____________________________ 1931____________________________ 1932____________________________ 1933____________________________ 1934____________________________ 1935____________________________ 1936— ____ ____________________ 1 Less than Ho of 1 percent. Number of strikes beginning in year Number Percent age of total for all States Average per strike Number Percent age of total for all States 2 3 5 2 1 3 3 6 7 5 3,014 2, 352 352 2,109 75 59 62 2,767 4,854 265 0.9 .7 .1 1.2 C) 1 0) (0 .2 .4 0) 1,507 784 70 1,055 75 20 21 461 693 53 342, 644 144,952 2,566 84, 619 300 672 614 88,711 39,507 998 13 4 7 13 5 9 16 14 13 9 4,073 452 923 9,190 6,314 1,339 6,568 15, 667 14,894 1,305 1.2 .1 .3 5.0 1.8 .4 .6 1.1 1.3 .2 313 113 132 707 1,263 149 411 1,119 1,146 145 60,182 39,177 10,559 411, 304 172,803 27, 642 94, 467 191, 367 403,116 358,713 .2 .3 .2 12.4 2.5 .3 .6 1.0 2.6 2.6 3 3 8 5 3 6 10 9 12 17 212 67 3,302 412 2,140 2,976 10,967 1,566 5,355 3,082 .1 71 22 413 82 713 496 1,097 174 446 181 14, 372 10, 606 201,976 6,424 5,705 7,116 72, 221 18,539 138,251 31,858 .1 .1 3.8 .2 .1 .1 .4 .1 .9 .2 3 5 7 7 3 4 6 3 •7 7 383 2,046 550 1,196 34 2,246 654 9,796 2,299 831 .7 .1 .7 .2 .1 128 409 79 171 11 562 109 3,265 328 119 3,053 14,556 9,917 22, 236 215 38,736 3,716 98,386 25,717 5,811 9 8 13 10 6 6 12 19 27 27 8,803 772 2,070 6,585 923 5,365 6,601 2,507 9,456 19,131 2.7 .2 .7 3.6 .3 1.7 .6 .2 .8 2.4 978 96 159 659 154 894 550 132 350 709 110, 295 21,108 17,249 86, 684 13, 594 41,924 57,841 18,477 49, 694 203, 300 .4 .2 .3 2.6 .2 .4 .3 .1 .3 1.5 68 90 78 45 63 65 161 112 110 111 10, 779 46,865 23, 673 5,274 47,954 9,763 88, 754 116,422 26, 321 34,193 3.3 14.9 8.2 2.9 14.0 3.0 7. 6 7.9 2.4 4.3 159 521 304 117 761 150 551 1,039 239 308 162,157 4, 008, 413 862, 300 61,563 1,106, 746 130, 996 1,411, 408 1, 339, 084 605, 188 432, 223 .6 31.7 16.1 1.9 16.1 1.2 8.4 6.8 3.9 3.1 8 7 16 15 9 11 25 63 55 45 411 351 2, 706 5, 401 532 1,014 17, 531 25, 447 17, 226 26,986 .1 .1 .9 3.0 .2 .3 1.5 1.7 1.5 3.4 51 50 169 360 59 92 701 404 313 600 3,163 21, 806 37, 005 64,366 10, 565 9, 835 346, 831 290, 481 187, 325 214,182 0) 1.1 .2 .6 .9 .9 .1 .5 .4 .1 .7 .2 .7 0) 1.3 1.1 0) (0 0) 0) 2.6 .5 .3 (0 0) 0) 0) .1 .2 .7 .4 .5 .2 0) 0) .2 .7 1.9 .2 .1 2.1 1.5 1.2 1.5 89 ANALYSIS OF STRIKES, 192 7 - 3 6 T able 3 4 . — Strikes beginning in 1927-36 , by States— Continued Man-days idle during year Workers involved State and year Number of strikes beginning in year Minnesota: 1927____________________________ 1928___________________________ 1929____________________________ 1930— _T_______________________ 1931___________________________ 1932____________________________ 1933____________________________ 1934____________________________ 1935____________________________ 1936____________________________ Mississippi: 1927____________________________ 1928 1929____________________________ 1930____________________________ 1931____________________________ 1932___________________________ 1933____________________________ 1934____________________________ 1935____________________________ 1936____________________________ Missouri: 1927____________________________ 1928___________________________ 1929___________________________ 1930___________________________ 1931___________________________ 1932___________________________ 1933____________________________ 1934____________________________ 1935____________________________ 1936____________________________ Montana: 1927____________________________ 1928____________________________ 1929____________________________ 1930____________________________ 1931____________________________ 1932____________________________ 1933____________________________ 1934____________________________ 1935____________________________ 1936____________________________ Nebraska: 1927____________________________ 1928 ______ 1929___________________________ 1930 1931 1932______________ 1933____________________________ 1934____________________________ 1935____________________________ 1936____________________________ Nevada: 1927____________ ______________ 1928 ___________ 1929 ............... 1930____________ 1931____________________________ 1932____________________________ 1933 1934 ________ 1935____________________________ 1936_____________________ ______ N ew Hampshire: 1927____________________________ 1928____________________________ 1929____________________________ 1930____________________________ 1931____________________________ 1932____________________________ 1933____________________________ 1934____________________________ 1935____________________________ 1936____________________________ 1 1Less than Ho of 1 percent. Number Percent age of total for all States Average per strike 0.5 .1 .1 .1 .2 .2 .4 1.6 .5 1.8 154 102 46 36 86 116 567 1,065 172 263 11 3 9 7 7 5 9 22 35 54 1,695 305 417 250 602 581 5,103 23,437 6,028 14, 214 1 35 1 1 2 2 8 7 8 3 35 100 256 1,700 2, 212 3, 018 3, 601 285 16 9 17 13 18 19 48 42 45 35 4,040 1, 781 7,214 8, 749 1, 716 3, 313 17, 077 15, 762 16, 438 9, 821 3 2 4 7 2 5 1 8 7 6 89 2,400 586 1,434 24 3,041 18 6,923 2, 130 1, 215 2 37 2 75 1 5 2 5 8 1, 288 282 290 0 2 Number 75,964 5,120 6, 440 4,869 11,928 6, 723 48, 475 286, 381 177,135 249, 744 Percent age of total for all States 0.3 0) .1 .1 .2 .1 .3 1.5 .1.1 1.8 0) 35 70 0 0 .1 .1 .5 .2 .2 .3 35 100 128 850 276 431 450 95 35 300 376 72, 400 6, 624 45, 480 62, 378 2,800 0 0 0 1.2 .6 2.5 4.8 .5 1.0 1.5 1. 1 1.5 1. 2 253 198 424 673 95 174 356 375 365 281 324, 914 145, 520 184,931 64,320 29,147 41, 495 360, 457 223, 204 230, 291 158,194 29 1,200 147 205 12 608 18 865 304 203 2, 379 16, 400 10, 544 19, 743 296 117, 384 378 549, 483 26, 892 10, 628 0) 0 19 162 0) 0 38 115 0) 0) 0 8 258 141 58 48 4, 603 2, 613 1, 715 0) 0 0) 0 88 0) 44 388 0 1 1 1, 470 70 0) 1, 470 70 14, 700 70 0 2 3 1,287 169 0) 644 56 12, 888 247 0 4 4 4 1 3 9 26 286 525 1,190 165 252 1, 216 19,116 30, 838 1, 547 1,093 72 131 298 165 84 135 735 2, 372 193 219 1 6, 964 2, 405 54,439 1,880 1,874 5,978 343,104 251, 087 30,84'4 13,288 13 8 5 0 0) 0) 0) .8 .2 .8 .9 .5 .2 .2 .1 .4 .1 .1 .2 .4 .1 .1 .4 1.6 2. 1 .1 .1 .7 0 .2 .4 0) 1.2 1.2 3.5 1.9 .4 .4 2.1 1.1 1.5 '1 .1 0 0 .1 .2 .6 1.1 2.8 .2 .1 .2 .1 0 0 0) 1.0 .1 .1 2.0 1.3 .2 .1 90 STRIKES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1 8 8 0 - 1 9 3 6 T able 34 .— Strikes beginning in 1927-86 , by States— Continued Man-days idle during year Workers involved State and year N ew Jersey: 1927— _______ __________________ 1928____________________________ 1929____________________________ 1930____________________________ 1931____________________________ 1932___________________________ 1933_____ ____________________ 1934____________________________ 1935____________________________ 1936____________________________ N ew M exico: 1927 _________________ . 1928 _____________________ __ 1929 __________________ . 1 _. 1930____________________________ 1931____________________________ 1932 _______ ___________ 1933 _________ _______________ 1934_____ _______ ______ _____ 1935____________________________ 1936____________________________ N ew York: 1927 __________ __________ ______ 1928____________________ _____ 1929 ___________ ____ _______ 1930 __________________________ 1931___________________________ 1932____________________________ 1933___________________________ 1934____________________________ 1935 ______ ____________________ 1936____________________________ North Carolina: 1927____________________________ 1928___________________________ 1929____________________________ 1930 ___________________________ 1931____________________________ 1932____________________________ 1933_______________________ 1934____________________________ 1935_________________________ . 1936____________________________ North Dakota: 1927___________________________ 1928____________________________ 1929____________________________ 1930____________________________ 1931____________________________ 1932____________________________ 1933_____________________ _ 1934— _ _ _ _ ______ 1935— _ _ ________ 1936________ _ Ohio: 1927____________________________ 1928___ _ ______________ _ 1929________________________ _ 1930... ___________ . . . ___ 1931_________________________ _ 1932____________________________ 1933____ _ _ _ _ _ 1934____ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1935_______________________ __ 1936____________________________ Oklahoma: 1927_________ ________ _____ 1928____________________________ 1929____________________________ 1930______________ _._ ____ 1931____________________________ 1932____________________________ 1933____________________________ 1934____________________________ 1935__________________ _______ 1936____________________________ •Less than Ho of 1 percent. Number of strikes beginning in year Number Percent age of total for all States Average per strike 2.7 3.7 4.8 3.1 7.0 4.3 5.7 3. 5 4. 2 3.8 146 273 178 102 400 184 592 590 384 238 138,143 364,160 170, 256 91,583 856,904 212,548 1, 802, 331 938, 563 1, 090, 083 560,953 10 30 0) .1 .1 .1 .2 .1 14 350 576 277 835 221 28 10,841 61, 426 4, 528 16,902 35,165 0) 14.5 26.0 23.1 30.6 19.9 42.4 25.7 13.0 12.6 20.5 302 644 379 400 300 570 1,251 677 402 409 1, 220, 602 98<? 724 J 1, 382, 912 646, 206 727, 702 2,504, 541 3,880, 929 2,465, 475 1, 498,133 1, 943, 992 .3 163 5Q 2(67 156 153 641 382 2,201 326 409 27, 616 1,150 90, 673 6, 474 2,078 185, 062 179, 676 538,558 46,893 85, 707 .1 .1 175 106 541 162 2,800 211 7,861 1,878 8.6 3.8 2.2 4.5 3.6 5.8 2.1 5. 5 7.9 15.9 1,357 438 145 251 293 510 259 403 512 705 4,520, 822 1,627,136 174,161 115,735 142, 801 1, 814, 682 279, 587 1,380, 664 1,301, 504 1,742, 788 .1 93 19 140 10 205 174 850 474 376 145 30,876 601 729 10 36,397 22,049 10,700 119,110 121,450 40,396 61 43 77 55 60 75 112 86 123 126 8,905 11,754 13,713 5, 625 24, 015 13„ 802 66, 259 50, 758 47, 233 30, 024 1 10 0) 1 1 2 5 3 4 14 350 1,151 1,385 2,504 885 (0 159 127 176 140 227 241 240 281 349 393 47, 993 81,741 66, 765 56, 027 67,997 137,347 300, 308 190,376 140, 299 160, 734 6 1 18 6 2 22 28 22 16 13 979 50 4, 797 938 306 14, 092 10,689 48,413 5, 215 5,319 1 2 3 4 175 211 1, 622 647 21 27 44 33 42 37 96 200 173 177 28, 487 11,825 6,387 8,278 12, 289 18,888 24,904 80, 635 88,620 124,803 4 3 3 1 6 6 2 11 15 373 58 419 10 1,231 1,043 1,700 5,218 5,638 871 a 0) 1.7 .5 .1 4.3 .9 3.3 .5 .7 0) 0) 0) 0) .1 .4 .3 .1 .4 .5 .1 Num ber Percent age of total for all States 0. 5 2.9 3. 2 2. 8 12. 4 2. 0 10. 7 4. 8 7.1 4. 0 0) .1 4 .1 .3 4.7 7.8 25.8 19.5 10. 6 23. 8 23. 0 12. 6 9. 7 14. 0 .1 0) 0) 0) 0) 1. 7 .2 1. 8 1.1 2. 7 .3 .6 .1 0) 17. 2 12.9 3.3 3.5 2.1 17.3 1. 7 7 0 8.4 12.5 .1 (l) 0) (1) .5 .2 .1 .6 .8 .3 91 ANALYSIS OF STRIKES, 19 2 7 -3 6 T able 3 4 .— Strikes beginning in 1927-86, by States— Continued Man-days idle during year Workers involved State and year Oregon: 1927____________________________ 1928 _ _ _ _ ____ ___ 1929________ _ 1930... _ ______ _ _ _ 1931... _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ 1932 ___ 1933___ _ _ 1934___________________________ 1935____________________________ 1936____________________________ Pennsylvania: 1927____________________________ 1928____________________________ 1929____________________________ 1930____________________________ 1931____________________________ 1932____________________________ 1933____ _ 1934____ 1935 _______ _ ____ 1936___ _ _ _ _______ Rhode Island: 1927____________________________ 1928____________________________ 1929____________________________ 1930___ _ _ ____ _ 1931____________________________ 1932____________________________ 1933. _ 1934.__ 1935 __ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ 1936... ____ South Carolina: 1927 1928____________________________ 1929____________________________ 1930____________________________ 1931____________________________ 1932 __ __ _ _ _ 1933____________________________ _ _ _____ ___ 1934_____ 1935____________________________ 1936____________________________ South Dakota: 1927_____ 1928 1929___ ___ ___ 1930 1931____ __ ____________ 1932_____ _ _ ________ 1933 ._ 1934_____ _ _ _ _ _ 1935____________________________ 1936 Tennessee: 1927_______ — 1928____________________________ 1929_____ ____ _ _______ 1930____________________________ 1931____ 1932________ _ _ _ _ 1933____________________________ 1934____________________________ 1935_______ __________________ 1936____________________________ 1 Less than Ho of 1 percent. 13894°— 38-------7 Number of strikes beginning in year Number Percent age of total for all States Average per strike Number Percent age of total for all States 9 6 7 2 7 4 10 36 21 53 525 372 311 140 954 590 10,067 17,941 13,829 16,009 0.2 .1 .1 .1 .3 .2 .9 1. 2 1.2 2.0 58 62 44 70 136 148 1,007 498 659 302 11,989 1,957 4,053 820 1,248 3,865 171, 755 146,966 539, 201 391,174 119 110 184 115 130 115 381 296 320 365 81,132 90,432 80, 792 34, 556 100,950 36, 505 347, 244 254, 478 245,189 118, 204 24.6 28.8 28.0 18.9 29.5 11.3 29. 7 17. 3 21.9 15.0 682 822 439 300 777 317 911 860 766 324 7, 624, 735 1,910,801 661,187 621,353 2, 069, 603 444,142 4, 632, 545 2, 691, 252 2,326,961 2,016, 541 29.1 15.1 12.4 18.7 30.0 4.2 27.5 13.7 15.1 14.5 23 9 17 10 20 11 49 14 21 27 5,583 1, 368 2,920 533 4,836 1,402 12,509 30,198 3, 512 5,810 1.7 .4 1.0 .3 1.4 .4 1.1 2.1 .3 .7 243 152 172 53 242 127 255 2,157 167 215 248, 628 29,079 86,946 3,423 120,030 26,661 203,160 334, 398 79, 622 82,289 .9 .2 1.6 .1 1.7 .3 1.2 1.7 .5 .6 14 1 1 4 32 17 11 16 11,907 48 8 1,857 15,276 42,414 5,050 4,445 4.1 851 48 8 464 477 2,495 459 278 302,034 240 8 72,897 111, 327 544,358 183, 760 257,375 (i) 0) .6 1.3 2.9 .5 .6 0) 0) 0) 0) 0) 0.1 1.0 .8 3.5 2.8 5.6 0) 0) .7 .7 2.8 1.2 1.9 1 17 0) 17 68 0) 1 150 0) 150 900 0) 1 3 1,200 2,522 .1 .2 1,200 841 6,000 25, 777 0) 4 6 8 1 6 4 20 17 27 23 1,372 462 8,456 8 872 635 4, 019 10,866 4,145 2,760 .4 .1 2.9 343 77 1,057 8 145 159 201 639 154 120 41,657 7,374 149,391 8 8,462 51,723 55,984 145,484 125,815 62,322 0) .3 .2 .3 .7 .4 .3 .2 .2 .1 2.8 0) *1 ‘5 *3 ‘7 ‘8 *4 92 STRIKES IN THE UNITED STATES, 188 0 - 1 9 3 6 T able 3 4 .— Strikes beginning in 1927-86 , by States— Continued Man-days idle during year Workers involved State and year Texas: _ _ — 1927 _____________ _____________________ ___ 1929_______________________ __ 1930 1931 1939 1933 1934____________________________ 1935 1936____________________________ Utah: 1927____________________________ 1928 ____________________ 1929____________________________ 1930 1931______ ___________________ 1932____________________________ 1933____________________________ 1934... _______________________ 193.5___________________________ 1936____________________________ Vermont: 1927_______________________ __ 1928... _______________________ 1929___________________________ 1930___________________________ 1931_________ _ . 1932___________________________ 1933____________________________ 1934____________________________ 1935____________________________ 1936____________________________ Virginia: 1927___________________________ 1928__________ ________ _______ 1929___________________________ 1930____________________________ 1931____________________________ 1932___________ __________ _____ 1933____________________________ 1934____________________________ 1935__________________ .. _. 1936___________________ Washington: 1927 _________ _____________ 1928________________________ 1929________________ 1930________________________ 1931________________________ 1932_______________________ .. 1933_______________________ 1934___ ____ ________________ 1935___________________ _ 1936___________ ___________ W est Virginia: 1927________________________ 1928_____________ _________ _ 1929_____________________ 1930 _____________________ 1931............ ....................... ...... 1932_______________________ 1933________________________ 1934______________ ______ _ 1935_______________________ 1936___ _____________ ______ W isconsin: 1927 ______________________ 1928 ______________________ 1929 ______________________ 1930 __________ _____ __________ 1931 __________ ____ __________ 1932................................ ............... . 1933 ______________ _________ 1934 __________________________ 1935____ ______________ ________ 1936......... ........................................ 1Less than }io of 1 percent, Number of strikes beginning in year Number Percent age of total for all States 8 1928 5 6 6 13 7 7 22 24 38 131 311 501 3,229 3,134 353 3,102 8, 222 7,615 7.058 1 90 1 45 1 1 3 3 4 10 453 281 2,828 3,382 0) 0) 0) 1 1 1 1 14 130 75 50 (i) 0) 0) 0) 5 3 6 3 1,916 3,613 1,960 168 1 3 5 3 2 2 15 7 12 7 6 314 751 4,081 611 275 5,183 2, 907 12, 765 1, 659 9 13 10 6 15 7 23 28 61 82 1, 292 647 582 542 3, 585 1, 734 3, 223 7, 665 33, 830 28, 073 6 2 10 8 7 15 23 17 30 3 8 6 621 1,245 283 759 4,933 588 4,670 33, 085 10, 275 16,417 9 15 8 17 77 46 50 Average per strike Number Percent age of total for all States 16 62 84 538 241 50 443 374 317 186 7,863 10,432 8,972 7, 513 52, 660 7, 481 14,375 111,707 156,408 93,641 0) 90 6,930 0) 0) 45 45 0) 10 453 94 943 846 70 2,868 896 13,692 136,995 0) (0 0) 14 130 75 50 56 9, 360 75 1,300 0) 383 1,204 327 56 81,908 55, 430 32,809 57,044 6 105 150 1,360 306 138 346 415 1,064 237 402 2,129 4, 848 316, 361 99, 611 1, 625 89, 917 109, 928 85,342 8, 311 .3 1. 0 .5 .3 .5 3.0 3. 6 144 50 58 90 239 248 140 274 555 342 44,184 12, 219 63,985 28, 876 102, 012 19,109 96, 234 265,153 1, 043, 066 846,825 2,963 .9 494 365 4,105 8, 662 7, 284 25,766 35, 095 104, 431 7,333 .1 183 411 1,083 1,041 1,718 1,526 6,143 244 210,988 3,230 3, 010 79,155 388,795 528, 709 380,621 556, 517 570, 426 140,968 207 156 47 84 329 74 275 430 223 328 11, 089 12,305 7,837 7,846 108,375 7,321 42,312 791,377 266, 703 233, 200 (0 0.1 .2 1.8 .9 .1 .3 .6 .7 .9 .3 .4 .2 .2 .2 0) 0) .1 .3 2.2 .2 .1 .4 .2 1.1 .2 .4 .2 .2 2. 2 2.5 2. 2 2. 2 2. 4 9.3 .9 .2 .4 .1 .4 1.4 .2 .4 2.3 .9 2.1 0) 0.1 .2 .2 .8 .1 .1 .6 1.0 .7 .1 1.0 .1 0) 0) .5 .3 .2 .4 0) 0) 0) .1 9.5 1.4 .5 .6 .6 .1 .2 .1 1. 2 .9 1.5 .2 .6 1.4 6.7 6.1 .8 (0 0) .1 2. 4 5.6 5. 0 2.3 2.8 3. 7 1. 0 .1 .1 .2 1. 6 .1 .3 4. 0 1.7 1.7 A N A L Y S IS OF S T R IK E S , 93 192 7 -3 6 T a b l e 3 4 .— Strikes beginning in 1 9 2 7 -3 6 , by States — Continued Man-days idle during vear Workers involved State and year W yom ing: 1927____________________________ 1928______________________ 1929____________________________ 1930______________ 1931____________________________ 1932______________________ 1933________________________ 1934________________________ 1935______________________ _ 1936_____________________ Extended across State lin es:2 1927___________________________ 1928____________________________ 1929____ ______ 1930____________________ 1931____________________________ 1932____________________________ 1933____________________________ 1934________________ 1935_______________________ 1936____________________________ Number of strikes beginning in year Number Percent age of total for all States Average per strike 0.5 473 4,034 0) Number Percent age of total for all States 3 1,418 1 70 0) 70 770 0) 1 2 2 2 3 11 520 180 3,6.90 800 0) 0) 0) 1, 078 7, 200 2,160 18,420 12,120 0) 0) .3 .1 11 260 90 1,845 267 2 2 2 1, 577 362 400 .5 .1 .1 789 181 200 11, 039 2, 474 1,200 0) 0) 0) 0.1 .1 4 3, 000 .9 750 43, 007 .4 11 25 2 30, 798 16, 282 131 2.1 1. 5 2,800 651 66 361, 504 247, 517 57, 529 1.8 1. 6 .4 0) 1 Less than Ho of 1 percent. 2 Unable to determine number of workers involved in each State. Twenty-four States had fewer than 25 strikes each year between 1927 and 1936 and therefore are not included in table 35, which shows strikes by industry group. In general, the number of strikes in each industry varied with the importance of the industry in each State. Exceptions are most marked in the automobile, petroleum, paper, and textile industries. The first three experienced fewer and textiles many more strikes in relation to the size of the industry in most of the States. In half of the 24 States having 25 or more strikes in any year between 1927 and 1936, the greatest number occurred in the textile and clothing industries. In seven of these States (Illinois, Indiana, Minnesota, Missouri, Ohio, Texas, and Wisconsin) the largest number of strikes took place in the building-construction trades. During the 10-year period, the greatest number of strikes in Ala bama occurred in textiles (37) and mining (35); in California, in trans portation (144) and agriculture (69); in Connecticut, in textiles (141); in Illinois, in building-construction trades (129) and mining (91); in Indiana, in building-construction trades (80); and in Maryland, in textiles (30). Massachusetts had 305 strikes in the textile industries and 231 in leather and shoes; Michigan had 42 strikes in the manufacture of transportation equipment; Minnesota and Missouri experienced the greatest number of strikes in the building trades, 26 and 66, respec tively; New Hampshire had 30 strikes each in the textile and leather industries; and New Jersey had 303 strikes in the textile industries. 94 STRIKES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1 8 8 0 -1 9 3 6 In New York State the greatest number of strikes occurred in the textile and clothing industries (617) and the next largest number was in the building trades (327); a majority of the strikes in North Caro lina occurred in the textile industries (94); Ohio had the greatest number in the building trades (107), the next highest being in steel manufacturing (64); and in Oregon the greatest number occurred in transportation (38), the next highest being in lumber (25). The greatest number of strikes in Pennsylvania was in the textile and clothing industries (666), the second greatest number was in mining (442). The greatest number of strikes occurred in the textile and clothing industries in Rhode Island (136), South Carolina (81), and Tennessee (32). Texas had 38 strikes in the building trades and 24 in transportation, Washington had 86 in the lumber industry, West Virginia 44 in mining, and Wisconsin 43 in the building trades. T able 35 .— Strikes beginning in 1 9 2 7 -8 6 , in States having 25 or more strikes in any year , by industry group ALABAMA Industry group and year Iron and steel and their products, not including machinery: 1927-29........................... 1930— ............................ 1931-32........................... 1933— ...................... 1934 1935................................ 1936__________________ Lumber and allied prod ucts: 1927-32 .......................... 1933— ........................ . 1934— ............... ............ 1935................... ........... 1936— ........................ Stone, clay, and glass products: 1927-34 ............. ........... 1935— .......................... 1936........... ...............— Textiles and their prod ucts: 1927-31 ........................ 1932............................... 1933— ............................ 1934..______ _________ 1935-...................... ....... 1936— .......................... Leather and its manu factures: 1927-35........................... 1936-....................... . Food and kindred prod ucts: 1927-32......................... . 1933 ........................ 1934-............................. 1935................................. 1936 ............................. Paper and printing: 1927-31 ........... 1932 ............................. 1933................................. N um N um ber of ber of w ork strikes ers in volved Mandays idle during year 1 50 1,150 1 6 3 1 600 2,101 599 160 6,000 36,581 2,766 1,120 1 2 12 3 38 665 1,320 190 608 1,720 33,058 10,403 5 314 1 125 9 3,076 11 38, 207 12 5,725 4 3,838 5,325 3,000 59,329 910,850 203,334 154,862 2 124 1, 555 1 1 3 40 450 200 240 4,050 5,260 1690 1 10 260 Industry group and year Paper and printing— Con. 1934....... ........................ 1935_____ _____ ______ 1936__________________ Chemicals and allied products: 1927-32_______________ 1933__________________ 1934__________________ 1935-36_______________ Rubber products: 1927-28______ ______ 1929......... ....................... 1930-36_______________ Miscellaneous manufac turing: 1927-31_______ _______ 1932.............. ........... . _ 1933_________ ______ 1934-36_______________ Extraction of minerals: 1927-31........... ................ 1932_________ ______ 1933_______ ____ _____ 1934_______________ 1935__________________ 1936__________________ Transportation and com munication: 1927-33-____ ________ 1934_____ ____ _______ 1935__________________ 1936— ............... .......... Trade: 1927-33_____ _____ — 1934__________________ 1935_________ ________ 1936................................ Dom estic and personal service: 1927....................... ....... 1928-33_______________ 1934...____ __________ 1935.............. ................. 1936................................. N um N um ber of ber of work strikes ers in volved Mandays idle during year 1 2 750 756 7,500 43, 518 1 1 108 52 216 104 1 14 14 1 1 17 62 68 1,028 1 500 6 2, 855 12 38,197 9 22,239 7 3, 909 1,500 26,080 714, 782 672, 240 99, 771 2 3 3 1,060 1,066 233 17, 780 46,822 3, 320 1 216 2,376 1 18 18 1 30 120 6 1 1 2,198 286 20 25,309 15,444 1,720 ANALYSIS OF STRIKES, 192 7 -3 6 95 T able 35 .— Strikes beginning in 1 9 2 7 -3 6 , in States having 2 5 or more strikes in any year , by industry group — Continued ALABAMA—Continued Industry group and year Professional service: 1927-30_______________ 1931__________________ 1932__________________ 1933-36_______________ Building and construc tion: 1927-32_______________ 1933__________ _____ 1934__________________ 1935........... .......... .......... 1936.____ _____________ N um N um ber of ber of work strikes ers in volved M andays idle during year 1 1 72 50 10,512 50 1 20 280 1 5 25 234 Industry group and year Agriculture and fishing: 1927-34______________ 1935_____ _____ 1936_________________ Relief work and W . P. A .: 1927-33._____ _______ 1934— .......................... 1935......................... 1936................................ N um N um ber of ber of work strikes ers in volved Mandays idle during year 275 750 5 2,074 52,029 2 3 4 332 3,671 1,400 1,941 44,321 4, 465 CALIFORNIA Iron and steel and their products, not including machinery: 1927-32......................... . 1933__________________ 1934................................ 1935__________________ 1936_________________ Machinery, not including transportation equip ment: 1927-28 ______________ 1929__________________ 1930- _______________ 1931__________________ 1932_________________ 1933__________________ 1934_______ _____ ____ 1935_____________ ___ 1936____________ ____ Transportation equip ment: 1927-28_______________ 1929__________________ 1930__________________ 1931__________________ 1932__________________ 1933__________________ 1934__________________ 1935_ _______________ 1936__________________ Nonferrous metals and their products: 1927-30_______________ 1931__________________ 1932 ________________ 1933 1934 1935__________ ______ 1936__________________ Lum ber and allied prod ucts: 1927_________ _______ 1998 1999 1930 1931-32__ ______ 1933__________________ 1934 1935 1936 Stone, clay, and glass products: 1927-31 1932 1933-34_______________ 1935 ___________ 1936__________________ 1 1 1 10 279 30 370 893 I 150 150 1 1 1 1 1 6 15 43 80 46 130 1,664 360 2.193 1, 600 506 390 19,091 1 1 1 75 30 35 75 30 175 1 1 1 10 65 540 75 5, 384 845 17,820 150 241, 204 1 26 26 1 12 48 1 3 450 108 4,950 424 5 5 2 1 112 134 548 22 7,689 5 192 20', 374 88 1 5 6 12 535 1, 622 2,416 1,814 3,745 24,900 80, 334 137,954 1 55 55 1 1 9 57 270 285 1,674 840 4,070 15, 534 Textiles and their prod ucts: 1927__.................... ........ 4 510 1,700 1928 — .................... 1929......... ................... ... 3 234 4,580 1930_____ ____ _______ 4 941 25, 576 1931__________________ 4 223 2,283 1 11 1932__________________ 1,207 1933__________________ 10 4,071 48, 790 1934 __________ 8 1,994 10,906 1935 ____________________________________ 959 5,233 8 1936 . -_ 22 5,938 83, 513 Leather and its manufac tures: 1927-32_______________ 2 1933__________________ 50 388 1934-36— ____ _______ Food and kindred prod ucts: 1997 1 6 12 1928 1 75 75 1929__________________ 1930 2 3,104 704 2 3,995 1931 11,970 2 1932 142 142 2 1,160 1933 11,960 5 1934 929 561 _^ _______ 1935 11 4,163 28,416 1936 10 2,488 12, 547 Tobacco manufactures: 1927-32 1933 1 30 240 1934-35_______________ iQOfi O ly o o .,.__ _________ z 3,936 418 Paper and printing: 1927________________ 2 941 43 1928__________________ 1929 i 5,313 253 1930__________________ 1931 5 4,378 161 1 1932__________________ 45 53 1933 1 10 10 1934__________________ 1 14 14 1935__________________ 1 24 8 1 50 1936__________________ 10 C h e m ic a ls a n d a llie d products: 1927-28_______________ 1929______________ __ 1 1,400 100 1930-31_______________ 1 1932____ ____ ____ 40 40 1933 2 270 1, 380 1934-35_______________ 2 246 4,380 1936__________________ Rubber products: 1927-35 1936__________________ 1 136 2,040 i Man-days idle as a result of strikes which began in the preceding year and continued into this year. 96 T STRIKES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1 8 8 0 - 1 9 3 6 able 35 .— Strikes beginning in 1 9 2 7 -8 6 , in States having 2 5 or more strikes in any year , by industry group— Continued CALIFORNIA—Continued Industry group and year Miscellaneous manufacturing: 1927— ____________ 1928-34 ____________ 1935— _ ____ _ _ 1936..._ ____________ Extraction of minerals: 1927-33_____ _ _ _ 1934_______ 1935______ ___ _ 1936____ _ _______ Transportation and communication: 1927-31 _ _ . _ 1932—_ _ 1933— __ ______ 1934__________________ 1935__________________ 1936__________________ Trade: 1927__________________ _ 1928_________ 1929______ _ _ 1930-31___________ _ 1932________ _ 1933__________________ 1934__________________ 1935_________________ 1936_______________ Domestic and personal service: 1927______________ _ 1928______________ 1929. _ _ 1930______ 1931__________________ 1932__________________ 1933_________________ 1934____ __ . __ 1935_________________ 1 936 Professional service: 1927— _____ 1928__________________ 1929__________________ 1930__________________ N um N um ber of ber of work strikes ers in volved M andays idle during year 1 12 84 3 4 135 905 2,055 30,689 5 604 1 60 39, 366 J 15, 507 120 497 2 157 1 1,000 200 34 15,747 605, 086 70 10,698 249,605 37 29,131 1,122,659 2 815 4,075 2 193 193 2 1 2 7 19 66 12 230 1, 233 5,465 66 36 880 17, 677 91,056 3 166 1,606 4 3, 646 16, 292 3 1 2 10 6 15 621 46 750 1, 564 3, 694 1,462 13, 621 460 11, 250 8,687 20,073 11,571 1 5 2 10 242 39 10 1,899 579 Industry group and year Professional service—Con. 1931__________________ 1932__________________ 1933_____ 1934_________ ______ 1935__________________ 1936__________________ Building and construction: 1927__________________ 1928__________________ 1929__________________ 1930__________________ 1931-_____ __________ 1932__________________ 1933-______ _________ 1934— _____ ________ 1935__________________ 1936__________ _______ Agriculture and fishing: 1927__________________ 1928— _____ _________ 1929— _ . 1930______ 1931__________________ 1932.____ ____________ 1933__________________ 1934_________ ___ . 1935_________ . . . . 1936_______________ . Relief work and W . P . A .: 1927-32 . 1933— . 1934— 1935________ 1936______ Other nonmanufacturing industries: 1927-32_______________ 1933-............................. 1934......... ............ .......... 1935__________________ 1936__________________ Interindustry: 1927-33_______________ 1934__________________ 1935-36_______ _____ N um N um ber of ber of work strikes ers in volved M andays idle during year 2 2 2 2 3 2 36 16 5,462 14 111 33 232 196 145, 533 14 172 983 5 2 7 2 2 4 4 2 1 11 280 90 278 236 82 472 244 209 30 391 3,388 480 1,733 32,954 403 1,590 2,676 6,418 150 5,877 1 30 3 300 1 1,000 2 2,300 2 575 5 997 12 24, 470 12 17, 212 9 4,873 22 13,301 210 1, 560 5, 000 16,900 3,950 22,297 405,170 122,858 50, 018 253,989 1 2 4 2 I, 230 69 63 116 1, 230 810 423 192 1 20 3 1 70 7 860 i 220 160 i 2 1 90, 000 270, 000 1 Man-days idle as a result of a strike which began in the preceding year and continued into this year. 2 General strike of all organized workers in San Francisco B ay area. CONNECTICUT Iron and steel and their products, not including machinery: 1927-28......... ........... . 1929— ........................ . 1930-32_______________ 1933__________________ 1934__________________ 1935__________________ 1936..____ ___________ Machinery, not including transportation equip ment: 1927-28— ____ _______ 1929_______ ____ _____ 1930__________________ 1931-32__________ _____ 1933_______ __________ 1934................................. 1 21 252 2 2 2 2 172 207 1,046 852 5,955 3,285 53,806 4,832 1 2 1,050 78 19,950 1,271 3 5 481 3,352 7, 531 78,476 Machinery, not including transportation e q u i p ment—Continued. 1935-............................. 1936__________________ Transportation eq u ip ment: 1927-32____ ____ ______ 1933_________ ____ ____ 1934__________________ 1935— ........... .......... 1936____ ___________ Nonferrous metals and their products: 1927__________________ 1928-32_______________ 1933...................... .......... 1934__________________ 1935__________________ 1936................................. 2 1,500 78,300 1 2 1 88 1,224 1,700 1, 760 33, 000 6,800 1 20 260 2 1 197 172 10, 697 5, 676 3 371 2, 070 A N A L Y S IS OF ST R IK E S, 97 19 2 7 - 3 6 T a b l e 35.— Strikes beginning in 1927-36, in States having 25 or more strikes in any year, by industry group— Continued CONNECTICUT—Continued Industry group and year Lumber and allied prod ucts: 1927 1928-32........................... 1933 .... . 1934 1935_............................... 1936............ .......... ......... Textiles and their prod ucts: 1927................................. 1928................................. 1929................................. 1930................................. 1931................................. 1932................................. 1933................................ 1934......... ....................... 1935........... ..................... 1936__________________ Leather and its manufac tures: 1927-30 ....................... 1931........... ..................... 1932 ......... ..................... 1933................................ 1934-35 .................... 1936. ____ __________ Food and kindred prod ucts: 1927___________ ______ 1928-29 ...................... 1930 _ . ...................... 1931.............................— 1932................................ 1933................................ 1934.......... .................... 1935.............................. . 1936 ...... ................... Tobacco manufactures: 1927-32 ...................... 1933__________________ 1934 1935_________________ 1936................................ Paper and printing: 1927........... ................. . 1928-33 ...................... 1934............................... 1935................................. 1936................................ Rubber products: 1927........... ..................... 1928-32 ......................... 1933................................ 1934...... .......................... 19q5................................. 1936 _________ ____ Miscellaneous m anufac turing: 1927-30 ...... .............. . 1931_______________ _ N um N um ber of ber of work strikes ers in volved Mandays idle during year 1 41 492 i l l 2 14 68 13 59 70 1,174 13 540 6 568 3 779 3 918 4 595 7 1,995 6 472 30 15, 510 35 24, 977 27 8,461 20 5,074 6,816 6,032 7,504 9, 270 63, 745 1,006 170,467 276, 787 127, 271 81, 557 2 105 1,480 2 57 1,570 1 120 240 1 27 1,728 1 1 2 2 1 1 40 75 15 118 43 19 75 393 1,632 1, 333 19 1 61 122 1 325 2, 755 1 80 800 1 1 75 35 75 140 40 1 64 576 1 2 190 202 760 2,970 1 14 14 2 569 4,293 Industry group and year Miscellaneous manufac turing— C onti nued. 1932-35 1936_________________ Extraction of minerals: 1927-30 _. ................. 1931........... ..................... 1932-36 ..................... Transportation and com munication: 1Q97-39 1933................................. 1934................................. 1935 1936................................. Trade: 1927-34 .......................... 1935 .............................. 1936 ............................... Domestic and personal service: 1927................................ 1928 ............................ 1929 ........................... 1930 ........................... 1931...... .......................... 1932................................. 1933................................ 1934 ........................... 1935 ......... ..................... 1936 ............................ Professional service: 1927 ........................... 1928-31 ..................... 1932................................. 1933........... ..................... 1934-36 .......................... Building and construc tion: 1927................................ 1928................................ 1929................................ 1930— ............................ 1931.. .......................... 1932....... ........................ 1933................................. 1934......... ....................... 1935-............... ............. 1936____ _______ ______ Agriculture and fishing: 1927-32 _______ _______ 1933......... ....................... 1934....... ......................... 1935........... ..................... 1936................................. Relief work and W . P. A .: 1997-33 1934 ............................... 1935................................ 1936 N um N um ber of ber of work strikes ers in volved Mandays idle during year 3 327 1,739 1 40 280 3 2 3 6 7,500 66 218 590 15,666 374 361 6,030 2 1 50 46 1,260 46 1 1 1 21 210 14 63 2,520 14 1 32 64 4 1,147 11, 442 1 500 500 1 40 40 3 2 120 90 180 90 14 6 7 6 3 11 3 2 2 3 3,441 1,379 1,362 425 385 723 244 275 70 128 64, 670 32, 220 19, 634 6,305 8,370 19,578 2,476 3,475 230 2,244 4 1 192 174 1,038 1,566 1 354 1,062 1 2 800 219 1,600 1,136 98 T able STR IK E S I N THE U N IT E D STA TES, 1 8 8 0 -1 9 3 6 35.— Strikes beginning in 1927-36, in States having 25 or more strikes in any year, by industry group— Continued ILLINOIS Industry group and year Iron and steel and their products, not including machinery: 1927__________________ 1928_________________ 1929__________ _____ — 1930__________________ 1931____ ______________ 1932 . ..........—_ _ 1933_____________ ____ 1934__________________ 1935________ ____ ____ 1936-_______ ________ M achinery, not including transportation equipment: 1927__________________ 1928................................. 1929_______ ______ ___ 1930__________________ 1931__________________ 1932— ................. ........ 1933__________________ 1934........... .................... 1935................................ 1936......... ................... . Transportation equip ment: 1927-29_________ _____ 1930............................. 1931-32......... ................. 1933....... ........................ 1934........... ................. 1935..... .................... . 1936-............................. Nonferrous metals and their products: 1927......... ....................... 1928................................ 1929................................ 1930__________________ 1931-32....... ................... 1933— .......................... 1934_____ ____ _______ 1935____ ________ ____ 1936__________________ Lumber and allied prod ucts: 1927— ..................... . 1928........... ................... 1929______ ___________ 1930_________ ________ 1931— ........................ . 1932— ........................... 1933.— ........................ 1934................................ 1935____ _____________ 1936__________________ Stone, clay, and glass products: 1927-32— ..................... 1933 ............................ 1934 ............................... 1935 ............................. 1936 . Textiles and their prod ucts: 1927................................. 1928.............. ................. 1929................................ 1930.............. .................. 1931................................. N um N um ber of ber of work strikes ers in volved 2 2 2 57 129 90 Mandays idle during year 97 6,253 8,690 2 318 6,246 8 5 2 2 1,927 '890 875 1,250 41,286 7,070 5,900 28,250 2 1 56 10 4,679 340 1 50 1,250 1 6 11 6 7 26 1,022 2,970 1,117 '845 1,118 4,239 37,140 26,602 17,130 1 44 88 2 283 2,774 2 624 9,120 141,000 2 104 4,336 1 435 1,305 5 5 7 1 1,093 2,835 658 300 8, 632 85,767 14,840 13, 725 3 1, 275 29,292 1 1 2 2 4 5 10 4 500 18 36 1,061 1,329 1,298 1,174 1,071 5,500 522 168 108,183 39,332 29,375 16,610 20,381 1 1 1 1 54 405 530 1, 300 270 1,215 2,120 32,500 6 1 8 4 5 314 700 1,056 380 1,073 3,610 3,500 24,186 22,647 45,612 Industry group and year Textiles and their prod ucts—Continued. 1932_________________ 1933_________________ 1934__________________ 1935_____________ 1936_______ ____ _____ Leather and its manufac tures: 1927-28_______________ 1929.____ ______ _____ 1930__________________ 1931......... ............ .......... 1932_________ ____ — 1933__________________ 1934____________ ____ 1935__________________ 1936_________________ Food and kindred prod ucts: 1927__________________ 1928_________________ 1929__________________ 1930__________________ 1931__________________ 1932__________________ 1933__________________ 1934_________________ 1935_____ ____ _______ 1936_______ _____ ____ Tobacco manufactures: 1927-32_______________ 1933— ...................... 1934-35-........... .............. 1936____________ ____ Paper and printing: 1927__________________ 1928_________________ 1929_________________ 1930_________________ 1931__________________ 1932__________________ 1933__________________ 1934__________________ 1935— _______ _______ 1936__________________ Chemicals and allied products: 1927-32_______________ 1933. . ____ ___ 1934______________ -_ 1935__________________ 1936......... ............ .......... Rubber products: 1927-33 ................ 1934__________________ 1935__________________ 1936__________________ Miscellaneous manufac turing: 1927................ ................ 1928...............................1929-30— .................... 1931__________________ 1932_____________ ____ 1933____________ _____ 1934...........— .......... — 1935_______ ________ 1936__________________ Extraction of minerals: 1927__________________ 1928.................... ............ N um N um ber of ber of w ork strikes ers in volved 5 615 17 17,693 6 902 12 11,151 12 1, 625 Mandays idle during year 6, 277 203, 307 15, 532 375, 974 32, 768 1 1 1 3 2 2 8 2 50 60 48 197 1,179 3, 250 1,203 76 2, 350 2,820 624 694 22, 517 42,273 61, 278 1,908 1 1 6 2 3 3 10 16 6 6 500 10 274 180 154 121 3,039 4,717 353 873 500 70 2,873 1, 350 484 651 40, 421 51,070 5, 493 13,939 1 28 532 1 450 4,338 2 267 24,726 1 1 2 4 4 1 3 1,000 31 25 818 502 345 12 372 28, 000 404 150 3, 218 4,103 2,831 1, 368 5, 538 1 1 1 4 600 315 16 2,645 600 1,890 256 66,475 2 1,715 5,337 1 35 840 1 1 140 100 2, 520 800 2 2 5 3 4 9 144 165 753 122 317 973 6, 624 2,095 11, 616 3, 386 13,905 35, 508 2 5 68,183 7, 641,159 14 30,960 2,176, 631 i Man-days idle as a result of a strike which began in the preceding year and continued into this year. A N A L Y S IS T able OF ST R IK E S, 192 7 -3 6 99 35.— Strikes beginning in 1927-86, in States having 25 or more strikes in any year, by industry group— Continued ILLIN OIS—Continued Industry group and year Extraction of minerals— Continued. 1929_____________ _ 1930__________ ______ 1931__________________ 1932__________________ 1933____________ ____ 1934................................ 1935__________________ 1936......... ................ Transportation and communication: 1927__________________ 1928_________________ 1929_________________ 1930..----- 1______ ____ 1931..________________ 1932__________________ 1933__________________ 1934_________________ 1935__________________ 1936 __________ _____ Trade: 1G07 iy */__________________ 1928__________________ 1G 9Q iy*y--------- -----------------1930__________________ 1931 1932__________________ 1933 1934 1935 1936 Domestic and personal service: 1927 ___________ ___ 1928 1929 1930 ___ „ ................. 1931 1932 _ ___ 1933 1934 1935 1936 . . . Professional service: 1927__________________ 1928_________________ 1929 _____ _____ ______ 1930 ________ _______ ....... ............ ........... N um N um ber of ber of work strikes ers in volved Mandays idle during year 68,032 17 10,095 13 8,650 311,150 10 9,591 350,139 11 31,231 3,356,078 7 2,110 27,434 5 2,756 5,876 6 45,001 225, 663 3 4,118 50,793 1 1 1 2 2 3 5 4 6 21 46 10 1,320 1,843 329 636 180 395 84 598 610 1,340 20,204 3,007 36, 371 2,505 4,165 A 4,670 92, 230 3 26 584 z 3 7 11 8 3 12 516 1,686 7,727 4,133 337 18 1,887 5,414 18 267 49,921 823 1 2 3 20 145 2,917 80 13,484 84,347 2 2 3 6 5 5 33 17 112 6,361 202 188 99 281 692 77,580 5,578 2, 533 2 4 1 1 1 1931 694 759 10 18 400 6,928 4,168 200 18 30,000 Industry group and year P r o f e s s i o n a l service— Continued. 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 Building and construc tion: 1927 1928_______________ 1929__________________ 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 Agriculture and fishing: 1927__________________ 1928__________________ 1929__________________ 1930________ ______ 1931-32._____ _________ 1933....____ _________ 1934-36........................ Relief work and W . P. A .: 1927-32_______________ 1933__________________ 1934__________________ 1935__________________ 1936______________ Other nonmanufacturing industries: 1927..______ _________ 1928__________________ 1929___________ ______ 1930___________ ______ 1931__________________ 1932__________________ 1933_________ ______ _ 1934___________ ______ 1935__________ _______ 1936_________ ________ Interindustry strikes: 1927-33......................... . 1934....... ........................ 1935— - ........ ....... .......... 1936...................... .......... N um N um ber of ber of work strikes ers in volved Mandays idle during year 2 2 2 l 1 55 74 69 15 13 237 1,686 461 195 702 12 9 20 16 a o 13 11 10 15 17 1,220 1,684 4,727 2,041 236 605 2,187 1,103 742 1,739 74,803 35, 941 58,146 30, 503 1,422 8,601 52, 741 10, 353 9,167 18, 533 1 1 272 110 544 1, 210 I 10S 5,460 1 48 48 2 6 5 5 850 1,174 2,228 3,791 1,000 16, 646 4, 506 8,707 2 1 1 102 4,650 1,800 926 55,800 7,200 3 1 2 2 1 5 4, 400 3,000 1, 559 110 7 198 13, 300 21,000 9,054 2, 310 42 4, 692 2 1 81 5,200 3,000 1,500 5,200 3,000 4,500 1 2 1 3 4 13 517 278 1,901 517 312 3,442 834 29,611 15,926 3 3 175 1,230 4, 513 10, 530 INDIANA Iron and steel and their products, not including machinery: 1927— .......................... 1928-32 .................... 1933........... ... .................. 1934..... .......................... 1935............... ............... 1936____ _____________ Machinery, not including transportation equip ment: 1927......... ........ ............. 1928 1929__________________ 1930 1931— ....................... . 1 19 630 1 1 3 500 100 339 10,500 2,400 3,598 1 1 120 9 2 1 121 12 1,080 459 i 405 795 24 Machinery, not including transportation equip ment—C ontinued. 1932__________________ 1933__________________ 1934____________ _____ 1935................................ 1936................... ............ Transportation equip ment: 1927-28_______________ 1929— .......................... 1930.......................... — 1931-33........... ............... 1934— ............... .......... 1935_______ __________ 1936....... ......................... 1 415 415 4 6,125 39, 677 i Man-days idle as a result of a strike which began in the preceding year and continued into this year. 8 General strike of all organized workers in Pekin, 111. 100 T able STR IK ES IN THE U N IT E D STATES, 188 0 -1 9 3 6 35.— Strikes beginning in 1927-36, in States having 25 or more strikes in any year, by industry group— Continued IN DIAN A—Continue d Industry group and year Nonferrous metals and their products: 1927__________________ 1928_________________ 1929..____ ___________ 1930-31.................... ....... 1932____ _____________ 1933.................... ............ 1934......................... ....... 1935._______ _________ 1936__________ ______ Lumber and allied prod ucts: 1927-30........................... 1931................... .......... 1932....... ............. .......... 1933____ _____________ 1934__________________ 1935__________________ 1936_____________ ____ Stone, clay, and glass products: 1927-30 .................... . 1931 ______ ______ 1932-33 ______________ 1934.____ ____________ __________ 1935 . 1936 _____________ Textiles and their prod ucts: 1927 . _________ 1928__________________ 1929 — ____ _________ 1930_______ _____ ____ 1931 ______________ 1932__________________ 1933 ________________ 1934 . . _______ 1935__________________ 1936__________________ Leather and its manufac tures: 1927-30 . . . . . ___ 1931__________________ 1932 __________ ____ _ 1933______ ___________ 1934__________________ 1935-36 . __________ Food and kindred prod ucts: 1927-28_______________ 1929......... ...................... 1930-32_______________ 1933__________________ 1934__________________ 1935__________________ 1936_____ _____________ Paper and printing: 1927-29 . —.......... 1930 _____ ______ 1931_________ ________ 1932 _______________ 1933__________________ 1934__________________ 1935__________________ 1936 ____________ Chemicals and allied prod ucts: 1927-33 ....................... 1934_________________ 1935-36 R ubber products: 1927-31....................... 1932................ ................ 1933-36_______________ N um N um ber of ber of work strikes ers in volved Mandays idle during year 1 6 1 10 672 i 120 10 1 470 1,880 1 3 1 70 932 556 560 82, 724 2, 780 1 25 300 4 1 4 850 33 2,129 10, 535 132 17, 243 1 85 255 1 1 4 95 90 551 3,800 4, 320 14, 228 2 1 1 270 140 300 3,120 840 3, 600 1 71 710 2 3 6 216 1,602 3, 055 4,826 23,794 89, 945 i 12, 300 1 2, 800 50) 400 1 2 670 1,200 3,350 9,777 1 15 75 2 6 2 2 69 745 138 80 789 8,854 3, 014 2, 525 1 1 1 1 3 3 6 12 16 37 373 208 624 84 16 518 3,619 1, 208 2 1,090 16, 580 1 1, 268 5, 072 Industry group and year Miscellaneous manufac turing: 1927-32_______________ 1933................................ 1934-30_______________ Extraction of minerals: 1927....................... ....... 1928__________________ 1929________________ 1930._______ _________ 1931__________________ 1932__________________ 1933_________________ 1934.............. . 1935............................. 1936.............. .............. Transportation and com munication: 1927-28_______________ 1929__________________ 1930__________________ 1931__________________ 1932__________________ 1933__________________ 1934__________________ 1935_________________ 1936................ ................ Trade: 1927-29_______________ 1930__________________ 1931-33_____________ 1934__________________ 1935__________________ 1936__________________ Domestic and personal service: 1927-33_______________ 1934_________________ 1935__________________ 1936__________________ Professional service: 1927__________________ 1928__________________ 1929_________________ 1930_________________ 1931_________________ 1932.________________ 1933............................. . 1934_________________ 1935_________________ 1936__________________ Building and construc tion: 1927_________________ 1928_________________ 1929................ ........... 1930_________________ 1931__________________ 1932____ _____________ 1933_________________ 1934____ _____________ 1935__________________ 1936.________________ Agriculture and fishing: 1927-33_______________ 1934_________________ 1935-36_______________ Relief work and W . P. A .: 1927-33_______________ 1934__________________ 1935_________________ 1936......................... ...... N um N u m ber of ber of w ork strikes ers in volved 1 160 M andays idle during year 3,200 2 17,425 1,972, 325 2 3, 325 429, 600 13 3,845 53, 841 5 1,718 31,779 3 1,353 12, 860 1 3,800 429, 400 3 3,150 28, 050 4 1,396 5, 788 1 10,614 53, 070 4 2,387 44,009 1 1 1 20 7 160 240 14 320 3 3 3 2 271 433 293 150 1,007 6,414 2,612 600 1 359 5,385 3 4 2 245 412 67 955 8,984 5,890 1 2 1 6 134 54 150 456 756 1 28 4 2 3 101 34 12 53 6,832 i 2, 548 4,424 1, 667 660 438 1 1 1 11 25 11 22 50 44 9 10 16 12 8 9 3 3 2 8 666 685 6,294 455 2, 594 463 150 1,049 22 715 51, 418 16, 758 331, 469 6, 073 32,189 4,957 3, 360 107, 410 736 14,348 1 35 1,050 2 2 1 424 156 513 2,298 636 513 i Man-days idle as a result of a strike which began in the preceding year and continued into this year. 101 ANALYSIS OF STRIKES, 192 7 -3 6 T able 35. — Strikes beginning in 1927-86, in States having 25 or more strikes in any year, by industry group— Continued INDIAN A—Continued Industry group and year N um N um ber of ber of work strikes ers in volved Other nonmanufacturing industries: 1927__________________ 1928_________________ 1929-36______________ 1 2 0 Mandays idle during year 60 Industry group and year Interindustry: 1927-34_______________ 1935_____ ____________ 1936__________________ N um N um ber of ber of work strikes ers in volved * 1 26,000 M andays idle during year 52,000 MARYLAND Iron and steel and their products, not including machinery: 1927-31 -- _______ 1932 ___________ 1933 __________ 1934 ___ 1935 1936 ___________ Machinery, not including transportation equip ment: 1927-28 ___________ 1Q 9Q 1930 ________ 1Q 31 ___ 1932 ...................... 1933-35 1936 ___ Transportation equip ment: ______ 1927-33 1934 ____________ 193^ 1Q 3fi _____ Nonferrous metals and their products: 1927-3^ 193*1 __ Lumber and allied prod ucts: 1927 1928-39 1933 ................ __ 193^ 193*1 _ ____ Stone, clay, and glass products: 1Q 27 1098 Q 1 1932 ................. ____ Textiles and their prodnets* 1927 1928 192Q 19 34 19 36 33 191 3 19 33 1932 1934 1936 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 IQOf* la O O ------------- ---------------------------- Leather and its manufac tures: 1927 28 1GOG 1930 1931 32 1 GQQ __________________ iy 00 5,000 989 1,392 330 1,063 10,805 17 80 476 1,840 17 17 7 42 1 1 105 1,050 20 0 5,200 1 11 297 1 1 2 160 6,080 392 5,880 159 143 1,542 7,393 4 1 1 2 1 3 3 1 1 5 4 ____________ 20 0 6 6 8 2 10 0 600 57 570 1,991 50 1,239 5,090 92 5,000 5, 323 465 3,490 13,973 20 0 20 0 9,971 55,450 3,220 35,000 33,579 2,375 18,769 3,357 2 1 2 163 27 2,203 216 660 17,244 I 450 3,600 1 Q 34_3*; 1936________ _______ _______ 1 Food and kindred prod ucts: 1927..............................._ 1928__________________ 1929................................ 1930______ ___________ 1931__________________ 1932__________________ 1933__________________ 1934_________________ 1935 . _____________ 1936__________________ Tobacco manufactures: __________ 1927-33 1934__________________ 1935-36_______________ Paper and printing: 1927 .................... .......... 1928.............................. 1929 _ __________ 1930-36 - - -Chemicals and allied prod ucts: 1927-34_______________ 1935__________________ 1936_________________ Rubber products: 1927-35 ......................... 1936__________________ Miscellaneous manufac turing: 1927-35 . __________ 1936__________________ Extraction of minerals: 1927________________ 1928 ...... ..................... 1929— . ____ _________ 1930 ________ 1931 34 - --1935_______ _____ ____ 1936 ........................Transportation and com munication: 1927 1928 ................ 1929 —_____ _________ 1930__________________ 1931__________________ _________ 1932 1933__________________ 1934__________________ 1935__________________ 1936_________________ Trade: 1927__________________ 1928 ______ _______ 1Q9Q-33 1934....... ........................ 1935__________________ 1936----------------------------------------Professional service: 1927-29_______________ 1930____________ _______ 1931....................- .......... * General strike of all organized workers in Terre Haute, Ind. 1 35 1 8 1 680 1 50 1 1,200 1 28 245 40 7,480 350 9,600 1,596 1 55 660 1 1 1 370 49 9,250 147 258 1 i 334 8,800 3,006 114,400 1 1,700 11,900 2 1 1 2 1 600 6,900 1 1 1 2 7 5 7 6 52 52 190 1,050 190 19,600 2,928 14.640 350 2, loo 23 50 23 250 164 389 778 5,501 764 2,836 5,560 37,486 1 1 1 48 96 16 208 14 28 1 1 15 855 114 6 102 T able STRIKES IK THE UNITED STATES, 1 8 8 0 -1 9 3 6 35.— Strikes beginning in 1927-36, in States having 25 or more strikes in any year, by industry group— Continued MARYLAND—Continued Industry group and year Professional service—Con. 1932__________________ 1933 _______ 1934 ________________ 1936-36 - - . Building and construc tion: 1927_________________ 1928__________________ 1929_______ ______ _ 1930_________ _____ 1931__________________ 1932-33______________ 1934 _____ N um N um ber of ber of w ork strikes ers in volved Mandays idle during year 2 91 1,337 1 100 1,100 3 3 4 1 2 6,130 240 447 300 95 80,340 18,320 4,111 8,700 2,530 2 111 318 Industry group and year B u i l d i n g and Construc tion -C on tin u ed . 1935__________________ 1936__________________ Agriculture and fishing: 1927-32_______________ 1933__________________ 1934__________________ 1935__________________ 1936__________________ Relief work and W . P. A .: 1927-34_______________ 1935....... ........................ 1936________________ N um N um ber of ber of work strikes ers in volved 4 228 Mandays idle during year 1,024 1 12 24 2 300 500 i 200 3 2 240 85 3, 590 96 MASSACHUSETTS 2 1 1 2 4 1 1 3 2 3 3 1 1 46 648 42 40 64 42 400 1,666 238 52 172 57 3,636 104 416 3,800 191 96 107 1,241 1,556 627 2,991 61,611 69 690 1 1 1 1 116 232 300 87 1,680 40,320 1 606 0 0 5 9 5 3 150 223 174 400 3,368 12,499 5, 621 13, 505 2 7 8 1 52 807 457 3 382 446 13,440 7,847 1,194 4,924 2 430 15,800 10 2 3, 900 52 2 o oo Iron and steel and their products, not including machinery: 1927__________________ 1928___ ______________ 1929__________________ 1930_______ __________ 1931__________________ 1932______ ___________ 1933_____ ____ _______ 1934______ _____ _____ 1935__________________ 1936......... ........ ............. M achinery, not including transportation equip ment: 1927-28 ......................... 1929__________________ 1930__________________ 1931__________________ 1932 1 9 3 3 -.._____ ________ 1934-35 . . ____ 1936__________________ Transportation e q u i p ment: 1927-28 ________ . 1929..._____ _________ 1930-31____________ 1932___________ 1933__________________ 1934_________________ 1935-36__________ Nonferrous metals and their products: 1927-35 1936.____ ____________ Lum ber and allied prod ucts: 1927_____ _______ . 1928________________ _ 1929— ............... ......... 1930_____ ___________ 1931 ______ ______ 1932__________________ 1933__________________ 1934 ________ . . 1935__________________ 1936.____ ____________ Stone, clay, and glass products: 1927-31______________ 1932 __________ ______ 1933-36........... ............... Textiles and their prod ucts: 1927......... ...................... 1928.______ __________ 1929__________________ 1930__________________ 1931___________ ____ 1932__________________ 1933__________________ 1934................ ................ 1935__________________ 1936__________________ Leather and its manufac tures: 1927__________________ 1928__________________ 1929__________________ 1930__________________ 1931__________________ 1932__________________ 1933__________________ 1934__________________ 1935__________________ 1936__________________ Food and kindred prod ucts: 1927_____ ____________ 1928____ _____________ 1929__________________ 1930__________________ 1931________________ 1932__________________ 1933__________________ 1934__________________ 1935__________________ 1936__________________ Tobacco manufactures: 1927__________________ 1928__________________ 1929-32_______________ 1933__________________ 1934-36_______________ Paper and printing: 1927__________________ 1928__________________ 1929-31_______________ 1932_____ ____________ 1933__________________ 1934__________________ 1935__________________ 1936________ ________ _ Chemicals and allied products: 1927-32 26 34 20 14 25 17 46 39 38 46 4, 773 77,497 32,039 3, 784,064 36,914 1,685 3,482 28, 792 42, 271 891, 612 4, 575 66, 245 24, 280 306,895 85,395 856, 562 15, 546 469,807 17,318 302, 513 8 21 20 8 7 17 58 33 33 26 3,673 9, 786 18, 217 355 642 2,663 52,140 22,864 7, 485 10,971 51,100 92,498 774,112 5, 569 4, 501 24, 205 964, 671 350,900 91, 257 56,935 1 2 44 70 44 132 1 80 4,640 2 3 2 5 1 92 475 61 221 400 6,807 6, 350 151 1,119 3,900 1 24 1,032 1 121 363 1 1 17 101 1,326 303 1 1 1 3 1 12 6 225 521 394 12 12 675 19, 947 12, 608 1Man-days idle as a result of a strike which began in the preceding year and continued into this year. ANALYSIS OF STRIKES, 19 2 7 -3 6 T able 103 35.— Strikes beginning in 1927-86, in States having 25 or more strikes in any year, by industry group— Continued MASSACHUSETTS—Continued Industry group and year Chemicals and allied prod ucts— C ontinued. 1933__________________ 1934-36 ____________ R ubber products: 1927— _____ _________ 1928_______ __________ 1929-32_______________ 1933................................ 1934.............. ........... . 1935________ _____ ___ 1936................................ Miscellaneous manufac turing: 1927-28_______ ______ 1929______ _____ _____ 1930 ............... ... 1931__________________ 1932 ___________ ____ 1933 _________________ 1934.................. ............. 1935 ............ ................. 1936.._____ __________ Extraction of minerals: 1927-28 - ............... ....... 1929..................... .......... 1930 ________________ 1931_________________ 1932______ ____ ______ 1933............................ 1934-36 . ___ ___ Transportation and com munication: 1927____ _____________ 1928 __________ _____ _ 1929 ________________ 1930.. ______ _____ _ 1931__________________ 1932 ___________ ____ 1933_________ ________ 1934 _________________ 1935 ........................... 1936 ......... ................... . Trade: 1927 ............................ 1928__________________ 1929 _________________ 1930-32 _____________ 1933__________________ 1934 .............................. 1935_____________ ____ 1936 . ____________ Domestic and personal service: 1927__________________ N um N um ber of ber of work strikes ers in volved 1 75 Mandays idle during year 375 1 900 5,400 4 1 2 4 3,855 63 210 1, 371 18,030 504 650 4,525 2 47 262 1 11 132 6 2 1 1 564 139 34 89 7, 409 5, 520 238 89 1 2 1 2 2 150 87 60 185 144 300 619 360 1, 755 972 1 380 3,800 5 839 6,861 4 2 2 5 5 11 3, 352 26 317 811 137 800 195, 529 226 4,216 1,005 973 7,569 1 1 15 80 315 560 1 4 6 11 527 423 77 2,999 5,161 3 92 1,132 Industry group and year D o m e s t i c and personal service—C ontinued. 1928__________________ 1929-31_______________ 1932__________________ 1933_______ ______ ___ 1934__________________ 1935__________________ 1936__________________ Professional service: 1927_______ __________ 1928 _________________ 1929__________________ 1930-31_______________ 1932 ...... ............ . 1933____ _____________ 1934 . ____________ 1935__________________ 1936... _____________ Building and construction : 1927 . ___ _____ 1928 ____ ________ 1929 _______________ 1930 _________ ______ 1931 ______________ 1932 _________________ 1933 . ........ 1934 . . ______ 1935. .......................... 1936________ _____ ____ Agriculture and fishing: 1927__________________ 1928 ............. 1929-30..._____ ______ 1931__________________ 1932 _________________ 1933 _________________ 1934__________________ 1935... _______________ 1936______ ___________ Relief work and W . P . A .: 1927-32_______________ 1933__________________ 1934_____ ____ _______ 1935__________________ 1936__________________ Other nonmanufacturing industries: 1927-28_______________ 1929__ _____________ 1930__________________ 1931__________________ 1932 _________________ 1933__________________ 1934-36_______________ N u m ManN um ber of days ber of work idle strikes ers in during volved year 2 1 3 1 1 3 3 2 1 3 1 422 9, 754 500 291 7 500 2,000 95 1,232 139 1,306 65,296 139 2 0 475 75 3,710 28 9,500 2 0 2,475 75 3 10 0 923 18 14 17 13 17 17 9 1, 509 1.978 1.978 734 1,180 908 650 807 930 1,470 21,936 36,895 35, 791 6,332 11,672 9,580 11,528 7, 711 4,846 15,301 8 11 1 0 1 1 2 75 225 230 460 510 3,045 3,340 64, 395 166 266 2 1 681 214 40 1, 524 288 80 1 2 1 15 37 225 H50 187 36 252 3 2 5 MICHIGAN Iron and steel and their products, not including machinery: 1927 1928 . . 1929 1930 _ ___________ 1931 1932__________________ 1933 ___ . . 1934 ___________ 1935__________________ 1936__............... .............. 1 1 2 1 87 55 220 40 9, 222 2,915 8,620 80 3 4 3 4 974 880 1,976 1.383 2,568 13,320 23,9b2 11 649 Machinery, not including transportation equip ment: 1927. .................. .......... 1928 _________________ 1929__________________ 1930__________________ 1931 _ . ___ 1932__________________ 1933__________________ 1934__________________ 1935__________________ 1936— _____ ________ 1 20 100 2 84 3,7 9 4 1 286 1 ,1 44 7 3 3 6,804 372 324 159,973 2,598 1.623 i M an-days idle as a result of a strike which began in the preceding year and continued into this year. 104 STRIKES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1 8 8 0 -1 9 3 6 T able 35.— Strikes beginning in 1927-86, in States having 25 or more strikes in any yeary by industry group— Continued MICHIGAN—Continued Industry group and year N um N um ber of ber of work strikes ers in volved Transportation equip ment: 1927 ________ 1928 1929__________________ 1930__________________ 1931-32_______________ 1933__________________ 1934 ___ __________ 1935 _ _____________ 1938 ________________ Nonferrous metals and their products: 2 235 1 52 4 1,911 2 4,650 10 14,807 , 4 11 226 8 8,042 11 17, 345 1Q 9Q 1931-33 _______ 1934 ____ 1935 1936 _________ Lumber and allied prod ucts: 1927 _____________ 1928__________________ 1929_______ _______ — 1930-32_______________ 1933__________________ 1934__________________ 1935__________________ 1936__________________ Stone, clay, and glass products: _____ 1927-31 1932 ______ ______ 1Q33 1Q34 QS/wtfi Textiles and their prod ucts: 1927-29 1930 ____________ 1931-32.......................... 1933__________________ 1934 . _________ 1935 _________________ 1936 _________ Leather and its manufac tures: 1927-32______ ________ 1933________ _______— 1934......... ....................... 1935 _________________ 1936 _________________ F ood and kindred prod ucts: 1927 _________________ 1928-31 ______________ 1932 _______________ 1933 _______________ 1934 _________________ 1935 _________________ 1936 ______ ____ ______ T obacco manufactures: 1927-33 ______________ 1934 _________________ 1935-36 .................. . Paper and printing: 1927-31 ........... ............ 1932 1933 ____ ________ 1934 ........................... 1935__________________ 1936................................. 1 1 60 2 30 1^ 10 2 2 36 2 967 2 1 2 3 2 5 1 1 1 i 2 3 2 1 1 39 150 8 6 M andays idle during year 1,905 156 15,372 40, 250 321,313 48,650 96,950 97, 679 2,520 756 204 269 9,023 615 900 260 792 1,947 1,238 5, 616 5,360 30,930 65 325 6 6 6 48 3, 312 625 206 395 1,250 2,196 2,885 181 60 1,417 300 695 41,005 1 2 6 4 1 229 449 524 119 300 5,700 1,299 2,400 1 696 8, 548 6 288 2 24 480 3 2 1 777 64 11,289 152 700 2 0 Industry group and year Chemicals and allied products: 1927-35_______________ 1936__________________ Rubber products: 1927-28 1929 1930-36_______________ Miscellaneous manufac turing: 1927— 29_______________ 1930__________________ 1931-33_______________ 1934__________________ 1935_____ ____ _______ 1936__________________ Extraction of minerals: 1927-33_______________ 1934__________________ 1935__________________ 1936__________________ Transportation and com munication* 1927 1928 1929 1930-31 1932 1933 1934 1935__________________ 1936_________ ____ _ Trade: 1927-31_______________ 1932____ _____________ 1933__________________ 1934__________________ 1935_________________ 1936....____ _________ Domestic and personal service: 1927................................ 1928....... ........... ......... 1929__________________ 1930-31______________ 1932__________________ 1933__________________ 1934 1935 ___________ 1936 - ______ ________ Professional service: 1927______ __________ 1928 _____________ 1929 _________________ 1930__________________ 1931-33______________ 1934__________________ 1935__________________ 1936__________________ Building and construc tion: 1927 - _______ _______ 1928 ___________ ______ 1929 ____________ ____ 1930____ _____________ 1931_________ ____ ____ 1932 . . . 1933 _____ — _____ 1934 _ ............. ....... 1935_____ ___________ 1936................................. N um N um ber of ber of work strikes ers in volved 1 Mandays idle during year 1 2 1 1 2 10 3 1 1 1 8 2 9 1 2 1 1 1,617 20 0 1 1 1 1 147 1,000 70 1,680 300 53 3,200 338 144 50 2,864 250 19,920 93 93 287 4, 447 1,873 162 291 21, 419 1, 526 6,095 20 0 75 584 687 25 1, 950 400 1,931 13,913 235 13 39 6 2 0 2 0 30 10 90 90 7,480 7,265 5,262 3,026 7 3 340 985 256 2,013 7 301 3 49 115 309 2,185 44 11 484 77 150 5 191 184 492 38 318 630 19 , 699 3, 769 10,485 950 11,165 6 4 438 511 2,396 4. 738 2 1 1 1 1 3 2 4 8 1 ,100 8 1Man-days idle as a result of a strike which began in the preceding year and continued into this year. ANALYSIS OF STRIKES, 192 7 -3 6 105 T able 35.— Strikes beginning in 1927-Spy in States having 25 or more strikes in any yearf by industry group MICHIGAN—Continued Industry group and year Relief work and W . P. A.: 1927-33 1934.................. ............. 1935 1936_________________ N um N um ber of ber of work strikes ers in volved 1 4 5 70 959 997 M andays idle during year 70 10,418 3,288 Industry group and year Other nonmanufacturing industries: 1927-28........................... 1929................ ............... 1930-35........... ............... 1936................................ N um N um ber of ber of work strikes ers in volved M andays idle during year 1 100 7,700 1 15 30 1 48 528 1 38 304 MINNESOTA Iron and steel and their products, not including machinery: 1927-33....... ................... 1934....... ................... . 1935........................... . 1936________ _________ Machinery, not including transportation equip ment: 1927-32,.......................... 1933__________________ 1934____________ _____ 1935__________________ 1936— ............... ............ Transportation equip ment: 1927-33..... ..................... 1934............................... 1935-36 ______________ Nonferrous metals and their products: 1927-35_____ _________ 1936______ ___________ d u m b e r a n d a llie d products: 1927........... .................... 1928............ ............. . 1929-32_______________ 1933__________________ 1934__________________ 1935__________________ 1936__________________ T e x t ile s an d th eir products: 1927................................. 1928_____________ ____ 1929_________ ________ 1930__________________ 1931-32_______________ 1933__________________ 1934_________________ 1935................................ 1936____ _____________ Leather and its manu factures: 1927-31_______________ 1932__________________ 1933-36_______________ Food and kindred prod ucts: 1927-30_______________ 1931___ ____ _________ 1932__________________ 1933__________________ 1934____ _____________ 1935__________________ 1936__________________ Paper and printing: 1927__________________ 1928-29_______________ 1930__________________ 1931-33_______________ 1934__________________ 1 1 1 i 1 1 8 300 161 2 0 435 16,228 1,288 560 4, 565 175 3 415 35 751 10,122 1 300 2, 700 1 95 1, 520 2 340 16,700 13,780 3 695 2 11 579 2,059 34,170 i 3,000 20, 495 60, 234 3 145 35 257 160 11,848 140 6,070 1,051 117 28 1 6 3 2 1 5 3 1, 216 35 441 392 104,909 73,986 1 185 2,105 1 70 2,870 3 4,271 13,304 254 2,125 1, 291 48,656 2 5 1 1 1 18 1,800 30 480 600 6.000 Paper and printing—Con. 1935-36____ ____ _____ Chemicals and allied products: 1927__________________ 1928-34_______________ 1935__________________ 1936____ _____ _______ Miscellaneous manufac turing: 1927-30_______________ 1931 ________________ 1932-34 ______________ 1935 ________________ 1936 _______________ Transportation and com munication: 1927 ............................... 1928 ............................. 1929 _____ _________ 1930 ________ ______ 1931 _______________ 1932-33 _____________ 1934 ________________ 1935______ ___________ 1936__________________ Trade: 1927-33_______________ 1934 _______________ 1935 _______________ 1936__________________ Domestic and personal service: 1927-28 ____________ 1929 _________________ 1930 _______________ 1931 . . .................... 1932-33 ____________ 1934 _________________ 1935 ........... ................... 1936______ ___________ Professional service: 1927 _________________ 1928 _______________ 1929 _______________ 1930 _______________ 1931 _______________ 1932 _______________ 1933 _______________ 1934 _______________ 1935 _______________ 1936 . _______ _____ Building and construc tion: 1927 ________ ____ 1928 _______________ 1929 ___________ . . 1930 _______________ 1931 _______________ 1932 _______________ 1933 _________________ 1934_________________ 1935 _______________ 1936__________________ 1 22 484 2 4 205 167 6,413 1,259 1 1 120 110 600 110 1 75 75 5 13,176 2 31 243,466 181 4 6 7 934 1,025 1,970 3,342 11,200 20,903 1 20 20 1 19 19 2 2 5 2,018 99 424 2,018 4, 551 3,639 2 1 1,075 150 43,500 600 3 60 3, 338 1 13 429 1 81 243 1 225 2,475 2 69 1,588 1 30 240 3 3 416 383 8,480 4,189 3 7 7 5,054 795 804 10, 206 3,850 6, 250 i Man-days idle as a result of a strike which began in the preceding year and continued into this year. 106 T able STRIKES IK THE UNITED STATES, 1 8 8 0 -1 9 3 6 35.— Strikes beginning in 1927-86, in States having 25 or more strikes in any year, by industry group— Continued MINNESO T A—Continued Industry group and year Agriculture and fishing: 1927-35.................... ....... 1936....... _........ ............. Relief work and W . P. A .: 1927-33_______________ 1934______ ____ ______ 1935 ........................... 1936........... - .................. N um N um ber of ber of work strikes ers in volved M andays idle during year 1 30 30 1 3 3 800 1,435 5,274 9,600 7,490 19,180 Industry group and year Other nonmanufacturing industries: 1927-33_____ ____ ____ 1934__________________ 1935_____________ ____ 1936____ _____________ N um N um ber of ber of work strikes ers in volved 1 1 2 23 16 94 Mandays idle during year 414 48 202 MISSOURI Iron and steel and their products, not including machinery: 1927__________________ 1928__________________ 3 81 173 1929-32................... . 1 1933........................ . 150 2,100 1934 ......................... . 1 1935................................. 67 201 1936_________ ________ Machinery, not including transportation equip ment: 1927-28....____ ______ 3 178 698 1929 ...................... . 1930-32.................. ........ 2 34 1933________ _________ 986 1 1,200 1934................................. 21, 600 1 1935............................. . 1,404 27 2 240 1,800 1936______ ___________ T r a n s p o rta tio n e q u ip ment: 1927-32_______________ 1 1933_______ ____ _____ 156 312 1934___________ _____ 2 3, 579 30,369 1935....... ................. 1 2,450 1936........... ................. . 24,500 Nonferrous metals and their products: 1927-29___________ _ 24 192 1930 __________ 1 1 1931 ..................... ..................... 11 ..................... 264 1932-36_______________ Lumber and allied prod ucts: 2 62 734 1927....... .......... .............. 1 1928_____ ____ _______ 72 12 1 1929-____ _____ _____ 150 5,250 1930_________ _______ 1 1 1 1 1 1931_____________ ___ 1 1932__________________ 6 90 1933__________________ 2 678 127 1934...._____ ________ 3 252 2,710 1935_______ ______ _ 2 105 1,995 4 307 5,164 1936-......... ........... ....... Stone, clay, and glass products: 1927-33— ........... ........ 1934_________________ 2 19 151 1935-36_______________ Textiles and their prod ucts: 2 76 1927________________ _ 1, 276 1928................ ............... 90 270 1929......... .................. 1 1930................ ......... . 2 1931................................ 210 250 1932________ ____ ____ 2 215 1,840 1 4,856 140,803 1 1933................ ................ 2,044 1934................ ................ 4 121 1935................ ................ 192 13,285 6 764 5.358 1936................ ............... 8 Leather and its manufac tures: 1927........................... . 1928............................... 1929-32— .................... 1933................................ 1934................................ 1935-36— ............. . Food and kindred prod ucts: 1927....... ...................... . 1928.............................. 1929......... .................. 1930-31_______________ 1932................................ 1933........................... . 1934........ .......... ............ 1935.______ __________ 1936__________________ Tobacco manufactures: 1927-32___________ . 1933__________________ 1934-36_______________ Paper and printing: 1927-32_______________ 1933_________________ 1934.............. ................. 1935___________ _____ 1936____________ ____ Miscellaneous manufac turing: 1927.................... ........ 1928— ...................... 1929................................ 1930_______ ______ ___ 1931.................. ........... . 1932.............. ................. 1933__________________ 1934..____ ___________ 1935__________________ 1936............................. Extraction of minerals: 1927_________________ 1928.................. .............. 1929-____ ___________ 1930-............................. 1931— ______ _______ 1932_____________ ____ 1933.............. ................ 1934__________________ 1935......... .......... .......... 1936__________________ Transportation and com munication: 1927-29....... ................... 1930................ ................ 1931— ...................... . 1932.............................. . 1933__________ ______ _ 1934_________ ________ 1935....... ...................... 1936............................. - 1 100 100 7 3 3,901 2,401 22,711 23,126 1 2 63 1, 615 378 4,015 1 5 4 5 625 1,242 1, 368 2,803 1,875 11, 320 21,030 7, 447 1 185 1,110 1 18 18 1 6 6 2 32 3,216 13,750 1 1 30 25 300 100 2 2 5 3 107 93 733 137 1,198 1,641 45, 268 137 2 2 1 1 2,650 1, 511 125 80 1,034 297,700 96, 533 250 2,880 13,812 150 2, 327 9,742 4, 550 600 90, 571 129,194 102,486 1 645 12,255 2 3 1,000 548 520 80 125 8,000 38, 288 2,100 860 1,750 4 1 4 4 4 4 2 1 i Man-days idle as a result of a strike which began in the preceding year and continued into this year. 107 ANALYSIS OF STRIKES, 1 9 2 7 - 3 6 T able 35.— Strikes beginning in 1927-86, in States having 25 or more strikes in any year, by industry group— Continued MISSO URI—Continue d Industry group and year N um N um ber of ber of w ork strikes ers in volved Trade: 1927__________________ 1928-32_______________ 1933__________________ 1934__________________ 1935___________ ______ 1936__________________ Dom estic and personal service: 1927__________________ 1928__________________ 1929__________________ 1930__________________ 1931_________ _____ 1932__________________ 1933__________________ 1934 193/5 1936 Professional service: 1927_____ ____________ 1928_____ ____________ 1929.................... 1930__________________ 1931. _____ 1932. ___ ________ Mandays idle during year 1 15 1,230 1 2 2 1 2,000 1,715 135 6 10,000 11,960 999 6 2 455 13,340 2 220 2,220 1 1 4 1 1 8 36 3,362 139 13 888 2, 520 128, 686 2,502 3,805 1 43 731 1 1 2 2 316 85 103 330 26,228 7,225 5,070 930 Industry group and year Professional service— Con. 1933_____ ____________ 1934-36...................... — Building and construction: N um N um ber of ber of work strikes ers in volved M andays idle during year 4 145 1,055 1927 1998 1999 4 1 1930_________ ____ 1931____ ______ ______ 8 5 8 2 8 14 10 707 14 4,520 7,885 195 1,019 96 1,782 1,556 1,228 6,687 44,514 146,000 41,468 8,395 24,412 592 13,108 20,932 16,503 2 1 1 246 979 14 292 4,895 490 1 2 119 82 357 1,828 3 3 735 626 16,177 8, 512 1 7 7 2 410 1,230 1 360 21,960 198 2 IQo u --------------------------l y oq 1984 198 R 1986 Relief work and W . P. A.: 1927-33_______________ 1934__________________ 1935__________________ 1936____ _____________ Other nonmanufacturing industries: 1927-30 __...................... 1931__________________ 1932 _______________ 1933-36_______________ 6 NEW HAMPSHIRE Lumber and allied prod ucts: 1927-33_______________ 1934__________________ 1935______ . . . ___ 1936 ___________ ___ Stone, clay, and glass products: 1927-30_______________ 1931_________________ 1932-34 . . _________ 1935__________________ 1936 _________________ Textiles and their prod ucts: 1927__________________ 1928 ___ _________ 1929__________________ 1930-31_______________ 1932__________________ 1933__________________ 1934__________________ 1935__________________ 1936__________________ Leather and its manufac tures: 1927__________________ 1928__________________ 1929__________________ 1930. . . . ___ ____ 1931......... ............ .......... 1932__________________ 1933__________________ 1934__________________ 1 3894°— 38-------8 1 1 70 53 280 848 1 200 1,600 1 80 1,840 1 210 5,040 1 1,000 52,000 4 477 11 10,406 8 29,380 679 3 2 467 2,294 108, 611 212, 264 11, 979 4,776 1 1 1 2 2 13 4 975 66 1,880 274 3,450 212,477 38, 543 75 11 165 52 700 8, 342 1,388 Leather and its manufac tures—C ontinued. __________ 1935 1936 _______ Food and kindred prod ucts: 1927-31_______________ 1932...____ __________ 1933-36—.................... Extraction of minerals: 1927__________________ 1928.____ ____________ 1929-32__________ ____ 1933__________________ 1934-36_________ Professional service: 1927-28_______________ 1929__________________ 1930-31_______________ 1932__________________ 1933-36. _ . . . Building and construc tion: 1927-....................... .... 1928___________ ______ 1929— ____ _________ 1930-32_______________ 1933__________________ 1934-36_______________ Other nonmanufacturing industries: 1927-31_______________ 1932__________________ 1933-36 _____________ 1 9 333 1 20 20 3 1 1 76 40 170 1,924 200 2,040 1 8 56 1 12 207 108 T able STRIKES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1 8 8 0 -1 9 3 6 35,— Strikes beginning in 1927— 86, in States having 25 or more strikes in any year, by industry group— Continued NEW JERSEY Industry group and year Iron and steel and their products, not including machinery: 1927__________________ 1928__________________ 1929__________________ 1930_____ ____ ______ _ 1931__________________ 1932__ _______ 1933__________________ 1934__________________ 1935__________________ 1936___ _____________ Machinery, not including transportation equipment: 1927__________________ 1928__ _____________ 1929 _________________ 1930 _ _ __ 1931-32_______________ 1933_ ...... ........... . 1934 . . _______ 1935. ___ _______ 1936__________________ T ra n sp ortation equip ment: 1927-29 _ .................. 1930__________________ 1931— _____________ 1932 1933__________________ 1934 ___ 1935 __ _____________ 1936__________________ Nonferrous metals and their products: 1927-28 _ __________ 1929 _ _____________ 1930-32 . . 1933 1934 1935 _ _______ 1936 ...................... Lumber and allied prod ucts: 1927__________________ 1928________ 1929 1930-31 ______ 1932 1933 1934 1935 _ ________ 1936__________________ Stone, clay, and glass products: 1927......... ............ . 1928 1929-32 1933 1934 1935__________________ 1936__________________ Textiles and their prod1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 ____ ___________ N um N um ber of ber of work strikes ers in volved Mandays idle during year 2 1 2 441 50 56 1,507 40,600 798 3 1 2 1 1 1 156 300 1,270 257 80 125 1,120 7,800 22, 270 5,654 1,440 500 1 93 372 2 1 794 19 4,910 19 2 2 2 2 571 830 112 7,700 15, 991 3, 560 1,030 161,900 1 600 9,600 i 6,600 1 1 2 3 3, 500 2,967 3, 928 996 59,500 100, 878 292,040 6,938 1 2,500 27, 500 2 694 25, 302 1 12,000 1 1, 600 6,400 1 1 1 17 20 1,020 640 380 4 300 73 356 176 346 600 518 4,067 4,598 4,454 1 14 14 3 230 2,240 1 1 195 116 3, 705 1,276 1 3 6 2 8 15 951 27,603 10 3, 588 229,426 34 2,222 47,351 11 504 13,112 20 15, 530 634,995 15 8,134 131,946 44 53, 517 1,590, 774 26 36,179 673,136 Industry group and year Textiles and their prod ucts—Continued. 1935__________________ 1936__________________ Leather and its manufac tures: 1927__________________ 1928__________________ 1929-. 1930__________________ 1931__________________ 1932__________________ 1933__________________ 1934_________________ 1935__________________ 1936__________________ Food and kindred prod ucts: 1927__________________ 1928— 1929__________________ 1930__________________ 1931__________________ 1932__________________ 1933__________________ 1934__________________ 1935-____ ___________ 1936__________________ Tobacco manufactures: 1927-28— ____ ______ 1929— ............... . __ 1930-32— ____ ______ 1933__________________ 1934-36_______________ Paper and printing: 1927__________________ 1928__________________ 1929__________________ 1930__________________ 1931....... ............ ............ 1932-_____ __________ 1933_________________ 1934__________________ 1935__________________ 1936__________________ Chemicals and allied products: 1927__________________ 1928__________________ 1929__________________ 1930-33_______________ 1934__________________ 1935__________________ 1936__________________ Rubber products: 1927__________________ 1928__________________ 1929__________________ 1930-31_______________ 1932__________________ 1933__________________ 1934-36_______________ Miscellaneous manufac turing: 1927__________________ 1928__________________ 1929__________________ 1930 _________________ 1931._________________ 1932__________________ 1933__________________ 1934__________________ 1935__________________ 1936__________________ N um N um ber o f ber of work strikes ers in volved 69 31,733 59 12, 270 Mandays idle during year 608,049 304, 763 2 2 1 1 113 102 20 17 1,470 2,092 60 238 2 9 4 4 4 141 1,034 360 364 348 3,846 24, 491 9,290 7,850 5,097 ? 2 46 108 648 1,188 3 3 6 8 5 6 3 35 177 71 869 3,027 654 324 68 483 241 7,278 63,966 21,800 2, 312 1 350 17,850 1 610 10, 380 1 50 450 1 8 224 1 5 2 4 1 3 150 834 163 303 50 365 4, 050 13, 215 3,141 3,152 3,310 11, 770 1 2 1,479 17 8,874 24 3 315 2, 533 1 50 100 1 2 800 445 5,600 1,335 1 1 60 132 420 1, 320 1 94 94 1 45 135 1 3 5 1 6 5 26 987 1,233 46 839 1,496 156 13,428 20,832 92 33,047 21,042 Man-days idle as a result of a strike which began in the preceding year and continued into this year. A N A L Y S IS T able OF ST R IK E S, 109 19 2 7 - 3 6 35.— Strikes beginning in 1927-86 , in States having 25 or more strikes in any year, by industry group— Continued NEW JERSEY—Continued Industry group and year Transportation and communication: 1927 ________________ 1928 _________________ 1929__________________ 1930 _________________ 1931_________________ 1932__________________ 1933 _________________ 1934__________________ 1935__________________ 1936__________________ Trade: 1927 _______________ 1928________________ 1929________________ 1930 _________________ 1931__________________ 1932__________________ 1933__________________ 1934__________________ 1935__________________ 1936 _______________ Domestic and personal service: 1927______________ 1928__________________ 1929__________________ 1930________________ 1931__________________ 1932________________ 1933____ _________ 1934__________________ 1935__________________ 1936__________________ Professionalservice: 1927__________________ 1928________________ 1929_________________ N um N um ber of ber of work strikes ers in volved Mandays idle during year" 7 1 6 6 3 5 5 3 7 7 1,069 450 1,027 538 445 365 651 790 386 702 16,051 4,050 5,146 3,247 2, 545 1,711 4,217 6,180 5, 886 6,195 1 2 1 2 8 150 64 380 358 13 75 93 11 698 714 450 1, 266 830 8, 346 13 726 403 110 5, 490 5,328 7 2 1 1 3 5 5 6 7 10 1,788 316 70 113 926 866 944 352 379 946 14,948 4,976 70 2, 486 4, 680 8,468 7,390 2,629 1,040 7,970 3 1 1 34 24 16 668 600 128 3 6 2 4 3 Industry group and year Professional s e r v i c e — Continued. 1930 _ 1931 1932 _____ ___________ 1933 1934 _ 1935__________________ 1936 ___ _____ Building and construc tion: 1927 ________________ 1928__________________ 1929 ____ ___ 1930 _ ______ 1931___________ ____ 1932 ________________ 1933__________________ 1934__________________ 1935__________________ 1936 ________________ Agriculture and fishing: 1927-31 ____________ 1932__________________ 1933__________________ 1934 ___ 1935-36_______________ Relief work and W . P . A .: 1927-32_______________ 1933__________________ 1934 _________________ 1935 _______ _______ 1936__________________ Other nonmanufacturing industries: 1927__________________ 1928-34_______________ 1935 _____________ 1936 _______________ N um N um ber of ber of work strikes ers in volved Mandays idle during year" 3 1 5 3 1 176 56 60 152 200 9,640 392 1, 594 2,151 400 1 40 200 17 18 18 22 23 21 10 8 8 10 3,459 4, 751 5, 743 3, 265 6, 536 1,509 419 890 1,112 959 71,062 64, 834 63, 515 44,827 201,870 27,853 3,802 11,341 21,714 5,841 1 100 700 3 1,500 6,400 3 11 4 2 104 2,375 6,440 900 323 33,175 73,790 7,800 1 600 1,800 1 1 87 27 5,294 1,067 1 116 696 1 2 5 1 3 45 3,950 4, 273 140 1, 742 90 133,900 136, 738 5, 600 12, 261 1 14 266 i 350 I 5 4 8 7 12 9 14 118 429 5,038 1,958 2, 620 1,582 168 1,275 652 82,200 45, 544 48, 691 39, 953 11 5 13 8 8 15 300 436 999 364 876 352 5,907 14, 221 22,430 8,991 5, 522 4,231 NEW YORK Iron and steel and their products, not including machinery: 1927 1928 ______ 1929 1930. „ . ________ 1931 1932 . . _____ 1933__________________ 1934__________________ 1935 1936 Machinery, not including transportation equip ment: 1927_ 1928 1929-30 _______ 1931 1932 1933__________________ 1934__________________ 1935 1936 T r a n s p o r t a t io n equip ment: 1927 1928__________________ 1 1 1 1 2 2 9 3 6 10 405 20 2,000 14 191 179 1,154 212 643 1,195 1, 215 60 122,000 42 1, 383 1,916 7,199 2, 582 16, 820 10, 268 1 1 55 33 1, 430 132 2 2 10 9 12 11 105 99 3, 443 4, 768 1,947 4,988 455 2,407 19, 479 120, 529 56, 234 217, 315 3 1.104 21,994 Transportation equip ment—C ontinued. 1929__________________ 1930-31______________ 1932__________________ 1933__________________ 1934__________________ 1935__________________ 1936__________________ Nonferrous metals and their products: 1927_____________ ___ 1928__________________ 1929__________________ 1930__________________ 1931__________________ 1932__________________ ______________ 1933 1934__________________ 1935__________________ 1936__________________ Lumber and allied prod ucts: 1927__________________ 1928__________________ 1929__________________ 1930______ _____ _____ 1931__________________ 1932__________________ i Man-days idle as a result of a strike which began in the preceding year and continued into this year, 110 STR IK ES I N THE U N IT E D STA TES, 1 8 8 0 -1 9 3 6 T able 35.— Strikes beginning in 1927-86 , in States having 25 or more strikes in any yearf by industry group— Continued NEW YOKE—Continued Industry group and year Lum ber and allied prod ucts—Continued. 1933____ _____________ 1934 __________ 1935__________________ 1936 _____________ Stone, clay, and glass products: 1927 . ______ 1928 ___________ 1929................. .............. 1930 ___________ . . . 1931__________________ 1932 ______________ 1933 ______________ 1934 _________________ 1935 _______________ _____________ 1936 Textiles and their prod ucts: 1927_______ ____ ______ ______________ 1928 1929 ________________ 1930 ______________ 1931 _________ ____ 1932 _______________ 1933 ________________ 1934____ _____________ 1935__________________ 1936 _____ _____ Leather and its manufac tures: 1927________ _________ ______________ 1928 1929 ________________ 1930__________________ 1931____________ ____ 1932___ ____________ 1933__________________ 1934__________________ 1935__________________ 1936__________________ Food and kindred prod ucts: 1927._____ ___________ 1928 _ ______________ 1929__________________ 1930..______ _________ 1931__________________ 1932__________________ 1933__________________ 1934__________________ 1935_______ ____ _____ 1936__________________ Tobacco manufactures: 1927__________________ 1928 __________ 1929-30— __________ 1931__________________ 1932__________________ 1933__________________ 1934__________________ 1935__________________ 1936__________________ Paper and printing: 1927__________________ 1928__________________ 1929__________________ 1930__________________ 1931__________________ 1932________ ________ 1933___________ ____ 1934....... ............ ............ 1935........... ..................... 1936...,— . . — ............ N um N um ber of ber of work strikes ers in volved 17 11,279 18 2,001 24 1,761 16 b 309 Mandays idle during year 356,324 70,207 31,439 13,629 1 137 7,398 2 2 2 1 2 1 1 3 690 210 240 7 445 13 70 107 1,560 835 858 98 6,775 143 1,190 920 60 38 43 35 76 70 64 56 88 87 4,828 113,420 29,257 254,677 28, 388 334,681 42,022 466, 333 45,144 492,050 62, 726 639,082 190,096 1,826, 682 64,599 681,856 58, 210 469,759 38, 201 397,859 8 518 6 283 21 7,792 8 729 24 4,050 18 1,625 17 16, 276 18 9, 010 19 3, 318 14 2,033 12,537 12, 585 240,669 53, 310 47,380 32,209 591,082 176,460 49,010 29,470 8 2 2 2 10 10 12 13 12 15 1,632 95 56 27 1,889 151 9,842 1,064 6,198 376 856 258 11,988 3,579 255,242 16,603 337,570 22,392 1 1 97 22 7,372 66 5 1 1 2 289 14 978 10 22 22 4,777 210 19,611 70 418 299 2 6 5 5 3 9 10 14 18 23 44 1,674 315 123 76 478 5,339 484 433 1,526 646 19,124 5,431 742 714 12,393 34,367 9,570 6,691 30,942 1 5 32,825 755 Industry group and year Chemicals and allied prod ucts: _ 1927-28_____ ._ 1929 . 1930-32_______________ 1933 . 1934__________________ 1935__________________ 1936............................. Rubber products: 1927-32 ______________ 1933... . . . . .. _______ 1934-35____ 1936 Miscellaneous manufac turing: 1927____ _____ ... 1928 1929__________________ 1930__________________ 1931... . . . 1932 1933 . 1934 1935 1936 Extraction of minerals: 1927. . . 1928____ . . . .. 1929 1930__________________ 1931-351936 _ Transportation and com munication: 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934.... _______ _ 1935__________________ 1936 Trade: 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 . 1933 1934 1935_____ . 1936 Domestic and personal service: 1927 1928 1929 . ___ 1930 1931 . 1932 1933____________ _ . . 1934 1935 . 1936 Professional service: 1927 . ___ 1928 _____ 1929 ________________ 1930 . . . ___________ 1931 1932— .................... N um N um ber of ber of work strikes ers in volved Mandays idle during year 2 219 1,343 1 1 1 2 170 1,100 22 143 510 40,700 154 657 1 200 600 2 257 1,011 7 6 7 7 9 12 15 17 28 24 1,317 1,174 427 1, 719 2,044 4, 062 7, 374 4,147 4, 559 3,034 14, 788 51,656 12, 239 14,874 27, 616 55, 608 123, 922 35, 477 94, 706 78, 766 1 764 3,056 1 1 175 40 7,666 360 2 69 252 4 8, 225 4 7, 526 10 3, 661 5 1, 011 14 1,197 7 3,004 7 1,313 19 45, 724 16 21, 805 30 12, 632 29, 775 21, 874 16, 239 13,814 9,664 89,112 13, 663 515, 625 66, 492 108, 664 9 2,176 4 1,955 7 6,935 7 1,039 6 1,126 10 1.899 11 9,733 20 1. 625 29 1. 845 43 12,112 57, 638 28, 675 140, 695 9,059 16, 891 9,376 56, 828 30, 352 29, 740 65,969 12 16 5 9 9 18 20 34 35 43 6,328 29,007 3, 832 3, 506 4, 210 10, 831 8, 250 25, 698 19, 783 62, 359 146,100 465, 708 209, 958 18, 397 27, 574 157, 502 185, 390 283, 207 163,189 768, 467 3 4 3 2 2 8 42 105 662 415 61 1,268 1, 602 321 2, 566 7,190 1,436 5, 572 111 ANALYSIS OF STRIKES, 192 7 -3 6 T able 3 5 .— Strikes beginning in 1 9 2 7 -8 6 , in States having 25 or more strikes in any yeary by industry group— Continued N E W Y O R K — C o n t in u e d Industry group and year Professional s e r v i c e — Continued. 1933 ____ _________ 1934 _ _________ 1935 ________________ 1936 _ Building and construction: _________ 1927 . 1928 ____ ___ 1929 __ ___ 1930 . 1931_________________ 1932__________________ 1933 ____ 1934 1935 ________________ 1936 Agriculture and fishing: 1927-30 ___________ 1931 ____________ 1932 1933 1934 __ __ _ ___ N um N um ber of ber of work strikes ers in volved 5 9 6 7 28 30 45 44 48 43 14 24 17 34 Mandays idle during year 34,423 23, 327 8, 302 6,458 835 1,648 385 265 21, 081 784,417 88, 626 9, 050 9, 530 256, 013 4,294 48, 633 5,134 64, 781 48, 467 1,470, 533 81,109 12, 646 12,652 249, 563 63, 737 5, 465 12,854 113, 677 1 1,200 1 100 10,800 300 1 Industry group and year Agriculture and fishing— Continued. 1935__________________ 1936__________________ Relief work and W . P. A .: 1927-31— _ ______ 1932__________________ 1933__________________ 1934__________________ 1935__________________ 1936..________________ Other noDmanufacturing industries: 1927__________________ 1928 ________________ 1929__________________ 1930 ________________ 1931_________________ 1932__________________ 1933__________________ 1934__________________ 1935__________________ 1936_________________ N um N um ber of ber of work strikes ers in volved Mandays idle during year 1,066 87 2,042 348 3 518 3 10, 015 11 9, 361 15 9, 869 4 2, 715 3,182 36, 515 26,197 45, 447 17, 895 3 1 1 30 210 8 3 1 7 6 1 5 8 968 500 47 1,193 1,832 29 138 1,126 8, 536 3, 200 2, 538 16, 789 14, 808 725 902 6, 520 N O R T H C A R O L IN A Lumber and allied prod ucts: 1927-28 _____________ 1929 __________ 1930 __________ 1931 __________ 1932 __________ 1933 __________ 1934 ________________ 1935__________________ 1936_______ _______ Textiles and their prod ucts: 1927__________________ 1928................................ 1929 _________________ __________ 1930 1931 __________ 1932__________________ 1933 ____ . . . ___ 1934__________________ 1935 __________ 1936 . . . . . Food and kindred prod ucts: 1927-35_______________ 1936__________________ Paper and printing: 1927-31_______________ 1932__________________ 1933-34_______________ 1935__________________ 1936__________ _____ Chemicals and allied prod ucts: 1927-29_______________ 1930__________________ 1931-36______________ Miscellaneous manufac turing: 1927-33_______________ 1934_________________ 1935-36_______________ i 1 60 8 120 8 5 4 2 2 1,750 1,465 456 533 29, 500 11, 970 4,017 5, 972 2 809 21,843 14 4, 656 3 811 2 306 15 12, 223 19 7, 919 17 47, 651 12 4, 635 10 5, 209 90, 016 5, 822 2, 078 •155, 291 140, 880 532, 345 38, 595 84,941 1 26 338 1 19 171 1 40 1,920 1 44 44 1 175 875 Extraction of minerals: ________ 1927 ___ 1928__________________ 1929-33____________ _ 1934__________________ 1935-36_______________ Transportation and com munication: 1927-35.. ___________ 1936_______________ _ Trade: 1927-28_______________ 1929__________________ 1930-36_______________ Professional service: 1927__________________ 1928__________________ 1929 . _________ 1930-31_______________ 1932__________________ 1933-36_______________ Building and construc tion: 1927__________________ 1928__________________ 1929__________________ 1930 ___ ___________ 1931-32_______________ 1933__________________ 1934__________________ 1935-36_______________ Relief work and W . P. A .: 1927-32_______________ 1933____ ___________ 1934-35_______________ 1936__________________ Other nonmanufacturing industries: 1927-34_______________ 1935__________________ 1936__________________ I 50 1,150 1 11 121 1 32 64 1 10 10 1 23 345 1 11 407 1 100 100 3 147 5,428 1 1 60 75 120 600 2 1 47 120 68 1,200 3 1,258 26,758 1 52 364 1 7 406 112 STRIKES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1 8 8 0 - 1 9 3 6 T able 35 . — Strikes beginning in 1 9 2 7 -8 6 , in States having 2 5 or more strikes in any year, by industry group — Continued O H IO Industry group and year Iron and steel and their products, not including machinery: 1927________________ _ 1928_____________ ____ 1929__________________ 1930__________________ 1931__________________ 1932__________________ 1933_________ ________ 1934__________________ 1935__________________ 1936__________________ M achinery, not including transportation equip m ent: N um N um ber of ber of work strikes ers in volved 1 26 1 300 2 160 4 250 1 1,500 1 230 10 2,917 20 12, 458 14 2,855 10 9,054 Mandays idle during year 26 5,100 680 7,119 6,000 6, 210 29,327 308, 546 99,902 296,482 1 9 27 28 1929__________________ 3 83 280 1 9 3 0 -3 2 1933__________________ 1934__________________ 1935__________________ 1936__________________ Transportation equip ment: 6 13 12 14 694 4,482 7,875 5,989 4, 416 70,673 126, 691 272,866 2 1 69 23 157 46 6 1, 498 12 13,681 19 20,045 8 10,158 4,239 119, 583 170,957 119,573 1 Q ?7 98 1929________________ _ 1930____________ _____ 1 9 3 1 -3 2 1933__________________ 1934_________________ 1935___________ ______ 1936_________________ Nonferrous metals and their products: 1927 . . ____ _ 1928__________________ 1929__________________ 1930-31 _ _________ 1932__________________ 1933__________________ 1934__________________ 1935__________________ 1936__________________ Lum ber and allied prod ucts: 1927 __________ 1928 _________________ 1929__________________ 1930-31______ ____ ___ 1932__________________ 1933__________________ 1934__________________ 1935__________________ 1936__________________ Stone, clay, and glass products: 1927_________________ 1928................................ 1929_____ _____ ______ 1930-31______________ 1932__________________ 1933__________________ 1934__________________ 1935__________________ 1936__-_______________ Textiles and their prod ucts: 1927 __________ 1928 _________ 1929....... ........................ 1930............................... 1931......... ................... . 1932....... ......................... 1933......... ....................... 1934................................. 1935__________________ 1 3 16 69 96 1,731 1 2 10 7 5 300 876 2,224 1,040 1,190 1,800 13, 308 16, 277 11,988 32, 910 1 15 60 1 145 145 1 4 7 7 426 1,938 4, 362 3, 309 7 2,896 35, 776 35,449 95, 714 250 133 500 2,128 9 8 12 95 1,662 4, 777 4,052 9,067 2, 565 20,862 104, 778 190,980 185,494 1 8 368 4 3 2 3 10 15 13 1,010 2,656 99 175 2,858 7,773 4,021 9,025 63,922 678 3,425 53,647 170, 643 125,709 6 6 1 1 i 6 Industry group and year Textiles and their prod ucts— Continued. 1936__________ Leather and its manu factures: 1927-28____________ 1929. _____________ 1930-31_____________ 1932_______________ 1933_______________ 1934_______________ _ 1935___________ _ 1936______ Food and kindred prod ucts: 1927________________ 1928_______________ 1929_______________ 1930________________ 1931_______________ 1932_____________ 1933______________ 1934______________ 1935__________ _ 1936__________ Tobacco manufactures: 1927__________ 1928 _ 1929 1930-33 . 1934 1935-36 Paper and printing: 1927 _ __ _______ 1928 ____________ 1929-32 1933 1934_______________ 1935.. ._ 1936.......... .......... Chemicals and allied products: 1927-31 1932____________ _ 1933.___________ _____ 1934_________________ 1935________________ 1936__________________ Rubber products: 1927-32_______________ 1933......... .............. ......... 1934__________________ 1935_________________ 1936_________________ Miscellaneous manufac turing: 1927.______ __________ 1928_________________ 1929..____ ___________ 1930...____ __________ 1931-32_______________ 1933___________ _____ 1934_________________ 1935__________________ 1936_______________ Extraction of minerals: 1927_____________ _____ 1928__________________ 1929__________________ 1930_________________ 1931— ............................ 1932......... ...................... 1933................................. 1934................................. 1935................................. 1936___________ _______ N um N um ber of ber of work strikes ers in volved 5 1 1 3 5 2 3 1 1 1 1 1 8 2 1 11 11 1 1 1 Mandays idle during year 910 43, 769 546 30,030 300 922 2, 400 856 1,263 900 7, 956 44, 240 11, 265 37, 232 12 0 45 50 15 7 501 4,056 2,861 878 2,115 960 300 15 7 4, 399 33, 092 163,817 10, 696 790 4, 740 10 0 300 31 496 4 224 63 12,168 707 i 40 1,626 628 1,020 80 7,856 16,482 57, 720 30 131 1,097 13 1,094 180 131 5,113 65 28, 787 9 2, 624 11 5,987 4 1,037 24 67,724 22, 111 134,986 18, 210 438,738 2 3 7 4 1 2 6 1 3 1 12 24 1 147 147 1 5 7 8 12 1,246 1,364 494 12 31,331 10,119 4,335 5 26,344 4,481,754 5 9,626 1, 576,415 7 768 45,138 3 1,150 13,400 13 6,885 110,161 10 16,660 1,772,930 9 7,536 87,591 4 1,205 26,267 1 27,816 139,080 1 900 1,800 113 ANALYSIS OF STRIKES, 19 2 7 - 3 6 T able 3 5 .— Strikes beginning in 1 9 2 7 -3 6 , in States having 25 or more strikes in any yeary by industry group— Continued O H IO — C o n t in u e d Industry group and year Transportation and com munication: 1927-28_______________ 1929__________________ 1930_______________ __ 1931_________________1932....____ _________ 1933. ............................. . 1934....... ................... 1935__________________ 1936__________________ Trade: 1927-28______________ 1929__________________ 1930-32._____ ________ 1933.................. ........... 1934__________________ 1935__________________ 1936— ____ __________ Domestic and personal service: 1927-28.______ _______ 1929__________________ 1930__________________ 1931 __________ 1932 _______ 1933_______________ 1934__________________ 1935_________________ ’ 1936__________________ Professional service: 1927__________ _____ 1928__________________ 1929 __________ 1930 __________ 1931__________________ 1932__________________ 1933__________________ 1934_____________ ____ 1935 __________ 1936 ............. . N um N um ber of ber of work strikes ers in volved Mandays idle during year 2 3 2 2 4 13 14 8 190 326 300 193 235 4,189 2, 522 3, 774 2,440 1,948 2,200 11,218 1,631 90,372 39,607 16,646 1 22 1,496 1 12 24 20 30 5,987 2,744 2,340 60 108,829 41, 595 28,194 1 5 1 41 1,050 30 164 7,803 1,080 3 9 5 9 60 624 1,465 457 611 6,367 31, 335 6, 271 3 1 1 39 22 16 3, 551 22 16 3 4 1 2 2 66 94 148 28 164 432 2,040 3,108 316 342 Industry group and year N um N um ber of ber of work strikes ers in volved Mandays idle during year Building and construc tion: 1927__________________ 5 1,041 18,155 14 1,491 1928__________________ 42,157 12 2,887 1929__________________ 79, 247 1930__________________ 11 2,596 20,082 1931__________________ 18 3,387 22,228 1932__________________ 10 762 13,365 1933__________________ 5 576 13,926 1934__________________ 10 530 6,817 1935__________________ 8 347 3,677 14 1, 552 1936__________________ 29, 778 Agriculture and fishing: 1927-29_______________ 1 1930__________________ 30 660 1931-32_______________ 1933__________________ 1 180 360 1934__________________ 3 870 38, 610 1935— _______________ 1 23 384 1 1936__________________ 37 111 Relief work and W . P. A .: 1927-31_______________ 1932__________________ 1 35 35 3 1933__________________ 678 2, 616 1934__________________ 7 3, 370 17,456 1935— . _____ ________ 7 2,530 63,850 6 2, 677 1936__________________ 21,933 Other nonmanufacturing industries: 1927-28— . ____ ______ 1 1929 ____________________________________ 28 224 __________ 1930 1 308 1931-____ ___________ 1 7 7 1932___________ . __ 1933._______ _________ 1 6,300 300 2 1934— _____ _________ 56 2,240 1935....... ........................ 1936— ........................ . 5 916 13, 739 OREGON Iron and steel and their products, not including machinery: 1927-35 ______________ 1936 _______ Machinery, not including transportation equip ment: 1927-34-____ ________ 1935— ................... ....... 1936__________________ Lum ber and allied prod ucts: 1927-28____ ____ _____ 1929......... ............ .......... 1930........................... . 1931............................... 1932-............................. 1933__________________ 1934-........................ . 1935__________________ 1936__________________ Textiles and their prod ucts: 1927__________________ 1928................................ 1929-31....... ................... 1 81 324 1 1 36 207 3,996 2,466 1 150 2,100 1 50 250 2 3,200 4 487 6 13, 259 11 6,818 22,500 5,080 529, 674 150,320 1 37 37 Textiles and their prod ucts—Continued. 1932— . ____ _________ 1933__________ _______ 1934 _____ ___ . . 1935__________________ 1936________ _______ _ Leather and its manu factures: 1927________________ 1928________ _____ ___ 1929-36_______________ Food and kindred prod ucts: 1927 1928-30............... 1931 ................. 1932............. ....... 1933— _........... ....... 1934________________ 1935__________________ 1936 . . . . Paper and printing: 1927__________________ 1928-30 1931 ........................... . 1932-36— ............... — . 2 190 1,465 1 180 3, 600 4 1, 275 35, 578 1 20 20 5,143 1 139 2 815 815 2 3 2 7 5,025 4,458 109 764 140,125 21, 590 1, 418 7,183 2 47 479 1 7 7 1 Man-days idle as a result of a strike which began in the preceding year and continued into this year. 114 T a b l e STRIKES IN TH E UNITED STATES, 1 8 8 0 - 1 9 3 6 35 .— Strikes beginning in 1 9 8 7 -8 6 , in States having 8 5 or more strikes in any year , by industry group — Continued O R E G O N — C o n tin u e d Industry group and year Miscellaneous manufac turing: 1927-33_______________ 1934_____ _____ ______ 1935-36........... ................ Extraction o f minerals: 1927-35. _____ ______ 1936____ _____________ Transportation and com munication: 1927-28_______________ 1929__________________ 1930__________________ 1931__________________ 1932__________________ 1933__________________ 1934_________ ____ — 1935__________________ 1936_________ _____ — Trade: 1927-34_______ _____ 1935__________________ 1936— ............. .............. Domestic and personal service: 1927-28____ __________ 1929___________ ____ 1930 _____ ___________ 1931__________________ 1932__________________ 1933__________________ 1934. .................. . 1935__________________ 1936_______________ _ N um N um ber of ber of work strikes ers in volved Mandays idle during year 1 29 319 2 170 2,218 1 20 200 2 1 70 200 140 400 18 7 9 3,923 324 4,081 98, 765 1, 563 168,516 1 5 31 401 1 62 62 1 12 36 1,054 12,003 2 92 1,780 3 3 45 65 1,471 1,040 Industry group and year Professional service: 1927-28.............. ............ 1929________________ 1930-36—............. ......... Building and construc tion: 1927— 1928_________________ 1929_____________ ____ 1930____________ ____ 1931_________ ____ ___ 1932— ____ _________ 1933. — 1934-35_______________ 1936_____________ „ . Agriculture and fishing: 1927__________________ 1928 . _ ________ 1929__________________ 1930__________________ 1931-32_______________ 1933 1934- ...... ................... 1935__________________ 1936__________________ Relief work and W . P . A .: 1927-33_______________ 1934 1935__________________ 1936 _ . . Other nonmanufacturing industries: 1927-35_______________ 1936__________________ N um N um ber of ber of work strikes ers in volved M andays idle during year 2 44 1,196 6 3 2 1 339 165 35 40 6,367 1,450 495 720 1 1 200 15 2,000 15 3 221 774 1 150 450 I 100 100 3 7 1 4 1,735 8,673 25 1,374 7,335 17,261 25 1,764 2 191 351 2 482 8,288 1 70 700 1 90 1,080 270 3 7 6 1 1,427 9,356 509 352 14,332 143,090 4,579 3,887 10 4 4 4 3 2 9 4 9 13 906 67 71 79 61 35 1,089 289 889 1,695 24,896 6, 654 6, 711 3,786 470 1,157 33,912 11, 516 7, 605 16, 483 4 3 2 1 3 3 13 10 9 12 1,205 658 140 100 562 391 4, 239 1,699 5,685 9,033 26,085 25,541 4,700 1,400 3,034 13,382 26, 717 49, 232 87,799 363, 525 23 3,075 42,109 P E N N S Y L V A N IA Iron and steel and their products, not including machinery: 1927..... ................... ....... 1928 ................. ....... 1929_______ ____ _____ 1930__________________ 1931- ______________ 1932__________________ 1933_________________ 1934________ _________ 1935__________________ 1936__________________ Machinery, not including transportation equip ment: 1927— _____ _________ 1928__________________ 1929__________________ 1930....... ......................... 1931.................... ............ 1932_________________ 1933— ____ _________ 1934__________________ 1935________ _________ 1936_____________ Transportation equip ment: 1927-28 .................... 1929 ............................. 1930........... ................... 1931— ............................ 1932 .................... 1933....... ........................ 1934................. .............. 1935__________________ 1936___________ ____ - 3 950 3 153 9 1,692 4 1,476 4 1,005 2 95 17 11,505 5 2,054 16 3,157 14 3,446 6,100 2, 215 35,480 11,260 9,210 695 71,511 27,917 21,767 39,079 3 3 5 1 2 71 129 832 26 28 4, 566 753 53,930 286 224 9 3 2 13 6,127 1,030 59 1,517 39,504 33,585 823 41,380 1 1,500 6,000 1 2,000 22,000 4 3 1 8 1,624 352 85 6,326 22,812 41,296 595 82,046 Nonferrous metals and their products: 1927__________________ ___ _______ 1928 1929 1930-32 ______________ 1933. . _______ 1934 1935._______ ________ 1936. . Lumber and allied prod ucts: 1927 ___ _________ 1928_________________ 1 9 2 9 ...______ _______ 1930_________________ 1931 ___________ 1932 _____________ 1933_________________ 1934___________ _____ 1935 . _______ 1936......................... ....... Stone, clay, and glass products: 1927................................ __________ 1928 1929.............................. 1930_______ __________ 1931 . ___ . . 1932 ________ ____ 1933....................... ........ 1934. ........................... . 1935 ______ . 1 9 3 6 ........... .......... Textiles and their prod ucts: 1927................ ................ 1 1 Man-days idle as a result of a strike which began in the preceding year and continued into this year. ANALYSIS OF STRIKES, 192 7 -3 6 T able 35. — Strikes 115 beginning in 1 9 2 7 -8 6 , in States having 2 5 or more strikes in any year, by industry group — Continued PENNSYLVANIA—Continued Industry group and year N um N um ber of ber of w ork strikes ers in volved Mandays idle during year Industry group and year Miscellaneous manufac Textiles and their prod turing—Continued. ucts—C ontinued. 1932.____ ______ ____ _ 26 2, 413 1928 ................. 36,660 59 9,500 205,688 1929 ..................... ..................... ..................... 1933......................... . 41 6,282 231, 736 1934__________________ 1930 ____________________________________ 37 13,194 794,068 1931 _________ 1935__________________ 28 3, 979 1932 _________ 26,028 1936_________________ 126 77,160 1,484,320 1933 _________ Extraction of minerals: 1934 _________ 77 69, 920 888,426 1927_________ ____ _ 1935 ____________________________________ 124 30,089 427, 589 1928.................. .............. 125 24, 440 741, 213 1936 _________ 1929..... .................. . Leather and its manufac 1930................ .............. tures: 1931.................. .............. 21, 487 656 1932________ _____ _ 1927 ..... - .......... 1928 __________ 1933__________________ 571 1934__________ ______ 1929 ________________________— . 19,229 2, 555 1930.________________ 116 1935__________________ 8,898 423 1931 _________ 1936__________________ 1932 ..................... .....................60 ..................... ..................... 480 Transportation and com 63, 742 4,130 1933 ......... ........ munication: 44,223 1,368 1927__________________ 1,192 2,306 1935_________________ 1928__________________ 24, 433 1936.________________ 2,617 1929__________________ Food and kindred prod 1930_________________ ucts: 1931_______________ _ 144 1, 557 1927 ________________________ 1932__________________ 597 121 1928 ________________________ 1933__________________ 1,279 1929 ________________________ 159 1934____________ ____ 24 1930 _________ 8 1935....... .......... ..........102 24 1931 _________ 1936_______ ____ ______ 1932 _________ 8, 857 396 Trade: 68,131 5,189 1933 _________ 1927__________________ 23,906 1934 _________ 1,324 1928___________ _____ 1935 _________ 1,960 106,167 1929__________________ 1936 ________________________ 63, 755 2, 573 1930__________________ Tobacco manufactures: 1931_______ ____ _____ 1927-28.______ _______ 1932__________________ 200 1,200 1929.. __________ 1933__________________ 1930-31______________ 1934__________________ 1932.________________ 22 154 1935__________________ 39,629 1933 ................. 2,678 1936__________________ 1934 _________ 3, 474 122,312 Domestic and personal 1935 _________ 11,902 200 service: 1936 _________ 4,000 200 1927 ________________ Paper and printing: 1928__________________ 15 1927.. . .......... 90 1929__________________ 45 45 1928 _________ 1930__________________ 1929.________________ 3,068 1931__________________ 1930 _________ 1932__________________ 1931 _________ 110 660 1933__________________ 1932 ________________________ 5, 418 631 1934__________________ 4, 457 1933 _________ 1,081 1935__________________ 1934 ________________________ 3,885 691 1936__________________ 1935. ________________________ 25, 794 1, 213 Professional service: 1936. ________________________ 9,486 633 1927_________________ Chemicals and allied prod 1928__________________ ucts: 1929__________________ 1927-28______________ 1930__________________ 1929 ________________________ 32 369 1931__________________ 1930-32______________ 1932__________________ 1933 _________ 9, 830 470 1933__________________ 1934 _________ 71,097 923 1934__________________ 1935 _________ 117 39 1935— . ............. ............ 1936 ________________________ 4,594 427 1936__________________ Rubber products: Building and construc 1927-32______________ tion: 1933 _________ 680 119 1927_________________ 1934 __________ 45 9 1928__________________ 1935 ..................... ..................... 61 ..................... ..................... 122 1929__________________ 1936 _________ 1,115 5, 470 1930__________________ Miscellaneous manufac 1931__________________ turing: 1932__________________ 280 1927 ________________________ 1933__________________ 1928 ________________________ 1934__________________ 1,200 300 1929 _________ 34 1935__________________ 3,468 1930 ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... 4,547 133 1931 ________________________ 1936__________________ N um N um ber of ber of work strikes ers in volved 1 10 4 6 7 37 44 37 25 25 31 74 76 55 38 11 3,640 845 734 665 M andays idle during year 33 17,963 9,875 13,627 23,847 69,202 7,305,032 85,174 1,671,554 58,051 243,006 21,025 129,535 79,183 1,129,379 25,151 277,415 190, 264 2,353,720 125,785 1,057,546 186, 313 1,474,885 30, 284 320,800 119 155 1,248 1,844 903 1, 542 23,715 5,547 189,954 8, 267 13 16,616 6 467 9 3,030 12 5,971 103,691 11,639 45, 742 43,753 32 29 354 358 18 165 14,963 743 750 4,120 1,696 58 8,671 4,677 18 265 67,405 19,081 9,419 41,910 3 1 8 5 3 1 1 5 3 1 2 7 9 10 17 540 2,254 1 2 1 15 18 13 10 150 210 370 7,124 3,779 1,513 3,845 900 835 2,590 129,523 76, 220 17,169 48,861 2 1 8 1 4 7 10 7 5 4 22 11 408 300 194 880 792 326 151 295 476 121 4,460 9,000 14, 536 5,148 8, 716 3,751 1,078 2,036 25 15 31 25 33 25 14 10 10 23 4,714 847 5,646 2,758 2,537 3,679 2,437 3,046 1,090 3,941 188,819 139, 554 60,379 32,772 55,140 101,280 70,770 20, 467 11,150 47,956 3 116 T able STRIKES m THE UNITED STATES, 1 8 8 0 -1 9 3 6 35.— Strikes beginning in 1 9 2 7 -8 6 , in States having 2 5 or more strikes in any year , by industry group — Continued PENNSYLVANIA—Continued Industry group and year Agriculture and fishing: 1927-30_______________ 1931__________________ 1932 . _ ___________ 1933 ............................... 1934 _________________ 1935 _________________ ____________ 1936 Relief work and W . P . A .: 1927-31 ______________ 1932 1933 1934__________________ 1935__________________ 1936__________________ N um N um ber of ber of work strikes ers in volved Mandays idle during year 2 1 1 365 100 300 18,215 700 300 2 154 1,799 1 500 500 943 9 14 6, 256 13 14, 417 Industry group and year Other nonmanufacturing industries: 1927-31______ ______ 1932......... ....................... 1933........... ................___ 1934__________________ 1935__________________ 1936______ _____ _____ Interindustry: 1927-33_______________ 1934__________________ 1935-36_______________ N um N um ber of ber of work strikes ers in volved Mandays idle during year 3, 943 54,847 86, 567 1 2 1 2 7 40 270 55 60 292 40 880 2,200 80 1,460 1 26,000 26,000 RHODE ISLAND Iron and steel and their products, not including machinery: 1927_________ ________ 1928-32,_____________ 1933__________________ 1934-36 Machinery, not including transportation equip ment: 1927-28 ________ _____ 1929__________________ 1930-32_______________ 1933 ______________ 1934-35_______________ 1936__________________ Nonferrous metals and their products: 1927,, ______ _____ 1928-29 _____________ 1930 _____________ 1931-32_______________ 1933__________________ 1934-36 _____ Lumber and allied prod ucts: 1927-32 .................... . 1933 _________________ 1934-36_______________ Stone, clay, and glass products: 1927_______ __________ 1928-31____ ____ ______ 1932__________________ 1933-36_______________ Textiles and their prod ucts: 1927 ...................... 1928 ........... ................... 1929................................ 1930 ............................... 1931................................ 1932................................ 1933......... ....................... 1934................................ 1935___________ _____ 1936_________ ________ Paper and printing: 1927-29______________ 1930 _______ ________ 1931-32______ ______ 1933......... ..................... . 1934-36.,.................... . 1 52 1,612 2 123 290 1 22 66 1 57 228 1 285 1,425 1 23 1,518 1 60 180 1 18 72 1 74 999 1 50 250 2 47 771 12 2,165 7 818 12 2, 556 4 240 14 4,341 8 1,290 36 11,469 8 29,695 16 3,340 19 3,049 73,071 13, 579 85, 300 1,361 100,354 25,435 198,036 333,615 78,882 69, 029 1 23 92 2 76 1,593 Rubber products: 1927__________________ 1928-32____ ____ _____ 1933__________________ 1934-35_______________ 1936_________________ Miscellaneous manufac turing: 1927-32________ ______ 1933 _______________ 1934-36_______________ Transportation a,nd com munication: 1927-28______________ 1929__________________ 1930__________________ 1931......... ............ .......... 1932-34_______________ 1935 _______ _____ _ ... 1936 ........................... Trade: 1927-33......... ............ . 1934 ________________ 1935__________________ 1936 _________________ Professional service: 1927-28_______________ 1929 ______________ 1930-32_______________ 1933 _______________ 1934 _______________ 1935-36_______________ Building and construc tion: 1927 _________________ 1928_____________ ____ 1929 _________ _______ 1930 _________________ 1931 ______________ 1932 ______ ____ ___ 1933__________________ 1934 ________________ 1935 ............................... 1936_____________ ____ Agriculture and fishing: 1927-35_______________ 1936 ______________ Relief work and W . P. A .: 1927-32_______________ 1933 ...................... ....... 1934__________________ 1935__________________ 1936 .......................... 1 320 1 116 348 2 942 4,629 1 18 36 3, 520 1 75 450 1 200 9,600 1 2 80 625 160 1,125 2 81 81 2 209 1,881 1 7 210 2 1 58 87 58 87 7 2 2 4 5 1 2,973 550 260 210 295 65 168, 657 15, 500 920 1, 790 10, 076 455 1 3 20 61 20 518 1 700 4,200 2 2 1 500 315 31 1,500 595 62 ANALYSIS OF STRIKES, T able i9 2 7 - 3 6 117 35 .— Strikes beginning in 1 9 2 7 -8 6 , in States having 2 5 or more strikes in any year , by industry group — Continued SOUTH CAROLINA Industry group and year Lumber and allied prod ucts: 1927-32 ____________ 1933 _______________ 1934 _______________ 1935 _______________ 1936 -- _________ Stone, clay, and glass products: 1927-30 _____________ 1931 _____ ____ ___ 1932-33 ____________ 1934 _____________ 1935-36 ____________ Textiles and their prod ucts: 1927-28 ____________ 1929. _______________ 1930-31______ ________ 1932 ____________ _ _____________ 1933 1934...................... .......... 1935 _____ _________ 1936__________________ N um N um ber of ber of work strikes ers in volved Mandays idle during year 3 610 1,620 1 814 5, 698 1 8 8 1 22 154 14 11,907 302,034 3 1, 850 26 14,441 16 42, 392 10 4,236 12 4,204 72,050 109, 255 544, 204 178,062 254, 280 Industry group and year Pood and kindred prod ucts: 1927-32_______________ 1933__________________ 1934-36____ __________ Transportation and com munication: 1927-35_______________ 1936__________________ Domestic and personal service: 1927-29_______________ 1930__________________ 1931-32. ____________ 1933__________________ 1934-36 ______________ Professional service: 1927-31 ______________ 1932. _______________ 1933-36 Building and construc tion: 1927-35 ___________ 1936__________________ N um N um ber of ber of work strikes ers in volved Mandays idle during year 2 216 416 2 190 2, 675 1 48 240 1 9 36 1 7 847 2 51 420 1 1 108 70 1,188 1,820 1 15 465 1 1 2 44 18 112 88 108 926 1 53 53 1 17 17 1 1 119 70 476 560 TENNESSEE Iron and steel and their products, not including machinery: 1927 ______________ 1928 _______________ 1929 ____ ____ ___ 1930-32 ______________ 1933 _________________ 1934 ________________ 1935 .................... ....... 1936 _____________ Machinery, not including transportation equip ment: 1927-33 ___________ 1934__________________ 1935-36 ____________ Nonferrous metals and their products: 1927 _______ ____ _ 1928-33 ___________ 1934 ______________ 1935_____________ ____ 1936__________________ Lumber and allied prod ucts: 1927-31 ______________ 1932 _________________ 1933__________________ 1934....______ _______ 1935__________________ 1936_________ _______ _ Stone, clay, and glass products: 1927-34_______________ 1935__________________ 1936_________________ Textiles and their prod ucts: 1927_____________ . . . 1928............................. . 1929__________________ 1930-31_______________ 1932__________________ 1933__________________ 1934__________________ 1935__________ ______ 1936................................ 2 1 124 15 2,494 285 2 1 130 299 400 8, 671 2 124 3, 859 1 550 13, 200 1 1,100 37,400 2 1 2,177 467 42, 622 It), 274 1 4 2 8 1 70 489 344 1,022 200 210 932 3,016 26, 285 800 1 1 38 14 84 882 1 4 300 8,128 4,800 147, 783 1 9 6 7 4 151 1,832 7,174 702 1.180 755 35,926 76, 756 48,968 14,950 Leather and its manufac tures: 1927-34_______________ 1935__________________ 1936__________________ Food and kindred prod ucts: 1927__________________ 1928-33_______________ 1934__________________ 1935__________________ 1936__________________ Paper and printing: 1927-28_______________ 1929__________________ 1930-35_____ _______ 1936__________________ Chemicals and allied products: 1927-33_______________ 1934.. ______________ 1935__________________ 1936__________________ Extraction of minerals: 1927-28_______________ 1929__________________ 1930__________________ 1931 . ______________ 1932__________________ 1933__________________ 1934__________________ 1935__________________ 1936__________________ Transportation and com munication: 1927-30_______________ 1931__________________ 1932-33 ______________ 1934__________________ 1935__________________ 1936 _ ____ Trade: 1927-29...____ _______ 1930__________________ 1931-34_______________ 1935__________________ 1936................................ 1 250 1, 250 3 1 2 1 1 1 680 400 1,050 100 1,530 500 7, 750 49, 600 15, 900 300 36, 720 30, 500 1 88 264 2 1 59 75 355 450 1 8 8 1 3 35 164 70 4,204 118 T able STRIKES IN TH E UNITED STATES, 1 8 8 0 - 1 9 3 6 3 5 .— Strikes beginning in 1 9 2 7 -8 6 , in States having 2 5 or more strikes in any yearf by industry group— Continued TENNESSEE—Continued Industry group and year Domestic and personal service: 1927_________________ 1928......... ............ .......... 1929-34.................. ......... 1935 ________________ 1936__________________ Professional service: N um N um ber of ber of work strikes ers in volved 1 1 1 1928-30_____________ _ 1931__________________ 1932__________________ 1933_________________ 1934-36_____ _________ Building and construc tion: 1927- _______________ 1928__________________ 1 1 1 1 2 M andays idle during year Industry group and year Building and construc tion—C ontinued. 1929__________________ 1930-31.— ____ ______ 20 20 1932________________ _ 7 1933__________________ 21 1934....................... ........ 1935__________________ 1936__________________ 7 42 1927__________________ Relief work and W . P. A .: 1927-34....... .......... ......... 34 238 1935.......... ..................... 44 968 319 1936.— . . ____ _______ 11 Other nonmanufacturing industries: 1927-32....................... 1933......... ....................... 250 3, 750 18 60 1934-36— . ............... . N um N um ber of ber of w ork strikes ers in volved Mandays idle during year 1 10 20 1 1 40 7 400 7 2 4 67 186 1,081 3,618 1 3 6 193 6 746 1 500 2, 500 1 69 69 1 18 54 1 42 252 2 1 38 60 206 60 2 2 339 955 3 818 5,667 2 2 3,150 2, 520 6,150 45,060 2 4 14 3,598 3,074 5,264 35,294 103, 295 63, 729 1 3 5 1 15 800 176 27 30 5,800 335 351 1 30 660 1 60 180 2 48 1,122 3 25 35 101 1,260 16 75 49 12 416 750 3,229 360 TEXAS Nonferrous metals and their products: 1927-34-.................... . 1935____________ ___ 1936__________________ Lumber and allied prod ucts: 1927-32.......................... 1933__________________ 1934. _______________ 1935___________ _ _. 1936__________________ Textiles and their prod ucts: 1927............................ . 1928....... ........................ 1929.................... ............ 1930-32 ______ _______ 1933..____ ___________ 1934________________1935__________________ 1936— ........................... Food and kindred prod ucts: 1927-30_______________ 1931__________________ 1932__________ ______ 1933_____ ____ _______ 1934____ _____ _______ 1935— ............. .............. _______ . _ T obacco manufactures: 1927-32_______________ 1933....... ......................... 1934_________________ 1935______ — 1936......... ....................... Paper and printing: 1927__________________ 1928____________ ____ 1929......... .............. ........ 1930__________________ 1931-33_______________ 1934__________________ 1935-36_______________ Chemicals and allied products: 1927__________________ 1928......... ...................... 1 38 190 1 1 300 59 1,500 708 1 261 12, 267 1 110 550 i 6, 710 1 2 3 2 475 717 606 277 1,425 10,688 8,669 5,615 1 2 9 232 18 4,012 5 1 3 8,829 418 12,400 200 30 78 1936 1 400 7,200 1 215 16,985 1 1 1 2 33 427 4,560 40 287 1 11 132 1 7 60 40 27 567 Chemicals and allied prod ucts—C ontinued. 1929-............................ 1930-33........................... 1934........... ............ ......... 1935— ............... .......... 1936....... ....................... Miscellaneous manufac turing: 1927-34........................ 1935_____________ ____ 1936__________________ Extraction o f minerals: 1927-33— .................... 1934_________ ____ ___ 1935................................ 1936 ............................... Transportation and com munication: 1927-29.......................... 1930_______ ____ _____ 1931....... ....................... . 1932-33— .................... 1934— ...................... ... . 1935....... ......................... 1936— .......................... Trade: 1927-32.......................... 1933-............................. 1934................................ 1935„........... 1936_____ ____________ Domestic and personal service: 1927-29....... ................... 1930........................... 1931....... ............. ......... 1932.................... 1933-35— ...................... 1936.............................. Professional service: 1927... ........................... 1928_______ _______ _ 1929....... ............. .......... 1930......... ................... 1931.......... .................. 1932............................. . 1933 ................... 1934^-36........................... 1 1 1 3 1 1 Man-days idle as a result of a strike which began in the preceding year and continued into this year. ANALYSIS OF STRIKES, 119 192 7 - 3 6 T a b l e 3 5 . — Strikes beginning in 1 9 2 7 -8 6 , in States having 2 5 or more strikes in any year, by industry group — Continued TEXAS—Continued Industry group and year N um N um ber of ber of work strikes ers in volved Building and construc tion: 1927 _____ ______ 1928 .. ............ .......... 1929 ________ ______ 1930 _______________ 1931 _____________ 1932 _______________ 1933 _______________ 1934. _______________ 1935 _________________ 1936 _______________ Agriculture and fishing: 1927-33 Mandays idle during year Industry group and year 3 2 4 72 106 392 6,768 4,062 2,153 9 1 2 4 2 11 530 12 1,900 762 40 906 6,832 60 3, 860 5,884 140 7,466 Agriculture and fishing— Continued. 1934__________ _____ 1935. ........... ................... 1936____ _____________ Relief work and W . P. A.: 1927-34______ ____ ___ 1935__________________ 1936__________________ Other nonmanufactur ing industries: 1927-34 _____________ 1935________ _____ ___ 1936 M andays idle during year N um N um ber of ber of work strikes ers in volved 1 1 1 1,500 2,000 100 40,500 8,000 2,400 1 1 248 43 496 301 1 25 25 WASHINGTON Iron and steel and their products, not including machinery: 1927-32 ___________ 1933 _______________ ___________ 1934-35 1936 _______________ Machinery, not including transportation equip ment: 1927 _________________ 1928 _______________ 1929 _______________ 1930-36 ___________ Transportation equip ment: 1927 _________ ____ 1928 _______________ 1929 _______________ ________ 1930-34 1935 _______________ 1936 ______________ Lumber and allied prod ucts: ______________ 1927 1928__________________ 1929 _______________ 1930 _______________ 1931 ______________ 1932 _______________ 1933 _______________ 1934 _______________ 1935 _______________ 1936 _______________ Stone, clay, and glass prod ucts: 1927-35 ___________ 1936 ______________ Textiles and their prod ucts: 1927-28 _________ 1929 _________ ___ 1930-34 ________ 1935 ________________ 1936 ________________ Food and kindred prod ucts: 1927 ______________ 1928 _______________ 1929 ________________ 1930-31 _____ 1932 _______________ 1933 _____ _________ 1934 _______________ 1935 _______________ 1936__________________ 1 19 19 2 107 4,131 2 1 128 36 6,688 3,200 1 15 105 1 300 57,000 2 1 61 58 1, 756 1,450 2 4 2 3 8 1,021 215 65 469 2,060 33,302 4,137 807 27, 651 37,879 7 1,110 5 2,285 20 25,388 35 12,092 11,888 15, 538 927, 234 286,991 1 68 816 1 18 72 4 1 153 15 10,092 90 1 1 68 15i 136 120 1 3l 4 6i 4t 19i 71 78; 53C1 788! 19 1,151 386 21,336 14,778 Paper and printing: 1927-30 ____________ 1931__________________ 1932 _______________ 1933__________________ 1934-35 ___________ 1936_____ ____________ Miscellaneous manufac turing: 1927-35 ........................ 1936__________________ Extraction of minerals: 1927-32____ ______ 1933__________________ 1934__________________ 1935__________________ 1936 Transportation and com munication: 1927___ ____ _________ 1928-30 1931__________________ 19321933__________________ 1934__________________ 1935__________________ 1936_______________ Trade: 1927__________________ 1928__________________ 1929-32 _ 1933__________________ 1934__________________ 1935__________________ 1936__________________ Domestic and personal service: 1927__________________ 1928-29_______________ 19301_________________ 1931__________________ 1932__________________ 1933__________________ 1934__________________ 1935__________________ 1936 _ _ _________ Professional service: 1927__________________ 1928— . ______ _______ 1929__________________ 1930__________________ 1931__________________ 1932 1933__________________ 1934-36_______________ 1 15 15 2 245 4,022 3 805 59,395 1 15 1 2 1 420 900 862 2,196 73,800 14,710 10,980 1 23 1,449 1 250 250 1 10 16 7 50 4,136 3, 210 9,665 900 233, 517 19, 207 416, 383 1 1 6 7 312 35 2 1 4 7 222 20 114 1,204 299 80 5,973 27, 818 2 165 4; 710 1 1 1 1 2 1 30 26 750 26 166 62 930 390 6,000 52 252 310 1 1 1 2 2 37 9 49 43 24 2,352 295 998 1 6 228 481 9 120 T able S T R IK E S IN THE U N IT E D STATES, 1 8 8 0 -1 9 36 3 5. — Strikes beginning in 1 9 2 7 -3 6 , in States having 2 5 or more strikes in any yeary by industry group — Continued W ASHIN GTO N—Continued Industry group and year Building and construc tion: 1927__________________ 1928___ ___________ 1929 _________________ 1930__________________ 1931__________________ 1932__________________ 1933__________________ 1934__________________ 1935__________________ 1936__________________ Agriculture and fishing: ___ ~ 1927-30 _ 1931 __________ __________ 1932 1933 __________ N um N um ber of ber of work strikes ers in volved Mandays idle during year 1 4 3 25 220 99 3,825 1,214 434 1 3 3 2 6 7 10 650 174 70 316 678 80 10,600 3,475 238 2,978 12,876 1 2 1 1,200 315 400 62,400 2, 490 400 Industry group and year Agriculture and fishing— Continued. 1934__________________ 1935______ 1936_________________ Relief work and W . P. A .: 1927-33_______________ 1934__________________ 1935__________________ 1936__________________ Other nonmanufacturing industries: 1927-33_______________ 1934 __________ 1935 __________ 1936__________________ N um N um ber o f ber of w ork strikes ers in volved 1 6 1,800 1,657 Mandays idle during year 43, 200 17, 054 1 20 40 6 846 4, 548 1 28 392 i 75 75 1 2 32 72 192 156 1 665 6, 650 1 260 3, 640 17 17 WEST VIRGINIA Iron and steel and their products, not including m achinery: 1927-31_______________ 1932— . . _______ 1933__________________ 1934__________________ 1935_ _ . . 1936__________________ Nonferrous metals and their products: 1927-33_______ _______ 1934 _______________ 1935__________________ 1936__________________ Lum ber and allied prod ucts: 1927__________________ 1928__________________ 1929-33_______________ 1934__________________ 1935__________________ 1936__________________ Stone, clay, and glass products: 1927__________________ 1928__________________ 1929__________________ 1930__________________ 1931__________________ 1932__________________ 1933__________________ 1934__________________ 1935__________________ 1936__________________ Textiles and their prod ucts: 1927-31__________ ____ 1932__________________ 1933__________________ 1934__________________ 1935__________________ 1936__________________ Leather and its manu factures: 1927-33 _ _ . _ . 1934__________________ 1935-36_______________ 2 3,020 3 11,398 3 882 3 845 1 484 365,420 199, 596 25,206 12, 200 7,744 2 1 1 559 460 212 9, 331 7,820 12,084 2 1,435 37,980 i 3, 230 1 1 2,053 19 93, 628 38 1 220 220 1 190 2,660 1 125 4,125 2 4 2 5 141 1,172 82 2,768 562 10, 860 11,893 70, 404 1 2 3 200 388 2,335 3,000 9,588 67,650 3 527 37,720 1 442 II, 050 Food and kindred prod ucts: 1927-34......... .............. . 1935__________ _____ . . 1936_______ Tobacco manufactures: 1927-30_______________ 1931 _ 1932__________________ 1933__________________ 1934-36_______________ Paper and printing: 1927-31_______________ __________ 1932___ 1933-36_______________ Miscellaneous manufac turing: 1927-35_______________ 1936.. Extraction o f minerals: 1927__________________ 1928 . _____ 1929 . . 1930__________________ 1931__________________ 1932 1933 1934..-- . _____ 1935. 1936. Transportation and com munication: 1927-34_______________ 1935-._ _________ 1936__________________ Trade: 1927-34_______________ 1935 ____ 1936 ________ ____ Domestic and personal service: 1927-34_______________ 1935__________________ 1936__________________ Building and construc tion: 1927__________________ 1928-29.____ _________ 1 1 400 5,600 2 1,300 171,900 1 175 9 4,070 5 7,822 3 4,047 5 13, 279 7 27,117 6 102,946 6 2, 349 350 78,875 377, 720 160, 222 166,535 338,117 537, 832 5,065 1 11 55 1 5 12 41 372 640 1 1 24 155 24 930 1 8 888 i Man-days idle as a result of a strike which began in the preceding year and continued into this year. ANALYSIS OF STRIKES, T able 121 1 9 2 7 -3 6 35 .— Strikes beginning in 1 9 2 7 -8 6 , in States having 2 5 or more strikes in any year , by industry group — Continued WEST VIRGINIA—Continued Industry group and year N um N um ber of ber of work strikes ers in volved Building and construc tion—Continued. 1930__________________ 1931__________________ 1932__________________ 1933__________________ 1934__________________ 1935__________________ 1936__________________ Mandays idle during year 1 1 35 50 1 1 200 35 280 300 i 50 600 175 4 175 Industry group and year Relief work and W . P. A .: 1927-32_______________ 1933__________________ 1934__________________ 1935__________________ 1936__________________ N um N um ber of ber of w ork strikes ers in volved M andays idle during year 1 1 100 500 100 500 1 150 150 1 1 103 100 103 600 7 1 3,329 481 83, 299 6, 508 475 WISCONSIN Iron and steel and their products, not including machinery: 1927-30_______________ 1931__________________ 1932__________________ 1933__________________ 1934__________________ 1935__________________ 1936_________ ______ Machinery, not including transportation eq u ip ment: 1927-28 1929 1930-33 1934__________________ 1935... 1936____ T ra n s p o rta tio n e q u ip ment: 1927-32-. 1933_________ _____ 1934__________________ 19351936__________________ Nonferrous metals and their products: 1927-33. ______ 1934__________________ 1935 __ 1936 Lumber and allied prod ucts: 1927-32 1933 1934__________________ 1935 1936Stone, clay, and glass products: 1927-33 1934 1935-36 Textiles and their prod ucts: 1927 1928 ____________ 1929 1930__________________ 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 Leather and its manufac tures: 1927 1928 1929 1930__________________ 1 2 1 1 7 4 3 47 59 277 4,245 2,000 350 222 944 1,385 109,678 41,300 1,986 1 55 825 3 4 3 1,720 2,321 2,608 31,715 123,720 102, 290 2 7 3 2 3, 236 5,744 1,566 1,965 25, 588 148,903 41,782 8,060 2 3 1 1,134 276 1,575 63,306 814 9,450 3 7 4 4 207 3,584 673 440 586 51,422 12,121 9,676 i 20 240 2 570 7,730 1 2 93 1,814 1,860 43,312 2 5 3 3 187 1,774 219 378 7,524 63,149 1,601 4,428 1 436 3,052 i 35 280 Leather and its manufac tures— C ontinued. 1931 __________ 1932 _________________ 1933__________________ 1934__________________ 1935__________________ 1936__________________ Food and kindred prod ucts: 1927-30_______________ 1931__________________ 1932-33_______________ 1934 1935 1936 Tobacco manufactures: 1927-29 - - . - .- ___ ____________ 1930- ____________ 1931 1932-36 Paper and printing: 1927-32 ____ 1933-____________ 1934-35 1936__________________ C hem icals and allied products: 1927-35 -_ ___ 1936 _______________ Rubber products: 1927-33 ___ ________ 1934__________________ 1935 _________________ 1936 - Miscellaneous manufac turing: 1927-34 _____________ 1935__________________ 1936-- _____________ Transportation and com munication: 1927-29— __________ 1930 ______________ 1931__________________ 1932-33 - 1934 _ ____ 1935__________________ 1936-_ ______________ Trade: ____ 1927-28— ___ 1929_____ __________ 1930-32_______________ 1933__________________ 1934__________________ 1935__________________ 1936__________________ Dom estic and personal service: 1927-29_______________ 1930__________________ 1931-33_______________ 1 30 210 10 1 4 849 128 974 21,523 3,968 26,723 1 1 14 40 350 421 1 7 21 1 21 2,604 1 396 9,504 3 2,922 75, 324 3 3,355 8,069 1 1 75 28 1,500 84 2 1 240 400 760 6,000 4 3 4 4,802 325 409 29,385 500 2,629 1 20 2,020 1 9 6 8 12 939 674 493 12 21,268 11,953 3,643 1 115 920 1 Man-days idle as a result of a strike which began in the preceding year and continued into this year. 122 STRIKES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1 8 8 0 -1 9 3 6 T able 35 . — Strikes beginning in 1 9 2 7 -8 6 , in States having 2 5 or more strikes in any year , by industry group — Continued W IS C O N S IN — C o n tin u e d Industry group and year Domestic and personal service—Continued. 1944................................. 1935....... ........................ 1936........... ..................... Professional service: 1927-29..... ..................... 1930......... ..................... . 1931— . ........................ . 1932— .......................... . 1933... ...................... . 1934......... ....................... 1935__________________ 1936 .......................... . Building and construc tion: 1927_____ _____ ______ 1928__________________ 1929__________________ 1930__________________ N um N um ber of ber of work strikes ers in volved Mandays idle during year 3 3 4 610 54 103 21,912 735 564 1 172 2,236 1 3 46 193 1,150 1,071 1 400 3,000 3 5 4 2 621 239 208 90 11,089 1,523 4,992 1,440 Industry group and year N um N um ber of ber of work strikes ers in volved Building and Construc tion -C on tin u ed . 1931-._______ _______ 1932......... ....................... 1933................................ 1934___________ _______ 1935__________________ 1936__________________ Agriculture and fishing: 1927-32_______________ 1933.............. .............. 1934-36_______________ Relief work and W . P. A .: 1927-31_____________ 1932__________________ 1933__________________ 1934__________________ 1935__________________ 1936__________________ Mandays idle during year 7 4 2,499 308 58,107 4,552 8 5 5 1,113 525 246 65, 753 3, 645 2,924 1 50 50 1 3 1 4 3 75 501 300 558 3,076 75 6,075 4,500 14, 556 40, 566 Major Causes o f Strikes in Each Industry In 10 of the 20 industry groups shown in table 36, the greatest num ber of strikes were chiefly due to questions of union organization. In seven, questions of wages and hours were the causes of most of the strikes and in two there were about an equal number of strikes due to wages and hours and union organization matters. While more of the strikes in the textile group, as a whole, were due to wages and hours, in the wearing-apparel industry the majority of strikes were due to union organization matters. The greatest number of strikes in mining are classified under “ Miscellaneous.” Many of these were strikes between rival unions which took place in the anthracite mines of Pennsylvania and in the bituminous-coal fields in Illinois. In 12 of the industry groups the greatest number of workers were involved in union organization strikes, and in 8 the largest number of workers were involved in strikes over wages and hours matters. In both branches of the textile industry, fabrics and wearing apparel, more workers were involved in strikes in which the major issues were matters of union organization than in strikes concerned only with wages and hours. The relatively large number of workers involved in the miscellaneous classification in the building and construction indus try was chiefly due to jurisdictional strikes; in textiles, to sympathetic strikes called by one branch or section of the industry when another was on strike over wages and hours or union organization matters; in mining, to disputes between rival unions. The comparatively large number of workers listed under miscellaneous causes in transportation and communication refer mostly to water transportation— longshore- A N A L Y S IS OF S T R IK E S , 123 19 2 7 - 3 6 men and seamen. While some of these strikes were disputes between rival unions or factions of unions, a good number were due to dissatis faction over working conditions other than wages and hours. In 14 industrial groups the greatest amount of time was lost because of strikes chiefly due to matters of union organization, and in 6 to strikes over wages and hours. Strikes primarily due to union organi zation in the textile-fabric industries caused almost 10 million mandays of idleness during the 10-year period, and over 7 million in the wearing apparel industries. Wages and hours strikes in textile fab rics resulted in almost 9 million man-days of idleness, and in the apparel industries over 4 million. Wages and hours strikes in mining caused over 40 million man-days of idleness, and in the building and construction industries almost 5% million. T able 36 .— M ajor issues involved in strikes in various industry groups for the 10-year period 1 9 2 7 -3 6 Number of strikes Major issues Industry group Total Wages and hours Union organiza tion Miscella neous Iron and steel and their products, not including ma chinery_________ _________ ______________ ____________ Machinery, not including transportation equipm ent___ Transportation equipment______________________________ Nonferrous metals and their products___________________ Lumber and allied products_____________________________ 358 295 205 169 658 153 127 91 60 266 169 149 98 90 316 36 19 16 19 76 Stone, clay, and glass products__________________________ Textiles and their products______________________________ Fabrics___ ___________________ _______ _____________ Wearing apparel____________________________________ Leather and its m anufactures... ____ _________ 187 i 2,881 1,214 1,673 604 85 1,275 680 595 243 83 1,207 321 892 295 19 399 213 186 66 Food and kindred p ro d u c ts ... ----------- ---------- ----------Tobacco manufactures____ ___________ _____ - _____ __ Paper and printing.--------- ----------------------------------------------Chemicals and allied p ro d u c ts_____________ ________ __ Rubber products___________________ __________________ 575 64 297 76 99 225 35 129 34 48 293 15 140 31 41 57 14 28 11 10 Extraction of minerals_______________ __________________ Transportation and communication. ___________________ Trade__________ _____________________________ ________ Dom estic and personal service____ ____________ ______ __ Professional service____. . . . __________ ----------- . . . 895 736 553 549 326 301 305 182 215 154 226 259 340 291 65 368 172 31 43 107 Building and construction_______________________________ Agriculture and fishing_________________________________ 1,817 176 899 138 526 35 392 3 1 See footnote 2, p. 137. 13894°— 38-------9 124 STRIKES IK THE UNITED STATES, 18 8 0 - 1 9 3 6 T able 36. — M a jor issues involved in strikes in various industry groups for the 10-year period 1 9 2 7 -3 6 — Continued Number o f workers Major issues Industry group Total Wages and hours Union organiza tion Miscella neous Iron and steel and their products, not including machinery........ ................ .............................. ................. ............ Machinery, not including transportation equipm ent___ Transportation equipm ent______________________________ Nonferrous metals and their products__________________ Lumber and allied products_____________________________ 114,718 95,635 183, 476 52,890 167, 562 35,071 28,098 67,375 14,880 54,678 68,614 65,029 100,644 36,674 102, 031 11,033 2,508 15,457 1,336 10,853 Stone, clay, and glass products__________________________ Textiles and their products______________________________ Fabrics_____________________________________________ Wearing apparel__________________ _________________ Leather and its manufactures______ ____________________ 62,372 1,833,158 867, 258 965,900 238, 202 24,634 657,395 279,180 378,215 94,830 33,688 988,485 508,437 480,048 124,378 4,050 187, 278 79, 641 107, 637 18,994 Food and kindred p rod u cts._____________________________ Tobacco manufactures___________ _____ __________ ______ Paper and printing______________________________________ Chemicals and allied products___________________________ R ubber products____________________________ ______ _____ 125, 617 32, 532 33, 504 24, 359 100, 212 56,047 18,460 18,406 5,400 40,322 65,985 3,600 13,966 16,705 34,397 3,585 10, 472 1,132 2,254 25, 493 Extraction of minerals________ _________________________ Transportation and communication_____________________ Trade___________________________________________________ Domestic and personal service____ __________ _____ . Professional service_____________________________________ 1, 673, 625 333, 580 125,133 244,182 28,206 873,850 112, 228 56,939 107,199 16,227 304,320 169, 437 49,622 130, 420 5,359 495,455 51,915 18, 572 6, 563 6,620 Building and construction_______________________________ Agriculture and fishing__________________________________ 359,189 123,258 236,843 89,446 70,172 33,112 52,174 700 Number of man-days idle Iron and steel and their products, not including ma chinery------------------- ------------- --------------------------------------Machinery, not including transportation equipm ent____ Transportation equipm ent______________________ ____ _ Nonferrous metals and their products_____ ___ _____ Lumber and allied products_____________________________ 2, 536, 246 2,185,796 2,861,469 1, 005,445 4, 349,062 945,459 453,397 887,484 196,178 1,015,064 1, 496,819 1,720,380 1,883, 266 790,967 3,184,027 93, 968 12,019 90, 719 18, 300 149,971 Stone, clay, and glass products__________________ _____ Textiles and their products__________________ ___________ Fabrics____________ ________________________________ Wearing apparel________________ . _________ . . . . . Leather and its manufactures___________________________ 1,461, 339 32,098, 562 20,167, 694 11,930,868 4, 833,127 323,990 12,749,202 8, 693,684 4,055, 518 1,947,167 1,063,283 16,996,202 9,949, 515 7, 046, 687 2, 548,192 74,066 2,353,158 1, 524,495 828, 663 337,768 Food and kindred products. __ ._ ____________ ________ Tobacco manufactures__________________________________ Paper and printing----------------------------------- ---------------------Chemicals and allied products------ ---------------------------------R ubber products______ ___________________ ____________ 2, 319,457 486, 642 618, 359 406, 664 782,220 736,337 227,795 191,380 131,670 494,871 1, 507, 528 97,919 416, 237 262,998 259,339 75, 592 160,928 10, 742 11,996 28,010 Extraction o f minerals___________________________________ Transportation and communication___________________ . Trade. ------------------------------------ ---------------------------------Dom estic and personal service___________________________ Professional service_______________ _____________________ 51,299, 723 6, 252,912 1,339,190 3, 407,856 650, 207 40,330,882 1,285,912 364,059 1,243,312 232, 533 6,375,902 4,188, 278 819,663 2,056, 040 162,109 4, 592,939 778,722 155,468 108, 504 255, 565 Building and construction_______________________________ Agriculture and fishing.------ ------------- ------------------------------ 7, 573, 081 1, 816,971 5, 409,328 1,353, 413 1, 273, 364 455, 718 890,389 7, 840 Strikes beginning each year in each industry are given in table 37 according to major issues involved, T a b l e 37 .— Strikes beginning 1 9 2 7 -3 6 , by industries and major issues involved Number of workers involved Number of strikes Total Wages Union M is and organ cella hours ization neous 7 7 6 9 12 9 35 23 28 17 28 36 32 49 1 3 2 3 5 5 11 8 9 11 1 1 2 3 3 5 4 1 4 3 3 5 9 3 4 3 2 5 1 1 1 7 6 7 3 2 2 6 4 2 8 1 3 3 Union organi zation 1,996 944 4,131 2,050 3, 321 4,083 33,948 26, 043 16, 592 21, 610 1,214 677 2,225 1,700 2,801 4,058 7, 213 3,769 6,982 4,432 25,489 19,544 6, 042 15, 508 450 366 765 1, 019 1,865 3,619 21, 272 11, 534 5,023 9,412 450 300 460 188 601 310 472 1,019 1, 640 3,619 1, 042 40 2, 045 848 225 19, 730 9,844 77 8,564 2 2 5 1 2 2 2 1 1 1,142 172 1,600 954 160 250 1,600 488 160 500 1, 650 2,901 79 1, 314 I 1 322 79 1,305 40 48 25 1, 246 2,730 3,568 1,670 765 79 1 3 Total Miscel laneous 66 1 Man-days idle as a result of a strike which began in the preceding year and continued into this year. ° See p. 180 for index to this table. Wages and hours Union Wages and organiza hours tion 11,835 66,117 171,142 28,591 24,927 387,985 413, 738 633,224 314, 597 484,090 6,276 13,823 125, 705 18, 261 13,800 387, 360 87,321 128,008 125,118 39, 787 320, 360 486, 670 162, 701 433, 003 1,350 5, 298 10,825 11,303 9,680 378,616 252,302 286, 710 36, 792 298,445 1, 350 5,100 198 158 2,137 49,855 21,132 9,930 11, 031 3, 422 2, 439 24, 305 400 96 625 6,057 18, 546 26, 778 11, 300 10,825 11,303 6,180 378,616 3,982 160 7,387 6,895 3, 500 246,820 278, 660 7,893 291, 550 1, 500 7,890 21,512 158 68,458 216 Miscel laneous 63,952 4,506 18, 250 22,721 2,820 1 13,040 i 1, 700 18, 250 9, 033 1,120 648 192 7 - 3 6 13 14 20 1930 13 17 10 70 65 67 69 Total Major issues ANALYSIS OP STRIKES, Iron and steel and their products, not including machinery: 1927 ____________________________ ____ _____ ____________ 1928 ____________________________________________________ 1929 ___________________________________________________ ______________________________ ____ __________ ____ _ 1931______________ _______________________________________ 1932________________________________________ ____ _______ 1933______________________________ __________ _______ _______ 1934_________________________________________ ____ __________ 1935_________________________________________________________ 1936_____________________ ___________________________________ Blastfurnaces, steel works, and rolling mills: 1927________________________________ __________ ___ 1928__________________________ ______ _______________ 1929________________________ ____ ___________________ 1930_____________________________ _______ ___________ 1931________________________ ____ _____ ______ _____ _ 1932______________________ __________________________ 1933___________ ____ ____ ____ _______________________ 1934____________ ______ _____ ________________ 1935___________________________ _____ ___ ___ . 1936______________________________ __________ ____ Bolts, nuts, washers, and rivets: 1927-32....... .......... ........... .................................. ................. 1933______________________________________ __________ 1934_______________ ________ _________ ______________ 1935_______________________ ____ ________ ___________ 1936......... .......... ........... ........................................ ............... Cast-iron pipe: 1927-33..________ ________________ ______ ____________ 1934__________ ____________ _________ ________ ______ 1935. . _____________________________ ______ ______ 1936___________________________ ____________ _______ _ Major issues Major issues Industry and year N um ber of man-days idle during year T a b l e 3 7 .— Strikes beginning 1 9 2 7 -8 6 , by industries and major issues involved — Continued Number of workers involved Number of strikes Major issues Number of man-days idle during year Major issues Major issues Total Wages Union M is organ cella and hours ization neous I 2 1 5 1 1 1 1 3 70 196 69 1,004 484 1 1 2 1 1 i 405 1 i 4 3 2 1 7 2 1 1 1 i l 7 6 1 5 6 4 1 2 i l 1 1 l 6 1 70 58 153 l 871 2,253 647 428 871 995 647 35 3 65 120 6 i 1,215 350 3.528 21 70 870 2,215 650 ii 1,000 425 562 65 120 350 3.528 13,078 13,390 18,776 1,505 1,200 25,403 9,992 1,020 14,040 93 13, 078 28,953 18, 776 3,098 4,403 6,832 1,020 7,084 715 2,640 300 5,382 4,347 10, 558 7,744 40 285 180 1,200 1,258 Miscel laneous 1,215 40 60 918 438 120 1,828 Union Wages and organiza hours tion 650 600 1,918 1934 863 120 2,390 2 70 6,252 4,347 12, 773 7,744 138 69 851 484 40 32 60 600 i Total Miscel laneous 130 40 1 Union organi zation 405 130 i 4 10 2 3 Wages and hours 715 2,640 1050 99,060 252 15,563 1,500 93 1 8 8 0 -1 9 3 6 Iron and steel and their products, not including machinery— Con. Cutlery (not including silver and plated cutlery) and edge tools: 1927-31____________ _ ......... . . _______ 1932____________________ 1933___________________ . . . ___ 1934___________________ _ . . . ___ _____ 1935________________________ 1936________________________ _ _______ Forgings, iron and steel: ___ 1927— ___ . . . 1928_________________________________________________ 1929_____________ __________ _ . _ _____ 1930________________________________________ _____ 1931____________________________________ _________ 1932_________________________________________________ 1933— ________ 1934_________________________________________________ 1935________________________ 1936______________ _______ ___________ _ Hardware: 1927-28______________________________________________ 1929______________________________________ . . ___ 1930____________________________________________ ____ 1931- _____________________ _ ___ 1932_________________________________________________ 1933________________________ . _ ______________________________ ________ _ _____ 1935________________________________________ 1936______________________ _______________________ _ Plumbers’ supplies and fixtures: 1927_________________________________________________ 1928________________ . . ._ ______________________ 1929_________________ _____ ______________________ 1930-32______________________________________________ 1933_____________ _________________________________ 1934_________________________________________________ Total 33 180 21,000 3,160 6,956 1,050 99.060 STRIKES IN TH E UNITED STATES, Industry and year 4 2 5 2 1 1 3 1 1 1 3 248 322 276 322 42 500 232 3 3 4 2 1 7 8 8 7 1 1 13 18 14 18 2 4 2 5 1 3 2 5 2 6 11 4 4 6 5 9 12 1 1 1 42 500 232 2 3, 280 1,186 1 4 9 618 1,044 595 400 805 455 282 431 143 25 1, 690 3,782 3,005 4, 061 43 262 42 181 143 460 114 190 250 804 2,058 960 697 849 684 1,645 1,787 250 8 2,000 28 2,000 1 3 2 2 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 3,363 30,469 3,251 30,469 112 2,119 42 4,000 1,536 94 49, 426 37,799 9,508 23 2,000 42 4,000 1,536 2,866 11,230 2,360 2,800 8,430 5, 704 59,896 13,005 12,708 3,146 625 11, 588 130,723 61,888 62,354 205 7,808 771 2,958 3,146 2,137 49, 649 9,784 9, 750 3,362 2,439 2,450 5,650 104, 351 7,740 16,416 5,124 17, 276 50,148 34, 731 625 814 9,096 4,000 11,207 3,000 8 122,000 122,000 644 302 79 50 25 37 1, 040 400 1, 577 250 8 506 3,000 8 2 1 1 194 14 180 6,926 266 6, 660 4 2 3 3 3 1 1 2 1 1,188 265 509 395 1,063 125 225 411 16 15, 399 2,235 17,500 1,883 14,399 1,000 675 17,010 416 50 45 50 200 765 200 880 202 270 221 19, 460 3, 726 270 294 I.............. 8,614 1 2 1 1 1 4 2 1 1 3 1 2 2 3 1 294 98 379 40 45 389 202 490 1,467 1,560 765 18,748 3, 726 ANALYSIS OF STBIKES, 1 9 2 7 - 3 6 1935................................— .................................................. 1936_____________ ________________ __________ - ........... Steam and hot-water heating apparatus and steam fittings: 1927-28_________________________________ ______ _____ 1929 ................................................ .................................. 1930 ___________________________________ __________ 1931 _____________________________ ___________ ____ 1932 ______________________________________________ 1933 ___________________________________ __________ 1934 ________________________ ______ _____ ______ 1935 _________________________ _____________ ______ 1936 _________________________ - ........ ......... - ........ Stoves: 1927 ___________________________ __________________ 1928 ___________________________________ __________ 1929________________________________ _________ - ........ 1930 ___________________________________ __________ 1931 ____________________________ 1932 __________________ ____________________ ______ 1933 ________________ 1934___________________________________ _____ — ........ 1935 ________________________ ____ _____ ____ _____ 1936 _________________________________ ____________ Structural and ornamental metalwork: 1927 _________________________ _____ ______________ 1928 ______________________________________________ 1929 ___________________________ ______ ______ ____ 1930.________________________________________________ 1931 ___________________________ 1932 ______________________________________________ 1933 ______________________________________________ 1934 _________________________ _____ ______________ 1935 _____________________________ ________________ 1936— _______ _________________ _____________ _______ T in cans and other tinware: 1927 _________________________ ______ _____ ______ _ 1928 ___________________________ __________________ 1929 ______________________________________________ 1930-32________________________________ ____ ________ 1933 ______________________________________________ 1934 ______________________________________________ 1935 ______________________________________________ 1936 ____________________________________ ______ _ 442 8,61.4 1 _______ to T able 37. — Strikes beginning 1 9 2 7 -8 6 , by industries and major issues involved— Continued fcO 00 Number of strikes Number of workers involved Major issues Num ber of man-days idle during year Major issues Major issues Total Iron and steel and their products, not including machinery—Con. Tools (not including edge tools, machine tools, files, and saws) (hand tools): 1927___________________________________ 1928___________________________________________ _____ 1929_________________________________ ____ ___ 1930_____________________ _______ ____ ____ 1931-32____________________________________________ 1933._____ ____________________ ____ . „ 1934___________________________________ ____ ______ 1935______________________ ______ 1936___________________________________ ______ Wirework: 1927_____________________________________________ 1928-30_____________ ______________________ ____ 1931________ ____ ___________________________________ 1932_____________________________________________ 1933________________ _______ ________________________ 1934..________________ _________ _____________________ 1935__________________ ________________ ___ 1936........................................... ........... ......................... Other: 1927__________________ __________________________ . 1928-30__________________________________________ 1931____________________________________________ ____ 1932_____________________________________ _________ _ 1933___________________________________ _____ ___ . 1934___________________________________ 1935______________________________ _______ __________ 1936__________________ __________ _________________ Machinery, not including transportation equipment: 1927______________ ___________________________ ______ _______ 1928................ ................................... .................................................. .......................................... 1929.................................................. 1930-............................................................................................... 1931__________________ ____ _________________________________ 1932...................................................................................................... 1 Wages Union M is and organ cella hours isation neous 1 26 1 3 1 1 4 1 2 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 3 2 5 3 3 4 3 2 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 6 3 8 9 23 13 10 7 6 2 14 7 6 7 1 4 9 5 3 63 108 1 3 1 1 490 40 26 7 139 50 100 89 57 67 409 172 140 890 48 44 20 395 329 3,569 554 281 484 245 128 2,639 314 150 484 9,900 30 141 930 160 61 i26 1,335 i 328 182 2,464 300 1,100 1,530 114 120 60 80 70 11,030 400 480 1,149 2,464 9,184 2,284 1,810 17,064 32,499 726 4,807 871 96 8, 752 1,184 280 16,950 132 60 60 1,250 6,210 10,312 13,110 65, 576 21, 522 849 334 1,944 1,247 Miscel laneous 26 20,930 400 480 1,203 66 238 20 125 230 809 30 883 188 Wages and Union organiza hours tion 126 33, 834 1,054 4,807 40 122 139 503 272 229 947 125 230 1,658 364 2,827 1,435 4 2 7 9 Miscel laneous 26 715 40 40 1 Total Union organi zation 225 Wages and hours 63 1,311 66 238 2 1 2 1 1 1 8 3 13 12 Total 1, 250 6, 210 6,286 840 6,280 1,806 12,127 8,472 86,785 10,811 1,956 7,191 9,457 6,688 31, 507 6,392 1,211 7,191 4,026 12, 270 59,296 19, 716 1,590 1,314 55, 278 2, 579 535 1,080 470 1,840 210 STRIKES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1 8 8 0 -1 9 3 6 Industry and year 45 57 50 73 22 21 17 25 18 34 31 44 5 2 2 4 16,053 28, 564 16,159 29, 247 8,365 17,946 11,891 25,505 1,202 285 472 219 159, 611 578,379 375, 744 944, 720 45, 546 191, 672 97,064 56, 669 1 1 33 33 33 i 1 104 2,125 3,302 2, 316 104 95 1,248 37,020 143, 274 108,022 1, 248 3, 610 109,119 385, 922 277,546 886, 497 4,946 785 1,134 1,554 33 1 3 4 2 19,950 I 2 4 1 166 2,030 3, 302 2,150 6,972 33, 410 143, 274 101,050 1 i 1,050 1,050 19,950 1 1 15 15 360 360 1 4 1 1 3 185 8, 708 185 200 3. 515 20,280 i 2, 600 1 7,000 7,000 3, 515 234,075 2,600 462, 475 93 93 372 372 2 1,594 844 750 57, 210 5,010 52,200 1 14 29 4,714 5,043 3, 782 2,286 14 266 377 80,783 66,937 82,978 66,671 377 16,687 27,104 39,284 11,236 62, 311 39, 673 43,130 54, 535 1 1 1 5 3 1 1 7 14 11 15 1 3 7 3 7 1 1 1 2 2 6 7 7 2 1 1 1 29 768 2,846 1,054 811 8,508 3,691 2,037 2,446 1,385 255 160 282 90 39 20 39 1 43 20 490 490 918 283 635 269 290 736 349 192 56 1,998 6,322 2,323 6,099 119 128 556 128 75 56 949 2,531 916 2,028 30 102 180 141 47 120 60 704 3, 666 1,217 3,942 345 125 190 129 2 2 1 1 6 8 15 9 7 3 16 17 21 36 4 2 8 4 4 3 10 5 9 14 1 3 7 1 3 4 2 1 1 5 11 11 19 1 1 1 3 43 213, 795 462, 475 266 663 2,193 160 5,840 1 1 1Man-days idle as a result of a strike which began in the preceding year and continued into this year. 6,486 10,333 3, 796 3, 523 1,785 160 564 900 663 2,193 160 5,840 14,405 80 70 4,245 10,160 11, 722 7,809 8,232 9,646 1, 210 1,447 17,419 102,417 18,051 106,551 9,052 6,688 5,154 5,246 731 1,447 4,951 14,887 9,149 30,446 1,590 651 3,078 2,560 269 1,840 210 11,013 86,905 8, 332 75,451 1,455 625 570 654 ANALYSIS OF STRIKES, 19 2 7 -3 6 1933 ____ _______ ________ ____________________________ 1934___________ _________ __________ _________ ______________ 1935______________________ ____ __________ ____ _____________ 1936____________ ___________________________________________ Agricultural implements: 1927_________________________________________________ 1928-32______________________________________________ 1933_____________________________ ____ ______________ 1934_________________________________________________ 1935__________________________________________ ____ 1936 . . . ................................................................................ Cash registers, adding machines, and typewriters: 1927-28________________________________________ ____ _ 1929 _______________________________ „ ___ 1930_______________________________ _______ ________ _ 1931___________________________ ___________ _________ 1932____ __________________ ______ _______________ _ 1933_________________________________________ ___ 1934______________________ _______ __________________ 1935 . __ __ ____ 1936___________________ _____________________ ____ _ Electrical machinery, apparatus, and supplies: 1927 ............. ................. ............... . . 1928 . . ___ _____________________ 1929__________________________ ____ ___ . ___ 1930_________________________________ _ ______ 1931....________ _______________ _____________________ 1932._____ _________________ _______ _______ ________ 1933________________________________________________ 1934__________________________________ ____ _________ 1935.................................................. ..................................... 1936.............................. ............................................... .......... Engines, turbines, tractors, and water wheels: 1927. .................................... 1928......................................................................................... 1929-31.................. ..................... ......................... 1932._______ _______ _________ ... ____________ 1933._______ ________________________ ________________ 1934 .................................................... 1935. __ 1936 Foundry and machine-shop products: 1927_________________________________________________ 1928_______________________ _________________ _______ 1929 _ ............. ........................ 1930________________________ ___________ ____________ 1931.............. ................................................ ........................ ............... ........................................... 1932............. 1933___________________________________ _____________ 1934_________________________ _________ _____________ 1935_________________________________________________ 1936.............. .......................................................................... 1,080 470 to co T able 37, — Strikes beginning 1 9 2 7 -3 6 , by industries and major issues involved— Continued Number of strikes Number of workers involved Major issues CO O Number of man-days idle during year M ajor issues Major issues Total Wages Union M is organ cella and hours ization neous Machinery, not including transportation equipment—Con. Machine tools (power drivers): 1927-29. 1930— 1932.____ _______ ______ 1933 ____________ 1934 _____________ 1935-36__________________ Radios and phonographs: 1927-29...........................— 1930— _____________ 1931- 32______ ____ ____ 1933 ___________ _ 1934 ___________ _ 1935 _____________ 1936 ....................... Textile machinery and parts: 1927-32__________ ______ 1933 _____________ 1934 ___________ _ 1935 _________ _ 1936 ..................... ..................... ..................... Other: 1927-28. 1929.— 1930— . 1931— 1932— 1933— 1934.— 1935— 1936— Transportation equipm ent:3 1927 _____________ 1928 ____________ 1929 ....................... Total 52 1 1 ........... 2 _____ 2 Wages and hours Union organi zation Total M iscel laneous 52 104 2 1 70 70 746 ________ 3,856 3,606 45 26 7,420 1,125 4,207 8,165 4, 355 2 3 7 6 8 2,965 1,125 3,415 8,165 1 _____ 1 2 9 7 8 8 1 1 1 7 6 5 9 4 1 4 ______ 2 ______ 7 ______ 189 108 60 286 841 815 2,483 2,463 189 108 60 286 125 485 1,034 235 214 330 1,449 2,228 1 ........... 2 1 4 1 250 1,156 5,182 235 800 3, 294 15 ........... 304 52 1,588 300 1 ....................... . 1 _____ ________ 1 ................... 42,555 17,455 5,079 _____ ____ 72,994 19,752 170,916 __________ 50 560 930 25 62 1,393 756 120 502 1,144 6,000 3,005 54,917 15,680 2,010 22,150 85, 565 7,881 5,000 19 305 100 80 2 ..................... . 2 2 3 2 746 250 25 80 62 1 1 ______ 1 ______ 1 2 792 104 2, 030 2,030 7,881 __________ 123,446 118,446 19 5 3 Union Wages and organiza M iscel hours laneous tion 24,900 5,079 53,242 170,916 200 50 560 930 1,393 756 120 1,144 1,506 945 26,279 3,770 2,804 2,060 28,638 11,910 1,905 10,400 67,477 105 ............. 11,594 156 15,688 2,400 STRIKES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1 8 8 0 -1 9 3 6 Industry and year 9 2 3 31 42 42 53 6 2 3 19 26 10 11 1 1 2 10 14 28 38 2 2 4 4 6,577 2,035 545 29,294 46,172 38,216 54,049 6,303 2,035 545 14,425 26,443 8,226 5,069 1 15 1 1 600 2 2 1 1 1 538 3,207 1,700 538 1,983 1 4 1 1 1 244 14,766 19,177 18,805 45,959 103 552 11,185 3,021 600 2 4 1 30 2 2 13 4 2 1 21 24 34 36 8 3 2 1 12 16 8 6 1 3 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 4 5 4 15 2 3 1 1 3 15 4 3 1,174 5,343 2,035 45 13,172 21,331 8,046 1,971 1,500 404 12 274 1,588 52 300 200 416 510 150 780 1 830 620 30 1 i I 500 3,831 4,702 4,099 12,472 10,850 12, 833 12,411 36,605 9,600 1 6,600 2,660 78,048 11,185 2,221 1,905 11,390 22,245 48,126 22,175 90 432,434 377,195 335,794 390,459 4,157 47,926 22,175 90 186,344 244,139 91, 610 30,509 800 620 500 331 125 30 2,318 288 381,154 336,323 497,485 640,887 538 18,096 51, 595 17,646 6,000 2,788 32,724 6,800 276 11,234 15,688 156 2,400 200 6,000 2,700 16 1,905 416 95 2,080 1,840 750 8,113 30 10, 760 57,320 30 10,400 57,320 30 415 150 780 30 105 44 1,500 360 1 i 1 1 3 3 11 1,212 1,700 9,600 6,600 2,660 111,048 6,800 60,226 28,775 4,990 191,873 368,163 93,620 60,055 105 235 235 326 3,062 5,543 2,035 45 24,038 34,164 31,642 40,797 1 8 8 22 27 60, 544 28,775 4,990 573, 565 722, 582 642,700 718, 588 3,500 4,037 4,069 9,354 4,900 134,801 166,438 295,906 320,016 4,900 1,801 1,500 1,260 21,433 540 800 415 750 8,113 246,074 133,056 192,589 343,104 16 51, 595 16,846 88 2,080 1,425 360 ANALYSIS OF STKIKES, 19 2 7 -3 6 1930 .................................................................. .................... 1931 ________________ ________________ _______________ 1932 ...................... ....................................................... ..................... 1933....................................... ............ .......... ...................................... 1 9 3 4 ..-____ _________________________ ______ ____ ___________ 1935_____ ____ __________________________ ______ _____ _____ 1936________________________________________ _______________ _ Aircraft: 1927...________ ______________ _____ _______ _________ 1928-29_________________________ ____ _________ _____ 1930 _______________________________________________ 1931-32_____________________________ _________ ______ 1933__________________________ __________ ______ ____ 1934_______________________ ______________ __________ 1935 ___________________________________ ______ _____ 1936________________________________ _____ __________ Automobiles, bodies, and parts: 1927_________________________________________ _______ 1928______ _________________________________ _____ 1929_____________________________________ ___________ 1930 __________________________________ __________ 1931 _________________________________ ____ _____ _ 1932 _______________________________________________ 1933.________________________________ _____ — ........... 1934___________________________ ______ ______________ 1935____________________ _ .... _____ ____ ____ ________ 1936______________________ - ..............- ............................ Cars, electric- and steam-railroad: 1927-28___________ ________ ____ ____________________ 1929 . . ____ ______________ _____ ______ ......................... 1930 . _ . . . 1931-32_________________________________ ____________ 1933__________________ _____________ ____ ___________ 1934 _____________________ _______ _________________ 1935 ......... - _____ ______________________________ ____ 1936. ______________________________________________ Shipbuilding: 1927_______________ ___ _______________ _____ _______ 1928 __________________________________________ __________________ ______ _____ ______ ____ 1929 1930_________________ _______ _____ - ............................ 1931................ ............ ........................................................... 1932 .................. .......................... - _____ __________ 1933. ............. ........................... ................ .................... 1934....... .......... ................. ......................................... .......... 1935. .............................................................................. 1936......................................................................................... 30 133,000 147,118 294,646 297,783 17,820 800 1 Man-days idle as a result of a strike which began in the preceding year and continued into this year. 1No strikes in locomotive manufacturing and railroad repair shops, 1927-36. 00 T able 37*— Strikes beginning 1 9 2 7 -3 6 , by industries and major issues involved— Continued Number of strikes Number of workers involved Major issues Major issues Transportation equipment—Continued. Other: 1927-32____________________ _____ ___________________ 1933_________________________ ____ ________ _________ 1934______________________ _____ ____________________ 1935....... - ______ _______________________________ ____ _ 1936_______________ ___________________ _______ _____ Nonferrous metals and their products: 1927_______________ ____________________________________ ____ 1928____________ ________ __________ ________ ____________ 1929____________ ______________________________ _________ ___ 1930__________________________________ ____ ___________ ____ _ 1931_______________ _________________________________________ 1932________ ____ __________________________________ ____ _ 1933____________________________________________________ ____ 1934______________ __________________________________________ 1935________________________________________________ ______ 1936_________________________________________________________ Aluminum manufactures: 1927____________________________________________ ____ 1928_________________________________________ _______ 1929-30______________________________________________ 1931____________________________________ _____ ______ 1932-33______________________________________________ 1934_________________________________________________ 1935_________________________________________________ 1936_________________________________________________ Brass, bronze, and copper products: 1927________ ________________ _______ ______________ 1928______________________________ ____ _____________ 1929____________________________________ ____ _______ 1930_________________________________________________ 1931____________________________________________ ____ 1932____________________________________ ____ _______ 1933_____________________ _______________ ___________ 1934....______ ________________________________ ______ 1935......................................................... .............................. Wages Union M is and organ cella hours ization neous 3 7 2 2 6 5 5 5 6 7 7 24 35 44 31 2 1 1 2 471 3,589 625 1 2 1 1 1 3 1 2 1 1 3 2 5 1,163 270 2,579 563 155 1,207 9,355 20,587 7,486 9,525 1 1 1 1 4 4 43 Total M iscel laneous 87 1,000 625 14 130 13,286 232 1,239 1 1,590 66,061 3,450 1,106 140 10 14 93 478 4, 996 17,528 6,567 5,742 8 13 25 19 539 96 492 40,116 8,502 29, 511 2,601 1,565 4,340 154, 591 424,377 187,139 152,703 80 2,569 541 49 704 4,340 2, 520 823 3,291 270 68 887 1 20 16 14 143 447 168 1,068 44,061 266 1,862 1 270 8 46 150 57 5, 850 2,269 7,522 96 210,434 4,185 1,408 58 672 i 120 8, 760 2,856 7,983 38,072 6,640 10 168 1,157 1,888 111,085 345,485 173,963 112,499 266 i 350 26 13,016 135 352 29 219,194 7,099 9,391 14 938 470 180 8 530 1,606 561 522 22,000 3,450 4,000 1,778 29,231 2,425 362 2,302 43,449 73,042 10,907 32,682 26 60 22 673 2,053 729 Union Wages and M iscel organiza laneous hours tion 4,096 6 60 1 2 4 4 Union organi zation 26 3 1 1 1 2 3 384 2,589 26 1 2 Wages and hours 96 1 5 3 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 15 19 29 17 1 4 4 3 4 8 13 13 9 2 8 8 Total M ajor issues 180 120 23,747 37,082 18. 214 112 572 5,304 1, 355 8 23,175 31,778 16. 859 STRIKES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1 8 8 0 -1 9 3 6 Industry and year Total Number of man-days idle during year 1,675 20 20 47 47 322 29 1,875 30,625 10,075 260 260 47 293 116 118 12 93 3,756 3,062 694 2,431 151 126 28 2,305 123 137 260 556 1, 519 2,780 1,518 1,741 1,116 264 150 30,207 1,806 5,396 21,267 1,731 940 264 27,500 1,305 12,692 75,490 20,888 2,625 2, 560 46,132 4,725 i 2,625 90 37,400 3,600 1 270 24 23 23 79 68 11 25 1,661 386 28 799 69 46 11 2,500 435 2,500 435 1,022 2,138 1,179 320 1,138 105 18 702 600 1,074 1,100 60 1,100 150 1,160 2,196 2,413 2,124 1, 606 year. 1,624 386 28 606 690 750 493 85 634 470 1,446 1, 920 2,039 972 8 25 19 193 1,275 72 1,157 49,750 12,000 40,926 1,632 24,448 46 27,500 1,305 400 1,758 1, 518 10 14 24 397 556 13 47 1,874 20,550 25,302 1 12,000 40,800 1,548 126 84 336 4,070 38,148 72,479 87,777 44,730 336 765 72 754 2,780 10 168 30,078 1,806 5,396 18,180 10,132 24,158 16,163 37,400 2,520 2,190 15,750 7,170 290 11,571 1,880 22,398 65,309 87,487 33,159 8 150 57 3,087 5,200 19 2 7 - 3 6 3, 550 ANALYSIS OF STRIKES, 1936.............. ......... ............................................... ............... 4 2 2 Clocks and watches and time-recording devices: 1927......................... ................... ............... ......................... . 1 1 1928-32________________________ ________ _________ 1 1 1933___________________________ __________ _______ 1934-35...._____ _______________ ___________ ______ 1 1 1936___________________ ______ ___________ ______ 2 Jewelry: 1927-30_________________________________ ______ _____ 1 1931___________________________ _____ ___________ _ 5 2 2 1932 ________________________________________________ 1933 ________________________ ________ ____ ____ 4 2 2 1934 . ____________________ ____ _______ _____ 1 5 4 _________________ 1935 _ ___________________ 3 _________________ ______________ _______ _ 1936 . 1 2 Lighting equipment: 1927 __________ ___________________________________ 1 1928 ___________________________________ ____ 1 1929-34 _____________ _________ ______ _____ 6 2 4 1935 . ____ ____ _________________ 1 1 1936 _______________ ______ ________ _ Silverware and plated ware: 1 1 1927 ___________________________ ________ 1928 ____________________________ _____ _____ 1 4 3 1929 _______________________ ____ —1 1 4 2 1930 . _________________________________________ 1 1 1931 _______________________________ 1 1 1932_________________________________________________ 1 1 6 4 1933 . _____________________________________________ 4 4 1934. _______________________________ ______ ______ 1 1 1935 _______ ____ ________________________________ 1 4 1936 _____________________________________ ____ ___ 3 Smelting and refining—copper, lead, and zinc: 1927-28.. _____________________ __________________ 1 1 1929____ _______________________________ _________ 1 1 1930 _____________________________________________ 1931-32 . __________________________________________ 1 3 2 1933 _____________________________________________ 7 1934 ______________________ _____ ______ _____ ______ 3 3 1 1 6 5 1935_______________________ _________ ____ __________ 1936 ___________________ _____________ ______________ Stamped and enameled ware: 1 1 1927 ____ ____ _________ ____ _______ _____ 1 1 2 1928 ._ ___________ _________ - ................... 1929_______________________ ____ _______ ______ _____ 1930-31______________________________________________ 1 4 3 1932 . _____ ___________________________________ 7 2 6 .................. ................................. ...... 1933 . _____ ____ _______________________ 8 3 5 1934 . 1935___________________________________ _______ _____ 9 2 7 1936.................................... ......... ......................................... 3 10 7 1 Man-days idle as a result of a strike which began in the preceding year and continued into this 1,080 i 270 00 OO T a b l e 3 7 . — S trikes beginning 1 9 2 7 - 3 6 , by in d u stries and m a jor issu es involved — Continued Number of strikes Num ber of workers involved Major issues Num ber of man-days idle during year Major issues Major issues Total Wages Union M is organ cella and hours ization neous Nonferrous metals and their products—Continued. Other: 1927-33_______________________________ ______________ 1934__________ ____________ ________________ _____ 1935______________________ ____ ______________ ______ 1936..____ ________ _______ _____________ ____________ Lumber and allied products: 1927_____________________ ________ _____ _______ ____________ 1928._____ ________________________________ _____ _______ ____ 1929______________________________________ ____ ________ ____ 1930...........— _______ ________________________________ ______ 1931______ ___ _____ ____________ .. . ______________ 1932________________________________________________ ________ 1933_________________________________________________________ 1934_________________________________________________________ 1935__________________________________________ ____ _________ 1936______________________________________________ __________ Furniture: 1927______ ___________________________________ _____ 1928____ _____ __________________________ ____ _____ 1929...____ __________________________________________ 1930_________________________________________________ 1931____________________________________________ ____ 1932____________ _________________________ ____ _____ 1933_______________________________________ _________ 1934___________________ _________ _____ ____ ________ 1935_____________________________________ ______ ____ 1936____________________________________ ___________ _ Millwork and planing: 1927______________________________________ ____ _____ 1928_________________________ _____________ ____ ____ 1929____ ____ ________________________________________ 1930___________________________________________ _____ 1931___________________________________ ____________ _ 1932______________________________________ _______ _ 1933__________________ _________________ ________ ___ 1934______________________ ____ ________ ____________ 3 6 5 1 2 1 46 32 38 21 26 30 91 96 135 143 11 17 9 10 19 13 56 36 59 36 37 25 35 18 18 27 57 58 64 60 6 11 6 7 14 11 34 21 23 17 3 2 2 1 2 2 3 3 6 3 1 2 6 2 3 3 27 7 21 10 15 28 51 68 89 25 6 21 10 14 20 33 36 41 Total Wages and hours 2 1 1 311 366 1,302 172 134 38 8 8 8 1 7 2 7 9 8 18 5,834 1,534 3,642 1,360 3,254 3,813 27,348 19,800 62,707 38,270 2, 757 1,211 1,011 613 2,977 3,215 13, 274 6,529 15, 235 7,856 6 8 8 1 4 2 3 4 5 2 1,957 611 2,964 891 1,197 2,767 20,372 9,501 14,229 7,744 492 338 333 144 1,130 2,176 7,790 4,086 5,975 1,925 1,302 308 528 1,200 308 528 295 1,046 841 327 125 1,039 841 74 2 2 1 i Total Union organi zation M iscel laneous 165 1,258 139 67 6 6,326 5,320 37, 779 5,676 790 228 1,656 171 757 15 277 300 665 2,510 1, 287 3,215 167,520 53,440 79, 654 54,551 46, 565 145, 714 569, 671 394,651 1,818,012 1,019,284 67,896 28,245 18,875 31,773 38, 501 139,816 210, 235 102,880 172,810 204,033 146 171 757 15 67 300 109 281 420 169 69,018 37,673 66,170 26,900 8,714 37, 629 511,342 159, 645 214, 049 261,389 8,874 15,908 5,391 4,122 8,060 31, 738 164,065 54, 662 61,888 17, 735 24,150 9,230 11,384 21,600 6, 000 11, 384 6, 665 108, 085 11,386 1.692 375 108,078 11,386 933 1,421 152 1,874 732 298 13,409 10, 761 46,185 27,199 1,319 102 1,874 732 291 12,473 5,134 7,834 5,650 102 170 7 253 Union Wages and organiza Miscel hours laneous tion 2,319 34,874 54,415 19,850 56,708 22,763 4, 798 356,097 275,017 1,621, 736 772,643 51,865 16,420 56, 708 22, 763 4,791 346, 664 99, 215 143,103 241, 747 650 2,211 2,677 45, 209 5,345 4,071 15 8,064 1,100 3,339 16,754 23,466 42,608 8,279 5,345 4,071 15 654 1,100 613 5, 768 9,058 1,907 2, 550 13, 230 6,290 7 759 STRIKES IN TH E UNITED STATES, 1 8 8 0 - 1 9 3 6 Industry and year 3,928 3,544 3,145 475 636 2, 717 2,371 615 1,021 565 50 469 1,402 469 1,402 4,373 5,467 42, 689 18, 502 3,873 768 4,453 5,121 6 6 204 21, 693 64,272 69,752 6,537 33,302 6,337 200 27,651 18,866 31,126 111, 939 1,515,730 507,112 29,026 7,898 46,158 163,919 6 6 500 1,871 720 1, 281 150 96, 478 1,455, 752 320,200 4,120 2,100 764 1,601 1,662 335 936 2,799 199 6,732 12,320 11,200 56 105 15,811 121,375 27,723 176,945 5,752 39,387 26,535 13,165 9,433 79,324 1,188 146,424 3,289 1,034 1,153 371 1,227 1,747 6,946 10,083 11,833 24, 689 2,577 45 823 210 1,013 1,347 5,842 1,620 6,172 4,985 185 816 60 161 214 45,592 26,279 11,048 3,656 9,887 35,366 59, 439 199,610 346,940 723, 522 38,878 22,145 3,688 835 7,089 20,166 53,336 11,754 63, 717 102,382 2,725 2,058 4,140 2,821 2,798 1,009 7,874 5,086 18,283 187 223 210 226 1,703 656 239 100 310 4,553 3,452 557 400 95 589 575 1,421 60 2,108 5,349 3,691 817 527 173 270 187 283 210 226 1,413 1,120 5,628 181,194 272,185 589, 734 7,648 95 140 160 2,488 835 760 23,414 5,064 11,328 3,300 2,511 117, 599 173, 239 38, 785 3,989 2,076 3,220 15,200 475 6,662 11,038 31,406 4,140 26,400 127, 703 187,927 43,525 17,356 7,648 6, 628 835 760 626 2,664 19 2 7 - 3 6 320 2,100 7,563 13,820 22,993 480 4,600 40 360 588 352 36,450 2,100 160 1,756 4,505 1,861 8,480 \ Man-days idle as a result of a strike which began in the previous year and continued into this year. 38, 229 9,214 27,651 18,866 44 150 60,510 73,838 1,350 2, 828 37, 516 12,100 147 352 ANALYSIS OF STRIKES, 1 5 1935 _________________________________________ 15 9 1 1936 ________________________________________________________________________ 11 15 3 Sawmills and logging camps: 1 2 1927— ___________________________ _______ ______ 3 1928______________________________________ ____ _____ 4 5 1 1929__________________________________________ ______ 1930_________________________________________________ 3 3 3 1931_________________________________________________ 3 1932_____________ ________ __________________ ____ ___ 6 2 1933______ _______________________ ______ ____________ 8 2 1934_________________________ _______ _____ _________ 13 6 5 22 2 1935__________________________________________ _____ _ 15 39 9 1936_____________ _______ _______ ____ ____ ____ _____ 10 39 20 Turpentine and rosin: 1927-32______________________________________________ 1 1 1933. _______________________________ _________ 1934-36... . __________ _________ ________ _________ Other: 1 3 1927____________________________________ ____ _______ 2 1928__________________________ ____ _________________ 1 1 1929____ __________________________________________ 1930. . _________________________________________ 1 1 2 1931_____________________________________ _______ ___ 1932. . _____________________________________ ____ 2 1933_________________________________________________ 9 8 19 2 1934_________________________________________________ 22 13 7 12 5 1905_______________________________ _______________ 17 6 1936_________________________________________________ 29 6 17 Stone, clay, and glass products: 2 2 10 1927________________________________________________ ________ 6 1 1 4 6 1928____________________________________________ ______ _____ 2 1 6 3 1929_________________________________________________________ 5 1930 __ _______________________________________ 2 3 ________ _____________________________ 1931 10 8 2 1 13 12 1932_______________________ _ ____ _______ _________________ 1 20 29 8 1933_________________________________________ _____ _________ 34 6 11 17 1934__________________________________________________ ____ 3 12 20 35 1935_________________________________________ ____ ______ — 39 10 3 26 1936____________________________________ ____ ______ ____ — Brick, tile, and terra cotta: 2 2 1927 ______________ ______ ____ _________ _ 1928 . __________________________________ _ 1 3 2 1929 _ _______ _____ ______________ _____ 2 2 1930 _______________________________________ 1 1 __________________________________ 1931 1932 __________________________________ 10 1 6 3 1933_________________________________________________ 12 1 3 8 1934______________________________________ __________ 11 14 3 1935 ___________ ____ _______________ 1 2 I 4 1936________________ ____________________ _________ _ 475 5,040 i 3,360 1,440 00 Or T able 37 .— Strikes beginning 1 9 8 7 -3 6 , by industries and major issues involved— Continued Num ber of workers involved Number of strikes Major issues Num ber of man-days idle during year M ajor issues Major issues Total Stone, clay, and glass products—Continued. Cement: 1927-31________________________ ________ _____ ______ 1932________________ ___________ ________ _____ _____ 1933_______________ _________________________________ 1934_________________________________________________ 1935__________________________ _____ ____ _______ _ 1936______________________________________ ________ Glass: 1927_____ ______________________ _________ ____ ______ 1928______________________ ____ ____________ ____ ___ 1929_________________________________________________ 1930_________________________________________________ 1931_________________________________________________ 1932________________________________________ ____ _ 1933_________________________________________________ 1934________ ... .. ____ 1935_________________________________________________ 1936_________________________________________________ M arble, granite, slate, and other products: 1927-29______________________________ _______________ 1930_________________________________________________ 1931_________________________________________________ 1932_________________________________________________ 1933_________________________________________________ 1934_________________________________________________ 1935_________________________ ____ __________________ 1936..____ ________________________________ ______ _ Pottery: 1927_________________________________________________ 1928_________________________________________________ 1929___________________________________________ 1930__________________________________________ ______ 1931_________________________________________________ 1932_____ ____________________________________________ 1933_________________________________________________ 1934........................................................................................ Wages Union M is and organ cella hours ization neous Total Wages and hours Union organi zation Total M iscel laneous Union Wages and organiza hours tion 1 1 65 65 325 325 1 1 231 231 3,234 Miscel laneous 3,234 3 7 4 1 1 5 3 11 11 7 18 1 4 5 1 3 2 3 3 4 1 670 1 1 1 5 3 10 4 4 5 2 4 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 4 2 3 1 3 1 12 4 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2,952 611 80 11 772 148 4,177 2,051 5,400 21,268 50 229 777 9 44 255 151 1 4 150 55 1,650 2 1 185 566 377 80 11 772 148 3,912 675 4,983 4,440 15 377 265 933 17 16,273 443 400 555 50 214 400 9 38 80 6 150 423 190 100 1 1,880 670 2,390 45 6 175 145 250 100 150 55 1,650 150 173 190 36,594 23,703 560 121 6,314 752 28, 712 35, 548 58, 753 608, 222 1,300 1,713 29, 771 9 492 2,890 2,151 1,350 2,576 2,660 1,400 1,100 2, 620 770 17,750 1,880 31,230 22,145 2,725 1, 558 2,639 560 12l 6,314 752 28.182 2,790 40,189 84,958 15 14,571 530 31,202 11,936 501,064 1,556 6,628 22,200 1,300 1,698 15, 200 9 426 1,840 6 66 1,050 2,145 500 1,400 11,100 2, 620 770 17. 750 1,350 2,076 2,660 STRIKES IK TH E UNITED STATES, 1 8 8 0 - 1 9 3 6 Industry and year 870 1 600 2 6 3 5 10 2 3 1 3 3 2 5 7 607 597 758 338 1,077 439 425 738 338 638 165 137 237 137 197 187 506 2363 497 455 58 50 79 71 99 124 301 107 213 173 69 56 119 44 69 34 156 193 232 235 38 31 39 22 29 29 49 63 52 47 20,548 72,148 75, 694 67,892 126, 555 103,001 461,063 577,043 200, 636 128,578 8,108 48,506 13,703 13,007 57,200 51, 590 273.233 47,496 107,196 37,356 7,639 19,621 45,663 47,329 52, 273 49,071 170, 783 444,147 69,695 82,264 69 54 116 51 62 61 247 184 202 168 39 32 62 36 41 49 179 59 103 80 10 10 27 7 7 2 34 92 65 67 20 12 27 8 14 10 34 33 34 21 9,678 36,447 34, 653 8,901 62,050 15,142 146, 400 434, 928 75,180 43,879 4,856 29,380 9,383 4,285 45,097 12,997 80,446 25,508 46,507 20, 721 1 1 1 267 654 95 690 100 290 2,957 3,956 1,209 4 1 2 4 2 4 1 2 4 4 7 3 1 3 2 4 1 1 2 6 1 3 1 1 1 1 94,541 47,186 10,360 600 1, 200 1,200 607 172 20 1,898 3,548 14,883 2,829 20, 558 1,898 970 240 14,118 2, 578 14,643 2,829 6,440 4,801 4, 021 16,328 7,556 17,082 2,340 17,047 85,400 23, 745 8,958 404,269 4,357,882 1,379,367 1,261, 792 3,174,428 1,184,869 6,652,446 7,271,023 3,634,988 2,777,498 168,967 3,927,405 249,191 391,439 1,929, 708 503, 656 2,584,219 604,463 1,466,482 923,672 138, 555 368,131 701, 699 816, 226 1,037, 568 663, 681 3, 756,001 6,050,521 1,900,498 1,563,322 96, 747 62,346 428,477 54,127 207,152 17,532 312, 226 616,039 268,008 290,504 1,377 5,649 10,351 4,306 2,658 867 53,459 393,549 18,077 18,144 3,445 1,418 14,919 310 14,295 1,278 12,495 15,871 10,596 5,014 224,313 4,025,697 837, 729 395, 959 2,092,005 245, 744 3,204,186 5,894,390 1,815,717 1,431,954 121,749 3,737,567 183,883 71,566 1, 720,961 196,047 843,916 247,406 996,151 574,438 27,044 269,408 241,425 317,357 228,453 44,606 2,131, 298 5,363, 774 645,998 680,152 75,520 18, 722 412,421 7,036 142,591 5,091 228,972 283, 210 173,568 177,364 142 125 330 1,971 9,472 4, 332 16,120 100 12,360 19,867 23,316 38,925 1,846 125 660 360 11,467 3, 075 374 12,000 1,279 706 324 95 690 100 1,200 3,606 835 90 1, 757 75 374 200 275 84,181 i 39,420 8,812 4,332 16,120 100 8,400 18,866 38,551 7,766 192 7 -3 6 2,149 706 7 1 ANALYSIS OF STRIKES, 1935 ............................................. 1936_____ ___________________________________________ Other: 1927-28....... ................................................. .......................... 1929. _ _ ............................................................. 1930-31_____ _____________ _______ _________________ 1932________ __________ ____________ _______________ 1933— _ __________________ _________ _______________ 1934_________________________________ ____________ 1935— _ ______________________________________ ____ 1936— _ _________________ ____ ____ _________ ______ Textiles and their products: 1927___________________________________ __________ __________ 1928_________________________________ _______ _______________ 1929_________________________________________________________ 1930_______________________ ___________________ ____ ________ 1931_________________________________________________________ 1932________________________________________________________ 1933________________________________________________________ 1934________________________________________ _____ __________ 1935________________________________________________________ 1936________________________________ ____ ____ ______________ Fabrics: 1927_______________ ________________________________ 1928____________________ ______ _____________________ 1929_________________________________ _____ _________ 1930_________________________________________________ 1931_________________________________________________ 1932_________________________________________________ 1933_________________________________________________ 1934_________________________________________________ 1935_________________________________________________ 1936-______ ___________________ _____ _______________ Carpets and rugs: 1927_________________________________________ 1928_________________________________________ 1929_________________________________________ 1930_________________________________ ____ _ 1931_________________________________________ 1932___________________________________ ____ _ 1933__________________ ________ ______ ______ 1934_________________________________________ 1935_______________________________ _____ — . 1936_______________________ ________ ________ 1,375 1 Man-days idle as a result of a strike which began in the preceding year and continued into this year. 3 The general textile strike of September 1934, involving 309,500 workers, extended into 7 industries, i. e., carpets and rugs, cotton goods, cotton small wares, dyeing and finishing textiles, silk and rayon goods, woolen and worsted goods, and knit goods. In the totals for the industry group ‘ ‘Textiles and their products” this is included as 1 strike, but in the figures for each of the 7 industries affected it is broken down and included as a separate strike in each industry with the proper distribution of “ Workers involved” and “ Man-days idle.” The sympathetic strikes called in connection with the textile strike are included as separate strikes in their respective industries. 00 ■ <1 T able 37 .— Strikes beginning 1 9 2 7 -3 6 , by industries and major issues involved— Continued Number of man-days idle during year Num ber of workers involved Number of strikes Major issues M ajor issues Major issues Total Wages Union M is organ cella and hours ization neous Union organi zation Miscel laneous 4,721 28, 674 18,982 5,910 3,709 6,800 51, 462 274, 380 25,105 17, 029 2, 321 26,949 3, 781 1,716 3,164 5,390 35,765 13, 026 8,902 10,203 327 1,040 6,503 4,108 2,073 685 8,698 86 545 610 10,132 14, 352 5,663 3,320 30 34 70 34 70 2,421 2, 068 1, 657 546 370 1, 522 24 17 35 10 6 26 77 66 44 29 13 8 9 6 4 21 53 9 14 15 1 1 1 1 1 9 9 6 2 2 7 4 1 3 120 15 1 4 1 1 2 1 1 14 1,240 362 14 231 2 5 11 2 1 6 33 23 6 9 4 15 2 2 4 18 24 7 8 1 1 8 2 4 3 3 6 8 14 33 25 65 34 23 17 44 24 3 2 12 5 1 1 1 11 9 15 18 Total Wages and hours 800 5,565 247,002 10,540 3,506 Union Wages and organiza M iscel laneous hours tion 394 65,948 3,696, 111 94,102 12,699 206, 788 117,740 268, 577 77, 059 339,439 189,127 720 136 770 30 133, 531 3,750,193 488,062 329, 786 315,723 163,080 514,878 3,462,596 946,190 554,952 8,154 41,797 97, 615 316, 540 i 96,000 43,200 64,637 3,134, 019 494,340 217,639 59,429 12,285 296,345 547 12,935 2,140 181,664 251, 518 112,411 148,186 136 770 720 2, 530 27,864 l 4,950 1,644 4,728 6,965 3,620 56 20, 077 11,910 105 27,335 39,774 4,950 1,809 995 362 14 14 7,807 3,620 14 786 80 80 28,135 5,301 15, 292 641 557,050 755,998 7,541 178, 603 22,761 8, 947 267 47,975 26,060 78,912 52,803 1,775 216,880 128,820 817 8, 202 6, 256 114, 272 4,869 20 20 1 3 1 20,874 34,973 2,664 5,351 5,390 1,602 531 108 15,484 32, 528 1,464 5,154 843 669 89 585,185 784,060 31, 780 179, 511 7 6 9 5 3, 519 5,312 13, 557 2, 624 2,369 1,566 5,011 2, 292 395 3,152 2,941 198 755 594 5, 605 134 57,952 249,196 322,004 58,489 165 1 8 8 0 -1 9 3 6 Textiles and their products—Continued. Fabrics—C on tinued. Cotton goods: 1927_________________________________________ 1928_________________ ____________ _________ _ 1929_________ ______________ _____ _________ _ 1930______ _____ ______ ____ ________ _____ _ 1931__________________ ___________ __________ 1932___________________ _____________________ 1933...____ ____________________ _______ _____ 1934_________________________________________ 1935___________ _____________________________ 1936.............. .......... ......... ...................................... Cotton small wares: 1927.____ ___________________________ ____ _ 1928________________________ _____________ 1929____________________________ ______ _____ 1930-32________________________________ ____ _ 1933____________ ____________________________ .. ... 1934_______ 1935___________________ _____________________ 1936________________ . . ___ Dyeing and finishing textiles: 1927__________________ ___ ________________ _ 1928_________ ____ _______________ ______ ____ 1929____________________________ _____ ______ 1930.— 1931___________________________ _____________ 1932. . 1933_____ . . 1934______________________ __________________ 1935____________________________________ ____ 1936____ ______ __________ ______ ______ _____ Silk and rayon goods: 1927_________________________________ ____ _ 1928_____ _______ _________ __________ _____ _ 1929._____ _________ ______ __________________ 1930........................................................................... Total STRIKES IK TH E UNITED STATES, Industry and year 138 9 4 °— 38- 20 19 67 26 62 44 5 4 9 3 18 9 45 27 30 27 4 5 2 10 7 36 10 14 8 2 4 4 5 7 17 6 17, 267 5,949 58,187 38, 941 29,416 11, 047 13, 569 5,351 28, 559 4,185 23,414 7,937 4 3 I 1 8 2 6 1 6 6 707 600 760 .250 40, 328 2,217 10,214 75, 876 11,446 6,940 600 197 160 27, 618 2,080 7,089 2,811 8, 395 1, 329 3 16 10 13 3 1 2 2 1 9 9 7 3 3 10 5 15 3 96 83 121 86 135 126 259 185 295 287 19 18 17 35 58 75 122 48 110 93 59 46 92 37 62 32 122 107 167 168 18 26 50 13 31 27 73 37 59 31 5 3 6 12 17 29 11 28 12 16 18 44 4 11 6 36 22 27 15 763,920 55,507 440,153 90,985 421,584 317,724 617 545 18 90 12,710 137 611 175 1,144 1,203 8,249 14,474 12, 729 3,180 840,394 20,554 102,180 867,945 222,969 157, 066 14,474 1,287 1,560 732,001 20,220 70,382 40, 552 185, 595 12, 079 2, 514 72,890 1,907 4,408 535 320 7,812 21, 263 2, 617 5,978 8, 581 38,006 9,948 7,889 11,370 72 1, 620 108, 393 334 8,146 350 12,829 18,963 23, 652 827,043 24,545 126,024 16,035 1,920 23,847 1,920 1,072 172 2,052 2,480 38,804 76,292 37, 319 87,924 172 2,052 2,480 16, 592 13,199 15,375 16,151 5,756 63, 093 21,944 71,773 16,456 1, 356 2,603 1,409 7,246 2,787 1,062 4, 552 69, 529 13,149 3,944 179, 956 332,185 541,638 865,833 1, 082,423 939,125 3,448, 260 1, 376, 633 1,819,271 1,345, 544 47,218 189,838 65,308 319,873 208, 747 307, 609 1,740,303 357, 057 470, 331 349,234 111, 511 98,723 460, 274 498,869 809,115 619, 075 1,624, 703 686, 747 1, 254, 500 883,170 21,227 43,624 16,056 47,091 64, 561 12,441 83,254 332,829 94,440 113,140 135 355 570 1,866 2, 326 434 2,387 550 1,138 838 30, 714 207, 992 108, 942 32, 223 501,907 326, 394 711,627 94,879 114,124 29,852 160,431 13, 780 5,536 6, 765 49,910 102,472 29,820 64,114 5,823 30, 534 46, 041 93, 742 15,175 433,262 268, 622 561,135 56,864 46,003 18, 518 180 1, 520 1,420 11, 512 61,880 7,862 48, 020 8,195 4,007 5,511 687 320 268 22 36 76 2,952 5,733 2, 593 2,183 22 36 76 1,986 2,138 1,659 294 347 3,595 934 1,889 619 18 19 12 14 15 19 15 30 18 26 10,870 35,701 41, 041 58,991 64, 505 87,859 314, 663 142,115 125,456 84, 699 3, 252 19,126 4, 320 8,722 12,103 38, 593 192, 787 21,988 60, 689 16,635 6, 262 13,972 35, 312 43,023 49, 615 48, 204 117,324 50, 598 51, 618 64,120 2 3 3 3 8 4 8 4 4 4 2,909 26, 742 10, 951 2,824 40,545 28, 521 71,849 9,239 14,127 3,685 15,883 2,344 589 1,079 6, 563 10,191 2,347 10, 590 1, 153 2,774 10, 504 8,037 369 37,140 21, 524 59,271 6,342 2, 399 1, 694 1 1 Man-days idle as a result of a strike which began in the preceding year and continued into this year. 152 917,636 59, 530 1,923,444 643,856 549,193 411, 767 268 1,072 1 9 2 7 -3 6 5 1 1 2 2 1 15 19 12 18 1,040 531 539 501 2,845 402 132,453 1,406 1, 477, 313 544,290 89,603 84, 095 360 2,658 67 29,089 34,255 3,157 2,708 90 7 1 16 17 18 15 1 31 24 88 50 97 65 ANALYSIS OP STRIKES, 1931........................................................................... 1932___________________________ ____ ________ 1933._......... .......... ..............— ........................... 1934______ _______ ___________________________ 1935___________________________________ ____ _ 1936____________________________ ____________ Woolen and worsted goods: 1927 _______ ____________________________ — 1928— . ____________________ _________ 1929_________________________________________ 1930______________ __________________________ 1931____________________________ _________ 1932— _______ _________________ _______ 1933______________________________ _______ 1934_________________________________ ______ _ 1935_________________________ _____ ______ 1936_________________________________________ Other: 1927_______ . _ _ ____ ____ ____ 1928______________ 1929________________ __________ ____ 1930__________________________ _________ _ 1931____ ______________________ _____ 1932____ ______________________ ____ 1933_________________________________________ 1934_________________________________________ 19351936— _ . . . Wearing apparel: 1927_________________________________________________ 1928_________________________________________________ 1929_________________________________________________ 1930____________________________ ______ _____________ 1931________________________ _______ __________ _____ 1932________________________________________________ 1933_________________________________________________ 1934_____________________ ____ ______________________ 1935_________________________________________________ 1936_________________________________________________ Clothing, men’s: 1927 — —.............................................. 1928_______________ _______ ____ ____________ 1929_____________________________ __________ _ 1930_________________________ _______ ______ _ 1931______________________________ __________ 1932___________________ ________ ______ _____ 1933_________________________________________ 1934........ ..................................... ...................— 1935....... ........... ... .......... ......... ............................. 1936............................................ ........................... 00 cO T a b l e 3 7 . — Strikes beginning 1 9 2 7 -8 6 , by industries and major issues involved— Number of strikes Continued Number of workers involved Major issues Number of man-days idle during year Major issues Major issues Industry and year Textiles and their products—Continued. Wearing apparel—Continued. Clothing, women’s: 1927_____________________ ___________________ 1928_________________________________________ 1929_________________________ _____ _________ 1930_________________________________________ 1931_________________________________________ 1932_________________________________________ 1933___________ ___________________ _____ 1934______ ___________________________________ 1935_________________________________________ 1936_________________________________________ Corsets and allied garments: 1927_________________________________________ 1928_________________________________________ 1929-32______________________________________ 1933_________________________________________ 1934_________________________________________ 1935_________________________________________ 1936_________________________________________ M en’s furnishings: 1927______________________ _____ _____ 1928______________________ _____ ____ 1929_________________________________________ 1930_________________________________________ 1931_________________________________________ 1932__________________________________ ____ 1933_________________________________________ 1934________________________________ ________ 1935___________________________ _____________ 1936_________________________________________ Hats, caps, and millinery: 1927_________________ _______________________ 1928___ _____ ________________________________ 1929_________________________________________ 1930________ ___________________ ______ _____ 1931.................. ........................................................ 22 21 21 24 36 31 43 30 81 126 Wages Union M is and organ cella hours ization neous 3 2 1 5 15 18 23 8 21 33 1 2 1 7 5 3 2 1 4 2 7 7 1 6 2 1 2 12 14 17 17 20 9 20 20 53 86 6 2 5 1 5 2 7 7 9 10 23 10 13 6 16 1 2 Total 1,273 3, 534 23, 637 48,086 6, 714 36, 503 118,800 32,803 68, 232 19,889 Wages and hours Union organi zation 423 712 750 3,772 1,107 11,025 99, 556 4,585 22,341 2,843 479 2,325 22,657 41,089 5, 277 25, 269 19, 244 3,163 34, 606 16,421 700 3 2 3 3 1 1 2 1 6 4 3 2 3 3 3 5 2 3 6 2 3 2 5 16 5 8 2 10 1 3 2 2 1 1 1,623 540 371 497 230 3,225 330 209 25, 055 11,285 625 500 212 426 6 500 545 1,043 80 12,942 "T6," 026* 1,136 55 1,407 1,267 2,665 1,971 2,588 923 2,472 260 486 370 75 70 86 181 24,925 47,121 266, 352 584,212 56, 510 464,228 928, 641 182, 715 944, 079 263,167 Union Wages and organiza hours tion 10,998 3,946 7,500 123,481 25,992 133, 793 707, 330 42,829 147, 563 63,953 3,500 1,187 16 271 65 193 212 120 307 23,607 1,080 498 80 2,850 656 140 687 66 425 7 16,163 1,240 3,854 4, 500 10,293 1,920 81,614 15, 336 14,344 33,497 2,204 101 2,362 78 280 14 747 40 96 25 70, 583 20, 529 67, 500 20,277 10,851 300 500 7,417 30, 037 251, 557 439,806 29, 528 328, 393 221,311 39, 556 723, 363 190,098 M iscel laneous 6,510 13,138 7,295 20,925 990 2, 042 100,330 73,153 9,116 3,500 38,648 1,160 1,355 1,660 700 2,810 556 271 65 4 1 1 2 Total Miscel laneous 24 15,041 80 1,355 1,660 4,472 1,240 230 11,691 3,600 4,500 60,182 165 10, 204 30,342 5,538 1,920 20,850 9,016 4,140 3,029 582 6,155 18,441 6,300 360 1, 552 3,402 51,876 6,361 66,960 17,789 6,224 266 7,868 180 936 1,225 4, 755 126 STRIKES IN TH E UNITED STATES, 1 8 8 0 - 1 9 3 6 Total 16 20 26 21 23 4 10 14 5 2 7 9 11 15 20 5 1 1 1 1 10,492 15,073 12, 551 3,651 25,963 10,116 10, 769 12,132 605 91 129 4,181 408 2,941 25,725 247 123 11 105 147 16,388 228,922 271,432 87,664 162, 775 12,441 162,192 255,343 25,020 551 2,992 66, 238 16,023 61,699 142,967 955 492 66 945 19,257 9 11 8 15 11 10 28 28 39 16 2 5 3 8 8 8 14 5 27 7 5 3 3 4 3 1 13 14 10 5 2 3 2 3 630 1,457 1,518 1,750 1,673 665 18,449 6,869 22, 562 3, 344 33 1,320 161 1,418 800 494 6,526 1,272 19, 799 1, 511 176 48 1,122 151 873 159 10,823 3,083 2,438 769 421 89 235 181 7,259 11, 737 13,303 47,981 20,850 4,023 288,496 86, 369 256,008 112,237 1,148 7, 710 1,468 46,261 10,416 3,852 96,647 17, 223 172,910 18, 734 4,438 2,804 9,600 996 10,434 159 164,349 55, 535 80, 553 18, 519 1,673 1,223 2,235 724 8 7 12 16 16 18 31 23 31 32 4 2 5 7 8 14 14 4 7 19 1 5 3 4 674 1,334 1,435 3, 565 11, 588 8,505 21,274 49,386 6,635 14,148 319 419 839 2,260 7,681 8 054 6,702 875 615 5, 814 355 6 7 8 4 16 14 21 9 19,698 32,122 72,387 147,113 454,498 101, 377 564,712 344, 371 271,145 480,091 7,761 7, 747 41, 576 123, 738 141,034 91, 821 112,689 10,133 13,032 147,810 11,937 i 4, 500 29,485 22,681 313,464 9, 556 451,468 134, 580 244,455 329, 756 555 199,658 13,658 2, 525 1 481 1 1 9 2 4 4 1 1 1 1 2 11 14 2 3 9 1 7 5 10 10 16 8 29 12 34 19 3 1 6 6 3 14 2 13 7 1 8 14 16 15 2 4 10 3 6 3 13 8 21 11 1 3 4 1 4 2 1 4 2 2 2 i 915 34 78 562 1,227 3,907 451 14,461 7,967 5,746 7,209 111 40, 544 274 1,125 37 78 32 9 156 18 185 905 31, 752 28, 358 1, 254 11,610 150 18 65 779 30, 564 141 96 2,301 6 2, 218 799 446 1,988 2, 271 2,188 21,714 1,217 7,317 3,330 2,075 17 579 645 1,562 16,830 41 5,376 951 70 1,188 28,022 1,136 9, 221 72 782 446 109 1,570 592 4,119 941 1,941 2,329 50 126 195 22 88 71 1,300 56 34 765 235 50 810 320 9 618 252 1,550 9,658 344,890 349,047 20, 227 217, 874 600 252 400 8, 776 332, 233 323 688 49, 978 8, 550 204 19,875 1.326 694 18 9,804 7,944 8,682 29, 275 25,964 15,137 260, 710 31,324 110,325 44, 391 12 27,500 13,611 2, 545 74,984 19,053 15,983 7,016 142,951 141 36,800 32,043 1,050 12,657 345,490 19,407 167, 575 828 7,740 8,682 2,422 9,615 7,433 111,654 29,603 73, 525 11,048 100 882 3,234 132 321 19 2 7 - 3 6 3 2 1 4 14 22 20 20 28 5 1 2 12 1,100 2, 514 325 1,064 ANALYSIS OF STRIKES, 1932_________________________________ _______ 1933..______________________________________ 1934..______________________________________ 1935.._______________________________________ 1936..___________________ ____ _______________ Shirts and collars: 1927_________________________________________ 1928_________________________________________ 1929_________________________________________ 1930_________________________________________ 1931.. ___ _____________________ 1932_________________________________________ 1933_________________________________________ 1934_________________________________________ 1935_________________________________________ 1936_________________________________________ Hosiery: 1927- _____ ___________________________ 1928________________________________________ 1929_________________________________________ 1930_________________________________________ ___________ 1931 . 1932 . . . ___________ 1933_________________________________________ 1934_________________________________________ 1935_________________________________________ 1936_________________________________________ Knit goods: 1927_________________________________________ 1928.. _____________________________________ 1929 . ____ 1930 . . ____ 1931_______________________________ _________ 1932 . ____ 1933_________________________________________ 1934_________________________________________ 1935_________________________________________ 1936_________________________________________ Other: 1927_________________________________________ 1928_________________________________________ 1929_________________________________________ 1930_________________________________________ 1931_________________________________________ 1932_________________________________________ 1933_________________________________________ 1934_________________________________________ 1935_________________________________________ 1936________ _______________________________ 426 7,800 366 688 6,105 1,580 1,300 1 Man-days idle as a result of a strike which began in the preceding year and continued into this year. H - *• T a b l e 3 7 , — Strikes beginning 1 9 2 7 -3 6 , by industries and major issues involved— Number of workers involved Number of strikes Total Wages and hours Union organi zation Miscel laneous Union Wages and organiza hours tion Miscel laneous 4,960 11, 252 27,475 2,209 8,230 8,152 90, 273 48,872 16, 307 20,472 3,092 9,471 9,765 429 7,090 3, 545 26,059 20,478 5,354 9, 547 1,751 1,603 16,974 1, 528 977 2,496 55,292 27,700 6, 588 9,469 117 178 736 252 163 2,111 8,922 694 4,365 1,456 86,594 115,822 1,069,144 83, 238 113,681 107,020 1,939,022 840,681 258,929 218,996 40,385 91,614 679, 515 3,920 98,479 25,233 444,233 385, 731 92,506 85, 551 44,489 21,840 358, 389 75,153 12, 833 41,051 1, 293,899 449,618 144,130 106,790 1,720 2,368 31, 240 4,165 2,369 40,736 200,890 5,332 22, 293 26,655 12 29 44 19 27 45 104 65 57 44 2 10 14 4 18 23 39 24 24 23 9 16 25 10 8 18 49 36 29 17 1 3 5 5 1 4 16 5 4 4 3,789 10,648 23, 561 1,904 1,779 7,747 69, 553 30,463 11,099 11,885 3,014 8,969 9, 700 388 1,184 3,265 17,638 11,213 3,363 7,908 665 1,532 13,125 1,316 540 2,371 43,078 18,648 4,420 3,733 110 147 736 200 55 2,111 8,837 602 3,316 244 54,154 94,846 989,977 76,893 16,729 100, 250 1, 402,043 560,013 174, 369 83,994 36,266 72,730 679,170 3,059 11, 575 22, 213 251,371 188,195 37,891 65,396 16, 238 20,988 259, 567 69,935 4,969 37,301 950, 892 366,924 115, 773 18,077 1,650 1,128 31,240 3,899 185 40, 736 199, 780 4,894 20, 705 521 5 4 4 3 4 2 12 8 7 10 1 3 2 1 3 2 5 5 2 1 3 1 2 1 1 444 573 176 201 456 95 10,004 8, 554 2,571 5,965 33 502 65 41 408 95 1,154 779 1,131 182 404 71 111 135 7 6,343 14, 786 2,589 3,071 6,882 915 305,106 46,800 13,151 62,980 429 13,934 345 861 6, 258 915 16,802 12, 750 7,165 1,638 5,844 852 2,244 2,160 70 3 1 6 1 727 31 3, 738 45 26, 097 6,190 96, 578 3,690 i 4,950 6 3 3 7 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 6 8, 775 7,775 501 4,952 25 48 75 939 831 682 31 3,738 287,254 34,050 4,618 49,618 50 624 1,050 1,368 11, 724 22,407 1, 240 96,578 188 0 -1 9 3 6 2 4 5 7 3 4 18 7 7 9 STA TES. 14 17 33 13 13 19 69 45 39 33 U K IT E D 4 13 16 5 26 26 55 36 32 30 THE 20 34 54 25 42 49 142 88 78 72 IK Total M ajor issues STR IKES Total Wages Union M is and organ cella hours ization neous Leather and its manufactures: 1927_________________________________________________________ 1928________ ________________________________________________ 1929__________________________________________ _____ ________ 1930_________________________________________________________ 1931_________________________________________________________ 1932_________________________________________________________ 1933_________________________________________________________ 1934_________________________________________________________ 1935_________________________________________________________ 1936_____________________________________________ ____ ______ Boots and shoes: 1927_____________________ _____ ________ ____ _______ 1928_________________________________________________ 1929_________________________________________________ 1930_________________________________________________ 1931_________________________________________________ 1932_________________________________________________ 1933______________________________________ ____ _____ 1934..____ ___________________________________________ 1935________________________ ________________________ 1936-____ ___________________________________________ Leather: 1927_______________ _________________________________ 1928_______________________________ _______________ 1929_____________ _______ _______ _______________ 1930_________________________________________________ 1931_________________________________________________ 1932 __________ _ 1933____________________________________ _______ ____ 1934__________________ . _ _ 1935_________________________________________________ 1936________________ ___________________ ________ _ Other leather goods: 1927________________ _________________ _________ _ _ 1928______________________ ____ ________ _ . . 1929.............. ......... .......... .......... ...................... ......... ........ Number of man-days idle during year M ajor issues Major issues Industry and year Continued 1 1 77 437 125 3,439 1,277 1,667 784 8 8 9 6 4 9 36 88 54 71 4 4 4 2 3 5 7 9 7 12 2,651 708 2,262 1,165 7,933 3,925 33,339 33,092 26,683 13,859 1,957 288 666 932 7,075 3,602 23,974 10,021 5,649 1,883 4 4 2 3 10 21 15 18 18 10 5 6 4 3 3 8 20 38 19 29 2 1 4 2 2 4 2 2 1 4 619 489 1,930 367 238 1,881 11,000 4,460 12,998 2,786 2 2 1 1 2 3 3 7 11 7 10 2 2 2 3 1 3 2 5 1 14 6 7 9 24 17 17 14 29 44 83 138 103 106 12 5 4 6 22 30 40 41 42 23 11 11 10 8 15 33 37 58 38 43 1 2 4 1 3 1 3,058 7,864 3,750 55,753 48,644 23,739 39,095 60 438 220 14,410 429 341 277 175 835 265 9,208 22,498 20, 495 11,462 265 79 1,319 58 23 58 157 573 539 514 45,026 6,195 10, 218 10,520 36,510 101,239 566,350 456,572 842,109 244, 718 30,910 3,023 2,759 5,197 26,932 87,554 456,941 73,922 35,703 13,396 7,538 1,781 2,949 4,999 9,483 12,872 106,539 379, 533 753,063 228, 771 6,578 1,391 4,510 324 95 813 2,870 3,117 53, 343 2, 551 455 213 496 178 186 1,577 8,795 1,278 3,566 586 58 257 115 131 35 256 2,176 3,153 9,418 2,115 106 19 1,319 58 17 48 29 29 14 85 27, 540 4,740 7,012 7,091 4,336 25, 615 303, 598 93, 762 565, 546 82, 782 24,064 2,948 1,549 2,043 3,630 12,209 258,071 9,545 9, 669 4,104 2,161 1,697 953 4, 724 683 12,863 45,480 83,893 555,835 77,948 1,315 95 4, 510 324 23 543 47 324 42 730 95 84 1 1 3 4 5 4 10 92 110 381 80,646 2,105 176,060 184,786 47,450 18,517 80 15 84 1,025 84 560 465 84 32 97 229 2,120 448 891 26 87 36 181 25 36 178 514 4,588 11, 631 52,172 8,498 106 244 540 4,221 1,000 353 130 1,810 23 743 6 10 63 129 400 112 11 11 176 2,110 6, 727 621 7,801 72 270 1,938 683 50, 551 344 176 2 1 2 1 73 75 73 75 222 75 222 75 1 5 2 5 6 1 5 2 4 1 600 5,559 1,700 6,275 6, 831 600 5, 559 1,700 6,250 4,150 3,000 20,334 72,400 142, 775 61, 797 3,000 20,334 72,400 142,650 8,300 1 5 1 Man-days idle as a result of a strike which began in the preceding year and continued into this year. 216 1,560 3,274 90,070 5,855 231,873 233,868 71,409 72,022 27 60 19 2 7 - 3 6 5,498 185 7,267 8,486 860 1,457 5 1 11 7 6 6 OF ST R IK E S, 1 2 1 3 104 5,995 310 10, 716 9,855 2, 637 2,622 3 11 2 26 15 14 18 A N A L Y S IS 1930......................... ............................................................... 1931— ............................................................. ...................... 1932_________ ____ _________________ ____ ______ _____ 1933_______________________ ______ ____________ _____ 1934_____________________________________ _____ _____ 1935________________________________ ____ _____ _____ 1936_________ ____ _________ _________ _______ _______ Food and kindred products: 1927........................................................... ..................... ..................... 1928____ _____ ___________________________ ______ ______ _____ 1929........... . _ ____ ____ ___________________________ 1930____ ______ ___________ ______ ______ ____ _____ _________ 1931__________________________________ ______ __________ ____ 1932__________ _______ ______ ____________________ ____ 1933_________________________________________________________ 1934________________________________ ______ __________ ______ 1935______________________________ ____ ______________ ____ 1936____________________________________ ______ _____ _____ Baking: 1927___________ ____ __________ ____ _______ _________ 1928. __________ _______________ ______ _______________ 1929_______ __________________________________________ 1930____ _____ ____________________ ____ _____________ 1931_________________________________________________ 1932._______ ________________________________________ 1933_________________________________________________ 1934__________________________________ ______ _______ 1935_______ __________________________________________ 1936_________________________________ ____ ________ Beverages: 1927 . .................... ............................... ........ 1928 _____________ ________ _______ _____ 1929-30_________ __________ _______ _______ 1931 ________________ _____ _____________ 1932 . _______________ _________ ______ _____ 1933 __________ ____ ____________________ 1934 ___________________ _____________ _____ 1935 _______________ _______ ____________ 1936................................................. ..................................... Butter: 1927-35 ...................... .......... ............................................ 1936 .............................. . ......................... .......... Canning and preserving: 1927 ...................... ................. - ................. .............. 1928 ______ _____ _____ - _______ ________ 1929 ........................... .............................. ....... 1930 ........................... ...................... .............. 1931 ______ _______ _______ _____________ 1932 ____________ _____________ _____ ___ 1933 _______________________________ ___ 1934........... ................................... ............... .......... ............... 25 2, 681 125 53,497 00 T able 37. — Strikes beginning 1 9 8 7 -3 6 , by industries and major issues involved— Continued Num ber of man-days idle during year Number of workers involved Number of strikes M ajor issues Major issues Major issues Total Wages Union M is and organ cella hours ization neous 14 11 7 4 6 7 1 1 1 2 5 2 1 1 5 1 3 7 8 2 2 1 1 3 5 5 1 1 3 1 2 1 1 6 2 1 3 1 1, 236 60 319 739 2,421 75 559 2 2 970 42 50 805 50 1,322 2,539 10 10,492 2,265 27,206 8,650 6, 728 36 50 145 3,120 2,340 23,991 48,269 759 4,280 500 60 319 664 1,717 500 40 7,240 8 159 42 3,120 2,340 23, 232 42,974 760 30 1,015 16 224 2,650 22 268 16 290 2,492 2,265 20, 478 8, 584 1,165 1,165 16 6 2, 750 2,450 50 226 115 1,413 556 19,948 14,661 Miscel laneous 75 75 111 94 22 20 24,020 17,200 Union Wages and organiza hours tion 2,450 8 16 384 22 28 1 1 125 500 8 1 2 698 2,866 50 675 23 111 1 1 4 1 2 1,502 115 2,088 589 500 1 M iscel laneous 1,150 50 2 2 4 5 Total Union organi zation 15 1,150 1 3 550 571 15 2 8 2 9 8 1,373 3,437 Wages and hours 524 22 60 10,795 378 250 5,520 250 224 2,126 208 12 5,263 378 188 0 -1 9 3 6 Food and kindred products—Continued. Canning and preserving— Continued. _______________ _______________ 1935.____ ___ 1936................................................... . ............... .............. Confectionery: 1927-28 1929. . .. ______ . ___ .................................... 1930. 1931.................................................. . . 1932....................................... ... . 1933............................................... ..................................... 1934. 1935....................... ............. ........ 1936________________ ________________________________ Flour and grain mills: 1927-29 _________________________________________ 1930____________________________________________ ____ 1931-32 _____ 1933._______ ______________________________ ____ _____ 1934________________________________________ ____ _ 1935___ ____________________________ ___________ _ 1936_______________________ ________ ______________ _ Icecream : 1927 . . . 1928_________________________________________________ 1929 . ___ _ _ 1930_______________________________________ _____ ___ 1931_________________________________________________ 1932____ ___________ _______ _________________________ 1933... ........... ........................ . . 1934. ___________ ______ 1935___________________________________ _____________ 1936____________________________________ _____ ______ Slaughtering and meat packing: 1927................ ........................... .......................... ............... 1928._____ _______________ _______ ________ ____ _____ 1929............................................ ................................... . Total STRIKES IN TH E UNITED STATES, Industry and year 44 21 239 9,127 16,995 4, 564 2,905 2,565 29,409 32,135 2,388 2,024 9 49,113 221,935 109, 339 70, 603 8,757 871 8,757 1775 96 4,835 400 10,500 5,610 4,835 286 3,000 702 21 415 162 967 44 350 120 104 125 8 2,163 530 360 36 18 800 2,000 635 1,043 97 ________ 24 22 666 225 887 46 891 114 9,785 36 14, 515 4,266 902 1,090 917 14 11,467 3,942 465 868 325 790 325 887 46 891 114 9,785 1 Man-days idle as a result of a strike which began in the preceding year and continued into this year. 3 There were no strikes in the cigarette industry. 2, 574 78, 522 256,180 111, 727 73,059 417 967 286 3,000 702 275 9 4,600 13, 209 4,188 2,655 48 417 48 394 18 156 104 925 8 4,163 1,165 1,403 89 275 44 21 230 4, 527 3, 371 376 88 12,112 114 7,869 1,579 324 1,469 207 215 15 22 222 999 790 114 7,869 2,110 ” 432 400 10,500 5,610 44 .... 104 375 136 14,196 10,440 13,040 4,900 .... 10,195 210 76,003 98,648 6,695 8,274 918 8,800 4,000 6,350 13,014 206 7,372 __________ 1,032 66 19,366 18, 225 37,591 550 121, 621 364 132,647 132,086 36,000 12,573 2,755 999 97 .............. 24 22 666 225 917 4,944 918 1,716 104 9,175 136 18,196 16,790 26,054 206 21 4,740 ANALYSIS OP STRIKES, 192 7 -3 6 3 1930 ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... 3 1 1 1931 ____________ ________ _ 5 4 1 1932 ________________________ 9 15 6 1933 ________________________ 31 3 45 11 1934 ________________________ 10 15 5 1935 _____________________ _ 18 1 15 2 1936 __________________ _____ Sugar beet: 1927-33_____________________________ 1 1 1934 ________________________ 1 1 1935 ________________________ 1936 ________________________ Sugar refining, cane: 1927-32_____________________________ 1 1 1933 ________________________ 2 2 1934 ________________________ 2 2 1935 ________________________ 1 1 1936 ________________________ Other: 1 2 1 1927 ________________________ 1 1 1928 ________________________ 1 2 1 1929 ________________________ 1 1 1930 ________________________ 1 2 1 1931 ________________________ 1 1 1932 _________________________ 1 8 1933 _________________________ 7 1 1934 ________________________ 6 5 9 6 1935 ________________________ 3 4 4 1936________________________________ Tobacco manufactures:3 2 1927 ________________________________ 1 1 1 1928 _________________________________ 2 1 5 1 1929 _________________________________ 4 1930 ________________________________ 2 2 1931 ________________________________ 2 10 4 4 1932 _________________________________ 1 2 1 21 11 1933 _________________ _______________ 5 5 1934 _________________________________ 1 9 8 1935 ________________________ ________ 5 2 2 1 1936 _________________________________ 6 2 1 3 Chewing and smoking tobacco and snuff: 1927-34________________________ _____ 1 1935 ____________ ____________ 1 1936 ________________________________________________________________________ Cigars: 2 1 1927 _______________________ _ 1 2 1 1 1928 _________________________ 5 4 1 1929 ________________ ________ 2 2 1930 __________________ _____ _ 2 10 4 1931.......................................................... 4 2,755 12,112 1,098 37, 591 550 121,621 3,021 154 26,681 33,438 12,320 4,014 7,372 __________ 1,032 66 19,366 18, 225 10,195 3,021 550 108,405 29,963 16,985 285 4, 740 550 108,405 4^ Oi T able 37. — Strikes beginning 1 9 2 7 -3 6 , by industries and major issues involved— Continued Num ber of workers involved Number of strikes Number of man-days idle during year M ajor issues Major issues Major issues Total Tobacco manufactures—Continued. Cigars—Continued. 1932______________________ ______________ _______ ___ 1933_________________ ________ ______________________ 1934__________ ______________________________________ 1935______________________________________ __________ 1936-_______ ___________ ______ _____________________ Paper and printing: 1927______________________ _____ _____________ _____ — .......... 1928— _____ _________ _____ ___________________ __________ 1929____________ ____________________________________________ 1930_____________ - ............ - ____ ______ _______________ _____ 1931_____________ _____ ________ _________ ____ _____________ 1932___________________ ________ _________ _______ __________ 1933_________________ _______________________________________ 1934_________________ ____________________ _____ ____________ 1935.------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------1936_________________ _______________ _________ - ................. — Boxes, paper: 1927____________ ____ _____________________ ____ ____ 1928_________________________________________________ 1929____________ ____ _______________________________ 1930__________________ _________ ____________ _______ 1931_____________________ ____ ____________ _____ _ 1932__________________ ____________ ______ _________ _ 1933........ - _____ _____________________________ _______ 1934____________________________________ _____ ______ 1935__________ _____________________________ _______ _ 1936_________________ _____ ____ ____________________ Paper and pulp: 1927_________________ _________ ______ ____ _________ 1928________________________ ______ __________ _____ _ 1929_____________________ ______ _____ — .................... 1930_________________________________________________ 1931.............- ........ - ............................... ............ ................... 1932................................ ............ ..................... ...................... 1933.................................................. — ................................. Wages Union M is and organ cella hours ization neous 2 21 9 4 6 1 11 8 1 3 1 5 1 2 2 22 14 15 14 17 33 35 48 52 47 13 3 6 5 12 27 21 22 14 6 4 9 7 4 4 3 12 26 34 37 1 3 1 1 1 2 7 6 7 13 2 5 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 3 4 5 2 2 5 1 3 2 4 4 2 4 5 11 1 1 1 2 1 2 3 1 i Union organi zation 36 14,515 4,266 577 1,090 14 11,467 3,942 140 868 22 1,579 324 222 207 1,262 2,022 1,775 258 599 3, 279 7,533 6,548 5,025 5,203 929 93 548 109 428 3, 201 6,687 4, 224 1,621 566 225 1,779 1,165 35 121 43 556 2,324 3,273 4,445 78 30 618 4,644 381 1, 221 2,932 1 1 Wages and hours 1, 200 115 30 5 1 2 1 Total 618 4,591 147 1,024 432 15 129 12 58 14 789 423 108 150 62 114 50 35 290 131 192 15 101 12 58 14 6 364 132,647 132,086 33, 245 12,573 210 76,003 98,648 3,940 8,274 154 26,681 33,438 12,320 4,014 53,973 24,916 42,603 2,641 10,407 40,390 52,351 65,467 134,543 191,068 23,796 737 8,632 1,423 7,428 38,470 42,867 34,811 18,716 14,500 26,905 23,729 31,649 704 1,679 818 9,154 30,656 115,487 175,456 234 480 4,818 20,947 1,246 13,407 91,575 215 15 53 234 197 2,500 40 Union Wages and organiza hours tion 13,200 631 480 1,469 1, 200 37 28 783 383 Total Miscel laneous 4,818 19,133 294 11,488 12,760 90 975 72 162 140 13,104 5,325 M iscel laneous 29,963 16,985 285 3,272 450 2,322 514 1,300 1,102 330 340 1,112 13,200 397 1,814 952 1,919 78,815 90 303 72 162 672 140 13,098 4,085 6 1,240 STKIKES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1 8 8 0 -1 9 3 6 Industry and year 3 3 2 7 3 11 4 14 9 8 2 1 1 3 3 9 4 6 2 1 1 2 1 1 3 1 1 7 6 7 2 11 13 15 18 19 10 4 1 3 1 7 11 6 11 4 1 1 6 4 1 3 1 7 7 12 8 11 2 2 2 2 4 5 3 9 9 7 2 1 I 3 8 7 7 1 2 1 1 2 3 1 2 1 1 2 2 3 3 1 4 2 4 1 8 1 3 2 10 22 8 20 1 5 12 2 5 1 2 2 5 7 5 1 1 4 10 5 11 2,168 2,373 671 622 194 1,546 2,125 491 263 158 1,006 131 73 1,054 50 1,283 406 270 71 48 6 69 73 1,025 50 1,087 19 58 192 110 1,000 6 56 18 11 209 441 339 16 394 557 1,086 2,654 608 808 149 17 211 10 237 526 385 2,356 145 28 7 424 128 6 107 13 411 298 386 768 775 94 303 23 118 261 1,330 62 417 522 709 26 45 196 387 212 253 53 50 18 290 77 12 40 49 50 23 118 249 1,278 12 239 48 12 52 50 178 474 1 1 2 295 1,479 437 44 247 185 44 13 1 1 70 1,824 5,388 832 13,990 30 964 2,485 370 1,075 760 2,903 440 12, 589 i 4 54 180 29,294 85,978 12,840 6,044 5,474 23,250 80,342 12,040 25,131 7,608 28,258 1,221 345 6,060 129 12,706 22,188 4,687 555 48 258 863 345 4,514 129 10,886 249 464 24,576 7,560 28,000 6 352 468 1,078 1,926 2,941 6,079 86 9,158 5,004 7,048 20,355 8,560 62,919 953 17 2,827 80 6,319 4,648 982 17,551 691 224 427 2,924 3, 252 6 1,539 338 5,736 2,804 7,691 62,383 26,826 192 7,563 692 764 11,404 18,902 1,866 4,410 19,047 22,288 1,902 45 1,820 21,939 4,223 5,313 546 1,300 18 330 178 312 2,636 147 2,250 692 764 11,392 18,538 36 814 1,052 48 1,479 239 2,115 8,874 3,205 44 2,561 44 40 100 220 13,042 142, 736 5,662 230, 766 180 1, 522 93,422 1,760 30, 594 22 326 162 800 12 364 1,830 3,596 17,995 1,587 65 11,420 49,314 3,748 198,451 528 8,874 579 192 7 -3 6 5 5 4 S T R IK E S , 2 2 OF 7 8 7 A N A L Y S IS 1934 ________ ___________ ______ ____ ______ _ 1935.............................................................- ........................ 1936 ...................................................................................... Printing and publishing: B ook and job: 1927 .................................. ................................ . 1928 .................................................. ........................ 1929 _ ....................... ............... ........... - ............... . 1930....... — ................... - ............... ........................— 1931 ............... .......... ................... ..................... ...... 1932______________________ __________ _______ — 1933. ............... ............................................... .......... 1934............ ................. ................................ ............. 1935......................................... ...................................— 1936.............. ................. .....................................- .......... Newspapers and periodicals: 1927____________________ ______________ ________ 1928. ........................... ............................. ...... ____________________ _____________ - ........ 1929______________ ___________ _____________ 19301931____________________________ _______ _____ — 1932_________ _________________ _____ ______ ____ 1933— _________ ______________ _______ __________ 1 9 3 4 ....... ........ ............ ............................................... 1935— . __________ __________________ __________ 1936....................................... - ................... - ................. Other: 1927— ..................................... .................................- ........ . 1928_________________ ______________________ _______ _ 1929-____ __________________ ____________ ___________ 1930________________ ____ _____ ____ ____ ___________ 1931________________ - .......... .......... ........ ....................... 1932......... .......... ................................................... .............. . 1933..................................................- _______ ___________ 1934_____________ _____________ _______ _____________ 1935- ....................... ....................................................... 1936_________________________ ____________ __________ Chemicals and allied products: 1927-........... .................................. ........ ......................................... . 1928— .................... ................................. .......................................... 1929— _____ __________ ____ _____ ____ _______ ____ _______ _ 1930________________________ ____ _________ _______ ____ ____ 1931_______________________________________________ _______ 1932______________ ___________ _______ _______ ______________ 1933_____________________ ______ ____________________________ 1934_________________ ______ _______________ _________ ______ 1935__________________________ _____ ________ ______________ _ 1936........................................... .................................................... — , 40 100 154 1,721 JMan-days idle as a result of a strike which began in the preceding year and continued into this year. -4 T able 37. — Strikes beginning 1 9 2 7 -3 6 , by industries and major issues involved— Continued Number of man-days idle during year Number of workers involved Number of strikes Major issues M ajor issues Major issues Total Wages Union M is and organ cella hours ization neous Chemicals and allied products—Continued. Chemicals: 1927-28__________ ______________ __________ _________ 1929________________________________ _________ 1930-32______________________________________________ 1933______________ _________________ ______________ ___________________________ ________ _______________ ________________ . _ ____ . . . 1936_________ ____ ___________________________________ Cottonseed—oil, cake, and meal: 1927______________ _____ _____ ______________________ 1928-31________________________ _____________________ 1932_____ . 1933_____ . . . .. 1934___ _. ______ . . . 1935-36 _______ . _ _______ __________________ Explosives: 1927-35_____________________ _____________________ 1936_________________________________________________ Fertilizers: 1927-29 __ . ____ 1930_________________ . . _ ____ 1931-32______________ . . . . . ___________ 1933________________ _ _ ................ . 1934_______________ . . . . . ___________ 1935_____________________ . . ________________ 1936_________ ____________ __________________________ Paints and varnishes: 1927________________ ________________________________ 1928-32. _ _ . _______________ _______ 1933__________________ _________________________ ____ ___ 1934 __ . 1935__ ___ 1936 __ Petroleum refining: 1927__ _______ _______________________________________ 1928________________ _______ ____________________ ____ 1 1 2 5 2 4 1 2 1 2 Total Wages and hours 10 i 3 1 1 150 171 309 897 Total Miscel laneous Union Wages and organiza hours tion 10 10 270 1934 2,071 634 1,378 Union organi zation 10 300 1,557 1,200 28, 617 140 1,380 44,657 4,206 31,144 1 1 48 48 528 1 1 1 1 40 600 52 40 40 600 104 1935 1 1 1 1 1 600 52 30 1,080 43,100 3,006 2,387 140 528 40 600 104 870 16 38 30 1 1 120 1,900 334 341 M iscel laneous 870 1 1 44 44 44 44 3 3 1 1 3 3 214 415 16 38 214 415 622 2, 686 256 342 622 2,686 2 2 220 220 1,020 1,020 3 3 3 3 2 1 1 2 1 3 2 1 1 1 570 644 90 615 i 27 1,479 633 470 11 90 576 39 9,930 3,220 486 13,398 1,479 567 8,874 100 27 256 342 3,165 9,830 55 486 12,384 100 1,014 567 8,874 STRIKES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1 8 8 0 - 1 9 3 6 Industry and year 3 1 2 69 1, 483 1, 414 69 1 7 2 1 5 170 1, 654 714 170 940 510 76, 601 71, 690 4 1 3 2, 521 50 2, 471 61,935 100 61,835 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 4 1 13 7 3 17 2 1 2 1 3 32 19 1 5 5 82 92 503 30 70 128 384 1, 700 659 833 369 304 180 22 42 1, 368 714 8,362 120 560 1,877 405 4,096 11,000 2,349 4,096 11,000 1,134 9 1. 328 7,236 10,898 1,308 76, 699 60 4,192 5.095 ' 271 28, 366 25,088 5,492 43, 849 219,166 18, 982 477,286 420 25, 265 68, 297 772 383,887 4,096 5,400 4,096 5,400 384 900 1, 268 2,158 2, 750 210 . . . 1 1929. . 622 800 619 60 2,745 5,036 52 1,268 3,044 5, 803 1,037 23, 245 1,268 1,536 2,750 ___________ 800 214 60 2,745 5,927 13 333 405 891 315 14,100 180 384 1,700 254 1 1 2 2 1,343 30 1 1 114,400 114, 715 14,100 170 49 384 900 1 6 13 4 17 105 470 1 1 2 1 2 1 5 7 219 30 2 1 1 3 2 1 2 2 3 2 19 20 7 43 8,800 470 1 2 2 5 8,905 1Man-days idle as a result of a strike which began in the preceding year and continued into this year. 107 510 4,911 1935. 1936 _________ ___ _____________ __________ Rubber tires and inner tubes: 1927__ _ __________ ______ _______________________ 1928 _ ______________ ____ ___________ ___ _________________ __________ _________ 1930-31 _________ ____ _____________________ ......... .................................. ....... 1932 1933 .. ...... ............. .............. 1934____________________________ - _____ ______ _____ 176 5,072 11, 464 68,100 2 6502 3,784 510 65 1,248 6, 233 154 252 1,215 5,072 18, 584 150,869 18, 210 66, 604 26, 795 5,072 7,680 68,100 210 650 5,600 2,229 5,600 1,014 420 18,140 70, 552 420 18.140 66.802 ANALYSIS OF STRIKES, 192 7 - 3 6 1929 ................. ....................... 1930-32 _______ ___ _____________ 1933 . 1934 ______ ___________ 1935 1936 . . _________ ________ ________ Rayon and allied products: 1927-35 . ____ 1936.________________________________________________ Soap: 1927-28 . _____ _______ ___________ 1929 1930-33 1934 . ................ 1935-36 ____ ____ Other: 1927-28 _ . .............................. ............... 1929 _ . _____ . .............. .......... 1930-31. ____________________ ___________________ 1932.. ___ _______________________________________ 1933.. . ___________________________________ ______ 1934 _____ 1935 1936_________________________________________________ ■ products: 1927.. ___ 5 . 1928.. ) _____ 1929.. _ >-31 _ _ _ . . ________ > !__ . _ . .. _ ____________ ________ 1933.. . ___________ 1934.. . . . . L . _ ______________ 1935.. 1936.. R ubber boots and shoes: ____________ . . ________ 1927. 1928 . _____ ________________ _________ 1929-31. ________ ____ _ . _________________ 1932__ ___________ _______ _______________ 1933 .............. 1934___ _ ______________ ____ _____________________ 1, 215 3, 750 O ' T a b l e 3 7 .— Strikes beginning 1927-36 , by industries and major issues involved— Continued Number of man-days idle during year Number of workers involved Number of strikes Major issues M ajor issues Major issues Total Wages Union M is organ cella and hours ization neous R ubber products—Continued. Rubber tires and inner tubes—Continued. 1935__ 1936________________ ________________________________ Other rubber goods: 1927-28 _____________ _______ _ ___________ _ _ ___ 1929 _ __________________________ ____________ 1930-32______________________________________________ 1933. - ____ _________________________________________ 1934—________________ _______ _______________________ 1935_____ _____ _______________________ _______ ______ 1936_________________________ ________ ____ ____ ____ Miscellaneous manufacturing: 1927_____________ ________ _________________ ____ ___________ 1928 _______ _________ ____ _______________ ______ ______ — 1929__________ _____ _____ ____ ____________ __________ _____ 1930.______ ________________________________ ________ _______ 1931_________ ________ ____ _______ _______ _________________ 1932_________________________________________________________ 1933 ________________ ____ ___________________ _______ ______ 1934____________________________________________ _______ ____ 1935___________ ______ _____ ____ ____ _______________ ______ 1936._______ _______________________________________ ________ Electric light and power and manufactured gas: 1927......................................................... - ......................— . 1928________ _______________ _____ ___ ______ _______ 1929 ____ ____________ __________ — ...................... 1930. __________________ __________ _____________ ____ 1931___________________ _______ ____________ ____ 1932-33.____ ____________________________ _______ ___ 1934____________________ ______ ______ ______________ 1935__________________________________ ______________ 1936___________________ ______________________ ______ Broom and brush: 1927_______________ _______________________ _______ _ 1928 ____ ____ __________________ _________________ 1929................................................ .......... ......................... - 1 22 6 1 6 2 1 11 15 9 11 11 21 20 49 42 67 76 1 6 3 5 5 12 13 25 12 18 31 1 Total Union Wages and organiza hours tion Miscel laneous 2,090 52,023 25,260 3,341 1,495 122 17,470 10,904 79, 019 16,120 14, 581 1,535 16,985 46,956 11,183 5,589 8,426 47, 536 134, 592 69,169 159,335 139,169 210 24 135 825 1,900 2,840 5,002 6,928 7,678 8,541 Wages and hours Union organi zation Miscel laneous 24,217 190 21, 594 24,760 2,090 443, 700 120 120 6 190 70,571 40 40 5 9 3 7 3 2,333 2, 221 908 6,128 825 59 61 4,149 1, 508 2,162 847 1,651 328 14, 245 80, 514 16, 242 33,586 7 5 5 4 6 5 21 26 45 38 2 1 1 2 3 2 3 4 4 7 1,655 1,297 819 2,000 3,349 5,372 13,987 8, 755 9,249 9, 536 284 273 207 1,221 2,441 1,636 5, 942 2,685 2, 696 3, 671 1,261 1,012 567 704 732 3,596 7,706 5,608 5,803 5,162 110 12 45 75 176 140 339 462 750 703 21, 099 56, 285 13, 836 20,469 45,152 72, 792 187,512 110,467 222,789 211,069 3,904 9,305 2, 518 14, 055 34,826 22,416 47,918 34,370 55,776 63,359 25 25 3,125 i 3, 750 1 11 11 4 21 1 10 Total 366,417 1 1 300 300 3,125 3, 750 1,200 1 1 300 300 900 900 3 10 9 3 8 5 78 2,287 904 78 1,328 649 408 59,817 11,142 408 57,199 5,189 1 1 2 3 1 1 1 100 170 959 242 100 170 13 800 5, 270 1,200 2, 618 5,940 800 5,270 13 STRIKES IK THE UNITED STATES, 1 8 8 0 -1 9 3 6 Industry and year 1 2 2 3 5 2 3 1 2 2 3 1 1 3 7 5 5 5 10 11 14 10 20 19 1 2 3 30 142 142 327 177 124 157 30 142 142 327 60 48 157 1,118 362 248 179 2,113 458 837 3, 859 1, 620 2,529 94 266 160 88 29 76 110 1,910 262 109 1,071 386 203 914 96 88 104 27 96 720 2, 690 1,160 2,287 1 2 2 1 5 512 835 101 1,791 794 4, 772 12,823 4,641 5,218 5,946 165 7 47 1,191 389 1,232 5, 506 1,554 1, 303 3,069 347 816 9 600 405 3,500 6,986 2, 752 3,315 2,226 40 331 335 600 651 24 13 20 16 24 10 34 43 22 20 21 46 36 23 18 22 50 65 46 41 202,989 143, 796 75, 794 47, 204 114,158 83,456 240, 687 229,964 479, 514 56, 063 174, 549 55, 758 13, 766 16, 642 29, 869 68, 288 28,051 57, 720 416, 544 12,663 14, 509 14, 540 11,185 14, 048 39, 356 9,175 114,857 58, 026 9, 386 19, 238 13,931 73,498 50,843 16, 514 44,933 5,993 97, 779 114, 218 53, 584 24,162 12 10 8 8 4 2 2 1 1 6 13 27 22 9 6 10 16 27 25 15 26, 052 78,424 57, 276 20, 036 61,416 19, 592 96,297 105, 296 50,191 23,073 3,856 4, 059 1,022 1, 580 21,675 16,105 8, 559 11,130 9, 517 3,596 10,162 12, 581 8, 757 6,848 2,151 333 3, 300 313 1,100 13, 005 12,034 61, 784 47,497 11, 608 37, 590 3,154 84,438 93,853 39,574 6, 472 3 1 1 2 5 6 3 5 4 5 4 3 2 3 2 4 10 4 14 13 7 3 4 5 8 7 32 24 35 45 4 1 2 4 5 5 19 6 11 20 3 1 1 1 3 1 11 16 23 20 60 78 93 74 75 64 135 143 90 83 15 19 37 35 33 32 51 35 22 22 32 41 32 18 14 18 27 38 33 26 7 4 2 1 4 6 9 10 7 5 2 3 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 Man-days idle as a result of a strike which began in the preceding year and continued into this year. 75 176 100 8 98 74 39 12 45 300 6,844 1,443 9,218 1, 561 2,832 2,047 300 6,844 1,443 9, 218 640 96 1,135 10, 478 10,088 6,960 3,414 27,067 12, 691 5,224 34,991 38,177 70,212 94 5,548 2,256 7,496 41, 647 406 16, 755 10,341 58,658 173,070 73, 507 121, 963 127, 668 602 319 2,736 i 912 210 24, 643 9,055 661 19,757 9,394 1,368 10,174 4, 540 4,704 2,589 524 1,036 4, 547 14,940 26,161 68,649 685 7 262 13,755 3,339 11,918 38,039 13,973 43, 668 54,916 6,811 41, 616 9 3,000 7,002 46,500 130, 045 53,219 75,975 65,331 240 4,986 6, 315 2,320 7, 421 23,187, 356 23, 010,917 6, 528, 264 5,885, 271 141,995 428,437 419,612 1,002, 716 2,203, 299 354,129 6, 084, 357 5,134,230 679, 051 3, 328,638 3, 279, 853 1,127,143 4, 019, 333 2,991,466 1, 237,470 587,068 76, 638 103, 036 42,981 415,342 1, 306,316 884,172 1,687, 733 1, 231,148 262,034 366, 502 99, 801 539,957 243, 461 167, 762 542,854 65,955 961,854 921, 562 765,833 283,900 40, 210 93, 039 14, 685 29, 505 17,610 9, 570 42,100 939 41,800 153,083 82, 002 461,939 220,836 84, 673 386,960 32, 291 867, 661 811, 819 671, 320 68, 419 157,857 573, 404 239, 206 117,338 655, 203 167,036 1, 012, 787 948, 767 788, 724 264, 545 35, 645 18,426 3,685 3,160 250,633 125,175 103,026 136, 009 75,604 43,043 825 1,900 2,600 16 294 2, 622 195 24 135 ANALYSIS OF STKIKES, 192 7 -3 6 1930_______________________ ______ 1931_______________________________ 1932______________ ________________ ____ ___ 1933_____________________________ ___________________ 1934_________________________________________ _______ 1935 _____________________ 1936____________________________ ____________________ Furriers and fur factories: 1927_________________________________________________ 1928_________________________________________________ 1929_______________________________ _________________ 1930____________________________________________ ____ 1931 _ ___________________________________________ _ 1932 _____ _________________ _____ ____ ______ _____ 1933______________________________________ ____ _____ 1934_________________________________________________ 1935___________________________________________ _____ 1936__________________________ ____ _________________ Other: 1927......... ............ ............................................... 1928_________________________________________________ 1 9 2 9 ____ _________________________________________ 1930_ _________________________________________ ____ 1931_________________________________________________ 1932_________________________________________________ 1933_________________________________________________ 1934_________________________________________________ 1935_________________________________________________ 1936_________________________________________________ Extraction of minerals: 1927________________________________________________________ 1928_________________________________________________________ 1929________________________________ ________ _______________ 1930______________________________ ________ _______________ 1931_________________________________________________________ 1932_________________________________________________________ 1933_________________________________________________________ 1934_________________________________________________________ 1935_ ______________________________________________________ 1936___________________________________________________ _____ Coal mining, anthracite: 1927_________________________________________________ 1928_________________________________________________ 1929___________________________________________ ____ _ 1930_________________________________________________ 1931_________________________________________________ 1932_________________________________________________ 1933________________________ __________ _____ _______ 1934.________ __________ ________ _________ __________ 1935_________________________ __________ ____ _______ 1936________________________ _______ ________________ T able 37 .— Strikes beginning 1927-86 , by industries and major issues involved— Continued Oi to Number of man-days idle during year Number of workers involved Number of strikes M ajor issues M ajor issues Major issues Total 22 30 58 52 57 43 102 78 42 38 5 10 34 32 27 25 38 21 10 5 11 5 9 4 2 4 3 4 2 7 3 5 1 4 4 2 2 3 5 13 1 3 6 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 9 4 7 5 2 1 1 3 4 1 Union organi zation M iscel laneous 176,022 63, 279 18,093 26,841 52,392 63, 619 142,242 109,827 420, 574 19,648 169,857 51,154 12, 594 14, 786 7,944 52,123 17,488 46, 309 403, 790 1,378 4,310 459 2,253 7,189 37,105 8, 792 111,413 43,741 3,174 2,934 1,855 11,666 3,246 4,866 7, 343 2,704 13,341 19, 777 13,610 15,336 1 2 11, 719 6,660 6,959 281 3,110 3,330 11,438 3,150 1,275 400 2,354 886 2,093 425 327 350 245 2,078 1,638 1,809 6,274 814 545 150 276 250 60 1,934 30 1,500 175 11 100 50 144 1,050 1,690 2,024 1 1 1 1 i 4 1 3 3 119 4,250 7 70 1,484 280 1 Total Wages and hours 7 18 13 13 12 11 34 34 20 24 7 2 10 2 11 7 18 7 30 23 12 9 T otal 42 48 100 40 135 588 23,024,211 22,970,872 5,940,992 5,862, 745 181, 631 138, 010 882, 599 414, 044 1, 542, 506 98, 546 5,913,886 5, 007, 375 2, 211, 375 472, 521 1, 562, 358 981, 282 2, 971,449 2,860,358 533, 314 356, 058 17, 085 77, 250 22, 325 82, 729 155, 894 33, 259 94,193 107, 341 86,913 133,825 7,600 81,656 9,852 52, 535 136,852 715, 378 131, 598 29,020 5,160 13,868 7,600 2, 779 5,590 3,435 104,336 30,620 64, 202 191, 043 4,356 4,100 300 2,408 4,950 1, 680 103, 364 90 9,000 7,000 11 640 1, 350 972 28,218 61, 305 140,968 1, 484 272 84 84 140 12,878 3, 225 2,897 50,075 140 72 M iscel laneous 36,254 997 21, 296 385,826 1, 288, 066 873, 252 1,644, 661 473, 735 24,178 43,431 725, 230 191,733 247,528 7 70 8 Union Wages and organiza hours tion £ O C c4 Extraction of minerals—Continued. Coal mining, bituminous: 1927._............................................................................. . 1928. ...................... ............................................................ . 1929____________ ___________________ __________ _____ 1930__________________________________________ ______ 1931______________________________________ _________ _ 1932___________________ ______________ _______ ______ 1933___________________________________ ________ ____ 1934_________________________________________________ 1935__________________________________________ _____ _ 1936__________________________________ ______________ Metalliferous mining: 1927-33________ _____________ ______ ________________ 1934____________________________________________ ____ 1935________________________________ ________________ 1936____________________________________ ____________ Quarrying and nonmetallic mining: 1927_________ ______ ____________ ____________________ 1928_________________________________________________ 1929_______________________________________ ______ _ 1930___________________________ ________ _____ ______ 1931_______________________ ______________________ 1932_______________________________________ ____ ____ 1933____________________________ _____ ________ ____ 1934______________________ ___________ ________ _____ 1935_____________________________ ____ ____________ 1936.............................. ........................................................ Crude-petroleum producing: 1927___________________ ___________________ _________ 1928-32. __________________________________ ______ _ 1933______________________________________ ____ _____ 1934_______________ ___________________ ____ ________ 1935_____________________ ________________________ 1936___________________ ________________ __________ _ Wages Union M is and organ cella hours ization neous 3,153 714 768 300 360 405 2,402 STRIKES IN THE UNITED STATES, 18 8 0 -1 9 3 6 Industry and year 1 22 22 44 44 3 3 109 109 1,040 1,040 16 11 41 30 41 26 52 156 198 165 11 2 21 12 21 24 25 68 54 67 9,816 8, 737 9,384 8,073 13,339 8, 575 22, 586 105,614 64, 225 83,231 9, 562 31 4,261 3,636 8,288 8,348 5,328 47,375 11,713 13,686 52,617 52,538 224,007 236,086 283,513 173,315 188,752 1,986, 699 959,950 2,095,435 43,616 134 22,445 11, 734 66,068 172,581 81,365 411, 716 293,790 182,463 2 2 3,325 3,225 5 7 10 7 14 76 122 79 3 3 6 6 10 28 23 26 6,220 13,982 250,844 57,198 32,752 1,068,867 749, 534 1,961, 267 3,264 6,760 53,354 56,998 29,867 134,260 202,283 138,259 2 1 16 7 17 7 26 46 36 55 7 2 7 6 8 25 15 24 7 4 '7 1 15 15 18 28 28,000 400 18,274 4,401 11,040 79,110 87,025 301,968 153,806 75,953 16,138 2,217 2,859 78,576 10,271 38,475 83,436 26,150 5,064 2,024 7,825 534 73,231 251,548 67,600 48,369 3,523 11, 945 2, 770 1,434. 4 3 4 5 1 2 3 10 5 12 2 2 1 3 1 2 1 4 2 7 2 1 3 1 5,850 227 345 14, 794 225 1,437 1,315 25,973 5,140 10,144 5,300 134 29 2,179 225 1,437 459 2,986 958 7,737 550 93 316 12,255 360 4 4 15 13 13 1 21 55 75 58 1 5 5 5 7 1 6 33 69 40 239 7, 663 4, 532 3,817 4, 569 27 16,652 45, 327 40,745 45,866 675 3 3 2 25 41 19 2 1 1 1 2 23 58 34 2 2 5 3 4 1 2 1 3 3 6 3 3 1 1 I 675 577 3,978 8,711 3,018 3,071 28, 590 29,490 68, 761 344 3,240 5,071 2,818 2,561 5,846 7,188 5,157 8,000 400 4, 745 386 2,445 2,033 17,627 23, 260 27, 760 9,235 2,651 148 1,532 2,006 1,907 8,455 3,695 6,152 1, 776 198 881 27 15,305 12, 596 23,862 2,989 445 124 83 880 75 118 263 681 293 920 365 31 29 115 75 118 153 316 187 549 80 93 54 645 15 1,043 591 620 482 200 606 12,912 11, 767 23,679 538 3,360 325 12,844 14,571 40,136 233 200 280 200 185 9,900 7,731 23,468 8,000 110 284 106 357 400 318 40 32 4l5 2,209 203 94 120 81 14 8,986 18, 743 195,494 220, 322 213,419 534 103,342 1,122,689 569, 604 1, 735,145 5,822 195, 530 2,375 501,193 462,525 1,647,599 15 33, 661 6,068 4,030 4,026 200 4,045 452,294 96, 556 177,827 2, 956 1,400 1,960 200 510 433,414 84, 726 175,409 28,000 856 20,719 1,023 2,309 400 3,072 160 356 19 2 7 - 3 6 1 ANALYSIS OF STRIKES, Other: 1927______________________ _______ _________ 1928-35_________________ _________ 1936___________ ____ __ .. . _ Transportation and communication: 1927_____________ ____ ______________________________________ 1928_______________ ____ ____________________________________ 1929_________________________________________________________ 1930________________________________________________________ 1931_________________________________________________________ 1932________________________________________________________ 1933________________________________________________________ 1934________________________________________________________ 1935________________________________________________________ 1936____ ____________________________________________________ W ater transportation: 1927__________________ _ . _ ____ 1928_____ __________ . _ ____ 1929______ _____________ . . ____ _______ 1930_________________________________________________ 1931_________________________________________________ 1932______________________________ ____ ____ 1933_____________________________ ____ ______________ 1934_________________________________________________ 1935_________________________________________________ 1936_________________________________________________ M otortruck transportation: 1927_____________________________ ___ _____ . 1928_____________________________ _______________ 1929_________________________________________________ 1930_____________________________________ ___________ 1931_________________________________________________ 1932____________________________________________ 1933_________________________________________________ 1934_________________________________________________ 1935— . ____ _______________________________________ 1936_________________________________________ _____ M otorbus transportation: 1927- .......... .................................. ...... ........ 1928________ ____ ___ . . . ______ 1929________ ______ _____ . _________________ 1930_________________________________________________ 1931________ __________________________________ 1932_________________________________________________ 1933___________ ___________ __________________ 1934____ ____________________________________________ 1935 1936____________________ ____________________________ 2,268 13,159 98 1 Man-days idle as a result of a strike which began in the preceding year and continued into this year. Oi CO T able 3 7 . — Strikes beginning 1 9 2 7 -3 6 , by industries and major issues involved— Continued Num ber of workers involved Number of strikes Number of man-days idle during year M ajor issues Major issues Major issues Industry and year 6 4 9 7 11 8 7 11 23 13 3 5 3 6 8 4 4 8 8 1 2 3 1 1 1 4 1 2 1 1 3 2 5 7 4 1 2 8 1 1 1 1 10 4 1 2 2 3 3 2 1 1 2 2 5 4 1 1 1 3 1 3 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 3 3 Union organi zation Miscel laneous 449 159 570 1,052 2,323 288 15 372 40 250 170 912 12,823 1,400 1,848 6 97 3,833 16 50 271 1,878 40 228 40 4,270 418 9,570 35,179 40, 333 213, 386 6, 440 9,733 950 31,139 185,106 160 456 160 207 288 57,709 5,596 240 207 288 22,143 1487 240 14,000 4,048 1,484 4,048 56 22,870 56 1,449 1,449 14 260 60 466 466 50 271 207 48 1,346 1,650 6,780 611 625 60 7,000 396 106 1 28 587 28 23 23 7 70 30 350 350 1 1 4,692 13,143 6,772 9,774 200,641 21,144 35,179 67,225 531,716 43,447 23, 561 500 593 93 1,580 3,176 638 31,062 564 1,596 1 i Union Wages and organiza M iscel hours laneous tion 106 623 942 1,685 2,666 2,038 3,176 1,556 43,982 5, 797 3,460 207 48 8,751 611 60 Total Wages and hours 7,000 396 7 40 87 8,436 4,650 5, 464 198, 723 9,864 15 2,122 40 1,500 1,710 26,880 316,163 31,106 13,812 12 2,167 5,901 16 950 3l, 139 184,650 33,066 5,109 2, 500 1 8 8 0 - 1 9 36 Transportation and communication—Continued. Taxicabs and miscellaneous: 1927_________________________________________________ 1928________________ ___________ ______ _____________ 1929______________________________________ ____ _____ 1930___________________________________________ ____ _ 1931_________________________________________________ 1932____________________________ ____________________ 1933__________________________ ______________________ 1934______ _____ _________________________ _____ _____ 1935________________________ ____ ___________________ 1936____________________________________ ___________ _ Electric railroads: 1927_______________________________________________ 1928____ ________ ___________________ _________ _____ 1929._____ _________ ____ _____________ ____ _________ 1930_______________________ ______ __________________ 1931_________________________________________________ 1932________________________________ _______ ________ 1933_________________________________________________ 1934_____________________________________ ____ ______ 1935____ ____ __________________ ___________ 1936________________________________ __________ ___ Steam railroads: 1927.................. ........... ............................ .............. ............. 1928_________________________________________________ 1929_________________________________________________ 1930_________________________________________________ 1931-34_______________ ______ ______ ________ _______ 1935_________________________________________________ 1936________ _____ ______ _________ ______ _________ Telephone and telegraph: 1927_.................................... ........ .......... ............................... 1928-29............ .................. ................. ........ ....................... 1930___________________________ ____________ ________ 1931— __________ _________________________ ____ _____ 1932-33_________________ _______ ___ _____ _____ ____ 1934..................................................................................... . Total 14,000 1,484 22,000 14 200 STRIKES IK TH E UNITED STATES, Total Wages Union M is and organ cella hours ization neous 870 13894' 3 3 39 39 94 94 1 1 1 1 23 21 23 21 184 147 184 147 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 20 10 25 21 12 24 39 100 138 164 5 9 5 6 6 4 18 9 1 1 4 2 8 5 33 37 45 5 5 3 17 63 94 116 4 7 1 1 4 2 7 6 2 2 4 1 5 4 7 21 23 51 3 6 9 7 16 11 16 35 16 3 3 3 8 18 15 12 20 32 79 115 113 1 2 7 5 16 13 24 30 29 3 1 8 4 15 4 5 4 17 52 78 81 1 1 5 1 1 4 2 2 3 7 3 20 10 12 240 10 126 12 240 610 610 414 912 36 378 912 488 196 7,876 2,118 8,345 3,032 1,177 4, 543 29,089 22, 744 15, 677 30, 532 172 24 3,675 116 4, 775 1,154 978 3, 983 ll| 962 9, 472 6,020 14,804 2,600 1,988 3, 561 759 168 560 2, 867 12, 745 9, 363 15,011 14, 260 527 294 717 4,920 65 5,900 589 3, 200 65 3, 550 ’ 150 920 800 2, 350 439 81 1, 430 1, 641 2, 979 6,637 58 1, 290 650 1,064 1,151 981 1, 915 5,486 2,956 2,053 2, 445 2, 443 1,177 4, 462 27, 659 21,103 12, 698 23, 895 475 51 1, 225 1,004 978 3,925 10, 672 8, 822 4, 956 13, 653 1,680 1,988 1, 211 320 168 537 2, 867 11,764 7, 448 9, 525 1Man-days idle as result of a strike which began in the preceding year and continued into this year. 1,863 1,863 20 133 12 1 19 19 69 69 1, 601 14 9 1,119 31 23 140 10 801 14 9 1,119 31 14,120 517 294 717 344 144 158,027 30, 445 158,634 34, 790 16, 980 22,564 141, 477 230,372 219,152 326, 749 18,530 1, 573 59,925 18,858 9,933 18,288 61,134 39, 733 64,078 72,007 67,840 28,606 98,682 9, 904 6,916 4,276 17, 203 182, 058 153, 669 250, 509 63,140 8, 581 1, 405 4,233 32,080 1,165 108, 550 5,933 6,000 1,165 43, 750 300 22,080 4,000 64,800 5, 633 744 3,050 13,835 43,884 115, 798 514 2,770 5,304 14, 754 6,455 8,281 29,060 109,343 125, 947 29, 280 50,084 28,857 16,980 21,820 138,427 216, 537 175, 268 210, 951 12,530 408 16,175 18,558 9,933 17,774 58,’ 364 34,429 49, 324 65, 552 45, 760 28,606 33,882 4,271 6,916 4,046 17, 203 173, 777 124, 609 141,166 230 71,657 266 27 6,028 131 280 250 i 70 ANALYSIS OF STRIKES, 19 2 7 -3 6 1935 . —............................................. 1936 . _________________________ A ir transportation: 1927-31______________________________________________ 1932 -- _____________________________________ 1933 . __________________________________________ 1934 ____________________________ _____________ 1935 . . ________________________________________ 1936 . ______________________________________ Radio broadcasting and transmitting: 1927-28____ _ _____________________________ 1929 . . . ___ ___ _______________________ 1930 . ______ _____________________________ 1931-34 ___ ____ _ _______________________ 1935 . ____ 1936_______ _______________________________________ Other: 1927-35_ . ___ _ ___ _______________________ rr 7 1936 ______ . . _____ ________________ Trade: -----------------1927________________________________________________________ 1928________________________________________________________ 1929________________________________________________________ 1930________________________________________________________ 1931________________________________________________________ 1932________________________________________________________ 1933________________________________________________________ 1934________________________________________________________ 1935________________________________________________________ 1936________________________________________________________ Wholesale: 1927______________________________________ _______ 1928_________________________________ ____ __________ 1929________________________________________________ 1930_____________________________________________ 1931________________________________________ 1932________________________________________ 1933________________________________________________ 1934________________________________________ 1935________________________________________ _ 1936_____________________________________________ Retail: 1927_________________ ______________________________ 1928________________________________________________ 1929________________________________________________ 1930________________________________________________ 1931_______________________________________________ 1932_______________________________________________ 1933________________________________________________ 1934_______________________________________________ 1935______________________________________________ 1936________________ __________________ _____ ______ a 67, 657 286 27 6,028 131 62, 860 8, 331 1, 335 4,233 C nr Crt T able 37 .— Strikes beginning 1 9 2 7 -8 6 , by industries and major issues involved— Continued Number of strikes Number of man-days idle during year Number of workers involved Major issues Major issues Major issues Cn Oi Total Total Wages Union M is and organ cella hours ization neous Dom estic and personal service: 1927 __________________ ____ ____ ____ 9, 095 34 18 3 1928 _____ _______ ___________________ 30, 692 29 16 6 1929 _________________________________ 22 12 2 11,025 1930 ______________________ ____ _____ 5,042 20 11 3 6,165 1931 _________________________________ 26 10 1 1932 _________________________________ 13, 581 34 14 3 1933 __________________________ ______ 22, 507 64 37 3 1934 ____________________ ____ _______ 44, 764 111 47 10 1935..____ ______________________ ______ _____ 93 4 29,065 53 1936....... ........................... ............. ......... ............. 116 73 8 72,246 Hotels, restaurants, and boarding houses: 1927.____ _____________ _____ ________ 4 1, 552 1 3 1928 ____________ ____ _______ 124 5 2 1 1929 __________________ ____ 6 1 1, 798 5 1930 _________________________ 1 1,158 9 5 3 1931 ________ ________________ 8 2,120 7 1 1932 _________________________ 4 132 3 1 1933 _________________________ 17 9 8 853 1934 _________________________ 44 22 18 4 11,107 1935.____ ____________________________ 47 12 1,954 33 2 1936_________________________________ 49 2,141 13 33 3 Personal service, barbers, beauty parlors: 12 1927 ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... 3 8 1 4,837 1928 ... ........ ............................. . 10 4 4 2 5,054 1929 _________ ____ ____ _____ 4 861 3 1 ______ 1930 _______ _____ ___________ 5 2 ______ 3,543 7 1931 _____________ ____ ______ 6 4 ______ 2,765 10 1932 _____ ____ ________ ____ _ 7 2 1 8,041 10 1933 _________________ _______ 4 4 _____________ 1, 574 1934 ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... 1 1 3 , 0 4 8 7 9 1935 _________________________ 2 2 1 1, 400 5 1936___________________________ _____ 5 3 ______ 24,805 8 Laundries: 1927. 5 2 3 380 1928. 5 1 3 223 1929. 3 2 1 3,199 2 Total Union Wages and organiza hours tion Wages and hours Union organi zation Miscel laneous 2,256 1, 048 5, 674 2,857 3,886 10,028 9,156 22,327 7,925 42,042 6,783 29,050 2,811 1,630 2,267 3,403 13,284 20,244 20,922 30,026 56 594 2, 540 555 12 150 67 2,193 218 178 182,631 498,764 319,465 32,336 49, 324 180, 236 488,042 514, 468 281, 476 861,114 62, 242 13,006 71,998 9,396 21,982 143,189 165, 708 283,874 64, 505 407,412 119,946 477,778 164,007 17,930 27,306 35, 507 322,152 227, 926 215,863 447,625 443 7,980 83, 460 5, 010 36 1, 540 182 2,668 1,108 6,077 52 21 30 2,074 126 370 1,393 549 379 1,532 64 1,777 573 46 6 483 9, 633 1, 348 1, 735 20 8 33, 783 2,996 159,309 12,406 14,644 626 18, 542 175, 652 32, 961 36, 283 908 42 930 14,368 620 3,316 22,144 8,028 3,960 33, 703 2,064 159, 267 6,466 276 6 15,226 153,415 24,191 28,292 80 24 65,881 43,302 1,044 12,986 15, 665 122, 700 10, 732 21, 784 10,850 289,960 9,318 12,080 978 8,466 4,235 97, 480 8,140 21, 678 9, 950 5,440 56, 500 25,886 66 4,520 11, 430 25,020 2,592 6 600 284,520 63 5,336 13,810 10,016 22,880 5,050 18 21,228 8,760 9,978 1,652 20 555 81 57 27 1, 316 987 855 2,827 1, 233 5,455 1, 574 2,992 650 2,525 3,500 3, 601 6 716 1, 532 2,533 21 466 6 600 22, 280 50 150 172 9 173 208 194 26 20 50 Miscel laneous 5,010 93 742 4,031 200 100 300 STRIKES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1 8 8 0 - 1 9 3 6 Industry and year 1 3 9 13 21 16 26 9 2 7 1 4 7 20 23 13 18 1 3 9 6 6 1 2 4 6 9 9 4 1 2 8 9 10 10 16 8 1 4 1 2 2 14 12 3 13 4 7 2 1 3 1 1 6 1 1 10 5 12 6 2 5 3 3 7 1 1 4 10 4 7 3 2 2 1 5 2 1 1 1 6 3 2 1 34 27 39 25 25 54 45 30 23 24 9 5 13 7 15 40 27 16 11 11 12 5 11 1 3 6 10 9 8 1 1 2 4 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 13 17 15 17 10 11 12 4 3 5 42 520 930 4,990 5,318 3,330 1, 519 1, 478 25,040 3, 652 36 730 4,232 11,843 17,440 12,453 4,469 750 237 2,029 1,428 249 125 579 3, 522 4, 575 15,350 4,676 623 848 251 1, 515 113 1,500 768 7, 628 8, 413 39,081 555 13 38,167 150 30 246 3, 247 223 1, 515 231 175 2,400 8 609 2,734 2, 540 2,131 1, 591 1,196 3,486 8,693 2,861 1,922 1,052 264 268 888 671 435 3, Oil 7, 359 1,096 1,446 789 99 42 508 180 4,726 1, 278 1,902 1,154 1,463 25,000 987 36 151 670 7,268 2,049 7,766 3,811 80 191 15 113 7,063 8,400 914 150 30 11 807 215 906 132 783 1, 275 435 15 47 815 1,564 305 120 12 27 2,011 116 15 40 2,540 40 41 11 35 60 10 60 40 1,687 997 808 905 761 428 519 201 171 143 3,486 13, 728 9,003 141, 231 69,325 59,406 63,538 20,243 425,480 86, 277 72 4,207 45,614 260, 406 223,891 116,870 52, 516 6,000 1,002 36,612 6,624 4,026 250 3,379 37,064 110,850 197, 036 34,634 3,150 3,486 13,692 3,003 140,202 30, 702 52,782 57, 501 19,943 425,040 2, 567 72 828 7,390 149, 556 26,461 82,170 49,331 1,040 14,810 455 2,486 48,914 16, 970 49, 955 2,486 47,874 20,957 37, 229 417, 094 6, 396 1,029 390,301 14,491 36, 200 26, 793 900 1,080 2,293 57,131 2,859 24,160 1, 723 2,025 42,400 8 4,240 535 900 1,080 88 14, 576 2,851 19,920 1,188 93, 279 108,963 45,134 45,865 66, 526 26,131 203,475 30,814 15, 626 14,394 6, 831 1,274 3,645 13,408 8, 755 19,036 161,902 3,914 6,490 7,278 49,500 14,070 68, 395 7,364 390 953 34,926 23, 744 6,156 6,111 36 27 2,011 2,011 300 440 83, 460 1,160 394 66 35 2,160 70 180 155 ANALYSIS OF STRIKES, 19 2 7 -3 6 1930_________________________________________________ 1931_________________________________________________ _____ 1932________________________________________ 1933_________________________________________________ 1934________________________________________________ _____________ 1935...:_____________________________ 1936_________________________________________________ Dyeing, cleaning, and pressing: 1927_________________________________________________ 1928_________________________________________________ 1929_________________________________________________ 1930_________________________________________________ 1931... 1932_________________________________________________ 1933... 1934_________________________________________________ 1935_________________________________________________ 1936....____ ________________________________________ Domestics: 1927-36______________________________________________ Elevator and maintenance workers (when not attached to specific industry): 1927_________________________ ____ 1928__________________ 1929____________ . . . . ____ _ . 1930__________________ 1931-33_______________ _____ .... ... . . 1934_________________________________________________ 1935_________________________________ . . _. ____ 1936_________________________________ _____ _____ Other: 1927-29_____________________________________________ 1930_________________________________________________ 1931_________________________________________________ 1932_________________________________________________ 1933_________________________________________________ 1934_________________________ 1935_________________________ 1936_________________________ ... . .... ____ Professional service: .... 1927_________________________________________ _____ 1928________________________________________________________ 1929________________________________________________________ 1930_________________________________________________________ 1931________________________________________ 1932________________________________________________ 1933___________________________________________________ . . . 1934________________________________________________________ 1935________________________________________________________ 1936_________________________________________________________ 72, 378 39,294 34,125 32,067 57, 771 6,142 6, 647 3,156 2,980 1,005 Cn T able 37 . — Strikes beginning 1 9 2 7 -8 6 , by industries and major issues involved— Continued Number of workers involved Number of strikes Major issues Number of man-days idle during year Major issues Major issues Total Total Wages Union M is and organ cella hours ization neous Professional service—Continued. Recreation and amusement: 1927_________________________________________________ 1928______________________________ . ... . 1929_________________________ . . . _____ . . . .. 1930______________________________ . . . . ______ 1931... ________________ _________ _ _ .. . . . .. 1932________________________ . __ . . .. .. 1933____________________ . . . . . . ... 1934________________ . . . . . .. . .. .. .. 1935_________________________________________________ 1936____ ______ ______________________________________ Professional: 1927_________________________________________________ 1928_________________________________________________ 1929______________________________________ .. 1930-31______________________________________________ 1932_______________________________________ . . . ._ 1933_________________________________________________ 1934_________________________________________________ 1935_________________________________________________ 1936_________________________________________________ Semiprofessional, attendants, and helpers: 1927_________________________________________________ 1928_________________________________________________ 1929___________________ _____________________________ 1930 ________________________________________________ 1931-32______________________________________________ 1933_________________________________________________ 1934_________________________________________________ 1935_________________________________________________ 1936_________________ _______________________________ Building and construction: 1927_________________________________________________________ 1928_________________________________________________________ 1929____________________ ____ ________ ________ ____ ______ _ 1930_________________ ___________________________ _________ _ 33 26 36 24 25 53 36 21 18 13 9 5 12 7 15 39 27 12 11 7 1 2 1 1 7 9 3 3 Total Wages and hours Union organi zation 2, 720 2, 529 1,376 1,567 1,196 3, 445 7,617 1,182 1,660 766 264 268 288 671 435 2, 970 7, 359 898 1,446 678 11 740 600 7 3 2 2 41 401 1, 679 156 86 1 14 15 24 15 1 3 4 8 6 3 12 16 14 16 10 11 5 1 1 3 1 1 12 5 10 1 675 1 4 2 1 1 1 1, 673 986 668 881 761 428 118 7 30 66 93,223 108, 842 43,019 45, 721 66,526 26,090 164, 314 4, 768 7,399 6,115 6,831 1, 274 2, 445 13, 408 8, 755 18, 995 161,902 2, 278 6, 490 5,931 14, 070 ! 72,322 68, 395 ! 39,173 7,289 1 33,285 31,923 390 57,771 6,142 953 636 1, 776 ' 2, 483 7 549 360 162 22 121 2,040 1,200 121 840 401 194 141 77 41 6,011 8, 646 2, 815 879 14 56 75 144 75 24 47 140 277 184 22 33,150 17,400 5,412 7,400 1, 311 33,150 i 17,400 5,412 6,089 1, 632,112 585, 922 1,124, 660 394, 229 924, 629 290, 603 756,678 271, 755 41 198 1,287 15 9 1 2 2 675 106 200 102 106 98 50, 731 25, 058 47, 689 29, 241 25, 864 12,177 32, 558 20,411 7, 745 7,854 11,466 5,152 3 2 5 194 154 228 186 97 64 109 74 53 56 80 55 44 34 39 57 Miscel laneous 11 140 783 1, 275 420 15 1 1 2 8 Union Wages and organiza hours tion Miscel laneous 17,122 5, 027 3,665 3, 678 41 1,636 3,861 195 36 6,011 3,149 2,620 843 56 144 298, 246 211,105 234,123 70, 091 , 409, 237 84, 214 133, 859 52,383 STRIKES IK THE UNITED STATES, 1 8 8 0 -1 9 3 6 Industry and year 227 199 125 135 139 230 133 126 88 62 48 98 58 33 13 43 56 79 36 40 24 30 35 53 30, 871 64, 044 27, 440 33, 075 17, 815 33, 225 23,138 60, 475 23,907 20, 846 8,191 9, 276 5, 342 1,519 1,184 3, 751 6, 459 19, 700 2,391 2, 050 2,349 8, 478 3,165 4, 249 545, 900 1, 839, 977 338,125 585,173 181, 632 345, 351 445, 365 1, 792, 927 274, 140 473, 552 66, 824 112, 855 71, 626 23, 063 19, 222 66, 842 92, 697 186, 349 28, 909 23, 987 44, 763 44, 779 22, 111 46, 147 189 141 198 163 193 182 99 87 76 111 93 55 97 65 106 112 67 44 31 49 52 54 66 46 53 31 12 21 29 39 44 32 35 52 34 39 20 22 16 23 50, 376 24, 421 42, 062 26, 814 25,183 62, 834 24, 298 26, 993 10, 576 22, 355 25, 569 11, 653 29, 438 19, 054 18, 730 59, 407 21,214 17, 904 5, 983 4, 959 7, 685 7, 811 9,202 4, 667 4,164 1,437 1,108 1,786 3,400 15, 726 17,122 4, 957 3, 422 3, 093 2,289 1, 990 1,976 7,303 1, 213 1, 670 1,626,130 581, 879 1, Oil, 173 376,123 477, 338 1, 823, 025 294, 508 463, 411 78, 941 180, 208 920, 627 287, 262 691,809 267, 880 397, 318 1, 779, 555 231, 738 419, 661 47, 218 47, 333 296, 266 210, 518 194,119 66, 732 52,185 20,023 19,070 24, 749 22, 765 113, 559 409, 237 84, 099 125, 245 41, 511 27, 835 23, 447 43,700 19, 001 8, 958 19, 316 5 13 30 23 34 17 26 48 63 119 4 9 12 9 27 14 21 18 17 49 1 2 14 9 5 2 1 22 27 40 2 4 5 2 1 4 8 19 30 355 637 5, 627 2, 427 5,688 1,210 3,142 6,082 7,239 10, 870 295 524 3,120 1,357 4, 408 1,068 2,693 2,942 2, 228 4,317 60 43 2, 264 485 1,178 82 76 1, 965 3, 059 3, 974 70 243 585 102 60 373 1,175 1,952 2,579 5,982 4, 043 113, 487 18,106 68, 562 16, 952 43, 617 121, 762 102, 691 165,143 4,002 3, 341 64,869 3, 875 48,047 13, 372 42, 402 53, 891 19, 606 65, 522 1,980 587 40,004 3, 359 19, 441 3,040 152 42, 093 69, 932 72, 790 115 8, 614 10, 872 1,074 540 1, 063 25, 778 13,153 26,831 3 6 1 6 7 12 36 34 29 42 2 4 1 5 7 11 32 26 22 28 1 1 1 302 455 1.000 2, 830 3, 570 1,928 31,144 18, 644 20. 681 8,892 70 50 110 754 905 5.000 21, 260 95, 825 31,125 499,132 198, 512 448, 508 52, 392 1, 330 150 1, 210 700 18, 308 114,128 25, 860 289,932 6, 480 2 4 1 2 1, 330 150 1,210 5 5 10 35 27 19 28 4 5 9 31 22 14 17 1 4 8 7 13 1 352 635 1,000 2,935 3, 570 2,028 34, 072 33, 409 24, 211 21, 046 1 1 1 322 410 272 230 2,905 2,020 1, 762 34, 012 25, 943 14, 888 15. 369 2,800 2,020 1,662 31,084 13, 519 11, 723 5, 355 1 1 1 4 5 5 11 1 Man-days idle as a result of a strike which began in the preceding year and continued into this year. 100 2,928 14, 765 3, 530 11, 614 540 904 3, 445 5,000 26, 720 95, 825 31,825 517, 440 312, 640 474, 368 348, 804 70 50 110 694 2, 770 544 230 26,060 15, 225 28, 687 516,900 244, 753 139, 494 259.120 20, 600 15, 225 27,987 498, 592 171, 787 115, 399 12. 588 105 105 100 2,928 12, 424 3,165 10,014 5, 460 5, 460 700 18, 308 72, 966 24,095 246. 532 ANALYSIS OF STRIKES, 19 2 7 -3 6 1931— ____ _______________________ _____ ____________________ 1932________________________________________________________ 1933________________________________________________________ 1934_________________________________________________________ 1935________________________________________________________ 1936________________________________________________________ Buildings, exclusive of P. W . A .: 1927_________________________________________________ 1928_________________________________________________ 1929_________________________________________________ 1930_________________________________________________ 1931_________________________________________________ 1932_________________________________________________ 1933_________________________________________________ 1934_________________________________________________ 1935_________________________________________________ 1936_________________________________________________ All other construction (bridges, docks, etc., and P. W . A. buildings): __________________________________________ 1927___ 1928_________________________________________________ 1929_________________________________________________ 1930_________________________________________________ 1931_________________________________________________ 1932_________________________________________________ 1933_________________________________________________ 1934_________________________________________________ 1935_________________________________________________ 1936_________________________________________________ Agriculture and fishing: . ________________________________________ 1927____ „ 1928_________________________________________________________ 1929________________________________________________________ 1930________________________________________________________ 1931________________________________________________________ 1932_________________________________________________________ 1933________________________________________________________ 1934________________________________________________________ 1935________________________________________________________ 1936________________________________________________________ Agriculture: 1927 ________________________________________________ 1928_________________________________________________ 1929_________________________________________________ 1930_________________________________________________ 1931 __________________________________________ 1932 ____________________________________________ ___________________________________________ 1933 1934_________________________________________ _____ 1935 _______________________ _____ __________________ 1936______________ - ................................................. ........ Number of strikes Number of workers involved Major issues Number of man-days idle during year Major issues 160 T able 3 7 .— Strikes beginning 1 9 2 7 -3 6 , by industries and major issues involved— Continued Major issues Industry and year Agriculture and fishing—Continued. Fishing: 1927_________________________________________________ 1928_________________________________________________ 1929______________________________________ ______ 1930______________________________________ _____ ____ 1931_________________________ ____________ ________ 1932_________________________________________________ 1933_________________________________________________ 1934____________________________________ __ 1935______ ______________________________ __ 1936________________________________________ ______ Belief work: 1927-31______________________________ ____________ 1932____ ____ ____ ____ ______________ _____ ____ .. 1933________ _____ __________________________________________ _ . 1934____ ____ ___________________ ________ 1936________________________________ 1936________________________________ ____ Other nonmanufacturing industries: 1927_____ ____________________________________________________ 1928______________________________________________ __________ 1929__________________ . _ _ . 1930____________________ 1931________________________ _ _ _ _ _ __________ _________ 1932_____________________ _ _ ________ ___________ 1933_____________ ___________ 1934_________________________ _ _ _________ _ _ _ 1935____________________________ __ _____________ _ ___ 1936....... ...................................... __ _________________________ Interindustry: 1927-33____________ ____ _________________________ ____ _____ 1934............................... ............ ........ ...................................... 1935____________________________ _ ____________ _ _ 1936________________ ____________________________ _________ _ General strikes: 4 1927-33.______ _______________________________________________ 1934________________ _____ _________ ____ ____________ ______ 1935_________________________________________________________ 1936______________________ _____ ____________________________ 4 Involves all organized trades within the community. 1 2 1 1 2 2 1 7 10 14 1 2 1 1 2 2 1 4 8 11 3 2 2 7 30 76 95 80 4 24 55 68 37 6 4 10 7 3 13 4 9 12 14 8 17 34 3 2 9 2 3 8 10 3 6 13 2 1 3 1 5 1 3 5 9 19 Total Wages and hours Union organi zation 1 30 225 1,000 30 1,550 266 60 7,466 9,323 5,677 30 225 1,000 30 1, 550 266 60 5,125 8,958 3,537 2,341 365 1,600 2 6 15 23 33 3,128 25,967 26,652 41,153 40,016 2,444 24,339 22,101 34,922 24,808 825 60 3,251 2 2 2 777 4,715 2,936 700 4,617 4,327 4, 517 301 696 2,920 683 65 2,528 325 654 1,027 1, 596 78 213 1,283 14 4,650 358 225 3, 951 60 2,421 223 263 1,287 3 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 See table 33. 1 1 1 1 3 1 Miscel laneous Total Union Wages and organiza hours tion Miscel laneous 540 210 675 5,000 660 80,600 3,138 540 67,887 334,874 89,684 210 675 5,000 660 80,600 3,138 540 26,725 333,109 39,804 604 1,628 3, 726 6,171 11, 957 5, 792 113,691 151, 208 402,340 232, 216 2,444 104,608 106, 371 362,959 154,099 6,122 1,875 40,254 80 220 350 3, 218 56,490 24,185 4,058 16,403 39,864 34, 654 8,501 8,326 29,042 2,569 690 22, 787 2, 483 6, 752 16, 284 14, 562 2,746 970 16,041 189 55,800 1,348 675 9,639 1,740 17, 592 5, 755 6,311 12, 201 31,200 3,000 31,200 3,000 31,200 3,000 31,200 3,000 90.000 26.000 1,500 90.000 26.000 1,500 270,000 52,000 4, 500 270,000 52,000 4,500 80 50 150 12 3,240 500 41,162 1, 765 43, 400 2,640 6,480 708 9,083 38, 715 37, 506 37,863 460 50 900 12 21,840 2,500 1,045 800 STRIKES IN TH E UNITED STATES, 1 8 8 0 - 1 9 3 6 Total Wages Union M is and organ cella hours ization neous Appendix I Strikes Involving 10,000 or More W orkers, 1927-36 A list of all strikes occurring between 1927 and 1936, inclusive, in volving 10,000 or more employees, is given in table 38. T able 38 .— Strikes involving 1 0 ,0 0 0 or more workers, 1 9 2 7 -3 6 Location and kind of strike Approxi mate number of work ers in volved Date of strike Bituminous coal, interstate. im April-December. 165,000 Cleaning and dyeing, N ew York C it y .-.................. Bituminous coal, interstate____ ______ ___________ Cotton textile manufacturers, N ew Bedford, Mass. Children's clothing, N ew York C ity______________ Anthracite, Pittston and Avooa, Pa________ ____ - 1928 February-Mareh. April-Decem ber.. April-O ctober___ June-July_______ N ovem ber........ . 25.000 45.000 25.000 10.000 32, 300 Cloak, suit, and skirt makers, N ew York C ity- 1929 July________ 15.000 Dressmakers, N ew York C ity _________________ 1980 February___ 30.000 American W oolen Co., Lawrence, M a ss.. Glen Alden Coal Co., Pennsylvania_____ Bituminous coal, Pittsburgh district_____ M en’s clothing, Greater N ew Y ork______ Glen Alden Coal C o., Pennsylvania_____ W ool and cotton textile, Lawrence, Mass. 1981 February____________ M arch-A pril_________ June-August_________ July-A ugust_________ September-October__ O ctober-N ovem ber. _ _ Dressmakers, N ew York C ity _____________ M illinery, N ew York C ity ________________ Anthracite, Pennsylvania_________________ Bituminous coal, Illinois__________________ Building contractors, N ew York C ity _____ Painters, N ew York C ity__________________ M en ’s clothing, N ew York and N ew Jersey. 1932 February-March. M arch__________ ____d o___________ A pril-A ugust___ M ay-June______ July-Septem ber.. August__________ 15.000 30.000 30.000 10.000 20,000 1988 June-August-------------June-July-----------------July-August_________ July__________________ 30.000 20.000 50.000 August_______________ ------ do__________ _____ A ugust-N o vember----September___________ ____ do________________ ____ do________________ ____ do________________ September-October. __ September-N o vember. September-October _. _ September-N ovember. Novem ber___________ December-J anuary___ 60.000 18,000 14,406 12,000 12,000 10,000 25.000 12.000 75, 000 15.000 12.000 40.000 14.000 Hosiery, Heading, Pa., and vicin ity__________________________________ Cloak, suit, and skirt makers, N ew York C ity -----------------------------------Bituminous coal, western and southern Pennsylvania________________ M e n ’s clothing manufacturers, Pennsylvania, Maryland, N ew York, N ew Jersey. Ladies’ garments, Connecticut, N ew York, N ew Jersey______ ________ Anthracite, Pennsylvania------------- -----------------------------------------------------D o _______ ___________ ___________________________________________ Building contractors, New York C ity ________________________________ Embroidery workers, N ew Y ork C ity----- ------- ----------------------------------Neckwear manufacturers, N ew Y ork C ity--------- --------------------------------Underwear manufacturers, N ew York C ity ---------------------------------------Weirton Steel Co., W est Virginia____________________________________ Bituminous coal, Pennsylvania, W est Virginia, Ohio-------------------------Silk dyers, Paterson, N . J ___________________________________________ Silk manufacturers, Scranton and Philadelphia, Pa---------------------------Anthracite, Pennsylvania_________________________ ___________ _____ Trucking, retail trade, Philadelphia, P a---------- ----------------------------------- 10,575 22,000 15, 000 30, 000 20,000 24, 626 25.000 10.000 161 10,000 162 S T R IK E S IN THE U N IT E D STATES, 1 8 8 0 -1 9 3 6 T able 3 8 .— Strikes involving 10,000 or more workers, 1927-36 — Continued Location and kind of strike Date of strike Approxi mate number of work ers in volved Anthracite, Pennsylvania--------------------------Bituminous coal, Alabama_________________ Taxicab companies, N ew York C ity -----------D o _____________________________________ Dress manufacturers, N ew York C ity --------Bituminous coal, W est Virginia____________ Bituminous coal, Alabama_________________ Bituminous coal, K entucky________________ Cotton textile, Alabama-----------------------------General, all unions, San Francisco B ay area. Paint contractors, Brooklyn, N . Y _________ K nit goods, N ew Y ork and N ew Jersey____ General, all unions, Hazleton, Pa__________ Hosiery, Philadelphia, P a__________________ Hosiery, interstate_________________________ Textile, interstate__________________________ Silk dyes and finishing, interstate__________ Glen Alden Coal Co., Pennsylvania_______ 193J, January-February___ February-M arch_____ February_____________ M arch_______________ A pril_________________ ____do________________ A p ril-M ay___________ ____do________________ July-August_________ July__________________ July-August_________ August----------------------September___________ ____do________________ ____ do________________ ____do________________ October-December___ December____________ 48.000 10.000 30.000 12.000 25.000 20.000 21,000 10,000 22,000 90.000 10, 000 14, 000 26.000 15.000 25, 000 309,500 25, 000 12.000 Truck drivers, N ew York C ity______ Shirt workers, interstate_____________ Cotton goods, Chicago, 111___________ Dressmakers, interstate______________ Lumber, Washington and Oregon___ General, all unions, Terre Haute, Ind. Dressmakers, New Y ork C ity _______ Bituminous coal, interstate__________ Bituminous coal, Alabama__________ 1935 January______________ ____do________________ February-April______ A pril_________________ M ay-A ugust_________ July__________________ September___________ ____ do________________ September-N o vember. 20,000 15.000 10, 000 17, 200 32, 000 26, 000 10.000 366,000 20, 000 M illinery workers, New York C ity_________ Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co., Akron, O h io.. Building service employees, N ew York City.. Barber shops, Brooklyn and N ew Y ork City. Goodyear Tire & Rubber C o., Akron, Ohio— Painters, N ew York C ity___________________ Maritime, Pacific Coast_____________________ Maritime, Atlantic and Gulf Coasts________ 1936 February____________ February-M arch_____ M arch_______________ A pril-July___________ June_________________ August-September___ O ctober-February____ N ovember-J anuary 19,600 14.000 36.000 20,200 12, 000 10, 000 37.000 20, 000 Appendix II Methods Used in Analyzing Strikes Items Included in the Statistical Analysis The basic measures in strike statistics as now compiled by the Bureau are the number of strikes, the number of persons involved, and the man-days idle.1 It is from these data that analyses of fre quency and severity of strikes are made. But if such data are to be compiled, certain correlated information is required, and if they are to be of value for fundamental analysis, they must be classified. For such measurements and classifications, certain specific data on each strike are necessary. The following is a brief description of the data obtained by the Bureau at the present time and their use in statistical tabulation.2 Beginning date.— The fundamental basis of classification is the time when strikes occurred. The data are summarized by years, but currently they are compiled monthly. For this purpose the beginning date of a strike must be known, as it must also for computing mandays idle. In the majority of cases, there is little difficulty in deciding the date a strike begins. With some strikes, however, the situation is more or less confused. Sometimes a union calls a strike for a certain day, but only a small portion of the workers respond, the remainder joining at later dates. Sometimes the union calls a general-industry strike but “ pulls” the strike gradually, plant by plant. In any of these cases the beginning date used in the statistical tables is the first day any portion or group of the workers start the strike. Adjustment for the gradual development of the dispute is made in computing the man-days idle. Ending date.— There is no question about the termination date of strikes which result in definite terms of settlement or agreement. A good many strikes, however, are never settled. There are strikes which, according to the union calling the strike, have lasted many years although the public has long forgotten them. Sometimes strikers, discouraged with the prospect of success, gradually return with no settlement; sometimes the employer moves out of town; sometimes the plant is opened with a new crew of workers, while the strikers maintain their picket line and receive strike benefits from their union; sometimes a strike appears to be lost and ended but, due 1 See Introduction, p. 7. Some of these data were not obtained in earlier years. For example, the number of workers involved was not obtained in all cases until in 1927, and information regarding the method of settlement was not known previous to 1935. For other items there is only partial or incomplete information in some cases, resulting in a varying degree of satisfactory statistical presentation. 2 163 164 STRIKES IN TH E UNITED STATES, 1 8 8 0 - 1 9 3 6 to the persistence of the union or the help of some outside agency, the case is reopened months later and definite terms of settlement gained. In situations such as these, the rule of reason must be applied. The principal criterion for the termination of a strike for statistical purposes is the date of resumption of work. This can be considered from two viewpoints: When the employer resumes work by filling the vacancies, or when the strikers resume work either with their former employer or with new employers. In practice it is impossible to learn when all the strikers regain employment. Moreover, it is logical to consider a strike in relation to the employer or establishment against which the strike was called. For these reasons, a strike is considered ended when all or a majority of the vacancies caused by the strike have been filled either by returning strikers or new em ployees, or when vacancies disappear through the closing of the plant or moving it to another city. Thus, for statistical purposes, a strike may be considered ended although some strikers are picketing and the union paying strike benefits, but such cases are comparatively infrequent. D u ration .— Unlike the calculation of man-days idle, the duration of strikes is measured in terms of calendar weeks or months, thus including Sundays and holidays. While this is done largely for the purpose of simplicity, it is not unreasonable to include holidays, since it can be assumed that negotiations toward settlement can be carried on the same as on workdays. N um ber o f establishments .— The number of establishments involved in strikes might well be one of the basic measures in strike statistics. Unfortunately, it is often impossible to obtain the exact number of establishments involved in large strikes which spread throughout a city or several cities and States. Valid statistical tables, therefore, cannot be compiled to give total establishments. The number of establishments becomes merely one basis for classifying strike data, and frequency distributions are compiled showing the number of strikes involving specified numbers of establishments. The term “ establishment” as used in strike statistics has the same connotation as that used in the Census of Manufactures, namely, “ a single plant or factory.” In other industries than manufacturing, different units are considered as equivalent to establishments— a building project, a mine or colliery, a ship, a dock, a logging camp, etc. In du stry classification .— The industry classification used in strike statistics follows along the same lines as that used by the census and the Bureau of Labor Statistics, employment and pay-roll reports. This makes possible the correlation of strike data with other data known about an industry, such as the total number employed, total value of products, etc. METHODS USED IN ANALYZING STRIKES 165 An industry classification in any field of statistics presents certain difficulties, due to the complexity, overlapping, and changing character of industrial organization and processes. For instance, there is the question of whether a productive activity should be classified according to the basic commodity or processes— e. g., chemical— or by the commodity produced—rayon or textiles; also, as to what classification should a business establishment be assigned which manufactures a number of different commodities or performs various functions; for example, should a garage be classified under “ retail trade” , “ auto service and repair” , or “ transportation.” To these perplexities which are common to all statistics pertaining to industry classification, strike statistics involve an additional difficulty by reason of the fact that labor unions are not always coterminous with the industry as defined by the census. Thus a strike called by the Upholsterers, Carpet and Linoleum Mechanics’ International Union of America may affect furniture factories,3 mattress factories,4 and linoleum, departments in retail stores. In such situations, the Bureau classifies strikes within the industry most seriously affected. Thus, a strike of bakery deliverymen is classified under the baking industry, since it is initiated by a particular local or group of local unions and is directed against one class of employers. But a city-wide strike of all deliverymen or truck drivers is classified under “ transportation.” Since the census attaches these various types of deliverymen to their respective industries, there is some variation between the classification of strikes and the census industry classification. These cases, however, are relatively infrequent and, on the whole, the industry classification of strikes conforms to that of the census and the Bureau’s statistics of employ ment and pay rolls. Geographical location.— The classification of strikes by location is a simple matter except for strikes which extend across State or city lines. There are at least three distinct kinds of situations character ized as interstate (or intercity) strikes: (1) A large general-industry strike involving numbers of companies in two or more States; (2) a local strike which extends into contiguous areas which happen to lie in other States, as, for example, New York City and adjacent communi ties in Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and Connecticut; (3) a strike against one company which has branch plants in two or more States. It is desirable that the incidence of all such strikes be revealed as accurately as possible; otherwise figures on strikes within a given State may exclude industrial disturbances which are of greater magnitude than those confined to that State alone. Whenever possible, therefore, the number of workers and man-days idle due to * Classified b y census under “ Lumber and its products.1 * Classified under “ Miscellaneous” b y the census. 166 STRIKES IN TH E UNITED STATES, 18 8 0 - 1 9 3 6 interstate strikes are allocated as accurately as possible to the States concerned. Unfortunately, this cannot be done with intercity strikes, since it is impossible to get specific data by city. The best that can be done is to group the intercity strikes, listing all the cities involved. Sex o j workers .— All strikes are classified by the sex of persons engaged in the strike, that is, male, female, or both. In addition, the total number of men and the total number of women involved in strikes are tabulated. In certain cases where only one or two office women are involved in a strike called by craftsmen, such as at a foun dry or streetcar company, the strike is classified under “ male only.” Labor organization involved .— In former years, strikes were classified according to those ordered by labor organizations and those not so ordered. The latter not only included strikes by employees who were not members of an organization, but also strikes by union members which were not authorized by the proper union official— that is, socalled “illegal” or “outlaw”’ strikes.6 This fine distinction has been dropped in recent years and strikes are now classified according to which labor organization the strikers belong to, or according to which organization was instrumental in calling the strike or allied itself with the strike after it was started or took part in the negotiations for settlement. Even with this broadening of the term, the situation does not always lend itself to easy classification. Sometimes unorganized workers go out on strike and then request a union to come in to help them. Sometimes the reverse takes place: A group of organized workers go on strike with the sanction of their union but, because they fail to follow instructions or for some other reason, the union with draws. Sometimes the strike starts under the auspices of one union and a rival union steps in and becomes the dominant force. In jurisdictional disputes, at least two unions are involved. Necessarily, some degree of arbitrary judgment must be used in the classification of such strikes. In general, the classification is based on whether most of those actively responsible for the strike were members of a union and whether they acted as an organized group when the strike was called or settled. M a jo r issues or causes .— Any statistical presentation of the causes of strikes is likely to appear more plausible than the actual situations analyzed really warrant. The causes reported by the various parties concerned are frequently at variance, and even if they agree the stated reasons are sometimes superficial and only partial. Due to the emotional factor connected with many strikes, the immediate issue which brought on the strike may have been of much less importance than other matters which had caused a cumulative dissatisfaction 4 Twenty-first Annual Report of the Commissioner of Labor, Washington, 1907, p. 21. METHODS USED IN ANALYZING STRIKES 167 extending over many months or years. Again, a strike may be called because of certain grievances but during the progress of the strike the situation or leadership may change sufficiently to bring about a shift in demands or statement of grievances. Very few strikes are due to only one or two causes: In most cases the issues are many and complex. In an earlier period of strike statistics (1881-1905) this multiplicity of issues and demands was recognized by itemizing as many as 60 to 65 causes or groups of causes.6 Obviously, this is more a listing than a statistical classifi cation and precludes ready assimilation by the reader. At present, an effort is made to determine the major cause or dominant issue in each strike situation and to classify it under one of 18 headings. For greater convenience, these 18 classifications are divided into three groups: (1) Wages and hours, (2) union organization, (3) miscel laneous. This neat classification of such complex situations as industrial dis putes is necessarily based upon many arbitrary determinations and should therefore be considered only proximate. This is especially true in the numerous cases involving union recognition, wages, and hours. In some situations, these three issues are of almost equal im portance; in others, one is more dominant even though the other two are present. Evaluation of the relative importance of each is a matter of judgment after studying all aspects of the situation. Some mar ginal cases could, no doubt, just as accurately be grouped under “ wages and hours” as under “ union organization,” and vice versa. Results.— It seems logical to measure the terms of settlement in rela tion to the change in status which the strike has brought to the workers. It is just as logical to evaluate the results in relation to the causes for the strike, or the demands set forth by those calling the strike. The difficulty in accurately assaying causes of strikes has been mentioned above; the measurement of results is even more elusive. In only a portion of the strikes are the terms of settlement put down in writing. Even where the terms of settlement are apparently defined, the results cannot be measured automatically. A group of workers may strike for recognition but may return to work without recognition when the employer offers them a wage increase or makes other concessions. Each of the opposing parties may, at the beginning or sometime during the progress of the dispute, demand much more than it intends or hopes to obtain. For instance, the workers may call a strike for a wage increase in order to ward off an expected decrease. If the strike is settled with a continuation of existing rates, was the strike a success or failure? Sometimes the actual results of a strike may not be known for a considerable time after the dispute has ended and may be quite differ6 Twenty-first Annual Report of the Commissioner of Labor, Washington, 1907, pp. 600-612. 168 STRIKES IN TH E UNITED STATES, 18 8 0 - 1 9 3 6 ent from the apparent results at the close of the strike. Workers may return to work after a strike, appearing to have won none of the de mands they set out to gain, yet the experience and loss of production might influence the employer to give his employees better working conditions in order to avoid interruptions in the future. On the other hand, workers may go back after a strike, having apparently won a complete victory, but the strike might have caused the employer to decide to clean up a few odds and ends and then go out of business or move to a new locality. These far-reaching results cannot be measured or known, and any statistical measurement of the results of a strike must necessarily be based on the apparent results or the terms of agreement at the close of the dispute. In some cases, it is absolutely impossible to evaluate the results even though the immediate facts are known. These are therefore classified as “ indeterminate.” Because of the many intangible features inherent in the nature of labor disputes, the Bureau does not categorically define results as successful or unsuccessful. Rather, an attempt is made to measure the results in such relative terms as (1) substantial gains to workers, (2) partial gains or compromises, (3) little or no gains to workers. Obviously there could just as well be five or even more classifications as the three used. In some particular cases the results would be por trayed more accurately if there were a greater refinement of classifi cation. This is especially true with respect to the middle group, “ partial gains or compromises” , which includes strikes which might almost be rated as successful as well as those which verge on failure. However, when a large number of variables is included within a classi fication, it can be assumed that the extremes tend to offset each other and that the number within the classification represents an average. It should be noted that the results classified under “ substantial gains to workers” might include a strike where the terms of settle ment merely provide for a retention of the status existing before the strike was called. In other words, a defensive strike, such as one against a wage decrease or against a renunciation of union recogni tion which had existed, would be included in this classification if the strike resulted in no change from the previous status. This should be especially borne in mind when reviewing the long-time trend of strikes. The total number of strikes in this classification does not represent a cumulative improvement in worker status but includes some strikes which merely won a retention of already exist ing conditions. Results of strikes involving a number of establishments are meas ured quantitatively as well as qualitatively. In other words, in general-industry strikes where each establishment makes its own settlement with its employees, the workers in some plants may gain more favorable terms than in others. The results of such a general- M ETHODS USED IN A N A L Y Z IN G S T R IK E S 169 industry strike must, necessarily, take into account the proportion of establishments or workers obtaining the varying terms of settlement. The results of sympathetic strikes are judged according to the terms of settlement of the strike for which the sympathetic strike was called. M ethods o j settlement.— During one earlier period of strike statistics (1901-05), a count was kept of the number of strikes “settled by joint agreement” and the number “settled by arbitration.” 7 Aside from this, no consistent record was kept of the method used in settle ment of strikes until 1935. Beginning with the year 1935, data are available to show the fol lowing classifications of the method of settlement of strikes: (1) The number of strikes which are settled directly by the employer and the strikers. In such cases the workers are either unorganized or, if there had been a union present when the strike started, by the time it was terminated the union had withdrawn to such an extent that it took no part in the settlement negotiations. (2) Those settled directly through negotiations between the employer and union representatives. (3) Those settled with the assistance of Government conciliators or labor boards, and (4) Those settled with the assistance of private conciliators and labor boards. In most of the strikes in the latter two classifications union representatives are usually also present. (5) Those terminated with no formal settlement. In practically all of these the strikes are usually lost by the workers. In some instances they gradually return with no change in the working conditions; sometimes the employer fills the vacancies with new employees; in other cases the business is liquidated or moved to another locality. The strikes in which outsiders assisted, either Government or private, in negotiating toward settlement are classified according to whether settlement was obtained by means of conciliation or arbitration. It must be noted that this general classification is termed “ nego tiations toward settlement carried on by.” It does not necessarily mean that a conciliator was actually present at the final conference or was solely responsible for the strike settlement. Because of the very nature of the procedure used by conciliators— working quietly behind the scenes, sometimes withdrawing for a time and then re turning— it is impossible to evaluate the exact effectiveness of his activities. Also, several different conciliators may have assisted, together or separately, at different intervals. All strikes in which one or more outsiders took an active part at any time during the progress of the strike in trying to get the parties together, are included in this classification. 7 Twenty-first Annual Report of the Commissioner of Labor, Washington, 1907, pp. 84-88. B y far the largest proportion of strikes was terminated without either of these methods having been used. During the 6-year period, less than 6 percent of the total strikes were settled b y joint agreement and less than 2 percent b y arbitration. Appendix III Method of Collecting Strike Data Notices or leads regarding strikes are obtained from daily papers, labor and trade journals, as well as reports from Government labor boards. At the present time the Bureau receives clippings from newspapers in all cities in the country with over 50,000 population, and from some industrial cities of less than 50,000. The Bureau either subscribes for or has access to every known labor or trade paper published in the country. From the information obtained in these 700 daily, weekly, and monthly papers and journals, it is believed that few, if any, strikes escape the Bureau’s attention. On the basis of these newspaper and other notices, schedules are sent to representatives of all parties engaged in the dispute, to get detailed and authentic information. In a few cases, when no replies are received by mail, agents of the Bureau call on the parties. From the answers to these questionnaires, the Bureau is able to analyze the disputes in the manner described above. The questionnaire reads as follows: 170 M ETHOD U. OF S. C O L L E C T IN G S T R IK E 171 DATA D e p ar tm e n t of L abo r B U R E A U OF LABO R STATISTICS W ASH IN G TO N D ear S i r : The Bureau of Labor Statistics has recently received information As the designated Federal agency for keeping records of all industrial disputes, we shall greatly appreciate your courtesy in furnishing the information requested. If the dispute is still in progress, please answer as many questions as possible. If the dispute is ended, please answer all the questions on both sides of this form. A franked, addressed envelope is provided for your convenience. Your cooperation is greatly appreciated. Very truly yours, I sad o r L u b in , Commissioner of Labor Statistics. 1. Name of company________________________________________________________________ 2. Address of central office__________________________________________________________ 3. Principal products and services of plant(s) involved in dispute. List in order of their importance: 4. Number of establishments (or work places) involved in dispute_______________ 5. Location___________________________________________________________________________ (C ity or town) (State) (G ive similar address for each establishment involved) 6. Date on which employees involved in dispute stopped work__________________ 7. Number of days per week majority of employees worked preceding dispute 8. Number on pay roll immediately preceding dispute: M en____________ W om en_______ Total____________ 9. Number of employees involved on first day of dispute: M en_________ W om en_______ Total____________ (Include all persons who stopped work in establishments reported under question 5; that is, those who were thrown out of work as well as those who walked out) 10. Date greatest number of employees were out_______ Number: M en_______ W om en_______ Total____________ 11. Did dispute originate among any specific group of workers?___________________ If so, what occupation?________________________ How m any?____________ 12'. W hat caused dispute?____________________________________________ (W hat demands were made?) 13. W o r k e d organization (s) involved_______________________________________________ Local address___________________________________________________________________ 14. Is dispute ended?______________ Date ended___________________________________ (Yes or no) 15. If dispute is not settled, have any employees who were involved returned to Have any vacancies been filled w o r k ? _______ N u m b e r ____________ (Yes or no) with new em p lo y ees?____________ N u m b e r ------------------ Date by which (Yes or no) 50 percent of total positions were filled by old or new em ployees-----------------16. If dispute is settled, give number of employees: (a) Still out day before term in ation______________ ; (6) taken back immediately after termination ______________ ; (c) that will be taken back in next few w e e k s----------------------- 1 38 9 4 °— 38- -12 172 17. S T R IK E S IK THE U N IT E D STATES, 1 8 8 0 -1 9 3 6 Terms of settlement: (Refer to the issues or demands listed in question 12) r Wage rate____________ ____ W as there a union ^ a g re e m e n t?_______ B e f o r e Hours per week dispute fW age r a t e ______________ . 1 Hours per w eek________ ^ er zs^ u e ~ |js there a union agree\ m e n t ? _______ ... ,. (If dispute was terminated b y signed agreement, please enclose copy) 18. Number of employees affected by terms of settlem en t_________________________ 19. Which one of the following methods was used in negotiating settlement? (а) B y employer and employees d ire ctly ____________________________________ (б) By employer and representatives of organized workers directly________ (c) By conciliation (Name of person or Government board) (d) By arbitration _ (Nam e of person or Government board) 20. Violence in connection with dispute: (a) Any deaths?_________________ Num ber. (b) A n y injuries?________________ Number________________ (Necessitating medical attention) Any arrests?___________ N u m ber. (/) Any criminal suits?. Num ber___________________________ (g) W as National Guard called in? ____________________________________ (h) W as martial law declared?_________ (e) (c) Any property dam age?_____ _______Amount $ __________ (d) A n y damage suits?_________ N u m b e r _______ 21. Were any injunctions issued during the d isp u te?____________ Principal (Yes or no) provisions_______________________________________________________________________ 22. If dispute is still in progress, please explain briefly its present s t a t u s ________ 23. W h at is your opinion concerning the net result (gain or loss to workers) of this d is p u te ? ___________________________________________________________________ 24. Remarks: (Signature of person making report) (Position or office) (Date) (Address) (Com pany or organization) Appendix IV Labor Disputes in Foreign Countries, 1927-361 T able Period Argentina: 1927_______________ 1928_______________ 1929_______________ 1930_______________ 1931_______________ 1932_______________ 1933_______________ 1934_______________ 1935_______________ 1936____ __________ Australia: 1927_______________ 1928_______________ 1929_______________ 1930_______________ 1931_______________ 1932_______________ 1933_______________ 1934_______________ 1935_______________ 1936_____ _________ Austria: 1927_______________ 1928_______________ 1929_______________ 1930_______________ 1931_______________ 1932_______________ 1933_______________ 1934_______________ 1935_______________ 1936_______________ Belgium: 1927_______________ 1928_______________ 1929_______________ 1930_______________ 1931_______________ 1932_______________ 1933_______________ 1934______________ 1935_______________ 1936____________ Bulgaria: 1927_______________ 1928_______________ 1929_______________ 1930_______________ 1931_______________ 1932______________ 1933______________ 1934_____ _________ Canada: 1927_______________ 1928_______________ 1929_______________ 1930_______________ 1931_______________ 1932_______________ 1933______________ 1934_______________ 1935_______________ 1936______________ 3 9 . — Labor disputes in foreign countries , 1 9 2 7 -3 6 Dis Workers putes involved Working days lost 56 137 116 127 42 122 52 42 69 109 26,888 73,989 53,101 38,299 8, 442 165,376 3,321 25,940 52,143 85,438 363,492 251,054 543, 939 853, 219 58,493 1, 357,790 39,896 742,256 2,642, 576 1,344,461 441 287 259 183 134 127 90 155 183 235 200, 757 96,422 104,604 54, 222 37, 667 32, 917 30,113 50,858 47,322 60,586 1,713, 581 777, 278 4,461, 478 1, 511,241 245,991 212, 318 111, 956 370,386 495,124 494,319 216 266 226 88 68 3 3 35, 300 38, 290 30,446 7,173 10, 264 6,646 5,657 137 89 123 686, 560 658,024 388, 336 49, 373 132,757 190,163 79, 061 220 414 269 186 192 168 93 74 63 87 79 150 999 45,071 77, 785 60,557 64,718 23,010 162, 693 39,136 36,525 104,013 564,831 1,658,836 2,254,424 799,117 781, 646 399, 037 580,670 664,044 2,441, 335 623,002 23 21 36 15 34 19 2 85 2 48 2,919 493 22,339 1,588 6,891 1,214 3 3, 395 3 3 5, 942 57,196 2,382 378,236 2, 545 74,094 11,149 26,132 47,116 74 98 90 67 88 116 125 191 120 155 22, 299 17, 581 12,946 13,768 10, 738 23, 390 26, 558 45,800 33, 269 34, 812 152, 570 224, 212 152,080 91,797 204, 238 255, 000 317, 547 574, 519 284,028 276, 997 33 27 4 Period China: 1927_______________ 1928_______ _______ 1929_______________ 1930_____ _________ 1931_______________ 1932_______________ 1933_______________ 1934_______________ 1935_______________ 1936_______________ Czechoslovakia: 1927_______________ 1928_______________ 1929_______________ 1930_______________ 1931_______________ 1932_______________ 1933_______________ 1934____ __________ 1935_______________ 1936._____ ________ Denmark: 1927_______________ 1928_______________ 1929_______________ 1930_______________ 1931_______________ 1932_______________ 1933______ ________ 1934_______________ 1935_______________ 1936_______ _______ Estonia: 1927_______________ 1928_______________ 1929_______________ 1930_______________ 1931_______________ 1932_______________ 1933_______________ 1934_______________ 1935_______________ 1936_______________ Finland: 1927_______________ 1928_______________ 1929_______________ 1930_______________ 1931_______________ 1932_______________ 1933_______________ 1934_______________ 1935......... .............. . 1936_______________ France* 1927_______________ 1928_______________ 1929_______________ 1930_______________ 1931_______________ 1932_______________ 1933_______________ 1934_______________ 1935_______________ Dis Workers putes involved Working days lost 117 118 108 87 122 82 88 73 95 128 881, 289 204,563 65, 557 64,130 74,188 71,395 74,937 31,473 96,684 78,992 7,622,029 2,049,826 711,921 801,531 685,941 710,605 461,619 501, 245 517,663 666,931 208 282 230 159 254 317 209 213 * 219 8 263 172, 043 101, 517 63,564 30,808 49, 508 103, 219 36,636 38,477 39,903 8 53,912 1,466,045 1,728,419 753,205 423,126 498,891 1, 255,576 289,409 264,538 490,417 8 603,061 17 11 22 37 16 17 26 38 14 12 2,851 469 1,040 5,349 3,692 5, 760 492 11, 546 827 96,862 119,000 11,000 41,283 144,000 246,000 87,000 18,000 146,000 14,000 2,946, 000 5 5 16 7 3 4 8 10 27 16 218 1, 098 1,915 154 4 700 888 162 1,369 5,043 2,539 3,067 49,336 6,395 338 4 20,000 2,149 339 2,207 45,000 14,822 79 71 26 11 1 3 4 46 23 29 13,368 27,226 2,443 1, 673 53 284 1,274 5,883 2,274 2,935 1, 528,182 502,236 74,887 12,120 106 2,301 9, 536 89,727 60,843 35,360 404 823 1,217 1, 097 8 261 8 330 8 331 8 374 8 425 112,634 210,488 241,040 584,579 35,723 8 54,088 8 84,391 8 61,445 8 89, 726 1, 046, 019 6,376, 675 2, 764, 606 7, 209,342 1 International Labour Office, 1937 Year Book of Labour Statistics, Geneva, pp. 212-214. 3 Strikes only. 3 Workers directly involved only. 4Approximate figures. « Provisional figures. 173 174 STRIKES IN TH E UNITED STATES, 1 8 8 0 - 1 9 3 6 T able 3 9. — Labor disputes in foreign countries, 1 9 2 7 -8 6 — Continued Period Dis Workers putes involved Working days lost Germany: 503, 217 6,043,698 871 1927 _______ 780, 396 20,288, 211 763 1928 _______ 234, 543 4,489,870 441 1929 _______ 224, 983 3,935,977 1930 _______ 366 504 178, 223 2,001,978 1931 _______ 1932 _______ »642 1127, 587 U, 112,056 1933 _______ (6) (6) (8) 1934 _______ («) ( 8) (6) 1935 _______ (6) (6) (•) 1936 _______ (8) (•) (6) Great Britain and Northern Ireland:' 108,000 1,170,000 308 1927 _______ 302 124, 000 1, 390,000 1928 _______ 533, 000 8, 290,000 1929 _______ 431 422 307.000 4,400,000 1930 _______ 420 490, 000 6,980, 000 1931 _______ 389 379, 000 6,490,000 1932 ______ 357 136.000 1,070,000 1933 ______ 1934 ______ 960,000 134.000 471 553 271.000 1,960, 000 1935 ______ 315.000 1,830,000 1936 ______ 808 Hungary: 84 294, 941 24, 803 1927 ______ 131,174 10,289 31 1928 ______ 63 149, 204 15,065 1929 ______ 35 5, 770 79, 596 1930 ______ 38 1931 ______ 189, 781 11,195 32,914 20 4, 925 1932 ______ 10, 367 31 125,178 1933 ______ 49 12, 762 1934 ______ 92,156 50 110,967 16, 674 1935 ______ 232, 622 122 20,747 1936 ______ India: 129 131,655 2,019,970 1927 ______ 203 1928 ______ 506, 851 31, 647,404 141 1929 ______ 532, 016 12,165,691 148 196, 301 2,261, 731 1930 ______ 203, 008 2,408,123 166 1931 ______ 118 1932 ______ 128, 099 1,922, 437 164,938 2,168,961 146 159 1934.. 220,808 4, 775, 559 145 1935.. 973, 457 114, 217 157 169,029 2,358,062 Irish Free State: 2,312 53 64, 020 1927 _ 52 54,292 2,190 1928 _ 53 1929 _ 4, 533 101, 397 83 77, 417 3, 410 1930 _ 5,431 60 1931 _ 310,199 4,222 42,152 _ 70 1932 9,059 1933 _ 200,126 88 1934 _ 180,080 99 9, 288 9,513 99 1935 _ 288,077 1936 _ 185, 623 9,443 107 Italy: 7 1927 _ 169 18, 660 (•) 77 1928 _ 2,999 (•) 3,252 83 1929 _ (6) 82 2, 1930 _ (•) 1931 _ 4,141 67 (8 ) 1932 _ 23 598 00 841 1933.............. 34 (0 1934 _ 576 38 (•) 43 1935 _ 605 00 Japan: 1927 _ 383 46,672 1,177, 352 1928 _ 397 583, 595 46,252 1929 _ 576 77,444 571,860 1930 _ 906 81,362 1,085, 074 1931________ 64, 536 980,054 998 1932 _ 54, 783 893 618, 614 1933 _ 610 384, 565 49, 423 1934 _ 49, 536 626 446,176 1935 _ 37, 614 297, 724 Period Latvia: 1927_______________ 95 5,273 1928_______________ 179 13, 431 1929_______________ 362 26,462 1930_______________ 38 1,547 1931_______________ 42 2,903 1932_______________ 139 4, 400 1933_______________ 246 4, 323 1934_______________ 35 3, 854 1935_______________ 3 M exico: 1927_______________ 00 00 1928_______________ 00 (0 1929_______________ 00 00 1930_______________ 00 (fi) 1931_______________ 00 (0 1932_______________ (0 (0 1933_______________ 00 (0 1934______________ (0 (0 1935_______________ 5 410 5 132, 651 1936_______________ «317 5 100, 791 Netherlands: 1927_______________ 230 13, 500 1928_______________ 205 16,930 1929_______________ 21, 310 226 1930_______________ 212 10, 970 1931_______________ 28, 210 215 1932_______________ 216 32, 000 1933_______________ 184 14,810 1934_______________ 152 6,200 1935_______________ 152 12, 940 1936_______________ 10, 420 96 N ew Zealand: 1927_______________ 4, 476 38 1928_______________ 39 9, 258 1929_______________ 47 7,151 1930_______________ 38 5,467 1931_______________ 24 6, 356 1932_______________ 9,355 23 1933_______________ 15 3, 558 1934______________ 24 3, 773 1935_______________ 12 2, 323 1936....... .................. 43 7, 354 N orway: 1927_______________ 96 22,456 1928_______________ 8,042 63 1929_______________ 73 4, 796 1930_______________ 94 4, 652 1931_______________ 82 59, 524 1932_______________ 91 6, 360 1933_______________ 93 6,306 1934______________ 85 6, 364 1935_______________ 103 3, 548 Palestine: 1927_______________ 562 20 1928_______________ 22 886 1929_______________ 45 679 1930_______________ 22 393 1931_______________ 1,946 50 1932_______________ 1,409 61 1933_______________ 57 2,049 1934_______________ 49 2,051 1935_______________ 3, 648 60 1936_______________ 20 956 Philippines: 1927_______________ 2 53 8, 567 1928_______________ 38 4,729 1929_______________ 26 4,939 1930_______________ 36 6,069 1931_______________ 45 6,976 1932_______________ 31 4, 396 1933______ ____ _ 59 8,066 Poland: 625 236, 552 1927_______________ 1928_______________ 776 354,498 1929_______________ 510 1 221,673 * Strikes only (for all years). 8 Provisional figures. 6 N o figures exist. 7 Since 1926 strikes and lock-outs have been forbidden b y law. find persons reported with a view to prosecution. Dis Workers putes involved Working days lost 60,267 62, 254 45, 838 12, 077 14, 261 23,003 22,960 24, 543 (8) (6) (8) (8) (8) (8) (0) (8) («) (8) 220, 500 647,700 990, 800 273, 000 856,100 1, 772, 600 533, 800 114,200 262, 400 99, 800 12,485 21, 997 25, 889 31, 669 48, 486 108, 605 65, 099 10, 393 18, 565 16,980 1,374, 089 363,844 196, 704 240, 454 7, 585,832 394,002 364,240 235,075 6 168,000 13,469 4, 379 8, 773 9, 234 6, 704 10, 689 19, 354 17, 273 28,415 11,625 (8) (8) (8) (8) (8) (8) (6 ) 2,483,165 2, 787,775 1,071,816 The figures denote the number of offenses 175 LABOR DISPUTES IN FOREIGN COUNTRIES, 19 2 7 - 3 6 T a b l e 3 9 . — Labor disputes in foreign countries, 1927-36— Continued Period Dis Workers putes involved Poland—Continued. 1930_______________ 330 1931_______________ 363 1932_______________ 517 649 1933_______________ 1934_______________ 957 1935_______________ 1,187 1936_______________ 82,058 Rumania: 1927_______________ 51 1928_______________ 57 1929_______________ 127 1930_______________ 101 1931_______________ 71 1932_______________ 102 1933_______________ 58 1934_______________ 72 84 1935_______________ 1936______________ 8 90 Spain: 1927_______________ 107 1928_______________ 87 1929_______________ 96 402 1930_______________ 734 1931_______________ 1932_______________ 681 1933_______________ 1,127 594 1934_______________ Sweden: 1927_______________ 189 1928_______________ 201 1929_______________ 180 1930_______________ 261 1931_______________ 193 1932_______ ____ _ 182 1933____ __________ 140 1934_______________ 103 1935_______________ 98 Switzerland: 1927_______________ 26 45 1928_______________ 8 Provisional figures. 6 N o figures exist. Working days lost 427,127 53,136 636,921 109,074 315,146 2,134,150 347, 460 3,843, 631 373, 022 2, 413, 533 452, 550 2,025, 554 664,593 84, 006, 556 6, 933 10,801 31,456 17,337 17,473 8 19,154 16, 066 11,059 16,174 8 15, 231 58, 291 109, 666 411, 572 184,002 184, 593 103, 673 57, 093 156, 086 360,867 8 195, 606 70,616 1,311,891 771, 293 70, 024 313, 065 55, 576 247,460 3,745, 360 236,177 3,843, 260 269,104 3, 589,473 843,303 14,440,629 741,878 11,103,493 9,477 71,461 12,676 20,751 40,899 50,147 31,980 13, 588 17,189 400,000 4,835, 000 667, 000 1,021, 000 2, 627,000 3, 095, 000 3,434, 000 760, 200 2,058 5,474 34,160 98, 015 888,000 Period Switzerland—Contd. 1929_______________ 1930_______________ 1931_______________ 1932_______________ 1933_______________ 1934_______________ 1935_______________ 1936_______________ Union of South Africa: 1927_______________ 1928_______________ 1929_______________ 1930_______________ 1931_______________ 1932_______________ 1933_______________ 1934_______________ 1935_______________ 1936-______________ Uruguay: 1927_______________ 1928_______________ 1929_______________ 1930_______________ 1931_______________ 1932 _ _ 1933_______________ 1934_______________ 1935_______________ Yugoslavia: 1927_______________ 1928_______________ 1929_______________ 1930_______________ 1931_______________ 1932_______________ 1933_______________ 1934_______________ 1935_______________ Dis Workers putes involved W orking days lost 39 31 25 38 35 20 17 41 4,661 6,397 4,746 5,083 2, 705 2,763 874 3,612 99,608 265, 695 73,975 159,154 69,065 33,309 15,143 38, 789 12 10 10 12 19 12 10 12 17 20 5,158 5,746 2,962 5,050 6,284 4, 011 1,585 2,379 2,367 2,198 9,126 10, 535 (°) 2,600' 54, 575' 26, 034 16, 081 52,132 19, 564 5,009 13 3 31 8 56 6 6 4,737 289 2, Oil 1,361 1,933 2,262 2,117 862 699 53, 350 8 420, 600' 8 90, 600 8 11,100 8 102,600 7, 588 5,618 2,246 4, 879 1,253 1,370 2,451 6,775 25,486 239,183 117,471 12,897 48, 528 14,204 4, 074 13,937 40, 523 221,239 17 2 78 44 14 16 5 7 8 35 141 8 86,797 8 70, 782 8 3,495 GENERAL IN D E X 1 Agreements. (See Union agreements.) P age Agriculture or farmers________________________________________ ______ ________________ ____________ 5,93 19 Antiunion contract (see also Union recognition)______________________________________ _____________ Apprentices. ___________________________ 17 Arbitration (see also M ethods o f settlement, conciliation)______________________________________ 18,23,169 Beginning date of strikes__________ _____________ ____ _____________________________________________ 163 Benefits, strike (see also Financing of strikes)_______________ ________ __________________ 12,14,18,163,164 Building trades____ _________ _____ ____________ _________________ 12,16,19,24,26,45,93,94,122-23 Business conditions (see also Cost of living)______________ 15,16,17,18,19,21,22,23,24,26,36,41-45,58,60,66 C a u ses.._______________ 1,6,8 Classification b y _______ ___________________________________________________ 32,36,5S-60,122-23,166-67 Chinese coolies_____________________________________________ 18 Cigar makers_______________________________________________________________________________________ 18,19 Closed shop____________________________________________________________ ______ ________________ 13,17,60 Clothing (see also Textiles)_______________ ____ _________________________________ 23,24,45,48,67,94,122-23 Tailoresses______ ______________________________________________________________________________ 14 Tailors________ 17 Coal. ( See Mining.) Collection of strike data_________ 2 B y Bureau of Census in 1880________________________________________________________ ____ _____ 2,27 B y Bureau o f Labor, 1887, 1894, 1901, 1906______________________________________________________ 2,28 B y Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1914-26________ ____ ___________________________________________ 2,35 B y Bureau of Labor Statistics, current____________________________________________________ ___ 2,170 Collective agreements. (See Union agreements.) 24 Colorado Fuel and Iron C om p a n y .._____________ Conciliation and conciliators, Labor Boards (see also Settlement)___________________________ 23,24,25,169 Congress_________ 22 Conspiracy. ( See Courts and court action.) Construction. (See Building trades.) Cooperation among employers______________________________________________________________ 13,16,17,18 Cooperatives____________________ 12,18 Cordwainers. ( See Shoemakers.) Cost of living and prices_____________ _____ __________ _______ ________________________ 15,16,17,18,24,43 Cost of strikes (see also Man-days lost)------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------- 7,10-11 Courts and court action (see also Picketing, violence, damage, policing)---------------------------------- 12,13,14,17 Damage, property and personal (see also Violence, militia, cost of strikes)........ .................................11,19,22 Definition of strike___________________________________________________________________ ____________3-7,28 Demands. ( See Causes.) Depression. ( See Business conditions.) Duration (see also Man-days, settlement)_____________________________ _______ __________ 28,51-54,76,164 Eight-hour d a y .......... ..................................................... ............................. .......... .......... ..................... 18,19,22,23 5 Employee, definition of____________________________________ _____ ____ ________ _____________________ Employers. (See Cooperation among employers.) Ending. ( See Settlement.) Establishments________________ _____________________ ___________________ _______ 8,9,27,33,48,164,168-69 Federal troops--------------------------------------- ---------------------- -------------------- --------------------------------------------- 19,23 Financing of strikes (see also Cost of strikes, strike benefits)______________________________ ______ 15,16,17 Foreign countries, strikes in ---------- --------------------------------- ------------------- ------- ----------------------------------- 173-75 French-Canadians........................................... .................... ................. .......... ............ ..................................... 19 General industry strikes-------------------------------------------------- ------------------- ------------------------ 6,13,17,45,165,168 General strikes _________ _________ _____ _______ _____________________________________________ 6,14,25,165 1 Index makes no reference to statistical tables. See Table of Contents, p. iii . 177 178 GENERAL INDEX P age Haymarket riot____________________________________________ ______ ____ ____________ ______________ Homestead strike________________ _____ ______________________________________________________ _____ Hours. ( See Eight-hour day and ten-hour day.) 22 22 Illegal or outlaw strikes________________________________________________________________________31-32,166 Industrial Workers of the W orld _____________________________________ ___________ __________ _____ 23 Industry. ( See also Establishments): Classification___________________________________________________________________________ 30,36,164-65 Classified b y States_____________________________________________________________________________ 93,94 B y causes________________________________________________________________________________ 122-23,124 Intercity strikes (see also Location, establishments involved)_______________________________________ 165 Inter-State strikes (see also Location, establishments involved)_________________________________ 30-31,165 Iron and steel__________________________________________________________________________ 16,17,19,22,25,94 Iron Moulders’ International________________________ 18 Issues involved. (See Causes.) Jurisdictional disputes_____ __________________________________ ____ ________________________ 5,60,122,166 Knights of Labor______________________________________________________ ____ _____ ___ _____________ 22 Labor Boards. (See Conciliation.) Labor union. (See Union organization.) Location (see also Intercity, inter-State, general, and general industry)______________ ____________7,28,165 B y c ity ___________________________________________________________________ 81 B y States____________________________________________________________________________________31,36,85 B y State and industry___________________________________________________________________ 93-94 Lock-out: Definition______________________________________________________________________________ 3 Distinction between strike and______________________________________________________________ 3-4,29 Los Angeles Tim es________________________________________________________________________________ 24 Loyal Legion of Loggers and Lumbermen____________________________________ _____ ____ __________ 24 Machinists____________ 18,24 Man-days idle (see also D uration)______________________________________________ 7-8,10-11,36,163,164,165 Maritime. (See Seamen.) Methods of settlement. (See Settlement.) Militia (see also policing, courts, Federal troops)_____ _____________________________________________ 14,24 M ining____ _________________________________________ 17,18,19,22,23,24,25, 26,41,45, 50,60,66,93,94,122-23 M olly Maguires___________________________________________ 19 National Industrial Recovery A ct________________ ________ _____ ___________ _____ ____________ 26,43,58 Organization. (See Union organization.) Outlaw strikes. (See Illegal.) Packing industry_________________________________ 22 Paper— -------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------93 Picketing__________________________________________________________________________6,13,14,15,17,163,164 Policemen, Boston________________________________________________________________________________ 25 Policing (see also M ilitia, Federal troops, courts)___________________________________________________11,22 Prices. (See Cost of living.) Printers, bookbinders__________________________________________________________________________ 12,16, 25 Pullman strike____________________________________________________________________________________ 22 Railroad strikes_____________________________________________________________________________ 19,22,24,25 Results (see also Settlement)__________________ _____ ________________________________ 1,9.33,66-67,167-69 In relation to causes___________________________________________________________________________ 71 In relation to duration----------------------------------76 In relation to size______________________________________________________________________________ 78 Rival unions (see also Jurisdictional disputes)--------------------------------------------------------------------- 5-6,60,122,166 Sabotage------------v,4 St. Crispin, Order of-----------18 Seamen, maritime--------------------------------12,25,45 Seasonal trend (see also Business conditions)_____________________________________________________ 17,43-45 Settlement of strikes (see also Duration, results, conciliation)------------------------------- 9,16,28,29,163-64,167-68 Sex (see also W om en )____ ________________ _______________________________________________________ 50,166 Shoemakers, cordwainers................................................................................................................13,16,17,18,19,93 GENERAL INDEX 179 P age Sit-down strike.------ --------------------4 Statistics of strikes: Difficulties involved___________________________________ ____ __________________________________ 1,35 Definitions____________________________________________________________________________________ 3-7,28 History o f_____________________________________________________________________________________ 2 Measurement of discontent____________________________________________________________________ v, 8 Unit of measurement___________________________________________________________________5, 7-10,28,36 Methods of analyzing-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1-2, 27,28,36,163-69 Methods of collecting____________________________________________________________________ 2,35,170-72 Stoppage___________________________________________________________________________________________ 3,4,5 Stove Manufacturers’ and Iron Founders’ Association, N ational__________________________________ 18 Strike benefits. (See Benefits.) Strikebreakers_____________________________________________________________________ 13,14,15,16,17,18,19 Strikes versus lock-outs__________________________________________________________________________ 3,4,29 Sweat shops_______________________________________________________________________________________ 19 Sympathetic strikes________________________________________________________________ 5,6,13, 22,60,122,169 Telegraph------- -----------------------------------------Telephone________________________________ Ten-hour day____________________________ Termination. (See Settlement.) Textile___________________________________ Trade-unions. (See Union organization.) Transportation (see also Railroad, seamen) ___________________ 22 ________________________________ 25 _______________________ 12,14,15,16,17 14,16,17,19, 23, 24, 26,45. 67,93,94,122-23 ____________________________ 93, 94,123 Union agreements---------------- ------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4,17,19,23, 25,60 Union organization (see also Jurisdiction, rival unions, union agreements)___________ ____ ____ ____ 5, 6, 7,9,15,16,17,18,19, 22, 23 Strikes classified b y ___________________________________________________ 31-32,36,54-55,122-23,165,166 23, Union recognition (see also Union agreements, union organization, causes of strikes)________________ 24, 33, 39,58-60, 71,167 Union shop. (See Closed shop.) United M ine Workers (see also M ining)___________________________________________________________ 23,24 Violence (see also Damages, policing, picketing, courts) 13,14,16,17,19, 22, 23,24 Walking delegate, strike committee________________________________________________________________ 13,14 W ar: Civil__________________________________________________________________________________________ 18 W orld__________________________________________________________________________________________24,26 Post-war-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 25,26 Western Federation of Miners_____________________________________________________________________ 23 W om en (see also Sex)____________________________________________________________________________ 14,166 Workers involved-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------5,7,9 Directly and indirectly involved------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 9,47 Incomplete information________________________________________________________________________ 35,39 Relation to results______________________________________________________________________________78-79 10,000 or more_________________________________________________________________________________ 161-62 165-66 In intercity and inter-State strikes_____________________________________________ Yellow-dog contract. (See Antiunion contract.) I N D E X TO T A B L E 37 P age A dding machines (see Cash registers, adding machines, and typewriters)-------------------------------- --------Agricultural implements..................... Agriculture__________ Aircraft— _______________ A ir transportation____ _______ ___ ____ __________________________________________________ _________ Alum inum manufactures________ _______________ ____ ___________ _____ __________________ ________ Automobiles, bodies, and parts______ ______________________________________________________ 129 129 159 131 155 132 131 Baking..................................................................................................- ____ _______ . ____ _________________ 143 Barbers and beauty parlors (see Personal service, barbers, beauty parlors)__________________________ 156 143 Beverages....... .......... .............................. ................................. ............................................................................... Blast furnaces, steel works, and rolling m ills___ ______ ________________ __________________ ________ 125 Boarding houses (see Hotels, restaurants, and boarding houses)_______ ____________________________ 156 Bolts, nuts, washers, and rivets____ _______________________________ ____ _______________ ___________ 125 Boots and shoes___________________ ________________________________________________________ ______ 142 Boxes, paper_______ 146 Brass, bronze, and copper products__________________________________________________ __________ __. 132 Brick, tile, and terra cotta_________________ ______ ________________________________________________ 135 Bridges, docks, etc., and P. W . A . buildings (see A ll other construction)___________________________ 159 Bronze (see Brass, bronze, and copper products)____________ ______ ___________ _____ _____________ 132 Broom and brush_______________ 150-51 158-59 Building construction— _______ Buildings, exclusive of P. W . A -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------159 Butter______________________ 143 Canning and preserving----------------143-44 Carpets and rugs__________________________________________________________________________________ 137 Cars, electric- and steam-railroad__________________________________________________________________ 131 ________ 129 Cash registers, adding machines, and typewriters______________________________________ Cast-iron pip e___ ______ 125 Cement------ --------------136 Chemicals____________ 148 Chemicals and allied products_____________________________________________________________________ 147-49 Chewing and smoking tobacco and snuff-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------145 Cigars---------- ----------145-46 Clay (see Stone, clay, and glass products)---------------------------------------------------------------- ------- ---------------135 Clocks and watches and time-recording devices____________________________________________________ 133 Clothing, men’s................................................. - ____ _________________________________________________ 139 Clothing, wom en's--- -------------140 Coal mining, anthracite___________________________________________________________________________ 151 Coal mining, bituminous____ _____________________________________________________________________ 152 Confectionery------ -----------144 Copper (see Brass, bronze, and copper products)___________________________________________________ 132 Copper, lead, and zinc (see Smelting and refining)--------------------------------------------------------------- ---------133 Corsets and allied garments_________ 140 Cotton g ood s.--------------------------------138 Cottonseed—oil, cake, and meal---------------148 Cotton small w a r e s . -----------------138 Cutlery (not including silver and plated cutlery) and edge tools------------------------------------------------------126 Dom estic and personal service_____________________________________________________________________ 156-57 D om estics.---------------------------157 Dyeing, cleaning, and pressing--------- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------157 D yeing and finishing textiles------------ ---------- --------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------138 Edge tools (see Cutlery and edge tools)----------------------------------------------------------------------------------Electrical machinery, apparatus, and supplies________ 180 126 129 IN D E X TO TA B LE 37 181 P age Electric light and power and manufactured gas________ ________ _____________________ ____________ Electric railroads_____ _______ _________________________________ _____ _____________________ ______ Elevator and maintenance workers (when not attached to specific industry) ________________________ Enameled ware (see Stamped and enameled ware)_________________________________________________ Engines, turbines, tractors, and water wheels______________________________________________________ Explosives_______________________ 150 154 157 133 129 148 Fabrics_____________ 137 148 Fertilizers___________ Fishing___________________________________________________________________________________________ 160 Flour and grain m ills_____________________________________________________________ 144 F ood and kindred products________________________________________________________________________ 143-45 Forgings, iron and steel_____________ 126 Foundry and machine-shop products______________________________________________________________ 129 Furniture----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------134 Furriers and fur factories__________________________________________________________________________ 151 Qas, manufactured (see Electric light and power and manufactured gas)___________________________ Glass___ _____________________ Granite (see Marble, granite, slate, and other products)____________________________________________ 150 136 136 Hardware_____________________ 126 Hats, caps, and millinery____ ______________ 140-41 H osiery.___________________ 141 Hotels, restaurants, and boarding houses-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------156 Ice cream__________________ 144 Iron and steel and their products (not including m achinery)______________________________________ 125-28 Jewelry--------------------------- 133 Knit goods-------------- 141 Laundries----------------------156-57 133 Lead (see Smelting and refining—copper, lead, and z in c ).._______ _________________________________ Leather-------------------------------------------------------------142 Leather and its manufactures------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------142-43 Lighting equipment------- ----------------------------------133 Logging camps (see Sawmills and logging cam ps)__________________________________________________ 135 Lum ber and allied products---------- -------------134-35 Machinery, not including transportation equipm ent_______________________________________________ 128-30 Machine-shop products (see Foundry and machine-shop products)_________________________________ 129 Machine tools (power drivers)________ 130 Marble, granite, slate, and other products____ _______ 136 M eat packing (see Slaughtering and meat packing)-------------------------------------------------------------------------- 144-45 M en's furnishings___________________ 140 Metalliferous mining__________ 152 Metals (see Nonferrous metals and their products)_________________________________________________ 132 Metalwork, structural and ornamental (see Structural and ornamental metalwork)-------------------------127 M illinery (see Hats, caps, and m illinery)__________________________________________________________ 140-41 M illw ork and planing___________ 134-35 Minerals, extraction of_______ ____________________________________________________________________ 151-53 Miscellaneous manufacturing____________________________________________________________________ 150-51 M otorbus transportation__________________________________________________________________________ 153 M otortruck transportation________________________________________________________________________ 153 Nonferrous metals and their products____________________________________________________________ 132-34 Paints and varnishes_________________ 148 Paper and printing________________________________________________ 146-47 Paper and pulp------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 146-47 Personal service, barbers, beauty parlors-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------156 Petroleum producing, crude_______________________________________________________________________ 152 Petroleum refining___________________________________________________________________________ 148-49 Phonographs (see Radios and phonographs)_____ ___________ 130 Pipe, cast-iron (see Cast-iron pipe)__________________________________________________________ 125 Plated ware (see Silverware and plated ware)______________________________________________________ 133 Plumbers supplies and fixtures------------126-27 182 IN D E X TO TA B LE 37 P age Pottery...... ............................ —— ____ _____________________________________________________________ 136-37 Preserving (see Canning and preserving)_________________________________________________________ 143-44 Printing and publishing—book and jo b ____________________________________________________________ 147 Printing and publishing—newspapers and periodicals______________________________________________ Professional service________ _______ ______________________________________________________________ 157-58 P. W . A. buildings (see Bridges, docks, etc., and P. W . A. buildings)______________________________ 159 14 7 Quarrying and nonmetallic mining________________________________________________________________ 152 Radio broadcasting and transmitting______________________________________________________________ 155 Radios and phonographs__________________________________________________________________________ 130 Rayon (see Silk and rayon goods)________________________________________________________________ 138-39 Rayon and allied products________________________________________________________________________ 149 Recreation and amusement_______________________________________________________________________ 158 Relief work_____ __________________________________________________________________________________ 160 Restaurants (see Hotels, restaurants, and boarding houses)________________________________________ 156 Retail trade_______________________________________________________________________________________ 155 Rolling mills (see Blast furnaces, steel works, and rolling m ills)____________________________________ 125 Rosin (see Turpentine and rosin)__________________________________________________________________ 135 R ubber boots and shoes___________________________________________________________________________ 149 Rubber products-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------149 Rubber tires and inner tubes---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 149-50 Rugs (see Carpets and rugs)_______________________________________________________________________ 137 Sawmills and logging cam ps_______________________________________________________________________ 135 Semiprofessional, attendants and helpers__________________________________________________________ 158 131 Shipbuilding—_______ Shirts and collars_____________ 141 Shoes (see Boots and shoes)_______________________________________________________________________ 142 Silk and rayon goods_____________________________________________________________________________ 138-39 Silverware and plated ware_______________________________________________________________________ 133 Slate (see Marble, granite, slate, and other products)______________________________________________ 136 Slaughtering and meat packing_______________ 144-45 Smelting and refining—copper, lead, and zinc____________ 133 Snuff (see Chewing and smoking tobacco and snuff)_______________________________________________ 145 Stamped and enameled ware______________________________________________________________________ 133 Steam and hot-water heating apparatus and steam fittings_________________________________________ 127 Steam railroads_________________________ 154 Steel works (see Blast furnaces, steel works, and rolling m ills)______________________________________ 125 135-37 Stone, clay, and glass products_____________ Stoves____________________________________________________________________________________________ 127 Structural and ornamental metalwork_____________________________________________________________ 127 Sugar, beet____ _______________ 145 Sugar refining, cane_______________________________________________________________________________ 145 Taxicabs and miscellaneous____ ___________________________________________________________________ 154 Telephone and telegraph_________________________________________________________________________ 154-55 Terra cotta {see Brick, tile, and terra cotta)________________________________________________________ 135 Textile machinery and parts______________________________________________________________________ 130 Textiles and their products_______________________________________________________________________ 137-39 Tile (see Brick, tile, and terra cotta)_______________________________________________________________ 135 Time-recording devices {see Clocks and watches and time-recording devices)_______________________ 133 T in cans and other tinware________________________________________________________________________ 127 T obacco, chewing and smoking {see Chewing and smoking tobacco and snuff)_____________________ 145 T obacco manufactures___________________________________________________________________________ 145-46 Tools (not including edge tools, machine tools, files, and saws)_____________________________________ 128 Tractors {see Engines, turbines, tractors, and water wheels)_______________________________________ 129 Trade_____________________________________________________________________________________________ 155 Transportation and communication______________________________________________________________ 153-55 Transportation equipment_______________________________________________________________________ 130-33 Turbines {see Engines, turbines, tractors, and water wheels)_______________________________________ 129 Turpentine and rosin_____________________________________________________________________________ 135 Typewriters {see Cash registers, adding machines, and typewriters)________________________________ 129 Varnishes {see Paints and varnishes)___________ 148 IN D E X TO TAB LE 37 183 P age Watches (see C locks and watches and time-recording devices).................................... ... ............. ............ 133 153 Water transportation_____________________________________________________________________________ Water wheels (see Engines, turbines, tractors, and water wheels)___________________________________ 129 Wearing apparel_________________________________________________________________________________ 139-41 Wholesale trade___________________________________________________________________________________ 155 W irework_________________________________________________________________________________________ 128 W oolen and worsted goods___________________________________ 139 Zinc (see Smelting and refining—copper, lead, and zinc) _ _________________________ ____ ___________ O 133