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UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
Frances Perkins, Secretary
B U R E A U O F L A B O R ST A TISTIC S
Isador Lubin, Commissioner
Strikes in the U nited States
1 8 8 0 -1 9 3 6
+
By
FLORENCE PETERSON
o f the
Bureau o f Labor Statistics
Bulletin 7s[o. 651
A ugust 1937
U N IT E D S T A T E S
G O V E R N M E N T P R IN T IN G OFFICE
W A S H IN G T O N : 1938
For sale by the Superintendent o f Documents, Washington, D . C.
Price 20 cents
CONTENTS
Page
Preface__________________________________________________________________________
Introduction____________________
Definition of strike and lock-out_______________
Measurement of strikes___________________________________________________
Cost of strikes_____________________________________________________________
C hapter
I.— Early history of strikes______________________________ ^ ______
C hapter II.— General trend of strikes from 1881 to 19 36________________
C hapter III.— Strike statistics, 1880 to 1905_______________________________
Strikes during 1880_____________________________________
Strikes from 1881 to 1905______________________________
C hapter IV .— Strikes from 1914 to 1926____________________________________
C hapter V.— Analysis of strikes, 1927-36___________________________________
Strikes by years_________________________________________
Seasonal trend__________________________________________
Number of workers_____________________________________
Establishments involved_______________________________
Sex of workers__________________________________________
Duration of strikes_____________________________________
Labor organizations____________________________________
Major issues_____________________________________________
Results__________________________________________________
Strikes in various cities_________________________________
Strikes in each State_______________ v___________________
Major causes of strikes in each industry______________
A ppend ix
I.— Strikes involving 10,000 or more workers, 1 9 2 7 -3 6 ______
A ppend ix II.— Methods used in analyzing strikes_________________________
A ppen d ix III.— Method of collecting strike data___________________________
A p pen d ix IV .— Labor disputes in foreign countries, 1 9 2 7 -3 6 _____________
General index___________________________________________________________________
Index to table 3 7 _______________________________________________________________
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Number of strikes and workers involved, 1881 -1 936___________
Causes of strikes in 1880_________________________________________
Results of strikes in 1880_________________________________________
Number of strikes, workers, and establishments involved,
1881-1905_______________________________________________________
5.— Strikes for 25-year period, 1881-1905,
by
industry_
6.— Strikes for 25-year period, 1881-1905,
by
States___
7.— Strikes ordered by labor organizations, 18 81 -1 905_____________
8.— Major causes of strikes, 18 81 -1 905______________________________
9.— Workers involved in strikes due to various causes, 1881-1905- _
10.— Results of strikes, 18 81 -1 905___________________________________
11.— Strikes, by months, 1914 -2 6____________________________________
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CONTENTS
IV
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12.— Strikes, b y States, 1 9 1 4 -2 6 ______________________________________
13.— Sex o f w orkers in v o lv e d in strikes, 1 9 1 6 -2 6 ____________________
14.— N u m b er o f establish m en ts in v o lv e d in strikes, 1 9 1 7 -2 6 _______
15.— N u m b er o f strikes in specified industries, 1 9 1 4 -2 6 ____________
16.— N u m b er o f w orkers in v o lv e d in strikes, 1 9 1 6 -2 6 ______________
17.— R e la tion o f w orkers t o la b o r u n ion s____________________________
18.— M a jo r cau ses o f strikes, 1 9 1 4 -2 6 _______________________________
19.— R esu lts o f strikes, 1 9 1 6 -2 6 ______________________________________
20.— Strikes fro m 1927 t o 1936, b y y ea rs____________________________
21.— Strikes fr o m 1927 t o 1936, b y m o n th s __________________________
22.— Strikes b y n u m ber o f w orkers in v o lv e d , 1 9 2 7 -3 6 ______________
23.— Strikes b y n u m ber o f establish m en ts in v o lv e d , 1 9 2 7 -3 6 ________
24.— N u m b er o f strikes en d in g 1 9 2 7-3 6 , b y sex o f w orkers in v o lv e d 25.— N u m b er o f persons in v o lv e d in strikes en d in g 1 9 2 7-3 6 , b y sex_
26.— D u ra tion o f strikes en d in g 1 9 2 7 -3 6 _____________________________
27.— L a b o r orga n iza tion s in v o lv e d in strikes en d in g 1 9 2 7 -3 6 ______
28.— M a jo r issues in v o lv e d in strikes en d in g 1 9 2 7 -3 6 ______________
29.— R esu lts o f strikes en d in g 1 9 2 7 - 3 6 ._____________________________
30.— R esults o f strikes en d in g 1 9 2 7-3 6 in rela tion t o m a jo r issues in
v o lv e d __________________________________________________________
31.— R esults o f strikes en d in g 1 9 2 7-3 6 in rela tion t o th eir d u ra tio n 32.— R esults o f strikes en din g 1 9 2 7-3 6 in rela tion t o th e n u m ber o f
w orkers in v o lv e d _______________________________________________
33.— Strikes b egin n in g 1 9 2 7-3 6 , in cities w h ich h a d 10 o r m ore lo ca l
strikes in a n y y e a r ____________________________________________
34.— Strikes b egin n in g 192 7-3 6 , b y S ta te s ___________________________
35.— Strikes in ea ch S tate h av in g 25 o r m ore strikes in a n y year,
1927-36, b y in d u stry g ro u p ___________________________________
36.— M a jo r issues in v o lv e d in strikes in va riou s in d u stry grou ps
fo r th e 10-year p eriod 1 9 2 7 -3 6 ______________________________
37.— Strikes begin n in g 1 9 27-36, b y industries a n d m a jo r issues
in v o lv e d (see p . 180 fo r in dex t o this t a b le ) _________________
38.— Strikes in v o lv in g 10,000 o r m ore w orkers, 1 9 2 7 -3 6 ___________
39.— L a b o r disp utes in foreign cou ntries, 1 9 2 7 -3 6 __________________
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C h a rts
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1.— T re n d o f strikes, 1 8 8 0 -1 9 3 6 ______________________________________
2.— Strikes du rin g 1 9 2 7 -3 6 ____________________________________________
3.— Strikes b egin n in g in ea ch m on th , 1 9 2 7 -3 6 _______________________
4.— M a jo r issues in v o lv e d in strikes, 1 9 2 7 -3 6 _______________________
5.— R esults o f strikes, 1 9 2 7 -3 6 ____________
20
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68
PREFACE
A strike or lock-out is an evidence of discontent and an expression
of protest. While some strikes arise over minor internal shop matters,
most of them have broader application and are directed toward a
change in basic working conditions or employer-employee relationship.
The number of strikes and their magnitude is, therefore, one indica
tion of the degree of industrial unrest existing at any particular time
or in any particular situation.
Although an important indicator, strike statistics can never exactly
measure industrial unrest. Discontent may be greatest precisely
when and because workers exist so precariously that they have no
hope of bettering their immediate position through the use of economic
weapons. Other political and social statistics must be used to measure
the extent of unrest when it is coupled with despair.
In general, strike statistics measure such unrest as prevails under
circumstances that lead workers to hope that they may better their
conditions or mitigate a worsening of conditions through strike action.
For example, they tend to be used more sparingly when large numbers
of unemployed stand in the streets as competitors for existing jobs.
A public opinion or government hostile or indifferent to the claims of
labor may decrease the number of strikes while actually increasing
the basic unrest.
The strike is a cultural development, a conventionalized expression
of discontent. It involves mass action and presupposes a belief in the
efficacy of mass action. It aims at a temporary and complete inter
ruption of the process of production, with the expectation that work
will be resumed when a settlement is effected. In this respect it
differs sharply from the anarchic and continuous expression of dis
content that manifests itself in sabotage.
PREFACE
VI
The strike is also a more or less definite overt act, growing out of
discontent but not measuring with any precision the intensity of that
discontent. Statistics of the number of strikes or of their magnitude
cannot reflect the obviously differing degrees of discontent felt by the
workers in sweated plants, driven almost to the stage of revolt, and
by a group of relatively well-paid craftsmen who seize a strategic
opportunity to drive a better bargain with an employer.
Finally, the frequency and duration of strikes reflect the temper of
employers as well as of workers, the extent to which they are unwilling
to recognize the union as the representative of the employees, and the
extent to which they feel they must resist or are able to resist the
demands of a union which they have recognized. Employer resist
ance, like workers’ overt expressions of protest, varies with the con
ditions prevailing at the time. The condition of the industry and labor
market, the attitude of the public and government, the strength of
the union, all influence the employer’s willingness to allow unrest to
reach the state of strike action.
In view of the factors mentioned above, it is evident that any series
of strike statistics extending over a period of years and into a variety
of circumstances is not a complete measurement of the extent of in
dustrial unrest. Strike statistics are of interest chiefly as showing
the changing frequency with which recourse is had to one method of
settling problems that arise in the employer-employee relationship.
The interest, in other words, is largely confined to the strike per se.
But such an interest cannot be satisfied merely by knowing how many
strikes have occurred or how many workers have been involved. It
becomes necessary to set such facts in their social, economic, and
political background to arrive at significant interpretations. W hy
do strikes occur at one time rather than another? Under what condi
tions are strikes most likely to succeed? As an aid to the study of
such questions strike statistics should record and classify not only the
gross number of strikes, but also their causes and results, the charac
teristics of the parties involved in their beginning and settlement, and
any other information which contributes toward a better understanding
of the group interests involved and the methods used to advance these
interests.
I sador L
u b in
,
Commissioner of Labor Statistics.
A
ugust
1, 1937.
Bulletin Ns>- 651 o f the
U nited States Bureau o f Labor Statistics
Strikes in the United States, 1880-1936
In tro d u ctio n
In all the realm of industrial statistics, employer-employee disputes
present some of the most baffling problems. In addition to the factor
of judgment which enters into all statistical procedure, strikes and
lock-outs, by their very nature, lead to differences of viewpoint and
approach in their measurement and classification. Since they are
controversies in which the interests of employer, workers, and the
public are at stake, each group naturally interprets and evaluates
the situation in the way the dispute affects it. This divergency of
viewpoint persists throughout every phase of the statistical treatment
of strikes and lock-outs— definition, unit of measurement, magnitude,
causes, and results. Furthermore, the facts with reference to strikes
and lock-outs very often are too involved or indeterminate to be
accurately and simply classified from whatever approach they are
viewed. Causes leading up to any one dispute may be many and
varied and the basic causes may never be actually voiced by either
party. So also with the results, especially when the dispute ends
with no written contract or definite oral agreement. Even the date
of the ending is not always clear-cut; some strikes begun years ago
have never been officially called off by their initiators, despite the
fact that the employer concerned is carrying on his business in a
normal manner.
In view of these divergencies of approach as well as of the impossi
bility of always getting sufficiently detailed information, a portion
of the statistics on strikes is necessarily based on arbitrary estimates
and rule-of-thumb procedure. Nevertheless, through the use of
specific definitions and the adoption of some broad general policies, a
certain degree of comparability and uniformity of treatment can be
obtained.1
* See appendixes II and III for methods used in analyzing and collecting strike data.
1
2
STR IK ES
IN
THE
U N IT E D
STA TES,
1 8 8 0 -1 9 3 6
The history of statistics on strikes and lock-outs in the United
States can be divided into six periods: (1) the years previous to 1880,
for which no statistics are available, but for which some summarized
accounts of individual strikes have been compiled; (2) the year 1880,
when data on strikes and lock-outs were gathered at the time the
Tenth Census was taken; (3) 1881-1905, during which time four
periodic surveys providing a continuous count of the strikes and lock
outs were made by the Commissioner of Labor; (4) 1906-13, when no
studies were made and for which no information is available; (5)
1914-26, when the Bureau of Labor Statistics maintained a fairly
adequate reporting service on the number of strikes; in only a limited
number of cases, however, were data obtained on number of persons
involved, man-days idle, and other items; (6) 1927 to the present,
during which time the Bureau of Labor Statistics has collected and
published monthly data on the number of strikes, workers involved,
man-days idle, and other pertinent information.
This bulletin contains the major statistical data that are available
on strikes and lock-outs from the earliest recorded date through the
year 1936. Since original schedules and other source material have
been destroyed, dependence has necessarily been placed upon pre
viously published material for early periods. Some readjustments and
combinations have been made in previously published tables in order
to make them readily comparable with data for later periods. For
example, strikes and lock-outs were treated separately in earlier
reports. These are combined in this bulletin since no such separation
was made in later years.
The major portion of this bulletin deals with strikes and lock-outs
since 1927. During this period changes of a more or less important
nature were made in methods of collecting and interpreting the source
material. In 1934 the statistical work was reorganized. The number
of possible sources or “ leads” was materially increased, the industry
classification was revised, and other classifications were added. Some
changes were made in the definitions and inclusiveness of terms used.
In order to provide continuous series in as many classifications as
possible, all available data on strikes occurring since 1927 were
reviewed and necessary revision made so that figures for this period
might be comparable. Appendixes II and III contain an explanation
of the methods used in obtaining and analyzing data on strikes, and
some of the difficulties and anomalies existing in strike statistics.
IN T R O D U C TIO N
3
D efinition o f Strike and Lock-out
A strike is a temporary stoppage of work by a group of employees
in order to express a grievance or to enforce a demand; a lock-out is a
temporary withholding of work from a group of employees by an
employer (or a group of employers) in order to coerce them into
accepting the employer’s terms.
Previous to 1922, the Bureau presented separate tables for strikes
and for lock-outs. Because of the inherent confusion existing in any
industrial dispute, the difficulty of separating a strike situation from
a lock-out was early recognized.2 In later years no effort was made
to distinguish the two, and all labor disputes involving stoppages of
work were grouped together as “ strikes and lock-outs.” 3 This
phrase was abandoned in 1935, the term “ strike” being used in the
generic sense to include all stoppages of work due to labor disputes,
whether initiated by employer (lock-out) or by the workers.
Technically, the distinction between a strike and a lock-out turns
on the party which actually initiates the stoppage. Even though it
were possible to make a literal interpretation, the notion of responsi
bility or moral obligation would be implied— concepts which are
impossible to define for statistical purposes. Furthermore, a strike
might develop into a lock-out or vice versa, as is indicated by the
following illustrations:
An employer says he cannot operate a plant unless wages are
reduced. The workers refuse to accept the reduction. The plant
shuts down and reopens a month later at the old wage. Here the
employer sought to enforce terms upon the workers who refused to
accept them. While the workers would call this a lock-out, the
employer would be likely to call it a strike because his employees
refused to work at the wages which he considered reasonable.
A group of workers go out on strike for a wage increase. After a
few weeks they express a willingness to return to work without the
increase. In the meantime, general business conditions or the em
ployer’s strategic position have so altered that the employer refuses to
take them back unless they accept a wage reduction. The strike
thereupon becomes a lock-out.
Sometimes one party anticipates the action of the other. Em
ployees are dissatisfied and strike talk is prevalent, although no date is
set. The employer decides to act first and closes the plant or lays off
the dissatisfied group for a specific time “ to teach them a lesson.” If
there had been no lock-out, there would have been a strike.
2 See p. 29.
3 It is an interesting fact that in its first reports Great Britain also distinguished between strikes and
lock-outs but abandoned the attempt in 1893. M ost foreign statistics on industrial disputes are grouped
together as “ strikes and lock-outs.” (M ethods of Compiling Statistics of Industrial Disputes, International
Labour Office, Geneva, 1926.)
4
STR IK ES I K
THE
U N IT E D
STA TES,
1880-19 36
Were strikes and lock-outs of approximately like frequency, the
theoretical distinction between them might necessitate an attempt to
distinguish them in tabulation despite all the difficulties involved.
But because of the relatively strong position which the employer
usually has in the bargaining relationship, he very seldom needs to
resort to a lock-out. Probably not more than 1 or 2 percent of the
total disputes at the present time can be called lock-outs. In earlier
years the proportion was slightly greater (see p. 29). Since their
industrial causes and effects are practically the same, and because of
the relative insignificance in the number of lock-outs, it seems reason
able to use the term “ strike” to cover all industrial disputes involving
stoppages of work.
Though the distinction between a strike and a lock-out need not be
maintained, the precise phrasing of the definition adopted for either
will affect the resulting statistical series. It is therefore necessary
to analyze carefully the exact interpretation of each of the phrases in
the definitions given.
A strike is a temporary stoppage. So far as the intention and attitude
of the strikers is concerned, they look upon themselves as continuing
to retain the status of employees of the company against which they
are striking, with vested interests in their individual jobs. If the
dispute develops into a permanent severance of relations between the
employer and this group of workers, the situation ceases to be a strike.
A stoppage of work is effected either by walking out, not reporting for
work at the usual or expected time, or reporting for duty but refusing
to perform any work (“ sit-down” ). A walk-out is a fairly clear-cut
situation, but the other two forms of stoppage are sometimes difficult
to interpret. For instance, workers in seasonal or intermittent
trades— fruit pickers, seamen or longshoremen, building workers,
etc.— may refuse to go to work on terms offered by an employer.
There is no actual walk-out, since work has never started on the sea
son’s fruit picking, loading or unloading the boat, or constructing the
building. To the employer who needs to have the work done, refusal
to work means a serious stoppage. Such situations are considered to
be strikes, since the Bureau interprets a strike to exist when an em
ployer offers jobs to a specific group of workers who refuse to accept
until certain terms or conditions are adjusted. Restriction of output
or sabotage sometimes approximates a “ sit-down” strike. The
Bureau interprets the situation as a strike only when the participants
publicly state the fact of a stoppage for certain specific causes, it is
the practice with some unions to call a stoppage while new agreements
or wage rates are being negotiated. Although the union distinguishes
such a stoppage from a strike, the Bureau classifies it as a strike if
IN TR O D U C TIO N
5
the situation has the characteristics included in the above-mentioned
definition.
A strike or lock-out implies stoppage of work by a group. An indi
vidual stoppage is a “ quit” or “ lay-off.” For purposes of convenience,
the Bureau includes in its statistical analysis only those disputes which
involve six or more persons and last 1 day or longer. This arbitrary
limitation presents some anomalies. For example, a strike of 5 bakers
in a small bakery shop may represent the entire working force and
mean a closing of the shop, while a strike of 500 employees in a large
plant may not tie up the plant’s operations. Nevertheless, because of
the difficulty of securing reports on small disputes and the necessity for
adopting some limitation, the Bureau excludes all disputes involving
fewer than six persons and lasting less than 1 day.
The strike must involve a group of employees; that is, there must be a
recognized employer-employee relationship between the parties in
volved in the dispute. Statistics on labor disputes, therefore, exclude
so-called buyers’ strikes, farmers’ strikes— except in the case of farm
labor— student strikes, etc. There are certain border-line situations
in which it is difficult to determine whether the strikers have the status
of employee or entrepreneur, as, for example, the small dealer who is
producing or distributing goods or services for another person or
company. The Bureau considers an employer-employee relationship
to exist when one of the parties maintains direction and control over
the work of the other; that is, the right to approve or disapprove
employment, and control over working conditions. Thus the term
“ employee” covers gasoline-station attendants, even though on a
lease and contract sales arrangement, fishermen who must sell their
catch to one certain wholesaler who determines the price, and persons
who work at home at piece rates for a manufacturer or wholesaler.
The purpose of a strike or lock-out is to express a grievance or to
enforce a demand. It is a fairly simple matter to interpret a stoppage
of work as a strike or lock-out when either the worker group or the
employer makes definite demands upon the other. Some situations,
however, are not so easy to define, such as jurisdictional disputes,
quarrels between rival unions, sympathetic protests, organization
drives by outside unions where employees within the plant seemingly
take no active part. In the usual jurisdictional dispute it would
appear that the employer is passive— that it is a quarrel solely be
tween worker groups who have no grievance against their employer.
In some cases the employer very obviously has an interest as to which
union does a particular piece of work, because of differences in wage
rates. In all cases, each group is demanding from the employer that
it get the assignment for certain work, and thus jurisdictional dis
putes can justifiably be called strikes.
6
STR IK ES I N
THE
U N IT E D
STA TES,
1880-19 36
Disputes between rival unions present a somewhat different picture.
In these cases a second group with similar trade jurisdiction seeks
to displace a union which has already been recognized by the employer.
(Since the American Federation of Labor does not permit dual union
ism within its ranks, at least one of the two groups fighting for control
is a union not affiliated with the American Federation of Labor.
Sometimes neither organization is affiliated.) While the immediate
issue causing the stoppage of work appears to be the rivalry of two
factions of workers, the employer is, nevertheless, an integral factor
in the situation. The very fact that there are two rival unions fighting
for control generally signifies discontent by one group of workers with
the terms which the other union has obtained from the employer and
the hope that the second union can obtain better terms.
The employer-employee relationship need not necessarily be direct
and proximate to permit a strike situation. In a so-called sympathetic
strike, an individual employer may not be responsible for any of the
dissatisfactions which bring about the strike. These are strikes,
nevertheless, since they are called for the purpose of demonstrating
the solidarity of workers and broadening the group pressure upon the
employer against whom there is a strike for specific cause.4 Similarly,
a local union in an organization drive may picket a plant where none
of the employees belong to the union, nor apparently have expressed
a desire to join. The picketing leads to the closing of the plant.
Although his employees have made no demands upon this particular
employer, such a situation is interpreted to be a strike, since it is a
means by which organized labor seeks to increase its area of control
and set up an effective instrument through which these employees can,
in the future, make demands upon the employer.
General strikes .— The term “ general strike” is used by the Bureau
to refer to stoppages of work by all or a large majority of workers
in different industries and crafts within a certain community. Such
strikes are usually called in sympathy for a particular group of strikers
or in protest against some action taken by public authorities during
a strike of a particular group.
The term “ general strike” is differentiated from “ general industry”
strike. The latter refers to a widespread strike in a particular in4
U. S. C., Title 29, section 13 (c) (Norris-LaGuardia Anti-injunction Act) defines a labor dispute to
include “ A n y controversy concerning terms or conditions of employment, or concerning the association
or representation of persons in negotiating, fixing, maintaining, changing, or seeking to arrange terms or
conditions of employment, regardless of whether or not the disputants stand in the proximate relation
of employer and employee.” Thus, if a dispute arises between members of a union and an employer,
other workers in the same trade or industry elsewhere in the country m ay not be enjoined from acting
against their own employer to further the cause of those members who are directly engaged in the labor
dispute.
IN T R O D U C T IO N
7
dustry. When called by the office of an international union for the
entire industry, the strike becomes interstate. On the other hand, all
the locals of a union in a particular city may unite in calling a strike;
for instance, a strike against all the barber shops, laundries, or cleaning
and dyeing establishments within a city. Both of these situations
are termed “ general industry” strikes.
Measurement o f Strikes
The three basic measures now used by the Bureau in strike statistics
are the number of strikes, the number of workers involved, and the
man-days idle. For a particular purpose one of these measures may
be more useful than the others. The number of strikes, for instance, is
an approximation of the number of times group action has been taken
on the calling of strikes. The number of workers involved is useful in
terms of the incidence of strikes on the working population.5 The
total number of man-days idle gives a rough estimate of the amount of
time lost by persons while involved in strikes.6
As the following paragraphs indicate, each of these units of measure
ment has many variable characteristics and the unit is more or less
arbitrarily determined in many instances. For that reason, as well as
the fact that the size of the strike must necessarily be given considera
tion, no one unit of measurement should be used as the sole indicator
of the severity or extent of strikes— the number of strikes, the workers
involved, and the man-days idle during strikes must all be taken into
account.
In a large number of cases there is a question as to what should be
counted as one strike. For instance, shall a general strike called by an
international union, extending into several States and hundreds of
establishments, be called one strike or as many as there are employers,
States, or cities affected? Shall strikes in several branches of one cor
poration, located thousands of miles apart, be considered one strike
or as many as the number of communities affected or the number of
local unions which agreed to the stoppage?
The initiating force or cause of the strike is the chief determining
factor now used by the Bureau in deciding what shall be the unit of
measurement. In other words, the number of different organizations
5 It must be noted that this figure cannot be used to obtain the proportion of all workers who have been
involved in strikes during any year, since some of the same persons may have been involved in more than
one strike.
6 Such an estimate is likely to be misleading, however. See discussion on cost of strikes, p. 10.
8
STR IK E S I N
THE
U N IT E D
STA TES,
1 8 8 0 -1 9 3 6
initiating the strike and the reason for calling the strike take preced
ence over the number of establishments or localities affected.7
An industrial dispute is an expression of conflicting wills or interests
of employers and employees, and is brought about by a determination
of one group to force the other to correct certain grievances. The
will of the workers may be expressed through the executive office of
their international union which calls a general strike throughout the
entire industry; or workers in various trades in a city may express
their will through the city trades assembly, which calls a city-wide
strike of all trades. Such instances are considered as single strikes
since the workers are operating through a common agency. If, how
ever, several local unions in the same city or different cities call
strikes, even though for a common cause, these are counted separately.
The unit of measurement, however, cannot always be determined by
the scope of jurisdiction of the union or unions, since some strikes are
not officially authorized by the union. In such cases, the unit of
measurement is based upon evidence of a common cause and the area
of concerted action.
In addition to the more or less arbitrary unit of measurement which
is used in counting the number of strikes is the obvious fact that a
strike of 10 workers is counted equally with a strike of half a million
workers. These inherent variable characteristics in the unit used in
counting industrial disputes make it evident that the number of
strikes should not be used as the sole indicator. The number of
workers involved and man-days idle are of at least equal value in
measuring the importance and extent of industrial disputes.
There is a difference of opinion among those concerned with strike
statistics as to how inclusive the term “ number of workers involved’ ’
should be. Sometimes two classifications are made, viz, “ directly”
and “ indirectly” involved. Those “ directly involved” are generally
defined to include those employees who initiated or voted the strike,
7
This does not mean that there would not be a good deal of value in knowing the total number of estab
lishments involved in strikes—another matter from counting strikes on the basis of establishments affected.
Unfortunately, it is not always possible to obtain the number of establishments involved in large general
strikes, so that this fourth means of measuring the extent of strikes is impossible (see appendix II, p. 164).
It m ay be noted that during the period 1881-86 the business establishment was the unit used. This was
later changed, although the establishment was retained as the unit for measuring the results of strikes until
1905. The Third Annual Report of the Commissioner of Labor, 1887 (pp. 11-12) has this statement:
“ It has been found absolutely necessary to make the establishment the unit in the tabular presentation,
and not the strike. * * * W ith the isolated strikes occurring in single establishments there is no diffi
culty; oftentimes with general strikes where m any establishments are involved there is none; but there are
other cases where it m ay be called 1 strike or 10 or 50, b y different individuals. Disagreement m ay arise in
a certain industry in a certain city and a strike in 10 establishments be precipitated. Here a single cause is
at work within a limited area, and it m ay be designated as 1 strike; but this is a simple general strike. In
the case of one that is complex m any localities m ay be involved, though not all, necessarily, for the same
period of time; one general cause m ay have its influence, but special ones will have more here and there;
beginning with those of a certain trade it m ay extend to cognate industries; and lastly, its area does not
take account of political divisions, so that when it is determined how it shall be counted in the industrial
section at one end of a State, and whether it should be again counted in a similarly affected section at the
other end, there still remains the point to be decided whether it shall be counted again in adjoining or maybe
quite distant States.’ *
IN T R O D U C TIO N
9
or those covered by the terms of settlement; those “ indirectly
involved” are defined as the remaining employees who were forced to
stop work when the shop closed because of the strike. By others
the term “ indirectly involved” is used to include persons not employed
in the establishment where the strike took place but who, nevertheless,
were affected by the strike; for example, an automobile assembly plant
closed down because the transmission plant was on strike. Under
these various concepts, the number involved could vary greatly.
For reasons of practicability, the Bureau arbitrarily confines tne
number involved to include only employees in the plant or establish
ment where the strike takes place. No attempt is made to separate
within the establishment those directly and those indirectly involved
in starting the strike or in the terms of settlement. In some cases
such a distinction can be made comparatively easily. For instance,
the exact number initiating, and the number indirectly affected, can be
determined in cases where a craft union, such as machinists or shoe
cutters, calls a strike which necessitates the closing of the entire plant.
In the majority of cases, however, the dissatisfaction which gives rise
to the strike is not confined to a particular department or occupation.
A greater or lesser number of employees throughout the plant decide
to strike; some others are more or less secretly favorable to the strike
but would not have initiated it themselves; some employees are
secretly or openly opposed to the strike. In other words, certain
employees initiate a strike and the others are willingly or unwillingly
drawn into it. It would be necessary for a psychologist to have a
personal interview with each employee in such situations in order to
determine the number who were responsible for or who actually
favored the strike. Also, as attitudes change as the strike progresses,
this number would vary from day to day.
The same kind of intangible factors enter into any attempt to
include in the number involved only those affected by the terms of
settlement, or those belonging to the labor organization which called
the strike. Many strikes terminate with no formal settlement. In
others, resulting in compromise settlements, certain individuals or
groups may gain some or all their demands while the remainder
return to work with no change in their status. It is equally difficult
to decide in each case what is the constituency of the union calling the
strike. Some strikes are called in order to demonstrate dramatically
the strength of, or arouse interest in, a newly organized union. Not
even the union’s officers know the exact number who are sympathetic
with the organization. As the strike progresses, interest and member
ship in the union may wane or increase.
For statistical purposes, the only practical procedure seems to be
to include in the number involved all employees within the establish
ment who stop work or are thrown out of work because of an indus-
10
STR IK ES I N
THE
U N IT E D
STA TES,
188 0 -1 9 3 6
trial dispute. Even this figure can be only an estimate in some
instances. The reports obtained are frequently biased, the employer
having a tendency to minimize and the union to magnify the number.
In large general industry strikes involving many companies and many
communities, nobody knows the exact number. Furthermore, the
number may change from day to day as the strike grows in size or
gradually wanes. In such cases, the Bureau makes as accurate an
estimate as is possible from the data obtainable.8
The number of man-days idle affords one of the best criteria of the
magnitude of a strike, since it incorporates the two elements of number
of workers involved and the number of work days these persons lost
during the strike.
The man-days idle during a strike are determined by figuring the
calendar days idle minus holidays and any other days these employees
would not have worked had there been no strike. For instance, if
the plant had been operating on a 3- or 4-day week, the number of
man-days idle is based on a 3- or 4-day week. If the plant was oper
ating on more than one shift per day, the man-days idle figure includes
the number of workers engaged in each shift. Proper allowance is
made in cases where the number engaged in the strike fluctuates as
the strike progresses.
Cost o f Strikes
In former years, the figure now classified under “ man-days idle”
appeared under the heading “ man-days lost.” This term has been
discarded because its connotation may be inaccurate. While certain
workers are idle during a strike, it does not necessarily follow that the
days' work or wages have been lost. Anticipating a strike, there
may have been overtime and building up for stock before the strike
began. There may be overtime after the strike closes to fill delayed
orders, or there may exist such a chronic oversupply that a prolonged
strike does not materially affect the year's output. In other words,
at times neither the employer nor workers suffer any net annual loss
due to cessation of work during the strike. Furthermore, a prolonged
strike in one area may mean a shift in production to another area
8
It should be noted that the number of workers given in the tables is the maximum or total involved in the
strike throughout its progress, since it is impracticable to show the different number of workers participating
at different times. This leads to certain unavoidable anomalies in the statistical presentation, especially
in the m onthly tables. For instance, a strike which involved a certain number of persons is listed as begin
ning in a certain month; the actual number of persons engaged in that strike that particular month m ay be
much less than the total given, since the strike did not attain its maximum or total strength until the follow
ing month.
IN T R O D U C T IO N
11
with no lessening of the total national output.9 Even though certain
employers and groups of workers suffer disastrous loss, other employers
and workers may gain. Such gains of others attributable to the
strike cannot be measured as a rule, but from a national point of view
this must be taken into account.
If it is impossible to estimate accurately the total man-days’
work lost or wages lost due to strikes, any figure on the total cost of
strikes would be even more fictitious. This vague concept, “ cost of
strikes” , necessarily includes theoretical estimates of cost to employers,
workers, and the public. Practically, these three elements cannot
be grouped together. The employer might consider a wage increase
gained through a strike as a loss to him; the workers obviously con
sider it a gain which, in time, will more than offset the lack of pay
envelopes during the strike. Similarly, local merchants may profit
through the increased wages although their business suffered during the
strike. Because of these conflicting factors, an estimate of the cost of
individual strikes or the cost of all strikes in a given period is mislead
ing as well as inaccurate.
The cost of such matters as extra policing, property damage, etc.,
which accompany some strikes could be fairly accurately determined.
The Bureau, however, has never had the resources which would be
necessary to get data of this kind. There is available, therefore, no
information as to the cost of policing, loss through property and
personal damage, etc., occasioned by strikes.
9
Example: In spite of extended strikes in the coal industry during 1927-29, there was no great change in
the annual tonnage produced. There were, however, shifts in production from strike areas to mines where
there were few or no strikes. There was a drastic decrease in production in Illinois, Indiana, Ohio,
and Pennsylvania, but Kentucky, West Virginia, and Alabama produced more coal than they ever had up
to that time.
13894°— 38---------2
C h ap ter I
E a rly H isto r y o f S trik es
Industrial disputes in the United States coincide with the beginning
of our national history. In 1776, while New York City was occupied
by British troops, the printers demanded a wage increase from their
employers and were refused. They thereupon ordered a “ turn-out”
and forced their employers to grant the increased wage.1
The second authenticated strike was a successful “ turn-out” of 26
Philadelphia printers in 1786, in protest against a reduction of wages
to $5.83K a week. The strike call indicates that benefits were paid
to strikers. “ We will support such of our brethren as shall be thrown
out of employment on account of their refusing to work for less than
$6 per week.” 2
The first recorded strike for a 10-hour day was called by some
carpenters in Philadelphia in 1791. The carpenters lost the strike and
in retaliation organized a cooperative and contracted for jobs “ 25
percent below the current rate established by master carpenters.” 3
In March 1800 occurred the sailors' strike in New York which for
many years was thought to be the first strike in the United States.4
A number of sailors, demanding an increase from $10 to $14 a month,
marched around the city compelling other seamen to join the strike
until their leader was arrested and lodged in jail, when the strike
unsuccessfully terminated.
1 The Third Annual Report of the Commissioner of Labor, 1887, gives a summary, in chronological order,
of all the strikes and lock-outs recorded up to that time. M ost of his information was obtained from pub
lished reports of various State bureaus of labor statistics, particularly Massachusetts and Pennsylvania,
and later Ohio. This listing of early strikes and lock-outs is far from complete. In 1908-10, Dr. John R .
Commons and associates, under the auspices of the American Bureau of Industrial Research, carried on
an exhaustive search of all early newspapers, legal documents, and court records for source material having
a bearing on American industrial society. This material was published in 10 volumes under the title “ A
Documentary History of American Industrial Society.” References and interpretations of this source ma
terial were later made b y Dr. Commons and associates in the History of Labour in the United States,
published in 1918. These publications provide valuable material on early disputes.
Little is known about strikes in colonial times. The Third Annual Report (p. 1030) cites the strike of
journeymen bakers in 1741, who refused “ to bake bread but on certain terms.” This action was not a strike
of wage earners against employers. The price of bread was regulated b y public authorities and these bakers,
since they sold their own goods directly to the consumer, were acting more in the capacity of merchants
protesting against imposed prices.
2 U. S. Department of Commerce and Labor. Bureau of Labor. Bull. N o. 61, pp. 861-863, A D ocu
mentary History of the Early Organizations of Printers, b y Ethelbert Stewart. Washington, 1905.
3 Commons, John R ., and associates: History of Labour in the United States. The Macmillan Co.,
N ew York, 1918, vol. I, p. 110.
4 History of the People of the United States, McMaster. Appleton & Co., N ew York, 1885, vol. II, p. 618,
gives the date of this strike as October 1802. The Third Annual Report of the Commissioner of Labor
(p. 1031), taken from the report of the Bureau of Statistics of N ew Jersey, 1885, p. 272, gives the date as
Novem ber 1803. Mention, however, was made of this strike in the Federal Gazette, Apr. 11, 1800, which
gives the date as Mar. 26, 1800.
12
EAR LY
H IST O R Y
OE STR IKES
13
The most notable strikes of this period were those conducted by
journeyman shoemakers of New York and Philadelphia, which resulted
in several criminal conspiracy cases. The court records of these easesgive a colorful picture of the causes and conduct of the strikes and
reveal surprising similarities to strike situations today.5
The Federal Society of Journeymen Cordwainers, which had been
organized in Philadelphia in 1794, called a strike in 1796 and again in
1798. Both resulted in wage increases. A strike in 1799, called by
this same society of over 100 shoemakers, introduced the paid walking
delegate. Previously an unpaid “ tramping committee” visited various
places to detect and deal with “ scabs.” Strikers took turns in serving
on this committee. Since such frequent changes in personnel proved
to be inefficient, the cordwainers chose one of the committee and paid
him to do the visiting.6 In order to completely tie up the employers,
the society insisted that those who worked on custom-made shoes go
on strike with the bootmakers, although the strike demand was
for an increase in wages on boots only. This strike, which lasted
about 10 weeks and which was not without violence, was only partially
successful.
A strike called in 1805 by the Philadelphia Society of Cordwainers
resulted in the first attempt by employers of this country to invoke
the aid of the courts and law to prohibit strikes and organization of
workers. Leaders of the strike were prosecuted, under the English
common-law doctrine, for criminal conspiracy. In spite of vigorous
defense and appeal to public opinion,7 the jury found them “ guilty
of a combination to raise their wages.”
The Journeymen Cordwainers’ Society of Baltimore ordered a gen
eral industry strike in January 1809. The county court indicted 39
members, charging them with compelling an employer to discharge
certain employees and preventing them from obtaining employment
elsewhere. This indictment indicates that the Baltimore shoe workers
were seeking closed-shop conditions during the strike. The records
do not indicate that the judge ever imposed a sentence on the de
fendants in this trial.8
In November 1809, about 200 journeyman cordwainers of New
York City engaged in a “ general turn-out.” The strike was originally
called by the cordwainers’ association against one company. Sus
pecting that this company was secretly getting work done at other
shops, a general strike was called. The leaders of this strike were
* Reports of these trials are printed verbatim in A Documentary History of American Industrial Society,
by Commons and Gilmore. The Arthur H . Clark Co., Cleveland, 1910, vols. I l l and IV .
« The testimony at the trial (A Documentary History of American Industrial Society, vol. I l l, p. 74)
reveals a member of such committee “ scabbing” on days he did not serve on the committee. This is the
first strike in which we have record of the term “ scab.”
? Commons, John R ., and Gilmore, Eugene A .: A Documentary History of American Industrial Society.
The Arthur H . Cl§r£ Co., Cleveland, 1910, vol, III, p. 236.
f Idem, p. 249,
14
STR IK ES
IN
THE
U N IT E D
STA TES,
18 8 0 -1 9 3 6
immediately indicted for employing unlawful means to gain increased
wages. Although the defendants were convicted for conspiracy,
they were fined only $1 each and costs.9
The first known strike in which women participated was among
contract workers in Pawtucket, R. I., in 1824, when “ female weavers”
struck with the men in an attempt to resist a reduction in wages and
increase in hours. In 1825 a strike of women alone occurred for
higher wages— the tailoresses of New York.
During these years of the twenties many strikes occurred, most of
them for higher wages but some for the 10-hour day. The first great
strike for the 10-hour day was called by 600 carpenters in Boston
in 1825. Newspapers of the time indicate that tailors, carpenters,
house painters, stonecutters, riggers, stevedores, common laborers,
hand-loom weavers, and cabinetmakers in Buffalo, Philadelphia,
New York, and Baltimore went out on frequent strikes.1
0
The first recorded strike of factory operatives was called by textile
workers in Paterson, N. J., in 1828. This was also the first known
instance of the calling out of militia to quell a labor disturbance. The
strikers demanded a 10-hour day but went back to work without
gaining their demand. Later, during the same year, strikes were
called in cotton mills in Philadelphia and Baltimore.1
1
The period from 1776 to 1830 not only witnessed a considerable
number of industrial disputes in comparison with the relatively few
persons working for wages at that time, but the causes of these strikes
and the tactics pursued by the strikers and the employers bear close
similarity to those existing today. These years saw the introduction
by the workers of the walking delegate, strike benefits, the use of the
general strike when an individual strike proved ineffective, picketing,
social ostracism and sometimes physical violence toward “ scabs” ,
and the use of militia and the courts by the employers and public
authorities.
In general, there were at least two differences between the strikes
in this early period and those of later date. First, practically all the
early strikes occurred among hand craftsmen. This, of course,
• These conspiracy cases, in addition to setting legal precedent for organizations of workers and their
ability to strike, were a test between the Jeffersonian Democrats and the Federalists over the introduction
of English common law in this country. One of the leading Jeffersonian newspapers, the Philadelphia
Aurora, attacked the court and the law under which these convictions were made. In its N ov. 28, 1805,
issue appeared this editorial: “ Hitherto the people had travelled the level road to equal justice * * *.
Of all the barbarous principles of feudalism entailed on us b y England, none was left but slavery, and even
this would be generally restricted in 1808. Yet, would it be believed, at the very time when the state of
the Negro was about to be improved attempts were being made to reduce the whites to slavery. Was there
anything in the Constitution of the United States or in the Constitution of Pennsylvania which gave one
m an a right to say to another what should be the price of labor? There was not. It was b y the English
com m on law that such things became possible.” (Commons, John R ., and associates: History of Labour
in the United States, vol. I, p. 142.)
1 Commons, John R ., and associates: History of Labour in the United States. N ew York, 1918, vol. I,
0
pp. 156-159.
1 Idem , pp. 418-419.
1
EAR LY
H IST O R Y
OF STR IKES
15
merely reflected the nature of industrial processes at that time, since
factory production, even in textiles, was just getting a foothold.
Second, with the exception of the shoe workers and printers, the
strikes were spasmodic walk-outs of unorganized workers, or workers
who organized expressly for the strike, the organization disbanding
after the strike. Permanent, stable labor organizations existed only
among the printers and shoe workers in the larger cities.
Strikes in the 1880’s.— There were a few isolated strikes during the
first years of the thirties. Due to the depression of 1837, the number
decreased toward the end of the decade. But during the 3 years from
1834 to 1836, there were 152 strikes mentioned in the Philadelphia
newspapers and trade papers of the time, an unprecedented number
which caused no little alarm among the employers and the public.
“ The times,” said the Philadelphia Gazette of June 8, 1835,1 “ are
2
completely out of joint * * *. Our streets and squares are crowded
with an idle population. Some manifestations of violence have already
taken place; * * *. Our buildings are at a stand, and business
generally is considerably impeded.” The New York Daily Advertiser,
issue of June 6, 1835,1 observed that “ strikes are all the fashion” and
3
that “ it is an excellent time for the journeymen to come from the
country to the city.’7
Two chief causes of the strikes of this period were the growing
insistence on the part of the workers for the 10-hour day, and the rise
in cost of living due to the inflation and speculation which took place
in 1835-36. Among the notable strikes of this period were:1
4
The first strike in Lowell, Mass., occurred in February 1834, in
protest against a 15-percent reduction in wages. Some 800 to 2,000
went on strike but in a few days all except the ringleaders returned to
work at the reduced rates.1
5
In March 1834 the Schuylkill Factory Co. at Manayunk, Pa.,
announced they would continue operation only on condition their
employees would accept a 25-percent reduction. All the employees
immediately quit work and organized a picket force. The company
then offered a 15-percent reduction, which was rejected. Thereupon
the company brought in families from outside, gave them police
protection, and broke the strike.1
6
In April 1835 the carpenters, masons, and stonecutters of Boston
joined in a strike for a 10-hour day. This strike won sympathy among
workers throughout the country. Trade-unions from various cities
sent them money and passed resolutions to stand by the “ Boston
House Wrights who, in imitation of the noble and decided stand taken
1 Quoted in History of Labour in the United States, vol. I, p. 390.
2
Quoted in the Third Annual Report of the Commissioner of Labor, Washington, 1888, p. 1029.
ii These cases are described in History of Labour in the United States, vol. I, pt. 3, ch. 3 and appendix 2.
is Idem, p. 425.
I®Idem, p. 420.
1
3
16
STR IK E S
IN
THE
U N IT E D
STA TES,
188 0 -1 9 3 6
by their Revolutionary Fathers, have determined to throw off the
shackles of more mercenary tyrants than theirs/71 In spite of the
7
wide support given this strike, it was finally lost.
During the same summer the building-trades mechanics and factory
operators in Philadelphia joined in the mass movement for the 10hour day. Groups of different crafts quit work, organized processions,
and marched through the streets with fife and drum and flags. These
demonstrations definitely turned the tide in favor of shorter hours.
Several cities established the 10-hour day for public servants, from
6 a. m. to 6 p. m., with 1 hour for breakfast and 1 hour for dinner.
A number of private employers in Philadelphia were forced to follow.
In July 1835 the textile workers in Paterson, N. J., demanded that
their hours be reduced from 13 K to 10 hours a day. Upon the refusal
of the employers to grant a hearing to their committee, a strike was
called which involved 20 mills and 2,000 persons. Financial aid was
extended the strikers by workingmen in Newark and New York City.
After 2 months the employers conceded a reduction of IK hours per
day and the strike ended.
Due to the rapid rise in the cost of living in 1836, the Philadelphia
cordwainers asked for wage increases. Upon refusal they went on a
strike which lasted 3 months. The employers won this strike by
combining with shoe merchants and leather dealers in an agreement
not to deal with any employer who paid the wages the workingmen
asked.
In February 1836 the bookbinders in Philadelphia went out on
strike in protest against a wage reduction. The employers issued a
list of the strikers for publication throughout the country, advertised
for bookbinders in other cities, and agreed with booksellers that they
should give no work to any master binder who employed members of
trade-unions. With the help of financial contributions from unions
in New York, Washington, Albany, Newark, and Boston, the strikers
were enabled to hold out for 3 months, when they obtained a satis
factory settlement.
Strikes during the 1840’s.— The prolonged depression lasting from
1837 until the gold discoveries of 1849 practically destroyed aggressive
trade-unionism and discouraged the calling of strikes. State labor
bureaus reported a few strikes, some of them attended with a good deal
of violence.1 Most of the strikes, whether for the 10-hour day or in
8
protest against wage reduction, proved to be unsuccessful. Boilers
in Pittsburgh rolling mills were unsuccessful in their strike of 1842,
called in protest against a wage reduction. Three years later a success
ful strike brought them a wage increase. Twelve hundred joumey1 Quoted in History of Labour in the United States, vol. I, p. 389, from Pennsylvanian, Philadelphia.
7
July 31, 1835.
J8 Third Annual Report of the Commissioner of Labor. Washington, 1888, pp. 1037-1040.
EAR LY
H IST O R Y
OF STR IKES
17
man tailors of Pennsylvania won advances in prices in 1847, after a 4months’ strike. In 1848 Pennsylvania passed a 10-hour law for textile
and paper mills and bagging factories. Numerous strikes seemed
necessary to put this law in operation— in some cases with accompany
ing reduction of wages.
Strikes during the 1850’s.— Numerous strikes occurred between
1850 and 1852 among building workers, shoemakers, and printers in
New York, Philadelphia, and Boston. Many of these strikes were
unsuccessful. In the absence of trade agreements with fixed wages,
workers frequently struck in the spring for higher wages and again in
the fall to prevent the lowering of wages.1
9
During the 2 years 1853 and 1854, there was a great increase in the
number of strikes. It is estimated that this number totaled 400.
Strikes were called for wage increases, closed shop, shorter hours, aboli
tion of night work, greater frequency and regularity of wage payment,
substitution of cash pay for store scrip, and restriction of apprentices.
Because labor was organized somewhat better, and also due to the
prevailing prosperity, more of these strikes were successful than during
the previous 2 years.2
0
There were relatively few strikes during the last half of the decade,
due to two depression periods— the one in 1854-55 and the more
serious one of 1857. During the preceding prosperous years, unions
had neglected to build up strike funds and were, therefore, unable to
conduct strikes against the wage decreases which accompanied the
depression. Indeed, unemployment became so severe that the unions
practically disappeared.
There were a few strikes in Massachusetts textile mills but most of
them failed. In 1858 the shoe workers’ union at Randolph, Mass.,
made an unsuccessful attempt to regain predepression wages. A
strike in the same trade at Natick, Mass., in 1859 gained a slight wage
advance. The same year, 1,700 shoe workers in Philadelphia went on
strike for uniform rates in all shops. About 1,000 obtained work
at the prices asked and many who failed to obtain work moved West.
Coal miners in Monongahela Valley in Pennsylvania struck against
the irregular sizes of cars and for scales at each pit for weighing each
miner’s coal. The strike lasted from July to November with women
participating in the picketing. The strike not only failed but 27 men
and women were convicted of riotous conduct. Glass blowers at Mill
ville, Pa., and Glassboro, N. J., struck against the employment of an
excessive number of apprentices. The manufacturers united, imported
nonunion men from Pittsburgh, and had 14 strikers arrested for con
spiracy. The strike failed and the union collapsed.2
1
Commons, John R ., and associates: History of Labour in the United States, vol. I, p. 576.
so Idem, pp. 607-614.
*i Third Annual Report of the Commissioner of Labor. Washington, 1888, pp. 1044-1046.
18
ST R IK E S I N
THE
U N IT E D
STA TES,
1 8 8 0 -1 9 3 6
Strikes during the 1860’s.— Two significant strikes took place in 1860.
The Lynn shoe workers called a strike for increased wages, which
spread throughout the shoe area of Massachusetts, and brought about
the largest labor demonstrations which Massachusetts had experienced
up to that time. The strike failed in a few weeks and employers filled
the strikers’ places with workmen from Maine and New Hampshire.
In the same year the machinists and blacksmiths’ union called a strike
in the Baldwin Locomotive Works in Philadelphia against a proposed
reduction in wages. The strike ended in defeat within 4 months.2
2
In spite of rapidly rising prices, there were comparatively few strikes
during the Civil War years. Leading papers mentioned 38 in 1863,108
the next year, and 85 in 1865.2 Coal miners engaged in a number of
3
strikes, most of which were successful because of the rise in prices of
coal. The majority of strikes in other industries were not successful in
bringing about increased wages or shorter hours.
The Iron Moulders’ International, the strongest labor organization of
that time, called a strike in Cincinnati in 1867, against a 60-percent
wage reduction announced by the National Stove Manufacturers’ and
Iron Founders’ Association, the first national employers’ association in
this country. The strike lasted 9 months and strike benefits almost
broke the union’s treasury. The failure of this strike, and a strike in
Pittsburgh a few months later, led the union to discourage strikes and
turn its attention to cooperatives.2
4
In 1865 the iron manufacturers of Pittsburgh locked out the puddlers when they demanded a wage increase. This dispute was settled
by arbitration, the earliest recorded wage arbitration case in the
United States.2
5
The recently organized Order of St. Crispin (shoe workers) called a
number of strikes during the latter part of the sixties and the early
years of the seventies. Many of these were successful. During one
of these strikes, New England shoe workers received their first threat
of competition with low-wage orientals when Chinese coolies from
California were imported into Massachusetts as strikebreakers.2
2
A strike of miners in 1868, demanding enforcement of the 8-hour
law which the Pennsylvania State Legislature had passed that year,
caused almost general suspension of work throughout the anthracite
fields. Strikes among cigar makers in New York City and Cincinnati
in 1869 resulted in employers introducing the mold machine, thereby
displacing skilled hand workers.2
2
2 Third Annua] Report of the Commissioner of Labor. Washington, 1888, p. 1046 ff.
2
2 Commons, John R ., and associates: History of Labour in the United States, vol. II, p. 23.
3
2* Idem, pp. 48-53; and Third Annual Report of the Commissioner of Labor.
M onthly Labor Review, Novem ber 1929, p. 16.
2
5
Washington, 1888, p. 1051.
EARLY
H IS T O R Y
OF
S T R IK E S
19
Strikes during the 1870’s.— This decade witnessed a strong revival
of national trade-unions. During the first 2 years these unions
demanded, and frequently obtained, increased wages and reductions
in hours. The latter part of the decade was characterized by defen
sive strikes— a desperate effort to stave off wage reductions which
followed in the wake of the business depressions of 1873 and 1877.
A strike of 100,000 workers in New York City in 1872, the largest
labor dispute up to that time, resulted in the 8-hour day for practically
all the building trades as well as for a few other trades. Strikes
against the numerous wage reductions which were introduced in 1873
were particularly prevalent among shoe workers, cigar makers, and
textile and iron workers. The numerous strikes of textile workers in
Fall River against periodic wage cuts were uniformly unsuccessful.
Employers filled vacancies with French-Canadian immigrants and
strikers were forced to sign agreements to join no labor organization
as the price of reemployment.2
6
A strike of New York cigar makers in 1873, against a large concern,
stimulated employers throughout the city to scatter their work among
small tenement-house shops. Four years later the cigar workers’
union called a strike against this system. Although it attracted wide
public attention to the evils of the sweat-house system, the strike
was lost. There were many bitter strikes in the bituminous-coal
mines, particularly in Ohio. Very few met with any degree of success.
A 7-months’ strike of anthracite miners against wage reductions in
1874 resulted in the breaking up of the trade-agreement system which
had existed since 1869, the dissolution of the once powerful Working
men’s Benevolent Association, and the revival of the “ Molly M a
guires.” The latter were finally crushed in 1876.2
7
The year 1877 is generally referred to as the year of “ the great
railroad strikes.” Starting on the Baltimore & Ohio at Martinsburg,
W. Va., they quickly spread to most of the lines operating from St.
Louis to the Atlantic Seaboard, confined largely to freight trains.
While the basic general cause was the successive reductions in wages
which had been made during preceding years, other reasons for dis
content were the irregularity of employment, delay in payment of
wages, and introduction of the double-header freight trains of 34 cars
instead of the customary 17 and its displacement of engineers. These
railroad strikes were marked by much violence and property damage.
For the first time in this country Federal troops were called out in
time of peace to quell strikes. All of these railroad strikes failed in
bringing any immediate gains to the workers.2
8
26 Third Annual Report of the Commissioner of Labor. Washington, 1888, p. 1058 ff.
2 Commons, John R ., and associates: History of Labour in the United States, 1918, vol. II, pp. 178-191.
7
2 Third Annual Report of the Commissioner of Labor. Washington, 1888, pp. 1071-1079. Also, Dacus,
8
J. A .: Annals of the Great Strikes. L. T . Palmer & Co., Chicago, 1877.
to
o
Chart 1
T R E N D OF S T R IK E S , 1880-1936
In d e x N u m b e r
I.4 U U
^
1 9 2 7 -2 9 = 1 0 0
I
N um ber
1.4U U
ndex
1000
1.000
aoo
aoo
U N IT E D
600
600
IN
1.200
THE
ST B IK E S
1.200
ca!
0:
In f o r m a t io n
r
400
200
No
i r u
[]\ ~ -W 0 R K E R .S
n
m et
teas
U. S. B u r e a u o f L a bo r
/aoo
S t a t is t ic s
1895
/9oo
/9os
1914
1920
1925
mo
mo
1 8 8 0 -1 9 36
zoo
/\
~p
STA TES,
400
Chapter II
General Trend of Strikes from 1881 to 1936
The trend of strikes since 1881 indicates a general tendency to
follow the business cycle. In the main, strikes tend to diminish
when business activity declines and job opportunities disappear.
Business recovery is generally accompanied by revival of trade-union
activity and industrial disputes. However, this relationship does not
occur with year-to-year regularity. There has been less strike activity
in some years of business prosperity than in depression years. For
instance, in 1894 there were more persons involved in strikes than in
the relatively prosperous years preceding the depression of the 1890’s.
During the 1927-29 period there were fewer strikes than during the
depression of 1920-21, or even the prolonged depression of 1893-98.
It would appear that other conditions such as the political situation,
the state of mind of the workers, and the type of labor leadership have
as much to do with the amount of strike activity as the purely eco
nomic factors of prices and business conditions. (See chart 1.)
T
able
1 .— Num ber of strikes and workers involved , 1 8 8 1 -1 9 8 6
[1906-13 om itted]1
Number of—
Index
(1927-29=100)
Year
Number of—
Index
(1927-29=100)
Year
Strikes
Workers
involved
Strikes
Strikes Workers
Workers
involved
Strikes Workers
1881.
1882.
1883.
1884.
1885.
477
476
506
485
695
130,176
158,802
170, 275
165,175
258,129
64
64
68
65
93
42
51
55
53
83
1914________
1915________
1916 «_______
1917________
1918________
1,204
1,593
3,789
4,450
3, 353
0)
0)
1, 599, 917
1, 227, 254
1, 239, 989
162
214
509
598
451
0)
0)
1886.
1887.
1888.
1889.
1890.
1,572
1,503
946
1,111
1,897
610,024
439,306
162, 880
260,290
373,499
211
202
127
149
255
196
141
52
84
120
1919________
1920________
1921________
1922________
1923________
3, 630
3,411
2, 385
1,112
1,553
4,160,348
1,463,054
1,099,247
1,612, 562
756,584
488
458
321
149
209
1,337
470
353
517
243
1891.
1892.
1893.
1894.
1895.
1,786
1,359
1,375
1,404
1,255
329,953
238,685
287, 756
690,044
407,188
240
183
185
189
169
106
77
93
222
131
1924________
1925________
1926________
1927________
1928________
1,249
1,301
1,035
707
604
654,641
428,416
329, 592
329,939
314, 210
168
175
139
95
81
210
138
106
106
101
1896.
1897.
1900.
1,066
1,110
1,098
1,838
1,839
248,838
416,154
263, 219
431,889
567,719
143
149
148
247
247
80
134
85
139
182
1929________
1930________
1931________
1932________
1933________
921
637
810
841
1,695
288,572
182,975
341, 817
324, 210
1,168, 272
124
86
109
113
228
93
59
110
104
376
1901.
1902.
1903.
1904.
1905.
3,012
3,240
3,648
2,419
2,186
563,843
691, 507
787, 834
573, 815
302,434
405
435
490
325
294
181
222
253
184
97
1934________
1935________
1936________
1,856
2,014
2,172
1,466,695
1,117,213
788, 648
250
271
292
472
359
254
514
495
399
1 N o information available. See p. 2.
The number of workers involved in strikes between 1916-26 is known for only a portion of the total.
However, the missing information is for the smaller disputes and it is believed that the total here given is
fairly accurate. See p. 36 and table 16, p. 39.
2
21
22
ST B IK E S m
THE
U N IT E D
STA TES,
1 8 8 0 -1 9 3 6
During the first 5 years for which strike statistics are available,
1881-85, strikes were comparatively infrequent in the United States.
At this time the Knights of Labor 1 were competing with rapidly
growing trade-unions composed mostly of skilled workers. Both
groups engaged in some strikes, the Knights of Labor being particularly
active in the railroad 2 and telegraph3 industries. The depression
of 1884-85 is reflected in the relatively large proportion of strikes
in protest against wage decreases and hour increases. (See table
8, p. 33.)
Following the depression of 1884-85, there was a Nation-wide
wave of strikes. Many of these were sympathetic strikes, the Knights
of Labor at that time being prone to call out workers in various trades
to aid strikers in other plants. A number were the result of the great
mass movement for the 8-hour day, which was inaugurated by the
trade-unions in 1886. That year is remembered for the Haymarket
riot;4 the railroad strikes,2 which were serious enough to bring about
a congressional investigation; and the strikes and lock-outs in the
packing industry in Chicago, which were chiefly over the issue of the
8-hour day.
The number of strikes declined in 1888-89. Many of those which
took place were of a defensive character. Trades which had been
successful in their strikes for the 8-hour day were now forced to strike
against a return of the longer day. There were almost as many
strikes against hour increases and wage decreases as there were for a
reduction in hours and increases in wages. (See tables 8 and 9,
pp. 33-34.)
The 8-hour-day campaign was renewed in 1890-91, especially in
the building trades, and strikes multiplied. There were a number of
strikes in the steel industry in 1892, including the well-known Home
stead strike.5 Most of these were lost and were followed by a gradual
elimination of the union in practically all the large steel concerns in
the country.
On the whole, there was a decrease in strike activity during the
depression of 1893-98. However, there were more persons involved
in strikes in 1894 than there had been in any previous year. A large
portion of these were in coal mining and in shops of the Pullman
1 The N oble Order of the Knights of Labor, which was founded in 1869, first became important in the labor
movement after 1878, when it abolished secrecy and adopted a program calling for the organization of all
toilers “ to check the power of wealth.”
* The 1885 and 1886 railroad strikes were confined very largely to the shopmen of railroads in the Southwest,
the Missouri Pacific (Gould) system.
3 The telegraphers’ strike of 1883 involved the majority of the commercial telegraphers of the country.
4 A t a mass meeting of strikers in Haymarket Square, an unknown person threw a bom b, killing and
wounding a number of policemen. E ight labor leaders were convicted on the charge of being accessories
before the fact. Four were hanged, one committed suicide while in jail, and three received prison sen
tences. T h e latter were pardoned b y Governor Altgeld in 1893.
5A pitched battle at Homestead, Pa., between strikers and Pinkerton detectives hired b y the Carnegie
Steel Co. resulted in a number of deaths and serious injuries.
GENERAL
TREND
OE
S T R IK E S ,
1881
TO
1$3 6
23
Palace Car Co.6 in protest against wage reductions. In 1897 the
United Mine Workers won a general bituminous-coal strike which
brought wage increases and an 8-hour day in most of the central
competitive fields.
Strikes increased with the return of industrial prosperity and the
expansion of labor organizations in 1899 and the first years of the
twentieth century. Many of these, as was to be expected after a
long period of wage reductions, were for wage increases, although
union recognition became an increasingly important issue. About as
many workers were involved in union-recognition strikes between
1901 and 1905 as were involved in wage disputes. (See table 8, p. 33.)
One of the major issues in the anthracite strike in 1900 was the
recognition of the union. Although wage increases and other conces
sions were granted, formal recognition was not given to the United
Mine Workers of America and this, together with demands for a wage
increase and hour decrease, brought on the anthracite strike of 1902.7
An important strike in 1903-4 was that called by the Western Fed
eration of Miners 8 in the Colorado Cripple Creek region for the 8-hour
day.
Since there are no strike statistics for the period 1905-14, it is not
known how many strikes took place. The depression of 1907-8 no
doubt discouraged strike activity during those years. Following this
depression there were a great many industrial disputes in the textile,
iron, and mining industries. In 1910 the clothing workers of Chi
cago engaged in a city-wide strike. The invasion by the I. W. W.
into the eastern textile and clothing centers led to numerous strikes,
the most important being those in wool textiles at Lawrence, Mass.,
in 1912, and in the silk mills in Paterson, N. J., in 1912-13. Wage
increases were won at Lawrence but the Paterson strike for the most
part brought no gains to the workers. At about the same time the
New York and Philadelphia clothing workers struck for an 8-hour
day and union recognition. A majority of the shops signed union
agreements.
6The Pullman strike was called b y the American Railway Union, an industrial union, organized b y
Eugene Debs. M any railroad workers went on strike in sym pathy with the Pullman employees, although
the railroad brotherhoods were opposed to the strike. The strike is significant in labor history because of
the numerous injunctions issued b y the Federal courts upon the initiative of the Department o f Justice
and because President Cleveland sent United States troops to Chicago in spite of the protest of the G ov
ernor of the State.
7 This 5-months’ strike was terminated when the operators agreed to arbitration b y the Anthracite Coal
Strike Commission, appointed b y President Theodore Roosevelt. This strike “ was doubtless the most
important single event in the history of American trade unionism until that time * * * for the first time
a labor organization tied up for months a strategic industry and caused wide suffering and discomfort to
the public without being condemned as a revolutionary menace to the existing social order calling for
suppression b y the Government; it was, on the contrary, adjudged a force within the preserves of orderly
society and entitled to public sym pathy.” Perlman, Selig: History of Trade Unionism in the United
States. T he Macmillan Co., New York, 1923, p. 177.
8The Western Federation of Miners, headed b y William D . H aywood, was then a part o f the Industrial
Workers of the W orld. There had been a bitter strike in this same area for an 8-hour day in 1893.
24
STR IK ES
IK
THE
U N IT E D
STA TES,
1 8 8 0 -1 9 3 6
In 1911 there were numerous strikes among railroad shopmen in
Chicago and on roads west and south of Illinois. The Structural
Iron Workers, in their efforts to get recognition, engaged in numerous
strikes. During one of these the Los Angeles Times Building was
dynamited.9 In 1912-13 there were continuous strikes in the West
Virginia coal fields for union recognition and the same working con
ditions as the United Mine Workers had obtained in the central
competitive field. The depression of 1914 discouraged much strike
activity, although one of the widely known strikes occurred that year,
the strike of the Colorado Fuel and Iron Company.1
0
It was not until late in 1915 that American business generally began
to feel the effects of the war in Europe. With the rising prices and
the increasing need for labor, industrial disputes more than doubled
in 1916 and reached their all-time high of 4,450 in 1917. A large
proportion of the wartime strikes occurred in the building and metal
trades, in the shipyards, and in the lumber, coal, copper, and trans
portation industries. Textile and clothing strikes also were more
numerous than usual. (See table 15, p. 38.)
The most serious strikes, so far as the conduct of the war was
concerned, were those which took place at Bridgeport, Conn., and in
the Northwest lumber industry. The latter, which tied up the entire
Northwest lumber industry during the greater part of 1917, were
primarily for the 8-hour day, although wages and working conditions
were important factors.1 The machinists’ strikes in the munition
1
factories at Bridgeport were for wage increases and against union
discrimination.1
3
As numerous as the wartime strikes were, they were of comparatively
short duration and did not involve, on the average, a large number
of workers.1 The largest number of persons, over 4 million, were
3
involved in the strikes of 1919. The chief causes of these widespread
disputes were the ever rising cost of living 1 and the determination
4
8The dynamiting of the Times Building was the climax of numerous disturbances in this area in which
that paper had vigorously taken sides with the employers. The MacNamara brothers, officers of the Struc
tural Iron W orkers' Union, were indicted and confessed to this dynamiting when brought to trial.
io This strike was called b y the local union of the United M ine Workers for union recognition, wage
increases, and changes in working and living conditions. The strikers, ejected from company houses,
settled in tent colonies on adjacent land. On Apr. 20, 1914, militia set fire to one of these colonies, the
Ludlow Camp. This became known as the “ Ludlow massacre.”
« In spite of appeals from the Secretary of W ar and the President’s Mediation Commission, the Lumber
men’s Protective Association refused the hour reduction, even going so far as to pledge themselves to dis
criminate against any member w ho would grant the 8-hour day. Finally, in the spring of 1918, the basic
8-hour day was granted. It was at this time that the Loyal Legion of Loggers and Lumbermen was organized.
1 A number of Government agencies intervened to settle these strikes but dissatisfaction continued
3
throughout the war, although some wage increases were granted. In lieu of trade-union recognition, an
elaborate employee-representation plan was established b y the W ar Labor Board.
This, no doubt, was due to the numerous Government labor boards which were established to maintain
industrial peace for the duration of the war.
Cost of living rose steadily until, in 1920, it was twice as high as in 1914. See M onthly Labor Review,
September 1935, p. 832,
GENERAL TREND OF STRIKES, 1881 TO 1936
25
of trade-unions to extend further the influence of union organization
in areas in which they had obtained a foothold during the war.
Some of the outstanding strikes which took place during 1919 were
the general strike in Seattle,1 the strike of Boston policemen,1 and
5
6
the New England telephone strike.1 The largest strikes were in steel
7
and bituminous-coal mining. The steel strike, in which 367,000
workers were involved, was primarily over the question of union
recognition.1 While this controversy was still in progress, a strike
8
was called in the bituminous-coal industry. Approximately 425,000
miners were involved, tying up 75 percent of the industry. The
chief cause of this strike was a failure to get a new agreement with
wage advances in line with the increased cost of living.1
9
Although there were no such large disputes in 1920 as there had
been during the preceding year, the total number of strikes remained
at a high level. A large proportion were for wage increases. The
wage issue was sharply reversed in 1921 2 when there were almost
0
1,000 strikes in protest against wage decreases. (See table 18, p. 39.)
The largest strike during this year was that of 140,000 marine workers
in all the principal ports. The printing unions engaged in an un
precedented number of strikes in their drive for a 44-hour week.2
1
There were less than half as many strikes in 1922 as in 1921, although
the number of workers involved in strikes was 50 percent greater.
The latter was largely due to the strike of 400,000 railroad-shop
craftsmen against wage reductions ordered by the Railroad Labor
Board,2 and strikes in anthracite and bituminous coal which involved
2
i* This was probably the first general or city-wide strike of any size which had ever occurred in the United
States. It was estimated that 60,000 workers engaged in this strike (Feb. 6-11), which was called in sym pa
thy with the metal-trades workers in the local shipyards.
1 The policemen of Boston, dissatisfied over wages and working conditions, formed a policemen’s union
6
and affiliated with the American Federation of Labor. W hen a number of them were discharged for joining
the union, the entire police force went on strike.
The N ew England telephone strike for wage increases practically cut off all telephone communication
throughout New England for 6 days. The wage increases were granted. There were a number of telephone
strikes during the summer of 1919, most of which resulted in wage increases.
is This strike was lost, the men gradually returning to work within a few months. See M onthly Labor
Review, Decem ber 1919, pp. 79-94. Also see M on th ly Labor Review, M ay 1937, p. 1237, for a later
account of collective bargaining in the steel industry.
is This strike lasted from October to December 1919. The men returned to work after accepting the
compromise proposal offered b y President Wilson. See M onthly Labor Review, December 1919, pp. 61-78,
for account of this strike.
2 Cost of living dropped about 17 percent from its high point in 1920. See M onthly Labor Review,
0
September 1935, p. 832.
Accounts of some of these strikes are given in the M onthly Labor Review, M ay 1922, p. 183. A n evidence
that many of these strikes were successful is the fact that the index of union hours in book and job printing
dropped 8 percent in 1921. See U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Bull. No. 631: Union Scales of Wages
and Hours in the Printing Trades, M a y 15, 1936, Washington, 1937.
2
2
See M onthly Labor Review, December 1922, pp. 1-21. During the progress of this strike, other matters
than the wage question assumed importance. A sweeping injunction was issued which practically forbade
every traditional strike activity carried on b y unions. The loss of prestige which the Railroad Labor Board
suffered during this strike contributed to its abandonment soon afterward. M any com pany unions were
established in the railroad shops during the course of this dispute.
26
STRIKES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1 8 8 0 -1 9 3 6
a total of about 600,000 miners,2 and a New England textile strike
3
involving over 60,000 workers.2 The decrease in strikes was most
4
marked in the building trades, where they dropped from 583 to 113.2
5
Although the number of strikes increased in 1923, there were less
than half as many workers involved as in 1922. Most of this increase
was due to strikes for higher wages, indicating an effort to regain some
of the wage losses of the 1921-22 depression. Beginning in 1924 there
was an almost steady decline in the number of strikes each year until,
in 1928, there were fewer strikes than there had been in any year since
1884.2 The total number of workers involved in strikes during these
6
years was also small in spite of the fact that there were several large
strikes. The largest was the 1927 strike of 165,000 bituminous-coal
miners.2 During 1929, a peak year in business activity, there was
7
some increase in the number of strikes but they were all small disputes,
the total number of workers involved being less than in preceding years.
Beginning with the depression in 1930, the number of strikes declined
and remained low during the following 3 years. Practically half of the
strikes in 1931 and 1932 were in protest against wage reductions.
(See table 28, p. 61.)
With the passage of the National Industrial Recovery Act and the
beginning of business recovery, industrial disputes became more
numerous. In spite of the steady increase in number each year from
1933 to 1936, these strikes did not equal those of the war and post
war period.
2 See M onthly Labor Review, November 1922, pp. 1-22. The question of the continuation of the existing
3
collective-bargaining machinery was a vital issue in these strikes.
2 M onthly Labor Review, M a y 1923, pp. 13-36.
4
2 The depression did not affect wages in the building trades until agreements were being negotiated in
5
the spring of 1922. Average wage rates then dropped about 6 percent but were largely restored in 1923.
See U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Bull. No. 626: Union Scales of Wages and Hours in the Building
Trades, M a y 15, 1936, Washington, 1937, p. 5.
2 This, of course, ignores the period 1906-13 for which no figures are available.
9
2 A list of all strikes from 1927-36 involving 10,000 or more workers is given in appendix I, p. 161.
7
Chapter III
Strike Statistics, 1880 to 1905
Strikes D uring 1880
The first attempt by any Federal agency to procure statistics on
strikes and lock-outs was that made by the Bureau of the Census in
1880.1 Schedules were sent to employers and workers involved in all
disputes occurring during 1880 of which notice appeared in the press.
No doubt a number of disputes, especially such small local strikes as
occur in the building trades, were never mentioned in the public press
and, therefore, were not included in this report.
The total number of establishments involved in strikes and lock
outs, concerning which some information was received, amounted to
762. States in which 10 or more disputes occurred are shown below.
Number
of strikes
Number
of strikes
Pennsylvania _ _ _____ 304
New York
_____ 104
Ohio _
_____
93
Illinois.
_____
35
New Jersey_____
32
Missouri- _
_____
30
Massachusetts ______
W est Virginia .______
Maryland _ _.______
Indiana __
______
Iowa_____
______
K e n tu c k y ,.
______
25
22
18
15
14
11
The distribution of the strikes reported for 1880, by causes
results, is shown in tables 2 and 3.
T
able
Industry
2 .— Causes of strikes in 1880 1
Total
2
Wage
increase
Total____________________________
813
503
Agriculture____________ ________
Construction___ _________ ______
M ining__ ________________ _ ___
Professional and personal________
Trade and transportation________
Manufacturing__________________
Iron and steel_______ ______
Boot and s h o e _________ Cigar___ ________ _______ __
G la s s ___ ___ ________ ______
Printing___________ ____ ___
Textiles------ --------------------------Other________________________
1
41
187
5
53
1
29
104
4
40
Reduction
of hours
79
Unionism
Miscellane
ous and
unknown
7
22
202
1
45
2
Wage
decrease
2
9
19
133
66
8
12
11
15
10
11
1
34
11
1
526
325
44
5
259
13
42
31
38
50
93
163
3
18
19
22
32
68
24
1
4
1
5
1
8
1
1
3
1
3
1
6
8
1 Adapted from table II, pp. 18-21, Tenth Census, vol. X X .
3 Greater number of causes than of strikes is due to the fact that some involve more than 1 cause. This
table is a distribution of causes rather than of strikes b y major causes as is shown in later tables.
1 Tenth Census, vol. X X , pt. 4. This census count was made b y establishments or plants affected b y
strikes. These figures cannot, therefore, be compared with those given for later years where one strike might
include a number of plants.
13894°—38-----3
27
28
STRIKES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1 8 8 0 -1 9 3 6
T able 3 . — Results of strikes in 18801
Total
causes 3 Successful
Causes
Com pro
mise
Unsuccess
ful
Unknown
Total_________________________________________
813
169
85
227
332
Wage increase________________________________
Against wage decrease. ____ ________________
Hour reduction_____ _________ _____________ __
Unionism ________ ____ _____ ________ _____
Miscellaneous and unknown__________________
503
79
7
22
202
127
3
62
8
7
32
15
118
34
5
7
63
196
34
2
g
92
1 Adapted from table IV , p. 25, Tenth Census, vol. X X .
3 See footnote 2, table 2.
Strikes From 1881 to 1905
In 1887 the Bureau of Labor (then in the Department of Interior)
examined the files of the leading daily papers, trade magazines, and
commercial periodicals in the United States for all years from 1881
through 1886. Members of the staff then visited the areas in which
strikes had occurred and obtained detailed information from every
body who might have some knowledge of the strike or lock-out. It
was believed that in this way the Bureau “secured information relating
to nearly every strike, if not every strike, which occurred in the United
States during the period covered.” 2
A similar study was made in 1894, which included the years 1887
to July 1894.3 Another study was made in 1901, which included the
last 6 months of 1894 and through the year 1900.4 In 1906 the Bureau
of Labor continued the study, using the same procedure for the next
5 years. In the report on these strikes and lock-outs was included a
summary covering the entire 25-year period from 1881 to 1905.5
Tables 4 to 10, covering the period 1881 to 1905, are based on data
published in this last-mentioned report of the Commissioner of Labor
dealing with strikes and lock-outs.
The definitions used in this early period were very similar to those
used today, thereby permitting comparisons with recent reports. A
strike was “ a concerted withdrawal from work by a part or all of the
employees of an establishment, or several establishments, to enforce
a demand.” 6 Disputes lasting less than 1 day were omitted and
duration was measured in calendar days, including holidays and
Sundays, similar to the current procedure. Only continental United
States was covered. A strike or lock-out was considered ended when
employees went back to work or “when a sufficient number of new
employees had been taken on to put the establishment in practically
good running order.” 7 This is the same measure as is used at the
3 Third Annual Report of the Commissioner of Labor. Washington, 1888, p. 10.
3 Tenth Annual Report of the Commissioner of Labor. Washington, 1896, vol. 1.
* Sixteenth Annual Report of the Commissioner of Labor. Washington, 1901.
* Twenty-first Annual Report of the Commissioner of Labor. Washington, 1907.
* Idem, p. 11.
7 Idem, p. 109,
STKXKE STATISTICS, 1880 TO 1905
29
present time in dealing with strikes of long duration which have no
definite time of settlement.
An effort was made, not without difficulty,8 to distinguish strikes
from lock-outs and separate tables were compiled for each. During
the 25-year period there were 4.2 lock-outs for each 100 strikes. As
small as this number is, the proportion is higher than in later years,
for, as nearly as it can be determined, lock-outs amount to less than
1 percent of the labor disturbances at the present time. In order to
make the earlier data comparable with current reports, strikes and
lock-outs have been combined in the following tables.9
T able 4 .— Number of strikes, workers, and establishments involved, 1881-1905 1
Average per strike or
lock-out
Number of—
Year
Strikes
and lock
outs
Workers
involved
Establish
ments
involved
Workers
Estab
lish
ments
1881_____________________________________
1882____________ ______ _________________
1883_____________________________________
1884_____________________________________
1885_____________________________________
477
476
506
485
695
130,176
158,802
170, 275
165,175
258,129
2,937
2,147
2,876
2, 721
2,467
1886_____________________________________
1887_____________________________________
1888_____________________________________
1889_____________________________________
1890____ ________________________________
1,572
1,503
946
1, 111
1,897
610,024
439,306
162,880
260,290
373,499
11,562
7,870
3,686
3,918
9,748
1891_____________________________________
1892_____________________________________
1893_____________________________________
1894_____________________________________
1895_____________________________________
1,786
1,359
1,375
1,404
1,255
329,953
238, 685
287, 756
690, 044
407,188
8, 662
6,256
4,860
9,071
7,343
185
176
209
492
325
1896_____________________________________
1897_____________________________________
1898_____________________________________
1899_____________________________________
1900_____________________________________
1,066
1,110
1,098
1,838
1,839
248,838
416,154
263, 219
431,889
567, 719
5, 513
8, 663
3,973
11, 640
11, 529
233
375
340
235
309
5
8
1901_____________________________________
1902_____________________________________
1903_____________________________________
1904_____________________________________
1905_____________________________________
3,012
3,240
3,648
2,419
2,186
563, 843
691, 507
787, 834
573,815
302, 434
11,359
15, 552
23, 536
12, 518
9,547
187
213
216
237
138
4
4
38,303
9, 529, 434
199,954
249
5
Total and average... _ __
_ _ _ _
273
334
336
341
371
388
292
172
234
197 ,
1
Adapted from tables in the Twenty-first Annual Report of the Commissioner of Labor.
1907, pp. 15, 20, 487, and 736.
6
5
6
6
4
7
5
4
4
5
5
5
4
7
6
4
6
6
5
7
5
Washington,
During the 25-year period, about 10 million workers were involved
in 38,303 strikes. During the first half of the 1880’s the number was
small. From 1886 to 1900 the average number each year almost
8 “ It was sometimes hard to determine whether a difficulty was a strike or a lock-out. Such a case occur
when the employes have determined to order a strike and have so ordered it, but not actively entered upon
it, and prior to the date on which the strike was to be carried out the management ordered a lock-out. As
a rule, however, popular opinion as to whether the difficulty was a strike or a lock-out was observed, and
the Bureau has, therefore, made a positive classification of strikes and lock-outs, leaving no difficulties to
be classed as mixed strikes and lock-outs.” Third Annual Report of the Commissioner of Labor. Wash
ington, 1888, pp. 10-11.
9 See Introduction, p. 3, for discussion of strikes vs. lock-outs.
30
STRIKES IN TH E UNITED STATES,
18 8 0 - 1 9 3 6
tripled, and from 1901 to 1905 the average number each year was
twice that of the preceding 15 years. The peak year during the
entire period was in 1903, when the 3,648 strikes which occurred
involved almost .788,000 workers in 23,536 establishments. For a
more detailed year-to-year account of these strikes, see chapter II.
The industry classifications used in the early strike statistics do not
follow those used currently. Except in a few industries, therefore, the
data are not comparable with the later statistics.
T a b l e 5 . — Strikes fo r 25-yea r period 1 8 8 1 -1 9 0 5 , by industry 1
N um
ber of
strikes
and
lock
outs
N um
ber of
workers
involved
Agricultural implements-----------Agriculture_____________________
Automobiles and bicycles----------Awnings, tents, and sails----------Bakery_________________________
96
35
83
10
450
24,181
13,227
9,225
374
35,265
Blacksmithing and horseshoeing.
Boots and shoes________________
Brass and brass goods__________
Brewing________________________
Brick and tile__________________
94
1,168
123
185
339
8,717
201,707
13,975
25,740
92,801
Brooms and brushes____________
Building trades-------------------------Canning and preserving________
Car building___________________
Carpets---------- ---------------------------
43
2,140
9,819 1,329,461
9.164
48
452
92,729
179
69,826
Carriages and wagons---------------Clothing, m en's________________
Clothing, wom en’s_____________
Coal and coke__________________
Coffins and undertakers’ g ood s ..
Confectionery______ ___________
132
26,897
1,222
510,165
664
239,986
3,403 2,531,192
17
936
17
2,820
Industry
Cooperage---------------------------------Cotton and woolen goods_______
Cotton goods___________________
Cutlery and edge tools--------------Dom estic service_______________
338
112
691
102
349
28,677
65,031
297,480
11,324
33, 278
Electric and gas apparatus and
supplies______________________
Electric light and power________
Flour mill products_____________
Foundry and machine shop------Freight handling and teaming.
72
85
44
1,751
941
9,468
4,421
4,805
299,363
291,260
Furnishing goods, m en’s________
Furniture and upholstering_____
Gas___........................ .....................
Glass_____ _____________________
Gloves and mittens_____________
213
577
48
595
53
45,244
73,282
5,618
162,937
34,921
Hardware_______ ______________
Harness and saddlery___________
Hats and caps__________________
Hosiery and knit goods-------------Iron and steel__________________
297
157
398
216
880
40,963
8,903
62,849
42,954
454,652
Ironwork, ornamental__________
35
4,603
Industry
N um
N um
ber of
strikes
ber o f
and
workers
lock involved
outs
Jewelry and silverware._________
Laundry work__________________
Leather________________ ______
Leather goods_______ __________
82
74
222
21
10,257
12,820
37,255
1,334
Lime and cement_______________
Lithographing__________________
Lumber and timber products___
Metallic goods__________________
Millinery go o d s.............................
50
68
275
215
16
9,248
12,100
73, 626
17,054
3,190
Mining, ore_ _ __________ __
_
Musical instruments___________
Paper__________________________
Paper goods___ _____ ________ .
Planing mill products__________
233
133
92
64
403
97,918
23,082
21,112
5,996
68, 303
Pottery_________________________
Printing and publishing____ . . .
Public works________ ________
Railroad and road building_____
Railroad transportation________
90
1,116
147
378
509
28, 523
63, 675
23,194
91,604
218,393
Rope, twine, and bagging............
Rubber goods_____ _______ ____
Shipbuilding___________________
Silk g o o d s ...
________________
Slaughtering and meat packing..
49
81
277
407
166
10, 516
19,480
66,331
101,997
152,544
75
368
306
447
20,977
166,969
47,117
125, 253
70, 742
Telegraph and telephone_______
T in and sheet metal goods______
Tobacco: Chewing and smoking.
Tobacco: Cigars and cigarettes. .
Trunks and valises_____________
330
252
31
1,931
53
22,697
28, 672
17, 383
329,506
4,589
Typewriters, cash registers, and
sewing machines_____________
Watches and clocks_____________
Water transportation__________
W ooden goods_______________ .
W oolen goods______ ___________
Miscellaneous__________________
41
40
133
83
410
991
10, 725
4,765
51,997
14, 271
92,403
129,255
Smelting and refining___________
Stone quarrying and cutting-----Stoves and furnaces____________
Street railway transportation___
Streets and sewers______________
T ota l.. .
________________
1,111
38,303 9,529,434
i Adapted from tables in the Twenty-first Annual Report of the Commissioner of Labor.
1907, pp. 16 and 20.
Washington,
There seemed to be a tendency to break down a strike or lock-out
which spread across State lines into as many strikes or lock-outs as
STRIKE STATISTICS,
1880
31
TO 1 9 0 5
there were States involved. No strikes or lock-outs were classified as
interstate. Because of this, the number of strikes and lock-outs given
for this period would tend to be slightly exaggerated in comparison
with recent figures. Strikes and lock-outs involving two or more
States where “it was impossible to make such division of the facts
as would allow of their tabulation in proper proportion under each
of the States involved”, were tabulated under the State most affected.1
0
This tended to concentrate the full force of the strike or lock-out in
one State, although only a majority of the entire number of workers
involved might have worked in that State. This situation, however,
probably did not occur very frequently.
T a b l e 6 .— Strikes fo r 25-year 'period, 1 8 8 1 -1 9 0 5 , by States 1
Num ber
o f strikes
and lock
outs
Number
of workers
involved
Alabama----------- ---------------Arizona............ . .....................
Arkansas_______ _____ ____
California.________________
Colorado______________ . . .
303
16
74
679
401
81,038
4,339
11,425
110,919
97,499
Nebraska_______ _________
Nevada___________________
New Hampshire___________
N ew Jersey________________
N ew M exico_______________
116
4
195
1,562
30
31,854
242
33, 455
279, 581
4, 964
C onnecticu t.._____ _______
Delaware__________________
District of Colum bia______
Florida_____________ ____ _
Georgia____________ _____ _
998
78
124
431
277
122,466
10,020
11,819
110,538
47,039
New Y ork ______________ . .
North Carolina____________
North Dakota_____________
Ohio______________________
Oklahoma________________
10,525
31
29
2,680
29
1, 943, 705
6, 679
2,099
609, 853
9,590
Idaho___________ _________
Illinois------------------------------Indiana____________ _
...
Iowa______________________
Kansas..................................
22
3, 765
1,179
469
180
7,085
1,425, 285
227,126
82,843
42,094
Oregon____________________
Pennsylvania______________
Rhode Island--------------------South Carolina____ _______
South D akota. . . . . . . . . . .
81
4,323
377
41
24
20,045
2, 327, 308
78, 563
5,010
1,502
K entucky........ ........... ..........
Louisiana.................... .........
M aine________ ____ . .
M aryland_________________
Massachusetts--------------------
425
214
249
401
2,902
71, 980
89, 497
49,375
78, 568
563,125
Tennessee_________________
T exa s.____________________
U tah______________________
Verm ont________________ _
Virginia___________________
477
341
66
73
237
74, 541
36, 993
6,975
20,129
50,306
M ichigan__________________
M inn esota...-------- ------------Mississippi____ _______ . . .
Missouri__________________
M ontana__________________
681
568
32
1,044
139
144,327
92, 787
2,984
182,606
20, 853
W ashington_________ _____
West Virginia_____________
W isconsin_________________
W yom ing________________
230
304
834
43
26,593
131, 367
132,214
8, 229
United States_______
38,303
9,529, 434
State
State
Number
o f strikes
and lock
outs
i Adapted from tables in the Twenty-first Annual Report of the Commissioner of Labor.
1907, pp. 18 and 23.
Number
of workers
involved
Washington,
The data having to do with relation of labor organizations to strikes
and lock-outs are not strictly comparable to similar data for recent
years. In the earlier period the distinction was made between strikes
ordered by labor organizations and those not so ordered. This ex
cluded so-called “illegal” strikes, or those not authorized by the cen
tral office of the union or business agent acting under power conferred
by the central office. At the present time no such distinction is
attempted.1 Strikes and lock-outs are classified according to whether
1
i® Twenty-first Annual Report of the Commissioner of Labor.
ii See appendix II, p. 166.
Washington, 1907, p. 109.
STBXKES IH THE UNITED STATES, 1 8 8 0 -1 9 3 6
32
or not most of the strikers belong to a union and act as an organized
group when the strike is declared and settled. Just how much this
difference in method of classification affects the comparability of the
figures for the two periods it is difficult to determine. In recent years
there has been a tendency on the part of the national or central office
of the union to make a strike “official” after it actually takes place,
even though the proper sanction was not given or even asked for
when the strike was first called. It is not clear whether this policy
was adhered to by the officers of the unions during this earlier period.
T a b l e 7 . — Strikes ordered by labor organizations , 1 8 8 1 -1 9 0 5 1
Percentage
ordered b y
labor organiza
tions
Percentage not
ordered b y
labor organiza
tions
W ork
Strikes ers in
volved
Strikes
W ork
ers in
volved
Percent Percent
56.2
47.3
65.0
48.5
66.5
56. 7
60.5
54.2
55.3
67.1
Percent
52.7
51.5
43. 3
45.8
44.7
Percent
43.8
35.0
33.5
39.5
33.9
1886___________
1887____ ______
1888 _.
____
1889 . _ _____
1890___________
53.3
66.3
68.1
67.3
71.3
75.0
73.7
73.3
77.2
75.1
46.7
33.7
31.9
32.7
28.7
25.0
26.3
26. 7
22.8
24.9
1891___________
74.8
70. 7
69! 4
62.8
77.6
77.1
75.5
85.4
25. 2
29. 3
30! 6
37.2
22. 4
22.9
24.5
14.6
1RQ9
1893___________
1894___________
Percentage not
ordered b y
labor organiza
tions
Year
Year
1881 __________
1882___________
1883 _____
1884 __________
1885___________
Percentage
ordered b y
labor organiza
tions
Strikes
1895___________
W ork
ers in
volved
Percent Percent
54. 2
69. 2
Strikes
W ork
ers in
volved
Percent Percent
30.8
45.8
1896_____ _____
1897___________
1898___________
1899___________
1900___________
64. 6
55. 3
60. 4
62.0
65. 4
72. 3
73. 9
69. 1
71.1
80. 4
35. 4
44. 7
39. 6
37.9
34.6
27.7
26.1
30. 9
28.9
19. 6
1901.
. .
1902..
______
1903 __________
1904___________
1905- ______ --
75.9
78. 2
78. 8
82.1
74. 7
82.9
88. 0
83. 7
90.6
73. 4
24.1
21. 8
21. 2
17.9
25. 3
17.1
12. 0
16. 3
9.4
26. 6
Total
69.0
77.5
31.0
22.5
1 Adapted from tables in the Twenty-first Annual Report of the Commissioner of Labor. Washington,
1907, pp. 32 and 42.
In the original tables as many as 60 to 65 different causes or groups
of causes were listed. These have been combined in tables 8 and 9
and all strikes are classified under 9 major causes or groups of causes.
STRIKE STATISTICS,
T able
Year
Wage
increase
1880
33
TO 1 9 0 5
8 . — M ajor causes of strikes , 1 8 8 1 -1 9 0 5
Wage
Wage
increase
Hour
decrease
and
decrease and hour
hour
increase
decrease
Recog
nition,
union
rules,
and
other
Recog
nition,
wages,
hours
1
Sym
pathy
Miscel
laneous 2
Total
1881____________
1882____________
1883____________
1884____________
1885____________
302
258
226
138
275
9
4
3
5
6
17
15
5
7
15
54
76
138
191
190
4
4
10
13
5
28
34
45
37
62
2
3
2
6
20
61
82
77
88
122
477
476
506
485
695
1886____________
1887____________
1888____________
1889____________
1890____________
667
502
254
342
607
80
37
18
13
51
163
113
52
54
173
163
184
216
253
208
32
35
19
23
49
178
264
144
150
269
37
71
34
67
188
252
297
209
209
352
1,572
1,503
946
1,111
1,897
1891____________
1892____________
1893____________
1894____________
1895____________
489
398
337
432
533
62
27
16
19
25
93
79
58
24
15
223
189
372
390
237
49
37
36
23
41
285
224
221
183
176
204
117
62
120
7
381
288
273
213
221
1,786
1,359
1,375
1,404
1,255
1896____________
1897____________
1898____________
1899____________
1900____________
294
411
404
743
633
27
24
35
92
144
14
21
29
61
96
212
224
177
118
118
49
33
46
85
91
248
160
190
386
323
7
9
9
29
29
215
228
208
324
465
1,066
1,110
1,098
1,838
1,839
1901____________
1902____________
1903____________
1904____________
1905____________
912
1,118
1,198
576
642
123
158
184
68
56
231
189
248
89
118
147
139
148
211
126
139
200
284
130
90
877
851
916
834
710
71
87
88
93
61
512
498
582
418
383
3, 012
3, 240
3,648
2, 419
2,186
T otal____
Percent of total.
12, 691
33.1
1, 286
3.4
1,979
5.2
4,704
12.3
1, 527
4.0
7,795
20.3
1,423
3.7
6,898
18.0
38, 303
100.0
1 Adapted from tables X and X I X in the Twenty-first Annual Report of the Commissioner of Labor.
Washington, 1907, pp. 580 and 763.
2 M any of these strikes were listed in the original tables as “ Concerning the employment of certain per
sons.” T he explanation given for this term is “ demands for or against discharge of certain employees or
foremen, objections against working with Negroes and foreigners, etc., in which disputes the question of
union rules is not involved” (Twenty-first Annual Report of the Commissioner of Labor, p. 113). A
considerable number of these miscellaneous strikes were originally classified under “ Saturday part holiday”
and ‘ ‘method and time of payment. ” T h e latter probably referred not so m uch to piece and bonus systems
as to payment in scrip or kind. Also, the absence of State laws and union agreements requiring wages to
be paid at specified dates, e. g., weekly, semimonthly, created situations where workers went on strike for
more frequent or convenient pay days. Other causes included in this miscellaneous group are back wages
due, overtime work and pay, docks and fines, and general working conditions.
About the same criteria as those now employed were used to meas
ure the results of strikes and lock-outs: “A strike was reported as
successful when the employees succeeded in enforcing full compliance
with all of their demands; partly successful, when they succeeded in
enforcing compliance with a part of their demands, or partial com
pliance with some or all of their demands; and failed, when they did
not succeed in enforcing even partial compliance with any of their
demands.” 1
2
It should be noted that in table 10 the results are in terms of
establishments affected by strikes. In later tables the results are
given in terms of number of strikes and workers involved in strikes.
1 Twenty-first Annual Report of the Commissioner of Labor.
3
Washington, 1907, p. 79.
34
STRIKES IN TH E UNITED STATES, 1 8 8 0 - 1 9 3 6
T
9 . — Workers involved in strikes due to various causes, 1 8 8 1 -1 9 0 5 1
able
Wage
Wage
increase
Hour
decrease
and
decrease and hour
hour
increase
decrease
Recog
nition,
wages,
hours
Recog
nition,
union
rules,
and
other
Sym
pathy
Year
Wage
increase
1881____________
1882____________
1883____________
1884____________
1885.......... .........
86,678
94,981
66,891
52, 557
113,638
4,138
228
14,866
8,866
12,476
8,658
4,060
263
8,640
11,904
18,868
33, 364
49,086
75, 332
76, 250
1,296
73
3,877
1,983
5,227
3,377
12,203
23, 789
1, 553
8,419
532
154
250
510
6,519
6,629
13, 739
11,253
15, 734
23, 696
130,176
158,802
170, 275
165,175
258,129
1886____________
1887____________
1888____________
1889____________
1890.....................
186,073
120, 706
61,189
105,032
171,898
83, 745
20,295
2,008
988
24, 734
100, 506
20, 256
6,110
5,699
44,450
74, 386
87, 625
30, 212
95, 760
34,507
21,188
7, 278
5,145
10,770
9,286
57,394
84,150
17, 306
17,838
22,304
35,161
25, 483
12, 466
3,569
15,662
51, 571
73, 513
28, 444
20,634
50,658
610,024
439, 306
162,880
260, 290
373,499
1891____________
1892____________
1893____________
1894____________
1895____________
142, 220
50,364
74,418
272, 541
191,879
21,374
6,131
6,080
11,008
27, 314
27,812
29, 535
9,666
16, 761
7,785
29, 789
36,096
72,149
168,769
78,438
16,820
6,989
18, 529
5,593
32,037
38,053 10,604
52, 279 14,159
40, 750 10,174
19,494 154,256
18, 751
1,228
43,281
43,132
55,990
41,622
49, 756
329,953
238, 685
287, 756
690,044
407,188
1896____________
1897____________
1898____________
1899____________
1900....................
69,867
226,403
98, 626
199,104
125,893
12,158
36,033
22, 221
50,147
43,403
4,255
2,826
5,049
19,898
15,988
73,834
69, 702
58,336
18, 584
24,360
22, 790
18, 746
8,795
30,416
190,675
29,965
17,680
20,768
35,109
91, 237
761
2, 468
3,172
14,678
13,035
35,208
42, 296
46, 252
63,953
63,128
248,838
416,154
263, 219
431,889
567, 719
1901____________
1902____________
1903____________
1904____________
1905____________
136, 215
169, 575
228,020
143, 530
88,436
26, 727
56,065
61, 222
9,033
19, 318
106,134
32, 660
63, 332
9,005
16,204
18,457
20,953
43, 594
110, 763
67,417
37, 768
206,451
103, 923
77, 050
11,839
123,489
72, 203
131, 356
132, 547
45,161
28, 214
28, 313
30,867
23,934
13, 385
86,839
105, 287
125, 520
67,953
40, 674
563,843
691, 507
787,834
573,815
302,434
Total____ 3,276, 734
34.4
Percent of total.
580, 578
6.1
577,456 1, 466,631
6.1
15.4
Miscel
laneous 2
Total
854, 544 1,117,175 449,554 1,206,762 9,529,434
9.0
11.7
4.7
12.7
100.0
1 Adapted from tables X and X I X in the Twenty-first Annual Report of the Commissioner of Labor.
Washington, 1907, pp. 580 and 763.
2 See footnote 2, table 8.
T
able
10 .— Results of strikes , 1 8 8 1 -1 9 0 5 1
Percent of establishments in which
strike or lock-out was—
Year
Percent of establishments in which
strike or lock-out was—
Year
Favorable
to workers
Unfavor
able to
workers
1881_________
1882_________
1883_________
1884-.............
1885-........... .
61.2
53.2
57.6
54.1
53.2
31.8
38.8
27.0
42.5
37.7
7.0
8.0
15.4
3.4
9.1
1886....... .........
1887................
1888......... .
1889................
1890................
38.3
48.7
50.7
46.1
51.8
43.5
45.1
43.9
34.8
38.3
18.2
6.2
5.4
19.1
9.9
1891_________
1892................
1893____ ____
36.8
35.5
50.2
54.5
53.9
39.0
8.7
10.6
10.8
Favorable
to workers
Unfavor
able to
workers
1894_________
1895_________
42.8
56.8
44.8
33.7
12.4
9.5
1896......... .
1897_________
1898_________
1899_________
1900................
58.8
56.9
63.0
73.5
38.3
33.8
15.5
30.8
12.6
45.1
7.4
27.6
6.2
13.9
16.0
1901_________
1902_________
1903_________
1904_________
1905_________
47.7
44.8
37.0
32.7
39.5
34.2
33.9
42.1
50.6
46.1
18.1
21.3
20.9
16.7
14.4
A ll....... — .
46.5
38.7
14.8
Compro
mise
Compro
mise
1 Adapted from tables IV and X V I in the Twenty-first Annual Report of the Commissioner of Labor.
Washington, 1907, pp. 479 and 737.
Chapter IV
Strikes From 1914 to 1926
In 1914, for the first time since 1905, the Bureau of Labor Statistics
made an attempt to get a record of all the strikes and lock-outs
throughout the United States. The compilation was made from
material gathered from printed sources only— newspapers, labor
journals, trade journals, etc. In appraising its work for this year the
Bureau stated: “It would be manifestly incorrect to compare the
incomplete data collected in this manner with the more comprehensive
reports secured by the investigations of trained field agents. In
spite of the incompleteness of the data for 1914, however, the figures
give considerable information of value in regard to the labor dis
turbances which occurred in that year.” 1
April
M ay
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
19142_____
1915 3 ________
19164_____
1917______
1918______
73
188
288
191
60
206
211
223
97
294
318
312
112
434
445
321
140
617
463
392
72
354
323
296
126
313
448
288
172
326
360
278
189
252
349
212
114
261
322
145
123
197
257
208
84
149
197
250
231
198
469
237
1,204
1,593
3, 789
4,450
3,353
1919.......... .
1920______
1921______
1922______
199
280
238
131
198
214
172
96
192
288
194
75
270
427
292
109
431
422
575
104
322
317
152
64
381
298
167
101
417
2b4
1*3
95
425
231
124
85
334
192
90
64
165
106
92
64
140
108
76
43
156
264
70
81
3,630
3, 411
2, 385
1,112
1923______
1924______
1925______
1926______
69
102
94
62
72
70
89
74
123
118
83
84
212
144
161
127
246
155
161
141
133
98
108
73
146
89
103
84
106
81
123
98
93
71
104
85
117
74
77
60
66
61
63
48
59
40
45
33
111
146
90
66
1,553
1,2*9
1,301
1, 035
Year
Total
March
M onth not
stated
1 1.— Strikes , by monthsy 1 9 1 4 -2 6 1
February
able
January
T
1 This and subsequent tables include a few strikes and lock-outs involving fewer than 6 persons and lasting
less than 1 day; also some occurring outside continental United States (see table 12).
3 Adapted from M onthly Review, July 1915 and April 1916. M onthly data not available,
s Idem, April 1917.
< Idem, July 1929.
In 1915 the Bureau inaugurated a method for the collection of
strike and lock-out material which has been followed, in general, since
that time. Leads or announcements of strikes and lock-outs were
obtained through clipping services, newspapers, and labor and trade
journals. Schedules were then mailed to the interested parties, asking
1 M onthly Review, U. S. Bureau of Labor S tatistics, July 1915, p. 20.
35
36
STRIKES IK THE UNITED STATES,
18 8 0 - 1 9 3 6
for verification and additional details.2 Since that time, however,
there have been changes in the number of papers read, the type of
questions asked on the schedules, and the amount of persistence used
in getting replies. All these factors necessarily affect the exhaustive
ness with which knowledge of disputes becomes known, as well as
the accuracy of details concerning the disputes.
In two specific respects the statistical data shown for the period
1914-26 are not comparable with the statistics for earlier or later
periods. First, they include strikes and lock-outs involving fewer
than six persons and lasting less than 1 day as contrasted #with the
earlier and later data which exclude these classifications and, second,
they include strikes and lock-outs in Alaska, and American territory
outside continental United States (Hawaii, Puerto Rico, Canal Zone,
and Virgin Islands). It is not known how many of the small dis
putes are included in the tables for this period, although the number is
probably not large due to the inherent difficulty in learning about
small, brief disputes in such a large country as the United States.
The number of disputes recorded for Alaska and the insular areas is
shown in table 12. The year in which most of them occurred (1920)
they amounted to 3% percent of the total for that year.
The industries in which the strikes and lock-outs took place are not
known in a large number of cases. Of the total number of disputes
recorded for the period, only 72 percent can be assigned to specific
industries (see table 15). Labor-union affiliation is not known
for a large portion of these disputes, especially during the war and post
war period (see table 17). Data on causes and results are some
what more complete (see tables 18 and 19).
The most serious discrepancy in the statistics for these years is the
lack of complete coverage on the number of workers involved in the
disputes and the number of man-days idle. Because of the various
interpretations which can be applied to the counting of strikes, the
number of workers involved and man-days idle afford a more accurate
index of labor disturbances than the number of strikes and lock-outs.
Unfortunately, there is no available information regarding the num
ber of man-days' work lost by employees involved in the strikes and
lock-outs from 1914 through 1926, and the number of workers involved
is recorded for only about two-thirds of the disputes (see table 16).
2 “ During these 5 years this information has been obtained from agents of the Bureau in the field, reports of
Commissioners of Conciliation of the Department of Labor, and other similar boards, reports of the various
State labor boards, lists of strikes issued b y labor, trade, and other organizations, and from clipping bureaus,
supplemented b y an examination of 25 daily papers printed in the more important industrial cities of the
country, 100 labor papers, as m any trade-union periodicals, and 20 leading trade papers. During the year
1918,3,997 circulars of inquiry asking information in regard to about 3,500 reputed strikes and lock-outs were
sent to employers reported to have had strikes in their establishments and to officials of unions whose m em
bers had been concerned in or were believed to have knowledge of labor troubles. Of this number, 1,392
were returned answered in whole or in part, 420 were returned undelivered for various reasons, and the
remainder were unanswered." M onthly Labor Review, June 1919, p. 307.
STR IK E S
FROM
1914
TO
37
1926
The following tables include all the statistical data which are avail
able for the strikes which took place between 1914 and 1926.
T able 12.— Strikes , by States , 191/^-26 1
19142 19153
1921
1922
Total_____________ 1,204 1,593 3,789 4,450 3,353 3,630 3, 411 2,385
1,112
State
Alabama__________
Arkansas__________
California_________
Colorado..................
7
3
8
63
10
2
1
4
5
3
27
1916
1917
2
0
2
0
2 36
0
112
55
15
7
1918
13
4
11
1919
1920
135
6
A
30
4
1
5
19
4
5
3
4
4
2
1
63
15
15
4
72
35
14
5
17
29
24
27
10
8
11
12
11
17
48
326
92
14
1
11
12
8
9
8
178
17
14
16
28
13
2
0
95
45
16
5
74
30
13
7
5
159
75
26
15
32
282
73
65
53
248
76
41
41
267
106
57
45
16
15
4
13
19
99
13
160
30
48
383
38
39
40
59
353
19
23
36
72
347
26
51
40
41
396
M ichigan_________
Minnesota_______
Mississippi
Missouri__________
Montana__________
36
24
33
15
64
53
13
84
49
77
60
40
5
105
33
Nebraska_________
Nevada _ ___
New Hampshire. _.
New Jersey_______
New Mexico
3
4
28
11
7
74
5
17
5
34
183
4
2
1
12 1
1
4
1
32
6
145
125
1
2
C o n n e c ticu t.-.___
Delaware
District of Columbia______________
Florida____________
Georgia____ ____
Idaho _ _ _
Illinois__________ .
Indiana___________
Iowa_____ ________
Kansas..................
Kentucky_________
Louisiana_________
M aine____________
M aryland_________
Massachusetts____
New Y ork ____ . . .
North Carolina___
North Dakota
Ohio_____ ____ ___
Oklahoma............
O r e g o n .._________
Pennsylvania_____
Rhode Island_
_ .
South Carolina __
South Dakota
4
2
3
13
1
10
11
1
33
10
2
156
3
1
91
6
8
107
14
3
1
6
153
14
6
1
43
3
8
71
30
4
97
15
2
1
2
0
12
2
2
2
0
20
0
417
227
4
22
2
592
8
711
7
137
7
17
138
2
2
69
23
5
254
99
47
14
2
2
37
2
2
42
56
16
35
26
41
14
9
37
4
3
4
34
25
14
2
12
130
50
54
5
4
9
1 M onthly Labor Review, July 1929, table 3, p. 134.
Idem, April 1916, p. 19.
2
2
167
29
7
113
14
5
12
403
281
4
301
7
6
1
65
2
13
28
31
14
69
49
63
28
41
4
19
2
5
13
261
5
13
5
1
3
4
2
2
8
2
1
36
28
15
23
15
27
24
1
1
6
8
6
1
1
10
16
2
3
11
1
2
92
7
15
28
64
5
1
2
1
8
12
12
2
3
10
78
8
10
1
27
73
14
4
5
5
92
15
234
25
40
50
6
8
6
2 10
1
12
1
63
73
9
1
8
2 2 10
2
1
42
37
12 2
11
12
22
0
6
2
23
250
89
5
5
113
63
77
4
17
162
1
1
6
26
28
3
294
64
57
25
97
6
12
7
6
3
3
30
71
38
280
78
58
40
63
84
45
2
18
311
53
3
3
2
0
1
1
80
28
15
1
4
35
58
494
105
7
3
37
27
2
11
10
27
7
23
574
77
5
10
5
26
7
164
40
4
2
6
29
1
6
10
6
2
2
46
4
19
14
237
32
2
1
8
26
18
9
279
35
3
10
52
71
45
9
54
8
1
34
5
63
50
4
63
16
384
26
5
47
3
139
2
1
1,035
4
40
21
0
290
24
7
39
9
3
164
61
42
37
7
1926
3
29
5
16
7
19
217
4
206
24
2
2
2
1
1
2
1925
3
57
377
600
53
14
43
10
14
9
29
536
Washington......... .
West Virginia_____
Wisconsin_________
W yom ing__ _____
Interstate_________
Alaska and islands.
2
30
39
10
689
14
3
197
19
15
35
9
5
10
11
10
128
2
Tennessee_________
Texas____ ______ _
Utah......... .............
V e rm o n t__
Virginia— ...............
2
40
6
1
2
10 12
2 0
2
2
31
94
32
4
1924
1, 553 1,249 1,301
15
4
7
99
27
18
7
7
25
9
15
1923
10
1
23
......
1
10
9
73
10
8
6
16
9
72
32
14
2
12
5
1
9
9
4
1
8
84
216
2
6
8
2
8
5
184
25
162
28
11
2
4
1
3
7
4
15
11
8
8
2
0
14
1
12
3
1
1
3
5
3
38
STR IK ES I N
THE
U N IT E D
STA TES,
1 8 8 0 -1 9 3 6
T able 13 . — Sex of workers involved in strikes , 1 9 1 6 -2 6 1
Number of strikes beginning in—
Sex of persons
involved
1916
1917
1918
1919
1920
1921
1922
1923
1924
1925
Males only__________
Females only________
Both sexes__________
N ot reported________
3,121
3,611
521
203
2, 347
78
343
643
1,750
30
558
47
676
190
491
2,467
90
278
518
2,818
269
277
357
57
983
31
445
94
877
23
280
69
891
31
338
41
831
33
150
Total__________
3,789
4,450
3,353
3,630
3, 411
2,385
1,112 1, 553
1, 249
1,301
1,035
12
2
158
1M onthly Labor Review, July 1929, p. 135.
8
8
2
2
1926
2
1
N o information available for 1914-15.
T able 14 . — Number of establishments involved in strikes , 1 9 1 7 -2 6 1
Number of strikes beginning in—
Establishments
involved
1917
1918
1919
1920
1921
3,078
143
73
41
18
403
694
2, 541
70
42
23
90
327
260
2,136
142
99
59
52
910
232
1,989
3__________________
4__________________
5_____________ ____
Over 5___ ________
N ot reported_____
59
40
35
426
776
1,071
113
94
62
43
584
418
745
28
17
17
9
104
192
Total_______
4,450
3,353
3,630
3,411
2,385
1,112
1__________________
2__________________
1M onthly Labor Review, July 1929, p. 138.
8
6
1922
1924
1923
1,133
56
35
15
1926
820
34
23
16
17
84
255
898
60
25
24
649
26
23
98
184
14
94
219
1,249
1,301
1,035
10
21
0
103
1, 553
1925
10
12
N o information available for 1914-16.
T able 15 . — Num ber o f strikes in specified industries , 1 9 1 4 -2 6 1
Industry
19142 19153 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926
Total strikes and lock-outs_____ 1,204 1, 593 3,789 4,450 3,353 3, 630 3, 411 2,385
Total for industries listed_______ 731 983 2,579 3,233 2,476 2,572 2,341 2,007
Building t r a d e s . _____ ____
Clothing _ _ _ _______________
Furniture______________________
Iron and steel..
____________
Leather. ___________ ____ _____
275
78
18
14
Lum ber_____ ____ _____________
M etal trades________________ _
M ining, c o a l.____ _____________
M ining, other— ______ ________
Paper manufacturing. .................
40
129
51
Printing and publishing________
Shipbuilding___________________
Slaughtering, meat cutting, and
packing______________________
Stone__________________________
2
0
T e x tile s ___________ __________
Tobacco________________________
Transportation, steam and elec
tric________________ _________
54
955
998
828
113
240
4
208
395
17
349
231
56
7
5
272
194
46
17
270
238
35
7
5
1
0
19
113
158
58
177
9
48
3
75
78
12
16
g
g
1
0
506
2
0
56
4
19
12
6 1
14
9
•
30
34
g
41
61
15
38
114
19
115
13
241
37
67
394
227
50
72
34
468
495
43
56
19
434
436
26
74
16
473
322
35
76
27
521
336
26
25
32
583
240
17
25
26
13
289
69
44
547
373
43
54
299
515
355
94
41
76
441
162
46
40
46
581
148
28
47
38
452
161
25
194
87
39
42
5
27
31
41
106
40
140
71
109
83
45
2
1
7
70
61
38
26
42
14
74
13
42
29
93
261
63
247
47
2
12
50
273
58
2
11
52
228
343
227
191
8
2
0
1M onthly Labor Review, July 1929, p. 139.
2Idem, April 1916, p. 18.
3Idem, April 1917, p. 604.
860 1,181
259
131
16
33
5
14
1,112 1, 553 1,249 1,301 1,035
2
2
8
12
1 1
0 0
83
44
5
1
6
0
1 10
4
2
2
11
e
O
14
15
17
U
134
16
80
339
4
90
14
31
18
7
8
io
X4
STR IK ES
T
Year
1916_________
1917________
1918_________
1919......... .......
1920_________
1921..... ..........
able
FROM
1914
TO
39
1926
16 .— Number of workers involved in strikes , 1 9 1 6 -2 6 1
Total num
ber of
strikes
beginning
each year
Number of strikes in
which
number of
workers is reported
Total num
ber of
strikes
beginning
each year
Year
Workers
involved
Strikes
3,789
4,450
3,353
3,630
3,411
,385
2,667
2,325
2,151
2,665
2,226
1,785
2
1,599,917
1,227,254
1,239,989
4,160,348
1,463,054
1,099, 247
Number of strikes in
which
number of
workers is reported
1,112
1922... ..........
1923................
1 9 2 4 - ..........
1925................
1926................
Workers
involved
Strikes
1,612,562
756,584
654,641
428,416
329, 592
899
1,199
898
1,553
1,249
1,301
1,035
1,012
783
1
Adapted from M onthly Labor Review, July 1929, table 9, p. 138. Although the number of workers in
volved was obtained on only about % of the total number of strikes, the missing information is for the smaller
disputes. The unknown number for the smaller strikes is probably offset b y the “ generous” figure used in
large strikes. Information on the latter was usually taken from newspaper reports, which are likely to give
slightly exaggerated figures.
T
able
17 . — Relation of workers to labor unions 1
Number of strikes
Relation of workers to union
1916
1917
1918
1919
1920
1921
Connected with unions_________ 2,458 2,392 1,903 2,033 2,506 2,038
62
209
362
143
137
446
N ot connected with unions_____
55
5
26
30
Organized after strike b e g a n ----71
Union and nonunion workers___
814 1, 794 1,062 1, 424
760
280
N ot reported..................................
8
Total........... ... ............ .......... 3,789 4, 450 3, 353 3,630 3, 411 2, 385
i Adapted from M onthly Labor Review, July 1929, p. 136.
T
able
Cause of strikes
Total strikes.. _______________
1922
1923
1924
1925
1926
844 1,265 1,063 1,018
37
142
77
69
5
18
14
16
29
31
38
214
164
72
87
823
93
19
15
85
12
1,112
1, 553 1, 249 1,301
1,035
N o information available for 1914 and 1915.
18 . — M a jor causes o f strikes , 1 9 1 4 -2 6 1
19142 19153 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926
1,204 1,593 3,789 4, 450 3,353 3,630 3, 411 2,385
Wages and hours—........................
403
770 2,036 2,268 1,869 2,036 2,038 1,501
Wage increase___________ Wage decrease____________
Wage increase—hour de
crease____________________
Hour decrease______________
Hour increase______________
Wages, hours, and other___
192
92
367 1,301 1, 571 1, 397 1,115 1,429
107
35
36
147
36
8
6
12
0
973
1,112 1, 553 1, 249 1, 301 1,035
583
721
537
537
478
156
301
445
49
255
132
277
12
1
260
53
16
30
18
5
97
29
7
35
49
481
113
7
99
95
578
1±7
25
115
123
34
294
18
62
76
58
16
5
148
97
39
19
4
103
O rganization.-.____ ___________
253
312
721
799
584
869
622
373
208
308
244
219
206
Recognition________________
Recognition, wages, and
hours. _____ __________
Discrimination in em ploy
ment and discharge______
94
95
408
346
248
536
314
197
143
161
161
110 12
1
36
48
159
80
8
3^8
132
18
133
256
79
6
269
62
8
2
2
12
6
67
57
169
207
144
170
138
131
2 6
1 8
29
35
92
160
144
246
192
163
170
45
44
79
54
74
61
Miscellaneous-..............................
152
234
401
591
439
475
446
348
258
441
360
445
303
General conditions_________
Jurisdiction______ ____ ____
Sym pathy___________ ____ _
Other......................................
72
16
25
39
41
28
17
148
116
123
16
108
228
83
72
67
243
36
219
33
143
80
13
31
317
79
23
71
383
93
16
35
295
116
19
33
281
236
89
59
39
258
17
29
191
Unknown...................................... .
396
277
631
792
461
250
305
163
63
83
108
10
0
48
6
8
2
1
1Adapted from M onthly Labor Review, July 1929, table 7, p. 136.
3 Adapted from table in M onthly Review, July 1915, p. 21
.
* Idem, April 1917, p . 605.
2 1 1
0 0 0
2
2
24
6
6
40
STR IK ES I N
T
THE
able
U N IT E D
STA TES,
1 8 8 0 -1 9 3 6
19 .— Results of strikes, 1 9 1 6 -2 6 1
Number of strikes ending in—
Kesuit
1916
1917
1918
1919
1920
1921
1922
1923
1924
1925
748
749
777
395
631
720
465
627
691
687
627
797
677
472
448
701
256
291
248
259
105
368
403
168
283
354
138
253
349
138
226
288
147
73
137
191
204
2
11
50
59
61
214
80
198
16
113
46
160
45
139
51
198
36
83
T o t a l ___________________ 2, 448 2,074 2,198
2,220
1,872 1,526
741
1,145
959
989
780
In favor of employers----------------In favor o f em ployees.____ _____
Compromise___________________
Employees returned pending
arbitration------- ---------- -----------N ot reported................... ................
2
1
10
1
1926
Adapted from M on th ly Labor Review, July 1929, p. 140. N o information available for 1914 and 1915.
* It should be noted that there is considerable difference between the number of strikes ending each year,
in the above table, and the number of strikes beginning each year, in previous tables. This is probably
due to the fact that no information was obtained on a large number of disputes as to ending date and results.
T he above table should, therefore, be considered as incomplete.
Chapter V
Analysis of Strikes, 1927-361
Strikes by Years
There were fewer strikes during each of the years 1927 to 1932 than
there were in any year since 1885.2 These 6 years included 1 year of
business recession, 2 years of prosperity, and 3 years of extreme busi
ness depression. During 1927, however, there were more man-days of
idleness because of strikes than for any of the succeeding 9 years.
(See chart 2 .)3 This was due to the general coal strike which started
in April and continued through the rest of the year. In 1928 there
was another protracted strike in the bituminous-coal industry although
this did not involve as many workers as the 1927 strike.
T
able
20 . — Strikes from 1927 to 1 9 3 6 , by years
Num ber of workers involved in
strikes
Num ber of strikes
Year
Begin
ning in
year
1927___________________
1928___________________
1929___________________
1930___________________
1931___________________
707
604
921
637
810
1932___________________
1933___________________
1934___________________
1935___________________
1936___________________
841
1, 695
1,856
2,014
2,172
Man-days
idle during
year
Ending
in year
Beginning
in year
In progress
during
year
Ending in
year
645
946
659
818
666
620
924
651
796
329,939
314,210
288,572
182,975
341,817
0)
324,707
290,413
187,225
347,141
319,442
322,866
286,163
181,901
345,669
26,218, 628
12,631,863
5,351,540
3,316.808
6,893,244
863
1,706
1,890
2,087
2,256
852
1, 672
1,817
2,003
2,156
324,210
1,168,272
1,466, 695
1,117, 213
788, 648
325,682
1,168,994
1,491,779
1,128, 646
815,395
324,960
1,143,910
1.480,343
1,101,902
709, 748
10,502,033
16,872,128
19,591,949
15,456, 337
13,901,956
In prog
ress dur
ing year
0)
1 Information not available.
Strike activity was at its minimum in 1930, the first year of the
depression. The rapid recession of business activity discouraged
strikes for wage increases. At the same time comparatively few wage
cuts were put into effect that year. By 1931 and 1932 wage reductions
became general and protest strikes became more numerous. The
relatively large number of man-days lost because of strikes in 1932 is
largely due to the prolonged strikes in the southern Illinois coal
fields.
1 Tables prepared b y Don Q. Crowther, of the Bureau of Labor Statistics.
2 The years 1906-13 are ignored in this analysis, since no strike data are available for that period.
3 N o figures for man-days idle are available previous to 1927.
41
42
STR IK ES I N
THE
U N IT E D
STA TES,
1 8 8 0 -1 9 3 6
C hart 2
S T R IK E S D U R IN G
1927-1936
1927- 29=100
N UM BER OF S T R IK E S
N umber
Thousands
NUM BER OF W O RKERS INVOLVED
U. S. B ureau of L abor Statistics
Number
Thousands
A N A L Y S IS
OF ST R IK E S,
19 2 7 - 3 6
43
The first year of recovery and the impetus for increased labor activ
ity ensuing from the National Industrial Recovery Act doubled the
number of strikes in 1933. Rising prices and union-organization
drives brought on a slightly increased number of strikes from that
time through 1936. While there were more strikes in 1936 than in the
preceding years, there were not as many workers involved nor mandays lost. There were no extremely large strikes in 1936, such as the
textile strike in 1934 and the bituminous-coal strike in 1935, nor as
many fairly large strikes of prolonged duration as there were in 1933.
(See appendix I.)
Seasonal Trend
In general, the smallest number of strikes occur during the winter
months from November through February. In each of the 10 years
fewer strikes occurred in December than in either of the next 2 months.
In all but one of the years there were fewer strikes in November than
in the succeeding January, but only in 1927 were there fewer than in
December. (See chart 3.)
Strikes begin to increase in the spring, especially in M ay, and remain
at a relatively high level all summer. In 5 of the 10 years the largest
number of strikes took place in May, and in a sixth year the highest
number was shared between April and May. In 1930 there were more
strikes in July than in any other month of that year. In 1933 and 1935
the greatest number occurred during August. There was a seasonal
increase in strikes during May 1936, but the maximum for the year
did not occur until September.
About the same seasonal characteristics pertain to the number of
workers involved in strikes. In 6 years out of the 10, December wit
nessed the smallest number of workers involved in strikes begun that
month. November, January, and February had the smallest number
in the other 4 years. The peak month for number of workers idle
because of strikes begun during the month was not as consistent as
that for number of strikes, due to the influence of one or two large
strikes on the total number of workers. Thus, in 1 year (1930) the
largest number of workers involved in strikes was in February; in 4
years April had the greatest number; July had the greatest number
in 1931; September in 3 years (1933, 1934, and 1935); and October
in 1936.
The number of workers involved in strikes in progress during any
month indicates the full impact of strikes which began in preceding
months and remained unsettled, as well as those involved in strikes
beginning in the month. Due to this cumulative effect, there may
be a large number of workers involved in strikes in progress during a
certain month even though the number involved in new strikes is on
13894°— 38-------4
S T R IK E S BEGINNING IN E A C H M O N TH
1 9 2 7 -1 9 3 6
N u m ber
Num ber
300
£00
£00
ISO
ISO
STA TES,
100
19£ 7
!9£Q
U. S Bureau or L abor Statistics
/9£9
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1 8 8 0 -1 9 3 6
50
U N IT E D
£50
THE
£50
STR IK ES I N
300
ANALYSIS OF STRIKES,
45
19 2 7 - 3 6
the decline. For instance, because of the prolonged bituminous-coal
strike in 1927, the number of workers involved in strikes in progress
during May and the succeeding months was very high although the
number of workers in strikes beginning in those months was unusually
small. Another prolonged general coal strike and clothing and textile
strikes in Massachusetts and New York City caused the largest num
ber of workers to be out in June 1928. A large strike in the New York
clothing industry occurred in July 1929. The large number of workers
in February 1930 was primarily due to a dressmakers’ strike in New
York City. During August 1931, a coal strike in Pennsylvania and a
strike in the men’s clothing industry of New York contributed sub
stantially to the total number of workers involved in strikes. Large
strikes in progress in the construction industry in New York City,
and in the bituminous-coal regions of Illinois, accounted for the large
number of workers in May 1932. In September 1933 strikes in
anthracite and bituminous coal, as well as several strikes in New York
clothing plants, caused a large number of persons to be out. A general
textile strike took place in September 1934, and a general bituminouscoal strike in September 1935. Maritime strikes on all three coasts
and strikes in the glass and automobile industries contributed toward
the large number involved in strikes in December 1936.
In general, the number of man-days idle because of strikes increases
each spring and summer and is lowest during December and January.
During 2 years in the 10-year period the number of man-days remained
relatively high in December. In 1927 this was due to the coal strike;
in 1936, to the maritime strikes and strikes in the glass and automobile
industries.
T
Month
able
1927
2 1 . — Strikes
1928
1929
from 1927 to 1936, by months
1930
1932
1931
1933
1934
1935
1936
Number of strikes beginning in month
January_____
February___
M arch______
April...............
M a y _______
June........... . .
35
63
70
84
95
80
45
46
41
69
80
44
July_________
August______
Septem ber.. .
October_____
N ov em b er...
December___
55
56
58
50
28
33
56
53
48
60
37
25
50
51
68
121
121
77
81
86
99
73
60
34
49
49
47
58
52
53
78
104
88
66
60
63
89
91
74
68
67
78
81
42
36
27
86
57
48
68
58
61
79
53
68
72
89
50
43
36
83
67
106
89
161
154
237
261
233
145
87
72
98
94
161
210
226
165
151
183
150
187
130
101
140
149
175
180
174
189
167
148
185
183
206
188
184
239
162
190
142
90
173
228
234
192
136
132
STRIKES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1 8 8 0 -1 9 3 6
46
T
Month
21 . — Strikes from 1927 to 1936, by months— Continued
able
1927
1928
1929
1930
1932
1931
1933
1934
1935
1936
Number of strikes in progress during month
January_____
February-----M arch______
April— ..........
M a y ...............
June...........
July................
August--------S eptem ber...
October_____
N ov em b er...
December___
86
79
108
138
163
164
134
111
102
94
80
72
92
75
84
103
158
179
156
103
97
91
96
89
85
94
75
59
143
144
146
124
93
67
104
81
64
48
96
88
104
120
71
74
88
113
86
66
110
94
73
87
106
146
113
97
103
117
137
125
141
133
217
219
105
125
118
112
119
134
131
85
98
66
86
58
132
143
283
329
276
213
232
277
294
307
319
251
250
304
313
340
309
277
297
259
297
229
317
377
311
332
274
201
101
210
324
355
379
335
252
258
222
297
348
347
267
178
136
Number of workers involved in the strikes beginning in month
January.........
February____
M arch........ .
A p r il.............
M a y ...............
J une..............
5,140
9,726
16,280
189, 943
21,031
19,602
17,081
35,995
8,414
89,347
17,078
33,225
15,045
27,254
18,747
41, 277
37,389
24,986
11,180
38,266
17,639
11,918
11, 213
18,566
11,159
31,488
32, 214
39,034
36,758
31,968
13,417
44,621
36,025
52,998
49,971
18,520
23, 676
13,626
45,183
37,807
68,310
96,187
81,650
89, 562
91,559
185, 282
145.830
56, 244
81,194
64,238
53,089
67,857
102, 491
48,917
32,406
63,056
75,191
65, 379
72,824
63, 429
July................
August...........
S eptem ber...
October_____
N ov em b er...
December___
19,416
8, 419
13, 731
14,140
7,187
5,325
18,318
11,366
9,110
28,301
40,459
5,516
37,148
28, 741
22,356
19,389
12, 715
3, 525
18, 716
20, 487
14,840
10,175
4,660
5,315
50,105
13,849
39,273
35,388
16,036
4,545
30,095
38,916
19, 615
11, 251
4,898
3.883
175,177
224,696
290,408
81,447
74,231
37, 524
180,268
80,071
423,915
69,441
37,869
25,004
70,046
74,313
453,820
48,223
38,279
14,746
38,017
68, 752
65,994
100, 845
70,116
72,639
Number of workers involved in the strikes in progress during month
January____
February___
M arch______
A p ril............ .
M a y . ...........
J u n e......... .
11,932
21,749
198,306
206,070
202, 661
27,578
48,153
41,865
95,047
91,741
113,189
16,886
32, 707
29,126
49,005
60,303
60, 762
15,430
45,582
26,672
19,019
18,893
25,327
16,483
34, 585
47, 572
70,493
70,105
58,061
14,889
49,902
79,229
65, 747
103, 641
103,108
24,398
23,738
54,193
53,061
101, 295
128,207
106, 734
160, 713
128,886
229, 552
234,364
119, 509
92, 630
96,533
98, 457
124,174
151,163
129, 784
59,153
89, 735
122,162
95, 526
123,030
133, 531
July_________
August______
S eptem ber...
October_____
N o v e m b e r...
December___
202, 541
180, 553
184,981
184,136
181,890
182, 293
106,196
89,138
83,183
103, 759
92,728
55,105
65, 244
45,418
30,366
28,026
19, 548
12,103
30, 748
28,928
26,109
25,979
22, 422
15, 396
91,194
94,273
62,809
76,746
48,968
19, 246
88,972
102,977
63,441
21,713
10, 551
6, 232
251, 723
312, 539
382, 213
296,110
241, 316
69,397
250,328
162,980
480,318
104, 207
94, 494
73, 279
141,829
150,835
514, 427
133, 742
100, 732
61, 782
125, 281
118, 268
130,875
148, 570
157,007
184,859
Number of man-days idle during month
54,209 315, 293 66,658 236,927
January.........
February___
118,346 445, 273 156,047 503,189
M arch............
249,905 400, 707 300,387 342,187
A p ril.............. 3,570,181 1,447,876 653,585 425,908
M a y . ............ 3, 712,396 1,704,045 950,097 225,925
June............... 3,635,099 1,905,190 931, 488 189,823
J u l y ________
A u g u s t-........
September. ._
October..........
N o v e m b e r...
December___
181, 466 131,895 278, 257 822, 400 720, 778 635, 519
320, 736 467,159 136,862 867,912 836, 498 748,491
317,185 544,687 521, 289 1, 237,055 966,980 1,331,162
935,418 1, 390,337 730,320 2,333,230 1,178,851 699,900
569,806 2,078,812 1,066,664 1,956,868 1,697,848 1,019,171
807, 554 1,822,979 1,083, 537 1, 565,601 1, 311, 278 1,327,678
3,618,813 1, 694, 794 900, 680 203, 733 700, 501 1, 618, 441 1,775,301 2, 221,663 1, 297, 730
3,330,092 1, 730,937 395, 219 165,405 883,605 1,416,504 2,060,855 2,188,239 1,191,663
3, 294,922 1,115,323 273, 891 206,141 548,952 630,449 3, 594,401 4,136,108 3,027,040
1,522,635 726,118 307,312 345, 701 1,044,383 238, 292 3,508,918 909,459 1,562,908
1,544,661 717,280 260,169 269,389 420,299 114, 782 1,620,415 969,061 1,003,852
47,696 495, 309 384, 353 660,911
1, 567, 369 429,027 156,007 202,480 163,339
1,105, 480
911, 216
1,063,100
1,053,878
1,940,628
2,065, 733
ANALYSIS OF STRIKES, 192 7 -3 6
47
Number of Workers4
The number of workers involved in a strike includes those workers
within the plant or establishment who stop work or are thrown out
of work because of the strike. Thus the number shown in the tables
is not limited to the employees of the plant who actually took part
in the strike. On the other hand, it does not include workers in other
plants who may have been affected by the strike.5
More than half of the strikes (54 percent) involved fewer than 100
workers each. About 30 percent involved between 100 and 500
workers. During the 10 years, strikes involving 500 and more workers
comprised only 16 percent of the total. In 1933 as many as 22 percent
and in 1934 as many as 19 percent involved 500 and more workers.
These years also had the greatest proportion of very large strikes— 2%
percent of the total in each year involving 5,000 and more workers.
During the 10-year period 1927-36, there was an average of about
515 workers involved in each strike. The average number of workers
per strike each year is a measure of the relative severity of all the strikes
which occur during the year. Since the average, however, is materi
ally affected by a few extremely large strikes, the median figure gives
a more accurate picture of the sizes of strikes each year. Since 1933
a larger proportion of the strikes included more workers than in the
preceding years. Thus about half of the strikes each year from 1927
to 1932 involved fewer than 56 workers, with the exception of 1929
when the median was 70. More large strikes in 1933 and 1934 in
creased the median number of workers to 150 and 114, respectively.
There was practically no difference in the characteristic sizes of
strikes in 1935 and 1936, half of them in each year involving fewer
than 74 or 75 workers.
* For information on results of strikes in relation to number of workers involved, see table 32. A list
of strikes which involved 10,000 workers or over is given in appendix I.
* It should be noted that strikes involving fewer than 6 workers are omitted from all these statistical
analyses.
pp. 5 and 9.
See
STRIKES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1 8 8 0 -1 9 3 6
48
T
able
22.— Strikes by number of workers involved
Strikes in which the number of workers involved was—
Year
Aver Median
age
number workers
in
of
20
100
500
1,000 5.000 10,000
Totals
250
6
workers volved
and
and
and
and
and
and
and
and
in
per
under under under under under under under over
strikes
strike
100
250
500
1,000 5,000 10.000
20
Number of strikes
707
604
921
637
810
157
117
167
125
177
291
256
354
264
322
104
85
176
118
155
67
55
90
64
59
48
41
63
32
39
36
41
63
31
45
7
1
1
6
1932_____________
1933_____________
1934_____________
1935_____________
1936_____________
841
1,695
1,856
2, 014
2,172
201
334
524
590
755
840
144
367
386
420
414
79
253
262
219
238
34
172
178
143
158
38
158
135
113
4
26
28
15
7
17
18
9
102
20
8
5.1
0.4
.7
0.1
.8
178
259
340
392
3
4
7
1
1927_____________
1928_____________
1929_____________
1930_____________
1931_____________
2
5
467
520
313
287
422
50
52
70
53
56
386
689
790
555
363
53
150
114
75
74
Percent of strikes
1927_____________
1928_____________
1929___________ __
1930_____________
1931_____________
100.0
100.0
100. 0
100.0
100.0
22.2
19.4
18.1
19.6
21.9
41. 2
42.3
38. 5
41.5
39.7
14.7
14.1
19.1
18.5
19.1
1932_____________
1933_____________
1934_____________
1935_____________
1936___ ____
100.0
100. 0
100.0
100. 0
100.0
23.9
10.5
14. 0
16.9
18.0
39.8
31.0
31.7
37. 5
38.6
17.1
21.7
20.8
20.9
19.1
9.5
9.1
9.8
10.0
7.3
9.4
14.9
14.1
10.9
11.0
6.8
6.8
6.8
6.8
6.8
5.0
4.8
4.9
5.6
.3
.9
.2
4.0
4.5
9.3
7.3
5.6
4.7
.5
1.5
1.5
.7
.9
.8
1. 0
1. 0
10.1
9.6
7.1
7.3
.8
.1
.7
.4
.4
Establishments Involved
It is impossible to obtain data on the number of establishments
involved in many of the large strikes, especially when these strikes
extend into numerous cities and States. For that reason there are
no separate classifications of strikes which extend into more than
10 establishments.6 The establishments involved in a strike may be
different plants of the same company or plants of several companies
either in the same city or scattered over a more extensive area.
During the 10-year period 1927-36, almost 70 percent of the
strikes were confined to single establishments. This percentage was
fairly uniform for all years except in 1927 when 61 percent7 and in
1928 when 65 percent of the strikes were confined to single establish
ments. In only 1 year, 1929, were there more workers involved in
strikes confined to single establishments than in strikes of a more
general character. During this year there was only 1 large strike,
that of 15,000 cloak and suit workers in New York City.
Less than 12 percent of the strikes during the 10 years extended
into more than 10 establishments. While 59 percent of the total
®See appendix II, p. 164.
7 If information on the 90 “ not reported” were known, this proportion might be larger.
T
Number of establishments involved
able
23 . — Strikes by number of establishments involved , 1 9 2 7 -3 6
1928
1927
1929
1930
1931
1932
1934
1933
1935
1936
Number of strikes ending in year
666
620
924
651
796
852
1,672
1,817
2,003
2,156
405
74
18
79
90
405
93
32
90
636
118
53
117
454
88
25
84
560
117
16
93
10
603
105
32
96
16
1,168
217
65
201
21
1,262
245
72
225
13
1,418
296
57
217
15
1,561
287
85
203
20
Total_____ ____________ _______
Number of workers involved in strikes ending in year
.
319,442
322,866
286,163
181,901
345,669
324,960
1,143,910
1,480,343
1,101,902
709,748
1 ____________________________________________
2 to 5________________________________________
6 to 10_______________________________________
11 and over__________________________________
N ot reported--------------------------------------------------
48,203
15, 715
4, 207
230, 510
20,807
83,372
22,474
38,110
178,910
112,369
36,440
38,928
98,426
56,367
31, 769
2,470
91,295
70, 247
63, 534
15,480
189,078
7,330
68,121
25,221
13,236
212,779
5,603
241, 736
115, 756
41,353
735,260
9,805
302,043
152,344
54,331
969, 530
2,095
235,644
108,588
28,394
725,314
3,962
328, 511
98, 730
42, 232
234,157
6,118
Total____________ _________ ____ _________
Total_______
25,689,915
13,065,634
5,304,638
3,107,948
7, 212,127
10, 521,437
16,563,940
19,491,844
14,918, 234
11, 432,536
1___________
2 to 5_____
6 to 10______
11 and over_.
N ot reported
718, 590
155,402
75,474
24, 298, 278
442,171
1,091,104
330,409
326,197
11,317,924
1,956,824
578,692
313,685
2, 455, 437
952,181
792, 353
64,593
1,298,821
1,023,806
1,396,993
263,010
4,462, 308
66, 010
1, 238, 755
420,105
213, 204
8, 570, 566
78, 807
2, 571, 290
1,827,057
730,050
11,143, 384
292,159
4,562,370
2, 591, 841
911,916
11,401, 568
24,149
3,926, 509
2, 278, 791
596,706
8,079, 506
36,722
5,046,924
1,713,470
1,117,364
3,444,678
110,100
192 7 -3 6
Number of man-days idle as a result of the strikes ending in year
A N A L Y S IS OF S T R IK E S ,
____________
1_____________________________________________
2 to 5________________________________________
6 to 10_______________________________________
11 and over___________ ____________ _ ______
N ot reported_________________________________
CD
50
ST R IK E S I N
THE
U N IT E D
STA TES,
1 8 8 0 -1 9 3 6
workers were involved in these strikes, they caused 68 percent of
the total man-days idle. This would indicate that the extensive
strikes on the average were more prolonged than those involving only
a few establishments. There was a good deal of variation from year
to year in the proportion of total workers and man-days idle in
strikes confined to one or many establishments. In 1927 and 1928,
largely due to the coal strikes mentioned previously, 95 and 87 per
cent of the total man-days of idleness were in strikes occurring in
more than 10 establishments. In 1932 a few large strikes in textiles,
clothing, mining, and several building trades in New York City
accounted largely for the fact that 65 percent of the total workers
and 81 percent of the man-days idle during that year were in con
nection with strikes involving more than 10 establishments. On the
other hand, in 1936 only 33 percent of the total workers and 30 per
cent of the man-days idle were in connection with strikes extending
into more than 10 establishments.
Sex o f W orkers
In 60 percent of the strikes occurring during 1927-36, men alone
were involved. In 36 percent of the strikes both men and women
were involved. (See table 24.) About 73 percent of the total
number of persons involved in strikes during this period were men
and 17 percent were women. For 10 percent of the workers the sex
was not reported. (See table 25.)
T
able
24.—
N um ber o f strikes ending 1 9 2 7 -3 6 , by sex o f workers involved
Num ber of strikes involving—
Year
Total
Males
only
Females
only
Males and
females
Sex not
reported
1927 ____________________________________
1928 _____ ____________________________
1929 ____________________________________
1930______________ _______________________
1931________ ____________________ ________
666
620
924
651
796
525
435
604
473
542
11
11
23
14
12
130
174
297
164
237
5
1932______________________________________
1933______________________________________
1934____ _________________________________
1935______________________________________
1936_______ ______________________________
852
1,672
1,817
2,003
2,156
575
775
1,041
1,126
1,254
12
35
33
55
82
259
811
689
801
799
6
51
54
21
21
T otal for 10-year period___________________
12,157
7,350
288
4,361
158
Percentage for 10-year period. ___________
100.0
60.4
2.4
35.9
1.3
According to the 1930 census, 22 percent of those gainfully em
ployed were women. The lesser proportion of women involved in
strikes is probably due to the nature of the occupations in which large
numbers of them are engaged. Thus, women predominate in domestic
service and public-school teaching. Strikes are rare in these occupa-
A N A L Y S IS
OF ST R IK E S,
51
19 2 7 - 3 6
tions, not necessarily because the employees are women, but because
of the nature of the occupation. On the other hand, building con
struction, coal mining, steel, logging, and water, steam, and motor
transportation are essentially male occupations and the type of work
in which strikes are likely to occur.
T
able
2 5 . — N u m b e r o f p erson s involved in strikes en d in g in 1 9 2 7 - 8 6 , b y sex
Year
Total
Males
Sex not
reported
Females
1927____
__________ ____________________
___ ___
_______ __________________________________
1928
1929 ________________ ______ _________________________
1930 _______ _________________________________________
1931____ __________ _____________________ ____ _____
319,442
322,866
286,163
181,901
345,669
310,460
255,289
216,240
138,493
268,635
8,982
21,420
30,671
36,058
58,846
46,157
39,252
7,350
18,188
1932___________________________________________________
1933 _____________________________________ ____ _______
1934______ ____ _______________________________________
1935__________ ____ ___________________________________
1936___________________________________________________
324,960
1,143,910
1,480,343
1,101,902
709,748
243,759
748,620
920,200
903,814
538, 736
45,322
284,553
327,884
129,912
105,101
35,879
110, 737
232,259
68,176
65,911
Total for 10-year period
---------------------------------------------
6,216,904
4,544,246
1,048, 749
623,909
Percentage for 10-year period__________________________
100.0
73.1
16.9
10.0
Duration o f Strikes 8
On the average, the 12,157 strikes occurring from 1927 to 1936
lasted 22 days. Chiefly due to the prolonged strikes in the bituminouscoal industry, the average duration in 1927 and 1928 was unusually
large. In 1931 and 1933 the greater proportions of strikes lasting
less than 1 week and fewer number lasting longer than 3 months
caused the average duration of all strikes for these years to be less
than the 10-year average. The average duration of strikes in each
of the 10 years, in terms of calendar days, was as follows:
Average
duration
Year
1927____________
1928____________
1929____________
1930____________
1931____________
__________
__________
__________
__________
__________
26.
27.
22.
22.
18.
Year
5 1932 ___________ __________
6 1933____________ __________
6 1934____________ __________
3 1935____________ __________
8 1936____________ __________
Average
duration
19.
16.
19.
23.
23.
6
9
5
8
3
Aside from the year 1927 when only 27 percent of the strikes were
terminated within a week, and the years 1931 and 1933 referred to
above, the proportion of short (less than 1 week) strikes did not
greatly vary throughout the period. The low proportion of short
strikes in 1927 was offset by a greater than usual number of strikes
lasting one-half month to 3 months— 45.5 percent of the total. The
largest proportion of prolonged strikes was in 1928, when over 8
percent continued for 3 months or more. As mentioned above, the
lowest proportion of prolonged strikes occurred in 1931 (2.1 percent)
and 1933 (1.4 percent).
8 For information on duration of strikes in relation to results, see table 31.
T
able
Oi
2 6 .— Duration of strikes ending 1 9 2 7 -3 6
to
Strikes with duration of—
Year
Total
1 week
and less
than Yz
month
H month
and less
than 1
month
1 and less
than 2
months
2 and less
than 3
months
Total
3 months
or over
1 week
Less than and less
1 week
than H
month
Number of strikes
Yi month
1
2 and
and less lessand
than less than
than 1
2 months 3 months
month
3 months
or over
Percentage of strikes
152
131
218
157
169
138
98
143
111
136
118
75
127
80
116
47
30
33
41
39
30
51
43
24
17
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
27.2
38.0
38.9
36.5
40.1
22.8
21.1
23.6
24.1
21.2
20.7
15.8
15.5
17.1
17.1
17.7
12.1
13.7
12.3
14.6
7.1
4.8
3.6
6.3
4.9
4.5
8.2
4.7
3.7
2.1
1932____________
1933____________
1934____________
1935____________
1936____________
852
1, 672
1,817
2,003
2,156
334
700
703
709
753
165
362
360
437
512
149
307
337
347
382
146
222
288
284
291
35
57
88
127
106
23
24
41
99
112
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
39.2
41.8
38.7
35.5
35.0
19.4
21.7
19.8
21.8
23.7
17.5
18.4
18.5
17.3
17.7
17.1
13.3
15.9
14.2
13.5
4.1
3.4
4.8
6.3
4.9
2.7
1.4
2.3
4.9
5.2
Percentage of workers involved
319,442
322,866
286,163
181,901
345,669
47,504
84,243
113,845
43, 778
51,873
31,891
46, 570
56,047
75, 717
77,905
29,872
89,797
48,069
30,320
94,710
34,007
13,421
37,027
15,819
61,189
8,497
6,976
19,948
6,279
38,640
167,671
81,859
11, 227
9,988
21,352
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
14.9
26.1
39.8
24.1
15.0
10.0
14.4
19.6
41.5
22.5
9.4
27.7
16.8
16.7
27.4
10.6
4.2
12.9
8.7
17.7
2.7
2.2
7.0
3.5
11.2
52.4
25.4
3.9
5.5
6.2
1932____________
1933____________
1934____________
1935____________
1936____________
324,960
1,143,910
1,480, 343
1,101,902
709,748
55,166
326, 756
414,406
568, 581
224,601
67,894
241,502
227,957
190,312
142,788
75,963
265,792
565,863
103,232
157,068
64,656
227,063
208,891
111, 913
86,252
6,816
64,369
45,642
44, 213
60,173
54, 465
18,428
17, 584
83, 651
38,866
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
17.0
28.7
28.0
51.5
31.6
20.9
21.1
15.4
17.3
20.1
23.3
23.2
38.2
9.4
22.1
19.9
19.8
14.1
10.2
12.2
2.1
5.6
3.1
4.0
8.5
16.8
1.6
1.2
7.6
5.5
18 8 0 - 1 9 3 6
1927____________
1928____________
1929____________
1930____________
1931_____ ______
STA TES,
Number of workers involved
U N IT E D
181
235
360
238
319
THE
666
620
924
651
796
IN
1927____________
1928____________
1929____________
1930____________
1931____________
STR IKES
Less than
1 week
Strikes with duration of—
Percentage of man-days idle
Number of man-days idle
25, 689, 915
13,065. 634
5, 304, 638
3,107, 948
7, 212,127
142,911
246, 203
297, 279
146, 331
140, 648
260, 759
365,247
509, 254
826,062
649,118
514,110
1,126, 223
808, 858
441,148
1, 317, 612
1,182,838
365,148
1, 253, 350
542,487
1, 651,861
550,096
427.978
1, 226, 268
369,938
1, 768, 744
23,039, 201
10, 534,835
1, 209, 629
781,982
1, 684,144
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
.6
1.9
5.6
4.7
2.0
1.0
2.8
9.6
26.5
9.0
2.0
8.6
15.2
14.2
18.3
4.6
2.8
23.7
17.5
22.9
2.1
3.3
23.1
11.9
24.4
89.7
80.6
22.8
25.2
23.4
1932____________
1933____________
1934____________
1935____________
1936_________ _
10, 521,437
16, 563, 940
19,491,844
14, 918, 234
11, 432, 536
140,879
1, 071, 264
1,151, 515
2, 320, 904
545,159
674, 556
1,844,786
1, 610, 768
1, 303, 773
928, 299
1,051,992
3, 531,278
6,916. 711
1,471,969
2,161, 736
2,123, 744
5, 709,938
6,060,913
3,499,122
2, 598,424
358,019
2,964,047
2,236,851
1,986, 375
1,917,471
6,172, 247
1, 442, 627
1, 515,086
4, 336,091
3, 281,447
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
1.3
6.5
5.9
15.6
4.8
6.4
11.1
8.3
8.7
8.1
10.0
21.3
35.4
9.9
18.9
20.3
34.5
31.1
23.5
22.7
3.4
17.9
11.5
13.3
16.8
58.6
8.7
7.8
29.0
28.7
OF ST R IK E S,
19 2 7 - 3 6
A N A L Y S IS
1927____________
1928____________
1929____________
1930____________
1931____________
Or
00
54
STR IK ES I N
THE
U N IT E D
STA TES,
1 8 8 0 -1 9 3 6
Over 31 percent of the workers involved in all strikes during the
10-year period were in strikes lasting less than 1 week. Over 8 percent
of the workers were involved in the 4 percent of the strikes lasting
3 months or longer. The larger proportion of workers was principally
due to prolonged coal strikes in 1927, 1928, and 1932. In 4 of the
10 years the greatest percentage of workers were involved in strikes
lasting less than 1 week. The extensive but short-lived coal strike
in 1935 brought the proportion of workers involved in strikes of less
than 1 week to as high as 51.5 percent, and the proportion of man-days
idle to 15.6 percent.
Throughout the period less than 5 percent of the total man-days
idle were during strikes lasting less than 1 week while 42 percent were
during the strikes which lasted 3 months or longer. Again, the wide
spread and prolonged coal strikes were the major influences in causing
the percentages of man-days idle in strikes of 3 months or longer dura
tion to be as high as they were in 1927, 1928, and 1932. Although
the number of large strikes in 1933 and 1934 was comparatively great
(see table 22), most of them were brief. This accounts for the small
percentage of man-days idle in strikes lasting 3 months or longer
during these years.
Labor Organisations
The largest proportion of strikes taking place from 1927 to 1936
were under the auspices of unions affiliated with the American Fed
eration of Labor.9 These strikes included about three-fourths of the
total number of workers involved in strikes. Only five strikes, involv
ing 1,458 workers, were called by railroad brotherhoods during the
entire 10 years.
A relatively large number of strikes were called by independent
unions during the years 1929-33.1 Some of these independent unions
0
later affiliated with the A. F. of L. as, for example, the Amalgamated
Clothing Workers, which so affiliated during the latter part of 1933.
Others like the National Textile Workers, the Needle Trades Workers
Industrial Union, and the National Miners Union dissolved as separate
organizations and merged with A. F. of L. affiliates.
Independent unions were connected with a smaller proportion of
the total strikes during 1934-36. About 15 percent of the total
number of strikes involving independent unions during these 3 years
occurred on work-relief and W. P. A. projects.
The comparatively large number of strikes during 1929-33 in which
no union was involved1 is partially accounted for by the fact that many
0
of these workers had once belonged to trade-unions but the locals had
disintegrated during the depression. The workers, however, were
®See appendix II for methods used in classifying strikes b y labor organizations involved.
There m ay have been independent unions connected with some of those classified under “ no organiza
tion.” It is difficult to learn all the particulars about such strikes.
A N A L Y S IS
OF ST R IK E S,
19 2 7 - 3 6
55
accustomed to collective action and the strike weapon. An evidence
of this is that a large number of these strikes occurred in the industries
and areas which at a previous time had been unionized, e. g., coal
mines and shoe factories. Nearly one-fourth of the “ no organiza
tion” strikes during the years 1934-36 were on work-relief and
W. P. A. projects.
In September 1936 the executive council of the American Federation
of Labor suspended 10 of its international unions which were associated
with the Committee for Industrial Organization. These, together
with independent unions which were never affiliated with the A. F. of L.
before they joined the C. I. O., participated in 133 strikes involving
105,814 workers during the months from September through December
1936.
Or
T a b l e 2 7 . — L abor organizations involved in strikes en d in g 1 9 2 7 - 3 6
Types of labor organization involved
1927
1929
1928
1930
1931
|
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
Number of strikes ending in year
.
..................
620
924
651
796
852
1, 672
1,817
2,003
2,156
574
432
473
486
806
66
2
424
1
57
3
163
5
61
1
136
6
38
61
35
52
61
22
37
145
59
92
6
102
6
1
61
136
17
343
14
4
31
317
157
1,379
1
231
14
9
31
116
36
1, 551
1
258
11
15
2
160
5
2 1, 780
2
161
2
10
7
183
11
24
118
82
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
71.1
62. 2
66. 3
59.4
57.0
48. 2
8.4
.3
68.4
.2
9.2
.5
17.6
.5
9.4
.2
16.0
.7
5.7
9. 2
5.3
8.4
9.8
3.5
4.0
15.7
9. I
14. 1
.9
12.8
.8
.1
7. 7
17. 1
2. 1
20. 5
.8
.2
1.9
19. 0
9.4
75.9
0)
12.7
.8
.5
1. 7
6. 4
2. 0
77.5
0)
13.0
.5
.7
.1
8. 0
.2
282. 5
.1
7. 5
.1
.5
.3
8. 5
.5
1,101, 902
709, 748
2.8
13. 9
9. 6
Number of workers involved in strikes ending in year
Total_________________________________ _______ ______ ___________
319,442
322, 866
286,163
181, 901.
345, 669
324, 960
1,143, 910
American Federation of L abor................. ............. .......................... .
Railroad brotherhoods....... ........................................... ..................... .
Nonaffiliated unions_____________________________________________
Tw o rival unions_________ _____ ________ ____________________ ._
Company unions____ __________ ___________________ ________ ____
Organization involved but type not reported........ ................. ...........
N o organization
_____ ____ ________ ________________________ .
280, 628
197, 563
400
41,375
32, 345
191, 409
138, 241
212, 375
238, 038
684, 247
48, 369
280
18,126
250
37 595
9,237
4, 351
8, 651
37, 454
9,698
15, 403
183
16, 405
45
6, 659
9 152
1, 480, 343
1, 220, 894
972,171
2 590, 419
28
560
470
101,301
152, 264
86, 271
42, 499
314, 246
79, 221
264
67, 463
8,026
383
25, 222
4,040
229
2,440
2,905
1, 743
1, 751
4, 860
5, 252
64
360
6,267
4,969
23, 436
32,941
26, 377
78, 857
32,369
26,762
N 1, 797
ot reported as to whether 335 not any organization was inv olv ed ..
464
34, or
533
4, 616
1 8 8 0 -1 9 3 6
100.0
American Federation of Labor_________________________________
Railroad brotherhoods......... ......................... .......... ...............................
Nonaffiliated unions.. _____________________ . . . . _ __________
Tw o rival unions___________ _______ . _
.....
_ . ....
Company unions_______ ___________________________ ______ _____
Organization involved but type not reported_____________________
N o organization___________________________ ______________ ____ _
N ot reported as to whether or not any organization was involved..
STA TES,
Total___ ____________________________ _____ _________ ____ _______
U N IT E D
Percentage of total strikes ending in year
THE
666
474
STR IK ES I N
Total_______________________ ____________ _
American Federation of Labor..................... ..................... ...
....
Railroad brotherhoods_______________ _____ ___________________
Nonaffiliated unions.. __________________________ _______ _______
Two rival unions. . . . _________ . . . . ______ ________ ______ . . .
Company unions____________ _________ _____ __________ _______
Organization involved but type not reported_______ _____ _______
N o organization___________ I _______ 1_____ ________ _____ ______
N ot reported as to whether or not any organization was involved..
6, 553
Percentage of total workers involved in strikes ending in year
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
61.3
.1
66.9
76.0
61.4
73.3
59.7
5.1
12.8
29.3
.1
.1
1.8
6.8
.5
13.1
.1
27.5
82. 5
0)
10.3
4.6
1.5
8. 1
3.9
.5
6.9
3.0
88.3
0)
7.9
.7
.2
0)
2.9
0
283.1
.1
11.2
.6
.2
.1
4.6
.1
................. 25, 689,915 13, 065, 634 5, 304, 638 3,107, 948 7, 212,127 10, 521,437 16, 563, 940 19, 491,844 14,918, 234
11,432, 536
100.0
2.9
2. 1
.1
10.0
.1
11.6
2.9
1.3
2. 1
16.9
10.0
0
3.0
13.1
5.3
8.5
.1
2.2
.2
.2
.3
1.8
.3
Number of man-days idle as a result of strikes ending in year
Total_________________
_
7,888, 325 3,195, 808 2,496, 391 4,967,181
400
880,621 1,432, 343
281,883 1,893,170
245,472
4,865
1, 500
3,065
687
69, 725
3,850, 031
196, 084
166, 776
256,155
159, 259
475, 538
156, 365
41, 526
22,144
5,033
9, 469, 034 10, 580, 767 16,635, 880 12, 765,908 U0,059,390
22, 180
1, 880
56
554, 561 4,470, 333 1,868, 279 1, 658,942
1,113, 054
2, 653
702,121
678, 064
202, 260
13, 480
25, 891
13,135
17, 873
18,403
161, 491
28,295
91, 952
3, 141
695
199, 332
497, 656
194, 819
131, 500
269, 610
134, 366
258, 877
71,154
8, 599
2,360
Total________________________________________________ _____ _____
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
American Federation of Labor___________________________________
Railroad brotherhoods____ _____ ____ __________ _____ ___________
Nonafliliated unions_____ ________________________________________
T w o rival unions________________________________________________
Com pany unions___________________________ ______ _______ ______
Organization involved but type not reported_____________________
N o organization_________________________________________________
N o t reported as to whether or not any organization was involved ..
97.9
60.4
60. 2
80.3
68. 9
90. 0
63.8
85. 2
85. 6
6.7
1.9
27.0
.1
9. 1
3. 7
9. 0
27.0
4.2
.2
.2
3. 0
1. 6
288. 0
2
9. 7
.1
2
29. 5
1. 2
.3
26. 2
0
0)
1.0
3. 6
.3
5.3
0
19 2 7 - 3 6
Percentage of total man-days idle as a result of strikes ending in year
OF ST R IK E S,
American Federation of Labor______________________ ____ _______ 25,137, 490
Railroad brotherhoods_____________________ _____ _________ _____
198,143
. . . . . ..
___ ______________
Nonafliliated unions.________
360
T w o rival unions. _______
.....
_____ . . . _
Company u n io n s ________ _ ___________________________________
140, 530
Organization involved but type not reported____ ____ ___________
112, 787
N o organization.. ______ _________ . ______ _____ _____________
100, 605
N ot reported as to whether or not any organization was involved..
A N A L Y S IS
100.0
87.8
Total.
American Federation of Labor________________________________
Railroad brotherhoods____ _______ _____________ ___________ _____
NonaflSliated unions.—----------- ----------------------------------------------------T w o rival unions _________ ______________________________________
Company u n i o n s . ________ ____________ ____ _______ ____ ______
Organization involved but type not reported............... ......................
N o organization_________________________________________________
N ot reported as to whether or not any organization was involved..
.8
0)
.5
.4
.4
0
5. 4
5. 0
.2
1 Less than Ho o f 1 percent.
in clu d e s strikes in which were involved the 10 international unions suspended b y the A . F. of L. in September 1936.
0
1. 5
1.9
1.3
See text above.
0
9.6
3. 5
.1
.5
.7
.4
0
11. 1
1.4
.1
0)
1.8
0
0
1.7
.1
<1
58
STRIKES IN THE UNITED STATES, 18 8 0 -1 9 3 6
Major Issues
In table 28 strikes are assigned to 18 classifications according to their
major issues or causes. These classifications are divided into three
groups: (1) Wages and hours, (2) union organization, (3) miscellane
ous. In actual strike situations the major issues are varied and com
plex, with overlapping between these groups. Thus, in many strikes
where the question of union recognition seems to be the major issue,
questions of wages and hours are also important. Wages and hours
demands are frequently accompanied by questions of seniority, work
ing rules, and other working conditions.1
1
In the 10-year period 1927-36, 44 percent of the strikes were con
cerned chiefly with questions of wages and hours, 40 percent with
union-organization matters, and 16 percent with other issues, such as
jurisdiction, work surroundings, objection to certain foremen or work
ing rules, etc. Hours, as a single issue, was the major cause of com
paratively few strikes throughout the period although hours combined
with wages were factors in a number of the disputes.
About these same proportions pertain to the total number of workers
involved in strikes: 44 percent were connected with strikes caused
chiefly over questions of wages and hours, 38 percent over unionorganization matters, and 18 percent over other questions. About
56 percent of the man-days idle because of strikes between 1927 and
1936 were due chiefly to wages and hours demands, 36 percent to
questions of union organization, and 8 percent to other causes.
There was considerable variation from year to year in the propor
tion of strikes due to various causes. Demands for wage increases
was the greatest single cause of strikes in 1927, this being the major
issue in 22 percent of the strikes. In that year strikes in protest
against wage decreases involved 54 percent of all the workers involved
in strikes. Most of these workers were in the bituminous-coal strike.
During the next year 18 percent of the strikes were for wage increases,
while 12 percent were called in protest against wage decreases. Wage
reductions brought on an increasingly larger proportion of strikes,
until in 1932 half of all the strikes were due to this reason.
In 1933, with the beginning of business recovery, a reverse trend
set in, about 42 percent of the strikes being for wage increases and
hour decreases, with about 13 percent against wage decreases. Dur
ing the next year, 32 percent of the strikes were for wage increases
and hour decreases and only 6 percent were in protest against wage
decreases. About this same proportion continued until the first
month after the invalidation of the National Industrial Recovery
A c t1 when, for the first time since 1932, there were almost twice as
2
w See appendix II, p. 166, for discussion of problems pertaining to classification of strikes b y major issues
involved.
1 fahecfiter v. United States, 295 U. S. 495, M a y 27, 1935,
3
ANALYSIS OF STRIKES, 192 7 -3 6
59
Chart 4
M A JO R ISSU ES INVOLVED IN S TR IK E S
1 9 2 7 -1 9 3 6
Major issues :
U. S. Bureau of L abor Statistics
13894°— 38--------5
IV7771 Mis c e l l a n e o u s
| Un io n Or g a n iz a t io n
| Wa g es a n o H o ur s
60
STRIKES IN THE UNITED STATES,
1 8 8 0 -1 9 3 6
many strikes in protest against wage decreases as for wage increases.
While such protest strikes slightly declined during succeeding months,
the proportion for the year (1935) was comparatively high— about
60 percent as many as for wage increases and hour decreases. In
1936 about 9 percent of the strikes were in protest against wage
decreases and hour increases and 26 percent for wage increases and
hour decreases.1
3
During 1927 and 1928 about one-third of the total number of strikes
were due to demands for union recognition, closed shop, and protest
against union discrimination and violation of union agreements. In
1929 over 40 percent? were chiefly over these issues. The proportion
declined during the next 3 years. In 1932 less than one-fifth of all
the strikes were due to union-organization matters. Even in the
midst of the depression, however, union-organization activity was
not entirely absent. In 1930, for instance, almost 42 percent of the
workers involved in strikes were in strikes in which union organiza
tion matters were the dominant issues. A large proportion of these
were in the textile industry.
After the beginning of recovery, the proportion of strikes over
union-organization questions increased. In 1935 almost half of the
strikes were due to union-organization matters. The comparatively
small proportion of workers (26 percent) involved in these strikes is
due to the influence of the general bituminous-coal strike for a wage
increase. Excluding this mining strike, more workers in 1935 were
involved in strikes due to union-organization questions than to wages
and hours. In 1936 over half of the total strikes were due to questions
of union organization. These strikes involved over half of the workers
engaged in industrial disputes during that year.
During the 10-year period less than 3 percent of the strikes, includ
ing about an equal proportion of all workers involved in strikes, were
due to internal disputes among unions— that is, over matters of juris
diction or quarrels between rival unions or factions. About 1% per
cent of all strikes, including about 5 percent of all workers involved,
were sympathetic strikes.
is During the latter part of 1935 and in 1936 when strikes in protest against wage decreases and hour increases
were declining, strikes for union organization were increasing (see following paragraphs). A n y causal rela
tionship between the two is difficult to trace clearly. W hen wages and hours were secondary factors in
organization strikes, m any were for wage increases and hour decreases. Since any wage and hour changes
which took place between the termination of N . R . A . and the time of the strike are not known, it is impos
sible to determine whether these strikes were for restoration of wage and hour scales in force during the
N . R , A . or for improvements over N . R . A . conditions.
T
able
1927
2 8 . — M a j o r issu es involved in strikes en ding 1 9 2 7 - 3 6
1929
1928
1930
|
1931
|
1932
1935
1934
1933
1936
M ajor issues
Number of strikes ending in year
2,156
_ _ ___________________
666
620
924
651
796
852
1,672
1,817
2,003
W
ages and hours----------------------------------------------
273
222
284
447
560
926
717
760
147
61
47
1
1
16
113
75
22
2
3
7
373
90
329
10
9
4
5
100
421
24
10
4
17
70
165
39
3
1
6
5
543
220
152
1
1
9
487
112
100
6
2
10
368
178
96
73
33
12
413
151
146
19
15
12
240
382
207
221
66
35
3
162
533
835
945
1,083
74
23
5
10
43
45
40
226
86
28
1
19
63
20
9
163
145
1
81
41
95
179
194
173
272
168
151
232
14
357
130
120
24
153
172
169
317
18
2
16
117
7
3
21
141
16
5
22
126
All issues___________
Union organization............. ............. ... _______
Miscellaneous_________ _____ . . . _ ___________
48
21
3
12
59
44
20
160
14
1
29
116
34
29
52
38
12
15
21
45
28
5
7
226
224
1
101
109
154
20
128
130
213
265
298
6
7
22
91
2
3
6
16
97
8
9
15
16
150
23
45
15
22
169
14
42
12
25
218
1
7
7
25
2
37
251
2
19 2
S y m p a th y -----------------------------------------------Rival unions or factions_____ _______
_ _
Jurisdiction___ ___________________________
Other ____________________________________
N ot reported______ ____ __________________
102
62
1
32
91
66
28
756
OF ST R IK E S,
Recognition_____ __ _____ ____________
Recognition and w ages.. _____ __________
Recognition and hours___ _ _. . . . _. ..
Recognition, wages, and hours____________
Closed shop. __ __________________________
Discrimination________ ______ _________ .
Other_________________ _____ _____________
130
129
93
A N A L Y S IS
Wage increase. ______ . . . ____
. ...
Wagedecrease. _____ _________ . . .
... .
Wage increase, hour decrease________ _____
Wage decrease, hour increase______________
Hour increase_________ _ ________________
Hour decrease_________ ____________ ____ ...
O*
T
able
2 8 . — M a jo r issu es involved in strikes en d in g 1 9 2 7 - 3 6 — Continued
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
Major issues
Percentage of total strikes ending in year
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Wage increase-------------------------------------------W age decrease_____ ______________ _______
Wage increase, hour decrease______________
Wage decrease, hour increase______________
Hour increase________ ____ ____ ________
Hour decrease----------- ---------------- -------------
41.0
22.0
9.1
7.1
.2
.2
2.4
35.8
18.3
12.1
3.5
.3
.5
1.1
40.4
14.1
14.0
10.1
.4
1.8
43.6
10.8
25.2
6.0
.5
.2
.9
56.1
11.3
41.3
1.3
1.1
.5
.6
65.7
11.7
49.4
2.8
1.2
.6
55.4
32.4
13.2
9.1
.1
.1
.5
39.5
26.8
6.2
5.5
.3
.1
6
37.9
18.4
8. 9
4.8
3.6
1.6
.6
35.1
19.1
7.0
6.8
.9
.7
.6
Organization........... ..........................................
86.0
36.5
41.3
31.8
19.0
31.9
45.9
47.2
50.2
Recognition----------------- -------------- ----------Recognition and wages________ _ ________
_ _
Recognition and h o u rs ___
Recognition, wages, and hours------------------Closed shop_______ _______________________
Discrimination________ ___________________
Other--------------------------- -----------------------------
11.0
3.5
.8
1.5
6.5
6.7
6.0
13.8
4.5
.2
3.1
10.2
3.2
1.5
11.1
6.7
.1
3.5
9.8
7.1
3.0
7.4
3.2
.5
1.8
9.0
6.8
3.1
27.8
8.3
4.4
.4
1.9
6.5
4.8
1.5
4.0
3.4
9. 7
8.7
.1
4.8
2.5
5.7
.4
12.3
12.3
.1
5.6
6.0
8. 5
1.1
8.9
9.7
.3
8.4
7.5
11.7
.7
8.0
12.6
16.6
6.0
5.6
1.1
Miscellaneous---------------------------------------------------
28.0
27.7
1.1
.5
18.3
24.6
16.1
15.3
14.9
14.7
3.4
22. 7
2.4
13.7
.4
.7
1.9
11.4
.9
12.7
.5
14.6
.8
.9
2.8
11.3
.3
All issues_______ ___
___
Sym pathy________________________________
Rival unions or factions.__________________
Jurisdiction_______ ________________ _____
Other_____________________________________
Not reported....... ........... ............ ...............
5.7
.3
2.4
17.6
1.7
.5
2.2
.2
4.5
17.7
2.5
5.2
3.3
.6
.9
1.0
8.9
1.4
2.5
.8
1.2
9.3
.8
2.1
.6
1.2
11.0
0)
•3
1.2
.1
1.7
11.6
.1
Number of workers involved in strikes ending in year
All issues_____________________________________
319,442
322,866
286,163
181,901
345,669
324,960
W
ages and hours._____ ________________________
232,217
139,913
104,059
155,308
234,158
21,310
111, 619
4,993
445
142
1,404
73,223
30, 743
26,160
35,163
14,886
38,091
17,091
364
103
2,688
31, 791
110,141
8,237
2,378
1,930
831
19,064
189,272
23,116
2,611
Wage increase-------------------------------------------Wage decrease________________ __________
Wage increase, hour decrease_____________
Wage decrease, hour increase__________ __
Hour increase. _
______
_________ . .
Hour decrease...............— ....................... .......
39,159
172,442
17,878
26
8
2,704
225
11,768
95
1,48’0,343
1 m, 902
,
709,748
544,084
346,174
662,539
250,672
220,162
61,961
259,144
70
24
2,723
207,868
46,529
79,796
10,578
760
643
561,423
46, 585
31,303
16,309
6,068
851
142,663
45,031
37,178
2,665
17,676
5,459
1,143,910
STRIKES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1 8 8 0 - 1 9 3 6
______________
W
ages and hours.--------------------------------------
44,451
Miscellaneous____________________
Sym pathy_______ ____________
Rival unions or factions______
Jurisdiction__________________
Other________________________
N ot rep orted .._______ ________
42,774
6, 785
6,827
975
4,818
7,417
8,051
9, 578
12,634
45
7,350
22, 745
762, 367
287, 876
365,019
32, 708
2, 047
2, 055
1,173
168, 784
162, 717
2,000
102,645
6,090
21,118
1,918
111, 446
458,329
125
131, 463
16, 586
39, 304
5,114
34, 271
68, 736
557
94,879
46, 213
34,883
8,337
47,347
103, 521
325
120,820
42, 543
26,019
24,444
74,364
17, 862
134, 554
371,802
151, 487
94,057
1,474
297
1,689
70, 769
135
366
383
1,122
15,090
901
207,897
67,665
1,935
91, 692
2, 613
61,066
8,105
3, 535
78,762
19
4,976
4,040
4,236
80,647
158
100.0
101,724
76,949
72,940
19,901
16, 549
36
37, 360
8,009
16,608
3,261
115,997
51,836
14,149
250
14,807
6,282
7,197
799
10,133
4, 575
2, 642
40, 712
7,898
9. 309
680
40, 554
47,022
742
12,453
5, 784
7, 695
1, 747
87,633
80,380
82,729
95,320
255
32,345
1,645
53,388
14, 268
280
2, 431
63, 401
1, 521
250
1,927
29,031
2,820
32,137
465,272
1,892
65, 222
1,808
62,130
3, 502
Percentage of total workers involved in strikes ending in year
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Wages and hours_________________
Wage increase________________
Wage decrease_______________
Wage increase, hour decrease..
Wage decrease, hour increase..
Hour increase________________
Hour decrease____ ___________
72.7
43.4
36.4
40.3
44.9
72.1
47.5
23.4
60.2
12.3
54.0
5.6
6.7
34.7
1.5
10.7
9.1
12.4
8.2
20.9
9.4
.2
.1
1.5
9.2
31.8
2.4
.7
.6
.2
5.9
58.3
7.1
.8
19.2
5.4
22.7
14.1
3.1
5.4
51.0
4.2
2.8
1.5
.6
.1
20.1
6.3
41.7
33.6
22.4
40.7
26.1
51.4
11.7
13.7
.2
3.6
1.7
2.2
.5
.9
9.9
10.0
.6
.6
.4
14.8
14.2
.2
9.(h
.5
1.8
.2
11.8
0)
0)
.1
Organization_____________________
Recognition__________________
Recognition and wages_______
Recognition and hours_______
Recognition, wages, and hours
Closed shop__________________
Discrimination______________
Other._______________________
13.9
29.5
35.5
2.1
2.1
.3
1.5
2.3
2.5
3.1
16.1
4.4
.1
4.6
1.9
2.2
.2
7.0
5.8
(0
13.0
2.8
5.8
1.1
5.6
2.5
1.5
22.3
4.3
5.1
.4
Miscellaneous____________________
Sym pathy___________________
Rival unions or factions______
Jurisdiction__________________
Other________________________
N ot reported___________ ____ _
13.4
27.1
28.1
18.0
21.5
5.5
5.0
.1
.8
22.2
.8
.1
1.1
16.0
.4
.1
.5
20.5
.1
.1
.3
4.7
.3
.8
4.0
0)
2.3
7.1
.1
10.0
.5
16.5
0)
0)
0)
0)
.7
.1
.2
.2
5.7
.2
5.4
.3
0)
51.5
.8
8.9
1.1
2.7
.3
3.1
6.2
.1
8.5
4.2
3.2
.8
25.1
13.7
13.3
14.0
4.6
.1
6.2
.2
5.5
.7
.3
7.2
.7
.6
.6
11.4
7.5
31.0
0)
5.2
.4
2.5
0)
6.7
14.6
0)
17.0
6.0
3.7
3.4
192 7 -3 6
.4
.1
4.1
0)
35.3
OF S T B IK E S ,
All issues________________________
A N A L Y S IS
Organization....................................
Recognition__________________
Recognition and wages_______
Recognition and hours________
Recognition, wages, and hours.
Closed shop__________________
Discrimination_______________
Other_____ ____ ______________
0)
i Less than Ho of 1 percent.
O
00
T
able
2 8 . — M a jo r issu es involved in strikes en ding 1 9 2 7 - 3 6 — Continued
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
Major issues
Number of man-days idle as a result of strikes ending in year
25,689,915
13,065,634
5,304,638
3,107, 948
7,212,127
10, 521,437
16,563,940
19,491, 844
14,918, 234
11,432, 536
24,049,622
836, 312
22, 883,857
293,408
26
104
35.915
10,731, 568
491,937
10,100,370
113,485
10,410
5,780
9,586
2,311,270
478,987
359,887
1,122,055
3,216,684
428,081
2,302,083
410,970
29,484
16,035
30,031
8, 583,088
344, 633
8, 073, 272
108, 089
54, 759
725
349, 616
1,309,636
218, 527
835,821
205, 565
34, 706
4,223
10,794
6,309,415
2, 581,084
1,156, 214
2, 556,010
770
312
15,025
4, 732, 677
2,481,486
464,964
1, 560, 525
213,672
2,020
10,010
6,399, 526
4,920, 316
954,468
273,308
196,391
48, 297
6,746
3,685, 852
1,820, 000
879,170
468,704
54, 366
384, 328
79, 284
Organization___________________________________
Recognition______ ________________________
Recognition and wages____________________
Recognition and hours ___________________
Recognition, wages, and hours_____________
Closed shop________ _____ ________________
Discrimination_____ ____ _______________
Other______________ ______________________
843, 535
138,004
195,001
10, 240
159,939
104,913
64,560
170,878
1, 555, 889
691,583
124,013
14,250
411,540
257,389
40,771
16,343
1,953,952
385,161
402,692
756
679,824
245,099
199,182
41,238
1,467,228
379,198
228,926
60,443
574,911
126,951
88,073
8,726
3,026, 865
1,415,715
1,055,471
10,070
365,823
106,897
52,788
20,101
1, 740,190
38,357
1,150,173
451,976
40,068
35,378
24,238
8,664,221
2, 745, 567
2, 558, 618
4,000
3, 000,544
69, 602
264, 716
21,174
12,236,680
2,085,822
5,830, 737
10, 750
3,538, 547
252,488
466, 742
51,594
7,051,122
746, 253
2,391, 813
4,122
2,496, 513
704,558
623, 241
84, 622
6, 882,037
829, 047
2,273, 459
7,382
2,310, 771
667, 983
618, 526
174,869
Miscellaneous__________ ________________ __ _
Sym pathy________________________________
Rival unions or factions _________________
Jurisdiction._____ ________________________
Other. _____________________________ _____ _
Not rep orted ..____ __________ ____________
796,758
339,716
360
103,798
352,884
778,177
2,040
245,472
38,366
492,299
1,039,416
148,706
4,865
93,713
792,132
331,084
11,686
1, 500
22,957
294,941
968, 578
11,314
4,121
28,026
923,332
1,785
198,159
1,446
2, 653
14,250
171,081
8, 729
1,590,304
7,994
942,121
40, 509
574,915
24, 765
2, 522,487
1,097,825
678,872
34,176
685,026
26, 588
1,467,586
280,914
203, 603
63, 025
919, 626
418
864,647
29,599
13,480
62, 236
757, 372
1,960
All issues_________________
2,335
STRIKES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1 8 8 0 - 1 9 36
__________________
Wages and hours--------- -------------------- ---------Wage increase. _____ ___ _____ __________
Wage decrease_____________________________
Wage increase, hour decrease______________
Wage decrease, hour increase__
Hour increase____________ ________________
Hour decrease_____ _____ _________________
Percentage of total man-days idle as a result o f strikes ending in year
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100 0
100.0
93.6
3.3
89.1
1.1
82.1
3.8
77.2
.9
.1
43.6
9.0
6.8
21.2
42.1
7.0
27.0
6.6
1.1
.1
.3
44.6
5.9
32.0
5.7
.4
.2
.4
81.6
3.3
76.8
1.0
.5
38.1
15.6
7.0
15.4
24.3
12.7
2.4
8.0
1.1
42.9
33.1
6.4
1.8
1.3
.3
32.2
15.8
7.7
4.1
.5
3.4
.7
47.2
12.2
7.4
1.9
18.5
4.1
2.8
.3
42.0
19.7
14.6
.1
5.1
1.5
.7
.3
47.8
5.0
16.0
16.8
4.7
4.2
.6
60.2
7.3
19.9
.1
20.2
5.8
5.4
1.5
10.7
.4
13.4
.2
.1
.4
12.7
9.8
1.9
1.4
.4
6.1
7.6
.3
.1
*5
6.7
Wage increase_____ __________
Wage decrease_______________
Wage increase, hour decrease _
Wage decrease, hour increase _.
Hour increase________________
Hour decrease________________
(9
(l)
Organization__________________
Recognition__________________
Recognition and wages_______
Recognition and hours_______
Recognition, wages, and hours
Closed shop__________________
Discrimination_______________
Other________________________
(9
(9
11.9
5.4
.9
.1
3.1
2.0
.3
.1
.6
.4
.3
.7
3.1
1.3
.4
1.4
.1
6.0
(9
1.9
.3
3.8
0)
6.6
36.8
7.3
7.6
0)
12.7
4.6
3.8
.8
19.6
2.8
.1
1.8
14.9
(9
.7
9.6
(9
(9
(9
(9
52.3
16.6
15.4
16.5
.4
10.9
4.3
.4
.3
.2
(9
(9
.1
1.7
.1
18.2
.4
1.6
.1
9.6
1.9
(9
(9
.1
5.8
.2
3.5
.1
(9
.1
62.8
10.7
29.8
.1
18.2
1.3
2.4
.3
12.9
5. 6
3.5
.2
3.5
.1
(9
(9
(9
(9
192 7 -3 6
1 Less than Ho of 1 percent.
(9
3.3
.5
.8
Miscellaneous___ __________
Sympathy___________________
Rival unions or factions______
Jurisdiction__________________
Other________________________
Not reported_________________
.1
OF S T R IK E S,
100.0
Wages and hours______________
A N A L Y S IS
All issues-------------------------------
Or
66
STR IK ES I N
THE
U N IT E D
STA TES,
1 8 8 0 -1 9 3 6
Results o f Strikes to Workers
Any classification of the results of strikes is necessarily a matter of
judgment and can be considered only proximate. For this reason,
strikes are not categorically classified as successful or unsuccessful but
are measured in such relative terms as substantial gains to workers,
partial gains or compromises, and little or no gains to workers.1 Such
4
terminology, however, is likely to be misleading in the case of defensive
strikes, that is, strikes against wage decreases or hour increases. Even
though such a strike is successful, it merely means a continuation of
the status quo and not a betterment of employment conditions, as
the term “ substantial gains to workers” might imply. During some
years, particularly in times of business depression, many of the strikes
classified as resulting in substantial gains to workers were really only a
successful staving off of less satisfactory conditions. This is revealed
in table 30, where the results of strikes in protest against wage de
creases and hour increases are shown.
Table 29 indicates the results of all strikes ending during the years
1927-36. During the 10-year period practically the same number of
strikes resulted in substantial gains to workers as resulted in little or no
gains. About 36 percent brought substantial gains to the workers, 24
percent were compromised, and 35 percent resulted in little or no gains.
Results of a few were indeterminate or not reported. More workers
were in successful strikes than in strikes bringing no gains. About 30
percent of the total number of workers involved won their strikes, 42
percent compromised, and 22 percent lost. By far the largest propor
tion of man-days of idleness was spent in strikes resulting in no gains to
workers. Strikes which were won included 17 percent of the man-days
idle during all strikes, strikes which were compromised included 36
percent of the man-days, and strikes which were lost included 43
percent.
The proportions of successful, compromised, and lost strikes differed
from year to year. From 1927 through 1932 about one-fourth of the
strikes were successful from the viewpoint of the workers. During
1933 and 1934 more than one-third and in 1935 and 1936 almost half
of the strikes brought substantial gains to workers. During the years
1927 to 1932 from 40 to 52 percent of the strikes resulted in no gains
to workers. This is in contrast to the next 4 years, when only 27 to
33 percent of the strikes resulted in no gains (see chart 5).
Because of the influence of the prolonged and large strikes 1 the
5
percentages of workers and man-days idle in the three categories varied
from the number of strikes. Thus the loss of the general coal strike in
1927 caused 66 percent of the total workers involved and 92 percent of
the total man-days idle during strikes of that year to be classified under
1 See A ppendix II, p. 167, for explanation of interpretation of results of strikes.
4
1 See appendix I, p. 161,
8
ANALYSIS OF STRIKES, 19 2 7 - 3 6
67
“Little or no gains.” The failure of another prolonged coal strike in
1928 caused the percentage of man-days idle in the lost-strikes category
to be relatively high. A dispute between unions in the anthracite fields
in the same year caused the highest percentage of workers in any year
to be listed under the fourth category of “Jurisdiction or rival unions.”
Short but extensive strikes among cloak and suit workers in New
York in 1929 and among dressmakers in 1930 resulting in compromises,
account partially for the large proportion of workers and man-days
idle involved in compromised strikes in 1929 and 1930. During 1931
there were several large strikes in textiles, clothing, and coal which
resulted in compromise settlements. A ^months’ strike in the Illinois
coal fields in 1932 caused the proportion of man-days idle in the loststrike category to be as high as it was. In 1933 most of the large
strikes resulted in successful and compromise settlements and this
accounts for the comparatively low percentages of workers and mandays idle in the “Little or no gains” classification.
The general textile strike enhanced the percentage of compromised
strikes in 1934, so far as workers and man-days idle were concerned.
The brief but extensive coal strike in 1935 materially helped to raise
the proportion of workers in successful strikes to 54 percent.
Since most of the strikes in 1936 involving as many as 10,000
workers resulted in favorable settlements and none were lost, there
was greater parity in proportions of number of strikes, workers, and
man-days idle in each of the categories. A greater percentage of the
larger and longer-than-average strikes, however, resulted in com
promise settlements, as is indicated by the fact that, while 24 percent
of all strikes were compromised, these involved 36 percent of the
workers and 37 percent of the man-days idle.1
6
1 See table 31, p. 78, for an analysis of strikes in relation to their duration.
6
68
STRIKES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1 8 8 0 - 1 9 3 6
C hart 5
R E S U L T S O F S T R IK E S
1 9 2 7 - 1936
i//
U. S . B u r e a u
of
L a b o r S t a t is t ic s
/ / \ O thers
| L ost
| Compromise
Substantially
Won
.
T able 2 9 — Results of strikes ending 1 9 2 7 -3 6
Results
1929
192 8
1927
1931
1930
1933
1932
1936
1935
1934
Number of strikes ending in year
T otal____________ _______
____
-
____ _
21
620
173
171
244
24
6
2
924
651
796
852
1,672
1,817
2,003
2,156
260
233
380
27
21
3
156
150
290
30
24
1
212
146
372
29
35
2
233
134
442
22
4
17
617
442
525
30
11
47
634
571
512
37
17
46
886
374
669
37
24
13
991
508
592
39
22
4
Percentage of total strikes ending in year
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100,0
25.5
24.9
41.4
2.7
2.3
3.2
27.9
27.6
39.3
3.9
1.0
.3
28.1
25.2
41.2
2.9
2.3
.3
24.0
23.0
44.5
4.6
3.7
26.6
18.3
46.8
3.6
4.4
.3
27.3
15.7
51.9
2.6
.5
2.0
36.9
26.4
31.4
1.8
.7
2.8
35.0
31.4
28.2
2.0
.9
2.5
44.3
18.7
33.4
1.8
1.2
.6
45.9
23.6
27.5
1.8
1.0
.2
.2
T o ta l_______ _____ ____________________________
319. 442
322,866
286,163
181,901
345,669
324,960
1,143,910
1,480,343
1,101,902
709,748
Substantial gains to workers______ ___________
Partial gains or com prom ises.. . ______________
Little or no gains___________ ____ _
_________
Jurisdiction or rival unions. . . . ______________
Indeterminate. ______________________________
N ot re p o rte d ...........................................................
26,710
60,530
212,063
7,395
4,786
7,958
79,278
103,555
102,122
33,990
3,305
616
69, 597
117,191
92,746
2, 711
3,742
176
29,585
86,361
58,792
2,177
4,973
13
47, 287
149,168
136,980
1,986
10,068
180
90,273
102,495
128,711
1,505
279
1,697
399, 534
523, 767
177,192
27,030
3,246
13,151
232,484
918,915
202,143
69,600
50,237
6,964
596, 253
296,885
161,598
11, 640
34, 755
771
19 2 7 -3 6
Num ber of workers involved in strikes ending in year
S T R IK E S ,
100.0
Substantial gains to w orkers.._ _______________
iPartial gains or compromises______
. . . ___
Little or no g a in s __________ _______ __________
Jurisdiction or rival unions___________ _______
Indeterminate________________
___________
N o t reported.. ________________ ____ _________
OF
T o ta l______________ __________________________
A N A L Y S IS
Substantial gains to workers—- _____ ____ — Partial gains or compromises - _______________
Little or no g a in s _ ____ _______ ____ __ . . . Jurisdiction or rival unions. . . . _ _ ________
Indeterminate. __ _____ _____________ ______
N ot reported_________ ________________________
666
170
166
276
18
15
288,952
254, 751
120,288
8,276
36,879
602
oa
co
T
Results
able
1927
2 9 . — Results of strikes ending 1927-36 — Continued
1928
1929
1930
1931
|
o
1933
1932
1934
|
1935
1936
Percentage of total workers involved in strikes ending in year
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Substantial gains to workers___________________
Partial gains or compromises___ ____________
Little or no g a in s _____ - _______ _____ ______
Jurisdiction or rival unions________ ____
____
Indeterminate__________________ _________ ___
N ot r e p o r t e d . _______ _________ _____________
8.4
18.9
66.4
2.3
1.5
2.5
24.6
32.1
31.6
10.5
1.0
.2
24.3
41.0
32.4
.9
1.3
.1
16.3
47.5
32.3
1.2
2.7
13.7
43.1
39.6
.6
2.9
.1
27.8
31.5
39.6
.5
.1
.5
34.9
45.8
15.5
2.4
.3
1.1
15.7
62.0
13.7
4.7
3.4
.5
54.0
26.9
14.7
1.1
3.2
.1
40.7
35.9
16.9
1.2
5.2
.1
0)
Number of man-days idle as a result of strikes ending in year
Total______________ _____ _____________________
25,689,915
13,065,634
5,304,638
3,107,948
7, 212,127
10,521,437
16, 563,940
19,491,844
14, 918, 234
11,432,536
Substantial gains to workers. _
__________
Partial gains or compromises___________ _____
Little or no gains____________________________ _
Jurisdiction or rival unions____
_________
Indeterminate- _______ ____ ____ ______________
N ot reported......................................................... .
404,079
1,174,374
23,640,923
104,158
131,670
234, 711
1,189,340
4,871, 367
6,689,039
283,838
25,306
6, 744
1,135,479
1, 742, 488
2, 279,884
98,578
45,456
2,753
362,982
1, 220,058
1,238,038
24,457
262,062
351
650,392
3,030,478
3,387,325
32,147
107,705
4,080
1,108,851
2, 530,081
6,841,306
16,903
1,189
23,107
4,636,572
8, 798,094
2, 240,939
742,630
82,252
63,453
3,358,083
11,936,940
2,491,281
713,048
944,420
48,072
4,515, 596
6,883,118
3,155,827
266,628
84,349
12, 716
4,136,603
4,244,071
2,836, 771
75, 716
137,059
2, 316
Percentage of total man-days idle as a result of strikes ending in year
T otal.___________ _____________________________
100.0
100.0
Substantial gains to workers________ _________
Partial gains or compromises___________ _____ _
Little or no gains______________________________
Jurisdiction or rival unions. __________________
Indeterminate_____ ___________________________
N ot reported__________ __________ ____________
1.6
4.6
92.0
.4
.5
.9
9.1
37.3
51.1
2.2
.2
.1
i Less than Ho of 1 percent.
100.0
21.4
32.8
42.9
1.9
.9
.1
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
11.7
39.3
39.8
.8
8.4
9.0
42.0
47.0
.4
1.5
.1
10.5
24.0
65.1
.2
28.0
53.1
13.5
4.5
.5
.4
17.2
61.3
12.8
3.7
4.8
.2
30.3
46.0
21.2
1.8
.6
.1
36.2
37.1
24.8
.7
1.2
0)
0)
.2
0)
STRIKES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1 8 8 0 -1 9 3 6
Total_________________________________________
71
ANALYSIS OF STRIKES, 192 7 - 3 6
R esu lts in R e la tio n to Cause
In the 10-year period 1927-36, about 35 percent of the wage and
hour strikes brought substantial gains to the workers, 28 percent
resulted in compromises, and 36 percent brought little or no gains.
In strikes in which the major issues were questions of union organiza
tion, 41 percent resulted in gains to workers, 21 percent were com
promised, and 36 percent resulted in no gains (see table 30).
There was variation from year to year in the proportionate results
of strikes for various causes. Each year from 1927 through 1930 a
greater proportion of the union organization than the wage and hour
strikes were won and lost and fewer were compromised. In 1931 and
1932 a greater proportion of the wage and hour than the union organi
zation strikes resulted in no gains to workers. In the latter year a
considerably greater proportion of the union organization strikes were
won and a smaller proportion compromised than wage and hour
strikes. From 1933 through 1936 the proportions of wage and hour
strikes which resulted in substantial gains, compromises, and losses
were approximately the same as those of strikes over union organiza
tion matters, there being no greater than a 6-percent difference in
any year.
T
able
3 0 . — Results of strikes ending 1927— , in relation to major issues involved
36
STRIKES
Total strikes
Major issues and years
ALL WAGES AND HOURS STRIKES
1927_________________________________
1928 ______________ _______ ________
1929_________________________________
1930______________________________ .
1931_________________________________
1932_________________________________
1933_________________________________
1934_________________________________
1935_____________________________
1936 _______
____________
Wage increase:
1927_____________________________
1928_____________________________
1929______ ____________________
1930_____________________________
1931_____________________________
1932
__________________
1933_____________________________
1934..
___________________
1935_______ ___________________
1936....................................................
Wage decrease:
1927_________ ___________________
1928_____
_______________ _
1929_____________________________
1930_____________________________
1931
______
...
_ _
1932_____________________________
1933_____________________________
1934_____________________________
1935
............................
1936...................... ............ ..................
Wage increase, hour decrease:
1927
_________
1928
1929........ .......................... .................
N um
ber
Per
cent
age
Percentage of strikes resulting in—
Substan
tial gains
to
workers
Partial
gains or
compro
mises
Little or
no gains
to
workers
Indeter
minate
N ot re
ported
1.8
273
222
373
284
447
560
926
717
760
756
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
22.3
26.6
21.7
21.8
26.8
24.3
39.2
38.2
45.7
45.9
34.1
40.5
37.0
28.2
17.0
18.0
28.9
36.4
19.7
27.1
39.6
32.4
39.9
48.2
52.6
56.6
29.4
24.5
33.8
26.6
2.2
5.1
1.1
1.8
3.4
.2
.3
.1
147
113
130
70
90
100
543
487
368
413
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
22.4
29.2
18.5
27.1
37.8
52.0
39.8
35.3
47.2
47.3
36.1
39.8
41.5
25.7
18.9
12.0
28.2
38.4
20.7
28.3
35.4
31.0
39.2
44.3
38.9
35.0
28.7
25.5
30.7
24.2
3.4
61
75
129
165
329
421
220
112
178
151
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
23.0
22.7
24.8
17.0
23.4
15.0
28.2
40.2
39.9
32.5
29.5
42.6
25.6
23.6
15.8
19.5
28.2
26.8
17.4
25.2
44.3
34.7
47.2
57.6
57.5
64.3
42.6
31.2
42.7
41.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.8
3.3
.2
.5
.9
.8
47
22
93
100.0
100.0
100.0
23.4
22.7
20.4
38.3
41.0
48.4
38.3
31.8
30.1
.3
.2
.9
2.2
.8
.8
.4
.8
2.9
3.3
.4
2.7
1.1
1.0
2.9
.8
1.4
.2
.7
4.5
1.1
1.0
.5
.9
72
S T R IK E S
IN
THE
U N IT E D
STATES,
1 8 8 0 -1 9 3 6
T a b l e 3 0 .— Results of strikes ending 1 927 -3 6 , in relation to major issues
involved— Continued
STRIKES—Continued
Total strikes
Major issues and years
Wage increase, hour decrease—Con.
1930 ___ ________________________
1931_____________________________
1932
1933 _
_
1934 __
___ ___ ___
1935_____
______
________
1936 ___ ______ ________________
Wage decrease, hour increase:
1927
1928____
_________________
____
1929
1930
______
1931_____________________________
1932_____________________________
1933____
•
_
_
_________
1934_________
________________
1935_____________________________
1936_____________________________
H our increase:
1927________
_________________
1928_________ _________________
1929
1930 1931
1932____
_ _
____
1933________
________________
1934________________
. . ______
1935_____________________________
1936________
_____ ________
Hour decrease:
1927_____________________________
____________
. —
1928 .
1929_____________________________
1930
_ _
.
1931
__ ___
1932 .
. _ .
1933
_ .
1934____
__________
1935_____________________________
1936____ _______________
N um
ber
Per
cent
age
100.0
10 100.0
100.0
100.0
10 100.0
0
96
100.0
146
100.0
1 100.0
2 100.0
3
100.0
9
100.0
10 100.0
1 100.0
6 100.0
73
100.0
19
100.0
1 100.0
3
100.0
4
100.0
1 100.0
4
100.0
1 100.0
2
100.0
33
100.0
15
100.0
16
100.0
7
100.0
17
100.0
6
100.0
5
100.0
5
100.0
9
100.0
10
100.0
12 100.0
12 100.0
Percentage of strikes resulting in—
Substan
tial gains
to
workers
39
25.6
24
152
66.7
51.9
45.0
46.9
55.4
10.0
Partial
gains or
compro
mises
Little or
no gains
to
workers
48.8
60.0
25.6
30.0
12. 5
13.2
15.0
28.1
15.8
20.8
32.9
40.0
24.0
28.8
66.7
55.6
66.7
46.6
31.6
11.1
10.0
33.3
17.8
26.3
35.6
42.1
100.0
18.8
28.6
35.3
50.0
60.0
60.0
55.6
60.0
41.7
50.1
2.0
1.0
33.3
33.3
70.0
33.3
25.0
50.0
54.6
66.7
N ot re
ported
100.0
100.0
20.0
100.0
Indeter
minate
100.0
66.7
75.0
75.0
25.0
100.0
12.1
50.0
33.3
13.3
20.0
25.0
42.8
29.4
50.0
56.2
28.6
35.3
20.0
20.0
20.0
11.1
10.0
33.3
40.0
25.0
8.3
33.3
33.3
17.1
15.9
13.4
17.4
45.8
44.3
45.2
49.7
41.2
47.5
34.3
30.7
34.9
27.3
10 .0
8.3
ALL UNION ORGANIZATION STRIKES
1927 .
. _ __________________
1928_________________________________
1929_______________________________
1930_______
__________________
_
1931_________________________________
1932_________________________________
1933_________________________________
1934_________________________________
1935-_
-_______
1936.
____ _____________________
Recognition:
1927_____________________________
1928
___ _______________
1929 ____________________________
1930_____________________________
1931
_____________________
_________ _________
1932 . _
1933
. _____________________
1934 ____________________________
1935_____________________________
1936_____________________________
Recognition and wages:
1927_____________________________
1928 ___________________________
1929___ _______________________
1930 ___________________________
1931_____________________________
1932_____________________________
1933
_
_____________________
1934____ ________________________
1935._________ __________________
1936.................................................................
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
2 1 100.0
2
162
100.0
533
100.0
835
100.0
945
100.0
1,083
100.0
240
226
382
207
74
8
6
10
2
48
6
6
100 .0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
34
100.0
163
100.0
226
100 .0
179
100.0
173
100.0
23
100.0
28
100.0
62
100.0
2 100.0
1
35
100.0
29
100.0
145
100.0
100.0
224
194
100.0
272
100,0
32.1
37.6
39.0
27.1
32.1
41.4
37.7
35.9
46.1
49.9
20.8
8.0
33.8
44.2
43.1
27.1
7.0
5.9
21.2
29.4
31.9
41.5
50.2
41.6
21.7
35.8
53.3
23.8
20.0
34.5
44.1
33.0
48.0
50.0
25.9
30.1
18.1
21.9
8.1
6.2
18.2
8.8
19.0
19.9
10.1
9.8
43.6
32.1
14.5
19.0
37.1
6.9
38.6
45.6
23.7
29.8
58.1
45.3
48.1
62.5
51.5
61.8
46.7
34.1
38.5
46.9
30.4
32.1
27.4
47.7
34.3
55.2
16.6
21.4
27.8
20.2
.8
1.8
2.1
5.8
5.4
.6
.6
1 .0
.5
.7
2.3
2.9
4.2
7.6
1.8
1.8
.6
1. 7
4. 2
.4
.3
.5
2.5
1.5
2.3
.4
.2
1 .2
1.5
.6
6
2.7
.
4.3
3.2
9.5
8.6
1.6
3.4
.
7
.5
A N A L Y S IS
T
able
OF
S T R IK E S ,
73
19 2 7 -3 6
3 0 . — Results of strikes ending 1 9 2 7 -8 6 , in relation to major issues
involved— Continued
S T R IK E S — C o n t in u e d
T o t a l strik e s
M a j o r issu es a n d y e a rs
R e c o g n it io n a n d h o u r s :
1 9 27______________________________________
19 28______________________________________
1 9 2 9 ______________________________________
1 9 3 0 ______________________________________
1 9 31______________________________________
1 9 3 2 ______________________________________
1 9 3 3 ______________________________________
1 9 3 4 ______________________________________
19 35______________________________________
1 9 3 6 ______________________________________
R e c o g n it io n , w a g e s , a n d h o u r s :
1927 _____________
____________________
______
1928 ________
1 9 29_______________________________________
1930
1 9 31_______________________________________
1 9 32_______________________________________
1 9 33_______________________________________
1 9 3 4 _______________________________________
1935
1936
______
C lo s e d s h o p :
1927
_______________________________
19 28______________________________________
1929
_ .
__________
________
1 9 3 0 -_
_________________________________
1931
______________________________
1932
__________________________________
1933
1934
______
________
____________
1935
__
_____________________
__________
1936
D is c r im in a t io n :
1927
____________________________
1928
_______________________________
1929
_________________________________
1930 _____________________________________
1931
__________________________________
1 9 32______________________________________
1933
1934
____________________________________
1 9 35_______________________________________
19 3 6 ______________________________________
O th e r:
1 9 27 _____________________________________
1928
_______
____________________
1 9 2 9 ______________________________________
1930 _____________________________________
1931
___________________________________
_____________________
1932
1933
1934 _
_______
_____________________
1935
____
____
.
..
.
19 3 6 _______________________________________
Num
ber
P er
c e n t
age
P e r c e n ta g e o f s tr ik e s r e s u ltin g in —
S u b sta n
t ia l g a in s
to
w orkers
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
6 6 .7
1
1
7
7
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
4 2 .9
5 7 .1
10
19
32
12
15
21
81
101
168
357
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 .0
2 1 .1
1 5 .6
3 3 .3
43
63
91
59
52
45
41
109
151
130
L i t t l e or
n o g a in s
to
w o rk e rs
2 0 .0
5
1
1
3
3
P a r tia l
g a in s or
com pro
m ise s
8 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
100. 0
3 3 .3
6 6 .7
3 3 .3
4 2 .9
5 2 .4
4 3 .3
3 0 .7
4 9 .4
5 5 .8
4 0 .0
26. 3
43. 8
25. 0
46. 7
33. 3
1 6 .0
18. 8
25. 6
1 7 .9
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
3 4 .9
3 4 .9
3 4 .1
2 5 .4
55. 8
5 1 .1
2 4 .4
3 3 .0
4 9 .0
52. 2
7 .0
1 1 .1
1 2 .1
2 2 .0
9 .6
4 .4
9. 8
1 7 .4
1 3 .2
1 8 .5
44. 2
5 2 .4
52. 7
4 4 .1
3 0 .8
3 5 .6
6 5 .8
4 4 .1
3 6 .4
2 8 .5
45
20
66
44
38
28
95
154
232
120
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
100. 0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
3 1 .1
3 5 .0
27. 3
2 2 .7
3 4 .2
35. 7
35. 8
3 4 .4
3 5 .3
3 7 .5
2 0 .0
5 .0
16. 7
15. 9
1 3 .2
10. 7
16. 8
1 9 .5
1 7 .2
1 5 .8
4 4 .5
5 5 .0
5 4 .5
6 1 .4
5 0 .0
53. 6
45. 3
40. 3
4 6 .2
4 4 .2
40
9
28
20
12
5
7
20
14
24
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
100. 0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
4 2 .5
4 4 .5
6 4 .3
4 5 .0
5 0 .0
6 0 .0
7 1 .4
6 0 .0
7 1 .5
6 6 .7
2 2 .5
3 3 .3
7 .1
1 0 .0
1 6 .7
3 2 .5
2 2 .2
2 8 .6
3 0 .0
2 5 .0
4 0 .0
18
7
16
14
6
3
9
45
42
25
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 6 .7
2 8 .6
6 .3
2 8 .6
N o t re
p o r te d
14. 2
42. 9
3 0 .0
5 2 .6
37. 5
41. 7
53. 3
1 4 .3
3 7 .0
49. 5
2 4 .4
2 5 .5
In d e te r
m in a t e
14. 3
2 5 .0
2 1 .4
2 0 .8
2 0 .0
3 .1
3 .7
1 .0
.6
.8
2. 3
1. 6
1 .1
8 .5
3 .8
2 .2
.7
1 1 .6
6 .7
5 .5
.7
.8
4 .4
5 .0
1 .5
2 .6
1 .9
1 .3
1 .7
2 .1
3 .9
.8
2 .5
1 5 .0
8 .3
1 4 .3
5 .0
1 0 .0
7 .1
1 2 .5
MISCELLANEOUS 1
Sympathy:
1 9 2 7 ______________________________________
1928
- - - - .
________
19 29
__________________________________
1 9 3 0 ______________________________________
1931 _____________________________________
1 9 3 2 ______________________________________
1 9 3 3 ______________________________________
1934
_ ___________________
1935
_______________________
1 9 3 6____
____________
_
2 7 .8
3 1 .3
2 1 .4
3 3 .3
2 4 .4
3 3 .3
3 6 .0
1 1 .2
4 0 .1
2 6 .2
2 0 .0
4 9 .9
7 1 .4
6 2 .4
5 0 .0
6 6 .7
66. 7
4 4 .4
1 1 .1
2 3 .8
2 0 .0
5 .6
3 3 .3
4 4 .4
1 1 .1
16. 7
2 4 .0
1 3 .3
1 Other miscellaneous strikes included in previous tables are not listed here. In addition to a few strikes
for which no information as to major issues involved is available, these omissions include strikes due to rival
unions competing for control, jurisdictional disputes, and other strikes over miscellaneous grievances.
STRIKES IN TH E UNITED STATES,
74
T
able
1 8 8 0 -1 9 3 6
30. — Results o f strikes ending 1 9 2 7 -8 6 , in relation to major issues
involved— Continued
W O R K E R S IN V O L V E D
Total workers
Major issues and years
Percentage of workers involved in the strikes
resulting in—
Number Per
cent
ber
age
Substan
tial gains
to work
ers
Partial
gains or
compro
mises
Little or
no gains
to work
ers
232,217
139,913
104,059
73, 223
155, 308
234,158
544, 084
346,174
662, 539
250, 672
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
4.4
13.0
26.4
20. 4
17.7
14. 6
46.0
25.4
73.0
37.8
13.3
46. 3
37.8
40. 9
30.5
38.8
38.5
53.4
17.0
44. 0
78.6
40. 7
35.7
38. 5
48.9
46. 0
14.0
21.1
9.9
17. 5
0.8
(2
)
.1
.2
2.8
.1
.2
(3
)
39,159
21, 310
30, 743
14,886
31, 791
19, 064
220,162
207, 868
561,423
142, 663
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
12.4
27.9
15. 9
34.9
13.6
67.1
42.2
24. 8
80. 0
37.6
40.3
51. 6
66. 9
26. 2
65.7
4.6
33.2
52.8
13.9
46.5
25.4
20. 5
17.1
38. 7
20.0
28. 2
21.3
22. 3
6. 0
15.8
4.7
172, 442
111, 619
26,160
38, 091
110,141
189, 272
61, 961
46, 529
46, 585
45,031
100.0
100.0
100.0
100. 0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
2.4
8.8
27.3
16.0
18.8
7.0
32.9
16.8
21.3
34.2
.9
44. 3
16. 7
28. 4
17. 2
38.6
41.5
45.3
37. 7
31.4
96. 7
46. 9
55.5
55. 2
61.6
53.7
24.8
37. 5
41.0
34.1
17, 878
4, 993
35,163
17, 091
8, 237
23,116
259,144
79, 796
31, 303
37,178
100.0
100. 0
100.0
100. 0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
6.7
23. 6
17.1
6.3
.5
34.6
52. 0
21. 3
37.2
16. 6
66. 3
72.8
36. 8
87.0
87. 5
64. 9
42.6
67.1
41.8
75. 8
27.0
2.8
46.0
6. 7
12.0
.5
5. 2
11.6
20.8
7. 6
26
445
100.0
100.0
100.0
364
2,378
2,611
70
10,578
16,309
2,665
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
31.3
85.3
8.6
100.0
96.8
50.9
18.3
8
142
225
103
1,930
100.0
100.0
100.0
100. 0
100.0
24
760
6,068
17, 676
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Indeter
minate
N ot re
ported
ALL W A G E S AND HOURS STRIKES
1927_________________________________
_ ___
1928___ _
1929_________________________________
1930 __ .
1931_________________________________
1932_________________________________
1933_________________________________
1934_________________________________
_____ _________
1935__________
1936 ______
W age increase:
1927_____________________________
1928_____________________________
1929
1930
______ _
1931_____________________________
1932_____________________________
1933_____________________________
1934 . .
________
__
1935_______ __________________
1936_____________________________
W age decrease:
1927_____________________________
1928
_____ __________
1929_____________________________
1930_____________________________
1931_____________________________
1932_____________________________
1933_____________________________
1934_____________________________
1935____________________________
1936_____________________________
W age increase, hour decrease:
1927_____________________________
1928_____________________________
1929_____________________________
1930____________ _______________
1931_____________________________
1932_____________________________
1933________
________________
1934_____________________________
1935_____________________________
1936_______
_______________
W age decrease, hour increase:
1927_____________________________
1928_____________________________
1929____
___
1930_____________________________
1931____
1932_____________________________
1933__ _____ ___ _
_
__________
1934_____________________________
1935_____________ ____ __________
1936_____________________________
H our increase:
1927_____________________________
1928_____________________________
1929_____________________________
1930_______ ________
_ .
1931______________ ____ _________
1932_____________________________
1933_____________________________
1934______________________ ____
1935_____________________ _______
1936...... .......... ............ .......................
3 Less than Ho of 1 percent.
.1
.2
.4
.5
(2)
19. 2
92.1
69.2
95.0
14.9
2.3
.2
.6
.5
.3
.3
.8
.1
.2
.2
100.0
68.3
91.1
100.0
7.9
15. 9
2.7
.3
.1
2.8
.1
.1
(2
)
.3
.4
2.4
.1
.3
.1
30.7
36.7
31.7
8.9
100.0
17.2
.1
68.7
2.1
14.8
3.2
18.4
45.0
.1
.5
1.3
.1
.1
.7
100.0
12. 6
76.6
2.9
(2
)
80.8
ANALYSIS OF STRIKES,
T
able
75
192 7 - 3 6
30. — Results of strikes ending 1 9 2 7 -3 6 , in relation to major issues
involved — Continued
W O R K E R S I N V O L V E D — C o n t in u e d
Total workers
Major issues and years
Per
Number cent
ber
age
Percentage of workers involved in the strikes
resulting in—
Substan
tial gains
to work
ers
Partial
gains or
compro
mises
Little or
no gains
to work
ers
Indeter
minate
N ot re
ported
Hour decrease:
. - ___________
1927__________
1 9 2 8 .. - _____ ______________ ___________
1929___________________________________
1930
_____
1931. ______
____
1932 _______
__________
1933__________
. _
_________
1934__________
__ ________________
1935__________
____
1936___________
_ ____
2 ,7 0 4
1 ,404
11,768
2 ,6 8 8
831
95
2, 723
643
851
5,459
100 .0
1 00 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 00 .0
100. 0
1 00 .0
10 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
100 .0
1 00 .0
6 .5
5 3 .2
7 9 .8
91 .1
3 8 .5
6 8 .4
89. 2
7 9 .6
1 4 .8
4 1 .7
6 2 .8
42. 7
12 .1
8. 9
15. 8
9. 7
17. 6
3 4 .5
.4
61. 5
15. 8
1 .1
1. 2
50 .7
3 0 .4
44,451
95, 320
101,724
75, 949
115, 997
72, 940
465, 272
762, 367
287, 876
365, 019
100 .0
100.0
1 00 .0
100.0
100 .0
1 00 .0
1 00 .0
100 .0
100 .0
100 .0
2 8 .5
6 1 .6
3 5 .0
11 .7
1 4 .8
7 4 .3
2 8 .5
15 .4
2 8 .8
4 6 .5
37 .1
19 .9
3 6 .2
6 3 .4
5 7 .4
4 .8
56 .7
70 .8
4 8 .9
33.1
3 1 .6
1 5 .3
2 8 .0
2 0 .9
2 5 .4
2 0 .8
14.1
1 0 .0
2 1 .9
15.1
6, 785
51, 836
19, 901
1 0 ,1 3 3
40, 554
2, 820
168, 784
1 0 0 .0
1 00 .0
1 0 0 .0
100. 0
1 0 0 .0
100. 0
1 0 0 .0
6 0 .2
7 7 .3
46. 5
24. 1
9 .0
2 6 .2
1 1 .2
5 .6
8 .1
4. 9
2. 0
4 2 .3
5. 0
6 5 .9
3 4 .2
1 0 .0
4 7 .0
72. 5
4 7 .6
68. 8
2 2 .3
100.0
100.0
100.0
29.7
39.0
37.3
55.9
14.6
10.9
11.9
46.3
20.3
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
4.9
15.4
70. 3
6.4
9.3
68.3
56.7
8.2
26.0
52.3
68.7
66.4
10. 5
14. 7
87.4
.3
40.0
85.5
49.2
30.9
22.7
18.2
18.4
30.4
1.0
31.4
3.2
6.3
24.7
16.8
41.0
59.0
100.0
100.0
.6
3 0 .7
4 .1
8 .1
1 .6
27. 5
UNION ORGANIZATION STRIKES
1927________________________________________
1928________________________________________
1929________________________________________
1930________________________________________
1931________________________________________
1932_____________________________________ _
1933_______________________________________
1934_______________________________________
1935_______________________________________
1936________________________________________
.4
2 .6
.8
4 .0
2 .3
2 .4
.6
(2
)
.1
.1
..5
.3
(2
)
.2
3 .5
.4
5 .2
(2)
.1
Recognition:
1927______________
____
1928___________________________________
1929________________________
______
1930
- 1931___________________________________
1932 _______
1933___________________________________
1934_____________________________ 111, 446
34, 271
1935_____________________________
1936 ____
47, 347
Recognition and wages:
.
___
6, 827
1927__________
14,149
1928_____________________________
1929_____________________________
16, 549
4, 575
1930______
_
_____
47, 022
1931_____________________________
1932_____________________________
32,137
162, 717
1933______
1934_____________________________ 458, 329
_________
68, 736
1935_______ ____
103,521
1936 .
Recognition and hours:
975
1927 _____
___________
1928
250
1929 __
__________
36
2,642
1930_________
________________
742
1931-.
____ . .
1932
1933
2,000
1934
125
1935557
325
1936
Recognition, wages, and hours:
4, 818
1927
___
_ - _____
14,807
1928
____
__________
37, 360
1929
___
40, 712
1930
- 12,453
1931
_
____
32, 708
1932
______
102, 645
1933___
__________
1984 _____
_______________ 131, 463
94, 879
1935_______
_____________
1936_____________________________ 120. 820
2 Less than Ho of 1 percent.
1 38 9 4 °— 38-
-6
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
59. 6
99.4
40.4
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
43.8
69.5
40.0
41.5
59.7
7.9
4.3
45.0
28. 5
79.1
94.8
61. 2
8.8
74.9
55.9
64.1
49.3
11.0
11.8
12.8
.9
38.8
3.3
11.5
10.9
6.7
6.4
.5
1.9
.1
31. 5
1 .2
.2
.1
.6
(2
)
3.7
.3
.5
48. 5
2.3
(2
)
.1
.1
16.2
30.5
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
3 .4
1 .6
1. 4
.9
87.9
12.6
16.5
29.2
43.9
2.5
.2
1.0
16.7
.4
(2
)
76
STRIKES IN TH E UNITED STATES,
T
able
1 8 8 0 - 1 9 36
3 0 . — Results o f strikes ending 1 9 2 7 -3 6 , in relation to major issues
involved— Continued
W O R K E R S IN V O L V E D — C o n t in u e d
Total workers
Major issues and years
Number Per
cent
ber
age
Closed shop:
1927_____________________________
1928..____ ______________________
1929_____________________________
1930_____________________________
1931_____________________________
1932_____________________________
1933_____________________________
1934_______ _____ _______________
1935__________________________ .
1936_____________________________
Discrimination:
1927_____________________________
1928_____________________________
1929_____________________________
1930_____________________________
1931_____________________________
1932_____________________________
1933______ ____ _________________
1934_____________________________
1935_____________________________
1936_____ _____ _________________
Other:
1927— ____ _____________________
1928_____________________________
1929______ ____ _________________
1930_____________________________
1931_____________________________
1932
.
_________________
1933_____________________________
1934____ ____ _____ _____________
1935_____________________________
1936_____________________________
MISCELLANEOUS
Percentage of workers involved in the strikes
resulting in—
Substan
tial gains
to work
ers
Partial
gains or
compro
mises
Little or
no gains
to workers
Indeterminate
7,417
6,282
8,009
7,898
5,784
2,047
6,090
16, 586
46, 213
42,543
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
20.1
40.4
42.1
31.5
36.2
68.8
8.1
23.6
17.3
30.8
45.1
12.7
20.2
27.7
3.8
4.4
8.5
24.1
66.5
32.5
46.6
36.5
32.8
59.1
23.5
83.4
48.4
16.1
35.8
8,051
7,197
16, 608
9,309
7,695
2,055
21,118
39, 304
34,883
26,019
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
11.8
65.4
37.2
16.0
67.7
37.0
23.9
42.7
28.4
54.9
20.6
3.7
16.7
41.1
1.4
15.4
44.2
20.0
21.9
11.6
66.1
21.3
44. 6
42.9
16. 5
47.6
28.1
28.8
46. 3
18.7
9, 578
799
3,261
680
1,747
1,173
1,918
5,114
8, 337
24,444
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
39.8
43.2
68.4
59.6
81.6
47.3
41.3
79.9
70.7
69.5
40.1
16.0
2.3
12.6
3.4
18.2
1.9
40.8 _________
29.3 _________
21.6
6.2
11.6
3.4
52.7 _________
12,634
255
14,268
1,521
1,474
366
1,892
207,897
61,066
4,976
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
4.9
67.5
.3
30.4
N ot re
ported
52.2
15.9
27.7
30.0
.3
1.2
8.0
.9
1.0
—
2.3
3.9
.1
(2
)
.9
_________
1. 5
9. 6 _______
1. 5 _______
__________________
14. 4 _______
__________________
_________
3.8
6.3
2.2
3. 4 _______
14.4
.4
6.5
3.4
.8
1.6
.5
1
Sympathy:
1927___________________ ____ ____
1928_____________________________
1929_____________________________
1930
_____________________
1931
_____________________
1932 _ _________________________
1933_____________________________
1934------ ------------------------------------1935_____________________________
193 6 -______ ____________________
1 See footnote p. 73.
64.7
6.8
3.9
2.7
1.2
8.9
24.9
26. 3
73.6
41.7
26.9
30.2
32.5
92.9
65.7
15.2
97.3
9.9
13.0
1.4
3.5
.2
84.8
63.8 _______
10.7
1. 5
48.0 _______
44.7 _______
2Less than Ho of 1 percent.
Results in Relation to Duration
Strike experience during the 10 years 1927-36 indicates that a
larger proportion of the short strikes are successful than of the long
drawii-out disputes. Table 31 shows that the ratio of those lost to
those which were successful reversed with strikes lasting 1 month or
more. Out of every 100 strikes lasting less than 1 month 39 were
won and 33 were lost, from the workers point of view. Of each 100
strikes which lasted a month or more, on the other hand, only 25
were won while 43 were lost. In the longest strikes, those lasting 3
months or longer, the proportion of failures was even greater. Almost
A N A L Y S IS
OF
S T R IK E S ,
77
192 7 -3 6
half of these strikes resulted in no gains, 26 percent were compromised,
while 22 percent brought substantial gains to workers.
Very short strikes, those of less than a week’s duration, had a
greater tendency to result either in gains (39.7 percent) or losses
(35.5 percent) than in compromises (19.3 percent). With this excep
tion, the proportion of compromised strikes showed little fluctuation
in relation to the duration of the strikes, varying from 24 to 30 percent
throughout the period.
The proportion of short and long strikes to the total successful,
compromise, and unsuccessful strikes each year was about the same
as the average for the 10-year period.
T
able
31 .— Results o f strikes ending 1 9 2 7 -3 6 , in relation to their duration
Percentage of strikes result
ing in—
Number of strikes resulting in—
Years and duration of
strikes
Total
Sub
stantial
gains
to
workers
Partial Little
Partial
Sub
Little
Total
gains
or no
stantial gains
or no
or
or
gains O ther1
gains
gains O ther1
com
com
to
to
to
pro workers
workers pro workers
mises
mises
10-year period—Total___ 12,157
4,332
2,894
4, 302
629
100.0
35.6
23.8
35.4
Less than 1 week.........
1 week and less than A
m on th ................... .......
A and less than 1 m onth.
1 and less than 2 months.
2 and less than 3 months.
3 months or over. ...........
4,532
1,797
876
1,608
251
100.0
39.7
19.3
35.5
5.5
2,663
2,147
1, 748
602
465
1,045
781
458
149
102
704
582
431
181
120
795
686
753
236
224
119
98
106
36
19
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
39.2
36.3
26.2
24.8
21.9
26.4
27. 1
24.7
30. 1
25.8
29.9
32.0
43.0
39.1
48.2
4.5
4.6
6.1
6.0
4.1
8.1
5.2
1927— T otal.......................
666
170
166
276
54
100.0
25.5
24.9
41.5
Less than 1 week_______
1 week and less than A
m onth....... .............. .......
A and less than 1 month.
1 and less than 2 months.
2 and less than 3 months.
3 months or over_______
181
50
45
73
13
100.0
27.6
24.9
40.3
7.2
152
138
118
47
30
42
43
23
8
4
44
29
37
8
3
53
54
50
26
20
13
12
8
5
3
100.0
100.0
27.6
31.2
19.5
17.0
13.3
28.9
21.0
31.4
17.0
10.0
34.9
39.1
42.3
55.4
66.7
8.6
8.7
6.8
10.6
10.0
1928—Total_____________
620
173
171
244
32
100.0
27.9
27.6
39.3
5.2
Less than 1 week______
1 week and less than A
_
m onth____ ________
A and less than 1 m onth.
1 and less than 2 months.
2 and less than 3 months.
3 months or over___
235
67
58
102
8
100.0
28.5
24.7
43.4
3.4
131
98
75
30
51
43
29
18
5
11
43
28
24
8
10
39
36
25
12
30
6
5
8
5
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100. 0
32.8
29.6
24.0
16.7
21. 6
32.8
28.6
32.0
26. 7
19. 6
29.8
36.7
33.3
39.9
58.8
4.6
5.1
10.7
16.7
1929—Total........................
924
260
233
380
51
100.0
28.1
25.2
41.2
5.5
Less than 1 week_______
1 week and less than y
m on th ... ............. .......
Yi and less than 1 m onth.
1 and less than 2 m onths.
2 and less than 3 months.
3 months or over............ .
360
116
82
149
13
100.0
32.2
22.8
41.4
3.6
218
143
127
33
43
69
37
24
5
9
61
39
36
10
5
79
56
54
17
25
9
11
13
1
4
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
31.7
25.9
18.9
15.2
20.9
28.0
27.3
28.3
30.3
11.6
36.2
39.1
42.6
51.5
58.2
4.1
7.7
10.2
3.0
9.3
1930—Total_____________
651
156
150
290
55
100.0
24.0
23.0
44. 6
8.4
Less than 1 week_______
1 week and less than y%
m onth______ _______
y and less than 1 m onth.
1 and less than 2 months.
2 and less than 3 months.
3 months or o v e r .............
238
65
30
124
19
100.0
27.3
12.6
52.1
8.0
157
111
80
41
24
44
26
13
7
1
52
34
18
11
5
49
45
39
19
14
12
6
10
4
4
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
28.0
23.4
16.3
17.1
4.2
33.2
30. 6
22.5
26.8
20.8
31.2
40.6
48.7
46.3
58.3
7.6
5.4
12.5
9.8
16.7
100. 0
100.0
100.0
1 Includes strikes for which sufficient information was not available as well as those involving rival unions
and questions of jurisdiction, the results of which cannot be evaluated in terms of their effect on the welfare
of all workers concerned.
STRIKES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1 8 8 0 -1 9 3 6
78
T
able
31
-R e s u lt s o f strikes en din g 1 9 2 7 - 3 6 , in relation to their d ura tion — Con.
Percentage of strikes result
ing in—
Number of strikes resulting in—
Years and duration of
strikes
Partial
Sub
Total stantial gains Little
or no
or
Other
gains
gains
com
to
to
pro
workers mises workers
1931—Total_____________
Less than 1 week_______
1 week and less than A
m onth________________
A and less than 1 m onth.
1 and less than 2 months.
2 and less than 3 months.
3 months or over________
796
319
212
146
49
372
90
169
136
116
39
17
55
42
17
4
4
32
28
16
16
5
1932—Total............. ..........
852
334
233
101
165
149
146
35
23
1, 672
Partial
Sub
Total stantial gains Little
or no
or
gains
gains Other
com
to
to
workers pro workers
mises
66
22
100.0
100.0
26.6
28.2
46.8
49.5
8.3
15.4
64
56
72
14
8
18
10
11
5
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
32.5
30.9
14.7
10.3
23. 5
18.9
20.6
13.8
41.0
29.4
37.9
41.1
62.0
35.9
47.1
10.7
7.4
9.5
12.8
134
46
442
172
43
15
100.0
100.0
27.3
30.2
15.7
13.8
52.0
51.5
5.0
4.5
51
44
23
11
3
31
23
19
7
8
67
75
100
16
12
16
7
4
1
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
30.9
29.5
15.8
31.4
13.0
18.8
15.4
13.0
20.0
34.8
40.6
50.4
68.5
45.7
52. 2
9.7
4.7
2.7
2.9
617
255
441
89
58
100.0
100.0
36.9
36.4
31.4
145
525
242
26.4
700
20.7
34.6
5.3
8.3
362
307
222
56
25
147
118
71
16
10
106
95
65
20
10
99
87
78
16
3
10
7
8
4
2
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
40.7
38.5
32.0
28.6
40.0
29.3
30.9
29.3
35.7
40.0
27.3
28.3
35.1
28.6
12.0
2.7
2.3
3.6
7.1
8.0
1934—Total_____________ 1,817
Less than 1 week_______
703
1 week and less than A
m onth________ _______
360
337
A and less thaq 1 m onth.
1 and less than 2 months.
288
2 and less than 3 months.
88
41
3 months or over_______
634
279
571
170
512
100
45
100.0
100.0
34.9
39.7
31.4
24.2
28.2
209
29.7
5.5
6.4
140
103
77
23
12
117
133
96
36
19
91
85
96
25
6
12
16
19
4
4
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
38.9
30.6
26.7
26.1
29.3
32.5
39.5
33.3
41.0
46.3
25.3
25.2
33.4
28.4
14.6
3.3
4.7
6.6
4.5
9.8
1935—Total_____________ 2,003
Less than 1 week______
709
1 week and less than y2
m on th .._ __________
437
A and less than 1 m onth.
346
1 and less than 2 months.
285
2 and less than 3 months.
1«7
3 months or over_______
99
886
376
374
106
669
198
74
29
100.0
100.0
44.2
53.0
18.7
15.0
33.4
27.9
3.7
4.1
209
164
89
31
17
82
70
50
33
33
130
100
136
58
47
16
12
10
5
2
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
47.8
47.4
31.2
24.4
17.2
18.8
20.2
17.5
26.0
33.3
29.7
28.9
47.8
45.7
47.5
3.7
3.5
3.5
3.9
2.0
1936—Total_____________ 2,156
Less than 1 week. _____
753
1 week and less than A
m onth________________
512
A and less than 1 m onth.
382
1 and less than 2 months.
291
2 and less than 3 months.
106
3 months or over___ __
112
991
508
145
592
181
65
29
100.0
100.0
45.9
52.8
23.6
19.3
27.5
3.0
398
24.0
3.9
245
175
103
39
31
136
103
70
32
22
124
92
103
33
59
7
12
15
2
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
47.8
45.9
35.3
36.7
27.7
26.6
26.9
24.1
30.2
19.6
24.2
24.1
35.4
31.2
52.7
1.4
3.1
5.2
1.9
Less than 1 week_______
1 week and less than A
m onth_______ ________
A and less than 1 month.
1 and less than 2 months.
2 and less than 3 months.
3 months or over_______
1933—Total_____________
Less than 1 week_______
1 week and less than A
m onth___________ _ _
A, and less than 1 m onth.
1 and less than 2 months.
2 and less than 3 months.
3 months or over________
158
18.3
6.9
Results in Relation to Sise
The most significant fact revealed in table 32, “ Results of strikes
ending 1927-36 in relation to the number of workers involved,” is
that compromise settlements are more numerous in the larger strikes.
During the 10-year period, only 13 percent of the strikes involving
fewer than 20 workers resulted in compromises. This percentage
consistently increased with the size of the strikes, approximately
50 percent of those involving 5,000 or more workers resulting in
compromise settlements.
ANALYSIS OF STRIKES, 19 2 7 -3 6
79
Conversely, the proportion of successful and unsuccessful strikes
decreased as the size of the strike increased. The reduction, however,
was more marked with the unsuccessful strikes, a greater proportion
of the very small strikes and a lesser proportion of the largest strikes
resulting in failures than in gains. Of the strikes involving 6 to 20
workers, 45 percent were lost. This proportion steadily declined with
the increase in size, about 15 percent of those involving 10,000 or more
workers resulting in failure. Approximately 35 to 36 percent of the
strikes involving from 6 to 1,000 workers were won, about 30 percent
of those involving from 1,000 to 5,000, and approximately 21 to 22
percent of the largest strikes resulted in substantial gains to workers.
There was no uniform difference in the proportion of successful and
unsuccessful strikes of various sizes. A greater percentage of the
strikes involving fewer than 100 workers were lost than won. In each
of the classifications from 100 to 5,000 workers more of the strikes were
won than lost. About the same proportion of the strikes involving
from 5,000 to 10,000 workers were successful and unsuccessful, and
5 percent more of the largest strikes resulted in substantial gains than
in little or no gains.
T
able
3 2 . — R esu lts o f strikes en din g 1 9 2 7 - 3 6 , in relation to the n u m ber o f w orkers
involved
Percentage c f strikes result
ing in—
Number of strikes resulting in—
Years and number of
workers involved
Sub
Total stantial
gains
to
work
ers
Sub Partial Little
Partial Little
Total stantial gains
gains
or no
or no
gains
gains
or
or
gains
O ther1
O ther1
com
to
com
to
to
work
work
work
pro
pro
mises
ers
mises
ers
ers
10-year period—Total___ 12,157
4,332
2,894
4,302
629
100.0
35.6
23.8
35.4
5.2
6 and under 20________ 20 and under 100____ __
100 and under 250_______
250 and under 500____ _
500 and under 1,000._ . . .
1,000 and under 5,000___
5,000 and under 10,000. _.
10,000 workers and o v e r ..
2,106
4, 495
2,343
1,374
900
755
113
71
764
1, 627
860
499
317
225
25
15
277
884
601
422
310
308
56
36
950
1,719
767
4.10
233
186
26
11
115
265
115
43
40
36
6
9
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
36.3
36.2
36.7
36.4
35.3
29.8
22.1
21.1
13.2
19. 7
25. 7
30. 7
34.4
40.8
49.6
50.7
45.0
38.2
32. 7
29.8
25.9
24.6
23.0
15.5
5.5
5.9
4.9
3.1
4.4
4.8
5.3
12.7
1927—Total_____________
6 and under 2 0.............
20 and under 300_____ _
100 and under 250_______
250 and under 500_______
500 and under 1,000 . . .
1,000 and under 5,000___
5,000 and under 10,000_
_
10,000 workers and over..
666
149
275
96
64
44
34
3
1
170
46
73
16
18
13
4
166
21
60
29
24
16
15
1
276
67
118
46
19
12
13
54
15
24
5
3
3
2
2
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
25.5
30. 9
26.5
16. 7
28. 1
29.5
11.8
24.9
14. 1
21.8
30. 2
37.5
36.4
44. 1
41.5
44.9
43.0
47.9
29. 7
27.3
38.2
8.1
10.1
8.7
5.2
4.7
6.8
5.9
1928—Total_____________
6 and under 20_____ . _
20 and under 100____
100 and under 250_______
250 and under 500____ ._
500 and under 1,000. _. ._
1,000 and under 5,000___
5,000 and under 10,000_
_
10,000 workers and o v e r ..
620
119
259
89
56
45
43
4
5
173
45
69
25
14
8
9
2
1
171
13
72
22
20
21
20
1
2
244
56
103
35
22
13
13
1
1
27.9
37.8
26. 6
28. 1
25. 0
17.8
20.9
27.6
10.9
27.8
24.7
35. 7
46.6
46.6
39.3
47. 1
39.8
39.3
39. 3
28.9
30.2
5.2
4.2
5.8
7.9
1
32
5
15
7
3
1
1
100. 0
100.0
(2
)
(2)
100.0
100. 0
100. 0
100. 0
100. 0
100. 0
100.0
(2)
(2
)
6.7
2.3
1
unions
andIncludes strikes for which sufficient information was not available as well as those involving rivalwelfare
of allquestions concerned. the results of which cannot be evaluated in terms of their effect on the
workers of jurisdiction,
2Too few to give percentage.
80
T
able
STKIKES IN TH E UNITED STATES, 1 8 8 0 - 1 9 3 6
32. —
R esu lts o f strikes en din g 1 9 2 7 - 3 6 , in relation to the n u m ber o f w orkers
involved — Continued
Percentage of strikes result
ing in—
Number of strikes resulting in—
Years and number of
workers involved
Total
Sub
stantial
gains
to
work
ers
Partial Little
gains
or no
or
gains
com
to
work
pro
ers
mises
Other
Sub
Total stantial
gains
to
work
ers
Partial Little
gains
or no
or
gains
com
to
pro
work
mises
ers
Other
1929—Total_____________
924
260
233
380
51
100.0
28.1
25. 2
41. 2
5.5
6 and under 20__________
20 and under 1 0 0 -.- ____
100 and under 250 ___ __
250 and under 500_ __ ___
500 and under 1,000_____
1,000 and under 5,000----5,000 and under 10,000__
10,000 workers and over.
167
361
174
90
62
62
7
1
42
96
55
23
24
20
22
84
49
29
23
22
3
1
95
154
62
33
13
19
4
8
27
8
5
2
1
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
(2
)
(2
)
25.1
26.6
31.6
25.6
38.7
32.3
13.2
23.3
28.2
32.2
37.1
35.5
56.9
42. 6
35.6
36.6
21.0
30.6
4.8
7.5
4.6
5.6
3.2
1.6
1930—T otal_____________
651
156
150
290
55
100.0
24.0
23.0
44.6
8.4
6 and under 20_____
20 and under 100-----------100 and under 250----------250 and under 500____ _.
500 and under 1,000 _ __
1,000 and under 5,000___
30
64
32
16
7
7
18
55
33
21
8
12
2
1
72
122
44
25
17
10
10
27
13
3
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
(2
)
(2
)
23.1
23.9
26.2
24.6
21.9
22.6
13.8
20. 5
27.0
32.3
25.0
38.6
55.4
45. 5
36.1
38. 5
53.1
32.3
7. 7
10.1
10.7
4.6
10,000 workers and over. _
130
268
122
65
32
31
2
1
1931—T otal_____________
796
212
146
372
66
100.0
26.6
18.3
46.8
8.3
6 and under 20____ ______
20 and under 100-----------100 and under 250----------250 and under 500----------500 and under 1,000_____
1,000 and under 5,000___
5,000 and under 10,000_
_
10,000 workers and over. _
169
317
152
59
40
46
7
6
35
94
44
17
9
13
22
65
23
13
5
11
2
5
101
127
73
25
23
17
5
1
11
31
12
4
3
5
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
(2
)
(2
)
20. 7
29. 7
28.9
28.8
22.5
28.3
13.0
20.5
15.1
22.0
12. 5
23.9
59.8
40.0
48.1
42.4
57.5
36.9
6.5
9.8
7.9
6.8
7.5
10.9
1932—Total_____________
852
233
134
442
43
100.0
27.3
15.7
52.0
5.0
6 and under 20--------------20 and under 100-------- . .
100 and under 250____ __
250 and under 500------ --500 and under 1,000-------1,000 and under 5,000___
5,000 and under 10,000__
10,000 workers and over. _
208
334
148
79
34
38
4
7
65
93
36
17
8
11
1
2
19
51
20
19
7
14
1
3
114
170
81
42
18
13
2
2
10
20
11
1
1
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
(2
)
(2
)
31. 2
27.8
24.3
21. 5
23. 5
28.9
9.1
15.3
13.5
24.1
20.6
36. 9
54.9
50.9
54.8
53.1
53.0
34. 2
4.8
6.0
7.4
1.3
2.9
1,672
617
441
525
89
100.0
36.9
26.4
31.4
5.3
176
523
363
251
160
157
26
16
55
188
134
107
61
61
7
4
29
100
104
74
52
60
14
8
87
202
105
61
34
30
4
2
5
33
20
9
13
6
1
2
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
31.2
35.9
36.9
42.6
38.1
38.9
26.9
25.0
16.5
19.1
28.7
29. 5
32. 5
38.2
53.9
50.0
49. 5
38.7
28.9
24.3
21.3
19.1
15.4
12.5
2.8
6.3
5.5
3.6
8.1
3.8
3.8
12.5
1934—Total_____________
1,817
634
571
512
100
100.0
34.9
31.4
28.2
5.5
6 and under 20__________
20 and under 100-----------100 and under 250----------250 and under 500----------500 and under 1,000-------1,000 and under 5,000___
5,000 and under 10,000__
10,000 workers and o v e r ..
245
575
373
255
187
135
28
19
109
225
122
75
58
37
6
2
36
120
138
98
88
63
18
10
83
195
93
72
35
27
4
3
17
35
20
10
6
8
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
44.5
39.1
32. 7
29.4
31.0
27.4
21. 4
10.5
14.7
20.9
37.0
38.5
47.1
46. 7
64. 3
52.6
33.9
33.9
24.9
28.2
18.7
20.0
14. 3
15.8
6.9
6.1
5.4
3.9
3.2
5.9
1933—Total_____________
6 and under 20--------------20 and under 100-----------100 and under 250----------250 and under 500_______
500 and under 1,000... __
1,000 and under 5,000___
5,000 and under 10,000...
10,000 workers and over. _
2T oo few to give percentage.
2
4
6.5
21.1
A N A L Y S IS
T
able
OF S T R IK E S ,
192 7—36
81
3 2 . — R esu lts o f strikes en ding 1 9 2 7 - 8 6 , in relation to the n u m ber o f w orkers
involved — Continued
Percentage of strikes result
ing in—
Number of strikes resulting in—
Years and number of
workers involved
Sub Partial
Total stantia] gains
or
gains
com
to
work
pro
ers
mises
Little
or no
gains
to
work
ers
Other
669
74
Other
44.2
18. 7
33.4
3.7
20
30
10
3
4
5
1
1
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
(2)
47.2
44.0
45.9
47.9
38.1
34.9
21.4
11.8
14.2
19. 5
19.2
34.5
41.2
42.9
35.3
37.8
32.2
31. 5
24. 5
19.3
28.6
5.7
4.0
2.4
1.4
2.9
4.6
7.1
592
65
100.0
45.9
23.6
27.5
3.0
152
245
94
42
34
23
2
14
23
9
5
5
6
2
1
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
(2
)
43.8
47.3
50.0
45.4
48.3
25.0
33.3
14.2
20.5
24.9
34. 7
26.8
46.0
44.5
38.5
29.4
22.9
17.8
21.7
23.0
11. 1
3.5
2.8
2.2
2.1
3.2
6.0
11.1
886
374
348
749
416
219
139
109
14
9
164
330
191
105
53
38
3
2
41
106
81
42
48
45
6
5
123
283
134
69
34
21
4
1
1936—Total_____________
2,156
991
508
6 and under 20_______ . .
20 and under 100._______
100 and under 250_______
250 and under 500_______
500 and under 1,000_____
1,000 and under 5,000___
5,000 and under 10,000...
10,000 workers and over. .
395
834
410
236
157
100
18
6
173
395
205
107
76
25
6
4
56
171
102
82
42
46
8
1
6 and under 20__________
20 and under 100________
100 and under 250____ . _
250 and under 500_____ .
500 and under 1,000_____
1,000 and under 5,000___
5,000 and under 10,000...
10,000 workers and over. _
Partial Little
or no
gains
or
gains
com
to
work
pro
mises
ers
100.0
2,003
1935—Total_____________
Sub
Total stantial
gains
to
w ork
ers
2T oo few to give percentage.
Strikes In Various Cities 1
7
Greater New York had nearly three times as many strikes (1,652)
during the 10-year period 1927-36 as Philadelphia, which had the
second highest number (568). Almost one million workers were
involved in the strikes in New York City. This does not necessarily
mean that a million different persons engaged in strikes, since some of
these workers may have been involved in more than one strike.
Chicago had the third highest number of strikes (330), the number of
workers involved being almost two-thirds as great as the number
involved in Philadelphia. Cleveland had 241 strikes during the
10-year period, and the San Francisco Bay area had 224. Other
cities which had more than 100 strikes were Boston; Los Angeles;
St. Louis; Detroit; Pittsburgh; Paterson and Newark, N. J.; M il
waukee; and Baltimore.
u It should be noted that the data in table 33 pertain to local strikes only. In other words, the incidence
of intercity strikes is not shown in this table. It was not possible accurately to determine how many workers
in intercity strikes were employed in each of the cities affected, hence the figures in this table are exclusive
of intercity strikes.
STRIKES IK THE UNITED STATES, 1 8 8 0 -1 9 3 6
82
T able
3 3 . — Strik es begin n in g in 1 9 2 7 - 3 6 , in cities which had 1 0 or m ore local
strikes in a n y yea r
C ity and year
Akron:
1927________________
1928_________________
1929_________________
1930_________________
1931___________ ___
1932_________________
1933_________________
1934_________________
1935_________________
1936_________________
Allentown:
1927_________________
1928_________________
1929_________________
1930
___
1931_______
_____
1932 ___
1933— _
___
1934___
____
1935_________________
1936________________
Baltimore:
1927 1928 _
. _
1929_________________
1930_________________
1931 ___
1932 „
___
1933 _________ ___
1934_________________
___
1935 _
1936. _
___
Birmingham:
1927__________
___
1928 - ____________
1929
___
1930_________________
1931___
______
1932_________________
1933_________________
1934_________________
1935_________________
1936_________________
Boston:
1927— _
1928_________________
1929_________________
1930 ____ ________
1931________________
1932_________________
1933_________________
1934_________________
1935_________________
1936-____ __________
Buffalo:
1927_________________
1928_________________
1929_________________
1930___________
1931_______ _______
1932_________________
1933_________________
1934_________________
1935___
____
1936_________________
Chattanooga:
1927_________________
1928_________________
1929_________________
1930_________________
1931_________________
1932_________________
1933_________________
1934_________________
1935________________
1936............................. .
N um
ber of N um
Manstrikes ber of days idle
begin
during
workers
ning
year
involved
in
year
1
1
1
150
20
72
600
80
2,160
5
13
3
43
536
4,310
'352
70, 797
5,780
94,683
20, 574
488,346
4
2
10
1
3
337
237
471
35
3,137
3,479
9, 762
5,365
70
257,939
8
8
9
5
984
963
1,172
811
9, 557
27,950
24,135
11,114
7
7
10
8
5
5
9
16
20
15
8, 651
' 737
1,833
5,535
243
5,165
1, 575
2,317
6,231
2,961
109,643
20,863
16,148
67,084
6,114
36,924
30,903
16,677
31,821
33,887
1
1
2
1
14
8
3
50
72
27
62
8,999
1,401
1,455
1,150
10, 512
328
1,028
227,759
33, 668
5,005
21
25
20
8
15
14
22
16
16
17
4,185
4, 764
5, 517
2, 797
6,776
3,446
11, 317
4,200
3, 694
7, 226
48, 326
118, 476
328,105
32,162
240, 977
55,897
118,116
58, 611
29,127
63,504
3
8
8
2
3
2
21
12
16
13
414
2, 623
460
97
262
156
8, 833
4,366
2, 676
1,683
11, 216
21,157
6, 761
1, 354
2,124
156
45,865
147,808
40,037
36,815
2
1
1
1
1,115
6
15
8
37,865
12
285
8
1
2
11
8
2
44
18
2,755
434
123
968
326
45, 221
16,772
1,701
C ity and year
Chicago:
1927_________________
1928_________________
1929_________________
1930_________________
1931— 1932— _
-1933______
1934—
_ _ __
1935—
1936—
_________
Cincinnati:
1927_________________
1928_________________
1929_________________
1930—
_________
1931_________________
1932_________________
1933________________
1934_____ _________
1935_________________
1*936______- .......... ...
Cleveland:
1927____________ _
1928_________________
1929_________________
1930_________________
1931____
________ 1932_____ _________
1933_________________
1934_________________
1935_____ _______
1936-_______ _______
Columbus:
1927_________________
1928......... ................... .
1929—
____ _
1930_________________
1931—
___________
1932_________________
1933_________________
1934_____ _________
1935_________________
1936— ....................
Detroit:
1927__________
1928_________________
1929_______________
1930—
_
_ .
1931____
______
1932______________ _
1933_________________
1934_________________
1935_________________
1936..........................
Easton:
1927_________________
1928_________________
1929__________ ____
1930_____________
1931_________________
1932________________
1933_____________
1934
1935—
1936_____ ___
Elizabeth:
1927______________ _
1928_________________
1929_________________
1930— ...............
1931______________
1932______________
1933_____ ____ ______
1934..................
1935__________
1936...............................
N um
ber of
Manstrikes N um
begin ber of days idle
workers during
ning involved
year
in
year
29
11
32
18
21
27
58
48
47
39
8,572
6,456
11, 586
1,414
7, 257
8,414
28, 206
21,310
17, 891
3, 221
177,182
82,950
189, 784
27,711
79, 961
165,048
347,949
196,930
440, 782
66,418
1
127
11,303
4
2
4
5
6
13
17
7
1,036
550
534
492
358
2,382
6, 288
600
36, 785
2, 400
5, 323
10, 816
11, 252
57, 289
95, 834
7, 506
5
9
11
12
3
3
26
67
66
39
817
711
1, 518
3, 866
330
163
5, 550
30,727
28,490
13,918
15,172
36, 796
43,194
72, 991
3, 280
4,113
67, 503
428,956
538, 022
124, 926
4
2
3
1
2
72
43
156
250
108
3, 604
283
356
1, 250
888
5
13
6
2
411
3,391
1, 544
489
7,356
13, 757
46,367
23, 705
6
3
10
11
1
4
13
44
26
18
376
199
1,972
650
190
314
10,398
16,954
6,514
12,603
2, 498
18, 510
21,664
9,860
1, 520
2,489
174, 915
227, 542
113,968
102, 690
4
1
506
90
18, 586
90
2
3
1
1
475
510
100
61
10, 325
4,490
600
915
3
14
176
1, 586
1 ,158
144' 254
2
1
130
50
1, 580
*200
2
6
1
5
2
10
8
45
81
16
2,896
132
1,748
2,200
285
530
908
53,725
1, 548
12, 344
24, 739
ANALYSIS OF STRIKES, 19 2 7 -3 6
T able
83
3 3 . — Strik es begin n in g in 1 9 8 7 - 8 6 , in cities w hich had 1 0 or m ore local
strikes in a n y yea r — Continued
C ity and year
Erie:
1927_________________
1928_________________
1929_________________
1930_________________
1931_________________
1932_________________
1933_________________
1934_________________
1935_________________
1936_________________
Fall River:
1927_________________
1928_________________
1929_________________
1930_________________
1931_________________
1932_________________
1933_________________
1934_________________
1935_________________
1936_________________
Haverhill:
1927_________________
1928_________________
1929_________________
1930_________________
1931_____ ____ _______
1932__________ _____
1933_________________
1934_________________
1935_________________
1936___________ ___
H ou ston :1
1927_________________
1929_________________
1931_________________
1932_________________
1934_________________
1935_________________
1936_________________
Jersey C ity:
1927_________________
1928_________________
1929_________________
1930_________________
1931_________________
1932_________________
1933______________
1934_________________
1935_________________
1936_________________
Kansas C ity:
1927_________________
1928_________________
1929_________________
1930_________________
1931_________________
1932_________________
1933_________________
1934________________
1935_________________
1936_„_............... ........
Los Angeles:
1927_________________
1928_________________
1929____________
1930....... .............. ........
1931________________
1932_________________
1933_____________ _
1934_______________ _
1935________ _______
1936_________________
Num
ber of N um
Manstrikes ber of days idle
begin
workers
during
ning involved
year
in
year
1
100
800
1
10
1
2
10
658
100
386
60
23,848
700
2, 216
2
3
160
92
2,124
1,909
8
17
2
5
4
5
14
12
7
9
718
4,141
17
875
611
645
5,497
6,385
632
4,010
7,502
68,482
25
6,719
12, 444
8,450
64,739
45, 774
1,844
49, 631
1
7
8
2
3
3
16
6
8
3,000
5,023
5,835
51
181
671
9,454
7,195
916
36,000
44,370
369,495
894
2,133
2,844
149,845
184,358
9, 686
2
2
1
1
4
2
11
25
180
150
60
565
68
1,056
290
720
2, 250
180
12, 388
68
14, 467
3
3
3
6
4
7
2
4
10
5
791
41
272
555
447
765
288
308
431
812
11, 307
1, 663
8, 277
6,750
1,497
11, 779
288
3,355
10, 600
3, 632
2
1
1
5
1
5
6
12
10
2
22
14
415
497
200
540
146
1, 540
582
2,472
1,321
14
415
4,812
200
4, 370
3,692
7,377
8,347
24,940
6
8
9
3
5
2
20
18
42
50
200
624
1, 648
906
228
20
13,029
4, 738
3,790
10, 502
8,521
5,812
27,864
25, 391
2, 519
200
211,297
60,994
70,938
239,497
1N o strikes during 1928, 1930, and 1933,
City and year
Lynn:
1927__________ _____
1928_________________
1929_________________
1930_________________
1931_________________
1932_________________
1933_________________
1934_________________
1935_________________
1936_________________
Milwaukee:
1927_________________
1928_________________
1929_________________
1930_________________
1931_________________
1932_________ ______
1933__________ _____
1934_________________
1935_________________
1936_________________
Minneapolis:
1927________________
1928_________________
1929________________
1930________________
1931________________
1932_________________
1933________________
1934_________________
1935_________________
1936____________ ___
Newark:
1927_________________
1928_________________
1929_________________
1930_________________
1931_________________
1932_________________
1933___________ _____
1934_________________
1935_________________
1936_________________
New Bedford:
1927_________________
1928_________________
1929_________________
1930________________
1931_________________
1932_________________
1933_________________
1934_________________
1935______________
1936..............................
New York (Greater):
1927_________________
1928_________________
1929_________________
1930_________________
1931..... ............ ............
1932_________________
1933_________________
1934_________________
1935_________________
1936_________ ______ _
Paterson:
1927_________________
1928_______ ____ ____
1929......... ................—
1930______________ 1931....... .......... ...........
1932......... .....................
1
1933...............................
N um
ber of
Manstrikes N um days idle
begin ber of
workers during
ning
involved
year
in
year
2
9
8
3
3
6
7
3
7
11
35
4,070
6, 484
143
170
984
8,175
3, 353
1,881
3,638
520
35,812
80,956
1,933
822
9, 749
47, 606
34, 668
22, 735
25, 464
2
1
4
6
1
6
42
21
24
365
100
182
1,973
100
482
13,980
3,952
4,512
4, 525
4,400
2, 650
44,027
600
8,489
307,002
69, 587
60, 360
7
1
8
3
3
2
4
12
16
30
568
120
387
80
241
525
628
19,127
2,706
5,230
28, 420
4,380
6,200
3,318
5, 503
5,845
28,985
258,404
131,320
194, 642
3
8
1, 218
621
1,690
234
2,583
723
2,494
2,399
4,406
9, 342
11,725
8,355
5,781
110,606
10,054
43,931
51,205
134, 878
12,073
13
11
8
9
24
22
13
7
8
6
4
1
1
888
868
20,925
25, 749 3,689, 221
180
6, 519
44
1,531
13
26
4
7
7,126
2,191
545
1,852
19,350
10, 814
6,061
38,684
117
87
125
86
169
171
152
201
257
287
42,757
75,021
60, 673
51, 745
59,976
110,441
187, 582
133, 465
102, 267
128,644
1, 111, 780
908,966
1, 212,180
602, 732
624,342
2,192, 451
2,957, 224
1,628, 422
955, 210
1,368, 813
6
10
24
422
6,481
726
930
8,273
2,067
25,069
11, 540
250,451
13, 642
19,694
499,919
40, 773
936,167
9
11
8
5
12
15
84
STRIKES IN TH E UNITED STATES, 1 8 8 0 - 1 9 3 6
T able 33 .— Strikes beginning in 1 927 -3 6 , in cities which had 10 or more local
strikes in any year— Continued
C ity and year
Paterson—Continued.
1934_________________
1935_________________
1936_________ _______
Philadelphia:
1927....... ................... 1928_________________
1929— ............. ............
1930________________
1931-______ ________
1932—............... ......... .
1933_______ ____ ____
1934— ........... ............
1935....... ........... ..........
1936— ..........- ..........
Pittsburgh:
1927..................... .........
1928_____________
1929_________________
1930________________
1931....... — .................
1932_________________
1933_________________
1934_________________
1935_________________
1936_____________ —
Portland (Oreg.):
1927_________________
1928............................1929______________ 1930________________
1931..................- ..........
1932____________ ___
1933_______________ _
1934_________________
1935____________ ____
1936________________
Providence:
1927_________________
1928......... ................—
1929_________________
1930_________________
1931_________________
1932_________________
1933________ _______
1934_________________
1935__________ _____
1936________________
Reading:
1927_________________
1928_________________
1929____________ _
1930— ____ ________
1931_________________
1932_________________
1933_________________
1934___________ ____
1935..............................
1936....... .................... .
Rochester:
1927_________________
1928__________ _____
1929_________________
1930________________
1931_________________
1932_________________
1933_________________
1934_________________
1935_________________
1936-____ __________
St. Louis:
1927_________________
1928— .......................1929...............................
N um
ber of N um
Manstrikes ber of days idle
begin
during
workers
ning involved
year
in
year
7
18
14
1,541
16,661
2,302
26,815
282,044
26,508
23
22
75
33
31
34
106
68
74
102
2,502
1,729
13, 293
5,314
8,672
2,946
60,122
36,076
14,873
31,901
71,350
19,470
184,435
183,511
536,234
46,299
601,975
498,814
161,656
347,198
8
6
12
9
16
10
20
18
17
16
2,429
530
1,884
1,975
2,684
2,860
5,061
2,399
1,246
3,256
20,324
3,046
66,923
193,346
33,989
80,854
87,775
40,974
49,279
54,807
4
396
10,542
5
1
4
4
1
16
10
31
276
40
126
590
15
2,807
403
3,632
3,558
720
396
3,865
15
25, 207
7,970
75, 294
7
2
4
5
3
5
12
2
7
10
571
550
359
270
1,150
205
2,364
81
427
2,070
16,884
15,500
1,514
1,970
20,350
1,794
17,789
81
2,450
30,474
2
3
5
4
3
4
22
7
8
6
462
271
792
742
148
252
3,204
730
829
5,784
13,832
10,618
12,182
7,144
780
7,059
69,515
14,427
25,844
153,144
11
3
6
3
5
8
6
14
7
10
377
89
190
322
863
1,219
7,618
2,116
306
3,941
4,794
435
2,826
3,321
1,178
14,117
32,650
13,096
2,782
36,662
11
5
14
1,325
640
6,660
25,162
50,379
184,210
C ity and year
St. Louis— Continued.
1930_________________
1931_________________
1932_________________
1933— ........................
1934_________________
1935_________________
1936_____ ____ ______
San Francisco (B ay area):
1927_________________
1928____ ____________
1929_________________
1930_________________
1931_________________
1932_________________
1933_________________
1934_________________
1935-____ __________
1936_________________
Seattle:
1927_________________
1928_________________
1929_________________
1930_________________
1931_________________
1932_________________
1933_________________
1934_________________
1935_________________
1936_________________
Scranton:
1927_________________
1928_________________
1929_________________
1930_________________
1931_________________
1932_________________
1933_________________
1934— ______________
1935_________________
1936_________________
Terre Haute:
1927_________________
1928_________________
1929_________________
1930_________________
1931_________________
1932_________________
1933_________________
1934_________________
1935_________________
1936_________________
Toledo:
1927_________________
1928_________________
1929_________________
1930_________________
1931_________________
1932_________________
1933_________________
1934_________________
1935_________________
1936_________________
Washington, D . C.:
1927_________________
1928____ ____________
1929________________
1930_________________
1931_________________
1932_________________
1933_________________
1934_________________
1935_________________
1936......................... —
N um
ber of
Manstrikes N um
begin ber of days idle
workers during
ning
year
in involved
year
4
10
10
29
20
21
20
1,334
354
2,319
13,428
6,184
2,673
2,369
26,052
9,965
26,503
340, 272
90,691
64,429
26,311
7
3
8
3
10
7
8
42
60
76
174
90
3,651
66
846
478
1,001
97,665
11, 549
18,882
4,446
1,270
22,103
282
18,324
4,290
18,468
328,826
142,291
422,737
1
4
2
1
6
3
5
6
22
21
15
155
68
18
1,851
1,150
327
331
3,340
2,775
105
2,107
915
270
75,375
14,600
5,327
1,291
33,918
105,698
5
6
10
3
5
3
13
10
3
5
1,751
1,783
1,887
373
375
82
6,922
1,625
233
681
150,794
119,504
7,174
4,775
16,055
1,374
39,312
25,353
1,785
8,266
1
1
2
1
125
125
80
45
125
4,000
4,262
2,070
2
496
2,504
7
10
2
1,082
27,896
114
12,055
135,855
765
1
2
2
3
3
7
14
18
22
22
140
17
122
102
245
5,147
8,034
4,811
22
3,920
449
792
502
1,599
58,545
125,949
117,561
2
5
4
20
281
225
249
249
1,914
3,175
4,401
1,231
100
12,024
2,669
1,479
2,286
19,767
60,329
10,521
22,474
6
6
14
22
13
16
85
ANALYSIS OF STRIKES, 19 2 7 - 3 6
T able 3 3 .— Strikes beginning in 1927— 6 , in cities which had 10 or more local
8
strikes in any year — Continued
C ity and year
Woonsocket:
_____
1927
1928
_____
1929_________________
1930 _______ ________
1931_________________
1932_________________
1933_________________
1934_________________
193*)—
____ ____
1936_________________
Worcester:
1927_________________
1928
____________
1929 ______________
1930
_____
1931
_______
N um
ber of N um
Manstrikes ber of
days idle
begin
during
workers
ning involved
year
in
year
4
1,655
59,533
1
1
2
1
14
1
4
7
50
23
335
118
3, 257
350
501
1, 437
100
92
335
1,652
41,249
29,050
2,620
19,243
2
2
1
1
2
55
36
50
18
65
1,2J0
1,308
150
90
1,430
C ity and year
Worcester— Continued.
1932 . _____________
1933 ________________
1934_________________
1935 ________________
1936_________________
York:
1927_________________
1928_________________
1929_________________
1930_________________
1931_________________
1932_________________
1933_________________
1934_________________
1935________
1936.
___
_____
N um
ber of N um
Manstrikes ber of days idle
begin workers during
ning involved
year
in
year
2
2
2
11
4
132
705
220
468
93
257
10, 514
3,968
3.838
4,083
3
1
97
174
934
696
2
11
5
2
61
1,384
272
88
103
23, 013
8,802
354
Strikes in Each State 1
8
In 7 of the 10 years from 1927 to 1936, Pennsylvania had more
workers involved in strikes than any other State. In the other 3
years— 1930, 1932, and 1936— the greatest number were in New
York.
In 1930 New York had 31 percent of the total number of workers
involved in all strikes, in 1932 over 42 percent, and in 1936 over 20
percent. The years in which Pennsylvania had the greatest number
of workers involved, the proportion varied from 17 to 30 percent of
the total.
There were 2,333 strikes in New York State from 1927 to 1936.
Almost 1% million workers were involved in these strikes. Although
there were fewer strikes in Pennsylvania (2,135), more workers (1,389,482) were involved. Massachusetts had 903 strikes during this period,
which involved almost one-half million workers. Other States having
more than 500 strikes were Ohio, 850; New Jersey, 818; Illinois, 706;
California, 594.
1 In table 34 the interstate strikes have been broken down, insofar as possible, and regarded as separate
8
strikes in each State affected, with the proper allocation of workers involved and man-days of idleness.
Because of this division the sum of the strikes in all States for any year would amount to more than the
total number of strikes for the year as shown in other tables. Strikes for which information was lacking
wth respect to number of workers affected in each State have been listed at the end of the table.
86
STKiKES IN' TH E UNITED STATES, 1 8 8 0 - 1 9 3 6
T able 34 .— Strikes beginning in 1 9 2 7 -8 6 , by States
Man-days idle during
year
Workers involved
State and year
Alabama:
1927____________________________
1928____________________________
1929____________________________
1930____________________________
1931____________________________
1932____________________________
1933____________________________
1934____________________________
1935____________________________
1936____________________________
Arizona:
1927_____ ____________________
1928____________________________
1929......
.................. ............ .
1930____ __ _________________
1931__________________ _______
1932____ _____________________
1933____________________________
1934______________ _____________
1935____________________________
1936._____ _____________________
Arkansas:
1927____________________________
1928__________________________ 1929____________________________
1930— - _____ __________________
1931____________________________
1932________________________
1933_____ ____ _________________
1934____________________________
1935____________________________
1936____________________________
California:
1927____________________________
1928____________________________
1929____________________________
1930____________________________
1931____________________________
1932____________________________
1933_______________ ____ _______
1934________ ____ ______________
1935____________________________
1936___________ ____ ___________
Colorado:
1927____ _______________________
1928____________________________
1929____________________________
1930____________________________
1931____________________________
1932____________________________
1933____________________________
1934____________________________
1935____________________________
1936____________________________
Connecticut:
1927— ____ ___________________
1928____________________________
1929____ ___________ ____ ______
1930____ _______________________
1931____________________________
1932____________________________
1933____________________________
1934____________________________
1935____________________________
1936____________________________
Delaware:
1927— _______ _________________
1928___________ ______ _________
1929____________________________
1930__________ ____ ____________
1931____ _______________________
1932___________________________
1933____________________________
1934____________________________
1935____ _______________________
1936______ _____________________
* Less than Ho of 1 percent.
Number
of strikes
beginning
in year
Number
Percent
age of
total for
all States
1
30
1
1
1
5
21
45
59
31
14
50
72
702
6,799
84,228
38,275
10,126
3
66
0)
2
43
0)
3
2
2
2
2,807
400
260
940
1
1
2
1
2
400
22
185
400
324
8
2
7
4
1,263
1,388
6,371
2,825
20
16
28
14
23
23
47
92
137
194
1,464
1,119
6,719
4,272
5,769
2,090
38,950
130,456
29, 487
70,027
6
5
1
4,856
480
45
4
3
105
340
499
1,914
8,170
1,707
4
12
5
8
Average
per
strike
Number
Percent
age of
total for
all States
30
P)
0)
0)
0.2
.6
5.7
3.4
1.3
120
0)
14
50
72
140
324
1,872
649
327
14
1,150
10, 512
4,878
93, 781
1, 722, 993
1,124,392
278,674
P)
P)
P)
22
P)
730
P)
0.2
.6
8.8
7.3
2.0
22
172
P)
936
200
130
470
13,904
4,300
6,650
1,880
P)
P)
P)
400
22
93
400
162
45,600
22
2,015
3,600
1,824
.6
.4
158
694
910
706
15,317
55, 208
49,168
64,602
.1
.3
.3
.5
.4
.4
2.3
2.3
1.7
.6
3.3
8.9
2.6
8.9
73
70
240
305
251
91
829
1,418
215
361
18,005
9,017
57,009
79, 231
37, 398
28, 796
638,435
1,110, 254
479, 677
2,038,101
.1
.1
1.1
2.4
.5
.3
3.8
5.7
3.0
14.7
1.5
.2
809
06
45
233, 293
168,421
315
26
113
125
160
1,634
213
224
3,810
3,630
13,947
56, 764
13,084
159
237
259
88
188
60
427
565
288
210
75,445
40, 772
47,354
16,886
78,307
21,157
230, 610
409, 791
194, 291
178,674
.2
P)
0)
.1
.1
P)
.1
.2
.1
P)
.1
P)
P)
P)
.1
.1
.7
.2
.1
.2
P)
P)
.1
P)
P)
P)
P)
P)
1.2
.6
.9
.4
2.2
2.2
45
4,302
2,368
3,365
1,138
3,201
1,330
26,061
31, 635
12, 656
9,435
.1
79
1,513
.2
185
6,646
80
P)
155
150
173
42
1,310
1,800
1,965
2,823
P)
P)
P)
P)
.1
.4
.1
P)
20
102
40
.9
1.3
27
10
13
13
17
22
61
56
44
3
59
307
40
2
3
2
6
310
450
345
249
.8
1.1
1.2
237
3
3
1
1.3
P)
P)
P)
(i)
P)
.3
.3
.9
.5
1.1
.2
1.4
2.1
1.3
1.3
P)
.2
ANALYSIS OF STRIKES,
87
1 9 2 7 -3 6
T able 3 4 . — Strikes beginning in 1 9 2 7 -8 6 , by States— Continued
Man-days idle during
year
Workers involved
State and year
District of Columbia:
1927____________________________
1928 ______________ __________
1929____________________________
1930____________________________
1931____________________________
1932____________________________
1933____________________________
1934____________________________
1935____________________________
1936________________________
Florida:
1927____________________________
1928.—
_____________________
1929................ ..................... ............
1930____________________________
1931_______________________
1932_____________________ _____
___________________ _______
1934______________________ ____
1935.______ ____________ ____ _
1936____________________________
Georgia:
1927-........... ...................... ............
1928— ............... ... ..................... .
1929____________________________
1930___________________________
1931_________ _______ __________
1932 .
.
...... ................... .
1933......... .......... ... .........................
1934 ________ __________________
1935— ____ _______ ____________
1936_______ ____________________
Idaho:
1927 ______ ______
___________
1928
1929
. ...
1930— _____ ___________________
1931_______ ____ _______________
1932
1933____________________________
1934. . . .
_______________
1935____________________________
1936_______________________ ___
Illinois:
1927_____________ _____________
1928____________________________
1929_____ ____ _________________
1930____________________________
1931___________________________
1932____ ________________ ____ _
1933— ____ _____ ____________
1934____________________________
1935..______ ___________________
1936____________________________
Indiana:
1927____________________________
1928____________________ _______
1929____________________________
1930.__________ ________________
1931____________________________
1932— _____ __________________
1933__
______
1934____________________________
1935____________________________
1936____________________________
Iowa:
1927..________ _________________
1928-____ _____________________
1929___________________________
1930____________________________
1931____________________________
1932..____ _____________________
1933___________________________
1934—
. ____________
1935___________________________
1936_____ _____ ________________
i Less than Ho of 1 percent.
Number
of strikes
beginning
in year
Number
Percent
age of
total for
all States
2
5
4
6
6
14
22
13
16
20
281
225
249
249
1,914
3,175
4,401
1,231
6
2
2
3
4
2
1933 8
4
9
7
516
70
275
168
8,812
17
12,207
246
7,046
1,491
1
2
3
2
3
2
17
18
16
10
7
62
893
61
482
81
11, 219
38, 637
6, 692
2,558
2
1
124
25
0)
0)
Average
per
strike
Number
Percent
age of
total for
all States
10
56
56
42
42
137
144
339
77
100
12,024
2,669
1,479
2,286
19, 767
60, 329
10, 521
22,474
86
35
138
56
2,203
9
1,526
62
783
213
21,046
7,640
18, 325
1, 668
110, 067
29
129,315
18, 264
290,070
13,864
7
31
298
30
161
41
660
2,147
418
256
434
1,457
10,053
1,187
4, 232
1,287
73,401
503,974
182, 236
64, 850
0)
0)
.1
0)
62
25
744
250
0)
0)
0.1
.1
.1
.1
.2
.2
.4
.2
.2
0)
.1
.1
2.6
0)
1.0
0)
.6
.2
0)
0)
0)
.3
.1
0)
1.0
2.6
.6
.3
0)
0)
0)
0.2
.1
.1
.3
.1
.2
.1
.1
.3
.1
1. 6
0)
0)
0)
.8
.1
1.9
.1
.2
.1
.4
2. 6
1. 2
.5
1
13
13
91
0)
5
5
1, 623
2,617
.1
.3
325
523
6, 373
123, 375
0)
44
40
65
45
42
52
104
110
106
98
77, 770
39, 382
22,591
12,022
17, 790
40, 270
38, 457
44,900
73, 538
24,094
23. 6
12.5
7.8
6.6
5.2
12.4
3.3
3.1
6. 6
3.1
1,768
985
348
267
424
774
370
408
694
246
7,882, 094
2, 302, 617
290, 706
378,127
455, 226
3,530, 524
480, 705
455, 950
834,043
409, 748
30.1
18.2
5.4
11.4
6. 6
33. 6
2.8
2.3
5.4
2.9
17
15
40
27
19
17
23
40
41
34
18,534
4,179
10,760
3,930
7,124
6,083
6,590
9, 600
46,448
11,726
5. 6
1.3
3.7
2.1
2.1
1.9
.6
.7
4.2
1.5
1,090
279
269
146
375
358
287
240
1,133
345
2,036,077
450, 385
398, 577
56, 867
97, 802
442, 075
69,577
194, 852
350, 207
153, 596
7.8
3. 6
7.4
1. 7
1.4
4. 2
.4
1.0
2.3
1.1
7
12
7
4
10
8
12
14
13
10
5,825
6,037
806
414
942
599
7,378
8,289
11,129
1, 210
1.8
1.9
.3
.2
.3
.2
.6
.6
1.0
.2
832
503
115
104
94
75
615
592
856
121
640, 645
241,474
4,505
12,052
9,808
8, 809
248, 446
64, 765
79, 796
45. 297
2.4
1.9
.1
.4
.1
.1
1. 5
.3
.5
.3
.9
88
STRIKES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1 8 8 0 - 1 9 3 6
T able 34. — Strikes beginning in 1927-36 , by States— Continued
Man-days idle during
year
Workers involved
State and year
Kansas:
1927____________________________
1928_________ ____ _____________
1929___________________________
1930____________________________
1931___________________________
1932____________________________
1933____________________________
1934___________________________
1935___________________________
1936____________________________
Kentucky:
1927____________________________
1928___________________________
1929___________________________
1930___________________________
1931___________________________
1932____________________________
1933____________________________
1934____________________________
1935____________________________
1936____________________________
Louisiana:
1927____________________________
1928___________________________
1929___________________________
1930____________________________
1931____________________________
1932___________________________
1933___________________________
1934____________________________
1935____________________________
1936____________________________
Maine:
1927____________________________
1928____________________________
1929___________________________
1930___________________________
1931____________________________
1932____________________________
1933____________________________
1934____________________________
1935____________________________
1936____________________________
Maryland:
1927____________________ _______
1928____________________________
1929____________________________
1930____________________________
1931____________________________
1932____________________________
1933___________________________
1934____________________________
1935____________________________
1936____________________________
Massachusetts:
1927____________________________
1928____________________________
1929____________________________
1930____________________________
1931____________________________
1932____________________________
1933____________________________
1934____________________________
1935____________________________
1936___________________________
Michigan:
1927____________________________
1928____________________________
1929____________________________
1930____________________________
1931____________________________
1932____________________________
1933____________________________
1934____________________________
1935____________________________
1936— ____ ____________________
1 Less than Ho of 1 percent.
Number
of strikes
beginning
in year
Number
Percent
age of
total for
all States
Average
per
strike
Number
Percent
age of
total for
all States
2
3
5
2
1
3
3
6
7
5
3,014
2, 352
352
2,109
75
59
62
2,767
4,854
265
0.9
.7
.1
1.2
C)
1
0)
(0
.2
.4
0)
1,507
784
70
1,055
75
20
21
461
693
53
342, 644
144,952
2,566
84, 619
300
672
614
88,711
39,507
998
13
4
7
13
5
9
16
14
13
9
4,073
452
923
9,190
6,314
1,339
6,568
15, 667
14,894
1,305
1.2
.1
.3
5.0
1.8
.4
.6
1.1
1.3
.2
313
113
132
707
1,263
149
411
1,119
1,146
145
60,182
39,177
10,559
411, 304
172,803
27, 642
94, 467
191, 367
403,116
358,713
.2
.3
.2
12.4
2.5
.3
.6
1.0
2.6
2.6
3
3
8
5
3
6
10
9
12
17
212
67
3,302
412
2,140
2,976
10,967
1,566
5,355
3,082
.1
71
22
413
82
713
496
1,097
174
446
181
14, 372
10, 606
201,976
6,424
5,705
7,116
72, 221
18,539
138,251
31,858
.1
.1
3.8
.2
.1
.1
.4
.1
.9
.2
3
5
7
7
3
4
6
3
•7
7
383
2,046
550
1,196
34
2,246
654
9,796
2,299
831
.7
.1
.7
.2
.1
128
409
79
171
11
562
109
3,265
328
119
3,053
14,556
9,917
22, 236
215
38,736
3,716
98,386
25,717
5,811
9
8
13
10
6
6
12
19
27
27
8,803
772
2,070
6,585
923
5,365
6,601
2,507
9,456
19,131
2.7
.2
.7
3.6
.3
1.7
.6
.2
.8
2.4
978
96
159
659
154
894
550
132
350
709
110, 295
21,108
17,249
86, 684
13, 594
41,924
57,841
18,477
49, 694
203, 300
.4
.2
.3
2.6
.2
.4
.3
.1
.3
1.5
68
90
78
45
63
65
161
112
110
111
10, 779
46,865
23, 673
5,274
47,954
9,763
88, 754
116,422
26, 321
34,193
3.3
14.9
8.2
2.9
14.0
3.0
7. 6
7.9
2.4
4.3
159
521
304
117
761
150
551
1,039
239
308
162,157
4, 008, 413
862, 300
61,563
1,106, 746
130, 996
1,411, 408
1, 339, 084
605, 188
432, 223
.6
31.7
16.1
1.9
16.1
1.2
8.4
6.8
3.9
3.1
8
7
16
15
9
11
25
63
55
45
411
351
2, 706
5, 401
532
1,014
17, 531
25, 447
17, 226
26,986
.1
.1
.9
3.0
.2
.3
1.5
1.7
1.5
3.4
51
50
169
360
59
92
701
404
313
600
3,163
21, 806
37, 005
64,366
10, 565
9, 835
346, 831
290, 481
187, 325
214,182
0)
1.1
.2
.6
.9
.9
.1
.5
.4
.1
.7
.2
.7
0)
1.3
1.1
0)
(0
0)
0)
2.6
.5
.3
(0
0)
0)
0)
.1
.2
.7
.4
.5
.2
0)
0)
.2
.7
1.9
.2
.1
2.1
1.5
1.2
1.5
89
ANALYSIS OF STRIKES, 192 7 - 3 6
T able
3 4 . — Strikes
beginning in 1927-36 , by States— Continued
Man-days idle during
year
Workers involved
State and year
Number
of strikes
beginning
in year
Minnesota:
1927____________________________
1928___________________________
1929____________________________
1930— _T_______________________
1931___________________________
1932____________________________
1933____________________________
1934____________________________
1935____________________________
1936____________________________
Mississippi:
1927____________________________
1928
1929____________________________
1930____________________________
1931____________________________
1932___________________________
1933____________________________
1934____________________________
1935____________________________
1936____________________________
Missouri:
1927____________________________
1928___________________________
1929___________________________
1930___________________________
1931___________________________
1932___________________________
1933____________________________
1934____________________________
1935____________________________
1936____________________________
Montana:
1927____________________________
1928____________________________
1929____________________________
1930____________________________
1931____________________________
1932____________________________
1933____________________________
1934____________________________
1935____________________________
1936____________________________
Nebraska:
1927____________________________
1928
______
1929___________________________
1930
1931
1932______________
1933____________________________
1934____________________________
1935____________________________
1936____________________________
Nevada:
1927____________ ______________
1928 ___________
1929 ...............
1930____________
1931____________________________
1932____________________________
1933
1934 ________
1935____________________________
1936_____________________ ______
N ew Hampshire:
1927____________________________
1928____________________________
1929____________________________
1930____________________________
1931____________________________
1932____________________________
1933____________________________
1934____________________________
1935____________________________
1936____________________________ 1
1Less than Ho of 1 percent.
Number
Percent
age of
total for
all States
Average
per
strike
0.5
.1
.1
.1
.2
.2
.4
1.6
.5
1.8
154
102
46
36
86
116
567
1,065
172
263
11
3
9
7
7
5
9
22
35
54
1,695
305
417
250
602
581
5,103
23,437
6,028
14, 214
1
35
1
1
2
2
8
7
8
3
35
100
256
1,700
2, 212
3, 018
3, 601
285
16
9
17
13
18
19
48
42
45
35
4,040
1, 781
7,214
8, 749
1, 716
3, 313
17, 077
15, 762
16, 438
9, 821
3
2
4
7
2
5
1
8
7
6
89
2,400
586
1,434
24
3,041
18
6,923
2, 130
1, 215
2
37
2
75
1
5
2
5
8
1, 288
282
290
0
2
Number
75,964
5,120
6, 440
4,869
11,928
6, 723
48, 475
286, 381
177,135
249, 744
Percent
age of
total for
all States
0.3
0)
.1
.1
.2
.1
.3
1.5
.1.1
1.8
0)
35
70
0
0
.1
.1
.5
.2
.2
.3
35
100
128
850
276
431
450
95
35
300
376
72, 400
6, 624
45, 480
62, 378
2,800
0
0
0
1.2
.6
2.5
4.8
.5
1.0
1.5
1. 1
1.5
1. 2
253
198
424
673
95
174
356
375
365
281
324, 914
145, 520
184,931
64,320
29,147
41, 495
360, 457
223, 204
230, 291
158,194
29
1,200
147
205
12
608
18
865
304
203
2, 379
16, 400
10, 544
19, 743
296
117, 384
378
549, 483
26, 892
10, 628
0)
0
19
162
0)
0
38
115
0)
0)
0
8
258
141
58
48
4, 603
2, 613
1, 715
0)
0
0)
0
88
0)
44
388
0
1
1
1, 470
70
0)
1, 470
70
14, 700
70
0
2
3
1,287
169
0)
644
56
12, 888
247
0
4
4
4
1
3
9
26
286
525
1,190
165
252
1, 216
19,116
30, 838
1, 547
1,093
72
131
298
165
84
135
735
2, 372
193
219 1
6, 964
2, 405
54,439
1,880
1,874
5,978
343,104
251, 087
30,84'4
13,288
13
8
5
0
0)
0)
0)
.8
.2
.8
.9
.5
.2
.2
.1
.4
.1
.1
.2
.4
.1
.1
.4
1.6
2. 1
.1
.1
.7
0
.2
.4
0)
1.2
1.2
3.5
1.9
.4
.4
2.1
1.1
1.5
'1 .1
0
0
.1
.2
.6
1.1
2.8
.2
.1
.2
.1
0
0
0)
1.0
.1
.1
2.0
1.3
.2
.1
90
STRIKES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1 8 8 0 - 1 9 3 6
T able 34 .— Strikes beginning in 1927-86 , by States— Continued
Man-days idle during
year
Workers involved
State and year
N ew Jersey:
1927— _______ __________________
1928____________________________
1929____________________________
1930____________________________
1931____________________________
1932___________________________
1933_____ ____________________
1934____________________________
1935____________________________
1936____________________________
N ew M exico:
1927
_________________ .
1928 _____________________ __
1929 __________________ . 1 _.
1930____________________________
1931____________________________
1932 _______ ___________
1933 _________ _______________
1934_____ _______ ______ _____
1935____________________________
1936____________________________
N ew York:
1927 __________ __________ ______
1928____________________ _____
1929 ___________ ____ _______
1930 __________________________
1931___________________________
1932____________________________
1933___________________________
1934____________________________
1935 ______ ____________________
1936____________________________
North Carolina:
1927____________________________
1928___________________________
1929____________________________
1930 ___________________________
1931____________________________
1932____________________________
1933_______________________
1934____________________________
1935_________________________ .
1936____________________________
North Dakota:
1927___________________________
1928____________________________
1929____________________________
1930____________________________
1931____________________________
1932____________________________
1933_____________________ _
1934—
_ _ _ _ ______
1935— _ _ ________
1936________
_
Ohio:
1927____________________________
1928___
_ ______________ _
1929________________________
_
1930...
___________ . . . ___
1931_________________________ _
1932____________________________
1933____
_ _ _ _ _
1934____
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
1935_______________________
__
1936____________________________
Oklahoma:
1927_________ ________ _____
1928____________________________
1929____________________________
1930______________
_._
____
1931____________________________
1932____________________________
1933____________________________
1934____________________________
1935__________________ _______
1936____________________________
•Less than Ho of 1 percent.
Number
of strikes
beginning
in year
Number
Percent
age of
total for
all States
Average
per
strike
2.7
3.7
4.8
3.1
7.0
4.3
5.7
3. 5
4. 2
3.8
146
273
178
102
400
184
592
590
384
238
138,143
364,160
170, 256
91,583
856,904
212,548
1, 802, 331
938, 563
1, 090, 083
560,953
10
30
0)
.1
.1
.1
.2
.1
14
350
576
277
835
221
28
10,841
61, 426
4, 528
16,902
35,165
0)
14.5
26.0
23.1
30.6
19.9
42.4
25.7
13.0
12.6
20.5
302
644
379
400
300
570
1,251
677
402
409
1, 220, 602
98<? 724
J
1, 382, 912
646, 206
727, 702
2,504, 541
3,880, 929
2,465, 475
1, 498,133
1, 943, 992
.3
163
5Q
2(67
156
153
641
382
2,201
326
409
27, 616
1,150
90, 673
6, 474
2,078
185, 062
179, 676
538,558
46,893
85, 707
.1
.1
175
106
541
162
2,800
211
7,861
1,878
8.6
3.8
2.2
4.5
3.6
5.8
2.1
5. 5
7.9
15.9
1,357
438
145
251
293
510
259
403
512
705
4,520, 822
1,627,136
174,161
115,735
142, 801
1, 814, 682
279, 587
1,380, 664
1,301, 504
1,742, 788
.1
93
19
140
10
205
174
850
474
376
145
30,876
601
729
10
36,397
22,049
10,700
119,110
121,450
40,396
61
43
77
55
60
75
112
86
123
126
8,905
11,754
13,713
5, 625
24, 015
13„ 802
66, 259
50, 758
47, 233
30, 024
1
10
0)
1
1
2
5
3
4
14
350
1,151
1,385
2,504
885
(0
159
127
176
140
227
241
240
281
349
393
47, 993
81,741
66, 765
56, 027
67,997
137,347
300, 308
190,376
140, 299
160, 734
6
1
18
6
2
22
28
22
16
13
979
50
4, 797
938
306
14, 092
10,689
48,413
5, 215
5,319
1
2
3
4
175
211
1, 622
647
21
27
44
33
42
37
96
200
173
177
28, 487
11,825
6,387
8,278
12, 289
18,888
24,904
80, 635
88,620
124,803
4
3
3
1
6
6
2
11
15
373
58
419
10
1,231
1,043
1,700
5,218
5,638
871
a
0)
1.7
.5
.1
4.3
.9
3.3
.5
.7
0)
0)
0)
0)
.1
.4
.3
.1
.4
.5
.1
Num ber
Percent
age of
total for
all States
0. 5
2.9
3. 2
2. 8
12. 4
2. 0
10. 7
4. 8
7.1
4. 0
0)
.1
4
.1
.3
4.7
7.8
25.8
19.5
10. 6
23. 8
23. 0
12. 6
9. 7
14. 0
.1
0)
0)
0)
0)
1. 7
.2
1. 8
1.1
2. 7
.3
.6
.1
0)
17. 2
12.9
3.3
3.5
2.1
17.3
1. 7
7 0
8.4
12.5
.1
(l)
0)
(1)
.5
.2
.1
.6
.8
.3
91
ANALYSIS OF STRIKES, 19 2 7 -3 6
T
able
3 4 .— Strikes beginning in 1927-86, by States— Continued
Man-days idle during
year
Workers involved
State and year
Oregon:
1927____________________________
1928 _ _ _
_ ____
___
1929________
_
1930...
_ ______
_ _ _
1931... _ _ _ _ _
__ _
_ _ _
1932 ___
1933___ _ _
1934___________________________
1935____________________________
1936____________________________
Pennsylvania:
1927____________________________
1928____________________________
1929____________________________
1930____________________________
1931____________________________
1932____________________________
1933____ _
1934____
1935 _______
_
____
1936___ _
_
_
_______
Rhode Island:
1927____________________________
1928____________________________
1929____________________________
1930___
_ _
____
_
1931____________________________
1932____________________________
1933. _
1934.__
1935 __
_ _ _ _ _
__
_
1936... ____
South Carolina:
1927
1928____________________________
1929____________________________
1930____________________________
1931____________________________
1932 __
__
_ _ _
1933____________________________
_ _
_____ ___
1934_____
1935____________________________
1936____________________________
South Dakota:
1927_____
1928
1929___
___ ___
1930
1931____
__ ____________
1932_____ _ _ ________
1933 ._
1934_____
_ _
_ _ _
1935____________________________
1936
Tennessee:
1927_______ —
1928____________________________
1929_____ ____
_ _______
1930____________________________
1931____
1932________
_
_ _ _
1933____________________________
1934____________________________
1935_______ __________________
1936____________________________
1 Less than Ho of 1 percent.
13894°— 38-------7
Number
of strikes
beginning
in year
Number
Percent
age of
total for
all States
Average
per
strike
Number
Percent
age of
total for
all States
9
6
7
2
7
4
10
36
21
53
525
372
311
140
954
590
10,067
17,941
13,829
16,009
0.2
.1
.1
.1
.3
.2
.9
1. 2
1.2
2.0
58
62
44
70
136
148
1,007
498
659
302
11,989
1,957
4,053
820
1,248
3,865
171, 755
146,966
539, 201
391,174
119
110
184
115
130
115
381
296
320
365
81,132
90,432
80, 792
34, 556
100,950
36, 505
347, 244
254, 478
245,189
118, 204
24.6
28.8
28.0
18.9
29.5
11.3
29. 7
17. 3
21.9
15.0
682
822
439
300
777
317
911
860
766
324
7, 624, 735
1,910,801
661,187
621,353
2, 069, 603
444,142
4, 632, 545
2, 691, 252
2,326,961
2,016, 541
29.1
15.1
12.4
18.7
30.0
4.2
27.5
13.7
15.1
14.5
23
9
17
10
20
11
49
14
21
27
5,583
1, 368
2,920
533
4,836
1,402
12,509
30,198
3, 512
5,810
1.7
.4
1.0
.3
1.4
.4
1.1
2.1
.3
.7
243
152
172
53
242
127
255
2,157
167
215
248, 628
29,079
86,946
3,423
120,030
26,661
203,160
334, 398
79, 622
82,289
.9
.2
1.6
.1
1.7
.3
1.2
1.7
.5
.6
14
1
1
4
32
17
11
16
11,907
48
8
1,857
15,276
42,414
5,050
4,445
4.1
851
48
8
464
477
2,495
459
278
302,034
240
8
72,897
111, 327
544,358
183, 760
257,375
(i)
0)
.6
1.3
2.9
.5
.6
0)
0)
0)
0)
0)
0.1
1.0
.8
3.5
2.8
5.6
0)
0)
.7
.7
2.8
1.2
1.9
1
17
0)
17
68
0)
1
150
0)
150
900
0)
1
3
1,200
2,522
.1
.2
1,200
841
6,000
25, 777
0)
4
6
8
1
6
4
20
17
27
23
1,372
462
8,456
8
872
635
4, 019
10,866
4,145
2,760
.4
.1
2.9
343
77
1,057
8
145
159
201
639
154
120
41,657
7,374
149,391
8
8,462
51,723
55,984
145,484
125,815
62,322
0)
.3
.2
.3
.7
.4
.3
.2
.2
.1
2.8
0)
*1
‘5
*3
‘7
‘8
*4
92
STRIKES IN THE UNITED STATES, 188 0 - 1 9 3 6
T able 3 4 .— Strikes beginning in 1927-86 , by States— Continued
Man-days idle during
year
Workers involved
State and year
Texas:
_ _ —
1927 _____________
_____________________ ___
1929_______________________ __
1930
1931
1939
1933
1934____________________________
1935
1936____________________________
Utah:
1927____________________________
1928 ____________________
1929____________________________
1930
1931______ ___________________
1932____________________________
1933____________________________
1934... _______________________
193.5___________________________
1936____________________________
Vermont:
1927_______________________ __
1928... _______________________
1929___________________________
1930___________________________
1931_________ _ .
1932___________________________
1933____________________________
1934____________________________
1935____________________________
1936____________________________
Virginia:
1927___________________________
1928__________ ________ _______
1929___________________________
1930____________________________
1931____________________________
1932___________ __________ _____
1933____________________________
1934____________________________
1935__________________ .. _.
1936___________________
Washington:
1927 _________ _____________
1928________________________
1929________________
1930________________________
1931________________________
1932_______________________
..
1933_______________________
1934___ ____ ________________
1935___________________
_
1936___________ ___________
W est Virginia:
1927________________________
1928_____________ _________ _
1929_____________________
1930 _____________________
1931............ ....................... ......
1932_______________________
1933________________________
1934______________ ______ _
1935_______________________
1936___ _____________ ______
W isconsin:
1927 ______________________
1928 ______________________
1929 ______________________
1930 __________ _____ __________
1931 __________ ____ __________
1932................................ ............... .
1933
______________ _________
1934 __________________________
1935____ ______________ ________
1936......... ........................................
1Less than }io of 1 percent,
Number
of strikes
beginning
in year
Number
Percent
age of
total for
all States
8
1928 5
6
6
13
7
7
22
24
38
131
311
501
3,229
3,134
353
3,102
8, 222
7,615
7.058
1
90
1
45
1
1
3
3
4
10
453
281
2,828
3,382
0)
0)
0)
1
1
1
1
14
130
75
50
(i)
0)
0)
0)
5
3
6
3
1,916
3,613
1,960
168
1
3
5
3
2
2
15
7
12
7
6
314
751
4,081
611
275
5,183
2, 907
12, 765
1, 659
9
13
10
6
15
7
23
28
61
82
1, 292
647
582
542
3, 585
1, 734
3, 223
7, 665
33, 830
28, 073
6
2
10
8
7
15
23
17
30
3
8
6
621
1,245
283
759
4,933
588
4,670
33, 085
10, 275
16,417
9
15
8
17
77
46
50
Average
per
strike
Number
Percent
age of
total for
all States
16
62
84
538
241
50
443
374
317
186
7,863
10,432
8,972
7, 513
52, 660
7, 481
14,375
111,707
156,408
93,641
0)
90
6,930
0)
0)
45
45
0)
10
453
94
943
846
70
2,868
896
13,692
136,995
0)
(0
0)
14
130
75
50
56
9, 360
75
1,300
0)
383
1,204
327
56
81,908
55, 430
32,809
57,044
6
105
150
1,360
306
138
346
415
1,064
237
402
2,129
4, 848
316, 361
99, 611
1, 625
89, 917
109, 928
85,342
8, 311
.3
1. 0
.5
.3
.5
3.0
3. 6
144
50
58
90
239
248
140
274
555
342
44,184
12, 219
63,985
28, 876
102, 012
19,109
96, 234
265,153
1, 043, 066
846,825
2,963
.9
494
365
4,105
8, 662
7, 284
25,766
35, 095
104, 431
7,333
.1
183
411
1,083
1,041
1,718
1,526
6,143
244
210,988
3,230
3, 010
79,155
388,795
528, 709
380,621
556, 517
570, 426
140,968
207
156
47
84
329
74
275
430
223
328
11, 089
12,305
7,837
7,846
108,375
7,321
42,312
791,377
266, 703
233, 200
(0
0.1
.2
1.8
.9
.1
.3
.6
.7
.9
.3
.4
.2
.2
.2
0)
0)
.1
.3
2.2
.2
.1
.4
.2
1.1
.2
.4
.2
.2
2. 2
2.5
2. 2
2. 2
2. 4
9.3
.9
.2
.4
.1
.4
1.4
.2
.4
2.3
.9
2.1
0)
0.1
.2
.2
.8
.1
.1
.6
1.0
.7
.1
1.0
.1
0)
0)
.5
.3
.2
.4
0)
0)
0)
.1
9.5
1.4
.5
.6
.6
.1
.2
.1
1. 2
.9
1.5
.2
.6
1.4
6.7
6.1
.8
(0
0)
.1
2. 4
5.6
5. 0
2.3
2.8
3. 7
1. 0
.1
.1
.2
1. 6
.1
.3
4. 0
1.7
1.7
A N A L Y S IS
OF
S T R IK E S ,
93
192 7 -3 6
T a b l e 3 4 .— Strikes beginning in 1 9 2 7 -3 6 , by States — Continued
Man-days idle during
vear
Workers involved
State and year
W yom ing:
1927____________________________
1928______________________
1929____________________________
1930______________
1931____________________________
1932______________________
1933________________________
1934________________________
1935______________________
_
1936_____________________
Extended across State lin es:2
1927___________________________
1928____________________________
1929____ ______
1930____________________ 1931____________________________
1932____________________________
1933____________________________
1934________________
1935_______________________
1936____________________________
Number
of strikes
beginning
in year
Number
Percent
age of
total for
all States
Average
per
strike
0.5
473
4,034
0)
Number
Percent
age of
total for
all States
3
1,418
1
70
0)
70
770
0)
1
2
2
2
3
11
520
180
3,6.90
800
0)
0)
0)
1, 078
7, 200
2,160
18,420
12,120
0)
0)
.3
.1
11
260
90
1,845
267
2
2
2
1, 577
362
400
.5
.1
.1
789
181
200
11, 039
2, 474
1,200
0)
0)
0)
0.1
.1
4
3, 000
.9
750
43, 007
.4
11
25
2
30, 798
16, 282
131
2.1
1. 5
2,800
651
66
361, 504
247, 517
57, 529
1.8
1. 6
.4
0)
1 Less than Ho of 1 percent.
2 Unable to determine number of workers involved in each State.
Twenty-four States had fewer than 25 strikes each year between
1927 and 1936 and therefore are not included in table 35, which shows
strikes by industry group. In general, the number of strikes in each
industry varied with the importance of the industry in each State.
Exceptions are most marked in the automobile, petroleum, paper, and
textile industries. The first three experienced fewer and textiles
many more strikes in relation to the size of the industry in most of
the States.
In half of the 24 States having 25 or more strikes in any year
between 1927 and 1936, the greatest number occurred in the textile
and clothing industries. In seven of these States (Illinois, Indiana,
Minnesota, Missouri, Ohio, Texas, and Wisconsin) the largest number
of strikes took place in the building-construction trades.
During the 10-year period, the greatest number of strikes in Ala
bama occurred in textiles (37) and mining (35); in California, in trans
portation (144) and agriculture (69); in Connecticut, in textiles (141);
in Illinois, in building-construction trades (129) and mining (91); in
Indiana, in building-construction trades (80); and in Maryland,
in textiles (30).
Massachusetts had 305 strikes in the textile industries and 231 in
leather and shoes; Michigan had 42 strikes in the manufacture of
transportation equipment; Minnesota and Missouri experienced the
greatest number of strikes in the building trades, 26 and 66, respec
tively; New Hampshire had 30 strikes each in the textile and leather
industries; and New Jersey had 303 strikes in the textile industries.
94
STRIKES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1 8 8 0 -1 9 3 6
In New York State the greatest number of strikes occurred in the
textile and clothing industries (617) and the next largest number was
in the building trades (327); a majority of the strikes in North Caro
lina occurred in the textile industries (94); Ohio had the greatest
number in the building trades (107), the next highest being in steel
manufacturing (64); and in Oregon the greatest number occurred in
transportation (38), the next highest being in lumber (25).
The greatest number of strikes in Pennsylvania was in the textile
and clothing industries (666), the second greatest number was in
mining (442). The greatest number of strikes occurred in the textile
and clothing industries in Rhode Island (136), South Carolina (81),
and Tennessee (32). Texas had 38 strikes in the building trades and
24 in transportation, Washington had 86 in the lumber industry,
West Virginia 44 in mining, and Wisconsin 43 in the building trades.
T able 35 .— Strikes beginning in 1 9 2 7 -8 6 , in States having 25 or more strikes in
any year , by industry group
ALABAMA
Industry group and year
Iron and steel and their
products, not including
machinery:
1927-29...........................
1930— ............................
1931-32...........................
1933— ......................
1934
1935................................
1936__________________
Lumber and allied prod
ucts:
1927-32 ..........................
1933— ........................ .
1934— ............... ............
1935................... ...........
1936— ........................
Stone, clay, and glass
products:
1927-34 ............. ...........
1935— ..........................
1936........... ...............—
Textiles and their prod
ucts:
1927-31 ........................
1932...............................
1933— ............................
1934..______ _________
1935-...................... .......
1936— ..........................
Leather and its manu
factures:
1927-35...........................
1936-....................... .
Food and kindred prod
ucts:
1927-32......................... .
1933
........................
1934-.............................
1935.................................
1936 .............................
Paper and printing:
1927-31
...........
1932 .............................
1933.................................
N um
N um ber of
ber of w ork
strikes ers in
volved
Mandays
idle
during
year
1
50
1,150
1
6
3
1
600
2,101
599
160
6,000
36,581
2,766
1,120
1
2
12
3
38
665
1,320
190
608
1,720
33,058
10,403
5
314
1
125
9 3,076
11 38, 207
12 5,725
4 3,838
5,325
3,000
59,329
910,850
203,334
154,862
2
124
1, 555
1
1
3
40
450
200
240
4,050
5,260
1690
1
10
260
Industry group and year
Paper and printing— Con.
1934....... ........................
1935_____ _____ ______
1936__________________
Chemicals
and
allied
products:
1927-32_______________
1933__________________
1934__________________
1935-36_______________
Rubber products:
1927-28______ ______ 1929......... .......................
1930-36_______________
Miscellaneous manufac
turing:
1927-31_______ _______
1932.............. ........... . _
1933_________ ______
1934-36_______________
Extraction of minerals:
1927-31........... ................
1932_________ ______
1933_______ ____ _____
1934_______________
1935__________________
1936__________________
Transportation and com
munication:
1927-33-____ ________
1934_____ ____ _______
1935__________________
1936— ............... ..........
Trade:
1927-33_____ _____ —
1934__________________
1935_________ ________
1936................................
Dom estic and personal
service:
1927....................... .......
1928-33_______________
1934...____ __________
1935.............. .................
1936.................................
N um
N um ber of
ber of work
strikes ers in
volved
Mandays
idle
during
year
1
2
750
756
7,500
43, 518
1
1
108
52
216
104
1
14
14
1
1
17
62
68
1,028
1
500
6 2, 855
12 38,197
9 22,239
7 3, 909
1,500
26,080
714, 782
672, 240
99, 771
2
3
3
1,060
1,066
233
17, 780
46,822
3, 320
1
216
2,376
1
18
18
1
30
120
6
1
1
2,198
286
20
25,309
15,444
1,720
ANALYSIS OF STRIKES, 192 7 -3 6
95
T able 35 .— Strikes beginning in 1 9 2 7 -3 6 , in States having 2 5 or more strikes in
any year , by industry group — Continued
ALABAMA—Continued
Industry group and year
Professional service:
1927-30_______________
1931__________________
1932__________________
1933-36_______________
Building and construc
tion:
1927-32_______________
1933__________ _____
1934__________________
1935........... .......... ..........
1936.____ _____________
N um
N um ber of
ber of work
strikes ers in
volved
M andays
idle
during
year
1
1
72
50
10,512
50
1
20
280
1
5
25
234
Industry group and year
Agriculture and fishing:
1927-34______________
1935_____ _____
1936_________________
Relief work and W . P. A .:
1927-33._____ _______
1934— ..........................
1935.........................
1936................................
N um
N um ber of
ber of work
strikes ers in
volved
Mandays
idle
during
year
275
750
5
2,074
52,029
2
3
4
332
3,671
1,400
1,941
44,321
4, 465
CALIFORNIA
Iron and steel and their
products, not including
machinery:
1927-32......................... .
1933__________________
1934................................
1935__________________
1936_________________
Machinery, not including
transportation equip
ment:
1927-28 ______________
1929__________________
1930- _______________
1931__________________
1932_________________
1933__________________
1934_______ _____ ____
1935_____________ ___
1936____________ ____
Transportation
equip
ment:
1927-28_______________
1929__________________
1930__________________
1931__________________
1932__________________
1933__________________
1934__________________
1935_ _______________
1936__________________
Nonferrous metals and
their products:
1927-30_______________
1931__________________
1932 ________________
1933
1934
1935__________ ______
1936__________________
Lum ber and allied prod
ucts:
1927_________ _______ 1998
1999
1930
1931-32__
______
1933__________________
1934
1935
1936
Stone, clay, and glass
products:
1927-31
1932
1933-34_______________
1935
___________
1936__________________
1
1
1
10
279
30
370
893
I
150
150
1
1
1
1
1
6
15
43
80
46
130
1,664
360
2.193
1, 600
506
390
19,091
1
1
1
75
30
35
75
30
175
1
1
1
10
65
540
75
5, 384
845
17,820
150
241, 204
1
26
26
1
12
48
1
3
450
108
4,950
424
5
5
2
1
112
134
548
22
7,689
5 192
20', 374
88
1
5
6
12
535
1, 622
2,416
1,814
3,745
24,900
80, 334
137,954
1
55
55
1
1
9
57
270
285
1,674
840
4,070
15, 534
Textiles and their prod
ucts:
1927__.................... ........
4
510
1,700
1928 — ....................
1929......... ................... ...
3
234
4,580
1930_____ ____ _______
4
941
25, 576
1931__________________
4
223
2,283
1
11
1932__________________
1,207
1933__________________
10 4,071
48, 790
1934
__________
8 1,994
10,906
1935
____________________________________
959
5,233
8
1936
. -_
22 5,938
83, 513
Leather and its manufac
tures:
1927-32_______________
2
1933__________________
50
388
1934-36— ____ _______
Food and kindred prod
ucts:
1997
1
6
12
1928
1
75
75
1929__________________
1930
2
3,104
704
2 3,995
1931
11,970
2
1932
142
142
2 1,160
1933
11,960
5
1934
929
561
_^ _______
1935
11 4,163
28,416
1936
10 2,488
12, 547
Tobacco manufactures:
1927-32
1933
1
30
240
1934-35_______________
iQOfi
O
ly o o .,.__ _________
z
3,936
418
Paper and printing:
1927________________
2
941
43
1928__________________
1929
i
5,313
253
1930__________________
1931
5
4,378
161
1
1932__________________
45
53
1933
1
10
10
1934__________________
1
14
14
1935__________________
1
24
8
1
50
1936__________________
10
C h e m ic a ls a n d a llie d
products:
1927-28_______________
1929______________ __
1
1,400
100
1930-31_______________
1
1932____ ____ ____
40
40
1933
2
270
1, 380
1934-35_______________
2
246
4,380
1936__________________
Rubber products:
1927-35 1936__________________
1
136
2,040
i Man-days idle as a result of strikes which began in the preceding year and continued into this year.
96
T
STRIKES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1 8 8 0 - 1 9 3 6
able
35 .— Strikes beginning in 1 9 2 7 -8 6 , in States having 2 5 or more strikes in
any year , by industry group— Continued
CALIFORNIA—Continued
Industry group and year
Miscellaneous manufacturing:
1927—
____________
1928-34 ____________
1935—
_ ____ _
_
1936..._ ____________
Extraction of minerals:
1927-33_____
_ _ _
1934_______
1935______
___
_
1936____ _ _______
Transportation and communication:
1927-31 _ _
.
_
1932—_ _
1933—
__ ______
1934__________________
1935__________________
1936__________________
Trade:
1927__________________
_
1928_________
1929______
_ _
1930-31___________ _
1932________
_
1933__________________
1934__________________
1935_________________
1936_______________
Domestic and personal
service:
1927______________ _
1928______________
1929.
_
_
1930______
1931__________________
1932__________________
1933_________________
1934____
__
. __
1935_________________
1 936
Professional service:
1927—
_____
1928__________________
1929__________________
1930__________________
N um
N um ber of
ber of work
strikes ers in
volved
M andays
idle
during
year
1
12
84
3
4
135
905
2,055
30,689
5
604
1
60
39, 366
J 15, 507
120
497
2
157
1
1,000
200
34 15,747 605, 086
70 10,698 249,605
37 29,131 1,122,659
2
815
4,075
2
193
193
2
1
2
7
19
66
12
230
1, 233
5,465
66
36
880
17, 677
91,056
3
166
1,606
4
3, 646
16, 292
3
1
2
10
6
15
621
46
750
1, 564
3, 694
1,462
13, 621
460
11, 250
8,687
20,073
11,571
1
5
2
10
242
39
10
1,899
579
Industry group and year
Professional service—Con.
1931__________________
1932__________________
1933_____
1934_________ ______
1935__________________
1936__________________
Building and construction:
1927__________________
1928__________________
1929__________________
1930__________________
1931-_____ __________
1932__________________
1933-______ _________
1934— _____ ________
1935__________________
1936__________ _______
Agriculture and fishing:
1927__________________
1928— _____ _________
1929—
_ .
1930______
1931__________________
1932.____ ____________
1933__________________
1934_________ ___ .
1935_________ . . .
.
1936_______________ .
Relief work and W . P . A .:
1927-32 .
1933—
.
1934—
1935________
1936______
Other nonmanufacturing
industries:
1927-32_______________
1933-.............................
1934......... ............ ..........
1935__________________
1936__________________
Interindustry:
1927-33_______________
1934__________________
1935-36_______ _____
N um
N um ber of
ber of work
strikes ers in
volved
M andays
idle
during
year
2
2
2
2
3
2
36
16
5,462
14
111
33
232
196
145, 533
14
172
983
5
2
7
2
2
4
4
2
1
11
280
90
278
236
82
472
244
209
30
391
3,388
480
1,733
32,954
403
1,590
2,676
6,418
150
5,877
1
30
3
300
1 1,000
2 2,300
2
575
5
997
12 24, 470
12 17, 212
9 4,873
22 13,301
210
1, 560
5, 000
16,900
3,950
22,297
405,170
122,858
50, 018
253,989
1
2
4
2
I, 230
69
63
116
1, 230
810
423
192
1
20
3
1
70
7
860
i 220
160
i
2 1 90, 000
270, 000
1 Man-days idle as a result of a strike which began in the preceding year and continued into this year.
2 General strike of all organized workers in San Francisco B ay area.
CONNECTICUT
Iron and steel and their
products, not including
machinery:
1927-28......... ........... .
1929— ........................ .
1930-32_______________
1933__________________
1934__________________
1935__________________
1936..____ ___________
Machinery, not including
transportation equip
ment:
1927-28— ____ _______
1929_______ ____ _____
1930__________________
1931-32__________ _____
1933_______ __________
1934.................................
1
21
252
2
2
2
2
172
207
1,046
852
5,955
3,285
53,806
4,832
1
2
1,050
78
19,950
1,271
3
5
481
3,352
7, 531
78,476
Machinery, not including
transportation e q u i p
ment—Continued.
1935-.............................
1936__________________
Transportation
eq u ip
ment:
1927-32____ ____ ______
1933_________ ____ ____
1934__________________
1935— ........... ..........
1936____ ___________
Nonferrous metals and
their products:
1927__________________
1928-32_______________
1933...................... ..........
1934__________________
1935__________________
1936.................................
2
1,500
78,300
1
2
1
88
1,224
1,700
1, 760
33, 000
6,800
1
20
260
2
1
197
172
10, 697
5, 676
3
371
2, 070
A N A L Y S IS
OF ST R IK E S,
97
19 2 7 - 3 6
T a b l e 35.— Strikes beginning in 1927-36, in States having 25 or more strikes in
any year, by industry group— Continued
CONNECTICUT—Continued
Industry group and year
Lumber and allied prod
ucts:
1927
1928-32...........................
1933
.... .
1934
1935_...............................
1936............ .......... .........
Textiles and their prod
ucts:
1927.................................
1928.................................
1929.................................
1930.................................
1931.................................
1932.................................
1933................................
1934......... .......................
1935........... .....................
1936__________________
Leather and its manufac
tures:
1927-30 .......................
1931........... .....................
1932 ......... .....................
1933................................
1934-35
....................
1936. ____ __________
Food and kindred prod
ucts:
1927___________ ______
1928-29 ......................
1930 _ . ......................
1931.............................—
1932................................
1933................................
1934.......... ....................
1935.............................. .
1936
...... ...................
Tobacco manufactures:
1927-32 ......................
1933__________________
1934
1935_________________
1936................................
Paper and printing:
1927........... ................. .
1928-33 ......................
1934...............................
1935.................................
1936................................
Rubber products:
1927........... .....................
1928-32 .........................
1933................................
1934...... ..........................
19q5.................................
1936
_________ ____
Miscellaneous m anufac
turing:
1927-30 ...... .............. .
1931_______________ _
N um
N um ber of
ber of work
strikes ers in
volved
Mandays
idle
during
year
1
41
492
i
l
l
2
14
68
13
59
70
1,174
13
540
6
568
3
779
3
918
4
595
7 1,995
6
472
30 15, 510
35 24, 977
27 8,461
20 5,074
6,816
6,032
7,504
9, 270
63, 745
1,006
170,467
276, 787
127, 271
81, 557
2
105
1,480
2
57
1,570
1
120
240
1
27
1,728
1
1
2
2
1
1
40
75
15
118
43
19
75
393
1,632
1, 333
19
1
61
122
1
325
2, 755
1
80
800
1
1
75
35
75
140
40
1
64
576
1
2
190
202
760
2,970
1
14
14
2
569
4,293
Industry group and year
Miscellaneous manufac
turing— C onti nued.
1932-35
1936_________________
Extraction of minerals:
1927-30 _. .................
1931........... .....................
1932-36
.....................
Transportation and com
munication:
1Q97-39
1933.................................
1934.................................
1935
1936.................................
Trade:
1927-34 ..........................
1935 ..............................
1936 ...............................
Domestic and personal
service:
1927................................
1928 ............................
1929 ...........................
1930 ...........................
1931...... ..........................
1932.................................
1933................................
1934 ...........................
1935 ......... .....................
1936 ............................
Professional service:
1927 ...........................
1928-31
.....................
1932.................................
1933........... .....................
1934-36 ..........................
Building and construc
tion:
1927................................
1928................................
1929................................
1930— ............................
1931.. ..........................
1932....... ........................
1933.................................
1934......... .......................
1935-............... .............
1936____ _______ ______
Agriculture and fishing:
1927-32 _______ _______
1933......... .......................
1934....... .........................
1935........... .....................
1936.................................
Relief work and W . P. A .:
1997-33
1934 ...............................
1935................................
1936
N um
N um ber of
ber of work
strikes ers in
volved
Mandays
idle
during
year
3
327
1,739
1
40
280
3
2
3
6
7,500
66
218
590
15,666
374
361
6,030
2
1
50
46
1,260
46
1
1
1
21
210
14
63
2,520
14
1
32
64
4
1,147
11, 442
1
500
500
1
40
40
3
2
120
90
180
90
14
6
7
6
3
11
3
2
2
3
3,441
1,379
1,362
425
385
723
244
275
70
128
64, 670
32, 220
19, 634
6,305
8,370
19,578
2,476
3,475
230
2,244
4
1
192
174
1,038
1,566
1
354
1,062
1
2
800
219
1,600
1,136
98
T
able
STR IK E S I N
THE
U N IT E D
STA TES,
1 8 8 0 -1 9 3 6
35.— Strikes beginning in 1927-36, in States having 25 or more strikes in
any year, by industry group— Continued
ILLINOIS
Industry group and year
Iron and steel and their
products, not including
machinery:
1927__________________
1928_________________
1929__________ _____ —
1930__________________
1931____ ______________
1932 .
..........—_ _
1933_____________ ____
1934__________________
1935________ ____ ____
1936-_______ ________
M achinery, not including
transportation equipment:
1927__________________
1928.................................
1929_______ ______ ___
1930__________________
1931__________________
1932— ................. ........
1933__________________
1934........... ....................
1935................................
1936......... ................... .
Transportation
equip
ment:
1927-29_________ _____
1930............................. 1931-32......... .................
1933....... ........................
1934........... .................
1935..... .................... .
1936-.............................
Nonferrous metals and
their products:
1927......... .......................
1928................................
1929................................
1930__________________
1931-32....... ...................
1933— ..........................
1934_____ ____ _______
1935____ ________ ____
1936__________________
Lumber and allied prod
ucts:
1927— ..................... .
1928........... ...................
1929______ ___________
1930_________ ________
1931— ........................ .
1932— ...........................
1933.— ........................
1934................................
1935____ _____________
1936__________________
Stone, clay, and glass
products:
1927-32— .....................
1933 ............................
1934 ...............................
1935 .............................
1936 .
Textiles and their prod
ucts:
1927.................................
1928.............. .................
1929................................
1930.............. ..................
1931.................................
N um
N um ber of
ber of work
strikes ers in
volved
2
2
2
57
129
90
Mandays
idle
during
year
97
6,253
8,690
2
318
6,246
8
5
2
2
1,927
'890
875
1,250
41,286
7,070
5,900
28,250
2
1
56
10
4,679
340
1
50
1,250
1
6
11
6
7
26
1,022
2,970
1,117
'845
1,118
4,239
37,140
26,602
17,130
1
44
88
2
283
2,774
2
624
9,120
141,000
2
104
4,336
1
435
1,305
5
5
7
1
1,093
2,835
658
300
8, 632
85,767
14,840
13, 725
3
1, 275
29,292
1
1
2
2
4
5
10
4
500
18
36
1,061
1,329
1,298
1,174
1,071
5,500
522
168
108,183
39,332
29,375
16,610
20,381
1
1
1
1
54
405
530
1, 300
270
1,215
2,120
32,500
6
1
8
4
5
314
700
1,056
380
1,073
3,610
3,500
24,186
22,647
45,612
Industry group and year
Textiles and their prod
ucts—Continued.
1932_________________
1933_________________
1934__________________
1935_____________
1936_______ ____ _____
Leather and its manufac
tures:
1927-28_______________
1929.____ ______ _____
1930__________________
1931......... ............ ..........
1932_________ ____ —
1933__________________
1934____________ ____
1935__________________
1936_________________
Food and kindred prod
ucts:
1927__________________
1928_________________
1929__________________
1930__________________
1931__________________
1932__________________
1933__________________
1934_________________
1935_____ ____ _______
1936_______ _____ ____
Tobacco manufactures:
1927-32_______________
1933— ......................
1934-35-........... ..............
1936____________ ____
Paper and printing:
1927__________________
1928_________________
1929_________________
1930_________________
1931__________________
1932__________________
1933__________________
1934__________________
1935— _______ _______
1936__________________
Chemicals
and
allied
products:
1927-32_______________
1933. .
____ ___
1934______________ -_
1935__________________
1936......... ............ ..........
Rubber products:
1927-33
................
1934__________________
1935__________________
1936__________________
Miscellaneous manufac
turing:
1927................ ................
1928...............................1929-30— ....................
1931__________________
1932_____________ ____
1933____________ _____
1934...........— .......... —
1935_______ ________
1936__________________
Extraction of minerals:
1927__________________
1928.................... ............
N um
N um ber of
ber of w ork
strikes ers in
volved
5
615
17 17,693
6
902
12 11,151
12 1, 625
Mandays
idle
during
year
6, 277
203, 307
15, 532
375, 974
32, 768
1
1
1
3
2
2
8
2
50
60
48
197
1,179
3, 250
1,203
76
2, 350
2,820
624
694
22, 517
42,273
61, 278
1,908
1
1
6
2
3
3
10
16
6
6
500
10
274
180
154
121
3,039
4,717
353
873
500
70
2,873
1, 350
484
651
40, 421
51,070
5, 493
13,939
1
28
532
1
450
4,338
2
267
24,726
1
1
2
4
4
1
3
1,000
31
25
818
502
345
12
372
28, 000
404
150
3, 218
4,103
2,831
1, 368
5, 538
1
1
1
4
600
315
16
2,645
600
1,890
256
66,475
2
1,715
5,337
1
35
840
1
1
140
100
2, 520
800
2
2
5
3
4
9
144
165
753
122
317
973
6, 624
2,095
11, 616
3, 386
13,905
35, 508
2
5 68,183 7, 641,159
14 30,960 2,176, 631
i Man-days idle as a result of a strike which began in the preceding year and continued into this year.
A N A L Y S IS
T
able
OF ST R IK E S,
192 7 -3 6
99
35.— Strikes beginning in 1927-86, in States having 25 or more strikes in
any year, by industry group— Continued
ILLIN OIS—Continued
Industry group and year
Extraction of minerals—
Continued.
1929_____________ _
1930__________ ______
1931__________________
1932__________________
1933____________ ____
1934................................
1935__________________
1936......... ................
Transportation and communication:
1927__________________
1928_________________
1929_________________
1930..----- 1______ ____
1931..________________
1932__________________
1933__________________
1934_________________
1935__________________
1936 __________ _____
Trade:
1G07
iy */__________________
1928__________________
1G
9Q
iy*y--------- -----------------1930__________________
1931
1932__________________
1933
1934
1935
1936
Domestic and personal
service:
1927 ___________ ___
1928
1929
1930 ___ „ .................
1931
1932 _
___
1933
1934
1935
1936 . . .
Professional service:
1927__________________
1928_________________
1929 _____ _____ ______
1930 ________ _______
....... ............ ...........
N um
N um ber of
ber of work
strikes ers in
volved
Mandays
idle
during
year
68,032
17 10,095
13 8,650 311,150
10 9,591 350,139
11 31,231 3,356,078
7 2,110
27,434
5 2,756
5,876
6 45,001 225, 663
3 4,118
50,793
1
1
1
2
2
3
5
4
6
21
46
10
1,320
1,843
329
636
180
395
84
598
610
1,340
20,204
3,007
36, 371
2,505
4,165
A
4,670
92, 230
3
26
584
z
3
7
11
8
3
12
516
1,686
7,727
4,133
337
18
1,887
5,414
18 267
49,921
823
1
2
3
20
145
2,917
80
13,484
84,347
2
2
3
6
5
5
33
17
112
6,361
202
188
99
281
692
77,580
5,578
2, 533
2
4
1
1
1
1931
694
759
10
18
400
6,928
4,168
200
18
30,000
Industry group and year
P r o f e s s i o n a l service—
Continued.
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
Building and construc
tion:
1927
1928_______________
1929__________________
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
Agriculture and fishing:
1927__________________
1928__________________
1929__________________
1930________ ______
1931-32._____ _________
1933....____ _________
1934-36........................
Relief work and W . P. A .:
1927-32_______________
1933__________________
1934__________________
1935__________________
1936______________
Other nonmanufacturing
industries:
1927..______ _________
1928__________________
1929___________ ______
1930___________ ______
1931__________________
1932__________________
1933_________ ______ _
1934___________ ______
1935__________ _______
1936_________ ________
Interindustry strikes:
1927-33......................... .
1934....... ........................
1935— - ........ ....... ..........
1936...................... ..........
N um
N um ber of
ber of work
strikes ers in
volved
Mandays
idle
during
year
2
2
2
l
1
55
74
69
15
13
237
1,686
461
195
702
12
9
20
16
a
o
13
11
10
15
17
1,220
1,684
4,727
2,041
236
605
2,187
1,103
742
1,739
74,803
35, 941
58,146
30, 503
1,422
8,601
52, 741
10, 353
9,167
18, 533
1
1
272
110
544
1, 210
I
10S
5,460
1
48
48
2
6
5
5
850
1,174
2,228
3,791
1,000
16, 646
4, 506
8,707
2
1
1
102
4,650
1,800
926
55,800
7,200
3
1
2
2
1
5
4, 400
3,000
1, 559
110
7
198
13, 300
21,000
9,054
2, 310
42
4, 692
2
1
81
5,200
3,000
1,500
5,200
3,000
4,500
1
2
1
3
4
13
517
278
1,901
517
312
3,442
834
29,611
15,926
3
3
175
1,230
4, 513
10, 530
INDIANA
Iron and steel and their
products, not including
machinery:
1927— ..........................
1928-32
....................
1933........... ... ..................
1934..... ..........................
1935............... ...............
1936____ _____________
Machinery, not including
transportation equip
ment:
1927......... ........ .............
1928
1929__________________
1930
1931— ....................... .
1
19
630
1
1
3
500
100
339
10,500
2,400
3,598
1
1
120
9
2
1
121
12
1,080
459
i 405
795
24
Machinery, not including
transportation equip
ment—C ontinued.
1932__________________
1933__________________
1934____________ _____
1935................................
1936................... ............
Transportation
equip
ment:
1927-28_______________
1929— ..........................
1930.......................... —
1931-33........... ...............
1934— ............... ..........
1935_______ __________
1936....... .........................
1
415
415
4
6,125
39, 677
i Man-days idle as a result of a strike which began in the preceding year and continued into this year.
8 General strike of all organized workers in Pekin, 111.
100
T
able
STR IK ES
IN
THE
U N IT E D
STATES,
188 0 -1 9 3 6
35.— Strikes beginning in 1927-36, in States having 25 or more strikes in
any year, by industry group— Continued
IN DIAN A—Continue d
Industry group and year
Nonferrous metals and
their products:
1927__________________
1928_________________
1929..____ ___________
1930-31.................... .......
1932____ _____________
1933.................... ............
1934......................... .......
1935._______ _________
1936__________ ______
Lumber and allied prod
ucts:
1927-30...........................
1931................... ..........
1932....... ............. ..........
1933____ _____________
1934__________________
1935__________________
1936_____________ ____
Stone, clay, and glass
products:
1927-30 .................... .
1931
______ ______
1932-33 ______________
1934.____ ____________
__________
1935
.
1936
_____________
Textiles and their prod
ucts:
1927
.
_________
1928__________________
1929 — ____ _________
1930_______ _____ ____
1931
______________
1932__________________
1933 ________________
1934
. . _______
1935__________________
1936__________________
Leather and its manufac
tures:
1927-30 . . . . . ___
1931__________________
1932 __________ ____ _
1933______ ___________
1934__________________
1935-36 . __________
Food and kindred prod
ucts:
1927-28_______________
1929......... ......................
1930-32_______________
1933__________________
1934__________________
1935__________________
1936_____ _____________
Paper and printing:
1927-29
. —..........
1930
_____ ______
1931_________ ________
1932 _______________
1933__________________
1934__________________
1935__________________
1936
____________
Chemicals and allied prod
ucts:
1927-33 .......................
1934_________________
1935-36
R ubber products:
1927-31.......................
1932................ ................
1933-36_______________
N um
N um ber of
ber of work
strikes ers in
volved
Mandays
idle
during
year
1
6
1
10
672
i 120
10
1
470
1,880
1
3
1
70
932
556
560
82, 724
2, 780
1
25
300
4
1
4
850
33
2,129
10, 535
132
17, 243
1
85
255
1
1
4
95
90
551
3,800
4, 320
14, 228
2
1
1
270
140
300
3,120
840
3, 600
1
71
710
2
3
6
216
1,602
3, 055
4,826
23,794
89, 945
i 12, 300
1
2, 800
50) 400
1
2
670
1,200
3,350
9,777
1
15
75
2
6
2
2
69
745
138
80
789
8,854
3, 014
2, 525
1
1
1
1
3
3
6
12
16
37
373
208
624
84
16
518
3,619
1, 208
2
1,090
16, 580
1
1, 268
5, 072
Industry group and year
Miscellaneous manufac
turing:
1927-32_______________
1933................................
1934-30_______________
Extraction of minerals:
1927....................... .......
1928__________________
1929________________
1930._______ _________
1931__________________
1932__________________
1933_________________
1934.............. .
1935.............................
1936.............. ..............
Transportation and com
munication:
1927-28_______________
1929__________________
1930__________________
1931__________________
1932__________________
1933__________________
1934__________________
1935_________________
1936................ ................
Trade:
1927-29_______________
1930__________________
1931-33_____________
1934__________________
1935__________________
1936__________________
Domestic and personal
service:
1927-33_______________
1934_________________
1935__________________
1936__________________
Professional service:
1927__________________
1928__________________
1929_________________
1930_________________
1931_________________
1932.________________
1933............................. .
1934_________________
1935_________________
1936__________________
Building and construc
tion:
1927_________________
1928_________________
1929................ ...........
1930_________________
1931__________________
1932____ _____________
1933_________________
1934____ _____________
1935__________________
1936.________________
Agriculture and fishing:
1927-33_______________
1934_________________
1935-36_______________
Relief work and W . P. A .:
1927-33_______________
1934__________________
1935_________________
1936......................... ......
N um
N u m ber of
ber of w ork
strikes ers in
volved
1
160
M andays
idle
during
year
3,200
2 17,425 1,972, 325
2 3, 325 429, 600
13 3,845
53, 841
5 1,718
31,779
3 1,353
12, 860
1 3,800 429, 400
3 3,150
28, 050
4 1,396
5, 788
1 10,614
53, 070
4 2,387
44,009
1
1
1
20
7
160
240
14
320
3
3
3
2
271
433
293
150
1,007
6,414
2,612
600
1
359
5,385
3
4
2
245
412
67
955
8,984
5,890
1
2
1
6
134
54
150
456
756
1
28
4
2
3
101
34
12
53
6,832
i 2, 548
4,424
1, 667
660
438
1
1
1
11
25
11
22
50
44
9
10
16
12
8
9
3
3
2
8
666
685
6,294
455
2, 594
463
150
1,049
22
715
51, 418
16, 758
331, 469
6, 073
32,189
4,957
3, 360
107, 410
736
14,348
1
35
1,050
2
2
1
424
156
513
2,298
636
513
i Man-days idle as a result of a strike which began in the preceding year and continued into this year.
101
ANALYSIS OF STRIKES, 192 7 -3 6
T
able
35. — Strikes beginning in 1927-86, in States having 25 or more strikes in
any year, by industry group— Continued
INDIAN A—Continued
Industry group and year
N um
N um ber of
ber of work
strikes ers in
volved
Other nonmanufacturing
industries:
1927__________________
1928_________________
1929-36______________
1
2
0
Mandays
idle
during
year
60
Industry group and year
Interindustry:
1927-34_______________
1935_____ ____________
1936__________________
N um
N um ber of
ber of work
strikes ers in
volved
*
1
26,000
M andays
idle
during
year
52,000
MARYLAND
Iron and steel and their
products, not including
machinery:
1927-31
-- _______
1932
___________
1933
__________
1934
___
1935
1936
___________
Machinery, not including
transportation equip
ment:
1927-28
___________
1Q
9Q
1930
________
1Q
31
___
1932
......................
1933-35
1936
___
Transportation
equip
ment:
______
1927-33
1934
____________
193^
1Q
3fi
_____
Nonferrous metals and
their products:
1927-3^
193*1
__
Lumber and allied prod
ucts:
1927
1928-39
1933
................
__
193^
193*1
_ ____
Stone, clay, and glass
products:
1Q
27
1098 Q
1
1932
.................
____ Textiles and their prodnets*
1927
1928
192Q
19
34
19 36
33
191
3
19
33
1932
1934
1936
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
IQOf*
la O O ------------- ----------------------------
Leather and its manufac
tures:
1927 28
1GOG
1930
1931 32
1 GQQ __________________
iy 00
5,000
989
1,392
330
1,063
10,805
17
80
476
1,840
17
17
7
42
1
1
105
1,050
20
0
5,200
1
11
297
1
1
2
160
6,080
392
5,880
159
143
1,542
7,393
4
1
1
2
1
3
3
1
1
5
4
____________
20
0
6
6
8
2
10
0
600
57
570
1,991
50
1,239
5,090
92
5,000
5, 323
465
3,490
13,973
20
0
20
0
9,971
55,450
3,220
35,000
33,579
2,375
18,769
3,357
2
1
2
163
27
2,203
216
660
17,244
I
450
3,600
1 Q 34_3*;
1936________ _______ _______ 1
Food and kindred prod
ucts:
1927..............................._
1928__________________
1929................................
1930______ ___________
1931__________________
1932__________________
1933__________________
1934_________________
1935 . _____________
1936__________________
Tobacco manufactures:
__________
1927-33
1934__________________
1935-36_______________
Paper and printing:
1927 .................... ..........
1928..............................
1929 _
__________
1930-36
- - -Chemicals and allied prod
ucts:
1927-34_______________
1935__________________
1936_________________
Rubber products:
1927-35 .........................
1936__________________
Miscellaneous manufac
turing:
1927-35 . __________
1936__________________
Extraction of minerals:
1927________________ 1928 ...... ..................... 1929— . ____ _________
1930
________
1931 34
- --1935_______ _____ ____
1936
........................Transportation and com
munication:
1927
1928
................
1929 —_____ _________
1930__________________
1931__________________
_________
1932
1933__________________
1934__________________
1935__________________
1936_________________
Trade:
1927__________________
1928
______ _______
1Q9Q-33
1934....... ........................
1935__________________
1936----------------------------------------Professional service:
1927-29_______________
1930____________ _______ 1931....................- ..........
* General strike of all organized workers in Terre Haute, Ind.
1 35
1
8
1 680
1 50
1 1,200
1
28
245
40
7,480
350
9,600
1,596
1
55
660
1
1
1
370
49
9,250
147
258
1
i
334
8,800
3,006
114,400
1
1,700
11,900
2
1
1
2
1
600
6,900
1
1
1
2
7
5
7
6
52
52
190
1,050
190
19,600
2,928
14.640
350
2, loo
23
50
23
250
164
389
778
5,501
764
2,836
5,560
37,486
1
1
1
48
96
16
208
14
28
1
1
15
855
114
6
102
T
able
STRIKES IK THE UNITED STATES, 1 8 8 0 -1 9 3 6
35.— Strikes beginning in 1927-36, in States having 25 or more strikes in
any year, by industry group— Continued
MARYLAND—Continued
Industry group and year
Professional service—Con.
1932__________________
1933
_______
1934 ________________
1936-36
- - .
Building and construc
tion:
1927_________________
1928__________________
1929_______ ______ _
1930_________ _____
1931__________________
1932-33______________
1934
_____
N um
N um ber of
ber of w ork
strikes ers in
volved
Mandays
idle
during
year
2
91
1,337
1
100
1,100
3
3
4
1
2
6,130
240
447
300
95
80,340
18,320
4,111
8,700
2,530
2
111
318
Industry group and year
B u i l d i n g and Construc
tion -C on tin u ed .
1935__________________
1936__________________
Agriculture and fishing:
1927-32_______________
1933__________________
1934__________________
1935__________________
1936__________________
Relief work and W . P. A .:
1927-34_______________
1935....... ........................
1936________________
N um
N um ber of
ber of work
strikes ers in
volved
4
228
Mandays
idle
during
year
1,024
1
12
24
2
300
500
i 200
3
2
240
85
3, 590
96
MASSACHUSETTS
2
1
1
2
4
1
1
3
2
3
3
1
1
46
648
42
40
64
42
400
1,666
238
52
172
57
3,636
104
416
3,800
191
96
107
1,241
1,556
627
2,991
61,611
69
690
1
1
1
1
116
232
300
87
1,680
40,320
1
606
0
0
5
9
5
3
150
223
174
400
3,368
12,499
5, 621
13, 505
2
7
8
1
52
807
457
3
382
446
13,440
7,847
1,194
4,924
2
430
15,800
10
2
3, 900
52
2
o
oo
Iron and steel and their
products, not including
machinery:
1927__________________
1928___ ______________
1929__________________
1930_______ __________
1931__________________
1932______ ___________
1933_____ ____ _______
1934______ _____ _____
1935__________________
1936......... ........ .............
M achinery, not including
transportation equip
ment:
1927-28 .........................
1929__________________
1930__________________
1931__________________
1932
1 9 3 3 -.._____ ________
1934-35 . .
____
1936__________________
Transportation e q u i p ment:
1927-28 ________ .
1929..._____ _________
1930-31____________
1932___________
1933__________________
1934_________________
1935-36__________
Nonferrous metals and
their products:
1927-35
1936.____ ____________
Lum ber and allied prod
ucts:
1927_____ _______
.
1928________________ _
1929— ............... .........
1930_____ ___________
1931 ______ ______
1932__________________
1933__________________
1934 ________ . .
1935__________________
1936.____ ____________
Stone, clay, and glass
products:
1927-31______________
1932 __________ ______
1933-36........... ...............
Textiles and their prod
ucts:
1927......... ......................
1928.______ __________
1929__________________
1930__________________
1931___________ ____
1932__________________
1933__________________
1934................ ................
1935__________________
1936__________________
Leather and its manufac
tures:
1927__________________
1928__________________
1929__________________
1930__________________
1931__________________
1932__________________
1933__________________
1934__________________
1935__________________
1936__________________
Food and kindred prod
ucts:
1927_____ ____________
1928____ _____________
1929__________________
1930__________________
1931________________
1932__________________
1933__________________
1934__________________
1935__________________
1936__________________
Tobacco manufactures:
1927__________________
1928__________________
1929-32_______________
1933__________________
1934-36_______________
Paper and printing:
1927__________________
1928__________________
1929-31_______________
1932_____ ____________
1933__________________
1934__________________
1935__________________
1936________ ________ _
Chemicals and allied products:
1927-32
26
34
20
14
25
17
46
39
38
46
4, 773
77,497
32,039 3, 784,064
36,914
1,685
3,482
28, 792
42, 271 891, 612
4, 575
66, 245
24, 280 306,895
85,395 856, 562
15, 546 469,807
17,318 302, 513
8
21
20
8
7
17
58
33
33
26
3,673
9, 786
18, 217
355
642
2,663
52,140
22,864
7, 485
10,971
51,100
92,498
774,112
5, 569
4, 501
24, 205
964, 671
350,900
91, 257
56,935
1
2
44
70
44
132
1
80
4,640
2
3
2
5
1
92
475
61
221
400
6,807
6, 350
151
1,119
3,900
1
24
1,032
1
121
363
1
1
17
101
1,326
303
1
1
1
3
1
12
6
225
521
394
12
12
675
19, 947
12, 608
1Man-days idle as a result of a strike which began in the preceding year and continued into this year.
ANALYSIS OF STRIKES, 19 2 7 -3 6
T
able
103
35.— Strikes beginning in 1927-86, in States having 25 or more strikes in
any year, by industry group— Continued
MASSACHUSETTS—Continued
Industry group and year
Chemicals and allied prod
ucts— C ontinued.
1933__________________
1934-36 ____________
R ubber products:
1927— _____ _________
1928_______ __________
1929-32_______________
1933................................
1934.............. ........... .
1935________ _____ ___
1936................................
Miscellaneous manufac
turing:
1927-28_______ ______
1929______ _____ _____
1930
............... ...
1931__________________
1932 ___________ ____
1933 _________________
1934.................. .............
1935 ............ .................
1936.._____ __________
Extraction of minerals:
1927-28 - ............... .......
1929..................... ..........
1930 ________________
1931_________________
1932______ ____ ______
1933............................
1934-36 .
___ ___
Transportation and com
munication:
1927____ _____________
1928 __________ _____ _
1929 ________________
1930.. ______ _____ _
1931__________________
1932 ___________ ____
1933_________ ________
1934 _________________
1935 ...........................
1936 ......... ................... .
Trade:
1927 ............................
1928__________________
1929 _________________
1930-32 _____________
1933__________________
1934 ..............................
1935_____________ ____
1936 .
____________
Domestic and personal
service:
1927__________________
N um
N um ber of
ber of work
strikes ers in
volved
1
75
Mandays
idle
during
year
375
1
900
5,400
4
1
2
4
3,855
63
210
1, 371
18,030
504
650
4,525
2
47
262
1
11
132
6
2
1
1
564
139
34
89
7, 409
5, 520
238
89
1
2
1
2
2
150
87
60
185
144
300
619
360
1, 755
972
1
380
3,800
5
839
6,861
4
2
2
5
5
11
3, 352
26
317
811
137
800
195, 529
226
4,216
1,005
973
7,569
1
1
15
80
315
560
1
4
6
11
527
423
77
2,999
5,161
3
92
1,132
Industry group and year
D o m e s t i c and personal
service—C ontinued.
1928__________________
1929-31_______________
1932__________________
1933_______ ______ ___
1934__________________
1935__________________
1936__________________
Professional service:
1927_______ __________
1928 _________________
1929__________________
1930-31_______________
1932
...... ............ .
1933____ _____________
1934 .
____________
1935__________________
1936... _____________
Building and construction :
1927 .
___
_____
1928 ____
________
1929 _______________
1930 _________ ______
1931
______________
1932 _________________
1933 .
........
1934
.
. ______
1935.
..........................
1936________ _____ ____
Agriculture and fishing:
1927__________________
1928
.............
1929-30..._____ ______
1931__________________
1932 _________________
1933 _________________
1934__________________
1935... _______________
1936______ ___________
Relief work and W . P . A .:
1927-32_______________
1933__________________
1934_____ ____ _______
1935__________________
1936__________________
Other nonmanufacturing
industries:
1927-28_______________
1929__ _____________
1930__________________
1931__________________
1932 _________________
1933__________________
1934-36_______________
N u m ManN um ber of
days
ber of work
idle
strikes ers in during
volved
year
2
1
3
1
1
3
3
2
1
3
1
422
9, 754
500
291
7
500
2,000
95
1,232
139
1,306
65,296
139
2
0
475
75
3,710
28
9,500
2
0
2,475
75
3
10
0
923
18
14
17
13
17
17
9
1, 509
1.978
1.978
734
1,180
908
650
807
930
1,470
21,936
36,895
35, 791
6,332
11,672
9,580
11,528
7, 711
4,846
15,301
8
11
1
0
1
1
2
75
225
230
460
510
3,045
3,340
64, 395
166
266
2
1
681
214
40
1, 524
288
80
1
2
1
15
37
225
H50
187
36
252
3
2
5
MICHIGAN
Iron and steel and their
products, not including
machinery:
1927
1928
. .
1929
1930 _
___________
1931
1932__________________
1933 ___
. .
1934 ___________
1935__________________
1936__............... ..............
1
1
2
1
87
55
220
40
9, 222
2,915
8,620
80
3
4
3
4
974
880
1,976
1.383
2,568
13,320
23,9b2
11 649
Machinery, not including
transportation equip
ment:
1927. .................. ..........
1928 _________________
1929__________________
1930__________________
1931
_ .
___
1932__________________
1933__________________
1934__________________
1935__________________
1936— _____ ________
1
20
100
2
84
3,7 9 4
1
286
1 ,1 44
7
3
3
6,804
372
324
159,973
2,598
1.623
i M an-days idle as a result of a strike which began in the preceding year and continued into this year.
104
STRIKES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1 8 8 0 -1 9 3 6
T able 35.— Strikes beginning in 1927-86, in States having 25 or more strikes in
any yeary by industry group— Continued
MICHIGAN—Continued
Industry group and year
N um
N um ber of
ber of work
strikes ers in
volved
Transportation
equip
ment:
1927
________
1928
1929__________________
1930__________________
1931-32_______________
1933__________________
1934 ___ __________
1935 _ _____________
1938 ________________
Nonferrous metals and
their products:
2 235
1
52
4 1,911
2 4,650
10 14,807
,
4 11 226
8 8,042
11 17, 345
1Q
9Q
1931-33
_______
1934
____
1935
1936
_________
Lumber and allied prod
ucts:
1927
_____________
1928__________________
1929_______ _______ —
1930-32_______________
1933__________________
1934__________________
1935__________________
1936__________________
Stone, clay, and glass
products:
_____
1927-31
1932 ______ ______
1Q33
1Q34
QS/wtfi
Textiles and their prod
ucts:
1927-29
1930
____________
1931-32..........................
1933__________________
1934
. _________
1935 _________________
1936
_________
Leather and its manufac
tures:
1927-32______ ________
1933________ _______—
1934......... .......................
1935 _________________
1936 _________________
F ood and kindred prod
ucts:
1927 _________________
1928-31 ______________
1932 _______________
1933 _______________
1934 _________________
1935 _________________
1936 ______ ____ ______
T obacco manufactures:
1927-33 ______________
1934 _________________
1935-36
.................. .
Paper and printing:
1927-31 ........... ............
1932
1933 ____ ________
1934 ...........................
1935__________________
1936.................................
1
1 60
2 30
1^ 10
2
2 36
2 967
2
1
2
3
2
5
1
1
1
i
2
3
2
1
1
39
150
8
6
M andays
idle
during
year
1,905
156
15,372
40, 250
321,313
48,650
96,950
97, 679
2,520
756
204
269
9,023
615
900
260
792
1,947
1,238
5, 616
5,360
30,930
65
325
6
6
6
48
3, 312
625
206
395
1,250
2,196
2,885
181
60
1,417
300
695
41,005
1
2
6
4
1
229
449
524
119
300
5,700
1,299
2,400
1
696
8, 548
6
288
2
24
480
3
2
1
777
64
11,289
152
700
2
0
Industry group and year
Chemicals
and
allied
products:
1927-35_______________
1936__________________
Rubber products:
1927-28
1929
1930-36_______________
Miscellaneous manufac
turing:
1927—
29_______________
1930__________________
1931-33_______________
1934__________________
1935_____ ____ _______
1936__________________
Extraction of minerals:
1927-33_______________
1934__________________
1935__________________
1936__________________
Transportation and com
munication*
1927
1928
1929
1930-31
1932
1933
1934
1935__________________
1936_________ ____ _
Trade:
1927-31_______________
1932____ _____________
1933__________________
1934__________________
1935_________________
1936....____ _________
Domestic and personal
service:
1927................................
1928....... ........... .........
1929__________________
1930-31______________
1932__________________
1933__________________
1934
1935 ___________
1936 - ______ ________
Professional service:
1927______ __________
1928 _____________
1929 _________________
1930__________________
1931-33______________
1934__________________
1935__________________
1936__________________
Building and construc
tion:
1927 - _______ _______
1928 ___________ ______
1929 ____________ ____
1930____ _____________
1931_________ ____ ____
1932 . . .
1933 _____ — _____
1934
_ ............. .......
1935_____ ___________
1936.................................
N um
N um ber of
ber of work
strikes ers in
volved
1
Mandays
idle
during
year
1
2
1
1
2
10
3
1
1
1
8
2
9
1
2
1
1
1,617
20
0
1
1
1
1
147
1,000
70
1,680
300
53
3,200
338
144
50
2,864
250
19,920
93
93
287
4, 447
1,873
162
291
21, 419
1, 526
6,095
20
0
75
584
687
25
1, 950
400
1,931
13,913
235
13
39
6
2
0
2
0
30
10
90
90
7,480
7,265
5,262
3,026
7
3
340
985
256
2,013
7
301
3
49
115
309
2,185
44
11
484
77
150
5
191
184
492
38
318
630
19
, 699
3, 769
10,485
950
11,165
6
4
438
511
2,396
4. 738
2
1
1
1
1
3
2
4
8
1
,100
8
1Man-days idle as a result of a strike which began in the preceding year and continued into this year.
ANALYSIS OF STRIKES, 192 7 -3 6
105
T able 35.— Strikes beginning in 1927-Spy in States having 25 or more strikes in
any yearf by industry group
MICHIGAN—Continued
Industry group and year
Relief work and W . P.
A.:
1927-33
1934.................. .............
1935
1936_________________
N um
N um ber of
ber of work
strikes ers in
volved
1
4
5
70
959
997
M andays
idle
during
year
70
10,418
3,288
Industry group and year
Other nonmanufacturing
industries:
1927-28...........................
1929................ ...............
1930-35........... ...............
1936................................
N um
N um ber of
ber of work
strikes ers in
volved
M andays
idle
during
year
1
100
7,700
1
15
30
1
48
528
1
38
304
MINNESOTA
Iron and steel and their
products, not including
machinery:
1927-33....... ...................
1934....... ................... .
1935........................... .
1936________ _________
Machinery, not including
transportation
equip
ment:
1927-32,..........................
1933__________________
1934____________ _____
1935__________________
1936— ............... ............
Transportation equip
ment:
1927-33..... .....................
1934...............................
1935-36 ______________
Nonferrous metals and
their products:
1927-35_____ _________
1936______ ___________
d u m b e r a n d a llie d
products:
1927........... ....................
1928............ ............. .
1929-32_______________
1933__________________
1934__________________
1935__________________
1936__________________
T e x t ile s an d th eir
products:
1927.................................
1928_____________ ____
1929_________ ________
1930__________________
1931-32_______________
1933__________________
1934_________________
1935................................
1936____ _____________
Leather and its manu
factures:
1927-31_______________
1932__________________
1933-36_______________
Food and kindred prod
ucts:
1927-30_______________
1931___ ____ _________
1932__________________
1933__________________
1934____ _____________
1935__________________
1936__________________
Paper and printing:
1927__________________
1928-29_______________
1930__________________
1931-33_______________
1934__________________
1
1
1
i
1
1
8
300
161
2
0
435
16,228
1,288
560
4, 565
175
3
415
35
751
10,122
1
300
2, 700
1
95
1, 520
2
340
16,700
13,780
3
695
2
11
579
2,059
34,170
i 3,000
20, 495
60, 234
3
145
35
257
160
11,848
140
6,070
1,051
117
28
1
6
3
2
1
5
3
1, 216
35
441
392
104,909
73,986
1
185
2,105
1
70
2,870
3
4,271
13,304
254
2,125
1, 291
48,656
2
5
1
1
1
18
1,800
30
480
600
6.000
Paper and printing—Con.
1935-36____ ____ _____
Chemicals
and
allied
products:
1927__________________
1928-34_______________
1935__________________
1936____ _____ _______
Miscellaneous manufac
turing:
1927-30_______________
1931 ________________
1932-34 ______________
1935 ________________
1936 _______________
Transportation and com
munication:
1927 ...............................
1928 .............................
1929 _____ _________
1930 ________ ______
1931 _______________
1932-33 _____________
1934 ________________
1935______ ___________
1936__________________
Trade:
1927-33_______________
1934 _______________
1935 _______________
1936__________________
Domestic and personal
service:
1927-28 ____________
1929 _________________
1930 _______________
1931 . . ....................
1932-33 ____________
1934 _________________
1935 ........... ...................
1936______ ___________
Professional service:
1927 _________________
1928 _______________
1929 _______________
1930 _______________
1931 _______________
1932 _______________
1933 _______________
1934 _______________
1935 _______________
1936 . _______ _____
Building and construc
tion:
1927 ________ ____
1928 _______________
1929 ___________ . .
1930 _______________
1931 _______________
1932 _______________
1933 _________________
1934_________________
1935 _______________
1936__________________
1
22
484
2
4
205
167
6,413
1,259
1
1
120
110
600
110
1
75
75
5 13,176
2
31
243,466
181
4
6
7
934
1,025
1,970
3,342
11,200
20,903
1
20
20
1
19
19
2
2
5
2,018
99
424
2,018
4, 551
3,639
2
1
1,075
150
43,500
600
3
60
3, 338
1
13
429
1
81
243
1
225
2,475
2
69
1,588
1
30
240
3
3
416
383
8,480
4,189
3
7
7
5,054
795
804
10, 206
3,850
6, 250
i Man-days idle as a result of a strike which began in the preceding year and continued into this year.
106
T
able
STRIKES IK THE UNITED STATES, 1 8 8 0 -1 9 3 6
35.— Strikes beginning in 1927-86, in States having 25 or more strikes in
any year, by industry group— Continued
MINNESO T A—Continued
Industry group and year
Agriculture and fishing:
1927-35.................... .......
1936....... _........ .............
Relief work and W . P. A .:
1927-33_______________
1934______ ____ ______
1935 ...........................
1936........... - ..................
N um
N um ber of
ber of work
strikes ers in
volved
M andays
idle
during
year
1
30
30
1
3
3
800
1,435
5,274
9,600
7,490
19,180
Industry group and year
Other nonmanufacturing
industries:
1927-33_____ ____ ____
1934__________________
1935_____________ ____
1936____ _____________
N um
N um ber of
ber of work
strikes ers in
volved
1
1
2
23
16
94
Mandays
idle
during
year
414
48
202
MISSOURI
Iron and steel and their
products, not including
machinery:
1927__________________
1928__________________
3
81
173
1929-32................... .
1
1933........................ .
150
2,100
1934 ......................... .
1
1935.................................
67
201
1936_________ ________
Machinery, not including
transportation equip
ment:
1927-28....____ ______
3
178
698
1929 ...................... .
1930-32.................. ........
2
34
1933________ _________
986
1 1,200
1934.................................
21, 600
1
1935............................. .
1,404
27
2
240
1,800
1936______ ___________
T r a n s p o rta tio n e q u ip
ment:
1927-32_______________
1
1933_______ ____ _____
156
312
1934___________ _____
2 3, 579
30,369
1935....... .................
1 2,450
1936........... ................. .
24,500
Nonferrous metals and
their products:
1927-29___________ _
24
192
1930
__________
1
1
1931
..................... ..................... 11
.....................
264
1932-36_______________
Lumber and allied prod
ucts:
2
62
734
1927....... .......... ..............
1
1928_____ ____ _______
72
12
1
1929-____ _____ _____
150
5,250
1930_________ _______
1
1
1
1
1
1931_____________ ___
1
1932__________________
6
90
1933__________________
2
678
127
1934...._____ ________
3
252
2,710
1935_______ ______ _
2
105
1,995
4
307
5,164
1936-......... ........... .......
Stone, clay, and glass
products:
1927-33— ........... ........
1934_________________
2
19
151
1935-36_______________
Textiles and their prod
ucts:
2
76
1927________________ _
1, 276
1928................ ...............
90
270
1929......... ..................
1
1930................ ......... .
2
1931................................
210
250
1932________ ____ ____
2
215
1,840
1 4,856 140,803
1
1933................ ................
2,044
1934................ ................
4
121
1935................ ................
192
13,285
6
764
5.358
1936................ ...............
8
Leather and its manufac
tures:
1927........................... .
1928...............................
1929-32— ....................
1933................................
1934................................
1935-36— ............. .
Food and kindred prod
ucts:
1927....... ...................... .
1928..............................
1929......... ..................
1930-31_______________
1932................................
1933........................... .
1934........ .......... ............
1935.______ __________
1936__________________
Tobacco manufactures:
1927-32___________
.
1933__________________
1934-36_______________
Paper and printing:
1927-32_______________
1933_________________
1934.............. .................
1935___________ _____
1936____________ ____
Miscellaneous manufac
turing:
1927.................... ........
1928— ......................
1929................................
1930_______ ______ ___
1931.................. ........... .
1932.............. .................
1933__________________
1934..____ ___________
1935__________________
1936.............................
Extraction of minerals:
1927_________________
1928.................. ..............
1929-____ ___________
1930-.............................
1931— ______ _______
1932_____________ ____
1933.............. ................
1934__________________
1935......... .......... ..........
1936__________________
Transportation and com
munication:
1927-29....... ...................
1930................ ................
1931— ...................... .
1932.............................. .
1933__________ ______ _
1934_________ ________
1935....... ......................
1936............................. -
1
100
100
7
3
3,901
2,401
22,711
23,126
1
2
63
1, 615
378
4,015
1
5
4
5
625
1,242
1, 368
2,803
1,875
11, 320
21,030
7, 447
1
185
1,110
1
18
18
1
6
6
2
32
3,216
13,750
1
1
30
25
300
100
2
2
5
3
107
93
733
137
1,198
1,641
45, 268
137
2
2
1
1
2,650
1, 511
125
80
1,034
297,700
96, 533
250
2,880
13,812
150
2, 327
9,742
4, 550
600
90, 571
129,194
102,486
1
645
12,255
2
3
1,000
548
520
80
125
8,000
38, 288
2,100
860
1,750
4
1
4
4
4
4
2
1
i Man-days idle as a result of a strike which began in the preceding year and continued into this year.
107
ANALYSIS OF STRIKES, 1 9 2 7 - 3 6
T
able
35.— Strikes beginning in 1927-86, in States having 25 or more strikes in
any year, by industry group— Continued
MISSO URI—Continue d
Industry group and year
N um
N um ber of
ber of w ork
strikes ers in
volved
Trade:
1927__________________
1928-32_______________
1933__________________
1934__________________
1935___________ ______
1936__________________
Dom estic and personal
service:
1927__________________
1928__________________
1929__________________
1930__________________
1931_________ _____
1932__________________
1933__________________
1934
193/5
1936
Professional service:
1927_____ ____________
1928_____ ____________
1929....................
1930__________________
1931. _____
1932. ___
________
Mandays
idle
during
year
1
15
1,230
1
2
2
1
2,000
1,715
135
6
10,000
11,960
999
6
2
455
13,340
2
220
2,220
1
1
4
1
1
8
36
3,362
139
13
888
2, 520
128, 686
2,502
3,805
1
43
731
1
1
2
2
316
85
103
330
26,228
7,225
5,070
930
Industry group and year
Professional service— Con.
1933_____ ____________
1934-36...................... —
Building and construction:
N um
N um ber of
ber of work
strikes ers in
volved
M andays
idle
during
year
4
145
1,055
1927
1998
1999
4
1
1930_________ ____
1931____ ______ ______
8
5
8
2
8
14
10
707
14
4,520
7,885
195
1,019
96
1,782
1,556
1,228
6,687
44,514
146,000
41,468
8,395
24,412
592
13,108
20,932
16,503
2
1
1
246
979
14
292
4,895
490
1
2
119
82
357
1,828
3
3
735
626
16,177
8, 512
1
7
7
2
410
1,230
1
360
21,960
198 2
IQo u --------------------------l y oq
1984
198 R
1986
Relief work and W . P. A.:
1927-33_______________
1934__________________
1935__________________
1936____ _____________
Other nonmanufacturing
industries:
1927-30 __......................
1931__________________
1932 _______________
1933-36_______________
6
NEW HAMPSHIRE
Lumber and allied prod
ucts:
1927-33_______________
1934__________________
1935______
. . . ___
1936 ___________ ___
Stone, clay, and glass
products:
1927-30_______________
1931_________________
1932-34 . . _________
1935__________________
1936 _________________
Textiles and their prod
ucts:
1927__________________
1928 ___ _________
1929__________________
1930-31_______________
1932__________________
1933__________________
1934__________________
1935__________________
1936__________________
Leather and its manufac
tures:
1927__________________
1928__________________
1929__________________
1930. . . . ___ ____
1931......... ............ ..........
1932__________________
1933__________________
1934__________________
1 3894°— 38-------8
1
1
70
53
280
848
1
200
1,600
1
80
1,840
1
210
5,040
1
1,000
52,000
4
477
11 10,406
8 29,380
679
3
2
467
2,294
108, 611
212, 264
11, 979
4,776
1
1
1
2
2
13
4
975
66
1,880
274
3,450
212,477
38, 543
75
11
165
52
700
8, 342
1,388
Leather and its manufac
tures—C ontinued.
__________
1935
1936
_______
Food and kindred prod
ucts:
1927-31_______________
1932...____ __________
1933-36—....................
Extraction of minerals:
1927__________________
1928.____ ____________
1929-32__________ ____
1933__________________
1934-36_________
Professional service:
1927-28_______________
1929__________________
1930-31_______________
1932__________________
1933-36. _
. . .
Building and construc
tion:
1927-....................... ....
1928___________ ______
1929— ____ _________
1930-32_______________
1933__________________
1934-36_______________
Other nonmanufacturing
industries:
1927-31_______________
1932__________________
1933-36 _____________
1
9
333
1
20
20
3
1
1
76
40
170
1,924
200
2,040
1
8
56
1
12
207
108
T
able
STRIKES IN THE UNITED STATES,
1 8 8 0 -1 9 3 6
35,— Strikes beginning in 1927—
86, in States having 25 or more strikes in
any year, by industry group— Continued
NEW JERSEY
Industry group and year
Iron and steel and their
products, not including
machinery:
1927__________________
1928__________________
1929__________________
1930_____ ____ ______ _
1931__________________
1932__
_______
1933__________________
1934__________________
1935__________________
1936___ _____________
Machinery, not including
transportation equipment:
1927__________________
1928__ _____________
1929 _________________
1930
_ _ __
1931-32_______________
1933_
...... ........... .
1934
. . _______
1935.
___ _______
1936__________________
T ra n sp ortation equip ment:
1927-29 _ ..................
1930__________________
1931— _____________
1932
1933__________________
1934
___
1935 __ _____________
1936__________________
Nonferrous metals and
their products:
1927-28 _ __________
1929 _ _____________
1930-32
. .
1933
1934
1935 _ _______
1936
......................
Lumber and allied prod
ucts:
1927__________________
1928________
1929
1930-31
______
1932
1933
1934
1935 _ ________
1936__________________
Stone, clay, and glass
products:
1927......... ............ .
1928
1929-32
1933
1934
1935__________________
1936__________________
Textiles and their prod1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
____
___________
N um
N um ber of
ber of work
strikes ers in
volved
Mandays
idle
during
year
2
1
2
441
50
56
1,507
40,600
798
3
1
2
1
1
1
156
300
1,270
257
80
125
1,120
7,800
22, 270
5,654
1,440
500
1
93
372
2
1
794
19
4,910
19
2
2
2
2
571
830
112
7,700
15, 991
3, 560
1,030
161,900
1
600
9,600
i 6,600
1
1
2
3
3, 500
2,967
3, 928
996
59,500
100, 878
292,040
6,938
1
2,500
27, 500
2
694
25, 302
1 12,000
1
1, 600
6,400
1
1
1
17
20
1,020
640
380
4
300
73
356
176
346
600
518
4,067
4,598
4,454
1
14
14
3
230
2,240
1
1
195
116
3, 705
1,276
1
3
6
2
8
15
951
27,603
10 3, 588 229,426
34 2,222
47,351
11
504
13,112
20 15, 530 634,995
15 8,134 131,946
44 53, 517 1,590, 774
26 36,179 673,136
Industry group and year
Textiles and their prod
ucts—Continued.
1935__________________
1936__________________
Leather and its manufac
tures:
1927__________________
1928__________________
1929-.
1930__________________
1931__________________
1932__________________
1933__________________
1934_________________
1935__________________
1936__________________
Food and kindred prod
ucts:
1927__________________
1928—
1929__________________
1930__________________
1931__________________
1932__________________
1933__________________
1934__________________
1935-____ ___________
1936__________________
Tobacco manufactures:
1927-28— ____ ______
1929— ............... .
__
1930-32— ____ ______
1933__________________
1934-36_______________
Paper and printing:
1927__________________
1928__________________
1929__________________
1930__________________
1931....... ............ ............
1932-_____ __________
1933_________________
1934__________________
1935__________________
1936__________________
Chemicals
and
allied
products:
1927__________________
1928__________________
1929__________________
1930-33_______________
1934__________________
1935__________________
1936__________________
Rubber products:
1927__________________
1928__________________
1929__________________
1930-31_______________
1932__________________
1933__________________
1934-36_______________
Miscellaneous manufac
turing:
1927__________________
1928__________________
1929__________________
1930 _________________
1931._________________
1932__________________
1933__________________
1934__________________
1935__________________
1936__________________
N um
N um ber o f
ber of work
strikes ers in
volved
69 31,733
59 12, 270
Mandays
idle
during
year
608,049
304, 763
2
2
1
1
113
102
20
17
1,470
2,092
60
238
2
9
4
4
4
141
1,034
360
364
348
3,846
24, 491
9,290
7,850
5,097
?
2
46
108
648
1,188
3
3
6
8
5
6
3
35
177
71
869
3,027
654
324
68
483
241
7,278
63,966
21,800
2, 312
1
350
17,850
1
610
10, 380
1
50
450
1
8
224
1
5
2
4
1
3
150
834
163
303
50
365
4, 050
13, 215
3,141
3,152
3,310
11, 770
1
2
1,479
17
8,874
24
3
315
2, 533
1
50
100
1
2
800
445
5,600
1,335
1
1
60
132
420
1, 320
1
94
94
1
45
135
1
3
5
1
6
5
26
987
1,233
46
839
1,496
156
13,428
20,832
92
33,047
21,042
Man-days idle as a result of a strike which began in the preceding year and continued into this year.
A N A L Y S IS
T
able
OF ST R IK E S,
109
19 2 7 - 3 6
35.— Strikes beginning in 1927-86 , in States having 25 or more strikes in
any year, by industry group— Continued
NEW JERSEY—Continued
Industry group and year
Transportation and communication:
1927 ________________
1928 _________________
1929__________________
1930 _________________
1931_________________
1932__________________
1933 _________________
1934__________________
1935__________________
1936__________________
Trade:
1927 _______________
1928________________
1929________________
1930 _________________
1931__________________
1932__________________
1933__________________
1934__________________
1935__________________
1936 _______________
Domestic and personal
service:
1927______________
1928__________________
1929__________________
1930________________
1931__________________
1932________________
1933____ _________
1934__________________
1935__________________
1936__________________
Professionalservice:
1927__________________
1928________________
1929_________________
N um
N um ber of
ber of work
strikes ers in
volved
Mandays
idle
during
year"
7
1
6
6
3
5
5
3
7
7
1,069
450
1,027
538
445
365
651
790
386
702
16,051
4,050
5,146
3,247
2, 545
1,711
4,217
6,180
5, 886
6,195
1
2
1
2
8
150
64
380
358
13
75
93
11
698
714
450
1, 266
830
8, 346
13
726
403
110
5, 490
5,328
7
2
1
1
3
5
5
6
7
10
1,788
316
70
113
926
866
944
352
379
946
14,948
4,976
70
2, 486
4, 680
8,468
7,390
2,629
1,040
7,970
3
1
1
34
24
16
668
600
128
3
6
2
4
3
Industry group and year
Professional s e r v i c e —
Continued.
1930 _ 1931
1932
_____
___________
1933
1934
_
1935__________________
1936 ___ _____
Building and construc
tion:
1927 ________________
1928__________________
1929
____
___
1930 _ ______
1931___________ ____
1932 ________________
1933__________________
1934__________________
1935__________________
1936 ________________
Agriculture and fishing:
1927-31 ____________
1932__________________
1933__________________
1934
___
1935-36_______________
Relief work and W . P . A .:
1927-32_______________
1933__________________
1934 _________________
1935 _______ _______
1936__________________
Other nonmanufacturing
industries:
1927__________________
1928-34_______________
1935 _____________
1936 _______________
N um
N um ber of
ber of work
strikes ers in
volved
Mandays
idle
during
year"
3
1
5
3
1
176
56
60
152
200
9,640
392
1, 594
2,151
400
1
40
200
17
18
18
22
23
21
10
8
8
10
3,459
4, 751
5, 743
3, 265
6, 536
1,509
419
890
1,112
959
71,062
64, 834
63, 515
44,827
201,870
27,853
3,802
11,341
21,714
5,841
1
100
700
3
1,500
6,400
3
11
4
2
104
2,375
6,440
900
323
33,175
73,790
7,800
1
600
1,800
1
1
87
27
5,294
1,067
1
116
696
1
2
5
1
3
45
3,950
4, 273
140
1, 742
90
133,900
136, 738
5, 600
12, 261
1
14
266
i 350
I
5
4
8
7
12
9
14
118
429
5,038
1,958
2, 620
1,582
168
1,275
652
82,200
45, 544
48, 691
39, 953
11
5
13
8
8
15
300
436
999
364
876
352
5,907
14, 221
22,430
8,991
5, 522
4,231
NEW YORK
Iron and steel and their
products, not including
machinery:
1927
1928
______
1929
1930. „
.
________
1931
1932
. . _____
1933__________________
1934__________________
1935
1936
Machinery, not including
transportation equip
ment:
1927_
1928
1929-30
_______
1931
1932
1933__________________
1934__________________
1935
1936 T r a n s p o r t a t io n equip
ment:
1927
1928__________________
1
1
1
1
2
2
9
3
6
10
405
20
2,000
14
191
179
1,154
212
643
1,195
1, 215
60
122,000
42
1, 383
1,916
7,199
2, 582
16, 820
10, 268
1
1
55
33
1, 430
132
2
2
10
9
12
11
105
99
3, 443
4, 768
1,947
4,988
455
2,407
19, 479
120, 529
56, 234
217, 315
3
1.104
21,994
Transportation
equip
ment—C ontinued.
1929__________________
1930-31______________
1932__________________
1933__________________
1934__________________
1935__________________
1936__________________
Nonferrous metals and
their products:
1927_____________ ___
1928__________________
1929__________________
1930__________________
1931__________________
1932__________________
______________
1933
1934__________________
1935__________________
1936__________________
Lumber and allied prod
ucts:
1927__________________
1928__________________
1929__________________
1930______ _____ _____
1931__________________
1932__________________
i Man-days idle as a result of a strike which began in the preceding year and continued into this year,
110
STR IK ES I N
THE
U N IT E D
STA TES,
1 8 8 0 -1 9 3 6
T able 35.— Strikes beginning in 1927-86 , in States having 25 or more strikes in
any yearf by industry group— Continued
NEW YOKE—Continued
Industry group and year
Lum ber and allied prod
ucts—Continued.
1933____ _____________
1934
__________
1935__________________
1936 _____________
Stone, clay, and glass
products:
1927
.
______
1928
___________
1929................. ..............
1930 ___________ . . .
1931__________________
1932
______________
1933
______________
1934 _________________
1935 _______________
_____________
1936
Textiles and their prod
ucts:
1927_______ ____ ______
______________
1928
1929 ________________
1930
______________
1931
_________ ____
1932 _______________
1933 ________________
1934____ _____________
1935__________________
1936
_____ _____
Leather and its manufac
tures:
1927________ _________
______________
1928
1929 ________________
1930__________________
1931____________ ____ 1932___ ____________
1933__________________
1934__________________
1935__________________
1936__________________
Food and kindred prod
ucts:
1927._____ ___________
1928 _ ______________
1929__________________
1930..______ _________
1931__________________
1932__________________
1933__________________
1934__________________
1935_______ ____ _____
1936__________________
Tobacco manufactures:
1927__________________
1928
__________
1929-30— __________
1931__________________
1932__________________
1933__________________
1934__________________
1935__________________
1936__________________
Paper and printing:
1927__________________
1928__________________
1929__________________
1930__________________
1931__________________
1932________ ________
1933___________ ____
1934....... ............ ............
1935........... .....................
1936...,— . . — ............
N um
N um ber of
ber of work
strikes ers in
volved
17 11,279
18 2,001
24 1,761
16 b 309
Mandays
idle
during
year
356,324
70,207
31,439
13,629
1
137
7,398
2
2
2
1
2
1
1
3
690
210
240
7
445
13
70
107
1,560
835
858
98
6,775
143
1,190
920
60
38
43
35
76
70
64
56
88
87
4,828 113,420
29,257 254,677
28, 388 334,681
42,022 466, 333
45,144 492,050
62, 726 639,082
190,096 1,826, 682
64,599 681,856
58, 210 469,759
38, 201 397,859
8
518
6
283
21 7,792
8
729
24 4,050
18 1,625
17 16, 276
18 9, 010
19 3, 318
14 2,033
12,537
12, 585
240,669
53, 310
47,380
32,209
591,082
176,460
49,010
29,470
8
2
2
2
10
10
12
13
12
15
1,632
95
56
27
1,889
151
9,842
1,064
6,198
376
856
258
11,988
3,579
255,242
16,603
337,570
22,392
1
1
97
22
7,372
66
5
1
1
2
289
14
978
10
22
22
4,777
210
19,611
70
418
299
2
6
5
5
3
9
10
14
18
23
44
1,674
315
123
76
478
5,339
484
433
1,526
646
19,124
5,431
742
714
12,393
34,367
9,570
6,691
30,942
1
5
32,825
755
Industry group and year
Chemicals and allied prod
ucts:
_
1927-28_____ ._
1929 .
1930-32_______________
1933 .
1934__________________
1935__________________
1936.............................
Rubber products:
1927-32 ______________
1933...
. . . .
..
_______
1934-35____
1936
Miscellaneous manufac
turing:
1927____ _____
...
1928
1929__________________
1930__________________
1931...
.
.
.
1932
1933 .
1934
1935
1936
Extraction of minerals:
1927. . .
1928____ . .
.
..
1929
1930__________________
1931-351936 _
Transportation and com
munication:
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934....
_______
_
1935__________________
1936
Trade:
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932 .
1933
1934
1935_____ .
1936
Domestic and personal
service:
1927
1928 1929 . ___
1930
1931 .
1932
1933____________ _ . .
1934
1935 .
1936
Professional service:
1927 .
___
1928
_____
1929 ________________
1930 . . . ___________
1931
1932—
....................
N um
N um ber of
ber of work
strikes ers in
volved
Mandays
idle
during
year
2
219
1,343
1
1
1
2
170
1,100
22
143
510
40,700
154
657
1
200
600
2
257
1,011
7
6
7
7
9
12
15
17
28
24
1,317
1,174
427
1, 719
2,044
4, 062
7, 374
4,147
4, 559
3,034
14, 788
51,656
12, 239
14,874
27, 616
55, 608
123, 922
35, 477
94, 706
78, 766
1
764
3,056
1
1
175
40
7,666
360
2
69
252
4 8, 225
4 7, 526
10 3, 661
5 1, 011
14 1,197
7 3,004
7 1,313
19 45, 724
16 21, 805
30 12, 632
29, 775
21, 874
16, 239
13,814
9,664
89,112
13, 663
515, 625
66, 492
108, 664
9 2,176
4 1,955
7 6,935
7 1,039
6 1,126
10 1.899
11 9,733
20 1. 625
29 1. 845
43 12,112
57, 638
28, 675
140, 695
9,059
16, 891
9,376
56, 828
30, 352
29, 740
65,969
12
16
5
9
9
18
20
34
35
43
6,328
29,007
3, 832
3, 506
4, 210
10, 831
8, 250
25, 698
19, 783
62, 359
146,100
465, 708
209, 958
18, 397
27, 574
157, 502
185, 390
283, 207
163,189
768, 467
3
4
3
2
2
8
42
105
662
415
61
1,268
1, 602
321
2, 566
7,190
1,436
5, 572
111
ANALYSIS OF STRIKES, 192 7 -3 6
T able 3 5 .— Strikes beginning in 1 9 2 7 -8 6 , in States having 25 or more strikes in
any yeary by industry group— Continued
N E W Y O R K — C o n t in u e d
Industry group and year
Professional s e r v i c e —
Continued.
1933 ____ _________
1934 _ _________
1935 ________________
1936 _
Building and construction:
_________
1927 .
1928
____
___
1929
__
___
1930 .
1931_________________
1932__________________
1933 ____
1934
1935 ________________
1936
Agriculture and fishing:
1927-30
___________
1931
____________
1932
1933
1934 __
__ _ ___
N um
N um ber of
ber of work
strikes ers in
volved
5
9
6
7
28
30
45
44
48
43
14
24
17
34
Mandays
idle
during
year
34,423
23, 327
8, 302
6,458
835
1,648
385
265
21, 081 784,417
88, 626
9, 050
9, 530 256, 013
4,294
48, 633
5,134
64, 781
48, 467 1,470, 533
81,109
12, 646
12,652 249, 563
63, 737
5, 465
12,854 113, 677
1
1,200
1
100
10,800
300
1
Industry group and year
Agriculture and fishing—
Continued.
1935__________________
1936__________________
Relief work and W . P. A .:
1927-31—
_ ______
1932__________________
1933__________________
1934__________________
1935__________________
1936..________________
Other noDmanufacturing
industries:
1927__________________
1928 ________________
1929__________________
1930 ________________
1931_________________
1932__________________
1933__________________
1934__________________
1935__________________
1936_________________
N um
N um ber of
ber of work
strikes ers in
volved
Mandays
idle
during
year
1,066
87
2,042
348
3
518
3 10, 015
11 9, 361
15 9, 869
4 2, 715
3,182
36, 515
26,197
45, 447
17, 895
3
1
1
30
210
8
3
1
7
6
1
5
8
968
500
47
1,193
1,832
29
138
1,126
8, 536
3, 200
2, 538
16, 789
14, 808
725
902
6, 520
N O R T H C A R O L IN A
Lumber and allied prod
ucts:
1927-28 _____________
1929
__________
1930
__________
1931
__________
1932
__________
1933
__________
1934 ________________
1935__________________
1936_______
_______
Textiles and their prod
ucts:
1927__________________
1928................................
1929 _________________
__________
1930
1931
__________
1932__________________
1933 ____ . . .
___
1934__________________
1935 __________
1936 . . . . .
Food and kindred prod
ucts:
1927-35_______________
1936__________________
Paper and printing:
1927-31_______________
1932__________________
1933-34_______________
1935__________________
1936__________ _____
Chemicals and allied prod
ucts:
1927-29_______________
1930__________________
1931-36______________
Miscellaneous manufac
turing:
1927-33_______________
1934_________________
1935-36_______________
i
1
60
8
120
8
5
4
2
2
1,750
1,465
456
533
29, 500
11, 970
4,017
5, 972
2
809
21,843
14 4, 656
3
811
2
306
15 12, 223
19 7, 919
17 47, 651
12 4, 635
10 5, 209
90, 016
5, 822
2, 078
•155, 291
140, 880
532, 345
38, 595
84,941
1
26
338
1
19
171
1
40
1,920
1
44
44
1
175
875
Extraction of minerals:
________
1927 ___
1928__________________
1929-33____________ _
1934__________________
1935-36_______________
Transportation and com
munication:
1927-35.. ___________
1936_______________ _
Trade:
1927-28_______________
1929__________________
1930-36_______________
Professional service:
1927__________________
1928__________________
1929
.
_________
1930-31_______________
1932__________________
1933-36_______________
Building and construc
tion:
1927__________________
1928__________________
1929__________________
1930 ___ ___________
1931-32_______________
1933__________________
1934__________________
1935-36_______________
Relief work and W . P. A .:
1927-32_______________
1933____ ___________
1934-35_______________
1936__________________
Other nonmanufacturing
industries:
1927-34_______________
1935__________________
1936__________________
I
50
1,150
1
11
121
1
32
64
1
10
10
1
23
345
1
11
407
1
100
100
3
147
5,428
1
1
60
75
120
600
2
1
47
120
68
1,200
3
1,258
26,758
1
52
364
1
7
406
112
STRIKES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1 8 8 0 - 1 9 3 6
T able 35 . — Strikes beginning in 1 9 2 7 -8 6 , in States having 2 5 or more strikes in
any year, by industry group — Continued
O H IO
Industry group and year
Iron and steel and their
products, not including
machinery:
1927________________ _
1928_____________ ____
1929__________________
1930__________________
1931__________________
1932__________________
1933_________ ________
1934__________________
1935__________________
1936__________________
M achinery, not including
transportation equip
m ent:
N um
N um ber of
ber of work
strikes ers in
volved
1
26
1
300
2
160
4
250
1 1,500
1
230
10 2,917
20 12, 458
14 2,855
10 9,054
Mandays
idle
during
year
26
5,100
680
7,119
6,000
6, 210
29,327
308, 546
99,902
296,482
1 9 27 28
1929__________________
3
83
280
1 9 3 0 -3 2
1933__________________
1934__________________
1935__________________
1936__________________
Transportation
equip
ment:
6
13
12
14
694
4,482
7,875
5,989
4, 416
70,673
126, 691
272,866
2
1
69
23
157
46
6 1, 498
12 13,681
19 20,045
8 10,158
4,239
119, 583
170,957
119,573
1 Q ?7 98
1929________________ _
1930____________ _____
1 9 3 1 -3 2
1933__________________
1934_________________
1935___________ ______
1936_________________
Nonferrous metals and
their products:
1927 .
. ____ _
1928__________________
1929__________________
1930-31 _ _________
1932__________________
1933__________________
1934__________________
1935__________________
1936__________________
Lum ber and allied prod
ucts:
1927
__________
1928 _________________
1929__________________
1930-31______ ____ ___
1932__________________
1933__________________
1934__________________
1935__________________
1936__________________
Stone, clay, and glass
products:
1927_________________
1928................................
1929_____ _____ ______
1930-31______________
1932__________________
1933__________________
1934__________________
1935__________________
1936__-_______________
Textiles and their prod
ucts:
1927
__________
1928
_________
1929....... ........................
1930...............................
1931......... ................... .
1932....... .........................
1933......... .......................
1934.................................
1935__________________
1
3
16
69
96
1,731
1
2
10
7
5
300
876
2,224
1,040
1,190
1,800
13, 308
16, 277
11,988
32, 910
1
15
60
1
145
145
1
4
7
7
426
1,938
4, 362
3, 309
7
2,896
35, 776
35,449
95, 714
250
133
500
2,128
9
8
12
95
1,662
4, 777
4,052
9,067
2, 565
20,862
104, 778
190,980
185,494
1
8
368
4
3
2
3
10
15
13
1,010
2,656
99
175
2,858
7,773
4,021
9,025
63,922
678
3,425
53,647
170, 643
125,709
6
6
1
1
i
6
Industry group and year
Textiles and their prod
ucts— Continued.
1936__________
Leather and its manu
factures:
1927-28____________
1929. _____________
1930-31_____________
1932_______________
1933_______________
1934_______________ _
1935___________ _
1936______
Food and kindred prod
ucts:
1927________________
1928_______________
1929_______________
1930________________
1931_______________
1932_____________
1933______________
1934______________
1935__________ _
1936__________
Tobacco manufactures:
1927__________
1928 _
1929
1930-33 .
1934
1935-36
Paper and printing:
1927 _ __ _______
1928 ____________
1929-32
1933
1934_______________
1935.. ._
1936.......... ..........
Chemicals and
allied
products:
1927-31
1932____________ _
1933.___________ _____
1934_________________
1935________________
1936__________________
Rubber products:
1927-32_______________
1933......... .............. .........
1934__________________
1935_________________
1936_________________
Miscellaneous manufac
turing:
1927.______ __________
1928_________________
1929..____ ___________
1930...____ __________
1931-32_______________
1933___________ _____
1934_________________
1935__________________
1936_______________
Extraction of minerals:
1927_____________ _____
1928__________________
1929__________________
1930_________________
1931— ............................
1932......... ......................
1933.................................
1934.................................
1935.................................
1936___________ _______
N um
N um ber of
ber of work
strikes ers in
volved
5
1
1
3
5
2
3
1
1
1
1
1
8
2
1
11
11
1
1
1
Mandays
idle
during
year
910
43, 769
546
30,030
300
922
2, 400
856
1,263
900
7, 956
44, 240
11, 265
37, 232
12
0
45
50
15
7
501
4,056
2,861
878
2,115
960
300
15
7
4, 399
33, 092
163,817
10, 696
790
4, 740
10
0
300
31
496
4
224
63
12,168
707
i
40
1,626
628
1,020
80
7,856
16,482
57, 720
30
131
1,097
13
1,094
180
131
5,113
65
28, 787
9 2, 624
11 5,987
4 1,037
24 67,724
22, 111
134,986
18, 210
438,738
2
3
7
4
1
2
6
1
3
1
12
24
1
147
147
1
5
7
8
12
1,246
1,364
494
12
31,331
10,119
4,335
5 26,344 4,481,754
5 9,626 1, 576,415
7
768
45,138
3 1,150
13,400
13 6,885 110,161
10 16,660 1,772,930
9 7,536
87,591
4 1,205
26,267
1 27,816 139,080
1
900
1,800
113
ANALYSIS OF STRIKES, 19 2 7 - 3 6
T
able
3 5 .— Strikes beginning in 1 9 2 7 -3 6 , in States having 25 or more strikes in
any yeary by industry group— Continued
O H IO — C o n t in u e d
Industry group and year
Transportation and com
munication:
1927-28_______________
1929__________________
1930_______________ __
1931_________________1932....____ _________
1933. ............................. .
1934....... ...................
1935__________________
1936__________________
Trade:
1927-28______________
1929__________________
1930-32._____ ________
1933.................. ...........
1934__________________
1935__________________
1936— ____ __________
Domestic and personal
service:
1927-28.______ _______
1929__________________
1930__________________
1931
__________
1932
_______
1933_______________ 1934__________________
1935_________________ ’
1936__________________
Professional service:
1927__________ _____
1928__________________
1929
__________
1930
__________
1931__________________
1932__________________
1933__________________
1934_____________ ____
1935
__________
1936
............. .
N um
N um ber of
ber of work
strikes ers in
volved
Mandays
idle
during
year
2
3
2
2
4
13
14
8
190
326
300
193
235
4,189
2, 522
3, 774
2,440
1,948
2,200
11,218
1,631
90,372
39,607
16,646
1
22
1,496
1
12
24
20
30
5,987
2,744
2,340
60
108,829
41, 595
28,194
1
5
1
41
1,050
30
164
7,803
1,080
3
9
5
9
60
624
1,465
457
611
6,367
31, 335
6, 271
3
1
1
39
22
16
3, 551
22
16
3
4
1
2
2
66
94
148
28
164
432
2,040
3,108
316
342
Industry group and year
N um
N um ber of
ber of work
strikes ers in
volved
Mandays
idle
during
year
Building and construc
tion:
1927__________________
5 1,041
18,155
14 1,491
1928__________________
42,157
12 2,887
1929__________________
79, 247
1930__________________
11 2,596
20,082
1931__________________
18 3,387
22,228
1932__________________
10
762
13,365
1933__________________
5
576
13,926
1934__________________
10
530
6,817
1935__________________
8
347
3,677
14 1, 552
1936__________________
29, 778
Agriculture and fishing:
1927-29_______________
1
1930__________________
30
660
1931-32_______________
1933__________________
1
180
360
1934__________________
3
870
38, 610
1935— _______________
1
23
384
1
1936__________________
37
111
Relief work and W . P. A .:
1927-31_______________
1932__________________
1
35
35
3
1933__________________
678
2, 616
1934__________________
7 3, 370
17,456
1935— . _____ ________
7 2,530
63,850
6 2, 677
1936__________________
21,933
Other nonmanufacturing
industries:
1927-28— . ____ ______
1
1929
____________________________________
28
224
__________
1930
1 308
1931-____ ___________
1
7
7
1932___________ . __
1933._______ _________
1
6,300
300
2
1934— _____ _________
56
2,240
1935....... ........................
1936— ........................ .
5
916
13, 739
OREGON
Iron and steel and their
products, not including
machinery:
1927-35 ______________
1936
_______
Machinery, not including
transportation equip
ment:
1927-34-____ ________
1935— ................... .......
1936__________________
Lum ber and allied prod
ucts:
1927-28____ ____ _____
1929......... ............ ..........
1930........................... .
1931...............................
1932-.............................
1933__________________
1934-........................ .
1935__________________
1936__________________
Textiles and their prod
ucts:
1927__________________
1928................................
1929-31....... ...................
1
81
324
1
1
36
207
3,996
2,466
1
150
2,100
1
50
250
2 3,200
4
487
6 13, 259
11 6,818
22,500
5,080
529, 674
150,320
1
37
37
Textiles and their prod
ucts—Continued.
1932— . ____ _________
1933__________ _______
1934 _____
___ . .
1935__________________
1936________ _______ _
Leather and its manu
factures:
1927________________
1928________ _____ ___
1929-36_______________
Food and kindred prod
ucts:
1927
1928-30...............
1931 .................
1932............. .......
1933— _........... .......
1934________________
1935__________________
1936 .
. . .
Paper and printing:
1927__________________
1928-30
1931 ........................... .
1932-36— ............... — .
2
190
1,465
1
180
3, 600
4
1, 275
35, 578
1
20
20
5,143
1
139
2
815
815
2
3
2
7
5,025
4,458
109
764
140,125
21, 590
1, 418
7,183
2
47
479
1
7
7
1 Man-days idle as a result of a strike which began in the preceding year and continued into this
year.
114
T
a b l e
STRIKES IN TH E UNITED STATES, 1 8 8 0 - 1 9 3 6
35 .— Strikes beginning in 1 9 8 7 -8 6 , in States having 8 5 or more strikes in
any year , by industry group — Continued
O R E G O N — C o n tin u e d
Industry group and year
Miscellaneous manufac
turing:
1927-33_______________
1934_____ _____ ______
1935-36........... ................
Extraction o f minerals:
1927-35. _____ ______
1936____ _____________
Transportation and com
munication:
1927-28_______________
1929__________________
1930__________________
1931__________________
1932__________________
1933__________________
1934_________ ____ —
1935__________________
1936_________ _____ —
Trade:
1927-34_______ _____
1935__________________
1936— ............. ..............
Domestic and personal
service:
1927-28____ __________
1929___________ ____
1930 _____ ___________
1931__________________
1932__________________
1933__________________
1934.
.................. .
1935__________________
1936_______________ _
N um
N um ber of
ber of work
strikes ers in
volved
Mandays
idle
during
year
1
29
319
2
170
2,218
1
20
200
2
1
70
200
140
400
18
7
9
3,923
324
4,081
98, 765
1, 563
168,516
1
5
31
401
1
62
62
1
12
36
1,054
12,003
2
92
1,780
3
3
45
65
1,471
1,040
Industry group and year
Professional service:
1927-28.............. ............
1929________________
1930-36—............. .........
Building and construc
tion:
1927—
1928_________________
1929_____________ ____
1930____________ ____
1931_________ ____ ___
1932— ____ _________
1933.
—
1934-35_______________
1936_____________ „ .
Agriculture and fishing:
1927__________________
1928
. _
________
1929__________________
1930__________________
1931-32_______________
1933
1934- ...... ...................
1935__________________
1936__________________
Relief work and W . P . A .:
1927-33_______________
1934
1935__________________
1936
_
. .
Other nonmanufacturing
industries:
1927-35_______________
1936__________________
N um
N um ber of
ber of work
strikes ers in
volved
M andays
idle
during
year
2
44
1,196
6
3
2
1
339
165
35
40
6,367
1,450
495
720
1
1
200
15
2,000
15
3
221
774
1
150
450
I
100
100
3
7
1
4
1,735
8,673
25
1,374
7,335
17,261
25
1,764
2
191
351
2
482
8,288
1
70
700
1
90
1,080
270
3
7
6
1
1,427
9,356
509
352
14,332
143,090
4,579
3,887
10
4
4
4
3
2
9
4
9
13
906
67
71
79
61
35
1,089
289
889
1,695
24,896
6, 654
6, 711
3,786
470
1,157
33,912
11, 516
7, 605
16, 483
4
3
2
1
3
3
13
10
9
12
1,205
658
140
100
562
391
4, 239
1,699
5,685
9,033
26,085
25,541
4,700
1,400
3,034
13,382
26, 717
49, 232
87,799
363, 525
23
3,075
42,109
P E N N S Y L V A N IA
Iron and steel and their
products, not including
machinery:
1927..... ................... .......
1928
................. .......
1929_______ ____ _____
1930__________________
1931- ______________
1932__________________
1933_________________
1934________ _________
1935__________________
1936__________________
Machinery, not including
transportation equip
ment:
1927— _____ _________
1928__________________
1929__________________
1930....... .........................
1931.................... ............
1932_________________
1933— ____ _________
1934__________________
1935________ _________
1936_____________
Transportation
equip
ment:
1927-28 ....................
1929 .............................
1930........... ...................
1931— ............................
1932
....................
1933....... ........................
1934................. ..............
1935__________________
1936___________ ____ -
3
950
3
153
9 1,692
4 1,476
4 1,005
2
95
17 11,505
5 2,054
16 3,157
14 3,446
6,100
2, 215
35,480
11,260
9,210
695
71,511
27,917
21,767
39,079
3
3
5
1
2
71
129
832
26
28
4, 566
753
53,930
286
224
9
3
2
13
6,127
1,030
59
1,517
39,504
33,585
823
41,380
1
1,500
6,000
1
2,000
22,000
4
3
1
8
1,624
352
85
6,326
22,812
41,296
595
82,046
Nonferrous metals and
their products:
1927__________________
___ _______
1928
1929
1930-32 ______________
1933.
.
_______
1934
1935._______ ________
1936.
.
Lumber and allied prod
ucts:
1927
___ _________
1928_________________
1 9 2 9 ...______ _______
1930_________________
1931
___________
1932
_____________
1933_________________
1934___________ _____
1935
. _______
1936......................... .......
Stone, clay, and glass
products:
1927................................
__________
1928
1929..............................
1930_______ __________
1931
. ___ . .
1932
________ ____
1933....................... ........
1934. ........................... .
1935
______
.
1 9 3 6 ........... ..........
Textiles and their prod
ucts:
1927................ ................
1
1 Man-days idle as a result of a strike which began in the preceding year and continued into this year.
ANALYSIS OF STRIKES, 192 7 -3 6
T
able
35. — Strikes
115
beginning in 1 9 2 7 -8 6 , in States having 2 5 or more strikes in
any year, by industry group — Continued
PENNSYLVANIA—Continued
Industry group and year
N um
N um ber of
ber of w ork
strikes ers in
volved
Mandays
idle
during
year
Industry group and year
Miscellaneous manufac
Textiles and their prod
turing—Continued.
ucts—C ontinued.
1932.____ ______ ____ _
26 2, 413
1928
.................
36,660
59 9,500 205,688
1929
..................... ..................... .....................
1933......................... .
41 6,282 231, 736
1934__________________
1930
____________________________________
37 13,194 794,068
1931
_________
1935__________________
28 3, 979
1932
_________
26,028
1936_________________
126 77,160 1,484,320
1933
_________
Extraction of minerals:
1934
_________
77 69, 920 888,426
1927_________ ____ _
1935
____________________________________
124 30,089 427, 589
1928.................. ..............
125 24, 440 741, 213
1936
_________
1929..... .................. .
Leather and its manufac
1930................ ..............
tures:
1931.................. ..............
21, 487
656
1932________ _____ _
1927
..... - ..........
1928
__________
1933__________________
571
1934__________ ______
1929
________________________— . 19,229
2, 555
1930.________________
116
1935__________________
8,898
423
1931
_________
1936__________________
1932
..................... .....................60
..................... .....................
480
Transportation and com
63, 742
4,130
1933
......... ........
munication:
44,223
1,368
1927__________________
1,192
2,306
1935_________________
1928__________________
24, 433
1936.________________
2,617
1929__________________
Food and kindred prod
1930_________________
ucts:
1931_______________ _
144
1, 557
1927
________________________
1932__________________
597
121
1928
________________________
1933__________________
1,279
1929
________________________
159
1934____________ ____
24
1930
_________
8
1935....... .......... ..........102
24
1931
_________
1936_______ ____ ______
1932
_________
8, 857
396
Trade:
68,131
5,189
1933
_________
1927__________________
23,906
1934
_________
1,324
1928___________ _____
1935
_________
1,960 106,167
1929__________________
1936
________________________
63, 755
2, 573
1930__________________
Tobacco manufactures:
1931_______ ____ _____
1927-28.______ _______
1932__________________
200 1,200
1929..
__________
1933__________________
1930-31______________
1934__________________
1932.________________
22
154
1935__________________
39,629
1933
.................
2,678
1936__________________
1934
_________
3, 474 122,312
Domestic and personal
1935
_________
11,902
200
service:
1936
_________
4,000
200
1927 ________________
Paper and printing:
1928__________________
15
1927..
. ..........
90
1929__________________
45
45
1928
_________
1930__________________
1929.________________
3,068
1931__________________
1930
_________
1932__________________
1931
_________
110
660
1933__________________
1932
________________________
5, 418
631
1934__________________
4, 457
1933
_________
1,081
1935__________________
1934
________________________
3,885
691
1936__________________
1935.
________________________
25, 794
1, 213
Professional service:
1936.
________________________
9,486
633
1927_________________
Chemicals and allied prod
1928__________________
ucts:
1929__________________
1927-28______________
1930__________________
1929
________________________
32
369
1931__________________
1930-32______________
1932__________________
1933
_________
9, 830
470
1933__________________
1934
_________
71,097
923
1934__________________
1935
_________
117
39
1935— . ............. ............
1936
________________________
4,594
427
1936__________________
Rubber products:
Building and construc
1927-32______________
tion:
1933
_________
680
119
1927_________________
1934
__________
45
9
1928__________________
1935
..................... ..................... 61
..................... .....................
122
1929__________________
1936
_________
1,115
5, 470
1930__________________
Miscellaneous manufac
1931__________________
turing:
1932__________________
280
1927
________________________
1933__________________
1928
________________________
1934__________________
1,200
300
1929
_________
34
1935__________________
3,468
1930
..................... ..................... ..................... .....................
4,547
133
1931
________________________
1936__________________
N um
N um ber of
ber of work
strikes ers in
volved
1
10
4
6
7
37
44
37
25
25
31
74
76
55
38
11
3,640
845
734
665
M andays
idle
during
year
33
17,963
9,875
13,627
23,847
69,202 7,305,032
85,174 1,671,554
58,051 243,006
21,025 129,535
79,183 1,129,379
25,151 277,415
190, 264 2,353,720
125,785 1,057,546
186, 313 1,474,885
30, 284 320,800
119
155
1,248
1,844
903
1, 542
23,715
5,547
189,954
8, 267
13 16,616
6
467
9 3,030
12 5,971
103,691
11,639
45, 742
43,753
32
29
354
358
18
165
14,963
743
750
4,120
1,696
58
8,671
4,677
18
265
67,405
19,081
9,419
41,910
3
1
8
5
3
1
1
5
3
1
2
7
9
10
17
540
2,254
1
2
1
15
18
13
10
150
210
370
7,124
3,779
1,513
3,845
900
835
2,590
129,523
76, 220
17,169
48,861
2
1
8
1
4
7
10
7
5
4
22
11
408
300
194
880
792
326
151
295
476
121
4,460
9,000
14, 536
5,148
8, 716
3,751
1,078
2,036
25
15
31
25
33
25
14
10
10
23
4,714
847
5,646
2,758
2,537
3,679
2,437
3,046
1,090
3,941
188,819
139, 554
60,379
32,772
55,140
101,280
70,770
20, 467
11,150
47,956
3
116
T
able
STRIKES m
THE UNITED STATES,
1 8 8 0 -1 9 3 6
35.— Strikes beginning in 1 9 2 7 -8 6 , in States having 2 5 or more strikes in
any year , by industry group — Continued
PENNSYLVANIA—Continued
Industry group and year
Agriculture and fishing:
1927-30_______________
1931__________________
1932 . _ ___________
1933 ...............................
1934 _________________
1935 _________________
____________
1936
Relief work and W . P . A .:
1927-31 ______________
1932
1933
1934__________________
1935__________________
1936__________________
N um
N um ber of
ber of work
strikes ers in
volved
Mandays
idle
during
year
2
1
1
365
100
300
18,215
700
300
2
154
1,799
1
500
500
943
9
14 6, 256
13 14, 417
Industry group and year
Other nonmanufacturing
industries:
1927-31______ ______
1932......... .......................
1933........... ................___
1934__________________
1935__________________
1936______ _____ _____
Interindustry:
1927-33_______________
1934__________________
1935-36_______________
N um
N um ber of
ber of work
strikes ers in
volved
Mandays
idle
during
year
3, 943
54,847
86, 567
1
2
1
2
7
40
270
55
60
292
40
880
2,200
80
1,460
1 26,000
26,000
RHODE ISLAND
Iron and steel and their
products, not including
machinery:
1927_________ ________
1928-32,_____________
1933__________________
1934-36
Machinery, not including
transportation equip
ment:
1927-28 ________ _____
1929__________________
1930-32_______________
1933
______________
1934-35_______________
1936__________________
Nonferrous metals and
their products:
1927,, ______ _____
1928-29 _____________
1930
_____________
1931-32_______________
1933__________________
1934-36
_____
Lumber and allied prod
ucts:
1927-32 .................... .
1933 _________________
1934-36_______________
Stone, clay, and glass
products:
1927_______ __________
1928-31____ ____ ______
1932__________________
1933-36_______________
Textiles and their prod
ucts:
1927
......................
1928 ........... ...................
1929................................
1930 ...............................
1931................................
1932................................
1933......... .......................
1934................................
1935___________ _____
1936_________ ________
Paper and printing:
1927-29______________
1930 _______ ________
1931-32______ ______
1933......... ..................... .
1934-36.,.................... .
1
52
1,612
2
123
290
1
22
66
1
57
228
1
285
1,425
1
23
1,518
1
60
180
1
18
72
1
74
999
1
50
250
2
47
771
12 2,165
7
818
12 2, 556
4
240
14 4,341
8 1,290
36 11,469
8 29,695
16 3,340
19 3,049
73,071
13, 579
85, 300
1,361
100,354
25,435
198,036
333,615
78,882
69, 029
1
23
92
2
76
1,593
Rubber products:
1927__________________
1928-32____ ____ _____
1933__________________
1934-35_______________
1936_________________
Miscellaneous manufac
turing:
1927-32________ ______
1933 _______________
1934-36_______________
Transportation a,nd com
munication:
1927-28______________
1929__________________
1930__________________
1931......... ............ ..........
1932-34_______________
1935 _______ _____ _ ...
1936 ...........................
Trade:
1927-33......... ............ .
1934 ________________
1935__________________
1936 _________________
Professional service:
1927-28_______________
1929
______________
1930-32_______________
1933 _______________
1934 _______________
1935-36_______________
Building and construc
tion:
1927 _________________
1928_____________ ____
1929 _________ _______
1930 _________________
1931
______________
1932 ______ ____ ___
1933__________________
1934 ________________
1935 ...............................
1936_____________ ____
Agriculture and fishing:
1927-35_______________
1936
______________
Relief work and W . P. A .:
1927-32_______________
1933 ...................... .......
1934__________________
1935__________________
1936 ..........................
1
320
1
116
348
2
942
4,629
1
18
36
3, 520
1
75
450
1
200
9,600
1
2
80
625
160
1,125
2
81
81
2
209
1,881
1
7
210
2
1
58
87
58
87
7
2
2
4
5
1
2,973
550
260
210
295
65
168, 657
15, 500
920
1, 790
10, 076
455
1
3
20
61
20
518
1
700
4,200
2
2
1
500
315
31
1,500
595
62
ANALYSIS OF STRIKES,
T
able
i9 2 7 - 3 6
117
35 .— Strikes beginning in 1 9 2 7 -8 6 , in States having 2 5 or more strikes in
any year , by industry group — Continued
SOUTH CAROLINA
Industry group and year
Lumber and allied prod
ucts:
1927-32 ____________
1933 _______________
1934 _______________
1935 _______________
1936
-- _________
Stone, clay, and glass
products:
1927-30 _____________
1931
_____ ____ ___
1932-33 ____________
1934
_____________
1935-36 ____________
Textiles and their prod
ucts:
1927-28 ____________
1929. _______________
1930-31______ ________
1932
____________ _
_____________
1933
1934...................... ..........
1935 _____ _________
1936__________________
N um
N um ber of
ber of work
strikes ers in
volved
Mandays
idle
during
year
3
610
1,620
1
814
5, 698
1
8
8
1
22
154
14 11,907
302,034
3 1, 850
26 14,441
16 42, 392
10 4,236
12 4,204
72,050
109, 255
544, 204
178,062
254, 280
Industry group and year
Pood and kindred prod
ucts:
1927-32_______________
1933__________________
1934-36____ __________
Transportation and com
munication:
1927-35_______________
1936__________________
Domestic and personal
service:
1927-29_______________
1930__________________
1931-32. ____________
1933__________________
1934-36 ______________
Professional service:
1927-31 ______________
1932. _______________
1933-36
Building and construc
tion:
1927-35
___________
1936__________________
N um
N um ber of
ber of work
strikes ers in
volved
Mandays
idle
during
year
2
216
416
2
190
2, 675
1
48
240
1
9
36
1
7
847
2
51
420
1
1
108
70
1,188
1,820
1
15
465
1
1
2
44
18
112
88
108
926
1
53
53
1
17
17
1
1
119
70
476
560
TENNESSEE
Iron and steel and their
products, not including
machinery:
1927
______________
1928 _______________
1929
____ ____ ___
1930-32 ______________
1933 _________________
1934 ________________
1935 .................... .......
1936
_____________
Machinery, not including
transportation equip
ment:
1927-33
___________
1934__________________
1935-36 ____________
Nonferrous metals and
their products:
1927
_______ ____ _
1928-33
___________
1934
______________
1935_____________ ____
1936__________________
Lumber and allied prod
ucts:
1927-31 ______________
1932 _________________
1933__________________
1934....______ _______
1935__________________
1936_________ _______ _
Stone, clay, and glass
products:
1927-34_______________
1935__________________
1936_________________
Textiles and their prod
ucts:
1927_____________ . . .
1928............................. .
1929__________________
1930-31_______________
1932__________________
1933__________________
1934__________________
1935__________ ______
1936................................
2
1
124
15
2,494
285
2
1
130
299
400
8, 671
2
124
3, 859
1
550
13, 200
1
1,100
37,400
2
1
2,177
467
42, 622
It), 274
1
4
2
8
1
70
489
344
1,022
200
210
932
3,016
26, 285
800
1
1
38
14
84
882
1
4
300
8,128
4,800
147, 783
1
9
6
7
4
151
1,832
7,174
702
1.180
755
35,926
76, 756
48,968
14,950
Leather and its manufac
tures:
1927-34_______________
1935__________________
1936__________________
Food and kindred prod
ucts:
1927__________________
1928-33_______________
1934__________________
1935__________________
1936__________________
Paper and printing:
1927-28_______________
1929__________________
1930-35_____ _______
1936__________________
Chemicals
and
allied
products:
1927-33_______________
1934.. ______________
1935__________________
1936__________________
Extraction of minerals:
1927-28_______________
1929__________________
1930__________________
1931 . ______________
1932__________________
1933__________________
1934__________________
1935__________________
1936__________________
Transportation and com
munication:
1927-30_______________
1931__________________
1932-33 ______________
1934__________________
1935__________________
1936
_ ____
Trade:
1927-29...____ _______
1930__________________
1931-34_______________
1935__________________
1936................................
1
250
1, 250
3
1
2
1
1
1
680
400
1,050
100
1,530
500
7, 750
49, 600
15, 900
300
36, 720
30, 500
1
88
264
2
1
59
75
355
450
1
8
8
1
3
35
164
70
4,204
118
T
able
STRIKES IN TH E UNITED STATES, 1 8 8 0 - 1 9 3 6
3 5 .— Strikes beginning in 1 9 2 7 -8 6 , in States having 2 5 or more strikes in
any yearf by industry group— Continued
TENNESSEE—Continued
Industry group and year
Domestic and personal
service:
1927_________________
1928......... ............ ..........
1929-34.................. .........
1935 ________________
1936__________________
Professional service:
N um
N um ber of
ber of work
strikes ers in
volved
1
1
1
1928-30_____________ _
1931__________________
1932__________________
1933_________________
1934-36_____ _________
Building and construc
tion:
1927- _______________
1928__________________
1
1
1
1
2
M andays
idle
during
year
Industry group and year
Building and construc
tion—C ontinued.
1929__________________
1930-31.— ____ ______
20
20
1932________________ _
7
1933__________________
21
1934....................... ........
1935__________________
1936__________________
7
42
1927__________________
Relief work and W . P. A .:
1927-34....... .......... .........
34
238
1935.......... .....................
44
968
319
1936.— . . ____ _______
11
Other nonmanufacturing
industries:
1927-32.......................
1933......... .......................
250
3, 750
18
60
1934-36— . ............... .
N um
N um ber of
ber of w ork
strikes ers in
volved
Mandays
idle
during
year
1
10
20
1
1
40
7
400
7
2
4
67
186
1,081
3,618
1
3
6
193
6
746
1
500
2, 500
1
69
69
1
18
54
1
42
252
2
1
38
60
206
60
2
2
339
955
3 818
5,667
2
2
3,150
2, 520
6,150
45,060
2
4
14
3,598
3,074
5,264
35,294
103, 295
63, 729
1
3
5
1
15
800
176
27
30
5,800
335
351
1
30
660
1
60
180
2
48
1,122
3
25
35
101
1,260
16
75
49
12
416
750
3,229
360
TEXAS
Nonferrous metals and
their products:
1927-34-.................... .
1935____________ ___
1936__________________
Lumber and allied prod
ucts:
1927-32..........................
1933__________________
1934. _______________
1935___________ _ _.
1936__________________
Textiles and their prod
ucts:
1927............................ .
1928....... ........................
1929.................... ............
1930-32 ______ _______
1933..____ ___________
1934________________1935__________________
1936— ...........................
Food and kindred prod
ucts:
1927-30_______________
1931__________________
1932__________ ______
1933_____ ____ _______
1934____ _____ _______
1935— ............. ..............
_______
. _
T obacco manufactures:
1927-32_______________
1933....... .........................
1934_________________
1935______ —
1936......... .......................
Paper and printing:
1927__________________
1928____________ ____
1929......... .............. ........
1930__________________
1931-33_______________
1934__________________
1935-36_______________
Chemicals and
allied
products:
1927__________________
1928......... ......................
1
38
190
1
1
300
59
1,500
708
1
261
12, 267
1
110
550
i 6, 710
1
2
3
2
475
717
606
277
1,425
10,688
8,669
5,615
1
2
9
232
18
4,012
5
1
3
8,829
418
12,400
200
30
78
1936
1
400
7,200
1
215
16,985
1
1
1
2
33
427
4,560
40
287
1
11
132
1
7
60
40
27
567
Chemicals and allied prod
ucts—C ontinued.
1929-............................
1930-33...........................
1934........... ............ .........
1935— ............... ..........
1936....... .......................
Miscellaneous manufac
turing:
1927-34........................
1935_____________ ____
1936__________________
Extraction o f minerals:
1927-33— ....................
1934_________ ____ ___
1935................................
1936 ...............................
Transportation and com
munication:
1927-29..........................
1930_______ ____ _____
1931....... ....................... .
1932-33— ....................
1934— ...................... ...
. 1935....... .........................
1936— ..........................
Trade:
1927-32..........................
1933-.............................
1934................................
1935„...........
1936_____ ____________
Domestic and personal
service:
1927-29....... ...................
1930...........................
1931....... ............. .........
1932....................
1933-35— ......................
1936..............................
Professional service:
1927... ...........................
1928_______ _______ _
1929....... ............. ..........
1930......... ...................
1931.......... ..................
1932............................. .
1933 ...................
1934^-36...........................
1
1
1
3
1
1 Man-days idle as a result of a strike which began in the preceding year and continued into this
year.
ANALYSIS OF STRIKES,
119
192 7 - 3 6
T a b l e 3 5 . — Strikes beginning in 1 9 2 7 -8 6 , in States having 2 5 or more strikes in
any year, by industry group — Continued
TEXAS—Continued
Industry group and year
N um
N um ber of
ber of work
strikes ers in
volved
Building and construc
tion:
1927
_____ ______
1928
.. ............ ..........
1929 ________ ______
1930 _______________
1931 _____________
1932 _______________
1933 _______________
1934. _______________
1935 _________________
1936 _______________
Agriculture and fishing:
1927-33
Mandays
idle
during
year
Industry group and year
3
2
4
72
106
392
6,768
4,062
2,153
9
1
2
4
2
11
530
12
1,900
762
40
906
6,832
60
3, 860
5,884
140
7,466
Agriculture and fishing—
Continued.
1934__________ _____ 1935. ........... ...................
1936____ _____________
Relief work and W . P. A.:
1927-34______ ____ ___
1935__________________
1936__________________
Other
nonmanufactur
ing industries:
1927-34 _____________
1935________ _____ ___
1936
M andays
idle
during
year
N um
N um ber of
ber of work
strikes ers in
volved
1
1
1
1,500
2,000
100
40,500
8,000
2,400
1
1
248
43
496
301
1
25
25
WASHINGTON
Iron and steel and their
products, not including
machinery:
1927-32
___________
1933 _______________
___________
1934-35
1936 _______________
Machinery, not including
transportation equip
ment:
1927 _________________
1928 _______________
1929 _______________
1930-36
___________
Transportation
equip
ment:
1927 _________ ____
1928 _______________
1929 _______________
________
1930-34
1935 _______________
1936
______________
Lumber and allied prod
ucts:
______________
1927
1928__________________
1929 _______________
1930 _______________
1931
______________
1932 _______________
1933 _______________
1934 _______________
1935 _______________
1936 _______________
Stone, clay, and glass prod
ucts:
1927-35
___________
1936 ______________
Textiles and their prod
ucts:
1927-28
_________
1929 _________ ___
1930-34
________
1935 ________________
1936 ________________
Food and kindred prod
ucts:
1927
______________
1928 _______________
1929 ________________
1930-31
_____ 1932 _______________
1933 _____ _________
1934 _______________
1935 _______________
1936__________________
1
19
19
2
107
4,131
2
1
128
36
6,688
3,200
1
15
105
1
300
57,000
2
1
61
58
1, 756
1,450
2
4
2
3
8
1,021
215
65
469
2,060
33,302
4,137
807
27, 651
37,879
7 1,110
5 2,285
20 25,388
35 12,092
11,888
15, 538
927, 234
286,991
1
68
816
1
18
72
4
1
153
15
10,092
90
1
1
68
15i
136
120
1
3l
4
6i
4t
19i
71
78;
53C1
788!
19
1,151
386
21,336
14,778
Paper and printing:
1927-30 ____________
1931__________________
1932 _______________
1933__________________
1934-35
___________
1936_____ ____________
Miscellaneous manufac
turing:
1927-35 ........................
1936__________________
Extraction of minerals:
1927-32____ ______
1933__________________
1934__________________
1935__________________
1936
Transportation and com
munication:
1927___ ____ _________
1928-30 1931__________________
19321933__________________
1934__________________
1935__________________
1936_______________
Trade:
1927__________________
1928__________________
1929-32 _
1933__________________
1934__________________
1935__________________
1936__________________
Domestic and personal
service:
1927__________________
1928-29_______________
19301_________________
1931__________________
1932__________________
1933__________________
1934__________________
1935__________________
1936 _ _ _________
Professional service:
1927__________________
1928— . ______ _______
1929__________________
1930__________________
1931__________________
1932
1933__________________
1934-36_______________
1
15
15
2
245
4,022
3
805
59,395
1
15
1
2
1
420
900
862
2,196
73,800
14,710
10,980
1
23
1,449
1
250
250
1
10
16
7
50
4,136
3, 210
9,665
900
233, 517
19, 207
416, 383
1
1
6
7
312
35
2
1
4
7
222
20
114
1,204
299
80
5,973
27, 818
2
165
4; 710
1
1
1
1
2
1
30
26
750
26
166
62
930
390
6,000
52
252
310
1
1
1
2
2
37
9
49
43
24
2,352
295
998
1
6
228
481
9
120
T
able
S T R IK E S
IN
THE
U N IT E D
STATES,
1 8 8 0 -1 9 36
3 5. — Strikes beginning in 1 9 2 7 -3 6 , in States having 2 5 or more strikes in
any yeary by industry group — Continued
W ASHIN GTO N—Continued
Industry group and year
Building and construc
tion:
1927__________________
1928___
___________
1929 _________________
1930__________________
1931__________________
1932__________________
1933__________________
1934__________________
1935__________________
1936__________________
Agriculture and fishing:
___
~ 1927-30 _
1931
__________
__________
1932
1933
__________
N um
N um ber of
ber of work
strikes ers in
volved
Mandays
idle
during
year
1
4
3
25
220
99
3,825
1,214
434
1
3
3
2
6
7
10
650
174
70
316
678
80
10,600
3,475
238
2,978
12,876
1
2
1
1,200
315
400
62,400
2, 490
400
Industry group and year
Agriculture and fishing—
Continued.
1934__________________
1935______
1936_________________
Relief work and W . P. A .:
1927-33_______________
1934__________________
1935__________________
1936__________________
Other nonmanufacturing
industries:
1927-33_______________
1934
__________
1935
__________
1936__________________
N um
N um ber o f
ber of w ork
strikes ers in
volved
1
6
1,800
1,657
Mandays
idle
during
year
43, 200
17, 054
1
20
40
6
846
4, 548
1
28
392
i
75
75
1
2
32
72
192
156
1
665
6, 650
1
260
3, 640
17
17
WEST VIRGINIA
Iron and steel and their
products, not including
m achinery:
1927-31_______________
1932— . . _______
1933__________________
1934__________________
1935_ _
. .
1936__________________
Nonferrous metals and
their products:
1927-33_______ _______
1934 _______________
1935__________________
1936__________________
Lum ber and allied prod
ucts:
1927__________________
1928__________________
1929-33_______________
1934__________________
1935__________________
1936__________________
Stone, clay, and glass
products:
1927__________________
1928__________________
1929__________________
1930__________________
1931__________________
1932__________________
1933__________________
1934__________________
1935__________________
1936__________________
Textiles and their prod
ucts:
1927-31__________ ____
1932__________________
1933__________________
1934__________________
1935__________________
1936__________________
Leather and its manu
factures:
1927-33 _
_ . _ .
1934__________________
1935-36_______________
2 3,020
3 11,398
3
882
3
845
1
484
365,420
199, 596
25,206
12, 200
7,744
2
1
1
559
460
212
9, 331
7,820
12,084
2
1,435
37,980
i 3, 230
1
1
2,053
19
93, 628
38
1
220
220
1
190
2,660
1
125
4,125
2
4
2
5
141
1,172
82
2,768
562
10, 860
11,893
70, 404
1
2
3
200
388
2,335
3,000
9,588
67,650
3
527
37,720
1
442
II, 050
Food and kindred prod
ucts:
1927-34......... .............. .
1935__________ _____
. .
1936_______
Tobacco manufactures:
1927-30_______________
1931 _
1932__________________
1933__________________
1934-36_______________
Paper and printing:
1927-31_______________
__________
1932___
1933-36_______________
Miscellaneous manufac
turing:
1927-35_______________
1936..
Extraction o f minerals:
1927__________________
1928 .
_____
1929
. .
1930__________________
1931__________________
1932
1933
1934..-- .
_____
1935.
1936.
Transportation and com
munication:
1927-34_______________
1935-._
_________
1936__________________
Trade:
1927-34_______________
1935
____
1936 ________
____
Domestic and personal
service:
1927-34_______________
1935__________________
1936__________________
Building and construc
tion:
1927__________________
1928-29.____ _________
1
1
400
5,600
2
1,300
171,900
1
175
9 4,070
5 7,822
3 4,047
5 13, 279
7 27,117
6 102,946
6 2, 349
350
78,875
377, 720
160, 222
166,535
338,117
537, 832
5,065
1
11
55
1
5
12
41
372
640
1
1
24
155
24
930
1
8
888
i Man-days idle as a result of a strike which began in the preceding year and continued into this
year.
ANALYSIS OF STRIKES,
T
able
121
1 9 2 7 -3 6
35 .— Strikes beginning in 1 9 2 7 -8 6 , in States having 2 5 or more strikes in
any year , by industry group — Continued
WEST VIRGINIA—Continued
Industry group and year
N um
N um ber of
ber of work
strikes ers in
volved
Building and construc
tion—Continued.
1930__________________
1931__________________
1932__________________
1933__________________
1934__________________
1935__________________
1936__________________
Mandays
idle
during
year
1
1
35
50
1
1
200
35
280
300
i 50
600
175
4
175
Industry group and year
Relief work and W . P. A .:
1927-32_______________
1933__________________
1934__________________
1935__________________
1936__________________
N um
N um ber of
ber of w ork
strikes ers in
volved
M andays
idle
during
year
1
1
100
500
100
500
1
150
150
1
1
103
100
103
600
7
1
3,329
481
83, 299
6, 508
475
WISCONSIN
Iron and steel and their
products, not including
machinery:
1927-30_______________
1931__________________
1932__________________
1933__________________
1934__________________
1935__________________
1936_________ ______
Machinery, not including
transportation eq u ip
ment:
1927-28
1929
1930-33
1934__________________
1935...
1936____
T ra n s p o rta tio n e q u ip
ment:
1927-32-.
1933_________
_____
1934__________________
19351936__________________
Nonferrous metals and
their products:
1927-33.
______
1934__________________
1935 __
1936
Lumber and allied prod
ucts:
1927-32
1933
1934__________________
1935
1936Stone, clay, and glass
products:
1927-33
1934
1935-36
Textiles and their prod
ucts:
1927
1928 ____________
1929
1930__________________
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
Leather and its manufac
tures:
1927
1928
1929
1930__________________ 1
2
1
1
7
4
3
47
59
277
4,245
2,000
350
222
944
1,385
109,678
41,300
1,986
1
55
825
3
4
3
1,720
2,321
2,608
31,715
123,720
102, 290
2
7
3
2
3, 236
5,744
1,566
1,965
25, 588
148,903
41,782
8,060
2
3
1
1,134
276
1,575
63,306
814
9,450
3
7
4
4
207
3,584
673
440
586
51,422
12,121
9,676
i
20
240
2
570
7,730
1
2
93
1,814
1,860
43,312
2
5
3
3
187
1,774
219
378
7,524
63,149
1,601
4,428
1
436
3,052
i
35
280
Leather and its manufac
tures— C ontinued.
1931
__________
1932 _________________
1933__________________
1934__________________
1935__________________
1936__________________
Food and kindred prod
ucts:
1927-30_______________
1931__________________
1932-33_______________
1934
1935
1936
Tobacco manufactures:
1927-29 - - . - .- ___
____________
1930- ____________
1931
1932-36
Paper and printing:
1927-32
____
1933-____________
1934-35
1936__________________
C hem icals and allied
products:
1927-35 -_ ___
1936 _______________
Rubber products:
1927-33 ___ ________
1934__________________
1935 _________________
1936
- Miscellaneous manufac
turing:
1927-34 _____________
1935__________________
1936-- _____________
Transportation and com
munication:
1927-29— __________
1930
______________
1931__________________
1932-33
- 1934
_
____
1935__________________
1936-_ ______________
Trade:
____
1927-28— ___
1929_____ __________
1930-32_______________
1933__________________
1934__________________
1935__________________
1936__________________
Dom estic and personal
service:
1927-29_______________
1930__________________
1931-33_______________
1
30
210
10
1
4
849
128
974
21,523
3,968
26,723
1
1
14
40
350
421
1
7
21
1
21
2,604
1
396
9,504
3
2,922
75, 324
3
3,355
8,069
1
1
75
28
1,500
84
2
1
240
400
760
6,000
4
3
4
4,802
325
409
29,385
500
2,629
1
20
2,020
1
9
6
8
12
939
674
493
12
21,268
11,953
3,643
1
115
920
1 Man-days idle as a result of a strike which began in the preceding year and continued into this year.
122
STRIKES IN THE UNITED STATES,
1 8 8 0 -1 9 3 6
T able 35 . — Strikes beginning in 1 9 2 7 -8 6 , in States having 2 5 or more strikes in
any year , by industry group — Continued
W IS C O N S IN — C o n tin u e d
Industry group and year
Domestic and personal
service—Continued.
1944.................................
1935....... ........................
1936........... .....................
Professional service:
1927-29..... .....................
1930......... ..................... .
1931— . ........................ .
1932— .......................... .
1933... ...................... .
1934......... .......................
1935__________________
1936 .......................... .
Building and construc
tion:
1927_____ _____ ______
1928__________________
1929__________________
1930__________________
N um
N um ber of
ber of work
strikes ers in
volved
Mandays
idle
during
year
3
3
4
610
54
103
21,912
735
564
1
172
2,236
1
3
46
193
1,150
1,071
1
400
3,000
3
5
4
2
621
239
208
90
11,089
1,523
4,992
1,440
Industry group and year
N um
N um ber of
ber of work
strikes ers in
volved
Building and Construc
tion -C on tin u ed .
1931-._______ _______
1932......... .......................
1933................................
1934___________ _______
1935__________________
1936__________________
Agriculture and fishing:
1927-32_______________
1933.............. ..............
1934-36_______________
Relief work and W . P. A .:
1927-31_____________
1932__________________
1933__________________
1934__________________
1935__________________
1936__________________
Mandays
idle
during
year
7
4
2,499
308
58,107
4,552
8
5
5
1,113
525
246
65, 753
3, 645
2,924
1
50
50
1
3
1
4
3
75
501
300
558
3,076
75
6,075
4,500
14, 556
40, 566
Major Causes o f Strikes in Each Industry
In 10 of the 20 industry groups shown in table 36, the greatest num
ber of strikes were chiefly due to questions of union organization. In
seven, questions of wages and hours were the causes of most of the
strikes and in two there were about an equal number of strikes due to
wages and hours and union organization matters. While more of the
strikes in the textile group, as a whole, were due to wages and hours,
in the wearing-apparel industry the majority of strikes were due to
union organization matters. The greatest number of strikes in mining
are classified under “ Miscellaneous.” Many of these were strikes
between rival unions which took place in the anthracite mines of
Pennsylvania and in the bituminous-coal fields in Illinois.
In 12 of the industry groups the greatest number of workers were
involved in union organization strikes, and in 8 the largest number of
workers were involved in strikes over wages and hours matters. In
both branches of the textile industry, fabrics and wearing apparel,
more workers were involved in strikes in which the major issues were
matters of union organization than in strikes concerned only with
wages and hours. The relatively large number of workers involved in
the miscellaneous classification in the building and construction indus
try was chiefly due to jurisdictional strikes; in textiles, to sympathetic
strikes called by one branch or section of the industry when another
was on strike over wages and hours or union organization matters; in
mining, to disputes between rival unions. The comparatively large
number of workers listed under miscellaneous causes in transportation
and communication refer mostly to water transportation— longshore-
A N A L Y S IS
OF
S T R IK E S ,
123
19 2 7 - 3 6
men and seamen. While some of these strikes were disputes between
rival unions or factions of unions, a good number were due to dissatis
faction over working conditions other than wages and hours.
In 14 industrial groups the greatest amount of time was lost because
of strikes chiefly due to matters of union organization, and in 6 to
strikes over wages and hours. Strikes primarily due to union organi
zation in the textile-fabric industries caused almost 10 million mandays of idleness during the 10-year period, and over 7 million in the
wearing apparel industries. Wages and hours strikes in textile fab
rics resulted in almost 9 million man-days of idleness, and in the
apparel industries over 4 million. Wages and hours strikes in mining
caused over 40 million man-days of idleness, and in the building and
construction industries almost 5% million.
T able 36 .— M ajor issues involved in strikes in various industry groups for the
10-year period 1 9 2 7 -3 6
Number of strikes
Major issues
Industry group
Total
Wages and
hours
Union
organiza
tion
Miscella
neous
Iron and steel and their products, not including ma
chinery_________ _________ ______________ ____________
Machinery, not including transportation equipm ent___
Transportation equipment______________________________
Nonferrous metals and their products___________________
Lumber and allied products_____________________________
358
295
205
169
658
153
127
91
60
266
169
149
98
90
316
36
19
16
19
76
Stone, clay, and glass products__________________________
Textiles and their products______________________________
Fabrics___ ___________________ _______ _____________
Wearing apparel____________________________________
Leather and its m anufactures...
____ _________
187
i 2,881
1,214
1,673
604
85
1,275
680
595
243
83
1,207
321
892
295
19
399
213
186
66
Food and kindred p ro d u c ts ... ----------- ---------- ----------Tobacco manufactures____ ___________ _____ - _____ __
Paper and printing.--------- ----------------------------------------------Chemicals and allied p ro d u c ts_____________ ________ __
Rubber products___________________ __________________
575
64
297
76
99
225
35
129
34
48
293
15
140
31
41
57
14
28
11
10
Extraction of minerals_______________ __________________
Transportation and communication. ___________________
Trade__________ _____________________________ ________
Dom estic and personal service____ ____________ ______ __
Professional service____. . . . __________
----------- . . .
895
736
553
549
326
301
305
182
215
154
226
259
340
291
65
368
172
31
43
107
Building and construction_______________________________
Agriculture and fishing_________________________________
1,817
176
899
138
526
35
392
3
1 See footnote 2, p. 137.
13894°— 38-------9
124
STRIKES IK
THE UNITED STATES,
18 8 0 - 1 9 3 6
T able 36. — M a jor issues involved in strikes in various industry groups for the
10-year period 1 9 2 7 -3 6 — Continued
Number o f workers
Major issues
Industry group
Total
Wages and
hours
Union
organiza
tion
Miscella
neous
Iron and steel and their products, not including machinery........ ................ .............................. ................. ............
Machinery, not including transportation equipm ent___
Transportation equipm ent______________________________
Nonferrous metals and their products__________________
Lumber and allied products_____________________________
114,718
95,635
183, 476
52,890
167, 562
35,071
28,098
67,375
14,880
54,678
68,614
65,029
100,644
36,674
102, 031
11,033
2,508
15,457
1,336
10,853
Stone, clay, and glass products__________________________
Textiles and their products______________________________
Fabrics_____________________________________________
Wearing apparel__________________ _________________
Leather and its manufactures______ ____________________
62,372
1,833,158
867, 258
965,900
238, 202
24,634
657,395
279,180
378,215
94,830
33,688
988,485
508,437
480,048
124,378
4,050
187, 278
79, 641
107, 637
18,994
Food and kindred p rod u cts._____________________________
Tobacco manufactures___________ _____ __________ ______
Paper and printing______________________________________
Chemicals and allied products___________________________
R ubber products____________________________ ______ _____
125, 617
32, 532
33, 504
24, 359
100, 212
56,047
18,460
18,406
5,400
40,322
65,985
3,600
13,966
16,705
34,397
3,585
10, 472
1,132
2,254
25, 493
Extraction of minerals________ _________________________
Transportation and communication_____________________
Trade___________________________________________________
Domestic and personal service____ __________ _____ .
Professional service_____________________________________
1, 673, 625
333, 580
125,133
244,182
28,206
873,850
112, 228
56,939
107,199
16,227
304,320
169, 437
49,622
130, 420
5,359
495,455
51,915
18, 572
6, 563
6,620
Building and construction_______________________________
Agriculture and fishing__________________________________
359,189
123,258
236,843
89,446
70,172
33,112
52,174
700
Number of man-days idle
Iron and steel and their products, not including ma
chinery------------------- ------------- --------------------------------------Machinery, not including transportation equipm ent____
Transportation equipm ent______________________ ____ _
Nonferrous metals and their products_____ ___ _____
Lumber and allied products_____________________________
2, 536, 246
2,185,796
2,861,469
1, 005,445
4, 349,062
945,459
453,397
887,484
196,178
1,015,064
1, 496,819
1,720,380
1,883, 266
790,967
3,184,027
93, 968
12,019
90, 719
18, 300
149,971
Stone, clay, and glass products__________________ _____
Textiles and their products__________________ ___________
Fabrics____________ ________________________________
Wearing apparel________________ . _________ . . . . .
Leather and its manufactures___________________________
1,461, 339
32,098, 562
20,167, 694
11,930,868
4, 833,127
323,990
12,749,202
8, 693,684
4,055, 518
1,947,167
1,063,283
16,996,202
9,949, 515
7, 046, 687
2, 548,192
74,066
2,353,158
1, 524,495
828, 663
337,768
Food and kindred products. __ ._ ____________ ________
Tobacco manufactures__________________________________
Paper and printing----------------------------------- ---------------------Chemicals and allied products------ ---------------------------------R ubber products______ ___________________ ____________
2, 319,457
486, 642
618, 359
406, 664
782,220
736,337
227,795
191,380
131,670
494,871
1, 507, 528
97,919
416, 237
262,998
259,339
75, 592
160,928
10, 742
11,996
28,010
Extraction o f minerals___________________________________
Transportation and communication___________________ .
Trade. ------------------------------------ ---------------------------------Dom estic and personal service___________________________
Professional service_______________ _____________________
51,299, 723
6, 252,912
1,339,190
3, 407,856
650, 207
40,330,882
1,285,912
364,059
1,243,312
232, 533
6,375,902
4,188, 278
819,663
2,056, 040
162,109
4, 592,939
778,722
155,468
108, 504
255, 565
Building and construction_______________________________
Agriculture and fishing.------ ------------- ------------------------------
7, 573, 081
1, 816,971
5, 409,328
1,353, 413
1, 273, 364
455, 718
890,389
7, 840
Strikes beginning each year in each industry are given in table 37
according to major issues involved,
T a b l e 37 .— Strikes beginning 1 9 2 7 -3 6 , by industries and major issues involved
Number of workers involved
Number of strikes
Total
Wages Union M is
and organ cella
hours ization neous
7
7
6
9
12
9
35
23
28
17
28
36
32
49
1
3
2
3
5
5
11
8
9
11
1
1
2
3
3
5
4
1
4
3
3
5
9
3
4
3
2
5
1
1
1
7
6
7
3
2
2
6
4
2
8
1
3
3
Union
organi
zation
1,996
944
4,131
2,050
3, 321
4,083
33,948
26, 043
16, 592
21, 610
1,214
677
2,225
1,700
2,801
4,058
7, 213
3,769
6,982
4,432
25,489
19,544
6, 042
15, 508
450
366
765
1, 019
1,865
3,619
21, 272
11, 534
5,023
9,412
450
300
460
188
601
310
472
1,019
1, 640
3,619
1, 042
40
2, 045
848
225
19, 730
9,844
77
8,564
2
2
5
1
2
2
2
1
1
1,142
172
1,600
954
160
250
1,600
488
160
500
1, 650
2,901
79
1, 314
I
1
322
79
1,305
40
48
25
1, 246
2,730
3,568
1,670
765
79
1
3
Total
Miscel
laneous
66
1 Man-days idle as a result of a strike which began in the preceding year and continued into this year.
° See p. 180 for index to this table.
Wages
and
hours
Union
Wages and organiza
hours
tion
11,835
66,117
171,142
28,591
24,927
387,985
413, 738
633,224
314, 597
484,090
6,276
13,823
125, 705
18, 261
13,800
387, 360
87,321
128,008
125,118
39, 787
320, 360
486, 670
162, 701
433, 003
1,350
5, 298
10,825
11,303
9,680
378,616
252,302
286, 710
36, 792
298,445
1, 350
5,100
198
158
2,137
49,855
21,132
9,930
11, 031
3, 422
2, 439
24, 305
400
96
625
6,057
18, 546
26, 778
11, 300
10,825
11,303
6,180
378,616
3,982
160
7,387
6,895
3, 500
246,820
278, 660
7,893
291, 550
1, 500
7,890
21,512
158
68,458
216
Miscel
laneous
63,952
4,506
18, 250
22,721
2,820 1
13,040
i 1, 700
18, 250
9, 033
1,120
648
192 7 - 3 6
13
14
20
1930
13
17
10
70
65
67
69
Total
Major issues
ANALYSIS OP STRIKES,
Iron and steel and their products, not including machinery:
1927 ____________________________ ____ _____ ____________
1928 ____________________________________________________
1929 ___________________________________________________
______________________________ ____ __________ ____ _
1931______________ _______________________________________
1932________________________________________ ____ _______
1933______________________________ __________ _______ _______
1934_________________________________________ ____ __________
1935_________________________________________________________
1936_____________________ ___________________________________
Blastfurnaces, steel works, and rolling mills:
1927________________________________ __________ ___
1928__________________________ ______ _______________
1929________________________ ____ ___________________
1930_____________________________ _______ ___________
1931________________________ ____ _____ ______ _____ _
1932______________________ __________________________
1933___________ ____ ____ ____ _______________________
1934____________ ______ _____ ________________
1935___________________________ _____ ___ ___ .
1936______________________________ __________ ____
Bolts, nuts, washers, and rivets:
1927-32....... .......... ........... .................................. .................
1933______________________________________ __________
1934_______________ ________ _________ ______________
1935_______________________ ____ ________ ___________
1936......... .......... ........... ........................................ ...............
Cast-iron pipe:
1927-33..________ ________________ ______ ____________
1934__________ ____________ _________ ________ ______
1935. . _____________________________ ______ ______
1936___________________________ ____________ _______ _
Major issues
Major issues
Industry and year
N um ber of man-days idle during year
T
a b l e 3 7 .—
Strikes beginning 1 9 2 7 -8 6 , by industries and major issues involved — Continued
Number of workers involved
Number of strikes
Major issues
Number of man-days idle during year
Major issues
Major issues
Total Wages Union
M is
organ cella
and
hours ization neous
I
2
1
5
1
1
1
1
3
70
196
69
1,004
484
1
1
2
1
1
i
405
1
i
4
3
2
1
7
2
1
1
1
i
l
7
6
1
5
6
4
1
2
i
l
1
1
l
6
1
70
58
153
l
871
2,253
647
428
871
995
647
35
3
65
120
6
i
1,215
350
3.528
21
70
870
2,215
650
ii
1,000
425
562
65
120
350
3.528
13,078
13,390
18,776
1,505
1,200
25,403
9,992
1,020
14,040
93
13, 078
28,953
18, 776
3,098
4,403
6,832
1,020
7,084
715
2,640
300
5,382
4,347
10, 558
7,744
40
285
180
1,200
1,258
Miscel
laneous
1,215
40
60
918
438
120
1,828
Union
Wages and organiza
hours
tion
650
600
1,918
1934
863
120
2,390
2
70
6,252
4,347
12, 773
7,744
138
69
851
484
40
32
60
600
i
Total
Miscel
laneous
130
40
1
Union
organi
zation
405
130
i
4
10
2
3
Wages
and
hours
715
2,640
1050
99,060
252
15,563
1,500
93
1 8 8 0 -1 9 3 6
Iron and steel and their products, not including machinery— Con.
Cutlery (not including silver and plated cutlery) and edge
tools:
1927-31____________
_
......... . .
_______
1932____________________
1933___________________
.
. . ___
1934___________________
_ .
. . ___
_____
1935________________________
1936________________________
_
_______
Forgings, iron and steel:
___
1927— ___ . . .
1928_________________________________________________
1929_____________
__________
_ . _
_____
1930________________________________________
_____
1931____________________________________
_________
1932_________________________________________________
1933— ________
1934_________________________________________________
1935________________________
1936______________ _______ ___________ _
Hardware:
1927-28______________________________________________
1929______________________________________
. . ___
1930____________________________________________ ____
1931- _____________________
_
___
1932_________________________________________________
1933________________________
. _
______________________________ ________ _
_____
1935________________________________________
1936______________________ _______________________ _
Plumbers’ supplies and fixtures:
1927_________________________________________________
1928________________
. . ._ ______________________
1929_________________ _____ ______________________
1930-32______________________________________________
1933_____________ _________________________________
1934_________________________________________________
Total
33
180
21,000
3,160
6,956
1,050
99.060
STRIKES IN TH E UNITED STATES,
Industry and year
4
2
5
2
1
1
3
1
1
1
3
248
322
276
322
42
500
232
3
3
4
2
1
7
8
8
7
1
1
13
18
14
18
2
4
2
5
1
3
2
5
2
6
11
4
4
6
5
9
12
1
1
1
42
500
232
2
3, 280
1,186
1
4
9
618
1,044
595
400
805
455
282
431
143
25
1, 690
3,782
3,005
4, 061
43
262
42
181
143
460
114
190
250
804
2,058
960
697
849
684
1,645
1,787
250
8
2,000
28
2,000
1
3
2
2
1
1
1
2
1
2
1
1
3,363
30,469
3,251
30,469
112
2,119
42
4,000
1,536
94
49, 426
37,799
9,508
23
2,000
42
4,000
1,536
2,866
11,230
2,360
2,800
8,430
5, 704
59,896
13,005
12,708
3,146
625
11, 588
130,723
61,888
62,354
205
7,808
771
2,958
3,146
2,137
49, 649
9,784
9, 750
3,362
2,439
2,450
5,650
104, 351
7,740
16,416
5,124
17, 276
50,148
34, 731
625
814
9,096
4,000
11,207
3,000
8
122,000
122,000
644
302
79
50
25
37
1, 040
400
1, 577
250
8
506
3,000
8
2
1
1
194
14
180
6,926
266
6, 660
4
2
3
3
3
1
1
2
1
1,188
265
509
395
1,063
125
225
411
16
15, 399
2,235
17,500
1,883
14,399
1,000
675
17,010
416
50
45
50
200
765
200
880
202
270
221
19, 460
3, 726
270
294 I..............
8,614
1
2
1
1
1
4
2
1
1
3
1
2
2
3
1
294
98
379
40
45
389
202
490
1,467
1,560
765
18,748
3, 726
ANALYSIS OF STBIKES, 1 9 2 7 - 3 6
1935................................— ..................................................
1936_____________ ________________ __________ - ...........
Steam and hot-water heating apparatus and steam fittings:
1927-28_________________________________ ______ _____
1929 ................................................ ..................................
1930 ___________________________________ __________
1931 _____________________________ ___________ ____
1932 ______________________________________________
1933 ___________________________________ __________
1934 ________________________ ______ _____ ______
1935 _________________________ _____________ ______
1936 _________________________ - ........ ......... - ........ Stoves:
1927 ___________________________ __________________
1928 ___________________________________ __________
1929________________________________ _________ - ........
1930 ___________________________________ __________
1931 ____________________________
1932 __________________ ____________________ ______
1933 ________________
1934___________________________________ _____ — ........
1935 ________________________ ____ _____ ____ _____
1936 _________________________________ ____________
Structural and ornamental metalwork:
1927 _________________________ _____ ______________
1928 ______________________________________________
1929 ___________________________ ______ ______ ____
1930.________________________________________________
1931 ___________________________
1932 ______________________________________________
1933 ______________________________________________
1934 _________________________ _____ ______________
1935 _____________________________ ________________
1936— _______ _________________ _____________ _______
T in cans and other tinware:
1927 _________________________ ______ _____ ______ _
1928 ___________________________ __________________
1929 ______________________________________________
1930-32________________________________ ____ ________
1933 ______________________________________________
1934 ______________________________________________
1935 ______________________________________________
1936 ____________________________________ ______ _
442
8,61.4 1
_______
to
T able 37. — Strikes beginning 1 9 2 7 -8 6 , by industries and major issues involved— Continued
fcO
00
Number of strikes
Number of workers involved
Major issues
Num ber of man-days idle during year
Major issues
Major issues
Total
Iron and steel and their products, not including machinery—Con.
Tools (not including edge tools, machine tools, files, and
saws) (hand tools):
1927___________________________________
1928___________________________________________ _____
1929_________________________________ ____ ___
1930_____________________ _______ ____
____
1931-32____________________________________________
1933._____ ____________________ ____ .
„
1934___________________________________ ____ ______
1935______________________
______
1936___________________________________ ______
Wirework:
1927_____________________________________________
1928-30_____________ ______________________ ____
1931________ ____ ___________________________________
1932_____________________________________________
1933________________ _______ ________________________
1934..________________ _________ _____________________
1935__________________ ________________ ___
1936........................................... ........... .........................
Other:
1927__________________ __________________________ .
1928-30__________________________________________
1931____________________________________________ ____
1932_____________________________________ _________ _
1933___________________________________ _____
___ .
1934___________________________________
1935______________________________ _______ __________
1936__________________ __________ _________________
Machinery, not including transportation equipment:
1927______________ ___________________________ ______ _______
1928................ ................................... ..................................................
..........................................
1929..................................................
1930-...............................................................................................
1931__________________ ____ _________________________________
1932......................................................................................................
1
Wages Union M is
and organ cella
hours isation neous
1
26
1
3
1
1
4
1
2
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
2
1
1
3
2
5
3
3
4
3
2
1
3
1
1
1
1
1
4
1
6
3
8
9
23
13
10
7
6
2
14
7
6
7
1
4
9
5
3
63
108
1
3
1
1
490
40
26
7
139
50
100
89
57
67
409
172
140
890
48
44
20
395
329
3,569
554
281
484
245
128
2,639
314
150
484
9,900
30
141
930
160
61
i26
1,335
i 328
182
2,464
300
1,100
1,530
114
120
60
80
70
11,030
400
480
1,149
2,464
9,184
2,284
1,810
17,064
32,499
726
4,807
871
96
8, 752
1,184
280
16,950
132
60
60
1,250
6,210
10,312
13,110
65, 576
21, 522
849
334
1,944
1,247
Miscel
laneous
26
20,930
400
480
1,203
66
238
20
125
230
809
30
883
188
Wages and Union
organiza
hours
tion
126
33, 834
1,054
4,807
40
122
139
503
272
229
947
125
230
1,658
364
2,827
1,435
4
2
7
9
Miscel
laneous
26
715
40
40
1
Total
Union
organi
zation
225
Wages
and
hours
63
1,311
66
238
2
1
2
1
1
1
8
3
13
12
Total
1, 250
6, 210
6,286
840
6,280
1,806
12,127
8,472
86,785
10,811
1,956
7,191
9,457
6,688
31, 507
6,392
1,211
7,191
4,026
12, 270
59,296
19, 716
1,590
1,314
55, 278
2, 579
535
1,080
470
1,840
210
STRIKES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1 8 8 0 -1 9 3 6
Industry and year
45
57
50
73
22
21
17
25
18
34
31
44
5
2
2
4
16,053
28, 564
16,159
29, 247
8,365
17,946
11,891
25,505
1,202
285
472
219
159, 611
578,379
375, 744
944, 720
45, 546
191, 672
97,064
56, 669
1
1
33
33
33
i
1
104
2,125
3,302
2, 316
104
95
1,248
37,020
143, 274
108,022
1, 248
3, 610
109,119
385, 922
277,546
886, 497
4,946
785
1,134
1,554
33
1
3
4
2
19,950
I
2
4
1
166
2,030
3, 302
2,150
6,972
33, 410
143, 274
101,050
1
i
1,050
1,050
19,950
1
1
15
15
360
360
1
4
1
1
3
185
8, 708
185
200
3. 515
20,280
i 2, 600
1
7,000
7,000
3, 515
234,075
2,600
462, 475
93
93
372
372
2
1,594
844
750
57, 210
5,010
52,200
1
14
29
4,714
5,043
3, 782
2,286
14
266
377
80,783
66,937
82,978
66,671
377
16,687
27,104
39,284
11,236
62, 311
39, 673
43,130
54, 535
1
1
1
5
3
1
1
7
14
11
15
1
3
7
3
7
1
1
1
2
2
6
7
7
2
1
1
1
29
768
2,846
1,054
811
8,508
3,691
2,037
2,446
1,385
255
160
282
90
39
20
39
1
43
20
490
490
918
283
635
269
290
736
349
192
56
1,998
6,322
2,323
6,099
119
128
556
128
75
56
949
2,531
916
2,028
30
102
180
141
47
120
60
704
3, 666
1,217
3,942
345
125
190
129
2
2
1
1
6
8
15
9
7
3
16
17
21
36
4
2
8
4
4
3
10
5
9
14
1
3
7
1
3
4
2
1
1
5
11
11
19
1
1
1
3
43
213, 795
462, 475
266
663
2,193
160
5,840
1
1
1Man-days idle as a result of a strike which began in the preceding year and continued into this year.
6,486
10,333
3, 796
3, 523
1,785
160
564
900
663
2,193
160
5,840
14,405
80
70
4,245
10,160
11, 722
7,809
8,232
9,646
1, 210
1,447
17,419
102,417
18,051
106,551
9,052
6,688
5,154
5,246
731
1,447
4,951
14,887
9,149
30,446
1,590
651
3,078
2,560
269
1,840
210
11,013
86,905
8, 332
75,451
1,455
625
570
654
ANALYSIS OF STRIKES, 19 2 7 -3 6
1933
____ _______ ________ ____________________________
1934___________ _________ __________ _________ ______________
1935______________________ ____ __________ ____ _____________
1936____________ ___________________________________________
Agricultural implements:
1927_________________________________________________
1928-32______________________________________________
1933_____________________________ ____ ______________
1934_________________________________________________
1935__________________________________________ ____
1936 . . . ................................................................................
Cash registers, adding machines, and typewriters:
1927-28________________________________________ ____ _
1929
_______________________________
„
___
1930_______________________________ _______ ________ _
1931___________________________ ___________ _________
1932____
__________________ ______ _______________ _
1933_________________________________________
___
1934______________________ _______ __________________
1935
.
__
__ ____
1936___________________ _____________________ ____ _
Electrical machinery, apparatus, and supplies:
1927
............. ................. ...............
. .
1928 . . ___ _____________________
1929__________________________ ____ ___
.
___
1930_________________________________
_
______
1931....________ _______________ _____________________
1932._____ _________________ _______ _______ ________
1933________________________________________________
1934__________________________________ ____ _________
1935.................................................. .....................................
1936.............................. ............................................... ..........
Engines, turbines, tractors, and water wheels:
1927.
....................................
1928.........................................................................................
1929-31.................. ..................... .........................
1932._______ _______
_________
...
____________
1933._______ ________________________ ________________
1934
....................................................
1935. __
1936
Foundry and machine-shop products:
1927_________________________________________________
1928_______________________ _________________ _______
1929 _
.............
........................
1930________________________ ___________ ____________
1931.............. ................................................ ........................
............... ...........................................
1932.............
1933___________________________________ _____________
1934_________________________ _________ _____________
1935_________________________________________________
1936.............. ..........................................................................
1,080
470
to
co
T able 37, — Strikes beginning 1 9 2 7 -3 6 , by industries and major issues involved— Continued
Number of strikes
Number of workers involved
Major issues
CO
O
Number of man-days idle during year
M ajor issues
Major issues
Total
Wages Union M is
organ cella
and
hours ization neous
Machinery, not including transportation equipment—Con.
Machine tools (power drivers):
1927-29.
1930—
1932.____ _______ ______
1933
____________
1934
_____________
1935-36__________________
Radios and phonographs:
1927-29...........................—
1930—
_____________
1931- 32______ ____ ____
1933
___________ _
1934
___________ _
1935
_____________
1936
.......................
Textile machinery and parts:
1927-32__________ ______
1933
_____________
1934
___________ _
1935
_________ _
1936
..................... ..................... .....................
Other:
1927-28.
1929.—
1930—
.
1931—
1932—
1933—
1934.—
1935—
1936—
Transportation equipm ent:3
1927
_____________
1928
____________
1929
.......................
Total
52
1
1 ...........
2 _____
2
Wages
and
hours
Union
organi
zation
Total
M iscel
laneous
52
104
2
1
70
70
746 ________
3,856
3,606
45
26
7,420
1,125
4,207
8,165
4, 355
2
3
7
6
8
2,965
1,125
3,415
8,165
1 _____
1
2
9
7
8
8
1
1
1
7
6
5
9
4
1
4 ______
2 ______
7 ______
189
108
60
286
841
815
2,483
2,463
189
108
60
286
125
485
1,034
235
214
330
1,449
2,228
1 ...........
2
1
4
1
250
1,156
5,182
235
800
3, 294
15 ...........
304
52
1,588
300
1 ....................... .
1 _____ ________
1 ...................
42,555
17,455
5,079 _____ ____
72,994
19,752
170,916 __________
50
560
930
25
62
1,393
756
120
502
1,144
6,000
3,005
54,917
15,680
2,010
22,150
85, 565
7,881
5,000
19
305
100
80
2 ..................... .
2
2
3
2
746
250
25
80
62
1
1 ______
1 ______
1
2
792
104
2, 030
2,030
7,881 __________
123,446
118,446
19
5
3
Union
Wages and organiza M iscel
hours
laneous
tion
24,900
5,079
53,242
170,916
200
50
560
930
1,393
756
120
1,144
1,506
945
26,279
3,770
2,804
2,060
28,638
11,910
1,905
10,400
67,477
105 .............
11,594
156
15,688
2,400
STRIKES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1 8 8 0 -1 9 3 6
Industry and year
9
2
3
31
42
42
53
6
2
3
19
26
10
11
1
1
2
10
14
28
38
2
2
4
4
6,577
2,035
545
29,294
46,172
38,216
54,049
6,303
2,035
545
14,425
26,443
8,226
5,069
1
15
1
1
600
2
2
1
1
1
538
3,207
1,700
538
1,983
1
4
1
1
1
244
14,766
19,177
18,805
45,959
103
552
11,185
3,021
600
2
4
1
30
2
2
13
4
2
1
21
24
34
36
8
3
2
1
12
16
8
6
1
3
1
2
1
2
1
2
2
1
1
2
2
2
1
1
2
2
4
5
4
15
2
3
1
1
3
15
4
3
1,174
5,343
2,035
45
13,172
21,331
8,046
1,971
1,500
404
12
274
1,588
52
300
200
416
510
150
780
1
830
620
30
1
i
I
500
3,831
4,702
4,099
12,472
10,850
12, 833
12,411
36,605
9,600
1 6,600
2,660
78,048
11,185
2,221
1,905
11,390
22,245
48,126
22,175
90
432,434
377,195
335,794
390,459
4,157
47,926
22,175
90
186,344
244,139
91, 610
30,509
800
620
500
331
125
30
2,318
288
381,154
336,323
497,485
640,887
538
18,096
51, 595
17,646
6,000
2,788
32,724
6,800
276
11,234
15,688
156
2,400
200
6,000
2,700
16
1,905
416
95
2,080
1,840
750
8,113
30
10, 760
57,320
30
10,400
57,320
30
415
150
780
30
105
44
1,500
360
1
i
1
1
3
3
11
1,212
1,700
9,600
6,600
2,660
111,048
6,800
60,226
28,775
4,990
191,873
368,163
93,620
60,055
105
235
235
326
3,062
5,543
2,035
45
24,038
34,164
31,642
40,797
1
8
8
22
27
60, 544
28,775
4,990
573, 565
722, 582
642,700
718, 588
3,500
4,037
4,069
9,354
4,900
134,801
166,438
295,906
320,016
4,900
1,801
1,500
1,260
21,433
540
800
415
750
8,113
246,074
133,056
192,589
343,104
16
51, 595
16,846
88
2,080
1,425
360
ANALYSIS OF STKIKES, 19 2 7 -3 6
1930
.................................................................. ....................
1931
________________ ________________ _______________
1932 ...................... ....................................................... .....................
1933....................................... ............ .......... ......................................
1 9 3 4 ..-____ _________________________ ______ ____ ___________
1935_____ ____ __________________________ ______ _____ _____
1936________________________________________ _______________ _
Aircraft:
1927...________ ______________ _____ _______ _________
1928-29_________________________ ____ _________ _____
1930 _______________________________________________
1931-32_____________________________ _________ ______
1933__________________________ __________ ______ ____
1934_______________________ ______________ __________
1935 ___________________________________ ______ _____
1936________________________________ _____ __________
Automobiles, bodies, and parts:
1927_________________________________________ _______
1928______ _________________________________ _____
1929_____________________________________ ___________
1930 __________________________________ __________
1931 _________________________________ ____ _____ _
1932 _______________________________________________
1933.________________________________ _____ — ...........
1934___________________________ ______ ______________
1935____________________ _ .... _____ ____ ____ ________
1936______________________ - ..............- ............................
Cars, electric- and steam-railroad:
1927-28___________ ________ ____ ____________________
1929
.
.
____
______________ _____ ______
.........................
1930
.
_
. . .
1931-32_________________________________ ____________
1933__________________ _____________ ____ ___________
1934 _____________________ _______ _________________
1935 ......... - _____ ______________________________ ____
1936. ______________________________________________
Shipbuilding:
1927_______________ ___ _______________ _____ _______
1928
__________________________________________
__________________ ______ _____ ______ ____
1929
1930_________________ _______ _____ - ............................
1931................ ............ ...........................................................
1932
.................. .......................... - _____ __________
1933.
............. ........................... ................ ....................
1934....... .......... ................. ......................................... ..........
1935.
..............................................................................
1936.........................................................................................
30
133,000
147,118
294,646
297,783
17,820
800
1 Man-days idle as a result of a strike which began in the preceding year and continued into this year.
1No strikes in locomotive manufacturing and railroad repair shops, 1927-36.
00
T
able
37*— Strikes beginning 1 9 2 7 -3 6 , by industries and major issues involved— Continued
Number of strikes
Number of workers involved
Major issues
Major issues
Transportation equipment—Continued.
Other:
1927-32____________________ _____ ___________________
1933_________________________ ____ ________ _________
1934______________________ _____ ____________________
1935....... - ______ _______________________________ ____ _
1936_______________ ___________________ _______ _____
Nonferrous metals and their products:
1927_______________ ____________________________________ ____
1928____________ ________
__________ ________ ____________
1929____________ ______________________________ _________ ___
1930__________________________________ ____ ___________ ____ _
1931_______________ _________________________________________
1932________ ____ __________________________________ ____ _
1933____________________________________________________ ____
1934______________ __________________________________________
1935________________________________________________ ______ 1936_________________________________________________________
Aluminum manufactures:
1927____________________________________________ ____
1928_________________________________________ _______
1929-30______________________________________________
1931____________________________________ _____ ______
1932-33______________________________________________
1934_________________________________________________
1935_________________________________________________
1936_________________________________________________
Brass, bronze, and copper products:
1927________ ________________ _______ ______________
1928______________________________ ____ _____________
1929____________________________________ ____ _______
1930_________________________________________________
1931____________________________________________ ____
1932____________________________________ ____ _______
1933_____________________ _______________ ___________
1934....______ ________________________________ ______
1935......................................................... ..............................
Wages Union M is
and organ cella
hours ization neous
3
7
2
2
6
5
5
5
6
7
7
24
35
44
31
2
1
1
2
471
3,589
625
1
2
1
1
1
3
1
2
1
1
3
2
5
1,163
270
2,579
563
155
1,207
9,355
20,587
7,486
9,525
1
1
1
1
4
4
43
Total
M iscel
laneous
87
1,000
625
14
130
13,286
232
1,239
1
1,590
66,061
3,450
1,106
140
10
14
93
478
4, 996
17,528
6,567
5,742
8
13
25
19
539
96
492
40,116
8,502
29, 511
2,601
1,565
4,340
154, 591
424,377
187,139
152,703
80
2,569
541
49
704
4,340
2, 520
823
3,291
270
68
887
1
20
16
14
143
447
168
1,068
44,061
266
1,862
1 270
8
46
150
57
5, 850
2,269
7,522
96
210,434
4,185
1,408
58
672
i 120
8, 760
2,856
7,983
38,072
6,640
10
168
1,157
1,888
111,085
345,485
173,963
112,499
266
i 350
26
13,016
135
352
29
219,194
7,099
9,391
14
938
470
180
8
530
1,606
561
522
22,000
3,450
4,000
1,778
29,231
2,425
362
2,302
43,449
73,042
10,907
32,682
26
60
22
673
2,053
729
Union
Wages and
M iscel
organiza laneous
hours
tion
4,096
6
60
1
2
4
4
Union
organi
zation
26
3
1
1
1
2
3
384
2,589
26
1
2
Wages
and
hours
96
1
5
3
2
2
2
1
1
2
2
15
19
29
17
1
4
4
3
4
8
13
13
9
2
8
8
Total
M ajor issues
180
120
23,747
37,082
18. 214
112
572
5,304
1, 355
8
23,175
31,778
16. 859
STRIKES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1 8 8 0 -1 9 3 6
Industry and year
Total
Number of man-days idle during year
1,675
20
20
47
47
322
29
1,875
30,625
10,075
260
260
47
293
116
118
12
93
3,756
3,062
694
2,431
151
126
28
2,305
123
137
260
556
1, 519
2,780
1,518
1,741
1,116
264
150
30,207
1,806
5,396
21,267
1,731
940
264
27,500
1,305
12,692
75,490
20,888
2,625
2, 560
46,132
4,725
i 2,625
90
37,400
3,600
1 270
24
23
23
79
68
11
25
1,661
386
28
799
69
46
11
2,500
435
2,500
435
1,022
2,138
1,179
320
1,138
105
18
702
600
1,074
1,100
60
1,100
150
1,160
2,196
2,413
2,124
1, 606
year.
1,624
386
28
606
690
750
493
85
634
470
1,446
1, 920
2,039
972
8
25
19
193
1,275
72
1,157
49,750
12,000
40,926
1,632
24,448
46
27,500
1,305
400
1,758
1, 518
10
14
24
397
556
13
47
1,874
20,550
25,302
1 12,000
40,800
1,548
126
84
336
4,070
38,148
72,479
87,777
44,730
336
765
72
754
2,780
10
168
30,078
1,806
5,396
18,180
10,132
24,158
16,163
37,400
2,520
2,190
15,750
7,170
290
11,571
1,880
22,398
65,309
87,487
33,159
8
150
57
3,087
5,200
19 2 7 - 3 6
3, 550
ANALYSIS OF STRIKES,
1936.............. ......... ............................................... ...............
4
2
2
Clocks and watches and time-recording devices:
1927......................... ................... ............... ......................... .
1
1
1928-32________________________
________ _________
1
1
1933___________________________
__________ _______
1934-35...._____ _______________
___________ ______
1
1
1936___________________ ______
___________ ______
2
Jewelry:
1927-30_________________________________ ______ _____
1
1931___________________________
_____ ___________ _
5
2
2
1932 ________________________________________________
1933
________________________
________ ____ ____
4
2
2
1934
.
____________________
____ _______ _____
1
5
4
_________________
1935
_ ___________________
3
_________________ ______________ _______ _
1936
.
1
2
Lighting equipment:
1927
__________ ___________________________________
1
1928
___________________________________ ____
1
1929-34
_____________ _________ ______ _____
6
2
4
1935
. ____ ____
_________________
1
1
1936
_______________
______ ________ _
Silverware and plated ware:
1
1
1927
___________________________ ________
1928
____________________________ _____ _____ 1
4
3
1929
_______________________ ____ —1
1
4
2
1930
.
_________________________________________
1
1
1931
_______________________________
1
1
1932_________________________________________________
1
1
6
4
1933 . _____________________________________________
4
4
1934. _______________________________ ______ ______
1
1
1935
_______ ____ ________________________________
1
4
1936 _____________________________________ ____ ___
3
Smelting and refining—copper, lead, and zinc:
1927-28.. _____________________
__________________
1
1
1929____
_______________________________ _________
1
1
1930
_____________________________________________
1931-32 . __________________________________________
1
3
2
1933
_____________________________________________
7
1934 ______________________ _____ ______ _____ ______
3
3
1
1
6
5
1935_______________________ _________ ____ __________
1936 ___________________ _____________ ______________
Stamped and enameled ware:
1
1
1927
____ ____ _________ ____ _______ _____
1
1
2
1928
._ ___________ _________ - ...................
1929_______________________ ____ _______ ______ _____
1930-31______________________________________________
1
4
3
1932
.
_____ ___________________________________
7
2
6
.................. ................................. ......
1933
.
_____ ____ _______________________
8
3
5
1934
.
1935___________________________________ _______ _____
9
2
7
1936.................................... ......... .........................................
3
10
7
1 Man-days idle as a result of a strike which began in the preceding year and continued into this
1,080
i 270
00
OO
T a b l e 3 7 . — S trikes beginning 1 9 2 7 - 3 6 , by in d u stries and m a jor issu es involved — Continued
Number of strikes
Num ber of workers involved
Major issues
Num ber of man-days idle during year
Major issues
Major issues
Total Wages Union M is
organ cella
and
hours ization neous
Nonferrous metals and their products—Continued.
Other:
1927-33_______________________________ ______________
1934__________ ____________
________________ _____
1935______________________ ____ ______________ ______
1936..____ ________ _______ _____________ ____________
Lumber and allied products:
1927_____________________ ________ _____ _______ ____________
1928._____ ________________________________ _____ _______ ____
1929______________________________________ ____ ________ ____
1930...........— _______ ________________________________ ______
1931______ ___ _____ ____________
..
.
______________
1932________________________________________________ ________
1933_________________________________________________________
1934_________________________________________________________
1935__________________________________________ ____ _________
1936______________________________________________ __________
Furniture:
1927______ ___________________________________ _____ 1928____ _____ __________________________ ____ _____ 1929...____ __________________________________________
1930_________________________________________________
1931____________________________________________ ____
1932____________ _________________________ ____ _____
1933_______________________________________ _________
1934___________________ _________ _____ ____ ________
1935_____________________________________ ______ ____
1936____________________________________ ___________ _
Millwork and planing:
1927______________________________________ ____ _____
1928_________________________ _____________ ____ ____
1929____ ____ ________________________________________
1930___________________________________________ _____
1931___________________________________ ____________ _
1932______________________________________ _______ _
1933__________________ _________________ ________ ___
1934______________________ ____ ________ ____________
3
6
5
1
2
1
46
32
38
21
26
30
91
96
135
143
11
17
9
10
19
13
56
36
59
36
37
25
35
18
18
27
57
58
64
60
6
11
6
7
14
11
34
21
23
17
3
2
2
1
2
2
3
3
6
3
1
2
6
2
3
3
27
7
21
10
15
28
51
68
89
25
6
21
10
14
20
33
36
41
Total
Wages
and
hours
2
1
1
311
366
1,302
172
134
38
8
8
8
1
7
2
7
9
8
18
5,834
1,534
3,642
1,360
3,254
3,813
27,348
19,800
62,707
38,270
2, 757
1,211
1,011
613
2,977
3,215
13, 274
6,529
15, 235
7,856
6
8
8
1
4
2
3
4
5
2
1,957
611
2,964
891
1,197
2,767
20,372
9,501
14,229
7,744
492
338
333
144
1,130
2,176
7,790
4,086
5,975
1,925
1,302
308
528
1,200
308
528
295
1,046
841
327
125
1,039
841
74
2
2
1
i
Total
Union
organi
zation
M iscel
laneous
165
1,258
139
67
6
6,326
5,320
37, 779
5,676
790
228
1,656
171
757
15
277
300
665
2,510
1, 287
3,215
167,520
53,440
79, 654
54,551
46, 565
145, 714
569, 671
394,651
1,818,012
1,019,284
67,896
28,245
18,875
31,773
38, 501
139,816
210, 235
102,880
172,810
204,033
146
171
757
15
67
300
109
281
420
169
69,018
37,673
66,170
26,900
8,714
37, 629
511,342
159, 645
214, 049
261,389
8,874
15,908
5,391
4,122
8,060
31, 738
164,065
54, 662
61,888
17, 735
24,150
9,230
11,384
21,600
6, 000
11, 384
6, 665
108, 085
11,386
1.692
375
108,078
11,386
933
1,421
152
1,874
732
298
13,409
10, 761
46,185
27,199
1,319
102
1,874
732
291
12,473
5,134
7,834
5,650
102
170
7
253
Union
Wages and
organiza Miscel
hours
laneous
tion
2,319
34,874
54,415
19,850
56,708
22,763
4, 798
356,097
275,017
1,621, 736
772,643
51,865
16,420
56, 708
22, 763
4,791
346, 664
99, 215
143,103
241, 747
650
2,211
2,677
45, 209
5,345
4,071
15
8,064
1,100
3,339
16,754
23,466
42,608
8,279
5,345
4,071
15
654
1,100
613
5, 768
9,058
1,907
2, 550
13, 230
6,290
7
759
STRIKES IN TH E UNITED STATES, 1 8 8 0 - 1 9 3 6
Industry and year
3,928
3,544
3,145
475
636
2, 717
2,371
615
1,021
565
50
469
1,402
469
1,402
4,373
5,467
42, 689
18, 502
3,873
768
4,453
5,121
6
6
204
21, 693
64,272
69,752
6,537
33,302
6,337
200
27,651
18,866
31,126
111, 939
1,515,730
507,112
29,026
7,898
46,158
163,919
6
6
500
1,871
720
1, 281
150
96, 478
1,455, 752
320,200
4,120
2,100
764
1,601
1,662
335
936
2,799
199
6,732
12,320
11,200
56
105
15,811
121,375
27,723
176,945
5,752
39,387
26,535
13,165
9,433
79,324
1,188
146,424
3,289
1,034
1,153
371
1,227
1,747
6,946
10,083
11,833
24, 689
2,577
45
823
210
1,013
1,347
5,842
1,620
6,172
4,985
185
816
60
161
214
45,592
26,279
11,048
3,656
9,887
35,366
59, 439
199,610
346,940
723, 522
38,878
22,145
3,688
835
7,089
20,166
53,336
11,754
63, 717
102,382
2,725
2,058
4,140
2,821
2,798
1,009
7,874
5,086
18,283
187
223
210
226
1,703
656
239
100
310
4,553
3,452
557
400
95
589
575
1,421
60
2,108
5,349
3,691
817
527
173
270
187
283
210
226
1,413
1,120
5,628
181,194
272,185
589, 734
7,648
95
140
160
2,488
835
760
23,414
5,064
11,328
3,300
2,511
117, 599
173, 239
38, 785
3,989
2,076
3,220
15,200
475
6,662
11,038
31,406
4,140
26,400
127, 703
187,927
43,525
17,356
7,648
6, 628
835
760
626
2,664
19 2 7 - 3 6
320
2,100
7,563
13,820
22,993
480
4,600
40
360
588
352
36,450
2,100
160
1,756
4,505
1,861
8,480
\ Man-days idle as a result of a strike which began in the previous year and continued into this year.
38, 229
9,214
27,651
18,866
44
150
60,510
73,838
1,350
2, 828
37, 516
12,100
147
352
ANALYSIS OF STRIKES,
1
5
1935
_________________________________________
15
9
1
1936
________________________________________________________________________
11
15
3
Sawmills and logging camps:
1
2
1927— ___________________________ _______ ______
3
1928______________________________________ ____ _____
4
5
1
1929__________________________________________ ______
1930_________________________________________________
3
3
3
1931_________________________________________________
3
1932_____________ ________ __________________ ____ ___
6
2
1933______ _______________________ ______ ____________
8
2
1934_________________________ _______ _____ _________
13
6
5
22
2
1935__________________________________________ _____ _
15
39
9
1936_____________ _______ _______ ____ ____ ____ _____
10
39
20
Turpentine and rosin:
1927-32______________________________________________
1
1
1933.
_______________________________ _________
1934-36... . __________ _________ ________ _________
Other:
1
3
1927____________________________________ ____ _______
2
1928__________________________ ____ _________________
1
1
1929____ __________________________________________
1930. .
_________________________________________
1
1
2
1931_____________________________________ _______ ___
1932. . _____________________________________ ____
2
1933_________________________________________________
9
8
19
2
1934_________________________________________________
22
13
7
12
5
1905_______________________________ _______________
17
6
1936_________________________________________________
29
6
17
Stone, clay, and glass products:
2
2
10
1927________________________________________________ ________
6
1
1
4
6
1928____________________________________________ ______ _____
2
1
6
3
1929_________________________________________________________
5
1930
__
_______________________________________
2
3
________ _____________________________
1931
10
8
2
1
13
12
1932_______________________ _ ____ _______ _________________
1
20
29
8
1933_________________________________________ _____ _________
34
6
11
17
1934__________________________________________________ ____ 3
12
20
35
1935_________________________________________ ____ ______ — 39
10
3
26
1936____________________________________ ____ ______ ____ — Brick, tile, and terra cotta:
2
2
1927
______________ ______ ____ _________ _
1928
.
__________________________________ _
1
3
2
1929
_ _______ _____ ______________ _____
2
2
1930
_______________________________________
1
1
__________________________________
1931
1932
__________________________________
10
1
6
3
1933_________________________________________________
12
1
3
8
1934______________________________________ __________
11
14
3
1935
___________ ____ _______________
1
2
I
4
1936________________ ____________________ _________ _
475
5,040
i 3,360
1,440
00
Or
T
able
37 .— Strikes beginning 1 9 8 7 -3 6 , by industries and major issues involved— Continued
Num ber of workers involved
Number of strikes
Major issues
Num ber of man-days idle during year
M ajor issues
Major issues
Total
Stone, clay, and glass products—Continued.
Cement:
1927-31________________________ ________ _____ ______
1932________________ ___________ ________ _____ _____
1933_______________ _________________________________
1934_________________________________________________
1935__________________________ _____ ____ _______ _
1936______________________________________ ________
Glass:
1927_____ ______________________ _________ ____ ______
1928______________________ ____ ____________ ____ ___
1929_________________________________________________
1930_________________________________________________
1931_________________________________________________
1932________________________________________ ____ _
1933_________________________________________________
1934________
...
..
____
1935_________________________________________________
1936_________________________________________________
M arble, granite, slate, and other products:
1927-29______________________________ _______________
1930_________________________________________________
1931_________________________________________________
1932_________________________________________________
1933_________________________________________________
1934_________________________________________________
1935_________________________ ____ __________________
1936..____ ________________________________ ______ _
Pottery:
1927_________________________________________________
1928_________________________________________________
1929___________________________________________
1930__________________________________________ ______
1931_________________________________________________
1932_____ ____________________________________________
1933_________________________________________________
1934........................................................................................
Wages Union M is
and organ cella
hours ization neous
Total
Wages
and
hours
Union
organi
zation
Total
M iscel
laneous
Union
Wages and
organiza
hours
tion
1
1
65
65
325
325
1
1
231
231
3,234
Miscel
laneous
3,234
3
7
4
1
1
5
3
11
11
7
18
1
4
5
1
3
2
3
3
4
1
670
1
1
1
5
3
10
4
4
5
2
4
2
1
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
4
2
3
1
3
1
12
4
2
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
2,952
611
80
11
772
148
4,177
2,051
5,400
21,268
50
229
777
9
44
255
151
1
4
150
55
1,650
2
1
185
566
377
80
11
772
148
3,912
675
4,983
4,440
15
377
265
933
17
16,273
443
400
555
50
214
400
9
38
80
6
150
423
190
100
1
1,880
670
2,390
45
6
175
145
250
100
150
55
1,650
150
173
190
36,594
23,703
560
121
6,314
752
28, 712
35, 548
58, 753
608, 222
1,300
1,713
29, 771
9
492
2,890
2,151
1,350
2,576
2,660
1,400
1,100
2, 620
770
17,750
1,880
31,230
22,145
2,725
1, 558
2,639
560
12l
6,314
752
28.182
2,790
40,189
84,958
15
14,571
530
31,202
11,936
501,064
1,556
6,628
22,200
1,300
1,698
15, 200
9
426
1,840
6
66
1,050
2,145
500
1,400
11,100
2, 620
770
17. 750
1,350
2,076
2,660
STRIKES IK TH E UNITED STATES, 1 8 8 0 - 1 9 3 6
Industry and year
870
1
600
2
6
3
5
10
2
3
1
3
3
2
5
7
607
597
758
338
1,077
439
425
738
338
638
165
137
237
137
197
187
506
2363
497
455
58
50
79
71
99
124
301
107
213
173
69
56
119
44
69
34
156
193
232
235
38
31
39
22
29
29
49
63
52
47
20,548
72,148
75, 694
67,892
126, 555
103,001
461,063
577,043
200, 636
128,578
8,108
48,506
13,703
13,007
57,200
51, 590
273.233
47,496
107,196
37,356
7,639
19,621
45,663
47,329
52, 273
49,071
170, 783
444,147
69,695
82,264
69
54
116
51
62
61
247
184
202
168
39
32
62
36
41
49
179
59
103
80
10
10
27
7
7
2
34
92
65
67
20
12
27
8
14
10
34
33
34
21
9,678
36,447
34, 653
8,901
62,050
15,142
146, 400
434, 928
75,180
43,879
4,856
29,380
9,383
4,285
45,097
12,997
80,446
25,508
46,507
20, 721
1
1
1
267
654
95
690
100
290
2,957
3,956
1,209
4
1
2
4
2
4
1
2
4
4
7
3
1
3
2
4
1
1
2
6
1
3
1
1
1
1
94,541
47,186
10,360
600
1, 200
1,200
607
172
20
1,898
3,548
14,883
2,829
20, 558
1,898
970
240
14,118
2, 578
14,643
2,829
6,440
4,801
4, 021
16,328
7,556
17,082
2,340
17,047
85,400
23, 745
8,958
404,269
4,357,882
1,379,367
1,261, 792
3,174,428
1,184,869
6,652,446
7,271,023
3,634,988
2,777,498
168,967
3,927,405
249,191
391,439
1,929, 708
503, 656
2,584,219
604,463
1,466,482
923,672
138, 555
368,131
701, 699
816, 226
1,037, 568
663, 681
3, 756,001
6,050,521
1,900,498
1,563,322
96, 747
62,346
428,477
54,127
207,152
17,532
312, 226
616,039
268,008
290,504
1,377
5,649
10,351
4,306
2,658
867
53,459
393,549
18,077
18,144
3,445
1,418
14,919
310
14,295
1,278
12,495
15,871
10,596
5,014
224,313
4,025,697
837, 729
395, 959
2,092,005
245, 744
3,204,186
5,894,390
1,815,717
1,431,954
121,749
3,737,567
183,883
71,566
1, 720,961
196,047
843,916
247,406
996,151
574,438
27,044
269,408
241,425
317,357
228,453
44,606
2,131, 298
5,363, 774
645,998
680,152
75,520
18, 722
412,421
7,036
142,591
5,091
228,972
283, 210
173,568
177,364
142
125
330
1,971
9,472
4, 332
16,120
100
12,360
19,867
23,316
38,925
1,846
125
660
360
11,467
3, 075
374
12,000
1,279
706
324
95
690
100
1,200
3,606
835
90
1, 757
75
374
200
275
84,181
i 39,420
8,812
4,332
16,120
100
8,400
18,866
38,551
7,766
192 7 -3 6
2,149
706
7
1
ANALYSIS OF STRIKES,
1935
.............................................
1936_____ ___________________________________________
Other:
1927-28....... ................................................. ..........................
1929. _
_ .............................................................
1930-31_____ _____________ _______ _________________
1932________ __________ ____________ _______________
1933— _ __________________ _________ _______________
1934_________________________________ ____________
1935— _ ______________________________________ ____
1936— _ _________________ ____ ____ _________ ______
Textiles and their products:
1927___________________________________ __________ __________
1928_________________________________ _______ _______________
1929_________________________________________________________
1930_______________________ ___________________ ____ ________
1931_________________________________________________________
1932________________________________________________________
1933________________________________________________________
1934________________________________________ _____ __________
1935________________________________________________________
1936________________________________ ____ ____ ______________
Fabrics:
1927_______________ ________________________________
1928____________________ ______ _____________________
1929_________________________________ _____ _________
1930_________________________________________________
1931_________________________________________________
1932_________________________________________________
1933_________________________________________________
1934_________________________________________________
1935_________________________________________________
1936-______ ___________________ _____ _______________
Carpets and rugs:
1927_________________________________________
1928_________________________________________
1929_________________________________________
1930_________________________________ ____ _
1931_________________________________________
1932___________________________________ ____ _
1933__________________ ________ ______ ______
1934_________________________________________
1935_______________________________ _____ — .
1936_______________________ ________ ________
1,375
1 Man-days idle as a result of a strike which began in the preceding year and continued into this year.
3 The general textile strike of September 1934, involving 309,500 workers, extended into 7 industries, i. e., carpets and rugs, cotton goods, cotton small wares, dyeing and finishing
textiles, silk and rayon goods, woolen and worsted goods, and knit goods. In the totals for the industry group ‘ ‘Textiles and their products” this is included as 1 strike, but in the
figures for each of the 7 industries affected it is broken down and included as a separate strike in each industry with the proper distribution of “ Workers involved” and “ Man-days
idle.” The sympathetic strikes called in connection with the textile strike are included as separate strikes in their respective industries.
00
■ <1
T
able
37 .— Strikes beginning 1 9 2 7 -3 6 , by industries and major issues involved— Continued
Number of man-days idle during year
Num ber of workers involved
Number of strikes
Major issues
M ajor issues
Major issues
Total Wages Union M is
organ cella
and
hours ization neous
Union
organi
zation
Miscel
laneous
4,721
28, 674
18,982
5,910
3,709
6,800
51, 462
274, 380
25,105
17, 029
2, 321
26,949
3, 781
1,716
3,164
5,390
35,765
13, 026
8,902
10,203
327
1,040
6,503
4,108
2,073
685
8,698
86
545
610
10,132
14, 352
5,663
3,320
30
34
70
34
70
2,421
2, 068
1, 657
546
370
1, 522
24
17
35
10
6
26
77
66
44
29
13
8
9
6
4
21
53
9
14
15
1
1
1
1
1
9
9
6
2
2
7
4
1
3
120
15
1
4
1
1
2
1
1
14
1,240
362
14
231
2
5
11
2
1
6
33
23
6
9
4
15
2
2
4
18
24
7
8
1
1
8
2
4
3
3
6
8
14
33
25
65
34
23
17
44
24
3
2
12
5
1
1
1
11
9
15
18
Total
Wages
and
hours
800
5,565
247,002
10,540
3,506
Union
Wages and organiza M iscel
laneous
hours
tion
394
65,948
3,696, 111
94,102
12,699
206, 788
117,740
268, 577
77, 059
339,439
189,127
720
136
770
30
133, 531
3,750,193
488,062
329, 786
315,723
163,080
514,878
3,462,596
946,190
554,952
8,154
41,797
97, 615
316, 540
i 96,000
43,200
64,637
3,134, 019
494,340
217,639
59,429
12,285
296,345
547
12,935
2,140
181,664
251, 518
112,411
148,186
136
770
720
2, 530
27,864
l 4,950
1,644
4,728
6,965
3,620
56
20, 077
11,910
105
27,335
39,774
4,950
1,809
995
362
14
14
7,807
3,620
14
786
80
80
28,135
5,301
15, 292
641
557,050
755,998
7,541
178, 603
22,761
8, 947
267
47,975
26,060
78,912
52,803
1,775
216,880
128,820
817
8, 202
6, 256
114, 272
4,869
20
20
1
3
1
20,874
34,973
2,664
5,351
5,390
1,602
531
108
15,484
32, 528
1,464
5,154
843
669
89
585,185
784,060
31, 780
179, 511
7
6
9
5
3, 519
5,312
13, 557
2, 624
2,369
1,566
5,011
2, 292
395
3,152
2,941
198
755
594
5, 605
134
57,952
249,196
322,004
58,489
165
1 8 8 0 -1 9 3 6
Textiles and their products—Continued.
Fabrics—C on tinued.
Cotton goods:
1927_________________________________________
1928_________________ ____________ _________ _
1929_________ ______________ _____ _________ _
1930______ _____ ______ ____ ________ _____ _
1931__________________ ___________ __________
1932___________________ _____________________
1933...____ ____________________ _______ _____
1934_________________________________________
1935___________ _____________________________
1936.............. .......... ......... ......................................
Cotton small wares:
1927.____ ___________________________
____ _
1928________________________
_____________
1929____________________________ ______ _____
1930-32________________________________ ____ _
1933____________ ____________________________
.. ...
1934_______
1935___________________ _____________________
1936________________
.
.
___
Dyeing and finishing textiles:
1927__________________ ___ ________________ _
1928_________ ____ _______________ ______ ____
1929____________________________ _____ ______
1930.—
1931___________________________ _____________
1932. .
1933_____
. .
1934______________________ __________________
1935____________________________________ ____
1936____ ______ __________ ______ ______ _____
Silk and rayon goods:
1927_________________________________ ____ _
1928_____ _______ _________ __________ _____ _
1929._____ _________ ______ __________________
1930...........................................................................
Total
STRIKES IK TH E UNITED STATES,
Industry and year
138 9 4 °— 38-
20
19
67
26
62
44
5
4
9
3
18
9
45
27
30
27
4
5
2
10
7
36
10
14
8
2
4
4
5
7
17
6
17, 267
5,949
58,187
38, 941
29,416
11, 047
13, 569
5,351
28, 559
4,185
23,414
7,937
4
3
I
1
8
2
6
1
6
6
707
600
760
.250
40, 328
2,217
10,214
75, 876
11,446
6,940
600
197
160
27, 618
2,080
7,089
2,811
8, 395
1, 329
3
16
10
13
3
1
2
2
1
9
9
7
3
3
10
5
15
3
96
83
121
86
135
126
259
185
295
287
19
18
17
35
58
75
122
48
110
93
59
46
92
37
62
32
122
107
167
168
18
26
50
13
31
27
73
37
59
31
5
3
6
12
17
29
11
28
12
16
18
44
4
11
6
36
22
27
15
763,920
55,507
440,153
90,985
421,584
317,724
617
545
18
90
12,710
137
611
175
1,144
1,203
8,249
14,474
12, 729
3,180
840,394
20,554
102,180
867,945
222,969
157, 066
14,474
1,287
1,560
732,001
20,220
70,382
40, 552
185, 595
12, 079
2, 514
72,890
1,907
4,408
535
320
7,812
21, 263
2, 617
5,978
8, 581
38,006
9,948
7,889
11,370
72
1, 620
108, 393
334
8,146
350
12,829
18,963
23, 652
827,043
24,545
126,024
16,035
1,920
23,847
1,920
1,072
172
2,052
2,480
38,804
76,292
37, 319
87,924
172
2,052
2,480
16, 592
13,199
15,375
16,151
5,756
63, 093
21,944
71,773
16,456
1, 356
2,603
1,409
7,246
2,787
1,062
4, 552
69, 529
13,149
3,944
179, 956
332,185
541,638
865,833
1, 082,423
939,125
3,448, 260
1, 376, 633
1,819,271
1,345, 544
47,218
189,838
65,308
319,873
208, 747
307, 609
1,740,303
357, 057
470, 331
349,234
111, 511
98,723
460, 274
498,869
809,115
619, 075
1,624, 703
686, 747
1, 254, 500
883,170
21,227
43,624
16,056
47,091
64, 561
12,441
83,254
332,829
94,440
113,140
135
355
570
1,866
2, 326
434
2,387
550
1,138
838
30, 714
207, 992
108, 942
32, 223
501,907
326, 394
711,627
94,879
114,124
29,852
160,431
13, 780
5,536
6, 765
49,910
102,472
29,820
64,114
5,823
30, 534
46, 041
93, 742
15,175
433,262
268, 622
561,135
56,864
46,003
18, 518
180
1, 520
1,420
11, 512
61,880
7,862
48, 020
8,195
4,007
5,511
687
320
268
22
36
76
2,952
5,733
2, 593
2,183
22
36
76
1,986
2,138
1,659
294
347
3,595
934
1,889
619
18
19
12
14
15
19
15
30
18
26
10,870
35,701
41, 041
58,991
64, 505
87,859
314, 663
142,115
125,456
84, 699
3, 252
19,126
4, 320
8,722
12,103
38, 593
192, 787
21,988
60, 689
16,635
6, 262
13,972
35, 312
43,023
49, 615
48, 204
117,324
50, 598
51, 618
64,120
2
3
3
3
8
4
8
4
4
4
2,909
26, 742
10, 951
2,824
40,545
28, 521
71,849
9,239
14,127
3,685
15,883
2,344
589
1,079
6, 563
10,191
2,347
10, 590
1, 153
2,774
10, 504
8,037
369
37,140
21, 524
59,271
6,342
2, 399
1, 694
1
1 Man-days idle as a result of a strike which began in the preceding year and continued into this year.
152
917,636
59, 530
1,923,444
643,856
549,193
411, 767
268
1,072
1 9 2 7 -3 6
5
1
1
2
2
1
15
19
12
18
1,040
531
539
501
2,845
402
132,453
1,406
1, 477, 313
544,290
89,603
84, 095
360
2,658
67
29,089
34,255
3,157
2,708
90
7
1
16
17
18
15
1
31
24
88
50
97
65
ANALYSIS OP STRIKES,
1931...........................................................................
1932___________________________ ____ ________
1933._......... .......... ..............— ...........................
1934______ _______ ___________________________
1935___________________________________ ____ _
1936____________________________ ____________
Woolen and worsted goods:
1927 _______ ____________________________ —
1928— .
____________________
_________
1929_________________________________________
1930______________ __________________________
1931____________________________
_________
1932— _______ _________________
_______
1933______________________________ _______
1934_________________________________ ______ _
1935_________________________ _____ ______
1936_________________________________________
Other:
1927_______
. _
_
____
____
____
1928______________
1929________________ __________
____
1930__________________________ _________ _
1931____ ______________________
_____
1932____ ______________________
____
1933_________________________________________
1934_________________________________________
19351936— _
. . .
Wearing apparel:
1927_________________________________________________
1928_________________________________________________
1929_________________________________________________
1930____________________________ ______ _____________
1931________________________ _______ __________ _____
1932________________________________________________
1933_________________________________________________
1934_____________________ ____ ______________________
1935_________________________________________________
1936_________________________________________________
Clothing, men’s:
1927
— —..............................................
1928_______________ _______ ____ ____________
1929_____________________________ __________ _
1930_________________________ _______ ______ _
1931______________________________ __________
1932___________________ ________ ______ _____
1933_________________________________________
1934........ ..................................... ...................—
1935....... ........... ... .......... ......... .............................
1936............................................ ...........................
00
cO
T a b l e 3 7 . — Strikes beginning 1 9 2 7 -8 6 , by industries and major issues involved—
Number of strikes
Continued
Number of workers involved
Major issues
Number of man-days idle during year
Major issues
Major issues
Industry and year
Textiles and their products—Continued.
Wearing apparel—Continued.
Clothing, women’s:
1927_____________________ ___________________
1928_________________________________________
1929_________________________ _____ _________
1930_________________________________________
1931_________________________________________
1932_________________________________________
1933___________ ___________________
_____
1934______ ___________________________________
1935_________________________________________
1936_________________________________________
Corsets and allied garments:
1927_________________________________________
1928_________________________________________
1929-32______________________________________
1933_________________________________________
1934_________________________________________
1935_________________________________________
1936_________________________________________
M en’s furnishings:
1927______________________ _____ _____
1928______________________
_____
____
1929_________________________________________
1930_________________________________________
1931_________________________________________
1932__________________________________ ____
1933_________________________________________
1934________________________________ ________
1935___________________________ _____________
1936_________________________________________
Hats, caps, and millinery:
1927_________________ _______________________
1928___ _____ ________________________________
1929_________________________________________
1930________ ___________________ ______ _____
1931.................. ........................................................
22
21
21
24
36
31
43
30
81
126
Wages Union M is
and organ cella
hours ization neous
3
2
1
5
15
18
23
8
21
33
1
2
1
7
5
3
2
1
4
2
7
7
1
6
2
1
2
12
14
17
17
20
9
20
20
53
86
6
2
5
1
5
2
7
7
9
10
23
10
13
6
16
1
2
Total
1,273
3, 534
23, 637
48,086
6, 714
36, 503
118,800
32,803
68, 232
19,889
Wages
and
hours
Union
organi
zation
423
712
750
3,772
1,107
11,025
99, 556
4,585
22,341
2,843
479
2,325
22,657
41,089
5, 277
25, 269
19, 244
3,163
34, 606
16,421
700
3
2
3
3
1
1
2
1
6
4
3
2
3
3
3
5
2
3
6
2
3
2
5
16
5
8
2
10
1
3
2
2
1
1
1,623
540
371
497
230
3,225
330
209
25, 055
11,285
625
500
212
426
6
500
545
1,043
80
12,942 "T6," 026*
1,136
55
1,407
1,267
2,665
1,971
2,588
923
2,472
260
486
370
75
70
86
181
24,925
47,121
266, 352
584,212
56, 510
464,228
928, 641
182, 715
944, 079
263,167
Union
Wages and
organiza
hours
tion
10,998
3,946
7,500
123,481
25,992
133, 793
707, 330
42,829
147, 563
63,953
3,500
1,187
16
271
65
193
212
120
307
23,607
1,080
498
80
2,850
656
140
687
66
425
7
16,163
1,240
3,854
4, 500
10,293
1,920
81,614
15, 336
14,344
33,497
2,204
101
2,362
78
280
14
747
40
96
25
70, 583
20, 529
67, 500
20,277
10,851
300
500
7,417
30, 037
251, 557
439,806
29, 528
328, 393
221,311
39, 556
723, 363
190,098
M iscel
laneous
6,510
13,138
7,295
20,925
990
2, 042
100,330
73,153
9,116
3,500
38,648
1,160
1,355
1,660
700
2,810
556
271
65
4
1
1
2
Total
Miscel
laneous
24
15,041
80
1,355
1,660
4,472
1,240
230
11,691
3,600
4,500
60,182
165
10, 204
30,342
5,538
1,920
20,850
9,016
4,140
3,029
582
6,155
18,441
6,300
360
1, 552
3,402
51,876
6,361
66,960
17,789
6,224
266
7,868
180
936
1,225
4, 755
126
STRIKES IN TH E UNITED STATES, 1 8 8 0 - 1 9 3 6
Total
16
20
26
21
23
4
10
14
5
2
7
9
11
15
20
5
1
1
1
1
10,492
15,073
12, 551
3,651
25,963
10,116
10, 769
12,132
605
91
129
4,181
408
2,941
25,725
247
123
11
105
147
16,388
228,922
271,432
87,664
162, 775
12,441
162,192
255,343
25,020
551
2,992
66, 238
16,023
61,699
142,967
955
492
66
945
19,257
9
11
8
15
11
10
28
28
39
16
2
5
3
8
8
8
14
5
27
7
5
3
3
4
3
1
13
14
10
5
2
3
2
3
630
1,457
1,518
1,750
1,673
665
18,449
6,869
22, 562
3, 344
33
1,320
161
1,418
800
494
6,526
1,272
19, 799
1, 511
176
48
1,122
151
873
159
10,823
3,083
2,438
769
421
89
235
181
7,259
11, 737
13,303
47,981
20,850
4,023
288,496
86, 369
256,008
112,237
1,148
7, 710
1,468
46,261
10,416
3,852
96,647
17, 223
172,910
18, 734
4,438
2,804
9,600
996
10,434
159
164,349
55, 535
80, 553
18, 519
1,673
1,223
2,235
724
8
7
12
16
16
18
31
23
31
32
4
2
5
7
8
14
14
4
7
19
1
5
3
4
674
1,334
1,435
3, 565
11, 588
8,505
21,274
49,386
6,635
14,148
319
419
839
2,260
7,681
8 054
6,702
875
615
5, 814
355
6
7
8
4
16
14
21
9
19,698
32,122
72,387
147,113
454,498
101, 377
564,712
344, 371
271,145
480,091
7,761
7, 747
41, 576
123, 738
141,034
91, 821
112,689
10,133
13,032
147,810
11,937
i 4, 500
29,485
22,681
313,464
9, 556
451,468
134, 580
244,455
329, 756
555
199,658
13,658
2, 525
1
481
1
1
9
2
4
4
1
1
1
1
2
11
14
2
3
9
1
7
5
10
10
16
8
29
12
34
19
3
1
6
6
3
14
2
13
7
1
8
14
16
15
2
4
10
3
6
3
13
8
21
11
1
3
4
1
4
2
1
4
2
2
2
i
915
34
78
562
1,227
3,907
451
14,461
7,967
5,746
7,209
111
40, 544
274
1,125
37
78
32
9
156
18
185
905
31, 752
28, 358
1, 254
11,610
150
18
65
779
30, 564
141
96
2,301
6
2, 218
799
446
1,988
2, 271
2,188
21,714
1,217
7,317
3,330
2,075
17
579
645
1,562
16,830
41
5,376
951
70
1,188
28,022
1,136
9, 221
72
782
446
109
1,570
592
4,119
941
1,941
2,329
50
126
195
22
88
71
1,300
56
34
765
235
50
810
320
9
618
252
1,550
9,658
344,890
349,047
20, 227
217, 874
600
252
400
8, 776
332, 233
323
688
49, 978
8, 550
204
19,875
1.326
694
18
9,804
7,944
8,682
29, 275
25,964
15,137
260, 710
31,324
110,325
44, 391
12
27,500
13,611
2, 545
74,984
19,053
15,983
7,016
142,951
141
36,800
32,043
1,050
12,657
345,490
19,407
167, 575
828
7,740
8,682
2,422
9,615
7,433
111,654
29,603
73, 525
11,048
100
882
3,234
132
321
19 2 7 - 3 6
3
2
1
4
14
22
20
20
28
5
1
2
12
1,100
2, 514
325
1,064
ANALYSIS OF STRIKES,
1932_________________________________ _______
1933..______________________________________
1934..______________________________________
1935.._______________________________________
1936..___________________ ____ _______________
Shirts and collars:
1927_________________________________________
1928_________________________________________
1929_________________________________________
1930_________________________________________
1931..
___ _____________________
1932_________________________________________
1933_________________________________________
1934_________________________________________
1935_________________________________________
1936_________________________________________
Hosiery:
1927- _____ ___________________________
1928________________________________________
1929_________________________________________
1930_________________________________________
___________
1931 .
1932 .
. .
___________
1933_________________________________________
1934_________________________________________
1935_________________________________________
1936_________________________________________
Knit goods:
1927_________________________________________
1928.. _____________________________________
1929
.
____
1930
. .
____
1931_______________________________ _________
1932 .
____
1933_________________________________________
1934_________________________________________
1935_________________________________________
1936_________________________________________
Other:
1927_________________________________________
1928_________________________________________
1929_________________________________________
1930_________________________________________
1931_________________________________________
1932_________________________________________
1933_________________________________________
1934_________________________________________
1935_________________________________________
1936________ _______________________________
426
7,800
366
688
6,105
1,580
1,300
1 Man-days idle as a result of a strike which began in the preceding year and continued into this year.
H - *•
T a b l e 3 7 , — Strikes beginning 1 9 2 7 -3 6 , by industries and major issues involved—
Number of workers involved
Number of strikes
Total
Wages
and
hours
Union
organi
zation
Miscel
laneous
Union
Wages and
organiza
hours
tion
Miscel
laneous
4,960
11, 252
27,475
2,209
8,230
8,152
90, 273
48,872
16, 307
20,472
3,092
9,471
9,765
429
7,090
3, 545
26,059
20,478
5,354
9, 547
1,751
1,603
16,974
1, 528
977
2,496
55,292
27,700
6, 588
9,469
117
178
736
252
163
2,111
8,922
694
4,365
1,456
86,594
115,822
1,069,144
83, 238
113,681
107,020
1,939,022
840,681
258,929
218,996
40,385
91,614
679, 515
3,920
98,479
25,233
444,233
385, 731
92,506
85, 551
44,489
21,840
358, 389
75,153
12, 833
41,051
1, 293,899
449,618
144,130
106,790
1,720
2,368
31, 240
4,165
2,369
40,736
200,890
5,332
22, 293
26,655
12
29
44
19
27
45
104
65
57
44
2
10
14
4
18
23
39
24
24
23
9
16
25
10
8
18
49
36
29
17
1
3
5
5
1
4
16
5
4
4
3,789
10,648
23, 561
1,904
1,779
7,747
69, 553
30,463
11,099
11,885
3,014
8,969
9, 700
388
1,184
3,265
17,638
11,213
3,363
7,908
665
1,532
13,125
1,316
540
2,371
43,078
18,648
4,420
3,733
110
147
736
200
55
2,111
8,837
602
3,316
244
54,154
94,846
989,977
76,893
16,729
100, 250
1, 402,043
560,013
174, 369
83,994
36,266
72,730
679,170
3,059
11, 575
22, 213
251,371
188,195
37,891
65,396
16, 238
20,988
259, 567
69,935
4,969
37,301
950, 892
366,924
115, 773
18,077
1,650
1,128
31,240
3,899
185
40, 736
199, 780
4,894
20, 705
521
5
4
4
3
4
2
12
8
7
10
1
3
2
1
3
2
5
5
2
1
3
1
2
1
1
444
573
176
201
456
95
10,004
8, 554
2,571
5,965
33
502
65
41
408
95
1,154
779
1,131
182
404
71
111
135
7
6,343
14, 786
2,589
3,071
6,882
915
305,106
46,800
13,151
62,980
429
13,934
345
861
6, 258
915
16,802
12, 750
7,165
1,638
5,844
852
2,244
2,160
70
3
1
6
1
727
31
3, 738
45
26, 097
6,190
96, 578
3,690
i 4,950
6
3
3
7
1
1
1
2
2
2
1
6
8, 775
7,775
501
4,952
25
48
75
939
831
682
31
3,738
287,254
34,050
4,618
49,618
50
624
1,050
1,368
11, 724
22,407
1, 240
96,578
188 0 -1 9 3 6
2
4
5
7
3
4
18
7
7
9
STA TES.
14
17
33
13
13
19
69
45
39
33
U K IT E D
4
13
16
5
26
26
55
36
32
30
THE
20
34
54
25
42
49
142
88
78
72
IK
Total
M ajor issues
STR IKES
Total Wages Union M is
and
organ cella
hours ization neous
Leather and its manufactures:
1927_________________________________________________________
1928________ ________________________________________________
1929__________________________________________ _____ ________
1930_________________________________________________________
1931_________________________________________________________
1932_________________________________________________________
1933_________________________________________________________
1934_________________________________________________________
1935_________________________________________________________
1936_____________________________________________ ____ ______
Boots and shoes:
1927_____________________ _____ ________ ____ _______
1928_________________________________________________
1929_________________________________________________
1930_________________________________________________
1931_________________________________________________
1932_________________________________________________
1933______________________________________ ____ _____
1934..____ ___________________________________________
1935________________________ ________________________
1936-____ ___________________________________________
Leather:
1927_______________ _________________________________
1928_______________________________
_______________
1929_____________ _______
_______ _______________
1930_________________________________________________
1931_________________________________________________
1932 __________
_
1933____________________________________ _______ ____
1934__________________
.
_ _
1935_________________________________________________
1936________________ ___________________ ________ _
Other leather goods:
1927________________ _________________ _________ _
_
1928______________________
____ ________ _ .
.
1929.............. ......... .......... .......... ...................... ......... ........
Number of man-days idle during year
M ajor issues
Major issues
Industry and year
Continued
1
1
77
437
125
3,439
1,277
1,667
784
8
8
9
6
4
9
36
88
54
71
4
4
4
2
3
5
7
9
7
12
2,651
708
2,262
1,165
7,933
3,925
33,339
33,092
26,683
13,859
1,957
288
666
932
7,075
3,602
23,974
10,021
5,649
1,883
4
4
2
3
10
21
15
18
18
10
5
6
4
3
3
8
20
38
19
29
2
1
4
2
2
4
2
2
1
4
619
489
1,930
367
238
1,881
11,000
4,460
12,998
2,786
2
2
1
1
2
3
3
7
11
7
10
2
2
2
3
1
3
2
5
1
14
6
7
9
24
17
17
14
29
44
83
138
103
106
12
5
4
6
22
30
40
41
42
23
11
11
10
8
15
33
37
58
38
43
1
2
4
1
3
1
3,058
7,864
3,750
55,753
48,644
23,739
39,095
60
438
220
14,410
429
341
277
175
835
265
9,208
22,498
20, 495
11,462
265
79
1,319
58
23
58
157
573
539
514
45,026
6,195
10, 218
10,520
36,510
101,239
566,350
456,572
842,109
244, 718
30,910
3,023
2,759
5,197
26,932
87,554
456,941
73,922
35,703
13,396
7,538
1,781
2,949
4,999
9,483
12,872
106,539
379, 533
753,063
228, 771
6,578
1,391
4,510
324
95
813
2,870
3,117
53, 343
2, 551
455
213
496
178
186
1,577
8,795
1,278
3,566
586
58
257
115
131
35
256
2,176
3,153
9,418
2,115
106
19
1,319
58
17
48
29
29
14
85
27, 540
4,740
7,012
7,091
4,336
25, 615
303, 598
93, 762
565, 546
82, 782
24,064
2,948
1,549
2,043
3,630
12,209
258,071
9,545
9, 669
4,104
2,161
1,697
953
4, 724
683
12,863
45,480
83,893
555,835
77,948
1,315
95
4, 510
324
23
543
47
324
42
730
95
84
1
1
3
4
5
4
10
92
110
381
80,646
2,105
176,060
184,786
47,450
18,517
80
15
84
1,025
84
560
465
84
32
97
229
2,120
448
891
26
87
36
181
25
36
178
514
4,588
11, 631
52,172
8,498
106
244
540
4,221
1,000
353
130
1,810
23
743
6
10
63
129
400
112
11
11
176
2,110
6, 727
621
7,801
72
270
1,938
683
50, 551
344
176
2
1
2
1
73
75
73
75
222
75
222
75
1
5
2
5
6
1
5
2
4
1
600
5,559
1,700
6,275
6, 831
600
5, 559
1,700
6,250
4,150
3,000
20,334
72,400
142, 775
61, 797
3,000
20,334
72,400
142,650
8,300
1
5
1 Man-days idle as a result of a strike which began in the preceding year and continued into this year.
216
1,560
3,274
90,070
5,855
231,873
233,868
71,409
72,022
27
60
19 2 7 - 3 6
5,498
185
7,267
8,486
860
1,457
5
1
11
7
6
6
OF ST R IK E S,
1
2
1
3
104
5,995
310
10, 716
9,855
2, 637
2,622
3
11
2
26
15
14
18
A N A L Y S IS
1930......................... ...............................................................
1931— ............................................................. ......................
1932_________ ____ _________________ ____ ______ _____
1933_______________________ ______ ____________ _____
1934_____________________________________ _____ _____
1935________________________________ ____ _____ _____
1936_________ ____ _________ _________ _______ _______
Food and kindred products:
1927........................................................... ..................... .....................
1928____ _____ ___________________________ ______ ______ _____
1929........... .
_ ____ ____ ___________________________
1930____ ______ ___________ ______ ______ ____ _____ _________
1931__________________________________ ______ __________ ____
1932__________
_______ ______ ____________________ ____
1933_________________________________________________________
1934________________________________ ______ __________ ______
1935______________________________ ____ ______________ ____
1936____________________________________ ______ _____ _____
Baking:
1927___________ ____ __________ ____ _______ _________
1928. __________ _______________ ______ _______________
1929_______ __________________________________________
1930____ _____ ____________________ ____ _____________
1931_________________________________________________
1932._______ ________________________________________
1933_________________________________________________
1934__________________________________ ______ _______
1935_______ __________________________________________
1936_________________________________ ____ ________
Beverages:
1927
.
.................... ............................... ........
1928
_____________ ________ _______ _____
1929-30_________ __________ _______ _______
1931
________________ _____ _____________
1932 .
_______________ _________ ______ _____
1933
__________ ____ ____________________
1934
___________________ _____________ _____
1935
_______________ _______ ____________
1936................................................. .....................................
Butter:
1927-35 ...................... .......... ............................................
1936
.............................. . ......................... ..........
Canning and preserving:
1927
...................... ................. - ................. ..............
1928
______ _____ _____ - _______ ________
1929
........................... .............................. .......
1930
........................... ...................... ..............
1931
______ _______ _______ _____________
1932
____________ _____________ _____ ___
1933
_______________________________ ___
1934........... ................................... ............... .......... ...............
25
2, 681
125
53,497
00
T able
37. — Strikes beginning 1 9 8 7 -3 6 , by industries and major issues involved— Continued
Num ber of man-days idle during year
Number of workers involved
Number of strikes
M ajor issues
Major issues
Major issues
Total Wages Union M is
and organ cella
hours ization neous
14
11
7
4
6
7
1
1
1
2
5
2
1
1
5
1
3
7
8
2
2
1
1
3
5
5
1
1
3
1
2
1
1
6
2
1
3
1
1, 236
60
319
739
2,421
75
559
2
2
970
42
50
805
50
1,322
2,539
10
10,492
2,265
27,206
8,650
6, 728
36
50
145
3,120
2,340
23,991
48,269
759
4,280
500
60
319
664
1,717
500
40
7,240
8
159
42
3,120
2,340
23, 232
42,974
760
30
1,015
16
224
2,650
22
268
16
290
2,492
2,265
20, 478
8, 584
1,165
1,165
16
6
2, 750
2,450
50
226
115
1,413
556
19,948
14,661
Miscel
laneous
75
75
111
94
22
20
24,020
17,200
Union
Wages and organiza
hours
tion
2,450
8
16
384
22
28
1
1
125
500
8
1
2
698
2,866
50
675
23
111
1
1
4
1
2
1,502
115
2,088
589
500
1
M iscel
laneous
1,150
50
2
2
4
5
Total
Union
organi
zation
15
1,150
1
3
550
571
15
2
8
2
9
8
1,373
3,437
Wages
and
hours
524
22
60
10,795
378
250
5,520
250
224
2,126
208
12
5,263
378
188 0 -1 9 3 6
Food and kindred products—Continued.
Canning and preserving— Continued.
_______________
_______________
1935.____ ___
1936................................................... . ............... ..............
Confectionery:
1927-28
1929. .
..
______
.
___
....................................
1930.
1931..................................................
.
.
1932....................................... ... .
1933...............................................
.....................................
1934.
1935.......................
.............
........
1936________________ ________________________________
Flour and grain mills:
1927-29
_________________________________________
1930____________________________________________ ____
1931-32
_____
1933._______ ______________________________ ____ _____
1934________________________________________ ____ _
1935___
____________________________ ___________ _
1936_______________________ ________ ______________ _
Icecream :
1927
.
. .
1928_________________________________________________
1929
.
___ _
_
1930_______________________________________ _____ ___
1931_________________________________________________
1932____ ___________ _______ _________________________
1933...
........... ........................
. .
1934.
___________ ______
1935___________________________________ _____________
1936____________________________________ _____ ______
Slaughtering and meat packing:
1927................ ........................... .......................... ...............
1928._____ _______________ _______ ________ ____ _____
1929............................................ ................................... .
Total
STRIKES IN TH E UNITED STATES,
Industry and year
44
21
239
9,127
16,995
4, 564
2,905
2,565
29,409
32,135
2,388
2,024
9
49,113
221,935
109, 339
70, 603
8,757
871
8,757
1775
96
4,835
400
10,500
5,610
4,835
286
3,000
702
21
415
162
967
44
350
120
104
125
8
2,163
530
360
36
18
800
2,000
635
1,043
97 ________
24
22
666
225
887
46
891
114
9,785
36
14, 515
4,266
902
1,090
917
14
11,467
3,942
465
868
325
790
325
887
46
891
114
9,785
1 Man-days idle as a result of a strike which began in the preceding year and continued into this year.
3 There were no strikes in the cigarette industry.
2, 574
78, 522
256,180
111, 727
73,059
417
967
286
3,000
702
275
9
4,600
13, 209
4,188
2,655
48
417
48
394
18
156
104
925
8
4,163
1,165
1,403
89
275
44
21
230
4, 527
3, 371
376
88
12,112
114
7,869
1,579
324
1,469
207
215
15
22
222
999
790
114
7,869
2,110
” 432
400
10,500
5,610
44
....
104
375
136
14,196
10,440
13,040
4,900
....
10,195
210
76,003
98,648
6,695
8,274
918
8,800
4,000
6,350
13,014
206
7,372 __________
1,032
66
19,366
18, 225
37,591
550
121, 621
364
132,647
132,086
36,000
12,573
2,755
999
97 ..............
24
22
666
225
917
4,944
918
1,716
104
9,175
136
18,196
16,790
26,054
206
21
4,740
ANALYSIS OP STRIKES, 192 7 -3 6
3
1930
..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... 3
1
1
1931
____________ ________ _
5
4
1
1932
________________________
9
15
6
1933
________________________
31
3
45
11
1934
________________________
10
15
5
1935
_____________________ _
18
1
15
2
1936
__________________ _____
Sugar beet:
1927-33_____________________________
1
1
1934
________________________
1
1
1935
________________________
1936
________________________
Sugar refining, cane:
1927-32_____________________________
1
1
1933
________________________
2
2
1934
________________________
2
2
1935
________________________
1
1
1936
________________________
Other:
1
2
1
1927
________________________
1
1
1928
________________________
1
2
1
1929
________________________
1
1
1930
________________________
1
2
1
1931
________________________
1
1
1932
_________________________
1
8
1933
_________________________
7
1
1934
________________________
6
5
9
6
1935
________________________
3
4
4
1936________________________________
Tobacco manufactures:3
2
1927
________________________________
1
1
1
1928
_________________________________
2
1
5
1
1929
_________________________________
4
1930
________________________________
2
2
1931
________________________________
2
10
4
4
1932
_________________________________
1
2
1
21
11
1933
_________________ _______________
5
5
1934
_________________________________
1
9
8
1935
________________________ ________
5
2
2
1
1936
_________________________________
6
2
1
3
Chewing and smoking tobacco and snuff:
1927-34________________________ _____
1
1935
____________ ____________
1
1936
________________________________________________________________________
Cigars:
2
1
1927
_______________________ _
1
2
1
1
1928
_________________________
5
4
1
1929
________________ ________
2
2
1930
__________________ _____ _
2
10
4
1931..........................................................
4
2,755
12,112
1,098
37, 591
550
121,621
3,021
154
26,681
33,438
12,320
4,014
7,372 __________
1,032
66
19,366
18, 225
10,195
3,021
550
108,405
29,963
16,985
285
4, 740
550
108,405
4^
Oi
T able 37. — Strikes beginning 1 9 2 7 -3 6 , by industries and major issues involved— Continued
Num ber of workers involved
Number of strikes
Number of man-days idle during year
M ajor issues
Major issues
Major issues
Total
Tobacco manufactures—Continued.
Cigars—Continued.
1932______________________ ______________ _______ ___
1933_________________ ________ ______________________
1934__________ ______________________________________
1935______________________________________ __________
1936-_______ ___________ ______ _____________________
Paper and printing:
1927______________________ _____ _____________ _____ — ..........
1928— _____ _________ _____ ___________________ __________
1929____________ ____________________________________________
1930_____________ - ............ - ____ ______ _______________ _____
1931_____________ _____ ________ _________ ____ _____________
1932___________________ ________ _________ _______ __________
1933_________________ _______________________________________
1934_________________ ____________________ _____ ____________
1935.------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------1936_________________ _______________ _________ - ................. —
Boxes, paper:
1927____________ ____ _____________________ ____ ____
1928_________________________________________________
1929____________ ____ _______________________________
1930__________________ _________ ____________ _______
1931_____________________ ____ ____________ _____ _
1932__________________ ____________ ______ _________ _
1933........ - _____ _____________________________ _______
1934____________________________________ _____ ______
1935__________ _____________________________ _______ _
1936_________________ _____ ____ ____________________
Paper and pulp:
1927_________________ _________ ______ ____ _________
1928________________________ ______ __________ _____ _
1929_____________________ ______ _____ — ....................
1930_________________________________________________
1931.............- ........ - ............................... ............ ...................
1932................................ ............ ..................... ......................
1933.................................................. — .................................
Wages Union M is
and organ cella
hours ization neous
2
21
9
4
6
1
11
8
1
3
1
5
1
2
2
22
14
15
14
17
33
35
48
52
47
13
3
6
5
12
27
21
22
14
6
4
9
7
4
4
3
12
26
34
37
1
3
1
1
1
2
7
6
7
13
2
5
2
2
2
1
2
1
2
1
3
4
5
2
2
5
1
3
2
4
4
2
4
5
11
1
1
1
2
1
2
3
1
i
Union
organi
zation
36
14,515
4,266
577
1,090
14
11,467
3,942
140
868
22
1,579
324
222
207
1,262
2,022
1,775
258
599
3, 279
7,533
6,548
5,025
5,203
929
93
548
109
428
3, 201
6,687
4, 224
1,621
566
225
1,779
1,165
35
121
43
556
2,324
3,273
4,445
78
30
618
4,644
381
1, 221
2,932
1
1
Wages
and
hours
1, 200
115
30
5
1
2
1
Total
618
4,591
147
1,024
432
15
129
12
58
14
789
423
108
150
62
114
50
35
290
131
192
15
101
12
58
14
6
364
132,647
132,086
33, 245
12,573
210
76,003
98,648
3,940
8,274
154
26,681
33,438
12,320
4,014
53,973
24,916
42,603
2,641
10,407
40,390
52,351
65,467
134,543
191,068
23,796
737
8,632
1,423
7,428
38,470
42,867
34,811
18,716
14,500
26,905
23,729
31,649
704
1,679
818
9,154
30,656
115,487
175,456
234
480
4,818
20,947
1,246
13,407
91,575
215
15
53
234
197
2,500
40
Union
Wages and
organiza
hours
tion
13,200
631
480
1,469
1, 200
37
28
783
383
Total
Miscel
laneous
4,818
19,133
294
11,488
12,760
90
975
72
162
140
13,104
5,325
M iscel
laneous
29,963
16,985
285
3,272
450
2,322
514
1,300
1,102
330
340
1,112
13,200
397
1,814
952
1,919
78,815
90
303
72
162
672
140
13,098
4,085
6
1,240
STKIKES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1 8 8 0 -1 9 3 6
Industry and year
3
3
2
7
3
11
4
14
9
8
2
1
1
3
3
9
4
6
2
1
1
2
1
1
3
1
1
7
6
7
2
11
13
15
18
19
10
4
1
3
1
7
11
6
11
4
1
1
6
4
1
3
1
7
7
12
8
11
2
2
2
2
4
5
3
9
9
7
2
1
I
3
8
7
7
1
2
1
1
2
3
1
2
1
1
2
2
3
3
1
4
2
4
1
8
1
3
2
10
22
8
20
1
5
12
2
5
1
2
2
5
7
5
1
1
4
10
5
11
2,168
2,373
671
622
194
1,546
2,125
491
263
158
1,006
131
73
1,054
50
1,283
406
270
71
48
6
69
73
1,025
50
1,087
19
58
192
110
1,000
6
56
18
11
209
441
339
16
394
557
1,086
2,654
608
808
149
17
211
10
237
526
385
2,356
145
28
7
424
128
6
107
13
411
298
386
768
775
94
303
23
118
261
1,330
62
417
522
709
26
45
196
387
212
253
53
50
18
290
77
12
40
49
50
23
118
249
1,278
12
239
48
12
52
50
178
474
1
1
2
295
1,479
437
44
247
185
44
13
1
1
70
1,824
5,388
832
13,990
30
964
2,485
370
1,075
760
2,903
440
12, 589
i
4
54
180
29,294
85,978
12,840
6,044
5,474
23,250
80,342
12,040
25,131
7,608
28,258
1,221
345
6,060
129
12,706
22,188
4,687
555
48
258
863
345
4,514
129
10,886
249
464
24,576
7,560
28,000
6
352
468
1,078
1,926
2,941
6,079
86
9,158
5,004
7,048
20,355
8,560
62,919
953
17
2,827
80
6,319
4,648
982
17,551
691
224
427
2,924
3, 252
6
1,539
338
5,736
2,804
7,691
62,383
26,826
192
7,563
692
764
11,404
18,902
1,866
4,410
19,047
22,288
1,902
45
1,820
21,939
4,223
5,313
546
1,300
18
330
178
312
2,636
147
2,250
692
764
11,392
18,538
36
814
1,052
48
1,479
239
2,115
8,874
3,205
44
2,561
44
40
100
220
13,042
142, 736
5,662
230, 766
180
1, 522
93,422
1,760
30, 594
22
326
162
800
12
364
1,830
3,596
17,995
1,587
65
11,420
49,314
3,748
198,451
528
8,874
579
192 7 -3 6
5
5
4
S T R IK E S ,
2
2
OF
7
8
7
A N A L Y S IS
1934
________ ___________ ______ ____ ______ _
1935.............................................................- ........................
1936 ......................................................................................
Printing and publishing:
B ook and job:
1927
.................................. ................................ .
1928
.................................................. ........................
1929
_ ....................... ............... ........... - ............... .
1930....... — ................... - ............... ........................— 1931
............... .......... ................... ..................... ......
1932______________________ __________ _______ — 1933. ............... ............................................... ..........
1934............ ................. ................................ .............
1935......................................... ...................................—
1936.............. ................. .....................................- ..........
Newspapers and periodicals:
1927____________________ ______________ ________ 1928.
........................... ............................. ......
____________________ _____________ - ........
1929______________ ___________ _____________
19301931____________________________ _______ _____ —
1932_________ _________________ _____ ______ ____
1933— _________ ______________ _______ __________
1 9 3 4 ....... ........ ............ ...............................................
1935— . __________ __________________ __________ 1936....................................... - ................... - ................. Other:
1927— ..................................... .................................- ........ .
1928_________________ ______________________ _______ _
1929-____ __________________ ____________ ___________
1930________________ ____ _____ ____ ____ ___________
1931________________ - .......... .......... ........ .......................
1932......... .......... ................................................... .............. .
1933..................................................- _______ ___________
1934_____________ _____________ _______ _____________
1935- ....................... .......................................................
1936_________________________ ____________ __________
Chemicals and allied products:
1927-........... .................................. ........ ......................................... .
1928— .................... ................................. ..........................................
1929— _____ __________ ____ _____ ____ _______ ____ _______ _
1930________________________ ____ _________ _______ ____ ____
1931_______________________________________________ _______
1932______________ ___________ _______ _______ ______________
1933_____________________ ______ ____________________________
1934_________________ ______ _______________ _________ ______
1935__________________________ _____ ________ ______________ _
1936........................................... .................................................... — ,
40
100
154
1,721
JMan-days idle as a result of a strike which began in the preceding year and continued into this year.
-4
T able 37. — Strikes beginning 1 9 2 7 -3 6 , by industries and major issues involved— Continued
Number of man-days idle during year
Number of workers involved
Number of strikes
Major issues
M ajor issues
Major issues
Total Wages Union M is
and organ cella
hours ization neous
Chemicals and allied products—Continued.
Chemicals:
1927-28__________ ______________ __________ _________
1929________________________________
_________
1930-32______________________________________________
1933______________ _________________ ______________
___________________________
________
_______________ ________________ . _ ____ . . .
1936_________ ____ ___________________________________
Cottonseed—oil, cake, and meal:
1927______________ _____ _____ ______________________
1928-31________________________ _____________________
1932_____
.
1933_____
.
. . ..
1934___
_. ______ . . .
1935-36 _______
. _
_______ __________________
Explosives:
1927-35_____________________
_____________________
1936_________________________________________________
Fertilizers:
1927-29 __
.
____
1930_________________
.
.
_
____
1931-32______________ .
. .
. . ___________
1933________________
_
_
................ .
1934_______________
. .
. . . ___________
1935_____________________
.
.
________________
1936_________ ____________ __________________________
Paints and varnishes:
1927________________ ________________________________
1928-32.
_ _
.
_______________ _______
1933__________________ _________________________ ____
___
1934 __
.
1935__
___
1936 __
Petroleum refining:
1927__ _______ _______________________________________
1928________________ _______ ____________________ ____
1
1
2
5
2
4
1
2
1
2
Total
Wages
and
hours
10
i
3
1
1
150
171
309
897
Total
Miscel
laneous
Union
Wages and
organiza
hours
tion
10
10
270
1934
2,071
634
1,378
Union
organi
zation
10
300
1,557
1,200
28, 617
140
1,380
44,657
4,206
31,144
1
1
48
48
528
1
1
1
1
40
600
52
40
40
600
104
1935
1
1
1
1
1
600
52
30
1,080
43,100
3,006
2,387
140
528
40
600
104
870
16
38
30
1
1
120
1,900
334
341
M iscel
laneous
870
1
1
44
44
44
44
3
3
1
1
3
3
214
415
16
38
214
415
622
2, 686
256
342
622
2,686
2
2
220
220
1,020
1,020
3
3
3
3
2
1
1
2
1
3
2
1
1
1
570
644
90
615
i
27
1,479
633
470
11
90
576
39
9,930
3,220
486
13,398
1,479
567
8,874
100
27
256
342
3,165
9,830
55
486
12,384
100
1,014
567
8,874
STRIKES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1 8 8 0 - 1 9 3 6
Industry and year
3
1
2
69
1, 483
1, 414
69
1
7
2
1
5
170
1, 654
714
170
940
510
76, 601
71, 690
4
1
3
2, 521
50
2, 471
61,935
100
61,835
1
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
4
1
13
7
3
17
2
1
2
1
3
32
19
1
5
5
82
92
503
30
70
128
384
1, 700
659
833
369
304
180
22
42
1, 368
714
8,362
120
560
1,877
405
4,096
11,000
2,349
4,096
11,000
1,134
9
1. 328
7,236
10,898
1,308
76, 699
60
4,192
5.095
' 271
28, 366
25,088
5,492
43, 849
219,166
18, 982
477,286
420
25, 265
68, 297
772
383,887
4,096
5,400
4,096
5,400
384
900
1, 268
2,158
2, 750
210 . .
.
1
1929. .
622
800
619
60
2,745
5,036
52
1,268
3,044
5, 803
1,037
23, 245
1,268
1,536
2,750
___________
800
214
60
2,745
5,927
13
333
405
891
315
14,100
180
384
1,700
254
1
1
2
2
1,343
30
1
1
114,400
114, 715
14,100
170
49
384
900
1
6
13
4
17
105
470
1
1
2
1
2
1
5
7
219
30
2
1
1
3
2
1
2
2
3
2
19
20
7
43
8,800
470
1
2
2
5
8,905
1Man-days idle as a result of a strike which began in the preceding year and continued into this year.
107
510
4,911
1935.
1936
_________ ___ _____________ __________
Rubber tires and inner tubes:
1927__
_ __________ ______ _______________________
1928 _
______________ ____ ___________ ___
_________________ __________ _________
1930-31
_________ ____ _____________________
......... .................................. .......
1932
1933
..
......
............. .............. 1934____________________________ - _____ ______ _____
176
5,072
11, 464
68,100
2
6502
3,784
510
65
1,248
6, 233
154
252
1,215
5,072
18, 584
150,869
18, 210
66, 604
26, 795
5,072
7,680
68,100
210
650
5,600
2,229
5,600
1,014
420
18,140
70, 552
420
18.140
66.802
ANALYSIS OF STRIKES, 192 7 - 3 6
1929
.................
.......................
1930-32
_______
___ _____________
1933 .
1934
______
___________
1935
1936
. .
_________
________ ________
Rayon and allied products:
1927-35
. ____
1936.________________________________________________
Soap:
1927-28
.
_____
_______ ___________
1929
1930-33
1934
.
................
1935-36
____ ____
Other:
1927-28
_
. .............................. ...............
1929 _
.
_____
. .............. ..........
1930-31. ____________________ ___________________
1932.. ___ _______________________________________
1933.. . ___________________________________ ______
1934
_____
1935
1936_________________________________________________
■
products:
1927..
___
5
.
1928..
)
_____
1929.. _
>-31 _
_ _ .
. ________
>
!__ . _ .
..
_ ____________
________
1933..
.
___________
1934.. . . . .
L
.
_ ______________
1935..
1936..
R ubber boots and shoes:
____________
. . ________
1927.
1928
. _____ ________________ _________
1929-31.
________ ____ _
. _________________
1932__
___________ _______ _______________
1933
..............
1934___ _ ______________ ____ _____________________
1, 215
3, 750
O '
T a b l e 3 7 .—
Strikes beginning 1927-36 , by industries and major issues involved— Continued
Number of man-days idle during year
Number of workers involved
Number of strikes
Major issues
M ajor issues
Major issues
Total Wages Union M is
organ cella
and
hours ization neous
R ubber products—Continued.
Rubber tires and inner tubes—Continued.
1935__
1936________________ ________________________________
Other rubber goods:
1927-28 _____________ _______ _
___________ _ _ ___
1929 _ __________________________
____________
1930-32______________________________________________
1933. - ____ _________________________________________
1934—________________ _______ _______________________
1935_____ _____ _______________________ _______ ______
1936_________________________ ________ ____ ____ ____
Miscellaneous manufacturing:
1927_____________ ________ _________________ ____ ___________
1928 _______ _________ ____ _______________ ______ ______ —
1929__________ _____ _____ ____ ____________ __________ _____
1930.______ ________________________________ ________ _______
1931_________ ________ ____ _______ _______ _________________
1932_________________________________________________________
1933 ________________ ____ ___________________ _______ ______
1934____________________________________________ _______ ____
1935___________ ______ _____ ____ ____ _______________ ______
1936._______ _______________________________________ ________
Electric light and power and manufactured gas:
1927......................................................... - ......................— .
1928________ _______________ _____ ___ ______ _______
1929 ____ ____________ __________ — ......................
1930. __________________ __________ _____________ ____
1931___________________ _______
____________ ____
1932-33.____ ____________________________ _______ ___
1934____________________ ______ ______ ______________
1935__________________________________ ______________
1936___________________ ______________________ ______
Broom and brush:
1927_______________ _______________________ _______ _
1928 ____ ____ __________________ _________________
1929................................................ .......... ......................... -
1
22
6
1
6
2
1
11
15
9
11
11
21
20
49
42
67
76
1
6
3
5
5
12
13
25
12
18
31
1
Total
Union
Wages and organiza
hours
tion
Miscel
laneous
2,090
52,023
25,260
3,341
1,495
122
17,470
10,904
79, 019
16,120
14, 581
1,535
16,985
46,956
11,183
5,589
8,426
47, 536
134, 592
69,169
159,335
139,169
210
24
135
825
1,900
2,840
5,002
6,928
7,678
8,541
Wages
and
hours
Union
organi
zation
Miscel
laneous
24,217
190
21, 594
24,760
2,090
443, 700
120
120
6
190
70,571
40
40
5
9
3
7
3
2,333
2, 221
908
6,128
825
59
61
4,149
1, 508
2,162
847
1,651
328
14, 245
80, 514
16, 242
33,586
7
5
5
4
6
5
21
26
45
38
2
1
1
2
3
2
3
4
4
7
1,655
1,297
819
2,000
3,349
5,372
13,987
8, 755
9,249
9, 536
284
273
207
1,221
2,441
1,636
5, 942
2,685
2, 696
3, 671
1,261
1,012
567
704
732
3,596
7,706
5,608
5,803
5,162
110
12
45
75
176
140
339
462
750
703
21, 099
56, 285
13, 836
20,469
45,152
72, 792
187,512
110,467
222,789
211,069
3,904
9,305
2, 518
14, 055
34,826
22,416
47,918
34,370
55,776
63,359
25
25
3,125
i 3, 750
1
11
11
4
21
1
10
Total
366,417
1
1
300
300
3,125
3, 750
1,200
1
1
300
300
900
900
3
10
9
3
8
5
78
2,287
904
78
1,328
649
408
59,817
11,142
408
57,199
5,189
1
1
2
3
1
1
1
100
170
959
242
100
170
13
800
5, 270
1,200
2, 618
5,940
800
5,270
13
STRIKES IK THE UNITED STATES, 1 8 8 0 -1 9 3 6
Industry and year
1
2
2
3
5
2
3
1
2
2
3
1
1
3
7
5
5
5
10
11
14
10
20
19
1
2
3
30
142
142
327
177
124
157
30
142
142
327
60
48
157
1,118
362
248
179
2,113
458
837
3, 859
1, 620
2,529
94
266
160
88
29
76
110
1,910
262
109
1,071
386
203
914
96
88
104
27
96
720
2, 690
1,160
2,287
1
2
2
1
5
512
835
101
1,791
794
4, 772
12,823
4,641
5,218
5,946
165
7
47
1,191
389
1,232
5, 506
1,554
1, 303
3,069
347
816
9
600
405
3,500
6,986
2, 752
3,315
2,226
40
331
335
600
651
24
13
20
16
24
10
34
43
22
20
21
46
36
23
18
22
50
65
46
41
202,989
143, 796
75, 794
47, 204
114,158
83,456
240, 687
229,964
479, 514
56, 063
174, 549
55, 758
13, 766
16, 642
29, 869
68, 288
28,051
57, 720
416, 544
12,663
14, 509
14, 540
11,185
14, 048
39, 356
9,175
114,857
58, 026
9, 386
19, 238
13,931
73,498
50,843
16, 514
44,933
5,993
97, 779
114, 218
53, 584
24,162
12
10
8
8
4
2
2
1
1
6
13
27
22
9
6
10
16
27
25
15
26, 052
78,424
57, 276
20, 036
61,416
19, 592
96,297
105, 296
50,191
23,073
3,856
4, 059
1,022
1, 580
21,675
16,105
8, 559
11,130
9, 517
3,596
10,162
12, 581
8, 757
6,848
2,151
333
3, 300
313
1,100
13, 005
12,034
61, 784
47,497
11, 608
37, 590
3,154
84,438
93,853
39,574
6, 472
3
1
1
2
5
6
3
5
4
5
4
3
2
3
2
4
10
4
14
13
7
3
4
5
8
7
32
24
35
45
4
1
2
4
5
5
19
6
11
20
3
1
1
1
3
1
11
16
23
20
60
78
93
74
75
64
135
143
90
83
15
19
37
35
33
32
51
35
22
22
32
41
32
18
14
18
27
38
33
26
7
4
2
1
4
6
9
10
7
5
2
3
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1 Man-days idle as a result of a strike which began in the preceding year and continued into this year.
75
176
100
8
98
74
39
12
45
300
6,844
1,443
9,218
1, 561
2,832
2,047
300
6,844
1,443
9, 218
640
96
1,135
10, 478
10,088
6,960
3,414
27,067
12, 691
5,224
34,991
38,177
70,212
94
5,548
2,256
7,496
41, 647
406
16, 755
10,341
58,658
173,070
73, 507
121, 963
127, 668
602
319
2,736
i 912
210
24, 643
9,055
661
19,757
9,394
1,368
10,174
4, 540
4,704
2,589
524
1,036
4, 547
14,940
26,161
68,649
685
7
262
13,755
3,339
11,918
38,039
13,973
43, 668
54,916
6,811
41, 616
9
3,000
7,002
46,500
130, 045
53,219
75,975
65,331
240
4,986
6, 315
2,320
7, 421
23,187, 356 23, 010,917
6, 528, 264 5,885, 271
141,995
428,437
419,612
1,002, 716
2,203, 299
354,129
6, 084, 357 5,134,230
679, 051
3, 328,638
3, 279, 853 1,127,143
4, 019, 333 2,991,466
1, 237,470
587,068
76, 638
103, 036
42,981
415,342
1, 306,316
884,172
1,687, 733
1, 231,148
262,034
366, 502
99, 801
539,957
243, 461
167, 762
542,854
65,955
961,854
921, 562
765,833
283,900
40, 210
93, 039
14, 685
29, 505
17,610
9, 570
42,100
939
41,800
153,083
82, 002
461,939
220,836
84, 673
386,960
32, 291
867, 661
811, 819
671, 320
68, 419
157,857
573, 404
239, 206
117,338
655, 203
167,036
1, 012, 787
948, 767
788, 724
264, 545
35, 645
18,426
3,685
3,160
250,633
125,175
103,026
136, 009
75,604
43,043
825
1,900
2,600
16
294
2, 622
195
24
135
ANALYSIS OF STKIKES, 192 7 -3 6
1930_______________________ ______
1931_______________________________
1932______________ ________________
____
___
1933_____________________________ ___________________
1934_________________________________________ _______
1935 _____________________
1936____________________________ ____________________
Furriers and fur factories:
1927_________________________________________________
1928_________________________________________________
1929_______________________________ _________________
1930____________________________________________ ____
1931 _ ___________________________________________ _
1932 _____ _________________ _____ ____ ______ _____
1933______________________________________ ____ _____
1934_________________________________________________
1935___________________________________________ _____
1936__________________________ ____ _________________
Other:
1927......... ............ ...............................................
1928_________________________________________________
1 9 2 9 ____ _________________________________________
1930_ _________________________________________ ____
1931_________________________________________________
1932_________________________________________________
1933_________________________________________________
1934_________________________________________________
1935_________________________________________________
1936_________________________________________________
Extraction of minerals:
1927________________________________________________________
1928_________________________________________________________
1929________________________________ ________ _______________
1930______________________________
________ _______________
1931_________________________________________________________
1932_________________________________________________________
1933_________________________________________________________
1934_________________________________________________________
1935_ ______________________________________________________
1936___________________________________________________ _____
Coal mining, anthracite:
1927_________________________________________________
1928_________________________________________________
1929___________________________________________ ____ _
1930_________________________________________________
1931_________________________________________________
1932_________________________________________________
1933________________________ __________ _____ _______
1934.________ __________ ________ _________ __________
1935_________________________ __________ ____ _______
1936________________________ _______ ________________
T able
37 .— Strikes beginning 1927-86 , by industries and major issues involved— Continued
Oi
to
Number of man-days idle during year
Number of workers involved
Number of strikes
M ajor issues
M ajor issues
Major issues
Total
22
30
58
52
57
43
102
78
42
38
5
10
34
32
27
25
38
21
10
5
11
5
9
4
2
4
3
4
2
7
3
5
1
4
4
2
2
3
5
13
1
3
6
2
1
1
1
1
2
1
2
9
4
7
5
2
1
1
3
4
1
Union
organi
zation
M iscel
laneous
176,022
63, 279
18,093
26,841
52,392
63, 619
142,242
109,827
420, 574
19,648
169,857
51,154
12, 594
14, 786
7,944
52,123
17,488
46, 309
403, 790
1,378
4,310
459
2,253
7,189
37,105
8, 792
111,413
43,741
3,174
2,934
1,855
11,666
3,246
4,866
7, 343
2,704
13,341
19, 777
13,610
15,336
1
2
11, 719
6,660
6,959
281
3,110
3,330
11,438
3,150
1,275
400
2,354
886
2,093
425
327
350
245
2,078
1,638
1,809
6,274
814
545
150
276
250
60
1,934
30
1,500
175
11
100
50
144
1,050
1,690
2,024
1
1
1
1
i
4
1
3
3
119
4,250
7
70
1,484
280
1
Total
Wages
and
hours
7
18
13
13
12
11
34
34
20
24
7
2
10
2
11
7
18
7
30
23
12
9
T otal
42
48
100
40
135
588
23,024,211 22,970,872
5,940,992 5,862, 745
181, 631
138, 010
882, 599
414, 044
1, 542, 506
98, 546
5,913,886 5, 007, 375
2, 211, 375
472, 521
1, 562, 358
981, 282
2, 971,449 2,860,358
533, 314
356, 058
17, 085
77, 250
22, 325
82, 729
155, 894
33, 259
94,193
107, 341
86,913
133,825
7,600
81,656
9,852
52, 535
136,852
715, 378
131, 598
29,020
5,160
13,868
7,600
2, 779
5,590
3,435
104,336
30,620
64, 202
191, 043
4,356
4,100
300
2,408
4,950
1, 680
103, 364
90
9,000
7,000
11
640
1, 350
972
28,218
61, 305
140,968
1, 484
272
84
84
140
12,878
3, 225
2,897
50,075
140
72
M iscel
laneous
36,254
997
21, 296
385,826
1, 288, 066
873, 252
1,644, 661
473, 735
24,178
43,431
725, 230
191,733
247,528
7
70
8
Union
Wages and organiza
hours
tion
£
O
C
c4
Extraction of minerals—Continued.
Coal mining, bituminous:
1927._............................................................................. .
1928. ...................... ............................................................ .
1929____________ ___________________ __________ _____
1930__________________________________________ ______
1931______________________________________ _________ _
1932___________________ ______________ _______ ______
1933___________________________________ ________ ____
1934_________________________________________________
1935__________________________________________ _____ _
1936__________________________________ ______________
Metalliferous mining:
1927-33________ _____________ ______ ________________
1934____________________________________________ ____
1935________________________________ ________________
1936____________________________________ ____________
Quarrying and nonmetallic mining:
1927_________ ______ ____________ ____________________
1928_________________________________________________
1929_______________________________________ ______ _
1930___________________________ ________ _____ ______
1931_______________________
______________________
1932_______________________________________ ____ ____
1933____________________________ _____ ________ ____
1934______________________ ___________ ________ _____
1935_____________________________ ____ ____________
1936.............................. ........................................................
Crude-petroleum producing:
1927___________________ ___________________ _________
1928-32. __________________________________ ______ _
1933______________________________________ ____ _____
1934_______________ ___________________ ____ ________
1935_____________________ ________________________
1936___________________ ________________ __________ _
Wages Union M is
and organ cella
hours ization neous
3,153
714
768
300
360
405
2,402
STRIKES IN THE UNITED STATES, 18 8 0 -1 9 3 6
Industry and year
1
22
22
44
44
3
3
109
109
1,040
1,040
16
11
41
30
41
26
52
156
198
165
11
2
21
12
21
24
25
68
54
67
9,816
8, 737
9,384
8,073
13,339
8, 575
22, 586
105,614
64, 225
83,231
9, 562
31
4,261
3,636
8,288
8,348
5,328
47,375
11,713
13,686
52,617
52,538
224,007
236,086
283,513
173,315
188,752
1,986, 699
959,950
2,095,435
43,616
134
22,445
11, 734
66,068
172,581
81,365
411, 716
293,790
182,463
2
2
3,325
3,225
5
7
10
7
14
76
122
79
3
3
6
6
10
28
23
26
6,220
13,982
250,844
57,198
32,752
1,068,867
749, 534
1,961, 267
3,264
6,760
53,354
56,998
29,867
134,260
202,283
138,259
2
1
16
7
17
7
26
46
36
55
7
2
7
6
8
25
15
24
7
4
'7
1
15
15
18
28
28,000
400
18,274
4,401
11,040
79,110
87,025
301,968
153,806
75,953
16,138
2,217
2,859
78,576
10,271
38,475
83,436
26,150
5,064
2,024
7,825
534
73,231
251,548
67,600
48,369
3,523
11, 945
2, 770
1,434.
4
3
4
5
1
2
3
10
5
12
2
2
1
3
1
2
1
4
2
7
2
1
3
1
5,850
227
345
14, 794
225
1,437
1,315
25,973
5,140
10,144
5,300
134
29
2,179
225
1,437
459
2,986
958
7,737
550
93
316
12,255
360
4
4
15
13
13
1
21
55
75
58
1
5
5
5
7
1
6
33
69
40
239
7, 663
4, 532
3,817
4, 569
27
16,652
45, 327
40,745
45,866
675
3
3
2
25
41
19
2
1
1
1
2
23
58
34
2
2
5
3
4
1
2
1
3
3
6
3
3
1
1
I
675
577
3,978
8,711
3,018
3,071
28, 590
29,490
68, 761
344
3,240
5,071
2,818
2,561
5,846
7,188
5,157
8,000
400
4, 745
386
2,445
2,033
17,627
23, 260
27, 760
9,235
2,651
148
1,532
2,006
1,907
8,455
3,695
6,152
1, 776
198
881
27
15,305
12, 596
23,862
2,989
445
124
83
880
75
118
263
681
293
920
365
31
29
115
75
118
153
316
187
549
80
93
54
645
15
1,043
591
620
482
200
606
12,912
11, 767
23,679
538
3,360
325
12,844
14,571
40,136
233
200
280
200
185
9,900
7,731
23,468
8,000
110
284
106
357
400
318
40
32
4l5
2,209
203
94
120
81
14
8,986
18, 743
195,494
220, 322
213,419
534
103,342
1,122,689
569, 604
1, 735,145
5,822
195, 530
2,375
501,193
462,525
1,647,599
15
33, 661
6,068
4,030
4,026
200
4,045
452,294
96, 556
177,827
2, 956
1,400
1,960
200
510
433,414
84, 726
175,409
28,000
856
20,719
1,023
2,309
400
3,072
160
356
19 2 7 - 3 6
1
ANALYSIS OF STRIKES,
Other:
1927______________________
_______ _________
1928-35_________________
_________
1936___________ ____ __
..
. _
Transportation and communication:
1927_____________ ____ ______________________________________
1928_______________ ____ ____________________________________
1929_________________________________________________________
1930________________________________________________________
1931_________________________________________________________
1932________________________________________________________
1933________________________________________________________
1934________________________________________________________
1935________________________________________________________
1936____ ____________________________________________________
W ater transportation:
1927__________________
_
.
_ ____
1928_____ __________
.
_ ____
1929______ _____________
. .
____
_______
1930_________________________________________________
1931_________________________________________________
1932______________________________
____
____
1933_____________________________ ____ ______________
1934_________________________________________________
1935_________________________________________________
1936_________________________________________________
M otortruck transportation:
1927_____________________________
___ _____ .
1928_____________________________
_______________
1929_________________________________________________
1930_____________________________________ ___________
1931_________________________________________________
1932____________________________________________
1933_________________________________________________
1934_________________________________________________
1935— . ____ _______________________________________
1936_________________________________________ _____
M otorbus transportation:
1927- .......... ..................................
......
........
1928________ ____
___
. . . ______
1929________ ______ _____
. _________________
1930_________________________________________________
1931________
__________________________________
1932_________________________________________________
1933___________ ___________ __________________
1934____ ____________________________________________
1935
1936____________________ ____________________________
2,268
13,159
98
1 Man-days idle as a result of a strike which began in the preceding year and continued into this year.
Oi
CO
T
able
3 7 . — Strikes beginning 1 9 2 7 -3 6 , by industries and major issues involved— Continued
Num ber of workers involved
Number of strikes
Number of man-days idle during year
M ajor issues
Major issues
Major issues
Industry and year
6
4
9
7
11
8
7
11
23
13
3
5
3
6
8
4
4
8
8
1
2
3
1
1
1
4
1
2
1
1
3
2
5
7
4
1
2
8
1
1
1
1
10
4
1
2
2
3
3
2
1
1
2
2
5
4
1
1
1
3
1
3
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
2
1
3
3
Union
organi
zation
Miscel
laneous
449
159
570
1,052
2,323
288
15
372
40
250
170
912
12,823
1,400
1,848
6
97
3,833
16
50
271
1,878
40
228
40
4,270
418
9,570
35,179
40, 333
213, 386
6, 440
9,733
950
31,139
185,106
160
456
160
207
288
57,709
5,596
240
207
288
22,143
1487
240
14,000
4,048
1,484
4,048
56
22,870
56
1,449
1,449
14
260
60
466
466
50
271
207
48
1,346
1,650
6,780
611
625
60
7,000
396
106
1
28
587
28
23
23
7
70
30
350
350
1
1
4,692
13,143
6,772
9,774
200,641
21,144
35,179
67,225
531,716
43,447
23, 561
500
593
93
1,580
3,176
638
31,062
564
1,596
1
i
Union
Wages and
organiza M iscel
hours
laneous
tion
106
623
942
1,685
2,666
2,038
3,176
1,556
43,982
5, 797
3,460
207
48
8,751
611
60
Total
Wages
and
hours
7,000
396
7
40
87
8,436
4,650
5, 464
198, 723
9,864
15
2,122
40
1,500
1,710
26,880
316,163
31,106
13,812
12
2,167
5,901
16
950
3l, 139
184,650
33,066
5,109
2, 500
1 8 8 0 - 1 9 36
Transportation and communication—Continued.
Taxicabs and miscellaneous:
1927_________________________________________________
1928________________ ___________ ______ _____________
1929______________________________________ ____ _____
1930___________________________________________ ____ _
1931_________________________________________________
1932____________________________ ____________________
1933__________________________ ______________________
1934______ _____ _________________________ _____ _____
1935________________________ ____ ___________________
1936____________________________________ ___________ _
Electric railroads:
1927_______________________________________________
1928____ ________ ___________________ _________ _____ 1929._____ _________ ____ _____________ ____ _________
1930_______________________ ______ __________________
1931_________________________________________________
1932________________________________ _______ ________
1933_________________________________________________
1934_____________________________________ ____ ______
1935____ ____ __________________
___________
1936________________________________
__________ ___
Steam railroads:
1927.................. ........... ............................ .............. .............
1928_________________________________________________
1929_________________________________________________
1930_________________________________________________
1931-34_______________ ______ ______ ________ _______
1935_________________________________________________
1936________ _____ ______ _________ ______ _________
Telephone and telegraph:
1927_.................................... ........ .......... ...............................
1928-29............ .................. ................. ........ .......................
1930___________________________ ____________ ________
1931— __________ _________________________ ____ _____
1932-33_________________ _______ ___ _____ _____ ____
1934..................................................................................... .
Total
14,000
1,484
22,000
14
200
STRIKES IK TH E UNITED STATES,
Total Wages Union M is
and organ cella
hours ization neous
870
13894'
3
3
39
39
94
94
1
1
1
1
23
21
23
21
184
147
184
147
1
1
1
1
1
3
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
20
10
25
21
12
24
39
100
138
164
5
9
5
6
6
4
18
9
1
1
4
2
8
5
33
37
45
5
5
3
17
63
94
116
4
7
1
1
4
2
7
6
2
2
4
1
5
4
7
21
23
51
3
6
9
7
16
11
16
35
16
3
3
3
8
18
15
12
20
32
79
115
113 1
2
7
5
16
13
24
30
29
3
1
8
4
15
4
5
4
17
52
78
81
1
1
5
1
1
4
2
2
3
7
3
20
10
12
240
10
126
12
240
610
610
414
912
36
378
912
488
196
7,876
2,118
8,345
3,032
1,177
4, 543
29,089
22, 744
15, 677
30, 532
172
24
3,675
116
4, 775
1,154
978
3, 983
ll| 962
9, 472
6,020
14,804
2,600
1,988
3, 561
759
168
560
2, 867
12, 745
9, 363
15,011
14, 260
527
294
717
4,920
65
5,900
589
3, 200
65
3, 550
’ 150
920
800
2, 350
439
81
1, 430
1, 641
2, 979
6,637
58
1, 290
650
1,064
1,151
981
1, 915
5,486
2,956
2,053
2, 445
2, 443
1,177
4, 462
27, 659
21,103
12, 698
23, 895
475
51
1, 225
1,004
978
3,925
10, 672
8, 822
4, 956
13, 653
1,680
1,988
1, 211
320
168
537
2, 867
11,764
7, 448
9, 525
1Man-days idle as result of a strike which began in the preceding year and continued into this year.
1,863
1,863
20
133
12
1
19
19
69
69
1, 601
14
9
1,119
31
23
140
10
801
14
9
1,119
31
14,120
517
294
717
344
144
158,027
30, 445
158,634
34, 790
16, 980
22,564
141, 477
230,372
219,152
326, 749
18,530
1, 573
59,925
18,858
9,933
18,288
61,134
39, 733
64,078
72,007
67,840
28,606
98,682
9, 904
6,916
4,276
17, 203
182, 058
153, 669
250, 509
63,140
8, 581
1, 405
4,233
32,080
1,165
108, 550
5,933
6,000
1,165
43, 750
300
22,080
4,000
64,800
5, 633
744
3,050
13,835
43,884
115, 798
514
2,770
5,304
14, 754
6,455
8,281
29,060
109,343
125, 947
29, 280
50,084
28,857
16,980
21,820
138,427
216, 537
175, 268
210, 951
12,530
408
16,175
18,558
9,933
17,774
58,’ 364
34,429
49, 324
65, 552
45, 760
28,606
33,882
4,271
6,916
4,046
17, 203
173, 777
124, 609
141,166
230
71,657
266
27
6,028
131
280
250
i 70
ANALYSIS OF STRIKES, 19 2 7 -3 6
1935
.
—.............................................
1936
. _________________________
A ir transportation:
1927-31______________________________________________
1932
-- _____________________________________
1933 .
__________________________________________
1934
____________________________
_____________
1935 .
. ________________________________________
1936
.
______________________________________
Radio broadcasting and transmitting:
1927-28____
_
_____________________________
1929 . . .
___
___ _______________________
1930
.
______ _____________________________
1931-34 ___
____
_ _______________________
1935
.
____
1936_______ _______________________________________
Other:
1927-35_ .
___ _ ___ _______________________
rr 7
1936 ______
.
. _____ ________________
Trade:
-----------------1927________________________________________________________
1928________________________________________________________
1929________________________________________________________
1930________________________________________________________
1931________________________________________________________
1932________________________________________________________
1933________________________________________________________
1934________________________________________________________
1935________________________________________________________
1936________________________________________________________
Wholesale:
1927______________________________________ _______
1928_________________________________ ____ __________
1929________________________________________________
1930_____________________________________________
1931________________________________________
1932________________________________________
1933________________________________________________
1934________________________________________
1935________________________________________ _
1936_____________________________________________
Retail:
1927_________________ ______________________________
1928________________________________________________
1929________________________________________________
1930________________________________________________
1931_______________________________________________
1932_______________________________________________
1933________________________________________________
1934_______________________________________________
1935______________________________________________
1936________________ __________________ _____ ______
a
67, 657
286
27
6,028
131
62, 860
8, 331
1, 335
4,233
C
nr
Crt
T able 37 .— Strikes beginning 1 9 2 7 -8 6 , by industries and major issues involved— Continued
Number of strikes
Number of man-days idle during year
Number of workers involved
Major issues
Major issues
Major issues
Cn
Oi
Total
Total
Wages Union M is
and organ cella
hours ization neous
Dom estic and personal service:
1927
__________________ ____ ____ ____
9, 095
34
18
3
1928
_____ _______ ___________________
30, 692
29
16
6
1929
_________________________________
22
12
2 11,025
1930
______________________ ____ _____
5,042
20
11
3
6,165
1931
_________________________________
26
10
1
1932
_________________________________
13, 581
34
14
3
1933
__________________________ ______
22, 507
64
37
3
1934
____________________ ____ _______
44, 764
111
47
10
1935..____ ______________________ ______ _____
93
4
29,065
53
1936....... ........................... ............. ......... .............
116
73
8 72,246
Hotels, restaurants, and boarding houses:
1927.____ _____________ _____ ________
4
1, 552
1
3
1928
____________ ____ _______
124
5
2
1
1929
__________________ ____
6
1
1, 798
5
1930
_________________________
1
1,158
9
5
3
1931
________ ________________
8
2,120
7
1
1932
_________________________
4
132
3
1
1933
_________________________
17
9
8
853
1934
_________________________
44
22
18
4
11,107
1935.____ ____________________________
47
12
1,954
33
2
1936_________________________________
49
2,141
13
33
3
Personal service, barbers, beauty parlors:
12
1927
..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... 3
8
1
4,837
1928
... ........ ............................. .
10
4
4
2
5,054
1929
_________ ____ ____ _____
4
861
3
1 ______
1930
_______ _____ ___________
5
2 ______
3,543
7
1931
_____________ ____ ______
6
4 ______
2,765
10
1932
_____ ____ ________ ____ _
7
2
1
8,041
10
1933
_________________ _______
4
4 _____________
1, 574
1934
..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... 1 1 3 , 0 4 8
7
9
1935
_________________________
2
2
1
1, 400
5
1936___________________________ _____
5
3 ______
24,805
8
Laundries:
1927.
5
2
3
380
1928.
5
1
3
223
1929.
3
2
1
3,199
2
Total
Union
Wages and organiza
hours
tion
Wages
and
hours
Union
organi
zation
Miscel
laneous
2,256
1, 048
5, 674
2,857
3,886
10,028
9,156
22,327
7,925
42,042
6,783
29,050
2,811
1,630
2,267
3,403
13,284
20,244
20,922
30,026
56
594
2, 540
555
12
150
67
2,193
218
178
182,631
498,764
319,465
32,336
49, 324
180, 236
488,042
514, 468
281, 476
861,114
62, 242
13,006
71,998
9,396
21,982
143,189
165, 708
283,874
64, 505
407,412
119,946
477,778
164,007
17,930
27,306
35, 507
322,152
227, 926
215,863
447,625
443
7,980
83, 460
5, 010
36
1, 540
182
2,668
1,108
6,077
52
21
30
2,074
126
370
1,393
549
379
1,532
64
1,777
573
46
6
483
9, 633
1, 348
1, 735
20
8
33, 783
2,996
159,309
12,406
14,644
626
18, 542
175, 652
32, 961
36, 283
908
42
930
14,368
620
3,316
22,144
8,028
3,960
33, 703
2,064
159, 267
6,466
276
6
15,226
153,415
24,191
28,292
80
24
65,881
43,302
1,044
12,986
15, 665
122, 700
10, 732
21, 784
10,850
289,960
9,318
12,080
978
8,466
4,235
97, 480
8,140
21, 678
9, 950
5,440
56, 500
25,886
66
4,520
11, 430
25,020
2,592
6
600
284,520
63
5,336
13,810
10,016
22,880
5,050
18
21,228
8,760
9,978
1,652
20
555
81
57
27
1, 316
987
855
2,827
1, 233
5,455
1, 574
2,992
650
2,525
3,500
3, 601
6
716
1, 532
2,533
21
466
6
600
22, 280
50
150
172
9
173
208
194
26
20
50
Miscel
laneous
5,010
93
742
4,031
200
100
300
STRIKES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1 8 8 0 - 1 9 3 6
Industry and year
1
3
9
13
21
16
26
9
2
7
1
4
7
20
23
13
18
1
3
9
6
6
1
2
4
6
9
9
4
1
2
8
9
10
10
16
8
1
4
1
2
2
14
12
3
13
4
7
2
1
3
1
1
6
1
1
10
5
12
6
2
5
3
3
7
1
1
4
10
4
7
3
2
2
1
5
2
1
1
1
6
3
2
1
34
27
39
25
25
54
45
30
23
24
9
5
13
7
15
40
27
16
11
11
12
5
11
1
3
6
10
9
8
1
1
2
4
1
1
2
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
2
13
17
15
17
10
11
12
4
3
5
42
520
930
4,990
5,318
3,330
1, 519
1, 478
25,040
3, 652
36
730
4,232
11,843
17,440
12,453
4,469
750
237
2,029
1,428
249
125
579
3, 522
4, 575
15,350
4,676
623
848
251
1, 515
113
1,500
768
7, 628
8, 413
39,081
555
13
38,167
150
30
246
3, 247
223
1, 515
231
175
2,400
8
609
2,734
2, 540
2,131
1, 591
1,196
3,486
8,693
2,861
1,922
1,052
264
268
888
671
435
3, Oil
7, 359
1,096
1,446
789
99
42
508
180
4,726
1, 278
1,902
1,154
1,463
25,000
987
36
151
670
7,268
2,049
7,766
3,811
80
191
15
113
7,063
8,400
914
150
30
11
807
215
906
132
783
1, 275
435
15
47
815
1,564
305
120
12
27
2,011
116
15
40
2,540
40
41
11
35
60
10
60
40
1,687
997
808
905
761
428
519
201
171
143
3,486
13, 728
9,003
141, 231
69,325
59,406
63,538
20,243
425,480
86, 277
72
4,207
45,614
260, 406
223,891
116,870
52, 516
6,000
1,002
36,612
6,624
4,026
250
3,379
37,064
110,850
197, 036
34,634
3,150
3,486
13,692
3,003
140,202
30, 702
52,782
57, 501
19,943
425,040
2, 567
72
828
7,390
149, 556
26,461
82,170
49,331
1,040
14,810
455
2,486
48,914
16, 970
49, 955
2,486
47,874
20,957
37, 229
417, 094
6, 396
1,029
390,301
14,491
36, 200
26, 793
900
1,080
2,293
57,131
2,859
24,160
1, 723
2,025
42,400
8
4,240
535
900
1,080
88
14, 576
2,851
19,920
1,188
93, 279
108,963
45,134
45,865
66, 526
26,131
203,475
30,814
15, 626
14,394
6, 831
1,274
3,645
13,408
8, 755
19,036
161,902
3,914
6,490
7,278
49,500
14,070
68, 395
7,364
390
953
34,926
23, 744
6,156
6,111
36
27
2,011
2,011
300
440
83, 460
1,160
394
66
35
2,160
70
180
155
ANALYSIS OF STRIKES, 19 2 7 -3 6
1930_________________________________________________
1931_________________________________________________
_____
1932________________________________________
1933_________________________________________________
1934________________________________________________
_____________
1935...:_____________________________
1936_________________________________________________
Dyeing, cleaning, and pressing:
1927_________________________________________________
1928_________________________________________________
1929_________________________________________________
1930_________________________________________________
1931...
1932_________________________________________________
1933...
1934_________________________________________________
1935_________________________________________________
1936....____ ________________________________________
Domestics:
1927-36______________________________________________
Elevator and maintenance workers (when not attached to
specific industry):
1927_________________________
____
1928__________________
1929____________ . . . .
____
_ .
1930__________________
1931-33_______________ _____
....
...
. .
1934_________________________________________________
1935_________________________________ . . _.
____
1936_________________________________ _____ _____
Other:
1927-29_____________________________________________
1930_________________________________________________
1931_________________________________________________
1932_________________________________________________
1933_________________________________________________
1934_________________________
1935_________________________
1936_________________________
... . ....
____
Professional service:
....
1927_________________________________________ _____
1928________________________________________________________
1929________________________________________________________
1930_________________________________________________________
1931________________________________________
1932________________________________________________
1933___________________________________________________ . . .
1934________________________________________________________
1935________________________________________________________
1936_________________________________________________________
72, 378
39,294
34,125
32,067
57, 771
6,142
6, 647
3,156
2,980
1,005
Cn
T able 37 . — Strikes beginning 1 9 2 7 -8 6 , by industries and major issues involved— Continued
Number of workers involved
Number of strikes
Major issues
Number of man-days idle during year
Major issues
Major issues
Total
Total
Wages Union M is
and organ cella
hours ization neous
Professional service—Continued.
Recreation and amusement:
1927_________________________________________________
1928______________________________ .
... .
1929_________________________
. . . _____
. . . ..
1930______________________________ . . . .
______
1931... ________________ _________ _
_
..
. . . ..
1932________________________
.
__ . .
..
..
1933____________________
. . .
.
.
.
...
1934________________ . . . . .
..
.
..
..
..
1935_________________________________________________
1936____ ______ ______________________________________
Professional:
1927_________________________________________________
1928_________________________________________________
1929______________________________________
..
1930-31______________________________________________
1932_______________________________________ . . . ._
1933_________________________________________________
1934_________________________________________________
1935_________________________________________________
1936_________________________________________________
Semiprofessional, attendants, and helpers:
1927_________________________________________________
1928_________________________________________________
1929___________________ _____________________________
1930 ________________________________________________
1931-32______________________________________________
1933_________________________________________________
1934_________________________________________________
1935_________________________________________________
1936_________________ _______________________________
Building and construction:
1927_________________________________________________________
1928_________________________________________________________
1929____________________ ____ ________ ________ ____ ______ _
1930_________________ ___________________________ _________ _
33
26
36
24
25
53
36
21
18
13
9
5
12
7
15
39
27
12
11
7
1
2
1
1
7
9
3
3
Total
Wages
and
hours
Union
organi
zation
2, 720
2, 529
1,376
1,567
1,196
3, 445
7,617
1,182
1,660
766
264
268
288
671
435
2, 970
7, 359
898
1,446
678
11
740
600
7
3
2
2
41
401
1, 679
156
86
1
14
15
24
15
1
3
4
8
6
3
12
16
14
16
10
11
5
1
1
3
1
1
12
5
10
1
675
1
4
2
1
1
1
1, 673
986
668
881
761
428
118
7
30
66
93,223
108, 842
43,019
45, 721
66,526
26,090
164, 314
4, 768
7,399
6,115
6,831
1, 274
2, 445
13, 408
8, 755
18, 995
161,902
2, 278
6, 490
5,931
14, 070 ! 72,322
68, 395 ! 39,173
7,289 1 33,285
31,923
390
57,771
6,142
953
636
1, 776 '
2, 483
7
549
360
162
22
121
2,040
1,200
121
840
401
194
141
77
41
6,011
8, 646
2, 815
879
14
56
75
144
75
24
47
140
277
184
22
33,150
17,400
5,412
7,400
1, 311
33,150
i 17,400
5,412
6,089
1, 632,112
585, 922
1,124, 660
394, 229
924, 629
290, 603
756,678
271, 755
41
198
1,287
15
9
1
2
2
675
106
200
102
106
98
50, 731
25, 058
47, 689
29, 241
25, 864
12,177
32, 558
20,411
7, 745
7,854
11,466
5,152
3
2
5
194
154
228
186
97
64
109
74
53
56
80
55
44
34
39
57
Miscel
laneous
11
140
783
1, 275
420
15
1
1
2
8
Union
Wages and
organiza
hours
tion
Miscel
laneous
17,122
5, 027
3,665
3, 678
41
1,636
3,861
195
36
6,011
3,149
2,620
843
56
144
298, 246
211,105
234,123
70, 091 ,
409, 237
84, 214
133, 859
52,383
STRIKES IK THE UNITED STATES, 1 8 8 0 -1 9 3 6
Industry and year
227
199
125
135
139
230
133
126
88
62
48
98
58
33
13
43
56
79
36
40
24
30
35
53
30, 871
64, 044
27, 440
33, 075
17, 815
33, 225
23,138
60, 475
23,907
20, 846
8,191
9, 276
5, 342
1,519
1,184
3, 751
6, 459
19, 700
2,391
2, 050
2,349
8, 478
3,165
4, 249
545, 900
1, 839, 977
338,125
585,173
181, 632
345, 351
445, 365
1, 792, 927
274, 140
473, 552
66, 824
112, 855
71, 626
23, 063
19, 222
66, 842
92, 697
186, 349
28, 909
23, 987
44, 763
44, 779
22, 111
46, 147
189
141
198
163
193
182
99
87
76
111
93
55
97
65
106
112
67
44
31
49
52
54
66
46
53
31
12
21
29
39
44
32
35
52
34
39
20
22
16
23
50, 376
24, 421
42, 062
26, 814
25,183
62, 834
24, 298
26, 993
10, 576
22, 355
25, 569
11, 653
29, 438
19, 054
18, 730
59, 407
21,214
17, 904
5, 983
4, 959
7, 685
7, 811
9,202
4, 667
4,164
1,437
1,108
1,786
3,400
15, 726
17,122
4, 957
3, 422
3, 093
2,289
1, 990
1,976
7,303
1, 213
1, 670
1,626,130
581, 879
1, Oil, 173
376,123
477, 338
1, 823, 025
294, 508
463, 411
78, 941
180, 208
920, 627
287, 262
691,809
267, 880
397, 318
1, 779, 555
231, 738
419, 661
47, 218
47, 333
296, 266
210, 518
194,119
66, 732
52,185
20,023
19,070
24, 749
22, 765
113, 559
409, 237
84, 099
125, 245
41, 511
27, 835
23, 447
43,700
19, 001
8, 958
19, 316
5
13
30
23
34
17
26
48
63
119
4
9
12
9
27
14
21
18
17
49
1
2
14
9
5
2
1
22
27
40
2
4
5
2
1
4
8
19
30
355
637
5, 627
2, 427
5,688
1,210
3,142
6,082
7,239
10, 870
295
524
3,120
1,357
4, 408
1,068
2,693
2,942
2, 228
4,317
60
43
2, 264
485
1,178
82
76
1, 965
3, 059
3, 974
70
243
585
102
60
373
1,175
1,952
2,579
5,982
4, 043
113, 487
18,106
68, 562
16, 952
43, 617
121, 762
102, 691
165,143
4,002
3, 341
64,869
3, 875
48,047
13, 372
42, 402
53, 891
19, 606
65, 522
1,980
587
40,004
3, 359
19, 441
3,040
152
42, 093
69, 932
72, 790
115
8, 614
10, 872
1,074
540
1, 063
25, 778
13,153
26,831
3
6
1
6
7
12
36
34
29
42
2
4
1
5
7
11
32
26
22
28
1
1
1
302
455
1.000
2, 830
3, 570
1,928
31,144
18, 644
20. 681
8,892
70
50
110
754
905
5.000
21, 260
95, 825
31,125
499,132
198, 512
448, 508
52, 392
1, 330
150
1, 210
700
18, 308
114,128
25, 860
289,932
6, 480
2
4
1
2
1, 330
150
1,210
5
5
10
35
27
19
28
4
5
9
31
22
14
17
1
4
8
7
13
1
352
635
1,000
2,935
3, 570
2,028
34, 072
33, 409
24, 211
21, 046
1
1
1
322
410
272
230
2,905
2,020
1, 762
34, 012
25, 943
14, 888
15. 369
2,800
2,020
1,662
31,084
13, 519
11, 723
5, 355
1
1
1
4
5
5
11
1 Man-days idle as a result of a strike which began in the preceding year and continued into this year.
100
2,928
14, 765
3, 530
11, 614
540
904
3, 445
5,000
26, 720
95, 825
31,825
517, 440
312, 640
474, 368
348, 804
70
50
110
694
2, 770
544
230
26,060
15, 225
28, 687
516,900
244, 753
139, 494
259.120
20, 600
15, 225
27,987
498, 592
171, 787
115, 399
12. 588
105
105
100
2,928
12, 424
3,165
10,014
5, 460
5, 460
700
18, 308
72, 966
24,095
246. 532
ANALYSIS OF STRIKES, 19 2 7 -3 6
1931— ____ _______________________ _____ ____________________
1932________________________________________________________
1933________________________________________________________
1934_________________________________________________________
1935________________________________________________________
1936________________________________________________________
Buildings, exclusive of P. W . A .:
1927_________________________________________________
1928_________________________________________________
1929_________________________________________________
1930_________________________________________________
1931_________________________________________________
1932_________________________________________________
1933_________________________________________________
1934_________________________________________________
1935_________________________________________________
1936_________________________________________________
All other construction (bridges, docks, etc., and P. W . A.
buildings):
__________________________________________
1927___
1928_________________________________________________
1929_________________________________________________
1930_________________________________________________
1931_________________________________________________
1932_________________________________________________
1933_________________________________________________
1934_________________________________________________
1935_________________________________________________
1936_________________________________________________
Agriculture and fishing:
.
________________________________________
1927____ „
1928_________________________________________________________
1929________________________________________________________
1930________________________________________________________
1931________________________________________________________
1932_________________________________________________________
1933________________________________________________________
1934________________________________________________________
1935________________________________________________________
1936________________________________________________________
Agriculture:
1927 ________________________________________________
1928_________________________________________________
1929_________________________________________________
1930_________________________________________________
1931
__________________________________________
1932
____________________________________________
___________________________________________
1933
1934_________________________________________ _____
1935 _______________________ _____ __________________
1936______________ - ................................................. ........
Number of strikes
Number of workers involved
Major issues
Number of man-days idle during year
Major issues
160
T able 3 7 .— Strikes beginning 1 9 2 7 -3 6 , by industries and major issues involved— Continued
Major issues
Industry and year
Agriculture and fishing—Continued.
Fishing:
1927_________________________________________________
1928_________________________________________________
1929______________________________________ ______
1930______________________________________ _____ ____
1931_________________________ ____________ ________
1932_________________________________________________
1933_________________________________________________
1934____________________________________
__
1935______ ______________________________ __
1936________________________________________ ______
Belief work:
1927-31______________________________
____________
1932____ ____ ____ ____ ______________ _____ ____
..
1933________ _____ __________________________________________
_
.
1934____ ____ ___________________
________
1936________________________________
1936________________________________
____
Other nonmanufacturing industries:
1927_____ ____________________________________________________
1928______________________________________________ __________
1929__________________
.
_ _
.
1930____________________
1931________________________
_ _ _ _ _
__________ _________
1932_____________________
_
_
________ ___________
1933_____________ ___________
1934_________________________
_ _ _________ _ _ _
1935____________________________
__ _____________ _ ___
1936....... ...................................... __ _________________________
Interindustry:
1927-33____________ ____ _________________________ ____ _____
1934............................... ............
........
......................................
1935____________________________
_ ____________
_ _
1936________________ ____________________________ _________ _
General strikes: 4
1927-33.______ _______________________________________________
1934________________ _____ _________ ____ ____________ ______
1935_________________________________________________________
1936______________________ _____ ____________________________
4 Involves all organized trades within the community.
1
2
1
1
2
2
1
7
10
14
1
2
1
1
2
2
1
4
8
11
3
2
2
7
30
76
95
80
4
24
55
68
37
6
4
10
7
3
13
4
9
12
14
8
17
34
3
2
9
2
3
8
10
3
6
13
2
1
3
1
5
1
3
5
9
19
Total
Wages
and
hours
Union
organi
zation
1
30
225
1,000
30
1,550
266
60
7,466
9,323
5,677
30
225
1,000
30
1, 550
266
60
5,125
8,958
3,537
2,341
365
1,600
2
6
15
23
33
3,128
25,967
26,652
41,153
40,016
2,444
24,339
22,101
34,922
24,808
825
60
3,251
2
2
2
777
4,715
2,936
700
4,617
4,327
4, 517
301
696
2,920
683
65
2,528
325
654
1,027
1, 596
78
213
1,283
14
4,650
358
225
3, 951
60
2,421
223
263
1,287
3
1
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
See table 33.
1
1
1
1
3
1
Miscel
laneous
Total
Union
Wages and
organiza
hours
tion
Miscel
laneous
540
210
675
5,000
660
80,600
3,138
540
67,887
334,874
89,684
210
675
5,000
660
80,600
3,138
540
26,725
333,109
39,804
604
1,628
3, 726
6,171
11, 957
5, 792
113,691
151, 208
402,340
232, 216
2,444
104,608
106, 371
362,959
154,099
6,122
1,875
40,254
80
220
350
3, 218
56,490
24,185
4,058
16,403
39,864
34, 654
8,501
8,326
29,042
2,569
690
22, 787
2, 483
6, 752
16, 284
14, 562
2,746
970
16,041
189
55,800
1,348
675
9,639
1,740
17, 592
5, 755
6,311
12, 201
31,200
3,000
31,200
3,000
31,200
3,000
31,200
3,000
90.000
26.000
1,500
90.000
26.000
1,500
270,000
52,000
4, 500
270,000
52,000
4,500
80
50
150
12
3,240
500
41,162
1, 765
43, 400
2,640
6,480
708
9,083
38, 715
37, 506
37,863
460
50
900
12
21,840
2,500
1,045
800
STRIKES IN TH E UNITED STATES, 1 8 8 0 - 1 9 3 6
Total Wages Union M is
and organ cella
hours ization neous
Appendix I
Strikes Involving 10,000 or More W orkers, 1927-36
A list of all strikes occurring between 1927 and 1936, inclusive, in
volving 10,000 or more employees, is given in table 38.
T
able
38 .— Strikes involving 1 0 ,0 0 0 or more workers, 1 9 2 7 -3 6
Location and kind of strike
Approxi
mate
number
of work
ers in
volved
Date of strike
Bituminous coal, interstate.
im
April-December.
165,000
Cleaning and dyeing, N ew York C it y .-..................
Bituminous coal, interstate____ ______ ___________
Cotton textile manufacturers, N ew Bedford, Mass.
Children's clothing, N ew York C ity______________
Anthracite, Pittston and Avooa, Pa________ ____ -
1928
February-Mareh.
April-Decem ber..
April-O ctober___
June-July_______
N ovem ber........ .
25.000
45.000
25.000
10.000
32, 300
Cloak, suit, and skirt makers, N ew York C ity-
1929
July________
15.000
Dressmakers, N ew York C ity _________________
1980
February___
30.000
American W oolen Co., Lawrence, M a ss..
Glen Alden Coal Co., Pennsylvania_____
Bituminous coal, Pittsburgh district_____
M en’s clothing, Greater N ew Y ork______
Glen Alden Coal C o., Pennsylvania_____
W ool and cotton textile, Lawrence, Mass.
1981
February____________
M arch-A pril_________
June-August_________
July-A ugust_________
September-October__
O ctober-N ovem ber. _ _
Dressmakers, N ew York C ity _____________
M illinery, N ew York C ity ________________
Anthracite, Pennsylvania_________________
Bituminous coal, Illinois__________________
Building contractors, N ew York C ity _____
Painters, N ew York C ity__________________
M en ’s clothing, N ew York and N ew Jersey.
1932
February-March.
M arch__________
____d o___________
A pril-A ugust___
M ay-June______
July-Septem ber..
August__________
15.000
30.000
30.000
10.000
20,000
1988
June-August-------------June-July-----------------July-August_________
July__________________
30.000
20.000
50.000
August_______________
------ do__________ _____
A ugust-N o vember----September___________
____ do________________
____ do________________
____ do________________
September-October. __
September-N o vember.
September-October _. _
September-N ovember.
Novem ber___________
December-J anuary___
60.000
18,000
14,406
12,000
12,000
10,000
25.000
12.000
75, 000
15.000
12.000
40.000
14.000
Hosiery, Heading, Pa., and vicin ity__________________________________
Cloak, suit, and skirt makers, N ew York C ity -----------------------------------Bituminous coal, western and southern Pennsylvania________________
M e n ’s clothing manufacturers, Pennsylvania, Maryland, N ew York,
N ew Jersey.
Ladies’ garments, Connecticut, N ew York, N ew Jersey______ ________
Anthracite, Pennsylvania------------- -----------------------------------------------------D o _______ ___________ ___________________________________________
Building contractors, New York C ity ________________________________
Embroidery workers, N ew Y ork C ity----- ------- ----------------------------------Neckwear manufacturers, N ew Y ork C ity--------- --------------------------------Underwear manufacturers, N ew York C ity ---------------------------------------Weirton Steel Co., W est Virginia____________________________________
Bituminous coal, Pennsylvania, W est Virginia, Ohio-------------------------Silk dyers, Paterson, N . J ___________________________________________
Silk manufacturers, Scranton and Philadelphia, Pa---------------------------Anthracite, Pennsylvania_________________________ ___________ _____
Trucking, retail trade, Philadelphia, P a---------- -----------------------------------
10,575
22,000
15, 000
30, 000
20,000
24, 626
25.000
10.000
161
10,000
162
S T R IK E S
IN
THE
U N IT E D
STATES,
1 8 8 0 -1 9 3 6
T able 3 8 .— Strikes involving 10,000 or more workers, 1927-36 — Continued
Location and kind of strike
Date of strike
Approxi
mate
number
of work
ers in
volved
Anthracite, Pennsylvania--------------------------Bituminous coal, Alabama_________________
Taxicab companies, N ew York C ity -----------D o _____________________________________
Dress manufacturers, N ew York C ity --------Bituminous coal, W est Virginia____________
Bituminous coal, Alabama_________________
Bituminous coal, K entucky________________
Cotton textile, Alabama-----------------------------General, all unions, San Francisco B ay area.
Paint contractors, Brooklyn, N . Y _________
K nit goods, N ew Y ork and N ew Jersey____
General, all unions, Hazleton, Pa__________
Hosiery, Philadelphia, P a__________________
Hosiery, interstate_________________________
Textile, interstate__________________________
Silk dyes and finishing, interstate__________
Glen Alden Coal Co., Pennsylvania_______
193J,
January-February___
February-M arch_____
February_____________
M arch_______________
A pril_________________
____do________________
A p ril-M ay___________
____do________________
July-August_________
July__________________
July-August_________
August----------------------September___________
____do________________
____ do________________
____do________________
October-December___
December____________
48.000
10.000
30.000
12.000
25.000
20.000
21,000
10,000
22,000
90.000
10, 000
14, 000
26.000
15.000
25, 000
309,500
25, 000
12.000
Truck drivers, N ew York C ity______
Shirt workers, interstate_____________
Cotton goods, Chicago, 111___________
Dressmakers, interstate______________
Lumber, Washington and Oregon___
General, all unions, Terre Haute, Ind.
Dressmakers, New Y ork C ity _______
Bituminous coal, interstate__________
Bituminous coal, Alabama__________
1935
January______________
____do________________
February-April______
A pril_________________
M ay-A ugust_________
July__________________
September___________
____ do________________
September-N o vember.
20,000
15.000
10, 000
17, 200
32, 000
26, 000
10.000
366,000
20, 000
M illinery workers, New York C ity_________
Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co., Akron, O h io..
Building service employees, N ew York City..
Barber shops, Brooklyn and N ew Y ork City.
Goodyear Tire & Rubber C o., Akron, Ohio—
Painters, N ew York C ity___________________
Maritime, Pacific Coast_____________________
Maritime, Atlantic and Gulf Coasts________
1936
February____________
February-M arch_____
M arch_______________
A pril-July___________
June_________________
August-September___
O ctober-February____
N ovember-J anuary
19,600
14.000
36.000
20,200
12, 000
10, 000
37.000
20, 000
Appendix II
Methods Used in Analyzing Strikes
Items Included in the Statistical Analysis
The basic measures in strike statistics as now compiled by the
Bureau are the number of strikes, the number of persons involved,
and the man-days idle.1 It is from these data that analyses of fre
quency and severity of strikes are made. But if such data are to be
compiled, certain correlated information is required, and if they are
to be of value for fundamental analysis, they must be classified.
For such measurements and classifications, certain specific data on
each strike are necessary. The following is a brief description of the
data obtained by the Bureau at the present time and their use in
statistical tabulation.2
Beginning date.— The fundamental basis of classification is the time
when strikes occurred. The data are summarized by years, but
currently they are compiled monthly. For this purpose the beginning
date of a strike must be known, as it must also for computing mandays idle.
In the majority of cases, there is little difficulty in deciding the
date a strike begins. With some strikes, however, the situation is
more or less confused. Sometimes a union calls a strike for a certain
day, but only a small portion of the workers respond, the remainder
joining at later dates. Sometimes the union calls a general-industry
strike but “ pulls” the strike gradually, plant by plant. In any of these
cases the beginning date used in the statistical tables is the first day
any portion or group of the workers start the strike. Adjustment
for the gradual development of the dispute is made in computing the
man-days idle.
Ending date.— There is no question about the termination date of
strikes which result in definite terms of settlement or agreement. A
good many strikes, however, are never settled. There are strikes
which, according to the union calling the strike, have lasted many
years although the public has long forgotten them. Sometimes
strikers, discouraged with the prospect of success, gradually return
with no settlement; sometimes the employer moves out of town;
sometimes the plant is opened with a new crew of workers, while the
strikers maintain their picket line and receive strike benefits from
their union; sometimes a strike appears to be lost and ended but, due
1 See Introduction, p. 7.
Some of these data were not obtained in earlier years. For example, the number of workers involved
was not obtained in all cases until in 1927, and information regarding the method of settlement was not
known previous to 1935. For other items there is only partial or incomplete information in some cases,
resulting in a varying degree of satisfactory statistical presentation.
2
163
164
STRIKES IN TH E UNITED STATES, 1 8 8 0 - 1 9 3 6
to the persistence of the union or the help of some outside agency,
the case is reopened months later and definite terms of settlement
gained.
In situations such as these, the rule of reason must be applied.
The principal criterion for the termination of a strike for statistical
purposes is the date of resumption of work. This can be considered
from two viewpoints: When the employer resumes work by filling
the vacancies, or when the strikers resume work either with their
former employer or with new employers. In practice it is impossible
to learn when all the strikers regain employment. Moreover, it is
logical to consider a strike in relation to the employer or establishment
against which the strike was called. For these reasons, a strike is
considered ended when all or a majority of the vacancies caused by
the strike have been filled either by returning strikers or new em
ployees, or when vacancies disappear through the closing of the plant
or moving it to another city. Thus, for statistical purposes, a strike
may be considered ended although some strikers are picketing and
the union paying strike benefits, but such cases are comparatively
infrequent.
D u ration .— Unlike the calculation of man-days idle, the duration
of strikes is measured in terms of calendar weeks or months, thus
including Sundays and holidays. While this is done largely for the
purpose of simplicity, it is not unreasonable to include holidays,
since it can be assumed that negotiations toward settlement can be
carried on the same as on workdays.
N um ber o f establishments .— The number of establishments involved
in strikes might well be one of the basic measures in strike statistics.
Unfortunately, it is often impossible to obtain the exact number of
establishments involved in large strikes which spread throughout a
city or several cities and States. Valid statistical tables, therefore,
cannot be compiled to give total establishments. The number of
establishments becomes merely one basis for classifying strike data,
and frequency distributions are compiled showing the number of
strikes involving specified numbers of establishments.
The term “ establishment” as used in strike statistics has the same
connotation as that used in the Census of Manufactures, namely,
“ a single plant or factory.” In other industries than manufacturing,
different units are considered as equivalent to establishments— a
building project, a mine or colliery, a ship, a dock, a logging camp, etc.
In du stry classification .— The industry classification used in strike
statistics follows along the same lines as that used by the census and the
Bureau of Labor Statistics, employment and pay-roll reports. This
makes possible the correlation of strike data with other data known
about an industry, such as the total number employed, total value
of products, etc.
METHODS USED IN ANALYZING STRIKES
165
An industry classification in any field of statistics presents certain
difficulties, due to the complexity, overlapping, and changing character
of industrial organization and processes. For instance, there is the
question of whether a productive activity should be classified according
to the basic commodity or processes— e. g., chemical— or by the
commodity produced—rayon or textiles; also, as to what classification
should a business establishment be assigned which manufactures a
number of different commodities or performs various functions; for
example, should a garage be classified under “ retail trade” , “ auto
service and repair” , or “ transportation.”
To these perplexities which are common to all statistics pertaining
to industry classification, strike statistics involve an additional
difficulty by reason of the fact that labor unions are not always
coterminous with the industry as defined by the census. Thus a
strike called by the Upholsterers, Carpet and Linoleum Mechanics’
International Union of America may affect furniture factories,3
mattress factories,4 and linoleum, departments in retail stores. In
such situations, the Bureau classifies strikes within the industry
most seriously affected. Thus, a strike of bakery deliverymen is
classified under the baking industry, since it is initiated by a particular
local or group of local unions and is directed against one class of
employers. But a city-wide strike of all deliverymen or truck drivers
is classified under “ transportation.” Since the census attaches
these various types of deliverymen to their respective industries,
there is some variation between the classification of strikes and the
census industry classification. These cases, however, are relatively
infrequent and, on the whole, the industry classification of strikes
conforms to that of the census and the Bureau’s statistics of employ
ment and pay rolls.
Geographical location.— The classification of strikes by location is
a simple matter except for strikes which extend across State or city
lines. There are at least three distinct kinds of situations character
ized as interstate (or intercity) strikes: (1) A large general-industry
strike involving numbers of companies in two or more States; (2) a local
strike which extends into contiguous areas which happen to lie in
other States, as, for example, New York City and adjacent communi
ties in Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and Connecticut; (3) a strike
against one company which has branch plants in two or more States.
It is desirable that the incidence of all such strikes be revealed as
accurately as possible; otherwise figures on strikes within a given
State may exclude industrial disturbances which are of greater
magnitude than those confined to that State alone. Whenever
possible, therefore, the number of workers and man-days idle due to
* Classified b y census under “ Lumber and its products.1
* Classified under “ Miscellaneous” b y the census.
166
STRIKES IN TH E UNITED STATES,
18 8 0 - 1 9 3 6
interstate strikes are allocated as accurately as possible to the States
concerned. Unfortunately, this cannot be done with intercity
strikes, since it is impossible to get specific data by city. The best
that can be done is to group the intercity strikes, listing all the cities
involved.
Sex o j workers .— All strikes are classified by the sex of persons
engaged in the strike, that is, male, female, or both. In addition, the
total number of men and the total number of women involved in
strikes are tabulated. In certain cases where only one or two office
women are involved in a strike called by craftsmen, such as at a foun
dry or streetcar company, the strike is classified under “ male only.”
Labor organization involved .— In former years, strikes were classified
according to those ordered by labor organizations and those not so
ordered. The latter not only included strikes by employees who were
not members of an organization, but also strikes by union members
which were not authorized by the proper union official— that is, socalled “illegal” or “outlaw”’ strikes.6 This fine distinction has been
dropped in recent years and strikes are now classified according to
which labor organization the strikers belong to, or according to which
organization was instrumental in calling the strike or allied itself with
the strike after it was started or took part in the negotiations for
settlement.
Even with this broadening of the term, the situation does not
always lend itself to easy classification. Sometimes unorganized
workers go out on strike and then request a union to come in to help
them. Sometimes the reverse takes place: A group of organized
workers go on strike with the sanction of their union but, because they
fail to follow instructions or for some other reason, the union with
draws. Sometimes the strike starts under the auspices of one union
and a rival union steps in and becomes the dominant force. In
jurisdictional disputes, at least two unions are involved. Necessarily,
some degree of arbitrary judgment must be used in the classification
of such strikes. In general, the classification is based on whether
most of those actively responsible for the strike were members of a
union and whether they acted as an organized group when the strike
was called or settled.
M a jo r issues or causes .— Any statistical presentation of the causes of
strikes is likely to appear more plausible than the actual situations
analyzed really warrant. The causes reported by the various parties
concerned are frequently at variance, and even if they agree the
stated reasons are sometimes superficial and only partial. Due to the
emotional factor connected with many strikes, the immediate issue
which brought on the strike may have been of much less importance
than other matters which had caused a cumulative dissatisfaction
4 Twenty-first Annual Report of the Commissioner of Labor, Washington, 1907, p. 21.
METHODS USED IN ANALYZING STRIKES
167
extending over many months or years. Again, a strike may be called
because of certain grievances but during the progress of the strike the
situation or leadership may change sufficiently to bring about a shift
in demands or statement of grievances.
Very few strikes are due to only one or two causes: In most cases
the issues are many and complex. In an earlier period of strike
statistics (1881-1905) this multiplicity of issues and demands was
recognized by itemizing as many as 60 to 65 causes or groups of
causes.6 Obviously, this is more a listing than a statistical classifi
cation and precludes ready assimilation by the reader. At present,
an effort is made to determine the major cause or dominant issue in
each strike situation and to classify it under one of 18 headings. For
greater convenience, these 18 classifications are divided into three
groups: (1) Wages and hours, (2) union organization, (3) miscel
laneous.
This neat classification of such complex situations as industrial dis
putes is necessarily based upon many arbitrary determinations and
should therefore be considered only proximate. This is especially
true in the numerous cases involving union recognition, wages, and
hours. In some situations, these three issues are of almost equal im
portance; in others, one is more dominant even though the other two
are present. Evaluation of the relative importance of each is a matter
of judgment after studying all aspects of the situation. Some mar
ginal cases could, no doubt, just as accurately be grouped under
“ wages and hours” as under “ union organization,” and vice versa.
Results.— It seems logical to measure the terms of settlement in rela
tion to the change in status which the strike has brought to the workers.
It is just as logical to evaluate the results in relation to the causes for
the strike, or the demands set forth by those calling the strike. The
difficulty in accurately assaying causes of strikes has been mentioned
above; the measurement of results is even more elusive. In only a
portion of the strikes are the terms of settlement put down in writing.
Even where the terms of settlement are apparently defined, the results
cannot be measured automatically. A group of workers may strike
for recognition but may return to work without recognition when the
employer offers them a wage increase or makes other concessions.
Each of the opposing parties may, at the beginning or sometime during
the progress of the dispute, demand much more than it intends or
hopes to obtain. For instance, the workers may call a strike for a wage
increase in order to ward off an expected decrease. If the strike is
settled with a continuation of existing rates, was the strike a success
or failure?
Sometimes the actual results of a strike may not be known for a
considerable time after the dispute has ended and may be quite differ6 Twenty-first Annual Report of the Commissioner of Labor, Washington, 1907, pp. 600-612.
168
STRIKES IN TH E UNITED STATES,
18 8 0 - 1 9 3 6
ent from the apparent results at the close of the strike. Workers may
return to work after a strike, appearing to have won none of the de
mands they set out to gain, yet the experience and loss of production
might influence the employer to give his employees better working
conditions in order to avoid interruptions in the future. On the other
hand, workers may go back after a strike, having apparently won a
complete victory, but the strike might have caused the employer to
decide to clean up a few odds and ends and then go out of business or
move to a new locality. These far-reaching results cannot be
measured or known, and any statistical measurement of the results of
a strike must necessarily be based on the apparent results or the terms
of agreement at the close of the dispute. In some cases, it is absolutely
impossible to evaluate the results even though the immediate facts
are known. These are therefore classified as “ indeterminate.”
Because of the many intangible features inherent in the nature of
labor disputes, the Bureau does not categorically define results as
successful or unsuccessful. Rather, an attempt is made to measure
the results in such relative terms as (1) substantial gains to workers,
(2) partial gains or compromises, (3) little or no gains to workers.
Obviously there could just as well be five or even more classifications
as the three used. In some particular cases the results would be por
trayed more accurately if there were a greater refinement of classifi
cation. This is especially true with respect to the middle group,
“ partial gains or compromises” , which includes strikes which might
almost be rated as successful as well as those which verge on failure.
However, when a large number of variables is included within a classi
fication, it can be assumed that the extremes tend to offset each other
and that the number within the classification represents an average.
It should be noted that the results classified under “ substantial
gains to workers” might include a strike where the terms of settle
ment merely provide for a retention of the status existing before the
strike was called. In other words, a defensive strike, such as one
against a wage decrease or against a renunciation of union recogni
tion which had existed, would be included in this classification if
the strike resulted in no change from the previous status. This
should be especially borne in mind when reviewing the long-time
trend of strikes. The total number of strikes in this classification
does not represent a cumulative improvement in worker status but
includes some strikes which merely won a retention of already exist
ing conditions.
Results of strikes involving a number of establishments are meas
ured quantitatively as well as qualitatively. In other words, in
general-industry strikes where each establishment makes its own
settlement with its employees, the workers in some plants may gain
more favorable terms than in others. The results of such a general-
M ETHODS
USED
IN
A N A L Y Z IN G
S T R IK E S
169
industry strike must, necessarily, take into account the proportion of
establishments or workers obtaining the varying terms of settlement.
The results of sympathetic strikes are judged according to the terms
of settlement of the strike for which the sympathetic strike was called.
M ethods o j settlement.— During one earlier period of strike statistics
(1901-05), a count was kept of the number of strikes “settled by
joint agreement” and the number “settled by arbitration.” 7 Aside
from this, no consistent record was kept of the method used in settle
ment of strikes until 1935.
Beginning with the year 1935, data are available to show the fol
lowing classifications of the method of settlement of strikes:
(1) The number of strikes which are settled directly by the employer and
the strikers. In such cases the workers are either unorganized or, if there had
been a union present when the strike started, by the time it was terminated the
union had withdrawn to such an extent that it took no part in the settlement
negotiations.
(2) Those settled directly through negotiations between the employer and
union representatives.
(3) Those settled with the assistance of Government conciliators or labor
boards, and
(4) Those settled with the assistance of private conciliators and labor boards.
In most of the strikes in the latter two classifications union representatives are
usually also present.
(5) Those terminated with no formal settlement. In practically all of these
the strikes are usually lost by the workers. In some instances they gradually
return with no change in the working conditions; sometimes the employer fills
the vacancies with new employees; in other cases the business is liquidated or
moved to another locality.
The strikes in which outsiders assisted, either Government or
private, in negotiating toward settlement are classified according
to whether settlement was obtained by means of conciliation or
arbitration.
It must be noted that this general classification is termed “ nego
tiations toward settlement carried on by.” It does not necessarily
mean that a conciliator was actually present at the final conference
or was solely responsible for the strike settlement. Because of the
very nature of the procedure used by conciliators— working quietly
behind the scenes, sometimes withdrawing for a time and then re
turning— it is impossible to evaluate the exact effectiveness of his
activities. Also, several different conciliators may have assisted,
together or separately, at different intervals. All strikes in which
one or more outsiders took an active part at any time during the
progress of the strike in trying to get the parties together, are included
in this classification.
7 Twenty-first Annual Report of the Commissioner of Labor, Washington, 1907, pp. 84-88. B y far
the largest proportion of strikes was terminated without either of these methods having been used. During
the 6-year period, less than 6 percent of the total strikes were settled b y joint agreement and less than 2
percent b y arbitration.
Appendix III
Method of Collecting Strike Data
Notices or leads regarding strikes are obtained from daily papers,
labor and trade journals, as well as reports from Government labor
boards. At the present time the Bureau receives clippings from
newspapers in all cities in the country with over 50,000 population,
and from some industrial cities of less than 50,000. The Bureau
either subscribes for or has access to every known labor or trade paper
published in the country. From the information obtained in these
700 daily, weekly, and monthly papers and journals, it is believed
that few, if any, strikes escape the Bureau’s attention.
On the basis of these newspaper and other notices, schedules are
sent to representatives of all parties engaged in the dispute, to get
detailed and authentic information. In a few cases, when no replies
are received by mail, agents of the Bureau call on the parties. From
the answers to these questionnaires, the Bureau is able to analyze
the disputes in the manner described above.
The questionnaire reads as follows:
170
M ETHOD
U.
OF
S.
C O L L E C T IN G
S T R IK E
171
DATA
D e p ar tm e n t of L abo r
B U R E A U OF LABO R STATISTICS
W ASH IN G TO N
D
ear
S i r : The Bureau of Labor Statistics has recently received information
As the designated Federal agency for keeping records of all industrial disputes,
we shall greatly appreciate your courtesy in furnishing the information requested.
If the dispute is still in progress, please answer as many questions as possible.
If the dispute is ended, please answer all the questions on both sides of this form.
A franked, addressed envelope is provided for your convenience. Your cooperation
is greatly appreciated.
Very truly yours,
I
sad o r
L
u b in
,
Commissioner of Labor Statistics.
1. Name of company________________________________________________________________
2. Address of central office__________________________________________________________
3. Principal products and services of plant(s) involved in dispute. List in order
of their importance:
4. Number of establishments (or work places) involved in dispute_______________
5. Location___________________________________________________________________________
(C ity or town)
(State)
(G ive similar address for each establishment involved)
6. Date on which employees involved in dispute stopped work__________________
7. Number of days per week majority of employees worked preceding dispute
8. Number on pay roll immediately preceding dispute: M en____________
W om en_______
Total____________
9. Number of employees involved on first day of dispute: M en_________
W om en_______
Total____________
(Include all persons who stopped work in establishments reported under question 5; that is, those who were
thrown out of work as well as those who walked out)
10. Date greatest number of employees were out_______
Number: M en_______
W om en_______
Total____________
11. Did dispute originate among any specific group of workers?___________________
If so, what occupation?________________________
How m any?____________
12'. W hat caused dispute?____________________________________________
(W hat demands were made?)
13. W o r k e d organization (s) involved_______________________________________________
Local address___________________________________________________________________
14. Is dispute ended?______________
Date ended___________________________________
(Yes or no)
15. If dispute is not settled, have any employees who were involved returned to
Have any vacancies been filled
w o r k ? _______
N u m b e r ____________
(Yes or no)
with new em p lo y ees?____________
N u m b e r ------------------
Date by which
(Yes or no)
50 percent of total positions were filled by old or new em ployees-----------------16.
If dispute is settled, give number of employees: (a) Still out day before
term in ation______________ ; (6) taken back immediately after termination
______________ ; (c) that will be taken back in next few w e e k s-----------------------
1 38 9 4 °— 38-
-12
172
17.
S T R IK E S
IK
THE
U N IT E D
STATES,
1 8 8 0 -1 9 3 6
Terms of settlement:
(Refer to the issues or demands listed in question 12)
r
Wage rate____________
____
W as there a union
^ a g re e m e n t?_______
B e f o r e Hours per week
dispute
fW age r a t e ______________
. 1 Hours per w eek________
^ er zs^ u e ~ |js there a union agree\ m e n t ? _______
...
,.
(If dispute was terminated b y signed agreement, please enclose copy)
18. Number of employees affected by terms of settlem en t_________________________
19. Which one of the following methods was used in negotiating settlement?
(а) B y employer and employees d ire ctly ____________________________________
(б) By employer and representatives of organized workers directly________
(c) By conciliation
(Name of person or Government board)
(d) By arbitration _
(Nam e of person or Government board)
20.
Violence in connection with dispute:
(a) Any deaths?_________________
Num ber.
(b) A n y injuries?________________
Number________________
(Necessitating medical attention)
Any arrests?___________
N u m ber.
(/) Any criminal suits?.
Num ber___________________________
(g) W as National Guard called in?
____________________________________
(h) W as martial law declared?_________
(e)
(c) Any property dam age?_____
_______Amount $ __________
(d) A n y damage suits?_________
N u m b e r _______
21. Were any injunctions issued during the d isp u te?____________
Principal
(Yes or no)
provisions_______________________________________________________________________
22. If dispute is still in progress, please explain briefly its present s t a t u s ________
23.
W h at is your opinion concerning the net result (gain or loss to workers) of
this d is p u te ? ___________________________________________________________________
24.
Remarks:
(Signature of person making report)
(Position or office)
(Date)
(Address)
(Com pany or organization)
Appendix IV
Labor Disputes in Foreign Countries, 1927-361
T
able
Period
Argentina:
1927_______________
1928_______________
1929_______________
1930_______________
1931_______________
1932_______________
1933_______________
1934_______________
1935_______________
1936____ __________
Australia:
1927_______________
1928_______________
1929_______________
1930_______________
1931_______________
1932_______________
1933_______________
1934_______________
1935_______________
1936_____ _________
Austria:
1927_______________
1928_______________
1929_______________
1930_______________
1931_______________
1932_______________
1933_______________
1934_______________
1935_______________
1936_______________
Belgium:
1927_______________
1928_______________
1929_______________
1930_______________
1931_______________
1932_______________
1933_______________
1934______________
1935_______________
1936____________
Bulgaria:
1927_______________
1928_______________
1929_______________
1930_______________
1931_______________
1932______________
1933______________
1934_____ _________
Canada:
1927_______________
1928_______________
1929_______________
1930_______________
1931_______________
1932_______________
1933______________
1934_______________
1935_______________
1936______________
3 9 . — Labor disputes in foreign countries , 1 9 2 7 -3 6
Dis Workers
putes involved
Working
days lost
56
137
116
127
42
122
52
42
69
109
26,888
73,989
53,101
38,299
8, 442
165,376
3,321
25,940
52,143
85,438
363,492
251,054
543, 939
853, 219
58,493
1, 357,790
39,896
742,256
2,642, 576
1,344,461
441
287
259
183
134
127
90
155
183
235
200, 757
96,422
104,604
54, 222
37, 667
32, 917
30,113
50,858
47,322
60,586
1,713, 581
777, 278
4,461, 478
1, 511,241
245,991
212, 318
111, 956
370,386
495,124
494,319
216
266
226
88
68
3
3
35, 300
38, 290
30,446
7,173
10, 264
6,646
5,657
137
89
123
686, 560
658,024
388, 336
49, 373
132,757
190,163
79, 061
220
414
269
186
192
168
93
74
63
87
79
150
999
45,071
77, 785
60,557
64,718
23,010
162, 693
39,136
36,525
104,013
564,831
1,658,836
2,254,424
799,117
781, 646
399, 037
580,670
664,044
2,441, 335
623,002
23
21
36
15
34
19
2 85
2 48
2,919
493
22,339
1,588
6,891
1,214
3 3, 395
3 3 5, 942
57,196
2,382
378,236
2, 545
74,094
11,149
26,132
47,116
74
98
90
67
88
116
125
191
120
155
22, 299
17, 581
12,946
13,768
10, 738
23, 390
26, 558
45,800
33, 269
34, 812
152, 570
224, 212
152,080
91,797
204, 238
255, 000
317, 547
574, 519
284,028
276, 997
33
27
4
Period
China:
1927_______________
1928_______ _______
1929_______________
1930_____ _________
1931_______________
1932_______________
1933_______________
1934_______________
1935_______________
1936_______________
Czechoslovakia:
1927_______________
1928_______________
1929_______________
1930_______________
1931_______________
1932_______________
1933_______________
1934____ __________
1935_______________
1936._____ ________
Denmark:
1927_______________
1928_______________
1929_______________
1930_______________
1931_______________
1932_______________
1933______ ________
1934_______________
1935_______________
1936_______ _______
Estonia:
1927_______________
1928_______________
1929_______________
1930_______________
1931_______________
1932_______________
1933_______________
1934_______________
1935_______________
1936_______________
Finland:
1927_______________
1928_______________
1929_______________
1930_______________
1931_______________
1932_______________
1933_______________
1934_______________
1935......... .............. .
1936_______________
France*
1927_______________
1928_______________
1929_______________
1930_______________
1931_______________
1932_______________
1933_______________
1934_______________
1935_______________
Dis Workers
putes involved
Working
days lost
117
118
108
87
122
82
88
73
95
128
881, 289
204,563
65, 557
64,130
74,188
71,395
74,937
31,473
96,684
78,992
7,622,029
2,049,826
711,921
801,531
685,941
710,605
461,619
501, 245
517,663
666,931
208
282
230
159
254
317
209
213
* 219
8 263
172, 043
101, 517
63,564
30,808
49, 508
103, 219
36,636
38,477
39,903
8 53,912
1,466,045
1,728,419
753,205
423,126
498,891
1, 255,576
289,409
264,538
490,417
8 603,061
17
11
22
37
16
17
26
38
14
12
2,851
469
1,040
5,349
3,692
5, 760
492
11, 546
827
96,862
119,000
11,000
41,283
144,000
246,000
87,000
18,000
146,000
14,000
2,946, 000
5
5
16
7
3
4
8
10
27
16
218
1, 098
1,915
154
4 700
888
162
1,369
5,043
2,539
3,067
49,336
6,395
338
4 20,000
2,149
339
2,207
45,000
14,822
79
71
26
11
1
3
4
46
23
29
13,368
27,226
2,443
1, 673
53
284
1,274
5,883
2,274
2,935
1, 528,182
502,236
74,887
12,120
106
2,301
9, 536
89,727
60,843
35,360
404
823
1,217
1, 097
8 261
8 330
8 331
8 374
8 425
112,634
210,488
241,040
584,579
35,723
8 54,088
8 84,391
8 61,445
8 89, 726
1, 046, 019
6,376, 675
2, 764, 606
7, 209,342
1 International Labour Office, 1937 Year Book of Labour Statistics, Geneva, pp. 212-214.
3 Strikes only.
3 Workers directly involved only.
4Approximate figures.
« Provisional figures.
173
174
STRIKES IN TH E UNITED STATES, 1 8 8 0 - 1 9 3 6
T
able
3 9. — Labor disputes in foreign countries, 1 9 2 7 -8 6 — Continued
Period
Dis Workers
putes involved
Working
days lost
Germany:
503, 217 6,043,698
871
1927
_______
780, 396 20,288, 211
763
1928
_______
234, 543 4,489,870
441
1929
_______
224, 983 3,935,977
1930
_______
366
504
178, 223 2,001,978
1931
_______
1932
_______ »642 1127, 587 U, 112,056
1933
_______ (6)
(6)
(8)
1934
_______
(«)
( 8)
(6)
1935
_______
(6)
(6)
(•)
1936
_______ (8)
(•)
(6)
Great
Britain and
Northern Ireland:'
108,000 1,170,000
308
1927
_______
302
124, 000 1, 390,000
1928
_______
533, 000 8, 290,000
1929
_______
431
422
307.000 4,400,000
1930
_______
420
490, 000 6,980, 000
1931
_______
389
379, 000 6,490,000
1932
______
357
136.000 1,070,000
1933
______
1934
______
960,000
134.000
471
553
271.000 1,960, 000
1935
______
315.000 1,830,000
1936
______
808
Hungary:
84
294, 941
24, 803
1927
______
131,174
10,289
31
1928
______
63
149, 204
15,065
1929
______
35
5, 770
79, 596
1930
______
38
1931
______
189, 781
11,195
32,914
20
4, 925
1932
______
10, 367
31
125,178
1933
______
49
12, 762
1934
______
92,156
50
110,967
16, 674
1935
______
232, 622
122
20,747
1936
______
India:
129
131,655 2,019,970
1927
______
203
1928
______
506, 851 31, 647,404
141
1929
______
532, 016 12,165,691
148
196, 301 2,261, 731
1930
______
203, 008 2,408,123
166
1931
______
118
1932
______
128, 099 1,922, 437
164,938 2,168,961
146
159
1934..
220,808 4, 775, 559
145
1935..
973, 457
114, 217
157
169,029 2,358,062
Irish Free State:
2,312
53
64, 020
1927
_
52
54,292
2,190
1928
_
53
1929
_
4, 533
101, 397
83
77, 417
3, 410
1930
_
5,431
60
1931
_
310,199
4,222
42,152
_
70
1932
9,059
1933
_
200,126
88
1934
_
180,080
99
9, 288
9,513
99
1935
_
288,077
1936
_
185, 623
9,443
107
Italy: 7
1927
_
169
18, 660
(•)
77
1928
_
2,999
(•)
3,252
83
1929
_
(6)
82
2,
1930
_
(•)
1931
_
4,141
67
(8
)
1932
_
23
598
00
841
1933..............
34
(0
1934
_
576
38
(•)
43
1935
_
605
00
Japan:
1927
_
383
46,672 1,177, 352
1928
_
397
583, 595
46,252
1929
_
576
77,444
571,860
1930
_
906
81,362 1,085, 074
1931________
64, 536
980,054
998
1932
_
54, 783
893
618, 614
1933
_
610
384, 565
49, 423
1934
_
49, 536
626
446,176
1935
_
37, 614
297, 724
Period
Latvia:
1927_______________
95
5,273
1928_______________
179
13, 431
1929_______________
362
26,462
1930_______________
38
1,547
1931_______________
42
2,903
1932_______________
139
4, 400
1933_______________ 246
4, 323
1934_______________
35
3, 854
1935_______________
3
M exico:
1927_______________
00
00
1928_______________ 00
(0
1929_______________
00
00
1930_______________ 00
(fi)
1931_______________ 00
(0
1932_______________
(0
(0
1933_______________ 00
(0
1934______________
(0
(0
1935_______________ 5 410 5 132, 651
1936_______________ «317 5 100, 791
Netherlands:
1927_______________
230
13, 500
1928_______________
205
16,930
1929_______________
21, 310
226
1930_______________
212
10, 970
1931_______________
28, 210
215
1932_______________
216
32, 000
1933_______________
184
14,810
1934_______________
152
6,200
1935_______________
152
12, 940
1936_______________
10, 420
96
N ew Zealand:
1927_______________
4, 476
38
1928_______________
39
9, 258
1929_______________
47
7,151
1930_______________
38
5,467
1931_______________
24
6, 356
1932_______________
9,355
23
1933_______________
15
3, 558
1934______________
24
3, 773
1935_______________
12
2, 323
1936....... ..................
43
7, 354
N orway:
1927_______________
96
22,456
1928_______________
8,042
63
1929_______________
73
4, 796
1930_______________
94
4, 652
1931_______________
82
59, 524
1932_______________
91
6, 360
1933_______________
93
6,306
1934______________
85
6, 364
1935_______________
103
3, 548
Palestine:
1927_______________
562
20
1928_______________
22
886
1929_______________
45
679
1930_______________
22
393
1931_______________
1,946
50
1932_______________
1,409
61
1933_______________
57
2,049
1934_______________
49
2,051
1935_______________
3, 648
60
1936_______________
20
956
Philippines:
1927_______________ 2 53
8, 567
1928_______________
38
4,729
1929_______________
26
4,939
1930_______________
36
6,069
1931_______________
45
6,976
1932_______________
31
4, 396
1933______ ____ _
59
8,066
Poland:
625
236, 552
1927_______________
1928_______________
776
354,498
1929_______________
510 1 221,673
* Strikes only (for all years).
8 Provisional figures.
6 N o figures exist.
7 Since 1926 strikes and lock-outs have been forbidden b y law.
find persons reported with a view to prosecution.
Dis Workers
putes involved
Working
days lost
60,267
62, 254
45, 838
12, 077
14, 261
23,003
22,960
24, 543
(8)
(6)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(0)
(8)
(«)
(8)
220, 500
647,700
990, 800
273, 000
856,100
1, 772, 600
533, 800
114,200
262, 400
99, 800
12,485
21, 997
25, 889
31, 669
48, 486
108, 605
65, 099
10, 393
18, 565
16,980
1,374, 089
363,844
196, 704
240, 454
7, 585,832
394,002
364,240
235,075
6 168,000
13,469
4, 379
8, 773
9, 234
6, 704
10, 689
19, 354
17, 273
28,415
11,625
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(6
)
2,483,165
2, 787,775
1,071,816
The figures denote the number of offenses
175
LABOR DISPUTES IN FOREIGN COUNTRIES, 19 2 7 - 3 6
T a b l e 3 9 . — Labor disputes in foreign countries, 1927-36— Continued
Period
Dis Workers
putes involved
Poland—Continued.
1930_______________
330
1931_______________
363
1932_______________
517
649
1933_______________
1934_______________
957
1935_______________ 1,187
1936_______________ 82,058
Rumania:
1927_______________
51
1928_______________
57
1929_______________
127
1930_______________
101
1931_______________
71
1932_______________
102
1933_______________
58
1934_______________
72
84
1935_______________
1936______________
8 90
Spain:
1927_______________
107
1928_______________
87
1929_______________
96
402
1930_______________
734
1931_______________
1932_______________
681
1933_______________ 1,127
594
1934_______________
Sweden:
1927_______________
189
1928_______________
201
1929_______________
180
1930_______________
261
1931_______________
193
1932_______ ____ _
182
1933____ __________
140
1934_______________
103
1935_______________
98
Switzerland:
1927_______________
26
45
1928_______________
8 Provisional figures.
6 N o figures exist.
Working
days lost
427,127
53,136
636,921
109,074
315,146 2,134,150
347, 460 3,843, 631
373, 022 2, 413, 533
452, 550 2,025, 554
664,593 84, 006, 556
6, 933
10,801
31,456
17,337
17,473
8 19,154
16, 066
11,059
16,174
8 15, 231
58, 291
109, 666
411, 572
184,002
184, 593
103, 673
57, 093
156, 086
360,867
8 195, 606
70,616 1,311,891
771, 293
70, 024
313, 065
55, 576
247,460 3,745, 360
236,177 3,843, 260
269,104 3, 589,473
843,303 14,440,629
741,878 11,103,493
9,477
71,461
12,676
20,751
40,899
50,147
31,980
13, 588
17,189
400,000
4,835, 000
667, 000
1,021, 000
2, 627,000
3, 095, 000
3,434, 000
760, 200
2,058
5,474
34,160
98, 015
888,000
Period
Switzerland—Contd.
1929_______________
1930_______________
1931_______________
1932_______________
1933_______________
1934_______________
1935_______________
1936_______________
Union of South Africa:
1927_______________
1928_______________
1929_______________
1930_______________
1931_______________
1932_______________
1933_______________
1934_______________
1935_______________
1936-______________
Uruguay:
1927_______________
1928_______________
1929_______________
1930_______________
1931_______________
1932
_ _
1933_______________
1934_______________
1935_______________
Yugoslavia:
1927_______________
1928_______________
1929_______________
1930_______________
1931_______________
1932_______________
1933_______________
1934_______________
1935_______________
Dis Workers
putes involved
W orking
days lost
39
31
25
38
35
20
17
41
4,661
6,397
4,746
5,083
2, 705
2,763
874
3,612
99,608
265, 695
73,975
159,154
69,065
33,309
15,143
38, 789
12
10
10
12
19
12
10
12
17
20
5,158
5,746
2,962
5,050
6,284
4, 011
1,585
2,379
2,367
2,198
9,126
10, 535
(°)
2,600'
54, 575'
26, 034
16, 081
52,132
19, 564
5,009
13
3
31
8
56
6
6
4,737
289
2, Oil
1,361
1,933
2,262
2,117
862
699
53, 350
8 420, 600'
8 90, 600
8 11,100
8 102,600
7, 588
5,618
2,246
4, 879
1,253
1,370
2,451
6,775
25,486
239,183
117,471
12,897
48, 528
14,204
4, 074
13,937
40, 523
221,239
17
2
78
44
14
16
5
7
8
35
141
8 86,797
8 70, 782
8 3,495
GENERAL IN D E X 1
Agreements. (See Union agreements.)
P age
Agriculture or farmers________________________________________ ______ ________________ ____________
5,93
19
Antiunion contract (see also Union recognition)______________________________________ _____________
Apprentices. ___________________________
17
Arbitration (see also M ethods o f settlement, conciliation)______________________________________ 18,23,169
Beginning date of strikes__________ _____________ ____ _____________________________________________
163
Benefits, strike (see also Financing of strikes)_______________ ________ __________________ 12,14,18,163,164
Building trades____ _________ _____ ____________ _________________ 12,16,19,24,26,45,93,94,122-23
Business conditions (see also Cost of living)______________ 15,16,17,18,19,21,22,23,24,26,36,41-45,58,60,66
C a u ses.._______________
1,6,8
Classification b y _______ ___________________________________________________ 32,36,5S-60,122-23,166-67
Chinese coolies_____________________________________________
18
Cigar makers_______________________________________________________________________________________ 18,19
Closed shop____________________________________________________________ ______ ________________ 13,17,60
Clothing (see also Textiles)_______________ ____ _________________________________ 23,24,45,48,67,94,122-23
Tailoresses______ ______________________________________________________________________________
14
Tailors________
17
Coal. ( See Mining.)
Collection of strike data_________
2
B y Bureau of Census in 1880________________________________________________________ ____ _____ 2,27
B y Bureau o f Labor, 1887, 1894, 1901, 1906______________________________________________________ 2,28
B y Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1914-26________ ____ ___________________________________________ 2,35
B y Bureau of Labor Statistics, current____________________________________________________ ___ 2,170
Collective agreements. (See Union agreements.)
24
Colorado Fuel and Iron C om p a n y .._____________
Conciliation and conciliators, Labor Boards (see also Settlement)___________________________ 23,24,25,169
Congress_________
22
Conspiracy. ( See Courts and court action.)
Construction. (See Building trades.)
Cooperation among employers______________________________________________________________ 13,16,17,18
Cooperatives____________________
12,18
Cordwainers. ( See Shoemakers.)
Cost of living and prices_____________ _____ __________ _______ ________________________ 15,16,17,18,24,43
Cost of strikes (see also Man-days lost)------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------- 7,10-11
Courts and court action (see also Picketing, violence, damage, policing)---------------------------------- 12,13,14,17
Damage, property and personal (see also Violence, militia, cost of strikes)........ .................................11,19,22
Definition of strike___________________________________________________________________ ____________3-7,28
Demands. ( See Causes.)
Depression. ( See Business conditions.)
Duration (see also Man-days, settlement)_____________________________ _______ __________ 28,51-54,76,164
Eight-hour d a y .......... ..................................................... ............................. .......... .......... ..................... 18,19,22,23
5
Employee, definition of____________________________________ _____ ____ ________ _____________________
Employers. (See Cooperation among employers.)
Ending. ( See Settlement.)
Establishments________________ _____________________ ___________________ _______ 8,9,27,33,48,164,168-69
Federal troops--------------------------------------- ---------------------- -------------------- --------------------------------------------- 19,23
Financing of strikes (see also Cost of strikes, strike benefits)______________________________ ______ 15,16,17
Foreign countries, strikes in ---------- --------------------------------- ------------------- ------- ----------------------------------- 173-75
French-Canadians........................................... .................... ................. .......... ............ .....................................
19
General industry strikes-------------------------------------------------- ------------------- ------------------------ 6,13,17,45,165,168
General strikes _________ _________ _____ _______ _____________________________________________ 6,14,25,165
1 Index makes no reference to statistical tables.
See Table of Contents, p.
iii .
177
178
GENERAL INDEX
P age
Haymarket riot____________________________________________ ______ ____ ____________ ______________
Homestead strike________________ _____ ______________________________________________________ _____
Hours. ( See Eight-hour day and ten-hour day.)
22
22
Illegal or outlaw strikes________________________________________________________________________31-32,166
Industrial Workers of the W orld _____________________________________ ___________ __________ _____
23
Industry. ( See also Establishments):
Classification___________________________________________________________________________ 30,36,164-65
Classified b y States_____________________________________________________________________________ 93,94
B y causes________________________________________________________________________________ 122-23,124
Intercity strikes (see also Location, establishments involved)_______________________________________
165
Inter-State strikes (see also Location, establishments involved)_________________________________ 30-31,165
Iron and steel__________________________________________________________________________ 16,17,19,22,25,94
Iron Moulders’ International________________________
18
Issues involved. (See Causes.)
Jurisdictional disputes_____ __________________________________ ____ ________________________
5,60,122,166
Knights of Labor______________________________________________________ ____ _____ ___ _____________
22
Labor Boards. (See Conciliation.)
Labor union. (See Union organization.)
Location (see also Intercity, inter-State, general, and general industry)______________ ____________7,28,165
B y c ity ___________________________________________________________________
81
B y States____________________________________________________________________________________31,36,85
B y State and industry___________________________________________________________________
93-94
Lock-out:
Definition______________________________________________________________________________
3
Distinction between strike and______________________________________________________________ 3-4,29
Los Angeles Tim es________________________________________________________________________________
24
Loyal Legion of Loggers and Lumbermen____________________________________ _____ ____ __________
24
Machinists____________
18,24
Man-days idle (see also D uration)______________________________________________ 7-8,10-11,36,163,164,165
Maritime. (See Seamen.)
Methods of settlement. (See Settlement.)
Militia (see also policing, courts, Federal troops)_____ _____________________________________________ 14,24
M ining____ _________________________________________ 17,18,19,22,23,24,25, 26,41,45, 50,60,66,93,94,122-23
M olly Maguires___________________________________________
19
National Industrial Recovery A ct________________ ________ _____ ___________ _____ ____________
26,43,58
Organization. (See Union organization.)
Outlaw strikes. (See Illegal.)
Packing industry_________________________________
22
Paper— -------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------93
Picketing__________________________________________________________________________6,13,14,15,17,163,164
Policemen, Boston________________________________________________________________________________
25
Policing (see also M ilitia, Federal troops, courts)___________________________________________________11,22
Prices. (See Cost of living.)
Printers, bookbinders__________________________________________________________________________ 12,16, 25
Pullman strike____________________________________________________________________________________
22
Railroad strikes_____________________________________________________________________________ 19,22,24,25
Results (see also Settlement)__________________ _____ ________________________________ 1,9.33,66-67,167-69
In relation to causes___________________________________________________________________________
71
In relation to duration----------------------------------76
In relation to size______________________________________________________________________________
78
Rival unions (see also Jurisdictional disputes)--------------------------------------------------------------------- 5-6,60,122,166
Sabotage------------v,4
St. Crispin, Order of-----------18
Seamen, maritime--------------------------------12,25,45
Seasonal trend (see also Business conditions)_____________________________________________________ 17,43-45
Settlement of strikes (see also Duration, results, conciliation)------------------------------- 9,16,28,29,163-64,167-68
Sex (see also W om en )____ ________________ _______________________________________________________ 50,166
Shoemakers, cordwainers................................................................................................................13,16,17,18,19,93
GENERAL INDEX
179
P age
Sit-down strike.------ --------------------4
Statistics of strikes:
Difficulties involved___________________________________ ____ __________________________________ 1,35
Definitions____________________________________________________________________________________ 3-7,28
History o f_____________________________________________________________________________________
2
Measurement of discontent____________________________________________________________________ v, 8
Unit of measurement___________________________________________________________________5, 7-10,28,36
Methods of analyzing-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1-2, 27,28,36,163-69
Methods of collecting____________________________________________________________________ 2,35,170-72
Stoppage___________________________________________________________________________________________ 3,4,5
Stove Manufacturers’ and Iron Founders’ Association, N ational__________________________________
18
Strike benefits. (See Benefits.)
Strikebreakers_____________________________________________________________________ 13,14,15,16,17,18,19
Strikes versus lock-outs__________________________________________________________________________ 3,4,29
Sweat shops_______________________________________________________________________________________
19
Sympathetic strikes________________________________________________________________ 5,6,13, 22,60,122,169
Telegraph------- -----------------------------------------Telephone________________________________
Ten-hour day____________________________
Termination. (See Settlement.)
Textile___________________________________
Trade-unions. (See Union organization.)
Transportation (see also Railroad, seamen)
___________________
22
________________________________
25
_______________________ 12,14,15,16,17
14,16,17,19, 23, 24, 26,45. 67,93,94,122-23
____________________________ 93, 94,123
Union agreements---------------- ------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4,17,19,23, 25,60
Union organization (see also Jurisdiction, rival unions, union agreements)___________ ____ ____ ____
5,
6, 7,9,15,16,17,18,19, 22, 23
Strikes classified b y ___________________________________________________ 31-32,36,54-55,122-23,165,166
23,
Union recognition (see also Union agreements, union organization, causes of strikes)________________
24, 33, 39,58-60, 71,167
Union shop. (See Closed shop.)
United M ine Workers (see also M ining)___________________________________________________________ 23,24
Violence (see also Damages, policing, picketing, courts)
13,14,16,17,19, 22, 23,24
Walking delegate, strike committee________________________________________________________________ 13,14
W ar:
Civil__________________________________________________________________________________________
18
W orld__________________________________________________________________________________________24,26
Post-war-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 25,26
Western Federation of Miners_____________________________________________________________________
23
W om en (see also Sex)____________________________________________________________________________ 14,166
Workers involved-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------5,7,9
Directly and indirectly involved------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 9,47
Incomplete information________________________________________________________________________ 35,39
Relation to results______________________________________________________________________________78-79
10,000 or more_________________________________________________________________________________ 161-62
165-66
In intercity and inter-State strikes_____________________________________________
Yellow-dog contract.
(See Antiunion contract.)
I N D E X TO T A B L E 37
P age
A dding machines (see Cash registers, adding machines, and typewriters)-------------------------------- --------Agricultural implements.....................
Agriculture__________
Aircraft— _______________
A ir transportation____ _______ ___ ____ __________________________________________________ _________
Alum inum manufactures________ _______________ ____ ___________ _____ __________________ ________
Automobiles, bodies, and parts______ ______________________________________________________
129
129
159
131
155
132
131
Baking..................................................................................................- ____ _______ . ____ _________________
143
Barbers and beauty parlors (see Personal service, barbers, beauty parlors)__________________________
156
143
Beverages....... .......... .............................. ................................. ...............................................................................
Blast furnaces, steel works, and rolling m ills___ ______ ________________ __________________ ________
125
Boarding houses (see Hotels, restaurants, and boarding houses)_______ ____________________________
156
Bolts, nuts, washers, and rivets____ _______________________________ ____ _______________ ___________
125
Boots and shoes___________________ ________________________________________________________ ______
142
Boxes, paper_______
146
Brass, bronze, and copper products__________________________________________________ __________ __. 132
Brick, tile, and terra cotta_________________ ______ ________________________________________________
135
Bridges, docks, etc., and P. W . A . buildings (see A ll other construction)___________________________
159
Bronze (see Brass, bronze, and copper products)____________ ______ ___________ _____ _____________
132
Broom and brush_______________
150-51
158-59
Building construction— _______
Buildings, exclusive of P. W . A -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------159
Butter______________________
143
Canning and preserving----------------143-44
Carpets and rugs__________________________________________________________________________________
137
Cars, electric- and steam-railroad__________________________________________________________________
131
________
129
Cash registers, adding machines, and typewriters______________________________________
Cast-iron pip e___ ______
125
Cement------ --------------136
Chemicals____________
148
Chemicals and allied products_____________________________________________________________________ 147-49
Chewing and smoking tobacco and snuff-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------145
Cigars---------- ----------145-46
Clay (see Stone, clay, and glass products)---------------------------------------------------------------- ------- ---------------135
Clocks and watches and time-recording devices____________________________________________________
133
Clothing, men’s................................................. - ____ _________________________________________________
139
Clothing, wom en's--- -------------140
Coal mining, anthracite___________________________________________________________________________
151
Coal mining, bituminous____ _____________________________________________________________________
152
Confectionery------ -----------144
Copper (see Brass, bronze, and copper products)___________________________________________________
132
Copper, lead, and zinc (see Smelting and refining)--------------------------------------------------------------- ---------133
Corsets and allied garments_________
140
Cotton g ood s.--------------------------------138
Cottonseed—oil, cake, and meal---------------148
Cotton small w a r e s . -----------------138
Cutlery (not including silver and plated cutlery) and edge tools------------------------------------------------------126
Dom estic and personal service_____________________________________________________________________ 156-57
D om estics.---------------------------157
Dyeing, cleaning, and pressing--------- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------157
D yeing and finishing textiles------------ ---------- --------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------138
Edge tools (see Cutlery and edge tools)----------------------------------------------------------------------------------Electrical machinery, apparatus, and supplies________
180
126
129
IN D E X TO TA B LE 37
181
P age
Electric light and power and manufactured gas________ ________ _____________________ ____________
Electric railroads_____ _______ _________________________________ _____ _____________________ ______
Elevator and maintenance workers (when not attached to specific industry) ________________________
Enameled ware (see Stamped and enameled ware)_________________________________________________
Engines, turbines, tractors, and water wheels______________________________________________________
Explosives_______________________
150
154
157
133
129
148
Fabrics_____________
137
148
Fertilizers___________
Fishing___________________________________________________________________________________________
160
Flour and grain m ills_____________________________________________________________
144
F ood and kindred products________________________________________________________________________ 143-45
Forgings, iron and steel_____________
126
Foundry and machine-shop products______________________________________________________________
129
Furniture----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------134
Furriers and fur factories__________________________________________________________________________
151
Qas, manufactured (see Electric light and power and manufactured gas)___________________________
Glass___ _____________________
Granite (see Marble, granite, slate, and other products)____________________________________________
150
136
136
Hardware_____________________
126
Hats, caps, and millinery____ ______________
140-41
H osiery.___________________
141
Hotels, restaurants, and boarding houses-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------156
Ice cream__________________
144
Iron and steel and their products (not including m achinery)______________________________________ 125-28
Jewelry---------------------------
133
Knit goods--------------
141
Laundries----------------------156-57
133
Lead (see Smelting and refining—copper, lead, and z in c ).._______ _________________________________
Leather-------------------------------------------------------------142
Leather and its manufactures------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------142-43
Lighting equipment------- ----------------------------------133
Logging camps (see Sawmills and logging cam ps)__________________________________________________
135
Lum ber and allied products---------- -------------134-35
Machinery, not including transportation equipm ent_______________________________________________ 128-30
Machine-shop products (see Foundry and machine-shop products)_________________________________
129
Machine tools (power drivers)________
130
Marble, granite, slate, and other products____ _______
136
M eat packing (see Slaughtering and meat packing)-------------------------------------------------------------------------- 144-45
M en's furnishings___________________
140
Metalliferous mining__________
152
Metals (see Nonferrous metals and their products)_________________________________________________
132
Metalwork, structural and ornamental (see Structural and ornamental metalwork)-------------------------127
M illinery (see Hats, caps, and m illinery)__________________________________________________________ 140-41
M illw ork and planing___________
134-35
Minerals, extraction of_______ ____________________________________________________________________ 151-53
Miscellaneous manufacturing____________________________________________________________________ 150-51
M otorbus transportation__________________________________________________________________________
153
M otortruck transportation________________________________________________________________________
153
Nonferrous metals and their products____________________________________________________________
132-34
Paints and varnishes_________________
148
Paper and printing________________________________________________
146-47
Paper and pulp------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 146-47
Personal service, barbers, beauty parlors-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------156
Petroleum producing, crude_______________________________________________________________________
152
Petroleum refining___________________________________________________________________________
148-49
Phonographs (see Radios and phonographs)_____ ___________
130
Pipe, cast-iron (see Cast-iron pipe)__________________________________________________________
125
Plated ware (see Silverware and plated ware)______________________________________________________
133
Plumbers supplies and fixtures------------126-27
182
IN D E X TO TA B LE 37
P age
Pottery...... ............................ —— ____ _____________________________________________________________ 136-37
Preserving (see Canning and preserving)_________________________________________________________ 143-44
Printing and publishing—book and jo b ____________________________________________________________
147
Printing and publishing—newspapers and periodicals______________________________________________
Professional service________ _______ ______________________________________________________________ 157-58
P. W . A. buildings (see Bridges, docks, etc., and P. W . A. buildings)______________________________
159
14
7
Quarrying and nonmetallic mining________________________________________________________________
152
Radio broadcasting and transmitting______________________________________________________________
155
Radios and phonographs__________________________________________________________________________
130
Rayon (see Silk and rayon goods)________________________________________________________________ 138-39
Rayon and allied products________________________________________________________________________
149
Recreation and amusement_______________________________________________________________________
158
Relief work_____ __________________________________________________________________________________
160
Restaurants (see Hotels, restaurants, and boarding houses)________________________________________
156
Retail trade_______________________________________________________________________________________
155
Rolling mills (see Blast furnaces, steel works, and rolling m ills)____________________________________
125
Rosin (see Turpentine and rosin)__________________________________________________________________
135
R ubber boots and shoes___________________________________________________________________________
149
Rubber products-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------149
Rubber tires and inner tubes---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 149-50
Rugs (see Carpets and rugs)_______________________________________________________________________
137
Sawmills and logging cam ps_______________________________________________________________________
135
Semiprofessional, attendants and helpers__________________________________________________________
158
131
Shipbuilding—_______
Shirts and collars_____________
141
Shoes (see Boots and shoes)_______________________________________________________________________
142
Silk and rayon goods_____________________________________________________________________________ 138-39
Silverware and plated ware_______________________________________________________________________
133
Slate (see Marble, granite, slate, and other products)______________________________________________
136
Slaughtering and meat packing_______________
144-45
Smelting and refining—copper, lead, and zinc____________
133
Snuff (see Chewing and smoking tobacco and snuff)_______________________________________________
145
Stamped and enameled ware______________________________________________________________________
133
Steam and hot-water heating apparatus and steam fittings_________________________________________
127
Steam railroads_________________________
154
Steel works (see Blast furnaces, steel works, and rolling m ills)______________________________________
125
135-37
Stone, clay, and glass products_____________
Stoves____________________________________________________________________________________________
127
Structural and ornamental metalwork_____________________________________________________________
127
Sugar, beet____ _______________
145
Sugar refining, cane_______________________________________________________________________________
145
Taxicabs and miscellaneous____ ___________________________________________________________________
154
Telephone and telegraph_________________________________________________________________________ 154-55
Terra cotta {see Brick, tile, and terra cotta)________________________________________________________
135
Textile machinery and parts______________________________________________________________________
130
Textiles and their products_______________________________________________________________________ 137-39
Tile (see Brick, tile, and terra cotta)_______________________________________________________________
135
Time-recording devices {see Clocks and watches and time-recording devices)_______________________
133
T in cans and other tinware________________________________________________________________________
127
T obacco, chewing and smoking {see Chewing and smoking tobacco and snuff)_____________________
145
T obacco manufactures___________________________________________________________________________ 145-46
Tools (not including edge tools, machine tools, files, and saws)_____________________________________
128
Tractors {see Engines, turbines, tractors, and water wheels)_______________________________________
129
Trade_____________________________________________________________________________________________
155
Transportation and communication______________________________________________________________ 153-55
Transportation equipment_______________________________________________________________________ 130-33
Turbines {see Engines, turbines, tractors, and water wheels)_______________________________________
129
Turpentine and rosin_____________________________________________________________________________
135
Typewriters {see Cash registers, adding machines, and typewriters)________________________________
129
Varnishes {see Paints and varnishes)___________
148
IN D E X TO TAB LE 37
183
P age
Watches (see C locks and watches and time-recording devices).................................... ... ............. ............
133
153
Water transportation_____________________________________________________________________________
Water wheels (see Engines, turbines, tractors, and water wheels)___________________________________
129
Wearing apparel_________________________________________________________________________________ 139-41
Wholesale trade___________________________________________________________________________________
155
W irework_________________________________________________________________________________________
128
W oolen and worsted goods___________________________________
139
Zinc (see Smelting and refining—copper, lead, and zinc) _ _________________________ ____ ___________
O
133
