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CONTENTS.
Pag®.
7
4
Letter of transm ittal..................... .................. .......................... ..........................
Introduction...... ................
Basis of selection .............. ......................................... . ..................................................
ii
Accuracy of measurement...................................................
43
44
Units, of measurement..............................
Statures and weights...........................................................................................................
Size of selected group........................................................ .............................. .
15-64
45
W hite ch ild ren ......................................................-........... ............... .,...................................
15-61
Average statures and weights................... . ..................................... ........................
V ariability. . . ........................
Growth................... ............................................. . ..........................................
45
21
, 23
W eight for stature.......................................................... . ...............................
27
W eight for stature and age.......................................... ............. .................................
Comparison with other series................ ....................................................................
Composition of selected group.....................................
Comparative stature and weight in different sections...................................
Comparative stature and weight of city and country children........ ........
Comparative stature and weight of children of native parentage............
30
' 3g
42
51
53
55
Comparative stature and weight of children of Italian, Scandinavian,
and German parentage............................................................
56-61
5g
g4
Children of German parentage....................
g4
Negro children.............................................
g2
Comparative stature and weight of children with certain d efe cts........................... g5_ 7g
Proportion of children w ith each defect.......................................................................
g5
Children of Italian parentage...........................................................................
Children of Scandinavian parentage.............................................................
Relation of defect to stature and w eight................................................................
Rachitis___ . . . . ........
67-73
go
M alnutrition.................................................................................................
Heart abnorm ality............ ................................................
69
Carious te e th .............................
Diseased or enlarged tonsils.......................................
Adenoids......................................................
E ffect of inclusion of children with certain defects upon general averages. .
Corrected and smoothed averages of stature and w e ig h t................... ~.............
A ppendix A .............. ................................................................. ............................
E xtract from *‘ Suggestions to Examiners ” .......... ....................................................
W eig h in g.................... .................................................................................................... |
7g
74
74
»0
74
75
77
77
M easuring..........................................................................................
A pp endix B .....................
Accuracy of material.......................................... ................................... ...........
A ppendix C .................. 1.............................. .................................................
Probable errors of averages..............................
I n d e x .....................................................................................................
7 8-80
' g 4_82
.
{
’
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g4
4je
GENERAL
TABLES.
Page.
Table
1. Average statures and weights in centimeters and kilograms, b y sex,
from birth to
6 years; smoothed figures; white children....................
85
2. Average statures and weights in centimeters and kilograms, b y sex,
from birth to
6 years; after original data; white children.................
86
3. Stature and age; white b oys........ ..................................................... ............. - - 8 7-91
4. Stature and age; white girls.......................................................................
92-96
5. W eight and age; white b o ys................................................................... facing p . 96
6. W eight and age; white girls................................................................... facing p . 96
7. W eight and stature; white b oys..............................................................facing p. 96
8. W eight and stature; white g irls.................................................... - - - facing p. 96
9. Average statures and weights, b y sex, from birth to 6 years; white
children; Iow a....................
10. Average statures and weights, b y sex, from birth to
97
6 years; white
children; California.............................................................................................
11. Average statures and weights, b y sex, from birth to
98
6 years; white
children; New Y ork C ity ............................................................. - - ...............
12. Country of birth of parents, b y section; white children included in
99
100
height and weight tabulation................................................... - - ...............
13. Country of birth of parents; white children included in height and
weight table, New Y ork C ity ................ .....................................................- 14. Comparative standard deviations in stature; white boys 3 years but
less than 4 years of age, in Iowa and in all States................................
15. Average statures and weights, by sex, from birth to
children of mothers born in Ita ly —
101
6 years; white
........................................................
16. Average statures and weights, b y sex, from birth to
101
102
6 years; white
children of mothers b o m in Germ any.................................. - ............... 102-103
17. Average statures and weights, b y sex, from birth to
6 years; white
children of mothers b o m in Denmark, Sweden, or Norw ay.............
18. Average statures and weights, b y sex, from birth to
children...................•.................. ....................................................... ......................
19. Average statures and weights, b y sex, from 1 to 71 months; smoothed
figures, exact ages; white children—
.—
103
6 years; Negro
...........................................
104
105
20. Average statures and weights, b y sex, from 1 to 71 months; smoothed
figures, exact ages; white children...............................................................
21. Average weight for height, b y sex; white children......................... ..
22. W eight and age; white boys of specified statures.................................
23. Average statures and weights, b y sex, from 3 to
107
108-113
6 years; smoothed
and corrected figures; in centimeters and kilograms; white children.
4
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106
114
CH ARTS.
Page.
Ch a r t
I . Stature and age, b y se x ........................................... . .................................
I I . W eight and age, b y se x ...............................................................................
16
16
I I I . M onthly growth in stature and weight, b y sex and age...............
25
I Y . Y early growth in stature and weight, by sex and age..............
V.
V I.
V II.
V III.
W eight for stature, b y se x ................................................... - .................
W eight for stature and age; b o ys................................................... ..
30
W eight for stature and age; g i r l s . . . .................... ..............................
Comparison of children’s year averages with Dr. Crum’s,
31
Dr. H o lt’s, and B ow ditch’s averages; boys’ statures............
IX .
Comparison of children’s year averages with Dr.
X.
Comparison of children’s year averages with Dr.
X I.
Comparison of children’s year averages w ith Dr.
36
Crum’s,
Dr. H o lt’s, and B ow ditch’s averages; girls’ statures.................
37
Crum’s,
Dr. H o lt’s, and Bow ditch’s averages; boys’ weights.................
38
Crum’s,
Dr. H o lt’s, and Bow ditch’s averages; girls’ w e ig h ts.. . . . . . .
X II.
Comparison of children’s year averages w ith Dr. Crum ’s, Dr.
X III.
Comparison of children’s year averages w ith Dr. Crum ’s, Dr.
X IV .
Distribution of statures of white boys aged 36 months in all
XV.
States and in Iow a............................................................ 1........ .............
Distribution of weights of white boys aged 36 months in all
H o lt’s, and B ow ditch’s averages; b o y s’ weight for heigh t----H o lt’s, and B ow ditch’s averages; girls’ weight for h e ig h t .;.. '
X V I.
26
26
39
40
41
42
States and in Iow a...................................... ............ .................................
43
Distribution of weights of white boys 37 inches in stature.......
44
X V II.
Comparative statures of boys of Italian, Scandinavian, and
X V III.
Comparative statures of girls of Italian, Scandinavian, and
German parentage, and of boys in all States.................................
German parentage, and of girls in all States..................................
56
57 ■
X I X . Comparative weights of boys of Italian, Scandinavian, and
German parentage, and of boys in all States................. ...............
58
X X . Comparative weights of girls of Italian, Scandinavian, and
German parentage, and of girls in all S ta te s .................................
X X I.
X X II.
X X III.
Comparative statures and weights of white and Negro b o y s .. . .
Comparative statures and weights of white and Negro girls----
59
62
63
Distribution of weights of boys with diseased or enlarged
tonsils, 3 b u t under*4 years of a g e .....................................................
5
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72
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LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.
U n it e d
St a t e s
D epartm ent
of
L abor,
C h il d r e n ’s B u r e a u ,
Washington, M a y 11, 1921.
Si r : I transmit herewith a report on Statures and Weights of
Children Under Six Years of Age.
The material for this report was secured in 1918-19 in the course
of the weighing and measuring test of “ Children’s Year.” The plan
for the test was drawn up by Dr. Grace L. Meigs (Crowder). The
work of tabulation was under the direction of Dr. Robert M. Wood
bury, who has written the report.
Grateful acknowledgments are due to the members of the two
advisory committees who gave generously of their time and whose
recommendations as to the use of material guided the preparation
of this report. These committees were:
Committee of the Pediatric Section of the American Medical Asso
ciation: Dr. J. P. Sedgwick, Dr. Richard M. Smith, Dr. William Wes
ton, Dr. 'Herman Schwartz, Dr. E. C. Fleischmer.
Statistical Advisory Committee: Prof. Walter F. Willcox, Prof.
Irving Fisher, Prof. Thomas S. Adams, Prof. Robert E. Chaddock,
Prof. J. W. Glover, Miss Edith Abbott.
To other authorities consulted grateful acknowledgments are also
made for valuable suggestions and criticisms. These other authori
ties included: Dr. Ale§ Hrdli6ka, Dr. Bird T. Baldwin, Dr. Clark
Wissler, Dr. Charles R. Bardeen, Dr. Charles B. Davenport, Dr. Louis
I. Dublin, Dr. Frederick L. Hoffman, Dr. F. S. Crum, and Dr. Fritz
B. Talbot.
Respectfully submitted.
Ju l ia
C. L ath rop,
Chief.
Hon.
Ja m e s
J. D a v is ,
Secretary o f Labor.
7
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STATURES AND WEIGHTS OF CHILDREN UNDER SIX YEARS
OF AGE.
INTRODUCTION.
During children’s year, the second year of this country’s participa
tion in the World War, a series of campaigns was undertaken to
focus public attention upon infant and child welfare. Experience
in other countries had shown the special need of protective measures
for children during war time. This need was recognized by President
Wilson in his letter to the Secretary of Labor:
N e x t to the duty of doing everything possible for the soldiers at the front, there
could be, it seems to m e, no more patriotic duty than that of protecting the children,
who constitute one-third of our population
*
*
*
I heartily approve the plan of
the Children’s Bureau and the W om a n ’s Committee of the Council of National Defense
for making the second year of the war one of united activity on behalf of children,
and in that sense a children’s year.
A full description of the children’s year campaigns is Contained in
Children’s Year,1 a publication of the Children’s Bureau, and in an
address by Dr. Anna E. Rude at a meeting of the American Public
Health Association in December, 1918.2
The present bulletin is concerned solely with the first of these cam
paigns, that for the weighing and measuring of children. A record
blank in two parts was prepared, one for the parents to keep and the
other for return to the Children’s Bureau. The parents’ half of the
card contained spaces for the child’s stature, weight, and age and for
the date of examination, together with spaces for later measurements,
to form a continuous record of the child’s growth. It contained also
a table of average heights and weights with which the child’s actual
height and weight could be compared.
Though based on the best available data, it was realized that the
averages given in the table on the parents’ half of the card were far
from satisfactory. No complete series covering all ages was available.
Three different sources were used— Dr. H olt’s averages, based upon
about 2,000 measurements made in private practice, for boys and
girls at birth and for boys at 3 m onths;3 Dr. Crum’s figures, based
1 Children’s Year, a brief summary of work done and suggestions for follow-up work.
publication N o. 67.
Children’ s Bureau
2 A nna E . Rude, M. D .: “ The children’s year campaign,” in American Journal of Public Health, Vol.
I X , N o. 5 (M ay, 1919), p p . 346-351.
8 L . E m m ett Holt, Diseases of Infancy and Childhood, 1916, p. 20. Figures for 3 months given in a
personal communication.
9
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10
STATUSES AND W EIGHTS OF CHILDREN.
upon 10,423 “ normal babies in 31 States” for the period from 6 to
48 months, inclusive; 4 and Bowditch’s averages, based upon nearly
24,000 Boston school children of native and foreign parentage,5for the
period from 5 to 16 years of age. The first two sources named gave
weights without clothing, while the last gave weights in ordinary
clothing but without shoes. The series from 6 to 48 months had
been criticised on the ground that the competitive element present
in baby shows, at which the bulk of these measurements were secured,
was likely to have produced too high averages. On account of lack
of material, gaps in the table were left between birth and 6 months
for girls and, except for the figure at 3 months, for boys; and also
between 48 months and 66 months, the age to which the first of
Bowditch’s averages (5 years) corresponds. The continuity of the
series was broken in passing from weights without •clothing at 48
months to weights in ordinary clothing but without shoes at 5 years.
It might be mentioned, further, that the averages from 36 to 48 months
were based on relatively few cases (from 9 to 90), while the average for
5 years, the lowest of Bowditch’s figures, was probably less reliable
than his averages for later years. Yet, as explained on the record
blank, the averages presented were not far different from averages
drawn from other sources.6
The bureau’s half of the card contained spaces for the child’s stature,
weight, sex, and date of birth, for the country of birth of father and
mother, and for a statement of whether or not the child was in good
health or had physical defects. Spaces were also provided for the
date and place of examination and for the signature of the examiner.
As the campaign progressed calls for record blanks quickly ex
ceeded the 500,000 originally printed, and before the campaign was
finished over 7,000,000 blanks had been distributed. From these the
bureau eventually received over 2,000,000 records. In view of the
large demand for cards it was found necessary to concentrate upon
children under 6 years of age, and accordingly the great majority
of records received were for children under 6.
The bureau was thus put in possession of a far larger mass of data
upon heights and weights than wTas ever before available for children
of these ages. In view of the gaps in and the unsatisfactory character
of the material previously available for these ages, it seemed a duty
to utilize and make available the information contained in these
4 Anthropometric Statistics of Children—Ages 6.to 48 months. Frederick S. Crum, Publications of the
Am erican Statistical Association, V ol. X V , 1916-17, p p . 332-336.
6 Eighth Annual Report of the State Board of Health of Massachusetts, 1877, p-. 275.
e Bowditch’ s averages are in substantial agreement with the table of statures based on over 88,000 children
in Boston, St. Louis, Milwaukee, Worcester, Toronto, and Oakland, and the table of weights calculated
from the data of 68,000 children in Boston, St. Louis, and Milwaukee. See B . T . Baldwin, Physical Growth
and School Progress, U . S. Bureau of Education, Bulletin 1914, N o. 10, whole N o. 581, p . 150. T he weights
based upon “ 10,423 normal babies” were, however, somewhat higher than those given b y Dr. H olt for
children under 2 years.
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INTRODUCTION.
11
records. The analysis would serve to establish upon adequate
material drawn from all parts of the country a complete series of
average statures and weights for young children. It might also
serve, if another similar mass of material were to be accumulated
after an interval of time, as a basic series from which changes in
average statures and weights could be measured.
The total number of records received was so great that it was
impossible, in view of the limited resources of the bureau, to tabulate
the entire mass of material. A smaller number would afford a basis
large enough for accurate results, and would permit of a selection
of the most reliable part of the data.
Consultations were held with anthropological, statistical, and
medical authorities in regard to the subjects and methods of investi
gation. These conferences were held before the commencement of
tabulation, and during the progress of the work as questions arose.
Questions of a statistical nature were referred to the statistical
advisory committee of the bureau. A special committee of the
pediatric section of the American Medical Association cooperated in
connection with the medical questions.
In the final tabulation about one-twelfth of the total number of
cards was included.
B A S IS O P S E L E C T IO N .
The basis of selection was fourfold. In the first place only cards
signed by physicians were included. If a physician signed the card
it might be assumed that he was the examiner or that he exercised
supervision over the taking of measurements. Since the main
tabulations were to be based on children who were without serious
physical defects, it was desirable to select those who had been ex
amined or at least passed under review b y physicians. A further
discussion of this point is given below.
In the second place, cards were not included in the tables unless
a definite statement was received from the examining physician that
th e . children were weighed and measured without clothing. The
directions for weighing specified that children under 5 years of age
were to be weighed and measured without clothing. A thousand
questionnaires sent to physicians selected at random throughout the
country showed, however, that many had not followed this direc
tion exactly; some had weighed children in underclothing, others
reported weighing with clothing and making deductions before
entering weights, still others had measured the children with their
shoes on, etc. It was decided, therefore, to send a questionnaire
to every physician who had signed a card and to include only cards
signed by those who reported weighing and measuring without cloth
ing. The physicians were asked to specify separately the method
of weighing children under 1 year of age, from 1 to 5 years, and 5
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12
STATUR ES A N D W E IG H T S OE C H IL D R E N .
years of age and over. It frequently happened that physicians
reported that children under 1 year of age had been weighed and
measured without clothing, while those over 1 year or over 5 years
had been weighed differently; in these cases only the cards of children
who were weighed without clothing were included. The rule that
only children weighed without clothing should be included in the
tables was applied to children 5 years of age and over, even though
the directions on the record blank had not specified this method of
weighing at these ages, since only thus could the series of heights
and weights be placed on a uniform basis.7
The third basis of selection, as already mentioned, was the absence
of physical defects which might affect stature or weight. The defects
and diseases which were the basis of exclusion from the tabulation
included arthritis, cretinism, curvature of the spine, dwarfism, heart
disease, hydrocephalus, idiocy, imbecility, joint disease, marasmus,
malnutrition, paralysis, Pott’s disease, rachitis, spina bifida, syphilis,
and tuberculosis; and any children who were noted as sick at the
time of examination were excluded. In general any defect or disease
which necessarily interferes with the growth and nutrition of a child
excluded the card from tabulation.
In this connection it should be remembered that all children who
were included in the tabulation were weighed and measured, exam
ined or reviewed, by physicians. It is probable, therefore, that all
cases of the more serious defects included in the list were noted upon
the card. The reporting of defects and diseases the diagnosis of which
is at all difficult was probably far less uniform. Nevertheless, the
group selected for tabulation represents, so far as the physicians’
records permitted, children without physical defects which might
affect stature or weight.8
The fourth basis of selection was the completeness and accuracy of
the record. All cards were excluded upon which any one or more
i
A gTnftll number of cards signed b y physicians in California was included even though replies had not
been received as to methods used in weighing and measuring. In this State a State-wide campaign was
carried on b y physicians working under detailed instructions. Answers to the questionnaires were re
ceived from about three-fifths of the physicians who had signed record cards; their cards were accepted
or rejected in accordance with the general rule stated above. The replies showed, however, that practi
cally all the children were weighed and measured without clothing. T he cards of physicians from whom
no replies were received were therefore included. The possible error arising from including these cards
is small, since it is estimated that of all the California children included, 95 per cent of those under 1 year,
87 per cent of those from 1 to 5 years, and 82 per cent of those 5 years of age were weighed without clothing,
and in a large number of the remaining cases the weights were entered after making deductions to allow
for the weight of clothing. In the averages for the entire country the possible error arising from this source
is negligible, since these children form such a small fraction of the general total.
s The list of defects causing exclusion did not include carious teeth, diseased or enlarged tonsils, or ade
noids. In order to learn whether the inclusion of children with these defects affected the general average
stature and weight, a tabulation was made of 10,276 California and N ew Y ork City children with definite
>UggnnKfls of diseased or enlarged tonsils, 3,728 children with definite diagnoses of adenoids, and 2,093 chil
dren with carious teeth. The results are presented on pp. 74-76, together with an estimate of the effect
on the general average of including such children. The effect under 3 years of age is negligible; over 3, the
elimination of children with these defects would have raised the general average stature not more than onetwentieth of an inch and the average weight only from 1 to 3 ounces, pp. 74-75.
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INTRODUCTION.
13
of the following was not reported: Sex, age, height, weight, or color.
Furthermore, cards were excluded upon which obviously impossible
errors due to clerical inaccuracies appeared.9
ACCURACY OF M E A SU R E M E N T .
The accuracy of the figures depends on three different items. In
the first place, as already pointed out, it is obvious that whether the
children were weighed and measured with or without clothing is of
fundamental importance. Obviously all the children included had
to be weighed according to a uniform rule as to clothing, if the results
were to be of value. Since weighing without clothing avoids diffi
culties resulting from variations in the weight of clothing worn in the
different seasons, in the North, and in the South, and by the different
elements of the population, this method was adopted and specified
in the instructions for weighing. If, then, children weighed with
clothing were included, the averages would be too high. Error from
this source, as already stated, was practically eliminated by the
method of selection of the records.
In the second place the technique of weighing and measuring and
the type and accuracy of the scales used would affect the result.
Whether, for example, the weighing scales were properly balanced,
whether in measuring children the best methods were followed to
insure that the stature should be accurately secured, all such points
are important; but they can not be determined from the records
themselves. In connection with the weighing and measuring cam
paign a leaflet, "Suggestions to Examiners/’ 10 was drawn up and
distributed. In this leaflet recommendations as to the most satis
factory methods of weighing and measuring were given, and refer
ences were made to a previous bulletin of the bureau, How to Conduct
a Children’s Health Conference. While it is impossible to determine
to what extent these suggestions were followed, errors in weighing
and measuring would tend, in general to overstate and to understate
the truth in an approximately equal number of cases and to approxi
mately equal degrees. In other words, in a large number of measure
ments errors from this source would tend to offset one another.
Though such errors would increase slightly the standard deviation
and the variability of the measurements, the averages themselves
would remain practically unaffected.
In the third place, the accuracy with which results were recorded
must be considered. Clerical errors or omissions may, of course,
have occurred. In some cases these may have been such as to cause
9 Such, for example, as a card which gave a stature of 36 inches " a t birth.”
This error was doubtless due
to entering the date of examination both for the date of exam ination and the date of birth. In sub
tracting the date of b irth from the date of exam ination to find the age, it appears—erroneously—that
the child was exam ined on the same d ay he was born.
1° Extracts containing the recommendations for weighing and measuring are given in the appendix.
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14
STATURES
AND
W E IG H T S
OF
C H IL D R E N .
the rejection of the card; the others would probably tend to offset
one another in a large number of measurements. Measurements,
furthermore, may not have been recorded with as great accuracy as
they were secured; or vice versa, they may have been stated on the
card with greater precision than the methods of securing them
actually warranted. Stature, for example, may have been accu
rately secured to the nearest eighth of an inch and have been stated
only to the nearest inch; or it may have been secured and stated
accurately to the nearest half, quarter, or eighth of an inch; or it
may have been stated in eighths without having been so accurately
secured. The records themselves, obviously, do not show thé accuracy
with which the measurements were actually made, but they do show
the fineness of the classification used in entering the measurements.
Although this information does not furnish any basis for determining
the absolute accuracy of the averages, it does throw light upon the
relative accuracy and care in measurements made in the different
sections of the country and for the white and Negro children included
in their respective tables. These comparisons are discussed in the
appendix, p. 78.
Except for the possibility of biased errors the precision of an
average depends upon the variability, and upon the number of
measurements.11 This subject is discussed later in connection with
the tables
U N IT S O F M E A S U R E M E N T .
In the tabulations height is stated to the nearest inch, weight to
the nearest half pound; age is given in completed months, and the
upper and lower limits of the ages included are stated in the tables.
Cases in which the stated height fell on the even half inch, or on the
dividing line between two groups, were divided equally, and half
were included in the group below and half in the group above the
dividing line. Similarly for weights; cases in which the weight was
stated with a fraction of one-fourth or three-fourths of a pound were
divided equally, and half were included with the unit next below
and half with the unit next above. Thus, half the cases of children
whose weights were stated as 151 pounds, for example, were arbi
trarily classed in the group weighing 14f to 151 and half in the group
weighing 151 to 15f pounds. The age was in every case computed
from the dates of examination and of birth and classified by months.
The average age of the children in each group, therefore, is approxi
mately halfway between the upper and lower limits of age given.
In comparing these figures with other series of measurements, the
definition of the units, as just stated, must always be borne in mind.
11 The precision of an average in the technical sense varies directly with the square root of the number
of measurements and inversely w ith the square root of the sum of the mean squared deviation from the
average.
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STATURES AND WEIGHTS.
SIZE O F S E L E C T E D G R O U P .
Records for 172,000 children met the tests of selection described,
and were tabulated for the general tables of stature and weight.
These records included all those among the 2,000,000 cards received
which fulfilled every requirement. All but a small number, 1,612, of
these children were under 6 years of age. The number of records
received for children under 6 years of age represented, therefore,
about one-seventh, and the number tabulated about 1.2 per cent, of
the total number of children of this age in the country.
The records were divided at the outset into two parts, and those
for white and for colored children were tabulated separately. Since
the group of white children was large, comprising 167,024, while that
for colored children was comparatively small, comprising only 4,976
records, the main discussion is of the group of white children.
W H IT E C H IL D R E N .
Average statures and weights.
Table I gives average statures and weights for white boys and girls
for each age up to 72 months.1 The figures shown in this table have
been smoothed to eliminate slight irregularities in the progression of
statures and weights.2 Charts I and II show in graphic form the
increase in stature and weight during the first six years of life.
Boys under 6 years of age are found to be slightly taller and heavier
than girls of the same ages. The averages for boys increase from
21.16 inches and 9.11 pounds at under 1 month to 43.87 inches and
41.40 pounds at 71 months. At the same timé those for girls increase
from 20.89 inches and 8.65 pounds at under 1 month to 43.52 inches
and 40.36 pounds at 71 months. The boys average from one-third
to one-half inch taller and weigh about a pound more than the girls
of the same ages.
1 Figures in units of the metric system are given in General Table 1, p. 85.
2 The m ethod of smoothing is as follows: The differences between the successive averages, indicating
m onthly growth, are first smoothed b y substituting for each figure a new one equal to the average of five
values, the figure itself and the tw o preceding and the tw o following figures. The process is then repeated
a second tim e upon this first smoothed series. These figures are then adjusted so that the sum of the
smoothed is equal to the sum of the original figures indicating growth. These final smoothed growth figures
are then used to construct the smoothed series of averages. The first tw o and the last two averages have
been kept unchanged.
15
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Chart I.— Stature and age, by sex.
INCHES
SOI—
Chart H.— W eight and age, by sex.
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17
STATU R E S A N D W E IG H T S .
T able I .— A verag e statures and weights, f r o m birth to 6 years, by ages, smoothed
fig u res; white children}
B oys.
Age.
Under 1 m o n th ......................................................................................
1 m onth, under 2...................................... ...........................................
2 m onths, under 3.................................... .........................................
3 m onths, under 4.................................... ....................................
4 m onths, under 5.................................................................
5 m onths, under 6.................................... ....................................
6 months, under 7 . . . . ..................................................................
7 months, under 8................................................................................
8 months, under 9..........................................................................
9 months, under 10..............................................................................
10 m onths, under 11..............................................................................
U months, under 12......... ...............................................................
12 months, under 13..............................................................................
13 months, under 14..............................................................................
14 m onths, under 15..............................................................................
15 m onths, under 16..............................................................................
16 m onths, under 17.............................................................................
17 m onths, under 18..............................................................................
18 months, under 19..............................................................................
19 months, under 20-............................................................................
20 months, under 21..............................................................................
21 months, under 22............................................................................ .
22 m onths, under 23............. ........................ .......................................
23 m onths, under 24..............................................................................
24 months, under 25..............................................................................
25 m onths, under 26........... ..................................................................
26 m onths, under 27.............................................................................
27 months, under 28..............................................................................
28 months, under 29.............................................................................
29 months, under 30..............................................................................
30 m onths, under 31.............................................................................
31 m onths, under 32.................... .............................. ..........................
32 months, under 33...............................................................................
33 m onths, under 34..............................................................................
34 months, under 35............................................ .................................
35 m onths, under 36............................. ................................................
36-m onths, under 37.............................................................................
37 months, under 38..............................................................................
38 months, under 39..............................................................................
39 months, under 40............................................................................
40 months, under 41.........................................................................
41 months, under 42..............................................................................
42 months, under 43............................................................................
43 m onths, under 44.............................................................................
44 months, under 45..............................................................................
45 months, under 46............................................................ ...........
46 months, under 47..............................................................................
47 m onths, under 48..............................................................................
48 months, under 49.............................................................. '. .............
49 months, under 50................................................................... ..........
50 months, under 51..............................................................................
51 m onths, under 52............................................................................
52 months, under 53..............................................................................
53 months, under 54..............................................................................
54 m onths, under 55..............................................................................
55 months, under 56..............................................................................
56 m onths, under 57..............................................................................
57 months, under 58..............................................................................
58 months, under 59..................................................................... •.
59 m onths, under 60..............................................................................
60 months, under 61.............................................................. ...............
61 months, under 62.....................................................................
62 months, under 63..............................................................................
63 m onths, under 64............................... .............................................
64 months, under 65..........................................................
65 m onths, under 66.........................................................................
66 months, under 67..............................................................
67 m onths, under 68.........................................................................
68 m onths, under 69...................................... .......................
69 months, under 70.....................................................................
70 months, under 71..........................................................
71 months, under 72...................................................................
Girls.
Average Average Average Average
stature
weight
stature
weight
(inches). (pounds) (inches). (pounds).
21.16
22.47
23.58
24.55
25.38
26.10
26.72
27.27
27.76
28.21
28.64
29.06
29.47
29.87
30.26
30.64
31.02
31.39
31.76
32.11
32.44
32.76
33.06
33.34
33.62
33.89
34.16
34.43
34.71
34.99
35.27
35.54
35.79
36.02
36.24
36.46
36.67
36.89
37.11
37.34
37.57
37.81
38.05
38.29
38.51
38.72
38.91
39.09
39.25
39.42
39.59
39.77
39.96
40.18
40.40
40.62
40.83
41.03
41.22
41.40
41.57
41.75
41.93
42.11
42.31
42.51
42.71
42.91
43.10
43.32
43.48
43.87
9.11
10.88
12.61
14.07
15.37
16.50
17.47
18.31
19.04
19.68
20.27
20.81
21.32
21.82
22.31
22.78
23.25
23.72
24.18
24.62
25.04
25.45
'25.84
26.21
26.58
26.95
27.31
27.68
28.06
28.45
28.83
29.20
29.56
29.88
30.18
30.47
30.75
31.04
31.34
31.67
32.01
32.36
32.71
33.05
33.36
33.65
33.91
34.14
34.36
34.59
34.82
35.06
35.33
35.63
35.94
36.27
36.61
36.94
37.28
37.60
37.91
38.20
38.48
38.75
39.05
39.36
39.69
40.03
40.39
40.72
41.17
41.40
20.89
21.92
23.09
24.00
24.83
25.53
26.15
26.70
27.20
27.66
28.10
28.51
28.91
29.30
29.69
30.08
30.47
30.86
31.24
31.60
31.93
32.24
32.53
32.81
33.09
33.37
33.66
33.95
34.24
34.53
34.82
35.09
35.34
35.58
35.81
36.03
36.25
36.48
36.72
36.96
37.21
37.46
37.70
37.92
38.13
38.33
38.52
38.70
38.89
39.08
39.27
39.47
39.69
39.91
40.14
40.36
40.58
40.79
40.98
41.16
41.34
41.52
41.69
41.86
42.03
42.20
42.38
42.58
42.81
43.03
43.39
43.52
8.65
10.14
11.71
13.03
14.25
15.32
16.26
17.09
17.81
18.45
19.03
19.56
20.04
20.51
20.96
21.42
21.88
22.35
22.81
23.26
23.68
24.07
24.45
24.81
25.17
25.54
25.92
26.31
26.70
27.09
27.48
27.85
28.20
28.54
28.88
29.20
29.51
29.82
30.13
30.46
30.79
31.12
31.44
31.73
32.00
32.27
32.53
32.78
33.05
33.31
33.57
33.85
34.17
34.48
34.81
35.14
35.45
35.75
36.05
36.35
36.65
36.94
37.23
37.52
37.80
38.09
38.42
38.74
39.14
39.53
40.17
40.36
1 The figures have been smoothed b y using the smoothed figures of m onthly growth. For the m ethod
o f smoothing seep . 15. For equivalents in centimeters and kilograms see General Table 1, p. 85. For
averages at exact ages, 1 m onth, etc., see General Tables 19 and 20, pp. 105,106.
49079°—21-----2
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18
STATUEES AND W EIGHTS OF CHILDREN.
Averages from the original data are shown in Tables II and III,
together with measures of variability and the numbers of cases upon
which the averages are based.- The number of cases upon which the
various averages are based rises to a maximum at about 6 months
when over 1,900 boys and 1,800 girls were examined. For all ages
except under 1 month and at 60 months and over for boys, and under
1 month and at 56, 57, and 60 months and over for girls, at least
1,000 records were included, a number sufficiently large to insure that
the averages are not seriously affected by chance irregularities in the
selection of cases.
T able I I .— Average statures and weights, by age, f r o m birth to 6 years; white b o ys.1
W hite boys.
Ago.
Number.
Stature.
W eight.
Coeffi
Average Standard cient of
stature deviation variation
(per
(inches).2 (inches).3
cen t).4
Coeffi
Average Standard cient of
deviation variation
weight
(per
(pounds).1 (pounds).8
cen t).4
19.4
1.77
9.11
6.7
1.43
21.16
595
Under 1 m on th .........
17.4
1.89
10.88
5.8
1.29
22.47
1,431
1“month, under 2 —
16.2
2.04
12.61
5.3
1.25
23.58
1,754
2 months, under 3 . . .
15.4
2.19
14.12
5.3
1.30
24.53
1,826
3 months, under 4 . . .
14.9
2.28
15.32
5.1
1.30
25.35
1,863
4 months, under 5 . . .
15.3
2.53
16.58
5.6
1.45
26.08
1,809
5 months, under 6 . . .
14.8
2.59
17.52
5.6
1.49
26.68
1,912
6 months, under 7.
14.6
2.68
18.31
5.8
1.57
27.21
1,851
7 months, under 8 . . .
13.5
2.57
18.96
5.4
1.50
27.59
1,746
8 months, under 9 . . .
13.2
2.57
19.44
5.2
1.47
28.02
1,860
9 months, under 10..
2.64
13.1
20.13
5.2
1.49
28.
47
1,814
10 months, under 11.
11.8
2.44
20.67
4.9
1.42
28.91
1,838
11 months, under 12.
12.2
2.58
21.19
4.9
1.43
29.36
1,575
12 months, under 13.
11.9
2.58
21.67
4.8
1.42
29.73
1,364
13 months, under 14.
11.4
2.53
22.22
4.6
1.39
30.15
1,281
14 months, under 15.
11.5
2.59
22.45
4.5
1.38
30.42
1,328
15 months, under 16.
11.9
2.74
23.05
5.0
1.56
30.89
1,216
16 months, under 17.
11.7
2.75
23.61
5.1
1.59
31.26
1,278
17 months, under 18.
12.1
2.98
24.15
5.5
1.74
31.77
1,289
18 months, under 19.
11.9
2.94
24.67
5.3
1.70
32.12
1,206
19 months, under 20.
11.7
2.91
24.78
5.2
1.68
32.34
1,171
20 months, under 21.
11.7
2.95
25.28
5.1
1.67
32.64
1,242
21 months, under 22.
11.5
2.98
25.85
5.1
1.69
33.05
1,300
22 months, under 23
10.8
2.81
26.02
4.9
1.62
33.23
1,284
23 months, under 24
11.6
3.06
26.47
4.9
1.65
33.60
1,354
24 months, under 25.
11.3
3.06
27.02
4.7
1.58
33.90
1,272
25 months, under 26
12.2
3.30
27.16
4.9
1.66
34.08
1,253
26 months, under 27
11.9
3.27
27.53
4.8
1.63
34.35
1,269
27 months, under 28
11.4
3.17
27.84
4.7
1.63
34.55
1,321
28 months, under 29
11.6
3.29
28.40
5.0
1.75
34.95
1.240
29 months, under 30
12.0
3.47
28.92
5.1
Ì.79
35.31
1,205
30 months, under 31
11.9
3.48
29.17
5.2
1.84
35.60
1,201
31 months, under 32
11.8
3.50
29.67
5.0
1.80
35.85
1,217
32 months, under 33
11.5
3.43
29.86
4.8
1.72
36.03
1.241
33 months, under 34
11.5
3.45
30.14
4.7
1.72
36.16
1,311
34 months, under 35
3.50
11.5
30.
49
4.8
1.73
36.48
1.283
35 months, under 36
i Averages are not shown for 729 boys measured at ages of 72 to 83 months, ,s^ e the numbers at each
age were too small to yield
see
eia satisfactory
satisiacrory averages.
averages, For
ru i equivalents
cquivM B iB m centimeters” and
of l'
heights
is given in General Table 3 and of weights in
General Table 2, p. M The distribution
fjÉ jjfiM j
“s
General Table 5.
0
.TO; Ua n d from 6 0 months to 71 itranges from 0 .1 1 to 0.18 pound.
For an explanation of the significance
^ T l w s S d ^ r d ^ ^ a t h m ^ 'e q u a l to the square root of the mean squared deviation from the average.
V
n
4 The coefficient of variation is found b y dividing the standard deviation b y the average and expressing
T. lOOoF = -—
the result as a percentage.
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STATU R E S A N D W E IG H T S .
T a b l e I I .— A v era g e statures and w eights, by age, f r o m
19
birth to 6 years; w hite boys—
Concluded.
W hite boys.
Stature.
W eight.
Age.
Number.
36 months, under 37
37 months, under 38
38 months, under 39
39 months, under 40
40 months, under 41
41 months, under 42.
42 months, under 43.
43 months, under 44.
44 months, under 45.
45 months, under 46.
46 months, under 47.
47 months, under 48.
48 months, under 49.
49 months, under 50.
50 months, under 51.
51 months, under 52.
52 months, under 53.
53 months, under 54.
54 months, under 55.
55 months, under 56.
56 months, under 57.
57 months, under 58.
58 months, under 59.
59 months, under 60.
60 months, under 61.
61 months, under 62.
62 months, under 63.
63 months, under 64.
64 months, under 65.
65 months, under 66.
66 months, under 67 67 months, under 68.
68 months, under 69.
69 months, under 70.
70 months, under 71.
71 months, under 72.
1,258
1,176
1,171
1,177
1,167
1,188
1,126
1,198
1,164
1,205
1,203
1,236
1,171
1,104
1,127
1,075
1,171
1,068
1,040
1,025
1,028
1,081
1,052
1,028
624
582
527
499
508
492
405
404
433
385
380
368
Coeffi
Coeffi
Average Standard cient o f
Average Standard cient o f
stature deviation variation
weight
deviation variation
(inches). (inches).
(per
(pounds). (pounds).
(per
cent).
cent).
36.67
36.90
37.09
37.31
37.54
37.83
38.09
38.38
38.61
38.87
38.98
39.19
39.21
39.51
39.69
39.81
39.91
40.25
40.47
40.76
40.97
41.21
41.27
41.49
41.60
41.96
42.10
42.05
42.34
42.59
42.93
43.22
43.20
43.32
43.48
48.87
1.74
1.68
1.71
1.74
1.70
1.74
1.88
1.90
1.82
1.92
1.86
1.85
1.85
1.85
1.89
1.89
1.94
1.96
1.99
1.98
1.96
1.97
1.95
1.99
1.98
1.81
2.11
2.05
2.01
2.10
2.11
1.90
1.95
1.93
2.35
1.97
4.7
4.6
4.6
4.7
4.5
4.6
4.9
5.0
4.7
4.9
4.8
4.7
4.7
4.7
4.8
4.7
4.9
4.9
4.9
4.9
4.8
4.8
4.7
4.8
4.8
4.3
5.0
4.9
4.8
4.9
4.9
4.4
4.5
4.5
5.4
4.5
30.78
30.98
31.21
31.64
31.95
32.45
32.77
33.20
33.34
33.87
34.11
34.22
34.37
34.64
34.98
35.09
35.26
35.78
36.02
36.37
36.87
37.04
37.45
37.77
37.98
38.51'
39.07
38.62
39.12
39.32
39.90
40.68
40.71
40.72
41.17
41.40
3.49
3.46
3.53
3.57
3.47
3.63
3.79
3.86
3.66
"3.83
3.83
3.78
3.87
3.75
3.87
3.83
3.58
4.01
4.16.
4.18
4.21
4.08
4.18
4.29
4.26
4.05
4.34
4.32
4. 70
4.73
4.63
4.41
4.38
5.24
4.78
11.3
11.2
11.3
11.3
10.9
11.2
11.6
11.6
11.0
11.3
11.2
11.0
11.3
10.8
11.1
10.9
10.1
11.2
11.6
11.5
11.4
11.0
11.2
11.3
11.2
10.5
11.9
11.2
11.1
12.0
11.8
11.4
10.8
10.8
12.7
11.6
T a b l e I I I — A verage statures and weights, by age, f r o m birth to 6 years; white girls.1
W hite girls.
Stature.
W eight.
Age.
Number.
Under 1 m o n th ...
1 m onth, under 2.
2 months, under 3
3 m onths, under 4
4 months, under 5,
543
1,360
1,631
1, 835
1,791
Coeffi
Coeffi
Average Standard cient o f
Average Standard cient o f
statine deviation variation
weight
deviation variation
(inches).2 (inches).8
(per
(pounds).2 (pounds).8
(per
cent).«
cent).«
20.89
21.92
23.09
23.96
24.72
1.39
1.30
1.24
6.6
5.9
5.4
5.3
5.5
8.65
10.14
11.71
13.0514.28
1.72
19.9
1.84
18.2
1.92
16.4
1 .2 7
2.05
15.7
1.35
2.25
15.8
g f f f.rf not shown for 796 girls measured at ages 72 to 83 m onths, since the numbers at each age
Tnhuo ^
toJ ^ el<i satisfactory averages. For equivalents in centimeters and kilograms see General
T a b le 6’ P" 86’
dlstrlbutlon of heights is given in General Table 4 and of weights in General
a The «p rob a ble errors» of these averages are small. A t under 1 m onth the probable error of average
®*a*?r®ls„0-04m(;h; from 1 to 11 months, 0.02, except at 7 months, 0.03; from 12to 3 9 months, 0.03, except
?9’ 31\32 months, 0.04; from 40 to 59 m onths, 0.04; and from 60 to 71 months it ranges from 0.05 to 0.07
inch. A t under 1 m onth the probable error» o f average weight is 0.05 pound; from 1 to 59 months it
ranges from 0.03 to 0.09; and from 60 to 71 m onths it ranges from 0.11 to 0.17 pound. For an explanation
of the significance of this term see A ppen dix C, p p . 81-82?
i
W
8 See note 3, Table II, p . 18.
« See note 4, Table II, p . 18.
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20
T
able
STATURES AND WEIGHTS OF CHILDREN,
I I I .— A verag e statures and w eights , b y age, f r o m birth to 6 years; w hite girls—
Concluded.
W hite girls.
Weight.
Stature.
A ge.
Coeffi
Coeffi
Num ber. Average Standard cient o f
Average Standard cient o f
deviation variation
stature deviation variation weight
(per
(pounds). (pounds).
(per
(inches). (inches).
cent).
cent).
1,701
1,816
1,800
1,773
1,773
lj 814
1,656
l ’ 407
1,293
1,285
1,275
1,295
1,179
1,268
1,266
1,156
1,192
1,163
1,208
1,276
l ’ 192
l ' 249
1,182
1,232
1^184
1,167
1,210
1,142
1,264
1,819
1,188
1,204
1,133
1,124
1,164
1,152
1,201
1,103
1,116
1,167
1,195
1,236
1,193
1,269
1,088
1,137
1,114
1,154
1,161
1,048
1,010
995
984
1,016
1,045
634
540
572
513
478
480
471
415
402
379
409
366
25.40
26.06
26.57
27.01
27.45
27.91
28.33
28.70
29.16
29.50
29.88
30.22
30.71
31.20
31.55
31.88
32.12
32.36
32.68
32.99
33.22
33.57
33.78
34.06
34.48
34.79
35.15
35.23
35.48
35.80
35.92
36.21
36.40
36.63
36.89
37.05
37.45
37.80
37.93
38.12
38.29
38.52
38.58
38.96
39.12
39.28
39.32
39.59
39.92
40.21
40.40
40.66
40.76
41.06
41.11
41.36
41.71
41.65
41.91
41.97
42.27
42.46
42.61
42.70
43.03
43.39
43.52
1.48
1.54
1.60
1.53
1.43
1.50
1.48
1.42
1.43
1.43
1.42
1.49
1.58
1.71
1.74
1.72
1.65
1.63
1.61
1.57
1.55
1.51
1.61
1.68
1.80
1.74
1.83
1.81
1.75
1.72
1.74
1.72
1.74
1.71
1.75
1.81
1.95
1.85
1.90
1.85
1.98
1.86
1.81
1.89
1.84
1.83
1.96
1.88
1.99
1.95
2.01
2.09
1.92
1.95
1.97
1.97
2.00
2.06
1.82
2.13
2.05
2.16
1.98
1.97
1.94
2.07
2.03
5.8
5.9
5.9
5.7
5.2
5.4
5.2
5.0
4.9
4.8
4.8
4.9
5.1
5.5
5.5
5.4
5.1
5.0
4.9
4.8
4.7
4.5
4.8
4.9
5.2
5.0
5.2
5.1
4.9
4.8
4.8
4.8
4.8
4.7
4.7
4.9
5.2
4.9
5.0
4.9
5.2
4.8
4.7
4.9
4.7
4.7
5.0
4.8
5.0
4.9
5.0
5.1
4.7
4.8
4.8
4.8
4.8
5.0
4.3
5.1
4.8
5.1
4.6
4.6
4. 5
4.8
4.7
15.39
16.25
17.11
17.75
18.33
18.94
19.48
19.87
20.42
20.72
21.22
21.59
22.22
22.77
23.22
23.63
23.92
24.34
24.66
25.08
25.39
25.78
26.13
26.59
26.99
27.44
27.94
28.07
28.37
28.93
29.09
29.54
29.75
29.97
30.39
30.62
31.14
31.54
31.91
31.82
32.24
32.52
32.64
33.20
33.31
33.54
33.68
34.12
34.43
34.79
35.39
35.65
35.53
36.11
36.33
36.75
37.32
36.99
37.59
37.84
37.94
38.68
38.32
38.81
39.53
40.17
40.36
2.36
2.40
2.59
2.47
2.42
2.51
2.55
2.47
2.41
2.51
2.47
2.64
2.71
2.74
2.94
2.90
2.83
2.84
2.88
3.03
2.90
2.95
2.98
3.27
3.27
3.39
3.31
3.49
3.35
3.42
3.37
3.49
3.62
3.50
3.69
3.67
3.66
3.80
3.90
3.62
3.94
3.76
3.78
3.97
3.82
3.84
3.88
4.16
4.09
4.12
4.22
4.31
4.08
4.21
4.20
4.21
4.49
4.39
4.25
4.58
4.25
4.81
4.24
4.37
4.67
5.03
4.80
*
—
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15.4
14.8
15.1
13.9
13.2
13.3
13.1
12.4.
11.8
12.1
11.7
12.2
12.2
12.0
12.6
12.3
11.9
11.7
11.7
12.1
11.4
11.4
11.4
12.3
12.1
12.4
11.9
12.4
11.8
11.8
11.6
11,8
12.2
11.7
12.2
12.0
11.8
12.0
12.2
11.4
12.2
11.6
11.6
11.9
11.5
11.5
11.5
12.2
11.9
11.8
11.9
12.1
11.5
11.6
11.5
11.4
12.0
11.9
11.3
12.1
11.2
12.4
11.1
11.3
11.8
12.5
11.9
STATTJRES AND WEIGHTS.
21
Variability.
Two measures of variability, one an absolute— the standard devia
tion— and the other a relative— the coefficient of variation— are pre
sented in Tables II and III.
The standard deviation is a measure of how closely the figures for
individual cases are grouped about the average. It gives a statement
of the number of inches or pounds above and below the average
within which roughly two-thirds of the measurements will be found
to lie.3 In general, a single measurement rarely varies from the
average by more than three or four times the standard deviation.
This deviation affords, then, a criterion for testing an individual case
in comparison with the average. Other things being equal, a large
standard deviation means that the individuals in the group differ
more from one another than if the standard deviation were small.
These deviations, calculated separately for the two sexes and for
each age, show how the variability of the measurements changes with
sex and age.
The standard deviation, in general, increases with age; or, in non
technical language, the number of inches and pounds, as the case
may be, within which the bulk of the individual measurements fall
increases slightly as the age' increases. For stature of boys the
standard deviation, after an initial fall from 1.43 inches at under 1
month to 1.25 at 2 months, rises to 1.97 inches at 71 months. A
similar trend can be observed for girls; an initial fall from 1.39 inches
at under 1 month to 1.24 at 2 months, and then a steady rise to 2.03
inches at 71 months. For weight, the increase is from 1.77 pounds at
under 1 month to 4.78 at 71 months for boys, and from 1.72 pounds
at under 1 month to 4.80 pounds at 71 months for girls. The dif
ference in the standard deviations for boys and girls is probably not
significant. Charts X IV and X V illustrate the variabilities of stat
ures and weights for boys aged 36 months.
The relative measure of variability, the coefficient of variation, is
also shown in Tables II and III. The standard deviation of stature
or weight is an absolute measure of variability and is expressed in
inches or pounds; the coefficient of variation is a relative measure,
found by dividing the standard deviation by the average height or
weight, and expressing the result as a percentage. For the age
group studied, the standard deviations increase with age, but the
coefficients of variation found by dividing them by the greater
average statures and weights decrease with age.
The coefficient of variation for stature decreases from 6.7 per cent
at under 1 month to 4.5 at 71 months for boys, and from 6.6 per cent
» •The standard deviation is equal to the square root of the mean squared deviation from the average.
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22
STATURES AND WEIGHTS OE CHILDREN.
at under 1 month to 4.7 at 71 months for girls. The decrease is most
marked in the early months after birth.
For weight the coefficient of variation decreases from 19.4 per cent
at under 1 month to 11.6 at 71 months for boys, and from 19.9 per
cent at under 1 month to 11.9 at 71 months for girls. Again the
principal decrease appears in the first 12 months of life.
In part explanation of these changes in variability the following
points may be mentioned. The decrease in the coefficient of varia
tion is largely the result merely of the fact that growth proceeds at a
faster rate than increase in absolute variability. The decrease in
absolute variability in stature which is suggested by the figures dur
ing the first two months may be explained, perhaps, by the elimina
tion of children at the lowest extreme of variation; as, for example,
by the deaths of infants prematurely born. It is well known that
the mortality in the first month of life is exceptionally heavy as
compared with that in subsequent months, and the mortality of
infants prematurely born is much greater than of infants born at
full term. No data are available, unfortunately, to show to what
extent these considerations apply to the children selected for
tabulation.4
After the first two months in case of stature, as already stated,
and from the first month in case of weight variability as measured
in absolute terms increases. The explanation of this tendency is
probably to be found in individual differences in growth, some
individuals growing rapidly and others being retarded in growth.
One important factor in causing retardation in growth is sickness.
Charts of the growth of individuals show clearly the marked influence
of serious illness upon weight, and to a less extent upon stature. It
is impossible to determine to what extent sickness as a factor applies
to the groups selected for tabulation. No children who were noted as
sick at the time of measurement were included in the tabulation;
but, on the other hand, no specific questions as to recent illnesses were
asked. In this connection the presence of defects or abnormal con
ditions as a factor influencing growth should be mentioned, and for
further discussion of this point the reader is referred to page 67.
Other factors, however, are doubtless of very great importance in
influencing growth, such as favorable or unfavorable environment,
fresh air, wholesome food, rest, and play— to mention only a few—
and obviously differences in these conditions may produce differ
ences in rates of growth. Finally, heredity or racial influences play
an important part.
* If mortality exercises a definite selective influence upon the group from which children of the older
ages are drawn, obviously differences in the averages at different ages represent the com bined result o f
growth plus selection. This is a defect in the method of comparing averages based upon single measure
ments of children at different ages, which has been pointed out b y Boas, Westergaard, and others.
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STATURES AND WEIGHTS.
23
Growth.
In Tables IV and V the average growth in a month and the average growth in a year are shown. These figures were found by sub
tracting the statures and weights of the given month, in the one case,
from the statures and weights of the succeeding month, and in the
other from those of 12 months later. The figures showing the monthly
growth have been smoothed to eliminate fluctuations due to chance
variations.5 Charts III and IV show the information graphically.
The average monthly growth in stature decreases rapidly. For
boys it drops from 1.31 inches of growth between the first and second
months to 0.40 inch between the twelfth and thirteenth months and
0.18 inch between the sixtieth and sixty-first months, and for girls
from 1.03 inches of growth between the first and second months to
0.39 inch between the twelfth and thirteenth months and to 0.18 inch
between the sixtieth and sixty-first months. Very little difference
appears between the sexes.
The average monthly growth in weight also decreases rapidly,
especially during the first year of life. For boys it falls from 1.77
pounds growth between the first and second months to 0.50 pound
between the twelfth and thirteenth months and to 0.29 pound between
the sixtieth and sixty-first months, and for girls from 1.49 pounds
growth between the first and second months to 0.47 pound between
the twelfth and thirteenth months and to 0.29 pound between the
sixtieth and sixty-first months. Throughout the period there appears
to be a gradual slowing down in the rate of growth both in stature
and in weight.
When the averages for each month are compared with those 12
months later, the difference measures the yearly growth. This
method has, the advantage that in taking the growth over a longer
period the irregularities that appear in comparing the averages with
those of next succeeding months are automatically smoothed. The
figures show the same general trend as those based on monthly
changes— a decrease in the growth most marked during the months
immediately following birth.
The average annual growth in stature decreases for boys from 8.2
inches during the first year of life to 4.2 inches during the second and
to 2.4 inches during the sixth. The figures for girls are substantially
the same except for the early months. Thus the yearly growth of
girls falls from 7.9 inches during the first to 4.3 inches during the
second and 2.4 inches during the sixth year of life.
6 A s explained previously, the m ethod of smoothing was to replace each figure b y a new one derived by
taking one-fifth the sum of the figure itself, the tw o preceding, and the tw o following. This process was
repeated upon the figures secured from the first smoothing; then the final smoothed figures were reduced
proportionally so that the sum of the smoothed figures should eciual the sum of the original figures.
The first tw o and the last tw o figures were kept unchanged.
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24
STATURES AND W EIGH TS OF CHILDREN,
T a b l e I V .— M o n th ly growth i n stature and w eight, by sex and age; white children.
Difference in average at specified and at succeeding m onth.
Girls.
B oys.
(1.31)
(1.11)
.97
.83
.72
.62
.55
.49
.45
.43
.42
.41
.40
.39
.38
.38
.37
.37
.35
.33
.32
.30
.28
.28
.27
.27
.27
.28
.28
.28
.27
.25
.23
.22
.22
.21
.22
.22
.23
.23
.24
.24
.24
.22
.21
.19
.18
.16
.17
.17
.18
.19
.22
.22
.22
.21
.20
.19
.18
.17
.18
.18
.18
.20
.20
.20
.20
.19
.22
(. 16)
(.39)
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Stature
(inches).
Unadjusted.
Smoothed.
Unadjusted,
Smoothed.
Unadjusted.
Smoothed.
Unadjusted.
j
Weight
(pounds).
j
1
Smoothed.
Age.
W eight
(pounds).
1
Stature
(inches).
(1.77)
1.31
(1.73)
1.11
1.46
.95
1.30
.82
1.13
.73
.97
.60
.84
.53
.73
.38
.64
.43
.59
.45
.54
.44
.51
.45
.50
.37
.49
.42
.47
.27
.47
.47
.47
>37
.46
.51
.44
.35
.42
.22
.41
.30
.39
.41
.37
.18
.37
.37
.37
.30
.36
.18
.37
.27
.38
.20
.39
.40
.38
.36
.37
.29
.36
.25
.32
.18
.30
.13
.29
.32
.28
.19
.29
.23
.30
.19
.33
.22
.34
.23
.35
.29
.26
.35
.34
.29
.31
.23
.29
.26
.26
.11
.21
.23
.22
.02
.30 < .23
.23
.18
.24
.12
.27
.10
.34
.30
.22
.31
.29
.33
.21
.34
.24
.33
.34
.06
.32
.22
.31
.11
.29
.36
.28
.14
.27
-.0 5
.30
.29
.31
.25
.34
.33
.34
.29
.36
- .0 2
.12
.33
.45
.16
.23
.39
1.77
1.73
1.51
1.20
1.26
.94
.79
.65
.48
.69
.54
.52
.48
.55
.23
.60
.56
.54
.53
.11
.50
.57
.17
.45
.55
.14
.37
.31
.56
.52
.25
.50
.19
.28
.35
.29
.20
.23
.43
.31
.50
.32
.43
.14
.53
.24
.11
.15
.27
.34
.11
.17
.52
.24
.35
.50
.17
.41
.32
.21
.53
.56
-.4 5
.50
.20
.57
.78
.03
.01
.45
.23
(1.03)
(1.17)
.91
.83
.70
.62
.55
.50
.46
.44
.41
.40
.39
.39
.39
.39
.39
.38
.36
.33
.31
.29
.28
.28
.28
.29
.29
.29
.29
.29
.27
.25
.24
.23
.22
.22
.23
.24
.24
.25
.25
.24
.22
.21
.20
.19
.18
.19
.19
.19
.20
.22
.22
.23
.22
.22
.21
.19
.18
.18
.18
.17
.17
.17
.17
.18
.20
.23
.22
(.36)
(.13)
1.03
1.17
.87
.76
.68
.66
.51
.44
.44
.46
.42
.37
.46
.34
.38
.34
.49
.49
.35
.33
.24
.24
.32
.31
.23
.35
.21
.28
.42
.31
.36
.08
.25
.32
.12
.29
.19
.23
.26
.16
.40
.35
.13
.19
.17
.23
.06
.38
.16
.16
.04
.27
.33
.29
.19
.26
.10
.30
.05
.25
.35
-.0 6
.26
.06
.30
.19
.15
.09
.33
.36
.13
(1.49)
(1.57)
1.32
1.22
1.07
.94
.83
.72
. 64
.58
.53
.48
.47
.45
.46
. 46
.47
.46
.45
.42
.39
.38
.36
.36
.37
.38
.39
.39
.39
.39
• .37
.35
.34
.34
.32
.31
.31
.31
.33
.33
.33
.32
.29
.27
.27
.26
•25
.27
.26
.26
.28
.32
.31
.33
.33
.31
.30
.30
.30
.30
.29
.29
.29
.28
.29
.33
.32
.40
.39
064:
(.19;
.1.49
1.57
1.34
1.23
1.11
.86
.86
.64
.58
.61
.54
.39
.55
.30
.50
.37
.63
.55
.45
.41
.29
.42
.32
.42
.31
.39
.35
.46
.40
.45
.50
.13
.30
.56
.16
.45
.21
.22
.42
.23
.52
.40
.37
-.0 9
.42
.28
.12
.56
.11
.23
.14
.44
.31
.36
.60
.26
- . 12
■.58
.22
.42
.57
- .3 3
.60
.25
.10
.74
- .3 6
.49
.72
.64
.19
STATTJEES AND WEIGHTS.
25
The average annual growth in weight decreases for boys fr o m 1 2 .1
pounds during the first year of life to 5.3 pounds during the second
and to a minimum of about 3.2 pounds during the year following the
forty-third month of life. For girls the growth falls from 11.3 pounds
during the first year to 5.2 pounds during the second and to a low
point of about 3.3 pounds during the year following the forty-third
month. After this point the average yearly growth for both sexes
appears to rise slightly, reaching nearly 4 pounds at 5 years of age,
though the figures for the last year shown are more subject to fluctua
tions on account of the relatively smaller numbers upon which the
averages are based. The tendency for the rate of growth in weight
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26
STATURES AUD WEIGHTS OF CHILDREN.
.
Pounds
C h a r t V .— W e ig h t fo r s ta tu re , by sex.
Girls
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27
STATUEES AND WEIGHTS,
to increase toward the close of the age period studied is shown more
clearly in the graphs.
T a b l e V .— Twelve m onths' growth in stature and weight, by sex and a ge; white children.
Difference in average at specified age and
12 months older.
Age.
Under 1 m onth........
1 month, under 2.........
2 months, under 3 ..
3 months, under 4.........
4 months, under 5 ..
5 months, under 6 ..
6 months, under 7.............
7 months, under 8.......
8 months, under 9...............
9 months, under 10........
10 months, under 11...
11 months, under 12.........
12 months, under 13.............
13 months, under 14.......
14 months, under 15.......
15 months, under 16...........
16 months, under 1 7... .
17 months, under 18...........
18 months, under 19...........
19 months, under 2 0... .
20 months, under 21...............
21 months, under 22.........
22 months, under 23.......
23 months, under 24.........
24 months, under 25.......
25 months, under 26.............
26 months, under 27...........
27 months, under 28___
28 months, under 29...
29 months, under 30.......
30 months, under 3 1 ... .
31 months, under 32.........
32 months, under 33.............
33 months, under 34.........
34 months, under 35.......
35 months, under 36...........
36 months, under 37...........
37 months, under 38.......
38 months, under 39...........
39 months, under 40...........
40 months, under 41.........
41 months, under 42...............
42 months, under 43...........
43 months, under 44.......
44 months, under 45.............
45 months, under 46.........
46 months, under 4 7... .
47 months, under 4 8 ...
48 months, under 49.........
49 months, under 50...............
50 months, under 51.........
51 months, under 52.......
52 months, under 53...............
53 months, under 54.......
54 months, under 55.......
55 months, under 56...........
56 months, under 57................
57 months, under 58...............
58 months, under 59......................
59 months, under 60...............
Boys.
Girls.
Stature
Weight
(inches). (pounds)
Stature
Weight
(inches). (pounds).
7.3
5.3
5.1
5.1
5.1
3.7
3.5
‘ 3.1
d. &
3.1
5.0
5.1
4.9
5.0
4.8
4.7
4.7
4.4
4.4
4.6
4.4
4.5
4.4
4.3
4.0
4.1
4.1
2.8
4.1
3.8
2.8
2.8
2.7
2.5
2.6
2.6
2.5
2.4
2.4
2.4
3.5
3.7
3.6
0
4.1
3.3
3.5
0
3.5
n. O
3.3
3.6
.3 .7
3.6
4.0
A. O
A*Ö
2.4
2.3
2.3
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.2
2.4
2.3
2.5
2.5
2.2
2.1
2.2
2.4
11.3
10.3
9.0
8.2
7.3
6.8
6.5
6.1
5.9
5.6
5.4
5.2
Weight for stature.
In Table VI average weights are shown for boys and girls of dif
ferent statures. The previous tables have shown that boys were not
only taller on the average, but that they weighed more than girls of
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28
STATUEES AND W EIGHTS OF CHILDREN.
the same ages. In this table it appears that boys are not only
heavier than girls of the same ages, but are also heavier than girls of
the same statures. These facts are shown graphically in Chart V.
Of special interest is the fact that the standard deviations of weight
are much smaller when the weights are classified by inches of stature
than when they are classified by ages. The coefficients of variation
are also markedly less. Thus, from 29 to 47 inches, including roughly
children aged from 12 to 71 months, the variability of the weights for
boys decreases from about 10 per cent to 7 per cent, while that for girls
decreases from about 10 per cent to between 8 and 9 per cent. When
classified by age, on the other hand, the variabilities of the weights
of these children were around 10 and 12 per cent. It follows that
for the range of ages and statures included in the group studied, the
weights of children, or the average weight, of a group can be more accu
rately predicted if their statures are known than if only their ages
are known. The relative variabilities of weights when classified by
age and by stature are shown in Charts X V and ,XVI for boys 36
months of age and for boys 37 inches in stature.
The coefficients of variation given in Table VI can be used to
illumine the meaning of such a statement as that an individual
child is, for example, 10 per cent below average weight for height.
At 28 inches the standard deviation— or the number of pounds
above or below the average within which roughly two-thirds of the
measurements fall—is 10 per cent for girls and approximately the
same for boys.
At this stature about one-sixth, then, of all the
cases will fall 10 per cent or more below average weight for height.
It is clear, however, from the way in which the coefficient of varia
tion increases below this stature and decreases above it, that at
other heights the proportion falling below a dividing line so defined
will vary considerably from this percentage. A much larger pro
portion of children whose statures are under 28 inches, and a much
smaller proportion of those whose statures are over 28 inches, will
be more than 10 per cent below average weight for height. In other
words, the statistical significance of being 10 per cent below average
weight for height differs considerably with the stature, depending
at each inch of stature upon the distribution of cases about the
average.
The standard deviation offers, in a sense, a convenient standard
by which to define a zone of ordinary variation. Such zones might
be variously defined; the distance of the boundary lines from the
average might, for example, be equal to, or it might be some multiple
or some fractional part of the standard deviation. The lines in
Charts X I I and X II I show zones whose boundaries are distant from
the average by an amount equal to the standard deviation. The
material available on the records throws no light on the question
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29
STATUEES AUD W EIGHTS.
whether a zone so defined, as applied to children of different ages,
has a uniform significance in terms of nutrition or physical condition.
T a b l e V I . — A verage weights, by stature and sex ; white children under 7 years o f a ge.1
W hite boys.
Average w e i g h t
(pounds).8
Difference between
successive aver
ages (pounds).
Standard deviation
(pounds).4
Coefficient of varia
tion (per cen t).5
Weight per inch
(pounds).
Number.
Average w e i g h t
(pounds).8
Difference between
successive aver
ages (pounds).
Standard deviation
(pounds),4
Coefficient of varia
tion (per cen t).6
8.19
9.47
10.55
11.94
13.47
15. 01
16.60
18.03
19.39
20.68
21.98
23.24
24.56
25.80
27.12
28.41
29.72
31.09
32.44
33.84
35.28
36.83
38.38
40.13
41.73
43.50
45.41
47.29
1.28
1.08
1.39
1.53
1.54
1.59
1.43
1.36
1.29
1. 30
1.26
1.32
1. 24
1.32
1. 29
1.31
1.37
1.35
1.40
1.44
1.55
1.55
1.75
1.60
1.77
1.91
1.88
1.36
1.61
1.58
1.73
1.81
1.93
1.93
1.94
1.99
2.00
2.03
2.11
2.22
2.29
2. 46
2.55
2.69
2.65
2.66
2.73
2.83
2.88
2.94
3.05
3.16
3. 22
3.32
3.35
16.7
17.0
14.9
14.5
13.5
12.9
11.6
10.7
10.3
9.7
9.2
9.1
9.0
8.9
9.1
9.0
9.1
8.5
8.2
8.1
8.0
7.8
7.7
7.6
7.6
7.4
7.3
7.1
0.41
.45
.48
.52
.56
.60
.64
.67
.69
.71
.73
.75
.77
.78
. 80
.81
.83
.84
.85
.87
.88
.90
.91
.93
.95
.97
.99
1. 01
310
654
1,121
1,635
2,318
2,866
3,179
3,561
3,471
3,425
3,563
3,750
3,805
3,951
4, 405
4596
4,919
4,974
4,973
4,823
4,505
3,894
3,002
2,020
1,341
703
349
143
8.13
9,28
10.53
11.88
13.33
14.82
16.35
17.66
19.01
20.20
21.30
22.60
23.81
25.06
26.41
27.75
29.13
30.37
31. 71
32.99
34.49
36.02
37.49
39.23
40.94
42.79
45.00
46. 85
1.15
1.25
1.35
1.45
1.49
1.53
1.31
1.35
1.19
1.10
1.30
1.21
1.25
1. 35
1 34
l! 38
1.24
1.34
1.28
1.50
1.53
1.47
1.74
1.71
1.85
2. 21
1.85
1.33
1.49
1.82
1.65
1.74
1.82
1.88
1.92
1.92
2.01
2.03
2.11
2.23
2.28
16.4
16.0
17.2
13.9
13.1
12.3
11.5
10.9
10.1
9.9
9.5
9.4
9.4
9.1
W eight per inch
(pounds).
Number.
206
486
905
1,352
1,994
2,496
3,068
3,525
3,775
3,605
3,671
3,834
3,803
4,075
4,533
4; 698
5,159
5,074
5,265
5,133
4,769
4,181
3,393
2,312
1,598
857
423
193
Stature (inches).2
20...............................
21...............................
2 2 . . . . . ...............
23...............................
24...............................
25........................
26...............................
27............................
28...............................
29.............................
30...............................
31...............................
32...............................
33...............................
34...............................
35..............................
36...............................
37...............................
38...............................
39...............................
40......................
41..............................
42......... ............
43...............................
44..............................
45...............................
46..............................
47...............................
W hite girls.
0.41
.44
.48
.52
.56
.59
.63
.65
.68
.70
.71
.73
.74
.76
2.54
2.67
2.67
2.75
2.81
2.87
3.04
3.06
3.29
3.24
3.40
3.70
4.16
9.1
9.2
8.8
8.7
8.5
8.3
8.4
8.2
8.4
7.9
8.0
8.2
8.9
.79
.81
.83
.83
.85
.86
.88
.89
.91
.98
.95
.98
1.00
1Averages are n ot shown for 83 boys and 121 girls w h o were un der 20in ch esh igh , or for 109 boys and
72 girls w ho were 48 inches and over, since the num bers at each stature are to o sm all t o give satisfactory
averages. For equivalents in centimeters and kilograms see G eneral Table 21, p. 107. The distribution
of weights for each inch in stature is shown in General Table 7 for boys and in General Table 8 fo r girls.
2 Thestatures are classified to the nearest inch; casesfalling on the d iv id in g lin e betw een classes were
divided equally and half were classed w ith the u n it above an d ha lf w ith the u n it below—“ 20 inches’' ’
m eans 19.5 to 20.5; “ 21 inches,” 20.5 to 21.5, etc.
2 T he “ probable errors” o f these average weights are small. For boys at 20inches th e probable error
was 0.06 poun d; at 21 inches, 0.05; at 22 inches, 0.04; from 23 to 25 inches, 0.03; from 26 to 34
in ch es,0.02; from 35 to 42 inches, 0.03, except at 38 inches, 0.02; at 43 in ch es, 0.04; at 44, 0.05; at 45,
0.07; at 46,0.11; and at 47inches, 0.16 p oun d. For girls, at 20inches the probable error was 0.05 pound;
at21and22inches,0.04; a t 23inch es,0.03; fro m 24t o 33inches, 0.02; fr o m 34t o 41 in ch es,0.03; at42inches,
0.04; at 43,0.05; at 44,0.06; at 45,0.09; at 46, 0.13; and at 47 inches, 0.23 pou n d. F or the explanation of
this term see appendix, p p . 81-82.
4The standard deviation is equal to the square root of the m ean squared deviation from the average.
6 The coefficient o f variation is found b y dividing the standard deviation b y the average and expressing
the result as a percentage.
F = 100-
Table VI shows also the increase in weight for each inch of stature.
Between 20 and 21 inches the increase in weight for an inch of stature
is 1.28 pounds for boys and 1.15 pounds for girls; it rises to 1.88
pounds for boys and 1.85 pounds for girls between 46 and 47 inches.
The weight per inch columns state this tendency in another way.
The gain in pounds is proportionately greater than the gain in
inches, and the weight per inch rises from 0.41 pound per inch for
both boys and girls at 20 inches to 1.01 pounds per inch for boys
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30
STATURES .AND WEIGHTS OF CHILDREN.
and 1 pound per inch, for girls at 47 inches. The gain is proportion
ately greater below 26 inches than at higher statures.
Weight for stature and age.
In Tables Y II and V III the relation between weight, stature, and age
is shown for boys and girls separately. Under 1 year of age the older
Y e a rs
1
2
3
4
5
6
children appear to weigh slightly more than the younger children
of the same stature. After the first year of life is passed, however,
and within the limits of the ages included in the study, practically
no difference in weight for height appears between the older and the
younger children of the same statures. Only at the extremes is a
slight variation noticeable; the children who are exceptionally tall
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STATURES AND W EIGHTS.
31
for their ages appear to weigh very slightly less, and the children
who are exceptionally short for their ages appear to weigh somewhat
more, than average children of the same heights. It should be noted,
however, that the groups which show this tendency are usually much
smaller than the others, and it may well be that with a larger number
p ou
C h a r t V I I . — W e i g h t f o r s t a t u r e a n d a g e ; g ir ls .
of cases the differences between the average weights of the children
who are exceptionally advanced or exceptionally retarded in growth
and those of average children would be lessened or even disappear.
Charts V I and V II show in graphic form the relation of average
weights to height and age.
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05
T a b l e V I I . — A verage weights, by stature and a ge; white boys included in stature and weight tables}
to
Average weight of white boys of specified ages.
Stature (inches).8
1
2
3
months,
under 4.
5
months,
under 6.
1
9
6
year,
months, months,
under 9. under 12. under 2.
2
years,
under 3.
m onth,
under 2.
(7.94)
(89)
(8.50)
(72)
9.08
(189)
9.52
(193)
( 10. 01)
9.73
(133)
10.48
(432)
10.88
(230)
( 11. 12)
( 68)
(10.50)
(54)
11.38
(425)
12.05
(475)
12.41
(235)
(12.54)
(95)
24.
12.25
(226)
13.21
(592)
13.72
(543)
13.92
(313)
13.97
(163)
14.19
25.
(13.05)
(52)
13.94
(305)
14.64
(588)
15.03
(573)
15.23
(394)
15.84
(488)
(16.44)
(81)
(14.29)
(56)
15.59
(258)
16.01
(562)
16.66
(581)
16.86
(1,233)
17.42
(297)
(17.79)
(70)
(16.41)
(82)
17.00
(225)
17.65
(422)
18.09
(1,660)
18.34
(922)
18.81
(199)
18.69
(137)
19.20
( 1, 212)
19.54
(1,598)
19.63
(752)
29.
20.34
(455)
20.67
(1,455)
20.80
(1,623)
30.
21.71
(137)
21.83
(731)
(2,679)
(22.45)
(89)
31.
(22.98)
(68)
23.03
(246)
23.17
(3,180)
23.77
(296)
32.
(24.15)
(23.92)
( 86)
24.46
(2,774)
24.89
(825)
20.
23.
27.
28.
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months,
under 3.
months,
under 5.
(61)
( 111)
(68)
22.01
3
years,
under 4.
4
years,
under 5.
5
years,
under 6.
6
years.
under 7.
STATURES AND W EIGHTS OF CHILDREN.
Under 1
m onth.
33.
34.
49079
35.
36.
37.
38.
40.
47.
26.36
(1,811)
(27.25)
(98)
26.84
(1,245)
27.14
(2,881)
27.62
(349)
28.24
(524)
28.38
(3,239)
28.52
(841)
(29.65)
(81)
29.29
(258)
29.65
(2,756)
29.77
(1,884)
30.51
(247)
(30.52)
(86)
31.15
(1,715)
31.03
(2,633)
31.22
(592)
32.43
(908)
(2,965)
32.38
(1,256)
(33.33)
(98)
33.51
(375)
33.99
(2,494)
33.70
(2,044)
33.90
( 200)
35.23
(136)
35.44
(1,606)
35.19
(2,519)
35.29
(477)
(36.33)
(55)
36.98
(787)
36.74
(2,478)
36.96
(809)
38.54
(372)
38.37
(1,902)
38.34
(998)
(38.51)
(89)
40.36
(125)
40.06
(1,008)
40.18
(1,073)
40.05
(97)
41.59
(507)
41.67
(911)
42.07
(137)
43.28
(191)
43.43
(518)
44.21
(135)
(45.09)
(53)
45.48
(287)
(45.47)
(78)
47.27
(114)
(47.25)
(59)
STATURES AND W EIGHTS.
39.
25.69
(2,057)
*•nenum D eroi cases upon w m cneacn average is based is shown m parentheses immediately below the average. Averages based on less than 100 cases are nlacnd in narenthece«averages are not shown i f the number o f cases is fess than 50. Children 7 years o f age and over and those less th in 20 in ch e lo r o v e r 4 ?in ch esd o n o ta p p la r in tM s table
’
the
^ U n c h ^ o l s to ^
e ^
betW6en Cl3SSeS W e d M d e d equally> and half d e c l a s s e d w i t h X unit above and half with
09
09
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T a b l e V I I I .— A verag e weights, by stature and age; w hite girls includ ed i n stature and weight tables}
Average weight of white girls of specified, ages.
Stature (inches).2
....... .....................
2 1 ...
22.
22
24
2fi
2
months,
under 3.
3
months,
under 4.
4
months,
under 5.
7.90
(135)
8.28
(122)
8.70
(152)
9.30
(320)
(119)
(9.23)
(94)
10.22
(440)
10.78
(323)
XX* 13
(158)
(55)
11.18
(305)
11.63
(540)
12.08
(409)
(199)
11.87
(108)
12.54
(438)
13.22
(648)
13.62
(510)
13.37
(147)
13.98
(424)
14. 58
(605)
(575)
14.97
(108)
15.50
(293)
(443)
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1
9
6
year,
months, months,
under 9. under 12. under 2.
2
years,
under 3.
3
years,
under 4.
\Ì-Z. \fo)
(16.57)
(68)
28..
5
months,
under 6.
(75)
„|
(17.10)
(84)
^
(1,573)
it
4
years,
under 5.
5
years,
under 6.
6
years,
under 7.
STATURES AND W EIGHTS OF CHILDREN.
90
1
Under 1 I m onth,
m onth. under 2.
(607)
.in
(1,477)
(626)
(1,551)
(1,208)
19.45
(187)
20.22
(955)
20.22
(2,185)
(109)
(342)
(2 906)
22.24
(160)
(22.21)
(74)
nifi'i
(2 983)
23.09
(516)
(23.41)
(50)
(23.07)
(67)
(2,349)
23.96
(1,261)
(25.25)
(63)
25.04
(2,260)
25.98
(183)
34.......................................................
26.07
(758)
26.39
(3,059)
26.47
(507)
(28.59)
(52)
35.......................................................
27.45
(332)
27.62
(2,907)
27.93
(1,214)
28.42
(132)
36.......................................................
29.24
(150)
29.08
(2,181)
29.09
(2,191)
29. GO
(364)
37.......................................................
(29.83)
(57)
29.49
(1,211)
30.34
(2,893)
30.52
(783)
31.63
(522)
31.76
(2,758)
31.65
(1,555)
31.76
(111)
32.86
(226)
33.14
(2,053)
32.82
(2,230)
33.32
(291)
(34.19)
(80)
34.61
(1,190)
34.42
(2,615)
34.61
(576)
36.46
(514)
35.96
(2,393)
35.91
(907)
37.43
(254)
37.62
(1,519)
37.34
(1,111)
37.53
(102)
(38.48)
,(72)
39.22
(769)
39.17
(1,034)
39.37
(137)
40.94
(376)
40.92
(769)
41.01
(162)
42.60
(134)
42.53
(436)
42.94
(126)
45.08
(224)
(44.90)
(74)
38.......................................................
39.....................................................
40......................................
41......................................
42...................................
43..............................................
44.................................
45...................................
46.................................
47...................
1.................
STATURES AND WEIGHTS,
24.95
(1,415)
(46.67)
(87)
a v n r 'J ^ B w eI h ° ^ Sf f S g ® ;
ef h ave.rage is+£ asel is
in Parentheses imm ediately below the average. Averages based on less than 100 cases are placed in parentheses;
siverages are not shown if the number of cases is less than 50. Children 7 years of age and over and those less than 20 inches or over 47 inches d o not appear in this table,
unit b e t o T “ 20t
a
f
f
i
S
»
l i ne between classes were divided equally and h alf were classed with the unit above and half with the
00
Cn
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
36
STATURES AUD W EIGHTS OF CHILDREN.
Comparison with other series.
For the ages included in this study the series of average statures
and weights which, excepting the present, is based upon the largest
numbers is that prepared by Dr. F. S. Crum for the American Medical
Association.6 As already stated, these measurements were printed
on the children’s year card to furnish a standard for the ages from
6 to 48 months, with which parents could compare the actual statures
and weights of their children. The series was based on a much
smaller number of children, 10,423, than are included in the children s
C h a r t V I I I . — C o m p a r is o n o f c h i ld r e n ’ s y e a r a v è r a g e s w it h
D r . C r u m ’ s, D r . H o l t s , a n d B o w d itc h s
year tables. When Dr. Crum’s figures are subdivided by sex and by
age in months, therefore, they'give relatively small numbers in each
group. This is especially true of ages over 3 years; at these ages the
numbers for each sex and age group range from 9 to 90, averaging
about 28. The children were selected from 31 different States.
'
A summary statement of the differences between Dr. Crum’s
figures and those compiled from the children’s year material is given
in Table IX , and the differences are shown graphically in Charts
e Anthropometric Statistics of C h ildren -A ges 6 to 48 months.
Frederick S. Crum, Publications of
the American Statistical Association, V ol. X V , 1916-1917, p p . 332-336.
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37
STATUEES AND WEIGHTS.
V III to X III. In Dr. Crum’s table the statures are slightly above
those in the children’s year' tables, the excess averaging nearly a
quarter of an inch for boys and a fifth of an inch for girls. The
difference is greatest at from 3 to 4 years of age, but even here it is
only two-fifths of an inch for boys and three-tenths of an inch for
girls. Dr. Crum’s averages at these ages, it may be pointed out,
are based on relatively few cases. The percentage excess is only
0.7 for boys and 0.6 for girls.
C h a r t I X . — C o m p a r is o n o f c h i ld r e n ’s y e a r a v e r a g e s w it h
D r . C r u m ’s, D r . H o l t ’ s,
and
B o w d itc h ’ s
a v e r a g e s ; g i r ls ’ s ta t u r e s .
In c h e s
Children’s y e a r -----------------------------Crum................ — x ------ x ------- x -----
H olt (1916) •
H olt (1919) Q
B ow ditch ■
The excess in weight is somewhat greater, averaging about 15
ounces for boys and 12 ounces for girls. These average excesses
amount to about 3.5 per cent of the weights. The average excess
in weight is much smaller for the age groups from 6 to 12 months,
only 6 and 4 ounces for boys and girls, respectively, and increases
with age to slightly over a pound. The percentage excess, however,
is fairly constant, ranging from 3 to 4 per cent.
The explanation of these differences probably lies in differences in
the method of selection of the cases which formed the basis of the
two series. The smaller series is based upon infants who were
brought for baby health conferences, or “ baby shows,” in many of
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
38
STATURES AND W EIGHTS OF CHILDREN.
which prizes were given the most perfectly developed children, and
there may well have been a tendency to bring only the more welldeveloped babies. The children’s year campaign was conducted
without any such element of competition, and mothers of all classes
in all States brought their children to be weighed and measured.
Another series of statures and weights of American children up to
4 years of age is that given by Dr. L. Emmett Holt in Diseases of
C h a r t X .— C o m p a r is o n o f c h i ld r e n ’s y e a r a v e r a g e s w it h
D r . C r u m 's ,
D r.
H o lt 's , a n d
B o w d itc h 's
a v e r a g e s ; b o y s ’ w e ig h ts .
Pounds
Children’s y e a r ------------------- ----------Crum................ — x -------x -------x ----H olt (1 91 6 ).... •
H olt (1919)..............
©
H olt (1916 and 1919) ★
B o w d i t e h .............. ■
Infancy and Childhood. Two series of averages between 6 months
and 4 years of age have been published; the earlier one is contained
in the editions of 1916 and preceding years and the later one in the
edition of 1919. Both series are based upon children weighed and
measured in private practice. The number of children upon which
the later series was based was about 2,000. A comparison between
the children’s year figures and these two series is shown in Charts
V III to X III.
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39
STATUEES AND WEIGHTS,
C h a r t X I . — C o m p a r is o n o f c h i ld r e n ’ s y e a r a v e r a g e s w it h
D r . C r u m ’ s, D r . H o l t ’ s, a n d B o w d itc h 's
a v e r a g e s ; g i r ls ’ w e ig h ts .
Pounds
v
Children’s y e a r --------------- j-------------Crum................ — x -------x -------x ----H olt (1916) . . . •
T
H olt (1919)............... ©
H olt (1916 and 1919) *
B ow d itch................. ffl
I X .— Com parison o f average stature and w eigh t o f “ 10,4^3 norm a l babies i n SI
S ta tes' ’ with averages f o r all white children included i n stature a n d weight tabulation.
a b l e
W hite girls.
W hite b oy s.
Stature.
W eight.
Weight.
Stature.
Age.
-
A ll ages.................. . .........
6 months, under 12....................
12 month's, under 24..................
24 months, under 36..................
36 months, under 49..................
Per
Average
cent
excess
ex
(pounds).1 cess.
Per
cent
ex
cess.
Per
Average
cent
excess
ex
(pounds).1 cess.
Average
excess
(inches).!
Per
cent
ex
cess.
+0.23
+ 0 .7
+0.94
+ 3 .6
+0.19
+ 0 .6
+0.78
+ 3 .5
+
+
+
+
4~ •1
+ .6
+ .6
+ 1 .1
+ .37
+ .88
+ 1.02
+1.03
+ 3 .9
+ 3 .7
+ 3 .6
+ 3 .4
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ .27
+ .75
+1.08
+ .96
+ 3 .0
+ 3 .4
+ 4 .0
+ 3 .4
.01
.18
.21
.39
Average
excess
(inches).1
.01
.04
.31
.31
.0
.1
.9
.9
i Excess of averages based on “ 10,423 normal babies in 31 States’ ’ over averages based on children
weighed and measured during children’ s year. Excess stated as positive; deficiency, negative. Average
excess is the unweighted average difference between the tw o series of averages.
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40
STATURES AND W EIGHTS OF CHILDREN.
Considerable difference in stature appears between Dr. Holt’s
earlier and his later series. The average statures of the children
examined during children’s year fall between the two series of measurec h a r t X I I . — C o m p a r is o n o f c h i ld r e n ’ s y e a r a v e r a g e s w it h
D r . C r u m 's , D r . H o lt 's , a n d B o w d itc h 's
a v e r a g e s ; b o y s ’ w e ig h t f o r h e ig h t.
Pounds
CMldren’ß year— -----------------------------Crum .............................— x --------x -------X —
Standard d e v ia tio n ...................................
H olt (1916) #
H olt (1919) O
Bowditch ■
ments given by Dr. Holt, being relatively closer to the later than to
tbe earlier figures.
In weight comparatively little difference appears between Dr.
Holt’s earlier and his later series. At 6 months and at 1 year the
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41
STATURES AUD W EIGHTS.
two series are identical, but at 2 years, 3 years, and 4 years the
children in the later series averaged about hah & pound heavier.
A comparison of the average weights of the children examined during
C h a r t X I I I . — C o m p a r is o n o f c h i ld r e n ’ s y e a r a v e r a g e s w it h
„
.
Pounds
D r . C r u m ’ s, D r . H o l t ’ s, a n d B o w d it c h ’s
a v e r a g e s ; g i r ls ’ w e ig h t f o r h e ig h t.
/
/
/
!
/
/
/
/
f
//
/
*/
/y
•/
/
✓
/
/ J'
f /
//
Q
r
/
'
•
/
/
/
/
/
/
f
/
/
/
f /
/ /
/ /
jCZ
i f /
//
/
/
/
/
g /
*
I /
/ g r /
/
/
/
jf/
/
• yy
/
/
/
/
■
/
/
I/
/
/
/
• /
/
/
'
/
//
*■
/
'
/
/
/✓
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
f
''
In c h e s 2 0
26
32
Children’s y e a r .... ------ --------------------—
Crum........... ........... — x ------- x ------ x -----Standard d e v ia tio n ...................................
38
44
50
Holt (1916) •
H olt (1919) Q
Bowditch ■
children’s year with those examined by Dr. Holt shows that Dr.
Holt’s figures at 6 months for both boys and girls are somewhat
lower, at 12.months practically identical for boys but somewhat
higher for girls, and at older ages for both boys and girls somewhat
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42
STATUEES AND WEIGHTS OE CHILDEEN.
higher than the children’s year figures. In regard to weight for age,
the children’s year figures are somewhat closer to Dr. Holt’s earlier
than to his later averages.
A third point of comparison is in regard to weight for height.
The relationship of the children’s year averages to Dr. Crum’s and
Dr. Holt’s figures is indicated in Charts X I I and X III. In weight
for height, the children’s year figures are somewhat below Dr. Crum’s,
hut are practically identical with those of Dr. Holt’s later series.
C h a r t X I V . — D i s t r ib u tio n o f s t a tu r e s o f w h it e b o y s a g e d 3 6 M o n t h s in a ll S ta te s a n d in Io w a .
In c h e s
30
33
36
39
42
Standard
Standard
deviation
A v.
deviation
1.74 in.
36.67 in. 1.74 in.
A il States, 1,258 cases.
46
31
33
36
39 42
Standard
Standard
deviation
A v.
deviation
1.57 in.
36.90 in . 1.57 in.
Iowa, 301 cases.
The charts give also a comparison with Bowditch’s averages for
children at
years, weighed in ordinary clothing. In stature the
children’s year series is slightly above Bowditch’s averages; in
weight, when allowance is made for the weight of clothing, the
children’s year series appears to agree fairly well with Bowditch at
the point of juncture.
Composition of selected group.
An important question in regard to any table of average statures
and weights based upon a sample is whether the sample is typical
of the whole. Are these figures typical of American children 1
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per c
C h a r t X V . — D i s t r ib u tio n o f w e ig h ts o f w h it e b o y s a g e d 3 6 m o n th s in a ll S ta te s a n d Io w a .
STATURES A3STD WEIGHTS,
Ob
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44
STATURES AND WEIGHTS OF CHILDREN.
Would averages based upon all the white children under 6 years of
age in the United States be substantially different from these, which
are based upon 1.2 per cent of them?
So far as distribution by States is concerned, the selection of children,
as shown in Table X , is very unequal. Iowa, the East-North-Central
group of States, and California are more fully represented than any
others. Whether these irregularities affect the averages depends upon
the amount of the differences between the average statures and weights
of children in the States fully represented and in those not so well
represented. Averages for three areas where large numbers of
children were examined were calculated, and are discussed below,
C h a r t X V I . — D is t r ib u tio n o f w e ig h ts o f w h it e b o y s 3 7 in c h e s in s ta t u r e .
P er cent
Pounds
21 2 2
All States
1,176 cases.
25J
28J29
Standard
deviation,
2.65 lbs.
32
Average,
30.98 lbs.
35£
38§ 3 9
41
Standard
deviation,
2.65 lbs.
but it was not found possible to make similar calculations for each
State. One possible cause of differences in average statures and
weights is the nationality composition of the population of the
different States; differences due to this cause are discussed in the
succeeding paragraphs. In California some other factor— perhaps
selection of taller and heavier population, perhaps climate— appears to
play a part, since children in that State were found to be taller and
heavier than in other States— a difference which the nationality com
position of the population alone does not explain. So far, there
fore, as these tall and heavy children are represented in an undue
proportion in the sample selected for tabulation, the averages may
be slightly higher than averages for typical American children.
Table X I shows whether or not the parents of the children tabu
lated were born in the United States. Of the white children tabu-
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STATURES AND W EIGHTS.
45
lated, 69.3 per cent had both parents born in the United States, 10.4
per cent had one parent who was born in the United States and one
parent who was born in some foreign country, and 19.5 per cent had
parents who were foreign born. The nativity of the parents of 0.8
per cent was not reported.
T able X , — S ectio n o f c o u n try; white children included i n stature and weight tables}
Section of country.
A ll sections.
N ew England and Middle Atlantic
Southern..............................................
East North-Central............................
Iow a .....................................................
W estern...............1...............................
California..............................................
W hite
children.
167,024
23,729
9,044
54,779.
37,033
23,170
19,269
1
The grouping of States into s'ections follow s the grouping of States into divisions in the census of
1910, except that the southern section includes the South A tlantic, East South Central and W est
South Central, and the western section includes the W est North-Central, Mountain, and Pacific d ivi
sions, except Iow a and California, w hich are shown separately.
Comparing the proportion of children with both parents born in
the United States in the group tabulated with the proportion in the
United States as a whole, it appears that the percentages are almost
identical, 69.3 per cent of the children tabulated as compared with
70.2 per cent of white children under 5 years of age in the whole
country in 1910.7 In this respect, therefore, the children tabulated
are very closely typical of all white children in the United States.
The native white children of native parentage, however, include
children of different racial stocks. But, on the one hand, it is im
possible to ascertain what stocks are represented among the children
tabulated since information on this point was not obtained, and, on
the other hand, it is difficult to determine the racial stocks repre
sented among the children of corresponding ages in the United States,
since precise information is available only in regard to parental
nativity and not to racial stock. The principal racial stock in America,
however, is the British, and of the different British stocks the Eng
lish is probably most largely represented. Next in importance to
the British is probably the German stock, as there was a considerable
immigration of Germans into Pennsylvania and elsewhere during the
Revolutionary War, and a second wave of immigration of Germans
commencing about 1848. Irish immigration was very large in the
two or three decades following 1840. Scandinavian immigration has
formed somewhat more recently a considerable, though minor, ele
ment of population. All these stocks, which make up the great ma
jority of the population classified as “ native American,” are racially
i If the not-reported cases among the children tabulated are included with the native born of native
parentage, as is the case with the census figure, the percentages are 70.1 and 70.2, respectively. See Thir
teenth Census, V ol. I, pp. 322-326, also p. 125.
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46
STATUEES AND W EIGHTS OF CHILDREN.
closely related, though the Scandinavians in particular are consid
erably taller and heavier than the English.
T a b l e X I .— Parental nativity, by sections; white children included in stature and weight
tables.
W hite children.
New England and
Middle Atlantic.
A ll sections.
N ativity of parents.
Number.
Total..........................
Southern.
East NorthCentral.
Per cent
Per cent
Per cent
Per cent
distri Number. distri Number. distri Number. distri
bution.1
bution.1
bution. 1
bution.1
167,024
100.0
23,729
100.0
9,044
100.0
54,779
100.0
B oth parents native..............
B oth parents foreign b o m ___
115,818
32,511
69.3
19.5
9,560
10,322
40.3
43.5
8,264
408
91.4
4.5
38,992
10,977
71.2
20.0
In same country..............
In different countries.......
N ot reported.........
29,577
2,907
27
17.7
•1.7
9,534
783
5
40.2
3.3
360
47
1
4.0
.5
10,181
788
8
18.6
1.4
One native, one foreign b o m .
One or both not reported...
17,441
1,254
10.4
.8
3,538
309
14.9
1.3
325
47
3.6
.5
4,446
364
8.1
.7
White children.
N ativity of parents.
Iowa.
Number.
Total............................
B oth parents native..............
B oth parents foreign b o rn ...
In same cou ntry.................
In different countries.............
N ot reported.............
One native, one foreign born___
One or both not reported...
Western.
Per cent
distri
Number.
bution.1
California.
Per cent
distri
Number.
bu tion .1
Per cent
distri
bution.1
37,033
100.0
23,170
100.0
19,269
100.0
30,458
2,922
82.2
7.9
16,512
3,276
71.3
14.1
12,032
4,606
62.4
23.9
2,653
258
11
7.2
.7
2,855
419
2
12.3
1.8
3,994
612
20.7
3.2
3,539
114
9.6
.3
3,206
176
13.8
.8
2,387
244
12.4
1.3
1 Per cent not shown if less than one-tenth of 1 per cent.
Since the native-born parents of children under 6 years of age in
1918 were for the most part born in this country before 1895, some
light can be thrown upon the racial stocks represented among the
grandparents of the children by a study of the nationality composi
tion of the population at the census of 1890. Sinpe such a study,
however, shows only the more recent additions to the population,
and since no account is taken of differing birth rates, the conclusions
that can be drawn as to the racial stocks of the children of the 1890
population are necessarily somewhat uncertain. In 1890 the foreignborn white population represented 16.6 per cent of the total white
population. The principal elements were the British and Irish, in
cluding British Canadian, with 6.9 per cent; the German, with 5.1
per cent; and the Scandinavian with 1.7 per cent of the total white
population. The remainder included French Canadians, AustroHungarians, Russians, Italian, French, Swiss, etc. It is worthy of
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STATURES AND WEIGHTS.
47
especial note that all foreign-bom Italians, Russians, and AustroHungarians together constituted only 1.2 per cent of the total white
population.
The nationality or racial composition of the children of native
parentage included in the group selected for tabulation may have
been somewhat affected by the unequal weighting of the different
sections of the country. An examination of the proportions of for
eign-born white in the different sections in 1890 indicates, however,
the extent of bias from this cause. Thus Iowa, the State with the
largest proportion of children included in the tabulation, had in 1890
a somewhat larger proportion of foreign-born Germans and Scandi
navians than the country as a whole, respectively 6.7 per cent and
3.8 per cent of the total white population. Likewise in the East
North-Central States, also somewhat overweighted in the tabulation,
the foreign-born Germans constituted 8 per cent, and the foreignborn Scandinavians 2.1 per cent of the total white population. In
California the foreign-born Germans constituted only 5.5 per cent
and the foreign-born Scandinavians 2 per cent, while the group of
foreign-born Italian, Russian, Spanish, and Portuguese together con
stituted 2.6 per cent of the total white population. In the New
England and Middle Atlantic States, which in proportion to popu
lation were somewhat underweighted in the tabulation, the propor
tion of foreign-born Germans was not far from that in the country
as a whole, 5.2 per cent, while the proportion of Scandinavian was
considerably less, only 0.7 per cent. In the Western group of States
the percentage of foreign-bom Germans was 5.3 per cent, while that
of foreign-born Scandinavians was 5. In the Southern States the
foreign-born Germans constituted only 1.5 per cent, and the foreignborn Scandinavians a negligible proportion of the total white
population.
Though these figures are only the percentages of the foreign born
and do not, therefore, show the true proportions of the different
racial stocks, yet they do give a clear indication of the bias caused
by the unequal weighing of States in the group of children selected
for tabulation. Thus, if a sample of the population of 1890 were
drawn from the several States and sections in the same proportions
as the children selected for tabulation, the foreign-born Germans
would represent 6.3 per cent and the foreign-born Scandinavians 2.4
per cent of such a sample, instead of 5.1 and 1.7 per cent, respectively,
as in the entire country. It is clear, therefore, that in the group of
children of native parentage the German and the Scandinavian racial
stocks were probably somewhat more liberally represented than in
the whole population.
Table X II, which shows the countries of birth of the mothers of
the children included in the tabulation, throws light upon the racial
stocks represented among the children of foreign parentage. As
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48
STATURES AND W EIGHTS OF CHILDREN.
already stated, practically seven-tenths of the children had both
parents bom in the United States; 6.2 per cent more had mothers
who were native, but fathers foreign born. This table shows further
that, of those whose mothers were foreign born, a considerable pro
portion were of racial stocks similar to the native American. Thus,
4.2 per cent had mothers born in the United Kingdom and British
possessions, that is, who were English, Scotch, Irish, or Welsh.
On the other hand, 2.3 per cent had mothers born in Denmark,
Sweden, or Norway, 2 in Germany, 4.1 in Italy, 2.9 per cent in Rus
sia, 1.3 per cent in Poland, and 4 per cent in Austria-Hungary.
T
able
X I I .— C ou n try o f birth o f p a ren ts; w hite children included in stature and w eight
tables.
W hite children included in stature and
weight tables.
Country of birth of mother.
Total.
Parents Parents
born in
born in
Per cent
same
different
Number. distribu country. countries.
tion.
A ll countries................................................................................ 1 167,024
127,212
7,030
1,755
714
44
1,702
Ireland..............................................................................................
2,815
British possessions.........................................................................
100.0
76.2
4.2
6,817
6,743
4,211
487
1,012
48
5
980
4.1
4.0
2.5
.3
.6
4,886
3,764
145,395
115,839
3,675
913
389
16
1,030
1,327
20,348
199
768
510
105
70
.6
6,618
5,975
3,701
382
942
48
6
897
2.9
2.3
4,501
2,354
385
1,410
697
1,644
1,423
.4
1.0
.9
471
1,095
.788
226
549
635
3,370
2,231
3,690
2.0
1.3
2.2
1,625
l ' 990
2,818
1,745
'241
872
United States.........................................................................................
United Kingdom and British possessions........................................
E ngland...........................................................................................
S cotla n d :.........................................................................................
A ustria-H ungary2.................................................................................
Austria..............................................................................................
Bohem ia...........................................................................................
Hungary...........................................................................................
N ot specified....................................................................................
Scandinavia............................................................................................
D enm ark............... .........................................................................
Sweden.............................................................................................
N orway.............................................................................................
A ll oth er4.................................. .............................................................
1.1
.4
1.0
1.7
11,373
3,355
842
325
28
672
1,488
83
1 Includes 1,271 children the nativity of one or both of whose parents was not reported.
2 As constituted before the war, except Austrian Poland, which is included with Poland.
3 Includes Russian, German, and Austrian Poland as constituted before the war.
4 Including West Indies, Cuba, Central and South America, Luxemberg, Holland, Belgium, Switzer
land, France, Spain, Portugal, Serbia, Armenia, Syria, Bulgaria, Montenegro, Turkey, Mexico, Atlantic
and Pacific islands, Africa, Japan, China, India, Asia n. o. s., Europe n. o. s.
Of these races the German is slightly and the Scandinavian con
siderably taller and heavier, while the Italian and the Jewish are
considerably shorter and lighter than the native American stock.
A considerable proportion of the mothers who reported their country
of birth as Russia or Poland was probably of Jewish race. The
mothers who reported Austria-Hungary as their country of birth
probably include a number of races, some Germans, some Czechs,
some Magyars, and others.
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49
STATUEES AND W EIGHTS.
Of the white children, then, who formed the basis of the stature and
weight tables, 76 per cent had mothers born in the United States,
4 per cent had mothers born in Great Britain or Ireland; and the
remainder about one-fifth—were of stocks of taller or of shorter
stature.
Comparison of the figures showing countries of birth of the foreignborn mothers of the children included in the tabulation with similar
data for the United States as a whole is rendered difficult because no
census figures are available showing country of birth of parents of
young children. An approximation can be reached by comparing
the countries of birth of the mothers of children included in the
tables with the countries of birth of the foreign-born population of
both sexes in 1910, as in Table X III. It may be pointed out that,
while the foreign-bom mothers of the children weighed and measured
were for the most part in the United States in 1910, the represen
tation of the different nationalities among children under 6 years
of age in 1918 depends upon the proportion of women in the 1910
population and also upon the relative birth rates.
T a b l e X I I I . — C om parison o f the d istribu tion by m others’ cou n try o f birth o f children o f
fo reig n -b o rn m others included in m ain tabulation w ith the d istribu tion by cou n try o f
birth o f the foreig n -b o rn p o p u la tio n in the U nited States in 1 9 1 0 .
Per cent distri
bution.
Country of birth.1
Children
of foreign- Foreignbom
born
mothers popula
included
tion
in tabula 1910.1 2
tion .1
A ll foreign countries.............................................
100.0
100.0
United Kingdom and British possessions..................
17.7
28.1
4.4
1.8
.1
4.3
7.1
6.5
1.9
.6
10.0
3 9.1
17.1
4 16. 9
4 12. 3
9.5
9.9
12.4
12.8
9.3
1.8
4.1
3.6
1.3
4.9
3.0
4 8.5
5.6
9.3
18.5
(5)
18.1
E ngland......................................................... .......................
Scotland.....................................................................
W ales................................................................................
Ireland...............................................................
British possessions...........................................
I t a ly ................................ : .........................................
Austria-Hungary.............................................................
Scandinavia.......................................................................
D enm ark......................................................... .
Sw eden.....................................................................
N orw ay..................................................................
Germany.................................................................
A ll others............................................................
1 Children included in the tabulation are classified b y country of birth of mother.
2 Thirteenth Census, V ol. I, Population from p . 791. The foreign b om used as the basis of these per
centages include about 1.3 per cent colored.
3 Includes Canada and Newfoundland, and Australia.
4 A s constituted before the war, except that if the mother’s country of birth is stated as Poland it is classed
as Poland.
6 N ot shown separately.
4 9 0 7 9 °— 21------- 4
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50
STATURES AUD W EIGHTS OF CHILDREN.
This comparison indicates that among the children selected for
tabulation Italy and Austria-Hungary and perhaps Poland were
represented in somewhat larger, and Germany, Great Britain, and
Ireland in somewhat smaller, proportions than among the foreignborn population of 1910. These differences, however, may merely
reflect the effect of differences in birth rates. The greatest differ
ences, it may be pointed out, are in the large proportion of Italian,
on the one hand, and in the small proportion of German, on the
other— differences which suggest that even allowing for differences
in birth rates perhaps an undue proportion of children of Italian
mothers and too small a proportion of children of German mothers
were included in the tabulation.
The effect of bias in selection of racial stocks may now be summed
up. The average statures and weights of children of German par
entage are very slightly above, those of Scandinavian parentage con
siderably above, and those for children of Italian parentage con
siderably below, the averages for all white children.8 The analysis
has indicated that probably the German, and especially the Scan
dinavian, stocks are somewhat overweighted in the group of children
of native parentage, while the German may be slightly underweighted
and the Italian overweighted in the group of children of foreign-born
parentage. The amount of error in the general averages from each
of these elements is small, since even with overstatement the various
groups form comparatively small proportions of the total numbers.
Furthermore, the errors tend to offset one another, since the bias
toward overstatement of the averages due to overweighting the
Scandinavian stock among the children of native parentage tends
to be offset by the bias toward understatement of the averages due
to overweighting the Italian stock among the children of foreign
parentage, and the overweighting of German stock among the
children of native parentage tends to be offset by the underweighting
of German stock among the children of foreign parentage. Though
the analysis is suggestive only rather than conclusive, it does indi
cate that so far as racial stocks are concerned the averages may be
considered fairly typical of all white children under 6 years of .age
in the United States.
The averages might have been affected, however, not only by a bias
in racial stocks represented among the children selected but by a
method of selection tending to secure an unduly large proportion of
measurements for children who were taller and heavier than the
average. So far as the general conditions connected with the con
duct of the weighing and measuring test are concerned, it was sought
to reach children of all classes equally. Though the methods of
organization were different in different States, and perhaps achieved
See p p . 56-61,
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STATURES AND W EIGH TS.
51
different degrees of success in reaching all classes, probably on the
whole the use of local organizations already established and the wide
publicity given to the weighing and measuring test served to secure
a representative group of children. The fact already discussed that
a fairly representative sample of the children of the different nation
ality groups was secured would tend to indicate that the sample was
also typical in other respects.
Furthermore, if there had been a tendency for the tallest and
heaviest children to be brought to the weighing and measuring cen
ters, then, other things being equal, the larger the proportion of
children included in the tabulation the more children of only average
and of less than average stature and weight would have been in
cluded; and hence the larger the proportion of children included in
any given area the lower would be the averages for that area. The
proportion of children included in the tabulation varied consider
ably in the different States. Thus, in Iowa approximately 13 per
cent of the children under 6 years of age were included, and in Cali
fornia about 6.6 per cent; in other areas the proportions were much
smaller. If, then, there was a definite tendency to bring the tallest
and heaviest children to be weighed and measured, it would be
expected that the averages in California, and especially in Iowa,
would be lower than the averages in all States. As will be shown,
however, the averages in Iowa are substantially the same as the
general averages, while those in California are markedly higher than
in the country as a whole. Though this evidence is far from con
clusive, it tends to suggest that the averages may be considered as
free from any bias toward selecting only the tallest and heaviest
children:
Comparative stature and weight in different sections.
To determine whether in different sections of the country there
are significant differences in stature and weight, analysis has been
made of three groups of children. The children of Iowa formed
one group with a high percentage of children of native parentage;
the children of California showing a smaller proportion with native
parentage than those of Iowa, but living under exceptionally favor
able climatic conditions, formed a second group; and the children
of New York City, who were largely of foreign parentage and who
included a considerable proportion of children of short-statured
races, formed a third group. The New York City children, though
not included in the general averages on account of having been
weighed with underclothing, are presented in this connection to
indicate the effect of the nationality composition of the group upon
average stature. In all three areas the size of the sample was fairly
large. These comparisons show roughly the range of sectional
variations in average stature and weight.
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STATURES AND W EIGHTS OF CHILDREN.
52
Table X IV , which gives the information in summary form, shows
that measurements of the Iowa children approximate those of chil
dren in the country as a whole, with a slight excess— a fifth of an inch
in stature. The children under 1 year of age are nearly 3 ounces
heavier, but those from 1 to 6 years are from 1 to 3 ounces lighter
than the average in the country as a whole. The California children,
on the other hand, average two-fifths of an inch taller than all chil
dren included in the general table, and exceed the general average
weight by approximately three-fourths of a pound. The New York
City children, on the other hand, show a marked deficiency in stature
amounting to as much as half an inch.
T able X I V .— Com parative stature and w eight, b y age; com pa rison o f w h ite children under
6 years o f age, Iow a , C aliforn ia , and N ew
Y ork C ity , w ith averages f o r a ll w hite
children.
W hite children.
Boys.
Girls.
Average excess.1
Average excess.1
Age and section.
Stature
W eight
Stature
Weight
(inches). (pounds). (inches). (pounds).
+0.40
+
+
+
+
+
+
.23
.33
.39
.36
.44
.64
+0.20
; + 0 .2 0
+ .14
+ .13
+ .21
+ .23
+ .31
N ew Y ork C ity ...........................................................................
- 0 .5 2
-0 .4 5
- .56
- .52
- .55
- .45
- .56
+0.75
« +0.75
+ .22
+ .75
+ .87
+1.01
+ .92
+1.11
+0.36
+ .26
+ .26
+ .34
+ .48
+ .38
+ .43
-0 .0 4
+0.14
-0 .0 5
+0.18
- .21
- .17
- .06
- .04
- .16
+0.19
+ .15
+ .15
+ .17
+ .23
+ .03
+0.17
- .13
- .12
- .23
- .19
- .16
(8)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
( 3)
- 0 .4 9
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
( 3)
-0 .3 5
- .45
— . 45 '
- .54
- .52
- .62
2
+ .17
+ .74
+ .82
+1.01
+1.00
+1.09
1 Average excess is the unweighted average difference between the averages for the section specified at
the different months in the years specified, with the corresponding averages for all white children.
2 Figures for California based only upon children reported weighed and measured without clothing,
s Weights not comparable since children in New Y ork City were weighed in underclothing.
The proportion of children whose parents were born in the United
States was highest in Iowa, 82.2 per cent; next in California, 62.4
per cent; and very low in New York City, only 22.7 per cent. So
far as the racial stocks represented in the children of native parentage
can be inferred from the nativity of their parents, Iowa and Cali
fornia are not far different; Iowa has slightly larger proportions
of the German and the Scandinavian and California of the
southern European races— but in both States the main racial
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STATURES AND WEIGHTS.
53
stock is the British. The nationalities represented among the chil
dren of foreign-born mothers included in Iowa the Scandinavian
with 2.8 per cent of the total, the German with 2.6 per cent, and
the British and Irish with 1.1 per cent; the Italian was represented
by only 0.8 per cent. In California, however, the Italian had the
largest proportion of any of the foreign nationalities with 8 per cent,
the British and Irish came second with 5.2 per cent, while the Scan
dinavian nationalities had 2 per cent, the Russian 1.7 per cent, and
the German only 1.6 per cent of the total number. In New York
City Italy was most largely represented with 20.7 per cent, followed
by Russia, with 17.7 per cent, Austria-Hungary with 13.2 per cent,
Great Britain, Ireland and British possessions with 9.5 per cent
(Ireland alone, 7.5 per cent), Germany with 1.9 per cent, and Poland
with 1.7 per cent.
It is clear from these figures that the excess stature and weight
in (California, as compared with Iowa and other States, is not due to
the racial stocks represented in her population. It must be due,
therefore, to some other factor— selection of the tallest and heaviest
in the process of migration, or favorable environmental conditions
such as climate. The deficiency in stature in New York City, on
the other hand, is probably to be accounted for by the large pro
portion of children of short-statured races, such as the Italian and
the Jewish.
Comparative stature and weight of city and country children.
In order to determine whether there is any significant difference
m stature and weight between city and country children, the children
of native parentage in Iowa and in the East North-Central section
were tabulated by the size of the communities in which they were
examined, whether “ rural/’ which was defined as places under 10,000
population, or “ urban,” which was divided into places of from
10,000 to 25,000 population and places of 25,000 and over. The
results are shown in Table X V .
In this table the statures and weights of the children in each group
are compared with those of children in all States. The difference
between urban and rural children is therefore shown in the relative
difference. The probable errors of the figures are also shown in the
table.
Both in stature and weight the averages for children in rural areas
are above those for children in urban areas. This difference appears
for both boys and girls. So far as stature is concerned, no signifi
cant difference appears between the smaller and the larger urban
communities, and the slight difference which occurs between the
averages for children in the smaller and in the larger urban com
munities of both sections is seen on analysis to be due solely to a
difference in the East North-Central section.
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T a b l e X V — C om pa ra tive sta tu re and w eight o f c ity and cou n try ch ildren ; w h ite children u nder 6 yea rs o f age o f n a tive parentage in Io w a and E a st
N orth -C en tra l section s com pared w ith general averages f o r a ll w h ite children.
W hite children of native parentage.
Number.
Stature (inches).
W eight (pounds).
Number.
Average Probable Average Probable
error.
excess.1
error.
excess.1
Stature (inches).
W eight (pounds).
Number.
Average Probable Average Probable
error.
excess.1
error.
excess.1
Weight (pounds).
Average Probable Average P robable
error.
excess.1
error.
excess.1
BOTH SECTIONS.
Rural (under 10,000)..
U rban:
10.000 to 25,000....
25.000 and o v e r ...
45,225
+0.13
±0.01
+0.04
±0.01
22,890
9,680
14,041
-
.12
.08
± .01
± .01
-
.18
.29
± .02
± .02
4,917
7,071
22,270
+ .23
± .01
+ .02
± .02
11,307
+0.13
±0.01
+0.07
±0.02
22,335
+0.12
±0.01
-0 .0 1
±0.02
-
.11
.11
± .02
± .01
-
.18
.35
± .03
± .03
4,763
6,970
— .14
- * .0 4
± .02
± .01
-
.17
.24
± .03
± .03
+ .24
± .01
+ .06
± .02
10,963
+ .21
± .01
-
.02
± .02
.34
.36
± .07
± .04
1,021
2,972
+ .03
+ .08
± .04
± .02
-
.44
.30
± .07
± .04
+ .03
± .01
+ .00
± .02
-
± .02
± .02
-
± .04
± .04
IOWA.
Rural (under 10,000)..
Urban:
10.000 to 25,000....
25.000 and o v e r ...
2,093
5,991
+ .05
+ .04
± .02
± .01
-
.39
.33
± .05
± .03
1,072
3,019
+ .06
- .00
± .03
± .02
-
22,955
+ .31
± .01
+ .04
± .02
11,583
+ .03
± .01
+ .08
± .02
11,372
-
± .01
± .01
-
± .03
± .03
3,845
4,052
-
± .02
± .02
-
± .04
± .04
3,742
3,998
EAST NORTH-CENTRAL.
Rural (under 10,000)..
Urban:
10.000 to 25,000....
25.000 and o v e r .. .
7,587
8,050
.17
.17
.12
.27
.15
.20
i Excess shown as positive, aenciency as negative, m o avoiago
„Ti s+otao
the average weights and statures of white children of the same sexes and ages (in m onths) m all btates.
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.14
.35
.19
.14
.09
.19
STATURES AND W EIGHTS OF CHILDREN.
Stature (inches).
Girls.
Boys.
Children.
Size of com m unity
and section of country.
55
ST AT U E E S A N D W E IG H T S .
Only children whose parents were native born were included in
this table, and the effect of differences in racial composition between
rural and urban areas is therefore eliminated so far as the material
at hand permits. The children are the offspring of parents born in
this country for the most part before 1895, and include no appreciable
proportion of the short-statured races, such as the Italian and the
Jewish. The States chosen contain, it is true, many persons of Scandi
navian descent, but so far as the evidence indicates this element is
found more largely in cities than in country districts, and therefore
would not explain the difference in average stature and weight in
favor of the country.9
Comparative stature and weight of children of native parentage.
The inclusion in the group selected for study of a considerable
number of children whose parents were not born in the United
States raises the question whether the averages secured are fairly
typical of children of native parentage. To throw light upon this
question a special tabulation was made of children of native parent
age in Iowa and in the East North-Central section. The tabulation
included 68,946 boys and girls under 6 years of age, both of whose
parents were reported born in the United States, Table X V I.
T a b l e X V I .— C om parison o f sta tu re and w eight o f children o f n a tive parentage w ith
general averages; w hite children under 6 years o f a ge; Iow a and E a st N orth -C en tral
section s.
W hite boys.
Age and section.
W hite girls. ■
Average excess.«
Number.
Average excess.®
Number.
Stature
Weight
(inches). (pounds).
34,878
8,358
6,456
6,413
6,012
5,374
2,265
East North-Central............................
Stature
Weight
(inches). (pounds).
+0.05
-0 .0 5
+
+
+
+
+
-
.06
.02
.02
.04
.13
.00
+
—
—
—
+
-
.03
.17
.10
.05
.06
.15
34,068
8,054
6,189
6,292
5,894
5,407
2,232
+
+
+
+
+
+
.07
.02
.03
.02
•11
.05
- 0 .0 8
+ .04
— .14
— .09
— .16
— .05
. - .12
+ .18
+
—
—
—
—
-
.05
.16
.17
.19
.03
.08
.06
14,956
3,413
2) 920
. 2, 944
2,773
2,359
547
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
.17
.22
.12
.15
.15
.26
.03
+
—
—
—
—
-
-
.05
-
.05
—
—
-
.03
.08
.07
.10
.01
.06
—
—
—
+
' -
.05
.09
.07
.08
.04
.09
15,398
3,567
3,010
3,002
2,883
2,395
541
+
+
+
+
+
+
19,480
4,791
3,446
3,411
3,129
2,979
1,724
-
.05
-
.05
19,112
—
—
—
—
+
-
.03
.07
.07
.12
.03
.09
—
—
—
+
-
.07
.17
.03
.08
.17
.18
4,641
3,269
3,348
3,121
3,048
1,685
.17
.13
.13
.21
.26
.25
+0.05
.11
.16
.20
.12
.26
.16
.24
a Excess is stated as positive, deficiency as negative. The average excess or deficiency is the average
difference between what the children actually weighed and measured and the average weights and statures
of white children o f the same sexes and ages (in m onths) in all States.
» Figures for 1890 show that in the East N orth-Central States 1.9 per cent o f the population of rural dis
tricts and cities under 25,000 population, while 2.9 per cent of the population of cities o f 25,000 and over,
were b o m in one o fth e Scandinavian countries. Thirteenth Census, vol. I, Population. Compiled from
p . 847.
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56
STATUR ES A N D W E IG H T S OE C H IL D R E N .
The results in general show a close agreement with the aver
ages already presented. The children of native parentage in
the selected States were very slightly lighter in weight, but the
amount is so slight as to be negligible for comparative purposes.
Thus the weight of these children averaged only about an ounce
less than that of all those included in this study. Figures for Iowa
are in substantial agreement with those for the East North-Central
C h a r t X V I I . — C o m p a r a tiv e s t a tu r e s o f b o y s o f I t a l ia n , S c a n d in a v ia n , a n d G e r m a n p a r e n ta g e , a n d
o f b o y s in a ll S ta te s .
In c h e s
M o n th s
12
24
Ita lia n .. . . . . . . — x ----- x ------ x ----S candinavian___________________
36
48
60
72
G e r m a n ..------ ---------- ---------- -A ll S ta te s------------------------------
group, except that at under 1 year the Iowa figures show a slight
excess in weight. The amount of variation from the average is so
slight that in many cases the differences are negligible.
Comparative stature and weight of children of Italian, Scandinavian,
and German parentage.
Three nationality groups were tabulated separately to show dif
ferences in average statures and weights from the averages for all
white children included in the general tables. Since the informa
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57
ST ATU E E S A N D W E IG H T S .
tion on the record blank gave only the country of birth of father
and mother, but not the racial stock, the choice of nationalities
in which racial stock could reasonably be inferred from the
country of birth was limited. The nationalities selected for tabu
lation were the Italian, the Scandinavian, and the German, and
the children from all parts of the country whose mothers were
reported born in Italy, in Scandinavia (Denmark, Sweden, or NorC h a r t X V I I I . — C o m p a r a tiv e s t a tu r e s o f g ir ls o f I t a l ia n , S c a n d in a v ia n , a n d G e r m a n p a r e n ta g e , a n d
o f g ir ls In a ll S ta te s .
In c h e s
M o n th s N
12
24
Italian............— »<
—- x —
Scandinavian--------------------- *-------
36
48
60
72
G erm an.. -------- -------------------- -A ll S ta te s------------------------------
way), and in Germany were included in the respective nationality
tables.
Table X V II shows the distribution of the children of these different
nationalities by sections. In the tables for these selected nationali
ties a certain number of children in New York City were included
who had been excluded from the main tables on account of having
been weighed in underclothing. This fact would not affect materially
the conclusions as to relative weight and stature of children of
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58
STATU R E S A N D W E IG H T S OF C H IL D R E N .
these nationalities, since few children of the taller and heavier groups
were from New York City, while nearly half the group of Italian
children, who were shorter and lighter than average, were from
New York. The inclusion of the New York City children would
tend, therefore, to understate the difference between the Italian
children and the general average.
C h a r t X I X . — C o m p a r a tiv e w e ig h ts o f b o y s o f Ita l ia n , S c a n d in a v ia n , a n d
G e rm a n
p a r e n ta g e , a n d
o f b o y s In a ll S t a t e s .
Pounds
M o n th s
12
24
I t a lia n ..........— x ------ x -------x -----S candinavian------------------------ -—
36
48
60
72
G erm an.. -------------------- — —
A ll States — :-----------------——
Children o f Italian 'parentage.— Comparing the figures for children
of mothers born in Italy with those for all children, it appears (Table
X V III) that Italian children are shorter and lighter than the average.
The average deficiency in stature is slightly over an inch for both
boys and girls, and that in weight is 15 ounces for boys and 14 for
girls. The absolute deficiencies are smaller for the younger children
and increase with age. The percentage of deficiency, however, is
more nearly uniform. The averages themselves and the number of
cases upon which they are based are shown in general Table 15.
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59
STATUEES AND WEIGHTS.
T
a b l e
X V I I .— P a ren ta l n a tiv ity and section , w hite children included in special n a tio n
a lity tables.
W hite children.
Section.
Italian
parent
age.
Scandi
navian
parent
age.
T otal.........................................................
14,246
4,164
4,066
N ew England and Middle A tlantic.........................
N ew Y ork C ity.......................................
Southern.....................................
East N orth-Central.......................................
3,501
7,429
74
1,265
296
131
1,550
313
400
22
684
1,047
1,319
379
255
696
57
1,186
975
596
301
W estern........................................
California............................................
M o n th s
12
24
Italian.. . . . . . — x — —x -----x ------Scandinavian — ............................
36
48
60
German
parent
age.
72
German.. ------- -------------------- -A ll S ta te s ------------------------------
The curve of average growth of children of Italian parentage is
shown in Charts X V II to X X in comparison with that of all children
and of children of Scandinavian and children of German parentage.
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60
T able
STATURES AND WEIGHTS OF CHILDREN,
X V I I I . — C om p a rison o f sta tu re and w eight o f children o f Ita lia n parentage
w ith averages f o r a ll w hite ch ild ren ; w hite children under 6 years o f age.
W hite children of mothers horn in Italy.
Stature.
Age and sex.
W eight.
Average Per cent Average
Per cent
excess
excess
(inches).1 excess. (pounds).1 excess.
BOYS.
A ll ages under 6.......................................
Under 1 year..........................
1 year, under 2 ..........................
2 years, under 3 ...................................
3 years, under 4 .......................................
4 years, under 5 ...................................
5 years, under 6 ................. .....................
- 1 .0 5
- .73
- .91
- 1 .0 1
- 1 .0 5
- 1 .3 0
- 1 .2 9
-2 .9
- 2 .8
- 2 .9
- 2 .9
- 2 .8
-3 .2
-3 .0
- 0 .9 4
- .76
- .67
- .83
- .82
- .97
- 1 .6 1
—3.3
-4 .7
-2 .8
-2 .9
-2 .5
—2.7
-4 .0
- 1 .0 3
- .58
- .83
- 1 .0 6
- 1 .0 5
- 1 .3 2
- 1 .4 8
- 2 .9
-2 .3
- 2 .7
-3 .1
- 2 .8
-3 .3
- 3 .5
- 0 .8 8
- .58
- .70
- .71
- -.67
- 1 .1 5
- 1 .4 9
-3 .1
-3 .8
-3 .1
-2 .6
-2 .1
- 3 .3
- 3 .9
GIRLS.
A ll ages under 6.....................................
Under 1 year...............................
1 year, under 2 .................................
2 years, under 3 .......................................
3 years, under 4 ................................
4 years, under 5 .......................................
5 years, under 6 ...........................................
1 Excess stated as positive; deficiency, negative. Average excess is the unweighted average difference
between the averages for children of mothers born in Italy and the general averages for all white children.
See general Table 15.
T a b l e X I X .— C om parison o f stature and w eight o f children o f Scandinavian parentage
w ith averages f o r a ll w h ite children; w hite children under 6 years o f age.
W hite children of mothers b om in
Scandinavia.
Stature.
Age and sex.
W eight.
Average Per cent Average
Per cent
excess
excess
excess.
(inches).1
(pounds;.1 excess.
BOYS.
A ll ages under 6........................................
Under 1 year........................... .........................
1 year, under 2 ........................................
2 years, under 3 ..................................................
3 years, under 4 ............................................
4 years, under 5 .................................................
5 years, under 6 ............................................
+ 0.4 2
+ .40
+ .46
+ .31
+ .46
+ .40
+ .51
+ 1.2
+ 1.5
+ 1.5
+ .9
+ 1.2
+ 1.0
+ 1 .2
+0.71
+ .66
+ .92
+ .43
+ .67
+ .71
+ .90
+ 2.7
+ 4.1
+ 3 .9
+ 1 .5
+ 2 .1
+ 2 .0
+ 2 .3
GIRLS.
A ll ages under 6.......................................................................
Under 1 year..........................................................
1 year, under 2 ............................................................
2 years, under 3 ......................................................
3 years, under 4 ......................................................................
4 years, under 5 ..................................................................
5 years, under 6.........................................................
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
.31
.16
.40
.20
.39
.13
.56
+ .9
+ .6
+ 1 .3
+ .6
+ 1 .0
+ .3
+ 1 .3
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
.56
.42
.68
.55
.73
.23
.74
+ 2.1
+ 2 .8
+ 3.1
+ 2 .0
+ 2 .3
+ .7
+ 1 .9
1 Excess stated as positive; deficiency, negative. Average excess is the unweighted average difference
between the average for children o f mothers b om in Scandinavia and the general averages for all white
children. See general Table 17.
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STATURES AND W EIGHTS.
Children o f Scandinavian 'parentage.— In Table X I X a similar
comparison is made for children of mothers born in Denmark, Sweden,
or Norway. These children are taller and heavier than the average;
the average excess in stature is four-tenths of an inch for boys and
three-tenths for girls, while that in weight is 11 ounces for boys and
9 ounces for girls. The percentage excess is about 1 per cent of the
stature and 2.4 per cent of the weight. The averages themselves
and the number of cases upon which they are based are shown in
General Table 17.
Children o f German parentage.— Table X X shows the average
statures and weights of children of mothers born in Germany in
comparison with the general averages. These children are slightly
taller and heavier than the average but not so much so as the children
of some Scandinavian parentage. The average excess in stature is
only an eighth of an inch for boys and a sixth of an inch for girls; the
average excess in weight is about 5 ounces for boys and 4 ounces for
girls. The percentage of excess is less than one-half of 1 per cent in
stature and about 1 per cent in weight. The averages and the
number of cases upon which they are based are given in general
Table 16.
T
able
X X .— C om parison o f stature and w eight o f children o f G erm an parentage w ith
averages f o r a ll w hite ch ild ren ; w hite children under 6 years o f age.
W hite children of mothers horn m
Germany.
Statine.
Age and sex.
Weight.
Average Per cent Average
Per cent
excess
excess
(inches).1 excess. (pounds.)1 excess.
B O YS.
A ll ages under 6.................... ................................................................
Under 1 year..................................................................................
1 year, under 2 .......................................................................................
2 years, under 3 . .............................................................................
3 years, under 4 ......................................................................................
4 years, under 5 ...............................................................................
5 years, under 6....................................................................................
+0.12
+ .03
+ .10
+ .20
+ -14
+ .09
+ .13
+ 0 .3
4 a
+
+
+
+
+
.3
.6
.4
.2
.3
+0.32
- .03
+ .33
+ .47
+ .34
+ .37
- + .45
+ 1 .0
- .2
+ 1.4
+ 1.7
+ 1.1
+ 1 .0
+ 1 .1
+
+
+
+
+
+
■+
+ -9
+ .3
+ 1 .3
+ 1 .4
+ .9
+ .4
+ 1 .0
GIRLS.
A ll ages under 6.............................................................................
Under 1 year.......................................................................
1 year, under 2 .............................................................................
2. years, under 3 ............................................................
3 years, under 4 .......................................................................
4 years, under 5................................................................
5 years, under 6....................................................................
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
.17
.09
.16
.21
.19
.25
-11
+ .5
+ .4
+ .5
+ .6
+ .5
+ .6
+••3
.25
.05
.30
.38
.27
.14
.37
]Excess stated as positive; deficiency, negative. Average excess is the unweighted average difference
between the averages for children of mothers b om in Germany and the general averages for all white
children. See general Table 16.
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62
STATURES AUD W EIGH TS OF CHILDREN.
NEGRO CHILDREN.
In addition to the records of white children, a comparatively small
number of records, 4,976, of Negro children were tabulated. Of
these, 224 were weighed and measured in the New England and
Middle Atlantic States, 2,567 in the Southern States, 564 in the
East North-Central group of States, 217 in Iowa, 106 in the Western
group, and 126 in California; besides those who were reported weighed
C h a r t X X I . — C o m p a r a tiv e s t a tu r e s a n d w e ig h ts o f w h it e a n d N e g r o boy s.
M o n th s
12
24
Statures, white b o y s -----------------------------Scatures, Negro b o y s ....................................
36
48
60
72
W eights, w hite h o y s ----------------- -----------W eights, Negro b o y s — x
x
x
and measured without clothing 1,172 who were weighed and measured
in New York City (in underclothing) were included to make a group
large enough to be tabulated. As previously explained in connection
with the Italian group, the inclusion of these children weighed in
underclothing tends to understate the differences between the
averages of the white and the Negro children. The average statures
and weights of these Negro children are given in general Table 18»
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STATURES AND W EIGHTS.
63
For convenience in comparison, the average and percentage ex
cesses or deficiencies, as compared with the averages of white children,
are shown in Table X X I. The average deficiency in stature is
about two-fifths of an inch, or 1.3 per cent, for boys, and one-fifth of
an inch, or 0.8 per cent, for girls. In weight the average deficiency
is nearly 11 ounces for boys and 9 ounces for girls, 3 per cent and
2.5 per cent, respectively. The deficiency in both stature and weight
C h a rt
XXII.— C o m p a r a tiv e s t a tu r e s a n d w e ig h ts o f w h it e a n d N e g r o g ir ls .
In c h e s o r p o u n d s
Statures, white girls — -------------------------Statures, Negro g ir ls ....................................
Weights, white girls
Weights, Negro girls
is much greater at under 1 year and at 1 year of age than at other
ages; in fact after 4 years this deficiency is either converted into an
excess or is very small.
To explain this change is difficult. The great deficiency at the
younger ages may be connected in some way with poor nutrition and
with bad social and economic conditions, which result in the wellknown high mortality among colored infants; and this high mortality
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64
STATURES AND W EIGHTS OF CHILDREN.
may itself result in a surviving group with less variation from the
normal. It may, on the other hand, be connected with some racial
difference in the rate of growth, with relative retardation in the early
years followed by an acceleration. In Charts X X I and X X I I the
growth of Negro children is compared with that of white children.
T
able
X X I .— C om parison o f stature and w eight o f N egro children w ith averages f o r white
ch ild ren ; children under 6 years o f age.
Negro children.
W eight.
Stature.
A ge and sex.
Average Per cent Average Per cent
excess
excess
excess. (pounds).1 excess.
(inches).1
BOYS.
- 0 .4 0
- .76
- .81
- .48
- .38
+ .09
- .06
-1 .3
-2 .9
-2 .6
-1 .4
-1 .0
+ .2
L .1
- 0 .6 9
- 1 .1 4
—1.46
- .71
- .83
+ .16
- .13
-3 .0
- 7 .0
- 6 .1
-2 .5
-2 .6
+ .4
- .3
—
+
+
- .8
-2 .2
- 2 .1
- 1 .0
— .4
+ .6
+ .3
— .55
- .88
-1 .0 3
- .52
- .66
- .07
- .12
-2 .5
-5 .8
-4 .6
-1 .9
- 2 .1
- .2
- .3
GIRLS.
1
.22
.55
.64
.36
.15
.23
.14
i Excess stated as positive; deficiency, negative. Average excess is the unweighted average difference
between the averages for Negro children and the general averages for all white children. See general
Table 18.
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COMPARATIVE STATURE AND WEIGHT OF CHILDREN WITH
CERTAIN DEFECTS.
In addition to data on stature and weight, the record blanks con
tained spaces for notes of defects and diseases. In California and
New York City, on account of the detailed instructions given phy
sicians in charge of examinations, such defects were doubtless much
more completely recorded than elsewhere. These two areas, con
taining a comparatively large number of cases, were therefore selected
as the basis for a special study of the influence of defects on height
and weight. For this part of the study all the cards which had been
rejected for the main stature and weight tables because the children
had serious defects— rachitis, malnutrition, heart disease, etc.— as
given on page 12, were included along with the cards for normal
children and those with minor defects only.
PRO PO RTIO N OF CHILDREN W ITH EACH DEFECT.
The proportion of children with each main kind of defect— defects
which did not as well as those which did cause exclusion from the
general stature and weight tables— are shown in Tables X X I I and
X X III. It should be emphasized that these figures have a consid
erable margin of error, which varies with the different defects accord
ing both to difficulties in diagnosis and to differences in the degrees
of defect used as standards by the various physicians reporting.
The defect most often reported was diseased or enlarged tonsils,
17.7 per cent of the children under 7 years of age who were examined
being reported as having abnormal tonsils. It is obvious that in case
of a defect like diseased or enlarged tonsils the degree of abnormality
is of considerable importance. In the tabulation no distinction could
be made, however, between serious and slight degrees of defect, nor
was it possible even to show the proportion of serious or slight defects
in the group. Probably most of the cases of serious abnormality
among the children brought for examination were reported.
The proportion of children with diseased or enlarged tonsils increased
rapidly during the first three years; only 3.7 per cent of those under
1 year, as compared with 27 per cent of those from 3 to 7 years of
age, were reported as having diseased or enlarged tonsils.
Adenoids were less frequently reported. Six and four-tenths per
cent of the children examined were reported as having adenoids.
The percentages increase from 1.7 for children under 1 year to 11.6
for children 6 years of age.’ In regard to uniform diagnosis the com
ment made on the figures for abnormal tonsils applies with equal
force to adenoids.
49079°—21----- 5
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65
66
STATUEES AUD W EIGH TS OF CHILDREN-.
T a b l e X X I I — N u m ber and p er cent o f children w ith each specified d efect; w hite children
under 7 years o f age exam ined by ph ysicia n s, C a liforn ia and N ew Y ork C ity .
Children with
specified defect.
Children with
specified defect.
Per cent
of total
Number. ch ild ren
exam
in ed .1
Defect.
Tonsils enlarged or diseased___
Tonsils rem oved........................
10,276
133
17.7
.2
Adenoids present..........................
Adenoids rem oved.......................
Carious teeth..............................
Enlarged neck glands..................
R upture....................................
Rachitis......................................
Malnutrition..........................
Heart abnorm ality.................
Bowlegs, knockknees, or b o th ...
Strabismus.................................
3,728
86
2,093
1,230
793
683
591
444
375
272
6.4
.1
3.6
2.1
- 1.4
1.2
1.0
.8
.6
.5
Per cent
of total
Number. ch ildren
exam
ined.1
Defect.
Crippled..........................................
Infantile paralysis.................
Injury at b irth .......................
A ccid en t............................ ..
Resulting from tuberculosis.
62
50
9
2
1
0.1
.1
Mental deficiency..........................
Discharging ears............................
57
46
20
10
6
2
.1
.1
Enlarged th yroid ..........................
B lind, one or both eyes...............
Spina b ifid a ...................................
P ott’s disease.................................
1 N ot shown if less than one-tenth of 1 per cent.
N ote .—T he total num ber of children examined in California and New Y ork City—the base upon
which the percentages are calculated—was 57,977.
v
T a b l e X X I I I .— P er cent o f children w ith each specified defect, by a ge; w hite children
under 7 yea rs o f a ge; C aliforn ia and N ew Y ork C ity .
W hite children exam ined b y physicians.
W ith
rachitis.
Age.
W ith m al
nutrition.
Heart ab
normality.
Total.
Carious
teeth.
Diseased
or enlarged
tonsils.
Adenoids.
N um Per Num Per N um Per N um Per Num Per N um Per
ber. cent. ber. cent. ber. cent. ber. cent. ber. cent. ber. cent.
A ll ages un
der 7 .......... 57,977
683
1.2
591
1.0
444
0.8 2,093
Under 1 year........ 17,8971 year, under 2....... 10,605
2 years, under 3___ 8,379
3 years, under 4___ 8,087
4 years, under 5___ 7,556
5 years, under_6___ 4,813
6 years, under 7___
640
139
205
129
92
75
36
7
.8
1.9
1.5
1.1
1.0
.7
1.1
311
96
41
51
46
38
8
1.7
.9
.5
.6
.6
.8
1.2
34
39
39
90
113
108
21
.2
.4
.5
1.1
1.5
2.2
3.3
5
43
176
450
714
611
94
3.6 10,276
(l )
.4
2.1
5.6
9.4
12.7
14.7
662
1,648
2,153
2,203
2,002
1,430
178
17.7 3,728
3.7
15.5
25.7
27.3
26.5
29.7
27.8
304
617
744
765
695
529
74
6.4
1.7
5.8
8.9
9.5
9.2
11.0
11.6
1 Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent.
The figures for carious teeth are particularly unsatisfactory. No
account could be taken of the number of teeth that were decayed,
nor of the seriousness of the defect, whether the teeth were in ad
vanced stages of decay or whether decay had just commenced.
Though doubtless most of the worst cases were reported, great
differences probably existed also in the care with which physicians
examined the teeth. The true proportions of children with t h i s
defect are probably, therefore, greatly understated.
The percentages of children with carious teeth show an increase
with age, similar to that in the percentages with adenoids and abnor
mal tonsils. While the percentage at 2 years of age is only 2.1, at
6 years of age it is 14.7.
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CHILDREN W IT H CERTAIN DEFECTS.
67
A small proportion, 1.2 per cent, of the children brought for
examination were diagnosed as haying rachitis, and their records
were therefore excluded from the main stature and weight tables*
The proportion appears largest at 1 year of age, when 1.9 per cent
were found with rachitis. It should perhaps be emphasized that
these percentages are based on the children brought for examination,
who may have included a smaller proportion with this defect than
would be found among the entire number of children in the areas
studied. Even of the children brought for examination, the pro
portion reported as having rachitis is doubtless less than the true
proportion.
A somewhat smaller percentage, 1, were reported as malnour
ished— another cause of exclusion from the main tables. The largest
pèrcentage of malnourished children, 1.7, was found among those
under 1 year of age. Probably only the more obvious cases of
malnutrition were noted. The proportion of malnourished children
is probably therefore much less than the true proportion among all
children in the areas studied.
A few of the children, 0.8 per cent, had heart abnormalities. The
percentages increase from 0.2 at under 1 year to 3.3 at 6 years of age.
For the other defects listed, as well as for those already mentioned,
the percentages of children with each stated defect doubtless under
states the true proportion among all the children of these ages, either
because the children with the defect— especially the more serious
ones— were not brought for examination, or because the diagnosis
was not made and noted uniformly, or for both reasons.
RELATION OP DEFECT TO STATURE AND W EIGH T.
The data secured were analyzed to determine the correlation, if
any, between certain of the defects and deficiency in stature and
weight. In considering this comparison the points already noted in
regard to the definition and diagnosis of the different defects must
be borne in mind. In determining, for example, the relation between
defective tonsils and deficiency in weight, it must be remembered
that the differences in degrees of defect are not known. If in a large
proportion of cases the defect was present only in a slight degree, this
fact would obviously reduce the amount of thè deficiency in weight
associated with the presence of abnormal tonsils. At the same time
it should be borne in mind that, to show whether or not a given
defect influences stature and weight, it is not essential that the group
of children with the particular defect should include all those exam
ined who had the defect. Nor would even the inclusion in the group
with the defect of a considerable number of normal children make a
material difference. Such errors in general would merely lessen the
amount of the differences between the average statures or weights
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68
STATURES AND WEIGHTS OF CHILDREN.
of the two groups compared; in other words, it would reduce the
size of the deficiendy associated with the defect studied.
In interpreting the amount of deficiency found, it should be remem
bered that the average heights and weights, to which those of the chil
dren with defects are compared, are for a group which includes some
children with adenoids, diseased or enlarged tonsils, and carious teeth,
and probably other children whose defects were not noted. The
amount of error due to this inclusion of children with adenoids, dis
eased or enlarged tonsils, and carious teeth is estimated below as
about 0.02 inch and 0.07 pound at 3 years, and 0.05 inch and 0.20
pound at 4 and 5 years of age.10 To correct the figures for this
source of error, therefore, these amounts should be added to the
deficiencies shown in Tables X X 1Y to X X IX .
T able X X I V . — Com parative stature and w eight o f children w ith ra ch itis; w hite children
under 7 years o f age; C a liforn ia and N ew Y ork C ity .
W hite children with rachitis.
W eight (pounds).
Stature (inches).
Age.
Number.
Average
excess.1
Probable
Probable
error of Per cent Average error of Per cent
average of excess. excess.1 average of excess.
excess.
excess.
683
-1 .1 2
±0.04
- 3 .4
- 1 .9 0
±0.08
139
205
129
92
75
36
7
- .64
-1 .0 7
-1 .4 2
-1 .2 7
-1 .2 9
-1 .4 1
- .64
.08
.07
.10
.13
.15
.23
.53
- 2 .4
-3 .6
- 4 .1
- 3 .4
- 3 .2
- 3 .4
-1 .5
- 1 .8 0
- 1 .7 9
- 2 .1 8
- 1 .9 0
- 1 .6 9
- 2 .2 4
- 2 .1 4
.13
.13
.20
.26
.32
. 51
1.26
-
7.2
- 1 0 .4
- 7.8
- 7.8
- 5.9
- 4.7
- 5.7
- 5.2
1 Excess shown as positive, deficiency as negative. The average excess or deficiency is the average dif
ference between what the children actually weighed and measured and the average weights and statures
of children of the same sexes and ages (in m onths) in California and New Y ork City.
T a b l e X X V .— C om parative stature and w eight o f children w ith m a ln u trition ; w hite
children under 7 years o f age; C aliforn ia and N ew Y ork C ity .
W hite children with malnutrition.
Weight (pounds).
Stature (inches).
Age.
Number.
Average
excess.«
591
311
96
41
51
46
38
8
Probable
error o f Per cent Average
average o f excess. excess.«
excess.
Probable
error o f Per cent
average o f excess.
excess.
-1 .3 2
±0.04
-4 .4
-3 .4 1
±0.08
- 1 5 .7
-1 .6 3
- .78
-1 .1 7
- .90
-1 .1 3
- 1 .1 2
-1 .4 5
.05
.11
.18
.17
.19
.22
.50
-6 .6
-2 .6
-3 .4
-3 .4
-2 .9
-3 .7
-3 .3
- 3 .5 7
- 3 .0 2
- 4 .3 7
- 3 .5 2
- 3 .2 3
- 1 .9 3
- 5 .7 5
.09
.19
.35
.35
.40
.50
1.18
- 2 4 .8
- 1 3 .5
- 1 5 .5
- 1 0 .9
- 9.2
- 5.0
-1 3 .7
a Excess shown as positive, deficiency as negative. The average excess or deficiency is the average
difference between what the children actually weighed and measured and the average weights and stat
ures o f children ofth e same sexes and ages (in m onths) in California and New Y ork City.
10 See Table X X X , p . 74.
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CHILDREN W IT H CERTAIN DEFECTS.
69
The figures showing deficiencies are valuable so far as they show
existence of a definite correlation between a defect and deficiency in
stature or weight, even though they are not conclusive as to the
amount of such correlation.
Rachitis.
In California and New York City 683 children under 7 years of age
were diagnosed as having rachitis. Table X X I V shows that these
children, in comparison with average children of the same sexes
and ages, showed a deficiency in stature of 1J inches, or 3.4 per
cent. A tendency appears for this deficiency in stature to increase
with age. Thus among children 2 years of age the deficiency is
over twice as great as among those less than 1 year of age. The
percentage of deficiency in stature increases at the same time from
2.4 under 1 year to 4.1 at 2 years of age.
The deficiency in weight is even more marked. Thus the average
deficiency for all children under 7 was nearly 2 pounds, or 7.2 per
cent. The deficiency in weight appears to increase somewhat with
age in absolute amount, though the percentage diminishes from
slightly over 10 at less than 1 year of age to about 5 at from 4 to 6
years of age.
The average deficiencies are in most cases well over five times
the probable error, and are, therefore, well outside the range of
probable chance variation.
Malnutrition.
In all 591 children were diagnosed as being malnourished. Table
X X V shows that the average deficiency of these children in stature
was nearly 1f inches, and in weight nearly 3 i pounds. The percentage
deficiency in stature was 4.4, while the percentage deficiency in
weight was 15.7. The largest proportion of cases found was under
1 year of age, and this age group shows the largest percentage of
deficiency both in height and weight. These children were almost
25 per cent deficient in weight. This result is to be expected, since
most of the physicians probably used marked deficiency of weight
for height as a chief criterion for malnutrition.
In these comparisons deficiency in weight is measured in respect
to average weight for age. Since the deficiency in height is much
less than that in weight, the malnourished and the rachitic children are
also markedly deficient in weight for height. In general, however,
the percentage of deficiency in weight for height is less than in weight
for age.
A rough approximation to the deficiency in weight for height of
the malnourished children under 1 year of age can be found by the
following computation: For ages under 1 year the average deficiency
in stature is 1.63 inches. Tables II and III, pages 18-20, show that
the range of height for ages under 1 year is, roughly, from 20 to 29
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STATUSES AND W EIGH TS OF CHILDREN.
10
inches. Table VI, page 29, shows that at these statures a difference
of approximately 1.3 pounds of weight corresponds to each inch gain
in stature, and hence the average deficiency of 1.63 inches in stature
would correspond to approximately 2.1 pounds in weight. The
actual deficiency in weight of 25 per cent, or 3.57 poùnds, is nearly Im
pounds more than would correspond to the deficiency in stature.
Reference to Table VI, page 29, shows that the average weight for
the different statures up to 28 inches is, roughly, about 15 pounds.
Hence with a deficiency of 1.5 pounds, corresponding to an average
weight of about 15 pounds, there would be an average deficiency in
weight for height of 10 per cent. The deficiency in weight for height
is evidently less than the deficiency in weight for age.
Heart abnormality.
The number of children diagnosed as having heart abnormality
was comparatively small, only 444. Tablé“X X V I shows that the
average deficiency of these children in stature is only one-seventh
of an inch, while the deficiency in weight is slightly over half a pound.
The deficiencies are much greater under 1 year of age than at older
ages. Thus the deficiency in stature under 1 year was about threefourths inch and that in weight over 1* pounds. The number of
cases, however, is small and except for the group as a whole and for
the first year the deficiencies are small in comparison with the
probable errors, and a considerable play is therefore given to varia
tions due to chance.
T
able
X X V I .— C om parative stature and w eight o f children w ith heart a b n orm a lity;
w hite children under 7 years o f a ge; C a liforn ia and N ew Y ork C ity .
W hite children with heart abnorm ality.
W eight (pounds).
Stature (inches).
Age.
Number.
A ll ages under 7 .................
Average
excess.1
444
-0 .1 5
34
39
39
90
113
108
21
+
+
-
.73
.35
-30
.05
.04
.31
.04
Probable Per cent
error of
of
average
excess.
excess.
Average
excess.1
Probable Per cent
error of
of
average
excess.
excess.
±0.05
- 0 .4
- 0 .5 7
±0.11
.16
.17
.18
.13
.12
.13
.31
- 2 .9
—1.1
+ .9
— .1
+ .1
— .7
— .9
-1 .6 3
- .75
+ .45
- .65
- .07
—1.05
— .33
.26
.29
.35
.27
.26
.30
.73
-
1.7
- 1 0 .4
+ 1.6
- 2.0
-
2.7
.7
i
chnvrn a« ntvsitivp deficiencv as negative, m e average excess or ueucienyy «
difference bet ween what the children actually weighed and measured and the average weights andstatures
of children of the sam e sexes and ages (in months) in California and New Y ork City.
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71
CHILDREN W IT H CERTAIN DEFECTS.
Carious teeth.
The children reported as having carious teeth numbered 2,093,
Table X X V II, and the comparison of the stature and weight of these
children with those of average children of the same sexes and ages
shows comparatively little difference when all ages are taken into
consideration. For the entire group of children the average defi
ciency in stature is negligible, while the deficiency in weight averages
only 2 ounces, but slightly over twice the probable error.
T a b l e X X V I I .— Com parative stature and w eight o f children w ith carious teeth; w hite
children under 7 years o f a g e; C aliforn ia and N ew Y ork C ity.
W hite children with carious teeth.
W eight (pounds).
Stature (inches).
Age.
Number.
Average
excess.1
A ll ages under 7.................
2,093
Under 3 years................................
3 years, under 4.............................
4 years, under 5.............................
5 years, under 6.............................
6 years, under 7.............................
224
450
714
611
94
-0 .0 1
+
+
-
.30
.11
.13
.08
.06
Probable Per cent
error of
of
average
excess.
excess.
Average
excess.1
±0.03
-0 .0
- 0 .1 4
.07
.06
.05
.06
.16
+ .9
+ .3
- .3
-1 .9
- .1
+
+
—
.19
.09
.28
.20
.46
Probable
error of Per cent
of
average
excess.
excess.
±0.06
-0 .4
.15
.12
.11
.13
.37
+ .7
+ .3
- .8
- .5
—1.1
1 Excess shown as positive, deficiency as negative. The average excess or deficiency is the average
difference between what the children actually weighed and measured and the average weights and statures
of children of the same sexes and ages (in m onths) in California and New Y ork City.
Diseased or enlarged tonsils.
A comparatively large number of children, 10,276, were diagnosed
as having either diseased or enlarged tonsils. An examination of
Table X X V II I shows that for all ages together these children show
no special deficiency in height, but that a deficiency in weight of oneeighth of a pound appears to be definitely established. The classifica
tion by age groups reveals a tendency among children over 2 years of
age with these defects to be shorter and lighter than the averages for
their ages, and for the deficiency to increase in amount as they grow
older. Thus the children at 4 years of age diagnosed as having
diseased or enlarged tonsils were slightly over a sixth of an inch
shorter than average children of the same age. They were also
almost half a pound below average weight for their ages, and were
somewhat below average weight for their heights. The figures for
6 years of age are not significant on account of the small numbers
and the large probable error.
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C h a r t X X I I I . — D is t r ib u tio n o f w e ig h ts o f b o y s ,w it h d is e a s e d o r e n la r g e d to n s ils , 3 b u t u n d e r 4 y e a r s o f a g e .
b£>
STATURES AND WEIGHTS OF CHILDREN.
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C H IL D R E N W I T H
T
73
C E R TAIN DETECTS.
X X V I I I .— Com parative stature and w eight o f children w ith enlarged or diseased
to n sils; w hite children under 7 years o f a ge; C alifornia and N ew Y ork C ity .
a b l e
W hite children with enlarged or diseased tonsils.
W eight (pounds).
Stature (inches).
Age.
Number.
Average
excess.1
5 yearsi under 6.............................
10,276
662
1,648
2,153
2,203
2,002
1,430
178
-0 .0 2
+ .54
+ .10
— .02
— .06
— .15
— .13
- .13
Probable
Probable
error of Per cent Average error of Per cent
average of excess. excess.1 average of excess.
excess.
excess.
±0.01
.04
.03
.03
.03
.03
.04
.11
- 0 .0
+ 2 .0
+ .3
— .l
— .2
— .4
- .3
— .3
- 0 .1 2
+
+
—
-
.93
.06
.02
.17
.46
.37
.01
±0.02
—0.4
.06
.05
.05
.06
.07
.09
.28
+ 5 .3
+ .1
- .1
- .5
-1 .3
- .9
- .0
1 Excess shown as positive, deficiency as negative. The average excess or deficiency is the average
difference between what the children actually weighed and measured and the weights and statures of
average children o f the same sexes and ages (in months) in California and New Y ork City.
Adenoids.
In the two areas studied there was a total of 3,728 children who
were diagnosed as having adenoids, as shown in Table X X IX .
When the group as a whole is considered, these children show no
significant difference from the average in stature; but a deficiency of
one-fifth of a pound in weight, which, in comparison with the probable
error, appears to be significant. When the figures are analyzed by
age the same tendency appears as in the case of children with enlarged
or diseased tonsils. Children over 1 year of age with adenoids appear
to be deficient in weight as compared with average children. The
children 4 years of age were slightly more than half a pound below
the average weight for all children, and the deficiency at this age was
larger than for younger ages. The figures for 5 and 6 years of age
are not particularly significant on account of the small number of
cases and the wide play given to chance variations.
T able
X X I X .— C om parative stature and w eight o f children w ith adenoids; w hite
children under 7 yea rs o f age; C a liforn ia and N ew Y ork C ity .
W hite children w ith adenoids.
Stature (inches).
Age.
Number.
A ll ages under 7 .................
Under 1 yea r.................................
1 year, under 2...............................
3 years, under 4.............................
4 years, under 5............................
5 years, under 6.............................
6 years, under 7.............................
3,728
304
617
744
765
695
529
74
Average
excess.1
+0.025
+ .48
+ .12
— .00
- .01
- .01
- .00
+ .29
W eight (pounds).
Probable
Probable
error of Per cent Average error of Per cent
average of excess. excess.1 average of excess.
excess.
excess.
±0,02
.05
.04
.04
.05
.05
.06
.17
+ 0 .1
+ 1 .8
+ .4
—
+
.2
.2
.1
.7
-0 .2 1
+
—
+
.53
.09
.03
.47
.62
.27
.77
±0 .0 4
.09
.08
.08
.10
.10
.14
.41
-0 .7
+ 3 .2
- .4
— 1
- 1 .5
- 1 .7
- .7
+ 1 .9
1Excess shown as positive, deficiency as negative. The average excess or deficiency is the average
difference between what the children actually weighed and measured and the average weights and statures
of children of the same sexes and ages (in months) in California and New Y ork City.
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14
STATURES
AND
W E IG H T S
OF
C H IL D R E N .
EFFECT OF INCLUSION OF CHILDREN W ITH CERTAIN DEFECTS UPON
GENERAL AVERAGES.
Of the defects and diseases the influence of which upon stature and
weight are here specially analyzed, carious teeth, enlarged or diseased
tonsils, and adenoids were not given in the list on page 12 of defects
and diseases which caused exclusion from the main tables of stature
and weight. It would not have been possible to exclude uniformly
in all States children with these defects, since there was no uniformity
in reporting them. In many cases, children with adenoids or with
diseased tonsils may not have had the fact noted on their record
cards. The effect of including children with these three defects in
the general tables is shown by the analyses given above, however,
to be relatively slight, since for the ages considered the correlation
between such defects and deficiency in stature and weight is slight.
Nevertheless, if children with carious teeth, adenoids, and diseased
or enlarged tonsils had been excluded— and if it had been possible to
exclude them all uniformly— the average heights and weights found
for all children would have been very slightly increased. And the
amount of such increase can be estimated from the figures for average
deficiencies in stature and weight and from the percentages of children
with the different defects.11
T
a b l e
X X X .— A p p ro x im a te correction o f general averages i f children w ith specified
defects had been u n ifo rm ly excluded.
Approxim ate correction of general averages.
Age.
Children with en
larged or diseased
tonsils, adenoids,
and carious teeth
excluded.
Children with dis
eased or enlarged
tonsils excluded.
Children with ade
noids excluded.
Children with cari
ous
teeth ex
cluded.
Stature
Weight
Stature
Weight
Stature
Weight
Stature
Weight
(inches). (pounds). (inches). (pounds). (inches). (pounds). (inches). (pounds).
3 years, under 4 ..........
4 years, under 5 ..........
5 years, under 6 ..........
+0.02
+ .05
+ .05
+0.07
+ .20
+ .18
+0.02
+ .05
+ .05
+0.06
.17
.16
+
+
+0.05
+ .06
+ .03
-0 .0 1
+ .01
+ .01
-0 .0 1
.03
.03
+
+
11 The m ethod of making such an estimate is easily stated in algebraic terms. I f m is the average stature
or weight, ma the average for children with a given defect, and m0 the average for children without the
defects, and if n is the total number, p the proportion with the defect, and q the proportion without it, then
m n= manp+ mmq
or, m = m d p + m 0q
If e is the average excess (or deficiency) of the defective children over the average for all children, or, in
symbols,
md=m+e
m=mp+pe+moC
mq—moq=pe
pe
m —
Then,
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C H IL D R E N
W IT H
C E R T A IN
DEFECTS.
7 5
Such estimates, of course, have to be made on the assumption
that the average deficiencies indicated in the tables are correct,
even though the size of the probable errors shows that their amounts
are subject to considerable doubt. They have also to be based
on the assumption that the proportions of children with the given
defects of the same degrees of seriousness are the same in the country
as a whole as in the two areas specially studied.
This process of correction makes no significant change in the
averages for children under 3 years of age, since in these early years
either the deficiency (or excess) in stature and weight is negligible
or the proportion of cases is small. If, however, children with
diseased or enlarged tonsils had been excluded in making up the
general averages of stature and weight, the average statures at 3, 4,
and 5 years would have been increased 0.02, 0.05, and 0.05 inch,
respectively; and the average weights would have been increased
0.06, 0.17, and 0.16 pound. Similar figures for adenoids and carious
teeth are also given in Table X X X .
The total correction for all three defects results in raising the
average statures 0.02, 0.05, and 0.05 inch and the average weights
0.07, 0.20, and 0.18 pound at 3, 4, and 5 years, respectively. In
other words, the correction in stature is not over one-twentieth of an
inch, while the correction in weight varies up to one-fifth of a pound
for the ages included in the tabulations.
In combining the figures for the three defects account is taken
of the proportion of cases in which children with adenoids were
reported as having also diseased or enlarged tonsils and the propor
tion in which children with carious teeth had one or both of the
other defects. Only one-fifth of the children with adenoids were
reported as not having diseased or enlarged tonsils, while one-half of
those with carious teeth were reported as having neither adenoids
nor diseased or enlarged tonsils. The children who had adenoids or
carious teeth in addition to enlarged or diseased tonsils are already
included in the group with diseased or enlarged tonsils, and the cor
rection made for defective tonsils necessarily includes the correc
tion for cases of combination with the other defects mentioned.
The correction for adenoids only and that for carious teeth only need,
therefore, to be added.
CORRECTED AND SM OOTHED AVERAGES OF STATURE AND W EIGHT.
In Table X X X I corrected and smoothed averages for stature
and weight are given. To the smoothed averages already presented
a correction is added to eliminate the effect of the inclusion in the
basic tables of children with the three defects mentioned. This
table, then, represents average statures and weights of boys and
girls under 6 years of age based, as nearly as possible, upon children
with no defects or diseases.
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*76
STATURES
AND
W E IG H T S
OF
C H IL D R E N .
T a b l e X X X I . — A v era g e statures and w eights, b y age, from birth to 6 yea rs, sm ooth ed
and.corrected fig u r e s; w h ite children/
W hite boys.
W hite girls.
Age.
W eight
Stature
Stature
W eight
(inches). (p ound s). (inches). (p ou n d s).
Under 1 m on th .......................................................................................
1 m onth, under 2............. : ...............................................„ ...................
2 m onths, under 3..................................................................................
3 m onths, under 4..................................................................................
4 months, under 5..................................................................................
5 months, under 6..................................................................................
6 months, under 7..................................................................................
7 months, under 8..................................................................................
8 months, under 9..................................................................................
9 months, under 10......... „ .......................... ........................................
10 months, under 11...............................................................................
11 months, under 12...............................................................................
12 months, under 13..............................................................................
13 months, under 14..............................................................................
14 months, under 15..............................................................................
15 months, under 16...............................................................................
16 months, under 17..............................................................................
17 months, under 18..............................................................................
18 months, under 19..............................................................................
19 months, under 20..............................................................................
20 months, under 21..............................................................................
21 months, under 22..............................................................................
22 months, under 23..................................................................... , .......
23 months, under 24...............................................................................
24 months, under 25..............................................................................
25 months, under 26..............................................................................
26 months, under 27...............................................................................
27 months, under 28..............................................................................
28 months, under 29..............................................................................
29 months, under 30..............................................................................
30 months, under 31..............................................................................
31 months, under 32................................................. ............................
32 months, under 33..............................................................................
33 months, under 34..............................................................................
34 months, under 35...................................... .......................................
35 months, under 36..............................................................................'
36 months, under 37................................................... ..........................
37 months, under 38..............................................................................
38 months, under 39................................................... ..........................
39 months, under 40..............................................................................
40 months, under 41..............................................................................
41 months, under 42..............................................................................
42 months, under 43___ : ......................................................................
43 months, under 44..............................................................................
44 months, under 45..............................................................................
45 months, under 46..............................................................................
46 months, under 47..............................................................................
47 months, under 48..............................................................................
48 months, under 49..............................................................................
49 months, under 50..............................................................................
50 months, under 51..............................................................................
51 months, under 52..............................................................................
52 months, under 53..............................................................................
53 months, under 54.............................................................................
54 months, under 55.............................................................................; ................
55 months, under 56..............................................................................
56 months, under 57..............................................................................
57 months, under 58................................................. , ...........................
58 months, under 59..............................................................................
59 months, under 60..............................................................................
60 months, under 61..............................................................................
61 months, under 62.............................................................................
62 months, under 63..............................................................................
63 months, under 64..............................................................................
64 months, under 65..............................................................................
65 months, under 66..............................................................................
66 months, under 67..............................................................................
67 months, under 68..............................................................................
68 months, under 69..............................................................................
69 months, under 70..............................................................................
70 months, under 71..............................................................................
71 months, under 72..............................................................................
21.16
22.47
23.58
24.55
25.38
26.10
26.72
27.27
27.76
28.21
28.64
29.06
29.47
29.87
30.26
30.64
31.02
31.39
31.76
32.11
32.44
32.76
33.06
33.34
33:62
33.89
34.16
34.43
34.71
34.99
35.27
35.54
35.79
36.02
36.24
36.46
36.67
36.89
37.11
37.35
37.58
37.82
38.07
38.31
38.53
38.75
38.94
39.12
39.29
39.46
39.63
39.82
40.01
40.23
40.45
40.67
40.88
41.08
41.27
41.45
41.62
41.80
41.98
42.16
42.36
42.56
42.76
42.96
43.15
43.37
43.53
43.92
9.11
10.88
12.61
14.07
15.37
16.50
17.47
18.31
19.04
19.68
20.27
20.81
21.32
21.82
22.31
22.78
23.25
23.72
24.18
24.62
25.04
25.45
25.84
26.21
26.58
26.95
27.31
27.68
28.06
28.45
28.83
29.20
29.56
29.88
30.18
30.47
30.75
31.05
31.36
31.70
32.05
32.41
32.79
33.13
33.45
33.75
34.02
34.26
34.49
34.74
34.98
35.23
35.52
35.83
36.14
36.47
36.81
37.14
37.48
37.80
38.11
38.40
38.68
38.95
39.25
39.56
39.89
40.23
40.59
40.82
40.37
41.60
20.89
21.92
23.09
24.00
24.83
25.53
26.15
26.70
27.20
27.66
28.10
28.51
28.91
29.30
29.69
30.08
30.47
30.86
31.24
31.60
31.93
32.24
32.53
32.81
33.09
33.37
33.66
33.95
34.24
34.53
34.82
35.09
35.34
35.58
35.81
36.03
36.25
36.48
36.72
36.97
37.22
37.47
37.72
37.94
38.15
38.36
38.55
38.73
38.93
39.12
39.31
39.52
39.74
39.96
40.19
40.41
40.63
40.84
41.03
41.21
41.39
41.57
41.74
41.91
42.08
42.25
42.43
42.63
42.86
43.08
43.44
43.57
8.65
10.14
11.71
13.03
14.25
15.32
16.26
17.09
17.81
18.45
19.03
19.56
20.04
20.51
20.96
21.42
21.88
22.35
22.81
23.26
23.68
24.07
24.45
24.81
25.17
25.54
25.92
26.31
26.70
27.09
27.48
27.85
28.20
28.54
28.88
29.20
29.51
29.82
30.15
30.49
30.83
31.17
31.50
31.81
32.09
32.37
32.64
32.90
33.18
33.46
33.73
34.02
34.36
34.68
35.01
35.34
35.65
35.95
36.25
36.55
36.85
37.14
37.43
37.72
38.00
38.29
38.62
38.94
39.34
39.73
40.37
40.56
1 Figuresfor the first 36 months are the same as in Table I. The figuresfor ages over 36 months are cor
rected to show statures and weights o f healthy children without defects b y using the corrections given in
preceding section. The corrections, beginning with 36 months under 37, are for statures +0.00, 0.00,0.00,
0.01,0.01,0.01,0.02,0.02,0.02,0.03,0.03,0.03,0.04,0.04,0.04, and then 0.05 uniformly to 71 months; for weight,
+0.00, 0.01. 0.02, 0.03, 0.04, 0.05, 0.06, 0.08, 0.09, 0.10, 0.11, 0.12. 0.13, 0.15, 0.16, 0.17, 0.19, and then 0.20 uni
form ly to 71 months. For equivalents in centimeters and kilograms see General Table 23, p. 114.
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APPENDIX A.
EXTRACT FROM “ SUGGESTIONS T O EXAM INERS .” 1
Weighing.
Children under 5 years should be undressed and weighed without
clothing, or wrapped in a thin sheet or towel, the weight of which is
deducted. Children over 5 years should be weighed in their ordi
nary indoor clothing. Young babies, unable to stand, should be
weighed, if possible, on scales equipped with a scale pan. A fresh
paper towel should be laid in the pan and changed after each child is
weighed. Where only large platform scales are available, a baby old
enough to sit or stand may be set on the platform of the scale, on
which is spread a fresh paper towel. If the baby is not old enough
to sit alone, an adult holding the baby may be weighed and the
weight of the adult deducted.
Measuring.
j
All children should be measured without shoes.
To measure children able to stand: If the scales used are equipped
with a measuring apparatus it should be used. WTiere this is not
available, the child should be asked to stand against the wall with the
heels and the back of the head touching the wall. His height is
obtained by holding a book or small box horizontally on top of his
head against the wall and measuring the space between the bottom
of the book or the box and the floor. A convenient method is to tack
a tape measure perpendicularly on the wall, beginning at the floor,
and to measure by this.
To measure babies unable to stand: An apparatus for measuring
babies and young children may be made by nailing a headboard
firmly across one end of the examination table. To this board
attach one end of a linen tape measure and secure the other end
firmly across the sheet which covers the table. Provide also a book
end— one of the cheap, enameled kind sold for office use. The length
of the baby may be quickly and accurately found by laying him upon
the examination table, directly over the tape measure, with his head
resting firmly against the headboard. Be sure that the baby is lying
flat on the table, completely relaxed. The legs must not be bent at
the hips or knees. Press the enameled book end squarely against
the feet and read his length as indicated upon the tape measure.
More elaborate types of apparatus on the same principle have been
devised and are used in the same way. A baby may also be measured
by laying him on a table and measuring between two books held one
at the head and the other at the feet.
i April and May Weighing and Measuring Test.
Leaflet No. 2, Part 2. Bureau Publication No. 38.
Part 2, Suggestions to Examiners, Children’s Bureau
77
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APPENDIX B.
ACCURACY OF MATERIAL.
The subject of the accuracy of the material is important. With
material collected from many physicians all over the country, and
with probably considerable variation in the methods of weighing and
measuring employed, it is necessary to know within what limits the
material may be considered as accurate.
Some light can be thrown upon the accuracy of the material by an
analysis of the units in which heights and weights were reported.
In Appendix Tables 1 and 2 the different sections of the country and
the white and Negro races are compared, in regard to the units of
heights and weights used, on the basis of samples of at least 4,000
measurements for each section or race group considered. I t appears
that height was reported for about one-twelfth of the total white
children in eighths of inches; for about two-fifths either in quarters
or in eighths of inches, for two-fifths more in half inches only, and
for about one-sixth to the nearest inch.
The white children were measured with a considerably greater
degree of accuracy than the Negro children. The heights of only
one-twentieth of the Negro children were reported in eighths of
inches, and those of only about one-third in either quarters or eighths
of inches. Between one-fourth and one-fifth of the records of heights
of Negro children were made to the nearest inch.
The different sections show approximately the same degree of
accuracy in reports of the heights of white children. California has
the largest proportion of cases reported in eighths of inches, followed
by the East North-Central division. The Western section has the
smallest proportion reported in even inches, again followed by the
East North-Central division.
In regard to weights, approximately one-fifth of the white children
had their weights reported in ounces, nearly one-half either in ounces
or quarter pounds, somewhat less than one-third in half pounds, and
nearly one-fourth in even pounds. The reporting of weights for
Negro children appears to have been somewhat more carefully done
than for white children.
As in the case of height, there is comparatively little difference in
the accuracy with which the weights of white children were reported
in the different sections. The New England and Middle Atlantic
States show the highest proportion reported in ounces, followed
closely by the Western section. The Southern section had the
highest proportion reported in even pounds, followed closely by
California.
78
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A P P E N D IX E S .
79
It should be borne in mind, however, in interpreting these figures, that
the use of a comparatively coarse instead of a fine unit in entering the
measurements may not affect the accuracy of the final results. Thus,
if the heights of 1,000 children were reported in eighths of inches, and
tabulated first in eighths of inches, as reported, and then tabulated a
second time, grouping heights to the nearest inch, the resulting aver
ages would be substantially the same. The only difference in the
results would be due to an unequal distribution of the occurrence
of fractional eighths of inches. If the fractional eighths of inches
were distributed uniformly above and below the even inches, the
resulting averages would be identical. The figures, however, do
give an indication of the general care with which heights and
weights were secured ) and, other things being equal, a measurement
that permits of a statement in eighths of inches is more likely to be
accurate and carefully made than a measurement which is roughly
entered in inches or pounds.
Besides the fineness of the unit used in reporting heights and weights
another factor which affects the accuracy of the material is the re
porting of age. Obviously errors in age would affect the accuracy
of both heights and weights in relation to age. The age was secured
in all cases by subtracting the date of birth, as entered on the
children’s year cards, from the date of examination, as reported by
the examining physician. There were, therefore, no chances of error
through reporting age in even years, except that in cases where a
rough statement of age was given by the mother the date of birth
might have been estimated from the date of examination. Such
statements of age, if inexact, would ordinarily be concentrated on
even years. In these cases where the date of birth was estimated
by subtracting even years from the date of examination, the month
and day of the birth date would be identical with the month and day
of the examination date. A study was therefore made of a sample
of 608 records selected at random in which the age was 12, 24, 36,
48, or 60 months to determine the proportion of cases where the day
of the month was identical in the two dates. It was found that
instead of the 20 expected on the basis of chance, there were actually
43 cases where the month and the day of the month were identical.
There appears, therefore, to be a tendency toward concentration,
but the tendency is slight, the excess concentration constituting
perhaps 4 per cent of the total number reported at these ages.
A result of a tendency toward concentration would be that the
groups of children whose ages were classified under the months cor
responding to even years would contain some who were actually a few
months older and others who were a few months younger than stated.
As a result the heights and weights of these children would vary
more than the heights and weights of children whose ages were exactly
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80
STATURES
AND
W E IG H T S
OF
C H IL D R E N .
stated. Such a tendency, therefore, in reporting of age would appear
in the measures of variability of children at exactly even years of age.
The tables, however, show that the standard deviation does not
exhibit any marked tendency for the variability to increase at 12
months, 24 months, 36 months, 48 months, or 60 months. It may
fairly be inferred, therefore, that the reporting of age was on the whole
accurate. It may be pointed out, moreover, that even if a concentra
tion at the even years appeared, if it was due to overstatement and
to understatement of age in equal proportions, it would probably not
affect materially the average heights and weights.
T
a b l e
I.
— A ccuracy o f rep ortin g o f heights, by sectio n s, and by race.
Children whose heights were reported i n 1—
Total.
Section.
Eighth inches.
Quarter inches.
Per
cent.
H alf inches.
Num
ber.
Per
cent.
Inches.
N um
ber.
Per
cent.
N um
ber.
Per
cent.
Num
ber.
26,273
2,198
8.4
9,035
344
10,599
40.3
4,441
16.9
California.'..........................
4,505
4,568
4,302
4,335
4,252
4,311
238
312
440
360
370
478
5.3
6.8
10.2
8.3
8.7
11.1
1,657
1,486
1,404
1,610
1,497
1, 381
36.8
32.5
32.6
37.1
35.2
32.0
1,720
1,955
1,804
1,691
1,749
1,680
38.2
42.8
41.9
39.0
41.1
39.0
890
815
654
674
636
772
19.8
17.8
15.2
15.5
15.0
17.9
Negro, all sections...................
4,976
270
5.4
1,273
25.6
2,286
45.9
1,147
23.1
W h ite........................................
New England and MidSouthern section...............
East North-Central.........
1
Estimated from distribution measurements according to fractional parts of inches.
T
a b l e
2 .— A ccu racy o f reportin g o f w eights, by section s, and by race.
Children whose weights were reported i n 1—
Total.
Section.
Ounces.
Num
ber.
Per
cent.
Quarter pounds.
Num
ber.
Per
cent.
H a lf pounds.
Num
ber.
Per
cent.
Pounds.
Num
ber.
Per
cent.
26,273
5,016
19.1
7,473
28.4
7,692
29.3
6,092
23.2
4,505
4,568
4,302
4,335
4,252
•
4,311
California...........................
937
716
852
818
880
813
20.8
15.7
19.8
18.9
20.7
18.9
1,326
1,175
1,185
1,433
1,314
1,040
29.4
25.7
27.5
33.1
30.9
24.1
1,320
1,493
1,297
1,213
1,007
1,362
29.3
32.7
30.1
28.0
23.7
31.6
922
1,184
968
871
1,051
1,096
20.5
25.9
22.5
20.1
24.7
25.4
4,976
1,547
31.1
1,073
21.6
1,146
23.0
1,210
24.3
W hite........................................
New England and Mid-
i Estimated from distribution of weights according to ounces.
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APPENDIX C.
PROBABLE ERRORS OF AVERAGES.
It is a well-known fact that averages for different groups of children
aged 6 months, for example, are not always exactly the same, but
vary slightly because of the inclusion of particular individuals in
the different groups. This variation between averages occurs with
out any conscious or biased selection, and even where there is only
a chance selection of cases. Obviously, other things being equal,
the larger the number of children in a group the less influence upon
the average will be exerted by the chance inclusion of a child of
extreme stature or weight.
The meaning of the term “ probable error of an average” may best
be explained in terms of the standard deviation. As explained in
the text, the standard deviation shows the variability of the measure
ments about an average. Similarly, the standard deviation of an
average shows the variability of a number of averages about a
central average. The standard deviation of an average can be cal
culated directly from the standard deviation of the individual
measurements by dividing it by the square root of the number of
measurements upon which the average is based.
The interpretation of the standard deviation of the average follows
the same terms as the interpretation of the standard deviation of the
individual measurements. As the standard deviation of statures or
weights gives a statement of the number of inches or pounds above
or below the average within which roughly two-thirds of the measure
ments will be found to lie, so the standard deviation of an average
of stature or weight gives a statement of the number of inches or
pounds above or below a central average within which roughly twothirds of a series of averages, each based upon the same number of
cases, would be found to lie.
The “ probable error,” or, perhaps better, the probable deviation,
is a technical term with a special meaning. The probable error is
equal to the standard deviation times 0.6745. The word “ probable”
is used to mean that it is equally probable that a measurement will
fall inside or outside the limits of the probable error from the average.
“ Error” is a term borrowed from the early application of the norinal
or Gaussian curve to a study of the distribution of errors of measure
ment.
The probable error, then, affords a measure of the influence of
chance errors, or of a chance selection of cases upon the average. Since
49079°— 21----- 6
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81
82
STATU R E S A N D W E IG H T S OF C H IL D R E N .
variations due to chance errors or to a chance selection of cases rarely
exceed five or six times the probable error, it affords a measure also
of the extreme range of error in an average due to chance. Five or
six times the probable error may, therefore, be taken as the extreme
range of error in an average which may be due to chance or random
sampling from a large group.
The larger the group in the sample the smaller the probable error.
At 6 months of age, for example, the probable error of the average
weight for the group of 1912 boys included in the table is found to be
plus or minus 0.04 pounds. The maximum error in this average due
to chance would, therefore, probably not exceed six times this figure,
or a quarter of a pound. If the group had included only one-fourth
this number of cases, the probable error of the average would have
been twice as large or, in other words, the maximum error in the
average due to chance would probably not have exceeded half a
pound.
^
It should be specially emphasized that, as the standard deviation
of the individual measurements does not reflect errors of measure
ment but merely variations in individuals, so the “ probable error of
an average” — 0.6745 times the standard deviation of the average—
does not afford any indication of errors in an average due to a definite
bias. It merely measures variability in an average due to chance
selection of cases. Errors due to the inclusion of weights o f clothing
to a biased selection of nationalities characterized by short or tall
stature, or to fundamental biased errors in measurement are not
indicated in the “ probable error.”
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GENERAL TABLES.
T a b l e 1.— A verage statures and w eights in centim eters and kilogram s by sex, fr o m birth
to 6 yea rs; sm oothed fig u re s; w hite children.
W hite boys.
Under 1 m on th ____
1 m onth, under 2__
2 m onths, under 3 ...
3 m onths, under 4 ...
4 m onths, under 5 ...
5 m onths, under 6 ...
6 m onths, under 7 ...
7 m onths, under 8 ...
8 m onths, under 9 ...
9 m onths, under 10..
10 months, under 11.
11 m onths, under 12.
12 m onths, under 13.
13 m onths, under 14.
14 m onths, under 15.
15 m onths, under 16.
16 m onths, under 17.
17 m onths, under 18.
18 m onths, under 19.
19 m onths, under 20.
20 m onths, under 21.
21 m onths, under 22.
22 m onths, under 23.
23 m onths, under 24.
24 m onths, under 25.
25 m onths, under 26.
26 m onths, under 27.
27 m onths, under 28.
28 m onths, under 29.
29 m onths, under 30.
30 m onths, under 31.
31 m onths, under 32.
32 m onths, under 33.
33 m onths, under 34.
34 m onths, under 35.
35 m onths, under 36.
36 m onths, under 37.
37 m onths, under 38.
38 m onths, under 39.
39 m onths, under 40.
40 m onths, under 41.
41 m onths, under 42.
42 m onths, under 43.
43 m onths, under 44.
44 m onths, under 45.
45 months, under 46.
46 m onths, under 47.
47 m onths, under 48.
48 m onths, under 49.
49 months, under 50.
50 months, under 51.
51 months, under 52.
52 months, under 53.
53 months, under 54.
54 months, under 55.
55 months, under 56.
56 m onths, under 57.
57 m onths, under 58.
58 m onths, under 59.
59 m onths, under 60.
60 months, under 61.
61 months, under 62.
62 m onths, under 63.
63 m onths, under 64.
64 m onths, under 65.
65 m onths, under 66.
66 m onths, under 67..
67 months, under 68.
68 months, under 69.
69 months, under 70.,
70 months, under 71..
71 months, under 72..
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W hite girls.
Average
stature
(centi
meters).
Average
weight
(kilo
grams).
Average
stature
(centi
meters).
53.7
57.1
59.9
62.4
64.5
66.3
67.9
69.3
70.5
71.7
72.8
73.8
74.9
75.9
76.9
77.8
78.8
79.7
80.7
81.6
82.4
83.2
84.0
84.7
85.4
86.1
86.8
87.5
88.2
88.9
89.6
90.3
90.9
91.5
92.0
92.6
93.2
93.7
94.3
94.8
95.4
96.0
96.6
97.3
97.8
98.3
98.8
99.3
99.7
100.1
100.6
101.0
101.5
102.1
102.6
103.2
103.7
104.2
104.7
105.2
105.6
106.0
106.5
107.0
107.5
108.0
108.5
109.0
109.5
110.0
110.4
111.4
4.13
4.94
5.72
6.38
6.97
7.39
7.92
8.31
8.64
8.93
9.19
9.44
9.67
9.90
10.12
10.33
10.55
10.76
10.97
11.17
11.36
11.54
11.72
11.89
12.06
12.22
12.39
12.56
12.73
12.90
13.08
13.24
13.41
13.55
13.69
13.82
13.95
14.08
14.22
14.37
14.52
14.68
14.84
14.99
.15.13
15.26
15.38
15.49
15.59
15.69
15.79
15.90
16.03
16.16
16.30
16.45
16.61
16.76
16.91
17.05
17.20
17.33
17.45
17.58
17.71
17.85
18.00
18.16
18.32
18.47
18.67
18.78
53.1
55.7
58.6
61.0
63.1
648
66.4
67.8
69.1
70.3
71.4
72.4
73.4
744
75.4
76.4
77.4
78.4
79.3
80.3
81.1
81.9
82.6
s s.s
yA, 0
84.8
85.5
86.2
87.0
87.7
88.4
89.1
89.8
90.4
91.0
91.5
92.1
92.7
93.3
93.9
945
95.1
95.8
96.3
96.9
97.4
97.8
98.3
98.8
99.3
99.7
100.3
100.8
101.4
102.0
102.5
103.1
103.6
104.1
104.5
105.0
105.5
105.9
106.3
106.8
107.2
107.6
108.2
108.7
109.3
110.2
110.5
Average
weight
(kilo
grams).
3.92
460
5.31
5.91
6.46
6.95
7.38
7.75
8.08
8.37
8.63
8.87
9.09
9.30
9.51
9.72
9.92
10.14
10.35
10.55
10.74
10.92
11.09
11.25
11.42
11.58
11.76
11.93
12.11
12.29
12.46
12.63
12.79
12.95
13.10
13.24
13.39
13.53
13.67
13.82
13.97
1412
1426
1439
14 51
1464
14.76
14 87
14.99
15.11
15.23
15.35
15.50
15.64
15.79
15.94
16.08
16.22
16.35
16.49
16.62
16.76
16.89
17.02
17.15
17.28
17.43
17.57
17.75
17.93
18.22
18.31
86
STATUEES AND W EIGHTS OF CHILDBEN.
T a b le 2.— A verage statures and w eights, in cen tim eters and kilogra m s, by sex , fr o m birth
to 6 yea rs; after original data; w hite children.
W hite girls.
W hite hoys.
Age.
Number.
62
months) under 6 3 . ..........................- ........
70 months) under 71.......................................
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595
1,431
1,754
1,826
1,863
1,809
1,912
1,851
1,746
1,860
1,814
1,838
l ' 575
1,364
1,281
1,328
1,216
1,278
1,289
1,206
1,171
1,242
1,300
1,284
l'354
1,272
1)253
1,269
1)321
1,240
1,205
1,201
1,217
1,241
1,311
1,283
1,258
1,176
1,171
1,177
1,167
1,188
1,126
1,198
1,164
1,205
1,203
1,236
1,171
1,104
1,127
1,075
1,171
1,068
1,040
1,025
1,028
1,081
1,052
1,028
624
582
527
499
508
492
405
404
433
385
380
368
Average
stature
(centi
meters).
53.7
57.1
59.9
62.3
64.4
66.2
67.8
69.1
70.1
71.2
72.3
73.4
74.6
75.5
76.6
77.3
78.5
79.4
80.7
81.6
82.1
82.9
83.9
84.4
85.4
86.1
86.6
87.2
87.7
88.8
89.7
90.4
91.1
91.5
91.8
92.7
93.1
93.7
94.2
94.8
95.4
96.1
96.7
97.5
98.1
98.7
99.0
99.6
99.6
100.4
100.8
101.1
101.4
102.2
102.8
103.5
104.1
104.7
104.8
105.4
105.7
106.6
106.9
106.8
107.5
108.2
109.0
109.8
109.7
110.0
110.4
111.4
Average
weight
(kilo
grams).
4.13
4.93
5.72
6.40
6.95
7.52
7.95
8.30
8.60
8.82
9.13
9.38
9.61
9.83
10.08
10.18
10.45
10.71
10.95
11.19
11.24
11.47
11.73
11.80
12.01
12.26
12.32
12.49
12.63
12.88
13.12
13.23
13.46
13.55
13.67
13.83
13.96
14.05
14.16
14.35
14.49
14.72
14.86
15.06
15.12
15.36
15.47
15.52
15.59
15.71
15.86
15.92
16.00
16.23
16.34
16.50
16.72
16.80
16.99
17.13
17.23
17.47
17.72
17.52
17.74
17.84
18.10
18.45
18.47
18.47
18.67
18.78
Number.
543
1,360
1,631
1,835
1,791
1,701
1,816
1,800
1.773
1.773
1,814
1)656
1,407
1,293
1,285
1,275
1,295
1,179
1,268
1,266
1,156
1,192
1,163
1,208
1,276
l)l92
1,249
1,182
1,232
1,184
1,167
1,210
1,142
1,264
1,219
1,188
1,204
1,133
1,124
1,164
1,152
1,201
1,103
1,116
1,167
1,195
1,236
1,193
1,269
1,088
1,137
1,114
1,154
1,161
1,048
1,010
995
984
1,016
1,045
634
540
572
513
478
480
471
415
402
379
409
366
Average
stature
(centi
m eters).
53.1
55.7
58.6
60.9
62.8
64.5
66.2
67.5
68.6
69.7
70.9
72.0
72.9
74.1
74.9
75.9
76.8
78.0
^ 79.3
80.1
81.0
81.6
82.2
83.0
83.8
84.4
85.3
85.8
86.5
87.6
88.4
'89.3
89.5
90.1
90.9
91.2
92.0
92.4
93.0
93.7
94.1
95.1
96.0
96.3
96.8
97.3
97.8
98.0
99.0
99.4
99.8
99.9
100.6
101.4
102.1
102.6
103.3
103.5
104.3
104.4
105.1
' 105.9
105.8
106.5
106.6
107.4
107.8
108.2
108.5
109.3
110.2
110.5
Average
weight
(kilo
grams).
3.92
4.60
5.31
5.92
6.48
6.98
7.37
7.76
8.05
8.31
8.59
8.84
9.01
9.26
9.40
9.62
9.79
10.08
10.33
10.53
10.72
10.85
11.04
11.19
11.38
11.52
11.69
11.85
12.06
12.24
12.45
12.67
12.73
12.87
13.10
13.22
13.40
13.50
13.59
13.79
13.89
14.12
14.31
14.47
14.43
14.62
14.75
14.81
15.06
15.11
15.21
15.28
15.48
15.62
15.78
16.05
16.17
16.11
16.38
16.48
16.67
16.93
16.78
17.05
17.16
17.21
17.54
17.38
17.60
17.93
18.22
18.31
T a b l e 3.— S tature and age; w hite boys.
W hite boys.
Age.
Total
number.
Stature (inches).1
Average
stature.
16
62
533
1,431
1,754
1,826
1,863
1,809
1,912
20.952
21.180
22.469
23.575
24.531
25.354
26.077
26.677
1
6
18
2
15
6
2
19
6
26
15
4
20
23
89
72
15
7
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
9
133
432
230
68
23
6
4
5
54
425
475
235
95
33
15
5
16
226
592
543
313
163
69
1
1
52
305
588
573
394
245
1
7
56
258
562
581
565
1
2
9
82
225
422
595
1
1
4
16
45
137
273
33
29
1
3
12
30
72
30
2
3
17
29
31
7
10
18
32
33
4
13
ÌÓ
14
W hite boys.
Age.
Total
number.
Stature (inches).1
Average
stature.
21
7 months, under 8 ..
8 months, under 9 ...
9 m onths, under 10..
10 m onths, under 11.
11 months, under 12.
12 m onths, under 13.
13 months, under 14.
14 months, under 15.
1,851
1,746
1,860
1,814
1,838
1,575
1,364
1,281
27.205
27.592
28.022
28.467
28.910
29.359
29.732
30.151
1
22
24
25
26
28
29
30
31
32
430
509
600
529
469
281
185
103
138
245
370
520
565
473
320
236
44
64
157
210
364
420
430
399
27
23
27
74
145
186
252
337
26
28
19
33
34
68
82
124
17
10
21
12
14
16
21
31
34
4
5
4
6
5
7
8
16
35
2
3
1
3
1
36
3
3
1
2
37
38
GENERAL TABLES,
A t b irth ................
Under 1 m on th . . .
1 m onth, under 2.
2 months, under 3
3 m onths, under 4
4 months, under 5
5 m onths, under 6.
6 months, under 7.
17
1
1
i
below.
00
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
00
T a b l e 3. — S ta tu re and a g e; w hite h oys — Continued.
oo
W hite boys.
Stature (inches ) . 1
Age.
Total
number.
Average
statine.
1,328
1 216
1 27$
22 months) under 23..........................
l)289
1,206
l) 171
l)242
1,300
30.425
30 880
31 201
3l! 766
32.124
32.339
32.645
33.049
25
2
2
1
27
26
4
1
1
1
9
2
3
8
1
3
28
10
4
13
5
2
1
1
4
74
43
27
18
8
6
3
3
29
30
31
32
33
206
145
85
56
37
26
18
385
273
250
166
116
89
75
49
392
366
360
330
269
225
203
144
170
223
302
338
333
327
292
273
149
188
232
241
321
340
8
60
100
36
34
35
17
33
53
97
115
155
191
267
18
46
44
53
78
115
37
38
2
12
38
37
40
39
41
1
8
12
4
23
30
11
11
3
3
22
13
8
2
35
12
7
3
2
68
16
6
2
4
1
1
1
1
1
1
W hite boys.
Stature (inches ) . 1
Age.
Total
number.
Average
statine.
26
30 months, under 31..........................
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1,284
1,354
1 272
1,253
1,269
1,321
1,240
l)205
33.231
33.604
33.807
34.077
34.350
34.546
3 4 .9 4 7
35.308
28
27
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
29
30
13
27
7
1
5
4
3
1
1
22
13
10
12
10
6
6
31
32
33
34
35
36
116
79
53
39
242
209
145
135
93
67
52
44 .
358
334
280
257
213
199
150
108
286
345
377
337
298
341
250
200
152
216
235
244
334
323
324
317
56
95
106
146
180
37
29
22
9
220
234
258
17
7
21
12
34
46
67
83
117
140
18
22
21
28
46
67
39
4
7
5
5
7
13
26
37
42
41
40
2
2
3
1
3
1
1
1
2
4
2
3
2
7
10
44
2
2
2
43
1
STATURES AND W EIGHTS OF CHILDREN.
24
23
W hite boys.
Age.
Stature (inches).1
Total
number.
Average
stature.
28
31 m onths, under 32
32 months, under 33
33 m onths, under 34
34 months, under 35.
35 months, under 36.
36 m onths, under 37.
37 months, under 38.
38 months, under 39.
1,201
1,217
1,241
1,311
1,283
1,258
1,176
1,171
35.601
35.849
36.032
36.156
36.482
36.672
36.901
37.095
29
30
2
3
1
2
3
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
31
12
8
2
4
2
6
1
1
32
26
22
18
7
7
2
4
8
33
75
65
47
45
38
24
19
15
35
36
37
38
39
192
174
146
133
88
73
57
43
285
238
263
244
216
178
133
102
270
304
298
358
287
297
265
247
180
217
234
265
311
325
269
283
82
107
146
150
209
189
250
268
49
45
56
57
68
101
120
117
42
40
10
23
16
27
37
39
36
55
41
9
8
7
11
8
12
13
24
42
43
44
1
4
1
1
2
4
1
1
5
1
5
4
6
4
6
4
45
46
1
1
1
1
1
1
GENERAL TABLES,
34
W hite boys.
Age.
Stature (inches) .i
Total
number.
Average
stature.
29
39 months, under 4 0 ...
40 months, under 4 1 ...
41 months, under 4 2 ...
42 m onths, under 4 3 ...
43 months, under 4 4 ...
44 months, under 4 5 ...
45 months) under 4 6 ...
46 months) under 4 7 ...
1,177
1,167
1,188
1,126
1,198
1,164
1,205
1,203
37.310
37.542
37.833
38.089
38.376
38.606
38.871
38.977
1
30
2
1
31
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
32
1
3
3
3
1
2
1
33
10
7
4
6
6
2
3
34
54
33
23
17
15
5
13
9
35
90
70
56
64
42
34
26
27
36
37
38
39
40
41
201
195
168
128
104
88
76
59
267
258
243
196
217
176
157
125
259
274
290
251
262
247
230
228
188
194
203
225
235
275
281
276
76
92
126
135
172
166
200
258
21
24
50
61
77
88
120
129
3
15
15
23
43
64
58
55
43
2
3
13
15
13
31
19
44
1
1
1
3
7
3
9
8
45
46
47
48
49
1
1
1
1
3
i
1
1 Statures are classified to the nearest inch ; cases falling on the dividing line between classes were divided equally and half classed w ith the unit above and half with the
unit below.
00
CO
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
CO
T a b l e 3.— S tatu re and a ge; w hite boys — Concluded.
O
W hite boys.
Stature (inches).1
Age.
Total
number.
Average
stature.
54 months, under 55..........................
1
1
1
4
1
1
2
1
1
1
2
1
2
1
34
33
3
1
3
2
2
2
35
4
6
3
2
6
3
19
15
11
10
9
8
10
5
38
56
44
33
35
21
35
22
9
217
199
172
158
149
144
90
89
117
101
79
74
58
67
50
39
39
279
292
239
224
204
205
182
155
40
251
241
232
240
256
239
229
231
41
42
168
167
82
67
202
186
235
206
200
112
112
133
162
165
43
44
23
5
33
44
46
67
68
86
15
20
24
30
30
5
6
48
47
46
45
7
1
1
1
16
1
1
7
1
1
W hite boys.
Stature (inches).1
Age.
Total
number.
Average
stature.
1,025
1,028
1 081
\ 052
1,028
624
582
527
40.763
40.972
41.207
41.271
41.490
41.604
41.950
42.102
62 months, under 63..........................
32
31
1
34
33
2
2
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
37
36
35
7
2
1
2
1
3
7
10
10
12
9
1
1
1
38
28
30
18
21
27
12
4
2
65
63
50
44
33
16
15
18
39
40
41
42
43
44
121
121
123
99
79
45
22
28
207
175
172
149
148
86
69
65
233
216
237
227
194
137
130
91
178
192
211
238
222
117
123
97
99
124
134
131
157
110
109
97
48
56
70
89
110
57
61
67
43
44
45
45
14
34
36
28
31
26
30
30
48
47
46
8
2
13
6
12
10
15
17
3
2
4
3
3
2
3
9
49
1
1
1
1
1
4
W hite boys.
Stature (inches).1
number.
4Q9
508
492
404
70 months, under 71...............
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
380
stature.
42.046
42.339
42.593
32
31
33
34
36
35
1
1
1
2
1
1
43: 223
A3 1QA
43! 317
43.484
37
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
6
6
1
2
2
2
3
39
38
15
7
6
5
1
5
1
6
28
21
15
9
6
7
8
7
40
51
46
46
30
24
19
18
16
41
85
75
73
49
47
39
32
33
42
107
108
83
64
62
82
59
44
96
104
103
72
76
80
86
72
64
73
86
85
98
87
80
68
27
38
35
47
46
65
54
57
46
11
21
28
26
29
29
30
40
47
3
3
8
12
10
15
8
19
48
4
3
1
2
2
2
4
8
50
49
1
2
1
1
2
3
4
STATUEES AND W EIGHTS OF CHILDKEN
39.194
39.210
39.511
39.689
39.807
39.907
40.252
40.471
1,236
1,171
1,104
1,127
1,075
1,171
1,068
1,040
47 months, under 48..........................
48 months) under 49..........................
49 months, under 50..........................
50 iiioiillis, under j l ■>. ••- ...............
51 months, under 52..........................
32
31
30
37
36
V
W hite boys.
Stature (inches).1
Age.
Total
number.
Average
statine.
33
368
151
98
85
79
68
55
37
43.870
43.121
43.388
43.812
43.911
43.721
44.491
43.865
34
35
36
1
1
1
37
38
1
2
3
1
39
3
. 40
4
3
1
1
1
1
1
7
7
6
2
3
2
1
1
41
18
14
6
7
7
6
1
2
42
52
19
13
9
10
9
6
9
43
68
27
12
15
10
11
5
4
44
85
27
17
14
14
18
15
8
45
63
26
14
16
14
6
15
5
46
31
11
10
10
10
6
5
4
47
22
14
5
5
4
4
4
2
48
49
4
1
1
1
1
2
2
10
3
6
3
4
2
1
2
GENERAL TABLES,
W hite boys.
Age.
Statine (inches).1
Total
number.
Average
stature.
35
44
24
32
25
31
44.227
44.792
45,375
45.000
45.355
1
36
37
38
39
40
41
1
3
1
1
1
42
4
3
3
2
2
43
4
5
2
2
44
10
3
3
4
4
45
9
6
9
5
10
46
3
1
8
5
5
47
7
4
2
1
7
48
1
4
2
2
49
50
51
1
2
1
1
1
1 Statures are classified to the nearest inch; cases falling on the d ividing line betw een classes were d ivid ed equally and half classed w ith the un it above and half w ith the
u n it below .
CD
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
STATURES AND W EIGHTS OF CHILDREN.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
W hite girls.
Age.
Stature (inches)
Total
number.
Average
stature.
23
15 months, under 16......................................
16 months) under 17...............................
17 months) under 18......................................
18 months) under 19............................... .......
19 months) under 20......................................
2 0 months) under 2 1 .......................................
21 months) under 2 2 ......................................
22 months) under 23......................................
1,275
l)295
l)Ï79
1,268
1,266
1,156
1,192
1,163
24
25
1
2
29.880
30.217
30.712
31.202
31.547
31.879
32.119
32.362
1
2
26
28
29
30
31
32
9
156
92
45
29
24
2
7
4
6
290
227
162
124
85
50
42
26
406
401
293
256
190
162
107
89
258
346
354
370
352
273
252
215
88
136
175
258
296
311
334
322
27
2
2
3
3
2
12
35
23
6
12
2
2
2
3
4
7
33
34
35
36
2
6
31
49
129
133
67
37
110
38
2
2
2
18
17
4
3
8
1
24
11
4
40
39
7
1
1
GENERAL TABLES,
2
3
10
147
137
231
263
11
13
34
54
85
20
30
75
37
W hite girls.
Age.
Stature (inches ) . 1
Total
number.
Average
stature.
23
23 m onths, under 24..
24 months, under 25..
25 m onths, under 2 6 ..
26 months, under 27 ..
27 months, under 28..
28 months, under 2 9..
29 months, under 30..
30 months, under 3 1 ..
1,208
1,276
1,192
1,249
1,182
1,232
1,184
1,167
32.682
32.994
33.222
33.570
33.783
34.058
34.481
34.789
24
25
26
27
3
1
2
1
2
1
28
4
3
2
. 1
1
1
4
1
29
15
7
8
6
7
6
2
3
30
59
50
24
15
13
16
12
7
31
32
33
34
35
36
168
135
103
72
63
54
27
23
310
289
245
187
150
109
75
59
323
341
312
318
259
235
196
141
203
272
268
337
321
331
280
274
75
107
150
204
212
267
273
282
26
43
57
82
103
134
188
219
13
19
15
18
39
54
74
98
38
3
8
5
3
11
14
28
31
39
4
1
1
5
1
7
15
21
40
41
1
1
1
1
1
6
4
1
42
43
1
1
2
1
1
1
1 Statures are classified to the nearest inch; cases falling on the dividing line between classes were divided equally and half classed w ith the unit above and half w ith the unit
CO
CO
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
CD
T a b le 4.— Stature and age; w hite girls — Continued,
W hite girls.
Age.
33 months)
34 months)
35 months)
36 months)
under 34..........................
under 35..........................
under 36..........................
under 37..........................
38 months) under 39..........................
1.210
1. L42
1,264
1.219
1. .88
1,204
1,133
1,124
Average
stature.
35.150
35.228
35.478
35.801
35.920
36.208
36.397
36.626
28
2
1
2
1
1
6
4
4
3
6
1
2
1
33
32
31
30
29
13
10
7
3
6
5
6
3
46
43
29
14
15
13
10
7
126
122
97
61
52
41
34
27
34
240
220
195
173
148
125
88
65
35
297
275
321
284
235
221
192
167
37
36
228
215
300
295
317
274
245
262
38
39
28
32
63
147
166
212
270
276
261
88
92
40
151
76
95
191
40
42
41
3
5
1
12
12
17
21
25
27
44
43
1
46
45
1
1
1
W hite girls.
Age.
39 months, under 40...........................
46 months) under 47....... ..............................
Stature (inches).1
Total
number.
Average
stature.
1,164
1,152
1,201
1,103
1,116
1,167
1,195
1,236
36. 891
37.053
37.453
37.802
37.932
38.118
38.294
38.516
29
30
1
1
1
1
32
31
2
3
3
2
1
1
4
2
4
1
1
5
1
33
7
8
2
1
4
3
1
14
16
14
9
7
2
8
6
34
58
51
36
26
22
13
10
10
35
36
37
38
39
40
136
97
94
70
59
63
53
29
251
261
185
144
143
117
113
107
292
220
111
264
229
223
240
187
194
255
191
246
193
46
58
84
117
121
144
265
247
42
41
169
11
21
40
38
60
66
70
93
10
12
12
18
29
27
48
43
41
42
43
44
43
1
2
10
12
8
15
46
45
1
1
12
1
W hite girls.
Age.
48 months) under 49.......................................
54 months) under 55.......................................
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Stature (inches).1
Total
number.
1,193
1,269
1,088
1,137
1,114
1,154
1,161
1,048
Average
stature.
38.584
38.961
39.119
39.277
39.319
39.588
39.916
40.207
2
1
1
33
32
31
30
2
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
5
2
4
4
1
1
1
2
34
5
6
11
7
5
4
2
35
33
30
18
9
22
13
8
10
36
89
72
53
49
46
29
36
27
37
191
143
102
88
107
83
74
42
38
251
239
211
184
188
175
139
98
39
40
260
280
198
256
247
229
238
192
161
277
211
248
246
221
101
43
147
58
lo4
206
238
'
88
145
10
14
28
20
37
50
57
44
2
9
9
10
19
30
31
45
3
46
47
1
1
9
STATUEES AND W EIGHTS OF CHILDREN.
31 m onths, under 32..........................
Stature (inches).1
Total
number.
W hite girls.
Age.
Statures (inches).1
Total
number.
Average
stature.
32
55 months, under 56
56 months, under 57
57 m onths, under 58
58 months, under 59
59 m onths, under 60
60 months, under 61
61 months, under 62.
62 months, under 63.
1,010
995
984
1,016
1,045
634
540
572
33
34
35
36
37
38
40.401
40.661
40.762
41.057
41.110
41.364
41.707
41.652
39
40
137
147
216
174
195
171
181
121
138
106
54
43
40
100
80
83
43
218
219
235
214
231
146
108
109
138
156
155
205
197
122
106
113
45
46
47
48
49
45
46
47
48
49
81
96
106
114
124
96
85
98
Age.
Total
number.
Stature (inches).1
Average
stature.
32
63 months, under 64
64 months, under 65,
65 months, under 66
66 months, under 67
67 months, under 68
68 months, under 69.
69 months, under 70
70 months, under 71.
513
478
480
471
415
402
379
409
41.912
41.971
42.273
42.456
42.610
42.697
43.026
43.394
33
34
35
2
5
1
2
2
1
1
6
2
1
1
1
2
1
1
37
1
3
3
1
4
1
38
11
14
8
8
7
2
4
3
39
28
32
19
21
13
11
11
11
40
64
50
40
45
29
30
22
18
41
42
43
106
84
83
71
50
57
37
31
112
85
114
95
94
78
68
69
102
88
82
83
82
88
79
81
44
52
73
67
59
70
64
74
79
20
23
39
45
37
36
47
56
10
15
13
26
20
22
25
33
2
3
5
12
6
9
9'
16
3
1
1
2
1
2
8
1
2
GENERAL TABLES,
W hite girls.
3
•» Statures are classified to the nearest inch; cases falling on the dividing line between classes were divided equally and half classed w ith the un it above and half w ith the unit
below.
CO
Or
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
T
a b l e
4 .—
co
S ta tu re and a ge; w hite g irls — Concluded.
05
W hite girls.
Stature (inches).
Age.
Average
stature.
366
139
93
103
92
67
60
61
43.519
43.230
43.484
43.184
43.467
43.537
43.667
44.836
36
35
37
44
40
38
46
47
48
49
50
47
48
49
50
51
W hite girls.
Stature (inches).1
Age.
Average
Total
number. stature.
79 months, under 80.
80 months, under 81
81 months, under 82.
82 months, under 83
83 months, under 84
44
34
29
44
30
43.864
44.500
44.724
44.523
45.000
36
1
37
38
39
40
1
1
1
1
41
42
8
1
1
4
3
2
5
2
43
45
46
4
6
3
6
6
l Statures are classified to the nearest inch; cases falling on the dividing line betw een classes were divided equally and half classed w ith the un it above and half w ith the unit
below .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
ST AT U E E S AITD W E IG H T S OF C H IL D B E D .
71 months, under 72
72 months, under 73
73 m onths, under 74
74 months, under 75
75 months, under 76
76 months, under 77
77 months, under 78
78 months, under 79
Total
number.
T ab le 5.— W eight and a ge; w hite h oys.
W hite boys.
W eight (pounds).1
ll|
12
12|
13
131
4
6
99
155
109
67
30
18
7
.7
1
1
2
7
87
200
165
92
57
25
15
4
6
2
38
156
137
107
68
39
17
13
2
1
14
1
14|
.....
" Y
43
148
199
161
65
69
36
17
15
11
4
1
2
1
1
1
1
15
16|
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
5
58
130
179
179
160
119
97
82
55
25
13
4
2
6
2
6
1
2
1
i7
90
109
126
140
114
79
74
50
31
18
14
5
3
1
2
1
i
¡6
72
136
186
186
165
145
97
89
58
32
20
12
15
7
5
3
2
3
1
1 .
1
1
1
17!
18
18!
19
19!
20
20|
21
21!
22
22!
23
23|
24
.....
5
53
121
141
119
120
64
38
39
15
11
5
1
.
17
" Y
i
1
18
1
is
105
198
221
152
101
43
81
17
37
29
13
4. 21
8
1
2
4
1
1
2
18
96
145
137
81
65
1
15!
i
......
|
3
41
102
113
142
135
106
100
82
62
45
24
9
9
4
2
6
1
1
1
........
7
3
12
35
93
36
148
78
160 101
172 127
160 129
159 113
123
80
103
81
75
67
46
47
20
36
24
23
11
13
12
7
4
5
5
3
4
4
1
4
1
1
1
4
2
1
2
i
39
102
135
150
145
187
164
143
114
68
50
51
32
18
27
7
7
3
6
i
1
3
2
5
36
51
86
89
110
121
108
129
88
63
51
41
32
22
18
10
0
7
7
6
3
2
i
1
2
i
....... |
■" i
2
i
.....i.....
illglllggl
|
1
!
25
25|
26
26|
27
27!
28
28|
29
29!
30
30!
31
31!
32
32!
i
4
2
2
24
10
5
28
23
63
92
45
69
126
69
67
160
84
90
180 105 142
202 110 140
196 126 171
148 105 138
123
71 124
97
75 109
99
57 122
58 103
79
77
65
43
45
30
69
32
25
50
34
26
28
17
18
40
10
8
35
13
10
19
9
8
20
4
13
8
13
6
8
5
21
5
4
9
3
1
3
7
1
4
5
1
2
3
1
1
2
1
1
3
1
3
2
2
i
1
4
13
34
49
58
72
95
105
87
82
95
88
66
58
56
39
33
35
24
13
15
13
11
5
13
1
5
5
2
2
1
1
3
1
4
13
32
55
72
92
120
140
122
123
126
109
106
94
82
72
78
65
52
34
50
29
22
17
12
10
5
5
5
4
4
3
i
1
i
2
i
...
3
i
i
7
12
25
38
45
59
94
94
84
75
84
77
69
73
68
53
47
42
41
27
25
25
13
19
17
3
9
5
6
3
2
3
2
i
2
1
3
1
2
6
11
33
38
44
61
104
94
118
96
104
99
118
111
90
83
78
76
55
47
45
40
33
28
14
19
11
9
4
5
6
6
6
5
1
1
3
4
i
i
i
i
2
9
12
15
31
39
38
49
54
64
80
59
67
64
59
65
60
58
56
43
26
28
31
30
18
7
8
6
7
5
8
5
4
3
1
i
i
1
i
i
1
i
i
7
6
19
24
34
53
70
83
76
99
96
97
117
111
97
100
99
89
90
91
56
72
53
50
38
40
28
22
20
17
14
9
9
6
12
5
1
3
4
3
1
1
2
2
1
i
1
3
9
9
17
14
38
33
42
53
36
60
54
68
70
61
72
63
63
70
77
36
49
35
34
33
22
19
16
18
20
6
9
5
7
4
5
4
6
1
6
3
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
34!
35
35!
36
36!
37
37|
38
3 8!
39
39|
40
40!
41
41!
42
42|
43
43!
44
44!
45
45!
......
4
9
13
19
21
35
40
46
48
73
73
87
99
96
117
116
128
118
132
116
112
93
100
87
76
49
53
46
36
36
31
20
20
17
16
9
9
12
6
5
2
3
3
5
4
3
5
6
7
15
17
31
27
33
42
36
48
52
53
53
55
60
87
55
72
52
47
47
48
38
40
29
27
20
24
13
10
12
11
6
4
8
7
2
1
2
2
4
1
i
2
3
3
2
1
i
i
1
3
4
7
7
13
13
21
32
37
47
47
67
76
82
80
100
104
116
115
101
110
73
73
72
87
62
49
49
35
43
30
25
36
22
17
22
6
15
11
6
13
6
4
2
3
1
2
3
3
2
2
2
3
3
9
3
12
17
13
20
23
25
35
42
52
51
42
61
75
60
54
62
60
54
53
42
41
42
28
38
32
32
27
22
36
18
8
9
5
5
6
6
4
5
9
4
1
2
2
2
1
2
1
2
i
5
3
2
8
7
10
11
12
22
26
35
63
61
57
46
87
98
81
114
114
102
124
107
81
83
67
84
67
59
69
62
38
35
37
28
31
19
19
15
12
19
15
12
9
2
6
9
7
4
3
3
i
1
1
1
i
2
2
8
4
6
7
10
10
13
19
30
38
47
50
50
48
71
67
58
56
63
47
51
66
51
52
66
46
38
47
38
29
29
19
19
23
9
8
10
8
9
7
9
5
4
i
2
2
2
1
1
i
1
2
2
4
5
8
11
8
10
22
33
39
51
42
58
76
75
92
91
86
112
120
105
86
78
80
93
92
62
83
59
62
42
44
36
31
28
28
25
15
27
18
14
18
12
11
12
6
7
5
1
8
2
1
2
1
1
i
i
i
i
i
2
i
2
5
5
4
6
13
14
23
23
28
40
47
38
41
62
53
54
67
62
60
59
54
71
60
53
44
49
49
43
36
32
29
31
22
11
12
8
10
15
7
13
19
12
10
5
3
3
3
3
1
i
1
1
1
1
1
3
3
6
9
17
26
33
29
34
62
48
69
69
59
79
97
69
79
98
88
82
86
88
71
55
66
55
57
51
44
35
37
37
21
32
22
14
26
17
15
15
14
10
11
10
2
6
2
I
1
i
i
_
i
2
i
1
1
3
2
7
13
17
15
11
21
20
24
30
33
39
60
49
62
49
57
52
58
63
42
57
57
39
31
36
31
29
29
35
24
22
23
20
19
15
12
20
10
8
10
ip
i
8
3
2
2
2
4
i
i
i
3
1
1
1
2
1
1
3
5
8
8
14
25
25
30
41
58
61
64
73
75
102
92
113
75
97
87
104
111
104
109
80
74
91
98
71
65
66
59
49
58
41
38
29
30
27
24
31
24
9
13
10
16
7
2
4
2
6
8
2
1
i
1
3
3
9
8
13
8
13
18
22
28
27
20
33
40
42
56
53
55
61
53
69
55
58
45
53
43
53
43
48
41
29
36
34
25
19
19
25
23
21
21
8
13
11
8
6
4
1
5
2
i
i
2
2
1
i
i
1
1
2
i
i
i
2
2
i
i
i
.......
i
1
1
13
8
11
13
24
21
31
45
32
35
58
57
52
70
66
85
92
78
79
82
81
79
75
77
67
77
63
59
50
51
52
39
52
47
42
25
34
20
32
22
9
18
7
7
4
5
4
5
3
4
2
3
2
1
1
2
i
1
7
2
6
7
17
11
17
24
21
33
27
49
42
57
53
70
74
100
78
82
84
90
92
69
72
82
68
77
59
73
74
54
66
47
63
33
41
43
27
38
37
19
13
18
13
11
6
6
5
7
3
1
2
2
4
3
1
1
.... .
1
3
2
4
5
3
8
10
12
13
21
21
29
27
42
33
37
53
41
45
59
58
60
55
63
58
44
44
52
47
47
45
46
44
41
25
28
31
20
20
24
14
15
11
14
4
5
6
3
6
3
3
1
i
...
i
i
i
1
2
i
.....
i
2
......
i
i
3
3
4
2
9
12
5
6
18
14
25
26
24
28
32
38
33
36
37
35
47
53
41
53
65
58
41
48
52
37
46
39
33
50
28
27
30
26
23
14
12
9
6
8
7
4
2
5
2
2
1
2
i
i
i
i
......
.......
1Weights are classified to the nearest half pound.
1
i
i
5
2
6
3
3 « a
9 t 3
12
10
11 ' 12
20
8
11 ‘ 27
21
25
22
29
30
33
30
25
41
27
39
46
31
69
45 '48
65
43
42
51
70
50
68
40
91
36
72
60
73
49
69
51
54
73
66
55
48 103
82
51
48
60
62
54
37
70
66
39
36
57
42
47
44
35
39
35
32
39
30
50
17
37
33
25
27
11
8
11
12
11
9
7
14
5
12
5
3
7
1
9
4
3
1
3
2
5
1
3
i
1
1
2
i
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
34
1
i
1
1
.......1
33|
........
........
i
i
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33
.......
i
i5
24|
2
1
2
1
8
5
7
7
12
7
14
21
23
18
28
38
38
52
58
57
55
67
60
74
75
70
90
89
76
72
79
70
64
74
62
62
57
59
41
52
62
54
18
15
11
16
18
9
11
8
10
8
7
8
3
2
1
1
3
i
......
i
1
3
2
2
1
3
3
4
4
3
7
7
19
16
13
25
26
21
20
23
47
31
40
37
49
50
37
47
52
56
41
60
33
50
44
26
33
45
31
27
21
19
15
13
9
4
. 9
6
5
4
3
3
2
2
1
4
1
1
2
2
3
9
6
9
10
12
8
28
21
29
33
38
34
39
43
36
64
59
64
64
82
79
88
89
85
94
69
95
80
84
79
78
65
66
70
55
64
38
32
28
32
21
16
11
7
7
10
9
10
2
1
2
3
i
i
2
1
2
i
1
2
i
6
7
6
13
13
11
12
17
20
24
14
29
28
24
31
28
44
42
38
35
48
35
36
34
38
39
34
40
40
40
35
14
11
15
19
7
14
10
10
11
2
9
5
i
2
1
2
3
2
4
12
11
13
15
8
17
13
23
28
19
22
28
37
32
48
41
46
44
47
58
78
63
77
82
75
77
71
58
58
62
78
67
49
31
40
32
24
23
32
21
15
14
15
16
13
6
3
2
3
2
2
1
3
.......
1
1
1
2
3
1
2
1
3
5
13
10
7
16
15
9
12
16
17
31
22
35
23
35
42
30
31
34
29
30
51
40
42
43
49
33
36
37
23
19
13
19
20
21
13
10
11
8
6
3
3
3
i
2
2
i
2
7
4
4
4
8
13
15
12
9
15
20
14
26
36
23
27
30
41
49
49
56
56
55
47
71
60
62
48
58
59
60
53
56
43
28
24
29
17
21
20
23
22
7
12
13
6
4
5
4
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
6
5
5
6
7
9
10
7
11
14
19
13
24
26
30
26
39
21
35
31
35
30
31
33
32
44
39
39
38
16
22
15
16
23
6
11
11
18
23
7
14
5
1
2
1
1
3
3
4
1
8
6
8
7
8
14
16
10
15
11
22
18
23
25
26
34
47
43
38
37
55
48
57
59
51
50
55
55
58
57
39
28
25
34
37
37
20
16
22
19
19
18
3
5
6
4
2
2
1
1
2
3
1
.......
1
1
1
2
i
i
2
1
1
3
1
1
1
2
4
3
2
4
6
8
6
5
10
12
5
16
13
15
16
16
20
21
22
22
29
18
28
22
35
29
36
36
39
44
17
18
15
18
12
14
9
18
15
15
11
9
2
2
2
3
2
2
1
2
4
4
4
6
6
4
5
8
9
7
13
18
15
28
29
23
31
37
40
31
34
33
53
49
44
48
40
49
59
48
33
32
23
22
31
37
25
12
18
23
19
14
9
5
5
2
3
4
3
3
1
2
2
1
2
1
2
1
1
4
7
6
5
16
10
15
9
12
12
16
19
17
15
10
23
26
19
21
23
24
25
34
15
20
24
22
17
16
10
6
12
10
9
10
6
3
3
3
3
2
2
i
____ ........
2
1
Cases falling on the dividing line between classes were divided equally and half classed w ith the unit above and half with the unit below.
1
2
2
3
3
2
5
2
5
9
6
7
4
7
21
18
20
24
29
34
33
31
37
43
39
42
39
51
41
70
60
61
45
56
30
31
30
28
34
21
26
22
25
24
8
5
4
3
4
2
4
1
4
3
2
4
1
1
4
6
7
5
12
8
6
12
17
10
10
15
20
17
24
25
25
29
29
13
10
14
14
18
9
13
19
13
16
9
13
7
1
3
1
2
.
i
1
2
i
i
i
1
2
3
1
4
1
3
1
6
3
5
10
9
11
12
14
14
6
18
18
28
20
26
29
31
30
32
45
38
24
29
30
16
23
16
20
20
20
27
21
21
5
3
7
2
5
4
4
1
2
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
3
7
5
6
7
9
9
4
10
11
13
11
11
12
19
24
20
14
16
19
11
12
24
9
11
21
16
11
11
11
5
5
7
2
1
1
i
i
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
4
3
8
5
3
9
8
9
14
8
15
15
15
17
19
17
28
30
41
30
23
24
14
16
28
23
19
17
30
24
18
18
7
4
2
4
2
2
1
3
1
2
2
1
1
i
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
2
1
1
3
3
1
5
2
3
3
5
6
2
11
10
13
3
4
11
11
24
19
10
9
6
6
9
10
11
9
13
15
6
3
4
2
2
4
2
3
2
2
1
1
1
1
3
2
1
1
1
2
3
5
5
10
5
9
5
8
12
7
12
18
20
21
13
14
12
16
12
21
17
16
14
14
18
20
19
16
5
3
3
2
3
6
3
2
3
3
2
i
2
2
2
1
1
3
2
2
1
1
2
4
3
4
5
3
3
11
16
5
4
10
3
6
5
3
7
10
8
8
6
8
11
7
11
12
7
9
16
12
7
11
7
15
14
6
9
3
2
3
2
3
5
7
6
11
10
17
14
12
21
9
14
18
11
12
18
19
12
15
23
17
16
2
2
2
3
1
2
8
2
1
8
5
1
7
2
3
2
3
1
3
1
2
1
2
2
4
1
2
4
5
5
3
5
1
1
2
2
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
2
3
4
6
4
5
4
5
10
7
6
11
12
10
19
19
10
12
12
16
14
13
19
13
8
13
9
5
3
1
1
2
6
2
1
1
1
2
2
1
1
2
1
1
3
3
4
5
6
8
3
3
5
2
7.
5
6
6
5
7
5
3
1
2
3
1
3
2
1
2
3
4
46
47
47|
48
48|
49
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Age.
Total
num
ber.
At b irth ..................... .
tinder 1 m on th ........
1 m onth, under 2___
2 m onths, under 3 ...
3 m onths, under 4 ...
4 m onths, under 5 ...
5 m onths, under 6 ...
6 m onths, under 7 ...
7 m onths, under 8 ...
8 m onths, under 9 ...
9 months, under 10..
10 months, under 11.
11 m onths, under 12.
12 m onths, under 13.
13 m onths, under 14.
14 months, under 15.
15 months, under 16.
16 months, under 17.
17 months, under 18.
18 m onths, under 19.
19 months, under 20.
20 months, under 21.
2|l months, under 22.
22 months, under 23.
23 months, under 24.
24 months, under 25.
25 m onths, under 26.
26 months, under 27.
27 months, under 28.
28 months, under 29.
2i. months, under 30.
30 months, under 31.
3jl months, under 32.
32 months, under 33.
33 months, under 34.
34 months, under 35.
35 m onths, under 36.
36 months, under 37.
37 months, under 38.
38 months, under 39.
3S months, under 40.
4fl months, under 41.
41 months, under 42.
42 months, under 43.
43 months, under 44.
44 months, under 45.
46 months, under 46.
46 months, under 47.
47 months, under 48.
48 m onths, under 49.
4$ months, under 50.
5(1 months, under 51.
51 m onths, under 52.
52 months, under 53.
53 m onths, under 54.
54 m onths, under 55.
58 months, under 56.
50 m onths, under 57.
57 months, under 58.
¿»m onths, under 59.
59 months, under 60.
eqmonths, under 61.
6ljinonths, under 62.
62|inonths, under 63.
63imonths, under 64.
64months, under 65.
¿¿m onths, under 66.
66 months, under 67.
67 months, under 68.
68 months, under 69.
69 months, under 70.
70 months, under 71.
71 months, under 72.
72 months, under 73.
73 months, under 74.
74 months, under 75.
75 months, under 76.
76 months, under 77.
77 months, under 78.
78 months, under 79.
79 months, under 80.
80 months, under 81.
81 months, under 82.
82 months, under 83.
83 months, under 84.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
62
533
1,431
1,754
1,826
1,863
1,809
1,912
1,851
1,746
1,860
1,814
1,838
1,575
1,364
1,281
1,328
1,216
1,278
1,289
1,206
1.171
1,242
1,300
1,284
1,354
1,272
1,253
1,269
1,321
1.240
1.205
1,201
1,217
1.241
1,311
1,283
1,258
1.176
1.171
1.177
1,167
1,188
1,126
1,198
1,164
1.205
1,203
1,236
1.171
1,104
1,127
1,075
1.171
1,068
1,040
1,025
1,028
1,081
1,052
1,028
624
582
527
499
508
492
405
404
433
385
380
368
151
98
85
79
68
55
37
44
24
32
25
31
Average
weight.
8.935
9.126
10.876
12.614
14.120
15.324
16.577
17. 524
18.307
18. 957
19.439
20.125
20.670
21.195
21.670
22.217
22.450
23.046
23.606
24.145
24.670
24.776
25.282
25.851
26.019
26.468
27.024
27.160
27.528
27.844
28.399
28.917
29.171
29.669
29.864
30.138
30.495
30.780
30.976
31.214
31.639
31.949
32.450
32.769
33.201
33.344
33. 866
34.113
34. 222
34.368
34.645
34.976,
35.095
35.265
35.780
36.020
36.368
36.870
37.044
37.454
37.766
37.982
38.515
39.072
38.621
39.120
39.324
39.896
40.681
40.711
40.717
41.170
41.404
41.490
42.051
41.524
41.949
41.860
42.709
42.486
42.398
43.021
44.281
44.260
44.887
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
GENERAL
TABLES.
.
97
T a b l e 9.— A verage statures and w eights, by sex, fr o m birth to 6 yea rs; w hite children, Io w a .
W hite boys.
Age.
Average Average
Average Average
Number. 1 stature
weight Number. 1 stature
weight
(inches). (pounds)
(inches) (pounds).
Under 1 m on th ___
1 month, under 2 . . .
2 months, under 3 . .
3 months, under 4 ..
4 months, under 5 . .
5 m onths, under 6 . .
6 m onths, under 7 ...
7 months, under 8 . .
8 m onths, under 9 ..
9 months, under 10.
10 months, under 11
11 months, under 12
12 months, under 13
13 months, under 14
14 months, under 15.
15 months, under 16,
16 months, under 17,
17 months, under 18,
18 months, under 19.
19 months, under 20.
20 months, under 21.
21 months, under 22.
22 months, under 23.
23 months, under 24.
24 months, under 25.
25 months, under 26.
26 m onths, under 27.
27 m onths, under 28.
28 m onths, under 29.
29 m onths, under 30.
30 m onths, under 31.
31 m onths, under 32.
32 m onths, under 33.
33 m onths, under 34.
34 m onths, under 35.
35 m onths, under 36.
36 m onths, under 37.
37 m onths, under 38.
38 m onths, under 39.
39 m onths, under 40.
40 m onths, under 41.
41 months, under 42.
42 months, under 43.
43 m onths, under 44.
44 months, under 45.
45 months, under 46.
46 months, under 47.
47 m onths, under 48.
48 months, under 49.
49 months, under 50.
50 months, under 51.
51 months, under 52.
52 m onths, under 53.
53 months, under 54.
54 m onths, under 55.
55 m onths, under 56.
56 months, under 57.
57 m onths, under 58.
58 months, under 59.
59 months, under 60.
60 months, under 61.
61 months, under 62.
62 months, under 63.
63 m onths, under 64.
64 m onths, under 65.
65 months, under 66.
66 m onths, under 67.
67 months, under 68..
68 months, under 69.,
69 months, under 70..
70 months, under 71..
71 months, under 72..
140 boys (6 years, under 7) omitted.
49079°— 21------7
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
W hite girls.
153
21.08
22.80
23.82
24.73
25.50
393
26.21
399
26.92
413
27.26
368
27.80
370
28.32
394
28.58
376
29.06
396
29.41
285
29.91
306
30.14
301
30.59
310
31.14
307
31.26
307
31.64
292
32.30
284
32.63
278
32.96
293
33.28
327
33.41
316
33.80
302 . 34.12
305
34.25
287
34.55
312
34.74
339
34.88
305
35.18
273
35.90
270
35.96
321
36.16
300
36.40
307
36.52
301
36.90
293
37.05
283
37.34
296
37.59
292
37.71
304
37.92
285
38.43
284
38.57
285
38.91
295
39.09
285
39.09
324
39.43
266
39.34
248
39.67
229
40.02
238
40.04
267
40.19
252
40.45
248
40.61
247
40.95
232
41.34
246
41.45
253
41.54
248
41.65
100
41.87
79
41.99
61
42.41
57
42.11
60
42.22
76
42.84
46
43.13
46
43.24
40 .
43.45
37
43.89
29
44.14
29
44.10
9.09
11.35
13.06
14.31
15.64
16.54
17.69
18.44
19.13
19.73
20.09
20.72
21.03
21.60
22.06
22.24
22.98
23.39
23.71
24.51
24.81
25.40
25.84
25.83
26.27
26.97
27.06
27.21
27.69
28.12
28.38
29.24
29.72
29.64
30.13
30.22
30.82
30.78
31.29
31.58
31.79
32.22
32.94
33.09
33.15
34.04
33.84
34.21
34.96
34.38
34.87
35.14
35.49
35.87
35.75
36.03
36.88
37.14
37.36
37.34
37.90
38.07
38.60
38.06
38.59
39.11
40.17
40.41
40.94
41.55
41.07
40.95
119
278
345
392
380
355
363
351
378
321
393
369
348
300
281
308
286
302
297
298
280
261
279
264
306
281
315
310
295
310
315
291
267
321
276
293
305
274
264
280
308
297
300
262
282
277
292
307
265
273
262
258
263
277
244
196
229
202
232
248
98
56
64
70
64
62
50
47
42
36
33
41
21.04
22.13
23.18
24.11
24.94
25.35
26.42
27.00
27.30
27.65
28.11
28.36
28.80
29.20
29.61
30.01
30.40
30.74
31.21
31.81
32.00
32.45
32.63
32.86
33.05
33.34
33.82
34.04
34.19
34.59
34.89
35.32
35.48
35.63
35.93
36.02
36.36
36.58
36.99
37.10
37.23
37.53
37.86
37.96
38.30
38.49
38.71
38.75
39.33
39.32
39.55
39.74
39.79
40.04
40.20
40.53
40.86
41.04
41.39
41.39
41.45
41.71
41.53
41.89
42.19
42.27
42.12
42.64
42.81
43.64
43.42
43.20
* 35 girls (6 years, under 7) omitted.
8.89
10.20
11.88
13.32
14.50
15.42
16.63
17.57
18 0$
18.38
18.97
19.33
20.2Ì
20.19
20.55
21.04
21.34
21 8Q
22.48
23.27
23.38
23.81
24.37
24.55
25.16
25.21
25.83
26.22
26.39
26.92
27.35
27.76
27.92
28.14
28.65
28.80
29.40
29.66
30.18
29.92
30.31
31.00
31.20
31.40
31.53
32.02
32.48
32.24
33.07
33.27
33.62
33.71
33.92
34.01
34.34
34.76
35.38
35.30
36.32
36.08
36.47
37.35
36.70
36.61
37.65
37.63
38.54
38.67
40.04
40.28
39.48
40.00
98
STATUEES AND WEIGHTS OF CHILDREN,
T a b le 10.— A verage statures and w eights , by sex , fr o m birth to 6 yea rs; w hite children;
C aliforn ia .
W hite girls.
W hite hoys.
Age.
Under 1 m onth.................................................
1 m onth, under 2..............................................
2 m onths, under 3............................................
3 m onths, under 4............................................
4 months, under 5............................................
5 m onths, under 6............................................
6 m onths, under 7............................................
7 m onths, under 8 ...........................................
8 m onths, under 9............................................
9 m onths, under 10..........................................
10 m onths, under 11........................................
11 m onths, under 12........................................
12 m onths, under 13........................................
13 m onths, under 14........................................
14 m onths, under 15........................................
15 months, under 16........................................
16 m onths, under 17........................................
17 m onths, under 18........................................
18 months, under 19.......................................
19 m onths, under 20........................................
20 m onths, under 21........................................
21 m onths, under 22........................................
22 m onths, under 23........................■...............
23 m onths, under 24........................................
24 m onths, under 25........................................
25 months, under 2 6 .......................................
26 m onths, under 27........................................
27 m onths, under 28........................................
28 m onths, under 29........................................
29 m onths, under 30...............*.......................
30 m onths, under 31.................... ...................
31 months, under 32........................................
32 m onths, under 33........................................
33 m onths, under 34........................................
34 m onths, under 35........................................
35 m onths, under 36........................................
36 m onths, under 37........................................
37 m onths, under 38........................................
38 m onths, under 39........................................
39 m onths, under 40........................................
40 m onths, under 41........................................
41 months, under 42........................................
42 m onths, under 43......................................
43 m onths, under 44........................................
44 m onths, under 45........................................
45 m onths, under 46........................................
46 m onths, under 47.......................................
47 m onths, under 48........................................
48 m onths, under 49................................... .
49 m onths, under 50........................................
50 m onths, under 51........................................
51 m onths, under 52............. ..........................
52 m onths, under 53........................................
53 m onths, under 54.......................................
54 m onths, under 55........................................
55 m onths, under 56......................................
56 m onths, under 57........................................
57 m onths, under 58........................................
58 m onths, under 59........................................
59 m onths, under 60.......................................
60 m onths, under 61........................................
61 m onths, under 62........................................
62 m onths, under 63........................................
63 m onths, under 64........................................
64 m onths, under 65........................................
65 m onths, under 66........................................
66 m onths, under 67........................................
67 m onths, under 68........................................
68 months, under 69........................................
69 m onths, under 70........................................
70 m onths, under 71........................................
71 m onths, under 72........................................
Average Average
Average Average
weight
weight Number.2 stature
Num ber.1 stature
(inches). (pounds).
(inches). (pounds).
52
120
182
169
187
200
206
201
199
196
179
203
198
159
136
129
122
150
147
139
120
125
182
118
142
136
134
138
161
135
133
125
145
145
138
142
120
139
124
137
132
138
106
139
126
137
139
133
133
108
133
117
129
146
101
127
103
122
127
126
99
123
97
85
96
102
75
75
86
78
88
86
1 118 boys (6 years, under 7), omitted.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
21.50
22.50
23.57
24.81
25.58
26.39
26.80
27.63
27.83
28.37
28.71
29.18
29.48
30.09
30.26
30.69
31.06
31.73
31.93
32.20
32.73
32.97
33.42
33.48
34.04
34.28
34.41
34.70
34.91
35.27
36.02
36.14
36.01
36.30
36.57
36.88
37.08
37.25
37.50
37.72
37.84
38.14
38.40
38.88
38.87
39.18
39.42
39.57
39.55
40.07
40.02
40.09
40.50
40.61
40.83
41.31
41.24
41.82
41.69
42.04
42.18
42.46
42.77
42.80
42.86
43.24
43.63
43.85
43-58
43.60
44.09
44.22
9.76
11.01
12.66
14.53
15.52
17.27
17.67
18.88
19.64
19.89
20.73
21.15
21.66
22.42
23.11
23.66
23.41
24.73
24.86
25.75
25.68
26.27
26.79
27.08
27.90
28.09
28.40
28.,86
28.52
29.24
30.35
30.40
29.99
30.68
30.95
31.43
31.58
32.07
32.56
33.00
32.69
33.81
33.75
34.50
34.54
34.54
35.31
34.95
35.58
36.28
35.70
35.61
36.75
36.52
38.58
37.94
37.27
38.00
38.94
38.92
39.49
39.70
40.22
39.92
40.43
41.02
41.34
42.22
41.90
41.65
42.66
42.19
44
118
154
169
166
174
202
193
180
180
173
162
177
143
173
142
140
119
132
151
116
126
136
127
151
147
128
126
136
134
119
136
125
115
137
143
131
109
134
125
115
137
118
147
139
146
132
120
157
126
120
120
117
118
124
131
112
115
112
107
134
112
109
97
104
86
100
80 >
100
91
99
82
21.09
21.86
23.03
24.15
24.84
25.52
26.30
26.67
27.18
28.16
28.27
28.78
28.96
29.29
29.84
30.19
30.30
30.92
31.39
31.96
32.25
32.20
32.83
32.97
32.28
33.52
33.68
34.13
34.09
34.62
35.30,
35.57
35.57
36.17
36.31
36.36
36.79
36.72
37.18
37.41
37.63
37.76
38.26
38.54
38.77
38.70
39.16
38.73
39.34
39.70
39.67
39.58
40.12
40.36
40.56
40.90
41.05
40.83
41.38
41.42
41.86
42.40
42.40
42.39
42.59
42.58
42.72
42.75
42.71
43.36
44.04
43.88
1 126 girls (6 years, under 7), omitted.
8.95
10.01
11.64
13.11
14.38
15.50
16.38
17.32
16.92
18.90
19.65
19.95
21). 60
20.83
21.70
22.14
22.14
22.94
23.41
24.26
24.51
24.61
25.38
25.48
25.84
25.32
26.42
27.24
27.26
27.66
28.42
29.01
28.80
29.74
29.53
30.13
30.78
30.57
31.41
31.04
32.15
31.83
32.92
33.13
33.21
33.54
34.27
33.57
33.89
34.31
35.08
34.85
35.58
35.71
36.12
37.22
37.06
35.90
37.14
37.73
38.42
38.97
38.36
38.79
39.40
38.77
39.68
39.38
39.64
40.71
42.30
42.01
GENEKAL TABLES.
T
a b l e
11
99
.— A verage statures and w eights, by sex, fr o m birth to 6 yea rs; w hite children;
N ew Y ork C ity.
W hite boys.
Age.
Number.
Under 1 m on th ........
1 m onth, under 2 ....
2 m onths, under 3 ...
3 m onths, under 4 ...
4 m onths, under 5 ...
5 m onths, under 6 ...
6 m onths, under 7 ...
7 m onths, under 8 ...
8 months, under 9 ...
9 months, under 10..
10 months, under 11.
11 months, under 12.
12 m onths, under 13.
13 m onths, under 14.
14 m onths, under 15.
15 m onths, under 16.
16 months, under 17.
17 m onths, under 18.
18 m onths, under 19.
19 months, under 20.
20 months, under 21.
21 m onths, under 22.
22 months, under 23.
23 months, under 24.
24 months, under 25.
25 months, under 26.
26 m onths, under 27.
27 months, under 28.
28 months, under 29.
29 months, under 30.
30 months, under 31.
31 m onths, under 32.
32 months, under 33.
33 months, under 34.
34 months, under 35..
35 months, under 36..
36 months, under 37.
37 months, under 38..
38 months, under 39..
39 months, under 40..
40 months, under 41..
41 months, under 42..
42 months, under 43..
43 months, under 44..
44 months^ under 45..
45 months, under 46..
46 m onths, under 47..
47 months, under 48..
48 months, under 49..
49 months, under 50..
50 months, under 51..
51 months, under 52..
52 m onths, under 53..
53 m onths, under 54..
54 m onths, under 55..
55 months, under 56..
56 months, under 57..
57 months, under 58..
58 m onths, under 59..
59 months, under 60..
60 m onths, under 61..
61 months, under 62..
62 months, under 63..
63 months, under 64..
64 months, under 65..
65 months, under 66..
66 months, under 67..
67 months, under 68..
68 m onths, under 69..
69 months, under 70.-.
70 months, under 71..
71 months, under 72..
,
1170 boys (6 years, under 7) omitted.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
318
780
728
715
655
657
604
508
488
442
430
401
396
352
315
278
297
281
267
224
238
211
216
237
243
170
177
190
205
176
203
174
178
181
185
199
212
170
183
197
177
177
210
184
173
176
191
190
232
169
180
158
197
169
183
154
151
137
171
135
132
112
106
102
87
81
92
84
76
72
68
49
W hite girls.
Average Average
stature
weight Number.
(inches). (pounds)
21.14
21.97
23.09
24.03
24.10
25.68
26.23
26.84
27.45
27.78
28.13
28.35
28.74
29.28
29.59
30.10
30.40
30.51
31.09
31.63
31.84
31.94
32.62
32.60
33.10
33.22
33.70
34.14
34.19
34.34
34.53
34.78
35.21
35.68
35.79
35.91
36.09
36.45
36.74
37.01
37.16
36.90
37.68
38.08
37.82
38.30
38.09
38.54
38.88
39.02
39.24
39.56
39.64
39.77
39.72
40.29
40.59
40.69
40.95
40.79
41.20
41.00
41.67
41.70
41.40
42.21
41.62
42.20
42.72
42.54
43.28
43.45
8.76
10.08
11.86
13.26
14.63
15.92
16.78
17.81
18.73
19.10
19.62
20.26
20.59
21.35
21.87
22.65
22.89
23.17
23.91
24.34
24.51
25.19
25.91
26.01
26.70
26.97
27.05
28.09
28.56.
28.14
28.63
28.82
29.76
30.19
30.04
30.62
30.60
30.92
31.28
32.25
31.89
31.89
32.75
33.36
33.60
34.01
33.63
33.94
34.45
35.25
35.19
35.81
35.79
35.66
35.89
36.87
37.50
37.19
38.08
37.69
38.39
37.82
38.46
38.63
38.73
39.46
38.82
39.68
40.93
39.99
41.60
41.15
313
763
647
619
674
644
549
485
461
439
431
381
381
375
319
292
283
230
266
247
206
220
223
251
263
165
189
205
210
209
212
201
176
176
227
214
207
179
184
234
182
183
191
186
186
199
169
205
224
185
170
171
172
185
194
187
159
179
176
186
168
108
112
116
103
112
103
78
70
75
71
64
Average Average
stature
weight
(inches). (pounds).
20.91
21.56
22.60
23.63
24.46
24.93
25.55
26.35
26.78
27.06
27.39
27.93
28.25
28.73
29.18
29.49
29.73
30.33
30.64
30.99
31.32
31.84
31.95
32.17
32.62
32.85
33.11
33.37
33.59
33.70
34.03
34.66
34.93
35.18
35.40
35.63
35.69
36.25
36.16
36.40
35.56
36.66
37.08
37.50
37.77
38.03
38.04
38.21
38.25
38.58
39.08
39.06
39.28
39.52
39.40
39.46
39.84
40.33
40.60
40.75
40.86
40.55
41.06
41.13
41.43
41.55
42.00
42.09
42.37
42.55
42.44
43.14
* 174 girls (6 years, under 7) omitted.
8.49
9.44
10.99
12.41
13.81
14.59
15.67
16.84
17.40
17.93
18.46
19.14
19.56
20.02
20.76
21.24
21.45
22.13
22.73
23.22
23.50
24.13
24.36
24.66
25.28
25.30
25.75
26.43
26.48
26.65
26.84
28.13
28.75
28.63
28.96
29.49
29.31
30.23
30.10
30.44
30.77
30.81
31.48
32.16
32.04
33.07
32.50
33.29
32.88
33.08
34.04
34.17
34.26
34.64
34.54
34.69
35.12
36.44
36.65
36.22
36.36
36.24
37.18
36.85
36.56
37.51
38.24
39.69
39.06
39.26
40.28
40.61
100
.— C ou n try o f birth o f p aren ts, by section ; w hite children in clu ded in height and
w eight tabulation.
N ew England and M iddle
A tlantic.
ag
Total.
Country of birth
of mother.
•ag
ë"
C
O®
Total.
if
Po
C
Û° g ! .
H i
Sg
as?
M
•+J CD
8,624
,264
72
372
213
2
14
gs
61
687
305
3
995
1,844
1,041
724
2.9
1.3
4.2
7.8
4.4
3.1
United States
Ita ly ...............
Scandinavia.
Denmark.
S w ed en ..
N orw a y..
G erm a n y .....
H o lla n d ......
Russia............
Austria-Hungary..
Austria............
Bohem ia.........
Hungary.........
Croatia.............
Transylvania..
N ot specified..
E ngland.................
Scotland.................
W ales.....................
Ireland......... .........
British possessions
Poland....................
A ll other 7..............
*
x
.
ad
•iH
PI
° §
gsëjj
SS
oo
->2 a>
cf d
3§
19,094 4,321 854,779 100.0 49,173
9,560 1,976 42,001 76.7 38,992
3,435
66
1,265
2.3 1,232
194
119
684
1.2 427
22
74
36
160
414
298
12
196
93
123
132
1,186
2.2 563
4
5
89
.2
55
1,254
95
1,852
3.4 1,731
955
198
4,384
8.0 4,071
809
182
2,427
4.4 2,239
4
3
227
.4
194
87
7
820
1.5
787
36
36
5
5
55
869
1.6 810
382
305
328
180
170
135
150
3
12
633
362
238
.4
147
1,068
776
317
.6
93
704
37
1,361
2.5 1,188
612
112
540
1.0 405
Western.
Total.
1*
PO
¡z;
Per cent dis
tribution.
Parents born in
different coun
tries.
Per cent dis
tribution.
Number.
Country of birth
of mother.
Parents born in
same country.
Iowa.
Total.
Total.
0h
23,729 100.0
11,536 48.6
3,501 14.8
313
1.3
36
.2
240
1.0
.2
37
255
1.1
9
1,349
5.7
1,153
4.9
991
7
94
.4
Parents born in
same country.
A ll countries 19,044 100.0
U nited States........ 8,477
Ita ly ........................
74
22
Scandinavia....___
D enm ark........
Sw eden............
N orw ay........
Germany.............. .
H olland..................
R ussia....................
A ustria-H ungary.
A ustria............
B ohem ia..........
H ungary..........
Croatia.............
Transylvan ia.
N ot specified..
E ngland.................
51
S cotland.................
8
1
W ales......................
Ireland....... ...........
30
23
British possessions
9
Poland....................
114
A ll oth er1...............
1.3
East North-Central.
5,234
3,009
33
257
148
61
12
91
224
173
135
California.
Total.
M
P
Parents born in
different coun
tries.
Southern.
Parents born in
same country.
12
Per cent dis
tribution.
a b l e
Parents born in
different coun
tries.
T
STATUEES AND W EIGHTS OF CHILDREN,
<37,033 100.0 33,111 3,797 523,170 100.0 19,367 3,625 «19,269 100.0 16,026
2,999
32,828 88.6 30,458 2,370 18,653 80.5 16,512 2,141 13,717 71.2 12,053 1,664
296
.8
288
8
131
.6
126
5
1,550
8.0 1,465
85
1,047
2,8
699
348
1,319
5.7
783
536
379
2.0
243
136
321
.9
244
77
138
.6
84
54
124
.6
84
40
363
1.0
238
125
441
1.9
268
173
188
1.0
126
62
363
1.0
217
146
740
3.2
431
309
67
.3
33
34
975
2.6
454
521
596
2.6
3ÔT 291
3ÖT 1.6
145"
Ï56
394
1.1
274
120
29
.1
16
13
.1
26
16
10
302
.8
281
21
961
4.1
867
94
j 47
331
1.7
284
401
1.0
314
87
436
1.9
348
88
335
1.7
264
71
194
•5
157
37
308
1.3
262
46
272
1.4
224
48
158
.4
120
38
76
.3
52
24
11
7
18
16
10
6
35
.2
26
9
38
.2
23
15
10
10
2
2
190
68
.5
.2
h
76
77
28
215
.2
.2
.1
.6
92
44
5
32
10
21
139
98
24
6
44
67
7
76
15
174
72
- 7
65
278
61
210
.8
.3
.3
1.2
.3
.9
6
65
28
4
30
85
47
151
9
109
44
3
35
193
14
59
7
325
111
10
298
274
31
1,337
6
1
1.7
171
58
154
53
1.5
1.4
.2
6.9
173
68
23
1,057
125
206
8
280
oYh
uum uj wnose parents was not reported,
f i o c! S d ren the nativity of one or both of whose parents was not reported
c^ ! 4 ren J,he n ativity of one or both of whose parents was not reported
5
i 7 o Cv?*ii}ren
nativity of one or both of whose parents was not reported
. i™ , £
c“
en
nativity of one or both of whose parents was not reported.
t
^tr c^ ^ r®n the nativity of one or both of whose parents was not reported.
Includes W est Indies, Cuba, Central and South America, Luxemburg, Belgium. France Snain
Rumania, Greece, Serbia, Armenia, Syria, Bulgaria, Montenegro, Turkey, M exico,’Atlantic
and Pacific islands, Africa, Asia not specified, China, Japan, ancl India.
*
'
c
5 es
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
GENERAL. TA B LES.
1 0 1
T ab le 13.— C ou n try o f birth o f p a ren ts; w hite children included in height and w eight ta ble,
N ew Y ork C ity.
Total.
Country o f birth of m other.
Parents
born in
same
country.
Parents
b o m in
different
countries.
Number.
Per cent
distribu
tion.
135,819
100.0
29,112
6,443
10,676
7,429
400
29.8
20.7
1.1
8,137
7,228
268
2,539
201
132
31
167
202
.5
.6
16
104
148
15
63
54
Germ any..............................
H olland...........................
R ussia.....................................
Austria-Hungary.............................
696
20
6,342
4,731
17.7
13.2
424
16
5,728
3,538
272
4
614
1,193
Austria..................................
Bohem ia.............................
Hungary.....................................
N ot specified......................
3,041
517
999
174
8.5
1.4
2.8
.5
2,131
444
832
131
910
73
167
43
478
161
3
2,693
98
618
3 1,200
1.3
.4
179
76
7.5
.3
1.7
3.4
2,068
25
565
860
299
85
3
625
73
63
340
A ll countries........_ ....................
United States............................
Ita ly ........................................
Scandinavia.........................
Denm ark..............................
Sweden..........................
N orway........................
E ngland.....................................
S c o t la n d ..,.........
W ales...................................
Ireland...........................
British possessions...................
Poland......................................
A ll oth er3...............................
1.9
J Includes 264 children the nativity o f one or both of whose parents was not reported.
* Includes Central America, Belgium, Switzerland, France, Spain, Rumania, Greece, Portugal, Serbia,
Armenia, Syria, Bulgaria, Montenegro, Turkey, Mexico, Atlantic islands, Pacific islands. Africa, Japan.
Asia, and China.
’
’
’
T a b l e 14.— C om parative standard deviations in sta tu re; w hite boys 3 years bu t less than
4 years o f age, in Iow a and in a ll Sta tes.
Age.
Standard
deviation,
boys’ stature
(inches).
A ll
States.
36 m onths, under 37............. ..........
37 months, under 38......................
38 months, under 39......................
39 months, under 40....................
40 months, under 41....................
41 months, under 42.............................
42 months, under 43............................
43 months, under 44......................
44 months, under 45.............................
45 months, under 46..........................
46 months, under 47..........................
47 months, under 48.............................
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1 74
l! 92
l! 85
Iowa.
102
ST AT U E E S A N D W E IG H T S OE CH IL D K E N ,
Table 15.— A verage
statures and w eights, by sex, fr o m birth to 6 yea rs; w hite children o f
m others born in Ita ly .
W hite girls.
W hite boys.
Age.
Average Average Number
weight
stature
( a). '
(inches). (pounds).
Number
C1).
21.00
21.76
22.99
23.76
24.61
25.55
25.71
26.31
27.04
27.51
27.83
28.25
28.42
28.94
29.36
29.74
29.66
30.40
31.12
31.00
31.51
31.68
32.05
32.17
32.73
33.71
34.54
35.25
35.94
36.70
37.18
37.80
38.24
38.83
39.28
39.95
40.66
40.96
41.37
42.42
113
238
247
222
212
189
205
170
171
174
171
145
131
125
107
114
102
98
119
87
112
106
94
114
268
281
251
314
275
254
259
286
258
231
197
208
147
107
87
69
6 months’, under 7............................................
7 monthsj under 8............................................
18 months^ under 19........................................
22 months^ under 23........................................
39 months’, under 42........................................
42 months^ under 45........................................
69 monthsj under 72........................................
i 52 boys, 6 years, under 7, omitted.
Table 16.— A verage
8.92
10.10
11.77
13.27
14.49
15.76
16.48
17.49
18.17
18.84
19.26
20.14
20.15
21.14
21.84
21.93
22.04
22.66
24.16
23.98
23.88
24.42
25.14
25.55
25.75
27.36
28.34
29.46
30.36
31.52
32.07
32.96
34.05
34.48
35.37
36.12
37.05
36.93
38.77
39.90
98
214
208
198
226
245
181
167
151
172
173
151
132
143
113
112
101
85
106
94
87
87
89
98
273
255
267
281
255
278
246
275
272
276
235
216
153
143
108
85
Average Average
weight
stature
(inches). (pounds).
20.82
21.51
22.39
23.50
24.21
24.64
25.45
25.87
26.45
26.80
26.85
27.78
28.02
28.55
28.73
29.18
29.31
29.84
30.29
30.65
30.99
31.18
31.65
31.65
32.14
32.93
34.16
34.68
35.54
35.93
36.95
37.32
37.90
38.47
38.71
39.77
40.03
40.61
41.11
41.87
8.77
9.74
10.99
12.42
13.78
14.63
15.83
16.31
17.12
17.57
17.84
19.10
19.20
19.80
20.03
20.78
20.75
21.66
22.06
22.53
22.71
23.18
23.95
- 23.47
24.46
25.84
27.37
28.07
29.38
29.81
31.22
31.60
32.08
33.33
33.47
35.22
35.61
35.57
37.56
38.75
a 77 girls, 6 years, under 7, omitted.
statures and w eights, by sex, fr o m birth to 6 years; w hite children o f
m others born in G erm any.
W hite girls.
W hite boys.
Age.
Number
0 ).
19 months! under 20........................................
125 boys, 6 years, under 7, om itted.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
20
36
36
45
24
35
39
35
32
-36
34
37
47
39
27
31
31
28
32
36
Average Average Number
weight
stature
(a).
(inches). (pounds).
20.85
23.00
23.39
24.40
25.46
25.86
27.00
27.74
27.97
27.78
28.03
28.81
29.26
29.87
30.11
30.68
31.32
31.00
31.94
32.33
8.80
10.83
12.35
13.42
. 15.63
16.11
18.04
19.20
19.33
19.00
20.13
20.32
21.67
22.15
21.63
22.97
23.63
23.63
24.05
25.67
7
32
31
46
32
26
34
29
30
31
49
32
31
22
27
32
29
20
31
31
Average Average
stature
weight
(inches). (pounds).
21.50
22.03
23.06
24.37
24.69
25.19
26.24
27.00
26.77
27.23
28.14
28.09
28.77
29.09
29.85
30.22
30.66
30.70
30.97
31.71
a 29 girls, 6 years, under 7, om itted.
8.64
10.20
11.55
13.33
13.75
14 79
16.51
18.69
17.40
17.93
19.43
19.36
19.98
20.95
20.80
21.48
21.69
22.45
22.23
23.68
103
G E N E R AL TABLES,
T ab le 16.— A vera g e sta tu res and w eigh ts, b y sex , fr o m birth to 6 ye a rs; w h ite children o f
m others b orn in G erm an y — Concluded.
W hite boys.
Age.
Average Average
Average Average
stature
weight Number stature
weight
(a).
(inches). (pounds).
(inches). (pounds)
Number
20 months, under 21........................................
21 months, under 22........................................
22 months, under 23........................................
23 months, under 24........................................
24 months, under 27........................................
27 months, under 30........................................
30 months, under 33........................................
33 months, under 36........................................
36 months, under 39........................................
39 months, under 42........................................
42 months, under 45........................................
45 months, under 48........................................
48 months, under 51........................................
51 months, under 54........................................
54 months, under 57........................................
57 months, under 60........................................
60 months, under 63............. ..........................
63 months, under 66............................. .■.........
66 months, under 69........................................
69 months, under 72.......................................
W hite girls.
15
29
21
30
90
; - 80
85
97
107
87
100
97
95
114
90
84
45
47
41
42
33.00
32.48
32.86
33.30
34.07
35.03
35.76
36.24
37.26
37.71
38.26
39.16
39.61
40.19
40.81
41.26
41.62
42.70
42.85
43.90
125 boys, 6 years, under 7, om itted.
25.77
25.10
26.05
26.60
27.24
28.70
29.68
30.48
31.45
32.11
33.31
34.68
35.22
35.89
36.25
38.00
38157
39.79
40.16
42.35
31
34
34
20
87
85
87
93
81
87
89
88
80
91
67
84
56
67
39
34
31.97
32.15
33.24
32.60
33.62
34.54
35.11
35.73
36.47
37.33
38.09
38.82
39.19
39.67
40.99
41.30
41.73
42.16
42.38
43.68
24.21
23.81
26.06
2480
26.01
27.20
28.09
28.83
29.37
31.32
32.11
32.99
33.19
33.15
36.89
36.01
36.85
38.07
39.15
40.85
2 29 girls, 6 years, under 7, omitted.
T a b l e 17.— A verage statures and w eights, by sex, fr o m birth to 6 yea rs; w hite children o f
m others born in D enm ark, S w eden, or N orw a y.
W h ite boys.
Age.
Number
(»)•
Under 1 m on th .................................. ' ............
1 m onth, under 2.............................................
2 m onths, under 3............................................
3 m onths, under 4............................................
4 m onths, under 5............................................
5 m onths, under 6............................................
6 m onths, under 7............................................
7 m onths, under 8............................................
8 m onths, under 9............................. .............
9 m onths, under 10..........................................
10 m onths, under 11........................................
11 m onths, under 12.....................................:.
12 m onths, under 13........................................
13 m onths, under 14........................................
14 m onths, under 15........................................
15 m onths, under 16........................................
16 m onths, under 17........................................
17 m onths, under 18........................................
18 m onths, under 19........................................
19 m onths, under 20................................. .......
20 m onths, under 21.......................................
21 m onths, under 22........................................
22 months, under 23........................................
23 months, under 24........................................
24 m onths, under 27........................................
27 m onths, under 30........................................
30 m onths, under 33........................................
33 m onths, under 36...................: ...................
36 m onths, under 39........................................
39 m onths, under 42........................................
42 m onths, under 45........................................
45 m onths, under 48........................................
48 m onths, under 51.................... ....................
51 m onths, under 54........................................
54 m onths, under 57........................................
57 m onths, under 60........................................
60 m onths, under 63........................................
63 m onths, under 66........................................
66 m onths, under 69........................................
69 m onths, under 72........................................
113 boys, 6 years, under 7, om itted.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
7
26
39
43
38
54
46
42
39
37
49
34
46
53
29
26
32
23
38
27
36
32
35
31
91
104
89
91
100
93
92
90
83
104
82
81
47
45
34
33
W hite girls.
Average Average Number
weight
stature
(*).
(inches). (pounds).
21.71
22.35
24.10
25.70
25.47
26.52
26.80
28.87
28.23
28.16
28.80
29.00
29.46
30.47
30.34
30.62
31.13
31.35
32.47
33.15
32.72
33.22
33.71
33.81
34.24
34.86
35.70
36.73
37.48
37.82
38.89
39.48
39.72
40.67
41.04
41.67
42.11
43.11
43.56
43.82
10.00
10.10
13.50
14.33
15.53
17.53
18.29
18.88
20.36
20.73
20.69
20.91
21.72
22.78
22.55
22.77
23.67
24.35
25.97
26.93
25.14
26.00
27.40
27.71
27.21
28.56
29.22
30.95
32.27
32.23
33.54
34 83
34.89
36.67
36.99
38.20
38.98
40.49
41.44
41.74
11
31
36
36
41
31
42
46
36
43
36
39
36
29
28
26
33
28
31
35
24
31
19
32
89
82
90
102
98
102
97
85
82
85
78
87
44
41
32
32
Average Average
stature
weight
(inches). (pounds).
22.00
22.32
23.22
23.75
24.41
25.61
26.07
26.87
27.56
27.67
27.92
28.51
28.83
29.79
29.86
30.23
30.88
30.36
31.61
31.77
32.63
33.00
32.95
32.91
33.48
34.13
35.50
35.82
36.97
37.49
38.20
38.86
39.43
39.59
40.69
40.92
42.45
42.39
42.75
44.16
224 girls, 6 years, under 7, om itted.
9.64
10.56
12.25
13.32
14.45
15.89
16.62
17.84
18.47
18.59
19.28
20.14
20.54
21.41
21.61
21.88
22.12
21.71
23.27
24.37
24.58
24.79
25.13
25.36
26.23
26.82
28.47
29.28
30.61
31.83
32.29
32.88
33.98
34.00
36.06
35(59
37.98
38.26
38.78
41.38
104
STATU R E S A N D W E IG H T S OF CH ILD R E N ,
T a b l e 18.— A verage statures and w eights, by sex, fr o m birth to 6 yea rs; N egro children.
Negro girls.
Negro hoys.
Age.
Average Number Average Average
Number Average
weight
weight
stature
stature
(*)•
0 ).
(inches). (pounds).
(inches). (pounds).
Under 1 m onth.........
1 m onth, under 2___
2 m onths, under 3 ...
3 m onths, under 4 ...
4 m onths, under 5 ...
5 m onths, under 6 ...
6 m onths, under 7 ...
7 m onths, under 8 ...
8 m onths, under 9 ...
9 m onths, under 10..
10 m onths, under 11.
11 m onths, under 12.
12 m onths, under 13.
13 m onths, under 14.
14 m onths, under 15.
15 m onths, under 16.
16 m onths, under 17.
17 m onths, under 18.
18 m onths, under 19.
19 m onths, under 20.
20 m onths, under 21.
21 m onths, under 22.
22 m onths, under 23.
23 m onths, under 24.
24 m onths, under 27.
27 m onths, under 30.
30 m onths, under 33.
33 m onths, under 36.
36 m onths, under 39.
39 m onths, under 42.
42 m onths, under 45.
45 m onths, under 48.
48 m onths, under 51.
51 m onths, under 54.
54 m onths, under 57.
57 m onths, under 60.
60 m onths, under 63.
63 m onths, under 66.
66 m onths, under 69.
69 m onths, under 72.
147 boys, 6 years, under 7, om itted.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
40
92
71
81
76
74
56
54
63
47
56
43
42
38
21
32
26
35
36
44
28
32
32
38
82
91
76
68
90
87
89
104
100
79
54
82
73
57
41
48
20.73
21.71
22.87
24.07
24.75
25.42
25.91
26.28
26.35
27.51
27.66
27.77
28.48
29.21
29.05
30.16
29.77
30.51
31.00
31.59
31.18
31.84
32.16
32.34
33.18
34.03
35.24
35.91
36.58
37.40
37.70
38.62
39.52
40.33
40.78
41.27
41.88
41.95
42.98
43.31
8.14
9.99
11.99
13.33
14.60
15.81
16.26
17.18
16.86
18.38
18.90
18.74
20.21
19.91
19.60
21.59
21.29
22.57
22.38
23.36
23.30
23.98
24.06
25.20
25.55
27.30
28.72
29.82
29.50
31.30
32.43
33.61
34.90
35.77
36.37
37.48
38.47
38.97
40.28
40.82
48
82
71
78
92
84
65
49
65
70
44
53
44
38
40
38
44
41
34
33
41
31
31
30
97
72
89
103
106
80
85
108
73
95
90
79
46
58
39
44
20.42
21.38
22.56
23.47
24.40
24.67
25.77
26.00
26.32
26.57
27.11
27.96
28.18
28.16
29.00
29.97
29.30
29.88
30.53
31.21
30.71
31.32
31.68
32.30
32.62
33.88
34.82
35.41
35.91
36.95
37.65
38.84
39.47
40.03
40.31
41.24
40.96
42.17
43.08
43.89
s 40 girls, 6 years, under 7, omitted.
8.02
9.14
11.04
12.48
13.97
14.33
15.90
15.94
16.67
17.18
17.39
18.34
18.60
19.01
20.25
20.99
19.84
20.77
21.35
22.38
21.71
23.55
23.94
23.87
24.38
26.44
27.73
27.97
28.48
30.08
31.08
32.43
33.63
34.03
34.52
36.24
35.21
37.
39.
40.
105
GENERAL TABLES,
T a b le 19.— A verage statures and w eights, by sex, fr o m 1 to 71 m on th s; sm oothed fig u res,
exact a ges; w hite children,l
W hite boys.
E xact age (months).
1..
2. .
3 ..
4 ..
5 ..
6..
7 ..
8. .
9 ..
10..
11..
12. .
13..
14..
15..
16..
17..
18..
19..
20..
21..
22..
23..
24..
25..
26..
27..
28..
29..
30..
31..
32..
33..
34..
35..
36..
37..
38.
39..
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
66.
67.
68.
69.
70.
71.
Average Average Average
stature
weight
stature
(inches). (pounds). (inches).
21.85
23.04
24.08
24.98
25.75
26.42
27.00
27.52
27.99
28.43
28.85
29.27
29.67
30.07
30.45
30.83
31.20
31.58
31.94
32.28
32.60
32.91
33.20
33.48
33.76
34.02
34.29
34.57
3485
35.13
35.41
35.67
35.91
36.13
36.35
36.56
36.78
37.00
37.22
37.45
37.69
37.93
38.17
38.40
38.62
38.82
39.00
39.17
39.34
39.50
39.68
39.86
40.07
40.29
40.51
40.73
40.93
41.13
41.31
41.48
41.66
41.84
42.02
42.21
42.41
42.61
42.81
43.00
43.21
43.45
43.72
9.98
11.79
13.36
14.74
15.96
17.00
17.91
18.69
19.37
19.98
20.54
21.07
21.57
22.07
22.55
23.02
23.49
23.95
24.40
24.83
25.25
25.65
26.03
26.38
26.77
27.13
27.49
27.87
28.26
28.64
29.02
29.38
29.72
30.03
30.33
30.61
30.89
31.19
31.50
31.84
32.18
32.54
32.88
33.21
33.51
33.78
34.03
3425
34 48
3478
34.94
35.19
35.48
35.78
36.10
36.44
36.77
37.11
37.44
37.76
38.06
38.34
38.61
38.90
39.20
39.53
39.86
40.21
40.56
40.89
41.23
1 Calculated from averages of Table I, p. 17, w ith the use of third differences.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
W hite girls.
21.43
22.56
23.55
24 43
25.19
25.85
26.43
26.95
27.43
27.88
28.31
28.71
29.11
29.50
29.88
30.27
30.67
31.05
31.42
31.77
32.09
32.39
32.67
32.95
33.23
33.51
33.80
34.09
34 39
34 68
34 96
35.22
35.46
35.70
35.92
36.14
36.37
36.60
36.84
37.08
37.33
37.58
37.81
38.03
38.23
38.43
38.61
3a 80
3a 98
39.18
39.37
39.58
39.80
40.02
40.25
40.47
40.68
40.88
41.07
41.25
41.43
41.60
41.78
41.94
42.11
42.29
42.48
42.70
42.92
43.16
43.40
Average
weight
pounds).
9.42
10.98
12.38
13.66
14.80
15.80
16.69
17.46
ia i4
ia 7 4
19.30
19.80
20.28
20.73
21.19
21.65
22.12
22.58
23.04
23.47
23.88
24.26
24.63
24.99
25.35
25.73
26.11
26.51
26.89
27.29
27.67
2a 03
28.37
28.71
29.04
29.36
29.67
29.97
30.30
30.62
30.95
31.28
31.59
31.86
32.14
32.40
32.65
32.92
3a 18
33.44
33.71
33.01
34.32
34.64
34.98
35.30
35.60
35.90
36.20
36.50
36.78
37.08
37.38
37.66
37.94
3a 26
3a 57
3a 94
39.33
39.74
40.16
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
107
GENERAL TABLES,
T a b l e 21.— A verage w eight fo r height, by sex ; w hite children.1
Boys.
Stature.
Centi
meters.
50.8
53.3
55.9
58.4
61.0
63.5
66.0
68.6
71.1
73.7
76.2
78.7
81.3
83.8
86.4
88.9
91.4
94.0
96.5
99.1
101.6
104.1
106.7
109.2
111.8
114.3
116.8
119.4
Inches.
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
Nuiùber.
206
486
905
1,352
1,994
2,496
3,068
3,525
3,775
3,605
3,671
3,834
3,803
4,075
4,533
4,698
5,159
5,074
5,265
5,133
4,769
4,181
3,393
2,312
1,598
857
423
193
Girls.
Average
weight
(kilo
grams).
3.71
4.30
4.79
5.42
6.11
6.81
7.53
8.18
8.80
9.38
9.97
10.54
11.14
11.70
12.30
12.89
13.48
14.10
14.71
15.35
16.00
16.71
17.41
18.20
18.93
19.73
20.60
21.45
Num
ber.
310
654
1,121
1,635
2,318
2,866
3,179
3,561
3,471
3,425
3,563
3,750
3,805
3,951
4,405
4,596
4,919
4,971
4,973
4,823
4,505
3,894
3,002
2,020
1,341
703
349
143
Average
weight
(kilo
grams).
3.69
4.21
4.78
5.39
6.05
6.72
7.42
8.01
8.62
9.16
9.66
10.25
10.80
11.37
11.98
12.59
13.21
13.78
14.38
14.96
15.64
16.34
17.01
17.79
18.57
19.41
20.41
21.25
i The unit of grouping was the inch; the centimeters and inches show the m idpoints of the groups.
Averages are not shown for statures under 20 inches nor for statures 48 inches or over, since the numbers
of children of these statures were too small to afford satisfactory averages.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
able
2 2 .— W eight and a ge; w hite boys o f specified statures.
108
T
W hite boys (stature 25 inches).
W eight (pounds).
Age (m onths).
Total.
T otal.
*.........
......
.......
m
12.......
m
13
13*
........
14
14*
...... ........
15
15*
......
16
16*
...... ..
17
17*
...... .
18
18*
......
19.......
19*
......
20........
20*
......
21.......
21*
......
10
10
11
................
................
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
2,496
7
13
30
39
78
111
176
185
269 .
229
311
206
239
150
146
86
92
34
38
21
22
6
7
1
3 to 6.
6 to 9.
359
1,555
488
3
8
10
14
25
25
43
50
43
36
40
21
21
5
10
2
3
2
4
19
21
44
71
117
111
181
146
216
128
159
97
80
52
48
21
17
14
6
1
2
1
1
2
8
14
14
24
38
41
47
50
47
40
47
26
38
11
14
5
9
4
5
9 to 12.
12 to 15.
15 to 18.
81
6
5
18 to 21.
2
2
1
1
2
7
6
7
4
11
8
8
6
2
2
5
2
5
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
i
2
i
2
STATURES AND W EIGHTS OF CHILDREN.
Under 3.
W hite boys (stature 30 inches).
W eight (pounds).
Age (m onths).
Total.
3,671
1
9
19
44
60
155
154
348
227
415
308
432
279
320
148
250
122
166
60
61
31
35
13
7
1
2
i
i
i
i
19*..........................................
20............................................
20*..........................................
2 i : ..........................................
22*..........................................
23............................................
23*..........................................
24............................................
25*..........................................
28............................................
26*..........................................
27............................................
27*..........................................
28............................................
28*..........................................
2 9l..........................................
30............................................
30*..........................................
3 L ..........................................
33............................................
6 to 9.
22
137
9 to 12. 12 to 15. 15 to 18. 18 to 21. 21 to 24. 24 to 27. 27 to 30. 30 to 33. 33 to 36. 36 to 39. 39 to 42. 42 to 45. 45 to 48. 48 to 51. 54 to 57.
731
1,249
908
371
151
45
28
9
7
4
2
3
1
2
1
1
2
2
1
2
3
1
1
1
2
1
3
2
1
1
2
2
6
3
6
17
8
12
15
17
7
16
7
6
5
2
2
2
1
2
6
12
13
39
29
76
52
72
66
84
52
68
26
40
26
34
9
9
7
4
4
1
4
8
13
22
51
50
120
70
130
107
152
106
111
56
88
40
47
27
22
6
13
3
3
2
11
11
32
42
81
63
130
75
100
67
76
37
61
26
47
15
16
8
6
1
1
1
1
2
19
12
39
19
36
32
48
34
32
17
24
16
16
5
6
4
5
2
1
2
3
6
8
8
9
23
7
20
8
11
10
16
2
10
2
i
i
2
1
1
1
1
2
3
3
5
4
2
5
4
3
6
1
2
2
1
1
1
1
2
5
1
3
1
1
2
3
3
4
I
2
2
2
...
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
i
1
1
1
GENERAL TABLES.
Total...........................
16*..........................................
17’ ..........................................
17*..........................................
18............................................
3 to 6.
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
109
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
110
T a b l e 22.— W eight a n d a g e; w h ite b o ys o f sp ecified statures — Continued.
W hite hoys (stature 35 inches).
Age (months).
W eight (pounds).
Total.
T otal........................................
yi
4,698
3
2
1
4
4
3
15
29
24
81
78
212
143
324
216
450
323
486
313
426
246
386
171
6
fti
54........ ..............................................
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
143
345
695
981
840
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
i
3
1
4
3
6
2
3
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
2
10
7
6
8
11
10
13
6
14
10
10
8
12
3
4
2
1
1
1
6
8
23
13
20
15
33
23
35
26
33
14
32
12
18
6
11
6
5
3
1
1
4
7
6
8
14
30
21
57
28
70
57
67
46
61
25
63
19
39
17
16
9
12
2
4
4
5
2
2
2
3
6
13
13
49
23
67
50
99
54
117
60
89
68
83
31
42
30
21
11
13
9
11
2
5
723
413
216
140
72
48 to 51 to 54 to 57 to 60 to 63 to 69 to 78 to
72.
81.
66.
57.
60.
63.
54.
51.
36
27
14
4
3
2
1
1
1
1
1
2
114
i£
32
1
213
127
53
74
34
40
16
23
7
19
9
4
18 to 21 to 24 to 27 to 30 to 33 to 36 to 39 to 42 to 45 to
48.
42.
45.
36.
39.
27.
30.
33.
21.
24.
1
2
1
2
9
2
12
15
39
26
68
33
76
59
77
59
86
42
74
31
38
21
24
6
9
6
2
5
4
1
4
4
1
2
1
5
16
11
31
22
42
36
68
57
81
46
61
39
52
25
27
17
22
10
14
4
5
2
4
4
2
1
1
2
6
3
9
3
12
13
24
22
36
26
46
32
33
21
35
22
17
10
11
3
6
3
5
1
5
2
1
3
1
9
5
5
6
17
10
26
14
18
16
18
8
16
8
8
5
7
2
5
3
4
1
2
3
3
8
5
11
3
8
12
14
8
16
9
8
8
7
2
4
4
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
3
4
13
1
7
3
6
3
2
2
4
2
4
1
2
3
3
4
1
2
1
1
3
2
4
2
1
1
1
1
4
3
2
3
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
4
1
1
3
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
STATUEES AND WEIGHTS OF CHILDREN.
12 to 15 to
18.
15.
9 to
12.
37.
37*
38.
384
39.
6
6
4
5
1
W hite boys (stature 40 inches).
Age (months).
Weight (pounds).
Total.
18 to 21 to 24 to 27 to 30 to 33 to 36 to 39 to 42 to 45 to 48 to 51 to 54 to 57 to 60 to 63 to 66 to 69 to 72 to 75 to 78 to
21.
24.
27.
30.
39.
33.
36.
42.
45.
48.
51.
54.
57.
60.
63.
66.
69.
72.
75.
78.
81.
Total
to*...........
41.............
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1
3
6
8
16
21
72
67
123
99
246
192
326
231
425
258
485
227
376
203
307
182
238
105
156
74
122
36
57
17
27
9
9
43
80
130
294
473
709
713
724
613
469
1
2
2
2
2
10
14
17
38
27
52
35
63
37
78
35
65
41
56
. 15
44
10
22
13
20
4
6
1
6
1
2
4
5
12
11
21
15
27
31
42
36
54
30
66
31
54
21
27
29
30
12
12
10
10
2
6
3
2
1
1
1
2
1
7
10
12
24
26
35
26
52
21
46
25
36
19
29
16
21
14
14
6
8
3
5
2
3
1
220
1.43
73
41
15
6
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
6
3
3
4
7
3
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
3
2
5
3
4
5
7
3
10
1
6
5
2
3
3
2
3
2
4
2
1
1
1
3
1
4
2
4
4
9
6
12
5
10
6
8
7
7
6
6
6
3
5
5
1
2
1
1
1
1
6
1
9
4
15,
8
20
15
29
21
28
13
17
14
22
13
13
11
10
5
6
2
4
2
10
5
8
H
21
15
35
23
53
19
46
14
25
19
30
25
23
13
24
11
18
4
8
3
2
3
1
3
10
8
17
11
42
23
43
34
55
43
78
37
50
29
57
33
42
14
28
5
21
4
5
2
2
2
2
17
6
23
14
32
34
40
30
57
51
79
35
62
27
46
29
34
16
24
8
18
8
9
2
4
1
1
3
7
4
3
15
9
21
13
11
13
17
10
18
7
13
6
10
1
10
8
6
3
3
5
1
i
1
8
2
4
5
8
7
7
5
12
4
16
8
13
5
8
2
7
4
2
1
2
1
2
1
1
1
1
3
1
10
1
8
2
6
4
4
6
5
3
2
1
i
1
1
5
1
3
2
1
1
2
4
2
3
4
1
4
3
1
i
1
1
2
3
i
1
4
2
1
1
i
3
1
1
I ll
414...................
42
...........................
424............
4,769
GENERAL, TABLES.
27
...........................
27*...................
28
...........................
28*...................
29
...........................
29*...................
30
...........................
30*...................
3 1 ..
...........................
31*...................
3 2 ..
...........................
32*...................
33
...........................
33*...............
34
...........................
344...................
35
........................... ...........................
3 5 *..................
36
...........................
364...................
37
...........................
374...................
38
...........................
384...................
39
...........................
394...................
40............ ..
a b l e
112
T
22 .— W eight and a ge; w hite b o ys o f specified statures — Concluded.
W hite boys (stature 40 inches).
Age (m onths).
W eight (pounds).
Total.
16
3
1
5
1
2
i
8
2
12
1
1
3
4
2
1
1
2
1
1
1-
1
1
1
2
3
1
72 to 75 to 78 to
75.
78.
81.
1
3
1
2
to 69 to
72.
69.
66
1
2
AND
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
1
1
1
1
W E IG H T S
43.
43$
44.
44$
45.
45$
46.
46$
47.
47$
48.
48$
30 to 33 to 36 to 39 to 42 to 45 to 48 to 51 to 54 to 57" to 60 to 63 to
42.
45.
48.
54.
33.
36.
39.
51.
57.
60.
63.
66.
21
1
1
1
1
1
1
'
1
STATURES
to 24 to 27 to
24.
27.
30.
18 to
21.
1.
W hite boys (stature 45 inches).
OF
Total.
36 to
39.
T otal..........................................
857
8
$ .........................................................
1
39 to
42.
1
42 to
45.
2
45 to
48.
9
48 to
51.
il
51 to
54.
21
54 to
57.
64
$ .........................................................
......
7
17
20
62
$ .........................................................
21
$ .........................................................
42
38
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
95
60 to
63.
86
3
1
2
5
1
1
1
1
1
i
4
158
174
1
1
1
4
2
8
2
2
9
i
4
5
8
2
7
5
5
3
69 to
72.
2
1
2
1
to
69.
66
100
5
i
3
2
2
63 to
66.
2
2
2
10
31
57 to
60.
31
2
3
4
3
7
2
8
6
12
2
14
5
2
6
10
5
72 to
75.
56
75 to
78.
35
78 to
81.
20
81 to
• 84.
24
♦
31
1
2
3
2
1
C H IL D R E N ,
Age (m onths).
W eight (pounds).
49079
G E N E R AL T A B L E S .
113
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
114
ST AT U E E S A N D W E IG H T S OF C H ILD R E N ,
T ab le 23.— A verage statures and w eights, b y sex , fr o m 3 to 6 years o f age; sm oothed and
corrected fig u res; 1 in centim eters and kilogra m s; w hite children.
W hite boys.
Age.
36 months, under 37................................................. : . . .
37 m onths, under 38..............................................
38 months, under 39...................................
39 m onths, under 40..............................................
40 m onths, under 41......................................
41 m onths, under 42.................................................
42 m onths, under 43.........................................................
43 m onths, under 44..............................................
44 m onths, under 45.........................................................
45 m onths, under 46.................................................
46 m onths, under 47..............................................
47 m onths, under 48.....................................................
48 m onths, under 49................................................................
49 m onths, under 50.........................................................
50 m onths, under 51................................................................
51 m onths, tinder 52........................................ ; _____ .
52 m onths, under 53.................................................
53 months, under 54................................................................
54 m onths, under 55.........................................................
55 m onths, under 56................................................................
56 m onths, under 57.........................................................
57 m onths, under 58................................................................
58 months, under 59.........................................................
59 m onths, under 60....................................................................
60 months, under 61................................................................
61 m onths, under 62...............................................................
62 m onths, under 63............................................................
63 m onths, under 64................................................................
64 m onths, under 65........................ ....................................
65 m onths, under 66.......................................................................
66 m onths, under 67................................................................
67 m onths, under 68..............................................................................
68 m onths, under 69............................................................
69 m onths, under 70............................................................
70 months, under 71..................................................................
71 months, under 72............................................................
1 For the first 36 m onths, see Table 1, p . 85.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
W hite girls.
Average
stature
(cen ti
meters).
Average
weight
(kilo
grams).
Average
stature
(centi
meters).
93.1
93.7
94.3
94.9
95.5
96.1
96.7
97.3
97.9
98.4
98.9
99.4
99.8
100.2
100.7
101.1
101.6
102.2
102.7
103.3
103.8
104.3
104.8
105.3
105.7
108.2
106.6
107.1
107.6
108.1
108.6
109 1
109.6
110.2
110.6
111.6
13.95
14.08
14.22
14.38
14.53
14.70
14.87
15.02
15.17
15.31
15.43
15.54
15.64
15.75
15.86
15.98
16.11
16.25
16.39
16.54
16.69
16.84
17.00
17.14
17.28
17.41
17.54
17.66
17.80
17.94
18.09
18.24
18.41
18.56
18.31
18.87
92.1
92.7
93.3
96.4
94.5
95.2
95.8
96.4
96.9
97.4
97.9
98.4
98.9
99.4
99.8
100.4
100.9
101.5
102.1
102.6
103.2
103.7
104.2
102.1
105.1
105.6
106.0
106.5
106.9
107.3
107.8
108.3
108.9
109.4
110.3
110.7
Average
weight
(kilo
grams).
13.38
13.53
13.67
13.83
13.98
14.14
14.29
14.43
14.55
14.68
14.80
14.92
15.05
15.17
15.30
15.43
15.58
15.73
15.88
16.03
16.17
16.30
16.44
16.58
16.71
16.84
16.97
17.11
17.23
17.36
17.51
17.66
17.84
18.02
18.31
18.39
For equivalents in inches and pounds, see Table X X X I ,
INDEX
Page.
Absolute measure o f variability. See Varia
bility, measures of.
Accuracy in reporting. See Reporting,
accuracy in.
Accuracy o f measurement. See Measurement,
accuracy of.
Adenoids. See Defects and diseases; influ
ence of, upon height and weight.
Anthropom etric statistics of children—ages
6 to 48 months. See Publications
cited; Crum, Dr. F. S.
A pril and May W eighing and Measuring
Test (P t. 2 ). See Publications
cited; Children’s Bureau, U . S.;
Suggestions to Exam iners.
Arthritis. See Defects and diseases; exclu
sion from tabulation due to.
Authorities cited. See Publications cited.
Average stature and weight.................. 15-20,27-36
Averages:
corrected and sm oothed........... ................ 75-76
See also Bowditch, Dr. H . P .; Children’s
year; Crum, Dr. F. S.; H olt, Dr.
L. E.
Comparison o f stature and weight of ch il- Page.
dren—Continued.
of foreign parentage...................................... 56-61
German....................................................
61
Italian..........................
58-60
Scandinavian......................................... 60-61
(Denmark, Sweden, or Norway.)
of native parentage......................................... 55-56
with certain defects...... ............................... 65-76
Composition of selected groups. See Selected
groups, composition of. See also
Racial stock.
Corrected and smoothed averages. See Aver
ages.
Cretinism. See Defects and diseases, exclu
sion from tabulation due to.
Crum, Dr. Frederick S.:
averages of—
compared with children’s year figures....................................................... 36-42
used on parents’ records................ 0-10,36
publications of. See Publications cited.
Curvature of the spine. See Defects and dis
eases, exclusion from tabulation
due to.
Baldwin, Dr. B ird T ., publications of. See
Publications cited.
Basis o f selection o f record blanks. See R e c
ord blanks; Children’s Bureau.
Bowditch, Dr. H enry P .:
averages of—
comparison of children’s year figures
w ith................ ................ .................... 36-42
used on parents’ records......................
10
Defects and diseases (specified):
deviation from general averages due to
inclusion of.......................................... 7 4 -7 5
exclusion from tabulation due to .............
12
influence of, upon height and weight___ 65-76
proportion of children w ith....................... 65-67
sections of country studied in relation to.
65
Diseases. See Defects and diseases.
Diseases of infancy and childhood, 1916. See
Publications cited; H olt, Dr. L . E .
Dwarfism. See Defects and diseases, exclu
sion from tabulation due to.
Cards, weighing and measuring. See Record
blanks.
Children’s Bureau, publications of. See Pub
lications cited.
record blanks of. See Record blanks.
Children’s year. See Publications cited;
Children’s Bureau, U. S.
Children’s year averages, comparison with
Dr. Crum’s, Dr. H olt’s, and Dr.
B ow ditch’s averages..........................36-42
“ Children’s year campaign.” See Publica
tions cited; Rude, Dr. A . E .
Coefficient o f variation. See Variability,
measures of.
Comparison of stature and weight of children:
according to racial stock............. 45-46,48,49,50
in city and country...................................... 5 3 -5 5
in different sections...................................... 51-53
“ Error, probable,” technical meaning of.......
Examiners, suggestions to. See Publica
tions cited, Children’s Bureau, U. S.
81
Figures, m ethod of sm oothing..........................
Foreign-bom mothers, percentage of, in se
lected group........................................
Foreign-bom parents, comparative stature
and weight of children o f.................
German parentage.................................
Italian parentage...................................
Scandinavian parentage.......................
(Denmark, Sweden, or Norway.)
Foreign-bom population, proportion of, b y
sections (in 1890).........................
15,23
115
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48,53
56-61
61
58-60
60-61
47
116
INDEX,
Page.
German parentage. See Foreign-born parents.
Growth:
b y sex and age................................... 15,16,23-27
factors influencing.
.................................
22
Heart abnormality. See Defects and diseases;
influence of, upon height and
weight.
Heart disease. See Defects and diseases, ex
clusion from tabulation due to.
H olt, Dr. L. Emm ett:
averages of—
compared with children’s year figures............................. : ....... ............... 36-42
used on parents’ records...................... 9,36
publications of. See Publications cited.
H ow to conduct a children’s health confer
ence. See Publications cited, Chil
dren’s Bureau, TJ. S.
Hydrocephalus. See Defects and diseases, ex
clusion from tabulation due to.
Idiocy.
See
Defects and diseases, exclusion
from tabulation due to.
Im becility. See Defects and diseases, exclu
sion from tabulation due to.
Italian parentage. See Foreign-born parents.
Joint disease. See Defects and diseases, ex
clusion from tabulation due to.
M alnutrition. See Defects and diseases.
Marasmus. See Defects and diseases, exclu
sion from tabulation due to.
Measurement:
accuracy o f......................................... 13-14,78-80
as compared w ith Negro children___ 14,80
units of............................................................
14
Measurements, variability o f ................. 21-22,28,81
Measuring:
correct method of...................
13,77
variation in methods o f ...............................
78
N ativity of parents. See Selected group,
composition of.
Negro children:
Records tabulated for—
accuracy in rep ortin g....................... 14,78,80
number of....................................
62
Sections of country studied.......................... 62,78
Statures and weights, average, as com
pared with white children.................63-64
Statures and weights, average, from birth
to 6 years, b y sex...............................
104
See Defects and diseases; exclusion
from tabulation, due to.
Parents, record blanks for. See Record
blanks.
“ Physical Growth and School Progress.”
See Publications cited; Baldwin,
Dr. B . T.
P ott’s disease. See Defects and diseases,
exclusion from tabulation, due to.
“ Probable error,” technical meaning of.........
Publications cited:
Baldwin, Dr. B . T.—
“ Physical Growth and
School
Progress” .............................................
Paralysis.
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81
10
Publications cited—Continued.
Page.
Children’s Bureau, U . S.—
9
Children’s Year......................................
H ow to Conduct Children’s Health
Conference...........................................
13
Suggestions to Examiners...................
13
extracts from ...................................
77
Crum, Dr. F. S.—
Anthropom etric statistics of children
ages 6 to 48 m onths............................ 10,36
H olt, Dr. L. E .—
Diseases of Infancy and Childhood,
1916.......................................................
9
Rude, Dr. A . E .—
9
The Children’s year cam paign...........
Rachitis. See Defects and diseases.
R acial stock:
effect of bias in, in selected group............. 47-50
of children of foreign parentage, b y select
ed sections.................
53
of children of native parentage b y
selected sections.......................
52-53
variation in statures and weights accord
ing to .................................... 44-46,48,49,50
Record, physician’s. See Record blanks,
Children’s Bureau.
Record blanks:
Children’s Bureau—
basis of selection..................................... 11-13
data required.......................................... 10,65
10
number distributed....................
number returned..................................... 10*15
parents’—
averages used o n .................................. 9-10,36
References. See Publications cited.
Relative measure of variability. See Varia
bility, coefficient of variation.
Reporting, accuracy in ............................ 13-14,78-80
Rude, Dr. A nna E ., publications of. See
Publications cited.
S candinavian parentage. See Foreign-bom
parents.
Sections of country studied to determine—
comparative stature and weight of
children—
in city and country................................. 53-55
in different sections.................... 44,47,51-53
of foreign parentage............................... 56-61
German...................... . T . . . ____. . .
61
Italian............................
58-60
Scandinavian...................................
61
of native parentage................................. 55-56
influence of defects on height and weight 65
percentage of children of foreign-bom
m others................
48,53
percentage of children of native-born
m others................................................
52
Selected group:
composition of........................................ 42-51
b y nativity of parents.................. 44-50
b y nativity of parents, and sec
tion s................................................ 46,52-53
b y sections........................................ 44-45,47
effect of bias of racial stocks in............ 47-50
size o f.......................................................
15
117
IN D E X ,
Page.
Sick or defective children (specified):
effect of inclusion of, upon general
a v e r a g e s ......................................... 74-75
exclusion of, from tabulation..................... 12,22
Smoothed and corrected averages. See
Averages.
Spina bifida. See Defects and diseases;
exclusion from tabulation due to.
Standard deviation. See Variability, meas
ures of.
Suggestions to Examiners. See Publications
cited; Children’s Bureau, U. S.
Syphilis. See Defects and diseases, exclusion
from tabulation due to.
T eeth, carious. See Defects and diseases, in
fluence of, upon height and weight.
Tonsils, diseased or enlarged. See Defects
and diseases, influence of, upon
height and weight.
Tuberculosis. See Defects and diseases, ex
clusion from tabulation due to.
o
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Page.
Units of measurement.
units of.
See
Measurement,
Variability, measures of:
coefficient of variation..............................21-22,28
standard deviation..... ....................
21,28,81
Variation in m ethods of weighing. See
Weighing, variation in methods of.
Weighing:
correct method of....... .................................
77
variation in methods o f ...............................
78
Weighing and measuring cards. See Record
blanks.
Weighing and measuring test, A pril and
May (P t. 2). See Publications
cited; Children’s Bureau, U . S.;
Suggestions to Examiners.
W eight (average):
forage...............
42
27-30,42
for stature.........................................
for stature and age..........................................30-35
W hite children. (Unless otherwise specified,
all children referred to are white.)
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