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DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE AND LABOR
BUREAU OF THE CENSUS
S.
N. D.
NORTH, DIRECTOR
WOMEN
AT WORK
STATISTICS OF
BASED ON UNPUBLISHED INFORMATION DERIVED FROM
THE SCHEDULES OF THE TWELFTH CENSUS:
WASHINGTON
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
1907
1900
CONTENTS.
Page.
General statistics
Introduction
Proportion of
'.
at
9
,
^
women
9
;
work
9
Race and nativity
Age
9
'.
,
10
:
Marital condition
13
.'
Marital condition and age
City and country
16
17
Comparison with earlier censuses
Adoption and abandonment of occupations
Family relationship
20
-
22
-
24
'
_Other breadwinners in the family
Occupations
29
31
t
Leading occupations
Race and nativity
.'
32
'.
,
33
Age
Marital condition
L
36
37
38
:
Increase, 1890 to 1900
:
Statistics of selected occupations
40'
Servants and waitresses
40
'.
Importance as an occupation
Race and nativity
Parentage
for
women
40
41
,
47
,
Age
48
Marital condition
Comparison with census
Family relationship
49
•
of 1890
.'
.
-.
Laundresses
,
Race and nativity
56
56
:
Parentage
58
Age
58
,
Marital condition
Comparison with census
50
54
59
of
1890
59
Family relationship
60
Other breadwinners in the family
61
Seamstresses
62
Race and nativity
62
.-
Parentage
64
_
Age
65
Marital condition
.'
-
Comparison with census of 1890
Family relationship
Other breadwinners in the family
Dressmakers
Geographic distribution
Race and nativity
-
66
-
67
68
69
70
70
'
70
71
71
72
Parentage
Age
Marital condition
Comparison with census
of
1890
72
Family relationship
73
-
Other breadwinners in the family
74
75
Milliners
Geographic distribution
75
•.
Race and nativity
Importance as an occupation
Parentage
76
for
women
76
77
(3)
CONTENTS.
4
Statistics of selected occupations
Milliners
— Continued.
— Continued.
Page.
Age
77
Marital condition
78
Comparison with census of 1890
Family relationship
Other breadwinners in the family
Textile mill operatives
79
80
•.
80
;
81
'.
Importance as an occupation
Race and nativity
for
women
81
82
Parentage
84
Age
85
;
Marital condition
87
Comparison with census
87
of 1890
Family relationship
89
Other breadwinners in the family
91
Saleswomen
Race and nativity
91
92
Parentage
93
Age
94
,
Marital condition
94
Comparison with previous censuses
Family relationship
95
95
Other breadwinners in the family
96
;...'.
Clerks and copyists
.'.
.
97
Race and nativity
97
Parentage
98
.'.
Age
99
:.....
100
Marital condition
Comparison with census
Family
of
1890
100
101
relationship
Other breadwinners in the family
Stenographers and typewriters
Geographic distribution
101
102
,
.
.
103
.•
Race and nativity
103
Parentage
104
Age
105
:
Marital condition
106
Comparison with census of 1890
Family relationship
Other breadwinners in the family
106
Teachers
Importance as an occupation
107
108
109
-
for
women
Race and nativity
109
109
-
Parentage
114
-
115
Age
Marital condition
"Comparison with previous censuses
117
-
118
121
Family relationship
Other breadwinners
Farmers
in the family
'.
122
122
Race and nativity
- . -
123
Parentage
124
Age
125
126
Marital condition
Comparison with census
127
of 1890
GENERAL TABLES.
Table
1.
Table
2.
Table
3.
Table
4.
^Number and percentage of breadwinners in the female population 16 years of age and over, for states and territories:
1900, 1890, and 1880.
Number and percentage of breadwinners in the female population 16 years of age and over, classified by race and
nativity, for states and territories: 1900
Number and percentage of breadwinners in the female population 16 years of age and over, classified by age' periods,
for states and territories: 1900
Number and percentage of breadwinners in the native white female population of native parentage 16 years of age and
over, classified by age periods, for states and territories: 1900
,
131
132
134
136
CONTENTS.
5
Table
5.
Table
6.
Table
7.
— Number and percentage breadwinners in the native white female population foreign parentage 16 years age and
over, classified by age periods,
1900
states and
— Number and percentage breadwinners- in the foreign born white female population 16 years age and over, classified
by age periods,
states and
1900
—Number and percentage breadwinners in the negro, Indian, and Mongolian female population 16 years age and
Table
8.
— Number and percentage of breadwinners in the negro female population 16 years of age and over, classified by age periods,
Table
9.
—Number
Table
10.
—
Table
11.
— Number and percentage
Table
12.
—Number and percentage
Table
13.
— Distribution, by race and nativity, of female breadwinners 16 years of age and over,
Table
14.
Table
15.
of
territories:
for
of
territories:
of
by age
140
of
periods, for states
and
142
territories: 1900
and territories: 1900
and percentage of breadwinners in the female population 16 years of age and over, classified by race and
nativity, for cities having at least 50,000 inhabitants: 1900
Number and percentage of breadwinners in the female population 16 years of age and over, classified by age, race, and
for states
nativity, for cities having at least 50,000 inhabitants: 1900
144
146
147
breadwinners in the female population 16 years of age and over living in cities having at
least 50,000 inhabitants and in smaller cities and country districts, classified by race and nativity, for states and
territories:
of
1900
152
breadwinners in the female population 16 years of age and over living in cities having at
least 50,000 inhabitants and in smaller cities and country districts, classified by age, race, and nativity, for geographic
of
divisions: 1900
154
classified
by occupation,
for conti-
nental United States: 1900
158
—Total number female breadwinners 15 years age and over, classified by race, nativity, and occupation, the
United States (area
enumeration): 1900 and 1890
— Per cent distribution, by race and nativity, female breadwinners 15 years age and over, classified by occupation,
of
of
for
of
for
the United States (area of enumeration): 1900 and 1890
16.
160
of
for
of
of
of
161
classified
of
of
18.
159
of
of
— Per cent distribution, by occupation, female breadwinners 15 years age and over, classified by race and nativity,
the United States (area
enumeration): 1900 and 1890
Table 17. — Distribution, by age periods,
female breadwinners 16 years
age and over,
by race, nativity, and occupation,
for the United States (area
enumeration) 1900
Table
—Female breadwinners 15 years age and over, classified by age and occupation, the United States (area of enumeration) 1900 and 1890
Table
— Per cent distribution, by age periods, female breadwinners 15 years age and over, classified by occupation, for the
United States (area
enumeration): 1900 and 1890
Table 20. — Per cent distribution, by occupation,
female breadwinners 15 years
age and over, classified by age periods,
enumeration) 1900 and 1890
United States (area
female breadwinners 16 years of age and over, classified by race, nativity, and
Table 21. — Distribution, by marital condition,
the United States (area
enumeration) 1900
occupation,
— Increase in the number female breadwinners 15 years age and over, classified by race, nativity, and occupation,
Table
Table
138
of
for
over, classified
Page.
of
of
:
162
for
of
:
19.
of
of
of
of
of
of
167
168
for tlie
:
169
of
for
22.
of
:
of
of
the United States (area of enumeration): 1890 to 1900
176
having at least 50,000 inhabitants and in smaller
— Female breadwinners 16 years age and over living in
classified by occupation,
continental United States: 1900
and country
Table
— Female breadwinners 16 years age and over in selected occupations, classified by race and nativity, for states and
1900
female breadwinners 16 years
age and over in selected occupaTable 25. — Per cent distribution, by geographic divisions,
continental United States: 1900
tions,
female breadwinners 16 years
age and over living in selected
and
Table 26. — Distribution, by family relationship,
employed in selected occupations, classified by race, nativity, and marital condition: 1900
other breadwinners in the family,
female breadwinners 16 years
age and over living in
Table 27. — Distribution, by number
Table
23.
of
cities
cities
for
districts,
territories:
of
of
of
of
selected cities
Table
29.
in selected occupations, classified
196
cities
of
and employed
180
of
for
28.
178
of
24.
Table
170
for
198
of
by
race, nativity,
and marital condition: 1900
—Female breadwinners 16 years age and over, classified by family relationship, and by race, nativity, marital condi1900
selected
tion, and occupation,
— Female breadwinners 16 years age and over living at home, classified by number other breadAvinncrs in the family,
208
of
cities:
for
of
and by
race, nativity, marital condition,
218
of
and occupation,
for selected cities:
1900
306
•
LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.
DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE AND LABOR,
Bureau of the Census^
Washington, D. C, May 20, 1907.
Sir:
I have the honor to transmit herewith a report on Women, at Work, presenting statistics of the women 16
years of age and over reported at the Twelfth Census as having a gainful occupation. This report was prepared
under the supervision of Dr. Joseph A. Hill, chief of the division of revision and results. It is based mainly
upon unpublished data compiled from the Census schedules, and its preparation was undertaken in the belief
that these data, already in the possession of the Census Office and only partially exploited in the previous
Census reports, contained information of great importance, which could be secured in equal completeness
only through another census covering the entire population of the United States.
The importance
which the report deals has been emphasized in the annual messages
and also by the passage at the recent session of Congress of an act
providing for a special investigation of the industrial, social, moral, educational, and physical condition of
women and child workers in the United States. It was evident, however, that the scope of this proposed
investigation would be quite distinct from that of the statistical inquiries conducted by the Census.
Among
the topics to be covered by that investigation the act referred to specifies the hours of labor, term of employment,
health, sanitary and other conditions surrounding the occupations in which the women and child workers are
engaged, and the means employed for the protection of their health, person, and morals. These are topics
on which the Census possesses no data. But on the other hand the Census ascertains the age, marital condition,
race, nativity, parent nativity, illiteracy, and occupation not only of each woman at work but likewise of
each member of the family or household in which she lives. While the two classes of data are entirely distinct,
the one supplements the other. Indeed, a primary object in preparing the report herewith submitted was
that the data obtained by the Census might contribute to the special investigation authorized by Congress.
It might be said that the information supplied by the Census is in answer to the question of who and how
many are the women engaged in gainful occupations rather than the question of the influence and conditions
This distinction was more clearly perceived as the work approached completion. When
of their employment.
projected it was referred to as a report on the "occupations of women;" but when the work was completed it
was felt that this would hardly be an appropriate title, since the data related not so much to the occupations
Accordingly the title "statistics of women at work"
of women as to the women employed in occupations.
character
of the report.
more
descriptive
of
the
as
being
was finally selected
and
nativity, nativity of parents, marital condition,
work
are
classified
by
age,
race
women
at
report
In this
been
presented in more or less detail in the reports
of
this
general
character
have
Statistics
occupation.
and
present
report, maldng a fuller use of the information
including
that
of
1870.
But
the
and
since
Census
of each
presents
also
statistics
in
regard
to
the
family relationship of the women at work,
schedules,
Census
the
on
found
classifying them with respect to their relationsliip to the head of the family and with respect to the number
of the subject with
of the President of the United States
of other breadwinners in the family.
It
was
my
intention at one time to present in this report statistics of the wages paid to
women employed
in the manufacturing establishments included in the scope of the Census of Manufactures taken in the year 1905,
but as another report is in preparation which will present the wage statistics compiled by that census for women
as well as for
men and
Very
Hon. Oscar
S.
children,
it
was thought inadvisable
to repeat the figures in the present publication.
respectfully.
Straus,
Commerce and Labor.
Secretary of
(7)
STATISTICS OF
WOMEN AT WORK.
BASED ON UNPUBLISHED INFORMATION DERIVED FROM THE SCHEDULES OF THE TWELFTH
CENSUS:
GENERAL
INTRODUCTION.
The statistics presented and discussed in this report
on women employed in gainful occupations in the
United States are derived in part from the published
reports of the Twelfth and earlier censuses, but chiefly
from the original schedules of the Twelfth Census.
Statistics in regard to women at work or engaged in
gainful occupations have been presented in the reports
of each decennial population census of the United States
since and including that taken in 1870.
Those censuses
1900.
STATISTICS.
word as a designation for persons reported by the
census as engaged in gainful occupations. The term
"breadwinners," which has already been introduced
in other Census publications, will be used here for this
purpose without, however, precluding altogether the
use of the longer designation.
PROPORTION OF
At the Twelfth Census, taken in the year' 1900, the
number of women in continental United States 16
years of age and over reported as breadwinners, or as
engaged in gainful occupations, was 4,833,630. The
of still earlier date that made inquiry regarding occupations either published the results without distinction
of sex or gave figures for males only.
The term "gainful occupation" has never been
formally defined by the Census Office. But the printed
fore,
instructions issued to the enumerators in the Twelfth
or approximately
Census state that the question regarding occupations
"applies to every person 10 years of age and over
who is at work, that is, occupied in gainful labor, and
calls for the profession, trade, or branch of work upon
which each person depends chiefly for support, or in
which he is engaged ordinarily during the larger part
These instructions also state that a
of the time."
return of occupation is required "for each and every
person 10 years of age and over who was engaged in
gainful labor during any part of the census year (June
1, 1899, to May 31, 1900, inclusive), or who is ordinarily occupied in remunerative work but during the
census year was unable to secure work of any kind."
No return was to be made for a retired lawyer, merchant, or manufacturer, or for a wife or daughter
living at home and assisting only in the household
duties without pay; nor for a child doing domestic
errands or family chores out of school hours but regularly attending school.
In discussing occupation statistics it is desirable
for brevity and convenience to adopt some single
WOMEN AT WORK.
total
number
23,485,559.
of
women
16 years of age and over
The proportion
among women
1
of
in
that age
5.
was
of breadwinners, there-
was 20.6 per
Among men
of
the
cent,
same
age the proportion was 90.5 per cent. The contrast
probably not greater than would be anticipated.
Men take up some occupation almost as a matter of
is
course,
and usually follow
it
the greater part of their
With women the adoption of an occupation,
although by no means unusual, is far from being cus-
lives.
tomary, and in the well-to-do classes of society is exceptional; and with this sex, moreover, the pursuit
of an occupation is probably more often temporary
than permanent.
Race and nativity. As would be expected the percentage of breadwinners among women differs widely
in the main classes of population as defined by race
and nativity. It is greatest among negro women,
and least among the native white of native parentage.
It is greater among the native white of foreign parentage the children of immigrants than among the foreign born white, or immigrants. The percentages for
these classes are shown in Table i, which for purposes
of comparison includes the corresponding figures for
—
—
—
males.
(9)
10
Tablb
WOMEN AT WORK.
I.
Number and percentage of hreadvnnners in the male and
female population 16 years of age and over, for continental United
States: 1900.
—
PROPORTION OF WOMEN AT WORK.
Table
II.
Number ami percentage of breadwinners in the male and
female population 16 years of age and over, classified by age, for con.
tinental United States: 1900.
11
12
Table IV.
WOMEN AT WORK.
Distribution, by age, of the female population 16 years
of age and over, classified by race and nativity, for continental
United States: 1900.
—
.
:
PROPORTION OF WOMEN AT WORK.
parison restricted to single women, it will be found
that at each age period the percentage of breadwinners is higher for the foreign born white than for the
native white of foreign parentage (see Table ix)
The
fact that after the age of 55 the percentage of
breadwinners for the native white of native parentage
becomes larger than that for the foreign born white
and about the same as that for the native white of
foreign parentage indicates, of course, that for some
reason the native white women of native parentage
continue or take up occupations late in life to a greater
extent than women in the other classes. A partial
explanation may be found in the difference of environment. The native white are represented in agricultural communities to a greater extent than the foreign
born, and it will be found that a large proportion of
these older breadwinners among the native white
of native parentage were returned as farmers, many of
them probably being widows who, in carrying on the
farms of their deceased husbands, were taking up an
occupation of which they already had considerable
knowledge and experience.
The fact has been noted that the percentage of
breadwinners among women is largest in the youngest
age group, 16 to 20 years. This is also true in each
of the classes of population distinguished in the above
table except the native wliite of native parents among
whom the highest percentage of breadwinners is that
shown for the next older age period, 21 to 24. This
may indicate that in thi-s class of the population women
do not begin working at so young an age and perhaps
do not marry as soon as in the other classes.
It is noticeable that among negro women the percentage of breadwinners, although .highest in the
youngest age group, shows no very marked decline
until the period of old age is reached, and that between
the ages 25 and 54 the percentage remains almost
It may be inferred, therefore, that marstationary.
have the same effect in reducing the
does
not
riage
proportion of breadwinners among women of this
race as it does among white women. This inference
is substantiated by statistics, which will be presented
in the next section, showing the proportion of bread-
winners in the female population,
classified
by
race
and marital condition.
—A
classification by marital conMarital condition.
dition of the breadwinners of each sex 10 years of age
and over is given in the Twelfth Census report on
Occupations.
This shows the total number in each
of the four marital classes, comprising the single
—
with whom are included the unknown the married,
the widowed, and the divorced. But, as this classification was not combined with an age classification, it
the original
is not possible, without going back to
returns and making a special count, to state accurately
the number in each marital class for those breadwin-
ners
who
are 16 years of age and over.
The number
13
may, however, be estimated with a close approach to
accuracj^ by assuming that none of the breadwinners
who were reported as married, widowed, or divorced
were under 16, or in other words, that all those who
were under 16 were single. On this assumption the
number of smgle breadwinners 16 years of age
and over would be obtained by subtracting the total
number of breadwinners 10 to 15 5'ears of age from the
total
number
breadwinners 10 j^ears of age
result thus obtained is not
quite accurate, because, without doubt, a small number
of the breadwinners 10 to 15 years of age were married.
Accordingly the estimated number of single bread^^^[nners 16 years and over is slightly too small, while the
estimated numbers of the married, and possibly of the
widowed and divorced, are slightlj- too large; but the
differences are not serious enough to affect materially
the comparisons or conclusions which may be based
total
and over.
of single
Of course the
necessary to make a similar
estimate in order to obtain, for purposes of comparison, the marital classification of the total female
population 16 years of age and over. The figures
showing marital condition for the population 15 years
upon these estimates.
It
is
and over are given in the published Census
and the corresponding figures for the population 16 years of age and over have been computed hj
assuming that all wonien just 15 years of age are
of age
reports,
single.
This again results in a slight exaggeration of
number married and a slight understatement of the
number single.
The results obtained by making these assumptions
are shown in the following tabular statement
the
AGE.
WOMEN AT WORK.
14
but not so
much
as
women who
are single.
The
differ-
ence in this respect between the widowed and the single
is due partly to the difference in age.
The widowed
comprise a comparatively small proportion of young
women and
whom
a large proportion of old
women, many
are no longer able to work, and,
of
not provided
with independent resources, must be supported by
their children or other relatives or by private or public
if
charity.
Table VI.
Number and percentage of breadwinners in the mule and
female population 16 years of age and over, classified by marital condition, for continental United States: 1900.
"
PROPORTION OF WOMEN AT WORK.
any rate, show that in the youngest age,
to 24 years, the percentage of breadwinners for
was slightly larger than that for the divorced,
15
may
for 1890, at
earlier age.
period,
the advance in years, the percentage of breadwinners
falls oif more rapidly among widows than in either of
15
widows
and that both these percentages were considerably
larger than
the percentage for the single. In the
next age period, 2.5 to 34 years, the percentages were
almost exactly the same for all three of the unmarried
For each age period above 34 years the
highest percentage was always that for the divorced.
Between the ages of 15 and 44 widows were engaged
classes.
in breadwinning .pursuits to a greater extent than
single women; but above the age of 44 the single show
the higher percentage of breadwinners.
many young widows
are impelled to take
Doubtless
up some
remunerative occupation by the necessity of supporting not only themselves but their dependent children.
As the years go by the children grow up and are able to
support their mothers. It is probable, too, that women
who become widows
late in life are as a class better
provided for than those
Table VIII.— NUMBER
who became widows
at
an
These conditions
explain why, with
the other two unmarried classes.
Among married women the percentage of bread-
winners
is
highest in the youngest age group and
steadily declines with each advance in age.
Many
married women who follow some breadwinning occupation for a time after marriage are compelled to
abandon it later when, on account of the birth of
children, domestic duties become more exacting.
At a still later period the economic position of the
family may so far improve, either through the increased
earnings of the husband or the contributory earnings
of older children, that the
the wife might obtain
wages or earnings which
by engaging
in
some bread-
winning pursuit are no longer essential.
In Table viii the classification of women by marital status is combined with that by race and nativity,
but without distinction of age.
AND PERCENTAGE OF BREADWINNERS IN THE FEMALE POPULATION 16 YEARS OF AGE
AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY MARITAL CONDITION, RACE, AND NATIVITY, FOR CONTINENTAL UNITED STATES:
1900.
WOMEN AT WORK.
16
negro race; and these are probably the reasons why
they have a smaller percentage of breadwinners than
the classes of widows with which they are compared.
Comparing the rank of the four marital classes with
respect to the percentage of breadwinners, it will be
noted that among the native white women of either native or foreign parentage the order is the same as it is for
the total population. The divorced women have the
highest percentage; the single rank next in this respect;
then come the widowed and lastly, with a percentage
very much lower than that for any other marital class,
the married. Among the foreign born white women
the highest percentage is that for the single women;
while among the negroes the percentage for the single
is exceeded by that for the widowed as well as that for
the divorced.
In every race and nativity class the percentage of
breadwinners is much lower for married women than
for the single, widowed, or divorced.
But this difference is by no means so striking among negroes as it is
among the whites, and it is thus evident that the
married negro woman supports herself or contributes
to the support of her family much more generally
than the married white woman. This would probably
be taken for granted without reference to statistics.
But here, as in many other cases, the main value of the
statistics consists in measuring the extent of differences
known to exist. That even among negroes marriage
makes a great difference in the economic position of
women is indicated by the fact that the percentage
of breadwinners for the single women of this race is
almost two and one-half times that for the married
women. On making the. same comparison for the different classes of white women, it will be found, however,
that the one percentage is about eleven times the
other in the case of the native white of native parentage, about seventeen times in the case of the native
white of foreign parentage, and almost twenty times
in the case of the foreign born white.
Marital condition and age. In the two preceding
tables analyzing the census data relative to women
engaged in gainful occupations, the race and nativity
classification of population has been combined first with
a classification by age and then with a classification by
marital condition. The analysis may now be carried
a step farther, by presenting the race and nativity
classification in combination with a classification by
both age and marital condition. To do this, however,
it is necessary to revert again to the celisus of 1890,
since, as already explained, the requisite detail is not
presented in the published reports of the census of
Table ix accordingly applies to the women
1900.
enumerated at the earlier census, but doubtless represents fairly well the conditions prevailing at the later,
so far at least as the relative position of the different
To save space the
classes compared is concerned.
only.
The numbers on
percentages
the
table presents
;
—
which these percentages are based may be found
published reports of the Eleventh Census.'
Table IX.
years of age
in the
Percentage of breadwinners in the female population 15
and over, classified by age, marital condition, race, and
nativity, for the United States: 1890.
—
PROPORTION OF WOMEN AT WORK.
17
marital condition and this indirectly upon the proportion of breadwinners.
Briefly stated, the chain of
causation is as follows: The more young women, the
necessity for seeking such employment.
more single women; and the more single women,
the more breadwinners. Thus while the native white
in proportion to population.
women born
of foreign parentage are
assumed
to be
better off economically than the foreign born white
women, they have
nevertheless a
much
larger percent-
age of breadwinners because, as already explained,
they have a relatively large proportion of yoimg and
unmarried women.
But in the above table the disturbing effect of differences in age distribution and
marital condition is practically eliminated by presenting the percentages by race and nativity for women
in the same age group and 'same marital class.
In general,
be noted the order of the four race
conforms to that designated as
the normal, the largest percentage in the column being
in most cases that for negro women, the foreign bom
white usually ranking next, then the native white born
of foreign parentage, and lastly the native white
whose parents were also native. The most notable
and nativity
it will
classes
deviations from this order are those indicating that
women who are single and under
25 years of age are working at breadwinning pursuits
much more generallj' than the corresponding class
of negro women; that in the white population 55 years
of age and over the native married women of foreign
parentage comprise relatively more breadwinners
than the married women of foreign birth; and that of
the widows over 55 in the white population the natives
whose parents were also natives engage in breadwinning
to a greater extent than the natives whose parents
foreign born white
were foreign born, and the latter, in turn, to a greater
extent than the widows of foreign birth. Among
divorced women the order of the percentage for the
four race and nativity classes conforms to what is assumed to be the normal order in the two youngest age
periods only; but in this detailed analysis the per-
centage for the divorced can not probably be treated
as especially significant, the numbers being, as already
remarked, comparatively small and the census enu-
meration presumably more or less defective.
A comparison of the occupation
City and country.
—
returns of the census by localities indicates that there
is a larger proportion of breadwinners among women
living in cities than among those living in rural districts.
This result would probably be anticipated, because
generally understood that the nature and variety
of occupations carried on in commercial and manufacturing centers afford more opportunities for women
seeking remunerative employment than are presented
It may also be due in part
in agricultural districts.
to the composition of the urban population, in which
are represented the extremes of wealth and poverty,
it is
so that the demand for the employment of women in
domestic or personal service, as well as in commercial
and industrial pursuits, exists side by side with the
12694—07
2
population there
and economic
is
In the rural
usually a closer approach to social
equality,
and probably
less
poverty
A
comparison which segregates the distinctively
rural districts from urban communities can not, however, be made on the basis of census statistics, because
the. returns by locality are not published in sufficient
detail.
In fact, the tabulation of the figures in such
fullness as would be requisite for this purpose would
hardly be justifiable, even if practicable. The Twelfth
Census report on Occupations, however, published in
considerable detail the occupation data for cities having
a population of over 50,000; and on the basis of these
published figures and of additional details compiled
and published for the first time in the present report,
a series of tables has been prepared comparing totals
for cities of over 50,000 with those for smaller places
or communities outside such cities, as regards the number, classification, and proportion of breadwinners
comprised in the female population 16 years of age
and over.
This comparison may be treated as representing approximately the difference between city and country.
The population living in cities
of over 50,000
is
of course
exclusively urban; while the population living outside
such
rural, as is evident
from the fact
shown by the Twelfth Census,
76.9 per cent
cities is
that, as
mainly
found in places having less than
inhabitants.
Thus
the comparison is between
2,500
the conditions prevailing in the distinctively urban
population living in the large or middle class cities,
and the mainly, though not entirely, rural population
Table x, presenting totals
living outside such cities.
for continental United States, measures the difference between these two classes of communities as
regards the proportion of breadwinners comprised
of this population
is
in the total female population 16 years of age
classified
by race and
and over,
nativity.
Kumher and percentage of breadwinners in the female
population 16 years of age and oxer living in cities having at least
60,000 inhabitants and in smaller cities and country districts, classir-
Table X.
fled by race
and
nativity, for continental United States: 1900.
WOMEN AT WORK.
18
For convenience the term "city"
will
be used in
this connection to designate collectively cities of over
50,000 inhabitants, the term "country" being applied
to the smaller cities
and country
districts.
The above
table shows that in the city as thus defined the per-
centage of breadwinners among all classes of women
is greater than it is in the country by a little more
than one-half. This means, of course, that if the
total female population 16 years of age and over were
the same in the city as in the country and the percentages remained unchanged, there would be 3 women
occupied as breadwinners in the city to every 2 in the
country. Reducing the percentages to simple ratios,
we find that in the city approximately 2 women out
of every 7 are breadwinners; in the country 2 out of
every 11.
The comparison by race and nativity presented in
the above table shows that for each class of the population the percentage of breadwinners is larger in the
city than in the country.
The contrast is most marked
in the case of the native white of native_ parentage,
for whom the percentage of breadwinners is almost
twice as large in the city as in the country. This is
explained in part by the fact that the white population of foreign birth or foreign parentage outside the
larger cities is undoubtedly concentrated largely in
the smaller cities, or the urban portion of what is here
termed country, while the white population of native
birth and native parentage is a more distinctively rural
population and therefore affected to a greater extent
by the conditions prevailing in rural communities,
where, as has been assumed and as the statistics here
considered indicate, the percentage of breadwinners
among women is normally smaller than in the cities.
The class which shows largest percentages and the
smallest difference between city and country is the
negro, a fact probably indicative of the comparative
poverty of the race in all communities and implying
the extensive employment of negro women as farm
laborers in agricultural districts and as domestic servants in
cities.
this comparison between
and country, as regards the number and propor-
Table xi introduces into
city
tion of breadwinners
among women,
a classification
by
age groups.
It is evident from this table that the excess in the
percentage of breadwinners in the city is most marked
among young women, gradually becoming less in older
age periods, and disappearing entirely in a comparison for women 65 years of age and over. One reason
may be that the cityward migration of women seeking
employment, which is undoubtedly a contributory
factor in making the proportion of breadwinners
higher in city than in country, is confined mostly to
single
women
in the
younger years of
life.
At the
noticeable that in the city the decline
in the percentage of breadwinners accompanying the
advance in age continues without interruption and is
same time
it is
comparatively rapid, while in the country it is interrupted at the age of 35, and there is no further decline
This
of any significance until the age of 65 is reached.
difference suggests that the occupations peculiar to
the country are such as may be more readily continued or taken up late in life. Now the principal occupations that are followed in the country and are also
practically unrepresented in the city are those connected with agriculture; and attention has been called
to the fact that the census shows a considerable number of women in middle life or advanced age who are
reported as farmers. These help to swell the percentage of breadwinners in the country in the older age
periods.
Table XI.
Number and percentage of breadwinners in the female
population 16 years of age and over living in cities having at least
50,000 inhabitants
classified
and in smaller
cities
and country
by age, for continental United States: 1900.
districts,
^
PROPORTION OF WOMEN AT WORK.
them probably being farmers' children working on the
home farm, give up this occupation as they grow
older; and on the other the extent to which
women
past middle life, especially those who are widows of
farmers, assum; the management of farms.
Table Xll.— Female population 16
years of age and over living in
of less than 50,000 inhabitants and in country districts, with
number and percentage engaged in agricultural pursuits and in all
cities
other occupations, for continental United States:
1900.
19
WOMEN AT WORK.
20
women the most noticefrom the fact that they are
the absence of any marked or
In the percentages for negro
able pecuHarity, apart
exceptionally large,
is
uniform decline with advancing years.
In old age, 65
and over, there is, it is true, a marked reduction, but
In the city, however, there
there is none before that.
is a slight decline in the normal period of early married life, 25 to 34 years, followed by an increase
thereafter.
—
Comparisons with earlier censuses. The number of
breadwinners among women in continental United
States,
reported
as
by the census, increased from
m
1880 to 4,833,630 in 1900, an increase in
2,353,988
twenty years of 2,479,642, or 105.3 per cent. In part
this increase
was the natural accompaniment
increase in population, but in part
increasing participation of
The
change
the percentage which the
tions.
latter
women
is
it
of the
represents the
in gainful occupa-
measured
women who
statistically
by
are breadwin-
ners form of the total number of women. The following tabular statement gives the percentages at the
censuses of 1880, 1890, and 1900, and for purposes of
comparison includes the corresponding figures for men
—
—
PROPORTION OF WOMEN AT WORK.
centage of breadwinners among women was practically
confined to the native white of native parentage and to
the negro. The more marked increase on the whole
was that shown by the native white of native parentage.
In 1890 the proportion of breadwinners among women
in this class of the population
was
12.4 per cent, or
approximately one in eight; in 1900 it was 14.5 per
cent, or more than one in seven.
The percentage for
the native white of foreign parentage shows practically
no change, while that for the foreign born white shows
a slight decrease, and that for the Indian and Mongolian a class which is numerically unimportant
shows a rather marked decrease. The exact nature
of the changes that are taking place will be more
apparent, Iiowever, when the classification by race and
nativity is combined with a classification by age, as in
Table xv.
—
Table XV.
Number and
percentage of breadwinners in the female
population 15 years of age and over, classified by age,
nativity for continental United States: 1900 and 1890.
,
race,
and
21
WOMEN AT WORK.
22
reached this same age period in 1900 the proportion of
breadwinners included in their ranks was 15.6. Thus
the younger generation was engaged in breadwinning
pursuits to a greater extent than the older was at the
same period of life; and in general the table shows
that each successive generation of women have taken
up gainful occupations to a greater extent than the
preceding generation did. The only notable exception
appears in the figures for the foreign born white in the
youngest age period these figures indicating that the
immigrant women who were born in the decade 1865
to 1875 and had migrated to this country prior to the
census of 1890 were employed in breadwinning pursuits to a greater extent when they were 15 to 24 years of
age than those of the next younger generation born
in the decade 1875 to 1885 and migrating to this country prior to 1900 were when they reached the same
—
—
—
period of life.
Recurring to the figures for the native white of foreign parentage it will be found that, although the
total as already noted shows no increase of any consequence in the percentage of breadwinners, each age
group taken separately shows a very considerable
This increase in the percentage for the
increase.
several age periods did not produce any appreciable
increase in the percentage for the total, simply because
the relative importance of the youngest age group
15 to 24 years in which the percentage of breadwinners is much the largest, declined very materially during the ten-year period, so that it had less influence
—
In 1890 it comprised
total in 1900 than in 1890.
almost one-half of the total number of women in this
class; in 1900, less than two-fifths.
In the case of the foreign born white the decline in
on the
the percentage for the total was accompanied and in
part caused by a decline in the percentage for the
youngest age group.
For the two other principal classes of population
the native white of native parentage and the negro
the percentage increased in every age period as well as
in the total.
Table xvi gives the proportion of breadwinners in
1890 and in 1900 for the female population 15 years of
age and over, classified by marital condition. The
increase in the percentage of breadwinners was most
marked for married women, the percentage for this
marital class being greater by almost one-fourth in 1900
than it was in 1890. In 1890, 1 married woman in 22
The percentages
1 in 18.
show a greater absolute increase,
but none show a greater relative increase. The increase
in the percentage of single women employed as breadwinners was confined to the native white population, the
foreign bom white and negro showing practically no
was
a breadwinner; in 1900,
for the other classes
change in this respect. On the other hand, the extent
which married women are engaged in breadwinning
to
pursuits increased in
all
classes of the population.
The
percentage of breadwinners among widows increased
in every class of the population except the foreign
born white.
Table XVI.
Number and percentage of breadioinners in the female
population 15 years of age and over, classified by race, nativity, and
marital condition, for the United Stales (area of enumeration) : 1900
and
1890.
PROPORTION OF WOMEN AT WORK.
23
female breadwinners reported in each ten-year age
period in 1900 with the number reported in the next
younger age period in 1890. Of course all persons
who were alive at the date of both censuses were just
ten years older at the later census than they were at
the preceding one. It is true that many of those who
were enumerated at the later census may not have
But the number reported as having a gainful occupation in 1900 was less than this by 108,662, being only
been enumerated at the earlier, but this applies chiefly
to the foreign born or immigrants, manj^ of whom
doubtless were not in this country at the date of the
mum
The value of the comparison, therefore,
not be seriously impaired by this circumstance if it
confined to the native population. For as regards
the native population, it may be assumed that nearly
everybody over 10 years of age enumerated in 1900
is
was
also
enumerated in 1890, being,
of course, just
ten years younger at the earlier census. In effect
this becomes a comparison of the figures for the same
generation at the beginning and the end of a decade.
The kind of comparison referred to consists in esti-
mating the decennial decrease in the ranks of the
breadwinners produced by death and emigration, on
the assumption that it would be the same for breadwinners as it is for the total female population in the
same age group, and then comparing the result with
the actual decrease, or possibly increase, as shown by
the Census enumeration. The difference is assumed
to represent the decrease or the increase resulting
from the adoption and abandonment of breadwinning
occupations during the ten-year interval. For example, there were 3,362,544 native white women of
native parentage between the ages of 15 and 24 in
1890, and 596,796 of these women were engaged in
In the ensuing ten years the
gainful occupations.
number of women in this group was, of course, reduced
by
some slight extent, perhaps, by
"When the census of 1900 was taken
living and still in this country were in the
deaths, and to
emigration.
those still
age period 25 to 34 years. The number of native white
women of native parentage enumerated in that age
period at that census was, in fact, 2,860,606, a reduction of 14.9 per cent compared with the number 15 to
This percentage represents
to 24 years of age in 1890.
approximately the decennial death rate in this class of
population. The same percentage of reduction in the
number engaged in occupations would have
507,710
represent
approxiassumed
to
1900.^
may
be
This
in
mately the number of women in this age class who had
an occupation
in 1890
and were
still
left
living in 1900:
'
To obtain this result the exact percentage was used, ttie fraction being expressed as a common fraction and not as a decimal.
it is
safe to conclude that at least 108,622
women
of native
parentage 15 to 24
years of age reported as gainfully employed at the
census of 1890 gave up their occupations before the
census of 1900 was taken. But this is only the mini-
ably
number.
The
much above
actual
this limit,
number was unquestionbecause the reduction in
the ranks of this group of breadwinners resulting from
the abandonment of occupations before 1900 would be
earlier census.
will
So
399,048.
of the native white
,
counterbalanced and covered up by the
new recruits taking up occupations after
1890. The difference— 108,622— obtained by the above
computation is therefore the net decrease resulting
from changes other than those caused by death,
and may be regarded as representing approximately
the number giving up an occupation over and above
the number adopting one in the interval between 1890
partially
addition of
and 1900.
The
results obtained
by making the computation
here described are presented in Table xvii, the computation having been made for each age group separately
two classes of the native white female
population and the figures for the total native white
obtained by adding these results.
In 1890 the number of native white women in continental United States 15 to 24 j'ears of age reported as
having a gainful occupation was 1,120,698. In the
ensuing ten years the group of breadwinners in this genin each of the
—
women was
reduced to 696,816 a reduction
from deaths is estimated at
149,609 and the net loss from the adoption and abandonment of occupations at 274,273, the latter representing 24.5 per cent, or almost one-fourth of the
women who had an occupation at the beginning of the
decade, and 28.2 per cent of the estimated number^ of those who had an occupation at the beginning of the decade and were still living at the end
eration of
of
of
423,882.
the
The
decade.
loss
Since
the
number
that
actually
gave up their breadwinning pursuits in the interval
must have been considerably in excess of this net
—
which, as already explained, represents
only the difference between the number giving up an
occupation and the number adopting one it seems a
reduction
—
very conservative conclusion that not less than onehalf of the native white women who were breadwinners
15 to 24 years of age in 1890 and were still living in 1900
had given up their gainful occupations in the interval.
^
Obtained by subtracting the estimated deaths from the reported
of breadwinners at the beginning of the decade.
number
WOMEN AT WORK.
24
THE NUMBER OF NATIVE WHITE FEMALE BREADWINNERS IN SPECIFIED AGE
PERIODS REPORTED AT CENSUSES OF 1890 AND 1900, WITH ESTIMATE OF THE DECREASE RESULTING FROM
DEATHS AND OF THE INCREASE OR DECREASE RESULTING FROM THE ADOPTION AND ABANDONMENT OF
OCCUPATIONS, FOR CONTINENTAL UNITED STATES.
Table XVII.— COMPARISON OF
FEMALE BREADWINNERS.
AGE PERIOD.
Number enumerated*
Increase (+) or decrease (-), 1890to 1900.
Estimated as resulting from
Adoption and aban1890
1900
1890
donment
1900
Deaths or
of
occu-
pation.
migration.
Number.
NATIVE "WHITE.
4>
years
years
years
years
years and over
25 to 34 years
35 to 44 years
45 to 54 years
55 to 64 years
65 years and over
years
years
years
years
years and over
25
35
45
55
65
to 34 years
to 44 years
to 54 years
to 64 years
years and over
years
years
years
years
years-and over
25
35
45
55
65
to 34 years
to 44 years
to 54 years
to 64 years
years and over
15 to 24
to 34
to 44
to 54
25
35
45
55
15 to 24
to 34
to 44
to 54
25
35
45
55
15 to 24
to 34
to 44
to 54
25
35
45
55
,120,698
,
Per cent,
:
FAMILY RELATIONSHIP.
—
four of these classes comprising the breadwinners
are either heads of families or are living with
who
—
which they lived
25
is
shown
in the following tabular
statement
mother, or other relative may be appropriately designated as the classes livuig at home in dis-
father,
tinction
from the boarders and those
living
female breadwinners 16 years of
age and over in
with
selected
employer. The fact should be noted, however, that
the boarders may not always be separated from their
relatives or other
members
of their family,
but may
boarding
represent cases in which an entire family is
together.
Such cases have not been segregated in this
tabulation. But an inspection of the schedules indicates
that they are comparatively few so that it may be
;
assumed that the great majority of the breadwinners
comprised in this class are what may be termed
keepers,
and nurses
live with their employers.
The tabulation here
described was
male breadwinners 16 years
of age
made
by the earthquake
total
;
Lowell,
number
of age
and over
which
is
a
Heads
of families
]\Iass.
;
The
list
includes
and Atlanta, Georgia.
breadwinners 16 years
was 1,232,268,
more than one-fourth of the total
living in these 27 cities
little
(4,833,630) in continental United States.
Their classification by relationship to the family in
number
11.9
26.3
433,567
3S.2
Includes those living with employer.
Of the total number
of
women comprised
in this tab-
more than one-third
(35.2 per
were returned as boarders, including those
boarding with their employer. More than one-fourth
were classified as living with father, which means that
thej^ were returned on the schedule as living in a family
the head of which was the father of the breadwinners,
ulation,
433,557, or
cent),
breadwinners returned as living with "other relative"
was, in fact, 66,368; but of course the "other relative" may not in all cases have been the husband.
In Table xviii the classification by family relationship is combined with a classification by race and
nativitv.
BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, OF FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE
OVER, CLASSIFIED BY RACE AND NATIVITY, FOR TWENTY-SEVEN SELECTED CITIES; 1900.
Table XVIII.— DISTRIBUTION,
FAMILY RELATIONSHIP.
Total
Living at
home
Heads
of families
Living with father
Living with mother
Living with other relative
Boarding '
12.2
14.5
so that this class natural]}^ includes those living in the
of 1906.
of female
64.8
902
323, 763
149, 770
178, 276
146,
Living with father
Living with mother
Living with other relative
1
798, 711
same household with father and mother as well as those
living with father alone.
The number living with
mother, which was about one-half of the number living
with father, represents the cases in which the mother
was returned as the head of the family. Probably in
the great maj ority of these cases the mother was a widow.
The "other relative" with whom 178,276 of these
breadwinners lived was in many instances the husband
of the breadwinner.
The total number of married
also four smaller cities, namely, Paterson, N. J.; Fall
The
1,232,268
home
for the fe-
The cities selected were
those in which there were the largest numbers of women
engaged in gainful occupations. The list includes all
cities having over 150,000 inhabitants in 1900 with the
exception of San Francisco, which was omitted because of the radical change of conditions produced in
Eiver, Mass.
Total
Living at
and over comprised
in the population of 27 cities.
that city
Per cent
distribution.
stated, breadwinners living with their
employers have been included with boarders. This
classification seems not inappropriate from an economic point of view, since the board in such cases constitutes a part of the breadwinner's compensation, so
that she may be regarded as a boarder paying for her
board by a part of the value of her services. Probably
few female breadwinners other than servants, house-
27
cities: 1900.
Number.
Boarding'
solitary boarders.
As already
FAMILY KELATIONSHIF.
AND
WOMEN AT WORK.
26
be remembered that more than one-fourth
of the total number of breadwinners included in this
Since a
classification were servants and waitresses.
lived
with
their
employers,
large proportion of these
and were therefore classified with the boarders, it is
evident that their inclusion in the totals increased
very much the relative importance of the boarder
group, and that the proportion of boarders among
breadwinners in any class of the population would be
determined to a considerable extent by the proportion
This is the exof servants comprised in that class.
planation of the large proportion of negro women in
this group (40.6 per cent) and foreign born whites
In many respects, the distribution
(49.2 per cent).
It should
when
whose position in
by
the nature of their occupation, are segregated from
the other breadwinners, as is done in the following
is
more
significant
this classification
tabular statement
is
servants,
to a large extent determined
FAMILY RELATIONSHIP.
27
BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, OF FEMALE BREADWINNERS ]6 YEARS OF AGE AND
OVER (EXCLUSIVE OF SERVANTS AND WAITRESSES), CLASSIFIED BY MARITAL CONDITION, RACE, AND
NATIVITY, FOR TWENTY-SEVEN SELECTED CITIES: 1900.
,
Table XIX.— DISTRIBUTION,
28
WOMEN AT WORK.
-
be able to support a widowed daughter
need her assistance than a widowed
or married *f a ther.
Therefore the widowed daughter
is more likely to become a breadwinner when her
mother is the only parent living than she is when her
less likely to
and more
father
is
likely to
living.
widows and divorced women who are
breadwinners are, however, heads of families, the number in this class constituting 64.4 per cent, or twothirds of the total number included in Table xix.
A
widow or single woman keeping a boarding house would
ordinarily be returned as head of a family even though
she had no relatives living with her. Of the breadwinners who were single, only 4.7 per cent were returned
as heads of families.
For negro women, however, the
percentage is much higher, being 16.9.
A married woman would not be classified as head of
the family if she was liAdng in the same household with
her husband. The fact then that 16.1 per cent of the
married women included in Table xix were returned
as heads of families means that at least that proportion
approximately 1 in 6 were living apart from
their husbands.
It can not be assumed, however,
that this includes all the married women living apart
from their husbands. For while the fact that a married woman is returned as living with father, that is,
in a family or household of which the head is her father
or perhaps her father-in-law, does not necessarily imply
separation from her husband any more than the fact
that she is returned as living with mother or as boarding, yet it is probable that a considerable number of
these married women were in fact living apart from
their husbands.
To what extent this separation implies
wife desertion or marital infelicity can not of course
be determined from the census returns, as the occupaMost
of the
—
tion of the
from
—
husband
may have
necessitated separation
his family.
Doubtless most of the married women living with
husbands and keeping house are comprised in
the class returned as living with "other relative."
This explains why the percentage living with "other
relative" is much larger for the married than for
any other marital class. It is smaller for the married
white women who are of native birth and native parentage than it is for any other class of married women,
while the percentage boarding is considerably larger
for them than for any other class, and the percentage
returned as "heads of families" slightly larger.
On the whole, then, the comparison here made suggests that a considerable proportion of the married
women who are breadwinners are living apart from their
husbands, and that the proportion is largest among
the married white women of native birth and parentage.
This would indicate that the adoption of a gainful
their
occupation by a married woman is more frequently
associated with a breaking up of the marriage relationship among the native white of native parentage
than in the other classes of population.
Table xx shows for each of the selected cities what
percentage of the total number of female breadwinners
(not including servants and waitresses) 16 years of
age and over in each class as defined by race, nativity,
and marital status were returned as boarders. The
cities are arranged in the order of rank as determined
by the percentage shown for the aggregate number.
The distinction of having the largest percentage
belongs to St. Paul, Minn., in which city, according to
the census returns, 33.6 per cent, or 1 in 3, of the total
number
of women' (other than servants) following
bread winning pursuits in. 1900 were boarding. In
this city the percentage for the single breadwinners
who are of native birth and parentage reaches 48.6,
representing almost one-half of the total number.
The next city in rank is Lowell, Mass., and the third
is Minneapolis, Minn.
It seems rather remarkable
that Lowell and Fall River both textile mill cities of
about, the same size and in the same state should be
so wide apart in rank, Lowell being, as just stated,
the second city in this list, while Fall River is the
nineteenth. Apparently the proportion of boarders
is affected by varying local conditions and customs,
and is not determined by any one feature alone such
as size, locality, or composition of population.
'It is evident, however, that in most of the populous metropolitan centers the proportion of boarders
among the women who are breadwinners is relatively
large, although not so large as it is in some of the
—
—
cities.
Boston is the fourth city in the percentage of boarders, ranking next to Minneapolis.
Philadelphia is the seventh city, but is outranked by
Kansas City, Mo., and Washington, D.' C. Chicago
The municipality comprised in
is the eighth city.
smaller
Manhattan and Bronx boroughs, and representing
what was formerly the city of New York, was eleventh
in rank, coming below Detroit, Mich., and Rochester,
N. Y., with a percentage of boarders not much smaller
than that for Philadelphia and Chicago, but much
less than that for Boston, Lowell, and the twin western cities of St. Paul and Minneapolis.
The borough of Brooklyn and Jersey City and
New-
what is practicallj' one
ark, which
area
having
Manhattan Island as
metropolitan
large
are outlying cities in
contain a comparatively small percentage
boarders
in the working female population, Jersey
of
coming
at the very foot of the list, while BrookCity
its center,
lyn
borough
sixth.
is
twenty-third and
Newark twenty-
9
9
.
OTHER BREADWINNERS
IN
THE FAMILY.
29
XX.—PERCENTAGE OF BOARDERS AMONG FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER
(EXCLUSIVE OF SERVANTS AND WAITRESSES), CLASSIFIED BY RACE, NATIVITY, AND MARITAL CONDITION,
Table
^
FOR EACH SELECTED CITY:
1900.
PERCENTAGE OF BOAKDEBS' AMONG FEMALE BREADWINNERS
16
YEARS OF AGE AND OVER (EXCLUSIVE OF SERVANTS AXD WAITRESSES).
Native white—
Foreign Ijorn white.
Both parents
St. Paul,
Minn
I
Lowell, Mass
Minneapolis. Minn
Boston, Mass
Kansas
City,
{
i
Mo
-...
Washington, D. C.
Philadelphia, Pa...
Chicago, 111
Detroit, Mieh
Rochester, N. Y.
New
.
Y<.
Yorli, N.
Indianapolis. Ind.
Providence, R. I..
Pittsburg, Pa
Buffalo, N.
Y
St. Louis,
Mo
_
Baltimore, M<1
Cleveland, )luo
Fall River, Mass
Milwaulcee, Wis
!
33.6
31.9
31.2
28.0
24.9
35.8
32.1
34.2
28.0
28.2
21.2
31.3
20.7
6
2K. 2
17.6
21.4
23.3
21.9
21.1
20.6
20.0
28.6
21.1
21.4
20.6
20.0
11.9
21.4
18.5
22.0
27.2
20.9
20.0
21.3
19 7
19.1
18.9
18.4
17.3
20.6
21.1
18.4
19.0
15.6
10.2
18.2
15.6
16.4
16.9
18.5
15.9
14.0
14.8
10.
15. 7
(
]
'
13.9
13.9
18.1
j
Louisville,
Ky
Atlanta, Ga
Broolclyn borough, X.
New
Orleans,
I
1
Y
La
Paterson, N. J
Newark, N.J
Cincinnati, Ohio
Jersey City, N. J
;
i
13. 5
15.1
12.
12.
8
12.6
20.0
12.8
16.5
12.6
12.1
11.7
10.8
12.5
12.0
12.2
10.6
28
2U. 7
18.5
23.
31.9
21.5
18.2
17.5
22.7
native.
One or both parents
foreign born.
WOMEN AT WORK.
30
BY NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, OF FEMALE BUEADYEARS OF AGE AND OVER (EXCLUSIVE OF SERVANTS AND WAITRESSES), CLASSIFIED BY
RACE, NATIVITY, AND MARITAL CONDITION, FOR TWENTY-SEVEN SELECTED CITIES: 1900.
Table XXI.— DISTRIBUTION,
WINNER8
16
OCCUPATIONS.
and one or more other persons dependent upon them;
and probably such an inference would be correct in
the great majority of cases.
Yet it should be remembered that it might not be true of all cases, since a
woman keeping a boarding house and having no relative living with her would be included in this group;
and so also would a woman keeping house by herself.
Of the single women included in this classification,
the kind of work in which they were engaged distinguishes 303 occupations. The complete classification
with the number of females 10 years of age and over
employed in each occupation may be found in the
Twelfth Census report on Occupations, Table 1, and
has not been reproduced in this report. Women are
represented in all but 9 of these occupations. Naturally
no women were reported as United States soldiers,
sailors, or marines; nor were any reported as firemen
(in fire department) as street car drivers (though 2 were
reported as motormen), as telegraph and telephone line-
29.8 per cent, or almost three-tenths, lived in families
which there were at least .3 other breadwinners,
in
the
number
living
in
this
class
of
,
being
families
the number in any other class. But
the single white women of native birth and
parentage the number hving in this class of families
men, as apprentices or helpers to roofers and slaters,
or as helpers to steam boiler makers or to brassworkers.
But the reader may note with interest, and.
perhaps with some surprise, that 5 women were employed as pilots; that on steam railroads 10 were
employed as baggagemen, 31 as brakemen, 7 as conductors, 45 as engineers and firemen, and 26 as switchmen, yardmen, and flagmen; that 6 women were
reported as ship carpenters, and 2 as roofers and slaters;
that as many as 185 were returned, as blacksmiths
and 508 as machinists; that 8 were boilermakers, 31
were charcoal, coke, and lime burners, and 11 were
well borers. Such figures as these have little sociological significance beyond indicating that there are
few kinds of work from which the female sex is absolutely debarred, either by nature or law or custom.
Of the 303 occupations distinguished in the Census
classification there were 79 in which the number of
females reported was less than 100, 59 in which it was
between 100 and 500, and 31 in which it was between
500 and 1,000. This leaves 125 occupations in which
over 1,000 females were employed, and of these occupations there are only 63 in which the number employed was over 5,000. In the analysis of the occupation returns by race, nativity, age, and marital
condition it was deemed advisable to consolidate
greater than
among
not quite so large as the number living in families
having only one other breadwinner. The contrast in
this respect between the native white women of native
parentage and the white women of foreign parentage
or foreign birth probably indicates a difference in the
average size of families. Large families would be apt
to comprise more breadwinners than small families, and
the families of immigrants are probal^ly larger on the
average than those of native white Americans. As
regards negro women who are single, it may be noted
is
number returned as being the
only breadwinners in the families in which they lived
represents an exceptionally large percentage (14.7) of
the total number.
Of the married women the largest proportion 44.7
per cent of the total number were living in families
in which there was only 1 other breadwinner, and it
may be assumed that in the majority of cases this
other breadwinner was the husband of the married
that for some reason, the
—
—
woman, although,
of course, there is the possibility
might be living apart from the husband
or that the latter might be an invalid or cripple returned as having no occupation, in which case the other
breadwinner would necessarily be some other relative
and probably in most instances a son or daughter.
Wliere the married woman was the only breadwinner
in the family it is probable that she was not living
with her husband. More than one- tenth, or 11.3 per
that the
^\^fe
cent, of the total
number
of
women who
married
were
breadwinners were in this class. Wlien there are 2 or
more than 2 other breadwinners in the family, the
number necessarily includes other relatives than the
husband, and probably includes one or more children
of the married
A
woman.
large proportion
—
33. S
per cent
and divorced women included
—
of the
widowed
in this tabulation were
the only breadwinners in the family.
The proportion
larger in this than in either of the other marital
classes, while the proportion having 2 other or more
than 2 other breadwinners in the family is considerably
is
much
smaller.
OCCUPATIONS.
In the reports of the Twelfth Census (1900) the
detailed classification of breadwinners with respect to
31
I
1
this detailed classification by using to a certain extent
groups or combinations of occupations. This was done
to avoid over-elaborate and voluminous detail and in
the belief that
more
many
of the distinctions
made
in the
were not sufficiently
significant and precise to justify extended anal^'sis.
The consolidated or shorter classification included 140
occupations or occupation groups; and in this report
the number has been further reduced to 47, by selecting only those in which more than 5,000 women, or
females 16 years of age and over, were employed.
These 47 occupations, or occupation groups, however,
account for 95 per cent of the total number of women
in continental United States reported as having a
gainful occupation.
Those employed in other occupations are included in the residuary, or "all other"
groups under the several main classes of occupations.
This classification by occupation of female breadwinners 16 years of age and over is presented in Table
XXII, which, for purposes of comparison, includes also
the number of male breadwinners.
detailed
classification
WOMEN AT WORK.
32
Table XXII.
Male and female breadwinners 16 years of age and over,
classified by occupation,
for continental United States
BREADWINNEES
16
:
1900.
YEARS OF AGE AND
OVER.
Per cent.
Pemale.
number
OCCUPATION.
Per
Per
cent
cent
distri-
distri-
bu-
bu-
tion.
tion.
Number.
All occupations
Male.
Female.
.
22, 489, 425
100.0
4.833,630
17.7
8,549,739
38.0
770,055
8.3
Agricultural laborers
Farmers, planters, and over-
2,900,026
seers
Ottier agricultural pursuits
5,367,169
282, 644
.
Professional service
0.1
94.6
97.9
5.4
2.1
music
(government)
Physicians and surgeons
Teachers and professors in
service.
keepers
Hotel keepers
Housekeepers and stewards
Janitors and sextons
Laborers (not specified)
Launderers and laundresses.
Nurses and midwives
Servants and waiters
Other domestic and personal
service
Trade and transportation.
—
62,010
8,119
7,387
1.1
0.2
0.2
43.1
90.6
94.4
66.9
9.4
5.6
0.5
1.8
327,200
11,223
0.2
26.6
97.3
73.4
2.7
36.8
1,963,467
40.4
63.2
124, 024
0.6
5,440
0.1
96.8
4.2
11,826
46,264
8,224
48,360
2, 393, 729
50,019
12,266
257,096
0.1
69, 455
0.2
0)
0.2
10.6
0.2
0.1
3.0
0.2
2,2
6.8
2.2
24.1
16.6
84.4
6.3
85.8
96.7
13.2
10.1
18.1
83.4
16.6
94.7
14.2
1.1
8,633
146,929
8,010
106,916
328, 935
108,691
,166,661
1.2
0.2
390, 363
1.8
14,997
0.3
96.4
443
IS. 5
481, 159
10.0
4, 163,
_.
0.2
0.3
0.6
39,453
78,488
3, 348,
.
19.5
44.3
'O.l
410,976
Barbers and hairdressers
Boarding and lodging house
80.6
66.7
12,860
118, 481
colleges, etc
0.1
0.2
0.1
0.1
124, 615
Other professional service.
6,661
10,907
13, 741
27, 483
Agents
Bookkeepers and
6.4
show-
men, etc
Artists and teachers of art .
Literary and scientific persons _
Musicians and teachers of
Domestic and personal
307,706
5,944
429, 497
826,096
Actors, professional
13.6
466, 405
23.9
1.3
159
229, 751
10,
89,9
81.9
10.4
4.4
468
account-
ants
Clerks and copyists
Merchants and dealers
179,817
.
writers
,
but in view of the fact that
comprises a number of rather diversified occupations,
it seems more appropriate to give the second rank to
the group of agricultural or farm laborers.
To one
;
it
unacquainted with occupation statistics it may seem
surprising that almost half a million (456,405) women
in continental United States were reported for this occupation.
The significance of the figures will be better
understood if it is pointed out that 442,006, or 96.8
per cent, of these farm laborers were reported from the
Southern states, or the South Atlantic and South Central divisions, and that 361,804, or 79.3 per cent, of the
total number were of the negro race.
Moreover, it appears that 277,727, or 60.9 per cent, of the total number were members of the farmer's family, representing
the wives and grown-up daughters assisting in the
on the hoine farm.
Next to these two leading occupations come 4 occupations not far apart in numerical importance, though
widely
repairers
The largest
85,086
1.8
23.3
76,7
21,980
0.6
70.2
29.8
16,687
0.3
99.1
0.9
1,199,452
24.8
49.6
60.5
as breadwinners are
81.8
18.4
73.2
37.4
76.7
18.2
81.6
26.8
62,6
23,3
aggregate
7.5.0
26.0
the textile mill operatives as constituting a single oc-
0.1
0.2
1,908,331
8.6
14,010
0.1
14,303
0.7
36, 490
14, 498
Glovemakers
Gold and silver workers
Paper and pulp mill operatives
Printers, lithographers,
employs 338,144 women,
farmer employs 307,706. It may be stated in this
connection that the farmers are not concentrated in
—
the South to the
same degree
.
Textile mill operatives
Carpet factory operatives
Cotton mill operatives.
Hosiery and knitting
mill operatives
Silk mill operatives
Woolen mdl operatives
Other textile mill operatives
Textile workers
.
.
Dressmakers
Seamstresses
tailoresses.
1
7,806
7,170
6,767
0.8
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.1
8,709
farm laborers and that
number
are white
women.
Three-fifths of the total
17.6
133, 515
13,882
231,696
0.6
9,721
104,783
(')
0.1
1.0
number
of
women
reported
found in these 6 leading occupations emplopng more than 300,000 women each, the
number in
For the purpose
the 6 occupations being 2,923,957.,
of
ranking
it
seems proper to treat
0.5
16, 363
6,946
231,468
0.3
89.7
0.1
4.8
60.0
10.3
33.3
50.0
cupation group, the different occupations included in
this total being very similar in their main character-
8,332
0.2
2.0
53.8
51.9
46.2
48,1
istics.
97, 181
lift.
7
is
10, 560
(')
19,090
39, 402
0.1
0.2
28,293
26, 432
27, 169
0.6
0.6
0.6
27.2
41.9
69.2
72.8
68.1
40.8
48,140
0.2
0.9
196, 707
(')
0.1
(')
{)
44,051
675,255
338, 144
7,049
82,936
138, 724
0.9
14.0
7.0
0.1
1.7
2.9
52.2
22.6
0,6
67,6
2,0
3,2
47.8
77.4
99.4
32.4
98.0
..
8,009
157, 166
8,634
(•)
27,788
61,671
19,043
0.6
1.3
0.4
22.4
71.9
30.9
77.6
29.1
69.1
0.7
()
20.9
Less than one-tpntii of
1
all
employment.
The
total
num-
women
reported as textile mill operatives
231,458 makes this the seventh occupation group in
numerical importance.
—
The occupation next
and stewardesses.
in rank is that of housekeepers
This comprised 146,929 women.
The housekeepers here
referred to are those working
housekeeping and housework done by
in their own homes not being included in the
69.1
for wages, the
138, 574
97.1
women
per cent.
represent factory industries, and there
in the other conditions of
37, 125
and
^,091,268
They
a general similarity also in the kind of work done and
ber of
cuff
Other textile workers
Tobacco and cigar factory
operatives
Other ma nufacturing
menhanical pursuits
0.1
14,
Milliners
makers
Tailors and
(')
2,042
704
1,696
4,557
Hat and cap makers
and
0.1
as
233,086, or 75.7 per cent, of the
and
pressmen
collar,
(')
26,062
Rubber factory operatives.
Shirt,
3,267
21,333
4,275
18, 937
and farmer.
—that of dressmaker
and the smallest —that of
of these occupations
4,3
31,0
24,1
51,692
164, 181
Boxmakers (paper)
Confectioners
are the occupa-
95.7
69.0
75.9
25,794
pursuits
They
difl'erent in character.
tions of dressmaker, laundress, teacher,
Manufacturing and mechanical
Bookbinders
Boot and shoe makers and
work
0.7
0.4
2.9
Other persons in trade and
transportation
in numerical importance
33, 826
17, 062
142, 266
Telegraph and telephone operators
If the breadwinners grouped as textile workers are
regarded as constituting a single occupation group,
that group would rank next to servants and waitresses
81,000
448, 652
37,882
Salesmen and saleswomen .
Stenographers and type-
group returned
28.8
13.3
3.4
0.2
2,0
627, 122
in this occupation
was 41,178.
71.2
86.7
72, 896
764, 602
women
1.6
1.7
0.8
2.3
(ex-
cept wholesale)
Packers and shippers
of
as waitresses
Agricultural pursuits.
Officials
—
Leading occwpations. In point of numbers by far
the most important occupation for women is that of
servant or waitress, the 1,165,561 women reported for
this occupation constituting nearly one-fourth (24.1
per cent) of the total number in all occupations. The
list
of gainful occupations.
—
OCCUPATIONS.
added to the occupation groups alreadj'
the group of saleswomen, comprising
142,265 women, and that of seamstresses, comprising
If there are
mentioned
138,724, the Ust includes the 10 leading occupations
women and
accounts for 3,583,333, or 74.1 per cent,
of women who are breadwinners.
Six of these are occupation groups in which women
predominate, greatly outnumbering the men. In the
for
of the total
number
group
of textile mill operatives the two sexes are represented in almost equal numbers. In the other three
groups comprising farmers, farm laborers, and sales-
—
men
—men are in the majority.
or saleswomen
The occupation group
women.
and midwives"
of "nurses
includes 108,691
It is probable that in the
enumerator's schedule the term "nurse" was in many
instances applied to women who were employed to
take care of young children and would more properly
have been returned as servants. In classifying the
returns the attempt was made to distinguish trained
nurses.
The number
tramed nurses was a
of
women
actually classified as
over 11,000, the remainder
being classified as "nurses (not specified)." It is not
improbable that many of the latter were likewise
trained nurses, but the returns were too indefinite for
little
positive conclusions.
The number
of
midwives
in-
cluded in this group was. 5,629.
A large number of women 106,916 were included
in the group designated as "laborers (not specified)."
—
—
This group consists principally of women living in cities
or town districts who were rettu-ned on the enumerator's schedule either as laborers without further specication, or as common, general, or day laborers, or under
some other designation which was either similarly indefinite or indicated
employment
as unskilled laborers
any of the occupations classified under agriculture, trade and transportation, or manufacturing and mechanical pursuits.
If the schedule related to an agricultural district, the
Bureau of the Census classified such returns as "agriin
work not
directly connected with
Therefore it is probable the numgroup include few farm laborers;
this
bers remaining in
and race composition the
distribution
but in territorial
labo?er
group, 79,997, or
farm
the
group resembles
cultural laborers."
about 75 per cent, of the total number of
women
being reported
classified
Atlantic
and South
(South
states
Southern
from the
per
or
cent,
65.6
of the
and
70,112,
divisions)
Central
as laborers
total
number being
12694—07
(not
negroes.
3
specified)
33
mentioned comwhich more than 100,000 women
were reported. There are 7 other occupation groups
in which the number of women was between 50,000 and
Alentioned in order of size, they are as fol100,000.
lows: Stenographers and typewriters (85,086), milliners (82,936), clerks and copyists (81,000), bookkeepers
and accountants (72,896), tailoresses (61,571), boarding and lodging house keepers (59,455), and musicians
and teachers of music (52,010). The 19 occupations
employing more than 50,000 women each, account for
The
12 occupation groups thus far
prise all those for
4,293,894, or 88.8 per cent, of the total number of
female breadwinners 16 years of age and over.
Race and nativity. In Table xxiii the per cent distribution by race and nativity is shown for the total
number of female breadwinners 16 years of age and
over in each of the principal occupations for women,
the occupations being given in the order of the rank
in percentage of native white women of native
—
parentage.
The occupations
in
which the native white women
prominence
of native parentage attain their greatest
most part those requiring special coiu-ses
any rate, a good general
education. At the head of the list is the group of
officials in government service, an occupation in which
75.5 per cent of the women employed are of this
Over three-fom'ths of the women in this
nativity.
occupation are ofiicials of the National Government.
are for the
of preparatory study, or at
They
are widely distributed throughout the country,
and probably most of them are postmistresses. The
"literary and scientific persons," who compose the
occupation group having the next largest percentage of
native white women of native parentage, include 3,122
Hbrarians and assistants and 2,614 women returned as
"authors and scientists," the remaining number
248 being chemists, assayists, and metalliu"gists.
There are in all 18 occupations in which more than
one-half of the total number of women are native white
of native parentage of these the two most important as
regards the number of women employed are teaching
and farming. The educational requirements explain
the high percentage of native white women of native
parentage in the occupation of teaching; while farming
is an occupation which has never appealed very strongly
to the immigrant, and accordingly is largely in the hands
of the native white or negro population, as is indicated
—
;
by
the race and nativity of the
ported in this occupation.
women who were
re-
WOMEN AT WORK.
34
CENT DISTRIBUTION,' BY RACE AND NATIVITY, OP FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF
AGE AND OVER, EMPLOYED IN EACH OF THE PRINCIPAL OCCUPATIONS FOR WOMEN, AND RANK OF EACH
OCCUPATION WITH RESPECT TO THE PER CENT COMPRISED IN SPECIFIED RACE AND NATIVITY CLASS,
FOR CONTINENTAL UNITED STATES; 1900.
Table XXIII.— PER
FEMALE BEEADWINNEES
16
YEARS OF AGE AND OVEE.
Per cent in the specified race and nativity class, and rank of occupation with respect to this per cent.
OCCUPATION.
Number.
Native white
both parents
native.
Percent.
All occupations
Officials
Literary and scientific persons
Artists and teacbers of art
Physicians and surgeons
Musicians and teachers of music
Teachers and professors in colleges,
etc.
.
Agents
Hotel keepers
Farmers, planters, and overseers
Glovemakers
Actresses, professional show-women, etc
Printers, lithographers, and presswomen.
Telegraph and telephone operators
Milliners
Boarding and lodging house keepers
Stenographers and typewriters
Housekeepers and stewardesses
Clerks and copyists
Bookkeepers and accountants
Dressmakers
Hosiery and knitting mill operatives
Seamstresses
Saleswomen
Shirt, collar, and cuff makers
Boot and shoe makers and repairers
Nurses and midwives
Cotton mill operatives
Packers and shippers
Hat and cap makers
Tol)aoco and cigar factory operatives
Silk mill operatives
Boxmakers (paper)
Bookbinders
Merchants and dealers (except wholesale)
Barbers and hairdressers
Confectioners
Paper and pulp mill operatives
Gold and silver workers
Servants and waitresses
Carpet factory operatives
Woolen mill operatives
Tailoresses
Laborers (not specified)
Agricultural laborers
Kubber factory operatives
Janitors and sextons
Laundress^
All other occupations
>
For numbers on which the percentages are based,
see Table 13,
page
Of the occupations classified under manufacturing
and mechanical pursuits, the one having the highest
percentage of native white women of native parentage
that of glovemakers. This is explained by the localization of the glove industry. A large part more than
one-half in 1900 of the glove product of the United
States was manufactured in Fulton county, New York.
Of the 7,170 women returned in the census of 1900 as
glovemakers, almost 5,000 (see Table 24, page 190) were
reported from the state of New York, and doubtless
most of these were residents of that county. Probably,
therefore, the composition of this occupation group
is determined largely by that of the population of
is
—
—
Foreign born
Negro, Indian,
white.
and Mongolian.
ents foreign
born.
Rank. Per cent.
Percent.
Rank.
833, 630
36.7
23.6
17.4
8,119
5,984
10,907
7,387
62,010
75.5
74.1
69.5
66.1
65.6
18.7
19.4
21.6
17.2
25.7
6.1
6.0
8.0
0.7
0.4
0.8
14.4
6.4
2.3
2.3
24
29
23
18
18
327,206
10, 468
8,633
307,706
7,170
63.5
63.4
69.1
58,3
66 4
27.0
21.6
17.8
63
4.2
2.6
2.0
24.3
0.7
16
20
6
24
6,661
15,353
21,980
82,936
59,465
55.1
29.8
37.1
39.1
34.7
16.5
15.3
7.2
6.2
10.6
3.8
0.6
14
28
54.6
54.5
53.4
0.1
241
6.1
42
37
12
85,086
146,929
81,000
72,896
338, 144
53.3
63.0
50.6
49.2
46.2
39.6
19.9
39.6
42.0
34.7
6.9
20.6
9.1
8.6
16.4
0.2
6.5
0.7
0.3
3.7
37
11
24
31
16
28,293
138,724
142,265
27,788
36,490
43.6
43.4
42.3
41.1
40.3
37.5
30.2
45.6
42.0
18.9
18.1
11.9
16.5
14.3
0.1
8.3
0.3
42
10
31
0.4
0.2
29
37
108, 691
40.3
36.1
36.7
35.3
34.3
17.9
20.9
48.7
42.4
27.0
24.6
97,181
17,052
7,049
37, 125
17.2
0.3
1.3
7
31
21
46
26,432
14,498
14,303
33,825
5,440
32.4
31.9
31.4
30.9
30.7
42.8
63.8
57.4
24.3
32.6
24.6
0.2
0.3
0.2
2.6
37
31
37
16
6
7,805
8,709
5,767
,165,561
8,332
29.7
29.4
27.9
26.2
26.0
45.2
44.8
52.5
19.2
43.8
24.3
25.6
19.6
27.6
30.2
27.0
0.1
27,169
61,571
106,916
456, 405
25.0
22.9
20.2
18.1
41.9
38.4
6.3
1.4
32.8
38.1
7.4
1.0
66.0
79.5
6,945
8,010
328,935
250, 419
18.1
16.8
12.7
34.1
50.6
23.9
8.7
38.7
31.4
48.6
13.0
23.1
4,
(government)
Native white
one or both par-
561
6.1
29.8
a
158.
12.5
21.2
11.4
14.1
0.2
42.7'
14.2
22.3
26.1
w12.5
14.1
11.0
42.1
18.4
Less than one-tenth of
18.3
0.9
0.3
0.3
0.7'
(=)
10.7
66.6
4.1
1
13
8
22
31
46
4
42
31
24
2
1
46
9
3
per cent.
Fulton county, which is mostly a population of native
Another manufacturing pursuit in which the
native white women of native parentage attain great,
prominence is the printing trade. The 15,35.3 women
stock.
reported as printers, lithographers, and presswomen
comprise over 9,000 compositors (including proof
readers)
of the
and over 5,000 printers and presswomen; and
total
number
of
women
in this occupation
group, 55.1 per cent are daughters of native American
parents.
The occupation is one that requires at least
a good public school education as well as some technical training.
The native white
of
foreign
parentage,
or
the
OCCUPATIONS.
daughters of white immigrants, attain their greatest
prominence in trades requiring some degree of technical skill but not much general education.
They
are also trades which are mostly confined to large
cities or to sections of the country in which a large
percentage of the population is of foreign bhth.
Bookbinding, an occupation in which 57.4 per cent
of the women employed are the daughters of immigrants,
is
centered in the large cities of the
This is also true of the paper box industry,
which ranks next in the percentage of female employees
country.
who
are of this nativity.
as gold
and
Most
of the
women reported
workers are employees in jewelry
manufactories, representing an industry which is
largely centered in New England.
The rubber factory industry is not concentrated in the large cities to
the same extent as these other industries, but like the
manufacture of jewelry is mostly restricted to the
three southern New England states Massachusetts,
silver
Connecticut, and
born population
Rhode
attains
Island
—
—where
the foreign
exceptional
prominence.
These 4 occupation groups are the only ones in which
a majority of the total number of women employed
are native white of foreign parentage.
Next in rank
as regards the importance of the percentage of native
white of foreign parentage comes the occupation of
packers and shippers, in which 48.7 per cent of the
women employed
are of this race
and
nativity.
More
important in point of numbers of women employed
than any of the occupations previously mentioned
in this
paragraph is the occupation of saleswomen. Of the 142,265 women reported in this occupation, 45.6 per cent were native white of foreign
parentage, which gives this occupation the sixth rank
A large proporin the percentage here considered.
tion of these saleswomen are doubtless employed in
the department stores of large cities. Of the women
—
reported as confectioners another occupation in
which the native daughters of foreign born parents
attain exceptional prominence 75.3 per cent were
employed in cities of over 50,000 inhabitants, this
being the largest percentage in cities of this size for
any occupation with three exceptions (see Table 23,
—
page 178).
It
may seem somewhat
surprising to find that the
occupation in which the foreign born white women
are most prominent is that of janitors and sextons.
As would be expected, very few of the women in this
occupation group were returned as sextons only 91
—
out of a total of 8,010. Most of the others we-jje returned as janitors or janitresses and probably in many
cases the designation was applied to women who were
regularly employed in sweeping and cleaning ofl&ce
buildings without having any administrative respon-
The occupation which ranks next in the
sibilities.
percentage of foreign born white women is that of
cotton mill operatives. It may seem rather remarkable
35
that an occupation having such a high rank in this
percentage should rank comparatively low in the percentage of native white whose parents were foreign
born. This contrast is mainly the result of conditions
New England states, where, according to the
Twelfth Census returns, the immigrant women in the
cotton mills outnumber the women who were bom in
this country but whose parents were immigrants by
very nearly 5 to 2. To a certain extent this reflects a
difference in the relative importance of the two classes
in the total population of that section of the country.
While in the country as a whole there were about as
many native white women of foreign parentage in
1900 as there were foreign born white women, in New
England the former were less than two-thirds as
numerous as the latter. This fact, however, would
not fully account for differences noted in the extent
to which the two classes are employed in the cotton
mills; and probably therefore the contrast indicates
a disposition on the part of the daughters of immigrants to take up other kinds of employment. The
occupation which ranks third in the percentage of
foreign bom white women is that of retail merchants
in the
and
Of the 33,825 women reported in
dealers.
this
per cent, were of this
14,254,
nativity.
Next in rank in this respect comes the
group of tailoresses, of whom 38.1 per cent were foreigners by birth.
This is an occupation concentrated
occupation,
or
—
cities
New York and Chicago alone
more than one-third of the total number
mostly in large
reporting
women
42.1
reported
as tailoresses.
In the Census
probably most of the women employed
in what are termed "sweat shop" industries appear
of
'
classification
either as tailoresses or as seamstresses.
But the latoccupation is more widely distributed throughout the country and is one in which the percentage of
ter
women
of foreign birth
The occupation
in
is
not exceptionally high.
which negro, Indian, and Mon-
golian women are represented by the largest percentage
of the total is that of agricultural laborer.
Nearly
per cent) of the total number of
occupation belong to these races.
Next in rank as regards the percentage for these
classes is the group of general laborers or "laborers
(not specified);" then comes the occupation of
laundress, and fourth that of servant or waitress.
The negro (including Indian and Mongolian) women
are also represented by high percentages in the occupation of farmer and in that of nurse or midwife; but
the only manufacturing or mechanical occupation in
four-fifths
(79.5
women
that
in
which they attain any prominence is that of cigar and
tobacco factory operative. While the breadwinners
of this race constitute 23.4 per cent of the total number of women reported as breadwinners, there are
only 5 occupations in which their percentage is greater
than that and only 9 in which it exceeds 10 per cent.
This of course indicates their restriction to a comparatively small number of pursuits.
WOMEN AT WORK.
36
Age.
for
—In Table
women
xxiv the 47
principal occupations
have been arranged in the order of rank
by the percentage which women 16
age form of the total number of women
as determined
to
in
24 years of
older
age
periods
occupation,
the
percentages
in
the
the
and the rank of the occupation as determined by
these percentages being likewise indicated.
The
figures here presented are those for the area of
enumeration, which includes the territories of Alaska
and Hawaii and the military and naval stations of the
United States. Therefore the numbers on which
the percentages are based differ to some extent from
those given in the preceding tables, which are confined to continental United States; but the difference is. not great enough to appreciably affect the
percentage.
XXIV.— PER CENT DISTRIBUTION,' BY AGE, OF FEMALE BREADWINNERS ]6 YEARS OF AGE AND. OVER
IN EACH OP THE PRINCIPAL OCCUPATIONS FOR WOMEN, AND RANK OF EACH OCCUPATION
WITH RESPECT TO PER CENT COMPRISED IN EACH AGE PERIOD, FOR THE UNITED STATES (AREA OF
ENUMERATION): 1900.
Table
EMPLOYED
FEMALE BEEADWINNEES
16
YEAES OF AGE AND OVEE.
Per cent in the specified age period, and rank of occupation with respect to this per cent.
OCCUPATION.
16 to 24 years of
25 to 34 years of
36 to 44 years of
46 to 54 years of
age.
Percent. Rank,
Per cent. Bank.
Percent. Rank.
Percent. Rank.
4,843,155
44.2
24,2
17,052
26,432
14,498
21,999
28,293
75.0
72.3
4.9
5.7
71.1
70.0
17.4
19.2
20.8
22.6
19.6
5,767
14,306
37,126
85, 126
142,290
67.5
64.9
63.8
63.2
62.3
22.0
24.3
20.6
30.6
26.6
7,5
6,9
9,8
7,810
8,709
81,023
61.7
61.7
60.3
60.0
59.3
16.6
22.4
28.3
22.4
10.6
10.3
7,6
9,8
8,7
27, 169
59.-0
27,788
6,946
72,928
7,049
58.7
57.6
57.4
55.6
25.0
24.2
30.2
32.4
26.0
10.4
10.8
9.1
7.8
11.3
458, 975
20.6
27.1
24.0
7,175
64.5
54.3
53.4
62.6
49.5
11.4
12,5
11,0
13,2
13.8
82,958
6,713
8,332
327, 636
52,028
49.4
48.8
48.4
46.4
43.3
27.8
24.9
34.8
33,3
13,0
10,1
12,4
11,7
14,4
139, 149
107,081
6,448
338,290
147, 103
42.7
39.2
38.0
32.6
28.2
25.4
22.2
30.7
30.6
21,5
15.6
16,7
17,3
20,9
18,3
10,913
8,126
108,978
6,989
329, 369
27.8
27.3
25.7
25.5
23.3
36,9
29,0
25,8
31,3
24,7
20,8
19,8
10,472
33,872
7,399
8,012
17.7
8.6
6.8
6.0
24,5
20,2
27.9
21.4
24.0
27,8
29.8
33,6
9.7
16.9
13.9
21.6
19.8
29.1
28.8
12.0
Boxmakers (paper)
Telegraph and telephone operators .
Hosiery and knitting mill operatives
.
Gold and silver workers
Bookbinders
Tobacco and cigar factory operatives..
Stenographers and typewriters
Saleswomen
Confectioners
Cotton mill operatives
Printers, lithographers, and presswomen.
Paper and pulp mill operatives
Clerks and copyists
97, 181
15, 361
Woolen mill operatives
Shirt, collar, and cuff makers .
Rubber factory
operatives
Bookkeepers and accountants
Hat and cap makers
Agricultural laborers
Boot and shoe makers and repairers.
Servants and waitresses
TaUoresses
36,490
1,
Glovemakers
Milliners
Actresses, professional
show-women,
etc.
Carpet factory operatives
Teachers and professors in colleges, etc...
Musicians and teachers of music
Seamstresses
Laborers (not specified)
Barbers and hairdressers
Dressmakers
Housekeepers and stewardesses
Artists and teachers of art
Officials (govenunent)
Nurses and midwives
Literary and
scientific
persons
Laundresses
Agents
Merchants and dealers (except wholesale)
Physicians and surgeons
Janitors and sextons
Farmers, planters, and overseers
Boarding and lodging house keepers.
Hotel keepers
All other occupations
166, 708
61, 612
7L2
307,788
59, 511
3.1
8,545
2.6
53.4
253, 642
,23.0
24,1
86.7
'
55 to 64 years of
age.
Percent.
5,3
All occupations
Packers and shippers
Silk null operatives
'
5.7
4.4
6.7
5,1
7.7
16.1
20.0
23.4
1,8
OCCUPATIONS.
numbers of women. Few occupations have shown a
more rapid increase in this respect, the number of
women 15 years of age and over reported as packers
and shippers being three times as great in 1900 as it
was in 1890. Recent growth is an important factor
also in explaining the large percentage of young
women among telegraph and telephone operators
and among stenographers and typewriters, the former
occupation ranking fourth in the percentage 16 to 24
years of age and the latter ninth. .The latter occupation ranks ninth also in the percentage 25 to 34 years
of age, but has a very low rank in the percentage for
older age periods. As time goes by, the numerical
preponderance of young women in these occupations
will probably become less marked.
Most
of the occupations carried
prise a large percentage of
on in factories com-
young women,
especially
the industry represented is one in which child
labor is extensively employed. This is illustrated by
the high percentage of women 16 to 24 years of age in
if
the
various
classes
of
textile
operatives
mill
and
among boxmakers (paper), gold and silver workers,
bookbinders, and tobacco and cigar factory operatives.
Glovemaking, on the other hand, is an industry
which is to a considerable extent carried on in the
homes of the workers, and this explains the fact that,
as compared with most other manufacturing pursuits,
it has a rather small percentage of young women and a
large percentage of women over 35.
Another factor of importance is the age at which
women usually enter the occupation, which in, turn
depends to a considerable extent upon the preparatory
training or study required for it.
Of the women
reported as physicians and surgeons, only a very small
percentage are under 25 years of age, while the percentage 35 to 44 years is larger than it is in any other
occupation employing more than 5,000 women except
For similar reasons the percentage of women
one.
25 to 34 years of age is exceptionally high among
actresses,
artists
and teachers
of
art,
teachers in
schools and colleges, musicians and teachers of music,
bookkeepers and accountants, and literary and scientific persons, these 6 occupations having the highest
rank in the percentage of women under 25 is comparatively low.
There are other occupations which require no special
preparatory training and are adopted principally by
women who are thrown upon their own resources in midSuch is the occupation of boarding house
dle life.
keeper, the allied occupation of hotel keeper, and the
occupation of retail merchant. Each of these occupations comprises a comparatively srr.all percentage of
women under 35 years of age, but ranks high in the percentages in each older age group. Farming an occupation which is likewise resorted to principally by women in middle life or advanced age has the highest
rank
in this percentage, while their
—
—
37
women 55 years of age and
over of any occupation shown in Table xxiv.
Those breadwinning pursuits which may be readily
carried on at home are naturally preferred by married
women and widows with families and accordingly
rank in the percentage of
comprise a rather large percentage of middle-aged or
women. The occupation of laundress comes
into this class and so perhaps does that of dressmaker.
At the same time the age distribution of the laundress
group is doubtless affected to a considerable extent by
the fact that it is one of the principal occupations for
negro women.
Marital condition.
Table xxv shows the per cent
elderly
—
distribution
of
by
marital condition of the total
women employed
number
in each specified occupation,
and
the rank of such occupation as regards the percentage
in each marital class, the occupations being arranged
in the order of
of single
rank as determined by the percentage
women.
The marital condition of any group is to a large
by the age composition of that
extent determined
An
women
occupation in which a large percentage of
are under 25 years of age will normally
comprise a large percentage of single women; and in
the majority of cases it will be found that the rank of
any occupation in the percentage of single women, as
shown in the above table, does not differ widely from
its rank in the percentage of women 16 to 24 years of
age, as shown in Table xxiv. For two occupations only
are both rankings identical; but there are 7 occupations for which the difference is only 1 12 for which it
is only 2, 5 for which it is only 3, and 3 for which it is
only 4. This leaves only 18 occupations out of 47 in
which the difference between the two rankings is 5 or
more.
If the rank of an occupation in the percentage of
single women is high as compared with its rank in
the percentage of women 16 to 24 years of age, this
fact indicates that the occupation comprises a relatively large number of single women above 25 years of
age and few, if any, married women below that age.
This is a condition which appears to obtain to a marked
degree among teachers an occupation group which
ranks sixth in the percentage of single women, but only
twenty-ninth in the percentage of women iinder 25.
group.
the
,
—
A
similar though less marked contrast between the
two rankings appears in the occupations of stenographers and typewriters, bookkeepers and accountants,
literary and scientific persons, musicians and teachers
of music, and artists and teachers of art.
On the other hand the fact that the rank of an occupation in the percentage of young women is much
higher than its rank in the percentage of single implies
that there are relatively fe^v single women over 25 in
that occupation and perhaps a good many married
women under
that age.
Occupations which come into
WOMEN AT WORK.
38
and shippers, silk mill operatives,
hosiery and knitting mill operatives, confectioners,
cotton mill operatives, tobacco and cigar factory
this class are packers
operatives,
glovemakers,
show-women,
actresses
agricultural laborers,
and professional
and laborers (not
specified)
XXV.—PER CENT DISTRIBUTION,' BY MARITAL CONDITION, OF FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF
AGE AND OVER EMPLOYED IN EACH OF THE PRINCIPAL OCCUPATIONS FOR WOMEN, AND RANK OF EACH
OCCUPATION WITH RESPECT TO PER CENT COMPRISED IN SPECIFIC MARITAL CLASS, FOR THE UNITED
Table
STATES (AREA OF ENUMERATION):
1900.
FEMALE BREADWINNERS
10
YEARS OF AGE AND OVER.
Per cent in the specified marital
and rank
class,
of occupation
with
respect to this -per cent.
OCCUPATION.
Number.
Single (including
Widowed.
unknown).
Per cent. Rank.
All occupations
Stenographers and typewriters
Bookkeepers andaccountants
Bookbinders
Telegraph and telephone operators
Boxmakers
(paper)
Teachers and professors in colleges, etc.
Packers and snippers
Gold and silver workers
.
Silk mill operatives
Saleswomen
Printers, lithographers,
Clerks
and presswomen.
and copyists
Hosiery and knitting mill operatives
Rubber factory operatives
Hat and capmakers
„
and cuff makers
Paper and pulp mill operatives
Boot and shoe makers and repairers
Woolen mill operatives
Musicians and teachers of music
Shirt, collar,
and teachers
65.0
16.0
85. 126
2.5
72,928
14,306
21,999
14, 498
94.9
92.9
92.8
92.7
92.5
327,635
17,052
5,767
26, 432
142, 290
92.2
91.0
90.3
90.2
90.2
4.5
5.0
6.4
6.3
5.4
2.9
15,361
81,023
28,293
6,945
7,049
89.7
87.4
86.4
84.2
6.2
5.2
3.2
4.5
4.0
8.!f
49
9.1
6.1
52,028
84.2
82.8
81.3
80.7
79.6
8.6
9.7
12.6
13.7
12.4
82,958
61, 612
6,989
1,166,708
10,913
7&5
77.8
77.7
76.7
75.8
27, 169
Servants and waitresses
Artists
4,843,155
27,788
8,709
36, 490
Milliners
Tailoresses
Literary arid scientific persons
of art
Carpet factory operatives
Rank. Per cent. Rank.
32
32
43
40
43
0.4
0.6
0.9
0.4
0.6
43
32
24
43
32
0.8
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.6
27
32
40
43
32
6.6
6.8
5.1
6.0
6.7
0.6
0.7
0.6
1.3
32
30
21
32
18
12.6
11.1
10.0
10.4
13.9
7.6
10.2
11.3
11.7
1.3
0.9
24
89
1.4
13.1
10.4
11.6
30
14
20.3
19.2
11.5
5.5
8.0
17.3
0.7
0.8
0.5
0.9
1.6
161
2.0
2.6
10
4.1
2.7
2.8
Confectioners
Cotton mill operatives
Tobacco and cigar factory operatives
Seamstresses
74.6
74.6
73.7
71.9
Dressmakers
Glovemakers
Barbers and hairdressers
Housekeepers and stewardesses
Officials (government)
338,290
7,175
8,448
147,103
8,126
68.5
61.4
60.2
59.4
59.1
14.6
30.3
22.0
12.3
21.2
Nurses and midwi ves
Actresses, professional show-women, etc.
Agricultural laborers . . . :
68.7
62.4
Physicians and surgeons
108,978
6,713
458,975
10, 472
7,399
12.7
38.4
39.2
20.9
31.9
Laborers (not specified)
Laundresses
Merchants and dealers (except wholesale)
Boarding and lodging house keepers
107,081
329,359
33, 872
69,611
41.7
28.8
24.6
14.1
Janitors and sextons
Hotel keepers
8,012
8,545
307,788
12.3
11.2
9.1
73.3
Farmers, planters, and overseers
All other occupations
253, 642
,
^
The
For numbers on which the percentages are based,
between the two classes of occupations here compared may not indicate that marriages
are less usual in one class than in the other, but more
probably results from the fact that in the one class
women are more apt to give up their occupation when
they marry than in the other.
The increase between 1890
Increase, 1890 to 1900.
difference
—
3.4
3.4
3.1
3.8
81
8,332
7,810
97,181
37, 126
139, 149
Agents
47.1
45.3
34
2&6
26.3
42.6
30.8
15.6
14.3
see Table 21,
page
Per cent.
0.6
0.6
0.4
0.5
0.4
4
2.8
4.3
48
Divorced.
2
7.3
15.3
25.8
18 3
'
27.0
6.4
12.0
28 6
20.2
27.1
34 8
1.1
1.0
1.2
11
22
6
6
16
1.6
2.8
0.8
3.4
14
4
27
3
5
1.9
2.4
43.5
1.7
3.8
1.9
1.0
2
11.4
24
14
1.8
1.0
1.8
64
27
40
2.5
2.5
1.4
46
56 6
73.4
18
22
20
16
40
11
1
13
2
170.
and 1900 in the number of women 15 years of age and
over employed in each of the principal occupations for
in Table xxvi.
As previously exnecessary in making comparisons with
the census of 1890 to extend the age limits so as to
this sex is
plained,
include
over.
it
all
shown
is
female breadwinners 15 years of age and
—
,.
.
OCCUPATIONS.
Table XXVI.
Increase in the number of female breadwinners 15
of age and over, classified by occupation, for the United States
{area of enumeration): 1900 and 1890.
xjears
39
crease of 305 per cent.
Next
in the
rank as regards
the percentage of increase comes the group compristhe miscellaneous occupations classified under
"other professional service." Here the increase was
The 11,282 women classified in
221.9 per cent.
this group in 1900 included 3,405 clergymen, 2,193
journalists, 1,037 architects, designers, draftsmen,
etc., and 1,010 lawyers.
Of clergymen of this sex
and age in 1890 there were 1,143; of journalists, 888;
ing
FEMALE BREADWINNERS 15 YEARS OF
AGE AND OVER.
Increase, 1890 to
OCCUPATION.
1900.
1890
Per
cent.
The
etc., 327; and of lawyers, 208.
other occupation groups in which the number of
women more than doubled are, in order of the perof architects,
AU occupations
5,007,069
Agricultural pursuits
Agricultural laborers
Fanners, planters, and overseers
Other agricultural pursuits
3,712,144
1,294,926
34.9
811
595, 134
497:
307:
363,554
226,427
5,153
216,610
134,332
81,361
917
36.4
36.9
35.9
17.8
e:
Professional service
311,241
119,525
38.4
4,491
10,775
2,764
34, 435
4,875
4,557
2,328
214
3,225
17, 822
3,251
2,842
51.8
2.0
116.7
51.8
66.7
62.4
327,
11
245,839
3,505
82,066
7,777
33.4
221.9
2,012,
1,590,187
421,853
5,
2,779
32,593
6,276
86,089
2,803
50,321
41,396
1,146,255
2,754
26,918
3,269
61,014
6,225
61,182
117,544
67,582
68,573
99.1
82.6
62.0
70.9
186.4
121.6
54.6
163.3
6.0
8,554
7,792
91.1
Actresses, professional show-women,
etc
Artists and teachers of art
Literary and scientific persons
Musicians and teachers of music
Officials
.
819
. .
(government)
Physicians and surgeons
Teachers and professors in colleges,
etc
Other professional service
Domestic and personal service.
Barbers and hairdressers
Boarding and lodging house Iteepers.
Hotel lieepers
Housekeepers and stewardesses
Janitors and sextons
Laborers (not specified)
Laundresses
Nurses and midwives
Servants and waitresses
Other domestic and personal serv-
59,
8,
147:
8
111
332,
108,
1,213,
ice
16,
Trade and transportation.
222, 553
Agents
10,
Boolclceepers
and accountants
and copyists
Merchants and dealers (except
73;
Clerics
83,
5,685
46, 214
20,909
25,284
6,147
8,724
12,526
146!
57, 171
89, 406
85!
22;
21,214
8,403
64,698
14,061
166.4
306.0
167.2
9,068
9,360
103.3
1,258,
993,029
266,364
26.7
11,271
32,948
12, 325
5,328
3,608
3,253
8,719
3,900
446
34.6
16.2
29.8
61.1
109.1
89.3
6.1
12,026
6,331
211, 112
10, 452
84,220
3,744
907
39,264
31.1
14.3
18.6
n,773
117.0
24.6
19, 321
19, 108
34,428
43,583
588, 277
290,308
6,652
60,653
143, 339
15,534
61,488
10, 403
25,853
11,787
10,092
5, 467
3,901
104,881
52,271
846
24,372
169
13,975
3,865
9,621
14, 472
61.0
62.8
115.9
9.0
17.8
18.0
12.9
40.2
71,978
78,649
109.3
34,
Packers and shippers
IS.
'.
Stenographers and typewriters
and telephone operators..
"Otner persons in trade and trans.Teiegrapla
portation
Manufacturing and mechanical pursuits
Bookbinders
Boot and shoe makers and
Boxmakers (paper)
repairers.
Confectioners
Glovemakers
Gold and silver workers
Paper and pulp mill operatives
Printers, lithographers, and press-
women
15,
Rubber factory operatives
7,
Textile miil operatives
Carpet factory operatives
Cotton mill operatives
Hosiery and knitting miil opera-
250,
8.
104,
31
tives
Silk miil operatives
Woolen mill operatives
Other textile mill operatives
Textile workers
29;
28:
47;
693,
Dressmakers
Hat and cap makers
342;
7,
Milliners
85!
Seamstresses
Shirt, collar,
143!
and
cufl
makers
29:
Tailoresses
65,
Other textile workers
Tobacco and cigar factory operatives
Other manufacturing and mechanical
1
20:
40,
pursuits
2
Decrease.
The percentages
117.1
167.4
33.3
4,853
27,606
62,817
wholesale)
Saleswomen
215, 121
Less than one-tenth of
of increase
6,'337
3,667
3,268
3,9,35
2,906
20,724
1
1
«
90.0
6.3
92.5
66.0
dif-
The largest percentage is
that for stenographers and typewriters an occupation in which there were more than four times as
many women in 1900 as in 1890, representing an inferent occupation groups.
—
of
increase,
In all, then, there are 14 occupation groups in
which the number of women increased between 1890
and 1900 by more than 100 per cent, although the
increase during that interval in the total
number
of
women employed in all occupations was only 34.9 per
Many of these groups repi'esent occupations of
cent.
a relatively high grade requiring a good degree of inand education, and commanding better
telligence
per cent.
vary widely in the
the following: Packers and
and sextons, bookkeepers and accountants, telegraph and telephone operators, nurses
and midwives, saleswomen, laborers (not specified),
agents, literary and scientific persons, and glovemakers. The two miscellaneous groups "other persons in trade and transportation" and "other manufacturing and mechanical pursuits" also come in this
class.
The fact that three of the residuary groups are
included in this list implies perhaps an increasing
diversity of occupations for women.
centage
shippers, janitors
wages than can be obtained from factory labor or in
other pursuits demanding only physical strength and
ordinary intelligence. The only occupation group in
this list which represents a distinctly low grade of
labor
To a
is
that designated as "laborers (not specified)."
certain extent the classification
under
this desig-
nation represents a failure to secure explicit information.
It is not probable, however, that any of the
breadwinners returned as laborers without specification
of the kind of labor belonged in the skilled trades or
the occupations requiring special education and training.
But
it
may be
that
specific the large increase
if
the returns had been
shown
for this
more
group would
among other allied groups.
As pointed out in another connection, the large increase in the number of saleswomen probably is due
in part to an improvement in classification, by which
saleswomen in 1900 were more carefully distinguished
from clerks and copyists than was the case in 1890.
Some of the other differences in the growth and reladisappear, being distributed
tive importance of different occupations may be influenced by similar factors. In general, there is probably
some differentiation of occupations in progress, or a
tendency toward specialization, which affects the
classification and designations both in popular usage
and in census returns. For example, the occupation
WOMEN AT WORK.
40'
and stewardess, which shows a rather
is probably to some extent a differentiation or offshoot from the more comprehensive group of servants and waitresses, for which
of housekeeper
tries;
large percentage of increase,
number
the percentage of increase is small.
The only occupation groups showing decreases are
those of "carpet factory operatives," "woolen mill
decrease
operatives,"
and "seamstresses." The first two debe assumed to represent an actual decline
creases
may
in the
employment
of
women
In the following pages detailed statistics of women
work are presented for a few selected occupations.
To have discussed in equal detail all the occupations
in which considerable numbers of women were employed was obviously impracticable, and it is quite
probable that some of the occupations that are not
included have as good a claim to consideration as some
of those that are.
But the selection was determined
partly with reference to the importance of the occupation as
of
women employed
in
its
typical character.
measured by the number
and partly with reference to
represented by servants and laundresses; the needle trades, by seamstresses and dressmakers; the factory industries, by textile mill operis
commercial pursuits, by saleswomen; clerical
by clerks and copyists, and by typewriters and
stenographers; the professions, by teachers; and agriculture, by farmers.
atives;
service,
SERVANTS AND WAITRESSES.
The
total
number
of
male and female servants and
waiters in continental United States reported
was
T'welfth Census
1,560,721.
tions in the Census classification
—one
by the
Only three occupawere of greater numer-
being that of farmers, another
and the third that of general
specified)" comprising peror
"laborers
(hot
laborers
sons reported as laborers without specification of the
ical
importance
that of
farm
laborers,
kind of labor performed.
Importance as an occupation for women. The occupation of servant is of much greater importance for
women than for men. In fact, the number of women
in continental United States 16 years of age and over
who, according to the Twelfth Census, were employed
as servants or waitresses (1,165,561) far exceeds the
number reported in any other occupation and represents 24.1 per cent, or almost one-fourth, of the total
number in all occupations. On the other hand,
the number of men 16 years of age and over employed as servants or waiters represents only 1.1
—
per cent of the total
pations.
A
sex and age
statement
number employed
classification of servants
is
come
in the general class desigfiated as
FOR SELECTED OCCUPATIONS.
at
Domestic service
all
"manufacturing and mechanical pursuits," and it may
be noted the range of the percentages of increase is on
the whole lower for the occupations classed under this
main head than for the other occupations.
in the specified indus-
STATISTICS
it
but the significance of the decrease in the
of seamstresses is not altogether certain, because this designation does not stand for a very
clearly defined occupation. These 3 groups showing a
in all occu-
and waiters by
presented in the following tabular
'
—
.
SERVANTS AND WAITRESSES.
Of the total number of servants and waiters, 93.1
per cent were returned as servants and 6.9 per cent as
waiters.
It is evident that the occupation of waiters
relatively of
much
less
importance for
41
per cent of the boys being negroes as compared with
27.3 per cent of the girls.
is
women than for
men.
Of the women, or females 16 years of age and
over, in this occupation group, only 3.5 per cent were
Table XXVII.
and
men in this group, 24.4 per cent were waiters.
In the occupation of waiters men outnumber women
in the ratio of 3 to 2 but in the occupation of servants
there are approximately six women to every man.
Race and nativity. In the following tabular statement the women employed as servants and waitresses
age,
1900.
waitresses, all the rest, representing 96.5 per cent of
the total number, being returned as servants. But
of the
and nativity, of servants and
for continental United States:
Distribution, by race
waiters, classified by sex
SERVANTS AND WAITERS.
Men
race and nativity.
Aggregate.
;
16
years
oJage
and
over.
Women
16 years
of age
and over.
Children 10 to 15 years
of age.
Total.
Boys.
Girls
138,065
19,863
118, 202
—
are classified
by
All classes
race and nativity:
ents native
WOMEN 16 YEARS OF AGE
AND OVER EMPLOYED
AND
AS
SERVANTS
WAITRESSES, FOR CONTINENTAL
UNITED
states:
RACE AND NATIVITY.
1,560,721
257,095 1,165,561
Native white—both par402,188
—
Native white one , or
both parents foreign
born
Foreign born white
Negro
Indian and Mongolian
.
.
283,250
392, 439
465, 734
17,
110
46,311
305,883
27,034
58,815
223, 327
109, 417
15, 518
322.062
313,078
1,211
44,306
32,889
11,562
43, 239
381
2,270
761
10,944
200
1900.
PER CENT DISTRIBUTION.
Per cent
distribution.
1
All classes
.-
—
—
Native white both parents native
Native white one or both parents foreign born
Foreign bom white
Negro
Indian and Mongolian
i.ies.-wi
100.0
305,883
26.2
19.2
27.6
26.9
0.1
223,.327
322, 062
313, 078
1,211
evident that no one class greatly predominates
Native white women of native
parentage are almost as numerous as foreign born
The foreign born
white women or negro women.
white servants, however, constitute the largest class.
Next in point of number comes the negro, a class
It
is
in this occupation.
almost as large as the foreign born white. The native
white servants whose parents were foreign born constitute the smallest class, with the exception of the
Indian and Mongolian, whose numbers are comparatively insignificant.
Table xxvii gives for purposes of comparison the
race and nativity of men, women, and children employed as servants and waiters.
Of the women employed as servants, 73 per cent
were white. But of the men reported in this occupahardly more than one-half (51.4 per cent) were of
the white race the remainder were negroes, Indians,
Very few, however, were Indians, the
or Mongolians.
total number of male Indian servants and waiters
Therefore
10 years of age and over being only 131.
given
Mongolians
in the
the total for Indians and
tion,
;
above table consists almost entirely of MongoUans, or
Chinese and Japanese. Among child servants there is
a similar contrast between the sexes as regards the
proportions in which the races are represented, 55.1
All classes
30,619
10,801
32,295
181
[2
:able
WOMEN AT WORK.
XXVIII.— DISTKIBUTION, by BACE and nativity, op women 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER EMPLOYED
AS SERVANTS AND WAITRESSES, FOR STATES AND TERRITORIES: 1900.
:
SERVANTS AND WAITRESSES.
43
In the South most of the female servants are neNorth foreign born whites are represented by large numbers in this occupation. But the
most
groes; in the
Central states except North Dakota,
relative numerical importance of immigrants as servants is not as great as it is perhaps generally believed
state of Pennsylvania.
to be.
The
foreign
bom
greatest prominence in
white servants attain their
some
of the
North Atlantic
In Massachusetts 69 per cent of the female
servants 16 years of age and over are white women of
foreign birth.
Next comes Rhode Island, in which
the percentage is 63.7. In Connecticut it is 57.8 and
in New York 53.6.
North Dakota is the only other
state in which the white immigrants represent more
than one-half of the total number of adult female servants of the age here considered.
On the other hand, there are 8 states and territories in
which a majority of the adult female servants are native white born of native parents.
These states and
territories represent widely separated sections of the
United States and diverse economic and social condistates.
tions.
Two
of
them
and Vermont.
are
Another
New England
is
West
states
—Maine
Virginia, where the
percentage of native white servants of native parentage
reaches a maximum, being 72.2. The other states and
Kansas, Indian Territory, Oklahoma, and New Mexico.
These states and
territories contain no very large cities and in all of
them more than half the total population live in rural
districts or in places having less than 2,500 inhabitants.
This is probably one reason for the predominance in
these states of female white servants of native birth
and parentage, the population of foreign birth or parentage being mostly an urban population.
In 10 other states the native white of native parentage, although not constituting a majority of all the
female servants 1 6 years of age and over, form the largest
territories in this list are Indiana,
of the four race
and nativity
classes distinguished in
Table xxviii. These states and the percentages which
the native white of native parentage form of the total
number of women employed
as servants are as follows
Oregon (49.9), Ohio (48.2), New Hampshire (45.2),
Idaho (44.2), Pennsylvania (41.1), Missouri (40.8),
Wyoming (40.7), Washington (40.2), Colorado (34),
and Arizona (30.2).
The native white
servants, including those of for-
eign as well as native parentage, constitute a majority
of all the female servants 16 years of age and over in
states outside the South, including all the
states, the three
northern
North
the Western
all
New England states,
and the
In the South Atlantic and South Central divisions
the negro servant predominates, about three-fourths
women employed
as servants and waitresses beIn 4 Southern states South CaroGeorgia, Alabama, and Mississippi— over 90 per
of the
—
ing of that race.
lina,
cent are negroes.
In Table xxix the classification by race and nativity
presented separately for women servants employed
in cities having at least 50,000 inhabitants and for
those employed in smaller cities and country districts.
The comparison indicates in a general way the difference between city and country, although not all
the population living in the smaller cities and counis
try districts
is
distinctively rural.
The
difference as
regards the composition of the servant class consists
principally in the greater relative importance of the
foreign born white servant in the larger cities,
and
of
the native white servant of native parentage in the
smaller cities and country districts.
In the larger
per cent of the total number of women servants are white immigrants and only 12.6 per cent are
cities 45.3
native white of native parentage; in the smaller cities
and country districts, on the'other hand, the percent-
age for the former class
only 17.2, while that for
is apparent
in the comparison for each of the geographic divisions.
The foreign born white servants attain their greatest
relative importance in the larger cities of New England, where they constitute 71.7 per cent of the total
is
A
the latter rises to 34.3.
similar contrast
number of women servants; the percentage of native
white servants of native parentage is highest (45.8) in
the smaller cities and country districts of the Eastern
North Central division, but is only a little higher there
than it is in the corresponding portion of the Southern
North Atlantic
division.
In the totals for continental United States the percentage of native white servants of foreign parentage
is
the same in the larger cities as
it is
in the smaller
and country districts, being in each class of
communities 19.2; while the two percentages are not
similarly, identical in any of the geographic divisions,
cities
the
differences
marked.
that
appear
are
usually not
very
WOMEN AT WORK.
44
XXIX.— DISTBIBUTION, BY RACE AND NATIVITY, OF WOMEN 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER EMPLOYED AS
SERVANTS AND WAITRESSES IN CITIES HAVINfi AT LEAST 50,000 INHABITANTS AND IN SMALLER CITIES AND
COUNTRY DISTRICTS, FOR GEOGRAPHIC DIVISIONS: 1900.
Table
—
SERVANTS AND WAITRESSES.
For the
total population the proportion
is
496 per
10,000, or approximately 5 (4.96) per cent.
In other
words, 1 woman in every 20 is a servant or waitress.
The proportion
varies widely in the different race
and nativity
classes.
The negroes
are
For the native white born of
native parents it is 252 per 10,000, which is very
nearly equivalent to 1 woman in every 40. In proportion to their number this class contributes fewer
servants than any other of the four main classes.
the class in which the proportion
in this occupation' is largest.
16 years of age and over 12
per cent (1,208 per 10,000), or almost one-eighth,
are servants.
It is noticeable and significant that
women employed
Of the negro women
of
the ratio for white women whose parents were immigrants (521 per 10,000) is considerably smaller than
that for white women who are themselves immigrants
(731 per 10,000). Apparently the second generation
in our population of foreign origin is more averse to
domestic service than their parents were; or perhaps
it would be more correct to say that they are better
qualified to enter other occupations and therefore have
a wider choice in making their selection, and that
at the same time they are as a class in a better
economic position and therefore under less necessity of
taking up breadwinning pursuits.
Table XXX.
Number and proportion of servants and waitresses in
female population 16 years of age and over, living in cities having at
least
50,000 inhabitants and in smaller
classified by race
and
cities
and country
districts,
nativity, for continental United States: 1900.
45
WOMEN AT WORK.
46
Of foreign born white women who are breadwinners,
and waitresses. This is the
highest percentage shown in the above table.
Of the
38.3 per cent are servants
number of negro women who are breadwinners
only 28 per cent are servants and waitresses. But here
again the difference is one of environment rather than
of race, the negro population being to a large extent
rural, while the foreign born white are concentrated in
cities.
Therefore in determining the influence of race
and nativity more significant results may be obtained
by a comparison restricted to city population such as
is presented in the first three columns of Table xxxii.
total
Table XXXII.
among female
cities
Number and percentage of servants and waitresses
breadwinners 16 years of age and over, living in
having at least 50,000 inhabitants and in smaller cities and
country
districts, classified
United States: 1900.
by race and nativity, for continental
Table xxxii brings out the fact that 51.1 per cent
women living in cities of over 50,000 inhabitants and engaged in gainful occupation are servants or waitresses, while the corresponding percentage
for the foreign bom white women is but 39.7, being only
a little higher than it was in Table xxxi, which gave totals for continental United States.
It appears, therefore, that in the larger cities one-half of the negro
women seeking employment and two-fifths of the white
immigrant women enter domestic service. The proportion for the native white women is much smaller,
being only 13.1 per cent for those of native parentage
and 14.9 per cent for those whose parents were immigrants.
Considerable significance may be attached to
the fact that the difference between these two percentages is small, because it would seem to indicate
that the children of immigrants if bom and educated in
this country are hardly more willing to become servants when seekmg employment than are the children
of native Americans.
This similarity between the two
classes of breadwinners living in the larger cities is,
however, not apparent in all parts of the United
It obtains only in the North Atlantic states.
States.
In the largest cities of the other main geographic
divisions the percentage of breadwinners who are
servants is somewhat higher among the native white
women of foreign parentage than anaong those of native
parentage, as will be seen by reference to Table xxxiii,
in which the percentages are given for each main and
minor geographic division.
of all negro
Table XXXIII.— PERCENTAGE OF SERVANTS AND WAITRESSES AMONG FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF
AGE AND OVER IN CITIES HAVING AT LEAST 50,000 INHABITANTS AND IN SMALLER CITIES AND COUNTRY DISTRICTS, CLASSIFIED BY RACE AND NATIVITY, FOR GEOGRAPHIC DIVISIONS: 1900.
—
.
.
SERVANTS AND WAITRESSES.
The relative importance of domestic service as an
occupation for women in the larger cities of different
sections of the United States is indicated by the percentages presented in the first column of Table xxxiii.
The importance of this occupation is least in New
England
where only 21 per cent of all the
are breadwinners are servants or wait-
cities,
women who
This means probably not that there is less
demand for servants in that part of the country than
elsewhere, but that there are more opportunities for
women to obtain employment in other pursuits. In
the Western South Central states the corresponding
percentage is 32.6, representing nearly one-third of all
the women who are breadwinners. In general, the
occupation is of less importance in the cities of the
resses.
North Atlantic, North Central, and Western states
than in those of the Southern states.
For the smaller cities and country districts the comparison by geographic divisions shows a wider variation in the percentage which servants and waitresses
formed of the total number of women employed as
breadwinners. The extremes appear in two adjacent
geographic divisions, the maximum percentage, 32,
being that for the Northern South Atlantic division and
the minimum, 13.4, that for the Southern South
Atlantic.
It is evident that in the former division
the conditions resemble those in the North, where, as
compared with the South, the percentages here considered are, in general, high. The percentages are
affected by a diversity of influences not always easy
But it may be noted that
to determine or measure.
outside the larger cities the principal occupations
which rival domestic service in the employment of
women are those connected with the factory and the
farm.
47
ber of adult female breadwinners is almost invariably higher and usually much higher for the foreign
born white than for either class of native white, and sim-
—
—
percentage for the negro is almost without
exception higher than that for the foreign born white.
There is no such uniform relationship between the per-
ilarly the
centages for the two classes of native white women.
Usually the higher percentage is that for the natii*
white of foreign parentage. But in the smaller cities
and country districts of the North and South Atlantic
minor divisions the difference is the other way; and,
as already remarked, in the larger cities of the North
Atlantic divisions the two percentages are almost
exactly the same.
For each class of native white women the percentage
of servants in the total number of breadwinners is
generally higher in the smaller cities and country districts than in the larger cities of the same geographic
division.
For the foreign born white and the negro
the higher percentage as a rule is that for the large
cities.
—
Parentage. Table xxxiv classifies the female breadwinners 10 years of age and over with respect to the
birthplace of their parents, and gives the number and
percentage of servants and waitresses in each specified class.
Table XXXIV. Number and percentage of servants and waitresses
among female breadwinners 10 years of age and over, classified by
nativity of parents, for continental United States: 1900.
FEMALE BEEADWINNEES 10 YEAES
OF AGE AND OVER.
PAKENTAGE.
Servants and waitresses.
In the Southern South Atlantic states large
numbers of white women are employed in the cotton
nulls, which are mostly located in small towns or villages, and large numbers of women, both white and
In the North the mill
negro, are employed on farms.
industries are concentrated to a greater extent in cities
of over 50,000 inhabitants and women are not employed so generally in farm work. This is one reason,
doubtless,
why the
servants' occupation in the country
small towns attains greater importance in the
and
North than
Another reason is found
two sections as regards
the
between
in the difference
the large cities. In
outside
servants
the demand for
particularly in the
South
of
the
the rural districts
there are combelt
black
the
as
designated
section
servants.
The conemploying
amihes
f
few
paratively
regards
the
demand
as
South
and
North
trast between
the
great
in
larger
not
so
probably
is
for servants
country
districts.
and
cities
smaller
the
in
it
is
cities as
A comparison by race and nativity for the several
geographic divisions brings out the fact that both in
the larger cities and in the smaller cities and country
in the South.
—
districts the
—
percentage of servants in the total
num-
Number.
All classes
5,319,397
1,283,763
24.1
Native parentage.
3,247,907
693, 679
21.4
Native white.
1,926,637
1,321,270
350, 189
343, 490
18.2
26.0
2,071,490
590,084
28.,
All other.
Foreign parentage.
Austria
Bohemia....-
25, 590
25,719
Canada (English)
Canada (French)
102, 181
78, 979
Denmark
15,580
158,912
21,164
538, 192
England and Wales.
France
Germany
Hungary
14,
Ireland
Italy
Norway
Poland
Russia
Scotland
40,816
46, 173
81, 148
Sweden
Switzerland
15, 125
47,689
112,827
other countries.
Mixed foreign parentage.
For the purposes
visable
to
631
634, 201
26, 093
47, 934
38, 536
make
of this report it
this
8,909
6,316
27, 521
8,092
6,867
708
4,719
160,939
6,087
195,000
2,386
22, 519
8,815
5,853
9,616
45, 794
4,646
14,400
22,997
28,
34.8
24.6
26.9
10.3
44.1
18.1
22.3
29.9
41.6
30.8
9.2
47.0
22.9
14.3
20.6
56.4
30.7
30.2
20.4
was deemed inad-
tabulation fpr
adult female
breadwinners 16 years of age and over, since the
figures for breadwinners 10 years of age and over
could be easily derived from the Twelfth Census report
on Occupations, and are probably equally significant
WOMEN AT WORK.
48
in
showing comparatively the extent to which the
of the different parent nativities engage in the
are
The term "foreign parentage,"
means
as here used,
which are represented by a much larger percentage of servants in the total number of female
breadwinners. The highest percentage is that for
Sweden. Of the female breadwinners representing
this country, 56.4 per cent, or more than one-half are
servants and waitresses. The next highest percentage
the term "native parentage," that both parents
in the United States, or that one was born
bom
in the
United States, the birthplace
The
unknown.
of the other being
,
specified foreign countries indicate the
birthplace of both parents or of one parent where the
is
other was born in the United States.
is
Mixed foreign
which the father and
less
tries
that one or both parents were born in foreign coun-
were
much
of
specified occupation.
tries,
The other countries are
importance, so far as actual numbers
concerned. But there are several other coun-
the next largest number.
women
'
'
parentage" includes the cases in
mother were born in different foreign countries.
Naturally most persons of native parentage were
natives oi the United States, but a few were of foreign
birth.
On the other hand, a large proportion of the
children of foreign born parents were themselves forThe population of native parentage other
eign born.
than the native white consists mostly of negroes; but
that for the sister country of Norway, and the next
that for Denmark. In proportion to its importance
the immigration from these Scandinavian countries
contributed more female servants than that from other
Noticeably low are the percentages
for the Italians, the Canadian French, and the Russians.
parts of Europe.
The
probably for the most part Russian Jews.
last are
It is evident that the
women
of these nationalities are
lation of foreign parentage, Ireland ranks first in the
not attracted by domestic service. The Canadian
French prefer the textile mills, and the Russian Jews
and the Italians the sweat shops.
Age. The age distribution of women employed as
servants "is shown in Table xxxv.
Rather more
than one-half 53.4 per cent of the total number 16
years of age and over are under 25, or 16 to 24 years
of age.
Of the total number of women in the United
States (area of enumeration) ^ employed in all occupations, 44.2 per cent are in this age period, so that in
domestic service the proportion of young women
would appear to be considerably above the average.
But when the 47 occupations employing more, than
5,000 women are ranked with reference to the percentage of breadwinners 16 to 24 years of age it will be
found that the servant's occupation occupies a median
position, th^e being 22 occupations for which the percentage is higher and 24 for which it is lower (see
Table xxiv).
number of female servants. Almost one-third of the
total number of female servants and waitresses of forGermany is represented by
eign parentage are Irish.
Comprises continental United States, the territories of Alaska
and Hawaii, and persons in the military and naval service of the
United States (including civilian employees) stationed abroad.
may
this total
include also some Indians and
Mon-
together with the comparatively few white
persons born abroad whose parents were native of the
golians,
United States.
Essentially, then, the difference
between the two
classes of native parentage distinguished in this table
that between the native white of native parentage
and the negro. The latter are included with "all
other" of native parentage, and make up the greater
part of that total, which comprises a percentage of
servants and waitresses (26) which is considerably
is
larger than that for the native white of native par-
entage (18.2), but not as large as that for the total
of female breadwinners of foreign parentage
number
(28.5).
Of the principal countries represented by our popu-
—
—
—
'
XXXV.— DISTRIBUTION, BY AGE, OF WOMEN 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER EMPLOYED AS SERVANTS AND
WAITRESSES, CLASSIFIED BY RACE AND NATIVITY, FOR THE UNITED STATES (AREA OF ENUMERATION): 1900.
Table
WOMEN
16
YEARS OF AGE AND OVER EMPLOYED AS SEKVANTR AND WAITRESSES.
Native wliite
Foreign born white.
Ail classes.
Both parents native.
.
Per cent
Number.
distribu-
Total
16
25
35
45
55
65
1, 166,
to 24 years .
to 34 year.i
to 44 years..
to54yea,ra...
to 64 years...
years and ove
Age unloiown
.
.
.
. .
708
622, 494
2S0, 416
127,966
73, 069
37,282
19, .576
5,905
100.0
53.4
24.0
11.0
6.3
3.2
1.7
0.5
foreign born.
Per cent
Per cent
Number.
tion.
distribu-
Negro.
One or both parents
Number.
tion.
distribu-
Per cent
Number.
tion.
distribu-
Per cent
Number.
tion.
distribution.
305,975
100.0
223,381
100.0
322, 190
100.0
313, 091
100.0
1S6, 886
57, 718
61.1
18.9
8.7
144, 614
50, 111
64.7
22.4
8.8
2.9
O.S
0.3
0.1
156, 149
48.5
28.7
11.2
6.3
3.3
1.6
0.4
133. 895
79; 415
45, 161
42.8
26.4
14.4
9.3
4.6
2.7
0.9
26,723
17, 410
10,253
5,380
1,605
5.7
3.4
1.8
0.5
19,598
6, 368
1,884
582
224
92,498
36,225
20, 180
10,659
5,291
1,188
28,997
14.
AM
8,299
2,870
SERVANTS AND WAITRESSES.
49
The foreign bom white and the negro women employed as servants comprise a much smaller percentage
of young women than either class of native white fe-
follow this occupation to a very great extent after they
male servants, indicating the probability that the former as a class take up this occupation later in life and
at the same time are less likely to give it up as they
grow older. Negro women in particular continue to
in the
are married.
The figures for the native white of foreign parentage reflect the age composition of this class
general population. Being the daughters of
immigrants they comprise a relatively large number
of
young women.
XXXVI.—NUMBER AND PERCENTAGE OF SERVANTS AND WAITRESSES AMONG FEMALE BREADWINNERS
YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY AGE AND RACE AND NATIVITY, FOR THE UNITED STATES
(AREA OF ENUMERATION): 1900.
Table
16
WOMEN AT WORK.
50
XXXVII.—DISTRIBUTION,' BY MARITAL CONDITION, OF WOMEN 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER EMPLOYED
AS SERVANTS AND WAITRESSES, CLASSIFIED BY RACE AND NATIVITY, FOR THE UNITED STATES (AREA
Table
OF ENUMERATION):
1900.
—
SERVANTS AND WAITRESSES.
Table XXXVIII. Distribution and increase, by race and nativity,
of women 15 years of age and over, employed as servants and
waitresses, for the United States:
1900-''-
and 1890.
51
WOMEN AT WORK.
52
age group, but in the case of each of the two classes
of native white servants the percentage of increase is
much
less
Table XLI.
than that for the older age groups.
—Increase in
number of women 15 years of age and
and waitresses, classified by race, nativity,
United States: 1900 ^ and 1890.
the
over employed as servants
and
age, for the
—
SERVANTS AND WAITRESSES.
presented in sufficient detail to
make
tical verification of its correctnass.
possible a statis-
The
alternative
assumption that these increases record recent changes
may seem
to the reader more plausible, as indicating
that as the supply of young servants is becoming
inadequate, older women, having less prejudice against
domestic service and perhaps less adaptabihty for
other pursuits, are induced to enter the occupation in
increasing numbers, or to remain in it longer than
they formerly did instead of giving place to younger
women.
But whatever
interpretation may be adopted for
the exceptionally large increases in the older age
groups, the following conclusions appear to be estab-
beyond question: The supply of servants is increasing but slowly, and is not keeping pace with the
growth of population. The young women who join
the ranks of the breadwinners show an increasing tenlished
dency
to
select other occupations in preference
domestic service.
It looks, therefore, as
if
to
the servant
problem was destined to become even more acute in
the future than it is at present. Although the number of negro women entering the occupation still shows
a considerable increase, the supply of foreign born
servants
is
actually diminishing.
In Table xlii the increase or decrease between 1890
and 1900 in the number of female servants 10 years
of age and over is shown by race and nativity for each
geographic division.
Table XLII.
number of females 10 years of age and
and waitresses, for geographic divisions:
Increase in the
over employed as servants
1900 and 1890.
53
WOMEN AT WORK.
54
Table XLII.
—Increase in
over employed as servants
1900 and
number of females 10 years of age and
and waitresses, for geographic divisions:
the
^S90— Continued.
SERVANTS AND WAITRESSES.
55
BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, OF WOMEN 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER EMPLOYED
AS SERVANTS AND WAITRESSES, CLASSIFIED BY MARITAL CONDITION, RACE, AND NATIVITY, FOR TWENTY-
Table XLIII.—DISTRIBUTION,
SEVEN SELECTED
CITIES:
1900.
:
WOMEN AT WORK.
56
BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, OP WOMEN 16 YEARS OP AGE AND OVER EMPLOYED
AS SERVANTS AND WAITRESSES, FOR TWENTY-SEVEN SELECTED CITIES: 1900.
Table XLIV.—DISTRIBUTION,
WOMEN
16
YEABS OF AGE AND OVEE EMPLOYED AS SERVANTS AND WAITRESSES.
Number.
Per cent.
Living at home.
Aggre-
Living at home.
Total.
Heads of
famUies.
Mother.
Total
Living
with em
ployer or
boarding.
Living with-
gate.
Heads of
families.
Other
Other
relative.
relative.
327,573
67,046
16,177
18,808
9,772
22,289
260,527
30.5
4,139
15,725
19,348
7,781
33,241
2,613
5,468
2,783
1,679
6,846
1,091
1,342
255
1,228
563
889
2,361
355
839
392
234
780
912
2,059
1,084
1,526
10,257
16,665
6,102
27,395
63.1
34.8
14.4
21.6
17.6
26.4
8.6
3.8
3.0
3.1
Cincinnati, Ohio
Cleveland, Ohio
Detroit, Mich
Fall River, Mass
Indianapolis, Ind
8,499
7,310
6,422
2,331
1,464
1,116
154
1,198
694
218
159
32
317
741
716
487
305
70
342
6,168
5,846
5,306
834
2,768
27.4
20.0
17.4
15.6
30.2
8.2
327
409
184
170
22
212
Jersey City, N. J
3,038
4,228
6,657
1,619
5,744
665
940
2,770
249
1,095
252
197
474
53
607
102
191
438
34
142
216
281
946
99
227
2,373
3,288
3,887
1,370
4,649
2L9
65
746
1,740
4,989
4,009
1,188
22,769
3,579
59,093
13.3
3.7
201
42
3,836
1,013
30,273
6,314
3,666
17.7
14.6
14.7
18.9
15.2
3.8
2,015
332
197
3.2
2.3
4.4
9.2
3.9
133
697
166
2,406
2,827
10,777
4,012
8,615
14.2
19.6
14.5
41.4
3.6
3.7
2.7
10.0
4.3
6.8
6.8
8.3
Atlanta, Ga
Baltimore, Md
Boston, Mass
Buffalo,
Chicago,
N.Y
111
Kansas City, Mo
Louisville, Ky
Lowell, Mass
Milwaukee, Wis
Minneapolis, Minn
New Orleans, La
New York, N. Y.
5,640
Brooklyn borough
Manhattan and Bronx
271
912
63
119
482
30
156
1,506
26,624
3,855
708
1,369
68,165
9,072
2,530
1,918
1,045
4,659
1,186
35,509
7,790
4,322
823
173
5,236
1,476
656
176
49
1,139
181
191
316
59
1,397
717
167
132
23
686
246
3,293
13,393
4,694
14,694
466
2,616
682
6,079
120
501
126
1,463
140
915
317
1,224
73
503
73
Newark, N. J
Paterson, N. J
Philadelphia, Pa
Pittsburg, Pa
Providence, E.I
Y
Rochester, N.
St. Louis, Mo
St. Paul, Minn
Washington, D. C
101
of these cities the percentage living with
their employers or boarding
between 75 and
85.
But
is fairly
6.8
79.5
7.1
8.6
5.3
2.0
3.0
2.3
22.0
13.1
5.6
4.2
5.0
36.9
65.2
85.6
78.4
82.4
4.8
2.5
2.6
2.2
5.3
5.7
4.7
4.7
7.1
8.6
72.6
80.0
82.6
84.4
69.8
3.4
7.8
2.9
11.4
8.0
8.7
9.8
7.5
3.0
8.2
22.2
41.6
15.4
19.1
3.1
6.4
13.7
3.9
2.1
4.7
7.1
3.3
10.6
4.5
6.6
2.1
2.5
7.1
6.6
14.2
6.1
4.0
77.8
58.4
84.6
80.9
11.5
54.9
2.8
16.9
3.5
10.1
1.2
8.4
4.1
19.6
88.5
46.1
3.0
2.5
3.2
2.7
78.1
85.5
in cities
2.8
2.8
1.9
4.1
3.2
2.3
4.3
3.5
5.7
4.3
4.6
82.3
85.4
85.3
81.1
84.8
2.2
3.8
1.6
6.7
4.0
5.2
3.5
16.4
85.8
80.5
85.5
58.6
1.9
reported as laundresses constituting 86.9 per cent of all
the persons engaged in laundry work in this country
where the negro
in 1900.
position of the servant class.
LAUNDRESSES.
According to the census of 1900 there were 328,935
16 years of age and over engaged in the occupation of laundress in continental United States.
This occupation included 6.8 per cent of the total
number of adult female breadwinners and gave employment to a larger number than any other occupaservants and waitresses, agricultural
tion except three
It is, moreover, an occulaborers, and dressmakers.
pation largely confined to the female sex, the total
number of females 10 years of age and over (335,282)
—
346
3.0
6.2
uniform, ranging
servant predominates this percentage is much smaller,
while the percentage returned as heads of families is
Probably the other variations
.^exceptionally large.
between the different cities are also to a large extent
the result of difference in the race or nativity com-
women
326
1,660
5.7
bor-
oughs
For most
661
4,890
744
230
1,045
Living
with employer or
boarding.
Living with-
Of these females, 325,351, or 97 per cent,
were engaged in hand laundry work, while only 9,931,
or 3 per cent, were employed in steam laundries. The
50,683 males employed in laundry work included
12,014 engaged in steam laundries and 38,669 doing
hand laundry work. Among the latter are probably
included all, or nearly all, the 25,314 male Chinese who
were engaged in laundry work.
This occupation is for the most part an industry of
the home, enabling a large class of women to maintain
the family to which they belong, or materially assist in
its support, without the necessity of special technical
training or experience and without seriously interfering
with their household duties.
Bace and nativity. Table xlv gives the distribution
by race and nativity of women 16 years of age and
over employed as laundresses in continental United
States in 1900 for cities of at least 50,000 inhabitants
and for smaller cities and country districts.
—
LAUNDRESSES.
Table
XLV .—Distribution,
by race and nativity, of laundresses 16
of age and over, living in cities having at least 50,000 inhabitants and in smaller cities and country districts,
for contiyears
nental United States: 1900.
57
—
WOMEN AT WORK.
58
AND PERCENTAGE OF LAUNDRESSES AMONG FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF
AGE AND OVER, LIVING IN CITIES HAVING AT LEAST 50,000 INHABITANTS AND IN SMALLER CITIES AND
COUNTRY DISTRICTS, CLASSIFIED BY RACE AND NATIVITY, FOR CONTINENTAL UNITED STATES: 1900.
Table XLVII.— NUMBER
FEMALE BEEADWINNEES
In
Aggregate.
cities
16
YEAE3 OF AGE AND OVER.
having at least 50,000
inhabitants.
cities and
districts.
In smaller
country
RACE AND NATIVITY.
Laundresses.
4,833,630
All classes
—
bom
Negro
Indian and MongoUan
The women
of continental
United States employed
as lavmdresses accounted for about one-fifteenth (6.8
per cent) of the total number of females engaged in
Among the native white
gainful occupations in 1900.
women of native parentage only 2.4 per cent of the
breadwinners were engaged in the occupation of laundress, while of the negro women who were breadwinners, 19.2 per cent, or almost one-fifth
were employed
of laundresses in the total
number
engaged in gainful employment was pracThis simfor both city and country.
ilarity between city and country was also shown by
the three Caucasian nativity classes. For the negro
race, on the other hand, the percentage was 31.9 in
the larger cities, as compared with 16.6 in the smaller
of females
same
tically the
urban comftiunities and rural
328,935
6.8
1,657,728
113, 801
6.9
3,175,902
215, 134
41,643
28,727
42, 774
215,042
749
2.4
2.6
5.1
19.2
6.6
954
554,806
494,044
193,317
607
9,234
2.2
3.0
5.4
31.9
4.0
1,357,012
535,938
345,967
926,304
10,681
32,409
414,
actual
among them was
larger.
—Table xlviii gives
cent of
female breadwinners 10 years of age and over in 1900.
In this table the negro makes up the bulk of the "all
other" group under "native parentage." Therefore
it is not surprising that this group comprises the largest actual
number
of laundresses
and the
largest per-
centage in the total number of breadwinners gainfully
employed. The native white laundresses of native parentage were second numerically, aggregating 42,777,
which was, however, only 2.2 per cent of all the
of that nativity who worked for a living.
Only the French Canadians, with 1.7 per cent, and
Russians, with 1 per cent, had a lower percentage of
women
their
total
number
of breadwinners thus
In the population of foreign parentage,
employed.
many of whom
12, 246'
16,328
426
725
1.53,
2.4
2.3
4.7
16.6
6.8
represented
by
larger
employment.
XLVIII. Number and percentage of laundresses among
female breadwinners 10 years of age and over, classified by nativity
of parents, for continental United States: 1900.
FEMALE
PARENTAGE.
All classes
Native parentage
Native white
All other
Foreign parentage
Austria
number and per
laundresses, bynationahty of parents, among the
the
in this
Table
about double that
and smaller cities. This contrast is
fact that a large proportion of the
the
explained by
are engaged in agricultural purwomen
negro
country
women who are compelled
negro
cities
the
In
suits.
must,
of course, take up
breadwinners
become
to
other pursuits, and in consequence the percentage of
Parentage.
26,446
61,616
24
numbers engaged
for the country
laundresses
16, 481
were also of foreign birth, the laundresses with Irish
parents exceeded all the other nationalities, numbering
27,333; those of German parentage, with 20,315,
ranked next in numerical importance. The percentages
for these two nationalities were 4.3 and 3.8, respectively.
The women of French parentage had the
highest proportion, 5.1 per cent, of their breadwinners
doing laundry work, though eight of the foreign coun-
districts, representing a
proportion for the larger cities just
Number. Percent.
Number. Percent.
tries specified in this table are
in this occupation.
The percentage
Total.
Total.
Number. Percent.
Native white— both parents native
Native white one or both parents foreign
Foreign bom white
Laundresses.
Laundresses.
Total.
Bohemia
Canada (English)
Canada ( French)
Denmark
England and Wales
France
Germany
Hungary
Ireland
Italy
Norway
Poland
Russia
Scotland
Sweden
Switzerland
other countries
Mixed foreign parentage
—
LAUNDRESSES.
Table XLIX.—Distribution,
and
over, classified by race
by age, of laundresses 16 years of age
the United States {area of
and nativity, for
enumeration): 1900.
LAUNDRESSES
Or AGE AND OVER.
16 YE.IRS
Native white
All
classes.
Total
16
25
35
45
55
65
years
years
years
years
fi4 years
years and over
to
to
to
to
to
24
34
44
54
Age unknown
One or
Both
both
parents
parents
native.
foreign
born.
Foreign
bom
329,359
41.680
28,738
42,835
76,576
81,352
77,094
54,028
26,300
9,987
8,869
9,967
7,619
3,755
1,283
200
11,100
7,121
6,605
2,888
813
1.S2
6,493
8,398
11,552
9,291
4,982
1,952
29
167
11,157
2,852
PER CENT DISTRIBUTION.
Total
16
25
35
45
55
Go
to 24 years
to 34 years
to 44 years
to 54 years
to 64 years ....
years and over
Age unknown
100.0
Negro.
white.
215,043
48, 757
56,6.39
48, 765
34,059
16,690
7,701
2,432
59
—
WOMEN AT WORK.
60
Table
LI.
Distribution and increase, hy race and nativity, of
women
15 years of age and over employed as laundresses, for the United
States: 1900^ and 1890.
LAUNDRESSES.
61
WOMEN AT WORK.
62
ance of one other breadwinner were most numerous among negroes, in which racial class the proportion
The families having
of married women was largest.
two or more than two other wage-earners besides the
laundress attained their greatest prominence among
the native whites of foreign parentage, which accords
with the fact, as indicated by Table liv, that the proportion of single women living with their parents is
exceptionally large in this nativity class.
Table LV.
—
Per cent distribution} by number of other breadwinners
in the family, of laundresses 16 years of age and over, classified by
marital condition, race, and nativity, for twenty-seven selected cities:
1900.
SEAMSTRESSES.
white,
(see
twenty-first, and in that of
Table xxiii, page 34).
Table LVI.
—Distribution, by
years of age
and
and in smaller
United States: 1900.
itants
race
and
over, living in cities
cities
negroes
tenth
nativity, of seamstresses
16
having at least 50,000 inhaband country districts, for continental
63
64
Table LVIII.—DISTBIBUTION,
WOMEN AT WORK.
BY RACE AND NATIVITY, OF SEAMSTRESSES
SIX LEADING CITIES:
1900.
16
YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, F
——
.
SEAMSTRESSES.
Table LX.
—Number
and percentage of seamstresses amonij female
of age and oecr, classified by nativity of
breadwinners 10 years
parents, for continental United States: 1900.
65
page 162). That the foreign born whites were
younger in the occupation of seamstress reflects the
17,
extent to which young
women
in
immigrant families
are employed in sweat-shop industries.
FEMALE BBEADWINNEES 10
YEARS OF AGE AND OVER.
Table LXI.
PARENTAGE.
and
Distribution, by age, of seamstresses 16 years of age
over, classified by race
and
nativity, for the United States (area
of enumeration):^ 1900.
Total.
Number. Per cent.
All classes
SEAMSTRESSES
5,319,397
146,105
Native parentage
3,247,907
73,619
Native white
1,926,637
1,321,270
62.375
11,244
3.2
0.9
2,071,490
72,486
3.5
25,590
25,719
102,181
78,979
15,580
168,912
21,164
1,679
1,276
2,275
1,194
381
3,933
932
23,561
813
16,937
1,572
1 128
2.015
5,419
971
2,119
All ottier
Foreign parentage
Austria
Bohemia
Canada (English)
Canada (French)
Denmark
England and Wales
France
Germany
Hungary
Ireland
Italy
Norway
Poland
Russia
Scotland
Sweden
Switzerland
Other countries
Mixed foreign parentage
538, 192
14,631
634,201
26,093
47,934
38,536
40,816
46,173
81,148
15,126
47,689
112,827
437
2,244
3,701
6.2
was rather
similar to that of the total
Both
both
parents
parents
native.
foreign
born.
5.0
2.2
1.5
2.5
Foreign
bom
Negro.
white.
2..')
4.4
4.4
5.6
2.7
6.0
2.4
5.2
13.3
2.1
2.6
2.9
4.7
3.3
aged aijd elderly woirien employed was large as compared with that in most of the other principal occupations for women (see Table xxiv, page 36), yet the
age distribution of the total number of adult seam-
number
female breadwinners. The two classes of
native whites, however, were slightly older among the
seainstresses than among all breadwinners, while the
reverse was true of the foreign born whites (see Table
adult
One or
All
classes.
Total
16 to 24 years
25 to 34 years
36 to 44 years
45 to 54 years
55 to 64 years
65 years and over
Age unknown
139,149
60,339
41,912
25,085
11,297
35,401
21,728
12,266
6,769
3,264
21,889
14,763
10,485
6,918
4,164
2,003
127
21,026
11,984
6,907
2,064
13,092
4,664
3,056
2,113
1,332
786
3,309
3,784
2,201
1,128
676
257
42
42
241
PER CENT DISTRIBUTION.
—
stresses
YEARS OF AGE AND OVER.
Native white-
Age. The age distribution of the seamstresses 16
years of age and over is given in Table lxi.
Although in this occupation the proportion of middle
of
16
Total
16
25
36
45
55
65
100.0
to 24 years
to 34 years
to 44 years
to 54 years
to 64 years.
years and over
Age unknown
.
.
42.7
100.0
—
WOMEN AT WORK.
66
For
all classes
combined and
for each class of na-
tive whites the occupation of seamstress
was
of great-
importance for female breadwinners in the age
period 35 to 44 years. But for the foreign born whites
it was of greatest importance in the youngest period,
est
and
for the negroes in that
from 25 to
34.
ferences between the several age periods
The difshown by
each class were, however, so slight that this
is
one
of
It shows that the
the striking features of the table.
occupation of seamstress was of about equal impor-
tance for female breadwinners of all ages.
The difference between the age distribution
of
seamstresses in the cities of at least 50,000 inhabitants
and the smaller
and country
cities
districts is
shown
in Table lxiii.
Table LXIII.
and
oicr,
i
in
Distribution, by age, of seamstresses 16 years of age
cities
and country
i
least 50,000 inhabitants and in smaller
for continental United States: 1900.
having at
districts
,
—
SEAMSTRESSES.
of the
total
number
of
female breadwinners.
This
would naturally be expected, since the age distribution
of the two was rather similar.
Some variations in the marital condition of the seamstresses of the several race and nativity classes will be
noted, but these are to be explained principally by the
differences in age distribution.
married
women among
The
large
number
the negroes, however,
is
of
a racial
characteristic reflecting the tendency for the married
women
of this race to
be engaged in gainful occupa-
tions.
Comparison with census of 1890.
—A subject
of par-
any occupation of
the changes which have taken place
ticular interest in the study of
women
is
that of
between recent censuses. In Table lxvi the distribution by race and nativity of the seamstresses 15 years
of age and over is shown for 1890 and 1900.
Table LXVI.
Distribution and increase, by race and nativity, of
and over, for the United States: 1900^
seamstresses 15 years of age
and 1890.
67
WOMEN AT WORK.
68
Table LXVIII.
—
Distribution and increase, by age, of seamstresses 15
and over, classified by race and nativity for the United
1900^ and 1890.
years of age
States:
,
SEAMSTRESSES
1900
15
YEARS OF AGE AND OVER.
Per
Number.
Increase, 1890
to 1900.
1S90
cent
distri-
bution.
Per
Number.
cent
distri-
bution,
ALL CLASSES.
Total
15
25
35
45
55
65
to 24 years
to 34 years
to 44 years
to 54 years
to 64 years
years and over
Age unknown
Total
15
25
35
45
55
65
to 24 years
to 34 years
to 44 years
to 54 years
to 64 years
years and over.
Age unknown
Total
15 to 24 years
25
35
45
55
65
to 34 years
to 44 years
to 54 years
to 64 years
years and over
Age unknown
Total
15 to 24 years
25 to 34 years
35 to 44 years
45 to 54 years
55 to 64 years
65 years and over.
Age unknown
Total
15 to 24 years
25 to 34 years
35 to 44 years
45 to 54 years
55 to 64 years
65 years and over.
Age unknown
143,270
Number.
Per
cent.
—
SEAMSTRESSES.
The per cent distribution, by relationship to the
family, of each of the groups of seamstresses shown in
the above table is given in Table lxxi.
Table LXXI.
Per cent distribution,^ hy family relationship, of seamIG years of age and over, classified hy marital condition, race,
and nativity, for twenty-six selected cities: 1900.
stresses
69
:
—
WOMEN AT WORK.
70
39,783, or 70.5 per cent were living in families which
contained other breadwinners. Among the single
comparatively high percentages will be noted
in the class having more than two other breadwinners,
especially among the native whites of foreign parentage and the foreign born whites. This class probably consist mostly of young women living in large
families.
Among the married the largest percentages
were in the class with one other breadwinner, who in
most cases was probably the husband. The largest
proportion 31.8 per cent of the widowed and
divorced seamstresses were living in families in
which there were no other breadwinners, and thus
presumably were supporting themselves and perhaps
had other persons dependent upon them.
women
—
—
DRESSMAKERS.
At the Twelfth Census 338,144 women 16 years of
age and over in continental United States were reported
as dressmakers.
They formed 97.5 per cent of the
total number of persons
men, women, and children
engaged in that occupation.
Of the other occupations which furnished employ-
—
—
ment to at least 5,000 women, two that of servant
and waitress and that of agricultural laborer contained a larger number than the occupation of dressmaker; but in none was the percentage of the total
formed by women higher. The occupation of dressmaker, therefore, ranked third in the actual number of
—
women employed and first in the proportion which
women formed of the total number of persons engaged
in the occupation.
—
Geographic distribution. While dressmaking is an
occupation which is generally represented in all sections of the United States and in smaller towns and
country districts as well as in large cities, the geographic distribution of the dressmakers differs considerably from that of the total adult female population,
as is evident from the following tabular statement
GEOGKAPHIC DIVISION.
DRESSMAKERS.
71
LXXIV.—NUMBER AXD PERCENTAGE OF DRESSMAKERS AMONG FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF
AGE AND OVER, LIVING IN CITIES HAVING AT LEAST 50,000 INHABITANTS AND IN SMALLER CITIES AND
COUNTRY DISTRICTS, CLASSIFIED BY RACE AND NATIVITY, FOR CONTINENTAL UNITED STATES: 1900.
Table
—
WOMEN AT WORK.
72
Table LXXVI.
—Distribution, by
.age,
of
women 16
over employed as dressmakers, classified by race
years of age
and
and
nativity, for
United States (area of enumeration): 1900.
the
WOMEN
16
YEARS OF AGE AND OVEE EMPLOTED
AS DRESSMAKEES.
Native white—
One or
All
Classes.
Both
both
parents
parents
native.
foreign
Foreign
born
Negro.
white.
born.
Total
338,290
162,866
117,314
55,566
12,421
years
years
years
years
i5to 64 years
65 years and over
110,365
103,421
70,719
34, 548
14, 170
4,626
452
40,717
43,551
35,188
20,618
9,362
3,143
287
47,701
39,881
21,674
6,109
1,519
368
62
18,473
15, 466
11, 140
6,668
2,889
966
64
3,428
4,478
2,688
1,246
396
148
37
16 to 24
25 to 34
35 to 44
45 to 54
Age unknown
PER CENT DISTEIBTJTION.
Total
16
25
35
45
65
65
to 24 years
to 34 years
to 44 years
to 54 years
to 64 years
years and over.
Age unknown
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
32.6
30.6
20.9
10.2
4.2
1.4
0.1
26.6
28.5
23.0
13.5
40.7
34.0
18.5
5.2
1.3
0.3
0.1
33.2
27.8
20.0
11.8
6.2
1.7
0.1
27.6
36.1
21.6
10.0
3.2
1.2
0.3
6.1
2.1
0.2
The proportion
of native white dressmakers of forparentage in the two youngest age periods is
relatively large
a natural result of the fact that the
number of persons of advanced years is comparatively
small in that class of the population, and the further
fact that the number of young women who are breadwinners in the families of immigrants is relatively
large.
While the white women of foreign birth or parentage reported as dressmakers are most numerous
in the age period 16 to 24 years, the maximum number of native white women of native parentage and of
negro women in this occupation is found in the next
eign
—
older period.
That, in comparison with other occupations, dressis not so much a young woman's occupation
as an occupation for women in middle life is further
indicated by Table lxxvii, which shows the proportion of dressmakers among all female breadwinners for
the various age periods.
making
Table LXXVII.
Number and
percentage of dressmakers among
classified by age, for
female breudvAnncrs 16 years of agr and orrr,
the United States (rirca of ennmeralion): 1900.
DRESSMAKERS.
relatively little difference in the
percentages of in-
crease for the white nativity classes.
The
negroes,
however, showed the large gain of 65.4 per cent,
although the actual increase for them was smaller
than that for any of the white classes.
—
Table LXXIX. Distribution and increase, by
of women 15 years of age and over, employed
the
United States: 1900^ and 1890.
race
and
nativity,
as dressmakers, for
73
WOMEN AT WORK.
74
—
Table LXXXI. Per cent distribution,'^ by family relationship, of
women 16 years of age and over employed as dressmakers, classified
by marital condition, race,
cities:
1900.
and
nativity, for twenty-seven selected
—
—
MILLINERS.
and almost one-fourth
cent
—were
of the total
living in families in
number
which there were at
The
least three other breadwinners.
—23.9 per
variations in the
per cent distribution for the different classes distinguished in the above table are similar to those shown
and discussed
in connection with other occupations.
At the census of 1900 there were 82,936 women reported as milliners in continental United States, and
the occupation was fourteenth in rank among the
pursuits in which women are engaged as breadwinners.
Millinery is preeminently a woman's occupation, 94.4
per cent of all the milliners being women. Only two
occupations had a larger proportion of women that
of dressmaker, with 97.5 per cent, and that of housekeeper and stewardess, with 94.7 per cent. These three
occupations and that of seamstress, with 91.9 per cent,
were the only ones in which women constituted over
nine-tenths of all persons employed.
—
The number of men, women, boys, and girls employed as milliners in continental United States in
1900 is shown in Table lxxxiii.
Table LXXXIII.
years of age
Distribution, by sex
and
and
age, of milliners 10
over, for continental United States: 1900.
MILLINERS
YEAES
10
AGE
OF
AND OVER.
SEX AND AGE.
Per cent
distribution.
Total
Males
16 years and over
10 to 15 yea rs
87,859
100.0
1,739
2.0
1,696
43
1.9
0.1
80,120
Females
82,936
3,184
16 years and over
10 to 15 years
94.4
3.6
In addition to the women engaged as milliners, 3,184
from 10 to 15 years of age were so employed.
girls
Thus the
total
number
of female milliners
was 86,120,
The percentage of
or 98 per cent of all the milliners.
females among milliners was even greater in 1890,
Although the number of male milliners
beino- 99.4.
was small
at each census,
it
was over four times
as
great in 1900 as in 1890.
Since the men and children employed as milliners
form such a small proportion of those engaged in the
occupation, in this discussion, unless otherwise stated,
the term "milliners" will be used to
number of milliners per 10,000 women and
number of women to each milliner for each of the
also the
the
divisions.
Table LXXXIV. Proportion of milliners among women 16 years
of age and onr and number of women to each milliner, for geographic divisions: 1900.
MILLINERS.
mean women
milliners.
OeograpUc distribution.—The demand for millinery
depends largely upon the number of women in a community, although the race composition of the populaother chartion the general economic conditions, and
the
demand.
The
on
acteristics have an influence
milliners
by
geoof
and
distribution of all women
graphic divisions is given in Table lxxxiv, which shows
75
—
WOMEN AT WORK.
76
various sections of the country
fact that, while in continental
is
shown again by the
United States as a whole
women to each milliner,
the average was only 226 for the North Atlantic and
North Central divisions and 269 for the Western
there were on an average 283
division, while it
was
as high as 597 for the
South
Atlantic and 700 for the South Central.
Race and nativity. The per cent distribution of mil-
—
liners,
by
race and nativity,
is
shown
in Table
lxxxv
for the geographic divisions.
Table LXXXV. Per cent distribution,''- by
women 16 years of age and over employed
graphic divisions: 1900.
race
and
nativity,
of
as milliners, for geo-
..
—
.
—
MILLINERS.
with the corresponding distribution of the general
female population over 15 years of age.
While
the large cities contained a little less than onefourth of the total number of women, they reported
almost two-fifths of the milliners. In the large cities
there were 54 milliners to 10,000 women, while in the
less populous districts there were only 29.
In other
words, there were 186 women to each milliner in the
large cities and 343 in the more nearly rural districts.
Parentage. Further consideration of the importance
—
among occupations
of millinery
in Table lxxxvii,
ners
among
and over,
for
women
is
which shows the percentage
given
of milli-
female breadwinners 10 years of age
all
classified
Table LXXXVII.
by
nativity of parents.
Number and
percentage of milliners
among
female breadwinners 10 years of age and over, classified by nativity
of parents, for continental United States: 1900.
FEMALE BREADWINNERS 10
YEARS OF AGE AND OVER.
PARENTAGE.
Milliners.
Number. Per cent.
All classes.
5,319,397
86,120
Native parentage
3,247,907
46,418
Native white.
1,926,637
1,321,270
46,245
2,071,490
39,702
All other
Foreign parentage.
Austria
25,690
25,719
102,181
78,979
15,580
158,912
21,164
538,192
14,631
634,201
26,093
47,934
38,536
40,816
46,173
81,148
15,125
47,689
112,827
Bohemia
Canada (English)
Canada (French)
;
Denmark
England and Wales
France
Germany
Hungary
Ireland
Italy
Norway
Poland
Bussia
Scotland
Sweden
Switzerland
other countries
Mixed foreign parentage.
1
Among
Less than one-tenth of
1
173
448
240
2,,500
1,152
254
3,892
568
12,240
202
9,942
191
748
368
1,054
996
952
308
574
3,073
(')
1.7
0.9
2.5
1.5
1.6
2.4
2.7
2.3
1.4
1.6
0.7
1.6
1.0
2.6
2.2
1.2
2.0
1.2
2.7
per cent.
the milliners of foreign parentage
those
with parents born in Germany ranked first in numbers
and those of Irish parentage were second.
The proportion of milliners among female breadwinners was highest 2.7 per cent for those with parents born in France. The other foreign countries lead-'
ing in this respect were Eussia, Canada (English), Eng-
—
—
land and Wales, Germany, Scotland, and Switzerland.
The age composition of the total number of
j^ge_
milliners and of the three classes of white milliners in
the entire area of enumeration' is shown in Table
—
LXXXVIII.
States, the territories of Alaska
in the military and naval service of the
States (including civilian employees) stationed abroad.
'Comprises continental United
and Hawaii, and persons
United
Table LXXXVIII.
and over employed
the
77
Distribution, by age, of
women 16
as milliners, classified by race
United States (area of enumeration): 1900.
and
years of age
nativity, for
—
:
WOMEN AT WORK.
78
gives, for the entire area of enumeration, the
proportions for the various classes of white milKners
which
in each age period.
—
Table LXXXIX. Per cent distribution, hy race andnativity, of white
women 16 years of age and over employed as milliners, classified hy
age, for the United States {area of enumeration): 1900.
WHITE WOMEN 16 YEARS OF AGE
AND OVEE EMPLOYED AS MILLINBES; PEE CENT—
Native
wMteForeign
One or
Both par-
both par-
born white.
ents native. ents foreign
born.
Total
years
years
years
years
years
years and over
16 to 24
to 34
to 44
to 54
to 64
25
35
45
55
65
Age unknown
54.5
34.7
51.1
55.0
57.9
62.7
68.8
69.5
81.2
38.7
35.9
30.4
19.3
13.3
8.9
12.2
10.1
8.8
11.4
18.0
17.7
20.9
6.6
With each older age group the proportion for native
whites of foreign parentage decreases and that for
native whites of native parentage increases.
The relative importance of milliners of the various
age groups among all female breadwinners of corresponding age
Table XC.
is
shown
in Table xc.
Number and percentage
of milliners
among female
winners 16 years of age and over, classifiedby age, for
{area of enumeration): 1900.
the
bread-
United States
FEMALE BEEADWINNEES 16
YEARS OF AGE AND OVEE.
Milliners.
Total.
Number. Percent
Total
16
26
35
45
55
65
to 24 years
to 34 years
to 44 years
to 54 years
to 64 years
years and over
4,843.155
82,958
370
1,171,952
676, 648
441,457
256, 926
138, 691
40,964
23,070
10, 778
4,971
2,267
727
18,211
181
2, 139,
Age unknown
1.9
2.0
1.6
1.1
O.H
0.5
1.0
The proportion of milliners among female breadwinners was greatestjfor the age group 25 to 34 years,
and next greatest for the group 16 to 24 years. The
percentages for these two groups were the only ones
that were greater than the percentage for all milliners.
The relative importance of the milliners from 16 to
24 years of age
among
small communities
statement
is
all
milliners in the large
shown
and the
in the following tabular
MILLINERS.
Single women predominated decidedly in this occupaforming more than three-fourths of all the milli-
tion,
The married milliners ranked next, with about
one-eighth of the total number. The proportion of
ners.
was largest in the case of the whites of
native birth and foreign parentage.
Comparison with census of 1890. Table xcii shows,
by race and nativity, the number and the per cent
single milliners
—
distribution of the women 15 years of age and over who
were employed as milliners in 1890 and in 1900. It
gives also the
number and the percentage
compared with 1890.
of the in-
crease in 1900 as
—
Table XCII. Distribution and increase, by race and nativity, of
women 15 years of age and over employed as milliners, for the
United States: 1900
'
and
1890.
79
—
WOMEN AT WORK.
80
Family relationsMp.
—The consideration
of the rela-
tionship of milliners to the heads of the families in
which they were living is of interest, and special tabulations of such statistics have been made for the milliners in 27 selected cities. Table xcv shows the number of milliners in these cities, and their distribution
by marital condition, race, and nativity.
Table XCV.
Women 16
years of age
classified by marital condition, race,
I
cities:' 1900.
,
and over employed as milliners,
and nativity, for twenty-seven
TEXTILE MILL OPERATIVES.
Table XCVII.
winners in
—Per
number of other bread16 years of age and over employed
by marital condition, race, and nativity,
cent distribution,'^ by
the family, of
as milliners,
classified
for twenty-seven selected
women
cities:
1900.
81
WOMEN AT WORK.
82
laborers, the dressmakers, the laundresses, the teachers,
and the farmers and
planters.
None
of
these occu-
numThe occupation
of the textile mill operative, therefore, was the leading factory occupation in the number of women em-
pations which furnished employment to larger
bers represents a factory industry.
ployed.
The importance of women in this occupation is
shown in the following tabular statement in which
the total number of textile mill operatives are classified
as males and females, children, and adults:
TEXTILE
MILL
OPEEATIVES,
for continental united
states:
Total.
Total
Adults 16 years of age and over
Children 10 to 15 years
463,
IM
82,004
1900.
Male.
Female.
266, 815
278, 343
231,696
35, 119
231,458
46,885
Of the 545,158 textile mill operatives shown in this
tabular statement, 231,458, or 42.5 per cent, were
women
16 years of age and over.
No
less
other occupations had a higher percentage of
than 16
women
but most of them were, from their very nature, occupations which were peculiarly adapted for
women. Of the manufacturing and mechanical pur-
than
this,
suits, 7
reported a higher percentage of adult women.
These 7 are shown in the following tabular statement,
which gives the percentages that men, women, and
children formed of the total number engaged in each ^
:
.
TEXTILE MILL OPERATIVES.
83
Table XCIX.— DISTRIBUTION,
BY RACE AND NATIVITY, OF WOMEN 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER EMPLOYED AS
TEXTILE MILL OPERATIVES, FOR LEADING STATES: 1900.
WOMEN
16
YEARS OF AGE AND OVER EMPLOYED AS TEXTILE MILL OPERATIVES.
Number.
Native white-
Native whiteForeign
One
Both
parents
native.
Continental United States
or
both par-
Negro
born
and
white.
Indian.
ents foreign born.
One
or
Both
both
parents
parents
native.
foreign
born.
born
Negro
and
white.
Indian.
Foreign
231,458
74, 617
77,521
78,833
32.2
33.5
196, 423
41,798
75,937
78,604
21.3
38.7
40.0
7,907
12,116
1,282
60,695
15,941
1,511
All other
2,850
514
21,063
6.489
5,360
11,491
6,207
15,216
741
807
735
744
1,382
827
4,299
7,540
319
35,031
7,585
4,638
5,356
6,109
5,277
165
444
324
613
503
26.5
14.2
35.0
7.5
11.7
15.1
29.9
18.3
42.5
41.2
53.5
23.3
41.8
10.5
41.2
19.1
24,061
15,073
35,628
1,951
2,097
1,542
1,841
2,230
2,272
2,097
1,724
449
4,581
1,860
1,782
7,202
2,753
15, 125
803
1,121
360
770
235
936
23.5
40.1
34.7
40.7
45.5
47.8
41.2
42.7
38.0
38.5
47.7
40.4
62.0
36.4
54.4
62.2
24.9
57.7
47.6
39.3
22.3
40.5
14.8
20.6
7.9
28.8
17.6
27.5
22.1
Southern states
35,035
32,819
1,584
229
93.7
4.5
0.7
2,311
1,744
9,607
6,975
5,846
1,235
1,622
2,880
2,815
2,047
1,668
9,506
6,831
5,661
690
1,507
2,842
2,067
237
31
33
49
44
490
88.6
95.6
98.9
97.9
96.8
55.9
92.9
98.7
73.4
10.3
1.8
0.3
0.7
0.8
39.7
2.9
0.6
22.6
Northern and Western states
.
Maine
New Hampshire
Vermont
Massachusetts
Rhode Island
Connecticut
-11,787
New York
New Jersey
Pennsylvania
Ohio
Indiana
Illinois
Michigan
Wisconsin
Maryland
Virginia
North Carolina
South Carolina
Georgia
Kentucky
Tennessee
Alabama
All other
^
Less than one-tenth of
In the Northern and Western group of states the
foreign element, including white women of either foreign birth or foreign parentage, constituted 78.7 per
cent of the total number of women employed in the
In the South this class of women formed
occupation.
only 5.2 per cent of the total, while the native white
parentage formed 93.7 per cent.
These figures reflect the concentration
of native
of the
two
population in the different sections rather
than any marked tendency on the part of either class
In the North,
to become textile mill operatives.
where women of foreign birth or parentage predominate in the mill towns, the proportion of this class of
women in the occupation is large, while in the South,
where the native white of native parentage are in the
majority, this class is most largely represented among
classes of
textile mill operatives.
It is. probable, therefore, that more satisfactory conclusions as to the relative tendency of the nativity
classes to enter the occupation can be reached by com-
paring the number of women employed as textile mill
operatives with the number of the same race and naThis comparison,
tivity class in the total population.
reduced to a percentage basis, is shown in Table c.
401
47
18
1
1.1
0.9
0.1
0.3
0.1
3.6
0.4
(1)
0)
(J
()
C)
0.1
I
(>)
-()
(')
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.3
(>)
1.7
0.6
1.0
2.3
0.8
3.8
0.7
0.6
per cent.
In the North and West, as shown in Table c, the
mills were most important as a source of
employment for white women of either foreign birth
or parentage. The percentages of textile mill operatives among the women of these classes were particularly large in New Hampshire, Rhode Island,
Massachusetts, Maine, ajid Connecticut.
In the Southern states, on the other hand, the textile mills were of greatest importance for white women
of native parentage, this being particularly noticeable
in North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, and Alabama, which were the leading Southern states in the
textile
industry.
In the North and West, as is also indicated in Table
the industry furnished emplojnnent to a higher
percentage of the total number of women than it did
in the South.
In Rhode Island 1 woman in 10 was a
c,
textile mill operative and in Massachusetts 1 in 17;
but in North Carolina and South Carolina the corresponding ratios were only about 1 in .50 or 60. The
percentage of native white women of native parentage
employed in the textile mills is, however, not as large
in the
North as
it is
in the South.
——
.
.
—
WOMEN AT WORK.
84
Table
—
Percentage of textile mill operatives in the female populaC.
tion 16 years of age and over, classified by race and nativity, for
leading states: 1900.
in the
Southern
per cent
states, the highest
—being shown
for
percentage
—21.6
South Carolina.
Table
CI.
Percentage of textile mill operatives among female breadwinners 16 years of age and over, classified by race and nativity,
for leaaing states: 1900.
PEECENTAGE OF TEXTILE MILL OPEEATIVES IN
THE FEMALE POPULATION 16 YEAKS OF AGE
AND OVEK.
Native whiteAll
classes.
One
or
PERCENTAGE OF TEXTILE MILL
AMONG FEMALE BREADWINNERS
AGE AND OVER.
Foreign
Both
both
born
parents
parents
white.
native.
foreign
Negro.
OPERATIVES
YEARS OF
10
Native white
born.
Continental United States
Northern and Western states.
Maine
New Hampshire
1.2
0.3
1.9
1.9
3.2
1.2
1.9
6.0
15.8
2.3
9.2
18.1
7.3
0.1
10.8
19.7
1.7
8.7
12.3
4.4
0.6
3.2
1.3
0.2
0.3
0.1
0.1
0.3
0.1
0.5
0.1
ai
Vermont
All other
1.1
5.9
10.4
3.7
0.9
2.4
1.8
0.1
0.3
0.1
0.2
0.4
0.1
Southern states.
0.6
Massachusetts...
Rhode Island
Connecticut
New York
New Jersey
:..
Pennsylvania
Ohio
Indiana
Illinois
Michigan
Wisconsin
Maryland
0.6
1.2
3.6
1.3
0.8
1.0
1.3
0.1
0.2
0.1
0.2
0.2
(')
0.6
0.3
1.8
Virginia
North Carolina.
South Carolina.
1.9
0.9
0.2
0.3
0.6
0.1
Georgia
Kentucky
Tennessee
Alabama
All other
1
1.8
1.8
0.6
1.0
Less than one-tenth of
1.0
0.6
2.6
4.4
1.7
0.1
0.4
1.1
0.1
1
1.7
42
3.8
0.2
0.6
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.4
0.3
1.3
1.2
0.6
0.9
0.3
0.2
0.4
0.1
0.2
0.6
1.0
0.2
0.2
0.1
(')
All
«
m
Continental United States
0.2
0.2
Northern and Western states.
Maine
New Hampshire
0.1
0)
Massachusetts
New York
New Jersey
(')
(>)
3.8
10.6
9.0
0.8
Pennsylvania
Ohio
Indiana
1.9
states the occupation
is
9.7
6.6
9.1
21.0
39.4
9.2
22.1
1.0
0.3
3.4
0.7
1.6
2.4
0.4
40.3
55.9
10.5
26.8
40.8
17.6
2.5
15.0
7.9
1.5
2.4
0.6
1.0
2.5
0.4
3.4
6.3
16.1
6.9
4.0
6.1
7.6
0.7
1.5
0.4
1.6
40.1
18.6
5.3
14.1
14.7
1.0
All other
1.5
2.1
0.3
Southern states
2.2
6.5
2.5
0.7
2.6
1.5
7.5
4.9
3.2
1.3
1.6
1.8
0.6
5.7
4.2
17.0
21.6
12.9
1.4
3.6
7.9
1.2
1.7
0.3
1.6
4.4
6.2
1.3
1.6
0.7
0.2
0.5
Maryland
Virginia
North Carolina
South Carolina
(>)
Georgia
per cent.
an employment
7.4
Michigan
Wisconsin
()
0)
nearly three times
for women breadwinners of all classes as it is in the vSouthern states.
For the native white of native parentage its importance is nearly twice as great in the latter states as in
the former, while for the two other classes of white
women this occupation is of importance only in the
Northern states. These variations are of course due
largely to the fact that in the North this occupation
is pursued chiefly by those of foreign descent, and in
the South by the native white of native parentage.
The occupation is nowhere important for the negroes.
In several of the states shown in this table the proportion of female breadwinners employed as textile
mill operatives is strikingly high.
In New Hampshire, for instance, more than one-half of the foreign
born white women gainfully employed were in the textile mills, and in Rhode Island and in Maine, two-fifths.
Rhode Island led in the importance of the occupation
for the native white of foreign parentage, the proportion
being about the same as that for the foreign born. This
is the only Northern state, moreover, in which more
than 10 per cent of the total number of native white
women of native parentage gainfully employed were
textile mill operatives.
As would be expected, however, the proportion of textile mill operatives among
female breadwinners of this nativity class was highest
as important- as
3.3
0.6
(')
from the table that in the Northern and
Negro.
white.
Illinois
Kentucky
Tennessee
Alabama
All other
CI, which shows the proportion of the female breadwinners of each race and nativity class employed in
Western
19.1
33.1
14.0
Rhode Island
Connecticut
(')
The importance of the occupation as a source of
employment for working women is indicated in Table
It appears
Foreign
born
(')
16.8
30.4
6.9
Vermont
«
textile mills.
both
parents
foreign
born.
0.7
0)
C)
()
()
One or
Both
parents
1
Less than gne-tenth of
1
2.0
7.5
6.3
2.9
4.0
2.0
1.4
2.3
1.3
0.4
0.4
0.2
0.1
0.1
()
0.1
0)
0.1
0.1
0.1
()
0,
per 'cent.
—
Parentage.
In order to show the importance of the
occupation to the different nativity classes in more
detail than has heretofore been attempted, Table cii
is
presented.
Table
CII. Number and percentage of textile mill operatives among
female breadwinners 10 years of age and over, classified by nativity
of parents, for continental United States: 1900.
FEMALE BREADWINNERS
PARENTAGE.
Native parentage
Native white
.
.
All other
Foreign parentage
.
Austria
Bohemia
Canada (English)
Canada (French)
Denmark
England and Wales
France
Germany
Hungary
Ireland
Italy
Norway
Poland
Russia
Scotland
Sweden
Switzerland
Other countries
Mixed foreign parentage
.
10
—
TEXTILE MILL OPERATIVES.
Of the persons in the several classes of foreign
parentage, the occupation of textile mill operatives is
of greatest importance for the French Canadians,
EngUsh, and Scotch. The large proportion of
French Canadian breadwinners more than three
times as great as that shown for any of the other
classes
is indicative of the fact that the immigrants
from French Canada and their children are found
mainly in the towns of New England, where the textile
Poles,
—
—
85
an important source of employment for the
lower grades of workers. They form the largest foreign class in the occupation with the exception of the
nulls are
Irish; but neither of these classes is as important
numerically as the native whites of native parents.
Age. The age distribution of the female textile
mill operatives 16 years of age and over is presented
for each race and nativity class in Table cm.
—
BY AGE, OF WOMEN 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER EMPLOYED AS TEXTILE MILL
OPERATIVES, CLASSIFIED BY RACE AND NATIVITY, FOR CONTINENTAL UNITED STATES: 1900.
Table CIII.— DISTRIBUTION,
"WOMEN
16
YEARS OF AGE AND OVER EMPLOYED AS TEXTILE MILL OPERATIVEa
Native white
Foreign born white.
All classes.
Both parents
native.
Total
16
25
35
45
55
65
to
to
to
to
to
years
years
years
years
years
years and over
24
34
44
54
64
Age imknown
Per cent
distribu-
distribu-
tion.
tion.
231,458
100.0
146, 126
61, 236
63.1
22.1
21,560
8,363
2,849
967
357
9.3
3.6
Young women predominate among female
1.2
0.4
0.2
textile
from 16 to 24 years of age forming 63.1 per cent, or more than three-fifths of the total
number of women so employed. Of the other occupations employing more than 5,000 women, only 7 show
a higher percentage of young women (see Table xxiv,
Of the separate occupations included uiider
page 36)
mill operatives, those
.
the general classification of textile mill operatives, 2
of young women than does
the group as a whole silk mill operatives, with 72.3
show a higher percentage
—
per cent, and hosiery and knitting mill operatives,
with 70 per cent and these two pursuits rank second
and fifth, respectively, among all occupations in the
—
proportion of women 16 to 24 years of age.
The white female textile mill operatives of native
birth and parentage were somewhat younger on the
whole than those of native birth and foreign parentage,
and considerably younger than those of foreign birth.
It is probable that this difference reflects the recent
Per cent
Per cent
Number.
distribu-
Per cent
Number.
tion.
617
100.0
77,621
100.0
51,514
12,884
5,645
2,749
1,187
484
154
69.0
17.3
7.6
3.7
1.6
0.6
0.2
50,126
19,204
6,408
1,470
220
64.7
24.8
8.3
74,
Negro.
One or both parents foreign bom.
54
1.9
0.3
0.1
0.1
distribu-
Per cent
Number.
tion.
78, fas
100.0
231
19,068
9, 455
4,105
1,420
406
158
56.1
24.2
12.0
44,
5.2
1.8
0.5
0.2
distribution.
100.0
252
90
51
37
22
23
52.4
18.7
10.6
7.7
4.6
4.8
1.2
development of textile manufactures in the
South, where the great majority of the adult female
operatives have been recruited from among the young
white women of native parentage.
rapid
The age
distribution of the female textile mill opera-
tives in the leading states
is given in Table civ.
In the Northern states the female textile mill
operatives are considerably older than in the Southern states, since the proportion in the age group 16
to 24 years was but 61.7 per cent in the North and
West, as compared with 72.1 per cent in the South.
Even wider differences are shown for individual
states.
In Massachusetts, the leading Northern state
in the industry, where the number of white women
of native parentage employed as textile mill operatives is relatively small, the proportion of women
under 25 years of age is but 57.1 per cent, as compared with 77.1 per cent for North Carolina, the
leading Southern state.
—
.
.
—
.
.
WOMEN AT WORK.
86
Table CIV.— DISTRIBUTION,
BY AGE, OF WOMEN
16
YEARS OF AGE AND OVER EMPLOYED AS TEXTILE MILL
OPERATIVES, FOR LEADING STATES:
WOMEN
1& YEAES ot
1900.
AGE AND OVER EMPLOYED AS TEXTILE MILL OPERATIVES.
Number.
Per cent.
Total.'
16 to 24
years.
Continental United States
Northern and Wostern states
.
.
Maine
NewHampshire
Vermont
Massachusetts
Rhode Island
Connecticut
New York
New Jersey
Pennsylvania
Ohio
Indiana
Illinois
Michigan
Wisconsin
All other
26 to 44
years.
61.7
32.9
6.0
66.6
53.9
66.9
67.1
59.5
62.5
61.1
66.3
70.4
65.0
68.1
69.0
69.2
79.6
57.6
36.2
39.0
36.6
37.3
35.2
32.8
33.3
29.7
26 4
22.2
26.1
20.2
23.3
15.5
23.8
7.0
796
520
9,827
7,902
12,088
1,281
60, 623
15,911
11,706
24, 046
15,068
35, 607
1,960
2,097
1,541
1,838
2,229
2,266
4,462
6,610
716
34, 610
9,465
7,313
14,699
9,987
25,072
1,267
1,429
1,064
1,271
1,775
1,305
2,857
4,714
469
22,616
6,694
3,836
7,996
4,471
9,383
432
661
312
428
346
540
104
72
307
34,949
26, 181
8,276
1,386
72.1
23.7
2,304
1,740
9,594
6,969
6,825
1,236
1,613
2,857
2,812
1,536
1,154
7,401
5,271
3,854
789
1,128
2,094
1,964
636
428
1,916
1,498
1,627
358
409
676
730
120
139
263
196
66.7
66.3
77.1
76.6
66.2
63.9
69.9
73.3
69.6
27.6
24.6
20.0
21.6
27.9
29.0
25.4
23.6
26.0
'.
Georgia
Kentucky
Termessee
Alabama
All other
1
212
814
89
3,241
821
524
1,248
572
1,053
189
111
131
.
and over.
32
50
7
156
31
years.
64,
526
66 years
years.
16 to 24
72,
11,
45 to 64
65 years
over.
and
120,946
North CaroUna
South Carolina
31
34
35
36
113
334
67
69
85
113
1
i
I
0.4
0.4
0.6
0.3
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.3
0.3
3.2
1.5
2.2
1.9
1.6
6.0
6.7
6.9
6.3
5.2
4.6
5.2
3.8
3.0
9.7
5.3
8.5
5.7
3.2
13.6
0.3
0.5
6.2
8.0
2.7
2.8
5.7
5.4
4.3
3.0
4.0
1.1
0.2
0.1
0.2
1.7
0.4
0.1
0.5
Not including age unknown.
The importance of this occupation among female
breadwinners in the different age groups is shown in
Table cv.
Number and
years.
146, 126
Maryland
Table CV.
46 to 64
196, 162
Southern states
Virginia
25 to 44
years.
percentage of textile mill operatives am,ong
classified by age, for
female breadwinners 16 years of age and over,
continental United States: 1900. .
Table cvi shows for each state the percentage which
female breadwinners in the three principal age groups.
textile mill operatives constituted of
Table CVI
winners
Percentage of
.
16
years of age
textile
and
mill operatives
among female
over, classified by age,
bread-
for leading states:
1900.
FEMALE BEEADWINNEES 16
YEARS OF AGE AND OVER.
PER
CENT OF TEXTILE MILL OPERAAMONG FEMALE BEEADWINNEES
TIVES
16
Textile mill opera-
YEAES OF AGE AND OVER.
tives.
Total.
Total.
Number. Per cent
Total
4,833,630
16 to 24 years
26 to 34 years
35 to 44 years
45 to 54 years
55 to 64 years
65 years and over
Age unknown
445
1,168,342
675,032
440, 825
256, 705
138, 587
17, 694
2, 136,
. .
61,236
21,-560
8,363
2,849
967
357
6.8
4.4
3.2
1.9
1.1
0.7
2.0
Textile mill operatives are most important in the
age group from 16 to 24 years, where the proportion
which they constitute of the total number of women
In the following
gainfully employed is 6.8 per cent.
age group there is a marked falling off in relative importance, and a similar falling off, though less marked,
The decrease
is shown for each succeeding group.
in relative importance in the older age groups is, however, occasioned largely by the high proportion which
such as farmers, housekeepers, show for these groups (see Table xxiv, page 36)
certain other
occupations,
years.
Continental United States
231, 458
146, 126
16 to 24
Northern and AVcstcrn
states.
Maine
New Hampshire
Massachusetts
New York
New Jersey
Pennsylvania
Ohio
Indiana
Illinois
Southern states
Maryland
Virginia
North Carolina
South Carolina
Georgia
3.9
1.5
8.0
6.2
2.2
16.8
3.8
10.6
9.0
0.8
1.9
0.6
1.5
2.1
0.3
21.7
40.4
8.0
25.7
42.2
19.0
5.0
14.4
13.0
1.2
3.0
0.8
2.0
2.9
0.4
15.1
29.3
6.8
16.2
28.5
11.6
3.2
5.6
11.6
2.0
8.1
14.1
4.6
1.5
3.1
2.1
0.6
0.7
2.2
4.0
1.4
0.4
2.5
1.6
7.5
4.1
1.8
1.0
4.5
2.9
2.3
0.8
0.6
0.9
0-7
0.9
0.9
0.4
0.3
0.3
19.1
33.1
14.0
Rhode Island
Connecticut
^
4.9
3.2
Kentucky
L3
Tennessee
1.6
1.8
0.5
Alabama
All other
46 years
and over.
6.1
30.4
6.9
Vermont
Michigan
Wisconsin
All other
.
26 to 44
years.
2.7
13.4
8.5
6.3
2.3
3.1
3.3
0.9
8.4
6.4
0.6
1.3
0.3
1.0
1.0
0.2
1.0
1.2
0.3
0.5
0.7
0.8
0.4
0.1
..
.
.
TEXTILE MILL OPERATIVES.
87
For each of the age groups textile mill operatives
much more important relatively in the Northern
than in the Southern states. In the 'majority of the
New England states the percentages are especially
in
high, indicating the importance of the textile uidustries as a source of occupation in those states.
a considerable extent upon the proportion of women
Other factors,
16 to 24 years of age in the group.
In the South the presence of a large number of negroes
reduces the relative importance of the occupation.
however, are to be taken into consideration, as may
be seen by a comparison of the age distribution presented in Table civ with the distribution by marital
condition given in Table cvii.
relatively high percentages
are
The importance
women
Marital condition.
of the occupation for
of native parentage
is,
shown
for the age
group
16 to 24 years in North Carolina and South Carolina.
young white
however, reflected in the
any group
—The proportion of single women
of textile mill operatives will
depend
to
BY MARITAL CONDITION, OF WOMEN 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER EMPLOYED AS
TEXTILE MILL OPERATIVES, FOR LEADING STATES: 1900.
Table CVII.— DISTRIBUTION,'
WOMEN
16
YEARS OF AGE AND OVEtt EMPLOYED AS TEXTILE MILL OPERATIVES.
Per cent.
Total.
Single.2
Continental United States .
Northern and Western states
. .
Maine
New Harapsbire.
Vermont
Massachusetts .
.
Rhode Island
Connecticut
New York
New Jersey
Pennsylvania
Ohio
Indiana
Illinois
Michigan
Wisconsin
All other
Southern states.
Maryland
Virginia
North Carolina
South Carolina
Georgia
Kentucky
Tennessee
Alabama
Another
1
2
On the assumption that
Including unlmown.
all
1,210
33,234
12,189
158,615
27, 195
9,630
7,907
12,116
1,282
60,695
15,941
11, 787
24,061
15,073
35,628
1,951
2,097
1,542
1,841
2,230
2,272
5,358
8,464
973
46, 162
13,001
9,883
20,033
12,841
32,140
1,597
1,783
1,283
1,492
2,030
1,575
2,080
2,864
210
11,492
2,140
1,408
2,681
1,427
1,942
160
128
381
666
83
2,829
702
35,035
26,210
6,039
2,311
1,744
9,607
6,975
5,846
1,235
1,622
2,880
2,815
2,114
1,296
7,617
4,673
3,915
994
1,267
2,091
2,243
461
1,371
767
1,402
178
158
133
116
103
213
83
364
women
16
Married.
13.8
4.9
83.2
81.0
91.0
69.3
26.3
23.6
16.4
18.9
13.4
11.9
10.7
9.5
5.5
8.2
6.1
6.7
11.6
3.7
16.0
4.8
5.6
6.6
4.7
4.4
3.9
5.7
6.0
3.9
9.1
7.6
8.6
6.3
4.4
13.0
67.8
69.9
75.9
76.1
1
'81.6
&3.8
83.3
8.5.2
i
:
1
90.2
81.9
2,559
227
74.8
17.2
90
176
433
394
708
9
7
91.5
74.3
79.3
67.0
67.0
80.5
4.2
15.2
15.9
27.0
19.7
9.9
10.8
17.2
11.4
264
226
in this
28
28
69
14
17
30
25
Widowed.
Divorced.
79.9
98
295
105
163
495
321
122
16
212
98
35
76
48
144
Single.''
28
23
20
19
38
•
265
1,529
1,880
1,154
122
175
the married, widowed, and divorced
widows among the female textile
mill operatives is also larger in the South than in the
North. Large numbers of widows in the South resort
to the mill towns in order the more readily to find
employment for themselves and their children. In
general, the larger proportion of married and widowed
in the South would seem to indicate that the economic
necessity impelling them to take up the occupation is
greater than in the North.
Divorced.
184,826
Carolina.
of
Widowed.
196, 423
In spite of the younger age of textile mill operatives
in the South, shown by Table civ, the proportion of
single women among them is much lower than in the
North, where about four-fifths of the total number of
women in this employment are single, as compared with
slightly less than three-fourths in the Southern states.
The proportion of married women is higher in the South
than in the North; yet in ]\Iaine and New Hampshire
it is higher than in any Southern state except South
The percentage
Married.
'
I
85.
78.1
72.6
79.7
3.9
10.1
4.5
6.6
12.1
8.6
10.0
9.2
8.0
1.1
1.0
1.2
0.3
0.6
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.4
0.8
1.3
1.5
1.1
0.9
1.7
0.4
0.4
0.3
0.4
1.2
1.1
1.0
1.0
0.9
occupation are 16 years of age and over.
In the North and West there was more or less correspondence between the rank of the several states in the
percentage of young women among female textile mill
operatives and their rank in the percentage of single
women among these operatives. In Pennsylvania,
with 70.4 per cent of its operatives 16 to 24 years of
age, 90.2 per cent were single; and in Massachusetts,
with 57.1 percent in tlie youngest age group, 76.1 per
cent were single.
Comparison ivith census of 1890. One of the most
interesting topics connected with the discussion of
women at work is that of the increase in numbers. In
order, however, to obtain comparable figures the age
limits must be extended to include women 15 years of
age.
Table cviii gives the number and per cent dis-
—
tribution
by race and nativity
of female textile mill
operatives 15 years of age and over in 1890 and 1900
and the amount and per cent of increase in each nativitv class for the decade.
WOMEN AT WORK.
88
—
Table CVIII. Distribution and increase, by race and nativity, of
women 15 years of age and over employed as textile mill operatives,
for continental United States: 1900 and 1890.
—
TEXTILE MILL OPERATIVES.
The most
striking
difference
between the three
white female textile mill operatives was in
the age period 15 to 24 years. Among the native
whites of native parentage the increase of textile mill
operatives within these ages was 67.5 per cent, as contrasted with an increase of only 1.6 per cent among the
foreign born whites and a decrease of 4.3 per cent
among the native whites of foreign parentage. Among
the native whites of native parentage this age period
of 15 to 24 became of much greater importance during
the decade, since the percentage of the total number
of female textile mill operatives of this nativity class
who were within these ages increased from 63.6 in 1890
classes of
to 71.9 in 1900.
Among the classes of foreign birth or
parentage, on the other hand, the importance of textile mill operatives of these ages decreased noticeably,
for the percentage which those 15 to 24 formed of the
total fell from 76.7 to 67.5 among the native white of
foreign parentage and from 62.1 to 58.5 among the
foreign born whites.
These changes in the youngest period are probably
to be accounted for almost completely
ment
of the industry in the South.
by the developOf course
this
accounts entirely for the increase in the number of
native whites of native parentage. That the foreign
born whites increased but little while the native whites
of foreign parentage actually decreased was probably
largely the result of the competition of the Southern
mills in the production of the coarser grades of. cotton,
which practically retarded the growth of mills manufacturing such goods in the North.
Table ex also suggests some other interesting subPossibly the decrease in the
jects for consideration.
age periods, which is shown for all classes,
results from the increased speed of modern machinery
which makes the work too tiring for old people. The
decrease in the number of native whites of native
parentage in the age periods over 44 may also reflect
the gradual replacement of this class by the foreign
born whites and the native whites of foreign parentage
which was in progress before the introduction of the
industry in the South led to a large increase in the
older
numbers of yoimg women of this class.
The difference in the development of the textile
industry during the decade in the two sections of the
country is shown in Table cxi, in which the increase
number of female operatives 10 years of age
is shown for the principal states.
In the Northern and Western states the number of
in the
and over
female textile mill operatives 10 years of age and over
increased 11.7 per cent, while in the Southern states
the percentage of increase was 104.2. In no one of the
important textile states of the North except New Jersey and Pennsylvania was the percentage of increase
89
but in the leading Southern states. North and
South Carolina, the increase was one of nearly 200 per
cent in each instance.
large,
Table
f'XI.
Increase in
number of females 10
and over
and 1890.
years of age
em-ployed as textile mill operatives, for leading states: 1900
90
WOMEN AT WORK.
—
TEXTILE MILL OPERATIVES.
—
Other breadwinners in the family.
Fully as important as the subject of the relationship of the female
cotton mill operative to the family in which she lives
how far she is the source of support
This question is considered in Table
cxiii, which gives the per cent distribution of the adult
female cotton inill operatives in the 9 selected cities
by the number of other breadwinners in the family.
is
the question of
of that family.
The
actual numbers from which these percentages are
derived are presented in Table 27 (page 208).
Table CXIII.
Per cent distribution,^ by number of other breadwinners in the family, of womfien 16 years of age and over employed
as cotton mAll operatives, classified by marital condition, race, and
nativity, for nine selected cities: 1900.
91
WOMEN AT WORK.
92
which this sex assumes relatively high proportions.
Of the 611,139 persons reported in 1900 for the occupation "salesmen and saleswomen," only 23.3 per
cent were women, and but 24.4 per cent were females
10 years of age and over, the proportion in each case
being less than one-fourth. Of the 46 other occupations employing at least 5,000 women, there were 31
in which the percentage of women was larger (see
Table xxii, page 32). The proportion of women
among salesmen and saleswomen is, however, larger
than it is among all persons gainfully employed, for
whom the percentage is 17.7, a variation due of qourse
to the wider range of occupations open to men.
From an economic standpoint this occupation naay
perhaps be regarded as occupying a median position.
The work is probably less exhausting and the general
conditions more attractive than is apt to be the case
in the calling of a factory operative, and from a sanitary standpoint
it is
perhaps to be preferred, although
conditions are often far from being ideal. On the other
hand, the long, close confinement and the relatively
low wages cause it to contrast unfavorably with a
number
of other occupations, and especially with those
which technical training is required.
Race and nativity. Table oxiv presents the per cent
distribution, by race and nativity, of saleswomen in
the different geographic divisions of continental United
for
—
States.
By far the largest proportion, 87.9 per cent, of the
women employed as saleswomen in continental United
States were native white
women.
in almost equal proportions
and
These were divided
between those of native
of foreign parentage, there being a difference of
3.3 per cent in favor of the latter.
of foreign
born white
is
The proportion
relatively small, while that of
colored (negro, Indian, and Mongolian) is insignificant.
Reference to Table xxiii (page 34) will show that
this is one of the leading occupations in the proportion which the native white of foreign parentage
constitute of the total
rani in
number
of
women
this respect being sixth.
employed,
Of the
5 occupations reporting a higher percentage for this nativity
class, none employed over 20,000 women.
its
—
Table CXIV. Per cent distribution,'^ by race and nativity, of saleswomen 16 years of age and over, far geographic divisions: 1900.
—
SALESWOMEN.
It will be seen that in a comparison restricted to
the white race, the occupation is most important for
the native born of foreign parentage and least impor-
tant for -those of foreign birth, the proportion of female
breadwinners 16 years and over employed as saleswomen being almost three times as great in the former
nativity class as in the latter.
Among female breadwinners of all classes saleswomen
•
form a much
larger proportion in the large cities than in
the smaller cities and country districts, the proportion
in the former being 5. 1 per cent, or about 1 in 20, and in
the latter 1.8 per cent, or less than 1 in 50. For each
race and nativity class the proportion is also higher in
the large cities. The large number of women engaged
in agricultural pursuits in the rural districts is of course
a factor in producing these differences, but even when
women employed in these pursuits are excluded, in
the smaller cities and country districts the proportion that saleswomen constitute of the total
number
women
gainfully employed in pursuits other than
agricultural would be but 2.4 per cent, or less than
of
half as great as the corresponding percentage for the
large
cities.
The
fact that in the large cities as well aS in the
smaller cities and country districts, the occupation is
less important for native white women of native
parentage than for those of foreign parentage may
indicate that women of the former nativity class are
more apt to enter pursuits requiring a special training and skill, and are consequently on a somewhat
higher economic plane than is represented by this
occupation.
It will be seen that while the numbers of native
white of native and of foreign parentage are nearly the
same for the country at large, there is a marked difIn
ference in the distribution in the different areas.
the large cities more than one-half of the saleswomen are
native white of foreign parentage, while in the smaller
cities and country districts more than one-half are naThese variations are
tive white of native parentage.
of course due mainly to differences in the composition
of the general population.
A
reference to Table 23 (page 178) will show more
to which the occupation tends to
Of the total number of
cities.
large
concentrate in the
clearly the degree
saleswomen 16 years
of age
and over, 58.9 per cent, or
more in-
nearly three-fifths, are in cities of 50,000 or
habitants, although the corresponding proportion for
women gainfully employed is but 34.3 per cent,
Only 11 of the 47 occupations
or about one-third.
employing at least 5,000 women and but 3 of those
employing at least. 20,000 women show a higher proportion in the large cities. It will be seen from Table
all
saleswomen in the cities
white of foreign
native
the
for
marked,
is especially
parentage and for the foreign born white, the percentages in cities being 67.4 and 75.4, respectively.
The o-reater importance of the occupation in the
large cities is due of course to the much higher devel-
cxv that
opment
this concentration of
of mercantile enterprises in these cities.
But
this
ing
93
development has
also resulted
much more important
in
women becom-
in the occupation.
In the
big department store where there are frequently hun-
dreds of employees, women are, as a rule, employed to
a much greater degree proportionally than in smaller
perhaps more clearly indicated in Table cxvi, which shows the proportion of
females among the total number of salesmen and saleswomen 10 years of age and over for 10 cities, selected
as having the highest development of trade and repreestabhshments.
This fact
is
senting the principal sections of the country.
Table CXVI. Number and
men and saleswomen 10 years
1900.
percentage of females among salesof age and over, for ten selected cities:
WOMEN AT WORK.
94
Table CXVII.
—
Number and percentage of saleswomen among female
breadmnners 10 years of age and over, classified by nativity of
parents, for continental United States: 1900.
FEMALE EEEADWINNEES 10
YEARS OF AGE AND OVEE.
PARENTAGE.
Saleswomen.
Total.
Number. Per cent.
All classes
Native parentage
Native white
All other
Foreign parentage
149,230
907
62, 827
1,926,637
1,321,270
62,427
400
2,07*1,490
86, 403
4.2
65,940
2,245
4,047
1,736
1,287
26,449
8,295
27,090
717
1,375
2,767
3,030
7,365
3.4
4.0
2.2
3.5
4.9
4.0
4.3
2.7
3.6
6.8
2.1
4.6
Austria-Hungary '
Canada (English)
Canada (French)
France and Switzerland
102, 181
78,979
36,289
538, 192
205,085
634,201
26,093
38, 536
40,816
144,662
160, 516
Germany
Great Britain'
Ireland
Italy
Poland
Russia
28
5,319,397
3, 247,
"
Scandinavia '
AJl others ^
3.2
()
1 Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent.
2 Includes Bohemia.
8 Includes England, Wales, and Scotland.
* Includes Denmark, Norway, and Sweden.
6 Includes those of mixed foreign parentage.
—
Age. Table cxviii presents the distribution by age
periods of saleswomen of each race and nativity class.
Table CXVIII.
and
—Distribution,
over, classified by race
ana
hy age, of saleswomen 16 years of age
nativity, for the United States {area of
enumeration):^ 1900.
SALESWOMEN
16
YEARS OF AGE AND OVEE.
Native white-
One
All
Classes.
or
Both
both
parents
parents
native.
foreign
bom.
Total
16 to 24 years
25 to 34 years
35 to 44 years
45 to 54 years
65 to 64 years
65 years and over.
Age unknown
Total
16 to 24 years
25 to 34 years
35 to 44 years
45 to 54 years
65 to 64 years
65 years and over.
Age unknown
142,
290
88,626
37, 911
10, 948
3,334
1,007
288
176
60, 129
Foreign
born
white.
Negro.
:
SALESWOMEN.
women.
This high proportion of single
women
is
generally characteristic of the trade and transportation
group, 5 out of the 10 occupations reporting 90 per cent
or
21,
more
as single, belonging to this group (see Table
page 170).
It
may
be noted that the high rank
of this occupation in the percentage of single
corresponds closely to
women under
its
women
rank in the percentage
25 years of age.
of
This indicates of
course that large numbers of girls and young women
enter this occupation and that comparatively few of
them remain
in it after they marry.
Comparison with previous censuses. ^At censuses
prior to 1870 salesmen and saleswomen were probably
returned and classified as clerks. In 1870, however,
a separate classification was adopted, but from the
smallness of the total reported both at this census and
that of 1880—14,203 and 32,279, respectively— it seems
probable that persons who should properly have been
reported for this occupation were still largely returned
as clerks.
The attention of the Census Bureau was
—
and at the census of 1890, as well
as in 1900, specific instructions were issued, cautioning
called to this fact,
the enumerators against confusing the two occupations.
Under these instructions the number of salesmen and
saleswomen returned in 1890 was 264,394, an increase
over 1880 of 232,lli, or 719.1 per cent. In 1900 there
was another phenomenal increase, the number reported
at that census being 611,139.
As stated in the Twelfth
Census Report on Occupations,^ it seems probable that
even at the census of 1890 many salesmen or saleswomen had been improperly returned as clerks, and
the fact that the. latter occupation showed the comparatively small increase for both sexes of 72,769, or
13.1 per cent, would seem to bear out the theory that
was a more accurate segregation in 1900.
Because of the difference in the age periods adopted
at the two censuses, it is impossible to make any comparison for female breadwinners 16 years of age and
over, but the increase in the number of saleswomen
15 years and over was 89,406, or 156.4 per cent. The
there
only occupations reporting a larger absolute increase
number of females employed were those of
agricultural laborers and laundresses (see Table 22,
Apart from the improved accuracy ia
page 176).
classification, it is probable that the rapid development
of the department store system in the larger cities may
have had an importent share in causing this increase.
This increase, whether real or apparent, has, however,
resulted in a marked increase in the importance of this
pursuit in the census returns. At the census of 1900
2.8 per cent of all females gainfully employed were
reported for this occupation, against but 1.5 per cent
There has also been an apat the census of 1890.
in the total
parent increase in the importance of women in the
occupation, 24.4 per cent of those reported as salesmen
and saleswomen in 1900 being females, against 22.1
'Twelfth Census, Occupations, page
95
per cent in 1890. Although, for the reasons just
mentioned, it is impossible to say just how far this
represents an actual increase, it is certain that the
development of the department store has had an
important influence in raising the proportion of women
employed. As compared with 1880, however, the
increase is apparently slight, amounting to four-tenths
of 1 per cent but there is too much uncertainty attending this comparison to permit any conclusions to be
drawn.
Family relationship. Table cxx presents statistics
as to the family relationship of the 65,186 saleswomen"
in 27 selected cities, who represent 45.8 per cent, or
;
—
nearly one-half, of the total
number
of
saleswomen 16
years of age and over in the United States. The following tabular statement indicates the race, nativity,
and marital condition
of these
saleswomen
WOMEN AT WORK.
96
—
-Table CXX. Per cent distribution,^ by family velationship, of
saleswomen 16 years of age and over, classified by marital condition,
race, and nativity for iwen(y-seven selected cities: 1900.
•
.
,
—
.
;
.
CLERKS AND COPYISTS.
the other nativity classes.
resent to a large extent
The boarders probably rep-
women who have come from
the country districts to -seek employment in the city.
In spite of the probability that these women in most
cases have no one but themselves to support, it is
doubtful whether in the majority of instances their
wages are sufficient to afford them more than the barest
probably among such women
that the economic aspect of the occupation is most
livelihood, so that
The 81,000 women 16 years of age and over returned
and copyists in 1900 formed only 12.8 per
cent of the total number of persons in this occupation group. Of the 140 different groups of occupations distinguished in the Census report, 14 employed
a larger number of women, and 43 a larger percentage
as clerks
of
it is
serious.
perhaps significant that while in the 27 cities as
a whole approximately one-half of the saleswomen are
living with father, the detailed figures given in Table 28
(page 218) show that in the 2 Southern cities of Atlanta
and New Orleans the proportion is only about onethird, the percentages being 34.2 and 31.3, respectively.
On the other hand, these cities report high
proportions as living with mother, that for New
•Orleans being almost exactly one-third.
In fact, this
city alone out of the 27 shows more saleswomen living
with mother than with father. The proportion living
in families with no other breadwinners is also relatively
high in these cities. This fact may perhaps indicate
that the attitude toward the employment of white
women in the South is marked by more or less aversion
to entering pursuits in which they come directly into
competition with men; for it would appear that in this
section of the country women take up these pursuits
only when the burden of supporting the family devolves
upon them by the loss through death or other cause of
the male head, the natural breadwinner of the family.
It is
97
women.'
As a field
for the
employment
of
women,
the occupation of clerks and copyists
is
therefore,
not of excep-
tional importance as regards the number of women
employed, and the main reason for making a separate
study of it in the present report is that it gives employment to a relatively high grade of labor.
Race and nativity. The superior qualifications
—
required have a direct effect upon the race and nativity
constitution of this group of female breadwinners, as
shown
is
in Table cxxii.
Table CXXII.
years of age
Distribution,
and
by race
over employed as
and
clerics
nativity,
and
of
women 16
copyists, for conti-
nental United States: 1900.
WOMEN
16 YEAES OF
AGE AND OVER EMPLOYED Au CLEBES
AND COPYISTS.
KACE AND NATIVITY.
Per cent
Number.
distribution.
81,000
All classes
—
—
Native white both parents native
Native white one or both parents foreign born
Foreign born white
50.6
40,984.
32,099
7,368
9.1
0.7
Negro
More than 90 per cent of the women employed as
and copyists were native whites, those of native
CLERKS AND COPYISTS.
clerks
report on Occupations
The Twelfth Census
shows
that there were 630,127 persons employed as clerks and
copyists in continental United States in 1900. The
group of breadwinners thus classified included persons
engaged in clerical work of every kind, and embraced
such widely diverse pursuits as those of bank clerks,
postal clerks, mail clerks, mail carriers, clerks in national, state, county, or city offices, and shipping clerks.
Many of these occupations are not well adapted to
the employment of women, and consequently breadwinners of this sex are not especially prominent
among
and copyists
clerks
proportion to the total
the classification, as
is
either numerically or in
number of persons included in
shown in the following tabular
statement
Per cent
distribu-
AGE AND SEX.
parentage representing over 50 per cent of the total
and those of foreign parentage nearly 40 per cent.
The occupation ranked eighteenth among the 47 principal occupations for women in respect to the proportion of native white women of native parentage and
sixteenth in respect to the proportion of native white
women of foreign parentage (see Table xxiii, page 34)
The
relative
prominence
in the occupation
is
of these
two
classes of
women
largely the result of their superior
and education as compared with other classes,
advantages as compared with the negro
women, and of familiarity with English as compared
with most of the foreign born.
There was considerable variation among the differtraining
also of racial
ent geographic divisions in respect to the proportion
of the two principal classes, as is shown in Table
cxxiii,
which presents the race and nativity
distri-
tion.
630.127
Total
Males
16 years and over.
10 to 15 years
Females
16 years and over
10 to 16 years
12694—07-
100.0
544, S81
16.5
527, 122
17, 7£9
85,246
83.7
2.8
13.5
81,000
4,246
12.8
0.7
bution of female clerks and copyists 16 years of age
and over for geographic divisions.
In the South Atlantic and South Central divisions
the native white women of native parents greatly outnumber all the other race and nativitv classes, forminsr
Twelfth Census, Occupations, Tables xlvii and xlviii, pages
cxxxiii and cxxxv.
'
WOMEN AT WORK.
98
74.2 per cent of the total
number
of
women employed
in the occupation in the former division
and 71.6 per
In the North Atlantic, North Central, and Western divisions, however, the proportion
of native white of native parents in the occupation is
considerably less, ranging from 43.9 per cent in the
North Central division to 51.5 per cent in the Western.
These variations in the proportions for the two principal classes among the several divisions are probably
almost entirely due to the geographic distribution of
these classes in the general population.
In the
Southern states the white population, consists very
largely of the native white of native parentage, while
in the Northern and Western states there is a large
representation of native whites of foreign parentage.
cent in the latter.
—
Table CXXIII. Per cent
women 16 years of age and
geographic divisions: 1900.
distribution,^ by
race
over employed as clerks
and
and
nativity,
of
copyists, for
.
—
CLERKS AND COPYISTS.
English (including the English Canadians, Scotch, and
Welsh), the Germans, and the Irish have 2 per cent or
Table CXXVI.
None
parents.
women born
have as many
16 TEAKS OF AGE AND OVEE EMPLOYED AS CLERKS AND COPyiSTS.
Native white-
paramount importance.
Age.-^ln Table cxxvi the women clerks and copyists 16 years of age and over, classified by race and
figures
do not admit of
by age
periods.
this distribution
for continental United States, to
The census
being made
which the
statistics
heretofore presented apply, and accordingly the table
includes all the women employed as clerks and copyists in
the entire area of enumeration' at the census
of 1900.
Of the 81,023 women included
in
Table cxxvi,
48,068, or 59.3 per cent, were from 16 to 24 years of
So large a proportion in the youngest age period
age.
is
rather exceptional, only 14 of the 47 occupations
employing more than 5,000 women showing larger pro-
young women (see Tabic xxiv, page 36).
Of the native white women of foreign parentage who
are engaged in this occupation, 64.8 per cent are in the
portions of
youngest age group.
This
is
the largest proportion
any race and nativity class, the foreign born
whites showing the next largest proportion, 60.2per cent.
shown
for
this condition does not appear
but it is probable that the large
proportion in the youngest age group among female
clerks and copyists of foreign parentage is due in part
to the fact that the proportion of young women in this
element of the female population is exceptionally large,
principally because this is the youngest class in the
population, being composed of the children of immi-
The explanation
from the
and
nativity,,
European
amount of educational training, the ability to speak
English, and familiarity with American institutions
nativity, are distributed
and
as 2 per cent of
between the two classes of nationalities is no doubt due to the fact that both native whites
of foreign parentage and foreign born whites are included under the head of foreign parentage in the above
table.
In consequence the nationalities represented in
the earlier immigration as compared with the later
would have a larger proportion of native born persons
and a smaller proportion of foreign born, and thus
would be in a better position to enter an occupation
like that of clerks and copyists, in which a certain
are of
years of age
WOMEN
All
of
statistics,
grants born after their parents came to this country.
^
Comprises continental United States, the territories of Alaska
and Hawaii, and persons in the military and naval service of the
United States (including civilian employees) stationed abroad.
One or
classes.
difference
and methods
women 16
copyists, classified by race
for the United Stales (area of enumeration): 1900.
their female breadwinners in the occupation, and for
this reason have not been shown separately in the table.
The
and
in this country of native
of the southern or eastern
nationalities, however,
Distribxlion, by age, of
over employed as clerks
more of their female breadwinners employed as clerks
and copyists, and in this respect compare very favorably
with the white
99
Both
both
parents
parents
native.
foreign
bom.
NUJIBEK.
Total
16
25
35
45
55
65
81,023
to 24 years
to 34 years
to 44 years
to 54 years ...
to 64 years.
years and over
.
.
Age unknown
Total
16 to 24 years
25 to 34 years
35 to 44 years
45 to 54 ye^rs. . .
55 to 64 years
&5 years and over
Age unknown
48,068
21,728
7,083
2,776
991
265
112
40,994
Foreign
born
white.
Negro.
—
WOMEN AT WORK.
100
employment for the two younger classes of women
workers than for those in the older age groups.
The proportion of female clerks and copyists in the
youngest age period does not differ greatly for the
several geographic divisions from that for continental
United States, except in the Northern South Atlantic
states, as is shown by Table cxxviii.
Table CXXVIII.
to
H years of age in
Number and
total
and copyists 16
and copyists 16 years
percentage of clerks
number offemale
clerks
of age and over, for geographic divisions: 1900.
CLERKS AND COPYISTS.
—Distribution
Table CXXX.
women 15 years
and increase, by race and nativity, of
and over, employed as clerks and copyists, for
1900^ and 1890.
of age
theUnited States:
101
—
WOMEN AT WORK.
102
women employed
selected cities may
Table CXXXII.
as clerks
and copyists
in the 27
be obtained from Table cxxxii.
Per cent distribution,^ by number of other bread-
winners in the family, ofivomen 16 years of age and over employed as
clerks and copyists, classified by marital condition, race, and nativity,
for twenty-seven selected
cities:
1900.
—
STENOGRAPHERS AND TYPEWRITERS.
stituting a single class
and will, for the sake of brevity,
be designated as stenographers.
Geographic distribution. Women employed as stenographers were reported at the census of 1900 fTom
every state and territory in continental United States,
—
the
number ranging from 20
New York
in
Nevada
to 16,269 in
Table 24, page 188). TRe majority of
them, however, were found in a comparatively small
number of states, as is indicated in Table cxxxiii,
which shows, for the several geographic divisions, the
number of female stenographers 16 years of age and
over andthe percentage in each race and nativity class.
(see
Table CXXXIII. Per cent distribution,^ by race and nativity, of
women 16 years of age and over employed as stenographers and typewriters, for geographic divisions: 1900.
103
—
.
WOMEN AT WORK.
104
of the statistics
is
Such a
of considerable significance.
comparison is made for stenographers in Table cxxxiv,
which shows for each race and nativity class the relative importance of the number thus employed in the
total
number
of gainfully
and over
of age
and in smaller
employed females 16 years
in cities of at least 50,000 population
cities
and rural
districts.
Table CXXXIV.
iixriters
cities
Number and ptrcentage of stenographers and typeamong female breadwinners 16 years of age and over, living in
having at
country
least
districts,
50,000 inhabitants and in smaller
classified by race
and
nativity, for
cities
and
continental
United States: 1900.
FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16
YEARS OF AGE AND OVER.
stenographers and
RACE AND NATIVITY.
typewriters.
Total.
Number. Percent.
AGGREGATE.
All classes
4,833,630
.
Native white—both parents native
Native white one or both parents foreign born
Foreign bom white
1,771,966
1,090,744
840,011
1,119,621
11,288
—
Negro
Indian and Mongolian
1.8
45, 373
2.6
33,688
6,845
174
0.7
3.1
6
IN CITIES HAVING AT LEAST
50,000
All classes
1,657,728
.
Native white—both parents native
Native white— one or both parents foreign bom
Foreign bom white
.
Negro
Indian and Mongolian
-
All classes
—
—
Native white both parents native
Native white one or both parents foreign bom
Foreign bom white
Negro
Indian and Mongolian
.
INHABITANTS.
STENOGRAPHERS AND TYPEWRITERS.
Age.
—Of special significance
in the study of statisthe occupations of women are the data
showing the age constitution of the female wage-earning
population. Such data are presented in Table oxxxvi
for stenographers, classified by race and nativity.
tics relating to
Table CXXXVI.
—Distribution, by
over em-ployed as stenographers
and
age, of women 16 years of age
typewriters, classified by race
and
and
nativity for the United States {area of enumeration): 1900.
,
WOMEN
16
PLOYED
YEAHS OF AGE AND OVER EMSTENOGRAPHERS AND TYPE-
AS
WRITERS.
Native white-
One or
All
classes.
Both
parents
both
parents
native.
foreign
Foreign
born
Negro.
white.
born.
total
number
of
women
105
gainfully employed only 44.2
per cent were in this age period. In only 8 of the
leading occupations for this sex was the proportion
16 to 24 years of age larger than in stenography (see
This occupation, therefore, is
Table xxiv, page 36)
essentially a young woman's pursuit, which is rather
.
to be expected, since
it
has become of general impor-
tance only in recent years.
Table cxxxvii shows, for each race and nativity
class, the relative importance of stenographers among
the gainfully employed women in the specified age
groups.
The proportion of stenographers among gainfully employed females of all classes was larger in the age period
16to 24 years (2.5 per cent) than in any older age period,
although not much larger than in the period 25 to 34
years (2.2 per cent). The percentage for each of the
older age groups is very small, which is indicative of
the fact noted above that the occupation
Total.
16
25
35
45
55
65
to 24 years
to 34 years
to 44 years
to 54 years
to 64 years
years and over.
Age unknown
Total.
to 24 years
to 34 years
to 44 years
to 64 years
to 64 years
years and over.
398
33,700
5,848
174
that consequently the great majority of the
63, 816
26,560
26,001
4,361
676
133
29
120
15,
23,214
9,256
1,090
3,930
1,586
261
engaged in
105
15
3
44
16
6
5
107
53
10
2
2
105
2,990
625
100
20
17
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
63.2
30.5
5.1
0.8
0.2
58.5
33.3
6.6
1.2
0.2
68.9
27.6
3.2
0.3
67.2
27.1
4.5
0.8
0.3
0.1
0.1
61.6
30.6
5.7
C)
Age unknown
C)
()
(')
0.2
0.1
1
Less than one-tenth of
1
0.1
1.1
1.1
per cent.
be seen that the great ma16 years of age and
over employed as stenographers were less than 35
years of age, 63.2 per cent being 16 to 24 years. Of the
From Table cxxxvi
new and
45,
PER CENT DISTRIBUTION.
16
25
35
45
56
65
is
86.126
it will
jority (93.7 per cent) of the
women
it
women
are young.
be seen from Table cxxxvii that among
employed women 16 to 24 years of age stenography was relatively of greater importance as an
It will also
gainfully
occupation for the native white of foreign parentage
than for those whose parents were native born, while
in the next older age period the reverse Was true.
Among the native white of native parentage this
occupation was of greater importance for women 25 to
34 years than for those 16 to 24 years; while among
those whose parents were foreign born it was of greater
importance for the younger age group. The significance of these differences is not easy of determination.
They may indicate that as compared Avith native
white of foreign parentage the native white of native
parentage take up stenography at a somewhat older
age.
AND PERCENTAGE OF STENOGRAPHERS AND TYPEWRITERS AMONG FEMALE
BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY AGE, RACE, AND NATIVITY, FOR THE
UNITED STATES (AREA OF ENUMERATION): 1900.
Table CXXXVII.—NUMBER
—
WOMEN AT WORK.
106
Marital condition.
gal condition of
and nativity
race
—Statistics relating to the conju-
women
stenographers of the several
are
classes
presented
in
Table
CXXXVIII.
Table CXXXVIII.
Distribution,^ by marital condition, of women 16
and over employed as stenographers and typewriters, clasby race and nativity, for the United States {area of enumera-
years of age
sified
tion): 1900.
WOMEN
16
YEARS OF AGE AND OVER EMPLOYED
AS STENOGRAPHERS AND TYP/EWRITERS.
Native white-
MARITAL COHDITIOST.
All
classes.
One
or
Both
both
parents
parents
native.
foreign
born.
Total
Single 2
Married
Widowed..
Divorced..
Total
Single 2
Married
Widowed..
Divorced..
85,126
Foreign
bom
white.
Negro.
STENOGRAPHERS AND TYPEWRITERS.
and nativity
of stenographers is in marked contrast
to the corresponding distribution for all occupations.
In the latter case the percentages for the several race
and nativity classes varied but
1900.
The changes noted
Uttle
between 1890 and
for stenographers indicate
that the native white of foreign parentage and the foreign born white have entered this occupation very
largely since 1890.
In recent years the facilities for
acquiring the art of stenography have become more
general, as, for instance, in the public schools, and this
may have resulted in greater advantage to those of
foreign birth or parentage than to those whose parents
are native.
Table cxl shows, for 1900 and 1890, the age distribution of women stenographers 15 years of age and
over, with the amount and percentage of increase.
Table (JXL.
—
Distribution and increase, by age, of women 15 years of
and over employed as stenographers and typewriters, for the
United States: 1900 and 1890.
age
'
AVOMEN
i
15 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER EMPLOYED AS
STENOGRAPHERS AND TYPEWRITERS.
107
WOMEN AT WORK.
108
Table CXLI.
—
Per cent distribution,^ hy family relationship, of women
16 years of age and over employed as stenographers and typewriters,
classified by marital condition, race, and nativity, for twenty-six
selected cities: 1900.
TEACHERS.
109
which they hved. In most of the leading
occupations for women the proportion of those who
are apparently the sole support of the family in which
they live is larger than it is in this occupation (see
to refer to Tables ix
Table
the teachers in
families in
page 208).
27,
Women
of native birth
and parentage employed
as
stenographers are apparently the sole source of support
for their families in a larger percentage of cases than
are women of any other nativity.
Thus in the total
for all marital classes 7.6 per cent of the native white
of native parents were living in families in which there
were no other breadwinners, as compared with 5.5 per
cent of the native white of foreign parentage and of
the foreign born white. These facts may perhaps
indicate that in the case of female stenographers of
native parentage the necessity for employment
more urgent than for those of any other class.
is
be found that in 1900
At the census
of
16 years of age
1900 the number of women at least
reported as teachers or
who were
professors in schools, colleges, and universities in con-
States was 327,206.
This makes
numerical importance among the professional occupations open to adult women and fifth
among all occupations into which they enter. The
327,206 teachers and professors were outnumbered by
the 1,165,561 servants and waitresses, the 456,405 agricultural laborers, the 338,144 dressmakers, and the
328,935 laundresses. They were first, however, among
the 429,497 women engaged in professional service,
forming 76.2 per cent of that total.
Importance as an occupation for women. The extent
to which women monopolize the profession of teaching
is indicated in the following tabular stq,tement, which
tinental
United
teaching
first in
—
classifies the total number of teachers and professors
in schools, colleges, and universities as males and
females, children and adults. As no distinction is
made in these or in subsequent figures between the
teachers and the professors, the term "teacher" will
hereafter be applietl to both classes together whenever
they are mentioned in the
text.
teachers:
Total.
All classes
Adults 16 years and over.
Children 10 to 15 years
^-f^,
Male.
1900.
133
445,687
446
Female.
327,614
118,481
38
Women 16 years of age and over are by far the most
important class among teachers in the United States,
forming 73.3 per cent of the total number reported at
the census of 1900. In this connection it is interesting
For a discussion of the census statistics for all teachers, both
male and female, see Census Bulletin 23, reprinted in Twelfth
Census, Supplementary Analysis, page 475.
'
of the special report
on
all
women predominated among
sections of the country.
The
per-
centage which they formed of the total varied from
85.1 in New England to 60.1 in the Western South
Central states, and was generally higher in the North
than in the South. In all the main divisions of the
country the percentage which women formed of the
total number of teachers was larger in the cities of at
least 25,000 inhabitants than in the smaller cities and
country districts. For continental United States as
a whole 82.1 per cent of tjie teachers in cities of 25,000
or more inhabitants were women, as contrasted with
70.6 per cent of those in the smaller cities and country
districts.
Of the
TEACHERS.^
and x
teachers contained in Census Bulletin 23, which dealt
with all teachers at least 10 years of age. It will
total
number
of teachers 16 years of age
and
over 73.4 per cent, or about 3 out of 4, were women.
This large proportion caused the profession of the
teacher to rank tenth among all occupations in the
The occupations havrelative prominence of women.
ing a larger proportion of women are shown in the
following tabular statement, together with the percentages which men, women, and children form of the total
engaged in them:^
WOMEN AT WORK.
no
WOMEN
I
KACE AND NATIVITY.
16 YEAKS OF
AGE AND OVEE EMPLOYED AS TEACHEKS FOK CONTINENTAL UNITED states:
1900.
Per cent
Number.
distribution.
All classes
—
—
Native white ^both parents native
Native white one or both parents foreign born
Foreign bom white
Negro
Indian and MongoUan
327,206
100.0
207,823
88,449
17, 218
13, 478
238
63.5
27.0
5.3
4.1
0.1
Native white
women
with both parents native, the
largest element
among
adult female teachers, formed
number; native white women
with one or both parents foreign born formed 27 per
cent; and thus it is evident that out of every 10
adult females engaged in this profession, 9 were white
women born in this country. One in 20 was a foreign
born white woman and 1 in 25 a negro. The Indian
and Mongolian female teachers were numerically unimportant, contributing less than 1 to every 1,000 of the
63.5 per cent of the total
total.
If the figures for female teachers are contrasted with
those given in Table xxiii (page 34) for women engaged
in the 46 other occupations which contained at least
,
6,000 adult female breadwinners,
states
and
interesting facts
territories.
BY RACE AND NATIVITY, OF WOMEN 16 YEARS OF AGE
AS TEACHERS, FOR STATES AND TERRITORIES: 1900.
Table CXLIII.— DISTRIBUTION,
some
be noted. The percentage which native whites with
both parents native formed of the total was greater
in only 5 occupations than it was in teaching, and all
5 were professional pursuits which contained a comparatively small number of women. The percentage
of foreign born whites, on the other hand, was lower
only among women engaged as government officials or
as agricultural laborers.
The rank of teaching in the
proportion of native whites of foreign parentage was
twenty-eighth and in the proportion of negroes thirteenth.
The occupations in which a larger percentage
of the total number of women were native whites of
foreign parentage were mainly manufacturing or
mechanical pursuits or else those connected with trade
and transportation. The occupations which had a
higher percentage of negroes were chiefly those connected with domestic and personal service or agriculture.
The proportion which the different race and nativity
classes formed of the total number of adult female
teachers was of course determined to a large degree by
the composition of the population, and hence it differed
rather widely in the several states, as is shown by
Table oxliii, in which the female teachers 16 years of
age and over are classified bj- race and nativity for
will
AND OVER EMPLOYED
TEACHERS.
Table CXLIII.— DISTRIBUTION,
BY RACE AND NATIVITY, OP WOMEN 16 YEARS OF AGE
AS TEACHERS, FOR STATES AND TERRITORIES: 1900—Continued.
Ill
AND OVER EMPLOYED
WOMEN AT WORK.
112
than another. To answer this question Table cxliv
has been prepared, which shows for each race and nativity class the number of teachers in every 10,000
females
16 years of
similar data
and
age
for cities of
for smaller cities
and over.
It
also
shows
at least 50,000 inhabitants
and country
districts.
Table CXLIV.—NUMBER AND PROPORTION OF TEACHERS IN THE FEMALE POPULATION 16 YEARS OF AGE ANB
OVER LIVING IN CITIES HAVING AT LEAST 50,000 INHABITANTS AND IN SMALLER CITIES AND COUNTRY
DISTRICTS, CLASSIFIED BY RACE AND NATIVITY, FOR CONTINENTAL UNITED STATES: 1900.
WOMEN
Aggregate.
KAOE AND NATIVITY.
A U cla.ssps
—
—
Native white both parents native
Native white one or both parents foreign born
Foreign bom white
Negro
Indian and Mongolian
16
TEAKS Or AGE AND OVER.
TEACHERS.
prosperous class, had the largest percentage of teachers
in the total
number
employed women, while the negroes, who are regarded as the lowest in the economic
scale, had the smallest.
That these percentages should
of
correspond roughly to the variations in the general
well-being of the different classes would naturally be
expected. A girl who is to become a teacher has to be
supported while obtaining the necessary education for
some years after she has reached the age when she
could earn money by entering an occupation of a
lower grade. This foregoing of the wages which she
might earn, even where the educational institutions
are public or eleemosynary, constitutes a tax on the
resources of the family which can not easily be borne
by those in the poorer classes.
It is not surprising, therefore, in view of these facts,
to find that the
cally the
same
rank
of the nativity classes
was
practi-
113
and in smaller cities and country districts. It should
be noted, however, that among the white female breadwinners the proportion of teachers was considerably
higher in the smaller cities and country districts than
Probably
in the cities of 50,000* or more inhabitants.
this was due chiefly to the greater diversity of occupations in the large cities.
To determine how far these differences exhibited in
Table cxlv are common to all sections of the country.
Tables cxlvi and cxlvii have been prepared for main
and minor geographic divisions. Both present figures
for the adult female teachers
classified by race and
nativity
—in
—
cities of at least
50,000 inhabitants and
and country
districts, the first table
in smaller cities
giving the absolute
number
of teachers
the percentage which they form of
and the second
all
adult female
breadwinners.
in cities of at least 50,000 inhabitants
Table CXLVI.—WOMEN
16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER EMPLOYED AS TEACHERS IN CITIES HAVING AT LEAST 50,000
INHABITANTS AND IN SMALLER CITIES AND COUNTRY DISTRICTS, CLASSIFIED BY RACE AND NATIVITY, FOR
GEOGRAPHIC DIVISIONS: 1900.
WOMEN AT WORK.
114
Table
CXLVII. —PERCENTAGE; OF TEACHERS AMONG FEMALE BREADWINNERS
16
YEARS OF AGE AND OVER
LIVING IN CITIES HAVING AT LEAST 50,000 INHABITANTS AND IN SMALLER CITIES AND COUNTRY DISTRICTS, CLASSIFIED BY RACE AND NATIVITY, FOR GEOGRAPHIC DIVISIONS: 1900.
•
TEACHERS.
probably to be accounted for chiefly by the difference
in the periods during which the various peoples have
been a factor in the population of the United States;
for when the mother tongue is not English the teachers
whose parents were of foreign birth represent for the
most part the daughters of immigrants born and educated in this country. Many teachers of foreign languages, however, are foreigners by birth; and the comparatively high percentage of teachers among female
breadwinners of French parentage doubtless results in
part from the demand for native teachers of the French
language.
Table CXLVIII.
—
Number and percentage of teachers among female
breadwinners 10 years of age and over, classified by nativity of parents,
for continental United States: 1900.
115
116
WOMEN AT WORK.
The effect of marriage may be better brought out in
Table cl, which gives the proportion of teachers among
Table CL.—NUMBER
the total number of adult female breadwinners in each
age period for race and nativity classes.
AND PERCENTAGE OF TEACHERS AMONG FEMALE BREADWINNERS
16
YEARS OF AGE AND
OVER, CLASSIFIED BY AGE, RACE, AND NATIVITY, FOR THE UNITED STATES (AREA OF ENUMERATION):
1900.
—
—
117
TEACHERS.
of
An inspection of Table cli shows that the proportion
women over 44 years was greatest in the New Eng-
land, the Northern South Atlantic,
and the Southern
North Atlantic states, and that it was smallest in the
Western North Central, the Basin and Plateau, the
Eastern North Central and the Rocky Mountain states.
It is rather interesting to note that the rank of the minor
divisions, according to the percentage which women 44
years of age and over formed of the total number of
,
adult female teachers, corresponds rather closely to
the ranlc according to the percentage which single
women formed of the total number of adult women in
the general population.' This similarity suggests that
possibly the teachers are older in those communities
where marriage for this sex is less general.
The difference between the cities of at least 50,000
inhabitants and the smaller cities and country districts
in respect to the age of teachers is shown in Table clii
for continental United States.
Table CLII.
Distribution, by age, of
over employed as teachers, living in
inhaKtants and in smaller
nental United States: 1900.
cities
women
cities
16 years of age and
having at least 60,000
and country
districts
,
for conti-
WOMEN
16 YEARS OF AGE AND
OVER EMPLOYED AS TEACH-
ERS.
I
:j
Aggregate.
||
16
26
46
66
In
smaller
^^^^^
cities
and
country
districts.
326,296
76,045
250, 251
161,994
152,266
20, 527
1,509
23,581
43,608
8,283
673
128, 413
108, 658
'!
to 24 years
to 44 years
to 64 years
years and over.
cities
having
inhabitants.
I
Total 1.
In
12,
244
936
PER CENT DISTRIBUTION.
Total 1.
16
25
45
65
to 24 years
to 44 years
to 64 years
years and over.
100.0
100.0
100.0
46.6
46.7
31.0
57.3
10.9
0.8
61.3
43.4
4.9
0.4
6.3
0.5
I
Not including age unknown.
teachers in cities of at least 50,000 inhabitants,
indicated in Table clii, were older than those in
The
as is
smaller cities and country districts. This may have
been due to the difference between the two classes of
communities in respect to the requirement for entrance
In a rural community a pupil of
into the profession.
may be the teacher of the next. In the cities
towns this is rarely the case, for there the
large
and
Many teachers, therefore,
for experience.
is
demand
in the country schools,
apprenticeship
of
sort
a
serve
experienced,
and later, when they are older and more
one year
marital condition, of the adult
For the per cent distribution, by
the minor divisions, see Twelfth
in the general population of
page 393.
Census, Supplementary Analysis,
1
women
obtain the more highly paid and often pleasanter positions in the large towns or cities.
Whether any difference exists between the large
cities and the smaller cities and country districts in
respect to the importance of teaching as a profession
for women of the several ages is shown in Table cliii.
This table gives, for continental United States, the
percentage which teachers formed of the total number
of female breadwinners in each age period over 15
years.
Table CLIII.
years of age
Percentage of teachers among female breadwinners 16
living in cities having at least 50,000 inhabitants
and over
and in smaller
cities
and country
tinental United States: 1900.
districts, classified
by age, for con-
WOMEN AT WORK.
118
Table CLIV.
of age
and
—Distribution} by marital condition, of women 16
over employed as teachers, classified by race
for the United States {area of enumeration): 1900.
and
i
nativity,
—
TEACHERS.
1890 as contrasted with only 11.4 in 1900.
increase in the importance of the profession among
class in
The
the other classes was, however, sufficient to offset this
decrease among the native whites of native parentage.
Whether changes have also occurred in the age distribution of the teachers of the several classes during
the decade from 1890 to 1900 is a question answered
by Table
olvii.
This table gives the age distribution
of the female teachers 15 years of age
and
over, classi-
by
race and nativity for 1890 and 1900, together
with the number and percentage of increase in each
age period during the decade.
fied
The women 15 years of age and over who were
teaching in 1900 were older than those engaged in the
profession in 1890.
In 1890, as Table clvii shows,
55.6 per cent of the total number of teachers were
under 25 years of age, while in 1900 the corresponding
percentage was only 46.5. All the age periods over
that of 15 to 24 years contained a higher percentage
of the total in 1900 than in 1890.
The largest numeri-
decade was that of 42,879 in
the age period 25 to 34 years, but the largest proportional increase was that of 81.6 per cent in the age
period 55 to 64 years.
cal increase during the
All classes show this increase in the relative importance of the older age groups, and therefore it is not
improbable that it is the result in part of a tendency
to enter the occupation at an older age after a longer
period of preparatory training. The multiplication
of normal schools would contribute to this result, as
'would also the raising of the legal requirements for
entrance into the profession. In comparing the percentages of increase shown for the different age groups,
it should be remembered, however, that most of the
women of older years entered this profession in their
youth. To some extent, therefore, the increase shown
by the table for the older age group may reflect an
influx of young women into this occupation at an
This is probably the sigearlier period of its history.
nificance of the exceptionally large percentage of increase shown for native whites of foreign parentage in
the age periods above 35.^ In the case of the negroes,
the high percentage in the older age periods is probably due to some extent to the fact that among them
teaching as a profession is of such recent origin that
the mere advancing years of the first persons who
entered it would affect the percentages.
'
See page 52.
Table CLVII.
119
Distribution
and increase, by
age,
of women 15 years
of age and over employed as teachers, classified by race and nativity,
for the United States: 1900 and 1890.
'
—
WOMEN AT WORK.
120
The percentages of increase among female teachers
during the decade 1890 to 1900 were very different for
the several sections of the country, as is shown in Table
CLViii.
The figures given in that table deal with all
female teachers 10 years of age and over, as figures for
adults only were not available.
Table CLVIII.
Increase in the
number of females 10 years of age and
over employed as teachers, for geographic divisions: 1900 and 1890.
:
TEACHERS.
—
Family relationship. In order to determine the relationship of female teachers to the families in which
live, a special tabulation was made of data contained in the schedules of the Twelfth Census for the
they
27 cities which reported the largest number of adult
female breadwinners. The teachers included in this
special tabulation are classified
by
race, nativity,
and
marital condition in the following tabular statement
121
;
WOMEN AT WORK.
122
Other breadwinners in the family.
—Another tabulation
which was made from the entries on the schedules of
the Twelfth Census for the 27 cities classifies the adult
female teachers according to the number of other
breadwinners in the families in which they lived.
These other breadwinners include only relatives of the
Relatives
teacher living in the same house with her.
the
Census
living elsewhere could not be included, as
identifying
them.
schedules furnished no means of
purposely
omitted
from
Boarders in the house were
with
rule,
their
connection
the tabulation because, as a
The
purely
business
relationship.
the family was a
this
tabulation
are
numbers
derived
from
actual
shown in Table 27, (page 208), for each race, nativity,
and marital class, and the percentages based upon
these figures are presented in Table clxii.
In the 27 selected cities 4,919 teachers were the
only breadwinners of the family in which they lived,
and of this number 4,247, or 86.3 per cent, were
These teachers, who apparently were
single women.
the sole means of support of their families, formed 9.3
per cent of the total and were less numerous than those
living in families of
The most numerous
consisted of those
any
of the other three classes.
class, exclusive of
that "boarding,"
who lived m. families having one other
breadwinner, for they formed 22.8 per cent of the total,
as compared with 20 per cent for those in families
having 2 other breadwinners and 20.2 per cent for
those in families having more than 2.
If the figures for the several marital classes are compared,
some
interesting facts will be noted,
true almost without exception for
nativity class.
which are
each race and
Teachers living in families which con-
taiaed 2 or more than 2 other breadwinners formed the
highest percentage among the single; those living in
families containing only one other, the highest per-
centage among the married; and those who were the
only breadwinners, the highest percentage among the
widowed and divorced. The explanation of these difSingle teachers,
ferences is to be found in Table clxi.
exclusive of boarders, usually lived with their fathers
and mothers and married teachers with their husbands
but the widowed and divorced were heads of families.
The single teacher was not usually the only breadwinner, for she was generally assisted by the father and one
brother or sister, perhaps more than one. The married
teachers were usually too young to have children who
were old enough to be breadwinners and thus they were
usually assisted only by the husband. As the widowed
and divorced women were probably somewhat older
than the married, they often had a child who was a
breadwinner, but where they had no such child they
were the only ones to support the family.
Tablb clxii.
—
Per cent distribution,^ iy number of other breadwinners in the family, of women 16 years of age and over employed
as teachers, classified by marital condition, race, and nativity, for
twenty-seven selected
citieS:
1900.
—
.
—
..
,
.
.
FARMERS.
exclusively
The
ing.
by men seems at first somewhat surprisnumber of adults reported as engaged
total
in this
occupation was, however, 5,674,875, so that
of women reported constituted but 5.4
per cent, or approximately one-twentieth of the total.
In only 4 of the 47 occupations employing at least
5,000 adult female breadwinners did women constitute
a smaller proportion of the total. These 4 included
the barbers and hairdressers, the laborers (not specified),
the merchants and dealers (except wholesale), and the
number
the
agents.
Although the occupation of the farmer was thus
the lowest in the percentage formed by women,
yet it was sixth in actual number of women employed,
being exceeded only by the servants and waitresses,
among
the female agricultural laborers, the dressmakers, the
laundresses, and the teachers.
Because of the large
number
of
farming
is
women engaged in it, the occupation of
very important in a consideration of the
employment of women.
Race and nativity. The extent to which women of
the four race and nativity classes have contributed to
this large number is indicated in Table clxiii, which
—
shows the difference in the distribution in the sevThe actual numbers are
eral geographic divisions.
given in Table 24 (page 180).
also
Per cent distribution,^ by race and nativity of women
16 years of age and over employed as farmers, planters, and overseers,
Table CLXIII.
,
for geographic divisions: 1900.
WOMEN 16 YEAES OF AGE AND OVEK EMPLOYED
AS FARMERS, PLANTERS, AND OVERSEERS.
Per cent.
Native white
GEOGRAPHIC DIVISION.
Negro,
Number.
Both
One or Foreign
bom
both
parents parents
white.
Indian,
and
Mongolian.
native. foreign
bom.
Continental United States
North Atlantic
division.
Nev? England
Southern North Atlantic
30,019
75.1
10.4
8,928
21,091
82.6
71.9
5.7
12.4
11.5
16.2
0.2
0.5
75.3
54.5
2.0
0.5
2.0
0.2
20.7
44.7
66, 657
South Atlantic division
Northern South Atlantic.
Southern South Atlantic.
19, 570
47,087
Eastern North Central. .
Western North Central.
.
Eastern South Central .
Western South Central
.
15.4
12.2
25.9
33.0
0.7
.
.
68, 693
46, 202
55.6
55.8
0.8
2.6
0.7
4.3
42.8
37.3
46.0
11.7
27.5
2,633
2,385
6,461
56.4
12.6
8.0
12.6
22.6
24.2
30.7
Western division.
Basin and Plateau.
Pacific
14.0
68.1
52.9
46, 839
37, 817
1.8
114, 896
South Central division
.
37.7
84,656
North Central division
Rocky Mountain.
6.1
307, 706
.
14.1
5a 6
iFor numbers on which the percentages are based, see Table
24,
page
8.4
53.7
a2
180.
women with both parents native were
class among female farmers.
important
by far the most
Native white
123
forming 58.3 per cent of the total number. This proportion of native white women of native parentage was
exceptionally high, exceeding that in all but 8 of the
46 other occupations which contained at least 5,000
adult female breadwinners. On the other hand, the
6.1 per cent which the native white of foreign parentage
constituted of the total was a proportion lower than
that shown for any of the other 46 occupations except
that of agricultural laborers (see Table xxiir, page
Negro, Indian, and Mongolian women were of
34).
practically the same importance among the female
farmers as they were among the total number of adult
female breadwinners, forming about 24 per cent in
each case. The foreign born whites formed 11.4 per
cent of the female farmers, as contrasted with 17.4 per
cent of the total number of adult female breadwinners.
This difference is to be attributed largely to
the tendency of the foreign bom white women to engage in manufacturing and mechanical pursuits and
domestic and personal service in preference to agriculture.
The native whites of native parentage were the most
numerous class among female farmers in each of the
five main geographic divisions.
There was, however,
wide variation in the relative numbers in the different
divisions, the proportions ranging from 46 per cent, or
less than one-half, in the Western division, to 75.1 per
cent, or three-fourths, in the North Atlantic division,
while in New England the proportion was over fourfifths.
In the other three main divisions the proportions approximate fairly closely those shown for the
country at large. In the two Southern divisions, where*
the negro population is large, the proportion was high
for the colored races, which were an insignificant element in every other division except the Western.
The large percentage of colored female farmers shown
in the West was due mainly to the high percentage in
the Basin and Plateau states, where more than half
were of the colored races, this division being the only
one of the geographic divisions or subdivisions in
which the native white of native parents were in a
minority. This results from the fact that a large
number of Indian women were reported as farmers
in Arizona.
The highest percentage of foreign born
white was found in the North Central states, to which
the agricultural classes from western Europe have
come in large numbers. In no division did the native whites of foreign parentage form a large percentage of the total, a fact probably to be explained partially by the younger age of this nativity class.
This discussion of the proportion which the difform of the total number of female
farmers naturally raises the question whether, in proportion to its numbers, one class tends more than
another toward farming. Table clxiv shows the perferent classes
centage that farmers formed of the total
number
of
—
WOMEN AT WORK.
124
adult female breadwinners in each race and nativity
class.
—
Table CLXIV. Number and percentage of farmers,
overseers among female breadwinners 16 years of
classified
planters,
age
and
and
over,
by race and nativity, far continental United States: 1900.
FEMALE BREAD WINNERS 16
YEARS OF AGE AND OVER.
RACE AND NATIVITY.
Farmers, planters,
and overseers.
Total.
Number. Per cent.
All classes
833, 630
307, 706
6.4
1,771,966
1,090,744
840, Oil
1,119,621
11,288
179, 448
10.1
1.7
4.2
6.4
26.2
4,
—
—
Native white both parents native
Native white one or both parents foreign born.
I'oreign born white.,.',
Negro
Indian and Mongolian
18, 663
34, 975
71,665
2,955
The percentage which farmers formed of the total
number of adult female breadwinners was more than
twice as great for the Indians and Mongolians as it
was for the native whites with both parents native, the
class that
this respect.
The reason
among the Indians is twofold.
Indian women, perhaps more than
ranked second in
for this high percentage
In the
first place,
class, were restricted to a few rural occuIn the second place, when the tribal reservations of the Indians were partitioned, farms were
As a result, 26.2 per cent, or
allotted to the women.
more than 1 in 4, of the female breadwinners of the
Indian race were farmers.
That the native whites of native parentage ranked
next to the Indians in the percentage which farmers
constituted of the total number of female breadwinners
The higher proportion
is attributable to several causes.
shown for them as compared with the other white
nativity classes was probably due to the fact that this
nativity class was more largely concentrated in the
agricultural districts than was the case among those
of foreign birth or parentage, who tend to seek the
any other
pations.
where they engage in trade and transportation
They
or manufacturing and mechanical pursuits.
third,
ranked
that
exceeded the negroes, the group
probably because they were a wealthier class, and thus
cities,
included relatively more
The
to possess a farm.
women who had the means
much smaller importance of
the occupation for the white of foreign parentage as
compared with the foreign born white is probably to
be explained by the much lower average age of the
former
for
class, as
women
The
farming
is
preeminently an occupation
over 40.
difference in the relative importance
occupation for
the various race and nativity
different sections of the country
is
of
the
classes in
indicated in Table
CLXV, which presents the percentage which farmers
constituted of the total number of adult female breadwinners in each class for geographic divisions. The
figures for the Indians and Mongolians have been omit-
ted, since the female farmers among these races numbered only 2,955 and were located mainly in the Western and South Central states.
Table CLXV.
Percentage of farmers, planters, and overseers among
classified by race and
female breadwinners 16 years of age and over,
nativity, for geographic divisions: 1900.
—
FARMERS.
equaling the
general average. All the other counwestern Europe, with the exception of Ireland and Sweden, also show a relatively high percentage as compared with the total for those of foreign
tries of
For most
parentage.
of
the countries of
eastern
Europe, on the other hand, the percentage of farmers was low.
This was particularly noticeable for
the Italians, the Eussians, the Poles, the Austrians,
and the Hungarians, the nationalities which of late
years have been coming to this country in large num-
The low percentage for these nationalities is
to be attributed mainly to their tendency to congrebers.
gate in large
cities where they find employment in
manufacturiag and mechanical pursuits. It is perhaps noteworthy that approximately one-third of those
of foreign parentage reported in this occupation were
German
of
parentage.
—
Table CLXVI. Number and percentage of farmers, planters, and
overseers among female breadwinners 10 years of age and over, clasby nativity of parents, for continental United States: 1900.
sified
FEMALE BREADWINNERS 10
YEARS OF AGE AND OVER.
Farmers,
PARENTAGE.
ers,
plant-
and over-
Total.
Number. Per
All classes
Native parentage
Native white
All other
J^'oreign
parentage
5,319,397
307,706
5.8
3,247,907
248,897
7.7
1,926,637
1,321,270
179, 448
449
9.3
5.3
2,071,490
68,809
2.8
25,690
25,719
102, 181
364
953
1,804
79,979
15,580
158,912
21, 164
538, 192
14,631
634,201
26,093
47,934
38, 636
40.816
46, 173
81,148
15, 125
47,689
112,827
626
744
5,625
773
19,260
231
11,092
134
3,394
545
373
1,758
2,116
880
1,246
1,901
1.4
3.7
1.8
0.8
4.8
3.5
3.7
3.6
1.6
1.7
0.5
7.1
1.4
0.9
3.8
2.6
5.8
2.6
1.7
Austria
Bohemia
Canada (EngUsh)
Canada (French)
Denmark
England and Wales
France
Germany
Hungary
Ireland
Italy
Norway
Poland
Russia
Scotland
Sweden
Switzerland
Other countries
Mixed foreign parentage
—That farming
cent.
69,
preeminently an occupation
is shown by Table
CLXVii, in which the distribution by age periods is
given for female farmers, classified by race and naOf the total number of female farmers, only
tivity.
13.5 per cent, or about 2 in 15, were under 35 years of
age; while 66.3 per cent, or almost 2 in 3, were over 44.
That the female farmers as a class should be so old is
Age.
for
women
in middle
is
life
or old age
the result of the conditions under which most of them
take up farming. The occupation naturally does not
appeal to young unmarried women.
It
normally
re-
and experience, and
to a single woman without family ties other methods
The statisof gaining a livelihood are more feasible.
quires a certain
amount
of capital
tics
indicate
125
that most of the
women
reported as
farmers were once farmers' wives, who upon the death
of the husband carried on the farm.
This fact will
become more evident when the figures for marital condition are considered.
Table CLXVII.
•
Distrioution, by age, of
over employed as farmers, -planters,
and
and
women 16
years of age
and
overseers, classified by race
nativity, for the United States {area of enumeration):
'
1900.
WOMEN AT WORK.
126
Exa' single one of the groups of known age.
cept in the period 16 to 24 where the percentages
the occupation for the native whites of foreign parentage was due almost wholly to the fact that the propor-
were identical the native white female breadwinners
of foreign parentage reported a higher percentage of
farmers than the foreign born whites. This indicates
conclusi,vely that the relatively small importance of
tion of
case in
—
—
them who had reached the age
up this occupation was
ordinarily take
than the corresponding proportion
at
which women
so
much
smaller
of the foreign
bom
whites.
AND PERCENTAGE OF FARMERS, PLANTERS, AND OVERSEERS AMONG FEMALE
YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY AGE, RACE, AND NATIVITY, FOR THE UNITED
Table CLXVIII.— NUMBER
BREADWINNERS
16
STATES (AREA OF ENUMERATION):
1900.
,
FEMALE BEEADWINNEKS
16
YEARS OF AGE AND OVEK.
Native white
Foreign born white.
Both parents
Tanners,
Farmers,
Fanners,
Farmers,
Farmers,
planters, and
overseers.
planters, and
overseers.
planters, and
overseers.
planters, and
overseers.
Total.
Per
Total
by
Number.
cent.
Total.
Per
Number.
cent.
Per
Per
cent.
cent.
843, 155
307,788
6.4
1,773,109
179, 476
10.1
1,091,200
18,665
1.7
840, 686
34,982
4.2
1,119,653
71, 665
11,632
29,761
61,004
81,078
71, 367
51,643
1,303
0.6
2.5
9.0
18.4
27.8
37.2
7.2
753, 266
4,193
12,688
32,791
48,744
46,011
34,661
387
0.6
3.2
13.4
26.8
38.1
61.2
7.2
593, 435
795
2,114
5,040
5,301
3,482
1,909
24
0.1
0.7
3.9
11.3
21.8
35.6
2.9
347,759
202, 322
119,316
86, 136
54,563
28,262
2,328
328
1,299
4,249
9,425
11,320
8,282
79
0.1
0.6
3.6
10.9
20.7
29.3
3.4
439,726
266,956
178, 810
124,024
64, 635
36,539
9,064
5,982
13, 169
18, 296
16,947
10,069
6,427
775
441, 457
256,926
138,691
18,211
399,376
244,656
182, 214
120, 650
67, 655
5,392
Table CLXViii also shows that the occupation of
farming became of increased importance as the age
Of the female
of the female breadwinners increased.
breadwinners 16 to 24 years of age, only five-tenths
of 1 per cent were farmers, but the proportion increased steadily until among those 65 years of age
and over 37.2 per cent of the total were engaged
This steadily advancing proporin that occupation.
observable
for
all classes of the population,
is
tion
though it is more marked for some than for others.
This of course is simply another indication of the fact
that as a rule women become farmers only upon the
death of their husbands. That such is the case is
shown in Table clxix, in which the female farmers are
297,916
130,749
46,926
15,982
5,368
825
number of female farmers were widows. Even
among the negro female farmers, where widows were rel-
1.4
49
10.2
13,7
16.6
17.6
8.6
Distribution,^ by marital condition, of women 16
and over employed as farmers, planters, and overseers,
by race and nativity, for the United States {area of enu-
years of age
classified
meration): 1900.
WOMEN
16 YEARS
OF AGE AND OVER EMPLOYED AS FARMERS, PLANTERS, AND OVER-
Native white
MARITAL CONDITION.
AH
One or
classes.
Both
both
parents
parents
native.
foreign
Foreign
born
Negro.
white.
born.
NUMBER.
—
total
6.4
Table CLXIX.
race and nativity and marital condition.
Marital condition. No less than 73.4 per cent of the
classified
Total.
Per
2,139,370
1,171,952
676,548
4,
Age unknown
Total.
Number.
cent.
to 24 years
to 34 years
to 44 years
to 54 years
to 64 years
years and over.
Negro.
One or hoth parents
foreign bom.
planters, and
overseers.
Total.
16
25
35
45
55
65
native.
All classes
307,788
179,475
18, 666
34, 982
71, 665.
18
16,320
22, 626
137, 681
2,949
2,407
3,493
12,376
1,036
5,359
28,098
489
15,442
46,234
1,804
Single^
28,
Married
1
47,983
Widowed
225, 991
Divorced
5,696
8,185.
atively least numerous, they formed 64.5 per cent of the
number. Married women, who were next in importance to the widows, formed only 15.6 per cent of
the total and were most numerous relatively among the
Single women formed 9.1 per cent and were
negroes.
relatively most numerous among the native whites with
both parents foreign born. Of the 47 occupations employing 5,000 women, this showed the lowest proportion
of single women and the highest proportion of widows.
total
PEE CENT DISTRIBUTION.
All classes
Single^
Married
Widowed
On
the assumption that
100.0
100.0
100.0
9.1
15.6
9.1
12.6
76.7
1.6
12.9
18.7
66.3
2.1
3.0
73.4
1.9
Divorced
1
100.0
all
the married, widowed, and divorced
in this occupation are 36 years of age
2
Including unknown.
15.3
80.3
1.4
and
over.
100.
11.4
21.6
64.5
2.5
women
—
FARMERS.
—
Comparison with census of 1890. More or less uncertainty attends any comparison of the number of
women reported as farmers at the censuses of 1890 and
1900.
In 1890 girls of 15 were classified as adults,
and it is possible, therefore, that the number of women
reported as farmers at that census might include a few
of that age, which would not be the case for 1900, as all
girls under 16 engaged in farm pursuits were classified
as agricultural laborers.
It seems probable, moreover,
that at the former census the term "farmer" was employed more or less loosely, and that a very large number of persons were reported as farmers who should
properly have been classified as agricultural laborers.
In 1900, on the other hand, there was probably no such
inaccuracy in classification. The effect of any such
errors in the returns would be to make the apparent
increase in the number of farmers smaller than the
actual increase.^
At the same time it seems doubtful just how far the
foregoing inaccuracies affected the figures for women
The increase in the number of
in this occupation.
women reported as farmers in continental United
States amounted to 81,279, or 35.9 per cent, against an
increase of 131,756, or 36.2 percent, in the number reported as agricultural laborers. This latter increase
seems hardly abnormal as compared with the former.
It is possible, therefore, that so far as women are concerned, the comparison between the censuses may give
a fairly accurate measure of the changes in the occupation.
These facts should be borne in mind in considering
Table clxx, which gives the distribution of the female
farmers by race and nativity for 1890 and 1900, together with the percentage of increase for each class
during the decade.
The largest actual increase shown by any of. the
nativity classes was one of 40,733 among the native
whites with both parents native, but the largest proportional increase was one of 1,058.7 per cent for the
Indians and Mongolians. This enormous percentage
is not, however, of particular significance, since the
1890 census included only those Indians who were
living outside of tribal relations, while the 1900 census
embraced all Indians. The native whites with one or
both parents foreign born more than doubled in numThe
ber, and the negroes increased 45.2 per cent.
smallest relative increase and the next to the smallest
actual increase was reported by the foreign born whites.
The effect of these differences in the rates of increase
was of course to change somewhat the relative importance of the different classes among the female
The native whites of native parentage and
farmers.
born whites became slightly less important
foreign
the
relatively, while the
increased.
importance of
all
other classes
127
Table CLXX. Distribution and increase, by race and nativity, of
women 15 years of age and over employed as farmers, planters, and
overseers, for the
United States: 1900
'
and 1890.
WOMEN AT WORK.
128
period 15 to 24 years the number of female farmers
actually decreased 919, or 7.3 per cent. This decrease,
however, was probably the result of the inclusion in
the 1890 figures of
laborers of that age.
a large
The
number
decrease, as
of
agricultural
shown by the
census returns, was confined to the negroes, who were
almost exclusively in the South, where the misuse of
the term "farmer" in 1890 was the greatest. For
all
the other classes there was a slight increase in the
number
of farmers for the period 15 to
24 years.
GENERAL TABLES
12694—07
9
(129)
PROPORTION OF WOMEN AT WORK.
Table 1.— NTjMBER
AND PERCENTAGE OF BREADWINNERS IN THE FEMALE POPULATION
AND OVER, FOR STATES AND TERRITORIES: 1900, 1890, AND 1880.
131
16
YEARS OF AGE
.
.
.
.
..
.
...
..
.
WOMEN AT WORK.
132
Table 13.— NUMBER
AND PERCENTAGE OF BREADWINNERS- IN THE FEMALE POPULATION 16 YEARS OF AGE
AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY RACE AND NATIVITY, FOR STATES AND TERRITORIES: 1900.
FEMALE POPULATION
Aggregate.
STATE OK TEREITOET.
Breadwinners.
Total.
Number.
Continental United States.
North Atlantic
division .
New England
Maine
New Hampshire.
Vermont
Massachusetts.
Rhode Island
Connecticut
.
Southern North Atlantic.
New York
New Jersey...
Pennsylvania.
South Atlantic division
Northern South Atlantic.
Delaware
Maryland
West Virginia
Southern South Atlantic.
North Carolina.
South Carolina.
Georgia
Florida
division.
.
Eastern North Central.
Ohio
Indiana
1,734,928
2,016,845
561,236
243, 813
149, 608
118, 668
1,031,522
153, 717
319, 617
49,917
39, 807
21,852
317, 568
48,203
83,898
5,201,698
1,173,693
2,538,959
637,031
2,025,608
635, 319
142, 718
396,656
Illinois
Western North Central.
Miimesota
Iowa
North Dakota.
South Dakota.
Nebraska
Kansas
division.
.
Eastern South Central
25.0
22.4
19.6
772, 160
1,383,461
286, 491
20.7
60,090
109,031
654, 436
269, 363
11,894
91,097
40,382
114, 438
28, 680
19.8
23.3
37.0
20.6
10.6
807
485, 669
28.5
547,099
375, 746
633,097
146, 866
127, 740
142, 433
182,037
33, 469
23.3
37 9
28.8
22.8
315, 724
16.2
1, 702,
8,097,861
1,
6,075,415
852,297
16,8
164
804, 478
1.511,608
766, 656
233, 177
612,519
106, 474
16.9
13.8
18.2
16.6
17.4
3,022,446
463, 427
15.3
851
947
161
936
435
90, 887
102, 037
18.7
16.1
15.4
17:0
13.7
14.8
12.3
486,
676,
944,
76,
106,
298,
433,
Missouri
20.5
26.6
18.4
30.8
31.4
26.2
3,086,268
1, 380,
Michigan,
Wisconsin.
South Central
4,833,630
7,218,443
390, 551
District of Columbia.
Virginia.;
North Central
23,485,359
Per cent.
111,024
275, 106
126,617
146, 498
13,073
14,425
893
223
44, 121
53,386
3.935,399
818,502
20.8
641
504, 333
23.1
2, 179,
Kentucky
6a5, 330
98, 181
Tennessee
592,601
520, 252
431, 458
103,663
158, 345
144,254
1,755,758
314, 169
17
394, 450
362, 726
96, 548
109, 484
62, 532
27.8
Alabama
Mississippi
Western South Central
Louisiana
Arkansas
Indian Territory.
Oklahoma
Western
division.
.
Rocky Mountain
Montana
Idaho
Wyoming
Colorado
New Mexico
Basin and Plateau.
Utah
122, 425
1,147,588
325,048
192, 316
i
66,690
37, 940
19, 962
51,731
117,296
75, 724
11, 173
49,942
4,375
2,893
27,369
5,766
158, 836
Arizona-
Nevada.
10,020
9,708
101,980
810,055
Texas
1
18,
466
6,162
10,.334
1,969
Pacific
Washington
Oregon
California
1.31,677
114,6.52
4.59,015
20, 203
17, 916
85, 790
16. 5'
17
5
30.4
33,4
9
16
YEABS OF AGE AND OVER.
.. .
,
RACE AND NATIVITY.
Table 2.— NUMBER
133
AND PERCENTAGE OF BREADWINNERS IN THE FEMALE POPULATION 16 YEARS OF AGE
AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY RACE AND NATIVITY, FOR STATES AND TERRITORIES: 1900— Continued.
FEMALE POPULATION
Foreign born white.
STATE OR TERRITORY,
Continental United States.
.
North. Atlantic division
New England
Maine
New Hampshire
Vermont
,
Massachusetts
Rhode Island
Connecticut
Southern North Atlantic
New York
New Jersey
Pennsylvania
South Atlantic division.
.
Northern South Atlantic
Delaware
Maryland
District of Columbia.
Virginia
West Virginia
.
Southern South Atlantic.
North Carolina
South Carolina
..
Georgia
Florida
North Central
division
Eastern North Central.
Ohio
Indiana
Illinois
Michigan
Wisconsm
Western North Central.
Minnesota
Iowa
Missouri
'.
North Dakota
South Dakota
Nebraska
Kansas
South Central division
Eastern South Central
..
Kentucky
Tennessee
Alabama
Mississippi
Wostrrn South Central..
Louisiana
Arkansas
Indian Territory
Oklahoma
Texas
Western
division.':
Rocky Mountain
Montana
Idaho
Wyoming
Colorado
New Mexico
Basin and Plateau
Arizona
T^tiih
Nevada
Pacific
Washington
Oregon
California
:
16
YEARS OF AGE AND OVER— continued.
WOMEN AT WORK.
134
AND PERCENTAGE OF BREADWINNERS IN THE FEMALE POPULATION 16 YEARS OF AGE
AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY AGE PERIODS, FOR STATES AND TERRITORIES: 1900.
Table 3.—NUMBER
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
AGE.
Table :i.—XL'MBER AND PERCEXTAGE OF BREADWINKERS IX THE FEMALE POPULATIOX 16 YEARS OF
AXD -OVER, CLASSIFIED BY AGE PERIODS, FOR STATES AND TERRITORIES: 1900—Continued.
FEMALE POPULATION—continued.
45 to 54 years of
i
STATE OR TEBRITORV.
Breadwinners.
Total.
>Juml)er.
Continental United States.
North Atlantic
440,825
division.
New England.
Maine
New Hampshire.
Vermont
Massachusetts .
.
Rhode Island
Connecticut
Southern North Atlantic
135, 178
14.0
276, 691
45,006
10.3
35,227
21, 452
17,422
138, 194
21.119
43. 277
4,763
3,607
2,133
24,637
3,554
6,312
685,959
90, 172
New York
New Jersey
337, 194
50,168
83,933
Pennsylvania
264. 832
10, 767
29,237
.
Soutli Atlantic division.
386, 417
Northern South Atlantic
Delaware
Maryland
District of
Columbia
Virginia
West Virginia
Southern South Atlantic.
North Carolina.
South Carolina.
Georgia
Florida
:...
North Central
division
Eastern North Central
.
Ohio
Indiana
Illinois
Michigan
Wisconsin
Western North Central.
Minnesota
Iowa
Missouri
North Dakota
South Dakota
Nebraska
Kansas
South Central
division...
Eastern South Central.
Kentucky.Tennessee
.
Alabama.
.
Mississippi.
Western South Central
Louisiana
Arkansas
Indian Territory.
Oklahoma
Texas
AVesteru division.
.
Rocky Mountain.
Montana
Idaho
Wyoming.
..
Colorado
New Mexito
Rasin and Plateau.
Arizona.
rtah
Nevada.
Pacific
Washington.
Oregon
California
Percent.
.
.
ITS
135
AGE
136
WOMEN AT WORK.
4.—NUMBEB AND PERCENTAGE OF BREADWINNERS IN THE NATIVE WHITE FEMALE POPUl.ATION
OF NATIVE PARENTAGE 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY AGE PERIODS, FOR STATES AND
TERRITORIES: 1900.
Table
AGE.
137
4.—NUMBER AND PERCENTAGE OF BREADWINNERS IN THE NATIVE WHITE FEMALE POPULATION
OF NATIVE PARENTAGE 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY AGE PERIODS, FOR STATES AND
Table
TERRITORIES: 1900— Continued.
WOMEN AT WORK.
138
AND PERCENTAGE OF BREADWINNERS IN THE NATIVE WHITE FEMALE POPULATION OF
FOREIGN PARENTAGE 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY AGE PERIODS, FOR STATES AND
Table 5.— NUMBER
TERRITORIES:
1900.
AGE.
Table 5.— NUMBER
139
AND PERCENTAGE OF BREADWINNERS IN THE NATIVE WHITE FEMALE POPULATION OF
FOREIGN PARENTAGE 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY AGE PERIODS, FOR STATES AND
TERRITORIES: 1900—Continued.
WOMEN AT WORK.
140
AND PERCENTAGE OF BREADWINNERS IN THE FOREIGN BORN WHITE FEMALE POPULAYEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY AGE PERIODS, FOR STATES AND TERRITORIES: 1900.
Table 6.— NUMBER
TION
16
...
AGE.
Table 6
141
—NUMBER AND
TION
PERCENTAGE OF BREADWINNERS IN THE FOREIGN BORN WHITE FEMALE POPULAYEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY AGE PERIODS, FOR STATES AND TERRITORIES: 1900—
16
Continued.
FOREIGN BORN WHITE FEMALE POPULATION—Continued.
45 to 54 years of age.
65 years of age
55 to 64 years of age.
and
over.
STATE OR TERRITORY.
Breadwinners.
Total.
Number. Percent.
Continental United States...
North Atlantic
86,069
division
New England
Maine
New Hampshire
Vermont
Massachusetts
Rhode Island
Connecticut
Southern North Atlantic
New York
New Jersey
Pennsylvania
South Atlantic
division
Northern South Atlantic
Delaware
Maryland
District of Columbia.
Virginia
West Virginia
.
Southern South Atlantic.
North Carolina
South Carolina
Georgia
Florida
North Central
division
46, 928
14.3
Total.
Number. Percent.
557,010
64,534
456,587
179, 794
15,
760
16.1
67, 120
7,870
11.7
5,502
5,223
.%078
57,991
9,512
16,302
780
941
357
10,059
1,502
2,121
14.2
18.0
11.6
17.3
15.8
13.0
3,976
3,375
2,541
39,099
6,463
11,666
442
449
279
4,799
705
1,196
11.1
13.3
11.0
12.3
10.9
10.3
230,313
31,168
13.5
169,696
18,562
10.9
136,669
30,650
62,994
20,923
3,895
6,350
15.3
12.7
10.1
99,579
22,078
48,039
11,844
2,376
4,342
11.9
10.8
9.0
15,386
2,218
13,
867
1,776
12.8
12,551
12,741
1,823
14.3
11,
795
1,528
13.0
10,800
958
7^468
1,732
1,158
1,425
103
1,049
367
185
119
10.8
14.0
21.2
16.0
8.4
846
7,014
1,565
1,029
1,341
85
961
127
93
10.0
13.7
16.7
12.3
6.9
2,645
395
14.9
2,072
248
12.0
285
374
829
1,157
43
65
108
179
185
448
638
102
12.6
12.3
10.5
12.8
704
7.9
222,637
262
215
414
647
796
19,
200,590
17,100
160,000
12,046
Ohio
Indiana
36,564
11,539
70, 150
Michigan
Wisconsin
40,519
41,818
3,426
1,029
6,344
3,174
3,127
32, 743
Illinois
11,720
51,210
29,088
35,239
2,642
960
3,686
2,163
2,595
Western North Central.
115,.390
9,789
90,573
7,658
35, 591
Iowa
24,664
Missouri
North Daicota
18,9.57
5,788
6,268
13,632
10,490
3,058
1,907
1,907
560
503
1,052
802
7.7
10.1
9.7
8.0
7.7
7.6
25,673
21,549
17,516
3,149
4,177
9,793
8,716
2,118
1,653
1,624
331
345
808
779
26,091
3,367
12.9
21, 437
2,531
7,857
931
11.
7,47
4,845
1,533
930
549
531
198
96
106
11.0
12.9
10.3
19.3
5,124
1,165
738
445
460
92
67
9.0
9.5
12.5
15.1
'
.South Central division
Eastern South Central.
..
Kentucky
Tennessee
Alabama
Mississippi
8.2
7.7
9.3
10.5
8.3
8.3
3,212
47,
132,396
214
6.3
197
144
1,854
260
643
8.2
5.6
6.9
:[
42
562
6.9
8.4
104
83
70
6.3
11.9
10.0
6.9
7.5
5.3
146,393
7,616
045
454
095
949
850
1,836
760
1,996
1,390
1,634
76,244
4,119
438
1,166
1,011
881
157
199
420
498
144
821
724
131
360
413
6,960
4, 9.54
1
942
616
448
!
1
2yh
68
51
55
I
Western South Central.
Louisiana
Arkansas
Indian Territory
Oklahoma
Texas
Western division
Rocky Mountain
Montana
Idaho
Wyoming
Colorado
New Mexico
Basin and Plateau
Arizona
Utah
Nevada
Pacific
Washington
Oregon
Caliiomia
18,234
3, 9.54
990
249
1,064
11,977
'
2,436
13.4
965
1,801
12.9
570
148
20
77
1,621
14.4
14.9
8.0
7.2
13.5
4,161
771
128
723
.S, 182
542
82
12
75
1,090
13.0
10.6
9.4
10.4
13.3
4,091
13,
13.4
34,317
10,379
1,435
13.8
5,762
2,125
1,316
320
152
87
792
15.1
11.6
12.4
14.4
11.6
1,102
831
411
2,997
421
13.4
49,689
701
5,510
,S4
6,702
10,742
11.9
12.:
372
44
13.0
14.0
13.4
12.4
10.5
1,742
24B
5,082
633
12.5
4,482
77
491
65
12.7
12.3
13.6
3,.sftS
1,145
4,907
650
168
624
103
604
4,000
478
32,608
4,337
23,473
5,132
3,520
23,956
536
351
3.450
18, 146
3,048
2,279
143
116
11.6
271
220
2,237
'
615
568
211
325
2.59
7.2
6.9
6.0
1,008
1,483
111
6.7
6.7
9,004
5,552
1,086
2,366
8.1
8.2
7.2
7.4
7.4
Minnesota
South Dakota
Nebraska
Kansas
Number. Percent.
97,608
315, 980
Eastern North Central..
Breadwinners.
Breadwinners.
Total.
1,013
5.7
6.1
4.6
5.8
4.7
5.2
5.0
6.1
6.3
4.2
5.3
6.1
WOMEN AT WORK.
142
Table 7.— NUMBER
POPULATION
1900.
16
AND PERCENTAGE OF BREADWINNERS IN THE NEGRO, INDIAN, AND MONGOLIAN FEMALE
YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY AGE PERIODS, FOR STATES AND TERRITORIES:
AGE.
Table T.— NUMBER
POPULATION
16
AND PERCENTAGE OF BREADWINNERS IN THE NEGRO, INDIAN, AND MONGOLIAN FEMALE
YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY AGE PERIODS, FOR STATES AND TERRITORIES:
1900— Continued.
NEGRO, INDIAN, AND MONGOLIAN FEMALE rOPULATlON— Continued.
«
143
144
Table
WOMEN AT WORK.
8.—NUMBER AND PERCENTAGE OF BREADWINNERS IN THE NEGRO FEMALE POPULATION 16 YEARS OF
AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY AGE PERIODS, FOR STATES AND TERRITORIES: 1900.
AGE.
Table 8.—^•UMBER
145
AND PERCENTAGE OF BREADWINNERS IX THE NEGRO FEMALE POPULATION 16 YEARS OF
AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY AGE PERIODS, FOR STATES AND TERRITORIES: 1900—Continued.
... ..
.
WOMEN AT WORK.
146
Table 9.— NUMBER
AND PERCENTAGE OF BREADWINNERS
IN
THE FEMALE POPULATION
OVER, CLASSIFIED BY RACE AND NATIVITY, FOR CITIES HAVING AT LEAST
FEMALE POPULATION
Breadwinners.
Total.
San Francisco, Cal.
Los Angeles, Cal. ..
Oakland, Cal
Denver, Colo
New Haven, Conn.
Hartford, Conn
Bridgeport, Conn
.
Wilmington, Del...
"Washington, D. C.
Atlanta,
Ga
Savannah, Ga
Chicago,
New
Orleans, La.
Portland,
28, 463
25,039
26,273
109,031
33,895
8,597
7,299
7,099
40,382
14,257
30.2
29.2
27.0
37.0
22,
16,
74,
102,
131
126
656
463
20,039
Ky
Louisville,
25.2
21.8
20.9
24.8
28.0
21,058
Dea Moines, Iowa...
Kansas City, Kans.
.
Me
Baltimore, Md...
Boston, Mass
Worcester, Mass.
Fall River, Mass.
Lowell, Mass
Per
29,303
8,285
5,165
11,967
ID, 694
19, 616
62, 181
184, 628
207, 621
41,508
36, 184
36,461
Breadwinners,
Breadwinners.
Total.
Number.
cent.
116,078
37,984
24, 685
48,335
38, 228
20, 095
549, 954
111
Peoria, JU
Indianapolis. Ind.
Evansville, Ind...
—
born.
Total.
Number.
Per
Number.
cent.
25,213
20, 338
8,959
23,384
12,608
6,194
4,186
1,637
6,348
2,506
24.6
20.6
18.3
22.9
20.6
44,862
8,644
7,648
11,695
10,175
13,096
2,095
2,034
3,246
4,022
9,912
7,518
089
23.0
24.4
21.4
23.4
21.7
7,018
6,994
4,989
14,836
1,427
2,829
2,806
1,493
3,916
322
416
54,975
2,186
3,929
2,073
42.1
49, 127
16, 605
2,275
1,834
2,799
11,489
3,587
138,020
5,125
15, 444
5,788
43.6
25.1
26.1
24.8
27.5
5, 439
109,321
8,206
34,168
8,244
27,069
1,997
7,746
2,274
18.0
24.8
24.3
22.7
27.6
2,116
166,700
6,821
14, 167
7,508
5,143
3,025
21,831
26,845
5,465
23.2
18 8
29.2
26.2
27.3
13,302
8,296
26.988
27, 189
10,913
2,801
1,394
6,103
4,840
2,608
21.1
16.8
22.6
17.8
23.0
4,546
3,039
1,362
21, 735
30,992
3,599
5,876
5,276
1,259
56,563
68,799
11,945
16, 170
16,453
30.6
33.1
28.8
44.7
45.1
77, 486
63,002
13,528
4,697
8,332
18,686
15,290
3,094
1,326
2,853
24.1
28.8
22.9
28.2
34.2
41,875
63,639
10,314
8,335
8,279
11,302
21,282
4,367
4,869
4,539
8,933
617
3,666
C,723
10,568
2,145
3,398
1,198
1,500
2,371
24.0
29.3
32.7
22.3
22.4
8,284
5,275
5,747
3,819
6,432
3,298
2,258
3,150
1,841
2,117
5,066
31, 743
1,612
10,600
3,047
7,791
7,335
13,
Cambridge, Mass-. .
Lynn, Mass
Lawrence, Mass
New Bedford, Mass.
Springfield, Mass. .
33,916
25,899
22,846
22,755
23, 618
10,
877
8,467
9,558
8,161
6,712
32.1
32.7
41.8
35.9
28.4
Somerville, Mass
Detroit, Mich
23,371
98,547
30,980
67,933
5,785
24,997
7,586
19, 110
15, 444
24.8
25.4
24.5
28.1
29.6
9,488
19,637
10,705
19, 562
11,726
2,002
4,696
2,577
4,415
3,091
21.1
24.0
22.6
26.4
9,118
21,109
18,775
3,4:3
149
15,684
9,324
23.9
25.5
26.8
30.6
28.4
2,760
49,939
32, 654
633
12,560
7,366
6,636
3,612
22.9
25.2
22.6
29.4
27.2
3,662
82,603
11,069
5,958
8, 456
16,092
7,783
14, 673
1,918
5,496
3,106
2,186
3,227
30.8
24.8
20.6
28.1
22.0
10,810
2,517
4,600
213,329
24, 650
2,229
606
708
52, 402
6, 997
Grand Rapids, Mich
Minneapolis, Minn. .
St. Paul,
Minn
52, 147
Duluth, Minn
St. Louis,
Kansas
14, 335
196,511
58,602
30, 426
33, 436
Mo
City,
St. Joseph,
Mo.
Mo...
Omaha, Nebr
Manchester, N. H.
Newark, N, J
Jersey City, N. J..
Paterson, N. J
Camden, N. J
21,547
84,411
67,352
35,760
26,514
.50,
9, ,506
9,522
11,
18,846
13,270
343
10, 968
6,248
44.2
26.2
22.8
30.6
23.6
24,501
18,539
16. 769
1,175,841
115,732
5,485
4,596
3,499
344, 569
26, 738
24.3
20.9
29.3
23.1
Rochester, N. Y.
Syracuse, N. Y..
60,056
40,054
36, 371
24,309
21.359
18,910
10, 492
9,991
9,952
6,482
31.5
26.2
27.5
40.9
30.3
16,916
Albany, N. Y....
Troy, N. Y
Utica, N. Y
125,281
119,655
44. 770
44,961
30, 674
29,263
35, 150
9,982
11,036
7,399
23.4
29.4
22.3
24.5
26, 650
465,711
102, 750
42, 738
32, 439
6,983
136,368
22, 205
27,392
17, 432
17,212
IS, 334
65,807
Trenton, N. J....
Hoboken, N, J ..
Elizabeth, N. J..
New York, N. Y.
Buffalo,
N.Y....
Cleveland, Ohio
Cincinnati, Ohio
Toledo, Ohio
Columbus, Ohio
Dayton, Ohio
Portland, Oreg
Philadelphia, Pa
Pittsburg, Pa
Allegheny, Pa
Scranton, Pa
Reading, Pa
Erie,
Pa
Wilkesbarre, Pa
Harrisburg, Pa
Providence. R. I
Charleston, S.
C
Memphis, Tenn
Tenn
San Antonio, Tex
Nashville,
Lake City, Utah.
Richmond, Va
Salt
Seattle,
Wash
Milwaukee, Wis
,
,
YEAKS OF AGE AND OVEK.
Native white one or
both parents foreign
Native white— both
parents native.
Aggregate.
16
6,231
241
601
1,039
23, 422
3,048
1,923
2,957
23,989
9,892
4,996
2,086
9,004
7,312
4,113
1,305
20.6
24.1
16.7
24.6
24.3
5,643
6,748
5,319
362,683
42,870
1,680
2,259
1,550
117,832
11,936
163
3,544
3,145
2,622
1,976
30.5
23.4
24.7
37.6
30.2
22,867
13,227
14,097
9,526
8,246
8,834
4,612
4,877
4,983
3,100
6,363
9,494
24. 1
27,289
31,115
16, 615
25, 393
15,801
23.3
30.5
21.4
23.5
23.2
40, 463
53,976
14,975
11,037
8,936
26.2
29.3
21.6
23.7
24.1
12,383
173,634
29.338
14, 192
7,585
3,243
46,756
26.2
26.4
21.7
25.9
22.2
6,823
124,739
32,672
14, 692
12,035
7,001
3,505
4,348
4,323
22,008
25.6
21,710
5,354
5,581
13,771
20, 483
5,649
1,097
1,344
3,117
6,280
26.0
20.1
25.3
23.6
33.5
3,101
6, 856
5,819
1,966
16,909
21,087
34, 846
30, 195
17, 757
8,934
14, 203
11,068
3, 896
42.4
40.8
30.7
21.9
6,753
11,227
13,729
6,239
1,036
2,114
2,640
1,004
18
17,884
32, 202
20, 531
91,853
3,841
11,885
4,674
23, 523
21.5
36,6
22.8
4,944
15, 619
9,531
10,966
918
3,294
2,167
3,206
18.6
21.1
22.6
29.2
22, 105
15,
160
7,807
10,
22
2.5.
3
22, 121
15, 127
12,741
6,974
6,634
5,
3,6.58
5,970
3,677
6,
371
3,682
1,687
20
24
5
1
22.6
2.5.8
18.8
19.2
16.1
3,731
26, 823
2,039
3,674
2,824
4,
661
6,239
2,261
4,826
40, 172
50,000
791
17,788
4,433
3,116
2,549
12,
2,134
380
8,177
3,897
4,074
42,
Per
cent.
]6
YEARS OF AGE AND
INHABITANTS:
1900.
... . .
,
.
..
IN CITIES.
Table 10.— NUMBER
AND PERCENTAGE OF BREADWINNERS
IN
THE FEMALE POPULATION
OVER, CLASSIFIED BY AGE, RACE, AND NATIVITY, FOR CITIES HAVING AT LEAST
San Francisco, Cal.
Los Angeles, Cal...
Oakland, Cal
Denver, Colo
New Haven, Conn
.
Hartford, Conn
Bridgeport, Conn.
Wilmington, Del.
Washington, D. C.
.
Atlanta,
Ga
Savannah Ga
,
Chicago,
111
teoria, 111
Indianapolis, Ind.
Jlvansvillc, Ind...
Des Moines, Iowa.
Kansas City, ICans.
.
Ky
Louisville,
New
Orleans, La.
Portland, Me
.
Baltimore, Md
Boston, Mass
Worcester, Mass.
.
.
Fall River, Mass.
Lowell, Mass
Canibridge, Mass
Lynn, Mass
Lawrence, Mass
New Bedford, Mass.
Springfield, Mass
Somerville, Mass
Detroit, Mich
Grand Rapids, Mich.
Minneapolis, Minn
St. Paul, Minn
Duluth, Minn
St. Louis,
Kansas
Mo
City,
St. Joseph,
Mo.
Mo...
Omaha, Nehr
Manchester, N. II.
Newark, N. J
Jersey City, N. J
Paterson, N. J
Camden, N. J
.
Trenton, N. J
Hoboken, N. J...
Ehzabeth, N. J..
New York, N. Y.
Bu/Ialo, N. Y....
Rochester, N. Y.
Syracuse, N.Y.
.
.\lbany, N.
Troy,
N.Y
Utica, N.
Y
Y
Cleveland, Ohio..
Cincinnati, Ohio.
Toledo, Ohio
Columbus, Ohio.
Dayton, Ohio
Portland, Oreg.
Philadelphia, Pa.
Pittsburg, Pa
Allegheny, Pa
Scranton, Pa
.
Reading, Pa
Erie,
Pa
Wilkesbarre, Pa.
Harrisburg, Pa..
Providence, R. I.
Charleston,
S.
C...
Memphis, Tcnn.
.
Nashville, Tenn...
San Antonio, Tex.
Salt Lake City, U
Richmond, Va.
Wash....
.
Seattle,
Milwaukee, Wis..
147
50,000
YEARS OF AGE AND
INHABITANTS: 1900.
16
..,..
WOMEN AT WORK.
148
AND PERCENTAGE OF BREADWINNERS IN THE FEMALE POPULATION 16 YEARS OF AGE
AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY AGE, RACE, AND NATIVITY, FOR CITIES HAVING AT LEAST 50,000 INHABITANTS:
Table 10.—NUMBER
1900— Continued.
NATIVE "WHITE FEMALE POPULATION
21 to 24 years of age.
16 to 20 years of age.
Total.
Total.
Number.
San Francisco, Cal.
Los Angeles, Cal
.
Oakland, Cal
Denver, Colo
New Haven,
Conn.
.
HartJord, Conn
Bridgeport, Conn
Wilmington, Del
Washington, D. C.
.
Ga
Atlanta,
Savannah, Ga
Chicago, 111
Peoria, 111
IndianapoUs, Ind
E vansville,
Ind
25 to 34 years of age.
Breadwinners.
Breadwinners.
Per
PAEENTS NATIVE,
Per
Total.
Per
Number. cent.
Per
cent.
3,819
2,711
1,204
3,052
1,432
1,236
615
265
761
621
32.3
22.7
22.0
24.6
36.4
3,340
2,220
994
2,777
1,167
709
268
917
443
34.4
31.9
27.0
33.0
38.0
6,840
4,991
2,039
6,285
2,739
1,727
1,249
464
1,614
679
26.2
26.0
22.8
26.7
24.8
4,658
4,048
1,744
4,891
2,284
1,071
1,009
1,986
6,670
2,681
372
492
868
1,811
877
34
1,024
787
1,574
6,066
2,361
400
329
663
2,008
674
39.1
41.8
36.8
33.1
28.5
2,351
1,676
3,276
12,975
4,326
633
440
634
3,292
947
26.9
26.3
19.4
25.4
21.9
1,760
1,349
2,404
9,016
2,958
266
338
2,066
649
911
15,794
1,429
6,224
1,715
162
5,625
638
1,811
16.7
35.6
37.6
34.7
5,298
419
1,452
617
19.2
36.7
36.6
33.2
40.3
1,543
31,916
2,249
9,281
2,314
270
8,628
576
2,176
653
17.5
27.0
26.6
23.4
23.9
926
20,949
1,449
6,488
1,325
194
4,477
272
1,201
218
36.0
24.6
30.1
19.9
44.6
3,567
2,410
7,122
7,270
2,386
867
326
1,564
1,246
705
24.3
13.6
22.0
29.5
2,376
1,458
4,630
4,196
2,094
33.3
44.0
41.6
43.7
69.0
19,518
12,416
2,978
932
1,714
4,481
4,578
915
317
756
23.0
36.9
30.7
34.0
44.1
621
206
238
62.7
65.1
41.1
40.2
1,840
2,531
762
1,296
2,389
633
918
304
376
680
7
48.8
43.2
27.6
32.7
796
14, 441
1,179
4,373
1,284
15.1
12.8
11.1
15.1
10.8
22.9
18.6
3,699
2,677
3,823
14, 418
4,090
312
400
2,308
636
13.6
11.7
10.5
16.0
13.1
21.0
21.4
18.8
18.6
16.5
1,246
24,972
1,900
8,576
1,605
2,871
192
1,067
196
16.7
11.5
10.1
12.3
12.1
80O
707
446
16.3
12.4
17.3
16.8
21.3
3,413
1,882
6,036
6,269
4,272
13,867
9,650
2,428
804
1,503
2,684
2,757
18.6
28.6
20, 184
34.4
36.3
39.9
29.0
28.5
1,497
2,248
700
1,265
1,849
364
673
206
272
406
24.3
29.9
668
1,340
26.6
20.1
18.0
18.6
18.8
17.6
3,534
4,878
3,135
5,396
370
608
914
26.8
27.4
29.2
1,854
3,493
2,022
3,809
2,124
372
62?
701
1,343
2,471
261
9.6
11.8
11.3
10.2
9,470
6,587
3,861
192
3,125
2,230
1,521
1,226
26.3
22.6
23.6
27.2
31.8
600
8,149
6,351
3,434
2,500
95
1,498
1,152
446
15.8
18.4
18.1
13.0
19.7
573
9,480
7,216
3,344
2,820
66
1,163
820
327
331
11.6
12.3
11.4
9.8
11.7
522
1,264
689
608
691
39.2
23.3
17.2
26.2
19.2
1,260
3,849
2,711
29.8
18.0
13.2
19.7
15.0
2,445
6,442
3,601
2,166
4,292
462
1,471
2,846
376
691
368
290
427
686
293
213
36.1
1,331
6,420
4,002
1,941
3,600
18.9
10.6
8.1
9.8
11.0
519
20.8
17.0
15.5
23.6
22.3
1,976
427
787
37, 158
4,000
290
75
82
6,992
686
14.7
17.6
10.4
18.8
17.2
3,427
536
1,381
53,774
6,375
2,909
2,784
2,145
1,217
1,022
693
566
386
401
221
23.8
20.0
17.9
32.9
21.6
46.1
460
1,824
1,293
362
32.6
36.0
20.9
33.4
1,804
1,120
4,028
4,199
1,044
631
275
1,214
837
Baltimore, Md
Boston, Mass
Worcester, Mass
Pall River, Mass
Lowell, Mass
13,564
5,666
1,617
844
992
6,668
2,067
672
381
609
41.7
36.6
37.7
46.1
61.3
10,065
5,618
1,207
471
782
3,348
2,427
602
206
Camhrldge, Mass
Lynn, Mass
Lawrence, Mass
984
1,204
460
678
1,098
302
30.7
41.3
50.4
39.1
36.6
859
988
340
915
2,689
1,318
2,436
1,697
355
1,043
528
943
757
38.8
38.8
601
780
746
29.6
39.7
37.7
26.9
35.0
440
10,338
4,990
3,631
2,139
124
4,222
1,551
1,891
718
28.2
40.8
31.1
52.1
33.6
7,697
4,610
2,800
1,931
137
2,478
1,604
1,342
838
39.4
32.2
34.8
Manchester, N.
Newark, N. J
Jersey City, N. J
Paterson, N. J
Camden, N. J
698
3„637
2,721
1,214
2,170
245
1,796
1,119
720
1,009
41.0
49.4
41.1
59.3
46.5
560
2,702
2,007
987
1,720
300
1,038
646
454
621
54
Trenton, N. J
Hoboken, N. J
Elizabeth, N. J
New York, N. Y
1,666
633
743
36,028
5,127
610
239
207
16,349
1,979
36.6
44.8
27.9
42.6
38.6
1,232
340
613
28,681
3,546
429
116
147
10,285
1,341
34.8
34.1
28.7
35.9
37.8
2,494
681
1,071
56,846
6,561
2,801
2,147
2,120
1,147
1,087
1,413
2,149
1,804
1,723
879
816
1,076
680
693
496
409
50.0
37.7
40.2
56.3
50.1
4,080
3,660
3,098
1,711
1,528
1,317
902
634
578
50.4
37.6
42.2
56.3
63.2
682
500
32.3
24.6
24.6
39.9
32.7
4,383
7,007
2,669
4,005
2,684
1,690
3,622
968
1,470
1,127
36.3
60.3
36.3
36.7
42.0
3,716
4,720
2,159
3,501
2,117
1,344
1,834
747
1,240
749
30.2
38,9
34.6
35.4
35.4
7,600
8,172
4,686
7,023
4,019
1,823
2,187
969
1,710
914
24.3
26.8
20.7
24.3
22.7
4,836
4,860
3,088
4,726
2,887
812
1,070
473
879
446
711
12, 497
36.1
49.6
1,708
1,022
563
31.4
39.3
40.9
1,764
21,744
4,709
2,252
1,027
705
8,831
1,656
780
380
40.0
40.6
33.0
34.6
37.0
3,661
44,817
8,485
4,080
2,034
1,009
11,761
1,753
1,020
404
28.3
26.2
20.7
25.0
19.9
2,428
32,349
5,033
2,311
1,326
3,474
1,008
964
2,053
2,369
2,063
340
400
913
1,045
59.4
33.7
41.5
44.5
2,693
741
792
1,761
2,060
1,046
263
295
632
925
38.8
35.5
37.2
35.9
44.9
5,458
1,355
1,469
3,688
4, .535
1,272
248
339
787
1,413
23.3
18.3
23.1
21.3
31.2
1,006
1,862
2,298
1,198
195
512
563
217
19.4
27.5
24.5
18.1
711
1,706
1,890
866
180
434
465
177
25.3
25.4
24.6
20.4
1,396
3,199
3,724
1,738
245
556
758
277
173
4
36.2
31.6
43.2
668
2,067
1,164
1,803
188
649
404
742
28.1
1,228
31.4
35.0
3,995
2,737
2,567
263
788
661
New
Orleans,
Portland, Me
New Bedford,
Springfield,
La
Mass..
Mass
Somerville, Mass
Detroit, Mich
Grand Bapids, Mich.
Minneapolis, Minn.
St. Paul, Minn
.
Duluth, Minn
St. Louis,
Kansas
St.
Mo
Mo
Mo
City,
Joseph,
Omaha, Nebr
H
N.Y
Buffalo,
Y
Y
Y
Rochester, N.
Syracuse, N.
Albanv, N.
Troy,lsr.
Y
Utica, N.
Y
Cleveland, Ohio
Cincinnati, Ohio
Toledo, Ohio
Columbus, Ohio
Dayton, Ohio
Portland, Oreg
Philadelphia, Pa
Pittsburg, Pa
Allegheny, Pa
Scranton, Pa
Reading, Pa
Erie,
Pa
Wilkesbarre, Pa
Harrisburg, Pa
Providence, R. I
Charleston,
S.
C
Memphis, Tenn
Tenn
San Antonio, Tex
Nashville,
Lake City, Utah
Richmond, Va
1,012
3,058
1,694
2,900
2,129
1,970
25,212
5,439
2,699
1,377
Salt
Seattle,
Wash
Milwaukee, Wis
2,425
1,320
2,867
29.1
497
232
265
402
300
1,214
878
417
1,2.39
44.1
IS.
374
579
967
461
Per
cent.
916
787
319
902
626
791
Louisville, ICy
Number.
6,073
6,151
2,869
5,967
4,860
1,099
806
304
1,112
391
2,063
1,417
5,068
6,190
1,084
Des Moines, Iowa
Kansas City, Kans.
and over.
Breadwinners.
Breadwinners.
Total.
Number.
cent.
46 years of age
35 to 44 years of age.
Breadwinners.
Total.
Number.
cent.
—BOTH
40.1
38.7
44.6
47.9
43.4
5
38.4
32.2
46.0
2,143
5,329
2,614
4,909
3,127
731
13,828
'
116
166
13,428
1,465
761
17.1
25.1
181
467
203
374
717
373
23.6
19.9
17.4
22.7
17.1
20.9
19.0
14.1
19
2
26.2
32.5
29.4
21.6
22.0
19,206
5,371
1,627
3,303
3,686
4,497
1,365
2,892
4,237
151
691
743
526
2,648
3,337
637
216
754
247
347
8.7
8.0
11.4
14.1
12.3
12.6
17.4
11.9
13.3
19.0
13.5
16.8
18.2
12.0
11.5
11.3
467
470
380
60
106
6,214
11.1
11.2
523
7.7
11.6
9.7
4,874
4,730
3,636
1,988
2,059
407
398
266
13.1
12.6
11.2
20.0
12.9
16.8
22.0
16.3
18.6
16.4
6,763
6,310
4,002
6,962
4,142
773
875
397
649
437
11.4
13.9
9.9
10.9
10.6
476
6,196
817
480
169
19.6
19.2
16.2
20.8
12.7
2,646
48,763
5,641
2,921
1,751
336
533
376
161
12.7
12.9
9.4
12.8
9.2
4,048
895
1,009
2,611
3,586
615
124
15.2
13.9
17.1
14.1
22.7
5,991
1,342
1,341
120
136
416
1,073
10.8
8.9
10.1
11.4
13.6
17.6
17.4
20.4
15.9
1,007
2,019
182
317
44C
162
18.1
15.7
18.6
16.1
1,615
2,399
3,402
1,323
234
292
407
164
14.5
12f2
12.0
12.4
21.4
19.7
24.2
26.7
961
2,712
1,891
1,601
158
16.4
16.7
17.8
20.0
1,106
4,383
1,940
2,007
129
608
214
202
11.7
11.6
11.0
10.1
2, .398
1,009
173
453
336
320
3,644
7,873
i,291
..
—
.
IN CITIES.
149
lO—NUMBER AND PERCENTAGE OF BREADWINNERS IN THE FEMALE POPULATION 16 YEARS OF AGE
AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY AGE, RACE, AND NATIVITY, FOR CITIES HAVING AT LEAST 50,000 INHABITANTS-
Table
1900— Continued.
NATIVE WHITE FEMALE POPULATION— ONE OR BOTH PARENTS FOREIGN BORN.
16 to 2C
San Francisco, Cal.
Los Angeles, Cal...
Oakland, Cal
Denver, Colo
New Haven,
Conn.
Hartford, Conn
Bridgeport, Conn
Wilmington, Del
Washington, D. C
Atlanta, Ga
Savannah, Ga
Chicago,
III
Peoria, III
Indianapolis, Ind.
Evansville. Ind
Des Moines, Iowa.
Kansas City, Kans.
,
Ky
Louisville,
New
Orleans,
Portland,
La
Me
Baltimore, Md. ..
Boston, Mass
Worcester, Mass.
Fall River, Mass.
Lowell, Mass
Cambridge, Mass
Lynn, Mass
Lawrence, Mass
New Bedford, Mass.
Mass
Springfield,
Somer ville, Ma*is
Detroit, Mich
Grand Rapids, Mich.
Minneapolis, Minn
St. Paul, Minn
Duluth, Minn
St. Louis,
Kansas
Mo
City,
St. Joseph,
Mo.
Mo...
Omaha, Nebr
H
Manchester, N.
Newark, N. J
Jersey City, N.J
Paterson, N. J
Camden, N. J
Trenton, N. J....
Hoboken, N. J.
..
Elizabeth, N. J..
New
York, N. Y.
Buffalo. N. Y....
Y
Rochester, N.
Syracuse, N. Y
Albany, N.
Troy, N. Y
Utica, N. Y
Y
Cleveland, Ohio..
Cincimiati, Ohio.
Toledo, Ohio
Columbus, Ohio.
Dayton, Ohio
Portland, Oreg
.
Philadelphia, Pa.
Pittsburg, Pa
Allegheny, Pa
Scranton,
Pa
Reading, Pa
Erie,
Pa
Wilkesbarre, Pa,
Harrisburg, Pa.
Providence, R. ICharleston,
S.
C
Memphis, Term
Tenn
San Antonio, Tex
Nashville,
Salt Lake City, Utah.
Richmond, Va
Seattle,
Wash
Milwaukee, Wis
150
Table 10.— NUMBER
WOMEN AT WORK.
AND PERCENTAGE OF BREADWINNERS IN THE FEMALE POPULATION 16 YEARS OF AGE
AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY AGE, RACE, AND NATIVITY, FOR CITIES HAVING AT LEAST 50,000 INHABITANTS:
1900— Continued.
...
.. ..
.
IN CITIES.
Table 10.— NUMBER
AND
AND PERCENTAGE OF BREADWINNERS IN THE FEMALE POPULATION 16 YEARS OF AGE
BY AGE, RACE, AND NATIVITY, FOR CITIES HAVING AT LEAST 50,000 INHABITANTS:
OV,ER, CLASSIFIED
1900— Continued.
NEGRO FEMALE POPULATION.
10 to 20 years of age.
21 to 24
Breadwinners.
Total.
Francisco, Cal
Los Angeles, Cal
62
108
36
. .
Oakland, Cal
Denver, Colo
Haven, Conn.
197
142
Hartford, Conn
Bridgeport, Conn..
"Wilmington, Del...
Washington, D. C.
Atlanta. Ga
96
63
652
5,760
New
2,848
Savannah, Ga
Chicago,
1,828
1,197
80
870
449
III
Peoria, 111
Indianapolis, Ind.
Evansville, Ind...
Des Moines, Iowa..,
Kansas City, Kans
Ky
Louisville,
New Orleans,"
Portland,
La.
.
Me
369
2.270
4.607
10
21
38
13
64
72
51
37
351
3,445
1,706
1,055
612
31
6
47
Mass.
25
21
21
6
Lowell, Mass
Mass
Soraerville,
Mass
Detroit, Mich
Grand Rapids, Mich.
Minneapolis, Minn.
St. Paul, Minn
.
Duluth, Minn
St. Louis, Mo
Kansas City, Mo
St. Joseph, Mo
Omaha, Nebr
84
63
Dayton, Ohio
Portland, Oreg*..
Pliiladelphia, Pa..
Pittsburg, Pa
Allegheny, Pa
Scranton, Pa
Reading, Pa
Erie,
Pa
11
6
67.0
50.9
0)
4,748
633
66
3,197
384
31
11
26
A')
(.')
199
31
11
(')
5
84
(>
58
5
35
34
12
208
25
73
85
6
91
9
32
32
14
984
1
253
79
02
178
0)
58.4
79
268
51
117
48
3
46
525
30
44.4
19
22
Oi
31
21
8
(')
2,
39
66
58
29
9
101
97
348
34
429
157
181
76
25
3,874
762
164
20
13
273
716
2,530
311
65
Ci
52.9
0)
(')
(')
13
27
Lake City, Utah.
Richmond, Va
2,344
1.359
12
30
4
261
2
Salt
0)
(')
4,529
86
41
56
65
35
13
(l
Oi
27
23
31
26
33.7
42.2
48.4
85
388
144
436
40
183
186
81
(')
38
486
928
!25
32
2,703
340
56
17
332
795
.35.5
48.
(;
65.3
40.8
39.0
4,
12
20
46.4
49.6
34
9
37
212
226
17
103
125
51.2
45.6
1.750
2.755
1,753
457
1,052
1,778
1.144
276
(1)
13
602
227
99
(')
66.2
(.'!
29
1,1S5
2,107
1,090
208
Milwaukee, Wis
32
97
1,319
1,960
2
Memphis, Tenn...
Nashnlle, Tenn...
San Antonio, Tex.
Wash
94
262
2,284
4,051
461
184
244
Seattle,
()
39.6
47.9
49.0
()
60.2
49.7
2,061
3,104
2,127
456
Charleston, S. C...
25
370
216
248
90
11
121
121
Wilkesbarre, Pa..
Harrisburg, Pa...
Providence, R. I..
1,231
735
402
(!)
1
412
181
71
York, N. Y..
Buffalo, N. Y
Cleveland. Ohio...
Cincinnati, Ohio..
Toledo, Ohio
Columbu.'i. Ohio...
2,044
1,556
66
775
42.8
28
1,935
1,094
346
217
5
Y
.57.7
70
44
314
3,885
1,590
0)
47.4
49.5
63.1
43.4
New
Utica, N.
515
5,610
2,237
914
508
268
86
108
.
81
(>)
12
1,929
1,026
425
198
.
Rochester, N. Y.
Syracuse, N. Y.
Albany, N. V
Trov, N. Y
106
(1)
63.6
59.8
59.9
7
110
6
109
18
20
22
Trenton, N. J
.
0)
32.5
60.7
30
37
10
200
43
70
74
305
Elizabeth, N. J
67
78
38
197
138
0)
40.2
"l
Oi
194
32
Manchester, N. H.
Newark, N. J
Jersey City, N. J..
Paterson, N. J
Camden, N. J
Hoboken, N. J
Number.
35.2
45
146
1,087
2,258
3,626
229
Springfield,
Per
42.3
49.9
6.414
450
Cambridge, Mass
Lynn, Mass
Lawrence, Mass
New Bedford, Mass.
Breadwinners.
cent.
368
224
Baltimore, Md...
Boston, Mass
Worcester, Mass.
Fall River,
years of age.
Total.
Number.
San
151
m
(1)
13
9
25 to 34 years of age.
152
Table
WOMEN AT WORK.
H.—NUMBER AND, PERCENTAGE OF BREADWINNERS IN THE FEMALE
16 YEARS OF AGE AND
BY RACE AND NATIVITY,
POPULATION
DISTRICTS, CLASSIFIED
CITY AND COUNTRY.
OVER LIVING IN CITIES HAVING AT LEAST
FOR STATES AND TERRITORIES: 1900.
50,000
FEMALE POPULATION,
16
153
INHABITANTS AND IN SMALLER CITIES AND COUNTRY
YEAES OF AGE AND OVER—COntimiecl.
154
Table 1^.— NUMBER
WOMEN AT WORK.
IN THE FEMALE POPULATION 16 YEARS OF AGE AND
DISTRICTS, CLASSIFIED BY AGE, RACE, AND NATIVITY,
AND PERCENTAGE OF BREADWINNERS
CITY AND COUNTRY.
OVER LIVING
IN CITIES
FOR GEOGRAPHIC
HAVING AT LEAST
DIVISION,S:
1900.
50,000
155
INHABITANTS AND IN SMALLER CITIES AND COUNTRY
156
Taelk 12.— number
WOMEN AT WORK.
IN THE FEMALE POPULATION 16 YEARS OF AGE AND
DISTRICTS, CLASSIFIED BY AGE, RACE, AND NATIVITY,
and PERCENTAGE OF BREADWINNERS
CITY
OVER LIVING IN CITIES HAVING AT LEAST
FOR GEOGRAPHIC DIVISIONS: 1900— Continued.
AND COUNTRY.
50,000
157
INHABITANTS AND IN SMALLER CITIES AND COUNTRY
.
WOMEN AT WORK.
158
BY RACE AND NATIVITY, OF FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE 7\ND OVER,
CLASSIFIED BY OCCUPATION, FOR CONTINENTAL UNITED STATES; 1900.
Table 13.— DISTRIBUTION,
FEMALE BEEADWINNEES
YEARS OF AGE AND OVEE.
16
Number.
Native white -
OCCUPATION.
Both
parents
native.
Ml
Per cent.
occupations
Native wliito-
One or
l3oth parents foreign T)orn.
4,833,630
1,771,966
1,090,744
770,066
264, 639
25, 763
Agricultural pursuits
Foreign
born
md
Negro.
white.
Mon-
golian.
parents
840,011
1,119,621
11,288
874
434, 041
4,738
34.4
361, 804
1,257
2,955
526
58.3
44.2
Agricultural laborers
456, 406
82,665
Farmers, planters, and overseers
Other agricultural pursuits
.307,
706
0,944
179, 448
2,626
6,236
663
864
4,643
34,975
1,356
429, 497
276, 110
112, 767
25,827
6,661
10,907
5,984
.52,010
3,404
7,584
4,435
34, 138
1.983
2,361
1,163
13, 347
1,020
875
361
3,349
8,119
7,387
327, 206
11,223
6,127
4,882
207,823
6,717
1,520
1,274
88,449
2,070
415
1,063
17,218
1,526
Domestic and personal service
1,953,467
535, 156
326,788
455, 744
634,083
Barbers and hairdressers
Boarding and lodging house keepers
Hotel keepers
Housekeepers and stewardesses
1,670
31,766
5,040
77,912
1,348
1,775
9,784
1,518
29, 178
1,916
1,002
14, 305
1,807
30, 331
981
12
3,576
152
9,406
864
34
Janitors and sextons
5,440
59, 455
8,533
146,929
8,010
Laborers (not specified)
Laundresses
Nurses and midwives
Servants and waitresses
Other domestic and personal service
106,916
328,935
108, 691
165, 661
14,997
21,639
41,643
43,764
305,883
4,601
6,778
28, 727
19,505
223,327
3,280
7,925
42,774
26, 702
322,062
4,947
112
216,042
18,672
313,078
2,210
481,159
223,840
193,528
.59,773
3,920
10, 468
6,641
35,896
40, 984
10, 462
6,091
2,247
30, 610
1,313
6,194
7,368
14,264
2,426
265
189
539
856
224
60, 120
45, 373
64, 857
896
5,845
378
174
1,,355
11
4,122
Professional service
1 .
Actresses, professional show-women, etc
Artists and teachers 'of art
Literary and scientific persons
Musicians and teachers of music
(government)
Physicians and surgeons
Teachers and professors in colleges, etc
Other professional service
Officials
Trade and transportation
Agents
Bookkeepers and accountants
Clerks and copyists
Merchants and dealers (except wholesale)
Packers and shippers
Saleswomen
1,
72,896
81,000
33,825
17,052
142, 265
Stenographers and typewriters
Telegraph and telephone operators
Other persons in trade and transportation
Manufacturing and mechanical pursuits.
Bookbinders
Boot and shoe makers and repairers
85,086
21,980
16,587
1,199,452
_J.
L_l_
12,011
6,262
18,
.32,099
8,218
8,309
71,665
572
27.4
16.7
23.3
32.5
0.1
32
16.6
17.8
19.9
23.9
18.4
24.1
21.2
20.6
48.6
18.0
6.0
1.8
0.2
16
102
3
30.7
53.4
59.1
53.0
16.8
10."7
(')
462
749
48
1,211
59
20.2
12.7
40.3
26.2
30.0
6.3
8.7
17.9
19.2
21.9
7.4
13.0
24.6
27.6
33.0
65.6
65.4
17.2
26.9
14.7
()
46.5
40.2
12.4
0.8
(')
2
21.5
42.0
(•)
24.3
48.7
12.5
8.5
9.1
42.1
14.2
2.6
0.3
0.7
2
63.4
49.2
50.6
30.9
35.7
42.3
63.3
54.6
37.8
39.1
29.5
11.9
6.9
6.2
24.9
0.3
0.2
0.1
1,284
14
6
2
20
257, 793
32,069
3,471
36.1
21.5
1,575
6,201
2,041
1,894
1,014
34
66
44
67
10
31.4
40.3
31.9
29,7
56.4
57.4
45.2
53.8
45.2
29.8
11.0
14.3
14.1
24.3
14.1
0.2
0.2
0.3
0.9
0.1
1,129
227
1,100
2,180
2
26
96
27.9
29.4
55.1
18.1
.52.5
19.6
25.6
7.2
31.4
0)
0.3
0.6
()
32 2
33.5
43.8
20.9
37.5
42.8
41.9
46.0
34.1
0.2
30.2
42.7
18.9
0.1
18.2
16.4
22.3
10.6
18.1
16.5
16,
77,521
3,048
20,299
10, 606
11,304
11,380
20, 284
78,833
2,513
41,514
5,339
6,513
8,910
14,0.38
70
56
Textile workers
676,2.55
338, 144
293.664
232, 297
122.847
24, 385
152, 821
12,418
2,491
45, 186
60, 223
11,412
14,087
7,444
117,287
2.987
28, 748
41,888
11,665
23,631
6,091
55, .523
7,049
.S2. 936
l:».724
27.788
1,669
8.829
2
3,831
169
11,296
109
301
00
028
748
9,705
28,047
4,639
2,219
Tailoresses
Other
textile
111. ,571
workers
Tobacco and cigar factory operatives
Other manufacturing and mechanical pursuits
19,043
37,
125
12,
48,
138, .574
750
204
2,
3, .507
10,
.58.
25, 0,50
4,.598
23, 447
238
3
70,
74,617
2,164
35,079
12, 333
8,571
6,803
9,667
makers
7
10
36
1
481
7
26.0
36.1
43.6
32.4
25.0
21.9
289
15
44
2.
I
Less than one-tenth of
1
per cent.
062
95
6
44.8
37.1
50.5
4
.54.6
267
43.4
41.1
22.9
39.1
34.4
34.7
42.4
34.7
30.2
42.0
38.4
32.0
34.3
34.8
27.0
42.4
4
105
1,587
3
1,356
;
1
1.0
4.1
2.7
160
478
307
231, 458
cuff
o.a
79.3
23.3
5.3
13.6
13,
Textile mill operatives
Carpet factory opera tivos
Cotton mill operatives
Hosiery and knitting mill operatives
Silk mill operatives
Woolen mill operatives
Other textile mill operatives
and
1.0
11.4
22.8
0.6
2.2
3,029
3,899
5,703
Shirt, collar,
1.4
6.1
14.6
5.1
14.4
1,607
2,558
8,453
1,267
MiUiners
Seamstresses
18.1
18.7
17.2
27.0
23.8
5,767
8,709
353
6,946
Dressmakers
22.6
75.5
66.1
63.6
59.9
50
15,
Hat and cap makers
ents foreign bom
0.8
0.4
2.2
25
1,169
Gold and silver workers
Paper and pulp mill operatives
Printers, lithographers, and presswomen
181
293
432
169
44,051
and
Mongohan.
6.0
Glovemakers
8,332
white.
15.3
8.0
6.0
6.4
8,207
16,500
7,793
3,528
2,138
37,
28,
26,
27,
both par-
Negro.
29.8
21.6
19.4
25.7
4,487
14,720
4,620
2,316
3,969
Eubber factory operatives
born
26.3
14,303
36, 490
14, 498
7,805
7,170
Boxmakers (paper)
Confectioners
One or
56.1
69.6
74.1
33,688
8,601
473, 221
Both
native.
40,
Indian
Foreign
Indian
43.5
45.2
35.3
24
6
.32.8
31.9
3.7
(')
()
O.I
0.1
0.1
(')
0.1
0.2
0.1
6.4
0.4
0.2
0.1
0.4
(')
(')
0.
(')
7.7
(1)
(')
()
0.1
0.3
0.3
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.1
3.6
3.7
{>)
C)
{'}
0.3
n
(')
0.2
(')
8-1
(')
20.1
0.4
0.6
0.6
26.1
20.2
12.5
1.6
(')
.38.1
0.2
8.
a
,
.
.
..
. .
OCCUPATION, RACE, AND NATIVITY.
159
Table 14.—TOTAL
NUMBER. OF FEMALE BREADWINNERS 15 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY RACE,
NATIVITY, AND OCCUPATION, FOR THE UNITED STATES (AREA OF ENUMERATION'): 1900 AND 1890.
FEMALE BREADTVINKEKS
15
YEARS OF AGE AND OVEE.
1900
OCCUPATION.
18))0
Native white-
Native white-
Total.
One
or
Both par- both parents native. ents foreign bom.
All occupations.
Negro,
bom
Indian, and
811,744
Agricultural laborers
born
Negro,
Indian,
-and
white.
Mongolian,
both par-
white.
Mongo-
Total.
Both parents native.
1,138,129
Agricultural pursuits.
One or
Foreign
Foreign
310, 148
774, 751
756,006
871,239
595, 134
190, 789
12,817
33, 179
358,349
2,661
29, 106
1,412
307.960
49; 625
764
3, 712,
26, 663
lian.
ents foreign born.
144
1,
Farmers, planters, and overseers
Other agncultural pursuits
497,886
307, 788
0,070
92,201
i;9,475
2,656
7,114
18, 665
874
4,800
34,982
1,383
393, 771
363, 554
49, 935
74,666
1,157
226,427
5,163
138,742
2,112
2,998
8,964
866
Professional service.
430, 766
275,765
113,112
26,002
15,887
311, 241
211,716
71,093
19,687
8,845
6,819
10,989
5,989
52, 257
3,484
7,621
4,439
34,264
2,022
2,393
1,164
13,423
1,046
886
267
89
361
25
4,491
10, 776
2,764
1,197
.34,436
1,064
2,008
451
7,585
876
788
207
2,668
81
67
23
3,373
2,470
7,912
2,083
23, 676
606
8,126
7,399
327,905
11,282
6,132
4,886
208, 193
6,746
1,622
1,276
88,630
2,682
415
1,067
17,314
1,540
57
170
13,768
314
4,875
4,557
245,839
3,505
3,768
3,202
166,207
2,398
749
050
687
333
572
13, 793
450
133
7,840
70
service.
2,012,040
554,903
341,604
462,119
663,414
1,590,187
427,251
236,322
451,681
474,933
Barbers and hairdressers
Boarding and lodging house keepers.
Hotel keepers
Housekeepers and stewardesses
5,533
1,701
31, 773
5,045
77,993
1,353
1,804
9,797
1,518
29,209
1,924
1,026
14,326
1,811
30,348
3,890
1,002
3,615
2,779
32, 593
5,276
86,089
2,803
774
17,030
3,146
46, 823
471
927
4,018
635
11,280
666
9,736
1,369
19, 775
1,323
516
1,809
126
8,211
444
22, 613
42, 322
43, 866
8,189
43, 107
26,750
327, 700
4,972
To. 397
217, 695
60,321
216,121
41,396
,146,255
8,554
7,7o4
19,617
17,480
311,479
2,797
3,086
698
5,847
195,641
1,626
4,481
31,905
13,164
366,097
3,269
35,020
151,001
4,905
272,038
863
222, 553
100,529
86,019
33,714
2,291
4,853
27,606
62, 817
25, 284
6,147
3,346
14,872
31,431
7,407
1,830
10,534
24,741
5,219
3,340
57,171
21,214
8,403
9,058
21,781
12,861
4,204
2,791
28,537
6,966
3,393
2,481
6,713
1,356
750
2.875
140
Actresses, professional show-women, etc.
Artists and teachers of art
Literary and scientific persons
Musicians and teachers of music
(government)
Physicians and surgeons
Teachers and professors in colleges,
Other professional service
Officials
Domestic and personal
etc.
Janitors and sextons
Laborers (not specified)
Laundresses
Nurses and midwives
Servants and waitresses
Other domestic and personal service.
59,
5U
8,545
147, 103
8,028
171
9,563
861
.57,999
25
111,503
332, 665
108,978
1,213,828
16,346
323,703
4,534
7,304
29,641
19,646
237, 539
3,322
494,126
228, 349
199,864
61,776
4,137
638
73,820
83, 726
34,008
18, 673
6,677
36,200
41,918
10, 506
6,711
2,271
31,070
33,364
8,286
9,123
1,318
6,347
7,886
14, 298
2,605
272
203
559
918
234
146, 577
85, 912
67,054
34, 100
8,771
5,825
17,
553
5,960
1,386
4,424
409
22,454
18,418
61,561
45, 669
12,284
6,823
1,258,393
492, 501
456,896
270,901
993,029
379,863
368, 600
217,845
26, 821
15,171
38,285
15, 992
8,586
7,543
4,797
15,410
6,063
2,555
4,100
8,667
17, 364
8,564
1,673
5,440
2,321
2,073
1,072
34
71
44
73
54
11,271
32,948
12,325
5,328
3,608
3,044
13,892
3,739
1,283
2,017
6,930
14,543
0, 969
2,198
1,115
1,283
4,431
1,612
1,774
471
14
82
6,158
9,164
15, 770
7,238
1,705
2,689
8,662
1,333
3,244
4,120
5,867
1,207
2,330
1,142
2,234
2
26
99
3,263
8,719
12,026
6,331
1,036
2,298
6,260
1,190
1,693
3,706
4,666
624
2,694
3, .330
1,808
3
Textile mill operatives
Carpet factory operatives
Cotton mill operatives
Hosiery and knitting mill operatives
Silk mill operatives
Woolen mill operatives
Other textile mill operatives
250, 376
82,228
2,256
83,405
2,583
532
3,016
315
42
243
17
19, .321
77,471
4.147
23. 121
8,129
9.665
16.051
780
5,784
6,960
9,415
14,932
527
3,247
21,674
7,217
4,072
7,644
11,673
77, 334
43, 731
211,112
10, 452
84,220
13,598
9,653
7,316
10,474
84,211
3,833
21,967
11,709
12,636
12, 157
22,010
Textile workers
693, 158
342, 579
298,388
153, 912
2,588
46, 943
61,517
12,118
14,657
7,653
240,253
119, 685
3,112
29, 718
43, 622
12, 324
25,275
6,517
127,463
27,054
12,601
260, 129
129, 768
7,398
85,025
143,270
29,509
65, 353
20, 024
1,696
9,187
26, 236
4,942
24,901
4,060
177
11,895
125
460
1,794
203,952
103,056
.3, 030
18, 194
40, 325
150, 627
13,866
61, 706
11,249
63,486
10,411
30, 130
4,799
5,306
Trade and transportation
Agents
Bookkeepers and accountants
Clerks and copyists
Merchants and dealers (except wholesale)
Packers and shippers
Saleswomen
Stenographers and typewriters
Telegraph and telephone operators
Other persons in trade and transportation
Manufacturing and mechanical pursuits.
Bookbinders
Boot and shoe makers and
Boxmakers (paper)
repairers.
Confectioners
Glovemakers
Gold and silver workers
Paper and pulp mill operatives
Printers, lithographers, and presswomen.
Kubber factory operatives
Dressmakers
Hat and cap makers
Milliners
Seamstresses
Shirt, collar,
and cufi makers.
Tailoresses
Other textile workers
Tobacco and cigar factory operatives
Other manufacturing and mechanical pursuits.
10,
8,679
104,944
31,108
29,200
28,961
47,484
38, 931
3, ,885
2,317
56, 381
1 Comprises
in 1900 continental United States, the territories of Alaska and Hawaii,
(including civilian employees) stationed abroad: in 1890, continental United States only.
18,816
324,886
3,618
1
1
i
I
I
183
13
1,346
2
7
19,108
34.428
43, 583
2
and persons
588,277
290, .308
!
65.
12,
16.
.3.58
552
60,663
143, 339
15,534
61,488
10, 403
2,364
34,855
69, 806
5,140
15. 528
25.8.5.3
7,014
8,070
71.978
22, 4.34
.33,858
6,
in the military
40, 761
7,347
26,2.50
6,314
and naval
636
2,145
6,299
12,010
63
55
346
31
66
9U
73
5
21
71
1,0.30
39, 182
24
3,951
5,368
10, 663
15, 164
13
70
388
103, 862
49, 846
334
7,638
20,
1,164
7,240
21,000
2,993
19. 266
2,.364
6,714
14,308
^rvire of the
4
364
11 772
54
445
57
4,055
I
1,.378
United States
.
.
WOMEN AT WORK.
160
BY RACE AND NATIVITY, OF FEMALE BREADWINNERS 15 YEARS OF AGE
AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY OCCVPATION, FOR THE UNITED STATES (AREA OF ENUMERATION i): 1900 AND
Tablk 15.— per (5ENT DISTRIBUTION,
1890.
FEMALE BREADWINNERS
OCCUPATION.
All occupations .
.
Agricultural pursuits.
Agricultural laborers
Farmers, planters, and overseers.
Other agricultural pursuits
Professional serviceActresses, professional show-women, etc.
Artists and teachers of art
Literary and scientific persons
Musicians and teachers of music
(government)
Physicians and surgeons
Teachers and professors in
Officials
Other professional
colleges, etc.
service
Domestic and personal service.
Barbers land hairdressers
Boarding and lodging house keepers.
Hotel keepers
Housekeepers and stewardesses
Janitors and sextons
Laborers (not specified;
Laundresses
Nurses and midwives
Servants and waitresses
Other domestic and personal service.
Trade and transportation.
Agents
Bookkeepers and accountants
Clerks and copyists
Merchants and dealers (except wholesale)
Packers and shippers
Saleswomen
Stenographers and typewriters
Telegraph and telephone operators
Other persons in trade and transportation.
Manufacturing and mechanical pursuits.
Bookbinders
Boot and shoe makers and repairers.
Boxmakers (paper)
Confectioners
Glovemakers
Gold and silver workers
Paper and pulp mill operatives
Printers, lithographers, andpresswomen.
Rubber factory operatives
Textile mill operatives
Carpet factory operatives
Cotton mill operatives
Hosiery and knitting mill operatives.
Silk mill operatives
Woolen mill operatives
Other textile mill operatives
,
Textile workers
Dressmakers
Hat and cap makers
Milliners
Seamstresses
Shirt, collar,
and cuff makers.
Tailoresses
Other
textile
workers
Tobacco and cigar factory operatives
Other manufacturing and mechanical pursuits.
15
YEARS OF AGE AND OVER.
.
.
OCCUPATION, RACE, AND NATIVITY.
161
Table 16.— PER
CKNT DISTRIBUTION, BY OCCUPATION, OF FEMALE BREAD^^'INNEKS 15 YEARS OF AGE AND
OVER, CLASSIFIED BY RACE AND NATIVITY, FOR THE UNITED STATES (AREA OF ENUMERATION 0: 1900 AND
1890.
PEK CENT DISTRIBUTION, BY OCCUPATION, OF FEMALE BREADWINNERS
fotal.
OCCUPA.TION.
1890
ISOO
Ail occupations.
100.0
.
Agricultural pursuits.
Agricultural laborers
Farmers, planters, and overseers.
OthPr agricultural pursuits
6.
Professional service
Actresses, professional show-woraen, etc.
Artists and teachers of art
Literary and scientific persons
Musicians and teachers of music
Oincials (government)
Physicians and surgeons
Teachers and professors in colleges, etc.
Other professional service
Domestic and personal service.
Barbers and hairdressers
Boarding and lodging house keepers
Hotel keepers
Housekeepers and stewardesses
.
Janitors and sextons
,
,
Laborers (not specified)
Laundresses
Nurses and midwivcs
Servants and waitresses
Other domestic and personal service.
Trade and transportation
Agents
Bookkeepers and accountants
Clerks
and copyists
Merchants and dealers (except wholesale)
Packers and shippers
Saleswomen
Stenographers and typewriters
Telegraph and telephone operators
Other persons in trade and transportation.
Manufacturing and m.echanical pursuits.
Bookbinders
Boot and shoe makers and repairers.
Boxmakers (paper)
Confectioners
Gloveraakers
Gold and silver workers
Paper and pulp mill operatives
Printers, lithographers, and prcsswomen.
Rubber factory operatives
Textile mill operatives
Carpet factory operatives
Cotton mill operatives
Hosiery and knitting mill operatives.
Silk mill operatives
Woolen mill operatives
Olher textile mill operatives
Textile workers
Dressmakers
Hat and cap makers
Milliners
Seamstresses
Shirt, collar,
and
cuff
makers.
Tailoresses
Other
*
textile
workers
Tobacco and cigar factory operatives
Other manufacturing and mechanical pursuits.
- .
1
I
15
YEARS OF AGE AND OVER.
WOMEN AT WORK.
162
BY AGE PERIODS, OF FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER. CLASSIFIED BY RACE, NATIVITY, AND OCCUPATION, FOR THE UNITED STATES (AREA OF ENUMERATION'): 1900.
Table 17.— DISTRIBUTION,
FEMALE BREAUWINT^RS.
16 to 24 years
of age.
OCCUPATION.
16 years of
5
to 34 years
of age.
35 to 44 years
of age.
45 to
._ 54 years
of age.
55
ITovL'^" Ageunlmown.
age and
orer.
Number.
Per
cent.
Number.
Per
cent.
4,843,155
2,139,370
Agricultural pursuits
772,731
262,633
34.0
126,062
Agricultural laborers
Farmers, planters, and overseers
Other a^cultural pursuits
458,975
307, 788
250,029
11,632
972
54.5
3.8
16.3
94,410
29,761
5,968
20.6
9.7
14.9
430,067
188, 178
43.8
147,800
6,713
10,913
5,989
62,028
3,279
3,032
1,527
22,544
48.8
27.8
25.5
43.3
2,462
3,915
1,873
17,330
8,126
7,399
327,635
11,264
2,220
604
152, 149
2,923
27.3
6.8
46.4
25.9
Domestic and personal service
1,956,973
817,623
Barbers and hairdressers
Boarding and lodging house keepers
Hotel Iceepers
5,448
59, 511
8,545
147, 103
8,012
2,071
1,874
39.2
23.3
26.7
53.4
16,228
42,021
76,576
28,021
622, 494
2,448
481,380
272,069
10, 472
All occupations
1,171,952
Number.
Per
cent.
676,548
Number.
Per
cent.
Number.
Per
cent.
Number.
Per
cent.
395,617
8.2
14.8
116,879
15.1
150,225
19.4
52,321
61,004
1,127
11.4
19.8
18.9
34,563
81,078
1,238
7.5
26.3
20.7
25,495
123,010
1,720
5.6
40.0
2,167
1,303
20
0.6
0.4
0.3
34.4
56,213
13.1
23,737
5.5
12,975
3.0
1,164
0.3
36.7
35.9
31.3
33.3
677
2,272
1,200
7,494
10.1
20.8
20.0
14.4
194
1,048
742
3,137
2.9
9.6
12.4
6.0
74
623
632
1.1
5.7
10.6
27
23
2.7
15
100
0.4
0.2
0.3
0.2
2,356
2,065
114,012
3,787
29.0
27.9
34.8
33.6
1,607
2,205
38,475
2,283
19.8
29.8
11.7
20.3
1,060
1,411
14,879
1,266
13.0
19.1
4.5
11.2
1,177
7,205
973
10.7
15.9
2.2
8.6
15
37
915
32
41.8
463,461
23.7
294,032
15.0
201,320
10.3
169,396
8.7
38.0
3.1
2.6
28.2
6.0
1,672
10,060
1,190
31,621
1,716
30.7
16.9
13.9
21.5
21.4
944
17,298
2,457
26,886
2,695
17.3
29.1
8.9
27.0
28.8
15.3
23.9
266
14, 104
2,200
24, 159
1,185
4.9
23.7
26.7
16.4
14.8
514
19
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.3
0.2
23, 791
22.2
24.7
25.8
24.0
22.0
16, 794
77,094
17,637
127,966
4,362
15.7
23.4
16.1
81,352
28,078
280,416
3,565
11.4
16.4
14.1
6.3
19.6
11,628
37,457
19,338
56,858
2,201
10.9
11.4
17.7
4.9
13.6
622
2,852
616
5,905
475
0.6
0.9
0.6
0.5
2.9
56.5
130,201
27.0
44,679
9.3
782
4.1
13,954
2.9
1,856
41,856
48, 008
2,902
12,791
17.7
57.4
59.3
8.6
76.0
2,570
21,728
6,834
2,973
24.5
32.4
26.8
20.2
17.4
2,511
5,673
7,083
9,417
836
24.0
7.8
8.7
27.8
4.9
1,892
1,288
2,776
7,392
311
18.1
1.8
3.4
21.8
1.8
1,603
430
1,266
7,256
137
15.3
0.6
1.6
21.4
0.8
4
53,816
15,637
6,517
62.3
63.2
71.1
39.2
37,911
26,001
4,979
3,608
26.6
30.5
22.6
21.7
10,948
4,351
975
2,885
7.7
5.1
4.4
17.4
3,334
676
293
1,820
2.3
0.8
1.3
11.0
1,295
162
87
1,728
0.9
0.2
0.4
10.4
176
—
142,290
86, 126
21,999
16,618
120
28
60
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.4
Manufacturing and mechanical pursuits
1,202,004
598,867
49.8
305,428
25.4
167, 172
13.9
79,739
6.6
49,067
4.1
1,731
0.1
14,306
14,498
7,810
7,175
9,282
19,830
10,322
4,822
3,555
64.9
54.3
71.2
61.7
49.5
3,475
9,873
3,015
1,297
1,730
24.3
27.1
20.8
16.6
24.1
4,567
832
827
993
6.9
12.5
6.7
10.6
13.8
353
1,634
250
457
569
2.6
4.5
1.7
5.9
7.9
207
547
74
1.4
1.5
0.5
5.1
4.6
5,767
8,709
15,361
6,945
3,895
5,227
9,256
3,993
67.5
60.0
60.3
67.5
1,269
1,947
4,348
2,096
22.0
22.4
431
856
1,174
635
7.5
9.8
7.6
9.1
131
470
428
159
2.3
5.4
2.8
2.3
Textile mill operatives
Carpet factory operatives
Cotton mill operatives
Hosiery and knitting mill operatives
Silk mill operatives
Woolen mill operatives
Other textile mill operatives
231,458
8,332
146, 126
59, 955
19, 793
19, 116
63.1
48.4
61.7
16,026
27,207
22.1
24.9
22.4
19.6
19.2
26.0
22.7
9.3
12.4
10.3
6.7
5.7
10.4
44,051
72.3
59.0
61.8
51,236
2,078
21,769
6,535
5,082
6,794
9,978
21, 560
97, 181
8,363
540
3,875
731
461
1,097
1,659
3.6
6.5
4.0
2.6
1.7
4.0
3.8
Textile workers
675,948
338, 290
7,049
82,958
139, 149
27,788
61,612
19, 102
271,623
110,355
3,922
40,964
59, 480
16,321
32, 426
8,155
40.2
32.6
65.6
49.4
42.7
58.7
52.6
42.7
188,375
103,421
1,833
23,070
35,401
6,718
14, 149
3,783
27.9
30.6
26.0
27.8
25.4
24.2
23.0
19.8
117, 696
17.4
20.9
69, 128
34, 648
11.3
13.0
15.6
10.8
13.2
12.7
325
37, 126
140,411
23,685
87,261
63.8
62.1
7,657
29, 110
20.6
20.7
Professional service
Actresses, professional show-women, etc
Artists and teachers of art
Literary and scientific persons
Musicians and teachers of music
(government)
Physicians and surgeons
Teachers and professors in colleges, etc
i
Other professional service
Officials
Houselceepers and stewardesses
Janitors and sextons
Laborers (not specified)
Laundresses
Nurses and midwives
Servants and waitresses
Other domestic and personal serviee
107,081
329, 359
108, 978
1, 166, 708
Trade and transportation
Agents
Bookkeepers and accountants
Clerks and copyists
Merchants and dealers (except wholesale)
Packers and shippers
72,928
81,023
33,872
17,052
Saleswomen
Stenographers and typewriters
Telegraph and telephone operators
Other persons in trade and transportation
Bookbinders
Boot and shoe makers and repairers
36,490
Boxmakers (paper)
Confectioners
Glovemakers
Gold and silver workers
Paper and pulp mill operatives
Printers, lithographers, and presswomen
,
Rubber factory operatives
Dressmakers
Hat and cap makers
Milliners
Seamstresses
^
Shirt, collar,
and
cuff
makers
Tailoresses
Other textile workers
Tobacco and cigar factory operatives
Other manufacturing and mechanical pursuits.
28,293
26, 432
27, 169
222
41,413
483
4,030
70.
23, 597
28.3
30.2
1,030
10,006
1,893
1,519
2,812
4,300
70,719
795
10,778
21,728
3,003
8,143
2,429
3,628
13, 102
441,457
28.8
18.3
33.6
16.1
11.0
26.9
9.8
16,064
2,457
22,511
1,914
12,225
54,028
15,389
73,069
3,177
19,
401
322
18,211
0.4
"as
0.2
0.5
0.3
0.3
0.6
111
19
0.1
40
84
112
71
0.4
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.1
(')
0.1
0.1
0.7
2.3
0.9
0.7
8
21
12
0.1
0.1
0.2
3,816
651
1,433
311
176
384
1.6
7.8
1.5
1.1
0.7
1.4
2.0
367
3
143
30
79
57
45
0.2
4,971
12,266
1,120
3,969
1,929
8.7
10.2
4.6
6.0
8.8
4.0
6.4
10.1
38,231
18,795
167
2,994
10,033
599
2,856
2,787
5.7
5.6
2.4
3.6
7.2
2.2
4.6
14.6
1,495
6,302
4.0
4.6
614
4,428
1.7
3.2
41
202
134
60
0.1
0.1
0.3
0.2
0.1
241
27
69
19
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.1
47
218
0.2
462
7
181
0.1
'Comprises continental United States, the territories of Alaska and Hawaii, and persons in the military and naval service of the United States (including
employees) stationed abroad.
! Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent.
civilian
OCCUPATION AND AGE.
Table 17
163
—
DISTRIBUTION, BY AGE PERIODS, OP FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY RACE, NATIVITY, AND OCCUPATION, FOR THE UNITED STATES (AREA OF ENUMERATION'): 1900—
'
Continued.
NATIVE WHITE FEMALE BREADWINNERS — BOTH PARENTS NATIVE.
16 to 24 years
of age.
OCCUPATION.
16 years of
25 to 34 years
of age.
35 to 44 years
of age.
46 to 64 j^ears
of age.
55 years of age
and over.
Age unknown.
age and
over.
Number.
Ail occupations
1.773,109
Agricultural pursuits
Number.
Per
cent.
Number.
Per
cent.
21.1
26,923
Number.
Per
cent.
Number.
182,214
10.3
188,305
10.6
15.7
54,900
20.7
85,067
32.1
8,221
6,670
48, 744
6.7
27.2
22.3
3,690
80,672
796
4.3
44.9
30.3
82, 584
179,475
2,628
61, 210
4,193
344
62.0
2.3
13.1
13,859
12,688
376
16.8
7.1
14.3
32, 701
520
10.0
18.3
19.8
275,384
122,334
44.4
92,329
33.5
34, 766
12.6
3,425
7,588
4,439
34,145
1,645
1,915
1,008
14,795
,48.0
25.2
22.7
43.3
1,277
2,705
1,382
11,300
37.3
35.6
31.1
33.1
349
1,667
906
4,879
10.2
22.0
20.4
14.3
802
599
2,134
3.0
10.6
13.5
6.2
29
480
530
966
6,132
4,886
208,030
6,739
1,648
304
99,477
1,542
26.9
6.2
47.8
22.9
1,736
1,304
70,422
2,203
28.3
26.7
33.9
32.7
1,185
1,427
1,416
19.3
29.2
11.0
21.0
842
966
9,569
852
13.7
19.8
4.6
12.6
Domestic and personal service
535,666
238,844
44.6
103,882
19.4
72, 746
13.6
59,348
11.1
Barbers and hairdressers
Boarding and lodging house keepers
Hotel keepers
Housekeepers and stewardesses
31, 773
6,045
77,993
1,348
112
22, 163
116
35.7
2.8
2.2
28.4
8.5
513
4,576
663
14,581
247
30.7
14.4
12.9
18.7
18.3
299
8,588
1,407
13,212
419
17.9
27.0
27.9
16.9
31.1
8,929
1,443
12,905
320
28.1
28.6
16.5
23.7
21,705
41,680
43,866
305, 975
4,509
7,787
9,987
9,587
186,886
726
36.9
24.0
21.9
61.1
3,963
9,967
7,045
26,723
1,123
18.3
23.9
16.1
8.7
24.9
3,112
7,619
6,562
17, 410
14.3
18.3
16.0
16.1
11,636
57, 718
991
18.9
21.3
26.5
18.9
22.0
223,938
121,856
54.4
62,969
28.1
22,604
10.0
Clerks and copyists
Merchants and dealers (except wholesale)
Packers and shippers
6,643
35,911
40,994
10,471
6,091
1,110
19,046
22,540
1,070
4,613
16.7
53.0
55.0
10.2
75.7
1,499
12,035
11,237
2,222
946
22.6
33.5
27.4
21.2
15.5
1,583
3,513
4,318
2,743
330
10.5
26.2
5.4
Saleswomen
60, 129
45,398
12,018
6,283
60.2
58.6
70.2
36.4
16,857
Stenographers and typewriters
Telegraph and telephone operators
Other persons in trade and transportation
36, 195
26, .560
2,673
1,395
26.4
33.3
22.2
22.2
5,280
2,990
618
1,129
Farmers, planters, and overseers . !
Other agricultural pursuits
Professipnal service
Actresses, professional show-women, etc
Artists and teachers of art
Literary and scientiiic persons
Musicians and teachers of music
Officials (government)
Physicians and surgeons
Teachers and professors in
Other professional service
colleges, etc
.'
Janitors and sextons
Laborers (not specified)
Laundresses
Nurses and midwives
Servants and waitresses
Other domestic and personal service
Trade and transportation
Agents
Bookkeepers and accountants.
Manufacturing and mechanical pursuits.
Bookbinders
Boot and shoe makers and
Boxmakers (paper)
repairers
Confectioners
Glovemakers
Gold and silver workers
Paper and pulp mill operatives
Prmters, lithographers, and presswomen
Rubber factory operatives
Textile mill operatives
Carpet factory operatives
Cotton mill operatives
Hosiery and knitting mill operatives
Silk mill operatives
Woolen mill operatives
Other textile mill operatives
Textile workers
Dressmakers
Hat and cap makers.
Seamstresses
and
cuff
makers
Tailoresses
Other textile workers
Tobacco and cigar factory operatives
Other manufacturing and mechanical pursuits.
8,437
2,286
15, 105
22, 937
6.6
5.1
18.0
686
149
707
852
4,911
699
11.5
17.4
2.4
10.4
14
33
714
27
0.2
0.7
0.3
0.4
58, 215
10.9
4
0.2
33
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
110
8,763
1,419
14,871
241
27.6
28.1
19.1
17.9
12.3
12.1
19.9
5.1
16.7
200
318
1,605
19.9
2,668
6,038
8,718
16,633
754
16
0.4
0.5
0.7
0.6
0.4
9,865
4.4
6,294
2.8
460
0.2
1,268
940
1,901
2,180
136
19.1
2.6
4.6
1,161
310
916
17.3
20.8
2.2
2,238
0.9
2.2
21.4
65
1.1
3.2
743
120
1.2
0.3
0.6
11.0
6.7
1,943
525
204
758
1.2
1.7
12.1
42,245
8.9
29,575
6.2
163
125
431
3.6
6.9
2.6
6.4
10.9
104
381
44
97
248
2.3
2.6
1.0
4.2
45.3
113,273
23.9
73,008
953
3,591
835
21.2
24.4
18.1
15.9
24.6
347
2,062
295
205
646
7.7
14.0
6.4
8.9
16.3
1,607
2,558
8,457
1,257
1,086
1,676
326
5,098
776
67.6
65.5
60.3
61.7
2,322
287
20.2
17.8
27.5
22.8
125
207
649
123
7.8
8.1
7.7
63
151
288
53
3.3
6.9
3.4
4.2
18
64
88
15
1.1
2.5
1.0
1.2
74,617
2,164
35,079
12,333
8,671
6,803
9,667
51,514
853
24,601
8,801
6,855
4,304
6,100
69.0
39.4
70.1
71.4
80.0
63.3
63.1
12,884
356
5,986
2,079
1,261
1,416
1,786
17.3
16.5
17.1
16.9
14.7
20.8
18.5
5,646
295
2,646
835
332
639
899
7.6
13.6
7.5
6.8
2,749
259
1,235
406
3.7
12.0
3.5
3.3
3.9
9.4
9.3
87
286
476
1.0
4.2
4.9
1,671
400
633
188
31
134
385
293,832
162,866
2,491
99,522
40, 717
1,267
20,928
21,889
6,814
5,832
2,075
33.9
26.6
50.9
46.3
36.3
59.7
41.4
27.9
78,329
43,551
596
12,694
14,763
2,358
3,275
1,092
26.7
28.6
23.9
28.1
24.6
20.7
23.2
14.7
56,739
36,188
317
6,245
10,485
1,250
2,154
1,100
19.3
23.0
12.7
13.8
17.4
11.0
15.3
14.8
33,980
20,618
192
3,116
6,918
681
1,382
1,174
11.6
13.5
7.7
6.9
11.6
5.1
24,639
12,505
114
2,064
6,157
391
1,416
1,992
8,385
29,376
65.8
eo.8
2,662
9,294
20.8
19.2
1,061
4,914
8.2
10.2
422
3.3
6.6
48,342
1 Comprises continental
United States, the territories of
civilian employees) stationed abroad.
' Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent.
0.2'
0.7
0.3
0.3
0.2
65.0
61.8
71.9
66.5
41.9
12, 761
0.2
23
19
14
81
0.8
2,920
7,632
3,321
1,516
1,663
60,339
11,412
14,087
7,444
134
387
6.3
11.9
2.8
214,486
456
0.3
"02
3.3
4,489
14, 720
4,620
2,315
3,969
369
976
6,392
Per
cent.
0.3
5.8
102
Number.
7
473,634
46, 193
Milliners
Shirt, collar,
1,672
Per
cent.
41,532
399,376
753,266
264,687
Agricultural laborers
Per
cent.
1,018
122
9.8
15.8
11
261
77
0.5
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.4
0.2
(=)
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.1
6.2
4
12
3
0.2
2.2
18.5
154
0.2
1.5
1.5
79
24
0.2
0.2
0.4
2.0
4.0
5
0.1
24
0.4
0.2
8.4
8.2
4.6
623
287
5
4.6
10.2
3.4
10.1
127
18
28
0.2
1
21
147
11
1.8
4.1
0.1
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.2
Alaska and Hawaii, and persons in the military and naval service of the United States (including
.
.
.
.
WOMEN AT WORK.
164
BY AGE PERIODS, OF FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY RACE, NATIVITY, AND OCCUPATION, FOR THE UNITED STATES (AREA OP-ENUMERATION'): 1900—
Table 17.— DISTRIBUTION,
Continued.
NATIVE WHITE FEMALE BREADWINNERS— ONE OR BOTH PARENTS FOREIGN BORN.
OCCUPATION.
16 years of
16 to 24 years
of age.
25 to 34 years
of age.
J
to 44 years
of age.
age and
over.
Number.
All occupations.
Per
Per
Number.
cent.
cent.
Number.
Per
cent.
693,435
64.'4
297,916
25, 775
5,592
21.7
3,213
12.6
6,243
18, 665
867
4,606
795
191
73.8
4.3
22.0
916
2,114
183
14.7
11.3
21.1
417
5,040
215
6.7
27.0
24,8
112,921
50,123
44.4
41,688
36.9
14,963
13.3
1,995
2,363
1,164
13, 352
1,057
842
431
6,124
53.0
36.6
37.0
46.9
695
907
384
4,671
34.8
38.4
33.0
36.0
181
416
209
1,808
9.1
17.6
18.0
13.6
1,522
1,276
88,572
2,677
499
32.8
7.9
46.3
36.5
503
40,091
978
952
33.0
34.9
37.4
35.6
326
414
143
466
21.4
32.4
12.6
17.4
325,949
176,721
54.2
77,661
23.8
43,995
13.6
Barbers and hairdressers
Boarding and lodging house keepers.
Hotel keepers
Housekeepers and stewardesses
Janitors and sextons
1,775
9,797
1,518
29,209
1,917
850
318
66
9,845
47.9
3.2
4.3
33.7
7.9
676
2,136
309
8,050
484
32.6
21.8
20.4
27.6
26.2
246
3,742
578
6,376
Laborers (not specified)
Laundresses
Nurses and raidwives
Servants and waitresses
Other domestic and personal service.
6,787
28, 738
19,546
223, 381
3,281
3,749
11, 100
5,352
1,353
7,121
6,602
676
66.2
38.6
27.4
64.7
20.6
Trade and transportation
193,588
121,202
62.6
Agents
Bookkeepers and accountants
Clerks and copyists
Merchants and dealers (except wholesale)
Packers and shippers
2,248
30, 624
32, 108
8,223
8,309
539
18,858
20,793
1,065
6,301
Saleswomen
64,864
33, 700
.
Agricultural pursuits.
Agricultural laborers
Farmers, planters, and overseers.
Other agricultural pursuits
Professional service
Actresses, professional show-women, etc.
Artists and teachers of art
Literary and scientific persons
Musicians and teachers of music
Officials (government)
Physicians and surgeons
Teachers and professors in colleges, et:
Other professional service
Domestic and personal service.
Stenographers and typewriters
Telegraph and telephone operators
Other persons in trade and transportation
Manufacturing and mechanical pursuits
Bookbinders
Boot and shoe makers and repairers.
Boxmakers (paper)
Confectioners
Glovemakers
Gold and silver workers
Paper and pulp mill operatives
Printers, lithographers, and presswomen.
'
Rubber factory operatives
Textile mill operatives
Carpet factory operatives
Cotton mill operatives
Hosiery and knitting mill operatives.
Silk mill operatives
Woolen mill operatives
Other textile mill operatives
Textile workers
Dressmakers
Hat and cap makers
MiUiners
Seamstresses
Shirt, collar,
and
cuff
makers.
Other
textile
workers
Tobacco and cigar factory operatives
Other manufacturing and mechanical pursuits..
151
445
33, 131
919
19.9
24.8
33.8
22.4
28.0
63,497
27.6
24.0
61.6
64.8
13.0
76.8
740
9,777
8,694
2,209
1,696
32.9
31.9
26.8
26.9
19.2
4,901
41,454
23,214
6,277
2,701
63.9
68.9
72.9
65.1
18,228
9,266
1,989
1,108
432, 967
239, 797
66.4
121,857
8,208
16,500
7,793
3,528
2,138
5,341
9,425
6,469
2,401
1,335
65.1
67.1
70.2
68.1
62.4
3,029
3,899
5,706
3,507
2,008
2,606
3,465
2,027
64.3
60.7
57.8
77, 521
3,648
20,299
10,606
11,304
11,380
20, 284
60,120
2,009
12, 373
7,366
8,347
6,889
13, 092
232, 352
117, 314
108, 937
47, 701
2,987
28, 762
41,912
11,665
0,091
1,647
15,834
21,026
6,691
12,423
3,616
10,028
758
39, 337
144, 614
60,
I
HI
,
8,6U
23, 631
Tailoresscs
101
68,
7,360
64.7
1
I
28.1
27.5
23.1
22.6
11,
606
4,022
698
1,040
6,
19,
13,884
OCCUPATION AND AGE.
Table 17
165
—
DISTRIBUTION, BY AGE PERIODS, OF FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OP AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY RACE, NATIVITY, AND OCCUPATION, FOR THE UNITED STATES (AREA OP ENUMERATION'): 1900—
Continued.
FOREIGN BOKN WHITE FEMALE BREADWINNERS.
16 to 24 years
of. age.
OCCUPATION.
25 to 34 years
of age.
35 to
4
1
years
of age.
45 to 64 years
of age.
55 years of ag
and over.
Age unknown.
16 years of
age and
over.
Number.
.\11
occupations
Per
Per
cent.
cent.
840,686
347, 7,59
202, 322
Agricultural pursuits
40,917
2 271
2,150
Agricultural laborers
Farmers, planters, and overseers
Other agricultural pursuits
4,567
84,982
1,36S
1,788
328
155
0.9
11.3
25,937
7,581
29.2
1,031
875
361
412
235
82
1,008
40.0
26.9
22.7
^
Professional service
Actresses, professional show-women, etc
Artists ana teachers of art
Literary and scientilic persons
Musicians and teachers of music
(government)
Physicians and surgeons
Teachers and professors In colleges, etc
Other professional service
Officials
Domestic and personal
3,3.54
,
1,535
456,070
,
Laborers (not specified)
Laund resses
Nurses and midwivcs
Servants and waitresses
Other domestic and personal service
Trade and transportation
Agents
Bookkeepers and accountants
Clerks and copyists
Merchants and dealers (except wholesale)
Packers and shippers.
61
67
5,373
343
17, 299
service.,.^
Barbers and hairdressers
Boarding and lodging house keepers
Hotel keepers
Housekeepers and stewardesses
Janitors and sextons
415
1,067
,
,
Saleswomen
Stenographers and typewriters
Telegraph and telephone operators
Other persons in trade and transportation
Manufacturing and mechanical pursuits.
Bookbinders
Boot and shoe makers and repairers
Boxmakers
(paper)
Confectioners
Glovemakers
Gold and silver workers
Paper and pulp mill operatives
Prmters, lithographers, and presswomen
EublDcr factory operatives
Textile mill operatives
(!^arpet factory operatives
Cotton mill operatives
Hosiery and knitting mill operatives
Silk mill operatives
Woolen mill operatives
Other textile mill operatives
24.1
Number.
,82,825
9.9
2,328
10,373
25.4
20,813
50.9
101
19,
648
602
663
14.2
56.0
41.2
119,316
5,209
Per
Per
0.4
0.2
0.3
3.7
7.0
744
4,249
216
16.3
12.1
16.8
614
9,425
334
13.4
26.9
24.4
31.5
4,964
19.1
2,946
11.4
2,196
8.5
0.3
39.3
31.1
26.8
29.1
13.4
20.7
22.4
20.6
43
110
50
400
4.2
12.6
13.9
11.9
32
3.1
8.6
15.0
,30.1
405
272
93
976
1.38
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.1
14.7
6.3
31.1
22.3
100
270
5,542
521
24.1
25.3
32.0
81
324
3,145
325
19.5
30.4
18.2
21.2
92
205
1,864
182
22.2
19.2
10.8
11.9
200
1,314
163
19.5
18.7
7.6
10.6
38.9
120,913
26.5
14.7
47,538
10.4
41,419
9.1
285
28.4
15.4
101
59
4,125
10.1
28.8
.596
32.9
.5,245
5.9
25.5
31.8
20.7
18.9
1,002
14,326
1,811
80,348
393
355
29
6,491
128
39.2
2.5
1.6
21.4
3.3
7,963
42,835
26, 750
322, 190
4,955
2,196
6,493
4,864
16.5
755
1,299
181
81
75
54
276
81
10.1
21.5
20.1
3,946
423
5,698
1,210
16.3
27.5
23.4
18.8
31.1
1,029
17.3
26.5
1,510
8,398
7,641
92,498
19.0
19.6
28.6
28.7
17.5
1,569
.:,562
4,790
36, 225
1,422
19.7
27.0
17.9
11.2
28.7
1,334
9,291
4,385
20,180
1,252
16.8
21.7
16.4
6.3
25.3
1,314
6,934
4,961
16,950
16.5
16.2
18.5
5.0
19.4
2,210
183
6,537
782
163
3,659
576
6,271
736
0.1
0.4
0.1
0.4
1
31
4
106
5
0.6
447
27.6
15.2
18.2
48.5
9.0
69, 793
27, .582
46.1
12,684
21.2
7,568
12.7
5,a53
9.8
6,014
10.1
0.2
1,314
6,195
7,372
14,260
2,426
127
3,829
252
1,728
1,760
2,167
371
19.2
27.9
23.9
15.2
15.3
314
23.9
7.2
8.7
24.2
6.3
310
23.6
1.9
4.8
25.7
3.6
306
23.3
0.4
690
1,760
9.7
61.8
60.2
4.8
72.5
16,898
6,848
1,357
4,123
10,773
3,930
911
1,125
67.2
67.1
27.3
3,709
1,686
316
795
21.9
27.1
23.3
19.3
257,969
132,780
61.5
58,396
22.6
1,.576
1,003
2,737
1,512
892
549
&3.7
52.6
74.1
47.1
54.1
1,365
355
255
229
21.5
26.2
17.4
13.6
22.6
1,129
2,227
1,101
2,180
740
1,031
65.5
46.3
58.1
54.5
244
529
265
702
21.6
23.8
24.1
32.2
833
2,513
41,.514
5.339
6.513
,?, 916
66.1
44.1
55.0
67.9
59.6
64.0
19,058
665
10, 434
1,029
1,441
2,274
3,215
24 2
26^5
25.1
19.3
22.1
25.5
1-1,038
44,231
1,107
22,822
3,627
3,879
4,811
7,985
122,937
55, 666
1,569
8,840
25, 085
4,598
23,448
3,831
65,409
18,473
1,008
4,120
13,092
2,732
14,035
1,949
45.1
705
5,884
16,963
5,201
2,041
1,894
1,014
7.9,
166, 149
4, 4.37
640
1,189
447
3,
639
446
162
1,404
261
77
8.3
4.5
5.7
20.1
118
354
3,664
87
608
44
33
635
13.4
69
282
48
216
58
8.5
13.6
9.9
8.7
34
237
54
9,466
345
5,317
404
689
1,045
1,655
12.0
13.7
12.8
7.6
10.6
11.7
11.8
4,105
194
2,090
186
302
561
772
22.9
27.8
19.8
23.0
18.6
20.6
17.4
17.8
19, 130
2,596
447
15.6
20.0
8.3
13.9
12.2
11.5
11.1
11.7
11,813
6,568
78
893
2,113
256
1,577
328
18.0
18.2
1,250
2,711
12.9
9.6
610
1,834
!2.9
694
105
281
139
,303
109
1.1
2.4
29.9
2.3
376
2.2
0.4
22
18
726
4.4
5.4
2.4
11.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.3
1.3
17.6
0.2
7.5
7.3
13.3
5.1
14.8
13.7
115
0.8
2.4
16.4
71
174
4,266
56
40
167
109
,188
6
0.1
C.2
0.2
0.3
0.1
3.0
lis
19
247
39
3.0
15
10.6
4.9
124
3.0
26
7.7
5.0
3.6
4.6
6.3
5.5
1,826
201
804
91
130
205
395
31
0.1
0.1
0.1
2.3
0.9
13.0
3.8
0.2
1.3
6.6
2.8
1.2
2.3
0.1
0.2
0.4
158
0.2
8.0
1
1.9
1.7
2.0
2.3
2.8
47
2
72
20
16
0.1
6.7
6.9
2.7
6.3
8.4
2.8
4.8
11.0
155
0.1
0.1
(=)
1.1
0.2
0.1
I
Textile workers
Dressmakers
Hat and cap makers
Milliners
Seamstresses
Shirt, collar,
and
cuff
makers
Tailoresses
Other
textile
workers
Tobacco and cigar factory operatives
Other manufacturing and mechanical pursuits.
1
60.6
60.3
1,746
6,125
33.2
64.2
46.6
62.2
59.4
.59.9
!
;
I
11,140
131
1,230
3,056
5.30
11.8
5.0
8,246
3,855
8.4
5.6
6.7
8.6
42
554
2,118
130
1,124
423
6.3
6.5
210
1,435
10.1
2.2
5.3
64
0.1
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.2
Comprises continental United States, the territories of Alaska and Hawaii, and persons in the military and naval service of the United States (including
employees) stationed abroad.
Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent.
civilian
!
9,
28, 132
50.9
28,184
15, 466
310
2,031
4,664
946
4,086
681
..
WOMEN AT WORK.
166
BY AGE PERIODS, OF FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY RACE, NATIVITY, AND OCCUPATION, FOR THE UNITED STATES (AREA OF ENUMERATION'): 1900—
Table 17.— DISTRIBUTION,
*
Continued.
NEGBO FEMALE BREADWINNERS.
16 to 24 years
of age.
OCCUPATION.
25 to 34 years
of age.
35 to_ 44 years
of age.
_
16 years of
46 to 54 years
of age.
.56
In^ovt'^' Agennknown.
age and
over.
Number.
All occupations
Agricultural pursuits
Agricultural laborers
Farmers, planters, and overseers
Other agricultural pursuits
Number.
Per
cent.
Number.
Per
cent.
Number.
Per
cent.
Number.
439,725
266,956
23. S
178,810
124,024
11.1
101,074
9.0
9,064
197, 167
90,601
20.9
60,866
14.0
45,046
10.4
37,633
8.7
2,730
361,804
71,665
572
191,047
5,982
138
62.8
8.3
24.1
77,305
127
21.4
18.4
22.2
42,470
18,296
99
11.7
25.6
17.3
28,021
16,947
77
7.7
23.6
13.5
21,013
16, 496
124
23.0
21.7
51.2
6,529
35.6
1,494
9.6
63.5
82
30
14
381
32.6
3.2
2
3
0.8
117
10.1
40
24.4
9.1
24.4
24
232
37
16.0
13, i69
50
160
307
10
29
7,041
59
18.1
52.2
19.2
15
42
4,867
108
26.3
36.0
36.2
13
39
1,230
75
Domestic and personal service
634, 104
222,828
35.1
159, 617
25.2
109, 479
17.3
75, 135
11.8
Barbers and
Boarding and lodging house keepers
Hotel keepers
Housekeepers and stewardesses
981
3,576
152
221
313
15
22.5
8.8
9.9
30.3
10.4
293
29.9
31.5
26.3
25.6
23.7
234
1,010
42
1,577
262
23.9
28.2
27.6
16.8
30.7
152
666
29
1,134
15.5
18.6
19.1
182
12.1
21.3
1,327
112
2,142
79, 415
551
23.8
26.3
11.5
25.4
24.9
10,181
48,765
1,663
7,242
34,059
2,225
28,997
449
10.3
15.8
11.9
9.3
20.3
7,327
24,391
4,299
.
.
13, 479
hairdressers
9,408
854
Janitors and sextons
Laborers (not specified)
Laundresses
Nurses and midwives
Servants and waitresses
Other domestic and personal service
Trade and transportation
.'
Agents
Bookkeepers and accountants
and copyists
Merchants and dealers (except wholesale)
Packers and shippers
Saleswomen
Stenographers and typewriters
Telegraph and telephone operators
other persons in trade and transportation.
.
Manufacturing and mechanical pursuits
Boot and shoe makers and
Boxmakers (paper)
repairers
Confectioners
Glovemakers
Gold and silver workers
Paper and pulp mill operatives
PnnterSjlithographerSj and presswomen
Rubber factory operatives
Textile mill operatives
Carpet factory operatives
Cotton mill operatives
Hosierj and knitting mill operatives
Silk mill operatives
Woolen mill operatives
Other textile mill operatives
and
cut!
makers
Tailoresses
Other
textile
workers
Tobacco and cigar factory operatives
Other manufacturing and mechanical pursuits
is less
than
16.3
0.7
8.8
26
61,018
9.6
6,127
78
426
23
8.0
11.9
15.1
14.1
13.1
3
35
3
106
0.3
1.0
2.0
7
0.8
489
2,432
166
2,870
16
0.7
36
0.9
1.7
12.1
584
282
35.6
1,000
25.5
696
17.8
426
10.9
372
9.6
30.2
64.0
64.2
7.9
51.8
78
29.4
27.5
61
10
67
27
4
27
18
183
10
10.2
2.1
5.0
21.4
4.6
134
6
52.1
61.5
14
2
3.7
1.1
13
2
189
539
856
224
121
292
378
174
11
197
107
10
1,284
399
34
66
44
67
10
18
33
20
12
4
2
25
96
14
S3
16,700
66, 639
214
60
24.7
25.0
26.8
244
30
105
63
27.8
30.6
47
10
12.4
5.7
62
133
1
304
23.7
17.7
32.4
10, 309
32.1
19.6
1
17
0.2
0.3
1.1
1.1
0.9
0.9
0.7
0.4
0.5
0.6
1.5
0.9
0.6
3.2
16.7
2.7
3.4
1.1
3,076
14.1
14
1.1
6.9
135
0.4
n
(')
m
1
1
262
1
1
289
159
9
35
21
27
64
2
6
16
12
18.7
7,025
3,428
8,431
4,478
34.6
36.1
90
1
48.6
29.3
77.1
32.9
C)
2,056
22,763
1
(=)
&\
1
82
3,309
84
45, 161
23.0
6.3
12.4
28.5
13.4
481
7
4,639
2,219
100.
m
1,390
1 Comprises continental United States, the
territories of
civilian employees) stationed abroad.
zper cent not shown where base
4
?,920
12,421
2
109
11,297
109
301
90
Seamstresses
Shirt, collar,
m
9'
10.5
11.3
23.0
7.3
12.8
24, 389
Milliners
m
1.1
1.2
'6.'
3.5
14.6
22.7
8.9
14.4
26.4
70
56
Dressmakers
Hat and cap makers
(')
775
7
m
1
40 2
22.7
43.8
42.8
14.9
15
44
Textile workers
202
m
48,757
8,181
133,895
329
28, 173
32,073
Bookbinders
(.')
m
32.9
0.5
1,9
70, 112
215,043
18,676
313,091
2,211
265
Clerks
62.0
Per
cent.
36
160
40
6
603
Officials (govermnent)
Physicians and surgeons
Teachers and j)rofes3ors in colleges, etc
other professional service
Number.
434,041
252
83
25
1,159
Literary and scientific persons
Musicians and teachers of music
Per
cent.
1,119,653
15, 615
Professional service
Actresses, professional show- women, etc
Artists and teachers of art
Per
cent.
44.3
40.7
49
3,784
19
80
20
10.6
18.7
37
1
7
7
<.')
(=)
4,994
2,688
7.7
9.4
(»)
(=)
4.2
7.3
m
(')
<.')
(.')
(=)
(»)
C=)
20.5
21.6
2,423
1,246
9.9
10.0
1,436
544
5.9
4.4
14.8
19.5
2.8
21.6
4
1,128
2
34
9
2.4
10.0
1.8
11.3
9
833
5.3
7.4
0.9
7.3
37
0.3
0.3
1
(^)
29.0
33.6
17.4
26.6
26
2,201
3
65
11
(')
26.2
21.6
Alaska and Hawaii, and persons
21
2
2
9
2
823
361.
m
17.7
16.3
in the military
224
and naval
1
22
27
{')
7.9
10.1
154
227
service of the
0.4
m
0.6
10.2
1.1
United States (including
.
.
OCCUPATION AND AGE.
Table 18.—FEMALE
167
BREADWINNERS 15 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY AGE AND OCCUPATION, FOR
THE UNITED STATES (AREA OF ENUMERATION'): 1900 AND 1890.
FEMALE BEEADWINNEKS.
1900!
1890
OCCUPATION.
15 years of
age and
15 to 24
years of
over.
years of
age and
15
over.
All occupations
15 to 24
years of
26 to 34
years of
age.
age.
2,169
233
41,898
889
27,868
63,644
968
18,953
88,482
1,223
1,445
708
16
91, 458
31, 943
15,
589
6,965
1, .646
3,683
776
10,896
387
1,515
539
4,149
120
809
408
1,761
406
269
634
l,5i9
659
136,610
831
1,188
1,179
71,133
1,058
909
22,668
706
733
885
10,343
530
453
739
4,046
304
24
1,039
1,690,187
789,347
336,662
195,657
137,995
118,947
11.579
2,779
32,593
5,276
86,089
2,803
1,206
979
725
5,879
762
18,127
645
444
9,425
1,494
15,930
822
242
9,152
1,586
14,813
645
153
7,061
1,281
17,283
446
9
97
22
474
10,509
6,307
32,642
7,101
64,770
1,738
4,652
22,614
8,889
65,284
1,284
325
2,255
275
8,062
45
91,006
Agricultural laborers
Farmers, planters, and overseers
Other agricultural pursuits
497,886
307,788
6,070
288,940
11,632
1,074
363, 564
226, 427
200, 154
12,551
70,901
19,244
860
430,766
188,877
311,241
163, 978
5,819
10,989
5,989
.12,257
3,385
3,108
1,527
22,773
4,491
10,776
2,764
34,436
2,323
4,324
762
16,890
S,126
7,399
327,905
11,282
2,220
604
162,419
2,941
4,875
4,557
245,839
3,605
Domestic and personal service
2,012,040
872,690
Barbers and hairdressers
Boarding and lodging house keepers
Hotel keepers
Housekeepers and stewardesses
Janitors and sextons
5,533
69,511
8,545
147,103
8,028
2,156
1,874
222
41,413
499
111,503
332,605
108,978
1,213,828
16,346
46,443
79,882
28,021
669,614
2,566
494,126
284,815
10,538
73,820
83,726
34,008
18,673
1,922
42,748
50,771
colleges, etc
Laborers (not specifiedj
I^aundresses
Nurses and mid wives
Servants and waitresses
Other domestic and personal service
Trade and transportation
Agents
Bookkeepers and accountants
Clerks and copyists
Merchants and dealers (except wholesale)
Packers and shippers
Saleswomen
Stenographers and typewriters
Telegraph and telephone operators
Other persons in trade and transportation
—
Manufacturing and mechanical pursuits
Bookbinders
Boot and shoe makers and repairers
,
Boxmakers (paper)
Confectioners
Glovemakers
Gold and silver workers
Paper and pulp mill operatives
Prmters, lithographers, and presswomen
'.
Kubber factory operatives
Textile mill operatives
Carpet factory operatives
Cotton mill operatives
Hosiery and knitting mill operatives
Silk mill operatives
Woolen mill operatives
Other textile mill operatives
,
Textile workers
Dressmakers
Hat and cap makers
Milliners
Seamstresses
Shirt, collar,
and
culf
makers
Tailoresses
Other
textile
workers
Tobacco and cigar factory operatives
Other manufacturing and mechanical pursuits.
Age unknown.
44,
213,902
(government)
Physicians and surgeons
Teachers and professors in
Other professional service
over.
18,039
595,134
Officials
age and
108, 658
807,670
301,646
Literary and scientific persons
Musicians and teachers of music
55 years of
278,545
1,853,460
811,744
Professional service
45 to 64
years of
92,380
3,712,144
Agricultural pursuits
Actresses, professional show-women, etc
Artists and teachers of art
35 to 44
years of
5,153
1, 197'
132
19,462
230
441,067
1,071
313,363
•
64
62
38
10
105
13
17
15
21,893
59,409
9,657
674,968
1,411
8,744
238,132
1,858
7,635
46,920
6,730
104,039
2,218
222,553
132,464
49,784
20,031
11,422
8,164
3,038
14,412
4,853
27,606
62,817
26,284
6,147
1,045
17,950
41,842
2,647
4,796
1,222
7,291
14,274
4,907
906
1,190
1,661
4,204
6,630
823
482
1,701
5,874
547
149
588
5,134
63
146,577
85,912
22,454
18,418
92,913
54,602
16,092
8,317
67,171
21,214
8,403
9,0o8
39,553
16,188
6,811
3,632
12,607
5,025
1,901
1,751
3,486
789
477
],306
1,108
125
401
11
127
1,089
45
1,226
116
76
42
55
1,258,393
666,256
993,029
553,769
238,761
106,416
55,977
35,821
2,285
15,171
38,285
15,992
8,686
7,643
10,147
21,626
11,816
5,598
3,923
11,271
32,948
12,326
6,328
3,608
8,338
19,983
9,797
2,877
2,003
2,019
8,377
1,918
771
861
600
3,060
436
669
429
221
1,037
116
549
13
108
19
204
80
383
40
466
104
6,168
9,164
15,770
7,238
4,286
5,682
9,666
4,286
3,253
8,719
12,026
6,331
2,322
6,587
8,325
4,535
664
1,727
2,529
1,348
180
755
791
311
55
409
272
90
27
222
87
34
260,376
8,679
104,944
31,108
29,200
28,961
47,484
166,044
4,377
67,718
22,608
21,884
17,817
30,640
211,112
10,452
84,220
19,321
19,108
34,428
43,583
143,075
6,431
56,188
14,184
15,185
23,602
28,485
40,852
1,938
17,270
3,376
2,872
7,023
8,374
14,648
864
6,612
1,006
692
2,343
3,231
6,947
807
2,934
398
241
978
1,589
5,183
1,399
1,142
315
693,158
342,579
7,398
85,025
143,270
29,509
66,363
20,024
288,833
114,644
4,271
43,031
63,601
18,042
588,277
290,308
6,652
60,653
15,534
61,488
10,403
160,370
87,236
1,573
16,348
35,770
3,624
13,505
2,314
77,648
41,318
522
8,367
19,187
1,242
6,271
741
42,606
20,820
258
5,070
11,814
500
3,794
350
27,045
10,111
9,077
279,202
130,175
4,039
27,830
66,174
9,907
34,330
6,747
10,326
150,627
26,884
97,467
25,863
71,978
18,092
49,633
4,373
12,952
2,099
4,800
859
2,013
36, 167
50,321
216,121,
41,396
1,146,255
8,554
'
143,3.39
SI, 281
'Comprises in 1900 continental United States, the territories of Alaska and Hawaii, and persons in the military
(including civilian employees) stationed abroad; in 1890, continental United States only.
' Figures for age periods 25 years and over are given in Table 17.
and naval
95
420
1,812
145
2,850
10,005
233
3,464
237
3.82
1,769
26
73
208
92
10
7
7
5
19
22
13
407
13
174
92
1,406
648
15
188
389
28
124
14
48
211
service of the United States
168
WOMEN AT WORK.
cent DISTRIBUTION, BY AGE PERIODS, OF FEMALE BREADWINNERS 15 YEARS OF AGE AND
OVER, CLASSIFIED BY OCCUPATION, FOR THE UNITED STATES (AREA OF ENUMERATION'): 1900 AND 1890.
Tablb 19.— per
OCCUPATION AND AGE.
Table 20
169
—PER CENT DISTRIBUTION, BY OCCUPATION, OF FEMALE BREADWINNERS
15
YEARS OP AGE AND OVER,
1900 AND 1890.
BY AGE PERIODS, FOR THE UNITED STATES (AREA OF ENUMERATION'):
CLASSIFIED
PEE CENT DISTRIBUTION, BY OCCUPATION, OF FEMALE BEEADWINNEES—
15 years of
OCCUPATION.
age
^
15 to 24 years of
and over
1900
All occupations
100.0
age
1890
100.0
1900
25 to 34 years of
age.
1890
1900
1890
Fanners, planters, and overseers
Other agricultural pursuits
Literary and scientific persons
Musicians and teachers of music
9.9
6.1
0.1
9.8
0.1
0.2
0.1
0.3
0.1
0.9
0.1
1.0
'.
(government)
Physicians and surgeons
Teachers and professors in colleges, etc
Other professional service
6.1
0.1
12.5
0.5
(=)
0.2
0.1
6.5
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
1.2
0.9
0.1
2.3
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
1.0
10.8
0.7
0.1
(=)
(')
0.2
2.9
0.2
2.2
24.2
0.3
1.8
(^)
1.
(')
2.0
3.5
1.2
29.1
0.1
7.7
100.0
1.2
3.2
0.5
36.4
0.1
1.5
1.7
'0.7
0.7
0.4
0.7
0.2
Saleswomen
2.9
1.5
1.7
0.6
0.2
0.2
Stenographers and typewriters
Telegraph and telephone operators
Other persons in trade and transportation
—
Manufacturing and mechanical pursuits
Bookbinders
repairers
Confectioners
Glovemakers
'.
and presswomen
Rubber factory operatives
Textile mill operatives
Carpet factory operatives
Cotton mill operatives
Hosiery and knitting mill operatives
Silk mill operatives
Woolen mill operatives
Other textile mill operatives
0.4
0.4
11.3
8.3
0.2
0.3
0.2
1.5
0.2
0.5
0.1
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.3
0.1
1.1
0.9
0.2
0.2
0.5
0.2
0.2
9.7
0.3
0.1
0.1
8.8
0.1
0.2
0.3
5.7
0.3
0.2
0.2
6.1
0.2
0.2
0.3
2.6
0.3
43.5
44.4
44.3
0.1
0.9
0.1
2.7
0.1
0.1
0.7
0.1
2.2
0.1
0.1
2.6
0.4
4.0
0.4
0.1
2.1
0.3
3.6
0.2
0.6
2.0
6.9
2.4
23.9
0.3
1.3
6.3
1.1
2.5
11.4
2.6
18.9
0.6
1.7
2.8
1.7
10.6
1.6
23.6
0.5
10.9
0.6
9.3
2.7
20.3
0.5
6.6
4.5
4.0
3.3
0.4
0.8
1.0
1.4
0.1
0.3
0.4
1.0
1.6
0.1
0.4
0.2
0.5
0.2
0.1
0.4
1.5
1.6
0.6
0.8
0.2
0.6
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.3
0.4
0.4
15.4
16.5
0.1
1.3
29.5
0.2
Dressmakers
Hat and cap makers
Milliners
Seamstresses
makers
Tailoresses
workers
Tobacco and cigar factory operatives
Other manufacturing and mechanical pursuits
0.1
1.0
2.3
0.1
0.3
0.2
2.0
0.6
0.3
0.2
0.9
1.8
0.6
0.1
4.0
2.4
0.7
0.4
2.1
0.8
0.3
0.2
3.2
2.2
0.4
0.3
0.6
0.2
0.2
1.9
0.3
0.8
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.3
0.9
0.3
0.1
0.1
0.4
0.9
0.5
0.2
0.2
0.4
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.4
0.2
0.1
0.3
0.4
0.2
0.1
0.2
7.7
4.4
0.2
6.0
0.2
2.1
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.9
0.2
5.7
0.3
2.3
0.5
0.6
0.9
1.2
15.8
7.8
0.2
1.6
0.6
3.9
0.4
1.3
1.7
0.4
0.3
0.8
3.0
0.7
1.9
7.2
0.2
2.9
1.0
1.0
0.8
1.1
0.3
3.0
0.8
0.8
0.3
0.8
0.3
0.1
0.1
0.4
0.2
1.9
0.6
0.4
0.6
0.9
1.3
1.3
1.5
12.5
6.0
0.2
1.9
2.8
15.1
7.0
0.2
1.5
3.6
0.8
1.6
0.4
0.6
0.4
1.2
0.3
1.2
4.2
1.0
2.7
0.7
2.5
Hawaii,
1 Comprises in 1900 continental United States, the territories of Alaska and
(including civilian employees) stationed abroad; in 1890, continental United States only.
2 Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent.
1.9
and persons
7.9
26.7
0.4
12.6
0.1
1.9
2.2
0.1
0.6
0.5
0.2
0.1
34.0
7.2
24.4
2.4
0.1
0.4
0.4
3.8
0.2
2.0
3.0
0.6
0.2
1.0
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.7
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.1
5.1
0.2
2.1
0.4
0.4
0.9
1.0
3.2
0.2
19.9
10.8
0.2
2.0
4.4
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.7
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.4
0.2
0.3
2.4
0.2
0.1
2.7
0.5
5.4
0.2
6.6
0.4
41
16.5
1.7
0.1
1.9
(2)
(')
0.1
0.3
(=)
0.1
0.2
(=)
0.2
0.1
0.1
(»)
0.2
0.2
0.1
m 0.2
0.1
3.6
.
13.8
6.8
0.1
1.7
2.9
Textile workers
1.7
9.0
0.2
10.0
9.5
0.2
31.9
0.1
12.4
0.1
textile
0.1
0.1
(=)
(>)
1.1
0.2
Other
0.1
0.1
1.4
5.8
Agents
Bookkeepers and accountants
Clerks and copyists
Merchants and dealers (except wholesale)
Packers and shippers
cu£E
0.9
7.4
Trade and transportation
and
0.2
(»)
8.1
2.5
42.6
Laborers (not specified)
Laundresses
Nurses and midwives
Servants and waitresses
Other domestic and personal service
Gold and silver workers
Paper and pulp mill operatives
0.1
0.1
(••)
Domestic and personal service
Barbers and hairdressers
Boarding and lodging house keepers
Hotel keepers
Housekeepers and stewardesses
Janitors and sextons
Shirt, collar,
1890
1890
100.0
Professional service
Actresses, professional show-women, etc
Artists and teachers of art
Printers, lithographers,
45 years of aj
and over.
16.9
Agricultural laborers
Boot and shoe makers and
Boxmakers (paper)
1900
100.0
Agricultural pursuits
Officials
35 to 44 years of
age.
0.1
(')
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
(=)
C')
3.3
0.2
1.5
0.2
0.2
0.5
0.7
1.6
0.1
0.6
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.3
2.0
0.4
0.7
17.6
11.6
6.4
0.1
0.3
17.4
10.5
8.1
1.6
3.2
0.4
1.2
0.4
11.8
5.2
0.1
1.3
3.7
0.1
1.2
0.1
0.5
0.5
0.6
0.3
1.6
1.9
1.1
1.3
0.4
1.7
In the military
1.5
0.3
0.2
0.4
0.6
9.4
0.1
1.9
4.4
0.3
1.4
0.2
and naval service
1.0
2.7
0.2
0.8
0.6
of the
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.6
0.2
0.7
United States
.
.
.
..
WOMEN AT WORK.
170
Table 21.— DISTRIBUTION,'
BY MARITAL CONDITION. OF FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER,
AND OCCUPATION, FOR THE UNITED STATES (AREA OF ENUMERATION^):
CLASSIFIED BY RACE, NATIVITY,
1900.
FEMALE BEEADWINNEKS
16
YEAKS OF AGE AND OVEB.
Number.
OCCUPATION.
Single.3
All occupationa
Agricultural pursuits
Married.
Percent.
Widowed.
Divorced.
Single.'
Married.
4,843,1.55
775,924
857,922
63,568
65.0
772,731
229, 438
283, 448
9,656
32.4
179,756
47,983
1,699
54,882
225,991
2,575
3,822
6,696
138
48.0
9.1
26.1
39.2
15.6
28.5
7.4
Widowed.
Agricultural laborers
458,975'
Fanners, planters, and overseers.
Other agricultural pursuits
307,788
5,968
220,515
28,118
1,556
430,067
375,918
31,954
19,500
2,695
87.4
6,713
10,913
5,989
52,028
3,515
8,269
4,656
41,426
2,577
1,519
600
433
969
676
188
156
67
648
62.4
75.8
77.7
79.6
38.4
13.9
10.0
12.4
8.9
11.3
6.7
8,126
7,399
327,635
11,264
4,805
3,349
302, 140
7,758
1,724
2,358
14,681
2,029
1,487
1,499
9,610
1,338
110
193
1,204
69.1
45.3
92.2
21.2
31.9
4.5
18.0
18.3
20.2
2.9
11.9
service.
1,956,973
1,204,484
324, 105
33,429
Barbers and hairdressers
Boarding and lodging house keepers.
5.448
59,511
8,645
147, 103
8,012
3,283
8,376
954
87,460
990
1,198
15,637
2,630
18,086
3,404
135
2,394
107,081
329,359
108,978
1,166,708
16,228
44,596
94,702
63,982
895,084
5,067
31,416
112,012
13,842
120,941
29j062
114,679
29,384
136,066
6,810
481,380
408, 141
34, 179
10, 4Y2
4,926
67,720
72,684
8,332
16,510
2,-189
85,126
21,999
16,618
Professional service.
Actresses, professional show-women, etc
Artists and teacliers of art
.
Literary and scientific persons
Musicians and teachers of music
(government)
Physicians and surgeons
Teachers and professors in colleges, etc
Other professional service
Officials
,.
12.0
73.4
43.1
6.4
16.6
20.2
22.0
26.3
30.8
12.3
42.5
15.3
55.6
54.2
25.8
133
60.2
14.1
11.2
59.4
12.3
2,007
7,966
1,770
14,618
422
41.7
28.8
68.7
76.7
31.2
34.0
12.7
10.4
30.4
35,345
3,715
84.8
7.1
7.3
2,950
4,219
9,673
861
2,998
1,856
3,624
15, 249
586
369
402
496
618
95
47.1
92.9
89.7
20.9
4.0
5.2
28.6
5.0
28.6
2.5
4.5
45.0
3.4
128,422
80,811
20,393
9,343
7,621
2,079
897
3,690
5,342
1,704
592
3,394
905
532
117
191
90.2
94.9
92.7
66.2
22.2
2.0
2.7
20.4
1,202,004
907,019
156,248
124,674
14,063
76.4
13.0
10.4
14, 306
36,490
14, 498
7,810
7,175
13,274
29,658
13,409
5,824
4,406
401
4,678
579
1,848
416
1,109
525
52
406
55
60
92.8
81.3
92.5
74.6
61.4
2.8
12.5
4.3
10.4
30.3
4.0
6.1
5,767
8,709
15,361
6,945
5,206
7,213
13,799
6,002
315
844
946
678
195
51
62
120
27
90.3
82.8
89.8
86.4
5.4
Textile mill operatives
Carpet factory operatives
Cotton mill operatives
Hosiery and knitting mill operatives.
Silk mill operatives
Woolen mill operatives
Other textile mill operatives
231,458
8,332
184,826
6,217
71,627
24,720
23,832
21,917
36,512
33,234
1,087
19,688
2,280
1,671
3,721
4,787
12,189
968
5,381
1,145
823
1,355
2,617
1,210
60
485
148
106
176
235
79.8
74.6
73.7
87.4
90.2
80.7
82.9
14.4
13.1
20.3
8.1
6.3
13.7
10.9
Textile workers
676,948
338,290
7,049
82,958
89,528
49,253
643
10, 453
16,967
2,385
6,807
4,020
93,207
51,057
430
6,343
24, 133
1,831
6,293
3,120
10,521
6,121
27,788
61,612
19,102
231,869
5,936
65, 112
96,773
23,405
47,959
11,649
1,050
2,276
167
553
313
71.4
68.5
84.2
78.5
69.6
84.2
77.8
61.0
13.2
14.6
9.1
12.6
11.5
8.6
11.1
21.1
37, 126
140, 411
26,694
114,017
7,110
15, 108
2,974
10,209
348
1,077
71.9
81.2
19.2
10.7
Domestic and personal
Hotel keepers
.'
Housekeepers and stewardesses
Janitors and sextons
Laborers (not specified)
Laundresses
Nurses and midwives
Servants and waitresses
Other domestic and personal service
Trade and transportation.
Agents
Bookkeepers and accountants
Clerks and copyists
Merchants and dealers (except wholesale)
Packers and shippers
142,Sj90
Saleswomen
Stenographers and typewriters
Telegraph and telephone operators
Other persons in trade and transportation.
Manufacturing and mechanical pursuits.
Bookbinders
Boot and shoe makers and
Boxmakers (paper)
repairers.
Confectioners
Glo vemakers
Gold and silver workers
Paper and pulp mill operatives
Prmters, lithographers, and presswomen.
Kubber factory operatives
Dressmakers
Hat and cap makers
Milliners
and
cufl
makers.
Tailoresses
Other
textile
97, 181
28,293
26,432
27, 169
44,051
139, 149
Seamstresses
Shirt, collar,
72,928
81,023
33,872
17,052
workers
Tobacco and cigar factory operatives
Other manufacturing and mechanical pursuits
619
817
2,170
104
4,633
37,901
3,485
33,
590
496
328
3,656
74'
41
24.6
91.0
5.4
2.6
4.1
9.7
6.2
8.3
27.1
34.8
27.0
11.7
35.8
2.8
14.2
7.3
3.4
6.8
3.2
4.9
5.3
Divorced.
OCCUPATION AND MARITAL CONDITION.
171
BY MARITAL CONDITION, OF FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER,
CLASSIFIED BY RACE, NATIVITY, AND OCCUPATION, FOR THE UNITED STATES (AREA OF ENUMERATION 2)
Table 21,— DISTRIBUTION,^
:
1900— Continued.
NATIVE WHITE FEMALE BEEADWINNEES
OCCUPATION.
16
YEARS OF AGE AND OVER HAVING BOTH PARENTS NATIVE.
Per cent.
Number.
Total.
Single.^
All occupations
Married.
Widowed.
264, 687
Agricultural laborers
Single.'
Married.
Widowed.
29,746
19.6
146,946
3,487
56.1
1.3
17, 123
480
2,949
58
70.1
9.1
27.0
8.6
76.7
44.5
0.6
20.7
12.6
26.3
82,584
179, 475
2,628
57,885
16,320
710
22, 525
691
7,096
137,681
1,169
275,384
239,642
20,682
13,248
1,912
87.0
7.5
3,425
7,588
4,439
34,145
1,783
5,683
3,435
27,043
1,.326
1,097
454
4,390
208
682
108
126
611
.39
2,260
462
62.1
74.9
77.4
79.2
38.7
14.4
10.2
12.9
6.1
9.0
11.5
6.6
6,132
4,886
208,030
6,739
1,172
955
85
2,226
191,400
4,434
1,337
1,574
9,188
1,316
21.8
32.2
4.4
19.5
19.1
19.5
866
96
67.7
45.6
92.0
65.8
Domestic and personal service
535, 566
346,350
66, 619
13,320
64.7
12.4
20.4
Barbers and hairdressers
Boarding and lodging house keepers
Hotel keepers
Housekeepers and stewardesses
1,672
31,773
5,045
77,993
1,348
916
4,110
406
8,223
1,622
9,902
61
24.3
26.9
12.7
30.7
17.3
56.7
53.9
27.3
48.4
Fanners, planters, and overseers
Other agricultural pursuits
Professional service
Actresses, professional show-women, etc
Artists and teachers of art
Literary and scientific persons.
Musicians and teachers of music
(government)
Physicians and surgeons
Teachers and professors in colleges, etc
Other professional service
Officials
Janitors and sextons
Laborers (not specified)
Laundresses
Nurses and midwives
Servants and waitresses
Other domestic and personal service
21,706
41,680
43,866
501
44,403
240
414
6,6'i6
894
131
21.7
24.7
11.3
8.1
28.2
29.1
37.3
28.5
10.0
30.6
84.7
7.5
6.8
45.5
90.7
87.6
30.0
21.2
5.2
4.1
0.7
0.8
1.0
0.9
0.7
1.3
1,378
189, 520
16,847
15,291
2,280
6,643
1.411
6,09!
3,022
32, 577
35,878
3,140
5,368
2,505
3,164
400
1,941
1,209
2,281
3,966
266
268
330
211
57
Saleswomen
60,129
52, 626
Stenographers and typewriters
Telegraph and telephone operators
Other persons in trade and transportation
45, .398
12,018
6,283
42.380
10,922
3,607
4,107
1,416
620
1,377
2,819
1,206
387
1,216
473,634
327,735
73.078
63,974
4,489
14,720
4,620
2,315
3.969
4,044
10,699
4,166
1,769
1,997
164
2,709
276
250
1,592
252
1,028
147
274
336
29
284
1,607
2,668
8,457
1,267
1.403
2,085
7,450
246
626
67
187
1,041
118
294
82
74,617
2,164
35,079
12,333
8,671
6,803
9,667
57,965
1,273
25,772
10,334
7,851
6,213
7,522
11,074
413
6,610
1,266
443
1.092
i;250
293,832
152,866
2,491
45, 193
60,339
11,412
14, 087
7,444
187,883
91,942
1,918
33, 448
38,264
9.013
9,737
3,561
47, 484
27, 573
12.751
48,342
9,391
.37,842
Manufacturing and mechanical pursuits-
Bookbinders
Boot and shoe makers and
Boxmakers (paper)
repairers
Confectioners
Glovemakers
Gold and silver workers
Paper and pulp mill operatives
Printers, lithographers, and presswomen
Rubber factory operatives
Textile mill operatives
Carpet factory operatives
Cotton mill operatives
Hosiery and knitting mill operatives
Silk mill operatives
Woolen mill operatives
Other textile mill operatives
Textile workers
Dressmakers
Hat and cap makers
Milliners
Seamstresses
Shirt, collar,
and
cuff
makers
Tailoresses
Other
textile
workers
Tobacco and cigar factory operatives
Other manufacturing and mechanical pursuits
40, 994
10, 471
lOn the assumption that all the married, widowed, and divorced women
1,8.57
1.4
2.7
0.4
1.4
46.7
33.5
57.8
80.1
37.4
4,509
.35,911
1.3
6,314
15,567
223,938
;
3.1
1.7
0.9
1,414
203
2,412
42
554
1,866
1,034
6,660
174
Agents
Bookkeepers and accountants
Clerks and copyists
Merchants and dealers (except wholesale)
Packers and shippers
1.6
2.2
18,026
2,719
21,276
652
4,708
10,279
4,951
24,843
1,271
Trade and transportation.......
3.2
13.3
1.7
64.8
12.9
9.9
66 9
17.8
10, 129
13,968
25.355
246,042
1,686
.S05.975
Divorced,
40,339
1,773.109
Agricultural pursuits
Divorced
12. 526
30, 530
.32.2
88.1
30.1
6.6
29.2
3.4
5.6
37.9
4.4
87.6
93.3
90.9
57.4
3.1
6.2
21.9
4.7
2.7
3.2
19.4
6.1
3.6
4.5
10
3.1
3.1
2.5
4.5
2.4
1.8
3.8
2.0
0.9
69.2
15.4
13.6
90.1
72.7
90.2
76.4
50.3
3.7
18.4
6.0
10.8
40.1
5.6
7.0
3.2
11.8
8.5
0.6
26
40
87.3
81.5
88.1
82.8
6.9
9.6
7.4
9.4
4.2
7.3
3.5
6.5
1.6
1.6
1.0
1.3
4,871
433
2,390
631
223
390
804
707
45
307
102
54
108
91
77.7
14.8
19.1
18.8
10.3
5.2
16.1
12.9
6.5
20.0
6.8
1.0
2.1
73.6
83.8
91.6
76.6
77.8
335
6,919
7,657
1,387
1,878
1,835
51,744
29,320
211
4,065
13.140
901
2,224
1,883
6,721
4,031
27
761
1,378
111
248
165
63.9
60.2
77.0
74.0
63.4
79.0
69.1
47.8
16.2
18.0
13.4
15.3
12.5
12.1
13 3
24.7
2,474
6,965
737
3,955
149
590
73.6
78.3
19.4
12.3
6.8
8.2
ni
31
22
44
.'i8.8
1.9
0.6
1.0
1.1
0.9
5.1
0.8
2.6
0.6
5.7
8.3
1.6
1.0
17.6
19.2
2.3
2.6
8.5
9.0
21.8
7.9
2.3
1.0
16.8
25.3
2.2
1.1
1.7
1.8
L2
1.2
reported as breadwinners are 16 years of age and over.
^Comprises continental United States, the territories of Alaska and Hawaii, and persons in the military and naval service of the United States (including
civilian employees) stationed abroad.
'
Including unknown.
WOMEN AT WORK.
172
21.—DISTRIBUTION,' BY MARITAL CONDITION, OF FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER,
CLASSIFIED BY RACE, NATIVITY, AND OCCUPATION, FOR THE UNITED STATES (AREA OF ENUMERATION 2):
Table
1900— Continued.
NATIVE WHITE FEMALE BEEADWINNEES
.OCCUPATION.
All occupatiotis
Married.
1,091,200
930, 165
25, 775
8,083
6,243
18,665
867
6,303
2,407
373
112,921
Literary and scientific persons
Musicians and teachers of music
1,99S
2,363
1,164
13,362
(government) .'.
Physicians and surgeons
Teachers and professors in
Other professional service
1,522
1,276
88,572
2,677
1,043
651
86,001
2,104
261
369
Domestic and personal service
326,949
262, 176
Barbers and hairdressers
Boarding and lodging house keepers
Hotel keepers
Housekeepers and stewardesses
Janitors and sextons
1,775
9,797
1,518
29,209
1,917
Agricultural pursuits
Agricultural laborers
Farmers, planters, and overseers
Other agricultural pursuits
Professional service
Actresses, professional show-women, etc
Artists and teachers of art
Officials
colleges, etc
Laborers (not specified)
Laundresses
Nurses and midwives
Servants and waitresses
Other domestic and personal service
Trade and transportation
Bookbinders
repairers
Glovemakers
'.
-
Gold and silver workers
Paper and pulp mill operatives
Printers, lithographers, and presswomen
Rubber factory operatives
Textile mill operatives
Carpet factory operatives
Cotton mill operatives
Hosiery and knitting mill operatives
Silk miU operatives
Woolen mill operatives
Other textile mill operatives
Textile workers
'
Dressmakers
and cap makers:
MiUiners
Seamstresses
Shirt, collar,
and
cuff
makers
Tailoresses
Other textile workers
Tobacco and cigar factory operatives
Other manufacturing and mechanical pursuits
1,816
12, 836
433
1.7
4.4
2.8
34.9
123
66.0
81.6
84.4
86.8
7.6
8.4
6.4
7.0
7.1
4.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
20
43
187
28
68.6
51.0
96.0
78.6
17.2
28.9
2.1
12.7
13.0
16.7
1.7
7.7
3.4
0.2
1.0
7.6
10.7
24
486
67
566
42
79.1
17.6
16.9
72.0
16.3
11.2
26.9
28.2
10.2
38.2
8.4
61.7
60.6
15.9
43.3
105
668
69.3
56.9
69.2
90.2
40.4
16.1
16.2
9.6
4.3
23.2
14.1
24.6
19.7
4.7
33.7
91.7
485
128
166
83
654
63
20
340
198
213
1,501
206
24,767
34,973
4,043
1,404
1,712
256
21,018
313
198
2,639
429
2,976
149
6,061
733
766
4,669
829
193,688
177,619
7,291
7,708
1,356
29, 370
30,170
2,994
7,915
383
690
962
1,926
200
11
167
47
110
124
235
27
1,907
485
1,648
379
257
112
207.
161
454
852
3,068
8,611
4,901
61,052
32,724
8,230
3,808
432, 967
378,003
8,208
16,500
7,793
3,628
2,138
7,775
14, 962
7,361
2,968
1,708
176
987
231
240
314
241
470
183
3,029
3,899
5,706
3,607
2,828
3,531
5,332
3,177
115
70
140
136
131
77,521
3,648
20,299
10,606
11,304
11,380
20,284
69,293
3,195
17, 199
9,857
10,743
10,161
18,138
5,621
260
2,337
232, 352
196, 656
314
2,987
28, 752
41,912
11,666
23,631
6,091
97,245
2,727
25, 139
35,103
10,528
20, 616
6,298
10,028
8, 915
63, 497
631
527
24,490
213
213
191
2,885
1.6
0.8
2.7
0.6
2.1
1.6
2.4
0.4
0.4
2.9
0.3
94.1
97.1
96.6
77.7
2.9
2.6
1.5
2.4
10.8
1.1
1.7
10.8
87.3
6.4
6.6
917
2.1
6.0
3.0
0.2
0.5
0.2
0.6
14.7
3.0
2.8
2.3
8.5
4.4
93.4
90.6
93.6
3.8
5.5
3.7
6.5
2.3
3.6
2.4
3.7
0.5
0.4
0.4
0.2
3.1
6.4
3.4
2.4
1.8
2.8
3.5
0.3
0.2
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.3
0.3
6.8
2,128
1,211
84 7
82.9
91.3
87.4
83.7
90.2
87.2
87.0
6.8
7.7
4.4
7.3
6.5
5.0
6.8
6.2
630
2,797
403
2,262
91.0
6.3
4.8
163
46
1.5
2.3
2.6
37.3
2.0
17,706
9,837
119
1,304
526
1,603
1.9
2.2
17.0
2.2
3.0
23.4
15,862
9,021
132
2,101
2,291
578
1,369
4,0.51
1.3
4.9
4.4
4.0
7.2
0.8
11.5
4.3
2.9
7.6
6.8
208
467
34
1.3
20.6
89.4
87.6
84.7
93.0
95.1
9
2.7
3.8
241
6
77
35
26
1,380
2.1
2.7
60.3
95.9
94.0
36.4
96.3
90.7
94.6
84.1
79.9
298
94
10.5
2,366
197
686
266
203
322
702
4.58
0.3
92.4
3,147
1,118
1,929
982
11,466
965
7,062
3,861
10,635
1,106
Divorced.
2.8
66.3
33.2
104,284
1,025
4,668
1,869
9,568
762
Widowed.
12.0
18.7
21.1
12.9
43.0
249
88
1,119
Married.
0.8
23
4,702
68, 758
Single.'
172
12, 376
288
13,627
201,669
1,325
117,
PTat
83, 154
16, 360
64, 864
33, 700
Manufaoturing and mechanical pursuits
Divorced.
6,787
Saleswomen
Stenographers and typewriters
Telegraph and telephone operators
Oth& persons in trade and transportation
747
3,493
183
Widowed.
19,546
223, 381
3,281
2,248
30,624
32,108
8,223
8,309
-
69,066
,
Per cent.
28, 738
Agents
Bookkeepers and accountants
Clerks and copyists
Merchants and dealers (except wholesale)
Packers and shippers
Confectioners
TEAES OP AGE. AND 'OVEE HAVING ONE OE BOTH PARENTS
FOEEIGN BORN.
Number.
Single.'
Boot and shoe makers and
Boxmakers (paper)
16
0.4
0.3
0.3
0.7
1.0
0.9
7.6
8.4
4.0
1.0
0.3
0.7
i6
9.7
4.5
1.1
6.0
0.3
0.6
0.8
4.0
3.8
0.8
0.4
"6.4
the assumption that all the married, widowed, and divorced women reported as breadwinners are 16 years of age and over.
,.
j.
Comprises continental United States, the territories of Alaska and Hawaii, and persons in the military and naval service of the United States (including
civilian employees) stationed abroad.
1
On
2
'
Including unknown.
,
OCCUPATION AND MARITAL CONDITION.
173
Table 21.— DISTRIBUTION/
BY MARITAL CONDITION, OP FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER,
CLASSIFIED BY RACE, NATIVITY, AND OCCUPATION, FOR THE UNITED STATES (AREA OF ENUMERATION 2):
1900— Continued
rOEEION BOEN WHITE FEMALE BEEADWINNEKS
10
YEAES OF AGE AND OVEK.
OCCUPATION.
Percent.
Total.
Single.^
All occupations
Agriciiltural pursuits
Agricultflral laborers
Farmers, planters, and overseers
Other agricultural pursuits
Professional service
102,416
145, 316
0,441
«,917
3,474
7,536
29, 371
530
Domestic and personal service
licepers
Houselieepers and stewardesses
Janitors and sextons
Laborers (not specified)
Laundresses
Nurses and midwives
Servants and waitresses
Other domestic and personal service
.
'.
Trade and transportation
Agents
Boolckeepers and accountants
Clerks and copyists
Merchants and dealers (except wholesale)
Packers and shippers
Saleswomen
Stenographers and typewriters
Telegraph and telephone operators
Other persons in trade and transportation
Manufacturing and mechanical pursuits.
Seamstresses
Shirt, collar,
and
cuff
26,937
2i,oio
2,667
2,094
166
1,031
472
600
226
2,227
443
92
45 8
43.0
146
50
004
114
09.3
78
475
1,067
17,299
1,535
201
421
15,762
1,095
102
348
715
259
107
286
775
168
48.4
39.5
91.1
71.3
456,070
335,466
42, 339
1,002
14, 320
1,811
30,348
3,890
693
1,899
166
8,162
1,067
8,704
1,671
24
366
54
743
276
219
3,900
523
3,453
1,902
4,965
2,910
14,668
15,508
280, 610
1,176
2,741
9,321
3,629
15, 322
1,329
2,222
18,094
7,340
24,863
2,360
90
862
273
,389
91
59,793
39,304
8,678
11,400
411
05
7
14.5
19.1
1,314
6,195
7,372
14,260
2,426
432
5,023
0,267
2,005
2,096
318
374
640
4,138
201
627
177
429
7,900
120
37
21
36
157
10
32.9
90.8
85.0
14.5
80.4
24.2
6.0
8.7
29.0
8.3
40.1
2.9
6.8
65.4
4.9
626
6,565
1,228
1,614
a, 485
166
70
1,296
818
113
54
1,262
70
24
6
51
80.0
95.0
90.6
36.7
2.7
5.1
31.4
4.0
267,909
187, 271
41, 190
27,801
1,701
72.0
16.0
10.8
1,575
5,201
2,041
1,894
1,014
1,430
3,949
1,856
1,009
095
57
867
.3.0
240
82
345
80
610
71
6.2
0.6
3.9
20.9
7.0
0.4
0.8
0.3
0.7
0.8
1,129
2,227
1,101
2,180
973
1,580
934
1,783
379
100
269
5.5
0.8
0.3
0.6
78, 833
57,289
1,747
28,489
4,621
5,198
6,518
10,816
16,435
420
10,680
662
122,937
55. 506
1,669
8,840
88,085
37,522
1,290
16.
2.5,085
18,961
3,766
17,461
2,671
875
361
3,354
7,963
42,835
26,760
322, 190
16,898
5,848
1,357
4,123
Other
textile-
workers
Tobacco and cigar factory operatives
Other manufacturing and mechanical pursuits
1
2, 513
41,614
5,339
6,513
8,916
14,038
makers
Tailoresses
4.
598
23,448
3,831
9,706
28, 132
167
17,
14,
ti.424
0,279
21,349
301
.S94
1,7-17
2,142
0:-!!!
8.224
'l74
1,388
1,929
410
3,380
'
74,649
58
261
61
125
4,852
337
2,249
255
396
610
1,000
7
6
3
257
9
96
11
26
36
SO
10.3
10.7
13.9
18.0
2.3
1.0
1.9
24.0
32.0
4.1
16.9
25.8
26.7
4.5
10.9
1.2
1.2
0.3
0.9
73.5
9.3
16.4
59.2
13.3
9.2
58.4
7.1
21.8
27.2
28.9
11.4
48.9
16.6
57.0
68.9
28.7
43.0
30.6
34.0
58.0
87.1
23.7
34.4
21.8
13.6
4.8
20.8
27.9
42.2
27.4
7.7
47.6
4.8
1.9
1.4
2.4
2.5
3.0
1.5
1.0
1.1
2.0
1.0
0.4
1.9
2.8
0.3
0.5
1.1
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
1.3
75.9
90.9
56.5
68.6
16.7
4.9
15 9
23.7
80.2
71.0
84.8
81.8
7.9
17.0
9.1
12.4
5.1
11.7
6.7
0.1
72.7
69.5
68.6
84.7
79.8
20. S
6.2
13.4
6.4
4.8
6.1
0.9
7.1
0.3
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.4
0.4
0.6
10.7
26.7
10.
.1
73.1
77.0
13.7
19.6
15 3
13.0
14.8
11.1
15.7
7.7
8.9
14.4
13.9
14.4
10.6
0.4
10.7
8.7
10.5
15.7
0.9
1.2
0.3
9
org
0.5
0.0
0.7
2.5.7
9.1
10.0
0.5
0.5
1,102
058
78
229
22
144
26
71.7
67.5
82.2
72.7
75.5
81.9
74.5
69.7
2.816
135
64.7
75.9
5
0.6
8.9
13.0
21.0
14.2
17,654
9,102
100
950
3,976
400
2,463
531
2,492
3,832
17
13.0
1.5.9
On the assumption that all the married, widowed, and divorced women reported as breadwinners are 16 years of a^e and over.
2 Comprises continental United States, the territories of
civilian employees) stationed abroad.
3
1.3
39.9
16.3
25.8
Rubber factory operatives
Milliners
0.4
1.4
2.2
18.7
and presswomen
Dressmakers
Hat and cap makers
11.9
80.3
53.3
47.8
3.0
Gold and silver workers
Paper and pulp mill operatives
Textile workers
0.8
30
Glovemakers
mm
17.3
489
repairers
Textile mill operatives
Carpet factory operatives
Cotton-mill operatives
Hosiery and knitting mill operatives
operatives
Silk
Woolen mill operatives
Other textile mill operatives
Divorced
644
28,098
729
Confectioners
Printers, lithographers,
Widowed.
1,824
5,359
363
Bookbinders
Boot and shoe makers and
Boxmakers (paper)
Married.
2,182
1,036
256
415
Barbers and hairdressers
Boarding and lodging house
Hotel keepers
Single.^
4,567
34,982
1,368
Officials
l
Divorced.
586, 514
Literary and scientific persons
Musicians and teachers of music
colleges, etc
Widowed.
840,686
Actresses, professional sliow-women, etc
Artists and teachers of art
(government)
Physicians and surgeons
Teachers and professors in
Other professional service
Married.
Including unknown.
Alaska and Hawaii, and persons In the military and naval service of the United States (including
WOMEN AT WORK.
174
21.—DISTRIBUTION,' BY MARITAL CONDITION, OF FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER,
CLASSIFIED BY RACE, NATIVITY, AND OCCUPATION, FOR THE UNITED STATES (AREA OF ENUMERATION 2):
Table
1900— Continued.
NEGKO FEMALE BREADWINNERS
16
YEARS OF AGE AND OVER.
Number.
OCCUPATION.
Per cent.
Total.
Single. 3
All occupations
Married.
Widowed.
Divorced.
1,119,653
376, 114
Agricultural pursuits
434,041
172,766
93,234
5,067
37.5
Agricultural laborers
Fanners, planters, and overseers
Other agricultural pursuits
361,804
71, 665
672
154, 669
157,073
15,442
250
46,808
46,234
192
3,254
1,804
9
42.8
121
515
10,840
3,542
1,001
132
252
83
25
1,159
139
50
13
105
25
686
360
6
7
4
108
Professional service
15,
Actresses, professional show-women, etc
Artists and teachers of art
Literary and scientific persons
Musicians and teachers of music
(government)
Physicians and surgeons
Teachers and professors in colleges, etc
Other professional service
Officials
8,185
18,
50
160
13,479
307
47
9,762
Domestic and personal service
634, 104
258,910
Barbers and hairdressers
Boarding and lodging house keepers
Hotel keepers
Housekeepers and stewardesses
981
3,576
152
9,408
854
367
362
647
28
4,238
962
161
355
1,838
71
3,237
330
70,112
215,043
18,676
313,091
2,211
26,713
49,635
9,559
167,060
502
22,741
87,128
3,316
70,206
846
3,920
1,652
1,294
265
77
27
112
Janitors and sextons
Laborers (not specified)
Laundresses
Nurses and midwives
Servants and waitresses
Other domestic and personal service
Trade and transportation
Agents
Bookkeepers and accountants
19
Merchants and dealers (except wholesale)
Packers and shippers
856
224
115
144
360
126
132
Saleswomen
378
174
2]£
146
11
11
Clerks
189
539
,
and copyists
Stenographers and typewriters
Telegraph and telephone operators
Other persons in trade and transportation
Manufacturing and mechanical pursuits.
122
46
416
68
109
22
12.9
64.6
33.6
0.9
2.5
1.6
2.0
1.2
(<)
9.3
(<)
(*)
29.4
72.4
40.4
175,187
12,348
40.8
226
26
129
37.4
18.1
18.4
45.1
18.9
36.9
26.9
32.9
18.0
41.6
23.0
51.4
46.7
34.4
2.7
3.6
2.0
2.6
0.9
1,247
4,553
174
5,915
54
38.1
23.1
61.2
53.4
22.7
32.4
40.5
17.8
22.4
27.7
34.3
30.1
22.3
36.6
1.8
2.1
0.9
1.9
2.4
50
42.1
33.0
23.6
1.3
43.4
76.2
66.8
14.6
29.0
14.3
20.8
48.5
25.9
11.5
35.3
14.7
2.3
1.0
0.9
1.6
0.5
66.1
83.9
28.8
12.6
14.8
3.5
0.3
19,411
73,727
5,627
69,911
6
104
67
16
62
302
33
56
6
W
8.1
21.2
35.5
28.8
5.6
23.1
3.7
0.8
1.0
27.6
1,284
407
474
21
31.7
36.9
29.)
1.6
32,073
13,384
10,864
526
41.7
33.9
22.1
1.6
i<)
(<)
(<)
(*)
(<)
(<)
(<)
(<)
<<)
(<)
(')
(')
(')
(')
w
(<)
(')
(')
(')
Rubber factory operatives
Textile mill operatives
Carpet factory operatives
Cotton mill operatives
Hosiery and knitting mill operatives
Silk mill operatives
Woolen mill operatives
Other textile mill operatives
Textile workers
Dressmakers
Hat and cap makers
481
7
289
15
44
70
56
276
2
24,389
12,421
9,792
5,090
167
8
40
25
34
2
Milliners
169
11,297
109
Seamstresses
makers
Tailoresses
textile
43.4
21.6
43.7
59.2
Gold and silver workers
Paper and pulp mill operatives
Printers, lithographers, and presswomen
Other
1.6
W
Glovemakers
cuff
24.8
6.5
(<)
Boot and shoe makers and repairers
Boxmakers (paper)
Confectioners
and
33.6
(.')
Bookbinders
Shirt, collar,
Divorced
3
750
71
60
1,694
11.4
21.1
(.<)
10
124
Widowed.
Married.
Single.'
workers
Tobacco and cigar factory operatives
Other manufacturing and mechanical pursuits
101
301
4,342
98
129
90
32
4,639
2,219
2,109
102
4
61
4
2
57.
i
S.
(<)
18
13
(.<)
21.2
1.0
w21.1
(<)
(<)
(<)
19.4
'i.'i
34.5
35.3
21.9
1.7
1.8
24.8
34.2
7.3
28.2
14.2
25.6
2.8
26.9
(<)
w
(<)
(')
(')
8,415
4,390
2
42
3,864
8
85
24
5,767
2,723
1,512
753
947
458
425
218
40.2
41.0
(<)
24
2,893
3
81
33
2
198
59.8
38.4
42.9
(')
45.5
44.5
On the assumption that all the married, widowed, and divorced women reported as breadwinners are 16 years of age and over.
^Comprises continental United States, the territories of Alaska and Hawaii, and persons in the military and naval service
employees) stationed abroad.
(.<)
32.6
33.9
W
1.2
1.8
(<)
20.4
20.7
1.5
0.9
1
civilian
Including unknown.
* Per cent not shown where base
'
is less
than
100.
of the
United States (including
4
.
418
WOMEN AT WORK.
176
THE NUMBER OF FEMALE BREADWINNERS
Table a2.— INCREASE IN
YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED
15
FEMALE BBEADWINNEES
16
YEARS OF AGE AND OVER.
Aggregate.
Native white
—both parents native.
OCCUPATION.
Increase, 1890 to
Increase, 1890 to 1900.
1900
1890
Number.
All occupations
Per
39.4
.543
43.8
49,935
138, 742
2,112
42,266
40, 733
544
84.6
29.4
25.8
275, 766
211,716
64,049
,30.3
3,484
7,621
2,470
7,912
2,083
23,676
1,014
= 291
2,356
10,688
41.1
113.1
44.7
6,746
3,768
3,202
166,207
2,398
2,364
1,684
41,986
4,348
62.7
62.6
26.3
181.3
554,903
427,261
127,652
29.9
99.1
82.6
62.0
70.9
186.4
1,701
31,773
6,046
77, 993
1,353
774
17,030
3,146
46, 823
471
92/
119.8
86.6
60.4
66.6
187.3
22,613
42, ,322
43, 866
323, 703
695, 134
216,610
Agricultural laborers
Farmers, planters, and overseers
Other agricultural pursuits
497,886
307, 788
6,070
363,554
226,427
5,153
134, 332
36.9
81,361
917
•35.9
430, 766
311,241
6,819
10, 989
5,989
62, 267
4,491
10,775
Literary and scientific persons
Musicians and teachers of music
Officials (government)
Physicians-and surgeons
Teachers and professors in colleges, etc
Other professional service
8,126
7,399
327,906
11,282
Domestic and personal service
190,
17.8
92,201
179.475
2,656
119,525
38.4
2,328
214
3,225
17,822
61.8
2.0
116.7
61.8
245,839
3,505
3,251
2,842
82,066
7,777
66.7
62.4
33.4
221.9
187
421,853
26.5
2,779
32,593
5,276
86,089
2,803
2,754
26, 918
3,269
61,014
6,226
321
61,182
117,544
67,582
4,876
4, ,567
1,.590,
Barbers and hairdressers
Boarding and lodging house keepers
Hotel keepers
I
Housekeepers and stewardesses
5, .533
59,511
8,545
147, 103
Janitors and sextons
8,028
La.borers (not specified)
1,310,148
274, 332
2,764
34,435
4,--l,39
,34,264
6,132
1,886
208, 193
789^
8,3,
14, 743
1,899
31,170
882
192.4
116.8
150.9
3.9
62.1
127.1
7,792
4,634
7,734
19,517
17, 480
311,479
2,797
494, 126
222, ,553
271,573
122.0
228, 349
100, .529
127,820
Agents
Bookkeepers and accountants
10, .538
73, 820
726
34,008
18,673
33.3
34.5
203.8
6,677
36, 200
41,918
346
14, 872
31,431
7,407
1,836
3, .331
83,
5,686
46,214
20, 909
8,724
12,526
117.1
167.4
Clerks and copyists
Merchants and dealers (except wholesale)
Packers and shippers
4,853
27,606
62,817
25,284
6,147
146, .577
57, 171
85,912
21.214
8,403
9.058
89,406
64,698
14,051
9, 360
305.0
167.2
103.3
45,669
12, 284
6,823
Laundresses
Nurses and midwives
Servants and waitresses
Other domestic and personal sendee
Trade and transportation
Saleswomen
Stenographers a,nd typewriters
Telegraph and telephone operators
Other persons in trade and transportation
22,4.54
.
IS,
.
418
Manufacturing and mechanical pursuits.
,50,
215, 121
41.396
1,145,255
68, ,573
156.
10, ,506
6,711
.61,561
23.7
26,386
12,224
1,737
121.6
54.6
163.3
6.0
91.1
111,603
332,666
lOS, 978
.213,828
16, 346
cent.
616, 702
3,712,144
811,744
Actresses, professional show-women, etc
Artists and teachers of art
Number. Per
34.9
5,007,069
.'
1890
cent.
Agricultural pursuits
Professional service
1900.
1900
14,
879
22, 806
3,
21,328
10, 487
3,099
4,875
41.8
266.6
21,781
12, 861
4,204
2,791
39, 780
32, 808
2.55.
8,080
4,032
192.2
144.6
143.
33 4
182.6
993, 029
266,364
26.7
492,501
379,863
112, 638
29.7
11,271
32,948
12,325
Glovemakers
15,171
38,286
35,992
8,686
7,543
5,328
3,608
3,900
5, 337
3,667
3,258
3, 935
34.6
16.2
29.8
61.1
109.1
4,797
15,410
5,063
2,655
4,100
3,044
13, 892
3,739
1,283
2,017
1,753
1,518
1,324
1,272
2,083
o7.6
10.9
36.4
99.1
103.3
Gold and silver workers
Paper and pulp mill operatives
Prmters, lithographers, and pressworaen
6,158
9, 164
770
7,238
3,253
8,719
12,026
6,331
2,905
446
3,744
907
89.3
1,705
2,689
8,662
1,036
2,298
6,260
1,190
669
15,
64.6
17.0
38.4
12.0
250, 376
211,112
39,264
1,773
18.6
82, 228
'17.0
24.6
61.0
52.8
38, 931
13, 598
Bookbinders
Boot and shoe makers and repairers
Boxmakers (paper)
Confectioners
Rubber factory operatives
Textile mill operatives
Carpet factory operatives
Cotton mill operatives
Hosiery and knitting mill operatives
Silk mill operatives
Woolen mill operatives
Other textile mill operatives
Textile workers
8,679
104,944
31,108
29,200
^.
Dressmakers
Hat and cap makers
Milliners
Seamstresses
Shirt, collar, and cuff makers
Tailore.sses
Other textile workers
Tobacco and cigar factory operatives
Other manufacturing and mechanical pursuits
10, 4,52
2
84,220
20, 724
19,321
11,787
10, 092
6.1
31.1
14.3
28, 961
19, 108
34, 428
!5,467
47,484
43, 583
3,901
9.0
158
342, 579
7,398
85, 025
143,270
588, 277
104, R,S1
17.8
18.0
12.9
40.2
B9.1,
29, .509
66, 353
308
552
60, 653
i.90,
6,
143, ,339
15, .534
20, 024
61,488
10,403
40, 325
1.50,627
25,853
71,978
iComprises in 1900 continental United States, the territories of Alaska and Hawaii,
(including civilian employees) stationed abroad; in 1890, continental United States only.
2 Decrease.
52, 2
n
846
21,372
2 69
13,975
2
15.9
()
1,3,33
2,266
9, 653
7,316
10,474
298, 388
153,912
2,588
46,943
61,517
12,118
9,621
90.0
6.3
92.5
1 t.
472
.56.0
13,,Sfi6
78,
filfl
109.3
51,7(15
3, ,865
and persons
in the military
14,6.57
7,653
and naval
55,527
3,247
21,674
7,217
4,072
7,644
11,673
260, 129
129, 768
2,364
34,855
69,806
5,140
16, 528
2,668
7,014
22, 434
.391
2,402
143
26, 701
2
991
17,257
6,381
5, .581
48.1
30.6
79.6
88.4
137.1
2
24.3
2.328
2
1,199
38,2.59
24,144
224
11,088
2 8, 289
6, 978
2
871
2
10.3
14.7
18.6
9.6
31.8
2 11.9
135.8
2 5.6
4,985
186.
6,8.52
97.7
130.6
29, 271
service of the United .States
INCREASE,
1890
TO
177
1900.
BY RACE, NATIVITY, AND OCCUPATION, FOR THE UNITED STATES (AREA OF ENUMERATION'):
1890
TO
1900.
.
WOMEN AT WORK.
178
BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING IN CITIES HAVING AT LEAST
INHABITANTS AND IN SMALLER CITIES AND COUNTRY DISTRICTS, CLASSIFIED BY OCCUPATION,
FOR CONTINENTAL UNITED STATES: 1900.
Table 23.— FEMALE
50,000
FEMALE BREADWINNERS
OCCUPATION.
Total.
AH occupations
,
Agricultural pursuits
,
Agricultural laborers
Farmers, planters, and overseers
Other agricultural pursuits
,
Professional service
,
Actresses, professional show-women, etc
Artists and teachers of art
Literary and scientific persons
Musicians and teachers of music
(government)
Physicians and surgeons
Teachers and professors in colleges, etc
Other professional service
Officials
;
Domestic and personal service
Barbers and hairdressers
Boarding and lodging house keepers (including hotel keepers)
Housekeepers and stewardesses
Janitors and sextons
Laborers (not specified)
Laundresses
Nurses and midwives
Servants and waitresses
Other domestic and personal service
Trade and transportation
Agents
Bookkeepers and accountants
Clerks and copyists
Merchants and dealers (except wholesale)
Packers and shippers.
,
,
Saleswomen
Stenographers and typewriters
Telegraph and telephone operators
Other persons in trade and transportation
Manufacturing and mechanical pursuits
•Bookbinders
Boot and shoe makers and repairers
Boxmakers (paper)
Confectioners
Glovemakers
G old and silver workers
Paper and pulp mill operatives
Prmters, lithographers, and presswomen
Rubber factory operatives
:
i
;
Textile mill operatives
Carpet factory operatives
Cotton mill operatives
Hosiery and knitting mill operatives
Silk mill operatives
Woolen mill operatives
Other textile mill operatives
1
Textile workers
i.
Dressmakers
Hat and cap makers
Milliners
Seam stresses
Shirt, collar, and cuff makers
Tailoresses
Other textile workers
Tobacco and cigar factory operatives
Other manufacturing and mechanical pursuits
>
i
'.
16
YEARS OF AGE AND OVER.
180
Table 24.— FEMALE
WOMEN AT WORK.
BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER IN SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, CLASSIFIED BY
RACE AND NATIVITY, FOR STATES AND TERRITORIES: 1900.
—
. .. .
,. .
...
OCCUPATIONS, BY STATES
Table 24.— FEMALE
AND TERRITORIE
BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER IN SELECTED OCCUPATIOXS, CLASSIFIED BY
RACE AND NATIVITY, FOR STATES AND TERRITORIES: 1900— Continued.
FEMALE BREADWINNERS
Artists and teachers of art.
Native white-
STATE OR TERRITORY
Negro,
Total.
One or Foreign
bom
Both
both
parents parents white
native. foreign
Indian,
and
Mongolian.
bom.
Continental United States.
10,907
7,584
2,361
Nortli Atlantic division..
4,569
3,108
1,008
1,043
230
New England
Maine
New Hampshire.
121
73
Vermont
48
887
93
Massachusetts ..
Rhode Island
Connecticut
Southern North Atlantic.
New York
New Jersey
109
66
3
5
164
17
33
6
3,179
2,065
778
318
1,946
344
1,225
194
646
487
105
224
42
62
40
South Atlantic division
30
Northern South Atlantic.
Delaware
Maryland
454
Southern South Atlantic.
149
146
85
67
105
73
46
233
202
49
105
48
46
28
93
36
3,703
2,506
2,539
1,678
31
Georgia
Florida
North Central division
. .
Eastern North Central.
Ohio
Indiana
704
225
1,040
386
184
Illinois
Michigan
Wisconsin.
.
Western North
Central.,
Minnesota
Iowa
Missouri
North Dakota.
South Dakota.
Nebraska
Kansas
South Central division
.
Kentucky..
.
Louisiana
Arkansas
Indian Territory.
Oklahoma
Texas
Western division
Rocky Mountain ..
Montana
Idaho
Wyoming
Colorado
New Mexico
Basin and Plateau
.\rizona
Utah
Nevada
Pacific.
Washington
Oregon
49
6
103
65
14
•'3
14
19
8
13
112
160
86
122
4
667
19
134
157
85
Mississippi
Western South Central.
102
144
36
278
84
226
276
357
.
Tennessee..
509
181
649
237
1,164
Eastern South Central.
California
24
17
District of Columbia
Virginia
West Virginia
Alabama.
87
634
65
129
Pennsylvania.
North Carolina.
South Carolina.
181
357
33
lis
i
!
1
B
i
16
YEARS OF AGE AND OVER— Continued.
182
Table 24.— FEMALE
WOMEN AT WORK.
BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER IN SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, CLASSIFIED BY
RACE AND NATIVITY, FOR STATER AND TERRITORIES: 1900—Continued.
OCCUPATIONS, BY STATES AND TERRITORIES.
Table 24.— FEMALE
183
BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER IN SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, CLASSIFIED BY
RACE AND NATIVITY, FOR STATES AND TERRITORIES: 1900— Continued.
184
Table 24.— FEMALE
WOMEN AT WORK.
BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER IN SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, CLASSIFIED BY
RACE AND NATIVITY, FOR STATES AND TERRITORIES: 1900— Continued.
OCCUPATIONS, BY STATES AND TERRITORIES.
Table 24.- -FEMALE
185
BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER IN SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, CLASSIFIED BY
RACE AND NATIVITY, FOR STATES AND TERRITORIES: 1900— Continued.
186
Table 24.— FEMALE
WOMEN AT WORK.
BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER IN SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, CLASSIFIED BY
RACE AND NATIVITY, FOR STATES AND TERRITORIES: 1900—Continued.
OCCUPATIONS, BY STATES AND TERRITORIES.
Table 24
—FEMALE BREADWINNERS
187
16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER IN SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, CLASSIFIED BY
RACE AND NATIVITY, FOR STATES AND TERRITORIES: 1900—Continued.
188
Table 24.— FEMALE
WOMEN AT WORK.
BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OP AGE AND OVER IN SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, CLASSIFIED BY
RACE AND NATIVITY, FOR STATES AND TERRITORIES: 1900—Continued.
OCCUPATIONS, BY STATES AND TERRITORIES.
Table
189
24.— FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER IN SELECTED Of'CUPATIONS, CLASSIFIED BY
RACE AND NATIVITY, FOR STATES AND TERRITORIES: 1900— Continued.
190
Table
WOMEN AT WORK.
24.— FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER IN SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, CLASSIFIED BY
RACE AND NATIVITY, FOR STATES AND TERRITORIES: 1900— Continued.
OCCUPATIONS, BY STATES AND TERRITORIES.
Table
191
24,— FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER IN SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, CLASSIFIED BY
RACE AND NATIVITY, FOR STATES AND TERRITORIES: 1900—Continued.
192
Table 24.— FEMALE
WOMEN AT WORK.
BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER IN SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, CLASSIFIED BY
RACE AND NATIVITY, FOR STATES AND TERRITORIES! 1900—Continued.
OCCUPATIONS, BY STATES
Table 24.— FEMALE
AND TERRITORIES.
193
BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER IN SELECTED OCCUPATIONSi CLASSIFIED BY
RACE AND NATIVITY, FOR STATES AND TERRITORIES: 1900—Continued.
194
Table
WOMEN AT WORK.
24.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER IN SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, CLASSIFIED BY
RACE AND NATIVITY. FOR STATES AND TERRITORIES: 1900-Coiitinued.
OCCUPATIONS, BY STATES AND TERRITORIES.
Table 24.—FEMALE
195
BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER IN SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, CLASSIFIED BY
RACE AND NATIVITY, FOR STATES AND TERRITORIES: 1900— Continued.
196
Table
WOMEN AT WORK.
25.—PER CENT DISTRIBUTION, BY GEOGRAPHIC DIVISIONS, OF FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OP
AGE AND OVER IN SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, FOR CONTINENTAL UNITED STATES: 1900.
GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION.
Table
197
25.— PER CENT DISTRIBUTION, BY GEOGRAPHIC DIVISIONS, OF FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF
AGE AND OVER IN SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, FOR CONTINENTAL UNITED STATES: 1900— Continued.
WOMEN AT WORK.
198
26.—DISTRIBUTION, BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, OF FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND
OVER LIVING IN SELECTED CITIES AND EMPLOYED IN SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, CLASSIFIED BY RACE,
NATIVITY, AND MARITAL CONDITION; 1900.
Table
'
FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, FOR SELECTED OCCUPATIONS.
199
BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP. OF FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND
OVER LIVING IN SELECTED CITIES AND EMPLOYED IN SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, CLASSIFIED BY RACE,
NATIVITY, AND MARITAL CONDITION: 1900— Continued.
Table 26.— DISTRIBUTION,
'
.
—
.....
WOMEN AT WORK.
200
Table 26.— DISTRIBUTION, BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, OF FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF
OVER LIVING IN SELECTED CITIES AND EMPLOYED IN SELECTED OCCUPATIONS CLASSIFIED
NATIVITY, AND MARITAL CONDITION: 1900— Continued.
'
NATIVE WHITE FEMALE BREADWINNERS
16
YEARS OF AGE AND OVER HAVING BOTH PARENTS NATIVE IN 27 SELECTED
Number.
Living at home.
Living
with employer or
board-
Aggregate,
Living withTotal.
CITIES.l
Per cent.
Living at home.
MAKITAL CONDITION.
AGE AND
BY RACE
Heads
of
families.
Other
Father.
Total.
ing.
Living
with em-
Living with
ployer or
board-
Heads
of
families.
ing.
Other
Father.
relative.
relative.
ALL OCCUPATIONS.
Single!
Married
Widowed and
divorced
279,013
184,676
216,275
24, 405
38, 333
141,907
16,997
25, 772
76,869
9,187
3,895
18,893
73,853
1,535
1,481
33,676
971
1,680
39,605
94, 337
25,291
10,596
3,718
74, 368
65.6
69.6
67.2
7,408
12,561
BOARDING AND LODGING HOUSE KEEPERS
5,996
Single!
Married
Widowed and
divorced.
1,105
1,368
3,640
1,059
1,342
3,595
All classes
Married
Widowed and divorced
11,668
8,849
10,585
523
560
8,157
332
360
ONLY
(23 CITIES
715
674
3,638
(26 CITIES
89.0
49.3
97.2
2,131
32
65
,553
64
13.0
14.2
33.8
15.5
4.0
4.4
11.7
43.4
9.7
34.4
30.4
32.8
3),
0.8
11.7
1.7
1.0
0.2
1.6
0.4
0.6
3.5
47.4
0.8
4.2
43.0
12.2
11.6
20.1
6.1
11.6
11.7
37.1
12.7
22.9
36.5
35.7
20.5
6.7
7.6
12.7
39.1
10.4
23.9
11.3
46.9
10.5
19.7
31.7
37.8
16.8
64.1
10.4
27.9
17.4
22.5
3.7
1,240
194
2,428
71
200
191
1.9
1.2
0NLY<).
1,505
233
42
159
34.1
6.3
3.9
85.0
95.8
98.1
BOOKKEEPERS AND ACCOUNTANTS
Single!
4.2
16.0
49.3
77.1
63.5
64.3
2.2
8.0
28.4
76.1
66.0
62.5
2.8
13.0
37.7
24.2
CLERKS AND COPYISTS.
16, 433
5,812
3,064
2,285
35.4
25.6
I
Single!
Married
Widowed and
divorced.
14,088
890
1,455
392
116
549
10,721
587
910
5,650
60
110
1,785
348
1.52
3,367
303
545
COTTON MILL OPERATIVES
All classes.
2,793
Single!
2,262
322
Married
Widowed and
divorced
1,816
220
130
474
428
,081
432
265
28
21
21
151
13
22
(9
CITIES
40.1
7.1
6.8
34
37.5
ONLY 5).
40.2
446
102
79
80.3
68.3
62.2
2.1
6.2
47.8'
35.4
8.7
6.2
19.1
6.5
10.0
DRESSMAKERS.
All classes.
28,482
Single!
Married
Widowed and divorced
.
18,056
3, 824
6,602
6,
333
74.7
13,015
3,157
5,116
1,703
722
3,908
5,542
237
226
4,528
1,743
1,132
2,110
905
1,613
176
286
1,281
1,044
45
43
2,743
131
3,027
2,067
296
5,041
667
1,486
72.1
82.6
77.5
9.4
18.9
59.2
30.7
6.2
3.4
15.2
3.4
4.5
874
178
229
70.7
83.6
86.9
5.9
26.4
73.5
36.0
4.2
2.5
17.8
1
Single!
Married
Widowed and
divorced.
All classes.
Single!
Married
Widowed and
divorced
Single!
Married
Widowed and
divorced
2,984
1,083
1,742
530
43
360
631
123
4..0
3.8
12.1
49.0
7.1
FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, FOR SELECTED OCCUPATIONS.
Table 26.— DISTRIBUTION, BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP. OF FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF
OVER LIVING IN SELECTED CITIES AND EMPLOYED IN SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, CLASSIFIED
NATIVITY, AND MARITAL CONDITION: 1900—Continued.
'
201
AGE AND
BY RACE,
WOMEN AT WORK.
202
26.—DISTRIBUTION, BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, OF FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND
OVER LIVING IN SELECTED CITIES AND EMPLOYED IN SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, CLASSIFIED BY RACE,
NATIVITY, AND MARITAL CONDITION: 1900— Continued.
Table
'
FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, FOR SELECTED OCCUPATIONS.
203
26.—DISTRIBUTION, BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, OF FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND
OVER LIVING IN SELECTED CITIES AND EMPLOYED IN SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, CLASSIFIED BY RACE,
NATIVITY, AND MARITAL CONDITION: 1900—Continued.
Table
'
1
1
WOMEN AT WORK.
204
Table 26.— DISTRIBUTION, BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, OF FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF
OVER LIVING IN SELECTED CITIES AND EMPLOYED IN SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, CLASSIFIED
NATIVITY, AND MARITAL CONDITION: 1900— Continued.
'
AGE AND
BY RACE,
FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, FOR SELECTED OCCUPATIONS.
Table 26;— DISTRIBUTION, BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, OF FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF
OVER LIVING IN SELECTE D CITIES AND EMPLOYED IN SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, CLASSIFIED
NATIVITY, AND MARITAL CONDITION: 1900— Continued.
'
205
AGE AND
BY RACE,
WOMEN AT WORK.
206
26.—DISTRIBUTION, BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, OF FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE ANI>
OVER LIVING IN SELECTED CITIES AND EMPLOYED IN SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, CLASSIFIED BY RACE,
NATIVITY, AND MARITAL CONDITION: 1900—Continued.
Table
'
FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, FOR SELECTED OCCUPATIONS.
Table 26.— DISTRIBUTION, BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, OF
OVER LIVING IN SELECTED CITIES ' AND EMPLOYED IN
NATIVITY, AND MARITAL CONDITION: 1900— Continued.
207
16 YEARS OF AGE AND
SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, CLASSIFIED BY RACE,
FEMALE BREADWINNERS
208
WOMEN AT WORK.
27.—DISTRIBUTION, BY NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, OF FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING IN SELECTED CITIES AND EMPLOYED IN SELECTED OCCUPATIONS
CLASSIFIED BY RACE, NATIVITY, AND MARITAL CONDITION: 1900.
Table
'
OTHER BREADWINNERS, FOR SELECTED OCCUPATIONS.
209
BY NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, OF FEMALE BREADWINYEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING IN SELECTED CITIES' AND EMPLOYED IN SELECTED OCCUPATIONS,
CLASSIFIED BY RACE, NATIVITY, AND MARITAL CONDITION: 1900— Continued.
Table 27.— DISTRIBUTION,
NERS
16
.
.
WOMEN AT WORK.
210
BY NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, OF FEMALE BREADWINYEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING IN SELECTED CITIES AND EMPLOYED IN SELECTED OCCUPATIONS,
CLASSIFIED BY RACE, NATIVITY, AND MARITAL CONDITION: 1900— Continued.
Table 27.— DISTRIBUTION,
NERS
16
'
NATIVE WHITE FEMALE BREADWINNEES
16
YEAEa OF AGE AND OVEE HAVING BOTH PAEENTS NATIVE IN
Living at home.
27
SELECTED
CITIES.'
Living at home.
MAKITAL CONDITION.
Aggregate.
Living
with employer or
hoard-
In families having-
No other
breadwinners.
One
Two
other.
other.
ployer 01
boardTotal.
ing.
More
Living
with em-
In families having-
No other
than two
breadwinners.
other.
One
Two
other.
other.
More
ing.
than two
other.
ALL OCCUPATIONS.
184. 676
All classes..
Single
216,275
24, 405
!i
Married
Widowed and
divorced
141,907
16, 997
25, 772
61, 567
339
2,919
11,064
14,
362
8,678
8,527
44,
49,
358
42, 490
3,078
3,790
33.8
94, 337
40,716
2,322
2,391
65.6
69.6
67.2
74, 368
7,408
12, 661
6.6
12.0
28.9
20.5
35.6
22.2
19.6
12.6
9.9
18.8
23.4
12.4
9.8
19.1
9.5
6.2
Single^
Married
Widowed and
divorced.
BOOKKEEPEES AND ACCOUNTANTS
All classes.
Single!
Married
Widowed and
divorced.
10,885
523
560
;,157
332
360
721
43
133
2,692
2,123'
2,819
2,945
2,472
65
2,019
61
43
2,428
66
ONLY*).
18.2
3.237
163
129
(26 CITIES
191.
200
77.1
63.5
64.3
8.2
23.8
27.8
31.2
23.0
76.1
66.0
62.6
6.6
12.6
22.5
25.8
32.5
23.2
23.7
11.2
11.5
19.9
16.2
32.3
16.7
21.0
12.1
13.4
40.1
18.9
13.9
19.5
40.9
26.3
20.7
13.5
13.5
23.1
11.4
6.8
23,6
48.3
30.4
18.7
18.6
11.5
Ij.
8
11.7'
7.7
CLEEKS AND COPYISTS.
16,
Single'
Married
Widowed and
divorced.
433
14,088
890
1,455
1,369
10, 721
587
910
931
111
327
4,
266
3,
609
2,974
2,810
3.6,39
289
100
338
168
87
77
3,367
303
545
COTTON MILL OPEEATIVES
122
2,793
Single'
Married
Widowed and
divorced.
2,262
322
209
CITIES ONLY'
5)
627
506
367
104
35
1,816
220
130
(9
475
39
28
906
61
29
102
79
9.8
5.3
4.4
80.3
68.3
62.2
3.0
5.0
18.2
DKESSMAKEES.
Single'
Married
Widowed and
divorced.
HOUSEKEEPEES AND STEWAEDESSES.
Single'
Married
Widowed and divorced
.
LAUNDEESSES
Married
Widowed and
1,486
5,809
All classes.
Single'
divorced.
2,984
1,083
1,742
2,110
905
1,513
221
192
700
683
443
469
617
146
235
932
1,281
689
874
178
229
124
119
MEECIIANTS AND DEALEES
1,952
797
Single'
Married
Widowed and divorced
.
1)02
641
567
789
744
169
105
367
291
240
(19 CITIES
352
240
236
149
112
91
135
156
35
46
59
46
25
70.7
83.6
ONLY
7.4
17.7
40.2
6
6).
29.3
80.4
94.2
94.3
21.2
17.4
46.5
U.O
16.9
9.8
58
34.4
30.4
32.8
OTHER BREADWINNERS, FOR SELECTED OCCUPATIONS.
211
BY NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IX THE FAMILY, OF FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING IX SELECTED CITIES AND EMPLOYED IX SELECTED OCCUPATIONS,
CLASSIFIED BY RACE, NATIVITY, AND MARITAL CONDITION: 1900— Continued.
Table 2T.— DISTRIBUTION,
'
NATIVE WHITE FEMALE BREADWINNERS
16
YEARS OF AGE AND OVER HAVING BOTH PARENTS NATIVE IN
Living at borne.
Living at home.
Aggregate.
living
Living
with em-
In families having-
with employer or
In families having-
ployer or
board-
boardTotal.
No other
breadwinners.
One
Two
other.
other.
More
than two
ing.
other.
MILLINERS.
All classes
5,822
Singles
Married
Widowed and
divorced.
All classes
Single
2
Married
Widowed and
divorced,
All classes
Single
2
Married
Widowed and
divorced
All classes
Singles
Married
Widowed and divorced
AH classes
Singles
Married
Widowed and
divorced
All classes
Singles
Married
Widowed and divorced
All classes
Singles
Married
Widowed and
divorced
All classes
Single
2
Married
Widowed and
divorced
All classes
Single
-..
2
Married
Widowed and
divorced
6,301
534
629
5,021
392
409
565
—COnt'd.
Per cent-
Number.
MARITAL CONDITION,
SELECTED CITIES'
27
No other
breadwinners.
One
Two
other.
other.
More
than two
ing.
j
other,
i
..
.
..
.. .
.
WOMEN AT WORK.
212
BY NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, OF FEMALE BREADWINYEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING IN SELECTED CITIES AND EMPLOYED IN SELECTED OCCUPATIONS,
CLASSIFIED BY RACE, NATIVITY, AND MARITAL CONDITION: 1900—Continued.
Table 27.— DISTRIBUTION.
NERS
16
'
NATIVE WHITE FEMALE BEEADWINNEE3
16
YEAE3 OF AGE AND OVEK HAVING ONE OE BOTH PARENTS FOREIGN BORN IN 27 SELECTED
CITIES.!
MARITAL CONDITIOIT.
Single^
Married
Widowed and
divorced
All classes.
,SingIe2
Married
TVidowed and divorced
All classes
Single"
Married
Widowed and
divorced.
Single"
Married
Widowed and
divorced
All classes.
Single"
Married
Widowed and
divorced.
All classes
Single"
Married
Widowed and divorced
.
Single"
Married
Widowed and
divorced
All classes
Single
2
Married
Widowed and
divorced
.
.
..
.
.
OTHER BREADWINNERS, FOR SELECTED OCCUPATIONS.
213
BY NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, OF FEMALE BREADWINYEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING IN SELECTED CITIES AND EMPLOYED IN SELECTED OCCUPATIONS,
CLASSIFIED BY RACE, NATIVITY, AND MARITAL CONDITION: 1900—Continued.
Table 27.— DISTRIBUTION,
NERS
16
'
NATIVE WHITE FEMALE BREADWlNNERa
16
YEARS OF AGE AND OVER HAVING ONE OR BOTH PARENTS FOREIGN BORN IN 27 SELECTED
CITIES 1— continued.
Number.
MAMTAL
Living at home.
Living at home.
CONDITION.
Aggregate.
Living
with
In lamiliee having—
Living
with
employ-
In families having—
employer or
No other
breadwinners.
One
Two
other.
other.
board-
More
than two
ing.
Married
Widowed and
divorced.
All classes
Singles
Married
Widowed and
divorced.
All classes
Single 2
Married
Widowed and
divorced
All classes
Single 2
Married
Widowed and
divorced.
All classes
Singles
Married
Widowed and
divorced.
All classes.
Singles
Married
Widowed and
divorced.
All classes
Singles
Married
Widowed and
divorced.
All classes
Singles
Married
Widowed and
divorced.
All classes.
Singles
Married
Widowed and
divorced.
No other
bread-
other.
I
Single"
er or
Total.
One
Two
other.
other.
More
than two
other.
boarding.
WOMEN AT WORK.
214
BY NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, OP FEMALE BREADWINYEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING IN SELECTED CITIES' AND EMPLOYED IN SELECTED OCCUPATIONS,
CLASSIFIED BY RACE, NATIVITY, AND MARITAL CONDITION: 1900—Continued.
Table aT.— DISTRIBUTION,
NERS
16
-
OTHER BREADWINNERS, FOR SELECTED OCCUPATIONS.
215
Table 27.— DISTRIBUTION,
BY NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, OF FEMALE BREADWINYEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING IN SELECTED CITIES AND EMPLOYED IN SELECTED OCCUPATIONS,
CLASSIFIED 3Y RACE, NATIVITY, AND MARITAL CONDITION: 1900— Continued.
NERS
16
^
FOREIGN BORN "WHITE FEMALE BREADWINNERS
16
YEARS OF AGE AND OVER IN 27 SELECTED CITIES I—COntiUUed.
Number.
Living at home.
Living at home.
MARITAL CONDITION.
Living
with em-
Aggregate.
In families having—
Total.
ployer or
board-
No other
bread«nTiTi«rc
;
I
^„„
^?"1
Other.
Two
other.
More
than two,
other.
ing.
Living
with employer or
board-
In famiUes having—
Total,
No other
bread
One
Two
other.
other.
More
than two
other.
ing.
WOMEN AT WORK.
216
BY NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, OF FEMALE BREADWINYEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING IN SELECTED CITIES AND EMPLOYED IN SELECTED OCCUPATIONS,
CLASSIFIED BY RACE, NATIVITY, AND MARITAL CONDITION: 1900—Continued.
Table 27.—DISTRIBUTION,
NERS
16
'
..
OTHER BREADWINNERS, FOR SELECTED OCCUPATIONS.
217
Table 27.— DISTRIBUTION,
BY NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, OF FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING IN SELECTED CITIES AND EMPLOYED IN SELECTED OCCUPATIONS,
CLASSIFIED BY RACE, NATIVITY, AND MARITAL CONDITION: 1900— Continued.
'
NEGKO FEMALE BEEADWINNEBS
16
YEARS OF AGE AND OVER IN 27 SELECTED CITIES 1— Continued.
Number.
Per cent.
Living at home.
MABITAL CONDITION.
Aggregate.
Living at home.
In famiiies havingTotal.
No other
breadwinners.
One
Two
other.
other.
Living
Living
with employer
or board-
More
than two
with em-
In families having-
ployer
or boardTotal.
ing.
other.
No other
breadwinners.
One
Two
other.
other.
(,^\
m
w
More
than two
other.
MILLINEES.
m
All Classes
(.'•)
Single^
Married
Widowed and
(•)
divorced
(.')
MUSICIANS AND TEACHERS OF MUSIC
All classes
338
Singles
Married
Widowed and divorced
254
123
56
(23 CITIES
78.1
95
194
101
76.4
82.1
43
15
(^)
ONLY').
9.0
7.5
4.1
26.0
45.5
21.3
17.9
21.7
14.6
(')
(.')
NURSES AND MIDWIVES.
All classes
Single
3
Married
Widowed and
divorced
3,097
1,969
263
1,765
508
824
1,005
387
577
74
24
166
1,128
254
224
188
279
75
135
760
121
247
SALESWOMEN.
All classes
70.6
102
Single'
Married
Widowed and
divorced
All classes
Married
divorced
All classes
Singles
Married
Widowed and
divorced
72,715
28,509
42,490
15,461
14, 764
12,923
8,329
7,257
I
I
All classes
Married
Widowed and
divorced
All classes
Single'
Married
Widowed and
divorced
\
All classes
Single'
Married
Widowed and
divorced
5,729
10, 172
6,060
6,548
44,206
1,964
3,188
4,699
2,285
3,381
1,432
1,247
4,400
1,253
895
29,567
7,132
7,507
945
2,830
j
Single'
30.4
(•)
m
(2)
Singles
Widowed and
2.9
(.')
i
I
I
39.2
22.5
14.7
(=)
(=)
C')
V')
ing.
.
.
WOMEN AT WORK.
218
Table
28.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP,
AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900.
ATLANTA, OA.
FEMALE BBEADWINNEKS
16
YEARS OF AGE AND OVEE.
Aggregate.
Single (including
Living at tiome.
OCCUPATION.
Living at'home.
Living
with employer
Living with-
Total.
or
Heads of
Living
with em-
Father.
Mother.
Other
Living
Total.
with—
of
families.
ing.
Mother.
relative.!
ALL CLASSES.
Ail occupations
14,267
Board'ng and lodging house keepers..
Bookkeepers and accountants
Clerks and copyists
Cotton mill operatives
Dressmakers
Housekeepers and stewardesses
Laundresses
Milliners
Nurses and mid wives
Saleswomen
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
Stenographers and typewriters
Tailoresses
Teachers and professors in colleges, etc
other occupations
AU
All occupations
4,037
Boarding and lodging house keepers..
Bookkeepers and accountants
Clerks and copyists
Cotton mill operatives
Dressmakers
Milliners
,
Nurses and mid wives
Saleswomen
'
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
Stenographers and typewriters
Tailoresses
Teachers and professors in colleges, etc
All other occupations
All occupations
Dressmakers
Laundresses
Nurses and midwives
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
Teachers and professors in colleges, etc.
All other occupations
10,
220
3,607
191
66
2,199
86
53
1,069
13
4,753
635
156
4,007
186
293
121
17
17
255
397
110
12
353
44
20
101
14
253
60
20
2,995
1,946
80
1,654
177
54
894
11
248
161
23
1,438
51
17
85
47
ployer
or
board-
Heads
board-
families.
unknown)
3,507
/
52
1,025
388
52
1,771
128
91
560
13
318
20
18
265
4
18
14
160
92
9
215
55
15
711
272
104
6
264
Other
relative.
ing.
.
FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, FOR SELECTED
219
CITIES.
28.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP,
AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued.
Table
ATLANTA, GA.
FEMALE BREADWINNEKS
16
YEAKS OF AGE AND OVER— Continued.
Widowed and
Married.
Living at home.
Living at home.
OCCUPATION.
divorced.
Living
with employer
or
board-
Living witli-
Total.
Heads
of
families.
Other
Living
with emLiving with-
Total.
ployer
or
board-
Heads
of
families.
ing.
Father.
relative.'
Mother.
Other
relative.
ALL CLASSES.
All occupations
548
Boarding and lodging house keepers
Bookkeepers and accountants
Clerks and copyists
Cotton mill operatives
,
Dressmakers
Housekeepers and stewardesses
Laundresses
2,480
4,506
3,000
'l\
39
2
118
6
2
7
40
121
11
12
Milliners
Nurses and midwives
103
22
113
Saleswomen
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
,
Stenographers and typewriters
'293'
72
1
21
9
67
133
549
(i
Teachers and professors in colleges, etc
All other occupations
60
200
7
All occupations
1
3
31
3
12
44
118
1
336
Boarding and lodging house keepers.
Bookkeepers and accountants
Clerks and copyists
Cotton mill operatives
Dressmakers
.
Milliners
Saleswomen
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
Stenographers and typewriters
All other occupations
10
39
22
149
All occupations
3,098
Tailoresses
in colleges, etc
22
6
173
3
14
134
1,310
89
686
13
144
15
63
44
220
40
16
133
181
16
262
91
2
528
105
43
4
10
66
107
3
3
19
146
12
7
22
47
23
Nurses and midwives
187
7
261
63
1,990
23
7
4
1
Tailoresses
Teachers and professors
139
2
1,351
30
1,776
12
3
12
54
10
4
63
13
2
38
11
104
479
Dressmakers
Laundresses
Nurses and midwives
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
Teachers and professors in colleges, etc
All other occupations
BALTIMORE, MB.
26
43
ing.
.
.
.
WOMEN AT WORK.
220
Table 38.— FEMALE
BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OP AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP,
AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900-Continued.
BALTIMORE, MD.—Continued.
FEMALE BEEADWINNEES
16
YEAKS OF AGE AND OVEE.
Aggregate.
Single (including
Living at home.
OCCUPATION.
unknown).
Living at home.
Living
with em-
Living
with emLiving with-
Heads
of
families.
Father.
Mother.
Other
Nurses and midwives
Packers and shippers
Saleswomen
,.
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
406
1,498
603
219
50
2,810
77
5,079
725
1,516
717
705
1,342
2,272
1,948
667
4,390
114
15,
and cuff makers
Stenographers and typewriters
Shirt, collar,
Teachers and professors in colleges, etc
Tailoresses
Tobacco and cigar factory operatives
. .
All other occupations
49
41
260
26
721
159
158
276
1,675
1,228
812
323
747
739
377
1,617
ing.
Father.
772
131
45
322
933
452
586
461
338
2,612
856
839
297
974
2,069
199
116
10,257
167
118
3,739
10,656
1,392
691
427
446
77
795
634
204
66
645
2,170
1,417
599
3,188
79
131
All occupations
18,686
.
.
Housekeepers and stewardesses
Laborers (not specified)
Laundresses
Merchants and dealers
Milliners
Musicians and teachers of music
Nurses and midwives
Packers and shippers
Saleswomen
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
Shirt, collar,
and
cuff
makers
Stenographers and typewriters
Teachers and professors in
colleges, etc.
Tailoresses
Tobacco and cigar factory operatives.
All other occupations
Other
relative.
—continued.
269
712
Mother.
CLASSES ^
NATIVE WHITE
Boarding and lodging house keepers
Bookkeepers and accountants
Clerks and copyists
Cotton mill operatives
Dressmakers
of
families.
101
151
ployer
or
board-
Heads
relative. 1
.4LL
Musicians and teachers of music
Living wlth-
ployer
or
board-
— BOTH
19
38
6
26
120
387
87
44
4
107
PARENTS NATIVE.
153
147
258
1,326
70
95
566
1,581
1,117
793
316
706
286
742
440
721
365
280
1,662
653
148
121
581
700
162
111
211
56
ing.
...
FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, FOR SELECTED
221
CITIES.
Table 28.—FEMALE
BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OP AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP,
AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued.
BALTIMORE, MD.— Continued.
FEMALE BEEADWINNEES
16
YEABS OF AGE AND OVEE— Continued.
Widowed and
Married.
Living at home.
Living at home.
OCCUPATION.
Living witll-
Total.
Heads of
families.
Father.
Mother.
Other
Heads of
board-
ing.
families.
ing.
Living with-
86
Saleswomen
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
Shirt, collar,
and
cuff
makers
92
11
•503
2,488
110
221
Stenographers and typewriters
52
6
Teachers and professors in
30
colleges, etc
3
34
5
I
3
36
2
Taiioresses
270
Tobacco and cigar factory operatives.
All other occupations
31
505
101
1,503
291
All occupations
Boarding and lodging house keepers
Bookkeepers and accountants
Clerks and copyists
Cotton mill operatives
Dressmakers
,
Housekeepers and stewardesses
Laborers (not specified)
Laundresses
Merchants and dealers
Milliners
23
Musicians and teachers of music
25
57
30
Nurses and midwives
Packers and shippers
Saleswomen
51
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
Shirt, collar,
and
cull
214
136
makers
30
Stenographers and typewriters
Teachers and professors in
4
colleges, etc
10
59
Taiioresses
Tobacco and cigar factory operatives
.
13
All other occupations
173
All occupations
834
Bookkeepers and accountants
Clerks and copyists
Dressmakers
Housekeepers and stewardesses
Laborers (not specified)
Laundresses
Merchants and dealers
14
119
20
21
59
109
Milliners
23
Musicians and teachers of music
Nurses and midwives
6
15
Packers and shippers
Saleswomen
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
Shirt, collar,
and
cuff
makers
Stenographers and typewriters
Teachers and professors in colleges, etc
Taiioresses
Tobacco and cigar factory operatives.
All other occupations
21
1
26
3
32
3
111
65
17
5
56
or
Father.
relative.
—continued.
46
156
Living
with employer
Living
with employer
or
board-
ALL CLASSES 2
Musicians and teachers of music
Nurses and midwives
Packers and shippers
divorced.
Other
relative.
—
.
WOMEN AT WORK.
222
BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP,
AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued.
Table 28.— FEMALE
BALTIMORE, MB.— Continued.
FEMALE BREADWINNERS
16
YEARS OF AGE AND OVER.
Aggregate.
Single (including
Living at home.
OCCUPATION.
unknown).
Living at home.
Living
with em-
Living
with emLiving with
Total.
Heads
of
families.
Father.
Mother.
Other
Heads of
ing.
families.
relative. 1
FOREIGN BORN WHITE.
All occupations
6,297
Dressmakers
Housekeepers and stewardesses
Laborers (not specified)
Laundresses
Merchants and dealers
Nurses and midwives
261
151
Saleswomen
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
597
1,787
Teachers and professors in colleges, etc
Tailoresses
126
782
Tobacco and cigar factory operatives.
170
All other occupations
973
All occupations
"
397
148
124
230
551
Dressmakers
Housekeepers and stewardesses
Laborers (not specified)
Laundresses
Nurses and midwives
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
Teachers and professors
All other occupations
in colleges, etc
1,492
ployer
or
Living with-
ployer
or
board-
boardFather.
Other
relative.
ing.
FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, FOR SELECTED
Table 28.— FEMALE
CITIES.
223
BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP,
AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued.
BALTIMORE, MD.—Continaed.
..
.
.
WOMEN AT WORK.
224
Table 28.— FEMALE
BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP,
AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued.
BOSTON-, MASS.— Continued.
FEMALE BKEADWINNEEa
Aggregate.
OCCUPATION.
All occupations
Boarding and lodging house keepers
Bookkeepers and accountants
Boot and shoe makers and repairers
Clerks and copyists
Dressmakers
.
—
Housekeepers and stewardesses
LaundressesMerchants and dealers
Milliners
Musicians and teachers of music
Nurses and midwives
<
and presswomen
Printers, lithographers,
Saleswomen
.Seamstresses
-Servants and waitresses
Stenographers and typewriters
Tailoresses
Teachers and prolessors in colleges,
Telegraph and telephone operators
-AH other occupations
etc.
All occupations
Boarding and lodging house keepers
Bookbinders
Bookkeepers and accountants
Boot and shoe makers and repairers
....
Boxmakers (paper)
Clerks and copyists
•Confectioners
Dressmakers
Housekeepers and stewardesses
Laundresses
Merchants and dealers
Milliners
Musicians and teachers
Nurses and midwives
of
music
Packers and shippers
Printers, lithographers,
and presswomen
Saleswomen
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
Stenographers and typewriters
Tailoresses
,
Teachers and professors in colleges, etc.
Telegraph and telephone operators
Textile mill operatives
Textile workers (not otherwise specified)
All other occupations
All occupations
Boarding and lodging house keepers.
Bookbinders
Bookkeepers and accountants
Boot and shoe makers and repairers
Clerks and copyists
Confectioners
Dressmakers
Housekeepers and stewardesses
Laundresses
Merchants and dealers
16
TEARS OF AGE AND OVEK.
.
,
FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, FOR SELECTED
CITIES.
225
Table 28.—FEMALE
BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP,
AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, ANl? OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued.
BOSTOX, MASS.—Continued.
FEMALE BKEADWINNERS
16
YEARS OF AGE AND OVER—Continued.
Widowed and
Married.
Living at home.
Living at home.
OCCUPATION.
Living
with employer
Living with-
Total.
or
Heads of
families.
Father.
All occupations
,
Boarding and lodging house keepers
Bookkeepers and accountants
Boot and shoe makers and repairers
•Clerks and copyists
Dressmakers
.
,
.
Housekeepers and stewardesses
Laundresses
Merchants and dealers
HiUtners
Musicians and teachers of music
Nurses and midwives
Printers, lithographers,
and presswomen
Saleswomen
Seamstresses
,
Servants and waitresses
Stenographers and typewriters
"Tailoresses
Teachers and professors in colleges,
Telegraph and telephone operators
All other occupations
etc,
All occupations
Boarding and lodging house keepers ....
Bookbinders
Bookkeepers and accountants
Boot and shoe makers and repairers ....
Boxmakers (paper)
-Clerks
and copyists
:
Confectioners
Dressmakers
JEousekeei>ers and stewardesses
Xaundresses
"Merchants and dealers
- - -
2tf iUiners
Musicians and teachers of music
JJurses and midwives
Tackers and shippers
Trinters, lithographers, and presswomen.
Saleswomen
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
Stenographers and typewriters
Tailoresses
Teachers and professors in
colleges, etc.
.
Telegraph and telephone operators
Textile mill operatives
Textile workers (not otherwise
All other occupations
,
specified).
Mother.
divorced.
Other
relative.!
Living
with emLiving with-
Total.
board-
Heads of
ing.
families.
Father.
Mother.
ployer
or
board-
Other
relative.
ing.
226
WOMEN AT WORK.
BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP,
AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued.
Table 28.—FEMALE
BOSTON, MASS.— Continued.
FEMALE BKEAD1VINNER3
16
YEARS OF AGE AND OVEE.
—
1
.
FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, FOR SELECTED
227
CITIES.
28.^FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP,
AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued.
Table
BOSTON, MASS.—Continued.
FEMALE BREADWINNERS
16
YEARS OF AGE AND OVER— Continued.
Widowed and
Married.
Living at home.
Living at home.
OCCUPATION.
divorced.
Living
with em-
Living
with emLiving with-
Total.
ployer
or
board-
Heads
of
lamilies.
Father.
Mother.
Other
ing.
I^iving with
Total.
1
Musicians and teachers of music
Nurses and mldwives
Packers and shippers
Saleswomen
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
Stenographers and typewriters
Tailoressea
Teachers and professors in
664
10
117
colleges, etc.
Textile mill operatives
Textile workers (not otherwise specified),
All other occupations
14
352
5
'or
board-
families.
relative.
FOREIGN BORN WHITE— continued.
Milliners
ployer
Heads of
Father.
Mother.
Other
relative.
mg.
.
WOMEN AT WORK.
228
Table 28.— FEMALE
BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP,
AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued.
BUFFALO,
K. Y.— Continued.
FEMALE 'BREADWINNERS
16
YEARS OF AGE AND OVER.
Single (including
Aggregate.
Living at home.
Living at home.
OCCUPATION.
Living
with employer
or
board-
Living with-
Total.
Heads
of
families.
Father.
Mother.
Other
relative, 1
ing.
All occupations
11,936
.
Housekeepers and stewardesses
Laundresses
Merchants and dealers
Milliners
Musicians and teachers of music
Nurses and midwives
Packers and shippers
'
Saleswomen
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
Stenographers and tjrpewriters
Tailoresses
^
Teachers and professors in colleges, etc
Telegraph and telephone operators
All other occupations
All occupations
8,543
Boarding and lodging house keepers
Bookkeepers and accountants
Clerks and copyists
Dressmakers
138
Housekeepers and stewardesses. ...
Laundresses
_
Merchants and dealers^
196
547
183
Milliners
111
Nurses and midwives
Saleswomen
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
Stenographers and typewriters
Tailoresses
Teachers and professors in colleges, etc
All other occupations
129
200
860
440
282
210
3,534
178
345
239
951
Living
with employer
Living with-
or
board-
Heads
of
families.
Father.
NATIVE WHITE— ONE OR BOTH PARENTS FOREIGN BORN.
Boarding and lodging house keepers
Bookbinders
Bookkeepers and accountants
Clerks and copyists
Dressmakers
,
unknown).
Other
relative.
ing.
.
.
,
FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, FOR SELECTED
229
CITIES.
Table 28.— FEMALE
BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP,
AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued.
BUFFALO,
X. X.— Continued.
FEMALE BREADWINNERS
16
YEARS OF AGE AND OVER— Continued.
Widowed and
Living at home.
Living at home.
OCCUPATION.
divorced.
Living
with employer .
Liviiig
with employer
Living with-
Total.
or
Heads
of
families.
Other
relative.^
Living wlth-
Total.
board-
Heads of
ing.
families.
or
boardFather.
NATIVE WHITE— ONE OR BOTH PARENTS FOREIGN BORN.
All occupations.
Boarding and lodging house keepers.
Bookbinders
Bookkeepers and accountants
Clerks and copyists
Dressmakers
10
1
2
12
Housekeepers and stewardesses.
Laundresses
Merchants and dealers
5
13
Milliners
Musicians and teachers of music.
Nurses and midwives
Packers and shippers
Saleswomen
20
22
100
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses.
Stenographers and typewriters
7
Tailoresses
TeELchers and professors in colleges, etc.
Telegraph and telephone operators
All other occupations
,
AH occupations
Boarding and lodging house keepers
Bookkeepers and accountants
Clerks and copyists
Dressmakers
17
6
4
.
.
Housekeepers and stewardesses
Laundresses
Merchants and dealers
Milliners
Nurses and midwives
Saleswomen
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
Stenographers and typewriters
Tailoresses
Teachers and professors in colleges, etc
All other occupations
90
Other
relative.
ing.
.
..
WOMEN AT WORK.
230
28.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP,
AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued.
Table
CHICAGO, ILL.—Continued.
FEMALE BREADWINNERS
16
YEARS OF AGE AND OVER.
Aggregate,
Single (including
Living at home.
Living at home.
OCCUPATION.
families.
Father.
Mother.
Other
board-
Heads of
ing.
families.
6,178
Musicians and teachers of music
Nurses and midwives
Packers and shippers
Physicians and surgeons
Printers, lithographers,
and presswomen,
Saleswomen
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
Stenographers and typewriters
Tailoresses
Teachers and professors in colleges, etc
Telegraph and telephone operators
.
Textile mill operatives
Textile workers (not otherwise specified)
Tobacco and cigar factpry operatives
All other occupations
.
.
.
All occupations
Actresses, professional
,
show-women,
etc
Agents
and teachers of art
Barbers and hairdressers
Boarding and lodging house keepers
Artists
102
716
180
1,498
2,231
2,682
635
and copyists
Dressmakersl.
Housekeepers and stewardesses
Laundresses
Merchants and dealers
227
870
Milliners
Musicians and teachers of music
931
Nurses and midwives
1,152
Physicians and surgeons
Printers, lithographers,
275
286
393
....
Bookbinders
Bookkeepers and accoimtants
Clerks
27,069
and presswomen.
Saleswomen
'.'
.
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
Stenographers and typewriters
290
169
1,353
910
3,118
3,082
160
Tailoresses
Teachers and professors in colleges, etc.
Telegraph and telephone operators
Textile workers (not otherwise specified).
All other occupations
.
2,694
322
120
2,187
2
—continued.
with—
ployer
or
boardFather.
relative.'
ALL CLASSES
Milliners
Living
or
Heads of
Laundresses
Merchants and dealers
Living
with em-
Living
with employer
Living with—
Total.
unknown).
Mother.
Other
relative.
ing.
.
.
.
FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, FOR SELECTED
231
CITIES.
Table 28.— FEMALE
BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP,
AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued.
CHICAGO, ILL.—Continued.
FEMALE BREADWINNERS
16
YEARS OF AGE AND OVER— Continued.
Widowed and
Married.
Living at home.
Living at home.
OCCUPATION.
divorced.
Living
witb employer
Living
with emLivirig
Total.
with-
ployer
or
Heads
of
families.!
boardFather.
Mother.
ing.
Other
1,059
Milliners
,
Musicians and teachers of music
,
Nurses and midwi ves
,
Packers and shippers
Physicians and surgeons
Printers, lithographers,
,
and presswomen.
Saleswomen
Seamstresses
,
Servants and waitresses
Stenographers and typewriters
Tailoresses
Teachers and professors in colleges, etc.
Telegraph and telephone operators
,
Textile mill operatives
Textile workers (not otherwise specified).
Tobacco and cigar factory operatives . ...
All other occupations
,
All occupations
2,964
Actresses, professional show-women, etc
.
Agents
Artists and teachers of art
Barbers and hairdressers
Boarding and lodging house keepers
,
52
54
25
146
Bookbinders
Booickeepers and accountants
Clerks and copyists
107
117
Dressmakers
Housekeepers and stewardesses
101
Laundresses
Merchants and dealers
,
Milliners
Musician? and teachers of music
129
Nurses and midwi ves
Physicians and surgeons
Printers, lithographers,
85
and presswomen
20
Saleswomen
115
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
Stenographers and typewriters
295
131
27
Tailoresses
Teaehers and professors in colleges, etc.,
Telegraph and telephone operators
Textile workers (not otherwise specified)
All other occupations
2,478
All occupations
Actresses, professional
199
18
23
325
show-women,
etc.
Agents
and teachers of art
Barbers and hairdressers
Boarding and lodging house keepers
Artists
Bookbinders
Bookkeepers and accountants
Boot and shoe makers and repairers
.
.
.
.
Boxmakers (paper)
Clerks and copyists
31
343
7
74
26
or
Heads of
hoard-
famiUes.
Father.
relative.^
ALL CLASSES 2
Laundresses
Merchants and dealers
Living with-
—Continued.
Mother.
Other
relative.
ing.
—
..
.
WOMEN AT WORK.
232
BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP,
AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued.
Table 28.— FEMALE
CHICAGO, ILL.— Continued.
FEMALE BEEADWINNEKS
16
YEARS OF AGE AND OVER.
Single (including
Aggregate.
Mving
OCCUPATION.
Living at home.
at home.
Living
with employer
Living witfi-
Total.
or
Heads
of
families.
boardFather.
Mother.
Other
ing.
Living
with em-
1,656
•.
Milliners
Musicians and teachers of music
Nurses and mldwives
Packers and shippers
Printers, lithographers,
and presswomen
Saleswomen
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
Stenographers and typewriters
Tailoresses
Teachers and professors in colleges, etc.
Telegraph and telephone operators
Textile mill operatives
Textile workers (not otherwise specified)
Tobacco and cigar factory
operatives . .
.
All other occupations.
'.
All occupations
Actresses, professional
51,098
show-women,
Agents
Barbers and hairdressers
Boarding and lodging house keepers
Bookbinders
etc
....
Bookkeepers and accountants
Boot .and shoe makers and repairers
116
110
117
809
251
Clerks and copyists.-.
Confectioners
749
100
178
1,309
197
Dressmakers
Glovemakers
Housekeepers and stewardesses
Laborers (not specified)
Laundresses
4,208
178
1,434
631
3,118
Boxmakers (paper)
Merchants and dealers
Milliners
Musicians and teachers of music
Murses and mldwives
Paciters
1,605
and shippers
Physicians and surgeons
Saleswomen
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
Stenographers and typewriters
Tailoresses
Teachers and professors in colleges, etc.
Telegraph and telephone operators
Textile mill operatives
Textile workers (not otherwise specified)
Tobacco and cigar factory operatives
All other occupations
All occupations
Boarding and lodging house keepers
Dressmakers
Housekeepers and stewardesses
Laundresses
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
Other occupations
Ah
877
752
267
145
1,713
2,906
19,471
871
3,381
901
164
132
341
541
3,318
4,875
104
397
152
917
147
2,505
653
I
7,117
ployer
or
board-
Living with
Total.
Heads
of
families.
Mother."
relative. 1
NATIVE WHITE— ONE OR BOTH PARENTS FOREIGN BORN
Laundresses .
Merchants and dealers
unknown).
—Continued.
Other
relative.
ing.
—
...
.
FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, FOR SELECTED
^83
CITIES.
Table 28.— FEMALE
BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP,
AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued.
CHICAGO, ILL.— Continued.
FEMALE BREADWIhNEBS
16
YEARS OF AGE AND OVER— Continued.
Widowed and
Married.
Living at home.
OCCUPATION.
Living at home.
Living
with employer
Living with
Total.
or
Heads
of
families.
Father.
Mother.
Other
board-
Heads of
ing.
families.
248
127
62
40
162
Milliners
Musicians and teachers of music
Nurses and midwives
Packers and shippers
Printers, lithographers,
and presswomen.
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
305
Stenographers and typewriters
70
59
153
14
Tailoresses
Teachers and professors in colleges, etc.
Telegraph and telephone operators
rextile mill operatives
Textile workers (not otherwise specified).
Tobacco and cigar factory operatives
.
.
All other occupations
All occupations
6
4
4
29
28
219
7
16
2
67
73
104
13
1
1
4
21
12
11
5
13
6
236
136
327
Agents
Barbers and hairdressers
Boarding and lodging house keepers
Bookbinders
.
.
2,520
49
26
19
141
14
.
Bookkeepers and accountants
Boot and shoe makers and repairers
45
7
Boxmakers (paper)
5
Clerks and copyists
Confectioners
72
36
3
524
6
150
105
Dressmakers
Glovemakers
Housekeepers and stewardesses
Laborers (not specified)
Laundresses
23
32
535
171
Milliners
49
JSurses
and midwives
Packers and shippers
292
9
Physicians and surgeons
Saleswomen
46
94
207
644
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
Stenographers and typewriters
Tailoresses
Teachers and professors in colleges, etc
Telegraph and telephone operators
.
Textile mill operatives
Textile workers (not otherwise specified)
Tobacco and cigar factory operatives .
All other occupations
.
All occupations
Boarding and lodging house keepers
Dressmakers
Housekeepers and stewardesses
Laundresses
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
All other occupations
1
176
Merchants and dealers
Musicians and teachers of music
7
276
46
6
7
26
22
604
1,215
25
130
34
270
33
561
162
29
21
68
12
31
4,418
show-women, etc
172
120
100
246
467
FOREIGN BORN "WHITE.
Actresses, professional
BORN— Continued.
2
28
112
129
or
boardFather.
relative.!
Laundresses
Merchants and dealers
Living
with employer
Living with-
Total.
NATIVE "WHITE— ONE OR BOTH PARENTS FOREIGN
Saleswomen
divorced.
140
86
10
34
43
5
2
3
3
210
Other
relative.
ing.
23|
WOMEN AT WORK.
BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP,
AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued.
Table 28.— FEMALE
CINCINNATI, OHIO.
FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, FOR SELECTED
CITIES.
Table 28.—FEMALE
235
BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP,
AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued.
CIN^CnOTATI, OHIO.
FEMALE BEEADWINNEKS
Married.
OCCUTATION.
16
YEAKS OF AGE AND OVER— Continued.
.
.
,
WOMEN AT WOEK.
236
28.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER. CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP,
AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued.
Table
CrNCIiNNATI,
OHIO— Continued.
FEMALE BREADWlISrNERS
16
Aggregate.
YEARS OF AGE AND OVER.
Single (including
Living at home.
OCCUPATION.
Xriving at
or
Heads
of
families.
Father.
Mothe'r.
Other
Living with—
board-
Heads of
ing.
families.
relative.!
NATIVE WHITE— ONE OR BOTH PARENTS FOREIGN BORN
Saleswomen
1,204
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
Stenographers and typewriters
Tailoresses
Teachers and professors in colleges, etc
Tobacco and cigar factory operatives
All other occupations
All occupations
Dressmakers
Housekeepers and stewardesses
Laundresses
Merchnftnts and dealers
,
Nurses and mid wives
Saleswomen
Seamstresses
Servants ajid waitresses
Tailoresses
;
Teachers and professors in colleges, etc
Tobacco and cigar factory operatives
.
All other occupations
All occupations .
.
Laundresses
Servants and waitresses
All other occupations-
.
1,051
1,187
428
486
225
144
home.
Living
with em-
Living
with employer
Living with—
unknown).
ployer
or
boardFather.
—Continued.
Other
relative.
ing.
FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, FOR SELECTED
Table i38.— FEMALE
CITIES.
237
BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP,
AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued.
CINCINNATI, OHIO—Continued.
WOMEN AT WORK.
238
Table 28.— FEMALE
BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP,
AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued.
CLEVELAND,
OHJO-Continued.
FEMALE BEEADWINNEKS
Aggregate.
OCCUPATION.
16
YEAES OF AGE AND OVEK.
..
..
..
.
.-
—
.
FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, FOR SELECTED
239
CITIES.
Table 28.— FEMALE
BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP,
AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued.
CLEVELAND,
OHIO-^Continued.
FEMALE BREADWINNEKa
16
TEARS OF AGE AND OVER— Continued.
Widowed and
Married.
.
Living at home.
Living at home.
CCTJPATION.
.
Living
with employer
Living with-
Total.
or
Heads
of
families.
Father.
Mother.
Other
Living
with em-
All occupations
102
Housekeepers and stewardesses
Laundresses
Musicians and teachers of music
27
36
18
17
Nurses and midwives
24
.
.'
Milliners
Saleswomen
17
20
104
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses.
Stenographers and typewriters
Teachers and professors in colleges,
Telegraph and telephone operators
All other occupations
15
22
etc.
1
131
All occupations.
Bookkee'pers and accountants .
Clerks and copyists
.
Dressmakers
Housekeepers and stewardesses.
Laundresses
Milliners
Musicians and teachers of music
Nurses and midwives
Packers and shippers
Saleswomen
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
Stenographers and typewriters
Tailoresses
Teachers and professors in colleges,
etc.
.
Telegraph and telephone operators
Textile mill operatives (not otherwise
specified)
Tobacco and cigar factory operatives
Woolen miU operatives
All other occupations. >
AU
occupations
Boarding and lodging house keepers
and copyists
Dressmakers
Housekeepers and stewardesses
Laundresses
Clerks
Merchants and dealers
Milliners
Nurses and midwives..
Saleswomen
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
Stenographers and typewriters
TfliilorGssGS
.,,_---.---------------'
Teachers and profes.sors in colleges, etc
Textile
mill
operatives
(not
otherwise
specified)
Tobacco and cigar factory operatives
Woolen mill operatives
All other occupations
33
ployer
or
hoard-
Living with-
TotaL
board-
Heads of
ing.
families.
relative.^
NATIVE WHITE— BOTH PARENTS NATIVE.
Boarding and lodging house keepers
Bookkeepers and accountants
Clerks and copyists
Dressmakers
divorced.
Father.
Other
relative.
ing.
240
WOMEN AT WORK.
>
Table 28.—FEMALE
AND
BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OP A'GE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP,
MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued.
"BY RACE, NATIVITY,
FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, FOR SELECTED
—
CITIES.
241
FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP,
AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued.
Table 28
CLEVELAND, OHIO— Continued.
..
..
.
WOMEN AT WORK.
242
28.-FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP,
AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900-Contmued.
Table
DETROIT, MICH.—Continued.
FEMALE BREADWINNEBS
16
YEAES OF AGE AND OVEE.
Aggregate.
Single (including
Living at home.
OCCUPATION.
Living at home.
of
families.
Mother.
NATIVE WHITE
135
668
392
2,141
2
16
22
37
10
431
Tailoresses
Teachers and professors in colleges, etc
Telegraph ana telephone operators
Tobacco and cigar factory operatives..
All other occupations
28
43
6
618
182
4?2
1,582
of
families.
305
177
264
233
264
223
11
87
380
167
796
20
127
83
73
106
73
115
46
64
ing.
Other
ployer
or
board-
Heads
boardFather.
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
Stenographers and typewriters
Living with-
or
Heads
Packers and shippers
Saleswomen
Living
with em-
Living
with employer
Living with—
Total.
unknown).
Father.
relative.'
Mother.
Other
ing.
relative.
—ONE OR BOTH PARENTS FOREIGN BORN—continued.
132
531
7
64
74
90
34
1,677
43
31
164
22
73
21
18
173
92
299
176
258
231
261
221
86
376
785
601
175
460
1,353
20
124
6
44
81
68
1,575
47
70
102
71
113
46
53
21
164
19
290
117
127
U
FOREIGN BORN WHITE.
All occupdftions
9,219
Boarding and lodging house keepers. .
Bookkeepers and accountants
Clerks
and copyists
Dressmakers
Housekeepers and stewardesses
Laborers (not specified)
Laundresses
Merchants and dealers
Milliners
Nurses and midwives
\
Saleswomen
124
5
12
198
30
108
443
166
132
343
Tailoresse.s
357
Teachers and professors in colleges, etc
225
Tobacco and cigar factory operatives.
All other occupations
1
63
99
242
22
64
11
49
35
477
1,271
40
66
114
13
29
4
20
10
216'
274
295
3,110
198
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
S cenographers and typewriters
All occupations .
2,138
144
185
280
983
229
81
3
137
58
35
44
43
40
18
19
168
174
61
358
647
44
16
38
180
1,014
4,187
7,231
18
27
39
175
33
1
13
175
256
50
74
254
14
56
26
218
18
29
1C8
39
54
102
61
304
112
33
208
209
441
1,002
1
1
22
34
119
24
48
67
2
12
6
15
16
245
234
2,702
193
138
25
3,660
166
35
106
217
6
61
47
62
99
236
740
124
166
12
54
44
28
60
2,085
212
92
37
3
22
176
129
68
32
39
43
45
38
79
24
49
68
2,443
171
59
351
533
41
15
37
176
32
15
17
102
47
108
66
31
172
223
.
Laundresses
Servants and waitresses
128
7
304
All other occupations .
150
32
33
.
13
180
29
201
81
5
135
12
FALL EIVEE, MASS.
ALL CLASSES.!
All occupations
Bookkeepers and accountants
Clerks and copyists
Cotton miU operatives
Dressmakers
Hat and cap makers
Housekeepers and stewardesses
Laundresses
Milliners
Nurses and midwives
Saleswomen
Servants and waitresses
Teachers and professors in colleges, etc
Textile mill operatives (not otherwise
Includes married
1,245
132
157
2
women
2
10,274
684
269
691
111
341
179
163
136
264
31
5,847
sF
99
3,890
2,116
4,012
19
24
1,437
19
24
2,926
167
68
181
88
09
5
18
10
3
21
84
17
147
32
27
445
1,562
696
specified)
All other occupations
1
16,170
•58
180
living with their husbands.
810
202
2
270
86
297
100
354
1,955
1,202
2,160
121
147
2
19
23
1,330
57
0,903
368
207
195
3,705
905
41
167
6
85
11
18
783
53
29
209
20
13
73
158
62
5
1
8
133
3
3
4
20
79
17
140
53
12
14
97
12
12
90
225
1
834
109
772
4
423
20
127
69
1,278
416
28
35
Includes 130 negro women, for
whom figures
are not
1,316
64
35
2
10
25
7
7
43
53
7
4
36
27
59
18
26
185
17
69
36
42
689
107
776
252
191
81
123
67
52
shown separately
in this table.
FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, FOR SELECTED
CITIES.
243
28.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP,
AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued.
Table
DETROIT, MICH.— Continued.
244
WOMEN AT WORK.
Table 28.— FEMALE
BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP,
AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued.
FALL RIVEK, MASS.—Continued.
FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, FOR SELECTED
CITIES.
245
28.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OP AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP,
AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued.
Table
TALL RIVER, MASS.—Continued.
246
WOMEN AT WORK.
BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP,
AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued.
Table 28.— FEMALE
INDIANAPOLIS, IND.—Continued.
FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, FOR SELECTED
Table 28.—FEMALE
CITIES.
247
BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP,
AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued.
INBIANAPOLLS, IND.—Continued.
.. -..
.
WOMEN AT WORK.
248
28.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP,
AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued.
Table
JERSEY CITY,
ST.
J.-Continued,
FEMALE BREADWINNERS
16
YEARS OF AGE AND OVER.
Aggregate.
Single (including
Living at home.
Living at home.
OCCUPATION.
unknown)
Living
with em-
Living
with emLiving with-
ployer
or
board-
Heads of
families.
Father.
Mother.
Other
ing.
Silk mill operatives
307
Stenographers and typewriters
Teaohers and professors in colleges, etc.
Telegraph and telephone operators
Textile workers (not otherwise specified)
Tobacco and cigar factory ojieratives
Trunk and leather-case makers, etc
All other occupations
All occupations.
3,106
Bookkeepers and accountajits.
Clerks
149
134
287
274
116
and copyists
Dressmakers
Saleswomen
,
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
Stenographers and typewriters
Teachers and ptofessors in colleges, etc.
Textile workers (not otherwise specified)
All otner occupations
.
All occupations
259
287
303
165
1,132
,
Bookbinders
Bookkeepers and accountants
164
274
158
213
805
Boxmakers
(paper)
Clerks and copyists
Dressmakers
Housekeepers and stewardesses
Laundresses
117
183
188
128
Milliners
Packers and shippers
Saleswomen
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
Silk mill operatives
315
fiS2
177
478
:
Stenographers and typewriters
Teachers and professors in colleges, etc.
Textile workers (not otherwise specified)
Tobacco and cigar factory operatives
. .
All other occupations
428
234
236
1,840
All occupations
Dressmakers
Housekeepers and stewardesses
Laundresses
Merchants and dealers
Nurses and midwives
^
Saleswomen
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
Textile workers (not otherwise specified)
All other occupations
315
169
262
183
,130
133
124
1,845
166
1,149
Total.
Heads
of
families.
Father.
relative.^
ALL CLASSES
ployer
or
board-
Living with-
—Continued.
Mother.
Other
relative.
ing.
FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, FOR SELECTED
Table 28.— FEMALE
CITIES.
249
BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP,
AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued.
250
WOMEN AT WORK.
BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP,
AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued.
Table 28.—FEMALE
KANSAS
CITT, MO.
FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, FOR SELECTED
Table 28.—FEMALE
CITIES.
251
BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP,
AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued.
KANSAS CITY, MO.
'
252
WOMEN AT WORK.
BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP,
AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued.
Table 28.— FEMALE
KAN"SAS CITY, MO.— Continued.
FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, FOR SELECTED
CITIES.
253
28.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP,
AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued.
'Table
.
.
WOMEN AT WORK.
254
BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP;
AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900~Continued.
Table 28.—FEMALE
LOUISVILLE,
KY,-Continued.
FEMALE BREADWINNERS
16
YEARS OF AGE AND OVER.
Single (including
Aggregate.
Living at home.
Living at home.
OCCXJPATION.
unknown).
Living
with em-
Living
with em-
Living with—
Total.
ployer
or
board-
Heads of
families.
Fat lie r.
Motile r.
Other
relative.'
ing.
Living with-
Total.
of
families.
boardFather.
NATIVE WHITE— ONE OR BOTH PARENTS FOREIGN BORN— Continued.
Saleswomen
391
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
Stenographers and typewriters
Tailoresses
Teachers and professors in colleges, etc
Textile mill operatives (not otherwise
specified)
Tobacco and cigar factory operatives
Woolen
mill operatives
All other occupations
All occupations.
1,446
.
Servants and waitresses
All other occupations . .
563
883
All occupations
Laundresses
N urses and mid,wives
Seamstresses
.
Servants and waitresses
Teachers and professors in colleges, etc.
Tobacco and cigar factory operatives
All other occupations
.
-
ployer
or
Heads
Other
relative.
ing.
FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, FOR SELECTED
CITIES.
255
BREADWINNERS .16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP,
AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued.
Table 28.— FEMALE
LOUISVILI-.B, ICY.— Continued.
..
.
'
WOMEN AT WORK.
256
BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP,
AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued.
Table 28.— FEMALE
LOWELL, MASS.—Continued.
FEMALE BEEADWINNEKS
16
YEARS OF AGE AND OVER.
Single (including
Aggregate.
Living
OCCUPATION.
r.t
Living at home.
home.
Living
with employer
or
board-
Living witli-
TotaL
Heads
of
families.
Father.
Mottier.
Other
ing.
AH occupations
349
2,853
107
132
406
175
Hosiery and knitting mill operatives
Housekeepers and stewardesses
317
Saleswomen
Servants and waitresses
102
219
118
Teachers and professors in colleges, etc
Textile mill operatives (not otherwise
.
.
AH other occupations
249
134
609
All occupations
4,539
specified)
Textile workers (not otherwise specified)
Bookkeepers and accountants
Carpet factory operatives
Cotton mill operatives
Dressmakers
154
167
,099
171
Hosiery and knitting mill operatives
Saleswomen
526
164
Servants and waitresses
Teachers and professors in colleges, etc
190
174
Textile
mill
operatives
(not
otherwise
636
150
380
728
specified)
Textile workers (not otherwise specified)
Woolen mill operatives
All other occupations
All occupations
Boarding and lodging house keepers
Carpet factory operatives
Cotton mill operatives
Dressmakers
Hosiery and knitting mill operatives
Housekeepers and stewardesses
Laundresses
Saleswomen
Servants and waitresses
106
163
3,220
343
1,113
236
105
:
Textile mill
operatives
(not
141
1,
specified)
AU other
occupations
194
otherwise
Textile workers (not otherwise specified).
mill operatives
Woolen
!
,212
188
467
541
1
Living
with employer
or
board-
Living with-
Total.
Heads
of
families.
relative.
NATIVE WHITE— BOTH PARENTS NATIVE.
Bookkeepers and accountants
Clerks and copyists
Cotton mill operatives
Dressmakers
unknown).
Mother.
Other
relative.
ing.
FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, FOR SELECTED
Table 28.— FEMALE
CITIES.
257
BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP,
AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued.
LOTyELL, MASS.—Continued.
. ..
WOMEN
258
AT-
WORK.
Table 28.— FEMALE
BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP,
AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued.
MILWAUKEE, WIS.—Continued.
FEMALE BREADWINNERS
16
YEARS OF AGE AND OVER.
Aggregate.
Single (including
Living at home.
OCCUPATION.
unknown).
Living at home.
Living
with em-
Living
with em-
Living with.—
Total.
ployer
or
board-
Heads
of
families.
Father.
Mother.
Other
ing.
Living withof
families.
relative.
ALL CLASSES 2— continued.
Confectioners
Dressm^ikers
Hosiery and knitting mill operatives.
Housekeepers and stewardesses
216
Laundresses
Merchants and dealers
Milliners
Musicians and teachers of music.
Nurses and mid wives
Packers and shippers
Saleswomen
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
Stenographers and typewriters.
TaUoresses
Teachers and professors in colleges, etc.
Textile mill operatives (not otherwise
.
specified)
Textile workers (not otherwise specified).
Tobacco and cigar factory operatives
All other occupations
All occupations
Bookkeepers and accountants
Clerks and copyists
Dressmakers
Milliners
-.
Nurses aijd mid wives
Saleswomen
Servants and waitresses
Stenographers and typewriters
Teachers and professors in colleges, etc.
Textile workers (not otherwise specified)
All other occupations
All occupations
13,915
Boarding and lodging house keepers
Bookbinders
Bookkeepers and accountants
Boot and shoe makers and repairers
106
175
373
197
316
Clerks and copyists
Confectioners
145
2,021
363
188
414
Dressmakers
Hosiery and knitting mill operatives
Housekeepers and stewardesses
Laundresses
Milliners
495
158
231
134
1,096
Musicians and teachers of music
Nurses and midwives
Packers and shippers
Saleswomen
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
Stenographers and typewriters
601
3; 308
Tailoresses
Teachers and professors in colleges, etc.
Textile
mill
operatives
(not
.
551
401
741
otherwise
specified)
Textile workers (not otherwise specified).
Tobacco and cigar factory operatives
All other occupations
165
151
118
1,467
ployer
or
Heads
board-
Other
relative.
ing.
FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, FOR SELECTED
CITIES.
259
BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP,
.AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued.
Table 28,— FEMALE
MILWAUKEE, WIS.— Continued.
260
WOMEN AT WORK.
Table 28.— FEMALE
BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP,
AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued.
MILWAUKEE. WIS.— Continued.
FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, FOR SELECTED
Table 28.— FEMALE
CITIES.
261
BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP,
AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued.
MILWAUKEE, WIS.— Continued.
..
WOMEN AT WORK.
262
Table 28.— FEMALE
BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP,
AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued.
MISTNEAPOLIS, MINN".—Continued.
FEMALE BEEADWINNEE3
16
YEAES OF AGE AND OVER.
Single (including
Aggregate.
Living at home.
Living at home.
OCCtrPATION.
unknown).
Living
with em-
Living with-
Total.
ployer
or
Heads of
families.
Father.
Mother.
Living
Other
board-
Heads of
ing.
families.
Father.
relative.!
NATIVE WHITE — ONE OR BOTH PARENTS FOREIGN BORN.
All occupations
568
Bookkeepers and accountants
Clerks an(rcopyists
1,913
1
114
134
942
3,633
43
41
160
31
60
238
109
28
84
36
1,862
273
295
668
114
130
195
Dressmakers
Housekeepers and stewardesses
310
831
153
Laundresses
224
Milliners
Musicians and teachers of music
Nurses and midwives
186
115
169
4
67
16
16
21
17
21
104
126
Saleswomen
439
17
509
2,343
422
52
43
3
176
148
102
177
59
30
79
74
74
73
50
124
176
2,095
395
452
2,243
407
167
146
449
103
12
7
12
172
157
56
44
378
61
12
16
158
75
16
34
184
144
424
99
134
842
155
55
41
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
Stenographers and typewriters
Teachers and professors in colleges, etc.
Textile mill operatives
Textile workers (not otherwise specified)
All other occupations
156
1,093
10
140
202
13
50
91
71
113
12
50
201
115
164
170
104
FOREIGN BORN WHITE.
All occupations
Boarding and lodging house keepers
Dressmakers
Housekeepers and stewardesses
Laundresses
Nurses and midwives
Saleswomen
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
Tailoresses
Teachers and professors in colleges, etc.
Textile workers (not otherwise specified)
All other occupations
1,002
147
617
213
724
232
179
405
2,781
127
131
164
979
369
Living
with employer
or
board-
with—
Mother.
Other
relative.
ing.
FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, FOR SELECTED
Table 28.— FEMALE
CITIES.
263
BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP,
AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued.
MINNEAPOLIS, MINN.— Continued.
264
WOMEN AT WORK.
28.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP,
AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION. FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued.
Table
]VEW ORLEANS, LA.—Continued.
FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, FOR SELECTED
CITIES.
265
BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP,
AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued.
Table 28.— FEMALE
NEW
ORLEANS, LA.— Continued.
.
.
.
2
,
WOMEN AT WORK.
266
BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP,
AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued.
Table 28.— FEMALE
NEW YOEK,
N. Y.
(BROOKLYN BOROTJGH).
FEMALE BEEADWINNEBS
16
YEARS OF AGE AND OVER.
Single (including
Aggregate.
Living at home.
Living at home.
OCCUPATION.
Living
with em-
Living
with employer
Living with-
Total.
Living with-
or
Heads
of
families.
Father.
Mother.
unknown).
Other
board-
Heads of
ing.
families.
Mother.
relative.'
ployer
or
boarding.
Other
relative.
ALL CLASSES.
All occupations-
28,303
Boarding and lodging house keepers.
Bookbinders
735
1,839
2,629
712
935
Bookkeepers- and accountants
Boot and shoe makers and repairers
Boxmakers (paper)
Clerks and copyists
Confectioners
Dressmakers
Hat and cap makers
Housekeepers and stewardesses.
Janitors and sextons
Laborers (not specified)
Laundresses
Merchants and dealers
.
Milliners
Musicians and
teachers of music
Nurses and midwives
Packers and shippers
Printers, lithographers,
and presswomen
Saleswomen
Shirt, collar,
and
cuff
makers
2,867
343
9,080
409
1,563
117
1,901
35
128
447
250
530
4,622
1,560
1,688
148
2,262
1,088
2,699
919
452
123
6,453
3,434
26, 624
373
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
.
614
79
54
49
35
919
118
•
Stenographers and typewriters
4,097
5,260
4,697
Tailoresses
Teachers and professors in colleges, etc
Telegraph and telephone operators
Textile mill .operatives (not otherwise
specified)
Textile workers (not otherwise specified)
All other occupations
25
12
175
381
124
800
91
248
749
51
1,524
101
21
7
70
342
76
348
425
64
1,837
74
438
640
405
22,769
6,029
2,664
22,938
316
342
3,949
3,920
4,376
46
644
1,089
772
478
207
119
654
601
4,248
222
2,229
645
1,188
58
192
1,816
49
17
635
298
903
All occupations
19,673
Boxmakers
(paper)
Clerks and copyists
Dressmakers
Housekeepers and stewardesses
Laundresses
Merchants and dealers
Milliners
Musicians and teachers of music
Nurses and midwives
Packers and shippers
Printers, lithographers,
and presswomen
Saleswomen
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
Stenographers and Lypewriter.s
--
Tailoresses
Teachers and professors in colleges, etc
Telegraph ancl telephone operators
Textile mill operatives
Textile workers (not otherwise specified).
All other occupations
.
12
41
17
601
18
37
— BOTH
1,198
967
8,604
1,254
108
2,686
171
21
2
439
1,412
94
18
7
282
288
93
120
367
28
1,231
61
309
343
106
779
6
66
267
58
333
268
48
226
428
165
478
206
188
98
230
122
116
136
111
49
161
168
15
3,189
1,145
1,322
141
1,421
560
533
76
773
602
792
6
48
122
208
209
1,942
2,234
1,688
77
37
617
472
673
10
19
274
101
41
43
73
13
864
129
87
1,050
NATIVE WHITE
Boarding and lodging house keepers
Bookbinders
Bookkeepers and accountants
Boot and shoe makers and repairers
2,670
209
6,701
367
872
1,662
880
418
82
975
77
1,122
600
170
232
129
1,369
49
38
212
1,970
2,285
1,716
74
13, 342
2
853
1,376
322
454
180
407
122
59
1,465
611
590
73
27, 652
94
40
22
26
141
3,253
1,180
1,369
146
691
317
2,679
111
1,733
2,609
647
862
35
334
1,513
334
1,497
708
37
120
236
126
1,009
24
951
80,264
168
80
948
403
281
21
616
27
16
132
242
45
52
303
325
110
138
200
900
1,335
1,079
10, 465
1,281
112
2,809
175
13,993
10
459
609
178
456
187
485
208
13
Silk mill operatives
330
462
14, 114
171
947
856
7
41
41
474
26
25
316
PARENTS NATIVE.
643
493
4,140
271
214
2,107
146
161
1,237
.
..
. ..
...
...
FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, FOR SELECTED
267
CITIES.
Table 28.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP,
AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued.
NEW YORK,
N. Y.
(BROOKLYN BOROXJGH).
FEMALE BREADWINNERS
16
YEARS OF AGE AND OVER
—Continued.
Widowed and
Married.
Living at home.
Living at home.
OCCUPATION.
divorced.
Living
with em-
Living
with emLiving with-
Total.
ployer
or
Heads of
families.
Father.
Other
Mother.
Living with-
Total.
board-
Heads of
ing.
families.
Father.
relative.'
Mother.
ployer
or
board-
Other
relative.
LASSES.'
I
All occupations.
1,012
Boarding and lodging house Iceepers
Bookbinders
Bookkeepers and accountants
Boot and shoe makers and repairers.
Boxmakers
(paper)
Clerks and copyists
Confectioners
Dressmakers
Hat and cap makers
Housekeepers and stewardesses
Janitors and sextons
Laborers (not specified)
151
27
56
65
27
20
4
2
91
3D
694
9
184
14
10
143
71
Milliners
13,075
7,826
1,221
473
79
64
38
63
455
33
23
20
21
6
14
13
4
10
106
98
1,685
33
44
90
1,157
16
83
16
2
192
7
96
152
37
536
225
125
2,140
826
122
210
106
1,782
766
66
154
32
14
60
142
126
888
28
70
510
14
14
129
5
93
386
461
18
35
64
157
7
7
17
11
1,530
1,611
6
9
1
187
.
Laundresses
Merchants and dealers . .
278
23
206
62
42
24
414
6
33
11
Musicians and teachers of music
90
249
Nurses and midwives
Packers and shippers
Printers, lithographers,
and presswomen.
Saleswomen
.Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
and
Shirt, collar,
cuff
makers
.
10
33
11
17
6
182
186
1,318
24
85
79
239
10
Tailoresses
65
694
117
Teachers and professors in colleges, etc.
.
32
29
949
2
242
584
5
1
16
660
21
20
15
18
83
646
204
Telegraph and telephone operators
Textile
mill
specified)
operatives
(not
2
3
17
7
Silk mill operatives
Stenographers and typewriters
9
3
57
31
18
otherwise
Textile workers (not otherwise specified)
All other occupations
61
36
796
7
6
4
114
116
76
76
1.065
11
12
112
NATIVE WHITE— BOTH PARENTS NATIVE.
All occupations
Boxmakers
167
23
23
(paper)
Clerks and copyists
Dressmakers
Housekeepers and stewardesses
Laundresses
Merchants and dealers
Musicians and teachers of music
Printers, lithographers,
and presswomen.
Tailoresses
38
145
41
38
32
17
1
300
5
7
16
255
122
17
120
67
90
59
31
15
28
104
53
227
9
3
7
.
Textile mill operatives
Textile workers (not otherwise specified).
All other occupations
13
6
6
3
72
135
211
40
40
65
34
119
35
21
Saleswomen
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
Stenographers and typewriters
Teachers and professors in colleges, etc.
Telegraph and 'telephone operators
31
8
6
22
39
48
Milliners
Nurses and midwives
Packers and shippers
97
1,124
Boarding and lodging house keepers
Bookbinders
Bookkeepers and accountants
Boot and shoe makers and repairers
25
2
5
20
80
33
10
28
35
3
1
5
29
142
291
21
179
ing.
WOMEN AT WORK.
268
BREADWINNEBS 16. YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP,
AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued.
Table 28.—FEMALE
NEAV YORK,
N. Y.
(BROOKLYN BOROTJGH)—Continued.
FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, FOR SELECTED
CITIES.
Table 28.—FEMALE
269
BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP,
AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued.
NEW YORK,
N. Y.
(BROOKLYN BOROUGH)— Continued.
WOMEN AT WORK.
270
Table 28.— FEMALE
BREADWINNEKS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP,
AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued.
TSEyv
YORK,
I*r.
Y.
(BBOOKLYN BOROUGH)—Continued.
—
..
FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, FOR SELECTED
CITIES.
271
28.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE ANB OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP,.
AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued.
Table
NEW YORK,
N. Y.
(BROOKLYN BOROUGH)—Continued.
FEMALE BREADWINNERS
16
YEARS OF AGE AND OVER— Continued.
Widowed and
Married.
Living at home.
Living at home.
OCCUPATION.
divorced.
Living
with em-
Living
with em-
Living with
Total.
ployer
or
board-
Heads of
families.
Father.
All occupations .
.
Dressmakers
Laundresses
Servants and waitresses
All other occupations.
.
1,001
Mother.
Other
relative. 1
ing.
Living with—
Total.
Dloyer
or
board-
Heads of
families.
Father.
Mother.
Other
relative.
ing.
.
.
.
.
,
WOMEN AT WORK.
272
BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP,
AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued.
NEW TORK, N- Y. (MANHATTAN AND BRONX BOROUGHS)—Continued.
Table 28.— FEMALE
FEMALE BREADWINNERS
16
TEARS OF AGE AND OVER.
Single (including
Aggregate.
Living at home.
Living at home.
OCCUPATION.
Living
with employer
or
board-
Living with—
Total.
Heads
of
families
Father.
Mother.
Other
relative.!
ing.
Living
with emLiving with-
Total.
,
Laundresses
Literaiy and scientific persons
,
Merchants and dealers
,
Milliners
,
Musicians and teachers of music
,
Nurses and midwives
Packers and shippers
Saleswomen
Seamstresses
,
.'
Servants and waitresses
Silk mill operatives
,
Stenographers and typewriters
,
Tailoresses
,
Teachers and professors in colleges, etc
Telegraph and telephone operators
Textile mill operatives (not otherwise
,
specified)
Textile workers (not otherwise specified).
All other occupations
All occupations
Actresses, professional
show-women,
etc
.
Agents
and teachers of art
Barbers and hairdressers
Boardii^ and lodging house keepers
Artists
Bookbinders
Bookkeepers and accountants
Boxmakers (paper)
Carpet factory operatives
Clerks and copyists
Confectioners
Dressmakers
Hat and cap makers
Housekeepers and stewardesses
Janitors and sextons
Laborers (not specified)
Laundresses
Literary and scientific persons
Manufacturers and officials, etc
Merchants and dealers
Milliners
Musicians and teachers of music
Nurses and midwives
Packers and shippers
Saleswomen
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
Shirt, collar, and cuff
Silk mill operatives
makers
Stenographers and typewriters
Tailoresses
Teachers and jorofessors In colleges, etc
Telegraph and telephone operators
Textile
mill
operatives
(not
. .
otherwise
specified)
Textile workers (not otherwise specified)
Tobacco and cigar factory operatives
All other occupations
,
277
ployer
or
Heads
of
families.
boardFather.
NATIVE WHITE— BOTH PARENTS NATIVE—ContinuedJanitors and sextons
unknown)
Other
relative.
ing.
.
FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, FOR SELECTED
273
CITIES.
Table 28.— FEMALE
BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP,
AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued.
NEW YORK, N. Y. (MANHATTAN AND BRONX BOROUGHS)— Continued.
FEMALE BREADWINNERS
16
YEARS OF AGE AND OVER
—continued.
Widowed and
Married.
Living at home.
Living at home.
OCCUPATION.
Living
with employer
Living with-
Total.
or
Heads of
board-
families.
Father.
Mother.
Other
relative. ^
ing.
14A
Laundresses
,
Literary and scientific persons
Merchants and dealers
Milliners
,
Musicians and teachers of music
Nurses and mid wives
Packers and shippers
,
,
Saleswomen
,
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
Silk mill operatives
,
Stenographers and typewriters
Tailoresses
Teachers and professors in colleges, etc
Telegraph and telephone operators
Textile mill
operatives
(not otherwise
specified)
,
Textile workers (not otherwise specified)..
All other occupations
All occupations
3,895
Actresses, professional
show-women,
etc
.
Agents
Artists and teachers of art
Barbers and hairdressers
Boarding and lodging house keepers
234
25
20
15
78
Bookbinders
Bookkeepers and accountants
Boxmakers
(paper)
Carpet factory operatives
Clerks and copyists
31
45
35
:
Confectioners
11
Dressmakers
Hat and cap makers
Housekeepers and stewardesses
Janitors and sextons
Laborers (not
Laundresses
473
2
85
457
*
. .
,
:
Literary and scientific persons
25
288
7
Manufacturers and officials, etc
Merchants and dealers
21
101
Milliners
72
65
96
13
16R
specified)
Musicians and teachers of music
Nurses and midwives
Packers and shippers
Saleswomen
122
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
Shirt, collar, and cuff
Silk mill operatives
585
makers
11
25
Stenographers and typewriters
Tailoresses
Teachers and professors in colleges,
Telegraph and telephone operators
Textile
mill
specified)
operatives
(not
etc.
.
otherwise
Textile workers (not othenvise specified).
Tobacco and cigar factory operatives
All other occupations
22
44
128
389
470
Living
with employer
Living with-
or
Heads
of
families.
boardFather.
NATIVE WHITE— BOTH PARENTS NATIVE—Continued.
Janitors and sextons
divorced.
Mother.
Other
relative.
ing.
.
WOMEN AT WORK.
274
BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP,
AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued.
NEW TORK, N. T. (MANHATTAN AND BRONX BOROUGHS)— Continued.
Table 28.— FEMALE
FEMALE BKEADWINNEES
16
TEARS OF AGE AND OVER.
Single (including
Aggregate.
Living at home.
Living at home.
OCCUPATION.
Living with—
Total.
Heads of
families.
Father.
Mother.
Other
Living
with employer
or
board-
Heads of
ing.
families.
relative.'
FOREIGN BORN "WHITE.
All occupations
13,861
Actresses, professional
show-women,
etc...
Agents
Artists and teachers of art
Barbers and hairdressers
Boarding and lodging house keepers
281
Bookbinders
Bookkeepers and accountants
249
873
372
112
834
Boxmakers
(paper)
Carpet factory operatives
Clerks and copyists
Confectioners
355
10,954
428
1,609
Dressmakers
Hat and cap makers
Housekeepers and stewardesses
Hucksters and peddlers
431
Janitors and sextons
Laborers (not specified)
2,339
497
5,971
179
1,514
Laundresses
Manufacturers and officials, etc
Merchants and dealers
Milliners
Musicians and teachers of music
Nurses and midwives
Packers and shippers
,
Saleswomen
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
Shirt, collar, and cuff
Silk mill operatives
317
844
6,741
1,193
126
Tailoresses
Teachers and professors in colleges, etc
Telegraph and telephone operators
Textile mill
operatives
1,593
459
3,640
223
2,992
7,754
49,213
701
makers
Stenographers and typewriters
(not
otherwise
All other occupations
268
1,448
4,535
6,360
All occupations
10,546
specified)
.
432
180
Textile workers (not otherwise specified)
Tobacco and cigar factory operatives
Dressmakers
Housekeepers and stewardesses
Janitors and sextons
Laborers (not specified)
Latmdresses.
Nurses and midwives
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
AH other occupations
. .
678
168
154
112
2,084
205
166
6,657
423
unknown).
Living
with employer
or
board-
Living with-
Father.
Mother.
Other
relative.
ing.
.
.
FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, FOR SELECTED
275
CITIES.
BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP,
AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued.
NE'W YORK, N. T. (MANHATTAN AND BRONX BOROUGHS)-Coiitinued.
Table 28.— FEMALE
FEMALE BREADWINNERS
16
YEARS OF AGE AND OVER—Continued.
Widowed and
Married.
Living at home.
Living at home.
OCCUPATION.
Living
with employer
Living with-
Total.
or
Heads of
families.
Father.
Mother.
Other
Living with—
Total.
board-
Heads of
ing.
families.
relative.
FOREIGN BORN WHITE.
All occupations
Actresses, professional
show-women,
etc.
Agents
Artists and teachers of art
Barbers and hairdressers
Boarding and lodging house keepers
,
Bookbinders
Bookkeepers and accountants.
Boxmakers
(paper)
Carpet factory operatives
Clerks and copyists
Confectioners
Dressmakers
Hat and cap makers
Housekeepers and stewardesses.
Hucksters and peddlers
13,024
1,558
172
46
24
64
212
12
10
2
9
100
16
44
8
6
74
3
63
7
.,338
220
19
203
146
2
21
Janitors and sextons
Laborers (not specified)
Laundresses
Manufacturers and officials,
Merchants and dealers
937
43
428
etc.
139
80
428
22
187
Milliners
Musicians and teachers of music.
Nurses and midwives
Packers and shippers
Saleswomen
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
Shirt, collar,
and
cuff
makers.
Silk mill operatives
Stenographers and typewriters
Tailoresses
Teachers and professors in colleges,
Telegraph and telephone operators
Textile mill operatives
(not
etc.
specified)
All occupations
Nurses and midwives
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
All other occupations
31
101
37
261
51
6
16
365
2,349
34
26
67
133
6
19
1,103
68
6
2
87
12
4
1
otherwise
Textile workers (not otherwise .specified)
Tobacco and cigar factory operatives
All other occupations
Dressmakers
Housekeepers and stewardesses
Janitors and sextons
Laborers (not specified)
Laundresses
1
9
16
1
104
1,775
882
22
63
141
324
divorced.
Father.
Mother.
.
—
.
WOMEN AT WORK.
276
BREADWINNEKS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP,
AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued.
NEWAKK, N. J.— Continued.
Table 28.—FEMALE
FEMALE BREADWINNERS
16
YEARS OF AGB AND OVER.
Aggregate.
Living at
OCCUPATION.
Single (including
unknown).
Living at home.
lioine.
Living
with emLiving with
Total.
ployer
or
board-
Heads
6f
families.
Father.
Mother.
Other
ing.
Living
vrith
Living with—
Total.
Heads
of
families.
relative. 1
ALL CLASSES—continued.
Clerks and copyists
696
Corsetmakers
Cotton mill operatives
Dressmakers
Gold and silver workers
Hat and cap makers
Housekeepers and stewardesses
Laborers (not specified)
Laundresses
Merchants and dealers
Milliners
Musicians and teachers of music
Nurses and midwives
Saleswomen
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
Stenographers and typewriters
Tailoresses
Teachers and professors In colleges, etc
Textile mill
operatives
(not
otherwise
specified)
Textile workers (not otherwise specified).
Tobacco and cigar factory operatives
All other occupations
All occupations
5,495
Boarding and lodging house keepers
Bookkeepers and accountants
Clerks
and copyists
Corsetmakers
Dressmakers
Gold and
silver
102
228
338
197
525
workers
Milliners
Musicians and teachers of music
Nurses and midwives
118
128
102
186
Saleswomen
411
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
Stenographers and typewriters
204
496
332
Teachers and professors in colleges, etc
512
Textile mill operatives
Textile workers (not otherwise specified)
All other occupations
212
AH
139
occupations
Bookkeepers and accountants
Boot and shoe makers and
Boxmakers (paper)
Buttonmakers
Clerks and copyists
repairers
265
207
128
182
302
Corsetmakers
Cotton mill operatives
Dressmakers
Gold and silver workers
Hat and cap makers
374
729
360
248
Laundresses
Merchants and dealers
191
113
Milliners
188
155
644
Nurses and midwives
galeswomen
em-
ployer
or
boardFather.
Mother.
Other
relative.
ing.
-
.
—
.
FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, FOR SELECTED
277
CITIES.
28.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP,
AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued.
Table
STEWARK,
ST.
J.— Continued.
FEMALE BREADWINNERa
16
YEARS OF AGE AND OVER —Continued.
Widowed and
Married.
Living at home.
Living at home.
OCCUPATION.
Living
with employer
or
board-
Living with-
Total.
Heads of
families.
Father.
Mother.
Other
Living
with emTotal.
Heads of
families.
ing.
and copyists
Father.
relative.'
22
30
10
156
10
Corsetmakers
Cotton mill operatives
Dressmakers
Gold and silver workers
Hat and cap makers
20
39
57
238
109
Housekeepers and stewardesses
Laborers (not specified)
Laundresses
Merchants and dealers
4
10
30
125
82
21
12
61
41
50
Milliners
Musicians and teachers of music
Nurses and midwives
Saleswomen
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
Stenographers and typewriters
Tailoresses
Teachers and professors in colleges, etc
Textile
mill
operatives
(not
otherwise
specified)
Textile workers (not otherwise specified)..
Tobacco and cigar factory operatives
All other occupations
13
7
240
All occupations
Boarding and lodging house keepers.
Bookkeepers and accountants
Clerks and copyists
Corsetmakers
Dressmakers
'.
Gold and
silver
.
workers
Milliners
.'
Musicians and teachers of music.
Nurses and midwives
Saleswomen
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
Stenographers and typewriters
Teachers and professors in colleges, etc.
Textile mill operatives
Textile workers (not otherwise specified) All other occupations
All occupations
Bookkeepers and accountants
Boot and shoe makers and repairers
,
Boxmakers (paper)
Buttonmakers
Clerks and copyists
Corsetmakers
Cotton mill operatives
Dressmakers
Gold and silver workers
Hat and cap makers
Laundresses
Merchants and dealers
Milliners
Nurses and midwives
Saleswomen
10
1
12
106
5
6
2
132
ployer
or
board-
Living with-
ALL CLASSES— continued.
Clerks
divorced.
Other
relative.
ing.
.
..
..
WOMEN AT WORK.
278
Table 28.— FEMALE
BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP,
AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued.
STEWABK,
N. .1.— Continued.
FEMALE BEEADWINNEES
16
YEAES OF AGE AND OVEE.
Single (including
Aggregate.
Living at home.
Living at home.
OCCUPATION.
or
Heads
boardI
Father.
I
Mother.
Living
with em-
Living
with employer
Living wlthof
families.
Other
ing.
Living with-
256
Tailoresses
Teachers and professors in colleges, etc.
Textile mill operatives (not otherwise
specified)
Textile workers (not otherwise specified)
All other occupations
AH
occupations
Corsetmakers
Cotton mill operatives
Dressmakers
Hat and cap makers
Housekeepers and stewardesses
325
Laborers (not specified)
Laundresses
Merchants and dealers
Nurses and niidwives
100
367
233
204
195
128
;
167
118
Saleswomen
193
144
2,539
232
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
Tailoresses
Teachers and professors in collegeSj etc.
Textile workers (not otherwise specified)
Tobacco and cigar factory operatives.
All other occupations
.
All occupations .
100
118
141
1,061
.
Laundresses
Servants and waitresses
303
767
All other occupations.
171
.
ployer
or
Heads
of
families.
relative.^
NATIVE WHITE— ONE OE BOTH PAEENTS FOEEIGN
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
Stenographers and typewriters
unknown).
hoardFather.
Mother.
BOEN—Continued.
Other
relative.
ing.
FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, FOR SELECTED
Table 28.— FEMALE
CITIES.
279
BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP,
AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900-Continued.
NEWARK, N. J.—Continued.
280
WOMEN AT WORK.
28.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OP AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP,
AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued.
Table
FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, FOR SELECTED
Table 28.—FEMALE
CITIES.
281
BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP,
AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES; 1900— Continued.
PATEHSON,
N. J.— Continued.
. ..
WOMEN AT WORK.
282
BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP,
AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued.
Table 28.— FEMALE
PHILADEIiPHIA,
PA.—Continued.
FEMALE BREADWINNERS
16
YEARS OF AGE AND OVER.
Single (including
Aggregate.
Living at home.
Living at home.
OCCUPATION.
Living
with employer
or
board-
Living with—
Total.
Heads
of
families.
Father.
Mother.
Other
ing.
Living
with em:Living with—
Total.
975
Printers, lithographers,
and presswomen,
Saleswomen
.Seamstresses.
Servants and waitresses
Shirt, collar,
and
cuff
makers
Silk mill operatives
•Stenographers and typewriters
Tailoresses
Teachers and professors in colleges, etc
Telegraph and telephone operators
Textile mill operatives (not otherwise
specified)
Textile workers (not otherwise specified)
Tobacco and cigar factory operatives
"Woolen mill operatives
All other occupations
.
All occupations
Artists and teachers of art
Boarding and lodging house keepers
Bookbinders
Bookkeepers and accountants
Boot and shoe makers and repairers
Boxmakers (paper)
'Carpet factory operatives
Clerks and copyists
Confectioners
Cotton mill operatives
,
Dressmakers
JHat and cap makers
Hosiery and knitting mill operatives
Housekeepers and stewardesses
Laborers (not specified)
Laundresses
Merchants and dealers
Milliners
-^
Musicians and teachers of music
Nurses and midwives
Packers and shippers
Printers, lithographers,
and presswomen
Saleswomen
Seamstresses
.Servants and waitresses
.
Shirt, collar,
and
cuff
makers
Silk mi'.l operatives
.Stenographers and typewriters
,
Tailoresses
Teachers and professors in colleges, etc.
Telegraph and telephone operators
TexT-ile mill operatives (not otherwise
specified)
Textile workers (not otherwise specified)
Tobacco and cigar factory operatives
Woolen mill operatives
JlU other occupations
ployer
or
board-
Heads
of
families.
relative. ^
ALL CLASSES 2—Continued.
Packers and shippers
unknown).
Father.
Mother.
Other
relative.
ing.
FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, FOR SELECTED
Table 28.— FEMALE
CITIES.
283
BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP,
AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued.
PHILADEJLPHIA, PA.— Continued.
284
WOMEN AT WORK.
BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OP AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP,
AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued.
Table 28.— FEMALE
PHIIiADBLPHIA, PA.— Continued.
.
.
FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, FOR SELECTED
285
CITIES.
Table 28.— FEMALE
BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP,
AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued.
PHILADELPHIA, PA.—Continued.
FEMALE BREADWINNERS
16
YEARS OF AGE AND OVER—Continued.
Widowed and
Marned.
Living at home.
Living at home.
aCCUPATION.
divorced.
Living
with em-
Living
with em-
Living with—
Total.
ployer
or
hoard-
Heads
of
families.
Father.
Mother.
Other
2,422
367
Total.
—ONE
of
families.
ing.
Father.
OR BOTH PARENTS FOREIGN BORN.
324
3,274
and teachers of art
Boarding and lodging house keepers
Artists
23
28
19
Boxmakers
22
(paper)
Carpet factory operatives
Clerks and copyists
Confectioners
Cotton mill operatives
135
23
21
25
36
14
Dressmakers
Hat and cap makers
Hosiery and knitting mill operatives
Housekeepers and stewardesses
Laborers (not specified)
306
7
55
107
10
ISl
Laundresses
Merchants and dealers
106
^ .
Musicians and teachers of music
Nurses and midwives
24
62
Packers and shippers
12
7
:
and presswomen
18
73
35
10
28
7
2
14
25
18
3
117
40
Milliners
5
3
24
3
2
Saleswomen
18
Seamstresses
21
Shirt, collar, and cuff
Silk mill operatives
makers
.'
Stenographers and typewriters
Tailoresses
,
Teachers and professors in colleges,
Telegraph and telephone operators
Textile mill
operatives
etc...
398
6
50
180
14
191
163
240
39
14
199
94
222
16
3
7
112
169
1
2
5
7
69
1
4
27
73
7
4
35
73
15
6
6
4
(not otherwise
103
specified)
Textile workers (not otherwise specified).
Tobacco and cigar factory operatives
Woolen mill operatives
All other occupations
6
9
14
140
14
25
28
320
16
11
24
366
FOREIGN BORN WHITE.
3,172
All occupations
Boarding and lodging house keepers
Bookkeepers and accountants
Boxmakers (paper)
Carpet factory operatives
Clerks and copyists
Cotton mill operatives
Dressmakers
Hosiery and knitting mill operatives.
Housekeepers and stewardesses
Laborers (not specifled)
Laundresses
Merchants and dealers
Milliners
Nurses and midwives
Saleswomen
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
Shirt, collar,
1
9
34
7
83
4
190
292
14
14
13
Servants and waitresses
129
5
17
81
41
12
Printers, lithographers,
1,397
1
Bookbinders
Bookkeepers and accountants
Boot and shoe makers and repairers
and
cuff
Silk mill operatives
makers
476
58
9
8
81
18
22
327
26
165
2
3
211
307
31
128
51
46
107
3
19
4
6
57
674
15
11
1,528
ployer
or
board-
Heads
relative.'
NATIVE WHITE
All occupations
Living with-
6
5
12
196
253
Mother.
Other
relative.
ing.
'
.
WOMEN AT WORK.
286
Table 28.— FEMALE
BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP,
AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued.
PHIIiADELPHIA, PA.— Continued.
FEMALE EREADWINNEBS
16
YEARS OF AGE AND OVER.
Single (including
Aggregate.
Living at home.
Living at home.
OCCUPATION.
unknown).
Living
Living
with emLiving with-
Heads
of
families.
Father.
Mother.
Other
with em-
ployer
or
board-
Heads of
ing.
families.
relative.:
FOREIGN BORN WHITE— Continued.
Stenographers and typewriters
135
Tailoresses
Teachers and professors in colleges, etc...
Textile mill operatives (not otherwise
specified)
Textile workers (not otherwise specified).
Tobacco and cigar factory operatives
Woolen mill operatives
All other occupations
All occupations
Boarding and lodging house keepers.
Dressmakers
Housekeepers and stewardesses
Laborers (hot specified)
Laundresses
.
Nurses and midwives
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
Teachers and professors in colleges, etc
All other occupations
,
,
ployer
or
Living with—
hoardMother.
Other
relative.
ing.
'
.
.
FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, FOR SELECTED
287
CITIES.
Table 28.—FEMALE
BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP,
AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued.
PHILADELPHIA, PA.—Continued.
FEMALE BREADWINNERS
16
YEARS OF AGE AND OVER—Continued.
Widowed and
Living at home.
Living at home.
OCCUPATION.
Living
with employer
Living with-
Total.
or
Heads
of
families.
hoardFather.
Other
ing.
Living
with emLiving with—
Total.
7
Tailoresses
Teachers and professors in colleges, etc...
Textile mill operatives (not otherwise
specified)
,
Textile workers (not otherwise specified)
Tobacco and cigar factory operatives
Woolen mill operatives
All other occupations
All occupations
,
Boarding and lodging house keepers
Dressmakers
Housekeepers and stewardesses
. .
Laborers (not specified)
Laundresses
Nurses and midwives
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
Teachers and professors in
All other occupations
colleges, etc
.
ployer
or
Heads
of
families.
relative.'
FOREIGN BORN WHITE—COntlnuCd.
stenographers and typewriters
divorced.
boardFather.
Mother
Other
relative.
ing.
.
WOMEN AT WORK.
288
BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP,
AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued.
Table 28.—FEMALE
PITTSBURG, PA.— Continued.
FEMALE BREADWINNERS
16
YEARS OF AGE AND OVER.
Aggregate.
Single (including
Living at home.
Living at home.
OCCUPATION.
Living
with employer
or
board-
Living with—
Total.
Heads of
families.
Father.
Mother.
Other
relative.!
ing.
Living
with emLiving with-
Total.
279
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
Stenographers and typewriters
Teachers and professors in colleges, etc
Telegraph and telephone operators
All other occupations
All occupations
Bookkeepers and accountants
Clerks
and copyists
Dressmakers
Housekeepers and stewardesses
Laundresses
Merchants and dealers . .
.'
Milliners
Musicians and teachers of music
Nurses and midwives
Packers and shippers
Saleswomen
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
Stenographers and typewriters
Tailoresses
Teachers and professors in colleges, etc
Telegraph and telephone operators
Tobacco and cigar factory operatives
All other occupations
ployer
or
Heads of
board-
families.
Father.
NATIVE WHITE— BOTH PARENTS NATIVE—Continued.
Nurses and midwives
Saleswomen
unknown)
Other
relative.
ing.
...
.
.. .
..
—
.
FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, FOR SELECTED
289
CITIES.
Table 28.— FEMALE
BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP,
AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued.
PITTSBURG, PA.— Continued.
FEMALE BREADWINNERS
16
YEARS OF AGE AND OVER
—Continued.
Widowed and
Living at liome.
Living at home.
OCCUPATION.
Living
witli employer
Living witli
Total.
or
Heads
of
families.
Living
with emLiving witti-
Total.
Other
of
familes.
ing.
boardFather.
relative.'
NATIVE WHITE— BOTH PARENTS NATIVE—Continued.
Nurses and midwives
34
Saleswomen
16
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
4
Stenographers and typewriters
Teachers and prof essors in colleges,
Telegraph and telephone operators
All other occupations
etc.
2
109
All occupations
Boolclceepers and accountants
Clerks and copyists
.
.
Dressmakers
Housekeepers and stewardesses
Laundresses
Merchants and dealers
Milliners
Musicians and teachers of music.
Nurses and midwives
Packers and shippers
Saleswomen
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
Stenographers and typewriters
Tailoresses
Teachers and professors in colleges,
Telegraph and telephone operators
etc.
Tobacco and cigar factory operatives
.
All other occupations
All occupations
Boarding and lodging house keepers
Dressmakers
Housekeepers and stewardesses
.
Laborers (not specified)
Laundresses
Merchants and dealers
Nurses and midwives
Saleswomen
.
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
Teachers and professors in
colleges, etc
Tobacco and cigar factory operatives
All other occupations
All occupations
Laundresses
Servants and waitresses
All other occupations
12694—07
-.19
ployer
or
Heads
boardFatlier.
divorced.
I
'
Other
I
relative.
ing.
.
.
.
.
—
..
.
WOMEN AT WORK.
290
BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF. AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP,
AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued.
Table 28.— FEMALE
PROVIDENCE,
K.
I.
FEMALE BEEADWINNERS
16
YEARS OF AGE AND OVER.
Single (including
Aggregate.
Living at home.
Living at home.
OCCUPATION.
unknown).
Living
with em-
Living
with em-
Living with
ployer
or
Heads
of
families.
boardFather.
Mother.
Other
ing.
22,068
All occupations
380
Boxmakers (paper)
Clerks and copyists
,
—
631
570
Cotton mill operatives
1,612
1,642
716
921
201
Dressmakers
Gold and silver workers
Housekeepers and stewardesses
Laundresses
Merchants and dealers
345
234
560
219
371
Milliners
Musicians and teachers of music
Nurses and midwives
Packers and shippers
Rubber factory operatives
Saleswomen
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
Stenographers and typewriters
Teachers and professors in colleges, etc.
Textile mill
operatives
773
232
(not
.
804
415
4,322
379
947
otherwise
specified)
Textile workers (not otherwise specified)
Woolen mill operatives
Worsted mill operatives
All other occupations
1,649
292
1,612
358
1,893
All occupations
Boarding and lodging house keepers
Bookkeepers and accountants
Clerks and copyists
Dressmakers
.
.
167
375
333
539
Gold and silver workers
Housekeepers and stewardesses
388
257
Milliners
141
Musicians and teachers of music
127
Nurses and midwives
Saleswomen
202
235
129
360
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
Stenographers and typewriters
Teachers and professors in colleges, etc
Textile mill operatives
All other occupations
240
670
345
882
All occupations
Bookkeepers and accountants
Boxmakers (paper)
Clerks and copyists
Cotton mill operatives
Dressmakers
Gold and silver workers
Housekeepers and stewardesses
Laundresses
Milliners
Packers and shippers
Rubber factory operatives
Saleswomen
Seamstresses
335
120
260
286
604
963
159
144
147
118
183
422
172
2,294
ployer
or
Heads
of
families.
boardFather.
relative.'
ALL CLASSES.!
Boarding and lodging house keepers
Bookkeepers and a<:countants
Living with-
Total.
Mother.
Other
relative.
I
tag-
.
.
.
.
.
..
FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, FOR SELECTED
291
CITIES.
Table 28.— FEMALE
BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIEI) BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP,
AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued.
PROVIDENCE,
E.
I.
FEMALE BREADWINNERS
16
YEARS OF AGE AND OVER—Continued.
Widowed and
Living at home.
Living at home.
OCCUPATION.
J
Living with-
Mother.
board-
Heads of
ing.
families.
Other
boardFather.
relative.!
Mother.
ALL CLASSES.2
M\ occupations
2,118
Boarding and lodging house keepers
Bookdieepers and accountants
310
108
852
7
3
Boxmakers (paper)
and copyists
Clerks
7
Cotton mill operatives
29
Dressmakers
Gold and silver workers
Housekeepers and stewardessee
Laundresses
Merchants and dealers
264
73
83
305
74
123
22
13
Milliners
Musicians and teachers of music
Nurses and midwives
Packers and shippers
Euhber factory operatives
41
2
21
51
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
Stenographers and typewriters
Teachers and professors in colleges, etc.
Textile
miU operatives
(not
.
213
15
8
36
49
204
6
304
64
246
296
70
187
16
37
27
14
142
5
16
26
Saleswomen
126
602
25
,
13
3,5
7
299
19
16
171
396
8
28
3
7
21
230
58
13
7
55
2
12
46
105
2
14
otherwise
specified)
Textile workers (not otherwise specified)
Woolen mill operatives
Worsted mill operatives
All other occupations
87
29
72
123
36
176
27
187
11
209
127
NATIVE WHITE— BOTH PARENTS NATIVE.
All occupations
622
Boarding and lodging house keepers
Bookkeepers and accountants
Clerks and copyists
Dressmakers
.
Gold and silver workers
Housekeepers and stewardesses
40
13
25
170
17
X4
109
21
117
Milliners
25
26
20
Musicians and teachers of music
.16
11
11
63
16
53
70
Nurses and midwives
Saleswomen
15
21
14
49
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
Stenographers and typewriters
Teachers and professors in colleges, etc
13
7
11
24
19
132
27
109
Textile mill operatives
All other occupations
NATIVE "WHITE
169
All occupations
Bookkeepers and accountants
Boxmakers (paper)
Clerks and copyists
Clotton mill operatives
.
Dressmakers
Gold and silver workers
Housekeepers and stewardesses
Laundresses
Milliners
Packers and shippers
Rubber factory operatives
Saleswomen
Seamstresses
—ONE
ployer
or
Living with-
or
!
Father.
Living
with em-
Living
with emIJloyer
Heads of
families.
divorced.
77
OR BOTH PARENTS FOREIGN BORN.
213
3
other
relative.
ing.
—
.
.
,
WOMEN AT WORK.
292
28.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP,
AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued.
Table
PBOVIDESTCE,
E. 1.— Continued.
FEMALE EKEADWINNEES
16
YEAKS OF AGE AND OVER.
Single (including
Aggregate.
Living at home.
Living at home.
OCCUPATION.
Living
with em-
Living
with employer
Living with-
Total.
Living with-
or
Heads
of
families.
Mother.
of
families.
ing.
Other
boardFather.
relative.!
Mother.
NATIVE WHITE— ONE OB BOTH PARENTS FOREIGN BORN— Continued.
Servants and waitresses
Stenograpliers and typewriters
456
,
Teaciiers and professors in colleges, etc
Textile mill operatives (not otlierwise
specifled)
Textile workers (not otlierwise specified).
Woolen mill operatives
Worsted mill operatives
All other occupations
FOREIGN BOBN WHITE.
All occupations
8,036
Boarding and lodging liouse keepers
Cotton mill operatives
Dressmakers
Gold and silver workers
140
219
409
301
Housekeepers and stewardesses
Laundresses
Merchants and dealers
Nurses and midwives
257
358
129
233
Rubber factory operatives
Saleswomen
Servants and waitresses
131
143
Textile mill
operatives
(not
otlierwise
specified)
Textile workers (not otlierwise specifled)
Woolen mill operatives .'.
Worsted mill operatives
All other occupations
264
813
150
784
All occupations...
Laundresses
Servants and waitresses
All other occupations
. .
242
359
422
203
142
48
54
130
52
46
48
248
39
ployer
or
Heads
boardFather.
unknown).
60
260
102
Other
relative.
ing.
FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, FOR SELECTED
CITIES.
293
28.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP,
AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued.
Table
PKOVIDENCE,
K. I.— Continued.
.
.
.
WOMEN AT WORK.
294
Table 28.—FEMALE
BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP,
AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued
ROCHESTER,
N.
X.— Continued.
FEMALE BREADWINNERS
Aggregate.
OCCUPATION.
All occupations
Bookkeepera and accountants
Boot and shoe makers and repairers
Clerks
and copyists
Dressmakers.
Housekeepers and stewardesses
."
Laundresses
Musicians and teachers of music
Nurses and midwives
Saleswomen
,
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
Stenographers and typewriters
Tailoresses
Teachers and professors in colleges, etc.
All other occupations
All occupations
Bookkeepers and accountants
Boot and shoe makers and repairers.
.
Boxmakers (paper)
Clerks and copyists
Dressmakers
Housekeepers and stewardesses
Laundresses
Milliners
Nurses and midwives
Saleswomen
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
Stenographers and typewriters
Tailoresses
Teachers and professors in colleges, etc
Textile mill operatives
All other occupations
All, occupations
Boot and shoe makers and repairers..
Clerks and copyists
Dressmakers
Housekeepers and stewardesses
Laundresses
Nurses and midwives
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
Tailoresses
Teachers and professors in colleges, etc
All other occupations
ST. LOUIS,
MO.
16
YEARS OF AGE AND OVER.
FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, FOR SELECTED
Table 28.—FEMALE
CITIES.
295
BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHit,
AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued.
ROCHESTER, X. Y.— Continued.
..
..
...
—
..
WOMEN AT WORK.
296
28.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OP AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP,
AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued.
Table
ST. LOiriS,
MO.—Continued.
FEMALE BREADWINNEKS
16
YEARS OF AGE AND OVER.
Aggregate.
Single (including
Living at home.
Living at home.
OCCUPATION.
Father.
Motlier.
Otiier
board-
Heads of
ing.
families.
Milliners
Musicians and teachers of music
Nurses and midwives
Packers and shippers
Saleswomen
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
Stenographers and typewriters
Tailoresses
Teachers and professors in colleges, etc.
Textile mill operatives
Textile workers (not otherwise specified)
Tobacco and cigar factory operatives .
All other occupations
.
All occupations
Boarding and lodging house keepers.
Bookbinders
Bookkeepers
Boot and shoe makers and repairers.
Clerks
12,560
.
.
and copyists
Dressmakers
Housekeepers and stewardesses
Laundresses
424
100
368
336
359
971
219
451
366
206
394
Milliners
Musicians and teachers of music
Nurses and midwives
Packers and shippers
108
705
992
2,722
1,026
Saleswomen
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
Stenographers and typewriters
Tailoresses
Teachers and professors in colleges, etc
Tobacco and cigar factory operatives.
All other occupations
779
189
1,657
All occupations.
Boarding and lodging house keepers.
Bookbinders
B ookkeepers and accountants
Boot and shoe makers and repairers.
Clerks and copyists
Dressmakers
Housekeepers and stewardesses
Laborers (not specified)
Laundresses
Merchants and dealers
Milliners
Musicians and teachers of music
Nurses and midwives.
Packers and shippers
Saleswomen
,
256
300
473
980
476
1,959
341
143
1,042
180
044
253
444
293
Father.
relative.!
ALL CLASSES
3,474
Living with
Total.
or
Heads of
Dressmakers
Housekeepers and stewardesses
Laborers (not specified)
Laundresses
Merchants and dealers
Living
with em-
Living
with employer
Living witlifamilies.
unknown).
^
—contmued.
Mother.
ployer
or
hoard-
Other
relative.
ing.
.
..
.
,
.
. .
FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, FOR SELECTED
297
CITIES.
Table 28.— FEMALE
BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OP AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP,
AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued.
ST. LOUIS,
MO.— Continued.
FEMALE BEEADWINNEKS
16
YEARS OF AGE AND OVER—Continued.
Widowed and
Married.
Living at home.
Living at tiome.
OCCTJPATrON.
Living with-
Total.
Heads of
families.
Father.
Other
Dressmakers
386
Laundresses
Merchants and dealers
Milliners
Musicians and teachers of music
Nurses and midwives
Packers and shippers
Saleswomen
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
Stenographers and typewriters
TaUoresses
Teachers and professors in colleges, etc.
Textile mill operatives
Textile workers (not otherwise specified)
Tobacco and cigar factory operatives
All other occupations
All occupations
Boarding and lodging house keepers.
Bookbinders
Bookkeepers
Boot and shoe makers and repairers.
Clerks and copyists
Dressmakers
Housekeepers and stewardesses
Laundresses
.
Milliners
Musicians and teachers of music.
Nurses and midwives
Packers and shippers
Saleswomen
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
Stenographers and typewriters.
112
4
18
12
20
159
29
82
16
22
26
1
42
101
161
Tailoresses
15
Teachers and professors in colleges, etc.
Tobacco and cigar factory operatives. .
All other occupations
23
17
206
226
All occupations.
Boarding and lodging house keepersBookbinders
Bookkeepers and accountants
Boot and shoe makers and repairers.
Clerks and copyists
Dressmakers
Housekeepers and stewardesses.
Laborers (not specified)
Laundresses
Merchants and dealers
Milliners
Musicians and teachers of music
Nurses and midwives
Packers and shippers
Saleswomen
61
4
16
15
13
127
31
15
145
38
30
13
71
Living
with em-
Ijving
with employer
or
hoard-
Heads of
ing.
families.
Living with-
2
—continued.
ployer
or
hoardMother.
relative.^
ALL CLASSES
Houselseepers and stewardesses
Laborers (not specified)
divorced.
Other
relative.
ing.
...
WOMEN AT WORK.
298
Table 28.— FEMALE
BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP,
AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued.
ST. LOUIS,
MO.—Continued.
FEMALE BREADWINNERS
16
YEARS OF AGE AND -OVER.
Single (including
Aggregate.
Living at home.
Living at home.
OCCUPATION.
Living
with employer
or
Living with-
Total.
Heads
of
families-
hoard->
Father.
Mother.
Other
ing.
Living
with em-
Living with-
Total.
2,286
Tailoresses
Teachers and professors in
colleges, etc.
Textile inill operatives
Textile workers (not otherwise specified)
Tobacco and cigar factory operatives
All other occupations
All occupations
Boarding and lodging house keepers
Dressmakers
Housekeepers and stewardesses
Laundresses
Merchants and dealers
Nurses and midwives
Saleswomen
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
Tailoresses
Teachers and professors in colleges, etc.
Textile workers (not otherwise specified)
Tobacco and cigar factory operatives
All other occupations
All occupations
6,428
Boarding and lodging house keepers
Laundresses
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
Teachers and professors in
All other occupations
,
>,
,
collea;es, etc.
118
2,861
110
2,595
134
610
ployer
or
board-
Heads
of
families.
relative.!
NATIVE WHITE— ONE OR BOTH PARENTS FOREIGN BORN
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
Stenographers and typewriters
unknown).
Father.
Mother,
—Continued.
Other
relative.
ing.
FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, FOR SELECTED
CITIES.
299
28.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP,
AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued.
Table
ST. LOUIS,
•
MO.—Continued.
300
WOMEN AT WORK.
28.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP,
AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued.
Table
ST.
PAUL, MXNN.— Continued.
FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, FOR SELECTED
Table 28.— FEMALE
CITIES.
301
BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP,
AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued.
ST.
PAUL, MINN.— Continued.
.
.
.
.
.
.
,
WOMEN AT WORK.
;o2
28.—female BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP,
AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued.
'able
WASHINGTON,
J).
C— Continued.
FEMALE BREADWINNERS
16
YEARS OF AGE AND OVER.
Single (including unlcnown)
Aggregate.
Living at home.
Living at home.
OCCUPATION.
Living
with em-
Living
with em-
Living with—
Total.
ployer
or
Heads
of
families.
Father.
Mother.
Other
Living with-
board-
Heads of
ing.
families.
relative.
ALL CLASSES—continued.
lusicians and teachers of music
Turses and m.idwives
'rinters, lithographers, and presswomen.
aleswomen
eamstresses
ervants and waitresses
tenographers and typewriters
'ailoresses
'eachers
l11
and professors
in colleges, etc.
.
other occupations
All occupations
loarding and lodging house keepers
tookbindcrs
lookkeeiKrs ani accountants
lerks and copyists
)ressmakers
[ousekeepers and stewardesses
<aundresses
[erchants and dealers
Klliners
[usicians
Turses
and teachers
of
music
and raidwives
•rinters, lithographers,
and presswomen.
aleswomen
eamstresses
ervants and waitresses
tenographers and typewriters
'ailoresses
and professors in colleges, etc.
other occupations
'eachers
l11
.
All occupations
,
tookkeepers and accountants
lerks and copyists
>re8sraakers
[ilUners
Turses
,
and midwives
,
'rintors, lithographers,
and presswomen.
aleswomen
,
eamstresses
,
ervants and waitresses
tenographers and typewriters
and professors in colleges, etc.
other occupations
'eachers
.11
All occupations.
.
and copyists
ressmakers
[erchants and dealers..
Turses and raidwives.
ervants and waitresses
lerks
.
.11
other occupations,
.
,
.
307
Father.
Mother.
ployer
or
board-
Other
relative.
ing.
.
.
.
—
.. .
FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, FOR SELECTED
303
CITIES.
Table 28,— FEMALE
BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP,
AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued.
TVASHINGTOX,
D. C. -Continued.
FEMALE BREADWINNERS
16
YEARS OF AGE AND OVER— Continued.
Widowed and
Married.
"
OCCUPATION.
Living at home.
divorced.
Living at home.
Living
with employer
or
board-
Living
with em-
Living with
Heads of
famiJies.
Father.
Musicians and teachers of music
Nurses and midwives
,
Printers, lithographers,
and presswomen.
Saleswomen
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
Stenographers and typewriters
Tailoresses
Teachers and professors in colleges,
All other occupations
etc.
All occupations.
Boarding and lodging house keepers.
Bookbinders
Bookkeepers and accountants
Clerks and copyists
Dressmakers
76
7
12
245
212
Housekeepers and stewardesses.
Laundresses
Merchants and dealers
40
Milhners
Musicians and teachers of music.
Nurses and midwives
Printers, lithographers,
and presswomen.
Saleswomen
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
Stenographers and typewriters
Tailoresses
Teachers and professors in colleges, etc.
AJl other occupations
.
291
All occupations
Bookkeepers and accountants
Clerks and copyists
Dressmakers
Milliners
Nurses and midwives
Printers, lithographers,
and presswomen.
Saleswomen
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
Stenographers and typewriters
Teachers and professors in colleges, etc.
All other occupations
AM
occupations...
3
3
121
279
Clerks and copyists
Dressmakers
Merchants and dealers.
Nurses and midwives.
Servants and waitresses
.
All other occupations...
60
118
41
34
.
Mother.
Other
relative.:
Living with-
ployer
or
board-
Heads of
ing.
families.
Father.
Mother.
Other
relative.
ing.
WOMEN AT WORK.
304
BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP,
AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued.
Table 28.— FEMALE
WASITIXGTO^s^, D.
C— Continued.
FEMALE BREADWINNERS
16
YEARS OF AGE AND OVER.
Single (including
Aggregate.
Living at home.
Living at home.
OCCUPATION.
Living
with employer
Living with-
Total.
or
Heads
of
families.
Fatlier.
All occupations
Dressmakers
^
Housekeepers and stewardesses
Laborers (not specified)
Laundresses
Nurses and midwives
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
Teachers and professors in colleges, etc
Ail other occupations
22,948
unknown).
Other
relative.
Living
with employer
or
board-
Living with-
Total.
board-
Heads of
ing.
families.
Father.
Other
relative.
ing.
FAMILY RELATIONSHIP, FOR SELECTED
Table 28.—FEMALE
CITIES.
305
BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CLASSIFIED BY FAMILY RELATIONSHIP,
AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION, AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued.
^VASHISTGTON, D.
'
C— Continued.
—
.
—
WOMEN AT WORK.
306
BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY
NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION,
AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900.
Table 29.— FEMALE
ATLANTA, GA.
FEMALE BEEADWINNEES
16
YEAE3 OF AGE AND OVEE LIVING AT HOME.
Single (including
Aggregate.
unknown)
Living in families having
Living in families having
OCCUPATION.
Other breadwiimers.
Other breadwinners.
Total.
No other
No Other
breadwinners.
Total.
One
Two
other.
other.
More
than
two
other.
ALL CLASSES.
All occupations
11,424
Boarding and lodging house keepers
Bookkeepers and accountants
Clerks and copyists
Cotton miU operatives
—
Dressmakers
Housekeepers and stewardesses
Laundresses
Milliners
Nurses and mldwives
Saleswomen
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
Stenographers and typewriters
Tailoresses
Teachers and professors in colleges, etc
All other occupations
All occupations
Boarding and lodging house keepers...
Bookkeepers and accountants
Clerks
177
79
106
and copyists
Cotton mill operatives
Dressmakers
122
34
185
275
44
Milliners
Nurses and mldwives
Saleswomen
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
Stenographers and typewrite-T
194
Tailoresses
Teachers, and professors in colleeres, etc
191
238
763
All other occupations
All occupations
8,
Dressmakers
Laundresses
Nurses and midwives
275
180
4,505
474
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
Teachers and professors in colleges, etc
All other occupations
;
133
2,569
168
246
breadwinners.
One
Two
other.
other.
More
than
two
other.
OTHER BREADWINNERS, FOR SELECTED
Table 29.— FEMALE
CITIES.
307
BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY
NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION,
AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued.
BALTIMORE, MD.
All occupations
Boarding and lodging house keepers.
Bookkeepers and accountants
Clerks and copyists
Cotton null operatives
Dressmakers
Housekeepers and stewardesses
Laborers (not specified)
Laundresses
Merchants and dealers
Milliners
.
.
. ..
.
WOMEN AT WORK.
308
29.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY
NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION,
AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued.
Table
.
.
BALTIMORE, MD.—Continued.
FEMALE BKEADWINNEBS
16
YEARS OF AGE AND OVEE LIVING. AT HOME.
Single (including
Aggregate.
unknown)
Living in families having-
Living in families having—
OCCUPATIOK.
Other breadwinners.
Other breadwinners.
Total.
Total.
No other
breadwiimera.
Total.
One
Two
other.
other.
More
than
two
No other
breadwinners.
other-
ALL CLASSES— continued.
Musicians and teachers of music
300
Nurses and midwivos
Packers and shippers
Saleswomen
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
Shirt, collar,
and
cuff
makers
Stenographers and typewriters
Teachers and professors in colleges, etc
Tailoresses
Tobacco and cigar factory operatives..
AU other occupations
All occupations
14,022
Boarding and lodging house keepers.
Bookkeepers and accountants
Clerks and copyists
Cotton mill operatives
Dressmakers
345
338
418
816
1,903
Housekeepers and stewardesses
Laborers (not specified)
Laundresses
Merchants and dealers
85
93
280
253
553
Milliners
Musicians and teachers of music
213
201
258
1,315
Nurses and midwives
Packers and shippers
.
Saleswomen
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
2,003
276
700
403
and cuff makers
Stenographers and typewriters
Shirt, collar,
Teachers and professors in colleges, etc
Tailoresses
Tobacco and cigar factory operatives
All other occupations
All occupations.
Bookkeepers and accountants.
Clerks
and copyists
Laundresses
Merchants and dealers
Milliners
Musicians and teachers of music.
Nurses and midwives
Packers and shippers
Saleswomen
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
and
cuff
makers
Stenographers and typewriters
Teachers and professors in colleges, etc
Tailoresses
Tobacco and cigar factory operatives.
AU other occupations
1,117
402
199
1,851
9,524
.
Dressmakers
Housekeepers and stewardesses.
Laborers (not specified)
Shirt, collar,
.
147
221
1,333
54
287
328
312
99
122
200
1,013
1,446
356
550
182
430
646
254
1,446
More
Total.
One
Two
other.
other.
than
two
other.
.
OTHER BREADWINNERS, FOR SELECTED
309
CITIES.
29,—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY
NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION,
AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued.
Table
BALTIMORE, MD.—Continued.
FEMALE BREADWINNERS
16
YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME--COntinued.
Widowed and
divorced.
Living in families having-
Living in lamilies having—
OCCUPATION.
Other breadwinners.
Other breadwinners.
Total.
No other
breadwinners.
No other
More
Total.
One
Two
than
other.
other.
two
breadwinners.
other.
ALL CLASSES
Musicians and teachers of music
40
Nurses and midwives
Packers and shippers
Saleswomen
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
Shirt, collar,
and
cufE
makers
Stenograpners and typewriters
Teachers and professors in colleges, etc
Tailoresses
Tobacco and cigar factory operatives..
All other occupations
All occupations
Boarding and lodging house keepers.
Bookkeepers and accountants
Clerks and copyists
Cotton mill operatives
Dressmakers
75
5
25
29
254
Housekeepers and stewardesses
Laborers (not specified)
Laundresses
Merchants and dealers
11
27
75
95
17
Milliners
Musicians and teachers of music
23
43
30
40
Nurses and midwives
Packers and shippers
Saleswomen
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
Shirt, collar,
and
cuff
makers
Stenographers and typewriters
Teachers and professors in colleges, etc
54
Tailoresses
Tobacco and cigar factory operatives
.
11
145
All other occupations
All occupations
Bookkeepers and accountants
Clerks
and copyists
Dressmakers
Housekeepers and stewardesses
Laborers (not specified)
Laundresses
Merchants and dealers
Milliners
Musicians and teachers of music
Nurses and midwives
Packers and shippers
Saleswomen
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
Shirt, collar,
and
cufi
makers
Stenographers and typewriters
Teachers and professors in colleges, etc
Tobacco and cigar factory operatives
All other occupations
2
11
117
10
21
55
109
22
5
14
21
20
105
19
14
2
4
50
6
140
—continued.
,
WOMEN AT WORK.
310
BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY
NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION,
AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued.
Table 29.— FEMALE
BALTIMORE, MB.— Continued.
FEMALE BEEADWINNERS
OCCUPATION.
All occupations
Dressmakers
Housekeepers and stewardesses
I^iaborers (not specified)
Laundresses
Merchants and dealers
Nurses andmidwives
Saleswomen
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
Teachers and professors in colleges, etc
Tailoresses
Tobacco and cigar factory operatives
All other occupations
,
16
YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME.
,
OTHER BREADWINNERS, FOR SELECTED
311
CITIES.
29.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY
NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION,
AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued.
Table
BALTIMORE, MD.—Continued.
FEMALE BREADWINNERS
16
YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT
HOME— Continued.
Widowed and
Married.
divorced.
Living in families having-
Living in families having-
OCCUPATION.
Other breadwinners.
Other breadwinners.
Total.
Total.
No other
breadwinners.
More
,
One
Two
than
other.
other.
two
other.
FOREIGN BORN WHITE.
All occupations
Dressmakers
Housekeepers and stewardesses
68
Laborers (not specified)
Laundresses
Merchants and dealers
Nurses and midwives
Saleswomen
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
Teachers and professors in colleges, etc
Tailoresses
Tobacco and cigar factory operatives
.
All other occupations
All occupations
Dressmakers
Housekeepers and stewardesses
Laborers (not specified)
Laundresses
Nurses and midwives
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
Teachers and professors in colleges, etc
All other occupations
"
No other
breadwinners.
More
Total.
One
Two
other.
other.
than
two
other.
..
.
.
WOMEN AT WORK.
312
29.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY
NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION,
AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued.
Table
BOSTON, MASS.— Continued.
FEMALE BREADWINNERS
10
YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME.
Single (including
Aggregate.
unknown)
Living in lamiUes having-
Living infamilies having-
OCCUPATION.
Other breadwinners.
Other breadwinners.
Total.
Total.
No other
One
Two
other.
other.
No other
breadwinners.
More
hreadwirmers.
than
two
Total.
One
Two
other.
other.
Other.
other.
NATIVE WHITE— BOTH PARENTS NATIVE.
All occupations
Boarding and lodging house keepers
Bootkeepers and accountants
Boot and shoe makers and repairers.
Clerks and copyists
Dressmakers
.
- -
..
1,950
472
834
91
560
807
322
119
10
79
266
180
111
86
278
328
Housekeepers and stewardesses
Laundresses
Merchants and dealers
Milliners
Musicians and teachers of music
Nurses and midwives
Printers, lithographers,
!,299
and presswomen
Saleswomen
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
Stenographers and typewriters
Tailoresses
Teachers and professors in colleges, etc..
Telegraph and telephone operators
All other occupations
160
107
706
247
212
573
73
838
100
1,536
56
33
31
63
76
48
11
83
62
44
16
189
5
357
150
715
81
481
541
124
78
55
215
252
3,153
1,973
113
331
28
238
20
182
150
38
220
302
82
32
31
105
149
1,054
5,060
97
651
69
451
1,223
6,114
146
23
79
92
748
73
513
411
62
116
44
34
215
256
22
3
14
38
51
34
25
17
24
29
112
96
623
185
168
60
37
264
104
87
206
50
44
163
31
37
493
57
649
95
1,179
242
39
324
48
646
146
13
221
26
374
105
5
104
21
260
23
4
17,051
All occupations.
Boxmakers
(paper)
Clerks and copyists
Confectioners
Dressmakers
Housekeepers and stewardesses.
Laundresses
Merchants and dealers
:
Milliners
Musicians and teachers of music.
Nurses and midwives
Packers and shippers
Printers, lithographers,
and presswomen.
Saleswomen
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
Stenographers and typewriters
Tailoresses
Teachers and professors in colleges, etc.
Telegraph and telephone operators
Textile mill operatives
Textile workers (not otherwise specified)
All other occupations
All occupations
Boarding and lodging house keepers
Bookbinders
Bookkeepers and accountants
Boot and shoo makers and repairers
Clerks
and copyists
Confectioners
Dressmakers
Housekeepers and stewardesses
Laundresses
Merchants and dealers
11,964
045
140
366
125
205
200
1,801
265
1,011
383
6
219
20
176
295
67
41
20
177
205
54
84
74
92
631
149
129
20
8
64
25
16
113
545
36
763
93
1,127
72
9
164
473
27
567
19
17
6
68
66
16
23
196
124
4
196
NATIVE WHITE — ONE OR BOTH PARENTS FOREIGN BORN.
Boarding and lodging house keepers
Bookbinders
Bookkeepers and accountants
Boot and shoe makers and repairers
More
than
two
145
7
210
26
326
.
.
.
OTHER BREADWINNERS, FOR SELECTED
313
CITIES.
29.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY
NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION,
AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900-Continued.
Table
BOSTON, MASS.— Continued.
FEMALE BKEADWINNEES
16
TEAKS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME
—Continued.
Widowed and
Married.
divorced.
Living in families having—
Living in families having—
OCCUPATION.
Other breadwinners.
Other breadwinners.
Total.
Total.
No other
breadwinners.
Total.
One
Two
other.
other.
More
than
two
No other
breadwinners.
other.
NATIVE WHITE— BOTH PARENTS NATIVE.
AU occupations
Boarding and lodging house Iceepers
Boolckeepers and accountants
Boot and shoe makers and repairers
Clerks and copyists
Dressmakers
Housekeepers and stewardesses
Laundresses
Merchants and dealers
Milliners
Musicians and teachers of music
933
730
109
53
13
20
161
58
49
16
140
29
14
24
33
40
23
12
18
29
36
43
38
41
35
25
20
23
20
20
34
4
202
16
19
26
13
16
17
4
117
11
Nurses and midwives
and presswomen
4
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
Stenographers and typewriters
Tailoresses
Teachers and professors in colleges, etc.
Telegraph and telephone operators
All other occupations
All occupations
Boarding and lodging house keepers
Bookbinders
Bookkeepers and accountants
Boot and shoe makers and repairers
. .
/.
Clerks and copyists
Confectioners
Dressmakers
Housekeepers and stewardesses
Laundresses
Merchants and dealers
Milhners
Musicians and teachers of music
Nurses and midwives
Packers and sliippers
Printers, lithographers,
and presswomen
Saleswomen
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
Stenographers and typewriters
Tailoresses
Teachers and
professors in colleges, etc.
Telegraph and telephone operators
Textile mill operatives
textile workers (not otherwise specified)
All other occupations
,
29
16
2
14
6
139
All occupations
Boarding and lodging house keepers
Bookbinders
Bookkeepers and accountants
Boot and shoe makers and repairers
Clerks
12
22
31
14
Printers, lithographers,
Saleswomen
Boxmakers (paper)
59
and copyists
Confectioners
Dressmakers
Housekeepers and stewardesses
Laundresses
Merchants and dealers
146
3
18
10
17
14
233
36
240
4
152
2
More
One
Two
other.
other.
than
two
other.
.
.
WOMEN AT WORK.
314
29.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY
NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION,
AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued.
Table
BOSTON, MASS.— Continued.
FEMALE BKEADWINNEES
16
YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME.
Single (including
Aggregate.
'
Living in families having-
unknown)
Living in families having-
OCCUPATION.
Other breadwinners.
Other breadwinners.
Total.
Total.
No other
breadwinners.
Total.
One
Two
other.
other.
More
than
two
No other
breadwinners.
other.
FOREIGN BORN WHITE— Continued.
Milliners
222
Musicians and teachers ©[music
Nurses and m'dwives
Packers and "Shippers
Saleswomen
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
Stenographers and typewriters
Tailoresses
'
Teachers and professors in colleges, etc.
Textile mill operatives
Textile workers (not otherwise specified)
Al^ other occupations
AH occupations.
Total.
One
Two
other.
other.
More
than
two
other.
.
OTHER BREADWINNERS, FOR SELECTED
Table
29.— FEMALE BREADWINNERS
16
315
CITIES.
YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY
RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION,
NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY
AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued
BOSTON, MASS.— Continued.
FEMALE BREADWINNERS
16
YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME
—COntlBUed.
Widowed and
Married.
divorced.
Living in families having-
Living in families having-
OCCUPATION.
Other breadwinners.
Other breadwinners.
Total.
Total.
No other
breadwinners.
ToT,al.
One
Two
other.
other.
More
than
two
other.
No other
breadwinners.
One
Two
other.
other.
More
than
two
other.
—
..
.
WOMEN AT WORK,
316
29.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY
NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION,
AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued.
Table
BUFI'AX.p,
K".
Y.— Continued.
FEMALE BREADWINNERS
16
YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME.
Single (including
Aggregate.
unknown)
Living in families having-—
Living in families having
OCCUPATION.
Other breadwinners.
Other breadwinners.
Total.
Total.
No other
breadwinners.
Total.
One
Two
other.
other.
More
than
two
No other
breadwinners.
Total.
other.
NATIVE WHITE
Laundresses
inn
Milliners
Musicians and teachers of music
Nurses and midwives
Saleswomen
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
Stenographers and typewriters
Teachers and professcSrs in colleges, etc
All other occupations
All occupations
Boarding and lodging house keepers.
Bookbinders
Bookkeepers and accountants
Clerks and copyists
Dressmakers
Housekeepers and stewardesses
Laundresses
Merchants and dealers
Milliners
Musicians and teachers of music
Nurses and midwives
Packers and shippers
Saleswomen
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
,
Stenographers and typewriters
Tailoresses
Teachers and professors in colleges, etc
Telegraph and telephone operators
All other occupations
All occupations
4,515
Boarding and lodging house keepers.
Bookkeepers and accountants
Clerks and copyists
Dressmakers
.
Housekeepers and stewardesses
Laundresses
Merchants and dealers
136
105
174
727
61
480
180
Milliners
Nurses and midwives
Saleswomen
.'
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
—
177
Stenographers and typewriters
Tailoresses
Teachers and professors in colleges,
All other occupations
165
224
etc.
135
327
115
860
—BOTH
PARENTS NATIVE —continued.
One
Two
other.
other.
More
than
two
other.
OTHER BREADWINNERS, FOR SELECTED
CITIES.
317
29.—female BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY
NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION,
AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900-Continued.
Tabie
BUITALO,
N. X.— Continued.
CHICAGO,
ILIi.
. ..
.
WOMEN AT WORK.
318
29.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE' AND OVER LIVING AT HOME CLASSIFIED BY
NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION,
AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued.
Table
CHICAGO, ILL.— Continued.
FEMALE BREADWINNERS
16
YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME.
Single (including
Aggregate.
unknown)
Living in families having-
Living in families having—
OCCUPATION.
Other breadwinners.
Other breadwinners.
Total.
Total.
No other
breadwinners.
One
Two
other.
other.
More
than
two
No other
breadwinners.
Bookbinders
Bookkeepers and accountants
Boot and shoe makers and repairers
,
Boxmakers (paper)
Clerks and copyists
Confectioners
Dressmakers
Glovemakers
Housekeepers and stewardesses
Laborers (not specified)
Laundresses
Merchants and dealers
.-
Milliners
Musicians and teachers of music
Nurses and midwives
Packers and shippers
Physicians and surgeons
Printers, lithographers,
and presswomen.
Saleswomen
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
Stenographers and typewriters
Tailoresses
Teachers and professors in colleges, etc
Telegraph and telephone operators
Textile mUl operatives
Textile workers (not otherwise specified)
Tobacco and cigar factory operatives
All other occupations
AU
1,284
4,033
407
704
6,915
58
328
32
34
416
1,226
3.705
375
670
6,499
521
434
8,248
617
705
1,004
67
1,833
20
290
155
5,035
1,410
2,611
1,579
1,471
1,522
487
209
213
399
3,513
923
2,402
1,366
1,072
780
400
462
6,064
5,672
30
168
760
248
430
5,711
4,973
5,846
5,889
5,223
5,102
1,072
479
857
597
7,909
occupations
Actresses, professional
show-women,
etc
Agents
and teachers of art
Barbers and hairdressers
Boarding and lodging house keepers
Artists
Bookbinders
Bookkeepers and accountants
Clerks and copyists
Dressmakers. .'
Housekeepers and stewardesses
103
169
279
.52
700
146
987
1,579
1,730
210
Laundresses
Merchants and dealers
357
188
Milliners
.580
Musicians and teachers of music
674
Nurses and midwives
Physicians and surgeons
Printers, lithographers, and presswomen
312
198
120
827
Saleswomen
Seamstresses^
Servants and waitresses
Stenographers and typewriters
Tailoresses
Teachers and professors in colleges, etc.
Telegraph and telephone operators
Textile workers (not otherwise specified)
All other occupations
104
1,780
241
93
1,621
3?
353
853
500
469
640
61
4,993
5,389
4,754
4,462
1,011
17
462
86
29
1,109
568
771
268
One
Two
other.
other.
More
than
two
other.
other.
ALL CLASSES
Total.
'
—Continued.
..
—
..,
OTHER BREADWINNERS, FOR SELECTED
319
CITIES.
29.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY
NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION,
AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900-Continued.
Table
CHICAGO,
IX.L.— Continued.
FEMALE BREADWINNERS
16
YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT
HOME—Continued.
Widowed and
Married.
divorced.
Living in families having
Living in families having-
OCCUPATION.
Other breadwinners.
Other breadwinners.
Total.
Total.
No other
breadwinners.
More
Total.
One
Two
than
other.
other.
two
No other
breadwimiers.
Bookbinders
Bookkeepers and accountants
Boot and shoe makers and repairers
29
Boxmakers (paper)
Clerks and copyists
Confectioners
Dressmakers
Glovemakers
Housekeepers and stewardesses
Laborers (not specified)
Laundresses
Merchants and dealers
MiUi aers
Musicians and teachers of music
Nurses and midwi ves
Packers and shippers
Physicians and surgeons
Printers, lithographers, and presswomen
Saleswomen
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
Stenographers and typewriters
Tailoresses
Teachers and professors in colleges, etc.
Telegraph and telephone operators
.
Textile mill operatives
Textile worlviers (not otherwise specified)
Tobacco and cigar factory operatives . .
All other occupations
All occupations
Actresses, professional
show-women,
etc,
Agents
Artists and teachers of art
Barbers and hairdressers
Boarding and lodging house keepers
7
72
72
358
Bookbinders
Bookkeepers and accountants
and copyists
Dressmakers
Housekeepers and stewardesses
Clerks
Laundresses
Merchants and dealers
35
38
43
14
143
j.
.
Milliners
Musicians and teachers of music
Nurses and midwives
Physicians and surgeons
Printers, lithographers,
and presswomen.
Saleswomen
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
Stenographers and typewriters
Tailoresses
Teachers and professors in colleges, etc .
Telegraph and telephone operators
Textile workers (not otherwise specified).
All other occupations
61
68
SO
20
159
10
18
256
One
Two
other.
other.
More
than
two
other.
other.
ALL CLASSES
Total.
•
—Continued.
.
.
.
—
.
WOMEN AT WORK.
320
29.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OP AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY
NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION,
AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES; 1900—Continued.
Table
CHICAGO,
IliL.— Continued.
FEMALE BREADWINNERS
16
YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME.
Single (including
Aggregate.
unknown)
Living in families having
Living in families having-
OCCUPATION.
Other breadwinners.
Other breadwinners.
Total.
No other
breadwinners.
Total.
One
Two
other.
Other.
'
More
than
two
No other
More
breadwinners.
One
Two
other.
other.
NATIVE WHITE
All occupations.
Actresses, professional
708
3,722
93
142
174
140
512
12
20
9
15
318
914
2,394
277
494
4,203
39
145
24
22
206
472
3,997
611
256
i,u7l
42,
show-women,
etc
.
Agents
and teachers of art
Barbers and hairdressers
Boarding and lodging house keepers
Artists
Bookbinders
Bookkeepers and accountants
Boot and shoe makers and
Boxmakers (paper)
Clerks and copyists
repairers
Confectioners
284
4,682
353
293
392
Dressmakers
Glovemakers
Housekeepers and stewardesses.
Laborers (not specified)
Laundresses
Merchants and dealers
Nurses and midwives
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
Teachers and professors in colleges, etc.
Telegraph and telephone operators.
Textile mill operatives
Textile workers (not otherwise specified)
Tobacco and cigar factory operatives
.\11
other occupations
19
46
49
178
643
74
93
1,129
293
735
76
166
1,246
3,732
2,691
2,112
18
15
182
222
154
503
247
3,550
2,469
1,958
108
64
926
2,089
2,766
692
211
110
271
34
3,112
1,979
2,495
6
30
316
322
461
206
4,018
431
197
3,642
141
392
226
137
1,262
101
73
122
379
56
427
183
72
38,212
11,794
14,727
21
15
43
45
284
710
73
165
1,218
400
856
212
1,595
87
1,118
96
58
115
86
1,418
161
47
149
321
32
409
387
44
460
189
49
103
213
1,622
2,291
263
482
4,064
32
123
21
17
173
853
2,168
242
465
3,881
1,608
151
72
152
233
3,832
341
182
348
15
292
11
19
10
218
3,540
330
163
338
1,040
147
1,274
689
214
43
29
65
45
44
997
118
1,209
544
170
42
340
184
73
611
246
14
12
143
116
93
497
104
234
3,431
2,265
1,801
66
863
590
515
3,045
1,886
2,322
640
878
402
634
165
1,030
642
786
197
313
409
186
3,340
66
96
35
113
168
48
26
404
871
424
61
473
200
59
102
1,465
987
753
916
458
735
165
1,047
664
826
202
1,149
857
934
291
3,241
1,971
2,648
65
109
41
971
116
163
136
159
91
1,495
318
432
65
1,176
54
93
139
107
6
6
13
85
172
81
1,159
771
597
711
9,505
2,186
145
120
113
71
1,301
87
88
94
62
85
Stenographers and typewriters
Tailoresses
15,232
29
33
57
29
671
353
and presswomen.
Saleswomen
875
2,249
253
12,520
33
43
69
48
121
47
two
OR BOTH PARENTS FOREIGN BORN.
11,234
1,202
258
1,292
609
268
Packers and shippers
Printers, lithographers,
122
165
125
194
14
189
113
88
Milliners
Musicians and teachers of music.
81
—ONE
than
other.
other-
3,674
2,381
1,894
189
3,524
196
86
226
29
5
23
3
184
169
602
66
45
1,004
103
171
48
222
100
1,436
962
723
171
79
1,132
723
563
1,137
842
903
62
1,106
136
155
89
1,445
6
71
6
92
177
211
31
64
•
FOREIGN BORN WHITE.
All occupations
Actresses, professional
show-women,
etc.
Agents
and hairdressers
Boarding and lodging house keepers
Bookbinders
Ba.rbers
Bookkeepers and accountants
Boot and shoe makers and repairers
..
.
27,490
22,482
8,593
7,298
18,229
60
75
82
793
224
42
47
64
361
214
26
25
30
224
47
6
13
12
84
72
22
63
06
21
26
47
141
214
7
3
92
7
597
87
188
20
37
300
56
187
27
65
323
46
222
681
72
156
1,003
108
36
2
5
45
7
2,724
154
308
404
1,579
[,150
767
62
85
129
429
807
62
63
2,279
150
305
161
24
119
224
816
170
642
688
168
663
183
310
202
78
308
61
137
95
187
199
52
138
38
131
530
121
107
66
208
174
1,411
2,046
2,070
748
879
Confectioners
643
92
167
1,110
187
Dressmakers
Glovemakers
Housekeepers and stewardesses
Laborers (not specified)
Laundresses
3,420
159
421
510
2,623
Boxmakers (paper)
Clerks and copyists
Merchants and dealers
Milliners
Musicians and teachers of music
Nurses and midwives
Packers and shippers
Physicians and surgeons
Saleswomen
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
846
643
203
761
190
118
1,496
2,384
2,448
28
18
432
10
66
33
696
5
113
106
944
304
55
36
.
208
7
169
1,044
154
.50
85
338
378
40
160
166
820
44
415
14
427
593
586
34
67
421
52
330
705
35
1,359
1,816
1,774
16,540
17
19
44
49
207
545
70
161
6
14
38
44
157
18
33
968
101
21
21
54
304
34
1,974
148
137
207
646
680
38
66
53
218
67
25
30
164
32
4
160
170
152
37
67
40
23
63
133
152
12
4
1,306
1,683
1,622
351
515
681
2
17
64
31
22
58
592
61
46
72
196
40
64
510
405
702
59
26
82
233
12
183
30
43
3
647
658
643
—
..
—
OTHER BREADWINNEUS, FOR SELECTED
321
CITIES.
29.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY
NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION,
AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued.
Table
CHICAGO,
IliL,.— Continued.
FEMALE BEEADWINNEBS
16
YEARS OF AGE AND OVEE LIVING AT
HOME—Continued.
Widowed and
Married.
divorced.
Living in families having
Living in families having
OCCUPATION.
Other breadwinners.
Total.
Other breadwinners.
Total.
No other
breadwinners.
More
Total.
One
Two
than
other.
other.
two
No other
breadwinners.
Total.
other.
NATIVE WHITE— ONE OB BOTH PABENTS FOREIGN BOEN.
All occupations
1,837
Actresses, professional
show-women,
etc
Agents
Artists
and teachers
of art
Barbers and hairdressers
Boarding and lodging house keepers
Bookbinders
•,
B ookkeepers and accountants
Boot and shoe makers and repairers.
Boxmakers (paper)
Clerks and copyists
.
. .
Confectioners
313
1,534
963
26
16
16
15
91
14
10
12
9
35
14
55
3
4
73
5
26
2
3
40
30
288
19
146
24
23
27
239
6
16
17
137
97
62
50
100
82
59
48
Nurses and midwives
43
37
57
59
39
31
26
Packers and shippers
5
Dressmakers
Glovemakers
Housekeepers and stewardesses
Laborers (not speciiied)
7
i
Laundresses
Merchants and dealers
Milliners
Musicians and teachers of music
Printers, lithographers,
and presswomen
Saleswomen
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
Tailoresses
Teachers and professors In colleges,
Telegraph and telephone operators
etc..
Textile mill operatives
Textile workers (not otherwise specified).
Tobacco and cigar factory operatives
All other occupations
All occupations
show-women, etc
Agents
Barbers and hairdressers
Boarding and lodging house keepers
Bookbinders
Actresses, professional
-
Bookkeepers and accountants
Boot and shoe makers and
Boxmakers (paper)
Clerks and copyists
repairers
Conlectioners
Dressmakers
Glovemakers
Housekeepers and stewardesses
Laborers (not specified)
Laundresses
Merchants and dealers
Milliners
Musicians and teachers of music
Nurses and midwives
Packers and shippers
Physicians and surgeons
Saleswomen
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
12694—07
7
70
76
74
101
Stenographers and typewriters
21
4
7
84
39
52
137
12
37
45
129
11
1
1
19
11
209
15
9
164
2
6
13
319
5
14
1
One
Two
other.
other.
.
WOMEN AT WORK.
322
29.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY
NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RAGE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION,
AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued.
Table
CHICAGO,
ILL.-Continued.
FEMALE BREADWINNERS
16
YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME.
Aggregate.
Single (including
unknown).
Living in families having-
Living in families having-
OCCUPATION.
Other breadwinners.
Other breadwinners.
Total.
Total.
No other
breadwinners.
More
Total.
One
other.
Two
than
other.
two
No other
breadwinners.
More
Total.
One
Two
other.
other.
FOREIGN BORN WHITE— Continued.
Stenographers and typewriters
703
Tailoresses
Teachers and professors in colleges, etc.
Telegraph and telephone operators
Textile mill operatives
Textile workers (not otherwise specified)
Tobacco and cigar factory operatives
All other occupations
All occupations
Boarding and lodging house keepers.
Dressmakers
Housekeepers and stewardesses
Laundresses
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
All other occupations
100
251
71
764
98
836
396
1,723
1,064
32
24
60
35
191
117
23
283
32
226
481
66
36
610
307
321
39
368
172
510
238
5
43
18
170
79
1
I
I
I
than
two
other.
other.
61
12
95
33
291
163
53
5
26
49
25
26
235
142
102
60
3
9
OTHER BREADWINNERS, FOR SELECTED
Table
29.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS
16
CITIES.
323
YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY
RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION,
NUMBER OP OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY
AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900-Continued.
CHICAGO,
ILL,.— Continued.
.
...
.
.
.
.
—
WOMEN AT WORK.
324
BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY
NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY. AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION,
AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued.
Table 29.—FEMALE
CINCINNATI, OHIO-Continued.
FEMALE -BEEADWINNEES
16
YEARS OF AGE AND OVEE LIVING AT HOME.
Single (including
Aggregate.
unknown)
Living in f amiUes having
Living in families having-
OCCUPATION.
Other breadwinners.
Other breadwinners.
Total.
No other
breadwinners.
Total.
One
Two
other.
other.
More
than
two
No other
breadwinners.
Total.
other.
NATIVE WHITE
Nurses and midwives
Packers and shippers
93
Saleswomen
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
Stenographers and typewriters
Tailoresaes
Teachers and professors in colleges,
1 .
etc.
Tobacco and cigar factory operatives..
All other occupations
All occupations
14,128
Bookbinders
Bookkeepers and accountants
Boot and shoe makers and repairers. .
118
349
882
236
478
Boxmakers (paper)
Clerks and copyists
Dressmakers
Housekeepers and stewardesses
Laundresses
Merchants and dealers
1,526
69
715
175
Milliners
36;!
Musicians and teachers of music
160
113
196
Nurses and midwives
Packers and shippers
Saleswomen
1,116
1,576
1,005
632
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
Stenographers and typewriters
Tailoresses
Teachers and professors in colleges, etc
Tobacco and cigar factory operatives.
All other occupations
,
1,124
624
870
1,896
All occupations
Dressmakers
Housekeepers and stewardesses
Laundresses
Merchants and dealers
Nurses and midwives
Saleswomen
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
Tailoresses
Teachers and professors in colleges, etc
Tobacco and cigar factory operatives.
All other occupations
291
45
498
184
119
112
264
345
236
65
193
772
All occupations...
1,796
Laundresses
Servants and waitresses
All other occupations. .
922
523
351
—BOTH
PAEENTS NATIVE— Continued
One
Two
other.
other.
More
than
two
other.
-.
...
OTHER BREADWINNERS, FOR SELECTED
325
CITIES.
29.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY
NUMBER OP OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION,
AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued.
Table
CIKCnsrSTATI,
OHIO— Continued.
FEMALE BKEADWINNERS
16
YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING, AT HOME
—continued.
Widowed and
Married.
divorced.
Living in families having-
Living in families having-
OCCUPATION.
Other breadwinners.
Total.
Other breadwiimers.
Total.
No other
breadwinners.
More
One
Two
than
other.
other.
two
No other
breadwinners.
other.
NATIVE WHITE— BOTH PARENTS NATIVE—Continued.
Nurses and midwives
Packers and shippers
Saleswomen
7
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
Stenographers and typewriters
Talloresses
Teachers and professors in colleges, etc
Tobacco and cigar factory operatives.
All other occupations
All occupations
Bookbinders
Bookkeepers and accountants
Boot and shoe makers and repairers. .
Boxmakers (paper)
Clerks and copyists
1
Dressmakers
Housekeepers and stewardesses
3
16
7
13
65
3
110
32
I^aundresses
Merchants and dealers
Milliners
Musicians and teachers of music
Nurses and midwives
Packers and shippers
13
Saleswomen
24
57
58
5
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
Stenographers and typewriters
,...
4
Tailoresses
Teachers and professors in colleges, etc
Tobacco and cigar factory operatives.
All other occupations
46
4
30
136
82
All occupations
Dressmakers
Housekeepers and stewardesses
Laundresses
Merchants and dealers
29
2
95
32
Nurses and midwives
Saleswomen
25
7
21
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
Tailoresses
25
- -
Teachers and professors in colleges, etc
Tobacco and cigar factory operatives.
All other occupations
All occupations..
Laundresses
Servants and waitresses
All other occupations.
-
36
10
14
134
610
388
133
97
One
Two
other.
other.
More
than
two
other.
.
—
.
.
WOMEN AT WORK.
326
29.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OV.ER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY
NUMBER OP OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION,
AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued.
Table
CLEVELAND, OHIO.
FEMALE BBEADWINNEES
16
YEARS OF AGE AND OVEK LITING AT HOME.
Single (including
unknown)
Living in families having
Living in families having—
OCCUPATION.
Other breadwinners.
Other breadwinners.
Total.
No other
No other
breadTotal.
One
Two
other.
other.
More
than
two
breadwinners.
Total.
One
Two
other.
other.
More
than
two
other.
other.
ALL CLASSES.
All occupations
Boarding and lodging house keepers.
Bookkeepers and accountants
and copyists
Dressmakers
Housekeepers and stewardesses
Clerks
Laundresses
Merchants and dealers
19,975
2,709
17,266
425
758
7S7
2,717
203
246
179
118
71
62
365
57
685
735
2,352
264
224
834
1,2M
350
100
146
70
66
40
87
199
636
242
247
425
100
201
116
135
210
1,524
1,183
1,464
6
106
137
195
204
1,418
1,046
1,269
45
456
330
490
1,109
1,295
1,288
105
81
176
22
1,004
1,214
1,112
295
372
320
462
3
9
262
224
255
2,652
76
54
72
902
Milliners
Musicians and teachers of music.
Nurses andmidwives
-
Packers and shippers
Saleswomen
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses.
Stenographers and typewriters
Tailoresses
Teachers and professors in colleges, etc.
Telegraph and telephone operators
5,439
299
692
282
334
317
205
251
729
45
237
317
407
341
370
5,673
15,661
23
226
260
789
47
1,
213
4,463
4,746
211
196
244
623
2
5
645
710
31
700
751
2,098
116
42
65
41
172
26
228
40
227
56
48
462
57
608
221
136
56
23
36
20
20
406
34
672
201
116
165
87
56
372
203
1,409
987
1,128
197
1,327
935
1,061
42
413
265
356
76
462
286
353
291
624
290
109
1,062
1,165
1,203
308
46
161
21
973
1,119
1,042
287
354
271
332
348
343
287
500
278
107
241
1
219
234
2,306
4
5
81
77
79
92
90
566
34
119
14
421
33
124
12
190
92
217
255
738
23
163
8
217
62
29
79
462
Textile null operatives (not otherwise speci265
233
266
3,086
fied)
Tobacco and cigar factory operatives
Woolen mill operatives
All other occupations
11
434
100
91
178
240
216
229
2,128
578
2,602
1,110
91
716
NATIVE WHITE— BOTH PARENTS NATIVE.
All occupations
Boarding and lodging house keepers
Bookkeepers and accountants
Clerks and copyists
Dressmakers
1,055
4,032
31
13
129
16
62
71
127
20
204
201
302
24
36
15
23
32
78
173
99
18
36
79
10
23
60
24
45
162
67
31
26
68
307
33
122
17
114
226
219
518
Housekeepers and stewardesses
Laundresses
56
113
Milliners
188
122
Musicians and teachers of music
Nurses and midwives
2,998
46
86
87
190
95
.
651
66
195
206
389
161
.
Saleswomen
84
332
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
149
174
Stenographers and typewriters
Teachers and professors in colleges, etc
Telegraph and telephone operators
All other occupations
375
476
63
78
91
11
748
151
25
24
111
149
80
697
52
161
107
198
32
288
137
27
177
396
177
193
247
67
67
92
14
39
153
76
6
1
14
16
34
51
27
71
35
27
299
96
118
28
284
80
106
54
63
360
435
87
532
307
366
77
456
151
178
29
183
103
128
27
153
21
132
44
47
58
11
109
31
41
12
106
18
42
5
69
31
23
21
119
NATIVE WHITE— ONE OR BOTH PARENTS FOREIGN BORN.
All occupations
Bookkeepers and accountants
Clerks and copyists
Dressmakers
Housekeepers and stewardesses
Laundresses
10, 106
468
463
1,473
67
34
28
144
13
373
Milliners
28
9,228
2,669
2,924
8,548
2,293
2,745
434
435
1,329
54
307
152
108
376
126
137
418
18
85
166
190
636
15
127
444
461
1,290
45
266
419
427
1,208
39
244
143
105
296
124
135
11
59
15
360
112
79
125
867
83
46
118
32
18
169
34
23
54
326
363
108
59
123
881
340
101
60
120
826
73
115
30
11
257
190
199
340
194
620
636
606
706
663
595
614
165
168
173
133
217
Musicians and teachers of music
11
Nurses and midwives
Packers and shippers
19
128
3
Saleswomen
933
66
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
Stenographers and typewriters
62
54
Tailoresses
686
619
620
745
37
634
566
578
708
Teachers and professors in colleges, etc
691
74
617
42
21
96
38
23
256
173
187
177
145
227
204
188
202
223
196
9,079
531
567
679
592
38
23
21
47
272
188
171
197
213
152
187
518
13
117
152
33
16
52
318
252
185
197
.
..
.
OTHER BREADWINNERS, FOR SELECTED
327
CITIES.
29.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY
NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION,
AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued.
Table
CLBVELAIiTD, OHIO.
FEMAiE BEEADWINNEES
16
TEAKS OF AGE AND OVEE LIVING AT
HOME—Continued.
Widowed and
divorced.
Living in families having—
Living in families having-
OCCUPATION.
Other breadwinners.
Other breadwinners.
Total.
Total.
No other
treadwinners.
Two
One
Total.
other.
other.
No other
breadwinners.
More
than
two
More
Total.
One
Two
other.
other.
ALL CLASSES.
All occupations.
Boarding and lodging house keepers.
Bookkeepers and accountants
Clerks
114
24
16
,
and copyists
Dressmakers
Housekeepers and stewardesses
20
14
212
22
"253
29
Laundresses
290
Mercliants and dealers
Nurses and midwives
101
37
27
56
Packers and shippers
1
1
57
66
162
51
46
127
Milliners
Musicians and teachers of music.
Saleswomen
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
35
23
46
Stenographers and typewriters
Teachers and professors in colleges, etc.
Telegraph and telephone operators
mill
(not
operatives
32
150
49
23
16
23
141
47
34
142
10
7
24
214
34
132
19
237
64
18
16
67
251
77
29
18
85
166
37
13
13
56
6
40
65
91
26
16
7
13
406
6
18
301
7
19
374
other occupations
NATIVE WHITE
327
All occupations
—BOTH
2
4
7
5
183
223
and copyists
Dressmakers
73
79
21
.
41
16
21
Milliners
Musicians and teachers of music.
39
20
39
30
Nurses and midwives
13
15
26
Saleswomen
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
15
22
3
109
10
19
Stenographers and typewriters
Teachers and professors in colleges, etc
Telegraph and telephone operators
JUl other occupations
1
107
NATIVE WHITE— ONE OR BOTH PAEENTS FOREIGN BORN.
454
All occupations
Bookkeepers and accountants
caerks and copyists
Dressmakers
Housekeepers and stewardesses
Laundresses
-
Milliners
-
:
Musicians and teachers of music
Nurses and midwives
Packers and shippers
Saleswomen
Seamstresses. . j
Servants and waitresses
Stenographers and typewriters
.
Tailoresses
•
,-
Teachers and professors in ooUeges, etc
94
2
4
146
PAEENTS NATIVE.
95
13
14
133
Boarding and lodging house keepers.
Booklieepers and accountants
Housekeepers and stewardesses.
Laundresses
11
1¥
otherwise
Woolen mill operatives
Caerks
106
20
6
58
130
184
specified)
Tobacco and cigar factory operatives
All
158
12
20
19
86
43
2
Tailoresses
Textile
264
47
11
6
137
17
353
1,379
228
1,765
than
two
other.
other.
—
WOMEN AT WORK.
328
29.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY
NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION,
AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued.
Table
CLEVELAND, OHIO— Continued.
FEMALE BREADWINNERS
16
YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME.
Aggregate.
Single (including
unknown).
Living in families having—
Living in lamilies liaving
OCCOPATION.
Other breadwinners.
Other breadwinners.
Total.
Total.
No otlier
breadwinners.
Total.
One
Two
otlier.
other.
More
than
two
No other
More
breadTotal.
other.
NATIVE WHITE— ONE OR BOTH PARENTS FOREIGN BOKN—Continued.
Telegraph and telephone operators
Textile
mill
operatives
(not
otherwise
specified)
Tobaxjco and cigar factory operatives
Woolen mill operatives
AH other occupations
203
One
Two
other.
other.
than
two
other.
OTHER BREADWINNERS, FOR SELECTED
329
29 FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY
NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION,
AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900-Continued.
Table
•
—
CITIES.
CJvEVELAN"D, OHIO-Continued.
—
.
,
WOMEN AT WORK.
330
29.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY
NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION,
AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued.
Table
DETROIT, MICH.— Continued.
FEMALE BEEADWINNEBS
16
YEAES OF AGE AND OVEK LIVING AT HOME.
Aggregate.
Single (including
unknown)
Living in families having-
Living in families having-
OCCUPATION.
Other breadwinners.
Other breadwinners.
Total.
Total.
No otlier
breadwinners.
One
Two
otlier.
other.
More
No other
breadwinners.
than
two
Total.
One
Two
other.
other.
other.
other.
NATIVE WHITE— BOTH PARENTS NATIVE.
All occupations
Bookkeepers and accountants
Clerks and copyists
Dressmakers
Housekeepers and stewardesses
Milliners
Musicians and teachers of music
Nurses and midwives
Saleswomen
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
Stenographers and typewriters
Teachers and professors in colleges, etc
All other occupations
2,747
431
2,316
1,032
132
266
372
24
106
16
19
116
247
92
280
20
95
55
103
133
14
42
4
11
116
46
119
94
11
19
7
128
22
21
60
144
201
301
842
15
737
547
785
2,142
126
111
84
87
3
27
241
227
16
226
68
28
100
15
109
72
105
27
112
79
17
48
7
37
35
25
106
180
251
127
286
25
79
77
219
32
47
193
191
282
585
All occupations
7,733
Boxmakers
(paper)
Clerks and copyists
Dressmakers
Housekeepers and stewardesses
Laborers (not
Laundresses
specified)
Milliners
Musicians and teachers
Nurses and midwives
of
music
Packers and shippers
Saleswomen
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
Stenographers and typewriters
;.
Tailoresses
Teachers and professors in colleges, etc
Telegraph and telephone operators
Tobacco and cigar factory operatives.
-
All other occupations
All occupations
Boarding and lodging house keepers
Bookkeepers and accountants
ClerVs and copyists
Dressmakers
Housekeepers and stewardesses
.
,
.'
Laborers (not specified)
Laundresses
Merchants and dealers
Milliners
Nurses and midwives
Saleswomen
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
Stenographers and typewriters
Tailoresses
Teachers and professors in colleges, etc
Tobacco and cigar factory operatives.
All other occupations
.
52
88
84
196
12
81
31
81
63
2
25
103
65
50
3
45
25
26
4
33
24
76
173
239
631
27
63
120
189
78
73
177
NATIVE WHITE— ONE OK BOTH PARENTS FOREIGN BORN.
Bookkeepers and accountants
More
than
two
8
17
OTHER BREADWINNERS, FOR SELECTED
331
CITIES.
29.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY
NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION,
AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued.
Table.
DETROIT, MICH.—Continued.
FEMALE BREADWINNERS
16
YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT
HOME—Continued.
Widowed and
Married.
divorced.
Living in families having—
Living in families having-
OCCUPATION.
Other breadwinners.
Other breadwinners.
Total.
Total.
No other
breadwinners.
More
Total.
One
Two
than
other.
other.
two
No other
breadwinners.
other.
NATIVE WHITE— BOTH PARENTS NATIVE.
All occupations
Bookkeepers and accountants
Clerks
and copyists
Dressmakers
Housekeepers and stewardesses
Milliners
Musicians and teachers of music
Nurses and mid wives
Saleswomen
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
Stenographers and typewriters
Teachers and professors in colleges, etc
All other occupations
241
Total.
One
Two
other.
other.
More
than
two
other.
332
WOMEN AT WORK.
29.— FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OP AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY
NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION,
AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES:* 1900—Continued.
Table
DETEOIT, MICH.—Continued.
.
.
OTHER BREADWINNERS, FOR SELECTED
CITIES.
333
29.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OP AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY
NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION,
AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued
Table
DETROIT, MICH.— Continued.
FEMALE BIIEADWINNEBS
16
YEARS Or AGE AND OVEE LIVING AT
HOME—Continued.
Widowed and
Married.
divorced.
Living in families having-
Living in lamilies having-
OCCUPATION.
Other breadwinners.
Other breadwinners.
Total.
Total.
No other
breadwinners.
Total.
One
Two
Other.
Other.
More
than
two
other.
All occupations .
.
Laundresses
Servants and waitresses
All other occupations . .
68
47
No other
breadwinners.
One
Two
other.
other.
More
than
two
other.
..
.
.
.
WOMEN AT WORK.
334
29.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OP AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY
NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION,
AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued.
Table
INDIAKAPOLIS, IND.
FEMALE BEEADWINKEES
16
YEARS OF AOE AND OVEK LIVING AT HOME.
Aggregate.
Single (including
Living in families having—
unknown)
Living in families having-
OCCUPATION.
Other breadwinners.
Total.
Other breadwinners.
Total.
No other
breadwinners.
Total.
One
Two
other.
other.
More
than
two
No other
breadwinners.
More
Total.
One
Two
other.
other.
than
ALL CLASSES.
All occupations.
1,807
Boarding and lodging house keepers.
Bookkeepers and accountants
Clerks and copyists
Cotton mill operatives
Dressmakers
Housekeepers and stewardesses
Laborers (not specified)
Laundresses
Milliners
450
385
296
135
979
100
130
1,158
403
.
.
'.
.
Musicians and teachers of music.
171
Nurses and midwives
Saleswomen
165
621
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses.
916
1,198
241
40
33
5
193
26
260
629
1,845
6,740
138
118
105
45
341
49
118
69
33
237
22
109
89
62
208
36
351
256
118
548
37
36
433
144
68
22
36
241
115
46
15
45
201
107
32
299
13
74
117
875
366
146
46
50
152
232
119
764
966
46
79
242
582
214
550
1,603
Stenographers and typewriters
Tailoresses
Teax)hers and professors in colleges, etc.
All other occupations
2,470
209
345
263
130
786
283
37
25
571
2,015
2,008
320
100
86
116
64
31
162
21
16
89
108
46
15
26
76
104
13
182
176
192
4
117
487
81
56
519
545
580
23
175
299
74
550
609
646
175
56
139
487
614
176
555
1,313
556
155
490
1,220
207
46
25
168
223
241
390
277
227
180
67
197
91
53
86
6,094
123
30
198
214
622
646
257
308
110
64
205
300
333
161
176
173
370
176
55
182
410
NATIVE WHITE— BOTH PAEENTS NATIVE.
All occupations
Boarding and lodging house keepers.
Bookkeepers and accountants
Clerks
.
and copyists
Dressmakers
Housekeepers and stewardesses
Laundresses
Milliners
Musicians and teachers of music
Nurses and midwives
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
Stenographers and typewriters.
.
.
,
Tailoresses
Teachers and professors in colleges, etc
All other occupations
1,208
26
222
139
266
199
126
233
77
53
104
4
20
66
214
74
17
59
197
67
23
72
33
10
80
109
76
15
97
91
64
7
107
317
189
29
278
278
159
96
15
78
245
413
67
367
790
373
54
169
319
735
114
110
20
130
246
21
131
141
46
209
266
107
17
51
29
158
240
17
79
102
49
46
78
27
33
60
17
70
314
40
117
186
109
20
117
130
64
186
114
26
136
282
94
347
528
Saleswomen
3,129
14
51
41
101
168
30
26
14
24
331
33
104
82
442
123
404
1,103
46
31
58
146
139
32
76
34
122
307
247
162
588
217
90
66
234
467
424
249
396
92
346
957
51
132
430
3
21
274
2
74
34
61
7
16
71
20
101
51
NATIVE WHITE— ONE OR BOTH PARENTS FOREIGN BOEN.
All occupations
771
2,568
Bookkeepers and accountants
and copyists
Dressmakers
Laundresses
Clerks
Milliners
Saleswomen
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
Stenographers and typewriters
Tailoresses
Teachers and professors in colleges, etc
All other occupations
117
119
288
161
10
9
41
35
120
232
297
180
28
20
184
113
160
918
17
10
14
114
7
16
107
110
247
126
113
216
269
160
167
103
146
I
2,233
799
22
32
75
46
47
47
86
42
40
77
77
50
32
67
79
39
38
30
49
235
64
34
45
255
41
72
113
71
110
237
112
103
103
212
98
104
216
249
145
206
229
139
111
181
62
314
96
144
713
FOREIGN BOEN WHITE.
All occupations.
.
206
139
.
Servants and waitresses
.All other occupations
61
586
130
52
466
two
other.
other.
565
19
30
61
25
34
70
54
37
67
34
164
89
132
35
19
39
54
31
42
659
142
214
OTHER BREADWINNERS, FOR SELECTED
335
CITIES.
29.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY
NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION,
AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued.
Table
INDIANAPOJL.IS, IND.
FEMALE BREADWINNERS
16
YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT
HOME—COntlBUed.
Widowed and
Married.
divorced.
Living in families having-
Living in families having-
OCCUPATION.
Other breadwinners.
Other breadwinners.
No other
breadwinners.
No other
Total.
One
Two
other.
other.
,
More
than
two
other.
ALL CLASSES.
All oecupations
Boarding and lodging house keepers
Bookkeepers and aceountants
Clerks and copyists
Cotton mill operatives
Dressmakers
Housekeepers and stewardesses
Laborers (not specified)
Laundresses
Milliners .,
Musicians and teachers of music
Nurses and midwives
Saleswomen
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
Stenographers and typewriters
Tailoresses
Teachers and professors in colleges, etc
All other occupations
,
1,430
breadwinners.
One
Two
other.
Other.
More
than
two
Other.
336
WOMEN AT WORK.
29.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OP AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY
NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION,
AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued.
Table
OTHER BREADWINNERS, FOR SELECTED
Table 29.—FEMALE
CITIES.
337
BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY
NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION,
AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900-Contmued.
INDIANAPOIjIS, HfD.— Continued.
.
WOMEN AT WORK,
338
29.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME CLASSIFIED .BY
NUMBER OF OTHER ^BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION,
AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued.
Table
JERSEY CITY,
X. J. -Continued.
FEMALE BREADWINNERS
16
YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME.
Single (including
Aggregate.
unknown).
Living in families having—
Living in families having—
OCCUPATION.
Other breadwinners.
Other breadwinners.
Total.
Total.
No other
breadwinners.
More
Total.
One
other.
Two
other.
than
two
No other
breadwinners.
More
Total.
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
289
Silk mill operatives
Stenographers and typewriters
Teachers and professors iii colleges, etc .
Textile workers (not otherwise specified)
.
Tobacco and cigar factory operatives
All other occupations
All occupations
Dressmakers
Housekeepers and stewardesses
Laundresses
Merchants and dealers
Nurses and midwives
Saleswomen
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
Textile workers (not otherwise specified)
All other occupations
Two
other.
other.
than
two
other.
other.
NATIVE WHITE— ONE OR BOTH PARENTS FOREIGN
One
BORN— continued.
OTHER BREADWINNERS, FOR SELECTED
CITIES.
339
29.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY
NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION,
AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued.
Table
JERSEY CITY,
N. J.— Continued.
..
.
.
WOMEN AT WORK.
340
29.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OP AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY
NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION,
AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued.
Table
KAHSAS
CITY,
MO.—Continued.
FEMALE BBEADWINNEKS
16
YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME.
Single (including
Aggregate.
unknown)
Living in families having-
Living in families having-
OCCUPATION.
Other breadwinners.
Other breadwinners.
Total.
Total.
No otlier
breadwinners.
One
Two
other.
other.
More
than
two
No other
breadwinners.
More
Total.
other.
NATIVE -WHITE— BOTH PARENTS NATIVE—Continued.
Nurses and midwives
71
Saleswomen
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
Stenographers and typewriters
Tailoresses
Teachers and professors in colleges, etc
All other occupations
All occupations
2,063
Boarding and lodging house keepers.
Bookkeepers and accountants
Dressmakers
Laundresses
Saleswomen
.
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
Stenographers and typewriters
Teachers and professors in colleges, etc
All other occupations
All occupations
,
126
235
162
232
129
90
198
92
690
.
Dressmakers
Servants and waitresses
AU other occupations.
.
All occupations.
.
Laundresses
Servants and waitresses
All other occupations. .
2,096
1,196
617
282
One
Two
other.
other.
than
two
other.
OTHER BREADWINNERS, FOR SELECTED
Table
29.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS
16
CITIES.
341
YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY
RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION,
NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY
AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED' CITIES: 1900—Continued.
KANSAS CITY, MO.—Continued.
342
WOMEN AT WORK.
29.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OP AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY
NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION,
AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued.
Table
liOmSVILLB,
KY.-Continued.
.
.
..
OTHER BREADWINNERS, FOR SELECTED
343
CITIES.
Table
29.-FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY
NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION,
AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900-Continued
LOUISVILLE,
KX.-Continued.
FEMAIE BEE*DWINNEE3
16
YEARS Or AGE AND OVEE LIVING AT
HOME—Continued.
Widowed and
Married.
Living in families having-
divorced.
Living in families having-
OCCUPATION.
Other breadwinners.
Total.
Other breadwiimers.
Total.
No other
breadwinners.
More
Total.
One
Two
than
other.
other.
two
No other
breadwinners.
other.
NATIVE WHITE—BOTH PAEENTS NATIVE.
All occupations
752
Boarding and lodging houae Iseepers.
Bookkeepers and accountants
Clerks and copyists
Dressmakers
.
Laundresses
Milliners
Nurses and midwives
Saleswomen
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
Stenographers and typewriters
Taiioresses
Teachers and professors in colleges, etc
Textile mill operatives
Tobacco and cigar factory operatives.
All other occupations
All occupations.
Bookkeepers and accountants.
Clerks and copyists
Dressmakers
Laundresses
Milliners
Saleswomen
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
Stenographers and typewriters.
Taiioresses
Teachers and professors in colleges, etc
Textile
mill
operatives
(not
otherwise
specificid)
Tobacco and cigar factory operatives
Woolen mill operatives
All other occupations
All occupations.
.
Servants and waitresses
All other occupations.
.
All occupations
Laundresses
Nurses and midwives
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
Teachers and professors in colleges, etc
Tobacco and cigar factory operatives.
All other occupations
Total.
One
Two
other.
other.
344
WOMEN AT WORK.
BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY
NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION,
AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued.
Table 29.— FEMALE
LOWELL, MASS.
.
.
.
OTHER BREADWINNERS,' FOR SELECTED
—
345
CITIES.
Table
29.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY
NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION,
AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900-Continued
LOWELL, MASS.
FEMALE BKEADWINNEES
16
YEARS OE AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME—=COntinued
Widowed and
Married.
Living in families having—
divorced.
Living in families having
OCCUPATION.
Other breadwinners.
Total.
Other breadwinners.
No other
breadwinners.
No other
More
Total.
One
Two
other.
other.
breadwinners.
than
two
Total.
other.
ALL CLASSES.^
All occupations
1,855
Boarding and lodging house keepers
Bookkeepers and accountants
Boot and shoe makers and repairers
Carpet factory operatives
Clerks and copyists
Cotton mill operatives
Dressmakers
Hosiery and knitting mill operatives
Housekeepers and stewardesses
138
1,717
1,053
46
20
21
36
14
37
19
21
17
11
12
32
23
13
7
674
633
131
140
18
397
84
141
146
22
Laundresses
Saleswomen
52
16
12
47
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
Stenographers and typewriters
Teachers and professors in colleges, etc
9
43
3
3
Milliners
Nurses and midwlves
Textile
mill
operatives
(not
318
346
943
139
21
212
86
33
39
339
604
149
48
21
44
4
other^sise
272
26
95
96
287
26
99
111
specified)
Textile workers (not otherwise specified) , .
Woolen mill operatives
All other occupations
167
14
71
64
NATIVE WHITE— BOTH PARENTS NATIVE.
39
All occupations
216
137
43
36
231
103
^
Bookkeepers and accountants
Clerks
and copyists
Cotton mill operatives
Dressmakers
4
Hosiery and knitting mill operatives
Housekeepers and stewardesses
Saleswomen
Servants and waitresses
Teachers and professors in colleges, etc
mill operatives (not otherwise
Textile
specified)
Textile workers (not otherwise specified)..
All other occupations
359
All occupations.
7
10
115
23
Bookkeepers and accountants.
Carpet factory operatives
Cotton mill operatives
Dressmakers
22
14
Hosiery and knitting mill operatives
Saleswomen
Servants and waitresses
Teachers and professors in colleges, etc
Textile
mill
operatives
specified)
(not
otherwise
'-w'^:"
(not otherwise speeifled)
Textile workers
Woolen mill operatives
All other occupations
.
128
One
other.
346
WOMEN AT WORK.
29.—FEMALE BEEADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY
NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION,
AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued.
Table
IjOWEI^L, MASS.— Continued.
—
.
OTHER BREADWINNERS, FOR SELECTED
347
CITIES.
Table 29.—FEMALE
BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY
NUMBER OP OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION,
AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued.
liOTTELL, MASS.— Continued.
FEMALE EBEADWINNEBS
16
TEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT
HOME—Continued.
Widowed and
divorced.
Living in Jamilies having-
Living in families having
OCCUPATION.
Other breadwinners.
Otlier breadwinners.
No other
No other
More
breadwinners.
One
Two
than
other.
other.
two
breadwinners.
other.
FOREIGN BORN WHIT3
All occupations
1,236
Boarding and lodging house Iceepers
Carpet factory operatives
Cotton mill operatives
Dressmakers
Hosiery and loiittlng mill operatives
Houseljeepers and stewardesses
Laundresses
,
Saleswomen
Servants and waitresses
Textile
mill
operatives
:
(not
,
77
201
27
25
515
81
97
24
22
485
75
94
13
16
310
53
45
11
40
28
29
10
37
27
25
3
19
15
12
206
31
64
82
196
29
63
72
122
4
1
109
11
27
.
15
MII^W^ATJKBE,
26
112
25
35
30
7
44
otherwise
specified)
Textile workers (not otherwise specified)
Woolen mill operatives
All Other occupations
49
8
156
41
14
"VVIS.
4
348
WOMEN AT WORK.
29.— FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OP AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY
NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION,
AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued.
Table
MILWAUKEE, WIS.— Continued.
OTHER BREADWINNERS, FOR SELECTED
Table
CITIES.
349
29,—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY
NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION,
AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900-Contmued.
MILWAUKEE, WIS.— Continued.
350
WOMEN AT WORK.
29.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OP AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY
NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION,
AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued.
Table
MINNEAPOLIS,
MINN.-Continued.
. .
OTHER BREADWINNERS, FOR SELECTED
351
CITIES.
—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY
NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION,
AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued.
Table 29.
MINNEAPOLIS,
MINN.-Continued.
FEMALE BREADWINNERS
16
TEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT
HOME— Continued.
Widowed and
Married.
divorced.
Living in families having-
Living in families having-
OCCUPATION.
Other breadwinners.
Other breadwinners.
Total.
Total.
No other
bread-
More
Total.
One
Two
than
Other.
Other.
two
No other
breadwinners.
other.
ALL CLASSES'
Seamstresses
,
Servants and waitresses
Stenographers and typewriters
39
Tailoresses
Teachers and professors in colleges, etc..
Textile mill operatives
Textile workers (not otherwise specified)
All other occupations
All occupations
Bookkeepers and accountants
Clerks and copyists
Dressmakers
Housekeepers and stewardesses
Milliners
Musicians and teachers of music
Nurses and midwives
Saleswomen
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
Stenographers and typewriters
Teachers and professors in colleges, etc
All other occupations
296
All occupations
Bookkeepers and accounta-nts
Clerks
and copyists
Dressmakers
Housekeepers and stewardesses
Laundresses
Milliners
Musicians and teachers of music
Nurses and midwives
Saleswomen
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
Stenographers and typewriters
Teachers and professors in colleges, etc.
Textile mill operatives
Textile workers (not otherwise si>ecifiea)
All other occupations
-
-
All occupations.
Boarding and lodging house keepers
Dressmakers
Housekeepers and stewardesses
Laundresses
.
Nurses and midwives
Saleswomen
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses.
Tfliloresses
....-..-.----......--
Teachers and professors in colleges, etc.
Textile workers (not otherwise specified).
All other occupations
.
—Continued.
Total.
WOMEN AT WORK.
352
29.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY
NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION,
AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued.
Table
NBTV^
ORLEANS, LA.
FEMALE BREADWINNERS
Aggregate.
OCCUPATION.
16
YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME.
—
..
OTHER BREADWINNERS, FOR SELECTED
Table
29.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS
16
NUMBER OP OTHER BREADWINNERS
AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED
353
CITIES.
YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY
THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION,
IN
CITIES: 1900-Continued.
NEW
ORLEANS, LA.
FEMALE BREADWINNERS
16
YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME
—continued.
Widowed and
Married.
divorced.
Living in families having
Living in families having-
OCCUPATION.
Other breadwinners.
Other breadwinners.
Total.
Total.
No other
breadwinners.
More
Total.
One
Two
than
other.
other.
two
other.
ALL CLASSES.
All occupations
659
Boarding and lodging house keepers
Clerks and copyists
Cotton mill operatives
Dressmakers
Housekeepers and stewardesses
29
18
168
17
Laborers (not specified)
Laundresses
Merchants and dealers
96
2,184
114
Milliners
15
Musicians and teachers of music
26
Nurses and mid wives
Saleswomen
101
26
380
1,277
•
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
Stenographers and typewriters
6
Tailoresses
Teachers and professors in colleges, etc
Tobacco and cigar factory operatives.
All other occupations
.
Musicians and teachers of music
Nurses and midwives...
Saleswomen
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
Stenographers and typewriters
Teachers and professors in colleges, etc
Tobacco and cigar lactory operatives.
All other occupations
All occupations.
9
197
All occupations
Boarding and lodging house keepers.
Clerks and copyists
Cotton mill operatives
Dressmakers
Laundresses
30
30
No other
breadwinners.
Total.
One
Two
other.
other.
354
WOMEN AT WORK.
Table 29.—FEMALE
BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OP AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY
NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION,
AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued.
NEW ORLEANS,
LA.— Continued.
—
.
OTHER BREADWINNERS, FOR SELECTED
Table
29.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS
16
355
CITIES.
YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY
RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION^
NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY
AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued.
NEW ORLEANS,
LA.— Continued.
FEMALE BREADWINNEES
16
YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT
HOME— Continued.
Widowed and
Married.
divorced.
Living in families having
Living in families having—
OCCUPATION.
Other breadwinners.
Other breadwinners.
Total.
Total.
No other
breadwinners.
More
Total.
One
Two
than
other.
other.
two
other.
All occupQ-tions
3,935
Boarding and lodging house keepers
Dressmakers
Housekeepers and stewardesses
Laborers (not specified)
,
Laundresses
Nurses and midwives
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
Teachers and professiors in
All other occupations
. .
,
,
colleges, etc.
No other
breadwinners.
More
Total.
Ojie
other.
Two
other.
than
two
other.
,
.
WOMEN AT WORK.
356
BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AG^l AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY
NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION,
AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued.
Table 29.— FEMALE
NEAV YORK, N.
Y.
(BROOKLYN BOROUGH)— Continued.
FEMALE BREADWINNERS
16
YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME.
Single (including
Aggregate.
unknown).
Living in families having-
Living in families having-
OCCUPATION.
Other breadwiimers.
Other breadwinners.
Total.
No other
breadwinners.
Total.
One
Two
other.
Other.
I
More
than
two
No other
breadwinners.
Milliners
373
Musicians and teachers of music
Nurses and midwives
Packers and shippers
Printers, lithographers,
and presswomen
Saleswomen
Seamstresses.
Servants and waitresses
Stenographers and typewriters
Tailoresses
^Teachers and professors in colleges, etc
Telegraph and telephone operators
Textile mill operatives
Textile workers (not otherwise specified).
All other occupations
.
'
All occupations
hoarding and lodging house keepers
Bookbinders
Bookkeepers and accountants
Boot and shoemakers and repairers
Boxmakers (paper)
Clerks and copyists
CojQf ectioners
Dressmakers
Hat and cap makers
Housekeepers and stewardesses
,
Janitors and sextons
Laborers (not specified)
Laundresses
Merchants and dealers
Milliners
Musicians and teachers of music
Nurses and midwives
Packers and shippers
Printers, lithographers,
and presswomen
. .
Saleswomen
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
Shirt, collar,
and
cuff
makers
Silk mill operatives
Stenographers and typewriters
Tailoresses
Teachers and professors in colleges, etc
Telegraph and telephone operators
Textile mill operatives (not otherwise
specified)
Textile workers (not otherwise specified)..,
All other occupations
All occupations
Boarding and lodging house keepers.
Bookbinders
Bookkeepers and accountants
Boxmakers (paper)
Clerks and copyists
Confectioners
Dressmakers
Housekeepers and stewardesses
Janitors and sextons
Laborers (not specified)
Two
other.
than
two
other.
other.
NATIVE WHITE— BOTH PARENTS NATIVE
More
One
other.
—Continued.
. .
OTHER BREADWINNERS, FOR SELECTED
Table
29.— FEMALE
BREADWINNERS
357
CITIES.
YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY
RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION,
16
NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY
AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: ISOO-Continued.
NEW YORK,
N. Y.
(BROOKLYN BOROUGH)—Continued.
FEMALE BE.EADWIXNERS
16
YEAHS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT
HOME— Continued.
Widowed and
Married.
divorced.
Living in families having-
Living in families having-
DCCUPATION.
Other breadwinners.
Other breadwinners.
'
jj
i'
No other
breadwinners.
Total.
Total.
One
Two
other.
other.
More
than
two
No other
breadwinners.
I
Total.
other.
NATIVE WHITE— BOTH PARENTS NATIVE— Continued.
Milliners
19
Musicians and teachers of music
Nurses and midwives
Packers and shippers
Printers, lithographers,
'
and presswomen
.
Saleswomen
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
Stenographers and typewriters
Tailoresses
Teachers and professors in colleges,
Telegraph and telephone operators
etc.
Textile mill operatives
Textile workers (not otherwise specified)
All other occupations
.
.
All occupations
hoarding and lodging house keepers
Bookbinders
Bookkeepers and accountants
Boot and shoemakers and repairers
Boxmakers
(paper)
Clerks and copyists
Confectioners
Dressmakers
Hat and cap makers
Housekeepers and stewardesses
Janitors and sextons
Laborers (not specified)
Laundresses
Merchants and dealers
Milliners
Musicians and teachers of music
Nurses and midwives
Packers and shippers
Printers, lithographers,
and presswomen.
Saleswomen
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
Shirt, collar,
and
cuff
makers
Silk mill operatives
Stenographers and typewriters
Tailoresses
Teachers and professors in colleges, etc...
Telegraph and telephone operators
Textile mill operatives (not otherwise
specified)
Textile workers (not otherwise specified).
All other occupations
All occupations
Boarding and lodging house keepers.
Bookbinders
Bookkeepers and accountants
Boxmakers (paper)
Clerks and copyists
Confectioners
Dressmakers
Housekeepers and stewardesses
Janitors and sextons
Laborers (not specified)
One
Two
other.
other.
More
than
two
other.
—
.
..
.
WOMEN AT WORK.
358
39.— FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY
NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION,
AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued.
Table
NEW
YORK,
N. Y.
(BROOKLYX BOROUGH)— Continued.
FEMALE BREADWINNERS
16
YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME.
Aggregate.
Single (including
unknown)
Living in families having—
Living in families having
OCCUPATION.
Other hreadwinners.
No other
No other
breadwinners.
Total.
One
Two
other.
other.
More
than
two
breadwinners.
other.
FOREIGN BORN WHITE—continued.
Laundresses
Merchants and dealers
1,845
.'
Milliners
Musicians and teachers of music
Nurses and mid wives
-
Packers and shippers
Saleswomen
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
Stenographers and typewriters
Tailoresses
-
Teachers and professors
in colleges, etc.
Textile mill operatives
Textile workers (not otherwise specified)
All other occupations
All occupations .
.
Dressmakers
Laundresses
Servants and waitresses
All other occupations
. .
170
859
539
329
112
139
561
427
61
268
72
327
188
128
382
298
40
147
119
76
27
87
120
64
129
79
174
277
158
67
114
235
143
One
Two
other.
other.
..
—
.
OTHER BREADWINNERS, FOR SELECTED
CITIES.
359
29.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY
NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN TIIE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION,
AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900-Continued.
Table
liTEW
YORK,
K. Y. (BROOKLY^T
FEMALE BREADWINNERS
BOKOTJGH)—Continued.
16
YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME
—Continued.
Widowed and
Married.
divorced.
Living in families having-
Living in families having
3CCUPATI0N.
Other breadwinners.
Other breadwinners.
Total.
Total.
No other
breadwinners.
Total.
One
Two
other.
other.
More
than
two
No other
breadwinners.
Total.
One
Two
other.
otner.
other.
FOREIGN BORN WHITE—continued.
Laundresses
Merchants and dealers
!".!!"'
Milliners
346
['//_
Musicians and teachers of music
Nurses and midwlves
Packers and shippers
Saleswomen
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
Stenographers and typewriters
..[
Talioresses
Teachers and professors
in colleges, etc.
Textile mill operatives
Textile worlcers (not otherwise specified)
AH
other occupations
Ail occupations.
295
.
Dressmakers
Laundresses
Servants and waitresses
152
129
All other occupations . .
96
84
52
32
110
16
198
47
75
34
155
82
57
23
201
63
41
15
122
27
23
—
.
.
WOMEN AT WORK.
360
29.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY
NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION,
AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued.
NEW YORK, N. Y. (MANHATTAIST AISTB BRONX BOROUGHS)— Continued.
Table
FEMALE BREADWINNERS
16
YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME.
Aggregate.
,
Single (including unJoiown).
Living in families having—
Living in families having-
OCCUPATION.
Other breadwinners.
Otlier breadwinners.
Total.
Total.
No otlier
breadwinners.
One
Two
otlier.
other.
More
than
two
No other
breadwinners.
Stenographers and typewriters
4,982
Tailoresses
Teachers and professors in colleges, etc
Telegraph and telephone operators
Textile
mill
operatives
(not
otherwise
specified)
Textile workers (not otherwise specified)
Tobacco and cigar factory operatives
. .
All other occupations
All occupations
Actresses, professional
show-women,
etc
Agents
and teachers of art
Boarding and lodging house keepers
Bookbinders
Artists
Bookkeepers and accountants
Boxmakers (paper)
Clerks and copyists
Dressmakers
Housekeepers and stewardesses
Janitors and sextons
Laundresses
Literary and scientific persons
Merchants and dealers
Milliners
Musicians and teachers of music
Nurses and midwives
Packers and shippers
Saleswomen
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
Silk mill operatives
Stenographers and typewriters
Tailoresses
Teachers and professors in colleges, etc
Telegraph and telephone operators
Textile mill operatives (not otherwise
specified)
Textile workers (not otherwise specified)
AU other occupations
58,302
All occupations.
show-women,
Actresses, professional
Agents
Artists and teachers of art
Barbers and hairdressers
Boarding and lodging house keepers
Bookbinders
Bookkeepers and accountants.
:
Boxmakers
(paper)
Carpet factory operatives
Clerks and copyists
k
Confectioners.
Dressmakers.
Hat and cap makers
Housekeepers and stewardesses.
Janitors and sextons
etc...
430
227
167
234
334
1,124
2,754
863
312
2,488
335
9,502
263
One
Two
other.
Other.
More
than
two
Other.
other.
ALL CLASSES
Total.
'
—continued.
.
.
—
. ..
OTHER BREADWINNERS, FOR SELECTED
Table
39.— FEMALE BREADWINNERS
16
CITIES.
361
YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIEI> BY
RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION,
NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY
AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES; 1900—Continued.
NEW YOKK,
N. Y.
(MANHATTAN AND BRONX BOROUGHS)— Continued.
FEMALE BEEADWINNEKS
16
YEARS OF AGE AND OVEE LIVING AT
HOME—Continued.
Widowed and
Married.
divorced.
Living in families having
Living in famihes havingOCCtJPATION.
Other breadwinners.
Total.
Other breadwinners.
Total.
No otlier
breadwinners.
Total.
One
Two
other.
other.
More
than
two
No other
breadwinners.
other.
ALL CLASSES
Stenographers and typewriters
Tailoresses
Teacliers and professors in colleges, etc
63
Telegraph and telephone operators
Textile
mill
operatives
(not
otherwise
specified)
Textile workers (not otherwise specified)
Tobacco and cigar factory operatives
All other occupations
.
All occupations
Actresses, professional
show-women,
etc
.
.
Agents
and teachers of art
Boarding and lodging house keepers .......
Bookbinders
Artists
- . .
Bookkeepers and accountants
195
20
39
106
5
29
Boxmakers (paper)
Clerks and copyists
10
Dressmakers
Housekeepers and stewardesses
46
244
34
Janitors and sextons
145
Laundresses
76
20
39
32
Literary and scientific persons
Merchants and dealers
Milliners
Musicians and teachers of music
74
46
2
Nurses and midwi ves
Packers and shippers
Saleswomen
51
Seamstresses
46
Servants and waitresses
Silk mill operatives
Stenographers and typewriters
Tailoresses
Teachers and professors in colleges, etc
Telegraph and telephone operators
Textile miU operatives (not otherwise
6
specified)
Textile workers (not otherwise specified)
All other occupations
AH
. -
2,978
occupations
Actresses, professional
show-women, etc
Agents
and teachers of art
Barbers and hairdressers
Boarding and lodging house keepers
Artists
Bookbinders
Bookkeepers and accountants.
Boxmakers
(paper)
Carpet factory operatives
Clerks and copyists
Confectioners
Dressmakers
Hat and cap makers
Housekeepers and stewardesses
Janitors and sextons
16
258
.
141
25
15
13
77
25
34
29
9
56
10
415
2
29
454
1
—Continued.
One
Two
other.
other.
..
—
.
.
WOMEN AT WORK.
362
29.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY
NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION,
AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES; 1900—Continued.
NEW YORK, >r. Y. (MANHATTAN AND BRONX BOROUGHS)—Continued.
Table
FEMALE BREADWINNERS
10
YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME.
Single (including
Aggregate.
unknown)
Living in families having—
Living in families having
OCCUPATION.
Other breadwinners.
Other breadwinners.
Total.
Total.
No other
breadwinners.
Total.
One
Two
other.
other.
More
than
two
No other
breadwinners.
More
Total.
other.
NATIVE WHITE— ONE OR BOTH PARENTS FOREIGN BORN— Continued.
Laborers (not specified)
Laundresses
Literary and scientific persons
Hanufaeturers and officials, etc
Merchants and dealers
,
Milliners
Musicians and teachers
-Nurses and mid wives
Packers and shippers
of
music
Saleswomen.
Seamstresses
iJervants and waitresses
Shirt, collar, and cuff makers
Silk mill operatives
Stenographers and typewriters
Tailoresses
Teachers and professors in colleges, etc
Telegraph and telephone operators . .
140
1,519
89
148
685
33
328
21
20
118
2,416
660
492
608
7,568
166
79
109
32
398
2,249
681
383
576
7,170
3,093
2,311
299
799
293
323
30
54
2,800
1,988
269
745
3,014
837
2,873
147
94
277
31
2,867
743
2,696
728
32
107
49
503
1,330
920
6,360
.'
mill' operatives
specified)
Textile
(not
7.59
628
1,437
.
All occupations
57, 130
show-women,
etc.
229
155
103
228
961
.
Agents
Artists and teachers of art
Barbers and hairdressers
Boarding and lodging house keepers.
Bookbinders
Bookkeepers and accountants
215
760
336
93
644
Boxmakers (paper)
Carpet factory operatives
Clerks and copyists
Confectioners
334
Dressmakers
(,772
Hat and cap makers
372
Housekeepers and stewardesses
Hucksters and peddlers
511
343
Janitors and sextons
Laborers (not specified)
Laundresses
Manufacturers and officials, etc
Merchants and dealers
407
3,858
160
1,449
MiUiners
Musicians and teachers ofmusic
1,374
346
1,093
209
2,472
Nurses and midwives
Packers and shippers
Saleswomen
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
Shirt, collar,
and
cuff
312
4,632
550
280
6,
makers
Silk mill operatives
Stenographers and typewriters
Tailoresses
Teachers and professors in colleges,
Telegraph and telephone operators
Textile
mill
operatives
(not
191
68
128
467
otherwise
Textile workers (not otherwise specified)
Tobacco and cigar factory operatives
All other occupations
Actresses, professional
107
1,
6,622
576
107
ctt-
otherwise
specified)
Textile workers (not otherwise specified)
Tobacco and cigar factory operatives
All other occupations
231
.
1,2.38
3,914
5,269
36
One
Two
other.
other.
than
two
other.
OTHER BREADWINNERS, FOR SELECTED
CITIES.
363
BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY
BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION,
AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900-Continued.
^^^f^^^®-"^^'^^^^
NUMBER OF OTHER
NE^V YORK,
N. Y.
OtANHATTAN AND
BISOJ.X B01{OtJGHS)-Continued.
364
WOMEN AT WORK.
29.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY
NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION,
AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued.
XBW TOEK, N. T. (MAjSTIIATTAlSr AND BKONX BOROTJGHS)— Continued.
Table
OTHER BREADWINNERS, FOR SELECTED
Table 29.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS
16 YEARS OP AGE AND
XI:M13ER op other breadwinners in THE FAMILY, AND
AND OeCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued.
NETV YORK,
N. Y.
CITIES.
365
OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY
BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION,
(MANHATTAN AND BRONX BOROUGHS)— Continued.
.,
,
.
.
.
WOMEN AT WORK.
366
29.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY
NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION,
AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued.
KEWAKK, ST. J.— Continued.
Table
FEMALE BREADWINNERS
16
YEaRS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME.
Aggregate.
Single (including
Living in families having-
unknown).
Living in families having-
OCCUPATION.
Other breadwinners.
Total.
Other breadwiimers.
Total.
No other
More
breadTotal.
One
Two
than
other.
other.
two
No other
breadwinners.
Total.
One
Two
other.
other.
More
than
two
other.
NATIVE WHITE
All occupations.
7,739
Bookkeepers and accountants
Boot and shoe makers and
Boxmakers (paper)
Buttonmakers
Clerks and copyists
Corsetmakers
Cotton mill operatives.
Dressmakers
Gold and silver workers
Hat and cap makers
655
252
193
117
173
repairers.
7,084
614
656
351
6P1
341
241
42
19
70
14
21
34
26
135
Nurses and midwives. .
169
110
176
67
Saleswomen
696
12
19
24
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
Stenographers and typewriters.
276
284
.
Laimdresses
Merchants and dealers.
.
,
Milliners
223
specified)
Textile workers (not otherwise specified)
All other occupations
. .
60
40
36
87
3,110
6,884
104
78
37
94
247
266
164
48
572
40
27
40
15
124
43
29
51
20
174
64
76
88
67
87
184
83
78
104
100
230
282
81
220
84
62
38
228
28
200
60
69
107
151
1;779
5
15
166
102
136
1,613
32
35
426
20
49
519
407
182
112
162
169
76
17
28
13
OR BOTH PARENTS FOREIGN BORN.
130
82
198
80
53
332
621
327
220
271
244
Tailoresses
Teachers and professors in colleges, etc
Textile mill operatives (not otherwise
2,105
180
109
165
255
276
—ONE
other.
315
174
254
619
332
683
159
115
329
52
28
73
78
53
166
43
675
13
274
6,477
1,560
172
104
166
248
53
38
30
33
68
90
96
164
74
151
153
77
84
49
70
48
11
12
158
35
38
22
72
119
21
14
51
10
166
178
218
269
199
44
64
81
57
49
65
88
56
86
99
100
100
126
1,444
30
30
328
13
226
102
77
120
75
320
638
317
205
221
2,981
78
57
38
33
84
171
234
166
110
11
57
104
137
1,534
20
46
479
50
50
637
44
24
44
65
40
59
52
5
FOREIGN BORN WHITE.
All occupations
Corsetmakers
Cotton mill operatives
Dressmakers
Hat and cap makers
Housekeepers and stewardesses
177
112
296
154
29
Laborers (not specified)
Laundresses
Merchants and dealers
Nurses and midwives
86
321
Saleswomen
94
246
146
25
16
10
43
95
129
793
Tailoresses
258
212
Teachers and professors in colleges, etc.
Textile workers (not otherwise specified)
53
110
4
166
12
33
•
29
306
432
.
,
33
38
23
17
10
16
14
23
.
19
34
35
16
203
182
182
122
Ail occupations .
141
15
56
30
36
Laimdresses
Servants and waitresses
AH other occupations
9
61
34
63
68
111
All other occupations
10
160
133
13
36
17
121
73
Tobacco and cigar factory operatives
65
44
72
57
63
200
157
75
23
230
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
107
46
267
188
136
175
163
104
100
66
63
163
93
178
61
,34
72
67
157
161
41
19
40
69
227
260
47
84
124
632
106
97
215
12
22
154
79
143
53
100
62
37
41
3
7
12
6
5
151
49
22
42
43
47
28
48
46
37
80
10
25
121
691
27
169
9
20
37
192
178
4
5
'
58
29
53
62
18
35
57
67
14
28
13
.
.
.
OTHER BREADWINNERS, FOR SELECTED
367
CITIES.
"^^^^^^ BREADWINNERS
16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY
OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY. AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION^
AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900-Continued
?
^^^TT
NUMBER
]S"EWARK, N. J.—Continued.
FEMALE BREADWINNERS
16
YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT
HOME—Continued.
Widowed and
Married.
divorced.
Living in families having—
Living in families having-
OCCUPATION.
Other breadwinners.
Total.
Other breadwi.nners.
Total.
No other
breadwinners.
Total.
One
Two
other.
other.
More
than
two
No other
breadwinners.
other.
NATIVE WHITE— ONE OR BOTH PARENTS FOREIGN BORN.
All occupations
257
138
Bookkeepers and accountants
Boot and shoe makers and repairers
Boxmakers (paper)
Buttonmakers
Clerks and copyists
Corsetmakers
Cotton mill operatives
Dressmakers
Gold and silver workers
Hat and cap makers
,
Laundresses
Merchants and dealers
4
,
Milliners
Nurses and midwives
Saleswomen
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
Stenographers and typewriters
,
Tailoresses
Teachers and professors in
Textile
mill
operatives
colleges, etc.
(not
...
otherwise
1
specified)
Textile workers (not otherwise specified)...
All other occupations
4
108
All occupations
Corsetmakers
Cotton mill operatives
Dressmakers
Hat and cap makers
Housekeepers and stewardesses
'
Laborers (not specified)
Laundresses
Merchants and dealers
Nurses and midwives
Saleswomen
7
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
28
21
Tailoresses
Teachers and professors in colleges, etc..
Textile workers (not otherwise specified)
Tobacco and cigar factory operatives .
All other occupations
.
All occupations .
. -
Laundresses
Servants and waitresses
other occupations. .
AU
3
10
6
123
One
other.
WOMEN AT WORK.
368
29.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY
NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION,
AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued.
Table
PATERSON,
N. J,
FEMALE BREADWINNERS
16
YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME.
Aggregate.
Single (including
unknown).
Living in families having-
Living in families having—
OCCUPATION.
Other breadwinners.
Total.
Other breadwinners.
No other
breadwinners.
No other
More
One
Two
than
other.
other.
two
other.
ALL CLASSES.!
All occupations
8,709
Bookkeepers and accountants
Clerks
and copyists
Dressmakers
Hemp
and
jute mill operatives
Housekeepers and stewardesses
Laundresses
Linen mill operatives
Merchants and dealers
Milliners
Nurses and midwives
Saleswomen
Servants and waitresses
Shirt, collar, and cufl makers
Silk mill operatives
Stenographers and typewriters
Teachers and professors in colleges, etc
Textile mill operatives (not otherwise
specified)
All other occupations
All occupations .
1,708
,
Dressmakers
Saleswomen
Servants and waitresses
Shirt, collar, and cuff makers
Silk mill operatives
Teachers and professors in colleges, etc
All other occrpations
All occupations
177
90
23
83
658
134
543
3,655
Dressmakers
Saleswomen
215
125
Servants and waitresses
Shirt, collar,
and
cuff
makers
Silk mill operatives
Teachers and professors in colleges, etc
Textile mill operatives (not otherwi se
2,245
185
244
514
specified)
All other occupations
All occupations
Dressmakers
Housekeepers and stewardesses
Laundresses
Linen mill operatives
121
22
84
132
70
Servants and waitresses
Shirt, collar,
and
cuff
makers
Silk mill operatives
Textile mill operatives
specified)
All other occupations
121
1,915
(not
otherwise
259
502
breadwinners.
One
Two
other.
other.
More
than
two
other.
.. .
—
...
OTHER BREADWINNERS, FOR SELECTED
Table
29.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS
16
CITIES.
369
YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY
RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION,
NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY
AND OCCUPATION. FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900-Contmued.
PATERSON,
FEMALE BEEADWINNEKS
N. J.
16
YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT
HOME— Continued.
Widowed and
Married.
divorced.
Living in families having
Living in families having-
OCCUPATION.
Other breadwinners.
Other breadwinners.
Total.
Total.
No other
breadwinners.
More
Total.
One
Two
than
other.
other.
two
No other
breadwinners.
Total.
other.
ALL CLASSES.'
All occupations.
938
Bookkeepers and accountants
.
807
514
169
Clerks and copyists
Dressmakers
Hemp and jute mill operatives.
Housekeepers and stewardesses.
Laundresses
Linen mill operatives..
Merchants and dealers.
75
28
49
Milliners
Nurses and midwives.
Saleswomen
Servants and waitresses
Shirt, collar, and cuff makers.
(not
305
519
2
2
60
16
13
38
12
39
24
68
4
7
5
24
34
20
9
23
20
12
33
Stenographers and typewriters
Teachers and professors in colleges, etc
mill operatives
specified)
All other occupations
824
61
24
4S4
Silk mill operatives
Textile
124
2
3
95
24
14
.
412
12
39
13
243
14
11
271
10
24
6
170
5
2
otherwise
32
149
44
105
NATIVE WHITE— BOTH PARENTS NATIVE.
All occupations.
30
I^ressmakers
Saleswomen
Servants and waitresses
Shirt, collar, and cuff
Silk mill operatives
makers
Teachers and professors in colleges, etc.
All other occupations
NATIVE WHITE— ONE OK BOTH PARENTS FOREIGN BORN.
176
All occupations
Dressmakers
Saleswomen
147
84
36
154
1
2
3
Servants and waitresses
Shirt, collar,
29
10
and
cufl
makers.
100
Silk mill operatives
Teachers and professors in colleges, etc
operatives (not otherwise
mill
1
Textile
10
49
specified)
All other occupations
FOREIGN BORN WHITE.
570
All occupations
Dressmakers
Housekeepers and stewardesses
Laundresses
Linen mill operatives
Servants and waitresses
Shirt, collar, and cuff makers
Silk mill operatives
Textile mill operatives (not
specified)
All other occupations
468
66
3
13
4
34
25
13
1
16
20
7
•.
-
•
318
otherwise
44
110
295
208
One
Two
other.
other.
.
.
WOMEN AT WORK.
370
29.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OP AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY
NUMBER OF 'OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION,
AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued.
Table
PHILADELPHIA, PA.
FEMALE BREADWINNERS
16
YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME.
Aggregate.
Single (including
unknown)
Living in families having—
Living in families having-
OCCUPATION.
Other breadwinners.
Other breadwinners.
Total.
Total.
No other
More
breadwinners.
One
Two
than
Other.
Others
two
No other
breadwinners.
Total.
One
Two
other.
other.
other.
Other.
ALL CLASSES.
All occupations
23,088
21, 890
312
619
881
2,414
658
113
368
226
768
168
100
152
270
740
182
1,082
1,573
2,314
438
952
66
108
166
37
49
1,026
1,465
2,159
223
349
319
435
663
120
279
484
681
10,645
352
3,512
1,248
399
1,243
119
179
03
9,402
340
3,393
1,069
336
3,135
100
702
2,710
96
979
296
94
3,557
144
1,712
353
108
8,028
310
3,325
712
190
2,966
2,204
1,993
998
1,293
640
706
162
125
231
2,326
1,499
1,831
873
1,062
1,028
754
538
341
661
396
556
274
298
637
349
737
258
295
1,261
647
1,769
861
581
875
436
5,913
2, 463
37
24
315
300
838
412
5,698
2,163
176
513
706
281
124
1,691
582
381
187
2,394
876
5,236
1,067
766
2,106
887
51
37
4, .349
1,777
257
1,163
278
1,409
2(!7
353
640
721
562
1,022
108
697
1,083
134
3,489
318
3,600
6,674
415
817
686
884
8,588
Bookbinders
Bookkeepers ana accountants
Boot and shoe makers and repairers
926
2,564
Boxmakers (paper)
Clerks and copyists
Confectioners
Cotton miU operatives
'
75, 104
357
1,330
Carpet factory operatives
Dressmakers
Hat and cap makers
Hosiery and knitting mill operatives
Housekeepers and stewardesses
Laborers (not specified)
Laundresses
Merchants and dealers
MUJiners
Musicians and teachers ofmusic
Nurses and mid wives
:
Packers and shippers
Printers, lithographers,
and presswomen.
Saleswomen
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
Shirt, collar, and cuff
Silk mill operatives
makers
Stenographers and typewriters
Tailoresses
Teachers and professors in colleges, etc
Telegraph and telephone operators
Textile mill operatives (not otherwise
specified)
Textile workers (not otherwise specified)...
Tobacco and cigar factory operatives
Woolen mill operatives
All other occupations
,
1
46
711
45
160
50
84,027
Artists and teachers of art
Boarding and lodging house iseepers
12
651
106
401
201
1,016
729
1,967
421
134
101
1,
2,101
3,648
335
404
12
3,244
323
634
1,139
81
7,624
385
7,239
1,655
1,984
908
834
1,007
10,904
53
46
856
788
958
9,813
206
231
201
2,862
234
236
259
2,901
1,893
49
1,091
30, 126
66, 167
321
906
268
845
175
579
1,009
1,290
2,106
366
119
17
260
856
2,445
322
27
All occupations
Bookbinders
Bookkeepers and accountants
Boot and shoe makers and repairers.
Boxmakers
(paper)
30,632
237
679
399
1,350
221
Clerks and copyists
Confectioners
Cotton mill operatives
399
326
1,278
175
271
Dressmakers
3,809
Hat and cap makers
156
1,203
448
76
Carpet factory operatives
Hosiery and knitting mill operatives
Housekeepers and stewardesses
Laborers (not specified)
Laundresses
Merchants and dealers
Milliners
Musicians and teachers of music
Nurses and midwi ves
530
469
901
658
512
3,298
16,097
286
101
2.323
642
721
127
92
16
259
725
166
1,227
1,986
349
803
201
240
568
SO
159
306
378
616
106
252
2,180
86
937
182
53
18,
93
3,232
73
10
639
180
2,065
82
633
247
44
133
167
129
1,128
380
1,640
765
342
143
440
291
496
171
341
101
514
241
136
164
84
338
461
278
116
1,600
464
7,383
301
96
86
28
151
380
6,219
1,697
3,176
982
704
2,052
339
30
20
135
2,S!7
952
6S4
1,917
920
220
802
270
147
211
580
632
1,591
95
373
10
1,496
424
1,070
74
996
1,266
1,788
171
161
153
1,967
217
204
238
2,474
6,469
1,848
18
250
34
18
33
507
NATIVE WHITE— BOTH PARENTS NATIVE.
Artists and teachers of art
Boarding and lodging house keepers-
520
748
61,
35
192
36
122
37
423
4,<il
More
than
two
3,116
783
668
851
1,081
1,
451
103
.
. .
.
.
.
OTHER BREADWINNERS, FOR SELECTED
CITIES.
371
29.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY
NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION,
AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900-Contmued.
Table
PHILADELPHIA, PA.
FEMALE BREADWINNERS
16
YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT
HOME— Continued.
Widowed and
Married.
divorced.
Living in lamiUes having-
Living in families having—
OCCUPATION.
Other breadwinners.
Other breadwinners.
Total.
Total.
No other
breadwinners.
Total.
One
Two
other.
other.
More
than
two
other.
ALL CLASSES.'
All occupations.
and teachers of art
Boarding and lodging house keepers
Artists
23
264
33
59
47
.
Bookbinders
Bookkeepers and accountants
Boot and shoe makers and repairers.
Boxmakers
(paper)
Carpet factory operatives.
Clerks and copyists
Confectioners
Cotton mill operatives
37
166
122
32
65
Dressmakers
1,120
0,710
3
20
159
31
49
41
105
2
10
6
7
20
13
6
1,239
Hat and cap makers
21
103
187
134
Hosiery and knitting mill operatives.
Housekeepers and stewardesses
Lat)orers (not specified)
Laundresses. .*.
Merchants and dealers
3,676
1,508
7
414
27
10
92
64
26
36
30
27
20
11
12
11
10
450
928
3
13
83
31
18
71
266
44
463
8
26
120
21
264
6
24
201
4
76
13
64
10
173
179
19
16
117
102
132
1
5
3
64
62
53
117
87
40
57
16
30
1,091
607
13
21
90
23
22
164
112
10
44
48
218
4
18
37
28
7
28
79
15
BO
81
32
19
27
147
116
23
Musicians and teachers of music
11
Nurses and midwives
24
33
87
17
46
24
24
203
Seamstresses
182
31
Silk mill operatives
Stenographers and t j'pewriters
Tailoresses
Teachers and professors in colleges, etc
Telegraph and telephone operators
Textile
mill
operatives
(not
2
34
3
10
34
1
253
66
31
6
10
1
520
42
57
90
70
1,070
4
5
161
1,378
21
84
349
76
981
1,127
100
67
529
15
14
241
21
222
50
9
37
17
211
18
121
1,066
46
400
18
31
20
7
3
666
28
24
17
118
28
257
103
82
26
175
78
5
7
1
6
36
155
168
5
9
1
5
10
386
447
26
10
197
318
523
22
12
17
16
41
4
44
115
3tl
846
36
148
Servants and waitresses
Shirt, pollar, and cufi makers...
2
21
22
182
148
3
21
11
9
25
23
14
10
61
Printers, lithographers, and presswomen.
2
76
11
12
73
30
146
109
26
59
7
366
242
Packers and shippers
1,487
2
218
7
18
8
Saleswomen
392
30
42
26
3,315
16
28
23
121
91
724
530
124
Milliners
6,646
10,040
3
4
87
174
3
56
82
334
193
15
10
3
6
3
9
i
92
29
14
4
19
22
19
6
139
10
55
18
2
28
2
18
16
409
9
216
7
14
198
41
19
2
otherwise
specified)
Textile workers (not otherwise sj)eoifled)
Tobacco and cigar factory operatives
Woolen mill operatives
All other occupations
.
48
86
65
909
22
9
211
12
12
24
212
NATIVE WHITE
— HOTII
34
68
53
1,246
38
.
Boxmakers
(paper)
Carpet factory operatives.
Clerks and copyists
Confectioners
Cotton mill operatives
419
Dressmakers
10
33
55
Hosiery and knitting mill operatives.
Housekeepers and stewardesses
Laborers (not specified)
Laundresses
Merchants and dealers
Milliners
Musicians and
Nurses and midwives
Includes
423
24
34
42
823
12
1
4
3
2
1
210
200
18
25
117
32
5
13
5
7
2
1
11
21
7
10
16
2
13
2
6
14
31
2
8
15
24
43
16
14
240
5
17
616
2
3
136
14
29
95
10
42
60
33
132
196
44
35
217
85
114
33
25
184
18
22
teachers of music.
'
11
PARENTS NATIVE.
7
410
20
Hat and cap makers
10
24
3,291
1,960
All occupations
Artists and teachers of art
Boarding and lodging house keepers.
Bookbinders
Bookkeepers and accountants
Boot and shoe makers and repairers
326
430
Indian woman.
4
3
14
29
1
3
6
5
4
6
4
9
4
4
1
3
6
216
2
110
3
82
3
10
36
7
1
11
7
11
61
24
20,
4
24
33
16
7
6
10
4
63
35
.
,
WOMEN AT WORK.
372
29.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY
NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION,
AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued.
Table
PHILADELPHIA, PA. -Continued.
FEMALE BBEADWINNERS
16
YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME.
Aggregate.
Single (including
Living in families having—
unknown)
Living in families having-
OCCXrPATION.
Other breadwinners.
Other breadwinners.
Total.
No other
breadwinners.
Total.
One
Two
other.
other.
More
than
two
No other
breadwinners.
Total.
other.
NATIVE WHITE— BOTH PARENTS NATIVE—Continued.
Packers and shippers
407
Printers, lithographers,
and presswomen...
Saleswomen
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
Shirt, collar, and cuff
Silk mill operatives
makers
Stenographers and typewriters
Tailoresses
Teachers and professors in colleges, etc
Telegraph and telephone operators
(not otherwise
Textile mill operatives
specified)
Textile workers (not otherwise specified).
Tobacco and cigar factory operatives
Woolen mill operatives
All other occupations
..
All occupations
33,681
Artists and teachers of art
Boarding and lodging house keepers
Bookbinders
Bookkeepers and accountants
Boot and shoe makers and repairers
Boxmakers (paper)
585
830
885
210
503
Carpet factory operatives
Clerks and copyists
Confectioners
Cotton mill operatives
Dressmakers
Hat and cap makers
Hosiery and knittingmill operatives
Housekeepers and stewardesses
Laborers (not specified)
Laundresses
Merchants and dealers
Musicians and teachers of music
Nurses and midwives
Packers and shippers
and presswomen.,
Saleswomen
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
Shirt, collar, and cuff
Silk mill operatives
Stenographers and typewriters
Teachers and professors in colleges, etc
Telegraph and telephone operators
mill
specified)
operatives
(not
154
1,846
360
95
418
185
2,815
946
1,008
397
416
825
makers
Tailoresses
Textile
4,380
698
584
859
337
342
Milliners
Printers, lithographers,
476
1,055
357
659
1,256
136
otiierwise
Textile worjters (not otherwise specified)...
Tobacco and cigar fa,ctory operatives
Woolen mill operatives
All other occupations
4,305
469
267
520
4,102
All occupations
Boarding and lodging house keepers
Bookkeepers and accountants
301
149
Boxmakers
97
416
138
(paper)
Carpet factory operatives
Clerks and copyists
One
Two
other.
other.
..
OTHER BREADWINNERS, FOR SELECTED
Table
29.— FEMALE BREADWINNERS
16
373
CITIjES.
YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY
RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL ('ONDITION,
NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY
AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued.
PHILADELPHIA, PA. -Continued.
FEMALE BKEADWINNEES
16
YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT
Widowed and
Married.
Living
HOME—Continued.
in families
divorced.
Living in families having—
having-
OCCUPATION.
'
Other breadwinrera.
Total.
More
breadTotal.
One
Two
taan
other.
other.
two
breadwinnera.
Total.
other.
NATIVE "WHITE
Packers and shippers
,
11
Printers, lithographers, and presswomen.
Saleswomen
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
Shirt, collar, and cuff
Silk mill operatives
makers
,
Stenographers apd typewriters
Tailoresses
Teachers and professors in colleges, etc
Telegraph and telephone operators
Textile
mill
operatives
(not
otherwise
specified)
Textile workers (not otherwise specified)..
Tobacco and cigar factory operatives
Woolen mill operatives
AH other occupations
,
All occupations
and teachers of art
Boarding and lodging house keepers
Bookbinders
,
Bookkeepers and accoimtants
Boot and shoe makers and repairers
Artists
Boxmakers
18
65
38
12
33
(paper)
Carpet factory operatives
Clerks and copyists
Confectioners
Cotton mill operatives
262
Dressmakers
Hat and cap makers
7
46
38
10
Hosiery and knitting mill operatives
Housekeepers and stewardesses
Laborers (not specified)
Laundresses
Merchants and dealers
114
35
21
38
Milliners
Musicians and teachers of music
Nurses and midwives
,
Packers and shippers
Printers, lithographers, and presswomen.
.
Saleswomen
Seamstresses
102
Servants and waitresses
Shirt, collar, and cuff
Silk mill operatives
13
makers
- -
Stenographers and typewriters
Tflilnrpsses
8
6
75
44
,,_..-..-.----..-----------
Teachers and prolessors in colleges, etc
Telegraph and telephone operators
Textile mill operatives (not otherwise
7
9
67
12
5
specified)
Textile workers (not otherwise specified)
Tobacco and cigar factory operatives
Woolen mill operatives
All other occupations
All occupations
Boarding and lodging house keepers
Bookkeepers and accountants
Boxmakers
(paper)
Carpet laotory operatives
Clerks and copyists
.
12
22
26
268
2,187
Other breadwinners.
No other
No otner
—BOTH
PARENTS NATIVE — Continued.
One
Two
other.
other.
More
than
two
other.
.
.
,
.
WOMEN AT WORK.
374
29.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY
NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION,
AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued
Table
PHILADELPHIA, PA.—Continued.
FEMALE BREAD-fflNNEES
16
YEAHS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME.
Single (including
Aggregate.
unknown).
Living in families having-
Living in families having—
OCCUPATION.
Other breadwinners.
Other breadwinners.
Total.
Total.
No other
breadwinners.
Total.
One
other.
Two
other.
More
than
two
No other
breadwinners.
other.
FOREIGN BORN WHITE—Continued
Cotton mill operatives
Dressmakers
Hosiery and knitting mill operatives
Housekeepers and stewardesses
Laborers (not specified)
178
Laundresses
Merchants and dealers
Milliners
Nurses and midwives
Saleswomen
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
Shirt, collar, and cuff
Silk mill operatives
makers
Stenographers an d typewriters
Tailoresses
Teachers and professors in
mill
specified)
Textile
operatives
colleges, etc....
(not
otherwise
Textile workers (not otherwise specified) .
Tobacco and cigar factory operatives
'Woolen mill operatives
AU other occupations
All occupations
Boarding and lodging house keepers .
Dressmakers
Housekeepers and stewardesses
Laborers (not specified)
Laundresses
.
Nurses and midwives
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
Teachers and professors
All other occupations
in colleges, etc
.
,
,
,
Total.
One
Two
other.
other.
More
than
two
other.
.
OTHER BREADWINNERS, FOR SELECTED
375
CITIES.
Table
29.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY
NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION,
AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900-Continued.
PHILADELPHIA, PA.— Continued.
FEMALE BREADWINNEBS
16
—
YEAKS OF AGE AND OVEE LIVING AT HOME Continued.
Widowed and
Married.
divorced.
Living in families having-
Living in families having-
OCCUPATION.
Other breadwinners.
Other breadwinners.
Total.
Total.
No other
breadwinners.
Total.
One
Two
other.
other.
More
than
two
No other
breadTotal.
other.
FOREIGN BORN WHITE
Cotton mill operatives
'."'/.'..',
Dressraalcers
20
Hosiery and knitting mill operatives. .....
Housekeepers and stewardesses
Laborers (not specified)
Laundresses
Merchants and dealers
Milliners
Nurses and mid wives
Saleswomen
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
Stiirt, collar, and cuff
Silk mill operatives
makers
Stenographers and typewriters
Tailoresses
Teachers and professors in colleges, etc
Textile mill
operatives
(not
otherwise
specified)
Textile workers (not otherwise specified)
Tobacco and cigar Jactory operatives
Woolen mill operatives
All other occupations
All occupations
Boarding and lodging house keepersDressmakers
Housekeepers and stewardesses
Laborers (not specified)
Laundresses
...
1,474
.
Nurses and midwives
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
Teachers and professors in colleges, etc
All other occupations
30
196
47
62
377
12
16
629
7
108
—Continued.
One
other.
..
.. .
.
.
WOMEN AT WORK.
376
29.— female BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OP AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY
NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION,
AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued.
Tablk
PITTSBXJKG, PA.-Continued.
TEMALE BREADWINNERS
16
YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME.
Aggregate.
Single (including
unknown)
Living in families having—
Living in families having-
OCCUPATION.
Other breadwinners.
Other breadwinners.
Total.
Total.
No other
breadwinners.
More
One
Two
than
other.
other.
two
No other
breadwinners.
other.
NATIVE WHITE— BOTH PARENTS NATIVE.
All occupations
4,005
Boarding and lodging house keepers
Bookkeepers and accountants
Clerks and copyists
Dressmakers
. .
Housekeepers and stewardesses
Laundresses
,
Milliners
Musicians and teachers of music
Nurses and midwives
Saleswomen
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
Stenographers and typewriters
Teachers and professors in colleges, etc
Telegraph and telephone operators
All other occupations
All occupations
Bookkeepers and accountants
Clerks and copyists
Dressmakers
Housekeepers and stewardesses
Laundresses
Merchants and dealers
Milliners^.
Musicians and teachers of music
Nurses and midwives
Packers and shippers
Saleswomen
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
Stenographers and typewriters
Tailoresses
Teachers and professors in colleges, etc
Telegraph and telephone operators
Tobacco and cigar factory operatives.
All other occupations
All occupations
Boarding and lodging house keepers.
Dressmakers
Housekeepers and stewardesses
Laborers (not specified)
Laundresses
.
Merchants and dealers
Nurses and midwives
Saleswomen
120
249
50
100
233
244
Seamstresses
61
168
105
Servants and waitresses
Teachers and professors in colleges, etc
349
47
Tobacco and cigar factory operatives.
148
All other occupations
637
All occupations
.
.
Laundresses
Servants and waitresses
All other occupations .
.
194
276
293
611
More
Total.
One
Two
other.
other.
than
two
other.
OTHER BREADWINNERS, FOR SELECTED
Table
CITIES.
377
29.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY
NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION,
AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900-Continued.
PITTSBUEG, PA.— Continued.
.
WOMEN AT WORK.
378
29.— FEMALE BREABWINNERS 16 Y^ARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY
NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION,
AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued.
Table
PROVIDENCE,
R.
FEMALE BREADWINNERS
Aggregate.
OCCUPATION.
All occupations
Boarding and lodging house keepers
Bookkeepers and accountants
Boxmakers (paper)
Clerks and copyists
Cotton mill operatives
Dressmakers
Gold and silver workers
Housekeepers and stewardesses
Laundresses
Merchants and dealers
Milliners
Musicians and teachers of music
Nurses and midwives
Packers and shippers
Rubber factory operatives
Saleswomen
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
Stenographers and typewriters
Teachers and professors in colleges, etc
Textile
mill
operatives
(not
otherwise
specified)
Textile workers (not otherwise specified)..
Woolen mill operatives
Worsted mill operatives
All other occupations
All occupations
Boarding and lodging house keepers..
Bookkeepers and accountants
Clerks and copyists
Dressmakers
Gold and silver workers
Housekeepers and stewardesses
Milliners
Musicians and teachers of music
N urses and midwives
Saleswomen
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
Stenographers and typewriters
Teachers and professors in colleges, etc
Textile mill operatives
All other occupations
All occupations.
Bookkeepers and accountants.
Boxmakers (paper)
Clerks and copyists
Cotton mill operatives
Dressmakers
Gold and silver workers
Housekeepers and stewardesses.
Laundresses
Milliners
Packers and shippers
Rubber factory operatives
Saleswomen
.
I.
16
YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME.
.
OTHER BREADWINNERS, FOR SELECTED
Table
29.— FEMALE BREADWINNERS
16
CITIES,
YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY
RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION,
NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY
AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900-Continued.
PROVIDENCE,
FEMALE BREADWINNERS
Married.
OCCUPATION.
Total.
All occupations
Boarding and lodging house keepers
Bookkeepers and accountants
Boxmakers (paper)
Clerks and copyists
Cotton mill operatives
Dressmakers
Gold and silver workers
Housekeepers and stewardesses
Laundresses
Merchants and dealers
Milliners
Musicians and teachers of music
Nurses and mid wi ves
Packers and shippers
Rubber factory operatives
Saleswomen
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
Stenographers and typewriters
Teachers and professors in colleges, etc
Textile
mill
specified)
(not
operatives
otherwise
Textile workers (not otherwise specified).Woolen mill operatives
Worsted mill operatives
All other occupations
All occupations
Boarding and lodging house keepers
Bookkeepers and accoimtants
Clerks and copyists
Dressmakers
.
Gold and silver workers
Housekeepers and stewardesses
Milliners
Musicians and teachers of music
Nurses and mid wives
Saleswomen
-
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
Stenographers and typewriters
Teachers and professors in colleges,
Textile mill operatives
All other occupations
All occupations.
Bookkeepers and accountants.
Boxmakers
(paper)
Clerks and copyists
Cotton mill operatives
Dressmakers
Gold and silver workers
Housekeepers and stewardesses.
Laundresses
Milliners
Packers and shippers
Rubber factory operatives.
Saleswomen
Seamstresses
etc
379
R.
16
I.
TEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT
HOME—Continued.
.
.
.
.
.
WOMEN AT WORK.
380
39.— FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY
NUMBER OP OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION,
AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued.
Table
PROVIDENCE,
E. I.— Continued.
FEMALE BKEADWINNEE3
16
TEAKS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME.
Single (including
Aggregate.
unknown)
Living in families havlng-
Living in families liaving-
OCCUPATION.
Other breadwinners.
Other breadwinners.
Total.
Total.
No other
breadTotal.
One
Two
other.
other.
More
than
two
No other
breadwinners.
Servants and waitresses
Stenographers and typewriters
Teachers and professors in colleges, etc
operatives (not otherwise
Textile mill
165
specified)
Textile worlters (not otherwise specified)
Woolen mill operatives
Worsted mill operatives
All other occupations
. .
All occupations
Boarding and lodging house keepers
Cotton mill operatives
Dressmakers
Gold and silver workers
Housekeepers and stewardesses
Laundresses
Merchants and dealers
Nurses and mid wives
Rubber factory operatives
Saleswomen
Servants and waitresses
Textile
mill
operatives
(not
otherwise
specified)
Textile workers (not otherwise specified)
Woolen mill operatives
Worsted mill operatives
All other occupations
Ail occupations .
.
Laundresses
Servants and waitresses
All other occupations
. .
.
.
,
Two
other.
More
than
two
other.
other.
NATIVE WHITE— ONE OE BOTH PARENTS FOREIGN
One
other.
BOEN— Continued.
OTHER BREADWINNERS, FOR SELECTED
Table
CITIES.
381
29.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY
NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION,
AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900-Contmued.
PROVIDENCE,
R. I.— Continued.
.
—
.
.
WOMEN AT WORK.
382
29.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OP AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY
NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION,
AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued.
Table
ROCHESTEK,
X.
T.—Continued.
FEMALE BREADWINNERS
16
YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME.
Aggregate.
Single (including
unknown)
Living in families having—
Living in families liaving
OCCUPATION.
Other breadwinners.
Other breadwinners.
Total.
Total.
No otlier
breadTotal.
One
Two
ottier.
otlier.
More
than
two
No other
breadwinners.
other.
NATIVE WHITE— BOTH PARENTS NATIVE.
3,556
All occupations
Bookkeepers and accountants
Boot and shoe-makers and repairers...
Clerks and copyists
Dressmakers
Housekeepers and stewardesses
Laundresses
Musicians and teachers of music
Nurses and midwives
Saleswomen
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
Stenographers and typewriters
Tailoresses
Teachers and professors in colleges, etc
All other occupations ^
. .
All occupations
Bookkeepers and accountants
Boot and shoe makers and repairers
6,791
320
712
.
Boxmakers (paper)
Clerks and copyists
184
330
710
Dressmakers
Housekeepers and stewardesses
Laundresses
37
183
142
51
Milliners
Nurses and midwives
Saleswomen
250
214
167
259
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
Stenographers and typewriters
Tailoresses
1,463
397
Teachers and professors in colleges, etc
Textile mill operatives
181
1,201
All other occupations
All occupations
Boot and shoe makers and repairers
Clerks and copyists
Dressmakers
Housekeepers and stewardesses
2,560
. .
Laundresses
Nurses and midwives
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
Tailoresses
Teachers and professors in colleges, etc
All otlier occupations
,
235
38
189
61
77
168
Total.
One
Two
other.
other.
More
than
two
other.
.
.
—
..
OTHER BREADWINNERS, FOR SELECTED
CITIES.
383
29.—FEMALE BKEADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY
NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION,
AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900-Continued.
Table
ROCHESTER,
X. T.— Continued.
FEMALE BREADWINNERS
16
YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT
Widowed and
Married.
Living
HOME— Continued.
in families
divorced.
Living in families having—
having
OCCUPATION.
Otiier breadwinners.
Other breadwinners.
Total.
Total.
No other
breadwinners.
Total.
One
Two
other.
other.
More
than
two
other.
All occupations
326
Bookkeepers and accountants
Boot ana shoe makers and repairers.
,
Clerks and copyists
Dressmakers
Housekeepers and stewardesses
Laundresses
Musicians and teachers
Nurses and midwives
of
music
Saleswomen
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
Stenographers and typewriters
Tailoresses
Teachers and professors in
All other occupations
colleges, etc
All occupations
403
Bookkeepers and accountants
Boot and shoe makers and
Boxmakers (paper)
and copyists
Dressmakers
repairers..
Clerks
Housekeepers and stewardesses.
Laundresses
2
34
Milliners
Nurses and midwives
.
11
7
Saleswomen
11
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
Stenographers and typewriters
24
15
4
116
Tailoresses
Teachers and professors in colleges, etc.
Textile mill operatives
All other occupations
4
All occupations
Boot and shoe makers and repairers..
Clerks and copyists
Dressmakers
Housekeepers and stewardesses
'
Laundresses
Nurses and midwives
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
..........-.--.-.-'Teachers and professors in colleges, etc
Tfl ilnrPSSGS
All
other occupations
All occupations.
Boarding and lodging house keepers
Bookbinders
Bookkeepers and accountants
Boot and shoe makers and repairers.
Clerks and copyists
.
25
71
2
129
No other
breadwinners.
Total.
One
Two
other.
other.
.
..
..
.
.
.
—
WOMEN AT WORK.
384
BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY
NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION,
AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900— Continued.
Table 29.—FEMALE
ST. LOTJIS,
MO.—Continued.
FEMALE BKEADWINNEBS
16
YEAES OF AGE AND OVEE LIVING AT HJME.
Single (including
Aggregate.
unknown)
Living in families having
Living in families liaving—
OCCUPATION.
Other breadwinners.
Other breadwinners.
Total.
Total.
No other
breadwinners.
Total.
One
Two
other.
other.
More
than
two
No other
breadwinners.
other.
ALL CLASSES 1— Continued.
Dressmakers
Housekeepers and stewardesses
3,038
Laborers (not specified)
Laundresses
Merchants and dealers
Milliners
Musicians and teachers of music
Nurses and midwives
Packers and shippers
Saleswomen
Seamstresses
.Servants
and waitresses
Stenographers and typewriters
Tailoresses
Teachers and professors in colleges, etc.
Textile mill operatives
Textile workers (not otherwise specified)
Tobacco and cigar factory operatives
All other occupations
All occupations
Boarding and lodging house keepers
Bookbinders
Bookkeepers and accountants
Boot and shoe makers and repairers
Clerks and copyists
.
418
94
270
290
293
773
60
360
304
157
Dressmakers
Housekeepers and stewardesses
Laundresses
Milliners
Husicians and teachers of music
Nurses and midwives
Packers and shippers
Saleswomen
106
104
559
770
390
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
Stenographers and typewriters
Tailoresses
Teachers and professors in colleges,
etc.
Tobacco and cigar factory operatives
All other occupations
.
715
164
558
166
1,331
All occupations
Boarding and lodging house keepers.
Bookbinders
Bookkeepers and accountants
Boot and shoe makers and repairers.
Clerks and copyists
Dressmakers
Housekeepers and stewardesses
Laborers (not specified)
1,787
130
131
913
173
Laundresses
Merchants and dealers
692
234
Milliners
Musicians and teachers of music
Nurses and midwives
Packers and shippers
Saleswomen
252
290
431
933
436
'
211
283
1,347
One
Two
other.
other.
More
than
two
other.
.
..
.
.
.
OTHER BREADWINNERS, FOR SELECTED
Table 29.—FEMALE
BREADWINNERS
16
385
CITIES.
YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY
RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION,
NUMBER OP OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY
AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued.
ST. liOtriS,
MO.—Continued.
FEMALE BREADWINNEES
16
TEAKS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT
HOME— Continued.
Widowed and
Married.
divorced.
Living in lamilies having—
Living in families having—
OCCUPATION.
Other breadwinners.
Other breadwinners.
Total.
Total.
No other
breadwinners.
More
Total.
One
Two
than
other.
other.
two
No other
breadwinners.
other.
ALL CLASSES '—continued.
Dressmakers
Housekeepers and stewardesses
Laborers (not specified)
Laundresses
Merchants and dealers..'
343
Milliners
Musicians and tea^^hers of music
Nurses and midwives
Packers and shippers
Saleswomen
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
Stenographers and typewriters
Tailoresses
Teachers and professors in colleges, etc.
.
Textile mill operatives
Textile workers (not otherwise specified)
Tobacco and cigar factory operatives
All other occupations
All occupations.
Boarding and lodging house keepers
Bookbinders
Bookkeepers and accountants
Boot and shoe makers and repairers.
Clerks and copyists
792
.
Dressmakers
Housekeepers and stewardesses.
Laundresses
Milliners
Musicians and teachers of music.
Nurses and midwives
Packers and shippers
Saleswomen
110
4
11
6
15
68
11
17
23
1
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses.
28
74
44
Stenographers and typewriters
22
Tailoresses
Teachers and professors in colleges, etc
Tobacco and cigar factory operatives . .
All other occupations
All occupations.
Boarding and lodging house keepers.
Bookbinders
Bookkeepers and accountants
Boot and shoe makers and repairers.
Clerks and copyists
Dressmakers
Housekeepers and stewardesses.
Laborers (not specified)
Laundresses
Merchants and dealers
Milliners
Musicians and teachers of music.
Nurses and midwives
Packers and shippers
Saleswomen
13
18
16
169
932
61
4
13
11
13
114
14
14
132
37
Total.
One
Two
other.
other.
More
than
two
other.
386
WOMEN AT WORK.
29.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY
NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION,
AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued.
Table
'
ST. LOUIS,
MO.—Continued
.
OTHER BREADWINNERS, FOR SELECTED
CITIES.
387
—
FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY
NUMBER OP OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION,
AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900-Continued.
^^^^^^
ST. LOUIS,
MO.—Continued.
FEMALE BEEADWINNEBS
16
TEAES OF AGE AND OTEK LIVING AT HOME— Continued.
Widowed and
Married.
Living in families having—
divorced.
Living in families having—
OCCUPATION.
Other breadwinners.
Other breadwinners.
Total.
Total.
No otlier
breadwinners.
Total.
One
Two
other.
other.
More
than
two
No other
breadwinners.
More
Total.
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
Stenographers and typewriters
92
Tailoresses
Teachers and professors in
'.
colleges, etc.
Textile mill operatives
Textile workers (not otherwise specified)
Tobacco and cigar factory operatives
All other occupations
'.
Two
other.
than
two
other.
other.
NATIVE WHITE— ONE OB BOTH PARENTS FOREIGN
One
other.
BORN— Continued.
...
WOMEN AT WORK.
388
29.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY
NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION,
AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued.
Table
ST.
PAUL, MINN".— Continued.
FEMALE BBEADWINNEB3
16
YEABS OF AGE AND OVEB LIVING AT HOME.
Single (including
Aggregate.
unknown).
Living in lamilies having-
Living in families having-
OCCUPATION.
Other breadwinners.
Other breadwinners.
Total.
Total.
No other
breadwinners.
More
Total.
One
Two
than
other.
other.
two
No other
breadwinners.
More
Total.
One
Two
other.
other.
than
two
other.
other.
NATIVE WHITE—BOTH PABENT3 NATIVE.
1,446
All occupations
Bookkeepers and accountants
Clerks and copyists
^
Dressmakers
Nurses and midwives
Saleswomen
-
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
Stenographers and typewriters
Teachers and professors in colleges, etc.
Textile workers (not otherwise specified).
All other occupations
70
163
118
44
66
74
195
209
51
388
274
14
9
60
148
85
30
57
19
12
24
21
6
49
62
171
188
45
HI
277
10
15
33
363
1,172
21
59
46
16
22
23
24
33
81
86
16
125
—ONE
NATIVE WHITE
3,608
All occupations
Bookkeepers and accountants
Boot and shoe makers and repairers
147
106
358
385
25
158
115
Clerks and copyists
Dressmakers
Housekeepers and stewardesses
•.
Seamstresses
123
129
59
219
424
Servants and waitresses
Stenographers and typewriters
Teachers and professors in colleges, etc.
Textile workers (not otherwise specified)
All other occupations
296
338
274
105
830
Laimdresses
Hilliners
Nurses and midwives
Saleswomen
30
93
-15
204
374
121
51
50
258
315
240
101
102
729
280
28
100
149
12
41
36
112
101
sF
42
146
135
5
29
46
21
104
185
41
44
21
61
103
92
82
78
144
103
46
273
74
26
230
128
978
258
403
18
146
67
25
54
58
137
51
22
51
42
59
180
187
48
234
34
50
160
172
43
200
11
19
44
9
5
10
29
37
12
64
OB BOTH PAEENTS FOREIGN BOEN.
1,429
1,097
1,106
3,532
3,248
152
114
143
106
341
345
22
44
28
90
122
11
36
205
379
76
118
36
196
347
30
42
12
54
92
261
833
259
99
700
238
310
232
97
641
65
76
70
1,614
1,450
106
196
16
112
25
97
168
14
215
214
87
198
364
395
24
125
918
1,386
41
36
109
58
42
142
130
93
5
26
46
18
103
180
90
141
101
46
185
61
28
197
259
428
449
673
24
47
4
26
3
49
63
3
37
3
61
53
34
19
37
141
74
82
31
19
33
179
24
FOREIGN BOEN WHITE.
All occupations
2,310
Dressmakers
Housekeepers and stewardesses
118
296
24
Laundresses
Nurses and midwives
301
76
Clerks and copyists
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
Stenographers and typewriters
Teachers and professors in colleges, etc.
Textile workers (not otherwise specified)
Ail other occupations
248
275
87
60
134
107
235
18
213
51
27
51
5
8
19
113
221
224
82
52
116
678
31
101
7
106
27
74
83
17
13
38
198
WASHINGTON,
26
62
8
52
16
69
78
67
84
34
19
31
42
178
D. C.
20
35
202
52
113
479
93
17
194
82
49
100
438
17
11
30
118
OTHER BREADWINNERS, FOR SELECTED
CITIES.
389
29.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY
NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION,
AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900-Continued.
Table
ST.
PAUL, MIKN.—Continued.
WASPXINGTON, D.
C.
ALL CLASSES.
All occupations
Boarding and lodging house keepers.
Bookbinders
Bookkeepers and accountants
Clerks and copyists
Dressmakers
Housekeepers and stewardesses
Laborers (not specified)
Laundresses
Merchants and dealers
Milliners
..
.
..
WOMEN AT WORK.
390
29.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY
NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION,
AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued.
Table
^VASHINGTON,
D.
C— Continued.
FEMALE BREADWINNERS
16
YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME.
Aggregate.
Single (including
Living in families having—
unknown).
Living in families having-
OCCUPATION.
Other breadwinners.
Other breadwinners.
Total.
Total.
No other
breadwinners.
Total.
One
Two
other.
other.
More
than
two
No other
breadwinners.
other.
ALL CLASSES—continued.
Musicians and teachers of music
251
Nurses and midwives
Printers, lithographers,
and presswomen
Saleswomen
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
Stenographers and typewriters
Tailoresses
Teachers and professors in colleges, etc.
All other occupations
All occupations
Boarding and lodging house keepers
Bookbinders
Bookkeepers and accountants
Clerks and copyists
Dressmakers
Housekeepers and stewardesses
Laundresses
Merchants and dealers
Milliners
Musicians and teachers of music
Nurses and midwives
Printers, lithographers,
and presswomen
Saleswomen
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
Stenographers and typewriters
Tailoresses
Teachers and professors
All other occupations
in colleges, etc.
All occupations
Bookkeepers and accountants
Clerks and copyists
Dressmakers
348
Milliners
102
113
740
Nurses and midwives
Printers, lithographers,
and presswomen
Saleswomen
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
Stenographers and typewriters
Teachers and professors in colleges,
All other occupations
AH occupations
etc.
82
135
177
623
. .
Clerks and copyists
Dressmakers
Merchants and dealers .
Nurses and midwives . .
Servants and waitresses
All other occupations
37
145
338
85
. .
108
125
151
25
More
One
Two
other.
other.
than
two
other.
.
.
—
..
OTHER BREADWINNERS, FOR SELECTED
CITIES.
391
Table 29.—FEMALE
BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY
NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION,
AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900-Continued.
"WASHINGTO^^,
I>.
FEMALE BREADWINNERS
C—Continued.
16
YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT
HOME—Continued.
Widowed and
Living in families having—
Living in
divorced.
f ajnilies
having
OCCUPATION,
Other breadwinners.
Other breadwinners.
Total.
No other
bread.winners.
Total.
j]
I
!
,^^^^^_
ALL CLASSES
—Continued.
Musicians and teachers of music
Nurses and naidwives
Printers, lithographers, and presswomen,
Saleswomen
.]"
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
Stenographers and typewriters
Tailoresses
Teachers and professors in colleges, etc.
All other occupations
NATIVE WHITE— BOTH PARENTS NATIVE.
All occupations
Boarding and lodging house keepers
Bookbinders
Bookkeepers and accountants
Clerks and copyists
Dressmakers
Housekeepers and stewardesses
Laundresses
Merchants and dealers
Milliners
827
1,412
76
5
7
156
195
157
42
10
475
211
9
37
9
18
Nurses and midwives
Ifi
.'. .
and presswomen
Saleswomen
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
.
30
36
52
43
Musicians and teachers of music
Printers, lithographers,
123
177
,.
15
22
26
22
20
27
34
Stenographers and tj'pewriters
18
Tailoresses
11
11
Teachers and professors in
All other occupations
colleges, etc.
16
6
10
104
119
22
135
NATIVE WHITE— ONE OR BOTH TAKENTS FOREIGN BOHN.
All occupations.
Bookkeepers and accountants
Clerks and copyists
Dressmakers
MiUiners
Nurses and midwives
and presswomen.
Printers, lithographers,
Saleswomen
Seamstresses
Servants and waitresses
Stenographers and typewriters
Teachers and professors in colleges,
Ail other occupations
etc.
FOREIGN BORN WHITE.
28
200
All occupations.
142
Clerks and copyists
Dressmakers
Merchants and dealers.
Nurses and midwives
Servants and waitresses.
.
All other occupations
4
14
15
46
177
:
392
WOMEN AT WORK.
BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY
NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION,
AND OCCUPATION, .FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900—Continued.
Table 29.—FEMALE
WASHISr(?TON, D.
C— Continued.
OTHER BREADWINNERS, FOR SELECTED
CITIES.
393
29.—FEMALE BREADWINNERS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVPR LIVING AT HOME, CLASSIFIED BY
NUMBER OF OTHER BREADWINNERS IN THE FAMILY, AND BY RACE, NATIVITY, MARITAL CONDITION,
AND OCCUPATION, FOR SELECTED CITIES: 1900-Continued.
Table
WASHINGTON,
D.
C—Continued.
INDEX.
and
Bookkeepers
Accountants.
countantB.
Actors, profesi
showmen,
nal
and per cen
etc.,
number
each sex employed
f
ac-
as, 32.
ional show-women, etc., to34; increase in number of,
tal number
39, 176; ran f occupation, 34; distribution, by rac^and nativity, 34, 158, 159,
160, 161; byte, 36, 162, 167, 168, 169; by
marital condlion, 38, 170; by cities and
country distij'ts, 178; by states and territories, 180; 1: geographic divisions, 196.
Age, total breaiyinners classified by, 10, 11;
changes in ;nsus inquiry concerning,
Actresses, prof
i
{note) 21; feiile breadwinners classified
by, in relatio to race and nativity, 12, 21;
marital condion, 14, 16, 37; occupations,
36, 162, 167, 18, 169; distribution by, in
city and coujry districts, 18, 154; states
and
territorie 134; specified cities, 147;
native whitej^male breadwinners of native parentaa classified by, 136; native
white of forjn parentage, 138; foreign
born white, J; negro, Indian, and Mon-
Agents, numbe: nd per cent of each sex employed as, 32;ink of occupation, 34; total
number of wc 3n, 34 increase in number
of 39, 176; c ribution, by race and nativity, 34, 19159, 160, 161; by age, 36,
162, 167, 168 69; by marital condition,
es and country districts,
38, 170; by
;
by
stateiid territories, 186;
by
geo-
graphic diviss, 196.
Agricultural cojiunities, predominance of
native whitepmen of native parentage
in, 13.
Agricultural la ers, number and per cent
of each sex enbyed as, 32 concentration
in Southern SIS, 32; rank of occupation,
;
34;
totalnun^of women, 34; increase in
3176; distribution, by race
158, 159, 160, 161; by age,
36, 162, 167, 1 169; by marital condition,
38^ 170; by >}S and country districts,
178; by states d territories, 180; by geographic divisL 196.
Agricultural piits, number and per cent
of each sex aged in, 32; comparison
with former c is, 39, 176; female breadwinners engaan, distributed by age, 19,
162, 167, 168, by race and nativity, 158,
161 marital condition, 170;
159J 160,
by 'cities anc untry districts, 178; by
geographic dims, 196.
Artists and teac of art, number and per
cent of each imployed as, 32; rank of
occupation, c otal number of women,
distri34; increase iimberof, 39, 176:
bution, by ra \d nativity, 34, 158, 159,
160 161; by £16, 162, 167, 168, 169; by
marital condii, 38, 170; by cities and
number
of,
and nativity,
:
i
i
country distril78; by states and
tories, 181;
'
Atlanta' Ga.
,
terri-
biographic divisions, 196.
fe
breadwinners
classified
]
race, nati marital condition, and
occupation, ailing to family relationship, 218; nurof other breadwinners
in family, 30(;ee also Cities, specified.
par'Austria, servant i waitresses whose
'
ents were boh, 47; laundresses, 58;
by
\
Austria-Hungary,
number
of
34, 158, 159, 160, 161;
by age,
36, 162, 167,
168,169; bymaritalcondition, 38, 170;
by
cities and country districts, 178; by states
territories, 189; by geographic divi-
and
immigrants
sions, 196.
from, 51; saleswomen whose parents were
born in, 94. See also Austria and Hungary.
Authors and scientists, number of native
white women of native parentage among,
Boston, Mass., female breadwinners classified by race, nativity, marital condition,
and occupation, according to family relationship, 222; number of other breadwinners in family, 310. See also Cities, speci-
33.
fied.
Box makers
Baltimore, Md., female breadwinners classified by race, nativity, marital condition,
and occupation, according to family relationship, 218; number of other breadwinners in family, 306. See also Cities, speci-
tion, 34; total
occupation, 34; total number of women,^
34; increase in number of, 39, 176; distribution, by race and nativity, 34, 158, 159,
by age,
36, 162, 167, 168, 169; by
by cities and
by states and
by marital
168,169;
and country
by age,
districts, 178;
34; in-
districts, 17, 152; by family
relationship, 24, 198; by other breadwinners in family, 29, 208; by occupations, 31,
158; by states and territories, 131; geographic divisions, 131, 154; by specified
cities, 146, 218; comparison with earlier
censuses, 20; adoption and abandonment of
occupations, 22; increase in number of, 176.
by
by
states
and territories, 183; by geographic divisions, 196; by family relationship, 198; by
number of other breadwinners in family,
208.
Bohemia, servants and waitresses whose parents were born in, 47; laundresses, 58;
seamstresses, 65; dressmakers, 71; milliners, 77; textile mill operatives, 84; stenographers and typewriters, 104; teachers,
115; farmers, 125.
cities
women,
of
of
occupa-
and country
36, 162, 167,
condition, 38, 170;
number
of
of race and nativity classes, 10; male and
female, classified by age, 10, 11; by marital condition, 13, 14; female, classified by
race and nativity, 12, 132; by age, 12, 134;
by marital condition, 14, 16, 170; by city
terri-
tories, 183; by geographic divisions, 196.
Boarders, proportion among female breadwinners in selected cities, 28, 29.
Boarding and lodging house keepers, number and per cent of each sex employed as,
32; rank of occupation, 34; total number
of women, 34; increase in number of, 39,
176; distribution, by race and nativity,
34, 158, 159, 160, 161;
rank
as, 32;
Breadwinners, definition, 9; proportion of
each sex employed as, 9, 10; proportion
of women an index of economic position
marital condition, 38, 170;
districts, 178;
number and per cent
crease in number of, 39, 176; distribution,
by race and nativity, 34, 158, 159, 160, 161;
by age, 36, 162, 167, 168, 169; by marital
condition, 38, 170; by cities and country
districts, 178; by states and territories, 189;
by geographic divisions, 196.
fied.
160, 161;
(paper),
each sex employed
Barbers and hairdressers, number and per
cent of each sex employed as, 32; rank of
country
golian, 142; iro, 144.
178;
seamstresses, 65; dressmakers, 71; milliners, 77; textUe mill operatives, 84; stenographers and typewriters, 104; teachers,
115; farmers, 125.
Brooklyn borough, N. Y., female breadwinners classified by race, nativity, marital
condition, and occupation, according to
family relationship, 266; number of other
breadwinners in family, 354. See also
Cities, specified.
Buffalo, N. Y., female breadwinners classified by race, nativity, marital condition,
and occupation, according
to family relationship, 226; number of other breadwinners in family, 314. See also Cities, speci-
Bookbinders, number and per cent of each
sex employed as, 32; rank of occupation,
fied.
number of women, 34; increase
number of, 39, 176; distribution, by
34; total
Canada, servants and waitresses whose parents were born in, 47; laundresses, 58;
in
race and nativity, 34, 158, 159, 160, 161;
by age, 36, 162, 167, 168, 169; by marital
condition, 38, 170; by cities and country
districts, 178; by states and territories,
188; by geographic divisions, 196.
seamstresses, 65; dressmakers, 71; milliners,
operatives,
77; textile mill
84;
saleswomen, 94; clerks and copyists, 98;
stenographers and typewriters, 104; teachers, 115; farmers, 125.
Bookkeepers and accountants, number and
per cent of each sex employed as, 32; rank
occupation, 34; total number of women,
34; increase in number of, 39, 176; distribution, by race and nativity, 34, 158, 159,
Canada, English. See Canada.
Canada, French. See Canada.
Carpet factory operatives, number and per
cent of each sex employed as, 32; rank of
36, 162, 167, 168, 169; by
by cities and
districts, 178; by states and terri-
occupation, 34; total number of women,
34; increase in number of, 39, 176; dis.tribution, by race and nativity, 34, 158,
by geographic divisions, 196;
relationship, 198; by number of
other breadwinners in family, 208.
Boot and shoe makers and repairers, number
and per cent of each sex employed as, 32;
rank of occupation, 34; total number of
women, 34; increase in number of, 39,
176; distribution, by race and nativity.
159, 160, 161; by age, 36, 162, 167, 168,
169; by marital condition, 38, 170; by
cities and country districts, 178; by states
and territories, 192; by geographic divisions, 197.
Chemists, assayists, and metallurgists, number of native white women of native par-
of
160, 161;
by age,
marital condition, 38, 170;
country
tories, 186;
by family
•
ents returned as, 33.
(395)
•
INDEX.
396
111., iemale breadwinners classified
race, nativity, marital condition, and
occupation, according to family relationship, 228; number of other breadwinners
in family, 316. See also Cities, specified.
Chicago,
by
Cincinnati, Ohio, female breadwinners classified by race, nativity, marital condition,
and occupation, according to family relationship, 234; number of other breadwinners in family, 322. See also Cities, specified.
Cities,
specified,
percentage
of
boarders
among female breadwinners
(other than
servants), 29; distribution of servants and
waitresses, by family relationship, 56; of
laundresses, by race and nativity, 58; of
seamstresses, 64; by age, 66; proportion of
saleswomen, 93; female breadwinners
clas-
by race and nativity, 146, 147, 218,
306; by age, 147; by family relationship,
218; by number of other breadwinners living at home, 306; by occupations, 306.
City and country, number and percentage of
women breadwinners, by race and nativity, 17, 19; by age, 18, 19; by states and
territories, 152; by geographic divisions,
154; by occupations, 178.
Clerks and copyists, number and per cent of
sified
each sex employed,
32, 97;
rank
of occu-
pation, 34, 97; total number of women, 84;
increase in number of, 39, 176; distribution by race and nativity, 34, 97, 158, 159,
160, 161; by age, 36, 99, 162, 167, 168, 169;
by marital condition, 38, 100, 170; by geographic divisions, 98, 100, 196; by parentage, 98; by family relationship, 101, 198; by
number of other breadwinners in family,
101, 208; by cities and country districts,
178; by states and territories, 186.
Cleveland, Ohio, female breadwinners classified by race, nativity, marital condition,
and occupation, according to family relationship, 236; number of other breadwinners in family, 326. See also Cities, specified.
Confectioners,
number and per cent
sex employed
84; total
as, 32;
number
of
of e£ich
rank of occupation,
women,
34; increase
by race
nativity, 34, 158, 159, 160, 161; by age,
36, 162, 167, 168, 169; by marital condition, 38, 170; by cities and country districts, 178; by states and territories, 189;
by geographic divisions, 196.
Copyists. See Clerks and copyists.
Cotton mill operatives, number and per cent
of each sex employed as, 32; rank of occupation, 84; total number of women, 34;
increase in number, 39, 176; distribution,
by race and nativity, 34, 158, 159, 160,
161; by age, 36, 162, 167, 168, 169; by
marital condition, 38, 170; by cities and
country districts, 178; by states and territories, 192; by geographic divisions, 197i
by family relationship, 198; by number
of other breadwinners in family, 208.
in number, 39, 176; distribution,
and
Country.
-
See City and country.
Deaths, estimated decrease in number of
native white female breadwinners, resulting from, 24.
Denmark, servants and waitresses whose parents were born in, 47; laundresses, 58;
seamstresses, 65; dressmakers, 71; milliners, 77; textile mill operatives, 84; stenographers and typewriters, 104; teachers,
115; farmers, 125.
Detroit, Mich., female breadwinners classified by race, nativity, marital condition,
and occupation, according to family relationship, 240; number of other breadwinners in family, 328. See also Cities, specified.
.
Divorced female breadwinners, total number, 13; probable incompleteness of re-
turns, 14; compared ^vith divorced men,
14; distribution, by age, 14; by race and
nativity, 15, 16, 22. See also Marital condition.
Domestic and personal service, number and
per cent of each sex engaged in, 32; comparison with former census, 39, 176; female breadwinners engaged in, distributed by race and nativity, 158, 159, 160,
161; by age, 162, 167, 168, 169; by marital
condition, 170; by cities and country districts, 178; by geographic divisions, 196.
Dressmakers, number and per cent of each
sex employed as, 32; total number of women, 34; rank of occupation, 34, 70; increase in number of, 39, 176; distribution
by race and nativity, 34, 70, 71, 158, 159,
160, 161; by age, 36, 71, 162, 167, 168, 169;
by marital condition, 38, 72, 170; by geographic divisions, 70, 197; by parentage,
71; by cities and country districts, 71, 178;
by family relationship, 73, 198; by number of other breadwinners in family, 74,
208; by states and territories, 193; comparisons with previous census, 72.
England, number
of
immigrants from,
51.
See also England and Wales.
England and Wales, servants and waitresses
whose parents were born in, 47; laundresses,
58; seamstresses,
65;
dressmak-
mill operatives, 84; clerks and copyists, 98; stenographers and typewriters, 104; teachers,
115; farmers, 125.
ers, 71; milliners, 77; textile
Fall River, Mass., female breadwinners classified by race, nativity, marital condition,
and occupation, according to family relationship, 242; number of other breadwinners in family, 332. See also Cities, speci-
ners distributed by, 131; aogording to race
and nativity, 132; age, 134; city and country districts, 152, 154; occupations, 180,
196; breadwinners in native white female
population of native parentage, distributed by age, 1.36; in native white of foreign
parentage, 138; in foreign born white, 140;
in negro, Indian, and Mongolian, 142; in
negro, 144.
German Empire, number of immigi'ants from,
See also Germany.
51.
Germany, servants and waitresses whose parents were, born in, 47; laundresses, 58;
seamstresses, 65; dressmakers, 71; milliners, 77; textUe mill operatives, 84: saleswomen, 94; clerks and copyists, 98; stenographers and typewriters, 104; teachers,
115; farmers, 125.
Glovemakers, number and per cent of each
sex eniployed as, 32; rani of occupation,
34; reason for high percentage of native
white women of native parents among, 34;
for relatively small per cent of young wo37; total number of women, 34; increase in number of, 39, 176; distribution,
by race and nativity, 34, 158, 159, 160, 161;
by age, 36, 162, 167, 168, 169; by marital
condition, 38, 170; by cities and country
districts, 178; by states and territories,
men,
190; bygeographic divisions, 196.
Gold and silver workers, mmber and per
cent of each sex employed as, 32; rank of
occupation, 34; total number of women,
34; increase in number of, 39, 176; distribution, by race and nativity, 34, 158,
159, l60, 161;
by
by age,
36, 162, 167, 168, 169;
38^ 170; by cities
marital condition,
and country
districts,
territories, 190;
by
17i|;
by
states
and
geogrkphic divisions,
197.
fied.
Family
relationship, female breadwinners,
classified by, 24; according to race and nativity, 25; marital condition for given occupations, 198; selected cities, 218. See
also specified occupations.
Farmers, planters, and overseers, number
and per cent of each sex employed, 82;
rank of occupation, 34, 123; total number
of women, 84; increase in number of, 39,
176; distribution, by race and nativity,
34, 123, 158, 159, 160, 161; by age, 86, 125,
162, 167, 168, 169; by marital condition,
126, 170; by geographic divisions,
38,
123, 124, 196; by parentage, 124; by cities
and country districts, 178; by states and
territories, 180; comparisons with previous
census, 127.
Finland. See Russian Empire and Finland.
Foreign born whites, number and per cent
breadwinners in each sex, 10, 20; female
breadwinners, distributed by age, 12, 19,
of
21, 140, 165; by marital condition, 15, 16,
22, 27, 173; by cities and country districts,
17, 19, 153; by family relationship, 25, 27,
204; by occupations, 34, 165, 173, 204; by
states and territories, 140; by number of
other breadwinners in family, 30, 214;
comparison with previous census, 20, 21;
increase in number of, 176. See also Race
and
Geographic divisions, total female breadwin-
nativity.
France, servants and waitresses whose parents were born in, 47; laundresses, 58;
seamstresses, 65; dressmakers, 71; milliners, 77; textile mill operatives, 84; stenographers and typewriters, 104; teachers,
115; farmers, 125.
France and Switzerland, saleswomen whose
parents were born in, 94. See also France
and Switzerland.
Gainful occupations, census inquiry concerning, 9.
See also Breadwinners and Occupations.
Government
service, proportion of native
white women of native parentage among
breadwinners employed in, 33.
Great Britain, saleswomea whose parents
were born in, 94.
Hairdressers.
See Barbers and hairdressers.
Hat and cap makers, number and per cent
of each sex employed, 32;
tion, 34; total number of
crease in
number
of, 89,
rank
of
occupa-
women,
84; in176; distribution,
bv race and nativity, 84,158, 159, 160, 161;
by age, 36, 162, 167, 168, 169; by marital
condition, 38, 170; by cities and country
districts, 178; by states and territories, 194;
by geographic divisions, 197.
Hosiery and knitting mill operatives, number and per cent of each sex employed as,
32; rank of occupation, 34; total number,
women, 34; increase in number of, 39,
176; distribution by. race and nativity, 34,
158, 159, 160, 161; by age, 36, 162, 167,
168, 169; by marital condition, 38, 170; by
cities and country districts, 178; by states
and territories, 192; by geographic diviof
sions, 197.
Hotel keepers, number aid per cent of each
sex employed as, 32; rank of occupation,
number of women, 34; increase
in number of, 39, 176; distribution, by race
and nativity, 34, 158, 159, 160, 161; by age,
86, 162, 167, 168, 169; by marital condition, 38, 170; by states and territories, 183;
34; total
by geographic
divisions, 196.
Housekeepers and stewardesses, number and
per cent of each sex employed as, 32; rank
of occupation, 34; total number of women,
34; increase in number of, 39, 176; distribution, by race and nativity, 34, 158, 159,
160, 161; by age, 36, 162, 167, 168, 169; by
marital condition,
country
tories,
by cities and
states and terrigeographic divisions, 196;
38, 170;
districts, 178;
184;
by
by
INDEX.
by family relationship,
other breadwinners
m
198; by number of
family, 208.
•
Hungary, servants and waitresses whose parents were born in, 47; laundresses, 58;
seamstresses, 65; dressmakers, 71; milliners, 77; textile mill operatives, 84; stenographers and typewriters, 104; teachers,
115; farmers, 125.
Immigrants, number of, by decades and
country of last permanent residence, 51.
Indians and Mongolians, number and per
cent of breadwinners of each sex, 10, 20;
female breadwinners, classified by marital
condition, 15, 22; by cities and country
districts, 17, 19; by age, 19, 21; comparison with previous censuses, 20, 21. Seealso
Race and
nativity.
Ind., female breadwinners,
classified by race, nativity, marital condition, and occupation, according to family
relationship, 244; number of other breadwinners in family, 334. See also Cities,
specified.
Ireland, servants and waitresses whose parents were born in, 47; laundresses, 58;
seamstresses, 65; dressmakers, 71; milliners, 77; textile mill operatives, 84; saleswomen, 94; clerks and copyists, 98; stenographers and typewriters, 104; teachers,
115; farmers, 125; number of immigrants
Indianapolis,
from, 51.
Italy, servants
were
and
waitresses whose parents
born in, 47; laundresses, 58; seam-
stresses, 65;
dressmakers, 71; milliners, 77;
divisions,
196;
comparison with former
census, 59.
Librarians and assistants, number of native
white women of native parents returned
as, 33.
Literary and scientific persons, number and
per cent of each sex employed as, 32; rank
of occupation, 34; total number of women,
34; increase in number of, 39, 176; distribution, by race and nativity, 34, 158, 159,
by
age, 36, 162, 167, 168, 169; by
by cities and
country districts, 178; by states and territories, 181; by geographic divisions, 196.
160, 161;
marital condition, 38, 170;
Louisville, Ky., female breadwinners, classified by race, nativity, marital condition,
and occupation, according to family relationship, 252; number of other breadwinners in family, 340. See also Cities,
specified.
Lowell, Mass., female breadwinners, classified by race, nativity, marital condition,
and occupation, according to family relationship, 254; number of other breadwinners in family, 344. See also Cities, specified.
Manhattan and Bronx boroughs, N. Y., female breadwinners classified by race, nativity, marital condition, and occupation,
according to family relationship, 271;
other breadwinners in family, 358. See
also Cities, specified.
and
Manufacturing
mechanical pursuits,
of each sex engaged
in, 32; comparison with former census, 39,
176; female breadwinners engaged in, dis-
migrants from,
tributed
and
sextons,
number and per cent
each sex employed as, 32; rank of occupation, 34; total number of women, 34;
increase in number of, 39, 176; distribution, by race and nativity, 34, 158, 159,
160, 161; by age, 36, 162, 167, 168, 169; by
marital condition, 38, 170; by cities and
country districts, 178; by states and territories, 184; by geographic divisions, 196.
Jersey City, N. J., female breadwinners,
classified by race, nativity, marital condition, and occupation, according to family
relationship, 246; number of other breadwinners in family, 336. See also Cities,
of
specified.
Kansas
City,
Mo.,
female breadwinners,
classified by race, nativity, marital
tion, and occupation, according to
relationship, 250; number of other
winners in family, 338. See also
condi-
family
breadCities,
specified.
Laborers (not specified), number and per
cent of each sex employed as, 32; definition of term, 33; rank' of occupation, 34;
number of women, 34; increase in
number of, 39, 176; distribution, by race
and nativity, 34, 158, 159, 160, 161; by
age, 36, 162, 167, 168, 169; by marital condition, 38, 170; by cities and country districts, 178; by states and territories, 184;
by geographic divisions, 196.
Launderers and laundresses, number and
total
per cent of each, 32.
Laundresses, rank of occupation,
34,
56;
number of women, 34; increase in
number of, 39, 176; distribution, by race
and nativity, 34, 56, 158, 159, 160, 161; by
age, 36, 58, 162, 167, 168, 169; by marital
condition, 38, 59, 170; by parentage, 58;
by family relationship, 60, 198; by numtotal
ber of other breadwinners in famdy, 61,
by cities and country districts, 178;
by states and territories, 185; by geographic
208;
by geographic
Milwaukee, Wis., female breadwinners
clasrace, nativity, marital condition,
and occupation, according to family relationship, 256; other breadwinners in family, 316.
sified
by
Minneapolis, Minn., breadwinners classified
by race, nativity, marital condition, and
occupation, according to family relationship, 260; other breadwinners in family,
348.
Mongolians. See Indians and Mongolians.
Musicians and teachers of music, number and
per cent of each sex employed as, 32; rank
of occupation, 34; total number of women,
number of, 39, 176; distriby race and nativity, 34, 158, 159,
160, 161; by age, 36, 162, 167, 168, 169; bj.
marital conditi:;n, 38, 170; by cities and
country districL;, 178; by states and ten-itories, 181; by geographic divisions, 196;
34; increase in
bution,
by family
relationship,
199;
by
other
breadwinners in family, 209.
— both parents native, number
of breadwinners of each sex,
female breadwinners, 10, 12; dis-
and per cent
number and per cent
Janitors
states and territories, 194;
divisions, 75, 79, 197.
Native whites
textile mill operatives, 84; saleswomen,
94; stenographers and typewriters, 104;
teachers, 115; farmers, 125; number of im51.
397
by
race
and
nativity, 158, 159,
160, 161; by age, 162, 167, 168, 169; by
marital condition, 170; by cities and country districts, 178; by geographic divisions,
196.
Marital condition, total breadwinners classified by, 14; female breadwinners classified
by, in relation to age, 14, 16, 37; race and
nativity, 15, 22, 170, 208; occupations, 37,
family relationship, 27,
198, 218; other breadwinners in family,
30, 208, 306; in selected cities, 218, 306.
Marriage, effect on age distribution of breadwinners, 11, 13, 16; more general among
38, 170, 198, 208;
foreign born white women, 12.
Married women, total number compared
with number of breadwinners, 13; comfiared with number of married men, 14;
iving apart from husbands, 28; percentage of boarders among, 29. See also Marital condition.
Men, proportion employed in gainful occupations, 9; number and per cent breadwinners, classified by age, 11; by marital
condition, 14; comparison with former
census, 20.
Merchants and dealers (except wholesale),
number and per cent of each sex employed
as, 32; rank of occupation, 34; total number of women, 34; increase in number of,
39, 176; distribution, byraceandnativitv,
34, 158, 159, IGO, 161; by age, 36, 162, 167,
168, 169; by marital condition, 38, 170; by
cities and country districts, 178; by states
and
territories,
sions, 196;
187;
by geographic
by family relationship,
divi-
by
198;
other breadwinners in family, 208.
Milliners, number and per cent of each sex
employed as, 32; rank of occupation, 34,
76; total number of women, 34; increase
10, 20; of
tribution by age, 12, 19, 21, 24, 136, 163;
by marital condition, 15, 16, 22, 27, 171;
by cities and country districts, 17, 19, 1-52;
by familv relationship, 25, 27, 200; bv occupations, 34, 163, 171, 200; by states' and
territories, 1.36; number of other breadwinners in family, 30, 210; ratio of each
principal occupation to all occupations,
in number, 176.
See also
nativity.
Native whites one or both parents foreign
34; increase
Race and
born,
—
number and per cent of breadwinners
each sex, 10, 20; of
10, 12; distribution,
of
female breadwinners,
by age, 12, 19, 21, 24,
138, 164; by marital condition, 15, 16, 22,
27, 172; by cities and country districts, 17,
19, 152; by familv relationship, 25, 27,
202; by occupations, 34, 164, 172, 202; by
states and territories, 138; by ndmber of
other breadwinners in family, 30, 212;
ratio of oach principal occupation to all
occupations, 34; increase in number, 176.
See also Race and nativity.
Nativity. See Race and nativity.
Negroes, number and per cent in each sex,
10, 20; female breadwinners, distributed
byage, 12, 19,21, 144, 166; by marital condition, 15, 16, 22, 27, 174;
by
cities
and
152; by family
relationship, 25, 27, 206; bv states and territories, 144; by occupations, 166, 206, 216;
country
districts,
by number
17,
of other
19,
breadwinners in fam-
216; increase in number of, 176.
See also Race and nativity.
New Orleans, La. female breadwinners, classified by race, nativity, marital condition,
and occupation, according to family relationship, 262; number of other breadwinners in family, 352. See also Cities, speciily, .30,
,
fied.
New York,
N. Y., female breadwinners,
clasrace, nativity, marital condition,
and occupations, according to family relationship, 266; number of other breadwinners in familv, 354. See also Cities, specisified
by
fied.
Newark, N.
,T.,
female breadwinners,
classi-
by
race, nativity, marital condition,
and occupations, according to family relationship, 274; number of other breadwirners in family, 364. See clso Cities, specified
176; distribution, by
1.58, 159, 160. 161;
by age, 36, 77, 162, 167, 168, 169; by marital condition, 38, 78, 170; by nativity of
parents, 77; by family relationship, 80,
Norway, servants and waitresses whose parents were born in, 47; laundresses, 58;
by other breadwinners in family, '80,
by cities and country districts 178 by
seamstresses, 65; dressmakei-s, 71; milliners, 77; textile mill operatives, 84; ste-
in
number
of, 39, 79,
race and nativity, 34, 76,
199;
209
;
,
;
fied.
INDEX.
398
nographers and typewriters, 104; teachers,
115; farmers, 125.
Nurses and midwives, number and per cent
of each sex employed as, 32; ranjs: of occupation, 34; total number of women, 34;
increase in number of, 39, 176; distribution, by race and nativity, 34, 158, 159, 160,
161; by age, 36, 162, 167, 168, 169; by
marital condition, 38, 170, 199, 209; by
cities and country districts, 178; by states
and territories, 185; by geographic divisions, 196; by family relationship, 199;
by number
of other
breadwinners
m fam-
ily, 209.
Occupations, adoption and abandonment of,
by women, 22; classification of female
breadwinners by, 31; leading occupations,
32; in relation to race and nativity, 33,
158, 159, 160, 161; age, 36, 162, 167, 168,
169; marital condition, 37, 170; familyrelationship, 198 other breadwinners in family, 208; comparison with former census,
38, 176; statistics for selected occupations,
40; breadwinners in cities and country
districts classified by, 178; in states and
territories, 180; in selected cities, 218, 306.
Officials (government), number and per cent
of each sex employed as, 32 rank of occupation, 34; total number of women, 34;
increase in number of, 39, 176; distribution, byrace and nativity, 34, 158, 159, 160,
161; by age, 36, 162, 167, 168, 169; by
marital condition, 38, 170; by cities and
country districts, 178; by states and territories, 182; by geographic divisions, 196.
Overseers. See Farmers, planters, and overseers.
34; increase in number of, 39, 176; distribution, by race and nativity, 34, 158,
159, 160, 161; by age, 36, 162, 167, 168, 169;
by marital condition, 38, 170; by cities
and country districts, 178; by states and
territories, 182; by geographic divisions,
196.
Pittsburg, Pa., female breadwinners classified by race, nativity, marital condition,
and occupation, according
to family relationship, 286; other breadwinners in family, 374.
See also Cities, specified.
Poland, servants and waitresses whose parents were born in, 47; laundresses, 58;
seamstresses, 65; dressmakers, 71; milliners, 77; textile mill operatives, 84 saleswomen, 94; stenographers and typewrit;
ers,
104; teachers, 115; farmers, 125.
and pressmen, number and per cent of each sex employed
Printers, lithographers,
as, 32.
;
;
Packers and shippers, number and' per cent
of each sex employed as, 32; rank of occupation, 34; total
number
of
women,
34;
white women of foreign parentage among, 35 reason for high
percentage of young women, 36; increase
prominence
of native
;
in number of, 39, 176; distribution, by
race and nativity, 34, 158, 159, 160, 161;
by age, 36, 162, 167, 168, 169; by marital
condition, 38, 170; by cities and country
districts,
187;
by
states and territories,
geographic divisions, 196.
178;
by
Paper and pulp mill operatives, number and
per cent of each sex employed as, 32; rank
of occupation, 34; total
number of women,
34; increase in number of, 39, 176; distribution, by race and nativity, 34, 158,
159, 160, 161; by age, 36, 162, 167, 168, 169;
by marital condition, 38, 170; by cities
and country districts, 178; by states and
territories, 190; by geographic divisions,
197.
Paper box industry, prominence
of
native
women of foreign parentage in, 35.
See also Boxmakers, paper.
Parents, number and percentage of servants
and waitresses among female breadwinners
classified by birthplace of, 47; laundresses,
58; seamstresses, 64; dressmakers, 71; milliners,
77; textile mill operatives, 84;
saleswomen, 93; clerks and copyists, 98;
stenographers and typewriters, 104; teachers, 114; farmers, 124.
Paterson, N. J., female breadwinners classified by race, nativity, marital condition,
and occupation, according to family relationship, 278; other breadwinners in famSee also Cities, specified.
ily, 368.
Philadelphia, Pa., female breadwinners
classified byrace, nativity, marital condi-.
tion, and occupation, according to family
relationship, 280; other breadwinners in
family, 370. See also Cities, specified.
Physicians and surgeons, number and per'
white
cent of each sex employed as, 32; rank of
occupation, 34; total number of women,
Printers, lithographers, and presswomen,
rank of occupation, 34; reason for promiof native white women of native
parentage among, 34; total number of
nence
women,
34; increase in number of, -39,
176; distribution, by race and nativity,
34, 158, 159, 160, 161; bvage, 36, 162, 167,
168,169; bymaritalcondition, 38, 170; by
cities and country districts, 178 by states
and territories, 191; by geographic divi;
sions, 197.
Professional service,
number and per cent
of
each sex engaged in, 32; comparison with
former census, 39, 176; female breadwinners engaged in, distributed by race and
nativity, 158, 159, 160, 161; by age, 162,
167, 168, 169; by marital condition, 170;
by cities and country districts, 178; by
geographic divisions, 196.
Providence,
E.
I.,
female
breadwinners
classified by race, nativity, marital condition, and occupation, according to family
relationship, 290; number of other breadwinners in family, 378. See also Cities,
specified.
nativity, number and per cent of
breadwinners in each sex, 10, 20; female
breadwinners, distributed by age, 12, 19,
Pace and
21, 136, 163; by marital condition, 15, 16,
22, 27, 170; by cities and country districts, 17, 19, 152; by family relationship,
25, 27, 198; by occupations, 34, 158, 159,
160, 161; bv states and territories, 132, 180;
by specified cities, 146, 147, 218, 306; by
geographic divisions, 154; by number of
other breadwinners in family, 30, 208; increase in number of female breadwinners
by, 176.
of principal occupations, 34, 36, 38.
See also specified occupations.
Rochester, N. Y., female breadwinners,
classified by race, nativity, marital condition, and occupation, according to familyrelationship, 292; number of other breadwinners in family, 380. See also Cities,
Rank
specified.
factory operatives, number and per
cent of each sex employed as, 32; rank of
occupation, 34; total number of women,
34; increase in number of, 39, 176; distribution, by race and nativity, 34, 158,
Rubber
159, 160, 161; by age, 36, 162, 167, 168,
169; by marital condition, 38, 170; by
cities and country districts, 178; by states
and territories, 191; by geographic divisions, 197.
Russia, servants and waitresses whose parents were born in, 47; laundresses, 58;
seamstresses, 65; dressmakers, 71; milliners,
mill operatives, 84;
77; textile
saleswomen, 94; stenographers and typewriters, 104; teachers, 115; farmers, 125.
Russian Empire and Finland, number of
immigrants from, 51.
St. Louis,
Mo., female breadwinners, classi-
by
race, nativity, marital condition,
and occupation, according to family rela/tionship, 294; number of other breadwinners in family, 382. See also Cities, specified
fied.
St. Paul,
Minn., female breadwinners, classirace, nativity, marital condition,
and occupation, according to family relationship, 298; number of other breadwin-
fied
by
ners in family, 386.
See also Cities, speci-
fied.
Salesmen and saleswomen, number and per
cent of each, 32; distribution in given
cities compared, 93.
Saleswomen, rank of occupation, 34, 91;
total number of women, 34; increase in
number of, 39, 176; distribution, by race
and nativity, 34, 92, 158, 159, 160, 161; by
age, 36, 94, 162, 167, 168, 169; by marital
condition, 38, 94, 170; by geographic divisions, 92, 196; by parentage, 93; by
family relationship, 95, 199; by number
of other breadwinners in family, 96, 209;
by cities and country districts, 92, 178; by
states and territories, 187; comparison
with previous censuses, 95.
Scandinavia,
were born
Norway.
saleswomen whose
in, 94.
See also
parents
Sweden and
See Literary and scienpersons.
Scotland, servants and waitresses whose parents were born in, 47; laundresses, 58;
seamstresses, 65; dressmakers, 71; milliners, 77; textile mill operatives, 84; clerks
and copyists, 98; stenographers and typewriters, 104; teachers, 115; farmers, 125.
Seamstresses, number and per cent of each
sex employed as, 32; rank of occupation,
34, 62; total number of women, 34; increase in number of, 39, 176; distribution,
by race and nativity, 34, 62, 158, 159, 160,
161; by age, 36, 65, 162, 167, 168, 169; by
marital condition, 38, 66, 170; by geographic divisions, 63, 197 by parentage, 64;
by family relationship, 68, 199; by number
of other breadwinners in family, 69, 209;
by cities and country districts, 62, 178; by
states and territories, 194; comparison with
former census, 67.
Servants and waitresses, number classed as
boarders, 26; number and per cent of each
Scientific persons.
tific
;
sex employed
as, 32; rank of occupation,
40; total number of women, 34; increase in number of, 39, 176; distribution,
by race and nativity, 34, 41, 42, 51, 158,
159, 160, 161; by age, 36, 48, 162, 167, 168,
169; by marital condition, 38, 49, 370; by
cities and country districts, 44, 45, 46,
178; by parentage, 47 by family relationship, 54, 199; by states and territories, 185;
by geographic divisions, 46, 53, 196; by
number of other breadwinners in family,
209; comparison with previous census, 50;
decrease of servant class among immigrants, 51.
34,
;
Sextons.
See .Tanitors and sextons.
Shirt, collar, and cuff makers, number and
per cent of each sex employed as, 32; rank
of occupation, 34; total number of women,
34; increase in number of, 39, 176; distribution,
by race and nativity, 34, 158,
by age, 36, 162, 167, 168,
160, 161;
by
marital condition, 38, 170;
and country
territories,
by
by geographic
districts, 178;
195;
159,
169;
by
cities
states and
divisions,
197.
Silk mill operatives,
number and per cent
each sex employed as, 32; rank of occupation, 34; total number of women, 34;
increase in number of, 39, 176; distribution,
of
;
;
INDEX.
by race and nativity, 34, 158, 159, 160, 161
by a^e, 36, 162, 167, 168, 169; by marital
condition, 38, 170; by cities and country
districts, 178j by states and territories, 193;
by geographic divisions, 197.
Single women. See Marital condition.
States and territories, total female breadwinners distributed by, 131; according to race
and nativity, 132; age, 134; cities and
country districts, 152; occupations, 180;
breadwinners in native white female population of native parentage, distributed by
age, 136; in native white of foreign parentage, 138; in foreign born white, 140;
in negro, Indian, and Mongolian, 142; in
negro, 144.
Stenographers and typewriters, number and
per cent of each sex employed as, 32; rank
of occupation, 34, 102; reason for high percentage of young women, 37; total number of women, 34; increase in number of,
39, 176 distribution by race and nativity,
34, 103, 158, 159, 160, 161; by age, 36, 105,
162, 167, 168, 169; by marital condition,
38, 106, 170; by geographic divisions, 103,
196; by states and territories, 103, 188; by
;
by cities and country disby family relationship,
by number of other breadwinners
parentage, 104;
tricts,
104,
107, 199
;
178;
in family, 108, 209; comparison with previous census, 106.
Stewardesses. See Housekeepers and stewardesses.
See Physicians and surgeons.
Sweden, servants and waitresses whose parents were born in, 47; laundresses, 58;
Surgeons.
seamstresses, 65; dressmakers, 71; milliners, 77; textile mill operatives, 84; stenographers and typewriters, 104; teachers,
115; farmers, 125; number of immigrants
from, 51.
Switzerland, servants and waitresses whose
parents were born in, 47; laundresses, 58;
seamstresses, 65; dressmakers, 71; milliners, 77; textile mill operatives, 84: stenographers and typewriters, 104 teachers,
US; fanners, 125.
;
rank
occupation, 34; total
34; increase in number
of, 39, 176; distribution, by race and nativity, 34, 158, 159, 160, 161; by age, 36,
162, 167, 168, 169; by marital condition.
Tailoresses,
number
of
of
women,
38, 170 ; by cities and country districts, 178
states and territories, 195; by geographic divisions, 197; by family rela-
by
tionship, 199; by number of other breadwinners in family, 209.
Tailors and tailoresses, number and per cent
of each, 32.
Teachers and professors in colleges, etc.,
number and per cent of each sex employed
as, 32, 120;
rank of occupation,
number
women,
34, 109; total
34; increase in number
distribution, by race and nativity, 34, 109, 158, 159, 160, 161; by age,
36, 115, 162, 167, 168, 169; by marital condition, 38, 117, 170; by states and territories, 110, 182; by geographic divisions,
113, 114, 116, 196; by parentage, 114; by
family relationship, 121, 199; by number
of other breadwinners in family, 122, 209;
by cities and country districts, 112, 178;
comparison with previous censuses, 118.
Telegraph and telephone operators, number
and per cent of each sex employed as, 32;
rank of occupation, 34; reason for high per
cent of young women, 37; total number of
women, 34; increase in number of, 39, 176;
distribution, by race and nativity, 34, 158,
159, 160, 161; by age, 36, 162, 167, 168, 169;
by marital condition, 38, 170; by cities
and country districts, 178; by states and
territories, 188; by geographic divisions,
196.
Textile mill operatives, nuniber and per
cent of each sex employed as, 32; importance as an occupation for women, 81;
increase in number of female breadwinners among, 39, 89, 176; distribution, by
specified industries, 81; by race and nativity, 82, 158, 159, 160, 161; by states and
territories, 83, 84, 86, 87, 89, 191; by parentage, 84; by age, 85, 162, 167, 168, 169;
by marital condition, 87, 170; by family
relationship, 89; by number of other
breadwinners in family, 91; by cities
and country districts, 178; by geographic
divisions, 197; comparison with previous
census, 87.
Textile workers, number and per cent of
each sex employed as, 32; increase in number of female breadwinners among, 39,
176; by race and nativity, 158, 159, 160,
161; by age periods, 162, 167, 168, 169; by
inarital condition, 170; by cities and coun-
of
of, 39, 176;
o
399
try districts, 178;
by geographic
divisions,
197.
Tobacco and cigar factory operatives, number and per cent of each sex employed as,
32; rank of occupation, 34; total number of
34; increase in number of, 39, 176;
distribution, by race and nativity, 34, 158,
159,160,161; byage,36,162,167, 168, 169;by
marital condition, 38, 170; by cities and
country districts, 178; by states and territories, 195; by geographic divisions, 197.
Trade and transportation, number and per
cent of each sex engaged in, 32; comparison with former census, 39, 176; female
women,
in, distributed by
race arid nativity, 158, 159, 160, 161; by
age, 162, 167, 168, 169; by marital condi-
breadwinners engaged
tion, 170; by cities and country districts,
178; by geographic divisions, 196.
See Stenographers and type-
Typewriters.
writers.
Wales.
See England and Wales.
Washington,
D. C, female breadwinners
classified by race, nativity, marital condition, and occupation, according to family relationship, 300; number of other
family, 388.
See also
breadwinners
m
Cities, specified.
Widows, number employed compared with
total females, 13; compared with widowers,
14, (note) 27; number and percentage of
breadwinners among, by age, 14, 16; by
race and nativity, 15, 22; by family relationship, 27; by other breadwinners in
family, 30; percentage of boarders among,
29.
See also Marital condition.
Women, number employed
pations, 10; motives for
in gainful occu-
becoming bread-
winners, 10; proportion of breadwinners
as an index of economic position of race
and nativity classes, 10; adoption and
abandonment of occupations, 22. See
also
Breadwinners.
Woolen mill
icent of
operatives,
number and per
each sex employed
as, 32;
rank
of
occupation, 34; total number of women,
34; increase in number of, 39, 176; distribution, by race and nativity, 34, 158, 159,
160,161; by age, 36, 162, 167, 168, 169; by
marital condition, 38, 170; by cities and
country
by states and terby geographic divisions, 197.
districts, 178;
ritories, 193;
@FedFRASER