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STATISTICAL ATLAS. 4 5 OCCUPATIONS. Out of the total population of the country a trifle more than one-tliird was enumerated by the Eleventh Census as wage earners. Of that part of the population io years of age and over about one-half were wage earners. Dia gram 253 represents, by the entire area of the square, the population 10 years of age and over. The shaded portion of the square represents the wage earners classified as males and females. 253. Population io Over, Classified Y ears of Age and Wage Earners as 257. Classification Diagram 256 shows, as in the other cases, by the entire area of the square, the total population 10 years of age and over. This square is primarily divided into rectan gles, representing the nativity of the population, and each of these rectangles is in turn divided into two parts, one representing non-wage earners, the other wage earners. This diagram shows that the smallest proportion of wage earners is found among the native whites of native par entage, and the greatest proportion among the foreign whites and colored. Sex , Color, and of Wage Earners by General Nativity : 1890. and Non-Wage Earners, by Sex : 1890. 256. Population by Color fied as io and Wage Y ears of Age and Over , General Na tivity , Classi Earners and N on-Wage Earners : 1890. Diagram 254 shows similar facts in a somewhat differ ent form, the square representing the number of inhab itants 10 years of age and over, being divided primarily into males and females, which are about equal in num bers. The rectangle representing each sex is then divided into two parts, the shaded part representing the number of wage earners of that sex. It is seen that more than three-fourths of the males are wage earners, while less than one-fifth of the females are wage earners. 254. Population by and Sex , io Y ears Classified of as Age and Over, Wage Earners Non-Wage Earners : 1890. Diagram 257 shows, by its entire area, the total number of wage earners. The rectangles into which it is prima rily divided represent the classification of wage earners by nativity and race, and each rectangle is divided into two parts, one representing the males of that nativity or race and the other the females. From this it appears that the female wage earners are by far in the smallest proportion among the native whites of native parentage and in greatest proportion among the colored. They are appar ently more numerous among native whites of foreign parentage than among the foreign whites. Proportion of each Element of the Population Wage Earners, 258. Native white of native parentage. This study of the distribution of the wage earners among the different sexes, races, and nativities is extended in the four following diagrams. The first of them, No. 258, rep resents, by its total area, the number of persons native born of native parents, who are 10 years of age and over. This is divided into two rectangles, representing males and females, which are, of course, practically equal in area. Each of these rectangles is then subdivided into two parts, the white representing non-wage earners and the shaded portions representing wage earners. The second diagram, No. 259, classifies in a similar manner the native whites of foreign parentage. The third diagram, No. 260, shows similarly foreign white, and the fourth diagram, No. 261, the colored. Comparing these diagrams with one another, we see, in the first place, that the proportion of male wage earners to all males 10 years of age and over is greatest among the foreign whites. This is, of course, to be expected, because our immigration is in the main of mature persons. Next to the foreign whites the proportion of males who are wage earners is greatest among the colored, then among the native whites of native parents, and smallest among the native whites of foreign parentage. This last by io Y ears of Age and Over 259. Native white of foreign parentage. Diagram 255 also represents, by the entire area of the square, the population 10 years of age and over, and by the shaded portion the wage earners. In this diagram the wage earners are classified by nativity. 255. Population Classified as io Wage Earners, by Color and Y ears of Non-Wage the Age and Over, Earners and L atter Subdivided General Nativity : 1890. 260. Foreign white. who are Se x : 1890. 261. Colored. STATISTICAL ATLAS. 4 6 of Wage-Earners and in 262. 263. each of the General Nativity , Five Occupation Groups, and by Professional service. 264. Foreign white, by sex. Agriculture, fisheries, andmining. Color Total -wage earners. Native white of native parentage, by sex. 265. by Se x : 1S90. Native white of foreignparentage, bysex. 266. Manufacturingand mechanical industries. 'M b zM . Colored, by sex. Trade and trans portation. — ! 1! personal service. Maps 267 and 268, plate 42, show those regions of the country which are distinctively manufacturing and agri cultural, as indicated by the leading occupations of the people, the first showing the proportion which the number engaged in manufactures bears to all wage earners. In the northeastern states, with Maryland and Ohio, the pro portion of those engaged in manufactures is more than Proportion 'll is to be expected, since the proportion of adults among the native whites of foreign parentage is below the normal, owing to the fact that the parents of this class are found among the foreign horn whites. Turning, now, to the females, we find the highest pro portion of female wage earners among the negroes. This is accounted for by the fact that this race is largely employed as domestic servants, and in the cotton region the women work very generally in the field. The propor tion of female wage earners among the foreign whites and the native whites of foreign parentage is very nearly equal, and is much larger than among the native whites of native parentage. The census classifies wage earners primarily into five great groups, namely, i. the professions, 2. agriculture, with fisheries and mining, 3. manufactures, 4. trade and transportation, and 5. personal service. The extent to which people of different races and nativities enter into these several groups of occupations differs widely. Dia gram 262 illustrates this. The entire area of the square represents the wage earners, and the rectangles into which it is primarily divided represents the classification of the wage earners by race and nativity. Bach of these rectangles is in turn subdivided in accordance with the number of wage earners in each of these great groups of occupations. Among the native whites of native parentage it is seen that the proportion engaged in the professions is much larger than in any other race or nativity; that those engaged in agriculture are propor tionally more numerous than among the foreign whites or the native whites of foreign parents; that in manufactures they are less numerous proportionally than in the last two classes, and that in personal service there are fewer engaged proportionally than in any other nativity or race. The foreign whites do not affect the professions or farming, but with their descendants, the native whites of foreign parentage, they form the vast body of manufac turing operatives, and, next to the negroes, they furnish proportionally the largest element engaged in personal service. The colored furnish by far the largest proportion of farmers; in manufactures and trade and transportation they are but feebly represented, while in personal service they exceed, proportionally, all other races and nativities. The next four diagrams, numbered 263 to 266, inclusive, develop facts similar to those shown by the last diagram, but with the addition of a classification by sex. Bach of these squares represents the total number of wage earners of that race or nativity. It is primarily divided into two rectangles, one representing males, the other females, and each of these rectangles is then further subdivided in accordance with the five great groups of occupations. In these diagrams the feature of greatest interest is the classification of the females. Among the native whites of native parentage this sex shows a large proportion in the professions, and a small proportion in agriculture, while the proportions in manufactures and in personal service are largest of all, the number engaged in trade and trans portation being small. Among the native whites of foreign parentage the pro portion in the professions is much smaller than in the last, and those engaged in farming are but trifling, while the proportion engaged in the three other occupations is somewhat larger. Among the foreign whites we find quite a different condition of affairs. F ully three-fifths of the female wage earners are engaged in personal service, and nearly all the balance are operatives in manufactures. Among the colored, the conditions are again different. Nearly all the female wage earners, indeed, with only a trifling remainder, are engaged either in farming or in Domestic and personal service. 267. A/ , 1" T ' 4/.,, Vis 1 ° / NT // -V PROPORTION OF WAGE EARNERS IN MANUFACTURES. L A ) V !y~t ~7 A PLATE 42. \ 3uj£L < L o " R \A ■O 'Neil Denver 1 r ------------ 1 U n d er 10 p er c en t 268. __ J 10 to 25 p e r cent 25 p e r c e n t a n d o v e r PROPORTION OF WAGE EARNERS IN AGRICULTURE ) 1 rX n \ L s~. 9 1 'is f ’ ’ B I , ? r t • Se - i 1-SLnna.rk I W J/Jj. Winoncr Wuf& jBdlSwS Alehisori' JLeayenvfbrtf jSardert M SA (h OTUiNUSK > ' ■ HBMIMI W>v J U L t U S B J E N & C O . L IT H . N Y. U n d er 25 p er cen t 25 to 50 p e r c e n t □ 50 p e r c e n t and o v e r 47 STATISTICAL ATLAS. 269. PROPORTION OF W A G E EA R N ER S IN EACH OF T H E F IV E OCCU PATION GROUPS, B Y S T A T E S AND TE R R ITO R IE S : 1890. — tz- MISSOURI MAINE ffl NEW HAMPSHIRE NORTH DAKOTA VERMONT SOUTH DAKOTA I MASSACHUSETTS NEBRASKA RHODE ISLAND KANSAS I CONNECTICUT KENTUCKY NEW YORK TENNESSEE NEW JERSEY ALABAMA PENNSYLVANIA MISSISSIPPI DELAWARE LOUISIANA MARYLAND TEXAS VIRGINIA OKLAHOMA WEST VIRGINIA ARKANSAS NORTH CAROLINA i MM 1 g im m l . i 111 i SOUTH CAROLINA ....... : \/A m MONTANA i■ TO TTTTTfffl IS WYOMING .............. GEORGIA 1. . . ............ COLORADO FLORIDA i P H ................ ................. T ' T | NEW MEXICO ____U___ 1 111 1 It 111111 I l l f l J OHIO ARIZONA INDIANA UTAH m ILLINOIS if NEVADA MICHIGAN ff I WISCONSIN MINNESOTA IDADO WASHINGTON OREGON IOWA CALIFORNIA 1. Agriculture, fisheries, andmining. 2. Manufacturing andmechanical industries. 3. Trade and transportation. 4. Domestic andpersonal service. 5 . Professional service. STATISTICAL ATLAS. 4 8 271. D istrib u tio n of W age E arners of th e S pecified Native white, native parents. [Per cent.] Native white, foreign parents. [Per cent.] Irish. [Per cent.] Occupations. + 8 12 Servants Merchants anddealers Merchants and dealers Draymen, hackmen, etc. Agricultural laborers Agricultural laborers Carpenters andjoiners Miners Cotton mill operatives Iron and steel workers Machinists Cotton mill operatives Laborers (not specified) Farmers Carpenters andjoiners Mill andfactoryoperatives! (not specified) Agricultural laborers Boot andshoe makers Woolenmill operatives Brick makers Saw and planing mill | employes Servants Draymen, hackmen, etc. Merchants and dealers Steamrailroad employes Dressmakers Lumbermen andraftsmen | Blacksmiths Clerks andcopyists Masons Wood choppers Painters, glaziers, etc. Salesmenand saleswomenI Hosiery andknitting mill operatives M a c h in is ts Iron and steel workers Wood workers (n. a.) Engineers and firemen (not locomotive) Marble cutters Paper mill operatives Bakers Quarrymen Saloonkeepers Leather curriers, etc. Tailors and tailoresses ZO 24- 2a 32, 5 6 8 12 16 H Cottonmill operatives Clerksand copyists h Iron and steel workers S ^- Lannderersandlaundresses Steamrailroad employes 1 Boot and shoe makers Masons Masons Woolen mill operatives Clerks and copyists Painters, glaziers, etc. Blacksmiths Blacksmiths 8| Watchmen, policemen,etc. Engineers and firemen ■ (hot locomotive) Dressmakers Mill andfactoryoperatives■ (not specified) Engineers and firemen (not locomotive) Draymen, hackmen, etc. Woolen mill operatives Dressmakers H Boot and shoe makers Agents, etc. Salesmenandsaleswomen ■ Tailors and tailoresses 16 4 Carpenters andjoiners Machinists a \Z Occupations. 3 fc Steamrailroad employes Mill andfactoryoperatives (not specified) 4» 32 Laborers (not specified) Farmers, planters, etc. Occupations. 2* 28 Miners Servants French Canadians. [Per cent.] 20 Farmers Laborers (not specified) English Canadians [Per cent.] 16 English and Welsh. [Per cent.] Saloon keepers Bookkeepers, etc. Marblecutters Tailors andtailoresses Gardeners, florists, etc. Manufacturers, etc. Painters, glaziers, etc. Marble cutters Salesmen andsaleswomen 1 Clergymen Housekeepers Butchers Hostlers Molders Leather curriers, etc. Teachers Molders Housekeepers Foremen andoverseers Printers, etc. Nurses Silk mill operatives ■ Agents, etc. Nurses Street railroad employes Watchmen, policemen,etc.1 Bartenders Plumbers, etc. Seamstresses Seamstresses Boarding and lodging house keepers Quarrymen Plumbers, etc. Builders French. Italians [Percent.] ?0 24 28 12 56 4 9 STATISTICAL ATLAS. N a t iv it ie s by t h e ir P r in c ip a l Occupations : 1890 Occupations. + S IM t » l* 28 33 3fc Occupations. Farmers Fanners Miners Laborers (not specified) Laborers (not specified) Servants Agricultural laborers Servants Merchants and dealers Carpentersandjoiners Carpenters andjoiners Merchants anddealers Machinists I Agricultural laborers Marble cutters Clerks andcopyists Saloonkeepers Mill andfactoryoperatives| (not specified) Salesmenandsaleswomen | Masons Painters, glaziers, etc. Miners Machinists Cigar makersandtobacco w o rk e rs Iron andsteel workers Brewers and maltsters Salesmen andsaleswomen! Gardeners, florists, etc. Cabinet makers Dressmakers Gardeners, florists, etc. Molders Barbers Agents, etc. Manufacturers Tailors and tailoresses Saw and planing mill employes Boot andshoe makers Manufacturers, etc. Wood workers (not specifled) Dressmakers Sailors Agents, etc. Printers, etc. Bartenders Silk mill operatives Engineers and firemen | (not locomotive) Teachers Hucksters andpeddlers Housekeepers. Launderersandlaundresses Nurses Seamstresses Watchmen, policemen,etc. | Bookkeepers, etc. Builders Brick makers Plasterers Leather curriers, etc. Boiler makers Molders numbers, etc. Occupations. >6 Farmers Farrners Laborers (not specified) Agricultural laborers Laborers (not specified) Servants Agricultural laborers Servants Carpentersandjoiners Carpentersandjoiners Steamrailroad employes Miners Merchants and dealers Engineers and firemen (not locomotive) Draymen, hackmen, etc. 32 Butchers Blacksmiths Woolen mill operatives 28 Draymen, hackmen, etc. Masons Iron and steel workers 24 Saw and planing mill employes Tailors and tailoresses Steamrailroad employes Bookkeepers, etc. 20 Boot and shoe makers Steamrailroad employes Painters, glaziers, etc. 16 Steamrailroad employes Clerks and copyists Blacksmiths it Tailors andtailoresses Bakers Cottonmill operatives 8 Danes. [Per cent.] Swedes andNorwegians. [Per cent.j Germans. [Per cent.] Scotch. [Percent.] Merchants and dealers Blacksmiths Draymen, hackmen, etc. Painters, glaziers, etc. Clerks andcopyists Painters, glaziers, etc. Masons Clerks and copyists Saw and planing mill employes Blacksmiths Tailors andtailoresses Draymen, hackmen, etc. Miners Sailors Boot and shoe makers Boot aiul shoemakers Dressmakers Machinists Brick makers Masons Dressmakers Machinists Lumbermen andraftsmen Gardeners, florists, etc. Launderersandlaundresses| Salesmen and saleswomen! Iron andsteel workers Butchers Stockraisers, etc. Dairymen and dairy women Stockraisers, etc. Salesmenand saleswomen Cabinet makers Engineers and firemen (not locomotive) Wood workers (not speci fied) Engineers and firemen (not locomotive) Lauuderersandlaundresses Housekeepei s Saloonkeepers Seamstresses Agents, etc. Marble cutters Cabinet makers Molders Iron andsteel workers Housekeepers Wood workers (1 1 . s.) Bohemians. Russians. [Per cent.] [Per cent.] O ccupations. 8 12 IB 20 24 28 32. 36 Occupations. Tailors andtailoresses Laborers (not specified) Farmers, planters, etc. Miners Laborers, (not specified) Servants Hucksters and peddlers Miners Merchants anddealers Agricultural laborers Servants Cigar makers andtobacco | workers Clerks and copyists Boot and shoe makers Carpenters andjoiners Seamstresses Salesmen and saleswomen! Shirt makers, etc. Lumbermenand raftsmen | Dressmakers Painters, glaziers, etc. Steamrailroad employes Hat andcap makers Tailors andtailoresses Iron and steel workers Merchants anddealers Steapi railroad employes Farmers Agricultural laborers Hucksters andpeddlers Charcoal burners Cigar makers and tobacco .workers Seamstresses Clerks and copyists Boot and shoemakers Brick makers Salesmenand saleswomen Farmers Laborers (not specified) Tailors and tailoresses Cigar makers and tobacco! workers Agricultural laborers Servants Carpenters andjoiners Merchants anddealers Saw and planing mill | employes Boot and shoe makers Miners Clerks and copyists Steamrailroad employes Blacksmiths Butchers Masons Saloonkeepers Draymen, hackmen, etc. Dressmakers Quarrymeu Carpenters andjoiners Woolen mill operatives Saw and planing mill employes Fishermen and oystermen| O ccupations. Iron and steel workers Painters, glaziers, etc. LauuderersandlaundressesJ Salesmen and saleswomen Bakers Wood choppers Cabinet makers Butchers Coopers Manufacturers, etc. Quarrym en Agents, etc. Dressmakers Machinists Manufacturers, etc. Draymen, hackmen, etc. Molders Sailors Iron anil steel workers Sewing machine operators ] Tinners Teachers Barbers Saloonkeepers Brick makers Seamstresses Woodworkers, (n. s.) [Per cent.] 50 STATISTICAL ATLAS. one-fourtli of all wage earners, while in the southern states the proportion of those engaged in manufactures is very small, being less than io per cent. The other map shows that in the southern states more than one-half the wage earners are engaged in agriculture, while in several of the northeastern states the proportion is less than onefourth. Diagram 269 shows the proportions in which the wage earners of each state are engaged in each of these five great groups of occupations. In each case the full length of the bar represents 100 persons, and the proportion of them engaged in each of these occupation groups is repre sented by a proportional part of the bar. It will be seen that in the southern states agriculture is by far the pre dominant industry, three-fourths or more of the wage earners being devoted to it in the states of South Caro lina, Mississippi, and Arkansas, while on the other hand, in Massachusetts and Rhode Island, and to a less degree in adjacent states, manufacturing is the predominant industry. Diagram 270 shows the number of persons, classified as males and females, who are engaged in certain specified occupations. It is seen that farmers and farm laborers are far in excess of the number in all other occupations. It is seen also that in certain occupations women exceed 270. Number o f men in numbers, and several occupations they absorb entirely. Diagram 271 shows the prevailing occupations among the people of different races and detailed nativities, by giving the proportion of the total number of wage earners of each nativity or race who are engaged in each of the occupations specified, thus: among the Irish, nearly 20 per cent are laborers, 16 per cent are servants, and 9.5 per cent are farmers, planters, etc. A study of this diagram, or rather series of diagrams, brings out many interesting and important facts regard ing our foreign element as contrasted with our native element and with the colored. Thus, no other people, with the exception of the negroes, affect agricultural pur suits to as great an extent as the native whites of native parentage do. Those people who most closely approach the latter in this respect are the Danes, Swedes, Nor wegians, and Bohemians. The English, the Irish, the Scotch, the French Canadians, the Italians, and the Huns become farmers only to a small extent. The Irish mainly become laborers or servants. The English and Scotch are in large part divided between farming and mining. W hile more Germans engage in farming than in any other pursuit, still a large proportion of them are laborers, merchants, and servants. The Swedes and Nor wegians apparently have little aptitude for trade, but, Persons io Y ears of Age and Over Engaged in the Specified Occupations, passing over the farming contingent, which is largest, the occupations in which they are most numerous are laborers and servants. The Danes are distributed much the same as the Swedes and Norwegians. The cotton mills of New England are the chief attrac tion to the French Canadians. The Italians are mainly laborers, although they have a considerable contingent engaged in mining. The Huns are mainly laborers or miners. Diagram 272, plate 43, shows for each of 32 occupa tions the nationality and race of the wage earners engaged in it. Thus, among farmers, the total number of which is represented by the full length of the bar, the native whites of native parents constitute about twothirds, while the native whites of foreign parents are not over 7 per cent, the foreign whites about 15 per cent, and the remainder colored. The proportion of wage earners furnished by each of 9 different foreign nationalities is given. Among the cotton mill operatives we find that the native whites of native parentage constitute about 30 per cent, the native whites of foreign parentage about 25 per cent, the remainder, 45 per cent, being practically of foreign birth. Of this 45 per cent, 9 per cent are of Irish birth, 10 per cent are English and Scotch, and nearly all of the remainder being Canadians. by Sex : 1890. [M illio n s .] O c c u p a tio n s . 4 F a n n e r s , p la n te r s , e tc . F a r m la b o r e r s L a b o r e r s (n o t sp e c ifie d ) S e r v a n ts M e r c h a n ts a n d d e alers C a r p e n te r s a n d .jo in e rs C le rk s a n d c o p y is ts M in e r s S te a m r a ilr o a d e m p lo y e s D ra y m e n , lia c k m e n , e tc . T e a c h ers D re s s m a k e rs S a le sm en n n d s a le s w o m e n L a n n d c r e r s a n d la u n d re s s e s E n g in e e r s a n d firem en (n o t lo c o m o tiv e ) P a in te r s , g la z ie r s , e tc . B o o t a n d sh o e m a k e rs B la c k s m ith s T a ilo r s M a c h in is ts C o tto n m ill o p e ra tiv e s A c c o u n ta n ts M aso n s S e a m stre ss e s I r o n a n d s te e l w o rk e rs S aw a n d p la n in g m ill em p lo y e s C ig a r m a k e r s a n d to b a c c o w o rk e rs Butchers P h y s ic ia n s L u m b e rm e n a n d r a f ts m e n L a w y e rs C le rg y m e n P r in te r s B arb ers W o o len m ill o p e ra tiv e s A p p r e n tic e s to tra d e s G a rd e n e r s , flo r is ts , e tc . S to c k ra is e r s , h e rd e rs , e tc . M u s ic ia n s F is h e rm e n a n d o y s te r m e n M illin e rs N u rs e s C o m m ercial tr a v e le r s P lu m b e r s , e tc . T e le g ra p h a n d te le p h o n e o p e r a to r s E n g in e e r s , c iv il a n d m eclian icu l I M ales. F e m a le s . 5 272. DISTRIBUTION OF THOSE ENGAGED IN CERTAIN SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, BY COLOR AND NATIONALITY: 1890. PLATE 43. ALL OCCUPATIONS FARMERS, PLANTERS, ETC AGRICULTURAL LABORERS 12 3 4 5 79 LABORERS SERVANTS MERCHANTS AND DEALERS 4 CARPENTERS AND JOINERS 1 2 3 4 6 8 7 5 6 7 8 5 9 9 CLERKS AND COPYISTS STEAM RAILROAD EMPLOYEES DRAYMEN, HACKMEN, TEAMSTERS, ETC MINERS 5 6 7 8 TEACHERS DRESSMAKERS SALESMEN AND SALESWOMEN PAINTERS, GLAZIERS AND VARNISHERS BOOT AND SHOEMAKERS 4 BLACKSMITHS 4 3 TAILORS AND TAILORESSES 4 5 6 5 t 8 9 , 89 5 . .... 7 MACHINISTS AGENTS (REAL ESTATE, INSURANCE, ETC.) ANO COLLECTORS COTTON MILL OPERATIVES BOOKKEEPERS AND ACCOUNTANTS Z I 3 4 5 6 MASONS 4 SEAMSTRESSES 1 2 3 7 5 4 5 6 7 8 8 9 9 IRON AND STEEL WORKERS ENGINEERS AND FIREMEN (NOT LOCOMOTIVE) SAW AND PLANING MILL EMPLOYEES CIGAR MAKERS AND TOBACCO WORKERS BUTCHERS MANUFACTURERS, ETC. PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS LAUNDERERS AND LAUNDRESSES NATIVE WHITE, NATIVE PARENTS I. IRISH 2. ENGLISH, WELSH AND SCOTCH __________ 3. GERMANS NATIVE WHITE, FOREIGN PARENTS 4, SCANDINAVIANS 5. CANADIANS 6. FRENCH FOREIGN WHITE, NUMBERED 7. ITALIANS 8. SLAVS, ETC, 9. OTHER FOREIGN J U L IU S B IE N & CO, L IT H . N Y. COLORED 9
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