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58
STATISTICAL ATLAS.
M A N U F A C T U R E S.
331. C a p it a l In v e st e d in
M a n u f a c t u r e s : 18 50 t o 18 9 0 .
1_________
A
1860
1870
1880
1890
_
m
3 3 2 . V a l u e o f N e t P r o d u c t o f M a n u f a c t u r e s : 18 5 0 t o
0
The gross value of the product of the manufactures in
1890 was in excess of $9,000,000,000. In this is included
the value of all raw material and partly manufactured
material, which goes into the factory as “ materials used.”
These had a value of little over $5,000,000,000. Sub
tracting this from the gross value of the product, it leaves
as the net product of manufactures in 1890 about
$4,000,000,000. The net product at each census is shown
by Diagram 332. The increase from census to census
was quite uniform, except between 1880 and 1890, when,
as in the case of the capital, the net product more than
doubled during the decade.
1
18 9 0 .
[Billions o f dollars.]
2
3
3 3 3 . A v e r a g e C a p i t a l p e r E s t a b l i s h m e n t : 18 5 0 t o
The number of manufacturing establishments has
increased continuously, but not by any means as rapidly
as the capital has increased. Consequently, the average
capital per establishment has become greater. Diagram
333 shows this increase. In 1850 the average capital was
but $4,000. It increased in i860, diminished slightly in
1870, and has increased since, reaching, in 1890, $15,000.
This increase is in accord with the increase in the use of
machinery.
18 9 0 .
3 3 4 . N u m b e r o f P e r s o n s E m p l o y e d i n M a n u f a c t u r e s : 18 5 0 t o 18 9 0 .
The number of hands employed in manufactures has
increased continuously since 1850, as shown in Diagram
334, but the increase has not been as rapid as that in
capital or in product. In other words, owing to the
increased use of machinery, each hand employed makes a
greater output. In 1850 the net product per hand was
about $500. In 1890 it had increased to nearly double
this amount.
In the meantime a portion of this increased productive
ness of the laborer has gone to his benefit. As is shown
by Diagram 335, wages per hand have increased from
about $250 to $440. Thus, while his efficiency is doubled,
his pay has been increased 75 per cent; the remaining
25 per cent of his increased efficiency going to capital,
which has created this increased efficiency through the
introduction of machinery.
The principal manufactures of the country are shown
by the value of their products. They are represented by
Diagram 336, lumber being the leading product, with a
value of nearly $600,000,000, followed by flouring and grist
mill products and clothing, each with a product exceeding
half a billion. Iron and steel were fourth, which, with
foundry and machine shop products, had a value of over
$400,000,000. The cotton industry had a product valued
at $270,000,000; the woolen industry at $220,000,000.
These are gross, not net, values of products.
Map 337, plate 55, shows the center of manufactures,
corresponding to the center of population, at each census
since 1850. Like the center of population, the movement
of this center has been generally westward. In 1850 it
was found in latitude 40° 42' and longitude 770 25'. In
1890, 40 years later, it was found in practically the same
latitude and in longitude 81 ° 33'. It had moved westward
40 8', and was then situated in northeastern Ohio. Its
position was a degree and a half north of the center of
population and 4 degrees east of it. This difference in
position between the center of population and the center
of manufactures indicates the portion of the country in
which manufactures are of the greatest importance.
2
1850
[Millions.]
2
3 3 5 . A v e r a g e W a g e s p e r E m p l o y e ;: 18 5 0 t o
18 9 0 .
[Hundreds o f dollars.]
1850 |
1860
1870
1880
3 3 6 . V a l u e o f P r i n c i p a l M a n u f a c t u r e s : 18 9 0 *
[Hundreds o f millions o f dollars.]
$
The capital invested in manufactures in 1890 was
$6,139,000,000. Diagram 331 shows the amount of
capital invested in this branch of industry at the time
of each census since 1850, when the statistics concerning
it were first obtained. From this it seems that the devel
opment of manufactures, as measured by the amount of
capital invested, has been far greater, both absolutely and
relatively, during the past decade than in any previous
one. Indeed, the capital is more than double that in
1880, its absolute increase in 10 years having been about
$3,500,000,000.
C*
[Billions of dollars.]
324.
PRODUCTION OF HAY PER SQUARE MILE:
1890.
PLATE
53.
107"
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rA'
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Under
ton s
150 tons and o w r
107®
325.
YIELD OF HAY PER ACRE:
1890.
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— .
U n der 3/i to n s pera<
1t i tons
tons anti over
Absence of color indicates the an settled a r e a
JULIUS BlEN & CO, LITH. N Y,
330.
LOCATION OF AREAS IRRIGATED IN 1889.
PLATE 54.
107°
105°
101
103
VANCOU VER
V,
IS L A N D
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119
117
J U L IU S B IE N A CO. L IT H . N.Y.
MANUFACTURES: 1890,
VALUE OF PRODUCT IN DOLLARS PER HEAD OF POPULATION.
337.
338.
339.
341.
BRICK AND TILE.
CLAY AND POTTERY PRODUCTS.
342.
CARRIAGES AND WAGONS.
L e ss than $ 1
$ 1
to
$ 5
PLATE 55.
340. CHEMICALS PRODUCTS.
CENTER OF MANUFACTURES FOR THE 7TH, 8TH, 9TH, iffTH, AND IITH CENSUSES.
$ 5
$ 10
to ft 10
—
to S 25
COKE.
o v e r 8 25
MM
MANUFACTURES: (890.
VALUE OF PRODUCT IN DOLLARS PER HEAD OF POPULATION.
346.
343. COTTON.
344.
345.
LU M B ER .
347-
GLASS.
L e s s than $ 1
HOSIERY AND KNIT GOODS.
348.
#1
to ft 5
zi
ft 5
to ft 10
ft LO to
ft 25
LEATHER.
PAPER.
o v e r ft 25
PLATE 56.
IOX
MANUFACTURES:
1890.
VALUE OF PRODUCT IN DOLLARS PER HEAD OF POPULATION.
349. REFINING OF PETROLEUM.
350.
351.
352. SLAUGHTERING AND MEATPACKING. WHOLESALE
353.
SHIPBUILDING.
SILK AND SILK GOODS.
L e s s th an $ 1
354.
SI
to S 5
$ 5
to $ 1 0
S 10 to S 25
WOOLEN GOODS.
WORSTED GOODS.
25
PLATE 57.
@FedFRASER