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XIII. M iscellaneous.
IN D E X
TO
C A R R IA G E
G O L D .. ................................................... Plate 139
M in in g R e g io n s .
P r o d u c t, P e r Capita. T ota l
G old a n d S ilv e r P r o d u c t o f
G old an d S ilv e r P r o d u c t
1 8 4 6 —1 8 8 0 .
G old an d S ilv e r D e p o s ite d in
S IL V E R .
PLATES.
P ro d u ct.
th e W o r l d , 18 8 0 .
o f th e U n ite d States,
C A R R IA G E
M in t a n d A s s a y O ffices.
S A L T ............. Plate 142
N E W S P A P E R S A N D P E R I O D I C A L S . . Plates 148-149
P u b lica tio n s, T o t a l; W e e k l y ; D a ily .
P u b lica tio n s C lassified.
C ircu la tion , T o ta l; T o ta l e x c e p t o f D a ilie s; D aily.
R e tro sp e ct, 1 8 6 0 —1 8 8 0 .
T ota l P ro d u ct.
F I S H E R I E S , G E N E R A L ; O Y S T E R ; S E A L . Plate 143
T o ta l P ro d u ct.
G E N E R A L S U M M A R Y , BY T O T A L S .......... Plate 150
F I S H E R I E S , M E N H A D E N ; W H A L E ......... Plate 144
H a n k o f S tates in T e n P r in c ip a l F eatu res.
P ro d u ct, P e r Capita. T ota l P ro d u ct.
P r o d u c t o f th e U n ited States.
W h a li n g G rou n d s, P resen t a n d A b a n d o n e d .
M in in g . —
The
aggregate value
of the
147
G o v e rn m e n t L a n d G rants.
R a ilw a y M ile a g e , b y States.
T ota l M ile a g e , 1 8 3 0 —1 8 8 0 .
R a ilw a y M ile a g e o f th e W 'o r ld .
R a tio o f A r e a to M ile a g e , b y States.
Iron a n d S teel B ars, P r o d u c t; Im p o rt; C o n s u m p
tion.
M in in g R e g io n s .
P ro d u c t, P e r C apita. T ota l P rod u ct.
A n th ra cite , T ota l P ro d u ct, 1 8 2 0 —18 8 0 .
P ric e -C h a r t, 1 8 2 6 —18 8 0 .
T ota l O u t-P u t, 18 8 0 .
P ro d u ct, P e r Capita.
146
R A IL W A Y S ............................................... Plate
C O A L ......................................................Plate 141
M in in g R e g io n s .
P ro d u ct, P e r Capita.
BY W A T E R ............................ Plate
S tea m Craft, E a rn in g s , P e r C a p ita ; T otal.
W a t e r Craft, T o n n a g e a n d V a lu e.
Canals, In c o m e P e r C a p ita ; T otal.
C anal R o u te s.
M in in g R e g io n s .
P r o d u c t, P e r Capita. T ota l P ro d u ct.
C o p p e r Ingots, P r o d u c t b y States.
LEAD ORE.
145
R a ilw a y E a rn in g s, P e r C a p ita ; T otal.
A n a ly sis o f E a r n in g s a n d E x p e n s e s .
A ssets a n d L ia b ilities, P e r M ile.
R o llin g S to ck . P rofits. B a la n c e -S h e e t.
C O P P E R .......... ...................... Plate 140
IR O N O R E .
BY R A I L . . . ............................ Plate
These
G E N E R A L S U M M A R Y , BY R A T I O S ...........Plate 151
R a n k o f State, in T e n P r in c ip a l F eatu res.
figures
are
not, however, above
are here considered together.
product in 1880 of all branches of the mining in
criticism.
dustry, excluding petroleum, was $223,505,018,
are certainly far too low, inasmuch as none
The following tables present estimates, by
as stated by the Census.
of the Western states or territories are credited
different authorities, of the gold and silver
one-tenth of the product of agriculture, and one-
with any production.
During the census year
production during the calendar year 1880, the
twenty-fourth of the gross product of manufac
it is estimated that Colorado produced not
fiscal year ending June 30, 1880, and the census
tures. The following table presents the amount
less than 35,674 net tons; Utah 15,000; and
year ending June 1, 1880:
and value of each of the principal mineral pro
Nevada 16,659 tons, while the product of other
P ro d u c tio n
This is only about
ductions, as returned by the Tenth Census:
M IN E R A L PR O D U CT S.
Those of the production of lead
two metals are generally found associated, they
Western states and
territories cannot have
been less than 10,000 tons additional.
A m o u n t .
$33,609,663(2
pounds, should be added to the lead product,
Silver......................................
. . . .
4 i , i 7°, 957tf
thus nearly doubling the amount given in the
Bituminous coal (net tons)..
42,776,624
53,520,173
Anthracite coal
28,649,812
42,196,678
Petroleum (barrels)..............
24,235,081
Iron ore (net tons)................
7,974,706
23, 156,957
Copper (pounds)..................
54,172,017
9,458,434
—
W e lls ,
T o t a l
G o l d
California. . .
Nevada..........
Oregon. . . . .
The value of minor minerals is certainly
Several items here in
cluded exceeded individually the total value
a n d
S il v e r .
$1 8 ,2 76 ,16 6
i
5
,
0 3
i ,
6 2
i
1,059,641
Washington.
105,164
Idaho.......... .
1,894,647
Montana.. . . .
3,8 22,379
U tah............
<5,450,953
Colorado.. . .
21,284,989
4,829,566
would
place
New Mexico.
711,300
3, 387,444
$40,000,000.
Arizona........
4,472.47 i
Dakota........
4,123,081
..................
162,938,105
7, 935,140
Zinc
“
..................
62,681,459
4,240,006
Salt (bushels)........................
29,805,298
a.
of
A close estimate of all minor minerals
“
....
table.
greatly understated.
C alendar
th e
given.
Lead
Total..............................
in
J. J. V a l e n t in e ,
A lto
....
—
P recious M e t a l s
V a l u e .
G o ld .......................................
Minor minerals......................
th e
a s r e po r t e d b y
F a r g o & Co.
gether, fully 77,000 net tons, or 154,000,000
“
of
Y e a r 1880,
their
value
at
not
far
from
$223,505,0x8
Including estimated hoarded specimens, souvenirs, etc.
G o ld a n d S ilver. — Inasmuch
as these
Total
$77,232,512
SCRIBNER'S STATISTICAL ATLAS.
C ll
These figures include lead to the value of
The data for the estimate of the Director
product of the state, but the large yield of the
$5,742,390, and copper to the value of $898,000.
of the Mint were collected by agents scattered
Bodie district put the vein mines nearly on a
Deducting these amounts the value of gold
through the country, who visited the principal
par with placers.
and silver becomes, according to this estimate,
mines and smelting works, and supplemented
the following counties: Amador, Calaveras,
$70,592,122.
the results thus obtained by estimates of the
Mono, Nevada, Plumas, Shasta, Siskiyou and
amounts produced in a small way.
Tuolumne.
P r o d u c t io n
YEAR
of t h e
ENDING
P r e c io u s M e t a l s d u r in g t h e F is c a l
30, 1880, AS ESTIMATED BY THE
JUNE
D ir e c t o r o f t h e U n it e d S t a t e s M i n t .
STATES.
G o l d .
The
third
estimate, that by the Census
office, is the result of an attempt to get at the
S il v e r .
T o t a l .
The principal yield is from
The production of silver is com
paratively small, and comes mainly from the
two counties of Inyo and Mono.
production by a canvass, either by personal
The business of mining is in a somewhat
visitation or by circular, of all the mines in the
more favorable position in California than in
country.
It could scarcely be expected that
the other states and territories of the Cordilleran
Alaska ..........................
$6,000
....
Arizona......................
400,000
$2,000,000
2,400,000
California..................
17,500,000
1,100,000
18,600,000
such an attempt would be crowned with com
region, because of the relative cheapness of
Colorado...................
3,200,000
17,000,000
20,200,000
plete success.
labor, fuel and transportation.
D akota......................
3,600,000
70,000
3,670,000
Georgia......................
120,000
Idaho ........................
1,980,000
450,000
Montana....................
2,400,000
Nevada......................
$6,000
Not only would
there be,
These advant
inevitably, a number of small mines and work
ages enable lower grades of ore to be mined,
2,430,000
ings which would escape notice, the product of
smelted and shipped than elsewhere.
2,500,000
. 4,900,0°°
which, though individually small, would form
with the exception of a few large companies,
4,800,000
10,900,000
15,700,000
in the aggregate a large amount, but since the
the mines are mainly in the hands of individual
New Mexico..............
130,000
425,000
555,o°o
North Carolina..........
95,000
information sought is that most sedulously
owners, a great many of whom are working
Oregon.......................
1,090,000
1,105,000
concealed by mine-owners, the results could
them in a small way.
South Carolina...........
15,000
15,000
not be expected to possess the highest degree
U tah ............................
210,000
....
120,000
—
95,000
15,000
—
4,740,000
4,950,000
of reliability.
In view of its difficulty, the con
Hence,
O f the total gold product in the United
States,
California furnishes 51.38 per cent.,
Virginia......................
10,000
Washington.................
410,000
W yom ing ...................
20,000
—
20,000
Other states..............
14,000
....
14,000
The maximum annual production of gold,
$75,200,000
in the interval between 1850 and 1880,* was
California furnishes only a little over 2 per
$65,000,000, reached in 1853, at the height of
cent.
the California excitement.
first in the production of gold; while in pro
T otal ................. $36,000,000
P ro du c tio n
en d in g
of
th e
—
10,000
$39,200,000
P recious M e t a l s
J u n e 30, 1880,
as
410,000
....
d u rin g
R e po rt ed
by
th e
th e
Y ear
T en th
C ensus .
ST A TE S.
G o l d .
S il v e r .
T o t a l .
siderable degree of success which attended this
comprising 71.47 per cent, of the product from
investigation attests its able management.
placer mines, and over 40 per cent, of that
A second maximum
Alaska ..........................
....
$1,301
O f the total silver product
In proportion to its area, this state ranks
of $53,500,000 in 1866, was produced by the
portion
out-put of the Comstock mines.
development of agricultural and manufacturing
Following this
there was a general falling off in production
Alabama .....................
from vein mines.
until, in 1875, a minimum of $33,500,000 was
to population, owing to the great
interests in the state, it ranks fifth.
Nevada.— The mining interests of Nevada
$51
6,002
Arizona ........................
5,951
2 n , 965
2,325,825
2, 537, 79°
California ...................
17,150,941
1,150,887
18,301,828
temporary rise, giving a third maximum of
is the prosperity of the state.
Colorado....................
2,699,898
l6 , 549,274
19,249,172
$51,000,000 in 1878, was followed by a reduc
duction of the Comstock has greatly decreased,
D akota......................
3, 305,843
70,813
3,376,656
Georgia......................
81,029
81,361
tion, in 1880, to a less product than the former
so that, from holding the first place from 1871
332
Idaho..........................
1,479,653
464,55°
1,944,203
minimum of 1875.
to 1879 as a producer of the precious metals,
M aine........................
2,999
7,200
10,199
The silver product first became important in
25,858
25,858
1861, when the Comstock lode began to produce.
product of the Comstock lode in 1876 was of
The amount has since steadily increased, the
gold, $18,002,906; of silver, $20,570,078; a total
falling off in the product of Comstock between
of $38,572,984.
M ichigan..................
....
reached.
The bonanza in the Comstock, a
center in the Comstock lode, whose prosperity
Latterly the pro
Nevada fell in 1880 to the third place.
The
Montana....................
1,805,767
2,905,068
4, 7i °,835
Nevada......................
4,888,242
12,430,667
17,3x8,909
New Hampshire. . . .
10,999
16,000
26,999
New Mexico ...............
49,354
392,337
441,691
1870 and 1880, having been more than made
declined to $6,922,330, of which $3,109,156 was
North Carolina .........
“ 8,953
140
119,093
up by the discovery of the Leadville deposits.
gold and $3,813,174 was silver, this being a
Oregon ........................
1,097,701
27,793
i , i 25,494
South Carolina...........
13,040
Below is presented a resume of the pro
56
13,096
T ennessee..................
1,998
U tah ............................
291,587
Virginia .......................
9,32i
Washington ...............
135,800
W yom ing ...................
U , 32i
T otal ................. $ 33, 379,663
....
4, 743,o 87
1,998
5,034,674
—
1,019
—
reduction of more than 82 per cent.
In production per square mile of total area,
Nevada holds the third rank.
In proportion to
9, 32i
California.— In annual out-put of gold
population, however, owing to the fact that
California still leads, as also in respect to the
mining is still the prominent industry of the
total out-put since 1849, when this state became
state, and owing to the smallness of its popula
the chief gold-producing district of the world.
tion, Nevada, notwithstanding its reduced out
The production has been
put, retained the first place in 1880, having a
$74,490,620
The discrepancies between the above tables
of production can easily be explained.
mining states and territories of the W e s t:
total product
136,819
U , 32 i
$41,110,957
duction of the precious metals in the principal
In 1880 its
The
mainly from the
auriferous gravel beds, though a large amount
product of $278.14 for each inhabitant.
estimate of W ells, Fargo & Co., contained in
is still obtained from quartz mines.
Prior to
Utah.— Silver forms the principal part of
the circular of Mr. J. J. Valentine, was derived
the development of the Bodie mines in the
the precious metals produced in Utah, the
mainly from the record of shipments of gold,
eastern central part of the state, the placer
production of gold being comparatively small.
silver
mines furnished two-thirds of the total gold
The principal mines are located in the counties
and
bullion
through
this
company,
together with estimates of the amounts carried
by other means of conveyance, and losses of
various kinds.
It is probable that these esti
mates were not sufficiently large.
of Summit, Washington, Salt Lake, Beaver,
*See PI. 139, “ Estimated Gold and Silver Product of the
United States, 1845-1880,” in which the figures are from Reports
of the Director of the Mint, except as to 1880, for which year
the Census figures are given.
Tooele and Juab.
The ores of Utah are excep
tionally rich, and the mines are generally in the
hands of large companies. The bullion product
MISCELLANEO US.
cm
is remarkably steady, varying little from year
greatest possible variety in character— from
Georgia, but in few localities in paying quan
to year.
the typical fissure vein to blanket deposit,
tities.
segregated deposits, “ blow-outs,” and almost
at the surface consist of disintegrated quartz
in Arizona mainly consists of silver, the gold
every other variety known to the miner.
containing free gold, which at a slight depth
product being only about 8 per cent, of the
ores, too, are equally various
total.
The characteristic ores of Boulder county are
amounts of silver have been found in Maine
Pima and Yavapai, although Maricopa and Mo
known as tellurides.
and in New Hampshire.
have countie's also produce a notable amount.
hood of Central City and Black Hawk are iron
O f the gold product of the world in 1880 the
Idaho.— The production of precious metals
and copper sulphurets, containing gold; while
United States furnished 33.65 per cent., of the
in Idaho is nearly equally divided between gold
those about Georgetown, and in many other
silver product 44.77 per cent., and of the total
and silver.
The principal producing mines are
sections of the state are largely galena ores,
out-put of precious metals 38.66 per cent. Other
located in the counties of Owyhee, Lemhi,
with some sulphuret of silver and free silver.
portions of North America contributed 13.92
Boise and Alturas.
O f the gold product, con
The ores in the limited district about Leadville
per cent, of the total product.
siderably more than half is from the placers,
present great variety, ranging from pure sand
It is difficult to determine the extent to
many o£ which continue to be worked at a
carbonate to chlorides of silver and native
which the country has been enriched directly
profit.
silver.
by its mines of gold and silver.
Arizona.— The product of precious metals
The mines are mostly in the counties of
Idaho furnishes 7.33 per cent, of the
in character.
Those in the neighbor
The production from placer mines in
total placer out-put of the United States, and
this state is trifling, being but little
4.43 of the total gold product.
$100,000 annually.
In the quantity
The
over
The deposits are mostly in veins, which
are replaced by refractory sulphurets.
Small
(See Plate 139.)
It has been
estimated, however, by Mr. Albert Williams, Jr.,
that out of a total production of nearly $2,000,-
of gold produced it ranks as sixth, and in that
In the production of the precious metals,
of silver as seventh among the mining states
in proportion to area, Colorado has taken the
been net profit.
and territories.
The yield of precious metals
first rank; in proportion to population, how
mining industry has moreover been incalculable
in 1880 averaged $22.93 per square mile and
ever, it ranks only third, owing to its large
in the impetus given to the settlement and
$59.62 per capita.
agricultural, grazing and commercial interests.
agricultural development of a large part of the
000,000, about 25 per cent., or $500,000,000, has
The indirect benefit of the
Oregon.— Oregon has at no time held a
Dakota. — The production of precious
Cordilleran region, which would otherwise, in
leading place in the production of the precious
metals in Dakota is limited to the Black Hills
all probability, have remained long unimproved.
metals, although gold was discovered in the
and almost entirely to Lawrence county.
state shortly after its discovery in California.
deposits are of immense size, consisting of low
C opper. — The
The principal deposits are in the counties of
grade gold quartz, which can be worked at a
on to a greater or less extent in twenty-one
Baker and Grant, those in the former county
profit only by reason of its abundance and the
of the states and territories, including Alaska.
being quartz veins yielding free gold.
cheapness of mining and transportation.
O f the total product of 56,920,266 pounds in
The
product from the placer mines, discovered in
various parts ol the territory, has been trifling.
The
Montana.— Owing mainly to want of
mining of copper is carried
1880, four-fifths was mined in the upper penin
transportation, the mining interests of Montana
sula of Michigan.
Colorado.— The mining history of this
have not yet been developed largely, although
total is shown on Plate 140.
state has been one of singular interest, commenc
it is well-known that the territory has abundant
ing with the “ stampede” in 1859-1860, to the
mineral resources.
rich placers of South Park and California Gulch,
1880, the mines were contained in the following
in 1844 on well
followed by the discovery of the rebellious ores
counties: Deer Lodge, Beaverhead, Madison,
copper in seams, shreds and masses.
of Central City and Black Hawk and of the
Jefferson, Lewis and Clark.
exceptions they were unsuccessful, and are not
silver-lead ores about Georgetown.
Lodge county produced more than two-thirds
now in operation.
the year after Colorado became a state, the
the total product of the territory.
mines which are now producing heavily and
discovery of rich lead carbonates in fabulous
mated
quantities in the neighborhood o f Leadville,
product was from placer mines.
In 1877,
gave another and unprecedented impetus to
its mining interests.
that
So far as developed, in
O f these Deer
about one-fourth
It is esti
of the
total
The distribution of the
The ore of the Lake Superior region is
native copper.
The first mines were opened
defined veins, containing
W ith few
The ore of nearly all the
profitably in this district, consists of a conglom
erate rock, in which the copper is deposited in
New Mexico.— During the years 1879 and
metallic grains, making from 2 to 5 per cent.,
Since the first discovery
1880 the mineral deposits of New Mexico first
by weight, of the rock.
of gold in California there has been no period
began to attract general attention, although
abundant, is easily worked and, with the ample
of so great and widespread mining excitement.
many of them had long been worked by the
facilities for hoisting and transporting it, is
The state leaped almost at once to the first
Mexicans, in a crude, unsystematic way, with
handled in immense quantities.
rank as a producer of the precious metals.
considerable profit.
lation consists simply of crushing, stamping,
During the census year
The ore is extremely
The manipu
The following counties are the principal
the principal production was from Grant county;
washing, melting and refining the product.
producers: Lake, Gilpin, Clear Creek, Boulder,
small amounts, also, being produced in the
mine in this district known as the “ Calumet
Park, Summit, Ouray and San Juan; while a
counties of Santa Fe and Doha Ana.
The
and Hecla,” produces nearly 30 per cent, of
number of other counties, will probably rival
large areas of rich placer land in New Mexico
the whole copper out-put of the United States.
these in the near future.
have been worked very little, owing to the
Deposits of copper ore are widely distributed
The most promising
of these newer mining districts is undoubtedly
One
through Arizona, but mining is carried on
scarcity of water.
Gunnison county, from which the Indians have
Eastern States.— The production of the
successfully only in two or three localities.
recently been removed, and in which a great
precious metals in the Eastern states is not of
The mine known as the “ Copper Q ueen” has
number of extremely rich veins have been
great importance.
Gold and silver are found
been producing heavily for several years. Cop
located.
upon the Atlantic plain in Maryland, Virginia,
per is also produced in the Globe district, at
North
Pinal, and in the neighborhood of Tucson.
The
deposits
of
Colorado
present
the
and
South
Carolina,
Alabama
and
SCRIBNERS STATISTICAL ATLAS.
C IV
The second district comprises an area of
duced by establishments, as distinguished from
6,700 square miles in the central part of the
that produced in a small and sporadic w ay:*
The ores of Arizona are almost exclusively
carbonates
and
oxides.
They
are
easily
lower peninsula of Michigan.
worked, but are not of high grade.
The
copper
production
of Montana
is
mainly from mines in the neighborhood of
Butte, Deer Lodge county.
They
C oal P roduct.
thin and weak in some places, and the coal is
i88o.f
1870.
not of the best quality.
The third district extends over an area
The ores are sul-
phurets and are very rich in copper.
The seams are
323,972
11,000
Alabama....................................
IA.778
second only to that of the Appalachian district,
contain also small amounts of silver, sufficient
and comprising over 47,000 square miles.
to pay for its extraction.
includes
It
nearly two-thirds of the state of
Illinois, a large part of western Indiana, and
154,644
Illinois........................................
2,624,163
6, h 5,377
Indiana......................................
1,454,327
771,142
Iowa............................................
437,870
263,487
States, as indicated by the area of its coal fields
The extent of the fourth district is very
Kansas...................................... ..
150,582
now known, constitutes about three-fourths of
indefinite, its limits westward never having
K entucky..................................
32,938
946,288
Michigan....................................
2,345,r53
28,150
2,228,917
Missouri...................... .’ ...........
621,930
556,304
C o al .— The
supply of coal in the United
the western portion of Kentucky.
The following table, com
been defined, although it is estimated to con
piled mainly from “ Mineral Resources of the
tain in the neighborhood of 70,000 square
United States,” by Albert Williams, Jr., of
miles.
the United States Geological Survey, shows the
and
approximate area of the coal regions of the
and the eastern portion of Kansas and Ne
United States in comparison with those of
braska.
the world’s supply.
other countries:
C O U N T R IE S .
Coal Area.
Product in 1880.
(Square Miles.)
(Gross Tons.)
Great Britain......................
11,9 0 0
1 4 6 ,8 1 8 ,6 1 2
United States.....................
300,000
63,773,603
Germany............................
1 ,7 7 0
5 2 ,0 4 7 ,8 3 2
Maryland....................................
1,461,116
100,800
It includes the western part of Iowa
Missouri, and
extends
into
Arkansas
224
Nebraska....................................
200
1,425
2CO
Ohio............................................
6,008,595
2,527,285
43,205
Besides these districts, great areas of Colo
Pennsylvania (anthracite)........
15,648,437
28,640,819
rado, New Mexico, W yoming, Utah, California,
Pennsylvania (bituminous)----
7,800,386
18,425,163
Oregon and Washington are known to contain
Rhode Island (anthracite). . . .
14,000
6,176
coal, varying in quality, from the best bitu
Tennessee..................................
i 33,4i 8
495,131
minous variety to the poorest lignite.
In
France................................
2,086
1 9 ,4 1 2 ,1 1 2
limited areas, local volcanic action has pro
Belgium..............................
S10
16 ,8 6 6 ,6 9 8
duced from these deposits an excellent quality
Austria................................
1,800
16,50 0 ,0 0 0
of anthracite.
India..................................
2,004
4,000,000
Russia................................
30,000
3 ,2 x 8 ,6 6 1
Virginia (anthracite)................
2,817
43>°79
61,803
Virginia (bituminous).............
14^,01 <
West Virginia............................
1,839,845
608,878
580,505
The entire area underlaid by coal in the
United States, exclusive of the Rocky mountain
T otal..............................
33,310,905
71,067,576
Anthracite..................................
Bituminous................................
15,662,437
17,648,468
42,417,764
28,649,812
Australia............................
24,840
1 ,5 7 1 ,7 3 6
Nova Scotia.......................
18,000
1 ,0 3 2 ,7 1 0
Japan..................................
5,000
850,000
about 192,000 square miles.
It is safe to esti
Spain..................................
3,501
The location of the principal coal mining
800,000
Total........................ ..
mate the latter at upward of 100,000 square
4 0 1 ,4 0 1
3 2 6 ,8 9 1 ,9 6 4
regions in the different states and territories, is
miles, making the total coal area of the country
shown in general on Plate 141.
approximately 300,000 square miles.
summary defines somewhat more closely the
The countries are arranged in the above
table in the order of their total product.
W hile
the coal area of the United States is over
and Pacific coast areas, has been estimated at
This is
f From returns of the T enth Census.
The following
about one-tenth the total area of the country,
coal region of each state:
exclusive of Alaska.
Small tracts of anthracite in the northeastern
Rhode Island.—
twenty-five times as large as that of Great
The anthracite coal field of Pennsylvania,
corner, and on Aquidneck or Rhode Island.
Britain, its annual product is less than half as
from which nearly the entire anthracite product
Pennsylvania.— A n area estimated at 12,770
great, and its production per square mile of
is at present obtained, is situated mainly in the
square miles, covering all of the state except
coal lands is less than that of any European
following counties: Lackawanna, Luzerne, Car
twenty-four counties in the southeastern part
country except Russia.
bon, Schuylkill,
and
O f the various coal regions of the United
Columbia,
in
the
northwest corner.
States, that of the Appalachian mountains is
additional area in the counties of Susquehanna,
end of the state, the most important bituminous
the field now most largely worked, and prob
W ayne and Lebanon, is now unproductive
coal field of the country in proportion to its
ably the one which, for many years to come,
except in the first mentioned county.
extent.
will prove of the greatest value.
It is known
amount of anthracite stored in the deposit in
tive, mainly in Tazewell and Russell counties.
to cover an area of 875 miles in length, with a
Pennsylvania is estimated by Mr. Albert W il
N orth Carolina.— Small tracts in the central
breadth ranging from 30 to 180 miles — the
liams, Jr., at 25,000,000,000 tons.
part, principally in Chatham and Moore coun
total area being 58,265 square miles.
It com
had been mined up to the close of 1880— that
ties.
prises large parts of western Pennsylvania,
is, within a period of sixty years— a little over
three-fourths of the state; especially the region
eastern Ohio, the western end of Maryland, a
400,000,000 tons, or about one-sixth of the
of the Kanawha river, containing the thickest
small area in Virginia, a large portion of W est
whole deposit.
A s the mining of anthracite
bituminous coal beds of the Appalachian field,
Virginia, of eastern Kentucky and Tennessee,
is going on at a rapidly increasing rate, the
and a second important region about the heads
and the northeastern corner of Alabama. Much
remaining five-sixths will be extracted in a
of the Potomac
the larger part of this area produces only the
proportionally shorter period.
rivers.
area of anthracite
comparatively small
coal, which
lies almost
A
county
M aryland.— Alleghany county, near the western
The
and Sullivan.
one
small
bituminous coal.
Dauphin, Lebanon
Northumberland,
The
O f this there
The following table shows, by states and
Virginia.— A small area now produc
W est Virginia. — An
area
comprising
(north branch) and Cheat
Ohio.— The eastern and southeastern
portions of the state, forming about one-third
territories, the production of anthracite and
entirely within the state of Pennsylvania, is
bituminous coal in 1870 and 1880.
worked to a much greater proportional extent.
of this table represent only the amounts pro
The figures
* This occasions a discrepancy between the total of bituminous
coal given here and that given in the table at the commencement
of this chapter, which includes the entire product.
MISCELLANEO US.
o f its area.
cv
P etro leu m . — The
history of the petroleum
Illinois.— A n area of 18,864 square
The product of the United States is second
miles, including twenty-five coal mining coun
only to that of Great Britain, having doubled in
industry in this country, as a branch of mining
ties.
Indiana.— The western portion of the
amount within the five years from 1876 to 1880,
industry, dates from 1853.
southern half of the state, forming about one-
while Great Britain required twenty years to
fifth of its area.
increase its product in the same proportion.
Iowa.— One-third of the state,
The first flowing well, the “ Fountain,” was
developed in 1861, yielding 300 barrels per
Kentucky.—
Iron ore is found in nearly every state of
day. Others equally profitable followed in quick
The region of the Cumberland plateau, in the
the Union, and in twenty-two of them is mined
succession, and the price of oil fell as low as
eastern part, containing the largest supply of
to a greater or less extent.
ten cents per barrel.
cannel coal in the country, and the western
of the iron ore product of the United States in
production amounted to over 3,000,000 barrels,
central part of the state, adjoining the coal
1880 and 1870 was, according to the Census
and during that year and the years following
fields of Indiana and Illinois.
reports, as follow s:
the industry developed to an enormous extent.
comprising the southeastern part.
Tennessee.—
About 51,000 square miles in the eastern part,
capable of large production.
Alabam a.— The
1880.
22,000,000 barrels.
T o n s .
Georgia.— A small area
in the northwest corner.
M issouri.— About
23.000 square miles, in the western part of the
state.
A rkansas.— An area of 12,000 square
miles, producing semi-bituminous coal. Indian
Territory. — Mines at Levaune and Lehigh,
supplying the railroads which traverse the
territory.
Texas.— About 30,000 square miles
in the northern and western parts of the state.
Dakota.— A large area of undeveloped beds
of more or less lignitic coal.
Colorado.— An
area estimated variously at from 20,000 to
50.000 square miles, containing bituminous
coal of all varieties, with small deposits of
During the year 1862 the
The total production for 1865 amounted to
1870.
ST A T E S .
northern central portion of the state, an area
of 5,330 square miles.
The distribution
Delaware..................
Georgia....................
K en tu ck y ................
M ain e......................
Maryland..................
Massachusetts..........
Michigan..................
M issouri..................
New Jersey..............
Hew York................
North Carolina........
Ohio..........................
Oregon......................
Pennsylvania............
Tennessee................
V erm ont..................
Virginia....................
West Virginia..........
Wisconsin................
Total................
V a l u e .
l 84,IIO
as,018
2,726
T o n s .
V a l u e .
clined in their production, owing to the great
147,799
6,553
120,692
72,705
33,522
88,930
3,600
$10,800
665
17,500
53,ooo
6,000
118,050
226,130
6,034,648
57,940
62,637
1,837,712
386,197
98,354
30,061
690,393
178,842
362,636
754,872
1,674,875
2,900,442
1, 239,759
3, 449 , r32
3,276
198,835
6,972
1,820,561
5,102
448,000
316,529
4,318,999
1,095,486
525,493
4,590
600,246
130,874
2,678,965
491,496
2,025,497
2,095,315
9,250
960,984
3,944,146
131,905
25,000
23,000
560
169,683
60,371
41,440
129,951
2,750
34,619
5,000
384,331
11,950
73,ooo
20,000
22,000
7,064,829
$20,470,756
3,395,718
$13,204,138
89,933
The free-flowing wells, however, soon de
The distribution of the product for i860 was
number of wells which were sunken over the
limited area in which the oil was found.
At
the present time the producing localities are in
the western part of the state of Pennsylvania,
southwestern New York, northwestern W est
Virginia, southeastern Ohio, northeastern K en
tucky, and a small area in California, which,
although gaining in its production, is not as
yet of great importance.
The oil region in Pennsylvania and New
Y ork continues to be the principal producer.
It has a length in a northeast and south
west direction of about 160 miles, and is forty
not reported by the census; its total amount
miles broad at the center.
Utah.—
was 3,218,275 tons, with a value of $7,723,860.
are scattered about the oil-producing localities
Considerable areas in the northern part, along
The small product of Indiana in 1880 was not
in the following counties: Venango, Forest,
the Union Pacific railroad, and in the southern
included in the census statistics, nor that of
Warren, McKean, Beaver and Butler counties,
part.
Alabama, Connecticut, Maine, Oregon and W est
Pennsylvania,
Virginia in 1870.
York.
anthracite..
A rizon a .— Several
the Atlantic and
mines along
Pacific railroad.
Idaho and Montana. — Large areas as
yet little developed.
Wyoming.— About 4,000
square miles, with largely productive mines
and
Within this area
Alleghany
county,
New
O f these the largest producer at present
The principal iron mines of the country are
is McKean county, Pennsylvania, after which
at Carbon, Rock Spring and
other points
in the following localities: Northern Michigan
follow Alleghany county, New York, and W ar
along the Union Pacific railroad.
California.—
and Wisconsin, in the neighborhood of Lake
ren and Forest counties, Pennsylvania, while
small area, productive only near Monte
Superior; the vicinity of Lake Champlain, in
the others are of much less importance.
A
Diablo.
Oregon.— Small areas in various parts
New York;
southeastern Missouri;
northern
Oil
is
now transported
to the refining
of the state, and productive mines only in the
New Jersey, and Lebanon county, Pennsylvania.
works and to market by means of pipe lines,
neighborhood of Coos Bay.
W ashington.—
The ore of the Lake Superior district consists
nearly all of which are under the control of
Considerable deposits worked at Bellingham
of a very pure hematite, ranging from a gran
the Standard Oil Company, which practically
B ay and near Seattle.
ular to a slaty structure.
monopolizes the business of refining the oil.
It is very abundant,
being obtained easily from open quarries, and
The
is either smelted where mined or at Marquette,
measured, is run directly into the great tanks
and steel in the principal countries of the
or other ports on the lakes.
The ores of
of the company, and certificates to the amount,
world, is shown in the following table:*
the Lake Champlain district are largely specular
known as “ pipe line certificates,” are issued to
iron and hematite.
the owners.
Iron . — The
COUNTRIES.
production of iron ore, pig iron
Year.
Iron Ore.
(Tons.)
Year.
Pig Iron.
(Tons.)
Year.
Steel.
(Tons.)
Those of Pennsylvania are
crude
oil
from the wells, after being
In 1878 the statement published
mainly limonite of a comparatively low grade,
by the Pipe Line Company showed that it had
and it is possible to work them profitably only
in active operation nearly 2,000 miles of pipe,
Great Britain..........
1882
16,627,000
1882
8,493,287
1882
2,259,649
United States........
1882
9,000,000
1882
4,623,323
1882
1,736,692
Germ any................
1882
8,150,162
1882
3,170,957
1882
1,050,000
from the fact that the ore and the flux necessary
with necessary appurtenances for repairing the
France....................
1882
3,500,000
1882
2,033,104
1882
453,783
for smelting are found in immediate juxtaposi
lines.
Belgium..................
1882
250,000
1882
717,000
1882
200,000
Austria-Hungary.. 1881
1,050,000
1881
523,571
1882
225,000
tion to coal deposits.
its lines, and a moderate estimate would place
R ussia....................
1880
1,023,883
1880
448,514
1880
307,382
Sw eden..................
1881
826,254
1881
435,489
1882
52,234
Spain......................
1882
5,000,000
1880
85,939
1873
216
Italy........................
1882
350,000
1882
25,000
1876
2,800
Other countries.. . .
1882
1,000,000
1882
100,000
1882
T o ta l..............
46,777,299
20,656,184
20,000
6,307,756
*From “ Mineral Resources of the United States.”— Williams.
The ores of New Jersey
are similar to those of Pennsylvania.
Those
Since that time it has greatly increased
the mileage at 4,000— connecting some 20,000
of southeastern Missouri, located in the neigh
wells with the market.
borhood of Iron mountain and Pilot Knob,
and storage amount to twenty cents per barrel.
consist mainly of a rich hematite.
The company does not insure the oil in its
For additional statistics of iron see M anu
factures ,
pages xcv-xcvi.
The charges for piping
hands, but all losses from accident or fire are
divided up among the several owners of the oil.
SCRIBNERS ST A TISTICAL A TLAS.
CV1
galena
and
flint, and the
mining.
decade the principal lead-producing regions
tons, and that of Nevada 16,659 tons, the
deposit lies under a bed of limestone.
of the United States were two in number:
latter almost entirely from the Eureka silver
production of this district is now so large as
First, the upper Mississippi region, comprising
mining district.
to control the zinc market of the United States..
nearly 3,000 square miles, in northern Illinois,
ville deposits, in 1877, Colorado became the
southwestern Wisconsin
largest producer of lead.
and
eastern
Iowa;
Its product in 1880 was 15,000 net
associated with
L e a d . — Prior to the opening of the last
On the opening of the LeadIn 1880 the product
S alt .— Salt
The
is made extensively in Michigan,,
and, second, a much smaller but more pro
was 35,674 net tons, nearly all of which was
New York, W est Virginia
ductive district in eastern Missouri, principally
from the Leadville district.
evaporation, mainly by
in Washington
Idaho small quantities of lead have been pro
subterranean brines.
duced in connection with silver mining.
In the
produced by the same means in Pennsylvania,
The deposits of both these districts are of
Appalachian region lead is produced in paying
Utah (from the water of Great Salt Lake),
galena, and consist of pockets and gash veins
quantities only in Virginia and eastern Ten
Virginia, Nevada, Texas, Kentucky, Kansas and
in lower silurian limestone. They were worked
nessee, the product, however, being small.
W yoming, and is largely produced in Cali
county, but extending into
Jefferson and Franklin counties.
In Montana and
and
Ohio
by
artificial heat, from
T o a smaller extent it is
fornia by the evaporation of sea water; and,
to a small extent even in the last century, but
were not largely developed until 1826, at which
Z in c .— The
time the production began to increase rapidly.
United States, prior to 1873, was v e r y small.
Between 1840 and 1848 the out-put from these
In that year the production was reported to be
mines was so heavy that a large amount of lead
7,343 net tons.
In 1875, it was 15,833 net tons,
duction of the country was derived from the
was exported, but in 1850, in consequence of
and in 1880, the Census Report placed the
salt wells in Michigan and New York, from
their comparative exhaustion, the importation
product at 23,239 net tons.
The imports of
solar evaporation in California, and from the
of lead was resumed, and has continued to be
zinc amounted in 1872 to nearly 13,500 net
mines of rock salt at Petite Anse, on the
large until a very recent date.
tons; but with the increase of the product in
coast of Louisiana.
regions produced jointly, during 1880, 27,690
this country, they fell off greatly.
total product among the different states is
net tons, of which only about one-eighth was
importation did not exceed one-third that of
from the upper Mississippi district.
1872, and in 1880, was but 4,454 net tons,
The earliest production of salt on a large
while the exports of domestic zinc amounted
scale, from subterranean brines, was in W est
to 744 tons.
Virginia, on the Kanawha river, and in south
These two
In 1871 a third district in southwestern
Missouri and southeastern Kansas began to
amount of zinc produced in the
In 1875, the
during the census year, a small amount was
made in Massachusetts in this way.
During the census year, the principal pro
The distribution of the
shown on Plate 142.
eastern Ohio, in the neighborhood of the Ohio
be developed, and has gradually increased its
The principal mines of zinc are in New Jer
product, which in 1879, amounted to 22,625
sey, Pennsylvania, Virginia, Wisconsin, Illinois,
river.
gross tons.
Tennessee, Missouri and Kansas.
Those of
region is of low grade, and the product of the
New Jersey are in the neighborhood of the
New York and Michigan wells has gradually
production in the United States from 1825 to
town of Franklin, Sussex county.
superseded W est Virginia salt in the market,
the present date, in net tons:*
are the red oxide, willamite and franklinite.
The following table gives the annual lead
The ores
The deposits fill a space between limestone
Y ear.
N e t T ons .
Y e ar .
N e t T ons .
Y ear.
N e t T ons .
walls, and are chimney-like in form.
In Penn
The brine from the springs of this
except for merely local consumption.
The New York salt springs are mainly in
the Onondaga district, in the western part of
18 4 7 . . . .
28,000
1 8 6 4 ...•
15, 3 0 °
1 8 3 0 ..........
8,000
18 4 8 ..:.
25,000
18 6 5 ....
1 4 ,7 0 0
1 8 3 1 ...........
7, 5 ° °
1 8 4 9 ------
2 3 ,5° °
18 6 6 ....
16,10 0
1 8 3 2 ..........
10 ,0 0 0
1 8 5 0 ------
22,000
1 8 6 7 .....
15,200
1 8 3 3 ..........
11,0 0 0
1 8 5 1 ....
18 ,500
18 6 8 ....
1 6 ,4 0 0
little.
1 8 3 4 ...........
12,0 0 0
1 8 5 2 -----
1 5 ,7 0 0
1 8 6 9 -----
1 7 ,5 0 0
found scattered over the surface of the ground,
discovered in the neighborhood of the salt
1 8 3 5 ...........
1 3 , 000
1 8 5 3 ....
16 ,800
18 7 0 ....
15 ,0 0 0
and has been collected and sold to the extent
springs
1 8 3 6 ..........
18 5 4 ....
16,5 0 0
1 8 7 1 ___
20,000
1 8 3 7 ...........
i 3, 5° °
of several thousand tons.
valuable.
1 8 5 5 ....
15,800
1 8 7 2 ....
25 ,8 8 0
1 8 3 8 ..........
15 ,0 0 0
1 8 5 6 -----
16,000
1 8 7 3 ....
42,540
1 8 5 7 ....
15,800
1 8 7 4 ....
1 8 3 9 ...........
17 ,5 °°
1 8 4 0 ..........
17,000
1 8 4 1 ...........
20 ,5 0 0
1 8 4 2 ..........
24,0 0 0 •
1 8 4 3 ...........
25,0 0 0
00
0
1,5 0 °
M
1 8 2 5 ..........
sylvania, the zinc deposits are in the Saucon
the state.
valley, Lehigh county.
pumping, from artesian wells.
extensively worked,
Although at one time
they now produce but
In W ythe county, Virginia, zinc ore is
The brine is obtained by means of
The property is
owned by the state, by which it is leased to
individuals.
Deposits of rock salt, recently
in New York, promise to be very
The zinc-producing district of Illinois and
The salt production of Michigan is derived
5 2 ,0 8 0
Wisconsin is practically the same as the lead
from the following counties: Bay, Saginaw,
Huron, Iosco, Midland and Gratiot, situated
1 8 5 8 ....
15,30 °
1 8 7 5 ....
59,640
18 5 9 ....
16 ,400
1 8 7 6 ....
6 4 ,0 7 0
of lead-mining in this district, the zinc ofes,
on or near Saginaw bay.
i8 6 0 ....
15 ,60 0
18 7 7 ....
8 1 ,9 0 0
consisting here of zinc blende intimately asso
springs is the strongest which has yet been
14,100
18 7 8 ....
9 1,0 60
ciated with galena, were not recognized as
discovered in large quantities.
valuable, but of late years they have been
cheapness of fuel employed in the manufacture,
worked quite extensively.
The deposits of zinc
consisting of the "refuse from the saw-mills
ores near Knoxville, Tennessee, have, for a
in the immediate neighborhood, the salt of
number of years past, produced but little.
this district practically controls the market at
18 4 4 .....
26 ,0 00
1 8 6 1 ....
1 8 4 5 ..;..
30 ,0 0 0
18 6 2 ....
14,200
18 7 9 ....
92,780
1 8 4 6 ..........
28 ,000
1 8 6 3 ------
14,800
1 8 8 0 ....
9 7 ,8 2 5
A s mentioned in the opening of this chap
ter, the Census statistics of the production of
In the earlier days
1
district, already described.
present.
The
The brine from these
production
Owing to the
of Michigan
has
States and territories
The zinc region of southwestern Missouri
not reported as producing, are estimated as
and eastern Kansas is coextensive with the
risen from 4,000 barrels, in i860, to nearly
follows: In Utah lead is mined and smelted
lead region heretofore described in treating
2,750,000 in 1880.
in large amounts in connection with silver
of that metal.
lead are only partial.
* For the years between 1825 and 1853, the figures are those
given by Whitney ; for the later years the authority is Edward A.
Caswell.
It is found in the counties of
The deposit of rock salt at Petite Anse,
Greene, Dade, Jasper, Lawrence, Newton and
Louisiana, upon one of the small islands on
McDonald in Missouri, and Cherokee county,
the borders of the coast swamp, is of enormous
Kansas.
extent and of excellent quality.
The ore is zinc blende and calamine,
A n idea of
MISCELLANEO US.
e v il
the magnitude of the deposit may be gained
ment of this industry is in Chesapeake Bay,
and gravity.
from the fact that, up to the present time, the
which in the census year produced more than
engines, with stationary engines to overcome
workings have developed a rectangular mass
half the oysters of the country.
heavy grades, immediately occasioned a great
640 feet by 380 feet in horizontal dimensions,
this was the product of New Y ork Bay and
while a shaft‘ has been sunken through 165
Long Island Sound, while smaller amounts
A t the beginning of 1835, as estimated
feet of solid salt, and no limits have been
were obtained at other points on the Atlantic
by Pitkin, who expressed grave apprehensions
reached in either direction.
and Gulf coasts.
regarding this new element of material interest,
Estimating on a
Second to
The application of locomotive
increase in railway building.
the total cost of railroads completed, or near
basis of these dimensions, the property, as thus
The product of the seal fishery, which, in
far developed, contains 40,000,000 cubic feet,
1880, was valued at $2,289,813, is confined
completion, was about $30,000,000.
or about
Further
almost entirely to the islands of St. Paul and
plored the craze for railroads at some length,
surface explorations by means of pits have
St. George, of the Pribylov group, in Bering
in the following strain: “ In this, as in every
established the fact that salt exists over an area
sea.
thing else which is new and connected with
of 144 acres, or more than ten times the area
fur-seal taken elsewhere within the limits of
individual
now explored by underground workings.
the United States.
sober calculations.”
2,800,000 tons
of salt.
The
Indeed, there are practically none of the
A monopoly of the fur-seal
interest,
fancied
He de
benefits
outrun
But, despite Pitkin and
existence of this deposit has been known for
fishery upon these islands is enjoyed by the
other conservatives, railroad building continued
many years, and mining operations have been
Alaska Fur Company, in consideration of a
with only partial intermissions, and even now
carried on at various times, but with unprofit
royalty paid to the Government and of the
shows few signs of abatement.
able results until recently.
observance of certain restrictions in regard to
upon Plate 147 illustrate far more forcibly than
controlling the property is rapidly increasing
the destruction of these animals.
The principal
columns of figures, the wonderful progress of
the out-put.
of these restrictions are that none but full
railroad construction in this country, which now
grown males shall be slaughtered, and of these
has more miles of railway than all of Europe,
a number not greater than 100,000 in each
and nearly two-fifths of the entire mileage of
were employed in the fisheries of the United
year.
the world.
States, including in this term not only the
states and territories was almost entirely of
fisheries proper, but the catching of seals and
the hair-seal species.
Fisheries. — During
The company now
the census year there
The catch of seals reported from other
The diagrams
On June 1, 1880, in addition to 87,891 miles
ot completed railroad in the United States,
The menhaden fishery, which had a product
there were 10,016 miles under construction,
By this industry, 131,426 per
in 1880 valued at $2,116,787, is confined to
and about 41,000 miles of projected roads
sons earned a livelihood, while the products
that part of the Atlantic coast between Massa
and extensions.
had a value of $43,046,053.
chusetts and Virginia, and
panies was 1,482.
whales, and the dredging of oysters, a capital
of $37>955>349-
O f this, somewhat
more than one-half, or $22,405,018, was the
development
product of fisheries proper, or, as they are
necticut and Rhode Island.
designated by the Census, “ General Fisheries.”
in
has its greatest
New York, Virginia,
Con
The number of railroad com
The following is a general
statement of the financial condition of these
companies at that date:
The product of the whale fishery was, in
S T A T E M E N T , J U N E i , 1880.
Amount.
Average
per Mile.
These are in the main distributed along the sea
1880, $2,323,943.
This industry, once of para
and lake coasts, the catch from interior river
mount importance to the cities and towns on
Assets.
waters being of but little comparative value.
the coast of Massachusetts, Rhode Island and
C o s t o f c o n s t r u c t io n o f r o a d s — t o t a l . . .
$ 4 ,1 1 2 ,3 6 7 ,1 7 6
$ 4 7 ,3 8 7
C o s t o f e q u ip m e n t — t o t a l.............................
4 18 ,0 4 5 ,4 5 8
4 ,8 1 7
V a lu e o f la n d s a n d b u i l d i n g s .....................
10 3 ,3 19 ,8 4 5
1 ,1 9 1
V a lu e o f t e le g r a p h lin e s , e t c .....................
2 0 4 ,9 1 3 ,1 9 6
2 ,3 6 1
3 4 3 ,8 0 0 ,13 2
3 ,9 6 2
C a s h a n d o t h e r a s s e t s .....................................
3 5 3 ,9 7 3 ,9 8 1
4 ,0 7 9
T o t a l a s s e t s ...............................................
$ 5 ,5 3 6 ,4 1 9 ,7 8 8
$ 6 3 ,7 9 7
The extensive cod and mackerel fisheries help
Connecticut has, during the past twenty-five
to place Massachusetts and Maine in the lead
years diminished astonishingly.
in this industry, while, upon the Pacific coast,
and i860, the tonnage employed in this pursuit
Between 1840
S to ck
and
bonds
o w n e d — is s u e d
by
o t h e r c o m p a n i e s ..........................................
the great interest of salmon-canning places
ranged from 146,000 to nearly 200,000, being
Oregon and California in the third and fifth
at a maximum in 1858, when it reached 198,594
ranks respectively, the fourth place being held
tons.
by New York.
but 38,408 tons were employed, or less than
C a p i t a l s t o c k .......................................................
$ 2 ,6 1 3 ,6 0 6 ,2 6 4
$ 3 0 ,1 1 7
product of general fisheries in each district of
one-fifth of the maximum.
F u n d e d d e b t .........................................................
2 ,3 9 ° , 9 * 5 ,4 02
2 7 ,5 5 1
F l o a t i n g d e b t .......................................................
4 2 1,2 0 0 ,8 9 4
the sea and lake coasts:
of the products
4 ,8 5 4
T o t a l c a p i t a l a n d d e b t ..................................
$ 5 ,4 2 5 ,7 2 2 ,5 6 0
$ 6 2 ,5 2 2
P r o f it a n d lo s s, to c r e d i t ...............................
11 0 ,6 9 7 ,2 2 8
1 ,2 7 5
T o t a l li a b i l i t i e s .........................................
f o , 5 3 6 ,4 i 9 ,7 8 8
$ 6 3 ,7 9 7
G r o s s t r a n s p o r ta tio n e a r n i n g s ..................
$ 5 8 0 ,4 5 0 ,5 9 4
$ 6 ,6 8 9
T o t a l i n c o m e .......................................................
■ 661,295,391
7 ,6 2 0
T r a n s p o r t a t io n e x p e n s e s ...............................
3 5 2 ,8 0 0 ,12 0
4 ,0 6 5
On June 1, 1880, there were, according to the
T o t a l e x p e n d i t u r e s ..........................................
5 4 1 , 9 5 0 ,7 9 5
6 ,2 4 5
report of the Census, 87,891 miles in operation,
N e t t r a n s p o r ta tio n e a r n i n g s ........................
2 2 7 ,6 5 0 ,4 7 4
2 ,6 2 3
and at the close of the year, according to Poor’s
N e t in c o m e , o r p r o fit .......................................
11 9,3 4 4 ,5 9 6
1 ,3 7 5
D i v i d e n d s d e c l a r e d ..........................................
7 0 , 5 5 0 ,3 4 2
813
A m o u n t r e t a i n e d ...............................................
4 8 , 7 9 4 ,2 5 4
562
The following table shows the
Since then it has declined until, in 1880,
In i860 the value
of the whale fishery was
$7,749,305, or more than three times that
G E N E R A L F ISH E R IE S .
P r o d u c t .
New England States....................................
$10,014,645
Middle States, exclusive of Great Lakes...
2,882,294
Southern Atlantic States..............................
of 1880.
F o r the Year.
R a ilw a y s. — In
1830 there were twenty-
three miles of railroad in the United States.
Gulf States.....................................................
Pacific States and Territories.....................
4
,
7 9 2 ,6 3 8
Great Lakes...................................................
1,78 4,0 5°
T otal...............................................
$22,405,018
“ Manual of the Railroads of the United States,”
O f the total product, nearly one-half comes
not less than 93,671 miles— enough to encom
from the New England states, and much more
pass the globe three and one-half times on a
than one-fifth from the Pacific coast.
great circle.
Next to the general fisheries in importance
is the oyster fishery, which in 1880 had a product
valued at $13,403,852.
The greatest develop
Liabilities.
This represents the progress of
fifty years.
The construction of railroads began in this
country about 1825, with the use of horse power
Including all the railroads in the country,
the dividends declared formed 2.7 per cent, of
the capital stock, and the net income 4.57 per
cent.
O f the whole number of companies, how
ever, only 623 reported a net income.
These
SCRIBNERS STATISTICAL ATLAS.
CV111
companies represented 80 per cent, of the rail
road capital of the country, or $2,103,068,246,
The aggregate freight tonnage was divided
as follows:
injured, and only one in 1,885,199 was killed
and the profit, either paid in dividends or
available
for such
payment, amounted
to
$132,989,336, showing an average profit of
6.32 per cent, upon their stock.
The transportation earnings were distrib
uted as follows:
during the year, only one in 392,406 was
P er
P er
Cent.
ARTICLES OF FREIGHT.
ARTICLES OF FREIGHT.
of
T o ta l.
Coal..............................................
30.8
Merchandise and miscellaneous..
20.0
Cent.
of
T o ta l.
Stone, lime, cement, clay and
sand............................................ 3-i
Petroleum......................................
2.6
by railway accidents.
The relation between
this immunity from accident and the large
number of hands— trackmen arid shopmen, as
well as trainmen and stationmen— employed,
Grain...................................................
14.4
Lumber and other forest products.
8.8
F lo u r...... .....................................
2.5
61
Provisions......................................
2.4
number of employes who contribute to the
1.4
passenger’s safety, it is proper to include not
0.2
only those operating trains, but all engaged in
should not escape notice.
In estimating the
P A S SE N G E R T R A F F IC .
Amount.
Percentage of
Total Passenger
Traffic.
Local passenger traffic............
$98,321,340
68.23
The equipment of the railroads of the
the care of the track and of the rolling-stock.
Through passenger traffic. . . .
44*5*4*393
1*265,976
30.89
country consisted of 17,412 locomotives, 12,330
Estimating the average number of passengers
0.88
passenger cars, 4,475 mail, express and bag
carried daily as 3-^ of the aggregate for the
gage cars, 375,312 freight cars, and 80,138 cars
year, or 738,584 daily passengers, and that,
of other kinds.
on the basis of ten hours’ work per day, at
All other passenger traffic. . . .
Percentage of
T otal Freight
Traffic.
Amount.
F R E IG H T T R A F F IC .
Local freight............................
$233,688,202
56.16
Through freight......................
176,909,13!
42.51
All other freight......................
5,548,425
i -33
Percentage of
all Traffic.
Amount.
A L L T R A F F IC .
Passenger traffic......................
$144,101,709
24.83
Freight traffic..........................
416,145,758
71.69
M a il..........................................
10,472,813
1.80
Express......................................
8,828,259
1.52
Other earnings..........................
902*055
0.16
Transportation expenses were divided as
follows:
T R A N S P O R T A T IO N E X PE N SE S.
Amount.
Percentage
of
Expenses.
Maintaining road and real estate. . .
$102,583,043
29.08
Repairs of rolling stock....................
54,985,340
15-58
Operating and general expenses. . . .
195,321,737
55-34
On 86,782 miles operated, the gross earn
3-7
Steel rails were in use upon
The total number of
least ten-twenty-fourths of the whole force of
employes was 418,957, and the annual pay
these employes, or 148,115 men, are constantly
roll amounted to $195,350,013.
on duty during the hours when passenger
33,680 miles of track.
The
classification
of
employes
was
as
trains are running, there is one employe at
work for every five passengers carried.
follows:
On. an average, every inhabitant of the
Percent
age
of Total.
Number.
EM PLO YES.
United States expended $2.87 in railway travel
during the year, or, estimating the average rate
General officers.........................................
3 ,3 7 5
0 .9
General office clerks................................
8 ,6 5 5
2 .1
Stationmen................................................
63,380
15 -1
T rainmen..................................................
7 9 ,6 5 0
I 9 .O
Shopmen....................................................
8 9 ,7 1 4
2 1 .4
T rackmen................................ ..................
12 2 ,4 8 9
2 9 .2
All other employes..................................
5 L 694
1 2 .3
per mile at 2^ cents, each person traveled a
distance of 123 miles.
L a n d G ra n ts. — It
by the General
has been
estimated
Land Office that the total
amount of land granted by the United States
O f the 79,650 trainmen, 18,977 were engi
in aid of railroads, canals and wagon roads,
neers, 12,419 conductors, and the remaining
has been in the neighborhood of 187,000,000
48,254 included baggagemen, brakemen, fire
acres, or over 296,000 square miles— an area
men and other regular train hands.
O f the
greater than that of the state of Texas, and
89,714 shopmen, 22,766 were machinists and
nearly five times that of the New England
23,202 carpenters.
states.
It will be observed that
W ith the assistance of these grants
ings per mile were $6,688; the expenses per
the shopmen and trackmen include more than
about 15,000 miles of railroad have been con
mile, $4,065, and the net earnings, $2,623 per
one-half of all
structed.
mile.
operating trains form about one-fifth.
The expenses were 60^ per cent., and
The statistics of transportation and traffic
may be summarized as follows:
Miles Run.
T R A IN S .
Gross
Earnings.
( P e r M ile .)
Expenses.
( P e r M ile .)
N et
Earnings.
(P e r M ile .)
employes, while
those
all cases, of alternate sections of land, the
others remaining the property of the Govern
more than one-half of all those injured by
ment, the latter were by the construction of
railway accidents in 1880 were employes of
the road greatly enhanced in value and made
the companies, and
marketable,
only about one-twelfth
were passengers, while
were
nearly three-eighths
neither passengers nor employes, but
2 5 1 ,0 2 2 ,7 1 0
Passenger........
13 8 ,2 2 5 ,6 2 1
$ 1 .6 5
1 .1 8
$0.98
0 .76
$0.67
the national
It may safely be said that, although
in most cases the recipients of these grants
ment, instead of being a loser, has also profited
T h rough C areless
0.43
Sum m ary o f
w ay
Freight tonnage:
Number of tons carried............................................ 290,897,395
revenues.
thereby increasing
have profited greatly by them, the Govern
were injured in crossing the tracks:
Freight...........
A s the grants made were, in nearly
It appears from the following table that
the net earnings 39^ per cent, of the gross
earnings.
the
ness o f t h e
R a il
A c c id e n t s .
I n ju r ed .
F atal.
T otal.
1880.
Number.
Per Cent,
Number.
of Total.
Per Cent,
of Total.
very largely, both directly in the gains to its
treasury, and indirectly in the development of
its waste territory.
Nearly all of these grants
Average distance carried, miles..............................................i n
To passengers. . .
687
295
4 2 .9 4
143
2 0 .8 2
Tons carried one mile......................................... 32,348,846,693
Revenue...................................................................$416,145,758
have been made to railway companies, few
To employes----
4,54°
3 ,2 7 6
7 2 .1 6
923
2 0 .3 3
having been made to canals, and none to
To others............
2 ,9 8 8
2 .7 7 7
9 5 -°4
1 ,4 7 5
4 9 -3 6
Aggregate........
8 ,2 1 5
6 ,3 4 8
7 7 .8 9
2 ,5 4 1
3 0 .9 3
Receipts per ton, per mile, cents......................................... 1 1V0
Cost per ton, per mile, cents.............................................. o
Besides the usual grant of alternate sections
Profit per ton, per mile, cents............................................ o
Passenger traffic:
Number of passengers carried................................. 269,583,340
Average distance carried, miles...............................................23
Passengers carried one mile................................. 6,189,240,914
Revenue.................................................................... $144,101,709
Receipts per passenger, per mile, cents............................ 2
Cost per passenger, per mile, cents................................... 1 1V0
Profit per passenger, per mile, cents................................. o ^m.
wagon roads in recent years.
From the above table it appears that the
of land for a certain breadth upon each side of
chances of injury in passenger travel by rail
the road or proposed road, there has been
are but 1 to 9,000,000 for each mile traveled,
added in many cases an indemnity strip of
while the chances of fatal injury are but one-
specified breadth, outside of the absolute grant.
fifth as great, or 1 to 45,000,000.
Within this indemnity strip the company has
Out of the 269,583,340 passengers carried
been allowed to select land to indemnify itself
for areas already occupied within the absolute
limits at the time of making the grant.
includes the whole of the alternate sections to
the outside limits of the indemnity strip.
In
many cases, notably those of the Union Pacific,
Central Pacific, Kansas Pacific, and Sioux City
and Pacific railroads, indemnity strips were not
granted, except in certain states, but whatever
land owned by other parties was found to be
within the absolute grant was lost to the
railroad company.
Further conditions were attached to the
grants, which, if not fulfilled within a certain
It must be
added that cases of actual forfeiture have been
very few, although failures to comply with the
conditions imposed have been numerous. Most
of the grants have been made to states in trust
for the railroad companies.
T o some of the
largest railroad corporations building lines in
the W est, including those above enumerated,
the grants were made directly.
The total area patented to railroads and
wagon roads, under land grant acts, prior to
June 30, 1880, is given by the Public Land
Commission at 45,647,347 acres, or 71,324
square miles, an area but little larger than that
of the state of Missouri.
The following is a list, as complete as
possible, of the different land grants made to
railroads, with a brief statement of the condi
tions under which they were given, the areas
thus far actually patented to the companies,
and an estimate of the absolute areas which
by the grants have become or are to become
the property of the companies.
C1X
LAN D G R A N TS T O R A ILR O A D S.
A number of these grants have been mate
It is a
common misapprehension that a railway grant
time, were to cause a forfeiture.
MISCELLA NEO US.
The limits,
D a te
CO R P O R A T IO N .
of A c t
Alabama and Chattanooga........ <z 1856
Alabama and Florida..................« 1856
Atchison, Topeka and Santa F i . d 1863
( in States__ 1866
*Atlantic & Pacific -{
( in Territories 1866
Cedar Rapids & Missouri River.r
Central Branch, Union Pacific..
Central Pacific..............................
Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific.r
Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul.a
Chicago and Northwestern (in
Michigan).................... ........... £
Chicago and Northwestern (in
Wisconsin)................................a
Chicago, St.Paul & Minneapolis.d
Coosa and Tennessee................a
side, i. e., extending nine miles outside the
absolute grant, the company is at liberty to
select land
to repay itself for that already
occupied or granted to other parties within the
absolute grant.
The letters after the names of certain roads
6
10
20
18 8 0 .
553.581
394,523
2,474,686
15
15
20
3°
20
1856
1856
1856
IO
Denver Pacific.............................. 1869
Des Moines Valley......................r 1846
Dubuque and Sioux C ity............ c 1856
6
6
6
6
6
6
Grand Rapids and Indiana........£ 1856
“
“
“
from
Fort Wayne to Grand Rapids. ^ 1865
6
Hannibal and St. Joseph....................f
Hastings and Dakota................
1852
1866
Illinois Central................................................... j 1850
Iowa Falls and Sioux City ................ r 1856
Jackson, Lansing & Saginaw..
.b
1856
Kansas Pacific.............................. 1864
Lake Superior and Mississippi.. /■ 1864
Leavenworth, Lawrence and Galveston......................................../ 1863
Little Rock and Fort Sm ith. . . . g 1866
Marquette, Houghton and Ontonagon....................................................................... b
Memphis and Little R o c k ................g
Minnesota Central...................... b
Missouri, Kansas and Texas__. /
Missouri River, Fort Scott and
Gulf........................................... i
Mobile and Ohio.........................................a , i
Mobile and Girard......................a
1865
1866
1865
1863
1866
1850
1856
New Orleans, Opelousas & Great
Western.................................................................... h 1856
New Orleans, Baton Rouge and
1871
IO
6
6
6
20
IO
IO
6
20
6
IO
IO
IO
6
6
6
“
“
St. Vincent
Branch........................................................................ k
St. Paul and Sioux City ........................k
Selma, Rome and Dalton.......... a
Sioux City and St. Paul.......................... c
Sioux City and Pacific ...................................
South and North Alabama ................a
Southwest Branch of the Pacific
Road ............................................................................ f
Southern Pacific ......................................................
Southern Minnesota...................................k
1871
1864
1856
1864
1864
1856
1852
1866
1866
15
15
15
15
15
15
IO
IO
IO
6
IO
IO
6
)
20
)
1,156,988
265,000
6,500,000
grant of 200 sections of land, and that to
Nebraska was even more peculiar, in that it
did not fix the limits within which the twenty
sections per linear mile of road were to be
selected,
in
consequence of which
49,812
369,002
S te a m C raft. — During
550,467
800,000
369,002
552,000
512,337
281,984
165,688
513,000
281,984
165,688
37,583
37,583
6,000,000
20
860,564
862,000
20
20
256,282
916,716
260,000
1,056,378
437,385
141,845-
552,515
141,845
180,000
660,000
. . . .
20
20
20
179,736
658,068
20
21,342
1,156,658
15
504,146
15
719,194
15
21,342
1,156,658
505,000
there were employed in United States waters,
state waters and upon canals, 5,139 steamers,
having a tonnage of 1,221,207, and a value
)
>■
746,510 42,000,000
15
353,212
353.212
30
30
*
1,338,039
323,149
2,127,000
2,500,000
15
15
1,275,218
1,275,212
37,427
37,427
843,497
461,813
843,497
470,956
1,386,303
1,251,046
1,483,948
789,292
1,200,358
1,500,000
1,205,000
460,700
400,000
45,000
440,000
2
20
20
20
20
20
20
15
6
20
15
1,161,205
30
952,597
454,957
20
l
5°
f
trust for the roads, as follows: a. Alabama, b.
Union Pacific ............................................................. 1864
Michigan, c. Iowa, d. Wisconsin, e. Florida, f
Vicksburg and Meridian ....................... i
20
6
Missouri, g. Arkansas, h. Louisiana, i. Missis
Western R. R ..........................................................k 1865
Winona and St. Peter............................... k 1865
Wisconsin Central.......................................... d 1864
O f these vessels there were
waters having navigable outlets, and subject to
customs and inspection laws, 4,778 steamers,
measuring 1,194,889 tons, distributed as fol
lows:
D is t r ib u t io n
o f
S t e a m
C r a f t .
Number of
Steamers.
New England States.........................
Middle States....................................
South Atlantic Coast..........................
Gulf of M exico..................................
Great Lakes.......................................
Upper Mississippi R iver..................
Ohio R iver..........................................
Upper Missouri R iver......................
Lower Mississippi River..................
Pacific Coast......................................
T onnage.
118,554
463
432,803
30,833
L 459
266
126
41,611
222,290
83,918
947
366
473
44
3i 5
107,473
12,099
48,303
97,005
3 19
719,194
903,218
30
the census year
employed in United States waters, that is,
828,830
. . . .
it was
its land wherever it chose.
15
IO
quette road was peculiar in being an absolute
550,000
805,816
68,000
750,000
20
20
20
The grant to the Bay de Noquet and Mar
545,576
474,913
67,785
6
IO
which affected the grants.
decided that the road was at liberty to locate
743,009
IO
IO
given above, are those of the last legislation
520,000
15
15
The date of act, and the limits
517,594
457,407
396,999
41,318
433,600
IO
645,307
350,000
2,595,053
683,500
40
the roads directly.
1,140,494
187,608
2,595,053
683,024
30
In the other cases, the grants were made to
389,124
15
15
20
20
sippi, j . Illinois, k. Minnesota, and /. Kansas.
388,818
603,506
350,000
*Texas Pacific (in Territories 1874
(Southern Pacific) j ; n California. 1874
1856
2,441,600
603,506
225,179
20
not made to the roads directly, but to states, in
2,374,091
952,960
15
IO
indicate that in cases so marked, grants were
128,000
first made.
of $80,192,495.
15
50&60
6
6
1866
1865
15
20
30&40
Pensacola and Georgia...............................e 1856
Port Huron & Lake Michigan, . b 1856
1864
1866
1866
20
40
Oregon Branch of Central Pacific 1866
Oregon and California................................... 1866
St. Croix and Lake Superior.. . d
St. Joseph and Denver C ity . . . ./
St. Louis & Iron Mountain, . f , g
St. Louis, Iron Mountain and
Southern....................................................- f > g -
. . . .
20
20
6
20
20
1856
394,523
2,995,200
128,000
1,133,590
643,307
138,285
[
6
6
460,000
rially modified by legislation since they were
the Burlington and Missouri River road in
5
1856
1856
1856
1856
Flint and Pere Marquette.......... #
Florida......................................... e
Florida and Alabama................. <?
Florida, Atlantic & Gulf Central, e
T o ta l
A rea o f
G ra n t.
( A c r e s .)
f 504,537 22,672,000
20
6
E s tim a te d
)
40
1865
within a strip six miles in width on each side
within a strip fifteen miles in breadth on each
6
20
20
20
20
10
North Louisiana and Texas _____ h
each linear mile of road; and, further, that
P a te n te d u p
t o J u n e 30,
1864
1864
1864
1864
1864
given as measured from the line of road,
property of the company, i. e., six sections on
A cres
o f In
d e m n ity
G ra n t.
Bay de Noquet and Marquette. . 6
Burlington and Missouri River
20 sec
per mile.
(in Nebraska)............................ 1864
Burlington and Missouri River
20
(in Iowa).................................. r 1864
„ ,T
.. (m S tates__ 1864
■ "Northern Pacific •<
(in Territories 1864
of the road, each alternate section is to be the
L im it
50
1865 200 se ctions.
both of absolute and indemnity strips, are
on either side— thus, 6 and 15, means that
L im it
of A b
s o lu te
G ra n t.
100,000
In state waters, that is, waters having no
navigable outlets, and not subject to customs
laws, the number of steamers was 218, with a
tonnage of 9,339.
The steam craft on canals
numbered 143, measuring 16,979 tons.
The gross earnings of all steam craft during
the census year were $85,091,067.
ber of passengers
carried
The num
was 168,463,001,
and the number of tons of freight moved was
25,451,404.
1,161,205
7,760,000
500,000
13>000,000
The application of steam power to the pro
pulsion of vessels was
first effected on a
practical scale by Robert Fulton, in the steamer
Clermont, which was completed in 1807.
The
number of steamers built annually increased
rapidly, until the Civil W ar partially checked
the demand.
........................
1,859,475
9,050,000
Up to 1870, the United States led all other
198,028
200,000
nations in amount of steam tonnage, but since
659,345
1,326,444
815,000
1,670,000
1,315,000
that year Great Britain has taken the lead,
575,845
* The indemnity grants here given agree with the statute limits, although
not with the maps of the General Land Office from which the map on Plate 147
was prepared.
having in 1880 not less than 2,723,468 tons,
or more than
United States.
double the tonnage of the
SCRIBNER'S STATISTICAL ATLAS,
cx
The following table gives the number and
been abandoned.
In Ohio 879 miles have been
United States, the growth of the periodical
the tonnage of the steamers built during each
constructed, of which 674 are still in use.
decade from the time of their introduction:
the canals of Indiana, aggregating 453 miles,
press is perhaps the most astonishing.
have been abandoned.
1850, when the first census of the press was
C
o n s t r u c t io n
S
t e a m
V
o f
e sse ls
.
From 1807 to 1820......
From 1821 to 1830......
From 1831 to 1840......
From 1841 to 1850......
From 1851 to i860......
From 1861 to 1870__ .*
From 1871 to 1880......
Number.
Tonnage.
128
25 ,7 9 8
38s
I,°I5
1,662
2,5 21
3,082
3 ,3 4 3
Increase in
tonnage built.
(Per cent.)
65,212
175,698
153
3 7 1 ,0 3 5
taken, the number of publications was 2,526.
have a total length of 2,515.^ miles, with slack
In i860, it had increased to 4,051; in 1870,
water navigation
with them
to 5,871, while ten years later it had nearly
The total
doubled, reaching the number of 11,314- or
in connection
extending 411.^ additional miles.
I I I
cost of construction was $170,028,636.
23
The
more than four times as great as in 1850.
freight traffic on canals amounted in 1880
In respect to circulation, the progress has
to 21,044,292 tons, yielding a gross income of
been even more rapid.
$4,538,620.
The total expenditures for the
of 5,142,177 in 1850, it leaped to 13,663,409
year were $2,954,156, leaving as a net income
in i860; to 20,842,475 in 1870, and in 1880 it
$1,584,464, which is but nine-tenths of one per
reached the enormous number, per issue, of
cent, of the cost of construction.
31,779,686.
- 1 5
The minus sign indicates a decrease.
C anals. — Prior
to the invention of the steam
railway, canals were of great importance as
In
The canals now in use in the United States
169
97
73 0,355
900,686
766,294
A ll
O f all the elements of the progress of the
From a circulation
This was about six-tenths of a
copy to each man, woman and child in the
highways for the commerce of the country.
Even before the beginning of the present cen
N ew spapers a n d
tury, a project was agitated for a system of
Plates 148 and 149 treat of the newspaper and
public improvements which should unite by a
periodical press of the United States, the first
O f this immense circulation, that of the
water-way the valley of the Mississippi with
relating to the number of newspapers and
daily press forms but a little over 11 per cent.,
navigable waters upon the Atlantic coast, but
periodicals, and the second to the number of
an unexpectedly small proportion.
nothing came of it until after the second war
each issue, or the aggregate edition, in each
with Great Britain.
state.
In 1817 the state of New
P e rio d ica ls.—
country, or very nearly one copy to each
person able to read.
The distribution of the publications and of
their circulation, as shown by the maps on
Plates 148 and 149, accords in its general
York passed an act providing for vast internal
It must be understood that the second of
improvements, including its costly system of
these plates, although entitled “ Circulation,”
features with the
canals, and
Pennsylvania
does not refer strictly to distribution, but to
as shown by the maps of. illiteracy.
took similar action, followed by several other
publication, which may or may not conform to
Northern states and the W estern states and
states.
the distribution of the edition.
It would be
territories, there are, in proportion to popula
trace, without an exhaustive
tion, the greatest numbers of publications and
shortly afterward
For many years thereafter a strong feeling
impossible
to
In the
the largest circulation, while throughout the
in favor of internal improvements had posses
compilation of the subscription
sion of most of the states.
Immense works
periodicals, the distribution of the editions over
South, the proportion is generally low.
were projected, and many of them, including
the country from the offices of publication,
in considering groups of states, the circulation
the canal systems of New York, Pennsylvania
and this has not been attempted by the Census
and its distribution are practically identical,
and Ohio, were completed.
office.
the above sketch outlines the general distribu
increased
State debts were
to enormous amounts, in several
lists of all
distribution of education,
On Plate 149 the issues are credited to
tion of the reading public.
Since,
The disproportion
This
between the North and South in this regard
siasm for these projects reached its greatest
produces the effect of giving to those states
is, however, much less marked in respect to
intensity in 1837, when it was suddenly checked
which contain great newspaper centers, such as
daily publications than in respect to weeklies
by the financial crisis of that period.
New York, Pennsylvania and Massachusetts,
and monthlies.
cases to the verge of bankruptcy.
The enthu
the states in which they are published.
The
average circulation
per publication
among
states
It is estimated by Pitkin that on January 1,
undue prominence, while other states which
1835, there had been completed, or nearly
are largely dependent upon them for their sup
ranges
completed, in the United States not less than
ply of the news and periodical literature, such
wide limits.
2,867 miles of canals, at a cost of $64,573,099.
as New Jersey and Vermont, fall unduly low
the largest circulation per publication, namely,
New York had 715 miles, costing $15,125,511,
in the scale.
8,841, which is even larger than New York,
the
several
through
O f all the states, Maryland has
and Pennsylvania 861 miles, costing $23,000,000,
O f the 11,314 periodicals of all classes pub
which stands second in the list with 8,666.
these two states having considerably more than
lished in the country, 78 per cent., or nearly
Following these are the District of Columbia,
one-half of the total mileage.
four-fifths, are devoted to news, politics and
with 7,300; Massachusetts, 7,190, and Penn
family reading.
sylvania, 5,900.
In 1880, according to the Census, there were
The remainder relate espe
Most of the states adjoining
in the United States 4,468.4 miles of canals,
cially to the various branches of trade and
these have a low average, Vermont having
which had cost $214,041,802.
industry, the professions, science, etc.
but 840 and New Hampshire 907.
O f this, however,
In the
i,953-^ miles, costing $44,013,166, had been
Again, the great majority, 76 per cent., are
Southern states, the circulation ranges from a
abandoned, and a large part of the remainder
weekly publications, 10 per cent, are monthlies,
few hundred copies up to 3,045 in Kentucky.
were not paying expenses, a result mainly due,
while daily newspapers form less than 10 per
In the Northern Central group of states, the
of course, to the competition of railways.
cent, of all.
number has a somewhat higher average, falling
A ll
O f the total number of periodicals, 10,515,
below a thousand only in Dakota, and reaching
O f the 964 miles in New York,
or 93 per cent., are published in the English
in Ohio a circulation per publication of 3,863.
357, or much more than one-third, are no
language, 641, or nearly 6 per cent., in German,
In the W estern states and territories it ranges
longer in use.
while the proportion in other languages reaches,
through very wide limits, from 228 in Montana
in no case, 1 per cent, of the whole number.
to 2,721 in California.
the canals of New England are reported as
abandoned.
In Pennsylvania there have
been built 1,106 miles, of which 477 miles have
M ISCELLANEO US.
A C o m p arative S t u d y — The
CXI
general
The summary on Plate 150 is devoted to
rule,
comparatively
summaries on Plates 150 and 151 serve to
total amounts, and the significance of its com
have
little
bring together, for
dif
parisons is therefore restricted by the wide
Tennessee, and other states having a large
ferent classes of facts which have been treated
fundamental differences of area and population
state debt, take a disproportionately high rank
individually in earlier chapters.
existing between the various states.
in this column.
comparative study,
They make
little
local debt.
urban
population,
Louisiana, Virginia,
apparent the relations of the leading industries
Comparing the rank in population with that
A comparison of the column of occupations
to one another, to wealth and to population,
in wealth, it is seen that all of the North
on the one hand, and those of wealth, manu
and the relations subsisting between population,
Atlantic states gain considerably, except V er
factures and agriculture on the other, shows
wealth, public debt, and taxation, and between
mont, New York
in a rude way the diversity in the productive
illiteracy and education.
hold their own, the two last mentioned states
power of labor in the different states.
ranking respectively as first and second in
Southern states the rank in wealth is much
arranged in the several columns, according
both columns.
lower than in the number of breadwinners,
to their rank in the feature therein presented;
averages
sixteen
while the Northern and Western states and
while lines carried from column to column
states forming the South Atlantic and Southern
territories generally hold their rank, or stand
aid the eye in tracing the varying rank of
Central groups, on the other hand, show an
higher in wealth than in number of persons
each state.
average loss of four places, only Maryland,
occupied.
Delaware and the District of Columbia making
in contrasting rank in occupations with rank
150, the states are arranged in the order of
gains.
in the sum of the products of the two great
population.
A comparison of the first column
groups there is little relative change of place,
with each of the remaining columns, gives the
except that Wisconsin and Nevada each gain
P la te 1 5 1 .— The summary on Plate 151
following results by groups of states:
four, Minnesota seven, and California no less
presents a much closer approximation to the
than fifteen places.
true relative positions of the states and terri
The names of the states and territories are
P la te IS O .— In the first column of Plate
R
o f
a n k
P
in
p u l a t io n
a s s in g
P
l a t e
150 .
t o
—I
O
O
2
O
I
O
O
O
a n k
.
.
d u c a t io n
l l it e r a c y
R
a x a t io n
T
E
I
A
e b t
v e r a g e
.
.
D
e t
N
.
t o c k
S
iv e
L
.
g r ic u l t u r e
A
a n u f a c t u r e s
M
.
— 2
13 — I
4
9
4 — 20
19 - 6
21 3
0— I
13 - 6
0- 3
O
2
8
13
O
II
0
II
8 -
6
2 2 .6
6
O— 2
5 3 -
5
2 8 .4
2
15
— 2
6
12
5
4
8
— 22
4
— II
12
-
4
—
2
15
O
-
8
— 4
14
O
3 30.1
2 — 12
I
6
2
38
23
36
14
29
15
21
13
34
The gain for the entire group
nearly five
places.
The
In the Northern Central and Western
These two groups show
*
*
In most
This feature is still more apparent
industries, manufactures and agriculture.
tories in the ten important features exhibited,
The changes in passing from population to
than that on Plate 150, for the reason that it
manufactures are similar to those above stated,
deals not with aggregates merely but with
but greater.
ratios, thereby placing the larger and smaller
7
14
O
12 —
2 9 .4
2 2 1 .3
—I
0
—I
I O
OI -
10
3
9 10 - 3
2
2 — IO
3- 6- 6
O
3— I
8 -14 - 3
2
9 -
9
5-
8-
9
—I -
4 -
4
—
- 3
3— I
- 3 — I IO
— II 25
I
- 3
5- 4
6- 8— I
- 6 -1 3 - 1 6
2 — IO
I — II
3- 5— I - 9
O— 2
O- 4
Southern groups an average loss of five and
It is manifest, however, that the simple rank
one-half places, the Northern Central states a
ing by units from 1 to 47, does not serve
slight average loss, and the Western group
to show the precise extent of the differences
a gain of a little over one place.
between
states
holding
consecutive
rank.
A n inspection of the above table in connec
Taking for example the first column of Plate
tion with Plate 150, will enable the reader to
151, we may pass over as altogether exceptional
measure at a glance the changes of rank as
the difference of 2,705.5 between the density of’
between population and all other features of
the District of Columbia, ranking first, and
the summary, in the case of any state.
of Rhode Island, the second in rank.
IO 15-2
9 27.6
13 2 1 .s
14 24.9
— 12
12
7
states on a common ground of comparison.
2 .4
— I
8
6
- 6
6
-18
-14
-
an average gain of over eleven places, the two
7 15-7
9 3 8
0 — II
79
0— 2 -
The North Atlantic states show
1 0 .8
S o u th A tla n tic .
Delaware................
Maryland...............
District Columbia.
Virginia..................
West Virginia........
North Carolina__
South Carolina.. . .
Georgia..................
Florida....................
which
.
e a l t h
W
.
c c u p a t io n s
N o r t h A t la n t ic .
Maine...................... 2 7
New Hampshire... 3 i
Verm ont................ 32
Massachusetts........
7
Rhode Island........ 33
Connecticut............ 2 8
New York..............
I
New Jersey............ 19
Pennsylvania.........
2
Pennsylvania,
an average gain of one place.
fr o m
.
Po
O
P
in
T E R R IT O R IE S .
a r ia t io n s
a n k
AND
V
R
STATES
o p u l a t io n
.
A N A L Y S I S O F G E N E R A L S U M M A R Y B Y T O T A L S .—
and
4 36.4
6 19.4
5 3 4 -1
15-4
13 3 4 -9
It will
It will
be observed that in the column of illiteracy,
be seen, however, that the difference of 33.1
showing the number of persons ten years of
between the density of the latter and that of
age and over who are unable to write, the state
Massachusetts, the third in rank, is a trifle
having the greatest number of “ illiterates” is
greater than that separating South Carolina,
ranked highest.
the
S o u t h e r n C e n tr a l.
Kentucky...............
Tennessee..............
A labam a................
Mississippi..............
Louisiana................
Texas......................
Arkansas................
8
12
17
18
22
II
25
-4 - 5 - 9 -4 - 6 - 9 —
3 - 9 -15
O — IO - 1 8
0— 2- 3
0 - 5 — l6
0 - 8 — 12
42
3 — IO - 7 - 9
2 — 12 - 9
3— 2 -12 -14
1 - 1 8 - 9
- 6
8 14
2 6
2 — 12 8 — II
3 - 5- 8 - 9
— I
I -
5O0
4
O I 3 -I
7 15-4
14 20.7
1 2 22.5
13 21 0
I 159
II 2 7.4
Ohio........................
3
Indiana..................
6
Illinois....................
4
Michigan................
9
Wisconsin.............. l6
Minnesota.............. 2 6 ,
Iowa........................ 10
Missouri..................
5
Dakota.................... 40
Nebraska................ 3 °
Kansas.
20
O— I - 3
0 — I - 9—
3
3- 3
I — I -17 —
7
4- 6
0
7 IO — I
7 10
0
0 6
8 - 1 9
9
—I — I - 3 — 2
0
I 0 — I
2
I —
4
5
O— I - 3
6 15 — I
O— 2
—I
—I — I - 4
O
I
0
0 — 2
0
—I
4
5
-4
0
— 4
12
3
,3
O
I
O
I - 1 3 4 -9
O — 1 2 8 .9
I — II 4 .6
2
I - 1 3 12 .3
4 - 5 - 8 14.6
5 1 2 - 3 2 1.3
2
3 - 1 7 12.6
4 - 4 - 8 7 .2
I
2 — 2 3 9 -0
7 1 2 - 7 2 7.2
3
7 - 8 18.8
W estern .
45
47
35
41
44
39
43
46
O
I
O
I
I
0
I — 20 — I —2 — 2
I
4
—I
37
I
24
3
3
I
O
4— 2
3— 2
3— I
8
8
I
4
2
2
2
2
O
2
7
3— 6 —
O— I 2
I
2
2
4I
75
— I 42.9
0
4 5 -6
3 - 3 3 3 -7
6 - 5
18 4 1.2
0
O
3 44.2
0 4 1.0
3 — I
6
40.4
6
0
I 4 5 -3
I
2
I
2
0
I
4
2—
I
2
O — 2 4 1.4
0
2
2
9-
3
I
15
12
8
18
I - 3 3 5 -8
14 — I 12 .2
0 — I
42
2
O
4
9
IO
The first and last columns show rank on a scale of I to 47; in other columns
the figures indicate a
signifying a
lo s s .
g a in
of rank, except where the minus sign is prefixed,
eighteenth,
from Wyoming,
the
forty-
ing, it is virtually a reversal of the order
seventh in rank.
followed in the preceding columns.
actual difference is marked, in one case, by
The changes shown in comparing, on Plate
N o r t h e r n C e n tr a l.
Montana................
Wyoming................
Colorado................
New Mexico..........
Arizona..................
Utah........................
N evada ....................
Idaho......................
Washington..............
Oregon....................
California.................
Since this is a negative show
In other words, the same
a variation of one place in rank, and
in
150, the rank in manufactures with that in
another by a variation of twenty-nine places.
agriculture, are naturally very great, involving
The difference, again, between the states occu
material changes in the rank of many of the
pying the third and the fourth rank is even
states.
greater than that between the
The column
relating to live stock
second and
shows a general agreement with that of agri
third.
culture.
and similar diagrams on other plates, giving a
New York falls to the third rank,
being exceeded
by both Illinois and
Iowa,
while the great cattle states and territories of
the W est, such as Kansas, Nebraska, Montana
and W yoming, take high rank.
The column of state and local debt presents
A reference to the diagram on Plate 22,
graphic representation of these differences, will
show many like irregularities.
For the purpose of more precise compari
son the accompanying table has been prepared,
presenting the rank of the states in the several
an agreement, in its general features, with those
columns by percentages.
of population, wealth and manufactures, while,
highest in each column of Plate 151 is taken as
in comparison with agriculture, it shows marked
100, that ranking lowest as o, and the rank of
differences.
each state is expressed by the percentage which
Agricultural states having, as a
The state ranking
SCRIBNER'S STA TISTICA L ATLAS.
CX11
The capital of the country, or that part of
its variation from the lowest forms of the total
stand first among the nations.
In wealth the
its wealth employed in further production, was
country now surpasses even Great Britain, and
In this table the columns of net debt, taxa
in 1880 approximately $30,000,000,000, and its
in manufactures and mining, as in the total
tion and illiteracy reverse the order followed
gross income $10,000,000,000, or about 33 per
product of all the industries, it also holds the
in the corresponding columns of Plate 15 1.
cent, of the capital.
leading place, which it is not likely ever to
While, in a popular sense, a state may be said
Edward Atkinson (Special Agent, Tenth Cen
lose.
to rank highest which has the least of debt,
sus), the annual consumption per capita is
greatly in advance of all other countries in
difference between the lowest and the highest.
A s estimated by Mr.
Its agricultural products still keep it
controlling the food mar
taxation and illiteracy per
capita, a uniform order is
persons, or 34^ per cent.,
were engaged in gainful
and reputable occupations.
During that year the sum
of $79,339,814 was devoted
to public primary educa
tion, making $5.27 for every
child
of school age, an
average tax of 1^ mills
on every dollar of total
wealth of the country.
The
gross product of
manufactures in 1880, was
fc369.579.19b and the net
product, after deducting
the value of materials con
sumed, was $1,972,755,642,
or $39.33 per capita.
The
value of farm products was
$2,213,402,564, or $44.13
per capita; and of live stock,
$1,500,464,609 in the aggre
gate, and $29.92 per capita.
The wealth of the coun
try in 1880, estimated at
15
42
79
13
3
13
79
32
3
7
31
39
93
25
60
22
IO
37
64
— IO
40
26
56
39
43
17
8
30
42
32
89
56
40
9
32
59
37
25
21
72
72
59
29
6
33
45
34
8
20
29
32
24
33
17
2
22
40
49
48
72
15
is
36
50
29
l6
8
8
2
35
9
7
O
O
13
9
IOO
21
2
*
15
9
II
34
35
42
48
7
II
6
38
21
5
4
8
8
l6
12
20
14
9
9
8
4
39
31
37
13
4
3
14
5
53
5
2
17
15
2
47
6
6
16
4
O
64
15
IO
31
II
56
36
54
42
28
57
19
68
13
15
17
14
14
l6
13
10
2
3
5
4
5
5°
6
31
8
IO
44
5
I
O
46
12
II
IO
23
IO
5
II
IO
8
74
51
42
23
35
53
15
17
2
6
8
9
37
32
28
18
29
34
30
7
7
8
8
IO
17
14
23
47
6
30
15
27
I
2
47
3
3
3i
5
30
26
3
17
51
47
57
13
47
35
51
20
II
*
17
24
39
O — 2
i5
9
- 6 -17
- 9 -3 6
— 2 - 3°
6 -13
I
E ducation .
I lliter acy .
to
to
T ax atio n
E ducation
T ax ation .
to
E ducation .
to
W ealth
N e t D ebt
T ax atio n .
to
W ealth
A griculture .
to
14 - 8
I -13
7 - 7 -14
— 20
35
55 - 1 3 - 1 9
O - 8 1 - 8 1 — I -3 4
— IO - 7 7 - 8 7 — 26 - 5 1
— I - 4 8 -4 7 -2 4 - 3 7
-3 3
- 4 9 — 16 - 1 5 - 4 2
- 1 3 -4 3 -3 0 —21 -4 0
- 2 7 - 3 8 — II -3 0 - 4 4
-
6
-13
-19
-5 6
- 7
— IO
- 3
— I
-
3
4
7
I
14 — 26
6 -13
— l6 - 1 9
O
26
19
17
27 — I
40 - 3
37
2
44
45
0
42
45
I
23
27
-13
-7 2
25 — 22 - 2 3
27 - 1 4 - 2 9
21 - 6 - 3
54 - 3 3 - 5 0
27 - 2 5 — 2 2
30 - 1 3 - 3 5
40 - 3 7 - 2 9
18 - 1 9 - 2 4
22 - 1 4 - 1 8
IO - 5 — I
26 — 12 - 9
-4 7 - 6 -4 2
- 6 - 9
24
12
15 — 2
46
- 3 — I
28
- 5 - 4
28
5 — 2 - 5
I - 6
5
23
-3 1
-2 5
-2 5
- 9
- 3
- 4
— 2
-
52
66
7
9
34
7
4
I
34
37
34
8
5
21
27
4
13
4
29
20
9
4
30
22
52
41
7
12
38
36
40
7
II
7
15
18
6
9
I
35
8
4
— I
-
-
3
24
33
48
-
3
63
23 - 9
— 2 -13
— 12 - 4
39
5 -3 5
6
6
13
— 2
28
32
60
34 - 5
41 - 7
30
51
66
5
48
13
45 — 2
64
5
8 - 8
-13
- 9 — 12 — 2
25 - 3 3
- 3
2
7 - 3
— IO - 8 - 2 3
— II
7 - 9
O
I - 5
27
33
33
l6
30 — II
-3 4
-2 5
-3 1
-2 4
-15
-2 5
-3 8
- 7
-2 4
-3 7
-2 5
25
l6
26
Ohio..................................
Indiana............................
Illinois..............................
Michigan..........................
Wisconsin.........................
Minnesota................................
Iowa..................................
Missouri............................
Dakota..............................
Nebraska..........................
Kansas..............................
22
22
II
9
4
II
12
I
2
5
15
l6
24
13
17
l6
15
52
20
l6
34
40
44
32
18
35
23
25
25
IO
19
3
29
23
6
35
51
36
0
II
IO
18
I
2
6
8
7
78
65
65
75
IOO
51
48
83
61
32
18
20
30
25
4
7
9
4
20
6
5i
3i
35
33
42
27
18
13
13
38
54
IOO
18
14
65
8
74
74
17
II
O
7
O
46
9
O
14
22
28
13
6
96
27
33
l6
3
4
42
14
IOO
29
33
25
34
43
20
27
40
28
9
9
IO
9
5
13
3
3
3
25
14
32
31
25
36
33
20
45 - 2 8
21 - 1 7
38 - 1 9
18 - 1 9
21 - 9
23 - 1 5
28 - 3 4
17 - 1 3
17 - 3 4 - 1 5
27
9 -2 3
18
7 — l6
I
29 -
32
24
23
31
35
56
49
43 -
19
30
54
38
42
40
—
4 -15
O
2
3 -14
II
I
9
9
50 - 7 - 6
90 — 2 — I
32 - 5 — 12
O
45
9
II
77
9
6
5
54
-
-
31 — 2
39 — II
2
27
28 — IO
I
24
I
38
7 -
12
7
9
2
25
l6 — I
The
advance
of
States
the
to
the
Montana..........................
Wyoming..........................
Colorado............................
New Mexico.......... . . . .
A rizona............................
Utah..................................
Nevada..............................
Idaho.................................
Washington......................
Oregon..............................
California..........................
I
O
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
2
IOO
52
84
22
94
O
83
69
42
37
54
23
15
6l
8
9
29
IO
34
15
IOO
35
60
23
29
21
15
25
53
54
66
90
82
13
37
39
single
time
century
when
from
peace
the
with
England enabled the new
nation to turn its energies
to industrial development.
It is a mere truism to
say that history shows no
record of growth in ma
terial
prosperity
at
all
approaching this; our very
52
38
60
O
I
O
24
26
5
IOO
22
II
6
2
2
31
72
3
7
39
15
IOO
34
51
35
— I
22
14
60
7
28
33
98
-6 5 -2 4
25
— I - 4 1 — 28
-4 8 - 1 8 - 7
— 22
I
21
- 7 1 — 21 - 8
IO
15 - 9
— 22 - 5 3 - 8
— 6l
I
46
-13 -19
37
56
- 3 -19
46
-6 5 - 1 8
makes it difficult for us
fully
to
comprehend its
extraordinary character.
If the conditions of the
future could be compared
with those of the past, the
next hundred years would
justify a forecast the figures
of which would be almost
bewildering.
This
com
parison is of course im
W estern .
49
13
II
20
3°
23
38
O
17
-13
24
O
l6
O
13
23
19 — I
35
45
39
l6
45
29
13 - 3
56
5 - 3
75
O — 28
47
1
51 - 1 3 - 5 1
66 - 3 6 - 3 8
6l - 1 4 - 5 5
O
O IOO
39 -
7
I
14
83
4
3i - 1 3
39 — l6
35 - 8
86 — 28
possible.
draws
Every
this
decade
nation more
-17
- 4
-9 4
— 22
-2 4
-2 8
completely within the rule
-6 5
laws from which its vast
of the ordinary economic
laws that govern others,—
unused
The density of population in the District of Columbia is properly comparable only with that of cities.
average, $870.13 for each
man, woman and child.
by that of Great Britain.
familiarity with its results
8 — IO
9 - 8
C e n tr a l.
’■
dustry, is exceeded only
United
C e n tr a l.
$43,642,000,000, was, on an
great decline in this in
present position of leader
6
42
37
K entucky.........................
Tennessee........................
Alabama............................
Mississippi........................
Louisiana..........................
Texas................................
A rkansas.........................
N orth ern
greater than those of all
ship has been made in a
South A tla n tic.
Delaware..........................
Maryland..........................
District of Columbia__
Virginia.............................
West Virginia.................
North Carolina ............
South Carolina................
Georgia.............................
Florida.............................
S o u th e r n
Its
trade at sea, despite the
M anufactures
A griculture .
to
W e alth
Highest.
Lowest.
M anufactures .
80
to
38
W ea lth
50
W e alth .
E ducation .
Expenditure per Capita for
Primary Schools.
$18.70 Highest.
0.81 Lowest.
50
to
T ax atio n .
State and Local, per Capita.
$14.60 Highest.
1.0 6 Lowest.
43
W e a l th .
N et D ebt .
State and Local, per Capita.
$127.66 Highest.
0 .7 1 Lowest.
87
IOO
14
I lliter a c y .
Percentage o f W hite Male
Adults unable to W rite.
L iv e S tock .
Value per Capita.
$240.85 Highest.
0.69 Lowest.
29
36
27
46
27
Highest.
Lowest.
A griculture .
Farm Product per Capita.
$8 3.76 Highest.
2.90 Lowest.
51
50
8
world.
Europe, while its carrying
N o r t h A t la n t ic .
Maine................................
New Hampshire..............
Vermont............................
Massachusetts..................
Rhode Island................
Connecticut......................
New Y o r k ...........................
New Jersey......................
Pennsylvania...................
of the
railways have a mileage
Rank.
48.1
1 .7
M anufactures .
| Value of Product per Capita.
$376.68 Highest.
6.64 Lowest.
States, in 1880, 17,392,099
26
56.83
27.82
50,155,783 in the United
IO
II
21
Highest.
Lowest.
of
38
254.9
0.2
greatly extended.
population
31
56
24
94
IOO
T E R R IT O R IE S .
which might, of course, be
total
W e a lth .
Tru e Valuation per Capita.
important of these com
the
$ 1 ,653.76 Highest.
250.91 Lowest.
AND
O ccupations .
Ratio to Total Population.
in detail some of the more
In C on clu sio n .—Of
37
49
44
94
90
P opulation .
D ensity per Square Mile.
STATES
of
The figures indicate a gain of rank— except where the minus
sign is prefixed, signifying a loss— in passing from
In percentages of the total variation from lowest to highest.
of comparison. The second
parisons, the number of
S e l e c t e d C o m p a r is o n s
.
O ccupations
better serving the purposes
ank
to
R
P opulation
adopted in the table, as
part of the table presents
kets
Analysis o f General S u m m a ry b y Ratios.—P late 151.
resources
have
hitherto exempted it.
But
Deducting the public
about $150; in other words, three-fourths of
with all this the promise of the future is still
debt (national, state and local), amounting to
the annual product is consumed in food and
such as has never been presented to any people;
$3,162,534,517, or $63.04 per capita, the balance
raiment, leaving $2,500,000,000 to be added
such as not only to justify hopes of continually
of unencumbered wealth was over $40,000,-
yearly to the permanent wealth of the country.
increasing
000,000, or $807.09 for every inhabitant.
material
prosperity, but also
to
The
Using the estimates of Mr. Mulhall ( “ Bal
insure the success of that great political experi
amount raised by direct taxation was $302,-
ance Sheet of the W o rld ” ) in regard to other
ment, “ whose further history,” as an English
200,694, or $6.03 per capita, which was but
countries, it appears that in nearly all the
writer has said, “ is of unbounded importance
6^ mills on each dollar of true valuation.
factors of material prosperity, the United States
to the future welfare of mankind.”
@FedFRASER