Full text of Statistical Atlas of the United States, 1920 : Introduction

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DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
HERBERT HOOVER,

Sec reta ry

BUREAU OF THE CENSUS
W. M.

Ste u a r t,

Director

STATISTICAL ATLAS
OF THE

UNITED STATES




Prepared under the supervision of
CHARLES S. SLOANE
Geographer of the Census

W ASH IN G TO N
G O VE R N M EN T PR IN T IN G OFFICE
1925

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.
D e p a r t m e n t of Co m m erce ,
B u r e a u of t h e C en su s ,

Washington, D. C., June 7, 192J+.
Si

r

:

I transmit herewith the Statistical Atlas of the United States. This volume con­
tains the maps and diagrams used for illustrating the reports of the Fourteenth Census,
as well as a number of illustrations which have been prepared and published in the
special and annual reports of the Bureau of tire Census.
The text and illustrations comprising this volume were prepared under the super­
vision of Charles S. Sloane, Geographer of the Census.
Respectfully,
W. M . S t e u a r t ,
Director o f the Censns.
H on. H e r b e r t H o o v e r ,

Secretary of Commerce.
ii




CONTENTS.
P age.

Area enumerated at the Fourteenth Census----------------------------------------------------------------------------Area of enumeration_____________________________________________________________________
Geographic divisions_____________________________________________________________________
Centers and median lines_________________________________________
Center of population___________________________________________
Median lines____________________________________________________ - __ _ . ______________
Median point__________________________ _______________ __ __ __ . . . _______________
____ . _ _________
Centers of population of states_________________________________
Center of—
Area________________________________________________________
.
. ______ ____
Foreign-horn population________________ ___________
___
..
___________
Negro population________________________________________________ ____ . ____________
Urban and rural population_______________________________
_
Agriculture___________________________________________
. . . ______________
Manufactures________________________________________________________________________

3
3
6
7
7
10
11
11
17
17
18
19
20
23

PLATES.
(Titles descriptive of the plates shown are arranged by subjects on the pages indicated below.

See also index.)

Agriculture (Plates 239-341)__________________________________________________________________
Drainage (Plates 294-322)________________________________________________________________
Irrigation (Plates 323-341)___________
Cotton (Plates 362-374)__________________
Encumbered homes (Plates 375-389)_________ ____
_____ _______ ______________
. _____________
Manufactures (Plates 342-350) _ _______ ___ . .
Mines and quarries (Plates 351-361)___________ .
. ... .
__ ___________
Population (Plates 1-238)__________________________
.. . .. . .. ------------------Occupations (Plates 223-238)_______________ _____ .
. _______ ___________________
Statistics of cities (Plates 392-395)___________________
. . _.... ..
. ____ ________________
Statistics of states (Plates 390-391)_____________________
___ .. _ --------- . ------------------------Vital statistics (Plates 396-412)________________________________________________
Births (Plates 396-397)__________________________________________________________________
Deaths (Plates 398-412). _ . .............. _ . _____ _______ . — - _ . ----------------------- ------ ---------Index




to

il l u s t r a t io n s

_________________________________________________

269
272
272
401
417
375
387
25
29
439
435
445
446
446
465

in







STATISTICAL ATLAS




STATISTICAL ATLAS
AREA ENUMERATED AT THE FOURTEENTH CENSUS.
A R E A O F E N U M E R A T IO N .

The area of enumeration in 1920 embraced the
United States proper and the outlying possessions of
Alaska, Hawaii, Porto Rico, Guam, Samoa, and the
Panama Canal Zone. No provision was made in the
Fourteenth Census Act for the enumeration of the
Philippine Islands, a census of those islands having
been taken by the Philippine government as of
December 31, 1918, nor of the Virgin Islands, for
which a special enumeration was made as of Novem­
ber 1, 1917. The gross area of the territory under the
jurisdiction of the United States in 1920 was 3,738,­
371 square miles, and its population 117,823,165, as
shown in Table 1. The population was as returned at
the Fourteenth Census, taken as of January 1, 1920,
for the United States proper and all of the outlying
possessions except the Philippine Islands and the
Virgin Islands, enumerations of their population
being made at the dates specified above.
T able 2

In Table 2 is given the gross area in square miles of
the United States, including all its outlying posses­
sions, at each enumeration from 1790 to 1920, together
with the population; the area— land, water, and
total— and the population of the United States,
excluding the outlying possessions; and the gross
area of the outlying possessions.
Table I

Gross area
(land and
water in
sq. miles).

T E R R IT O R Y E N U M E R A T E D ! 1920.

.........................................................
Outlying
possessions

Population.

3, 738,371

117,823,165

3,026, 789
711, 582

105,710, 620
11,995,307

586,400
75
206
6,406
' 527
114,400
3,435
133

55, 036
8,056
13, 275
255, 912
22, 858
i 10,314, 310
1,299,809
* 26, 051
117,238

i Philippine census, Dec. 31, 1918.

* Census, N ov 1,1917.

UN ITED STATES AND ITS OUTLYIN G POSSESSIONS.

United States (excluding outlying possessions).
CENSUS Y E A R .

Aggregate
population.

i Gross area
Per cent j
| (land and
o f area in !
! water) in
1920. |
; square miles.

1920.
1910.
1900­
1890
1880.

117,823, 165
101,118, 347
77, 256, 630
62,979, 766
50,189, 209

1870.
1800.
1850­
1840
1830.

38,558,371
31,443, 321
23,191,876
17, 069, 453
12,866,020

3,613,
3, 026,
2,997,
1,792,
1,792,

1820.
1810
1800.
1790.

9,638,453
7,239,881
5, 308, 483
3,929, 214

1,792,
1,720,
892,
892,

Population.

Gross area
(land and
water).

0
0
0
6
6

105, 710, 620
91,972, 266
75,994, 575
62,947, 714
50,155, 783

3.020, 789
3,026, 789
3.020, 789
3.020, 789
3.020, 789

189 '
789 l
119 j
223
223

96. 6
80. 9
80. 1
47. 9
47. 9

38, 558, 371
31,443, 321
23.191, 876
17, 069, 453
12,866, 020

3,026, 789
3,026,789
2,997,119
1,792, 223
1.792.223

223
122 1
135 i
135

47 9
46. 0
23. 8
23. 8

3, 738, 371
3, 738, 238 |
3, 737, 7 1 1 1
3,613, 189 1
3, 613, 189;

100.
100.
100.
96.
96.

Gross area
of outlying
possessions
in square
miles.

Area in square miles.

9,638,
7,239,
5,308,
3,929,

453
881
483
214

Per cent
of area in
1920.

1.792.223
1, 720, 122
892, 135
892, 135

100. 0
100. 0

Land.

Water.1

2,973, 776
2.973, 890
2.974, 159
2.973.965
2.973.965

53,013
52,899
52, 630
52, 824
52.824

99.0
59. 2
59.2

2.973.965
2.973.965
2,944, 337
1.753, 588
1.753, 588

52.824
52.824
52,782
38.635
38.635

59.2
56.8
29. 5
29. 5

1.753, 588
1,685,865
867,980
867, 980

38.635 I
34,257 :
24, 155 j
24,155

100.0
100.0

100.0
100.0
100.0

1 Does not include water surface of oceans, Gulf of Mexico, or Great Lakes, lying within jurisdiction of the United States.




3

I
i
,
i

711,582
711,449
710,922
586, 400
586,400
586, 400

4

STATISTICAL ATLAS.

Table 3 gives the gross area with the date of annexa­
tion of each accession of territory from 1790 to 1920,
and per cent distribution of aggregate area and area
of the United States.
Plate No. 1 shows the boundaries of the original
13 states and each of the accessions of territory.
T able 3

GROSS A R E A (L A N D AN D
W A T E R ) IN S Q U A R E M ILES.

ACCESSION.

Date
ac­
quired.

P E R CENT
DISTRIBU TION .

Area
of the
United
States.

Total area.

Aggre­
gate
area.

A g g r e g a t e , 1920—United
States and outlying pos­
sessions................................

3,738,371

100.0

United States__________
Outlying possessions___

3,026,789
711, 582

81.0
19. 0

100.0

23.8
22.1
1.6
0.4
10.
7.7
14.1

29. 5
27.4
1.9
0.4
12.9
9.5
17.5

Territory in 1790»......
Louisiana Purchase...
Florida______________
B y treaty w ith Spain.
Texas........................... .
Oregon______ _______
Mexican Cession____
Gadsden Purchase....
Alaska_______________
H awaii...... .......... ........
Philippine Islands___
P orto R ico__________
G uam ........................ .
Samoa...........................
Panama Canal Zon e..
Virgin Islands of the United
States.

Area of
accession.

1803
1819
1819
1845
1846
1848
1853
1867
1898
1899
1899
1899
1900
1904

827,987
58,666
13.435
389,166
286,541
529,189
29,670
586.400
6,406
114.400
3.435
206
75
527

892, 135
1,720, 122
1,778, 788
1,792, 223
2,181, 389
2,467. 930
2,997, 119
3,026, 789
3,613, 189
3,619, 595
3,733,995
3.737, 430
3.737, 636
3,737,711
3.738, 238

(*)
(*)
(*>

1917

133

3,738,371

(3)

0.8
0.2

15.7

1.0

3. 1
0. 1

1 Includes drainage basin of the R ed River o f the North, not a part o f any acces­
sion, but in the past sometimes considered a part of the Louisiana Purchase.
1 Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent.

The increase in population from 3,929,214 at the
census of 1790 to 117,823,165 at the census of 1920
was 113,893,951, or about 29 persons in 1920 to each
person returned at the First Census. During the
same period the area was extended from 892,135
square miles to 3,738,371 square miles. The area,
therefore, increased only four times, as compared
with a population increase of nearly twenty-nine fold.
The gross area, land and water, of the territory under
the jurisdiction of the United States at the Fourteenth
Census was 3,738,371 square miles. The outlying
territories had an area of 711,582 square miles, con­
stituting 19.0 per cent, or approximately one-fifth of the
total area.
In 1790, at the First Census, the area was 892,135
square miles, less than one-fourth of the present area,
and, with the exception of the territory known as




Florida, was confined to the territory lying between
the Atlantic Ocean and the Mississippi River, to­
gether with the drainage basin of the Red River of
the North. The largest accession of territory at any
decade was that of the Louisiana Purchase in 1803.
During the decade from 1840 to 1850 there were three
accessions of territory, aggregating 1,204,896 square
miles, which, with the area of the Louisiana Purchase,
covered an area of over 2,000,000 square miles. The
annexations made in other years, with the exception
of Alaska, were smaller in area, but more densely
populated.
Table 4 shows at each census the population, accu­
mulative increase, per cent of increase from 1790,
land area, and number of persons per square mile for
the United States, exclusive of its outlying possessions.
The increase in population in 1840, after 50 years of
growth was 334.4 per cent, having increased a little
over four times. The increase for 100 years, to 1890,
was 1,502 per cent, or there were then in the United
States 16 persons where in 1790 there was one person.
The increase for 130 years, to 1920, was 2,590.4 per
cent; in other words, there were 27 persons in conti­
nental United States to each person returned in 1790.
The land area has increased almost three and onehalf times, while the population per square mile has
increased nearly eight times, the increase in density
from 1900 to 1910 being greater than during any other
decade. The increase and decrease in density of
population is represented b y Diagram 1, Plate No.
139.
The land area of each of the states and of the entire
United States is given in Table 5.
T able 4
CENSUS Y E A R .

1920.........................
1910.........................
1900.........................
1890.........................
1880_........................
1870.........................
1860.........................
1850.........................
1840.........................
1830..................
1820.........................
1810.........................
1800.........................
1790.........................
______________ f

Population of
Per cent
continental
Accumulative
o f in­
United
increase.
crease
States.
from 1790.
105,710,620
91,972,266
75,994,575
62,947, 714
50,155, 783
38,558, 371
31,443, 321
23,191, 876
17,069, 453
12,866, 020
9,638, 453
7,239, 881
5,308,483
3, 929, 214

101,781,406
88,043,052
72,065, 361
59,018, 500
46,226,569
34,629, 157
27,514, 107
19,262, 662
13,140, 239
8,936, 806
5, 709, 239
3,310, 667
1,379, 269

2,590.4
2,240. 7
1,834. 1
1,502. 0
1,176. 5
881. 3
700.2
490. 2
334. 4
227.4
145.3
84.3
35. 1

Land area
in square
miles.

2, 973, 776
2, 973, 890
2,974, 159
2,973, 965
2,973,965
2,973,965
2,973, 965
2,944. 337
1,753,588
1,753, 588
1,753, 588
1,685.865
867,980
867,980

Popula­
tion per
square
mile.
35.5
30.9
25.6
21.2
16.9
13.0
10.6
7.9
9.7
7.3
5.5
4.3
6.1
4.5

5

AREA OF ENUMERATION
T a b l e 5.— L A N D

ST A T E O R T E R R IT O R Y

United S tates...

A R E A OF T H E

1920

1910

U N IT E D STATES IN SQUARE
1790-1920.

1900

1890

1880

867,980

1790
8 867,980

51,279

52,525

105,275

4,820
1,965
58
54,861
5a 725

4,820
1,965
58
54,861
58,725

4,820
1,965
58
Mi 861
5a 725

4,820
1,965
90
54,861
58,725

4,820
1,965
90
54,861
5a 725

4,820
1,965
90
54,861
5 a 725

4,820
1,965
90

4,820
1,965
90

4,820
1,965

58,725

111,877

145,196

83,354
56,002
35,885
55,586
81,774

83,354
56,002
35,885
55,586
81,774

56,002
35,885
55,586
33 81,774

56,002
35,885
55,586

56,002
35,885
191,656

56,002
35,885

56,002
35,885

192,381
42,933

252,084

40,181
45,409
29,895
9,941
8,039

40,181
45,409
29,895
9,941
8,039

40; 181
45,409
29,895
9,941
8,039

40,181
45,409
29,895
9,941
8,039

40,181
45,409
29,895
9,941
8,041

40,181
45,409
29,895
9,941
8,041

40,181
45,409
29,895
9,941
8,041

40,181
45,409
29,895
9,941
8,041

40,181
34,065
38 29,895
9,941
8,041

40,181

18 40,181

18 29,895]
9,941
8,041

” 29,895
9,999
8,041

57,480
80,858
46,362
68,727
146,201

57,480
80,858
46,362
68,727
146,201

57,480
80,858
46,362
68,727
146,201

57,480
80,858
46,362
68,727
146,195

57,480
13 80,858
46.362
68,727

57,480
163,457
46,362
68,727

57,480

186,052

186,052

46,362
68,727

"46,362
65,618

"46,362

76,808
109,821
9,031
7,514
122,503

76,808
109,821
9,031
7,514
122,503

76,808
109,821
9,031
7,514
122,503

76,172
109,821
9,031
7,514
122,503

76,172 33118,915
109,821 3361,260
9,031
9,031
7,514
7,514
122,503 33247,782

9.031 |
7,514 I
236,548 ;

9,031
7,514

9,031
7,514

47,654
48,740
70,183
40, 740
69,414

47,654
48,740
70,183
40, 740
69,414

47,654
48.740
70,183
40.740
38,624

47,654
48.740
70,183
40.740
38,624

47,654
48.740

47,654
48.740

47,654
48.740

47,652 I
48,740 I

47,652
48,740

40.740

40.740

40.740

4a 740 I

95,607
44,832
1,067
30, 495
76,868

95, 607
44, 832
1,067
30,495
76,868

95, 607
44,832
1,067
30,495
76,868

95,607
44.832
1,067
30,495
7a 868

95,607
44,832
1,067
30,495

95,607
44,832
1,067
30,495
(>*)

95,607
44,832
1,067
30,495
(3l)

41,687
262, 398
82, 184
9, 124
40, 262

41,687
262,398
82,184
9,124
40,262

41,687
262,398
82,184
9,124
40, 262

41,687
262,398
82,184
9,124
40,262

41,687
262,398
82,184
9,124
40,262

66,836
24,022
55,256
33 97,548

66,836
24,022
55, 256
97,504

66,836
24,022
55,256
97,594

66,836
24,022
55,256
97,594

66,836
24,022
55,256
97,594

54,861
58,725

4,820
1,965
58
54,861
58,725

Idaho..
Illinois.
Indiana
Iowa___

83,354
56,043
36,045
55,586
81,774

83,354
34 56,043
1336,045
55,586
81,774

83,354
56,002
35,885
55,586
81,774

83,354
56,002
35,885
55,586
81,774

Kentucky.......
Louisiana........
Maine..............
Maryland.......
Massachusetts

40,181
45,409
29,895
9,941
8,039

40,181
45,409
29,895
9,941
8,039

40,181
45,409
29,895
9,941
8,039

Michigan............
Minnesota..........
Mississippi.........
Missouri.............
Montana.............

57,480
80,858
46,362
68,727
30146, 131

57,480
80,858
46, 362
68,727
146,201

Nebraska............
N evada..............
New Hampshire
New Jersey........
New M exico—

76,808
109,821
9,031
7,514
122,503

New Y o r k _____
North Carolina.
North D akota...
Ohio....................
Oklahoma..........
Oregon................
Pennsylvania...
Rhode Island. . .
8outh Carolina..
8outh D akota...

4,820
1,965

1362

(»)

(*»)

(»)

!

j

i
!

(»)

41,687
41,687
262,398
262,398
82,184 33122,887
9,124
9,124
40,262
64,284
66,836
24,022
55,256
97,594

51,279

42,625

97,641

33,319

9,031
7,514

9,031
7,514

9,031
7,514

9,031
7,514

47,652
48,740

47,652
48,740

47,652
48,740

47,652
48,740

47,652
48,740

40,740

40,228

4 a 228

40,228

33 40,228

282; 257 ■
44,832
44,832
1,067 j
1,067
30,495 ' 30,495

44,832
1,067
3a 495

44,832
1,067
30,495

44,832
1,067
30,495

44,832
1,067
30,495

33 44,832
1,067
30,495

41,687

41,687

41,687

41,687

41,687

33 46,977

9,124
64,252

9,124
64,252

9,124
64,252

9,124
64,252

9,124
64,252

9,124
64,284

25,855

318,167

41,687
232,398
23a 610
9,124
64,284

”

183,254
55,256 |

55,256

82,643 I

5,290
608,665
30,790

30,790

69,414
147,687

535,003 j
69,414
69,414
147,693 3I312,094 1
i

1 Net reduction of 114 square miles due to building of Pathfinder and Shoshone
Reservoirs (46 square miles of water surface) in W yom ing, and several reservoirs
in connection with irrigation projects, (70 square miles of water surface) in Montana,
and reclamation o f 2 square miles o f Potomac River flats in District of Columbia.
3 N et reduct ion o f 269 square miles due to drainage o f lakes and swamps in Illinois
and Indiana (201 square miles o f land) build i ng of Roosevelt and Laguna Reservoirs
in Arizona (30 square miles o f water surface) and overflow o f Colorado River into
Salton Sea in California (440 square miles of water surface).
3 Increase of 194 square miles due to reclamation of 2 square miles o f Potomac
River flats in District of Columbia and 192 square miles of Lake Tulare in California.
4 1ncludes Gadsden Purchase (29,628 square miles) in 1853.
4 Includes Texas annexation (385,590 square miles) in 1845; Oregon territory
(282,257 square miles) in 1846; and Mexican Cession (522,902 square miles) in 1848.
8 Includes Florida Purchase (54,861 square miles) and territory gained by treaty
with Spain (12,862 square miles) in 1819.
7 Includes Louisiana Purchase (817,885 square miles) of 1803.
8 Includes the drainage basin o f the R ed River of the North.
9 Decrease o f 25 square miles due to building o f Roosevelt Reservoir and 5 square
miles due to building o f Laguna Reservoir.
I0Decrease o f 440 square miles due to overflow o f Colorado River into Stilton Sea.
33 Increase of 192 square miles due to reclamation of part of Lake Tulare, Cali­
fornia.
33 Area given is that in 1861.




,753,588 1,753,588 •1,753,588 31,685,865

1800

52,525

4,820
1,965
58
54,861
58,725

Territory northwest of
Ohio River..................
Territory south of Ten­
nessee...........................
Missouri Territory-----Indian Territory and
unorganized territory.
Dakota Territory..........

1810

1820

51,279

4,820
1,965
13 60
54,861
58,725

Wyoming.....

1830

52,525
155,900

4,820
1,965
60
54,861
58,725

W ashington...
West Virginia.
Wisconsin.......

1840

51,279
51,279
113,840
52,525
52,525
155,900
155,900
103,658 13103,668

51,279
113,840
52,525
155,900
103,658

Tennessee.
Texas.........
Utah...........
Verm ont...
Virginia___

1850

51,279

51,279
51,279
51,279
113,840
113,810 8 113,810
52,525
52,525
52,525
155,652 38155,652 ” 150,092
103,658
103,658
103,658

Connecticut....................
Delaware................... .
District o f Colum bia.. Florida....................... .
Georgia............................

1860

2,973,776 32,973,890 82,974,159 2,973,965 2,973,965 2,973,965 42,973,965 *2,944,337
51,279
113,840
52,525
155,900
103,658

Alabama..........................
Arizona.........................
Arkansas....................- California........................
C olorado........................

1870

MILES, B Y STATES A N D T E R R IT O R IE S :

511,967 I

674,183 38777,940

52,750

33 Increase o f 2 square miles due to reclamation o f Potomac River flats.
14 Increase o f 41 square miles due to drainage o f lakes and swamps.
18 Increase o f 160 square miles due to drainage of lakes and swamps.
38 Then part o f Virginia; area given is that in 1792, when it was admitted as a
37 T hen named Orleans territory; includes 4,611 square miles of disputed territory
attached to state o f Louisiana in 1812, and excludes 11,344 square miles gained b y
treaty with Spain in 1819.
38 T hen under the jurisdiction o f Massachusetts; admitted as a state in 1820.
38 Includes 5,880 square miles of disputed territory attached to Mississippi Terri­
tory in 1812.
30 Decrease o f 70 square miles due to building o f several reservoirs in connection
with irrigation projects.
33 T hen part o f Dakota Territory.
33 Then part o f ‘ ‘territory northwest o f the Ohio R iv er;" area given is that in
1802, when it was admitted as a state.
38 Includes 314 square miles ceded to the Trnited States b y the state o f New York
in 1781 and sold to the state o f Pennsylvania in 1792.
38 Then known as “ territory southwest o f the Ohio R iver” ; includes 5,290 square
miles o f territory ceded to the United States b y the state o f South Carolina in 1787.
33 Decrease o f 46 square miles due t o building o f Pathfinder and Shoshone Reser­
voirs.
38 Then named territory o f Louisiana.

STATISTICAL ATLAS.

6
G E O G R A P H IC D IV ISIO N S .

W EST NORTH

In making comparisons of the growth in population,
manufactures, and agriculture for groups of states,
it has been found of great advantage to divide the
United States into certain groups termed geographic
divisions. The grouping of the country by geographic
divisions is a natural one, and by the aid of it certain
characteristic features in the development of groups
of states are brought out. At the Fourteenth Census
the United States was divided into nine geographic
divisions, the boundaries of which are shown on
Plate No. 2. The states comprised in each division
are as follows:
NEW

Maine.
New Hampshire.

A T L A N T IC

Ohio.
Indiana.




CENTRAL

Illinois.
Michigan.

Pennsylvania.
D IV I S I O N .

A T L A N T IC

CENTRAL

CEN TRAL

Montana.
Idaho.
Wyoming.

Mississippi.

D IV IS IO N .

Louisiana.
Oklahoma.
M O U N T A IN

South Carolina.
Georgia.
Florida.

D IV IS IO N .

Tennessee.
Alabama.
W E S T SO U TH

Nebraska.
Kansas.

D IV IS IO N

Virginia.
West Virginia.
North Carolina.

E A S T SO U T H

Rhode Island.
Connecticut.

D IV IS IO N .

New Jersey.
EAST NORTH

Delaware.
Maryland.
District of Columbia.

Kentuckv.

D IV IS IO N .

Missouri.
North Dakota.
South Dakota.
SO U TH

Arkansas.

D IV IS IO N .

Vermont.
Massachusetts.
M ID D L E

New York.

ENGLAND

Minnesota.
Iowa.

CENTRAL

Texas.

D IV IS IO N .

Colorado.
New Mexico.
Arizona.

Utah.
Nevada.

'
P A C IF IC

Wisconsin.
Washington.

D IV I S I O N .

Oregon.

California.

CENTERS AND MEDIAN LINES.

CENTER OF POPULATION.
After the decennial census has been completed it is
of great interest to note the direction in which the
center of population has moved during the decade,
the movement being shown by the change in its
location. On the basis of the Fourteenth Census
returns the center of population and the median lines
for continental United States have been determined
for January 1, 1920. In these calculations no account
is taken of the territory and population of Alaska and
of other noncontiguous territory. The location of the
center at the dates of the several censuses, 1790 to
1920, and the movement of the point from decade to
decade are indicated in the accompanying tables and
Plates 120 to 138, inclusive, which include, also, a map
on which are drawn the median parallel of latitude
and the median meridian of longitude, 1920.
A somewhat technical significance, different from
that frequently given to it, attaches to the term
“ center of population,” as used in census publica­
tions. The center is often understood to be the point
of intersection of a north and south line, which divides
the population equally, with an east and west line,
which likewise divides it equally. This point of inter­
section is, in a certain sense, a center of population; it
is here, however, designated the median point to dis­
tinguish it from the point technically defined as the
center.
There are points different in character which may
be termed “ center of population,” but at each census
the term “ center of population” has been applied to
the point which may be considered as the center of
gravity of the United States; in other words, the
point upon which the United States would balance, if it
Were a rigid plane without weight and the population
distributed thereon, each individual being assumed to
have equal weight and to exert an influence on the
central point proportional to his distance from the
point. The pivotal point, therefore, would be its
center of gravity and is the point referred to by the
term used in the census as “ center of population.”
This is sometimes confused with another point which
we term the “ median point.” Continuing the above
analogy it may be noted that the median point, which
may be described as the numerical center of popula­
tion, is in no sense a center of gravity. In determin­
ing the median point distance is not taken into account
and the location of the units of population is consid­
ered only in relation to the intersecting median lines—




as being north or south of the median parallel and
east or west of the median meridian. It is evident
that extensive changes in the geographical distribu­
tion of the population may take place without affect­
ing the position of the median point. In this respect
the median point differs essentially from the center of
population, which responds to the slightest population
change in any section of the country. To illustrate:
Since the median point lies east of Minnesota, a mil­
lion persons could move from Minnesota to Oregon
without affecting the median point, while the move­
ment of 500 persons from one town in Indiana to
another, across the north and south line passing
through the median point, would change the location
of the point. On the other hand, a movement of a
million persons from Minnesota to Oregon would have
a very considerable effect on the center of population,
since, in terms of the above analogy, the pressure
exerted by each individual would increase in propor­
tion to the distance traveled away from the center.
If all the people in the United States were to be
assembled at one place, the center of population
would be the point which they could reach with the
minimum aggregate travel, assuming that they all
traveled in direct lines from their residence to the
meeting place. No such statement holds true of the
median point.
M E T H O D O F D E T E R M IN IN G T H E C E N T E R O F P O P U L A T IO N .

In making the computations for the location of the
center of population it is necessary to assume that the
center is at a certain point. Through this point a
parallel and a meridian are drawn, crossing the entire
country. In making the computations for 1920, the
same point was selected as in 1910; this intersection
was assumed to be where the parallel of 39° north lati­
tude intersects the meridian of 86° west longitude,
which lines were taken as the axes of moments.
The product of the population of a given area by its
distance from the assumed parallel is called a north or
south moment, and the product of the population of
the area by its distance from the assumed meridian is
called an east or west moment. In calculating north
and south moments the distances are measured in
minutes of arc; in calculating east and west moments
it is necessary to use miles on account of the unequal
length of the degrees and minutes in different lati­
tudes. The population of the country is grouped by
square degrees— that is, by areas included between
consecutive parallels and meridians— as they are con(7)

STATISTICAL ATLAS.

8

venient units with which to work. The population of
the principal cities is then deducted from that of the
respective square degrees in which they lie and treated
separately. The center of population of each square
degree is assumed to be at its geographical center
except where such an assumption is manifestly incor­
rect ; in these cases the position of the center of popu­
lation of the square degree is estimated as nearly as
possible. The population of each square degree north
and south of the assumed parallel is multiplied by the
distance of its center from that parallel; a similar cal­
culation is made for the principal cities; and the sum
of the north moments and the sum of the south
moments are ascertained. The difference between
these two sums, divided by the total population of the
country, gives a correction to the latitude. In a simi­
lar manner the sums of the east and of the west
moments are ascertained and from them the correc­
tion in longitude is made.
At the Fourteenth Census the center of population
was in the following position:

population proportional to their distance from the
center.
There has been slight change in the northern move­
ment of the center of population since 1900, as from
1900 to 1910 the northern movement was 0.7 of a
mile and from 1910 to 1920 a little less than 0.2 of a
mile, showing that the weight of the population of the
United States north and south of the thirty-ninth
parallel was nearly equal.
The result of the computations in 1920 for the
location of the median point shows that it had moved
east 8.8 miles, while, during the same decade, the
center of population had a western movement of 9.8
miles. The movement in opposite directions of the
two points shows in a striking manner the difference
in the character of the methods used for their loca­
tion. There was very slight difference in the northern
movement of the two points, the median point having
made practically no change since 1910 (0.019 of a
mile), and the center of population moving only0.2 of a
mile.

Latitude................................................ 39° 10' 21" N.
Longitude............................................. 86° 43' 15" W.

L O C A T IO N O F T H E C E N T E R O F P O P U L A T IO N A T P R IO R CEN SU SE S.

.

This point is in southwestern Indiana, 1.9 miles
west of Whitehall, Clay township, and 8.3 miles
south-southeast of Spencer, Washington township,
Owen County, Ind., shown on map on Plate 120.
During the last decade, 1910 to 1920, the center of
population moved west 10' 55” , approximately 9.8
miles, the smallest movement the center has ever
shown, and about one-fourth of its westward move­
ment from 1900 to 1910, while its northward move­
ment was only 9” , or approximately two-tenths of a
mile. The great increase in the population of New
York, Pennsylvania, and certain other states north of
the thirty-ninth parallel has balanced the increase in
Texas, Oklahoma, and southern California. The ad­
vance toward the West is, to a large extent, due to
the increase in the population of the Pacific Coast
states, their distance from the center giving any
increase of population in those states much greater
weight than an equal increase in the populous states
east, which are nearer the center. The cities of
Seattle, San Francisco, and Los Angeles, with a com­
bined population of 1,398,661, exert a greater influ­
ence on the center of population than the cities of
Baltimore, Boston, Buffalo, Cleveland, Philadelphia,
and Pittsburgh, with a combined population of
5,197,624.
The westward movement from 1910 to 1920 was
due principally to the increase of over 1,000,000 in
the population of the state of California, which had
a greater growth than at the previous decade, from
1900 to 1910. In this connection it would be well to
call attention to the fact that individuals in the states
on the Pacific coast exert an influence on the center of




In 1790 the center of population was at 39° 16' 30”
north latitude and 76° 11' 12” west longitude, which,
according to the best maps, is a point in Maryland
about 23 miles east of Baltimore. During the decade
from 1790 to 1800 it moved almost due west to a
point about 18 miles west of the same city, latitude
39° 16' 6” , longitude 76° 56' 30” .
From 1800 to 1810 it moved west and slightly south
to a point in the state of Virginia about 40 miles
northwest by west of Washington, D. C., latitude
39° 11' 30” , longitude 77° 37' 12” . The southward
movement during this decade was due to the annex­
ation of the territory of Louisiana, which contained
quite extensive settlements.
From 1810 to 1820 the center of population moved
west and again slightly south to a point in what is
now West Virginia, about 16 miles east of Moorefield,
latitude 39° 5' 42” , longitude 78° 33'. This second
southward movement was due principally to the ex­
tension of settlements in Mississippi, Alabama, and
eastern Georgia.
From 1820 to 1830 it again moved west and south
to a point about 19 miles west-southwest of Moorefield,
in the area now comprising the state of West Virginia,
latitude 38° 57' 54” , longitude 79° 16' 54” . This is
the most decided southward movement that it has
made during any decade, owing to the annexation of
Florida and the great extension of settlements in Ala­
bama, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Arkansas, or gener­
ally, it may be said, in the Southwest. The movement
from 1870 to 1880 was apparently greater, but this was
due chiefly to a defective enumeration in 1870, and
can not be considered as an actual change in the dis­
tribution of population.

9

CENTERS AND M EDIAN LINES.
From 1830 to 1840 it continued west, but slightly
changed its course to the north, reaching a point 16
miles south of Clarksburg, in the area now comprising
the state of W est Virginia, latitude 39° 2 ', longitude
80° IS'. During this decade population had increased
rapidly in the Prairie states and in the southern por­
tions of Michigan and Wisconsin.
From 1840 to 1850 the center moved west and
slightly south again, reaching a point about 23 miles
southeast of Parkersburg, in the area now comprising
the state of W est Virginia, latitude 38° 59', longitude
81° 19', the change of direction to the south being
largely due to the annexation of Texas.
From 1850 to 1860 it moved west and slightly north,
reaching a point 20 miles south by east of Chillicothe,
Ohio, latitude 39° 0 ' 2 4 ", longitude 82° 48' 4 8 ".
From 1860 to 1870 it moved west and sharply north,
reaching a point about 48 miles east by north of Cin­
cinnati, Ohio, in latitude 39° 12', longitude 83° 35' 4 2".
This northward movement was due in part to the
waste and destruction in the South, consequent upon
the Civil War, and in part to the fact that the census
of 1870 was defective in its enumeration of the south­
ern people, especially of the newly enfranchised Negro
population.
In 1880 the center of population had returned south
to nearly the latitude occupied in 1860, being in Ken­
tucky, just south of the Ohio River, in latitude
39° 4 ' 8 " , longitude 84° 39' 4 0 ", 8 miles west by
south of Cincinnati, Ohio.
In 1890, owing to the great increase of population
in the cities of the Northwest and in the state of Wash­
ington, also in New England, the center moved north
T able

to latitude 39° 11' 5 6 ", longitude 85° 32' 5 3 ", to a
point 20 miles east of Columbus, Ind.
During the decade from 1890 to 1900 the center of
population moved west 16' 1 ", or 14.6 miles, to longi­
tude 85° 48' 5 4 ", and south 2 ' 2 0 ", or 2.8 miles, to
latitude 39° 9 ' 3 6 ", to a point 6 miles southeast of
Columbus, Ind. The great increase in the population
of Indian Territory, Oklahoma, and Texas was largely
offset by an increase in the population o f the North
Atlantic states.
In 1910 the center o f population was at the point
where the parallel of latitude of 39° 10' 1 2 " N. inter­
sects the meridian of longitude o f 86° 32' 2 0 " W . and
for the first time in its history was located in a city,
the city of Bloomington, Ind. From 1900 to 1910 it
moved 0.7 of a mile north and 38.9 miles west, the
westward movement being nearly three times as great
as from 1890 to 1900, but was less than the westward
movement for all previous decades, except between
1800 and 1810.
The closeness with which the center o f population
throughout its westward movement has clung to the
thirty-ninth parallel o f latitude is remarkable. The
point farthest north was reached in 1790 and the
farthest south in 1830, but the difference was only
21.4 miles. The greatest movement west was during
the decade from 1850 to 1860, when the center ad­
vanced 80.6 miles; the least movement west was dur­
ing the last decade, from 1910 to 1920, when it advanced
9.8 miles. The total westward movement from 1790.
to 1920 was 567 miles. Table 6 and the map on Plate
121 show the location o f the center o f population
and its advance during each decade since 1790.

6 .—POSITION OF THE CENTER OF POPULATION: 1790 TO 1920.
MOVEMENT IN MILES DURING PRECEDING
DECADE.

CEN8V8 T E A R .

1790...............
1800...............
1810...............
1820...............
1830...............
1840...............
1850...............
1860...............
1870...............
1880...............
1890...............
1900...............
1910...............
1920...............

North latitude.

0
39
39
39
39
38
39
38
39
39
39
39
39
39
39




t

16
16
11
5
57
2
59
0
12
4
11
9
10
10

ft

30
6
30
42
54
0
0
24
0
8
56
36
12
21

W est longitude

O

76
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
85
86
86

/
11
56
37
33
16
18
19
48
35
39
32
48
32
43

ft

12
30
12
0
54
0
0
48
42
40
53
54
20
15

APPROXIMATE LOCATION B T IMPORTANT TOWNS.

23 miles east of Baltimore, Md................................
18 miles west of Baltimore, Md...............................
40 miles northwest by west of Washington, D.
(in Va.).
16 miles east of Moorefield, W. Va.1.......................
19 miles west-southwest of Moorefield, W. Va.1. .
16 miles south of Clarksburg, W. Va.1....................
23 miles southeast of Parkersburg, W. Va.1..........
20 miles south by east of Chillicothe, Ohio..........
48 miles east by north of Cincinnati, Ohio...........
8 miles west by south of Cincinnati, Ohio (in Ky.)..
20 miles east of Columbus, Ind.................................
6 miles southeast of Columbus, Ind..........................
In the city of Bloomington, Ind...............................
1.9 miles west of Whitehall, Clay township, Owen
County, Ind.; 8.3miles south-southeast of Spen­
cer, Washington township, Owen County, Ind.

From
point to
point in
direct
line.

West­
ward.

40.6
36.9
50.5
40.4
55.0
54.8
80.6
44.1
58.1
48.6
14.6
39.0
1 9.8

40.6
36.5
50.1
39.4
54.8
54.7
80.6
42.1
57.4
47.7
14.4
38.9
9.8

> West Virginia was set oft from Virginia Dec. HI, 1$62; admitted as a state June 19,1863.

North­
ward.

4.7
1.6
13.3
. 9.0
0.7
0.2

South­
ward.

0.5
5.3
6.7
9.0
3.5
9 .i
2.8

10

STATISTICAL ATLAS.

MEDIAN LINES.

passing through Norristown and continuing through
southern Pennsylvania and across the northern ex­
tremity of West Virginia, leaving the latter state at
a point a few miles north of Wheeling. I t nearly
bisects Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois, crossing about 10
miles north of Columbus, Ohio, 25 miles north of
Indianapolis, Ind., and about 20 miles north of Spring­
field, 111. Through Missouri it runs about 30 miles
south of the Iowa and Missouri line, thence passing
through Nebraska about 10 miles north of its southern
boundary, and across the northern part of Colorado,
passing about 5 miles north of Boulder city. Its
location in Utah is about 45 miles south of Salt Lake
City, near Spanish Fork city. There are no large
towns near its course across the northern part of
Nevada. In California it passes 5 miles south of
Red Bluff city, Tehama County. The western ter­
minus of the median parallel is on the Pacific coast, in
Humboldt County, Calif., about 5 miles north of
Point Delgada and 25 miles south of Cape Mendocino,
the point of continental United States extending far­
thest west.

In connection with the definition of the median
point another method of presenting facts with regard
to the geographical distribution of the population
has been noted, involving the location of median
lines. A parallel of latitude is determined which
evenly divides the population so that the population
north of that parallel is equal to that south. Simi­
larly, a meridian of longitude is determined which
divides the population evenly east and west of the line.
In calculating these median lines it is necessary, in
the case of the square degrees of latitude and longi­
tude which are traversed by the lines themselves,
to assume that the population is evenly distributed
through these square degrees or to make an estimated
adjustment where this is obviously not the case.
The eastern terminus of the median parallel,
according to the census of 1920, is on the New
Jersey coast near Seagirt. In its course west this
line passes through central New Jersey, leaving
the state near Burlington and entering Pennsyl­
vania a few miles north of Philadelphia, thence
T able

7 . — MEDIAN LINES: 1880 TO 1920.
M O V E M E N T IN M ILES
D U R IN G PR E C E D IN G D E C A D E .

CEN SU S T E A R .

Median parallel, Median meridian,
north latitude.
vest longitude.

0

1880.....................................
1890.....................................
1900.....................................
1910.....................................
1920.................................................

/

//

39 57 0
40 2 51
40 4 22
40 6 24
40 6 25

In locating the median meridian, it was found that
it had moved 8.8 miles east since 1910, and its north­
ern end was located 8 miles east of Whitefish Point
in the northern peninsula of Michigan; from that point
it passes south through the southern peninsula of
Michigan, about 10 miles west of Lansing, approxi­
mately 1 mile west of the eastern boundary of Indiana,
and crosses the Ohio River about 15 miles west of
Cincinnati, Ohio, thence through the central part of
Kentucky, passing through Frankfort. After cross­
ing eastern Tennessee, it enters Georgia about 20
miles east of Chattanooga. It then crosses the western
part of Georgia about 5 miles east of Columbus and
leaves this state and enters Florida where the FloridaGeorgia boundary line crosses the Apalachicola
River and ends in the Gulf of Mexico, 8 miles east of
Apalachicola.
'
During the three decades from 1880 to 1910, there
was little change in the position of the median parallel,
the changes being so slight they could not be indicated




o

/

//

84
84
84
84
84

7
40
51
59
49

12
1
29
59
59

Median
parallel
northward.

6.6
2.4
2. 3
0.019

Median
meridian
westward.

!
:

Median
meridian
eastward.

27.0
10.8
7. 5
8.8

on a small map. During the decade from 1910 to
1920, the median parallel was practically in the same
location, but the median meridian moved east 8.8 miles.
This was due entirely to the great increase in popu­
lation of the states on the Atlantic slope.
The greatest change is noted for the decade from
1880 to 1890, during which period the median parallel
moved north 6.6 miles, and the median meridian
west 27 miles. The latitude and longitude of these
lines at the several censuses, from 1880 to 1920, are
shown in Table 7, and their location in 1920 is shown
on the map on Plate No. 122.
Although the median line exactly bisects the popu­
lation. as a whole it does not necessarily bisect the
population of the eastern or western parts of the
country. The median parallel does not bisect even
approximately the population residing east or west of
the Mississippi River. The intersecting median lines
divide the country into four parts, but in neither of
these parts is there exactly one-fourth of the total

CENTERS AND M EDIAN LINES.
population. The diagonally opposite sections, how­
ever, are necessarily equal in population;1 that is, the
northeastern section exactly equals in population the
southwestern and, similarly, the population o f the
southeastern section exactly equals the population o f
the northwestern; in other words, the northeastern
and southwestern quarters each contain a population
of approximately 31,450,000, while the southeastern
and northwestern sections each contain about
21,400,000.
MEDIAN POINT.

The movement of the center of population in 1920J
as compared with the movement of the median point,
shows that the computations are made on an entirely
different basis and the results are really not comparable.
In other words, the median point and the center of
population are affected differently by the movement
of population. From 1910 to 1920 the center of
population moved west 9.8 miles, while the median
point moved east 8.8 miles. The effect of the increase
in population of 1,000,000 persons in California was
much less on the median point than it was on the
center of population, due to the fact that the distance
of the individual from the median point does not
affect it. It will also be noted that both the center
of population and the median point had a very slight
northern movement, being located on parallels of
latitude less than a degree apart.
What is termed by the Census Bureau the “ median
point” of the population corresponds, as already
stated, to a common conception of the center of popu­
lation; that is, it is the junction of the median line
dividing the population equally north and south with
the median line dividing it equally east and west, dis­
tance of the population from the center not being
considered. As already indicated, the changes in the
median point reflect only the difference between the
growth of population east of the point and the growth
west of it and the difference between the growth north
and south of tho point; other differences in relative
growth do not affect its location.
In 1920 the median point was located at latitude
40° 6 ' 25” north and longitude 84° 49' 59” west,
near the eighty-fifth meridian. Its location, therefore,
was 6 miles slightly west of south o f Union City,
Randolph County, In d .; its eastward movement during
the decade was 8.8 miles and its northward movement
0.019 of a mile. Comparing its movement since 1910
with that o f the center o f population, it will be noted
that the north movement of the center of population

'The mathematical demonstration of this is simple. If A, II, C,
and D represent, res]>ertively, the imputation of the northwestern,
northeastern, southeastern, and southwestern sections, then:
A + B = i population of U. !S.
B + t = l population of U. S.
A +B =B +C
Therefore A=C
Similarly it may be proven that B=I>.




11

was 0.18 o f a mile more than that o f the median point;
the center o f population moved west 9.8 miles, while
the median point m oved east 8.8 miles, showing that
the increase in the population of the Pacific coast had
a much greater influence on the movement of the center
of population than upon the median point.
It will be noted that the location of the median
point was 121 miles northeast of the center of popula­
tion in 1920, showing the divergence of the methods
of finding the two points (the center of population
and the median point).
The exact location of the median point is indicated
by the median lines already shown; in Table 8 its
approximate location with reference to certain towns
is described.
T able 8 .— Position
CENSUS T E A R .

1880..........:
1890..........'
1900..........j
1910..........1
1920..........1

or

the

Median Point :

1880 to 1920.

Approxim ate location b y im portant towns.

16 miles nearly due west of Springfield, Ohio.
5 miles southwest of Greenville, Ohio.
In Spartanburg, Ind.
3 miles south of Winchester, Ind.
6 miles slightly west of south of Union City, Ind.

CENTERS OF POPULATION OF STATES.

The center of the population o f each o f the states
is shown on Plates 123 to 136, inclusive, and the loca­
tion of each o f the points, from 1880 to 1920, is shown
in Table 9 on pages 13 to 16.
There have been so many requests as to the location
of the centers o f population of the various states that
the computations were first made in 1910 for the cen­
suses beginning with the census of 1880, and they
have been again computed for 1920.
The direction of the movement of the center in each
state during the last 40 years is a matter of interest,
showing as it does the direction in which the popula­
tion has grown and, to a certain extent, the direction
in which the state has developed.
From 1900 to 1920 the center of population of the
United States, exclusive of its outlying possessions,
moved west and north. A comparison of the move­
ments of the centers of population of the states, in­
cluding the District of Columbia, during the decade
from 1910 to 1920 brings out the fact that the centers
of 23 states m oved north, while for 26 states the
movement was south; the centers of population o f 26
of the states m oved east and of 23 m oved west. The
movement o f the center o f population o f each state
does not, therefore, coincide with the m ovement of
the center of population of the entire United States.
As an analysis of the movement c f the center of
population for each state was deemed impracticable,
only a brief description is given of the movement for
a few of the states in ■which tbe variation of the move­
ment of the center presents some exceptional features.
The center of population of California from 1880 to

12

STATISTICAL ATLAS.

1890, advanced 34.9 miles south and 23.1 miles east,
an actual distance of 41.9 miles; this was the greatest
advance made during that decade in any state.
From 1890 to 1900 Oklahoma held this distinction,
when the movement of the center was 30.7 miles, the
north movement 13.2 miles and the west movement
27.7 miles. The greatest movement from 1900 to
1910 was made in North Dakota, the distance the
center moved being 44.7 miles, made up of a south
movement of 1.3 miles and a west movement of 44.7
miles. The greatest distance any center moved from
1910 to 1920 was in the state of Montana. It moved
38.3 miles northeast by east to a point 9.7 miles
southwest of Utica, Judith Basin County.
The greatest distance the center of population of
any state advanced during the 40 years from 1880 to
1920 was in California. The center moved in a south­
easterly direction 130 miles, the point in 1880 being
located 3.3 miles east by south of Moorland, San
Joaquin County, and in 1920, 36.2 miles south-south­
west of Fresno, Fresno County.
It is well, also, to note those states in which the
least change occurred in the location of the center.
The center of population of Massachusetts from 1880
to 1890 advanced one-tenth of a mile east; there was
no north nor south movement; from 1890 to 1900 there
was a south movement of two-tenths of a mile, and a
movement east of 158 feet. From 1900 to 1910 it
had an eastern movement of 2.6 miles and one-tenth
of a mile north, while from 1910 to 1920 it moved
five-tenths of a mile south-southwest.
In Delaware, from 1900 to 1910, the movement was
three-tenths of a mile north and four-tenths of a mile
west; from 1910 to 1920 the movement was accelerated
when the center moved 15.6 miles north by east, the
greatest movement that the center has ever made in
this state.
The smallest change in the location of the center
made during the period from 1880 to 1920 was in
Rhode Island; its center of population during the 40
years moved 1.7 miles directly north. The center of
population of this state in 1880 was located 4.1 miles
southwest by south of Providence and in 1920 it was
2.3 miles southwest of the same city.
The center of population of New York state in 1880
was 3 miles northwest by west of Craigeclare, Sullivan
County, and in 1920 it was 3.8 miles south by west of
Forestine, in the same county. The distance trav­
ersed was 6.5 miles from 1880 to 1890; 9.5 miles from
1890 to 1900; 11 miles from 1900 to 1910; and 3.9 miles
from 1910 to 1920. The movement was south and
east from 1880 to 1920, except from 1900 to 1910, when
the movement was south and west.
Although Texas has the greatest area of any state,
the movements of the center were not large, as the
development in all parts of the state has been nearly
uniform. The center in 1880 was located 6.4 miles




southwest of Thornton, Limestone County; in the 40
years to 1920, it had shifted to 12.1 miles southwest
of Waco, McLennan County. The northwestern
movement from 1880 to 1890 was 13.7 miles; from
1890 to 1900, 3.2 miles; from 1900 to 1910, 22.6 miles;
while from 1910 to 1920 it was 5 miles southwest.
The states which show the greatest variation in the
location of the center are Arizona, Kansas, Nevada,
and New Jersey. For Arizona the movement shown
in 1890 was 2 miles south and one-tenth of a mile
west; from 1890 to 1900 it reversed the direction to
21.2 miles north and 9.3 miles east, an actual distance
of 23.2 miles. During the decade from 1900 to 1910
it moved 11.5 miles south and 15.7 miles east, and
from 1910 to 1920 it moved almost directly west 13.3
miles. For Kansas, while the movement was south
at each census, from 1880 to 1890 it advanced west­
ward 24.3 miles; from 1890 to 1900, 22.3 miles east;
while from 1900 to 1910 the direction again changed
to the west, 5.7 miles; from 1910 to 1920 the western
movement was only four-tenths of a mile, a net move­
ment during the 40 years of 9.9 miles south and 8.1
miles west. From 1880 to 1890 the movement in
Nevada was south 11.2 miles and west 2.1 miles;
from 1890 to 1900 it changed, moving north 22.6
miles and east 11 miles. The development of the
mines between 1900 and 1910 in the southeastern
portion of the state again changed the direction and
produced the greatest advance at any decade, the
movement being 40 miles south and 14.2 miles east,
an actual distance of 42.4 miles; from 1910 to 1920 it
moved 4.8 miles north-northeast, the smallest change
it had ever made. During the 40 years from 1880 to
1920 the net movement was 24.1 miles south and 25
miles east. New Jersey has also shown considerable
change in the direction of the movement of its center
of population. From 1880 to 1890 it was 13.2 miles
north and seven-tenths of a mile east; in the next
decade, from 1890 to 1900, the movement was 10.8
miles south and five-tenths of a mile east; from 1900
to 1910 it again moved north 1.7 miles and east 2.9
miles, and from 1910 to 1920 the movement was
southeast, 2 miles.
.
The movement of the center of population of the
states of Maine, Massachusetts, and Oklahoma varied
in direction at each decade more than any of the other
states, the movement in each state being reversed at
each census.
Connecticut shows very small but steady movements
south and west, the distance from 1880 to 1890 being
1.9 miles; from 1890 to 1900, 1 mile; from 1900 to
1910, 1.3 miles; and from 1910 to 1920, 1.6 miles.
In Illinois the effect of the growth of Chicago on
the center of population is evident from its northeast
movement at each census, the actual distance from
1880 to 1890 being 18.4 miles; from 1890 to 1900, 10.8
miles; from 1900 to 1910, 6.4 miles; and from 1910 to
1920, 7.1 miles northeast.

13

CENTERS AND M EDIAN LINES
There were only seven states in which the center of
population moved in the same general direction at
each census from 1880 to 1920. These states are as
follows: In the state of Illinois it moved north and
east; for California and Georgia the movement was
south and east; for Connecticut, North Carolina, and
West Virginia the movement was south and west;
and for Maryland the movement was north and west.
A comparison of Plates Nos. 123 to 136, on which
are located the centers of population of the states,
will bring to our attention the fact that in only nine
T

states are the centers of population near the state
capitals. The nine states are Arkansas, Delaware,
Indiana, Missouri, Montana, New Hampshire, Rhode
Island, South Carolina, and Vermont. As the center
of population is the point from which all the popula­
tion is supposed to be equidistant, if it were necessary
to assemble all the inhabitants of a state at one place,
each individual to travel in a direct line from his
residence to the meeting place, the center of popula­
tion is the point they could all reach with the minimum
aggregate of travel.

9 . — C E N T E R S O F P O P U L A T IO N O F E A C H S T A T E : 1880 T O 1920.

able

A P P R O X IM A T E LOCATION B Y IM PO R TA N T T O W N S.

STATE.

Census
year.

North
latitude.

West
'
longitude. ,
County.

Al a b a m a ........................

A r izo n a ..........................

A rkan sas ......................

Californ ia ....................

Colorado .......................

Connecticut ..................

De l a w a r e .....................

District of Colu m b ia .

1880
1890
1900
1910
1920

32
32
32
32
32

51 9
54 38
53 13
54 7
57 26

1880
1890
1900
1910
1920

33
33
33
33
33

17
15
34
24
21

36
51
20
18
3

1880
1890
1900
1910
1920

34
34
34
34
34

55
57
56
55
55

41
35
18
16
14

92
92
92
92
92

30
29
28
25
20

1880
1890
1900
1910
1920

37
37
37
36
36

55
25
14
42
20

55
35
26
29
23

121
121
120
120
120

27
2
53
31
10

1880
1890
1900
1910
1920

39
39
39
39
39

5
9
5
11
14

23
52
45
53
53

105
105
105
105
105

32 53
14 10
16 5
11 28
1 24

1HS0

41 32 49

1890

41 31

41

1900

41 31

23

1910

41 30 54

1920

41 30

1880
1890
1900
1910
1920

39
39
39
39
39

1900

Idaho ..............................

72:1°—24f-




5.5 miles
3.4 miles
5.7 miles
4.7 miles
2.0 miles

Pinal.........
Pinal........
Maricopa..
Gila...........
Pinal.........

18.7 miles N . b y W . o f Florence, Pinal C ounty........
16.6 miles N. b y W . o f Florence, Pinal C ounty........
9.2 miles SW . of Roosevelt Dam, Maricopa County.
12.3 miles W . b y N. o f Globe, Gila C ounty................
23.0 miles N N E . o f Florence, Pinal C ounty...............

23.2
19.5
13.3

25
41
27
8
48

Pulaski. . .
Faulkner..
P u la sk i...
Faulkner..
P u la sk i...

4.8 miles W S W . o f Mayflower, Faulkner C o u n ty ..
3.9 miles W N W . o f Mayflower, Faulkner C ou n ty..
3.2 miles W S W . o f Mayflower, Faulkner C o u n ty ..
3.0 m iles S S W . o f Mayflower, Faulkner C ou n ty....
9.0 miles N N W . o f Levy, Pulaski C ounty...............

2.3
1.9
3.3
4.1

42
20
11
23
54

San Joaquin..
Stanislaus___
Merced...........
Fresno...........
Fresno...........

3.3 miles E . b y S. o f Moorland, San Joaquin County
3.1 miles N N E . o f Crows Landing, Stanislaus C ounty.
6.2 miles N E . o f Ingomar, Merced C ounty..................
9.5 miles W S W . o f Mendota, Fresno C ounty..............
36.2 miles SSW . o f Fresno, Fresno C ounty..................

Park____
D ouglas..
Teller___
Douglas..
D ouglas..

13.7 miles E N E . o f Hartzell, Park C ounty.................
3.8 m iles W N W . o f W est Creek, Douglas C ounty. . .
6.4 m iles W S W . o f W est Creek, Douglas County.
3.6 miles N . b v W . o f West Creek. Douglas County.
13.0 miles S W 'b y S. o f Castle R ock, Douglas County

72 46 21

New H a v e n ..

72

0

New H a v e n ..

6

New H a v e n ..

72 50 20

New H a v e n ..

72 51

47

New H aven.

2.0 miles E N E . o f Meriden post office, N ew Haven
County.
0.8 m ile SSE. o f Meriden post office, New Haven
County.
1.2 miles SSW . o f Meriden post office, New Haven
County.
2.5 miles S W . o f Meriden post office, New Haven
County.
3.1 miles SSW . o f Meriden post office, New H aven
County.

35 30
35 36
35 9
35 6
32 9

K ent.............
K en t........... .
K ent........... .
K ent............
New Castle..

43 16
44 46
42 18
42 29
43 21

111 25 32
111 25 39
111 15 58
no 59 38
111 12 55

48

72 49

75
75
75
75
75

20 ft. W . of
4th St.NW .
111 ft.K .o f
5th St.N W .
57 ft. E o f
5thSt.NW .

1880
1890
1900
1910
1920

29 43 40
29 29 15
29 28 40
29 19 30
29 4 36

83 17 0
83 3 28
83 7 19
83 0 32
82 46 42

1880
1890
1900
1910
1920

33 2 4
33 0 0
32 56 38
32 54 25
32 54 17

83
S3
83
83
83

1880
1890
1900
1910
1920

43
44
44
44
44

114
114
114
114
114

1920

Georgia ..........................

50
9
35
49
14

.0

59
12
36
30
14

34
41
14
50
12

From
point
to
North- South­ East­ West­
point ward. ward. ward. ward.
in
direct
line.

Chilton..
Chilton..
Chilton..
Chilton..
Chilton..

86
86
86
86
86

78 ft. N of
H . St.N W .
159 t. s o f
K S t .N W .
222 t.N of
M St.NW .

1910

F lorida ..........................

9
11
11
11
25

8

Nearest city or town.

M O V E M E N T IN M ILE S D U R IN G
P R ECED IN G D E C A D E .

W . b y N. of Clanton, Chilton C ounty.
S. b y E. o f Jemison, Chilton C o u n ty ..
SSE. o f Jemison, Chilton County.........
SSE. o f Jemison, Chilton C ounty.........
E . b y S. o f Jemison, Chilton C o u n ty ..

3.5 miles W . b y N . o f D over, K ent C ounty...........
4.0 miles N W . o f D over, Kent C ounty....................
4.0 miles N W .b y N . o f Dover, K en t C ounty........
4.2 miles N W . b y N . o f Dover. Kent C ounty.............
8.4 miles E . b y N . o f Townsena, New Castle C ounty..

4.3

2.9

1.0

3.9

2.0

8.2
9.6

2.4

1.0

3.8

2.0
21.2

2.2

41.9
15.3
41.8
31.7
17.6
5.0

1.5

4.0

5.2

11.5
3.7

9.3
15.7

0.2
0.8
0.1
12.8

0.7
1.5

1.2

1.2

0.04

3.1
4.1

34.9

12.8

23.1
8.4

36.7
25.4

19.0

20.1

16.8
4.7

1.7

4.1
9.0

7.1
3.4

1.3

1.4

1.0

0.3

1.0

1.3

0.6

1.1

1.6

0.9

1.3

1.5

0.6

0.3
15.6

1.5
0.5
0.3
15.4

0.4

0.1
‘ 6*4

2.6

Opposite N o. 801 Fourth Street N W .
No. 927 F ifth Street N W ......................

1 983

* 743

Central Methodist Episcopal Church, 1215-1217 5th
Street N W .

1,521

1,520

Lafayette.
Lafayette.
Lafayette.
L ev y .........
L evy.........

1.0 m ile SW . o f Hines, Lafayette C ounty.........
7.0 miles N . b y W . o f Vista, L evy C ounty-----7.7 miles N W . b y N . o f Vista, L evy C ounty...
5.0 miles SSE. o f Vista, L evy C ounty.............
8.8 miles W . b y S. o f Lebanon, L e v y County.

42 0
40 17
38 24
37 8
36 32

Jones..
Jones..
Jones..
Jones..
Jones.-

10.2 miles W N W . o f Gray, Jones C ounty.................
8.3 miles W . o f Grav, Jones County...........................
7.3 miles N . b y W . o f Macon, B ib b C ounty.............
4.5 miles N . b v E . o f Macon, B ib b C ounty..............
7.9 miles S W .*by S. o f Gray, Jones C ounty.............

24 4
27 33
37 19
47 38
35 17

Custer................
Custer................
L em hi...............
Custer................
Custer...........; . .

19.5 miles E . b y S. o f Pierson, Custer C ounty.........
4.8 miles S. b y W . of Clayton, Custer C ounty.........
13.0 miles S. 6y E . o f Meyers Cove, Lemhi County .
6.6 miles N K. o f Sunbeam, Custer C ounty...............
27.4 miles SW . b y S. o f Challis, Custer C ounty.......
1 Feet.

21.4
3.9
12.5

22.0
2.9
4.3

2.8

154
16.6
0.7
10.5
17.1

13.5

2.4
3.9
2.5

1.7

0.2

0.6

15.4
2S.3
10.5
21.7

1643

15.1
27.1

6.8

3.8

13.9

1.8
0.6

1.2

2.9

6.2

19.1

8.1
8.5

STATISTICAL ATLAS.

14

T able 9 .—CENTEKS OF POPULATION OF EACH STATE: 1880 TO 1920—Continued.

APPR03
A P P R O X IM A T E

STATE.

Census
year.

N orth
latitude.

LO CATIO N B Y IM P O R T A N T T O W N S .

W est
longitude.
County.

K entucky ......................

L ouisiana ......................

Ma in e ..........................

Maryland ......................

Massachusetts___

Michigan ...............

Minnesota .............

Mississippi.............

Missouri....................

Montana ........................




Nearest city or town.

M O V E M E N T IN M IL E S D U R IN G
PR E C E D IN G D E C A D E .

From
point
to
North- South- East- Westpoint
ward. ward. ward. ward.
in
direct
line.

40
40
40
40
40

/
26
39
46
51
56

n

1880
1890
1900
1910
1920

47
14
48
29
45

88
88
88
88
88

57
44
37
33
29

44
34
12
18
1

McLean.................
Livingston...........
Livingston...........
Livingston...........

2.8 miles SE. of Bloomington, M cLean C ou n ty.........
2.0 miles E . b y N . of Lexington, McLean C ounty___
1.5 miles N. b y E . o f W eston, M cLean C ounty..........
4.0 miles SE. o f Pontiac, Livingston C ounty..............
8.0 m iles N E . b y E . o f Pontiac, Livingston C ou n ty.

1880
1890
1900
1910
1920

39
39
39
39
40

51
52
54
56
0

33
53
36
49
14

&>
86
86
86
86

13
14
14
15
17

26
16
3
47
16

Marion..................
Marion..................
B oone....................
B oone....................

2.0 miles S E . o f N ew Augusta, Marion C ounty.........
0.5 m ile N . o f N ew Augusta, Marion C ounty..............
2.0 m iles N . b y E . o f New Augusta, Marion C ou n ty.
0.3 m ile W . b y N . of Zionsville, B oone C ounty.........
4.4 miles N N W . o f Zionsville, B oone C ounty.............

1880
1890
1900
1910
1920

41
41
41
41
41

51
56
55
57
58

40
2
45
43
45

92
92
93
93
93

56
58
15
15
17

53
43
11
18
43

Marshall...............
S tory.....................
S tory.....................
S tory.....................

1.8 miles S W . o f Laurel. Marshall C ounty...................
2.9 miles N W . of Laurel, Marshall C ounty.................
2.6 miles N E .b y E. of Collins, Story C ounty........... .
4.8 miles S E . of Colo, Story C ounty..............................
2.8 miles S. b y E . of Colo, Story C ounty......................

1880
1890
1900
1910
1920

38
38
38
38
38

36
33
32
29
27

11
1
25
31
33

96
97
96
96
96

7
41
8 0
43 21
49 41
50 9

3.3 miles
Marion.................. 1.7 miles
Morris.................... 7.2 miles
Marion.................. ! 7.0 miles
Marion.................. 7.3 miles

SSW . o f W ilsey, Morris C ounty....................
E. o f Tam pa, Marion C ounty........................
SSW . o f w ilsey, Morris C ounty....................
E . b y S. o f Lincolnville. Marion C ou n ty....
SE. b y E . of Lincolnville, Marion C ou n ty..

24.6
22.3

1880
1890
1900
1910
1920

37
37
37
37
37

42
42
42
42
42

40
46
15
29
21

85
85
85
85
85

26
21
24
21
15

30
52
40
29
24

1.7 miles N . b y W . of Holycross, Marion C ounty.......
Washington......... 1.0 m ile E . o f Blincoe, Washington C ounty...............
Marion.................. 2.0 miles E N E . of Holycross, Marion C ounty.............
Washington......... 1.4miles E . b y S. o f Blincoe, W ashington C o u n ty ..
Washington......... 2.5 m iles N W . b y W . o f Springfield, Washington
County.

4.2
2.7
3.0
5.6

0.1
6.3

1880
1890
1900
1910
1920

30
30
30
30
30

49
50
48
48
51

29
40
56
47
28

91
91
91
91
91

21
29
31
33
36

8
24
46
50
40

West Feliciana1..
W est Feliciana1..
Pointe C oupee1..
Pointe C oupee1..
Pointe C oupee1. .

8.3 j
3.0 !

1.4

4.2 !

*3.‘i'

1880
1890
1900

44 55 10
44 57 3
44 57 52

69 32 46
69 32 36
69 33 5

Somerset...............
Somerset...............

1910

44 47

69 29 49

Somerset...............
Somerset...............

4.8miles E SE . of Athens post office, Somerset County
4.7 miles E . of Athens post office, Somerset C ou n ty..
4.3 miles E N E . of Athens post office, Somerset
County.
2.3 miles E . b y S. of Canaan post office, Somerset
County.
1.3 miles SE. of Canaan post office, Somerset County.

A nne
A nne
A nne
A nne
A nne

0.8 mile SE. o f Harmans, A nne Arundel County.
0.5 m ile E . of Harmans, A nne Arundel C ou n ty..
0.4 m ile W . by N. o f Harmans, A nne Arundel County
0.9 m ile N W . of Harmans, A nne Arundel C ou n ty. .
2.9 miles N N W . of Harmans, A nne Arundel County

2

4.3 miles N N E . of Bayou Sara. W est Feliciana Parish.
4.0 miles SSE. o f Brandon, W est Feliciana Parish..
2.4 miles N E . of Raccourci, P ointe Coupee P arish...
l .OmileN. b y E. of Raccourci, Pointe Coupee Parish.
4.9 miles NN W . of Raccourci, P ointe Coupee Parish.

18.4
10.8
6.4
7.1
1.7

2.0

2.9
4.3

5.2
14.1
2.3
2.4

2.3

2.0
2.2

1.0 i

.......
..........
..........
..........

11.6
6.4
3.4
3.7

2.0 . . . . . . . . . .
2.5 j . . . . . . . . . .
3.9 ! . . . . . . . . .

0.2

14.3
8.7
5.4
6.1

0.7

5.0 . . . . . . . . . . .
0.3
2.3 !
...
1.2 i . . . . . . . . .

......... :

......... ;
......... i
.........

12.8

1.0

44 46 44

69 31
76
76
76
76
76

1880

42 22 30

71 28 15

1890

42 22 30

71 28 10

Middlesex.............

1900

42 22 19

71 28

8

Middlesex.............

1910

42 22 23

71 25

8

Middlesex.............

1920

42 22 18

71 25 45

Middlesex.............

1R80
1890
1900
1910
1920

43 3 29
43 15 24
43 21 0
43 19 55
43 6 17

84
84
84
84
84

38
43
46
45
24

36
38
19
0
59

5.8 miles N N W . of St. Johns. Clinton C ounty...........
Gratiot.................. 5.5 miles N. b y W . o f Middleton, Gratiot C o u n ty ___
Gratiot.................. 9.2 miles W N W . o f Ithaca, Gratiot C ounty................
7.7 miles W N W . of Ithaca, Gratiot C ounty................
Clinton.................. 10.4 miles N E . o f St. Johns, Clinton C ou n ty...............

14.3
6.8
1.6
23.1

13.7
6.4

tsan
1890
1900
1910
1920

44
45
45
45
45

47
5
15
22
25

33
42
29
23
26

93
93
93
93
93

U 41
50 36
59 24
51 29
51 1

1.6 miles E .b y S. of Young America, Carver County..
W right.................. 3.6 miles E N E . of Montrose, Wright C ounty............
W right.................. 2.2 miles N. b y E . o f Maple Lake, Wright C o u n ty ..
Sherburne............ 1.9 miles SE. o f Becker, Sherburne C ounty...............
Sherburne............ 2.8 miles N N E. of Becker, Sherburne C ounty............

21. 4
13.3
10. 2
3.5

20-9

1S80
1890
1900
1910
1920

33
35
32
32
32

2
59
55
54
55

50
52
.37
7
35

89
89
89
89

4°
43
44
45
45

6
26
46
22
37

Attala....................
Attala....................
A ttala....................
A ttala....................

4.0 miles
3.5 miles
7.0 miles
8.5 miles
7.0 miles

1880
1890
1900
1910
1920

38
38
38
38
38

42
38
36
33
33

92
92
‘92
92

27
25
18
16

57
55
25
23

Moniteau..............
Cole........................
Cole........................
Cole........................

2.6 miles N W . of Marion, Cole C ounty..........................
2.9 miles N W . of Centertown, Cole C ou n ty.................
0.6 mile S W . of Centertown, Cole C ounty....................
6.5 miles W S W . o f Jefferson City, Cole C ou n ty..........
4.0 miles SW . b y W . of Jefferson City, Cole C ou n ty..

1880
1890
1900
1910

46
46
46
46

1920

46 52 36

3°
19
11
0
17
.
03
31 45
34 45
41 31

Arundel___
Arundel___
Arundel___
Arundel___
Arundel___

111 51 22
111 36 18
110 59 49

Jefferson...............
Broadwater..........
Meagher................

110 14

Judith Basin........

2

3.0 miles W . b y S. of Sudbury post office, Middlesex
County.
2.9 miles W . b y S. of Sudbury post office, Middlesex
County.
2.9 miles W SW . o f Sudbury post office, Middlesex
County.
0.5 m ile SSW . of Sudbury post office, Middlesex
County.
0.8 mile SSW . of Sudbury post office, Middlesex
County.

E N E . of Sallis, Attala C ounty.....................
SE. o f Sallis, Attala C ounty.........................
SE. b y S. of Sallis, Attala C ounty..............
S. b y E. of Sallis, Attala C ounty.................
S. b y E . of Sallis, A ttala C ounty.................

19.7 miles SE. of Helena, Lewis and Clark C o u n ty ...
9.3 miles E SE . o f Helena, Lewis and Clark C ou n ty..
19.7 miles E . by N . o f Helena, Lewis and Clark Count v.
9.8 miles N N W . of White Sulphur Springs, Meagher
County.
9.7 miles SW . of Utica, Judith Basin C ou n ty............
1 Parish.

0.5

0.8 :
0.6
1.6

5.7
0.4

2.3
4.2 .

0.6
0*2

5.6

8.2

2.0
0.2

2.3
2.0
2.8

0.1

0.4

2.7 1

.......

0.5
0.1

...........
...........
...........

1.2

2.6

2.9 L

0.3 ........... !

J

l.O

o. i
0.8
0.3
1.0

0.1

0.1

0.2
2 .6

24.3

22.3

12.5

39 9 4
39 9 32
39 9 36
39 10 1
39 11 3

2

2.1

0.9

1880
1890
1900
1910
1920

17
21
15
36
40

3.6
0.7
3.3

1.6
14.1
0.1

J

2.2

1920

41
41
42
42
43

1.5
1.7

0.2

0.03

2.6

0.1

0.1

0.5

0.5

4.2

15.7

1. 1

16.9

4.8
7.2

11.2

6. 4
0.4

7.9
3.5

3.6
5.1
1.8
1. 7

3. 4
4.9
1.7

5. 4
3. 1
7.7
1.8

4. x
2. 5
3 .7

1.3

1.3

0.6
0.2
2 .3
1. 8

............

6. 8
l.S

............
............

1 2 .0

............

3 6 .1

.............

0 .3

11.9
12. 5
30.0

1 0 .0
3. 4

38.3

1 2 .8

2.2

*

6 .4

15

CENTERS AND MEDIAN LINES.
T able 9 .—CENTERS OF POPULATION OF EACH STATE: 1880 TO 1920—Continued.

MOVEMENT IN MILES DURING
PRECEDING DECADE.

APPROXIMATE LOCATION BY IMPORTANT TOWNS.

STATE.

Census
year.

North
latitude.

W est
longitude.
County.

0
N ebraska .....................

Nevada ..........................

New H ampshire.........

,

„

•
97
97
97
97
97

,

„

20
43
42
50
57

43
34
10
17
0

41
55
36
48
41

117
118
117
117
117

59
1
49
33
31

22
46
23
18
23

26 25
26 1
26
1
21 18

71
71
71
71

35
35
34
32

50
23
44
10

71 32

17

1880
1890
1900
1910
1920

40 57 47
41 5 54
41 8 43
41 11 13
41 12 32

1880
1890
1900
1910
1920

39
39
39
39
39

41
31
51
16
20

1880
1890
1900
1910

43
43
43
43

1920

43 21 30

Nearest city or tow n.

1
From
point
to
North­ South­ East­ West­
point
ward. ward. ward. ward.
in
direct
line.

P olk ......................
P o lk ......................

Churchill..............
Lander..................

22.0
3.4
7.7
6.0

9.3
3.2
2.9
1.5

11.4
25.1
42. 4
4.8

22.6

1.2

11.2
40.0

4.5

2.1

B elknap................ 0.2 mile W . b y S. o f Tilton, Belknap C ounty.............
0.6
0.5
5.8

Merrimack...........

5.4

County.

N ew Mexico .................

New Y ork....................

North Carolina.........

North D akota ............

Ohio................................

O

k l a h o m a

................................

R hode

Is

l a n d

.....................

South Ca r o l i n

a

...............




1
74 31
74 30 14
74 29 37

1910
1920

40 29 24
40 28 19

1880
1890
1900
1910
1920

35
34
34
34
34

9 35
58 19
55 0
49 5
44 34

106 10 35
1
106 9
106 9 41
105 43 8
13
105

1880
1890

42 0 4
41 54 51

74 54 50
74 51

1900
1910
1920

41 48 0
41 39 29
41 36 13

74 45 51
74 51 ,50
74 50 59

1880
1890

35 38 35
35 38 22

79 18 37
79 25 11

1900

35 38

13

79 28 37

1910
1920

35 37 23
35 36 48

79 29 49
79 31 27

1880
1890
1900
1910
1920

47
47
47
47
47

1880
1890
1900
1910
1920
1890
1900
1910
1920
1880
1890
1900
1910
1920

Pennsylvania..............

40 25 48
40 37 19
40 27 54

1880
1890
1900

74 26 20
74 24 34

0.2

0.2

13.2
10.8

13.2

3.4
2.0

1.7

0.4
0.5
2.1
0.1

6.5

6.0

2.5

9.5
11.0
3.9

7.9
9 .8
3.8

0.7

Chatham.............
Chatham............... 2.5 miles S. 01 Mount Vernon Springs, Chatham
County.
Chatham.............
County.
Chatham............... 3.3 miles E N E . of Cheeks, R andolph C ounty.............
Chatham...............
Chatham County.

40
40
! 40
; 40
40

20 17
22 59
24 12
28 48
33 11

82
82
82
82
82

53
53
54
48
41

48 i Delaware.............. 3.7 miles E . b y N . o f Kilboum e, Delaware C o u n t y ..
56
Morrow................. 4.9 miles W SW . o f Marengo, Morrow C ounty.............

,
!
1
!

IK
30
28
28

44 39 37
44 46 13
44
55 58
44
52 12
44
41
40
40
40
40
40

35 18
35 14
35 50
32 54
32

1880

41 46

1890
1900

77
77
77
77
77

0.6
11.5

5.2
5.1

6.2

0.2

6.2

3.2

n 9.

5.2

1.5
1.7

1.0
0.7

1.1
1.5

31.6
17.6
44.7
5.6

an. 5
3 .5

3.1
1.6
7.7
7.8

3.1
1.4
5.3
5.0

17 9.
1.3
5.2

2A

0.1
0.7
5. 6
6.0

30.7
7.9
11.9

13.2
0.3

11.9

L inn......................
18 0
Marion..................
0 9
56 0 : Clackamas............
12 4 I Marion..................
13 33

9.1 miles W SW . o f Detroit, Marion C ounty.................
7.8 miles E N E . o f Detroit, Marion C ounty..................
18.0 miles N E . b v N. o f Detroit, Marion C o u n ty .. ..
10.8 miles N N W . o f Detroit, Marion C ounty...............
21.6 miles SE. o f Marquam, Clackamas C ounty.........

16.5
11.7
13.9
4.2

7.6
11.2

3.4

10 •> Juniata................. 11.6miles E . b y N .o f Mifflintown, Juniata C ou n ty..
12 30 ■ Juniata................. 9.5 miles E . by N . o f Mifflintown, Juniata C o u n ty ...
! Juniata................. 7.4 miles E N E . o f Mifflintown. Juniata C ounty.........
15
miles SE. b v E. o f Mifflintown, Juniata C ou n ty..
50 ' Juniata.................
18 30 Juniata................. 5.2 miles SE. o f Mifflintown, Juniata C ou n ty.............

71 27 40

46 46

71 27 49

41

47

5

71

27 42

1910

; 41 47 24

71

27 40

1920

41 47 43
47
12
18
2
35

1.5
25.1

5.0 miles W S W . o f Bearden, Okfuskee C ou n ty..........
3.3 miles W . o f Meeker. Lincoln C ounty......................
3.0 miles N N E . of M cLoud, Pottawatom ie C ou n ty. .
2.0 miles SSE. of Meeker, Lincoln C ounty...................

41

33 58
33
59
0
2
2

13.0
3.8
6.8
5.2

Seminole.............
Lincoln.................
Lincoln.................
Lincoln.................

14

34
34
31

Barnes..................
Griggs....................
Foster................... 6.6 miles S W . o f McHenry, Foster C ounty..................
W ells..................... 3.5 miles N E . o f Bowdon* Wells C ounty.’. ...................
W ells.....................

25 i Morrow................. 1.5 miles E . b y N. o f Fulton. Morrow C ounty............
36
Morrow................. 7.6 miles E . o f Mount Gilead, Morrow C ounty...........

l
96 28
96 57 32
97 5 28
96 52 48
1*»
122
121
122
122

2.9
1.6

Sullivan................ 1.8 miles W . b y N . o f Livingston Manor, Sullivan
County.
Sullivan................ 1.2 miles SW . o f Libertv, Sullivan C ounty.................
Sullivan................ 0.7 m ile N W . b y W . o f Forestine, Sullivan C o u n ty ..
Sullivan................ 3.8 miles S. b y \V. o f Forestine, Sullivan C ou n ty___

37
25
27
47
27

58
25
19
33

1.2

0.7

13.1
3.8
26.0
12.6

9
20
42
39
46

35
35
35
35

10.8

Torrance............... 6.4 miles W . b v S. o f Moriartv. Torrance C ounty___
Bernalillo.............
Torrance............... 19.5 miles E N E . o f Estancia, Torrance C ounty........
Torrance...............

98
98
98
99
99

1880
1X90
1900
1910
1920

KSO
1890
1900
1910
1920

Middlesex.............
Middlesex.............

County.
First ward of New Brunswick, Middlesex C ounty. . .

3
35
40
32
43

2
28
31
30
28

71 26 27

7 1
5.8

11.0
14. 2
1.7

mack County.
New Jersey ..................

19.9

Providence........... 1.1 miles SW. b y S. o f Providence post office, Provideuce C ou n ty.
Providence........... 3.7 miles SW . o f Providence post office, Providence
, County.
Providence........... 3.4 miles SW . o f Providence post office, Providence
i County.
Providence........... 3.1 mil es SW . b y \\ . of Providence post office, Providenee Countv.
Providence........... 2.3 miles SW . o f Providence post office, Providence
County.

80 58 46
Richland.............. 3.1 miles SE. b v E. o f Columbia, Richland C ou n ty..
80 58 50 1 Richland.............. 3.2 miles E SE . o f Columbia, Richland C ounty...........
80 59 49 I Richland.............. i 1.3 miles E. b y N. of Columbia, Richland C o u n ty ...
SI
4 1
Richland............... .3.3 miles N W . o f Columbia. Richland C ounty............
SI 3 42 t Richland.............. 4.0 miles Nt\ . o f Columbia. Richland C ou n ty............

!
2.2
2.4
4.2
1.1

9.7 7

2.4

7.5

! 4.3
4.0 I
1...........

13.2
1.2

i

0.1

2.2

!
j

3.4
0.9

2.4
0.6

0.7

0.6

0.6

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

1.2

0.4

0.1

1
1
i

0.1
0.02
1.1

,
0.5
1.6
4.5
0.7

0 .5
1.3
2.0
0.6

0.1
0.9
4.0
0.3

16

STATISTICAL ATLAS.
9 .—CENTERS OF POPULATION OF EACH STATE: 1880 TO 1920—Continued.

T able

FR O
0 3X IM A T E LOCATION B Y IM P O R T A N T T O W N S .
APP

STATE.




Census
year.

North
latitude.

West
longitude.
County.

Nearest c ity or tow n .

B eadle...................
Beadle...................
H and. .\...............
B eadle...................

5.0 miles SSW . of W oonsocket, Sanborn C ou n ty........
1.5 miles S. b y E. o f Virgil, B ead leC ou n ty.................
10.0 miles W . b y S. o f Huron, Beadle C o u n ty ............
8.0 miles N . o f Danforth, H and C ounty......................
13.6 miles N W . b y W . o f Virgil, B ead leC ounty........

1880
1890
1900
1910
1920

43
44
44
44
44

59
16
21
19
19

28
52
20
48
25

98
98
98
98
98

n
18 4
24 26
25 9
50 6
40 39

1880
1890
1900
1910
1920

35
35
35
35
35

50 9
50 7
50 6
49 16
48 53

86
86
86
86
86

38
35
36
33
32

37
58
19
47
1

Rutherford...........
Rutherford...........
Rutherford...........
Rutherford...........

1880
1890
1900
1910
1920

31
31
31
31
31

20
26
28
31
28

50
11
35
23
34

96
96
96
97
97

38
50
52
15
19

30
52
26
14
12

6.4 miles S W . o f Thornton, Limestone C ounty..........
Falls...................... 3.0 miles W S W . o f Otto, Falls County.........................
Falls...................... 4.5 m iles N N W . o f O tto, Falls C ounty.........................
McLennan ....... 7.0 miles W S W . o f W aco, McLennan C ounty.............
M cLennan........... 12.1 miles S W . o f W aco, McLennan C ounty...............

1880
1890
1900
1910
1920

40
40
40
40
40

13 56
18 53
16 2
23 6
22 19

111
111
111
111
111

54
46
45
47
47

30
47
29
46
4

U tah...................... 26.6 miles W . b y S. o f Provo, U tah C ounty.........
U tah...................... 4.6 miles SSE. o f American Fork, U tah C ounty.
U tah...................... 4.7 m iles W N W . o f P rovo, Utah C ounty................
U tah...................... 1.4 miles E N E . of American Fork, Utah C ounty.
U tah......... ........... 1.5 miles S E . o f American Fork, Utah County—

1880

44

1 45

72 43

5

1890

44

2 38

72 42 48

0

0

1900

44

3

18

1910

44

3

0

1920

44

2 46

1880
1890
1900
1910
1920

37
37
37
37
37

34
31
19
5
38

78
78
78
78
78

1880
1890
1900
1910
1920

47 5 32
47 15 44
47 19 .50
47 23 6
47 24 5

120
120
120
121
121

1880
1890
1900

38 53 20
38 49 59
38 48 7

80 37 47
80 41 26
80 44 22

1910
1920

38 45 32
38 42 36

80 49 12
80 52 55

1880

1890
1900
1910
1920

43
43
43
43
43

44
53
57
56
55

57
27
29
53
42

89
89
89
89
89

1880
1890
1900
1910
1920

42
42
42
42
42

10
24
32
42
48

48
46
14
0
58

106
106
106
107
106

29
28
26
25
23

72 39

W ashington.........

4.6 miles SE. o f Arrington, W illiamson County........
5.4m ilesN W . b y N . ofR ockvale, Rutherford County
5.6 miles N W . o f Rockvale, Rutherford C ounty........
4.5 miles W . o f Overall, Rutherford C ounty...............
8.4 miles SW . b y W . o f Murfreesboro, Rutherford
County.

3.8 miles S. b y E . o f R oxbury post office, Washing­
ton County.
3.0 miles SE. b y S. o f R oxbury post office, Washing­
ton County.
2.0 miles N W . of Brookfield post office, Orange
County.
2.6 miles S. b y W . o f R oxb u ry post office, Washing­
ton County.
2.9 miles SS w . o f R oxb u ry post office, Washington
County.

1

Orange..................

72 44 56

W ashington.........

72 45

3

W ashington.........

29
33
32
33
30

51
29
54
58
23

Buckingham .......
Buckingham ........
Buckingham ........
Buckingham .......

3.2 miles N N E . o f Arcanum, Buckingham C o u n ty ...
2.9 miles N W . o f Arcanum , B uckingham C ounty.. . .
1.9 m iles W . b y S. o f Arcanum, Buckingham County.
3.5 miles S W . o f Arcanum, Buckingham C ounty___
3.8 miles S. b y E . o f Arcanum, Buckingham County.

36
52
46
4
14

29
30
35
16
24

K ittitas.................
K ittitas.................
K ittitas.................
K ittitas.................

4.3 miles E N E . o f Thorp, Kittitas C ounty..................
5.8 miles E N E . o f R oslyn, Kittitas C ounty.................
7.8 miles N W . of Liberty, Kittitas C ounty..................
12.7 miles N N W . o f R oslyn, Kittitas C ounty.............
17.2 miles N W . b y N . o f R oslyn, Kittitas C ou n ty. . .

17
18
18
14
12

6
22
43
10
46

39 14
36 27
52 39
0 7
54 38

B ra xton ................ 2.5 miles N N E . of Burnsville, Braxton C ounty.........
B raxton................ 2.7 miles S W . o f Burnsville, Braxton County............
B ra xton ................ 1.4 miles W . b y S. o f Delta or Braxton post office,
B raxton County.
B raxton................ 1.8 miles N W . o f Chapel, Braxton County..................
B raxton................ 4.5 miles N W . o f Gassaway, B raxton C ounty.............
Marquette............
Marquette............
Marquette............
Marquette............
Marquette............

3.8 miles SE. o f Montello, Marquette C ounty......... .
2.3 miles W . o f Germania, Marquette C o u n ty .... . . .
5.1 miles W . b y S. o f N eshkoro,M arquette County..
2.2 miles S W . o f Neshkoro, Marquette County.........
2.6 miles S. o f Neshkoro, Marquette C ounty.............

4.7 miles S. b y E . of Leo* Carbon C ounty...............
Carbon.................. 12.3 miles N N W . o f Shirley, Carbon C ounty.. ; . . .
N atrona................ 7.8 miles W . b y S. o f A icova, Natrona C ounty___
N atrona................ 6.8 miles SE. o f Oilcity. Natrona C ou n ty...............
Natrona................ 10.3 miles N E . b y E. o f Oilcity, Natrona C ou n ty.

M O V E M E N T IN M ILE S D U R IN G
PR E C E D IN G D E C A D E .

From
point
to
North­ South. East­ West­
point ward.
ward. ward. ward.
in
direct
line.

20.7
5.1

20.0
5.1

20.6

5.3

1.8

0.6

20.5

7.8

0.4

7.8

2.5
0.3

0.03
0.02

2.5

1.7

0.4

2.6

13.7
3.2

22.6

1.0

6.2
2.8

8.9
3.5
8.3

1.1
1.0

3.2

12.2
1.5
22.4
3.9

3 .2

3.2

5.0
5.7

8.1

3.3
*6.' 9

1.0
0.8

0.3

2.4
1.7

6. 8

1.1
0.6

2.0

0.2
3.1

4.9

0.3

4 .9

0.3

0.3

0.1

3.5
2.5
1.7
3.7

2.5
1.4
1.7

17.2

12.0

8.0

1.2

0.5 !

3.3

1.0

3.3

12.6

11.7
4.7
3 .8

4.6 !

1.1

'iili

7.9

5.1
3.3

3.9

3.3

5.2
4.7

3.0
3.4

4.3
3.3

9.9
4.6
3.9

2.1

1.1

0.3

4.6
0.7
1.4

1.8

16.3
16.3
12.9
9.2

2.6

16.1

8.6
8.0

11.2

3. 8

1.2

2.4

*4.'6

13.8

6.4

CENTERS AND MEDIAN LINES.

17

CENTER OF AREA.

CENTER OF FOREIGN-BORN POPULATION.

In connection with the location of the center of
population of the United States, it is of interest to
note also the position of what may be termed the
center of area— that is, the point on which the surface
of continental United States would balance, if it were
a plane of uniform weight per unit of area. This
point is located in northern Kansas, 10 miles north
of Smith Center, the county seat of Smith County,
approximate latitude 39° 55', longitude 98° 50', and
is, therefore, 44' 3 9 " (51.3 miles) north and 12° 6' 45"
(647.4 miles) west of the center of population. Its
location is shown on Plate No. 122 designating the
position of the median lines. This would be the cen­
ter of population, if the population were distributed
evenly over the territory of continental United States.
The Geological Survey, Department of the Interior,
has determined the center of area of each state as
given in Table 10 and as shown on the map on Plate
No. 138.

The movement of the center of the total popula­
tion from census to census is the result o f all migra­
tion, both interstate and foreign. In view of the
change in the character of the foreign immigration
and the large proportion of immigrants who are set­
tling in the cities, the location of the center of foreignborn population and its movement from decade to
decade is a matter of great interest.
On the map on Plate No. 121 the center of total
population at each census from 1790 to 1920 is
indicated, also the location of the center of the foreignborn population from 1880 to 1920. The location of
the center of population and the median point were
discussed on pages 7 to 13. A t the census of 1910,
the center of the foreign-born population was com­
puted from 1880 to 1910, the center of this class of
the population not having been worked at a previous
census.
In 1880 the center of the foreign-born population
was located in Monroe County, Mich., in latitude 41°
49' 5 2 ", longitude 83° 44' 1 7", approximately 15.5
miles northwest of Toledo, Ohio.
In 1890 the center had advanced almost 2° to the
west. The opening of Oklahoma and the increase in
the population of Texas drew the point to the south,
when it was located in latitude 41° 22' 5 " , longitude
85° 23' 17", in Noble County, Ind., approximately^,
54.5 miles southeast o f South Bend.
The falling off in the class of immigrants who settled
in the far Western states is indicated by the change in
the direction of the movement from 1890 to 1900,
for in 1900 the center of the foreign-born population
was located in Defiance County, Ohio, 18 miles north­
west of Defiance, being in latitude 41° 22' 4 8 ", almost
the same latitude as in 1890, and longitude 84° 43' 2 1",
nearly a degree farther east. The eastern movement
was due, as previously stated, to the newer immigra­
tion that settled principally in the large cities of the
East.
In 1910 the center of foreign-born population was
again located in Defiance County, Ohio, about 10.5
miles west of Defiance, in latitude 41° 17' 2 4 ", show­
ing a decided movement south, and in longitude
84° 36' 7 ", showing a further advance toward the
east, but not nearly as great as during the previous
decade. This was undoubtedly due to the great in­
crease in the foreign-born population of California,
which, on account of its great distance from the cen­
ter, has a much greater weight than an equal number
of foreign-born in the Eastern and Middle states.
In 1920 the center of foreign-born population was
located in latitude 41° 3' 4 5 ", longitude 84° 49' 17",
in the eastern part of Allen County, Ind., about

T able

10 . — G e o g r a p h ic

S TA TE .

C e n t e r s op t h e St a t e s .

County.

Approxim ate location.

Alabama.
Arizona..
Arkansas.
California.
Colorado.

Chilton.
Yavapai
Pulaski.
Madera..
P a r k ....

12 miles southwest of Clanton.
4o miles southeast of Prescott.
12 miles northwest of Little R ock.
3d miles northeast of Madera.
30 miles northwest o f Pikes Peak.

Connecticut...............
Delaware....................
District of Columbia.
Florida........................
Georgia.......................

Hartford
K ent___

A t East Berlin.
11 miles east of Dover.
Near com er of 4th and L Streets. N W.
12 miles north-northwest of Brookville.
18 miles southeast of Macon.

Id a h o..
Illinois.
Indiana

Custer.
Logan.
Boone.

Iowa. . .
Kansas.

S tory..
Barton

At Custer.
28 miles northeast of Springfield.
14 miles north-northwest of Indian*
apolis.
5 miles northeast of Ames.
Id miles northeast of Great Bend.

Kentucky____
Louisiana
Maine.............
Maryland-----Massachusetts.

Marion.................
A voyelles...........
Piscataquis.. . . .
Anne A rundel...
Worcester...........

3 miles north-northwest of Lebanon.
3 miles southeast of Marksville.
18 miles north of Dover.
3 miles cast of Codington.
Northern part of city of Worcester.

Michigan..
Minnesota.
Mississippi
Missouri...
Montana..

W exford. . .
('row Wing.
Leake.........
Miller..........
Fergus........

d miles north-northwest of Cadillac.
10 miles southwest of Braincrd.
9 miles west-northwest of Carthage.
20 miles southwest o f Jefferson City.
12 miles west of Lewiston.

Nebraska............
Nevada...............
New Hampshire
New Jersey.........
New M exico.......

Custer...
Lander..
Belknap.
M ercer..
Torrance

10 miles northwest of Broken Bow.
24 miles southeast o f Austin.
3 miles east of Ashland,
d miles southeast of Trenton.
12 miles south-southwest of Willard.

C itrus..
Twiggs.

New Y o r k .......................^M adison ....
North Carolina............... Chatham ...
North Dakota................ j Sheridan...
O h io ............................... 1 Delaware...
Oklahoma........................ Oklahoma.,

6 miles south-southeast of Oneida.
10 miles northwest of Sanford.
2d miles northeast of Washburn.
2d miles north-northeast of Columbus.
■Smiles north of Oklahoma City.

Oregon...............
Pennsylvania.,
Rhode Island...
South Carolina.
South D a k ota ..

Crook____
Centre___
Kent.......
Richland.
H u g h es..

2d miles south-southeast of Princvillc.
2$ miles southwest of Bellefonte.
1 mile south-southwest of Crompton.
13 miles southeast of Columbia,
s miles northeast of Pierre.

Tennessee.
Texas........
t’ tah.........
V erm ont..
Virginia...

Rutherford..
M cCulloch..
Sanpete........
Washington.
Appom attox

5 miles northeast of Murfreesboro.
20 miles northeast of Brady.
3 miles north of Manti.
3 miles east of Roxbury.
11 miles east-southeast of Amherst.

Washington. . .
West Virginia.
Wisconsin.......
W yom ing........

Chelan.........
Braxton.......
W ood ...........
Frem ont___




10 miles west-southwest of WeDatchee.
4 miles east of Sutton.
9 miles southeast of Marshfield.
1 5S miles east-northeast of Lander.

18

S T A T IS T IC A L A T L A S.

10.8 miles east of New Haven and 16 miles east of
Fort Wayne. For the first time in three decades the
center of foreign-born population showed a west­
ern movement. From 1890 to 1900 it moved 35.6
miles in a northeasterly direction, and from 1900 to
1910, 8.2 miles in a southeasterly direction. At the
latter censuses the center was located in Defiance
County, Ohio, but in 1920 it moved just across the state
boundary line into Allen County, Ind. The center in
1880 was located in Monroe County, Mich.', and in
1890 in Noble County, Ind., so that in 30 years the
center has returned to the state in which it was lo­
cated in 1890.
The change in direction of the movement of this
center from east to west is due principally to the in­
crease in foreign-bom white population in the state

of California. The total increase in the foreign-born
white population of the United States was 367,209
and the increase in the states of Texas, California, and
Arizona was 316,222, or 86 per cent of the total in­
crease. Of the 20 states showing an increase in this
element of their population from 1910 to 1920, 12
were located east of the meridian on which the center
was located in 1920, and 7 were west, while 1 state,
Michigan, is divided by the meridian. The states
west of the meridian, however, had much greater in­
creases in their foreign-born white population than
the states east; the largest increases were in Cali­
fornia, Michigan, and Texas.
The following table gives the center of foreign-born
population at each census, and its movement in miles,
also the location in relation to a city:

T able 11.—CENTER OF FOREIGN-BORN POPULATION: 1880 TO 1920.

M O V E M E N T IN M ILE S D U R IN G
P R ECED IN G D E C A D E .

CEN SU S Y E A R .

North
latitude.

West
longitude.

A P P R O X IM A T E LO C A T IO N B Y IM P O R T A N T T O W N S .

|
From
point to
South­
point in East- i West- j North­
direct ward. j ward, j ward. ward.
line.

O / //
1880.........................................
1890.........................................
1900.........................................
1910.........................................
1920.........................................

41
41
41
41
41

49
22
22
17
3

52
5
48
24
45

83
85
84
84
84

44 17
23 17
43 21
36 7
49 17

i

In
In
In
In

N oble County^ In d ., 54.5 m iles southeast o f South B end, I n d ...........
Defiance County, Ohio, 18 m iles northwest o f Defiance, O hio...........
Defiance County, Ohio, 10.5 miles southwest o f Defiance, O h io........
Allen County, In d ., 10.8 m iles east o f New H aven, I n d ......................

CENTER OF NEGRO POPULATION.
The question of negro migration has always been
one of great interest and, on the map on Plate 121,
the location of the center of negro population of
continental United States is indicated. The center
of negro population was computed for 1790 and for
each census from 1880 to 1920, no computations being
made for the censuses from 1800 to 1870, inclusive.
The movement of the center of negro population is
an accurate index of the direction of negro migration.
In 1790 the center of negro population was located in
Dinwiddie County, Va., 25 miles west-southwest of
Petersburg, in latitude 37° 4' 8 " north, and longitude
77° 51' 2 1" west. In 1880 the center was located in
northwestern Georgia, 10.4 miles east of Lafayette, in
the eastern part of Walker County, latitude 34° 42' 14"
north, longitude 85° 6' 5 6 " west. From 1880 to 1890
the southwesterly movement of the center was con­
tinued, and it advanced 20.1 miles, to a point in
Walker County, Ga., 10.5 miles southwest of Lafayette,
latitude 34° 36' 18" north, longitude 85° 26' 4 9 " west,
about 4 miles east of the Alabama line. In 100 years
it had moved southwest 463 miles, an average of
46 miles for each decade. From 1890 to 1900 its
movement was greatly retarded, and it advanced only




91.6
35.6
8.2
18.9

85.8 ............. i 3 2 . 6
34.6 .............'
8.2 ............
6.2
5.4 .............................
11.5 ;............. ] 15.0
;
i

9.1 miles southwest, across the Alabama-Georgia
state line into Dekalb County, Ala., 10.7 miles north­
east of Fort Payne, in northeastern Alabama, about
4 miles west of the Georgia line, latitude 34° 31' 16"
north, longitude 85° 34' 3 5 " west. In 1910 the center
of negro population was located 5.4 miles northnortheast of Fort Payne, Dekalb County, Ala., in
latitude 34° 30' 0 " north, and longitude 85° 40' 4 3 "
west, its movement for the decade being 6.0 miles
west-southwest. Its movement south was evidently
greatly retarded by the migration of the negroes to
the Northern and Eastern states. A study of the
movement from 1790 to 1910 shows a steady advance
in a southwesterly direction, but the distance covered
at each decade is much smaller than the movement at
the previous decade. In 1920 it moved back across
the state line into Georgia and was located in latitude
34° 46' 52", and longitude 85° 30' 4 8", the eastern
movement being 9' 55", or approximately 9.4 miles,
and the northern movement being 16' 52", or 19.4
miles. Its location was approximately 1.8 miles
north-northeast of Rising Fawn town, Dade County,
Ga. For the first time in the history7 of the country,
the center of negro population has moved northeast,
its former movements having been in a southwesterly
direction; this northeasterly movement was due prin­

19

CENTERS AN D M E D IA N LIN ES.
cipally to the great increase in the negro population of
Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey,
Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Ohio, Indiana, and
Michigan. The total increase in the negro population
of the United States was 635,368, and it will be noted
that the increase in the Northern states mentioned
was 56 per cent of the total increase. This hegira
north of the negro population was due mainly to the
expansion of certain industries during the World War,
T able

the high wages paid being the great attraction. It is
probably true that this movement has been continued,
due to the reduction of the cotton crop and the
demand for common labor at higher wages in the
North.
In the following table is given the latitude and longi­
tude of the center of negro population at each census,
also the distance moved during the decade, and the
location of the center relative to a city or town:

1 2 .— CENTER OF NEGRO POPULATION: 1790 AND 1880 TO 1920.

M O V E M E N T IN M ILE S D U R IN G
PR E C E D IN G D E C A D E .

North
latitude.

CENSUS Y E A R .

1790.
1880
1890
1900
1910
1920.

.

37
34
34
34
34
34

4 8
42 14
36 18
31 16
30 0
46 52

West
longitude.

77
85
85
85
85
85

51
6
26
34
40
30

21
56
49
35
43
48

A P P R O X IM A T E LO C A TIO N B Y IM P O R T A N T T O W N S .

25 miles west-southwest o f Petersburg, Dinwiddie County, V a ..............
10.4 miles east of Lafayette, W alker County, Ga ......... ' ' ..........
10.5 miles south west of Lafayette. W alker County, Ga...........................
10.7 miles northeast o f Fort Pavne, Dekalb County, A la........................
5.4 m i'os north-northeast o f Fort Pavne, Dekalb County, A la ...............
1.8 miles north-northeast o f Rising Pawn, Dade County, Ga..................

From
point to
East­
point in ward.
direct
line.

» 444.5
20.1
9.1
6.0
21.6

9.4

West­
ward.

North­ South­
ward. ward.

1413.5
18.9
7.02
5.8

1163.1
6.8
5.8
1.5
19.4

i Movement from 1790 to 1880.

C E N T E R S O F U R B A N A N D R U R A L P O P U L A T IO N .

On Plate 121, in addition to centers of total and
foreign-born population, are indicated the locations
of the centers of urban and rural population in 1910
and 1920. As the centers of urban and rural popula­
tion were not computed for previous censuses, no
statement can be made as to the distance or direction
in which these centers moved from 1900 to 1910 or
during any previous decade. In 1910 not only was
the center of urban population located, but the center
of rural population was also ascertained—that is,
the population excluding all places with 2,500 or
more inhabitants in 1910, as well as the New England
towns of that sizo. The center of urban population
"a s located in 1910 in latitude 40° 16' 12” and
longitude 83° 59' 22” , in Champaign County, Oliio,
15.3 miles northeast of Piqua, Miami County, Ohio.
In 1920 the center of urban population was located in
latitude 40° 5' 7” and longitude 84° 40' 53” , in Darke
County, Ohio, 2.8 miles west-southwest of Greenville
city.
In 1910 the center of rural population was located
in latitude 38°. 12' 36” and longitude 88° 39' 3 ” , in
Hamilton County, 111., 10.7 miles southeast of Mount
Vernon. Jefferson County, 111. In 1920 the center of
rural population was located in latitude 38° 12' 31”




and longitude 88° 49' 22” , in Jefferson County, 111.,
8.5 miles southeast of Mount Vernon.
The location of these centers shows strikingly the
preponderance of urban population in the north­
eastern portion of the United States, the center of
i urban population in 1920 being approximately 129.5
miles north and 225.4 miles east of the center of rural
population. In a direct line the center of urban
population was 260 miles northeast from the center of
rural population.
From 1910 to 1920 the center of urban population
moved 12.7 miles south and 36.7 miles west. Duiing
| the same period the center of rural population moved
■ 0.1 of a mile south and 9.4 miles west. The greater
westward movement of the center of urban population
is surprising, but it is probably due to the decrease in
the number of immigrants, who usually settle in the
eastern cities. The movement of the center of rural
; population west is significant as it is due to a decrease
i in the rural population of the east and a fair increase in
! the west. The increase in the rural population of the
| Mountain, Pacific, and West South Central divisions
| was the principal factor in the westward movement.
,
The latitude and longitude of these centers at each
census, also the distance moved during the decade,
and the location of the center relative to a citj- or
town, are given in Tables 13 and 14.

20

S T A T IS T IC A L A T L A S.
T able

1 3 .—CENTER OF URBAN POPULATION: 1910 AND 1920.
M O V E M E N T IN M IL E S D U R IN G
PR E C E D IN G D E C A D E .

CEN SU S T E A S .

1910.........................................................
1920.........................................................

North
latitude.

40 16 12
40 5 7

T

able

West
longitude.

0
l
II
83 59 22
84 40 53

A P P R O X IM A T E LO C A T IO N B Y IM P O R T A N T T O W N S .

2.8 miles west-southwest of Greenville, Darke County, O h io..................

From
point to West­
point in ward.
direct
line.

38.8

36.7

North­ South­
ward. ward.

12.7

1 4 . — CENTER OF RURAL POPULATION: 1910 AND 1920.
M O V E M E N T IN M ILE S D U R IN G
P R ECED IN G D E C A D E .

C E N SU S Y E A R .

North
latitude.

West
longitude.

o

1910.........................................................

38

12 36

1920.......................................... .............

38 12 31

88 39

n
3

A P P R O X IM A T E LO C A TIO N B Y IM P O R T A N T T O W N S .

North­ South­
ward. ward.

In H am ilton County, HI., 16.7 miles southeast of Mount Vernon, Jeffer­
son County. 111.

88 49 22

CENTERS OF AGRICULTURE.
The map on Plate 137 shows the location of center
of population from 1790 to 1920, and the centers of
the number of farms, total area in farms, improved
acreage, farm values, agricultural products, and
manufactures, from 1850 to 1920, and may be desig­
nated as a chart of the progress of the Nation, repre­
senting, as it does, the westward movement of popula­
tion, agriculture, and manufactures.
CEN TER OF N U M BER OF FA RM S.

The center of the number of farms in 1850 was
located on the Ohio River, between Ohio and the
present state of West Virginia, at nearly the same
point as the center of corn production. From this
position the center of the number of farms moved 116.8
miles in a northwesterly direction, and in 1860 reached
a point 13 miles southeast of Xenia, Ohio. From 1860
to 1870 the center advanced 20.8 miles almost directly
south to a position in Brown County, 31 miles east-north­
east of Cincinnati, Ohio. From 1870 to 1880 the dis­
tance covered was 36.7 miles in a southwesterly direc­
tion across the Ohio River into Kentucky to a point
20 miles south by east of Newport. From 1880 to
1890 its progress of 100.1 miles was nearly due west
into Indiana. From 1890 to 1900 it moved in a south­
westerly direction 109.4 miles to a point 10 miles
southeast of Fairfield, Wayne County, 111. From
1900 to 1910 the center moved'west-southwest 43.2
miles to a point 6.6 miles north-northwest of Benton,
Franklin County, 111. From 1910 to 1920 the south­
western movement was continued and the center ad­
vanced 25.9 miles and was located 4.2 miles south­
west of Pinckneyville, Perry County, 111.




From
point to
West­
point in
direct ward.
line.

9.4

9.4

0 .1

CEN TER OF TOTAL FA R M AREA.

The center of the number of acres of farm land, or
total area in farms, in 1850 was located in Owsley
County, K y., the farthest south of any center shown
on the map except the center of cotton production.
From 1850 to 1870 it moved to a point 55 miles east
by north of Evansville, Ind. From 1870 to 1880 it
advanced in a westerly direction to a position 7.3
miles northeast of Carmi, 111. From 1880 to 1890
it moved northwest across the state of Illinois to a
point 6 miles north by west of Alton, 111., its next
movement being southwest to a location about 48
miles southwest of Jefferson City, Mo. The center of
total farm area has not been computed since 1900.
C E N T E R O F IM P R O V E D A C R E A G E .

The center of improved acreage was first computed
in 1900 when it was located in Pike County, 111., 14
miles southeast by south of Pittsfield, in Pike County,
111. From 1900 to 1910 it moved 65.1 miles, almost
directly west to a point 9.2 miles east-northeast o f
Paris, Monroe County, Mo. From 1910 to 1920 its
movement was northwest 47.8 miles to a point 3.8
miles south-southwest of New Cambria, Macon
Comity, Mo.
C E N T E R O F VALU E O F F A R M P R O P E R T Y .

The center of the value of farm property, which in
1850 was located 13 miles northwest of Clarksburg, in
the present state of West Virginia, in 1860 had ad­
vanced south and west to a point 14 miles northwest
of Portsmouth, Ohio. From 1860 to 1870 its move­
ment was northwest to a position 13 miles northwest
of Urbana, Ohio. From 1870 to 1900 it moved west

CEN TERS A N D M E D IA N LIN ES.

21

in a straight line across Indiana and Illinois to a l from 1900 to 1920 it moved almost directly east
point in Cass County, 16 miles north-northwest of to a point 2.8 miles southeast of Hettick, Macoupin
Jacksonville, Morgan County, 111. Its greatest west­
County, 111.; the movement was only 24.9 miles.
ward movement, and the greatest advance made for
C E N T E R O F W H E A T P R O D U C T IO N .
any decade, approximately 175 miles, was from 1880
The center of wheat production has made a greater
to 1890.
The center of value of farm property advanced, western and northern movement than any other
from 1900 to 1910, 103.6 miles directly west and was center, as will be noted from its location in 1900. Its
located 14 miles south-southwest of Edina, Knox greatest southern advance was made from 1880 to
1890, and its greatest northern movement from 1890
County, Mo. This is not as great an advance as from
1880 to 1890, nor from 1850 to 1860, but is the third to 1900. . The center of wheat production was not
computed in 1910, but from 1900 to 1920 it moved in
largest western advance it has made. From 1910 to
a southwesterly direction 81.7 miles, to a point 3.2
1920 it advanced 45.1 miles in a westerly direction
miles east of Hamburg, Fremont County, Iowa.
to a point 3.6 miles northeast of Linneus, Linn County,
Mo.
C E N T E R OF O A T S P R O D U C T IO N .
C E N T E R O F P R O D U C T IO N O F C ER E ALS.

The center of coreals, comprising corn, wheat, oats,
barley, buckwheat, and rye, was first computed in
1900 when it was located 6 miles south of Warsaw, in
Hancock County, 111. From 1900 to 1910 it moved
28.6 miles north-northwest to a point 19.1 miles west
of Fort Madison, in Lee County, Iowa. From 1910 to
1920 it moved 46.6 miles southwest to a point 4 miles
south of Edina, in Knox County, Mo.
C E N T E R O F C O R N P R O D U C T IO N .

The center of corn production has moved in a west­
erly direction, but more rapidly than the center of
population, as from 1850 to 1860 it moved south of
west 271.7 miles, the distance traversed being greater
than the entiro western movement of the center of
population from 1850 to 1900. Its movement from
1860 to 1870 and from 1870 to 1880 was almost
directly northwest. From 1880 to 1890 it advanced
south of west to a point 2 miles southwest of Carroll­
ton, III. The movement from 1890 to 1900 was so
slight that it could hardly be indicated on the map,
being only 17" west and 2' 3 6" north. The center
of corn production was not computed in 1910, but




The other agricultural centers have moved in various
erratic courses, but always in a general westerly direc­
tion, except the center of oats production, which from
1850 to 1860 moved north and east. From 1860 to
1890 the center of oats production moved almost due
west along the forty-first parallel of latitude. From
1890 to 1900 its course was northwest to a point 8
miles west of south of Tipton, Iowa. Its greatest
movement wras from 1860 to 1870, approximately 244
miles. As the center of oats production was not com­
puted in 1910, the movement is given from 1900 to
1920. At the latter date it was located 3.7 miles
north-northwest of Hedrick, Keokuk County, Iow-a, a
movement of 69.8 miles. Since 1900 the general direc­
tion of the movement has been southwest.
The movements of the centers of the number of
farms, value of farm property, area in farms, and of
oats, com, and wheat production, as indicated on the
map, are widely divergent.
The latitude and longitude of these centers at each
census, also the distance moved during the decade,
and the location of the center relative to a city or
town, are given in Table 15.

22

S T A T IS T IC A L A T L A S.
1 5 .— POSITIONS OF THE CENTERS OF AGRICULTURE: 1850 TO 1920.

T able

M 0 Y E M E N F IN M IU ES D U R IN G
PRECE D IN G DE C A D E .

North
latitude.

CE N SU S Y E A R .

West
longitude.

From
point to
point in East­
direct ward.
line.

A P P R O X IM A T E LO C A TIO N B Y IM P O R T A N T T O W N S .

West­
ward.

North- ^South­
ward. | ward.

N U M BER OF FARM S.

1850 .
1800.........................................
1870 ..................
..
1880.....................
1890.........................................
1900 ..................
1910.........................................
1920.......................
...

39
39
39
38
38
38
38
38

14
29
11
48
38
17
4
1

54
38
48
30
21
0
12
41

<
81
83
83
84
86
88
88
89

43
52
56
24
14
12
57
25

38
36
44
30
46
30
33
49

1850.
1860.......................
1870.......................
1880.......................
1890.......................
1900.......................

37
37
38
38
38
38

26
41
5
8
58
11

20
1
19
28
22
36

83
85
86
88
90
92

36
54
34
2
11
50

22
30
17
43
44
19

116.8
20.8
36.7

115.6
3.7

109.4
43.2

.............
.............
25.9 .............

25.0
99.4
106.6
40.6
25.7

127.3

.............
38.2 !.............
80.4 .............
129. 2 i_______
153.6

126.2
26.1
80.3
115.8
143.9

100.1

IS. 9
20.5
26.8
11.7
24.5
14.7
2.9

T O T A L A R E A IN F A R M S .
...

16.9
27.9
3.6
57.4
53.8

IM P R O V E D A C R E A G E .
1900...................
1910.......................
1920.......................

39 26 20
39 31 12
39 38 21

90 39 20
91 52 13
92 45 11

65.1
47.8

64.9

5.6
47.1

152.3
97.1
100.5

148.3
33.0
100.3

8.2

V ALU E O F F A R M P R O P E R T Y .
1850.........................................
1860......................
.
1870.......................
.
1880.........................................
1890..................................
1900.....................................
1910..........................
1920.......................... .............

39
38
40
40
39
39
39
39

25 53
55 39
2
8 26
58 4
57 48
57 0
24

80
83
83
85
89
90
92
93

28
13
51
44
2
21
18
9

33
39
8
46
15
35
36
34

175.1

34.8
91.3
7.6
11.9
0.3
0.9
1.8

174. 7
70.2

103.6

70.2
103.6
45.1

45.1
G R O S S F A R M IN C O M E .

1900.....................................

39 IS 47

90 33

1900.....................................
1910..........................
1920.......................

40 16 13
40 37 48
40 3 53

91 25 10
91 41 36
92 10 37

10
P R O D U C T IO N O F C ER E ALS.
6 miles south o f W arsaw, in H ancock Countv. HI....................
28.6

14.4
46.6

25.6

271.7
66.1
111.5
71.8
3.01
1 24.9

258.5
40.7
101.1
70.7
0.3

24.8

39.6

P R O D U C T IO N O F C O R N .
1850.......................
1860..................
1870.............
1880................
1890...........
1900.........
1920.......................

o
54
13
12
57
33
33

81
86
87
89
90
90
89

47
29
14
7
26
27
59

0
4
15
43
49
6
12

3.5 miles northwest of Springfield, in Greene County, 111.........................
2.8 miles southeast of Hettick, in Macoupin Countyj 111...........................

14 18
59
39 17
36 14
33 53
39 19
36 20

81
86
88
90
93
94
95

58 49
38
48 40
30 46
9 18
59 23
42 39

57 miles east-northeast o f Columbus, in Coshocton County, O hio...........
13.5 miles north b v east of Indianapolis, in H amilton County, In d ___
74 miles northeast of Springfield, in McLean County, 111.........................
69 miles northwest of Springfield, in McDonough County, 111...............
10 miles north b y west of B hinswick, in Chariton County, M o.............
70 miles west of Des Moines, in A udubon County, Iow a..........................
3.2 miles east of Hamburg, in Fremont County, Iowa...............................

39 7
38
38 47
39 ?8
39
39 19
39 20

86 miles east-southeast o f Columbus A n Meigs C ounty, O hio..................
17.5 miles north of Hardinsburg, in Breckinridge County, K y ...............
90 miles southwest of Indianapolis, in Daviess County, In d ...................
36 miles southeast of Springfield, in Christian C ounty, 111.......................

i 24.9

52 1
47.1

83.9
12.9

>i .i

P R O D U C T IO N O F W H E A T .
1850.......................
1860..........................
1870......................
1880...................
1890.....................................
1900......................
.
1920...................

40
, 39
i 40
40
39
i 41
40

214 7

215.3
153.1
89.6

45.2
80 8

..

1.38 4
i ok n
i 37.9

172.6
»81.7

144.2

3.5
71.7
i 72.4

P R O D U C T IO N O F O A T S .
1830..................................
1860......................
1870.....................................
1880.......................
1890.......................
1900.....................................
1920.............................




39 43 22
41 n 38
40 59 13
41 10 43
41 39
41 12 27
'i

81 35 29
81 2 5
85 42 40
37
87
52
89
n
91
92 20 21

I

80 miles east-southeast of Columbus, in N oble County, Ohio..................
48 miles southeast o f Cleveland, in Portage County. Ohio........................
30 miles west b y south o f Fort W ayne, in Wabash Comity, Ind.............
6 miles northwest o f Rensselaer, in Jasper County, I n d ......................
39 miles north-northeast o f Peoria, in Stark County, 111..........................
8 miles west of south of Tipton, in Cedar County, Iow a.......................
3.7 miles north-northwest o f Hedrick, in Keokuk County, Iowa..........
-

1 Movement from 1900 to 1920.

93.3
244.0
79.2
133.3
77.3
1 69.8
i

29.1

88.6

32.6
» 62^7

6.3

i 30.8

CENTERS AN D M E D IA N LIN ES.
C E N T E R O F C O T T O N P R O D U C T IO N .

The location of the center of cotton production is
indicated in Table 16 and on the map, Plate No. 137,
for the years 1859, 1879, 1899, 1906, 1910, 1914,
1916, 1918, and 1919. The center in 1879 showed
a movement almost directly north from that of
1859. From 1879 to 1906 the movement was in a
southwesterly direction, but since 1906 the move­
ment has been very irregular. In 1910 it moved
northeast; in 1914 the movement was almost reversed
and it moved directly south; from 1914 to 1916 it
moved in a northwesterly direction; from 1916 to 1918
it moved directly east, to a point almost 20 miles west
of its location in 1879; from 1918 to 1919 it again
moved northwest about 75 miles, to a point 5.6 miles
northeast of Greenwood, Leflore County, Miss., the
highest northern latitude since 1859, when it was
located in the eastern part of Mississippi, near the
Alabama line.
It will be noted that all of these centers are in the
state of Mississippi, and have practically crossed the
state from its eastern to its western boundary. It is
undoubtedly due to the destruction caused by the
boll weevil that the center of cotton in 1919 was
located so much farther north than its location in
1859 or in any subsequent year.
T a b l e 1(5.— P o s it io n o f t h e ( ' e n t e r o f C o t t o n P r o d u c t io n .

Ce n s u s y e a r .

'

Approxim ate location b y important (owns.

'V)9..................... 13 miles southeast of Macon, in Noxubee County, Miss.
i*S79....................... n miles south of Columbus, in Lowndes County, Miss.
1899......................1 13 miles southeast of Lexington, in Holmes County, Miss.
1906......................
miles northeast of Mayersville, in Issaquena County, Miss.
1910.................... 3 miles southwest of Vaiden, in Carroll County, Miss.
•914..................... 1 mile northwest of Sharpsburg, in Madison County, Miss.
•916...................... 16 miles southeast of Areola, in Washington County, Miss.
1918 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i 6 miles southeast of Sturgis, in Oktibbeha County, Miss.
1919 .................. s.s miles northeast of Greenwood, in Leflore County, Miss.

CENTER OF MANUFACTURES.
In order to ascertain the position of the center of
manufactures at each census from 1850 to 1920,
except in 1910, as shown on page 24, the gross value
of products was distributed by square degrees, and
the remainder of the computations made as in com­
puting the center of population. The center of manu­
factures, therefore, is really the center of the value of
its gross products, and, as the value of products is
representative of the industry, so the movement of
the center of manufactures, during each decade, can
be considered as the movement of the entire industry.
On Plate 137 is a sketch map on which is indicated,
by symbols, the location of the center of manufac­
tures at each census from 1850 to 1900 and 1920, and




23

the center of population from 1790 to 1920, bringing
out clearly the steady westward movement of both
manufactures and population.
The center of manufactures in 1850 was in Penn­
sylvania, 7.5 miles north by west of Mifflintown, and the
center of population at the same census was located 23
miles southeast of Parkersburg, in the present state of
West Virginia, 240 miles southwest of the center of
manufactures. In 1860 the center of population had
advanced 80.6 miles nearly due west, while the center
of manufactures had moved in a westerly direction
100.2 miles. From 1860 to 1870 the center of popu­
lation moved 44.1 miles north of west, while the
center of manufactures moved slightly west of north
17.4 miles. From 1870 to 1880 the center of population
moved south and west 58.1 miles, while the center of
manufactures moved north and west 23.7 miles. From
1880 to 1890 the center of population moved slightly
north of west 48.6 miles, while the center of manufac­
tures moved south of west nearly twice that distance.
From 1890 to 1900 the center of population moved
almost due west 14.6 miles, and the center of manu­
factures in a line almost parallel nearly 40 miles,
or over twice the westward movement of the center of
population. In general, the center of manufactures
has followed the center of population in its westward
movement, but not always along parallel lines, the
greatest variations noted being from 1860 to 1870
and 1870 to 1880. From 1850 to 1860, 1880 to 1890,
and 1890 to 1900, the center of manufactures made a
greater western advance than the center of population.
The value of products of manufactures was not
tabulated by counties at the census of 1910, therefore,
it was impossible to compute the center for that cen­
sus. In 1920 the center of manufactures was located
in latitude 40° 28' 13" and longitude 83° 40' 0 ", 0.7
of a mile north of Rushsylvania, Logan County, Ohio.
The point was, therefore, located 71.9 miles west and
9.6 miles south of the center of manufactures in 1900.
As the center of population progressed but 48.6 miles
west, from 1900 to 1920, and the center of manufac­
tures 71.9 miles west, the center of manufactures made
a greater western advance than the center of popula­
tion, due principally to the great increase in the value
of products of manufactures in the Pacific Coast
states in 1920, as compared with 1900. The move­
ment of the center of manufactures from 1850 to 1920
was 329.2 miles, while the movement of the center
of population during the same period was 290.2 miles,
! indicating that the movements of manufactures and
| population are closely related. In 1920 the latitude

24

STATISTICAL ATLAS.

of the center of manufactures was 1° 17' 52" north
of the center of population, approximately 89.5 miles,
and east 3° 3' 15", or 162.5 miles.
In order to show the relation between the total value
of products and the number of wage earners the center
of the number of wage earners was computed for
the first time in 1920, and was located at latitude
40° 22' 4 8" and longitude 82° 39' 32", 1° 0' 2 8", or
T

able

53.2 miles east, and 5' 25", or 6.2 miles, south of the
center of the total value of products.
The latitude and longitude of these centers, and
the location of each center relative to a city or town,
at each census, are given in Table 17, as well as the
distance that the center of the value of products
moved from census to census.

1 7 .— POSITIONS OF T H E CEN TERS OF M AN U FACTU RES: 1850 TO 1900 AN D 1920.
M O VE K E N T IN M ILES D UR IN G
P RE C E D IN G DECAD E.

North
latitude.

West
longitude.

1850.........................................
1860......................
1870........................................
1880........................................
1890
1900
1920.........................................

40
40
40
40
40
40
40

77
79
79
79
81
82
83

1920...................

40 22 48

CENSUS Y E A R .

A P P R O X IM A T E LOCATION B Y IM P O R T A N T T O W N S .

From
point to
West- N orth­ South­
point in ward. ; ward. ward.
1direct
line.

VALUE O F P R O D U C T S .
41
33
47
50
42
36
28

42
1
13
9
22
36
13

25 9
18 50
25 58
53 0
33 37
18 7
40 0

100. 2

17. 4
23. 7
88. 4
39. 4
i 72. 5

99. 7 .
6. 2
23. 6
88. 0 :
39 0
i 71.9

A V E R A G E N U M B E R OF W A G E E A R N E R S.




82 39 32
i
* M ovem ent from 1900 to 1920.

i

.

..
16. 3
2. 4

10.0
9.6
5.8
9.6