Full text of Statistical Atlas, 1900 : Manufacture

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MANUFACTURES.

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M ANUFACTURES.
The returns of manufactures for the censuses prior
to 1850 were too defective to be considered as repre­
senting- the true status of the industry, and no compari­
sons, therefore, are made for the early decades. The
development of manufactures from 1850 to 1900, as
measured by the increase in capital invested, average
number of wage-earners, and value of products is repre­
sented by a series of diagrams on Plate 180.
C a p it a l I n v e s t e d .

The capital invested in manufactures in 1850, when
reliable data were first obtained, was $533,215,351.
Fifty years later, in 1900, the capital invested was re­
ported as $9,816,628,501, an increase of $9,313,383,213,
or nearly seventeen and one-half times the amount
invested in 1850.
Diagram 1 Plate 180, represents, by the length of
,
the bars, the capital invested in manufactures at each
census from 1850 to 1900, and shows the tremendous
growth from census to census, the greatest increase
noted, 133.9 per cent, being from 1880 to 1890.
Diagram 1, Plate 181, represents the capital invested
in each state and territory in 1900. New York is
first, with $1,651,210,220; Pennsylvania second, with
$1,551,518,712; Massachusetts and Illinois following
with over $775,000,000 each. Nevada reported the
smallest amount of capital invested in manufactures.
The combined capital of the first six states shown on
the diagram—New York, Pennsylvania, Massachusetts,
Illinois, Ohio, and New Jersey—was $5,911,169,165, or
60.0 per cent of the total amount reported.
Diagram 2 on Plate 181 shows the capital invested by
state groups in percentages of the total investment in
1900. The Middle states had the largest proportion,
10.2 per cent of the total amount invested; the^Central
states ranking second, with 28.0 per cent; the New
England states third, with 16.2 per cent; the Southern
states fourth, with 9.7 per cent; the Pacific and West­
ern states following in order with about 3 per cent each.
T he state groups or geographical divisions referred
to in the discussion of manufactures, and represented in
diagram 2, Plate 181, and diagram 2, Plate 182, are
m up as follows:
ade
New England states—Maine, New Hampshire, Ver­
mont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut.

Middle states—New York, New Jersey, Pennsylva­
nia, Delaware, Maryland, and District of Columbia.
Southern states—Virginia, West Virginia, North
Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Kentucky,
Tennessee, Alabama, Mississippi, Arkansas, Louisiana,
Indian Territory, Oklahoma, and Texas.
Central states—Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, Illinois,
Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa, and Missouri.
Western states—Montana, Idaho, Wyoming, North
Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Nevada, Utah, Colo­
rado, Kansas, Arizona, and New Mexico.
Pacific states-—Washington, Oregon, and California.
A

verage

N

umber

of

W

a g e -e a r n e r s .

Diagram 2, Plate 180, represents the average number
of wage-earners employed at each census from 1850 to
1900, and shows a large increase during each decade.
The}- have not, however, increased as rapidly as either
the capital invested or the value of products, due in part
to the concentration of industries and to the increased
use of improved machinery, which has enabled the
manufacturer to increase the average output to each
wage-earner.
Diagram 4, Plate 180, represents the proportion of
the average number of wage-earners employed in man­
ufactures to the aggregate population at each census
from 1850 to 1900, and indicates that the proportion of
wage-earners to population has increased during each
decade, the greatest increases noted being from I860 to
1870 and 1880 to 1890.
Diagram 1, Plate 182, represents the average number
of wage-earners employed in manufactures in 1900, In­
states and territories. New York is first, with an
average of 849,056; Pennsylvania second, with 733,834;
Massachusetts third, with 497,448; and Illinois fourth,
with 395,110; Nevada showing the smallest average
number of wage-earners employed in manufactures,
601. The states in this diagram follow almost the sam
e
order as for capital invested, diagram 1 Plate 181.
,
Diagram 2, Plate 182, shows the average number of
wage-earners employed in manufactures in 1900, by
state groups, in percentages of the total number
employed. The Middle states lead, with 37.3 per cent
of the total number employed, followed by the Central
states, with 27.7 per cent; the New England states,
(83 )

84

S T A TIS T IC A L ATLAS.

cating values of products from $10,000 to $25,000
and from $25,000 to $100,000 per square mile, are
found principally in West Virginia, Ohio, Indiana,
Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, and Iowa.
The location of an important cit\Tin nearly every por­
tion of the country is marked by the dark patch of color
representing its manufactures and covering the county
in which it is located. As similar m
aps have not been
prepared for previous censuses, it is impossible to com­
pare what might be termed the advance of the frontier
line of manufactures, but, as estimated by the move­
ment of the center of manufactures, this line has evi­
dently progressed south and west, since 1850, from its
early home in the New England and Middle states. A
comparison of this map with Plate 13, representing
the density of population per square mile in 1900,
brings out the fact that the most densely populated
areas show the greatest value of products of manufac­
tures per square mile.
V a l u e o f P ro d ucts.
Plate 186 represents the value of products in seven­
Diagram 3, Plate 180, shows, by the length of the bars, teen states leading in manufactures, from 1870 to 1900,
the value of products at each census from 1850 to 1900, their position,, and the changes in rank which have
the black portion of the bar representing the cost of taken place during the different decades. New York
materials. The value of products has advanced from has been first since 1870, and Pennsylvania second.
81,019,106,616 in 1850 to $13,039,279,566 in 1900, a Massachusetts, fourth in 1900, was third in 1870 and
proportional increase much less than that shown for 1880, but in 1890 was displaced by Illinois, which in
capital invested. The greatest increase reported for a 1870 was sixth, advancing to fourth place in 1880 and
single decade was $4,002,858,092, or 74.5 per cent, from third in 1890. Ohio, fourth in 1870, was fifth in 1880,
1880 to 1890, the increase from 1890 to 1900 being which position it retained in 1900. Missouri, fifth in
$3,666,842,283, or 39.1 per cent.
1870, fell to eighth place in 1880, but advanced to
Plate 184 represents the value of products of manu­ seventh in 1890, which position it still held in 1900.
factures, by states and territories, from 1850 to 1900, New Jersey, seventh in 1870, advanced to sixth in 1880,
at each census for which these values could be obtained, and retained this position in 1900. Connecticut, eighth
arranged in the order of the value of products of the in 1870, advanced to seventh place in 1880, dropped to
specified states in 1900. New York is first, with tenth in 1890, and to eleventh in 1900. The remaining
$2,175,726,900, over $340,000,000 more than Pennsyl­ states also show great changes in rank from census to
vania, the second state in order. The diagram shows census.
very effectively the great increase in nearly every state,
Plate 187 represents, by the black and the white
from census to census, and the enormous value of the bars, the value of products of manufactures and agri­
products of New York and Pennsylvania as compared culture per capita of the population in 1900, arranged
with Utah, South Dakota, North Dakota, and other in the order of the per capita value of products of manu­
states.
factures, and brings out clearly the relative value of
Plate 185 is a map showing the value of products of products of these two industries, by states and territories.
manufactures per square mile at the Twelfth Census, Rhode Island is first, with the greatest per capita value
prepared by dividing the value of the gross product in of manufactures, Connecticut, Massachusetts, New
each county by its land area. The counties were then Jersey, and New York following in order. It will be
grouped according to the value of their products in six noted that generally the state with a large per capita
divisions. Those counties having products valued at value of manufactures had a small per capita value of
less than $1,000 per square mile were left uncolored, agriculture. Only fifteen states and territories show
and the counties in the five higher divisions were shaded greater per capita values of agriculture than of manu­
to agree with the legend. The heaviest shade (v), indi­ factures.
cating those counties in which the products of manu­
Plate 188 represents the per capita value of products
factures were $100,000 and over per square mile, is of manufactures and agriculture for 1890. A compari­
found principally in Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode son of the two diagrams, Plates 187 and 188, shows that
Island, southern New York, New Jersey, and Pennsyl­ each state and territory represented, except two, Mas­
vania, and marks the regions where manufactures was sachusetts and Oregon, has increased its per capita
the most important industry. Shades in and iv, indi­ value of products of manufactures, and that each state
with 17.8 per cent: the Southern states, with 12.3 per
cent: the Pacific states, with 2.7 per cent; and the
Western states, with 2.2 per cent.
Plate 183 represents the proportion of average num­
ber of wage-earners employed in manufactures to total
population in 1900, by states, and is of interest in show­
ing the proportion of the population in each state em­
ployed in this branch of industry. Rhode Island, with
23.1 per cent, or oyer one-tifth of its total population
en
o-ao-ed in manufactures, is first; Connecticut, with
19.5 per cent, second; Massachusetts, with 17.7 per
cent, third; New Hampshire, with 17.1 per cent, fourth;
and New Jersey, with 12.8 per cent, fifth. Delaware,
New York, Pennsylrania, and Maine follow in order,
each with oyer 10 per cent. The remaining states shown
on the diagram reported less than 10 per cent of their
population employed in manufactures. North Dakota,
with less than 1 per cent, having the lowest percentage.

MANUFACTURES.

and territory shown has increased its value per capita
of agricultural products.
Plate 191 represents the value of all manufactured
products and the proportional value of fourteen speci­
fied groups from 1880 to 1900. This diagram is based
on the values given in the comparative summary of
groups of industries (Twelfth Census, Volume VII,
table l v i i i , page cxlv). The value of the total prod­
ucts of the fourteen groups is represented by the entire
area of the circles, and the proportion in each group by
the size of the sectors. The increases for the groups
iron and steel and their products, chemicals and allied
products, and metals and metal products other than
iron and steel, from census to census, are especially
noticeable.
Diagram 1, Plate 192, represents, by the black and
the white bars, the value of products of manufactures in
1900 and 1890, for fifteen groups of industries, thus
comparing graphical^7 the value of products and the
increase in each group. Food and kindred products,
iron and steel and their products, textiles, and metals
and metal products other than iron and steel, especially,
show large increases. In total value of products, food
and kindred products is first, with $2,277,702,010; iron
and steel and their products second, with$1,793,490,908;
and textiles third, with $1,637,484,484.
Plate 189 represents the proportion of urban to total
products of manufactures, by states and territories, in
1900, and shows that urban manufactures comprised
over 90 per cent of the total value of products in Rhode
Island, Massachusetts, Illinois, Connecticut, and New
York, and over 80 per cent in Nebraska, Ohio, Mis­
souri, Indiana, Kansas, and Colorado. . In only fourteen
of the states and territories represented was the value
of urban products less than 50 per cent of the total.
Diagram 1, Plate 190, represents the value of prod­
ucts of manufactures in the leading manufacturing
cities in 1900. The enormous production of New
York, Chicago, and Philadelphia, as compared with
that of the other cities of the United States, is clearly
shown, as well as the relative importance of these
cities in the value of their manufactured products.
Near large manufacturing cities, but outside of their
corporate limits, are located many manufacturing
establishments which are practically a continuation of
the manufacturing industries of the cities, and in order
to give some idea of the amount of manufactures in
one hundred counties in which such cities are located,
these counties were grouped, and the capital, wages, and
value of products from 1860 to 1900 represented by dia­
gram 2, Plate 190. The tremendous increase in capital
invested, from $1,715,376,089 in 1880 to $4,214,105,971
in 1890, and to $6,057,636,400 in 1900; and the increase
in value of products from $3,578,959,287 in 1880 to
$6,399,356,466 in 1890. and to $8,196,331,427 in 1900,
arc well brought out.
Diagram 3, Plate 190, represents the value of prod­

85

ucts of urban and rural manufactures, by state groups,
for 1900, and shows, first, the great value of products
in the Middle and Central states, and second, the large
proportion which the urban formed of the total in these
states.
Diagram 2, Plate 192, represents the capital, wages,
and value of products for urban and rural districts in
1900, and shows graphically the relative importance of
urban and rural manufactures, the urban capital being
79.2 per cent of the total, the wages 83.1 per cent, and
the value of products 81.1 per cent. Taken collectively,
capital, wages, and value of products of urban manu­
factures were more than four times the rural.
Center

of

M

anufactures.

In order to ascertain the position of the center of
manufactures at each census from 1850 to 1900, as
shown on Plate 179, the gross value of products was
distributed by square degrees, and the remainder of
the computations made as in computing the center of
population. (For full description of the method of
computing the center see page 37.) The center of manu­
factures, therefore, is really the center of the value of
its gross products, and as the value of products is
representative of the industry, so the movement of the
center of manufactures, during each decade, can be
considered as the movement of the entire industry.
Plate 179 is a sketch map on which is indicated, by
symbols, the location of the center of manufactures at
each census from 1850 to 1900, and the center of popu­
lation from 1790 to 1900, bringing out clearly the
steady westward movement of both manufactures and
population.
The center of manufactures in 1850 was in Pennsyl­
vania, 41 miles northwest of Harrisburg, and the center
of population at the same census was located 23 miles
southeast of Parkersburg, in the present state of West
Virginia, 240 miles southwest of the center of manu­
factures. In 1860 the center of population had ad­
vanced 81 miles nearly due west, while the center of
manufactures had moved in a westerly direction 100
miles. From 1860 to 1870 the center of population
moved nearly 42 miles north of west, while the center
of manufactures moved slightly west of north 18
m
iles. From 1870 to 1880 the center of population
moved south and west 58 miles, while the center of
manufactures moved north and west 30 miles. From
1880 to 1890 the center of population moved slightly
north of west 48 miles, while the center of manufactures
moved south of west about twice that distance. From
1890 to 1900 the center of population moved almost
directly west 14 miles, while the center of manufactures
moved in a parallel lino nearly 40 miles, or over twice
the westward movement of the center of population.
In general, the center of manufactures has followed the
center of population in its westward movement, but
not always along parallel lines, the greatest variations

86

S T A TIS T IC A L ATLAS.

Plate 195 shows, by the length of the bars, the value
of products in the three branches of the lumber indus­
try—logging cam sawmills, and planing mills—by
ps,
states and territories, for 1900. Michigan leads with
$20,162,235 in the value of products of logging cam
ps,
and with $12,517,195 in sawmills, while New York, with
$33,119,801, leads in the value of planing-mill products.
Diagram 2 represents for logging camps, sawmills, and
planing mills the proportion which the cost of materials
bears to the gross product, and the relative value of
S e l e c t e d I n d u s t r ie s .
the gross product of each class.
Plate 196 is a map showing, in shades of color, in
Plate 193 represents the value of products of certain
four groups, the value of lumber and timber products
manufacturing industries at each census, from 1850 to
per square mile of land area in each county, at the
1900, for which returns were available, arranged in the
Twelfth Census, and maybe termed a “ deforesting”
order of their values in 1900, and shows graphically the
map of the United States, showing, as it does, where
increase in each industry during the different decades,
forests have been leveled to produce the 35,000,000
displaying a most remarkable growth in every industry
feet of lumber reported in 1900. Wisconsin, Michigan,
represented. The value of iron and steel products ad­
Minnesota. Pennsylvania, and Washington, the leading
vanced from $207,208,696 in 1870 to $801,031,918 in
lumber states, have the largest areas of the heaviest
1900, wliile slaughtering and meat packing increased
shade. The map also shows that, with the exception
$773,580,791 since 1850, when the value of its products
of the Pacific states, the principal regions of produc­
was $11,981,612. Lumber and timber products also
tion were east of the ninety-fifth meridian.
show a great increase, reporting $60,113,187 in 1850
Diagram 1 Plate 202, represents the value of lumber
,
and $566,832,981 in 1900.
and timber products, by states and territories. Wis­
The series of diagrams presented on Plates 198 to 203,
consin is first, with a valuation of $57,631,816; Michigan
inclusive, represent, b}?the length of the bars, the value
second, with $51,290,520; Minnesota, Pennsylvania, and
of products of the leading manufacturing industries in
Washington following in order, with over $30,000,000
each state and territory reporting products of consider­
each. The Central states reported lumber and timber
able value in 1900. These diagrams are supplemented
products with a value of $221,121,780, or 39.6 per cent
by a series of small m
aps, or cartograms, Plates 201 to
of the total.
207, inclusive, showing, by shades of color, in four
Cartogram 3, Plate 207, shows, in four shades of
groups described at the bottom of the plate, the value
color, the value of lumber and timber products per
of products of the most important manufacturing indus­
square mile in each state and territory, the state being
tries per square mile of land area, as reported at the
taken as the unit. The heaviest, or fourth shade, indi­
Twelfth Census, thus comparing value of products with
cating a value of products of $1,000 or more per square
area. This method, while not presenting exactly the
mile, is found only in Wisconsin and New Hampshire.
importance of each industry in each state and terri­
The entire eastern half of the United States is covered
tory, is the only practicable m
eans of representing the
b}Tthe third and fourth shades, showing that the prin­
density of manufactures and the geographical location
cipal regions of production, with the exception of
of the great centers of production.
Washington and Oregon, were in the East, the produc­
tion in the arid and semiarid states being very sm
all.
LUMBER AND TIMBER PRODUCTS.

noted being from 1860 to 1870 and 1870 to 1880. From
1850 to 1860, 1880 to 1890, and 1890 to 1900 the center
of manufactures made a greater western advance than
the center of population. The total westward move­
ment of the center of manufactures from 1850 to 1900
was 255 miles, and the westward movement of the
center of population during the sam period 213 miles,
e
indicating that the movements of manufactures and
population are closely related.

Plate 191 represents the value of lumber and timber
products at each census, from 1850 to 1900, for those
states in which the industry was of importance, the
states being arranged in the order of the value of prod­
ucts in 1900. The diagram indicates the growth of the
industry in each state from census to census, and the
great value of production in the states of Wisconsin,
Michigan, and Minnesota, as compared with the other
states. It also shows the increase of this industry from
1880 to 1890 in Wisconsin, Minnesota, and Washington,
and in Michigan from 1860 to 1890. Michigan’s de­
crease of $28,831,119 in value of products, from 1890
to 1900, almost equaled the gain of $30,672,011 from
1880 to 1890.

TEXTILES.

Diagram 1, Plate 198, represents the value of prod­
ucts of the textile industry for each state in which it
was of importance. Massachusetts, with products val­
ued at $213,612,791, is first; Pennsylvania, with
$157,333,201, is second; New York, Rhode Island, New
Jersey, Connecticut, New Hampshire, South Carolina,
North Carolina, Maine, and Georgia following in order,
each of these states reporting products with a valuation
of over $20,000,000. The value of products for each
of the remaining states appearing in the diagram was
less than $10,000,000. The great importance of the
textile industry in the New England and Middle states
is .show by the immense value of products reported in
n

M A N U F YCTURES.

87

1900 for those divisions. The returns also indicate that
this industry has become one of the most prominent in
the Southern states.
Cartogram 1 Plate 205, indicates, by shades of color,
,
the value per square mile of textile products in each
state and territory. The map shows that the New Eng­
land states (except Maine and Vermont), Pennsylvania,
New York, New Jersey, Delaware, and South Carolina
had the greatest value of products and that the textile
industry was practically confined to the region east of
the Mississippi river.

New York, Maine, Connecticut, and New Jersey, in the
order named, were the only additional states reporting
products valued at more than $12,000,000.
Cartogram 3, Plate 205, presents, in four shades of
color, the value per square mile of the products of
wool manufactures represented in diagram 1, Plate
199, and shows that the greatest value of products, as
compared with area, was in Massachusetts, Rhode Is­
land, Connecticut, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania, the
remaining New England and Middle states showing
smaller values per square mile.

COTTON.

HOSIERY AND K N IT GOODS.

Plate 197—cotton production, exports, and consump­
tion from 1850 to 1900—represents, by the total area of
the circles, the amount produced at each census, and by
the size of the sectors, the proportion exported and the
proportion used for northern and southern consump­
tion. The increase in production during each decade,
except from 1860 to 1870, and the rapid increase in the
amount consumed at home, due principally to the
increase in southern consumption, is especially notice­
able. Southern consumption increased 168.7 per cent
from 1890 to 1900, while northern consumption, during
the sam period, increased only 9.3 percent. The fall­
e
ing off in production and consumption of cotton from
1860 to 1870, due to the Civil War, is clearly indicated.

Diagram 2, Plate 199, represents the value of prod­
ucts of hosiery and knit goods in the principal pro­
ducing states, New York being first with $35,886,048,
and Pennsylvania second with $21,896,063. No other
state approached these two in value of products.
Cartogram 5, Plate 205, shows, in shades of color, the
value of hosiery and knit goods products per square
mile, the entire area of heavy production being confined
to the New England and Middle states.

COTTON GOODS.

Diagram 5, Plate 198, represents the value of cotton
goods in those states leading in their manufacture.
Massachusetts leads with a value of products nearly
four times as great as that of South Carolina, the sec­
ond state in rank. North Carolina, Rhode Island,
Pennsylvania, and New Hampshire follow in the order
given, each reporting products of cotton manufactures
valued at more than $20,000,000.
Cartogram 2, Plate 205, shows, in four shades of color,
the value of products of manufactures of cotton goods
per square mile in each state and territory. The heav­
iest shade, indicating the greatest valuation per square
mile, covers New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Connecti­
cut, and Rhode Island only. The next shade, repre­
senting a valuation from $100 to $1,000 per square
mile, indicates that this industry was also of great im­
portance in the Middle and Southern states.
WOOLEN GOODS, WORSTED GOODS, WOOL HATS, AND
SHODDY.

Diagram 1 Plate 199, represents the value of prod­
,
ucts of the manufacture of woolen goods, worsted
goods, wool hats, and shoddy in the states leading in
their manufacture, and brings out clearly the great
value of wool manufactures of Massachusetts ($73,536,659), Pennsylvania ($50,053,698), and Rhode Island
($39,187,522), as compared with the remaining states.

SILK AND SILK GOODS.

Diagram 3, Plate 199, represents the value of prod­
ucts of manufactures of silk and silk goods in the states
reporting products valued at more than $400,000. New
Jersey is first, with a value of $39,966,662; and Penn­
sylvania second, with $31,072,926, each of these states
having a valuation more than double that of New York
($12,706,246), the next state in rank. The value of
products in the four states—New Jersey, Pennsylvania,
New York, and Connecticut—formed 89.6 per cent of
the total value of silk and silk goods reported in 1900.
Cartogram 4, Plate 205, shows, in shades of color, the
value of products of silk and silk goods per square mile,
and indicates that the greatest values were in Massa­
chusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New
Jersey, and Pennsylvania, the value per square mile in
the remaining states being very sm
all.
m e n ’s a n d

w o m e n ’s c l o t h in g

(fa c to r y

p r o d u c t ).

Diagram 4, Plate 199, represents the value of men’s
and women’s clothing (factory product) in the states
leading in clothing manufacture. The immense value
of the product of New York, $233,370,447, as com­
pared with that of other states, is very effectively
shown. Illinois with $47,153,491, Pennsylvania with
$35,083,623, Ohio with $24,366,595, Maryland with
$20,013,401, Massachusetts with $15,032,604, and Mis­
souri with $12,049,989, follow New York in the order
named, and were the only states reporting a value of
products of more than $10,000,000.
Diagram 5, Plate 199, compares graphically the val­
ues of men’s and of women’s clothing (factory product)

88

S T A TIS T IC A L ATLAS.

in twenty-two cities, the uncolored bar representing the | The value of products reported for Chicago and East
value of men’s clothing and the black bar that of St. Louis was 98.7 per cent of the total for the state of
women's, and shows the relative importance of each Illinois; that of Kansas City, Kansas, was 95.3 percent
branch of this industry for the cities specified. The of the total for the state of Kansas; and that of South
tremendous value of the production of New York, as Omaha was 95.2 per cent of the total for the state of
compared with that of the other cities, is well brought Nebraska. The great value of products of Illinois and
out. The value of women’s clothing exceeded that of Chicago, as compared with other states and cities, is
men’s in only two of the cities represented, Cleveland clearly presented.
and Newark. In New York they were nearly equal, ( Cartogram 3, Plate 201, shows, in shades of color,
but in the remaining cities the value of men’s clothing the value of slaughtering and meat-packing products
largely exceeded that of women’s, Rochester, Milwau­ per square mile. The darkest shade, indicating the
kee, Utica, Louisville, St. Joseph, St. Paul, and Kansas greatest value of products as compared with area,
City, Missouri, reporting little or no manufacture of covers the states of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New
York, New Jersey, Indiana, and Illinois, while Kansas,
women’s clothing.
Diagram 6, Plate 199, presents, in the sam manner Nebraska, and Missouri were thrown into the next
e
as diagram 5, the relative importance of men’s and lower group by their large areas.
women’s clothing (factory product) in the thirteen states
CHEESE, BUTTER, AND CONDENSED MILK.
leading in their manufacture. The value of manufac­
tures of men’s clothing exceeded that of women’s in
Diagram 1, Plate 198, represents the value of prod­
every state represented. A comparison of the two ucts of cheese, butter, and condensed milk in the states
diagrams shows that the principal city in each of these leading in this industry. New York is first, with
states manufactured nearly the entire product.
$26,557,888 and Wisconsin second, with $20,120,117.
Cartogram 6, Plate 205, shows, in shades of color, the Iowa with $15,816,077, Illinois with $12,879,299, and
value of products per square mile of the manufactures Pennsylvania with $10,290,006, were the only addi­
of men’s and women’s clothing (factory product), and tional states reporting products valued at more than
gives a general idea of the geographical location of the $ 10, 000, 000.
centers of production of the clothing industry. Massa­
Cartogram 2, Plate 201, shows, b}Tshades of color,
chusetts, New York, and Maryland show the heaviest the value of products of cheese, butter, and condensed
production as compared with area; Pennsylvania, Ohio, milk per square mile in each state and territory. The
and Illinois, with a larger value of products than Mas­ heavy shade covering the New England states (except
sachusetts or Maryland, falling in the next group, owing Maine and Rhode Island), New York, Pennsylvania,
to their large areas.
Delaware, Illinois, Wisconsin, Minnesota, and Iowa
indicates that this industry was of importance in these
FLOURING AND GRIST M ILL PRODUCTS.
states.
Diagram 1, Plate 200, represents the value of flour­
MANUFACTURED ICE.
ing and grist mill products for those states and terri­
Diagram 3, Plate 198, represents the value of manu­
tories leading in this industry. Minnesota is first, with
a valuation of $83,877,709, which is almost double that factured ice in the ten states leading in its manufacture.
of the second state, New York ($42,796,3-10). Ohio, This industry naturally had its inception in the South,
Pennsylvania, Illinois, Indiana, Missouri, and Wiscon­ but has extended to the North, Pennsylvania reporting
sin follow closely, each reporting products valued at in 1900 the greatest value of products, $2,038,501.
more than $25,000,000.
Texas is second, with $1,181,332; New York third,
Cartogram 1, Plate 201, shows, in shades of color, with $1,051,372; and Illinois fourth, with $990,827.
the value of flouring and grist mill products per square Of the ten leading states only four are in the South.
mile. The wide distribution of the heavy shades indi­
ALCOHOLIC LIQUORS.
cates that this industry was of importance in nearly
every state and territory, only eight falling in the low­
Diagram 2, Plate 198, represents the value of alco­
est group. The greatest values per square mile were holic liquors (distilled, malt, and vinous) in the states
found in the New England, Middle, and Central states. leading in their manufacture. New York is first, with
products valued at $58,282,253; Illinois second, with
SLAUGHTERING AND MEAT PACKING.
$57,955,162, the difference between them being slight.
Diagrams 2 and 3, Plate 200, represent the value of Pennsylvania, with $31,571,158, is third, and far below
products of slaughtering and meat packing in twenty- New York and Illinois in the value of its liquor prod­
seven states and thirteen cities, and compare effectively ucts. Ohio, Indiana, and Wisconsin follow in the
the value of products of each of the thirteen cities with order named, each reporting liquors valued at more
that of the state in which it is located, showing, also, than $22,000,000.
the relative importance of this industry in each city.
Cartogram 1. Plate 201, shows, bv shades of color,

MANUFACTURES.

89

products), by states and territories. The statistics of
the Twelfth Census cover all the wares known as clay
products—that is, those in which the essential raw
material is clay. This industry is an extensive one,
products having been reported from nearly every
state and territory. Ohio, with products valued at
$16,480,812; Pennsylvania, with $14,081,844; New Jer­
sey, with $10,786,673; New York, with $8,073,769; and
Illinois, with $7,224,915, were the only states reporting
products valued at more than $7,000,000.
IRON AND STEEL.
Cartogram 5, Plate 204, shows, in shades of color,
Diagram 1 Plate 201, represents the value of iron the geographical distribution of the centers of the
,
and steel products (blast furnaces, rolling mills, and manufacture of clay products, the greatest values per
forges and bloomeries) in the nineteen states leading in square mile being shown in Massachusetts, Connecticut,
this industry. Pennsylvania is first, with products New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Mainland, Ohio,
valued at $434,445,200, or 54.0 per cent of the total Indiana, and Illinois. The wide distribution of the
valuation; Ohio is second, with $138,935,256; and Illi­ darker shades indicates the extensive character of this
nois third, with $60,303,144; the value of products of industry.
these three states forming 78.8 per cent of the total.
GLASS.
The diagram brings out the great value of products in
Diagram 4, Plate 201, represents the value of prod­
Pennsylvania as compared with other states.
ucts of glass manufacture, including glass cutting,
Cartogram 1, Plate 207, shows, in shades of color, the
value of iron and steel products (blast furnaces, rolling staining, and ornamenting. The states most prominent
mills, and forges and bloomeries) per square mile, and in this industry were Pennsylvania, with products valued
indicates the regions in which this industry was of the at $23,274,113; Indiana, with $14,757,883; New York,
greatest importance. The states showing the greatest with $6,316,214; New Jersey, with $5,345,425; Ohio,
value of products per square mile are Massachusetts, with $4,789,952; and Illinois, with $3,992,736, these
New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Ohio, and Illi­ six states reporting more than nine-tenths of the total
nois. The remaining states in which this industry was production.
Cartogram 6, Plate 204, shows, in shades of cojor,
important, with products valued at $100 to $1,000
per square mile, are Connecticut, New York, Indiana, the geographical distribution of the value of products
Michigan, Wisconsin, Maryland, Virginia, West Vir­ of glass manufacture, the shade indicating the greatest
value of products being confined to the states of New
ginia, Kentucky, Tennessee, and Alabama.
York. New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Ohio, and Indiana.
the value per square mile of alcoholic liquor products.
The heavy shade, indicating the areas in which the
value of products was greatest and the industry most
important, covers Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New
York. New Jersey, and Illinois. New Hampshire, Con­
necticut, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Ohio,
Indiana, Wisconsin, Missouri, and Kentucky fall in the
group with products valued at from $100 to $1,000 per
square mile.

COKE.

Diagram 2, Plate 201, represents the value of prod­
ucts of coke in the eight states leading in its manufac­
ture. The total output of coke at the Twelfth Census
was valued at $35,585,445. Pennsylvania, the state
leading in its manufacture, reported products valued at
$22,282,358, or 62.6 per cent of the total. Alabama,
West Virginia, Colorado, Virginia, and Tennessee fol­
low in the order of the value of their products, these
states, with Pennsylvania, reporting over 91.6 per cent
of the total for the United States.
Cartogram 2, Plate 207, shows, in shades of color,
the geographical distribution of this industry. The
areas of the darkest shade, indicating the greatest value
of products per square mile, $100 to $1,000. are con­
fined to the states of Pennsylvania and West Virginia.
Virginia, Tennessee, Alabama, and Colorado are the
only remaining states showing coke products valued at
more than $10 per square mile.

LEATHER.

Diagram 5, Plate 201, represents the value of prod­
ucts of leather (tanned, curried, and finished) in the
states leading in its manufacture. Pennsylvania is first,
with a value of products of $55,615,009. Massachu­
setts, with $26,067,714; New York, with $23,205,991;
Wisconsin, with $20,074,373; and New Jersey, with
$13,747,155, were the only additional states reportingproducts valued at more than $12,000,000.
Cartogram 5, Plate 206, shows, in shades of color,
the value of leather products per square mile, The
darkest shade, indicating the greatest value of products
as compared with area, covers Massachusetts, Pennsyl­
vania, New Jersey, and Delaware. This industry was
widely extended and was of importance in a number of
states of the New England, Middle, and Central divi­
sions, as indicated by the area covered by the heavier
shades.

CLAY PRODUCTS.

BOOTS AND SHOES.

Diagram 3, Plate 201, represents the value of clay
products (brick, tile, pottery, terra cotta, and fire-clay

Diagram 6, Plate 201, represents the value of manu­
factures of boots and shoes (factory product) in certain
10

S T A TIS T IC A L ATLAS.

90

states. Massachusetts leads, with products valued at
$117,115,243; New York is second, with $25,585,631;
New Hampshire third, with $23,405,558; and Ohio
fourth, with $17,920,854; Pennsylvania, Maine, Illinois,
and Missouri following in the order named, each report­
ing products valued at more than $10,000,000. The
immense value of boots and shoes manufactured in
Massachusetts, as compared with other states, is
effectively shown.
Cartogram 6, Plate 206, shows, in shades of color, the
value of boots and shoes (factory product) per square
mile. The darkest shade, indicating the greatest value
of products per square mile, covers Massachusetts and
New Hampshire only. Maine, Connecticut, Rhode Is­
land, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware,
Maryland, Ohio, Illinois, and Missouri are in the group
having products valued at from $100 to $1,000 per
square mile. The value of products, as compared with
area, in the South and West was very sm
all.
AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS.

Diagram 2, Plate 202, represents the value of prod­
ucts of agricultural implements in the states leading in
their manufacture. Illinois is first, with products val­
ued at $42,033,796, more than treble those of Ohio
($13,975,268), the second state in point of production.
New York, Wisconsin, Indiana, and Michigan follow
in order, each reporting products valued at more than
$6,000,000. These six states reported in 1900, 86.1 per
cent of the total value of products.
Cartogram 4, Plate 207, shows, by shades of color,
the value of manufactures of agricultural implements
per square mile and marks the regions in which the
value of production, as compared with area, was great­
est. The industry was most important in New York,
Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, Wisconsin, and Illinois, these
being the only states which reported in 1900 products
valued at more than $100 per square mile.
CARS (CONSTRUCTION AND REPAIRS).

Diagram 3, Plate 202, represents the value, by states
and territories, of steam and street railroad cars (con­
struction and repairs). Pennsylvania is first, with a
product of $63,570,599; Illinois second, with $42,541,876;
New York third, with $24,937,964; Indiana fourth, with
$19,248,999; and Ohio fifth, with $17,704,588, the value
of products for these five states being 51.6 per cent of
the total for the United States.
Cartogram 6, Plate 207, shows, in shades of color, the
value of products of manufactures of cars per square
mile. The darkest shade, indicating the greatest value
of products as compared with area, is found only in
Pennsylvania and Delaware. The wide distribution of
the heavier shades indicates the extent of the industry,
only a few Western states and territories showing a pro­
duction of less than $10 per square mile.

CARRIAGES AND WAGONS.

Diagram 4, Plate 202, represents the value of products
of the manufactures of carriages and wagons in the
states in which this industry was of importance. Ohio
leads with products valued at $15,919,173, closely
followed b New York, with $13,068,385; Indiana,
}^
with $12,742,243; and Michigan, with $11,205,602, the
only states reporting products valued at more than
$10,000,000.

Cartogram 5, Plate 207, shows, in shades of color, the
value of manufactures of carriages and wagons per
square mile. The dark shade, indicating the states in
which this industry was most prominent, covers the
southern New England states, and New Jersey, Dela­
ware, Maryland, and the Lake states.
CHEMICALS AND ALLIE D PRODUCTS.

Diagram 1 Plate 203. represents the value of chem­
,
icals and allied products in those states reporting prod­
ucts valued at over $200,000. New York leads with
$40,998,911; followed by Pennsylvania with $32,154,223;
New Jersey with $26,763,856; Ohio with $13,307,431;
and Illinois with $12,422,227. These were the only
states reporting products valued at over $10,000,000.
Cartogram 2, Plate 206, shows, by shades of color, the
value per square mile of chemicals and allied products,
and marks, by the darkest shade, the states in which
their manufacture was of greatest value as compared
with area. Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and New Jer­
sey were the only states showing products valued at
$1,000 or more per square mile.
PETROLEUM REFINING.

Diagram 2. Plate 203, represents the value of products
of petroleum refining in the five states for which the
production was shown separately. Pennsylvania leads
with $34,977,706, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, and
California following in order. The value of products
in these five states was $100,906,544, or 81.4 per cent
of the total amount reported.
Cartogram 1, Plate 206, shows, in shades of color, the
value of products of petroleum refining per square mile.
The heav}T tints, indicating the regions in which the
industry was of greatest importance, cover only four
states—New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, and
Ohio—showing that the principal production was con­
centrated in a comparatively small area.
PAPER AND WOOD PULP.

Diagram 3, Plate 203, represents the value of prod­
ucts of paper and wood pulp manufactures in the states
leading in this industry. The five states reporting
products valued at more than $10,000,000 each, were
New York, with $26,715,628; Massachusetts, with
$22,141,461; Maine, with $13,223,275; Pennsylvania,
with $12,267,900; and Wisconsin, with $10,895,576.

MANUFACTURES.

Cartogram 3, Plate 206, shows, by shades of color,
the value per square mile of paper and wood pulp
manufactures, the heavy shades, found principally in
the New England, Middle, and Lake states, marking
the area in which this industry was of greatest im­
portance.
PRINTING AND PUBLISHING.

Diagram 4, Plate 203, represents the value of the
combined products of the three classes of printing and
publishing—newspapers and periodicals, book and job,
and music—for those states and territories reportingproducts valued at more than $150,000. The five states
reporting products valued at more than $20,000,000were
New York ($95,232,051), Illinois ($39,419,032), Penn­

91

sylvania ($36,155,629), Massachusetts ($29,372,311), and
Ohio ($20,391,868), their combined values forming 63.5
per cent of the amount reported for the United States.
Cartogram 1, Plate 206, shows, by shades of color, the
value of products of printing and publishing per,square
mile, the heaviest shade indicating those states in which
the value of products was greatest as compared with
area. Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and New York
were the only states reporting products valued at $1,000
or more per square mile. The wide distribution of the
heavier shades indicates the extent of the industry and
shows that it was of great importance in nearly every
state and territory, only nine states and territories re­
porting products valued at less than $10 per square
mile.