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6, 2o U. S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR CHILDREN’S BUREAU JULIA C. LA TH RO P, Chid A™!e 6 CHILDREN’S YEAR The States and Child Labor LISTS OF STATES WITH CERTAIN RESTRICTIONS AS TO AGES AND HOURS C H IL D R E N ’ S Y E A R L E A F L E T N O . 13 Bureau Publication N o. 58 PREPARED IN COLLABORATION WITH THE CHILD CONSERVATION SECTION OF THE FIELD DIVISION COUNCIL OF NATIONAL DEFENSE W ASHINGTON GOVERNM ENT PRINTING OFFICE 1919 . 34 3 . 1 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org ¡3 $ Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 6 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis £ * S Ì CONTENTS. Introduction............................................... Pase" . . . . . ........ « Minimum age for employment in factories and stores........ Maximum working hours for children under 16 in factories and storca. " . . . 14 Prohibition of night work for children under 16 in factories and stores........... ! is Minimum age for employment of boys in mines and quarries....... 22 Compulsory school attendance..................................................... 2g Compulsory continuation and evening school attendance.................... 39 Explanatory notes............................................ ............................... Minimum age for employment in factories and stores. 42 Maximum working hours for children under 16 in factories t o d stores........ 43 Prohibition of night work for children under 16 in factories and stores’ 44 Compulsory school attendance...... ............. .................. * 3 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis The States and Child Labor LISTS OF STATES WITH CERTAIN RESTRICTIONS AS TO AGES AND HOURS INTRODUCTION. This pamphlet summarizes briefly the age and hour restrictions placed by the various State laws 1 upon the employment of children under 16 in factories and stores and the age restrictions placed upon the employment of boys in mines. These regulations are of two types labor laws, fixing minimum ages and maximum hours and prohibiting night work, and compulsory school-attendance laws, which constitute in effect prohibitions of employment during the hours when they require the attendance of children at school. The effect of the latter type of law upon the work of children is no less definite because it is indirect, and it is indeed recognized that the enforcement of a child-labor law is practically impossible without the assistance of a school-attendance law which keeps the child in school during the years when he is not legally permitted to be at work. In presenting -the labor laws, the States have been arranged in groups, the basis of classification being the attainment of certain standards of protection of children* from early labor, from long hours and from work at night. But it must be remembered that such a classification is at best but a rough approximation of the actual posi tion of any State in regard to its restrictions upon child labor. The different State laws are so variously worded, and many of them are so burdened with exemptions the actual effect of-Much can not be deter mined, that accurate classification becomes almost impossible. For in stance, a State with a minimum age of 15 years with exemptions per mitting children 12 or over to work under certain conditions may actually afford much less protection to its children than one having a minimum age of 14 with no exemptions. Many important types of child-labor legislation, notably employ ment-certificate requirements and provisions for the enforcement of labor laws, have not been included in this leaflet. Detailed statements of the bases of classification will be found on pages 42 to 46. i Laws passed b y the legislatures of 1918 are, included. Virginia, child-labor law. Legislation of 1919 is included as follows: West 5 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis MINIMUM AGE FOR EMPLOYMENT STORES. IN FACTORIES AND [The notes on page 42 should be read in connection 'with this summary.] L M IN IM U M AGE OVER 14 YEARS (without exemptions). OHIO— Boy 15, girl 16. In, about, or in connection with factories, stores, etc., at any time, or in any business during school hours. (The require ment of a certificate for any employment, the certificate to prove boy to be 15 or girl to be 16, apparently extends this provision to all occupations.) II. M IN IM U M AGE OVER 14 YEARS (with exemptions). [Lack of any regulation for stores is classed as an exemption.] CALIFORNIA— 15. In or in connection with factories, stores, etc., or “ any other place of labor,” 1 except that (1) child 12 or over may obtain vacation permit to work on weekly school holidays or during regular school vacation; (2) child 14 or over who has com pleted prescribed grammar school course may obtain grad uate permit; (3) child 14 or over whose services are neces sary for support of self or family may obtain temporary permit for “ suitable” work; (4) child 14 or over may obtain permit to work outside school hours. All permits are obtained from local school authorities. MICHIGAN— 15. In or in connection with factories (canneries included), stores, etc., except that child 14 or over may obtain from school authorities vacation permit for work outside school hours. MONTANA— 16. In factories, etc., or where any machinery is operated. Mini mum age for employment in any occupation during school term is 14 if child has not completed public-school studies and 16 if he is unable to read and write English— this con stitutes the only regulation for employment in stores. i Agricultural, viticultural, and horticultural pursuits (including curing and drying, but not canning fruits) and domestic service exempted outside school hours. 6 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis THE STATES AUD CHILD LAB0B. 7 SOUTH DAKOTA— 15. A t any gainful occupation in factories, etc., or in any other work for compensation, during school hours. In factories and workshops outside school hours the m in im u m age is 14, except that child whose services are necessary for support of family may obtain from the local school authorities a permit authorizing employment within certain hours to be specified therein. No minimum age for employment in stores outside school hours. TEXAS— 15. In or about factories, etc., except that child 12 or over whose earnings are necessary for support of self or f a m ily may obtain -from county judge permit to work, but not in or around any factory or other place where dangerous ma chinery is used, or where child’s moral or physical condi tion is liable to be injured. No m in im u m age for employ ment in stores, except the restriction imposed during school hours' by the compulsory school-attendance law. HI. M IN IM U M AGE 14 YEARS (without exemptions). CONNECTICUT— 14. In factories, stores, etc., at any time, or in any occupation during school hours. ILLINOIS— 14. A t any gainful occupation in or in connection with factories, canneries, stores, etc., at any time, or in any work for com pensation during school term.1 KENTUCKY— 14. In or in connection with factories, stores, etc., at any time, or in any business during school term. ( A n amendment to the certificate provision of this act, by listing “ canneries” among the establishments in which an inspector may sus pend the certificate of a child whose age is incorrectly given, implies that canneries are also included in the minimum age provision.) LOUISIANA— 14. In factories, packing houses, stores, etc., or “ any other occupa tion whatsoever.” * i Child under 14 doing voluntary work of a temporary and harmless character, for compensation when school is not in session, is exempted. It has been ruled b y the attorney general, however, that this'clause does not exempt employment in any of the occupations specifically prohibited for children under 14 and hat the term “ when school is not in session” applies to the summer vacation period only, *Agricultural pursuits exempted. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 8 THE STATES AND CHILD LABOR. MARYLAND— 14. In, about, or in connection with factories, canning or packing establishments, stores, etc. MASSACHUSETTS— 14. . In, about, or in connection with factories, stores, etc., at any time, or in any work for compensation during school hours. MISSOURI— 14. In any gainful occupation.1 NEBRASKA.— 14. In or in connection with factories, stores, etc., at afiy time, or in any business or service during school hours. NEW HAMPSHIRE— 14. In, about, or in connection with factories, stores, etc., at any time, or in manufacturing, mechanical, mercantile, or other employment when school is in session. NORTH DAKOTA— 14. In or in connection with factories, stores, etc., at any time, or in any business or service during school hours. PENNSYLVANIA— 14. In, about, or in connection with any establishment or in any occupation.1 RHODE ISLAND— 14. In factories, manufacturing or business establishments. (Every person, firm, or corporation employing children under 16 is subject to these provisions, whatever the business con ducted.)1 IV. M IN IM U M AGE 14 YEARS (with exemptions limited to outside school hours). [Lack of any regulation for stores is classed as an exemption.] ALABAMA— 14. In any gainful occupation,1 except that in cities of less than 25,000 according to latest Federal census boy 12 or over may be employed in mercantile establishments and business offices “ during such times as the public schools are not in session.’' i Agricultural pursuits and domestic service exempted. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis THE STATES AND CHILD LABOR. 9 ARIZONA— 14. In, about, or in connection with factories, stores, etc., at any time, or in any business or service during school hours, except that upon license from board of trustees of school district boy 10 to 14 may work outside school hours at labor not harmful physically or morally. ARKANSAS— 14. In any remunerative occupation, except that during school vaca tion child under 14 may be employed by parent, etc., in occupation owned or controlled by him. COLORADO— 14. In any “ gainable” ‘occupation in factories, stores, etc., at any time, or in any work for compensation during any part of any month when school is in session,1 except that child 12 or over may obtain from local school authorities permit to work during that part of June, July, and August when public schools are not in session. IDAHO— 14.2 In or in connection with factories, stores, etc., at any time, or in any business or service during school hours,2 except that child 12 or over may be employed during public-school vacation of two weeks or more. INDIANA— 14. In any gainful occupation,3 except that child 12 or over may be employed June 1 to October 1 in business of preserving or canning perishable fruits and Vegetables; or in any gainful occupation during school hours.4 KANSAS— 14. In or in connection with factories, packing houses, canneries, etc., at any time, or in any business or service during school hours. There is a possibility that a minimum age of 14 for work in stores is fixed by the provision requiring a work permit show ing child to be 14 for employment in all vocations mentioned in the child-labor act. (Mercantile establishments are men tioned in the section limiting the hours of labor, but not in the minimum-age section.) Otherwise there is no mmimnni age for employment in stores outside school hours, 1 Employment in fruit orchard, garden, field, or farm exempted. (Permit required if for other than own parents.) . 2 Compulsory school-attendance law raises the minimum age for employment during school hours to 15 (child whose bodily or mental condition renders attendance at school inexpedient exempted). * Agricultural pursuits and domestic service.exempted. 4 The law prohibiting employment in any gainful occupation during school hours is later than that permitting employment June 1 to Oct. 1 in canneries, but apparently exempts child physically or mentallv unfit to attend school. J Digitized for108710—19------2 FRASER https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 10 TFTK STATES AND CHILD LABOB. MAINER—14. la , about, or in connection with factories, etc., at any tin », or in any business or service for hire during school hours. No minimum age for employment in stores outride school hours. MINNESOTA— 14. In or in connection with factories, etc., at any time, or in any business or service during school term. No minimum age for employment in stores outside sehool term. NEVADA— 14. In any business or service during school hours. There appears to be no limitation upon employment outside school hours, other than the requirement, contained in an earlier law, of a written permit from the judge of the district court for the employment of a boy under 14 or girl under 16 in or in connection with factories, stores, etc., or in any inside employment not connected with farm or housework. NEW JERSEY— 14. In factories, places where manufacture of goods of any kind is carried on, mercantile establishments (defined as employ ment other than in a factory, workshop, mill, place where the manufacture of goods is carried on, mine, quany— all covered by m in im u m age of 14— or in agricultural pursuits), etc., except that child 10 or over desiring to assist in support ing self or family, may secure from the “ supervisor of school exemption certificates” an “ age and working certificate” permitting h im to work outside school hours at street trades and “ other light employments” not otherwise pro hibited by law.1 NEW Y O R K — 14. In or in connection with, or for, factories (canneries and canning sheds included by definition), etc.; in or in connection with mercantile establishments in cities or villages of 3,000 or over; and in any business or service during school term. No minimum age for employment in stores outside school term in places of less than 3,000 inhabitants; boys 12 or over may be employed in gathering produce for not more than 6 hours per day, subject to the compulsory school-attendance law. i Lim ited b y another section of the law to “ employment in the open air.” https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis THE STATES AND CHILD LABOS. 11 OREGON— 14. In ©r in connection with, factories, stores, etc.., at any time, or in work or labor of any form during school term, except that child 12 or over may be employed during school vacation of over 2 weeks in worknot harmful to health or morals on permit issued in careful discretion7’ of the board of inspectorsof child labor TENNESSEE— 14. In, about, or in connection with factories, canneries, etc., or in any business or servjce which interferes with chücPs attend ance at school during school term. No m in im -iim age for employment in stores outside school hours. VERMONT— 14. In or about factories, canneries, etc.; no minimum age for em ployment in stores, except the restriction imposed during school hours by the compulsory school-attendance law. WEST VIRGINIA— 14. (Effective May 11, 1919.) In, about, or in connection with any gainful occupation,1 at any time, or in any business or service during school hours, except that boys 12 or over may be employed in mercantile establishments and business offices outside school hours on special permit from school authorities. WISCONSIN— 14. In factories, stores, etc., or in any gainful occupation or employ ment,8 except that child 12 or over may obtain permit from State industrial commission or deputy for work during school vacation in store, office, mercantile establishment, ware house, or telegraph, telephone, or public messenger service, in place where he resides. V. M IN IM U M AGE 14 YEARS (with exemptions not limited to outside school hours). [Lack of any regulation for stores is classed as an exemption.) DELAW ARE— 14. In, about, or in connection with any establishment or occupation,1 except that (1) boy 12 or over may obtain from local school authorities provisional permit to work (in occupation de clared by labor commission not dangerous to life or limb or injurious to health or morals) at any time except when he is required by law to attend school; (2) law does not apply* to child 12 or over in fruit and vegetable canneries; (3) child whose services are necessary for support of self or family and who can not satisfy the requirements for a geneial certificate or a provisional certificate, may obtain permit from chairman of labor commission to be employed under conditions set forth in permit.8 1 Agricultural pursuits and dom estic service exempted. * Agricultural pursuits'exempted. 8 m M nram age for a provisional certificate (permitting employment outside school hours boy, 14 for girl; for a general certificate the minimum age is 14, https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis is 12 for 12 THE STATES AND CHILD LABOR. DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA— 14. In factories, stores, etc., at any time, or in any work lor com pensation during school hours, except that (1) child 12 or over whose services are necessary for support of self or family may obtain from juvenile court judge permit to work in occupation not dangerous or injurious to health or morals; (2) law does not apply to child employed in service of Senate. IOW A— 14. In factories, packing houses, stores, etc., except that law does not apply to (1) stores where less than 9 persons are employed; or (2) child working in establishments or occupations owned or operated by parent. OKLAHOMA— 14. In factories, etc. No m in im u m age for employment in stores except the restriction imposed during school hours by the compulsory schoolattendance law. VIRGIN IA— 14. In factories, Gunneries,1 etc., and in stores in places of 2,000 or more inhabitants. Stores in other places are exempted.2 WASHINGTON— 14. In factories, stores, etc.,3 except that child 12 or over whose serv ices are necessary for support of self or parent may obtain permit from superior court judge for work in occupations not dangerous or injurious to health or morals. VI. M IN IM U M AGE LO W ER TH AN 14 YEARS. FLORIDA. 14. 12. In, about, or in connection with factories, etc. In, about, or in connection with stores, etc. GEORGIA. 14. In or about factories, etc., except that child over 12 whose serv ices are necessary for support of self (if orphan) or widowed mother may obtain temporary permit to work from com mission composed of county school superintendent, ordinary of county, and head of school district. No m m ir m im age for employment in stores, except the restriction imposed during school hours by the compulsory schoolattendance law. i Canneries are omitted from the penalty clause. s Employment of child in establishment owned or operated b y parent is not to be “ prevented.” » A later law prohibits the employment of b oy under 14 or girl under 16 in or in connection with factories, stores, etc., or any inside employment not connected with farm or housework, without a written permit from a judge of a superior court of the county where child lives. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis THE STATES AND CHILD LABOR. 13 MISSISSIPPI—Boy 12, girl 14. In factories and canneries (but penalty clause does not specify canneries). No minimum age for employment in stores, except the restriction imposed during school hours by the compulsory schoolattendance law. NEW MEXICO. No provisions other than the restriction imposed during school hours by the compulsory school-attendance law. NORTH CAROLINA— 13. In factories, except that child 12 or over may be employed in “ apprenticeship” capacity if he has attended school for 4 months in the preceding 12 months. No minimum age for employment in stores, except the restriction imposed during school hours by the compulsory schoolattendance law. SOUTH CAROLINA. 14. In factories. No minimum age for employment in stores, except that imposed during school hours by the compulsory school-attendance law. UTAH. No provisions other than the restriction imposed during school hours by the compulsory school-attendance law. Certain specific dangerous or injurious manufacturing processes are, however, prohibited under 16. *• WYOMING. No provisions other than the restriction imposed during school hours by the compulsory school-attendance law. Certain specific dangerous or injurious manufacturing processes, are, however, prohibited under 14. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis MAXIMUM WORKING HOURS FOR CHILDREN UNDER 16 IN FACTORIES AND STORES. [The notes on page 43 should be read in connection with this summary.] I M A X IM U M W O R K IN G DAY 8 H OU RS, O R N OT OVER 48 H OU R S P E R M IT T E D PE R W EE K (W ITH O U T E X E M PTIO N S). State. Occupation. Hours per day. Hours per week. Arizona... At any gainful occupation. *8 48 Arkansas.. At any occupation............. 8 48 California. In factories, stores, etc., or “ other place of labor.” 28 48 8 48 District of Columbia... In factories, stores ,e t c .... Illinois...................... At any gainful occupation. 8 Kansas...................■ In or in connection with factories, can neries, pacldng houses, etc., or in stores. 8 48 Kentucky. . . . In, about, or in connection with fac tories,5 stores, etc. 8 48 Massachusetts. In, about, or in connection with fac tories, stores, etc. 8 48 Minnesota. At any gainful occupation. 8 48 Missouri.. At any gainful occupation 8 48 Nebraska. In factories, stores, etc. (law covers packing houses and beet fields). 8 48 At any gainful occupation *.......... . 8 48 New Jersey. In factories, etc.; in or in connection with mercantile establishments.® 8 48 North Dakota........ ...... At any gainful occupation. Ohio. In, about, car in connection with factories, stores, etc. (Girl under 16 prohibited from employment in these establishments.) ‘ N evada...., i Agricultural pursuits and domestic service exempted. Days per week. (4) 48 8 . 48 . z More hours allowed to make repairs to prevent interruption of ordinary running of m achinery, or to make short day per week. A ct is not to “ p rohibit” em ploym ent in agricultural, viticultural, and horti cultural pursuits (including curing and drying, b u t not. canning fruits) or in dom estic service, outside school hours. 3 6-day week for all employees, except in cases of emergency. <Maximum 6 days per week for all females. , , * A n amendment to the certiflcate provision of this act, b y listing “ canneries” among the estabhshmonts In which an inspector m ay suspend the certiflcate of a child whose age is incorrectly given, implies that canneries are also covered b y these provisions. 6 “ Mercantile establishment” is to be construed to apply to any employment for compensation other than in a factory, workshop, mill, place where the manufacture of goods is Carried on, mine, quarry (all covered b y provision for factory, etc.), or agricultural pursuits. i Em ploym ent on Sunday prohibited. 14 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis TH E STATES AND CHILD LABOR. I. M A X IM U M W O R K IN G ™ fg & State. Occupation. 15 ™ — Hours Hours per per day. week. Oklahoma........ ....... ™ EK Days per week. 48 Oregon 2................... In any occupation............. Q Washington 3............. In factories, stores, etc........... _ g West Virginia (effective May 11, 1919). In, about, or in connection with any gainful occupation.1 g 48 8 48 8 48 8 48 Wisconsin_________ A w o u ij, U K i w i U V K S 4a (W IT H EXE M PTIO N S). Colorado.................... At any gainful occupation (apparently child 14 to 16—12 to 16 during sum mer vacation—may secure exemp tion on special permit). Indiana......................... At any gainful occupation,1 except that child with consent of parents may work 9 hours pa- day, 54 per week. Iowa.......................... In factories, packing houses, etc., and in stores where more than 8 persons are employed.4 Apparently no pro visions for stores where 8 persons or less are employed. 8 48 Maryland................... In, about, or in connection with fac tories (canning and packing estab lishments not included), stores, etc. 8 48 Mississippi................ In factories and canneries (but penalty clause does not specify canneries). Boy between 14 and 16 in cotton or knitting mill is exempted.* No provisions for stores. 8 48 • Montana................... Employment of child under 16 in fac tories, etc., is entirely prohibited. Apparently no provisions for stores except maximum 8-hour day for ali females (10 hours allowed in retail stores during week preceding Christ mas). New York........ ..... In factories (canneries and canning sheds included by definition), etc., and in stores in cities or villages of 3,000 population orover. Apparently no provisions for stores in places of less than 3,000 population. 8 48 « n£ -i v^ i yurs1111®ana domestic service exempted « î w r ï ° i P 5 nsî rÎa welfare commission, effective June 12,1918. : iii& F of todustnal welfare commission, effective N ov. 20 1918 a m S H ) g m eStabUshment or ° ° cupatiQn owned OT o p e ra te b y parent is probably exempted Claw to boys l K m “ “ ' day’ ^ hoar Week> for a11 emPtoyees in cotton and knitting mills w ould apply https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis THE STATES AND CHILD LABOR. 16 II M A X IM U M W O R K IN G D A Y 8 H O U R S, O R N O T OVER 48 H O U R S P E R M IT T E D PE R W EE K (W IT H E XE M PTIO N S)— Continued. Occupation. State. In, about, or in connection with fac tories, canneries, etc. (Apparently stores are not included in the scope of this provision, though the previous hours-of-labor law covered stores by definition and would apparently still apply to them; these hours are; Less than 10^per day—10i permitted only for purpose of one short workday— and 57 per week.) (Under 15.) Utah ..................................... (Boy under 14, girl under 16.) Hours per week. Days per week. G 8 In any occupation.1 Employment 15 to 16 would be covered only by wo men’s hours-of-labor law (9 per day, 54 per week in factories, etc., in stores in places of 3,000 or more population, or in any other occupation, 2 except in case of public emergency under certain conditions; 10 per day, 60 per week, permitted in cotton and woolen or worsted factories or factories manu facturing articles from cotton goods, provided double pay is given for all time over 9 hours). 10 48 At any gainful occupation3 except fruit or vegetable packing. No pro visions for boy over 14. 8 48 At work connected with manufacturing, etc. Apparently no regulations for stores. 8 « .................. 6 H O U R S ^ BUT N O T M O R E TH A N 58 HOURS HI. M A X IM U M W O R K IN G .. T Idano............. ............. Hours per day. 10 55 58 •6 86 In, about, or in connection with any establishment or in any occupation 3 (fruit and vegetable canneries ex empted). 10 54 6 In, about, or in connection with factories, etc.3 No provisions for stores. 9 54 6 At any gainful occupation..................... 9 54 In factories (establishments handling perishable products exempted), etc. 9 54 54 i Aericultural Dursuits exempted; act is not to be construed to “ prohibit” domestic employment, double pay is given for all time over 9 hours. holidays per year with pav are granted. Law apparently a p p les to aU eskblishm ents, since it covers manufacturing and mechanical establishments and “ any mercantile establishment, other than manufacturing or m ^hanical. axemotions i ¿ d a y week, except in cases of emergency, for all employees, with certam speoh c exemptions. • E xcept during the week preceding Christmas and 8 days preceding Easter. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis THE STATES AND CHILD LABOE, HI. M A X IM U M W O R K IN G DA Y 9 TO 10 H OU RS, BUT N O T M O R E P E R M IT T E D PER W E E K -C on tin u ed . Occupation. Hours per day. In factories (fruit and vegetable canneries exempted), stores, etc. 10 54 10J 54 9 51 10 EÂ 9 56 10 3 52 State. M ichigan................. New Hampshire........... At manual or mechanical labor in any employment.1 Pennsylvania............... In, about, or in connection with any establishment or in any occupation.2 Rhode Island............... In factories, stores, etc........ ......... Wyoming. (Under 14.). At any gainful occupation2.................... Any female........... T H A N 58 H OU RS H OU RS In factories, stores, etc........... ............ Hours per week. Bays per week. IV. M A X IM U M W O R K IN G HOURS 10 O R OVER PE R DAY AN D 60 PE R W EEK. Alabama. In any gainful occupation 2. Georgia.. In cotton or woolen factories.4 No regulation for other factories (except a “ sunrise to sunset” provision for persons under 21) nor for stores. Louisiana. In factories, packing houses, stores, etc., or “ any other occupation what soever.” 6 10 60 North Carolina. In factories.4 No provisions for stores.. h 60 South Carolina. In cotton or woolen factories4 and knitting mills. h 5 60 (Any female) In stores.................. 12 60 South Dakota....... In any occupation 7. 10 60 Virginia............... In factories, canneries,8 etc., and in stores in places od 2,000 or more inhab itants. Stores in other places are exempted.9 10 h GO 6 5 60 6 V. N O PR OV ISION S FIXIN G M A X IM U M HOU RS OF LABOR FO R CH ILDREN UNDER 16. New Mexico. 1 Nurses, domestics, hotel and hoarding-house labor, farm labor, and telegraph or telephone operators exempted. A ct is suspended as regards manufacture of munitions or supplies for the State or Federal Governments while the United States is at war; former law fixing maximum 11 hours per day, 58 per week, for children under 16 in any gainful occupation except domestic service and work on a farm would appar ently apply under these conditions. Mercantile establishments are exempted (as to regular employees! during week preceding Christmas if total hours during year do n ot exceed 54 per week for full year. J ' 2 Agricultural pursuits and domestic service exempted. * 8 60 hours per week permitted for persons working 7 days per week. 4 Engineers, watchmen, etc., exempted. « ? i m e l°st on account of accident m ay be made up under certain conditions. A g r ic u ltu ^ p m s^ t^ ex em p ted 8^111611^8 em P^0^ Il£ m ore than five persons exem pted on Saturady nights. J A proviso to this provision permits employm ent until 10 p. m . on Saturdays and for 10 days before Christmas, but it is not clear whether or not.this proviso permits overtime work. * Canneries are om itted from the penalty clause. •Em ploym ent of child in establishment owned or operated b y parent is not to be “ prevented.” 108710°—19----- 3 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis PROHIBITION OP NIGHT WORK FOR CHILDREN UNDER 16 IN FACTORIES AND STORES. [■The notes on page 44 should be read in connection with this summary.] L N IG H T W O R K PR O H IB ITE D (W ITH O U T EXE M PTIO N S). State. Occupation. Tn a n y g a i n fu l Prohibited hours. occupation 1............- - 6 p. m. to 6 a. m. At any gainful occupation 1. . . ........... 7 p. m. to 7 a. m. At. any occupation......... . 7 p. m. to 6 a. m. California................... In factories, stores, etc., or “ other place of labor.” 2 10 p. m. to 5 a. m. _ Tn ffl.ptnrioSj s to r e s ,3 etc...................... After 6 p. m.3 District of Columbia.. In factories, stores, etc4------------------- 7 p. m. to 6 a. m. T1. 1. _ At any gainful occupation.................. 9 p. m. to 6 a. m. At any gainful occupation.................. 7 p. m. to 7 a. m.‘ At any gainful occupation1................ 6 p. m. to 7 a. m. Kansas........................ In or in connection with factories, canneries, packing houses, etc., or in stores. 6 p. m. to 7 a. m. Kentucky — ............. In, about, or in connection with factories,8 stores, etc. 6 p. m. to 7 a. m. In, about, or in connection with factories, stores, etc.7 6 p. m. to 6.30 a. m. At any gainful occupation.................. 7 p. m. to 7 a. m. At any gainful occupation.................. 7 p. m. to 7 a. m. New Hampshire....... In factories, stores, etc. (law covers packing houses and beet fields). 8 p. m. to 6 a. m. At any gainful occupation1............... 7 p. m. to 6.30 a. m. In factories, etc., or in, or in connection with, mercantile establishments.8 7 p. m. to 7 a. m. i Agricultural pursuits and domestic service exempted. __ „ .. ___, ... ... . .. • A ct is not to prohibit employment in agricultural, viticultural, and horticultural pursuits (including curing and drying, but not canning fruits), or m domestic service, outside school hours. C 3 Employment m stores permitted until 10 p. m. on one d ay per week and durmg week preeedmg C h p t mas Law apparently applies to all establishments, since it covers manufacturing andimechanical estab lishments ana “ any mercantile establishment, other than manufacturing or mechanical.’ 4Employment under 14 prohibited 7 p . m. to 6 a. m. in any occupation except employment m the ser vice ° f »^Employment of child under 14 in any occupation prohibited 8 p . m. to 7 a. m . •A n amendment to the certificate provision of this act, b y hstmg canneries among the establishments in which an inspector may suspend the certificate of a child whose age is incorrectly given, implies that canneries are also covered b y these provisions. ,. _ ,i 7 Th» same night-work prohibition applies to children under 14 in all occupations. .. •« M ercantile^tablishm ent’ ’ is to be construed to apply to any employment for compensation othw thoTi in a fectory, workshop, mill, place where the manufacture of goods M earned on, mine, quarry (au covered b y provisions for factory, etc.) or agricultural pursuits. 18 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis TH E STATES AND CHILD LABOR. 19 I. N IG H T W O R K PR O H IB ITE D (W ITH O U T E X E M P T IO N S )—Continued. State. Occupation. Prohibited hours. North Dakota._____ At any gainful occupation 7 p. m. to 7 a. m. Ohio.......................... In,, about, or in connection with factories, stores etc. (Girls under 16 prohibited from employment in these establishments.) 6 p. m. to 7 a. m. Oregon........................ In any occupation. 6 p. m. to 7 a. m. Pennsylvania.__ ___ In, about, or in connection with any establishment or in any occupation. 8 p. m. to 6 a. m. Rhode Island.. _____ In factories, stores,, etc., (every per- 8 p. m to 6 a. m. son, firm, or corporation employing children under 16 is subject to these provisions,. “ whatever the business conducted” ).1 Washington 9.............. In factories, stores, etc... 7 p. m. to 6 a. m. West Virginia (effec tive May 11, 1919). 7 p. m. to 6 a. m. In, about, or in connection with any gainful occupation.1 Wisconsin................... At any gainful occupation 1............ n. 6 p. m. to 7 a. m. N IG H T W O R K PR O H IB ITE D (W IT H EXE M PTIO N S). [Lack of any regulation for stores is classed as an exemption.] Colorado..................... At any gainful occupation. (Appar ently child 14 to 16— 12 to 16 dur ing summer vacation—may secure exemption on special permit.) Delaware.................... In, about, or in connection with any 7 p. m. to 6 a. m. establishment or in any occupation1 (fruit and vegetable canneries ex empted). Florida........................ In, about, or in connection with fac tories, etc. 1 No provisions for stores. Georgia....................... (Under 144.) In or about factories, etc. No provi sions for stores or for children over 144 io factories or stores.4 Iow a.......................... In factories, packing houses, etc., and in stores where more than 8 persons are employed. Apparent ly no provisions for stores where 8 persons or less are employed.® Louisiana.................. In any occupation®................... After 8 p. m.8 8 p. m. to 5 a. m. 7 p. m. to 6 a. m. 6 p. m. to 7 a. m. 7 p. m. to 6 a. m. 1 . pursui ts and domestic service exempted. Order of Industrial Welfare Commission, effective: Nov. 20; 1918 8 Under 14, &p. m; to 7 a. m. M manufacturing establishments other tba n cotton and woolen are (law am bfeS^L1) ? ln estabbshments or occupations owned or operated b y parent is probably exem pted n ig h u T s S https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis more than 5 persons are em ployed exem pted on Saturday THE STATES AND CHILD LABOR. 20 II. N IG H T W O R K P R O H IB ITE D W IT H E XE M P T IO N S—Continued. Occupation. State. Prohibited horn's. Maine. In factories (establishments handling perishable products exempted), etc.1 Apparently no provisions for stores. 6 p. m. to 6.30 a. m. Maryland. In, about, or in connection with fac tories (canning and packing estab lishments not included), stores, etc. 7 p. m. to 7 a .m. Michigan... In factories, etc.2 Apparently no provisions for stores.i 6 p. m. to 6 a. m. Mississippi. In factories and canneries (but penal ty clause does not specify canner ies). Boys 14 to 16 in cotton and knitting mills are exempted. No provisions for stores. 7 p. m. to 6 a. m. Montana. Work in factories, etc., prohibited entirely for children under 16. No provisions for stores. New York. In factories (canneries and canning sheds included by definition), etc. In stores in cities or villages of 3,000 population or over. Apparently no provisions for stores in places of less than 3,000 population. 5 p. m. to 8 a. m. 6 p. m. to 8 a. m. North Carolina. In factories.3 No provisions for stores. 9 p. m. to 6 a. m. Oklahoma........ In factories, etc. Apparently no pro visions for stores. 6 p. m. to 7 a. m. South Carolina. In factories, etc................................. 8 p. m.4 to 6 a. m. Tennessee........ In, about, or in connection with fac tories, canneries, etc. Apparently stores are not included in the scope of this provision. 7 p. m. to 6 a. m. Vermont. At work connected with manufactur ing, etc. Apparently no provisions for stores. 7 p. m. to 6 a. m. Virginia. In factories, canneries,8 etc., and in stores in places of 2,000 or more in habitants. Stores in other places are exempted.6 7 p. m. to 6 a. m. ITT NO N IG H T W O R K PR O H IB ITIO N FO R CH ILDREN UNDER 16. Nevada, New Mexico, South Dakota, Texas, Utah, Wyoming. 1 Employers engaged in public service exem pted in certain cases of public emergency. 2 “ The provisions of this section in relation to the hours of employment shall not apply to nor affect any person engaged in preserving perishable goods in fruit and vegetable canning establishments.” s An earlier law, perhaps not entirely superseded, prohibits the em ploym ent of children under 14 m fae tones between 8 p. m. and 5 a. m. . . .. « Em ploym ent permitted until 9 p. m. to make up time lost on account of accident to machinery. • Canneries are om itted from the penalty clause. • Employment of child in establishment owned or operated b y parent is not to be “ prevented.^ https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis MINIMUM AGE FOR EMPLOYMENT OF BOYS IN MINES AND QUARRIES. rAll minimum-age laws applying specifically to the employm ent of hoys in mines, quarries, or coal breakers, together with tneir exemptions, are included in the following summary.] I M IN IM U M AGE AT LEAST 16 FO R B OYS IN B O TH M IN E S AND QUARRIES (W ITH O U T E X E M PTIO N S). State. Age. Occupation. Alabama......................... 16 In, about, or in connection with mines, quarries, or coal breakers. Arizona........................... 18 16 Underground in mines. In, about, or in connection with mines, quarries, or coal breakers. Arkansas......................... 16 In mines, quarries, or coal breakers. California................ 16 In, about, or in connection with mines, quarries, or coal breakers. Connecticut.................... 16 In mines or quarries. Illinois........................... 16 In mines or quarries. Kansas............................ 16 In or about mines or quarries. Kentucky....................... 16 In, about, or in connection with mines or quarries. Maryland........................ 16 In, about, or in connection with mines, quarries, or coal breakers. Nevada........................... 16 In, about, or in connection with mines, quarries, or coal breakers. New York...................... 16 In or in connection with mines or quarries. O h io............................. 16 In, about, or in connection with mines, quarries, or coal breakers. Oklahoma....................... 16 Underground in mines or quarries. Pennsylvania................. 16 18 In mines. In or about quarries.1 Tennessee...................... 16 In mines or quarries. Texas.............................. 17 In or about mines or quarries. Utah............................... 16 In mines, quarries, or coal breakers. Vermont......................... 16 In mines or quarries. Virginia.......................... 16 In mines or quarries. West Virginia (effective May 11, 1919). 16 In mines, quarries, or excavations. Wisconsin..................... 18 In or about mines or quarries. i The prohibition of em ploym ent of children under 18 in quarries is contained in Pamphlet Laws 283, A cts of 1909. Nearly all tne provisions of this act are superseded b y Pamphlet Laws 286, Acts of 1915, but since the later act does not specify quarries, they would appear to be still regulated b y the earlier law. 22 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis THE STATES AND CHILD LABOR. n . M in im um 16 f o r age State. 23 (w it h o u t e x e m p t io n s ! FO R E M PLO Y M E N T IN QUARRIES. b o y s in m in e s Age. NO PROVISION S Occupation. Colorado...................... 16 In any underground works or mine, or in or about the surface workings thereof.1 Montana...................... 16 In or about mines. III. M IN IM U M AGE 16 FOR B OYS IN M IN E S (W IT H EXE M PTIO N S 1 FOR E M PLO Y M E N T IN QUARRIES 5' NO PRO V ISIO N S Iowa.......... . 16 During school term, in or about mines; 14 in mines at any time.2 Washington. 16 In coal mines,3 except that ( 1) boys 14 or over may be employed m or about the surface workings ot ! (2) &ct does not affect employment of children for clerical or messenger duty about such surface workings, subject to the provisions of the school law- and (3) provisions do not apply to mines in which less than 5 men are employed un derground on one shift nor to mines in which less than 10 men are employed. IV. M IN IM U M AGE LO W E R TH A N 16 F O R B O YS IN M IN E S AND QUARRIES. Delaware......... 15 In, about, or in connection with mines, quarries or coal breakers. ’ Idaho............... 14 In underground mines.4 No provisions for employ ment in quarries. * J Indiana.____ 14 In mines or quarries. Louisiana......... 14 in clin es. Michigan.......... . 15 In or in connection with mines. employment in quarries. Minnesota........ . 14 In mines. ries. No provisions for employment in quar H Missouri............ * 14 In mines. ries. No provisions for employment in quar ^ New Hampshire. 14 In, about, or in connection with quarries. visions for employment in mines. New Jersey__ __ 14 In mines or quarries. New Mexico...... 14 In mines. No provisions for employment in quar- No No provisions for provisionsforemploymentin quar- f lf « c l e ^ a f l l p S y 0^ ^ i th e e ^ l0ym ent0i * * * * * No pro *■ or about coal mines, except in mine office in “ establishments or occupations ” owned or operated b v oarent is M u nw itii « n ^ e c ia lp e n n it. k & o y f c e n t S r 15 in any sssssr https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis * 24 THE STATES AND CHILD LABOR. IV. M IN IM U M AGE LO W E R TH A N 16 FOR B OYS IN M IN E S AND QUARRIES—Continued. State. Age. Occupation. North Carolina............... 12 In mines where more than 10 men ace employed.1 No provisions for employment in quarries. North Dakota................ 14 In or in connection with mines. employment in quarries. Rhode Island................. 14 (There are no provisions specifying mines and quarries, but a minimum age of 14 for employ ment in factories or manufacturing or business establishments is fixed by the child-labor law, and another section of the act states that every person, firm, or corporation employing any child under 16, whatever the business conducted,3 is “ subject to its provisions. ” ) South Carolina............... 14 In mines. No provisions for employment in quarries. South Dakota................. 14 In mines.3 The minimum age for employment in mines (among other occupations) during school hours is 15. No provisions for employment in quarries. Wyoming......................- 14 In underground works or mines or in or about the surface workings thereof.4 No provisions for em ployment in quarries. V . N O M IN IM U M -A G E PRO V ISIO N S FO R E M PLO Y M E N T QUARRIES. No provisions for OF BOYS IN M IN ES AND District of Columbia8. .. Florida.5......................... Georgia5.............. .......... (Minimum age in any business or service during school hours is 14.) Massachusetts................. (Minimum age in any work for compensation during school hours is 14.) Mississippi*.................... Nebraska........................ (Minimum age in any business or service during school hours is 14.) (Minimum age in any work or labor of any kind during school term is 14.) 1 A Ct does not apply where only 10 or fewer men are employed, but inspector may inspect such mines and shall enforce any regulations in accordance with its regulations as he shall deem necessary. 2Agricultural pursuits and domestic service exempted. » A later law prohibits employment under 14 “ about” mines (among other employments) except on permit granted on account of poverty. . . . . . . . , , ,, , ♦The constitution prohibits the employment of boys under 14 in or about coal, iron, or other dangerous mines, or in underground works, exempting employment in office or in clerical work. 5 See com pulsory school-attendance law for provisions which to a certain extent prevent employment of children under 14 during school hours. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis COMPULSORY SCHOOL ATTENDANCE. [The notes on page 45 should be read in connection with this summary.] State. Alabama.................. Ages between which child must attend school un less exempted. 8 Conditions under any one of which child between these ages m ay leave school. H ow long child must at tend each year. to 15 1......... (!) Completion of 7 grades. 80 days (may be re duced to 60 days (2) Services necessary for by county board support of self or parent. of education). (3) Home 2\ miles from school— if no free trans portation. (4) Temporarily excused in extreme cases of emer gency or domestic neces sity. (5) Physically or mentally incapacitated. (6) Parent unable to provide books and clothing (ex emption to cease after they have been otherwise provided). (7) A further exemption may be implied by the factthat the same law pro hibits the employment during school hours of children under 15 who are not exempted, with out a permit from the board of education. Arizona.................... 8 to 16............... (1) Completion of grammar school course. (2) Excused for “ satisfac tory” reasons by board composed of specified school officials and pro bation officer. (3) Physically or mentally incapacitated. Entire session. Arkansas................. 7 to 15............... (1) Completion of seventh grade. (2) Services necessary for support of widowed mother. (3) Physically or mentally incapacitated. Three - fourths en tire session. i Child 14 to 16 If em ployed in manufacturing establishment, mill, or factory, m ust attend school for 8 weeks (6 consecutive) each year. 26 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis TH E STATES AND CHILD LABOR, 27 Compulsory school attendance—Continued. State. California.......... Ages between which child must attend school un less exempted. 8 to 151.. Conditions under any one o f which child between these ages may leave school. How long child m ust at tend each year. (1) Child is 14 or over and has Entire session. permit to work. (2) Completion of grammar school course. (3> Home 2 miles from school (4) Attendance impracti cable or dangerous to health owing to unusual storm or other sufficient cause. (5) Physically or mentally incapacitated. Colorado.............. 8 to 16........... (1) Completion of 8 grades if child is 14 or over. (2) Child is 14 or over and his services are necessary for support of self or parent.8 (3) Child is 14 or over and ex emption is for his “ best interests.” (4) Physically or mentally incapacitated. Entire school year: law applies to all school districts ex cept where seat ing capacity is in-sufficient. Connecticut........ 7 to 16........... (1) Child is 14 or over and is lawfully employed at home or elsewhere. (2) Parent or guardian un able to provide suitable clothing. (3) Physically or mentally incapacitated. Entire session. Delaware............ 7 to 14......... 5 months or, if so voted by school district, 3 months. District of Co lumbia. 8 to 14 8......... (1) Child has acquired branches taught in public schools. (2) Physically or mentally incapacitated. (1) Home 2 miles from school—if no free trans portation. (2) Excused by majority of school commissioners (ex cuse countersigned by county superintendent) because prevented from attendance at school or application to study by mental, physical, or other urgent reasons (“ urgent reasons” to be ' ‘ strictly construed” ). Entire session. a t lCn d ^ o o \ ° w M e ^ hem p T yed d CertUto“ e and is unemployed for more than tw o weeks must » A child subject to the provisions of this act and unahle to attend school because his services are necessarv r e q u u e d ° t o a t t e n d m ^ t t ^ T h l u r s ^ d a y ^ " “ * * “ ShaU 6nabl6M m t0attend’ b u t i s n o t t o ** E?!Jsed lal er tllan com pulsory school-attendance law, provides for the issuance of work permits to child 12 or over whose services are necessary for support of self, parents, or younger brother or https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis THE STATES AHD CHILD LABOR. 28 Compulsory school attendance-—Continued. Ages between which child must attend school un less exempted. Conditions under any one of which child between these ages may leave school. LTow long child must at tend each year. Florida................ 8 to 14 (law o p t i o n al with lo cality).1 (1) Services necessary for support of self or parents. (2) Home 2 miles from school—if no free transpor tation. (3) Parent unable to provide books and clothing (ex emption to cease after they have been otherwise provided). (4) Physically or mentally incapacitated. 80 days. State. Georgia............. Idaho.................. 8 to 16........... (1) Completion of eighth grade if child is 15 or over. (2) Child is 15 or over and his services are necessary for support of self or par ent. (3) Child is 15 or over and exemption would be for his “ best interests.” (4) Physically or mentally incapacitated. Entire session. (1) Child is 14 or over and is Entire session. necessarily and lawfully employed. (2) Temporary absence ex cused by principal or teacher “ for cause.” (3) Physically or mentally incapacitated. applies only in special tax school district, school board district, or county voting to adopt. Illinois.............. 1 8 to 14........... (1) Completion of fourth 4 months. grade. (2) Services necessary for support of parent or other member of family depend ent on child. (3) Parent unable to pro vide books and clothing (exemption to cease after they have been otherwise provided). (4) Excused from attend ance for‘other good reason by local board of educa tion, said board being authorized to consider need for agricultural labor in excusing child in farm ing districts. (5) Home 3 miles from school. (6) Excused by teacher be cause of bad weather, sick ness, etc., or other reason able cause. (7) Physically or mentally incapacitated. 7 to 16......... https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis THE STATES AND CHILD LABOR. 29 Compulsory school attendance—Continued. State. Ages between which child must attend school un less exempted. Conditions under any one of which child between these ages m ay leave school. H ow long child must at tend each year. Indiana............... 7 to 16........... (1) Child is 14 or over and is regularly employed in useful employment or service or usefully em ployed in gainful service. (2) Physically or mentally incapacitated. Entire session. Iowa.................... 7 to 16........... (1) Completion of eighth grade if child is 14 or over. (2) Child is 14 or over and is regularly employed. (3) Home 2 miles from school—if no free trans portation. (4) Excused for “ sufficient reasons” by court of rec ord or judge thereof. (5) Child is attending re ligious service or receiv ing religious instruction. (6) Physically or mentally incapacitated. 24 weeks in each year. In cities of the first or second class entire year may be required by board of school directors. Kansas................ Entire session. 8 to 15........... (1) Child over 14, if able to read and write English and regularly employed for support of self or de pendents, is required to attend only eight weeks (consecutive). (2) Completion of commonschool course. (3) Temporarily excused by local school board in ex treme cases of emergency or domestic necessity. (4) Physically or mentally incapacitated. Kentucky. : ____ 7 to 12 (in county school dis tricts). (1) Physically or mentally incapacitated. Entire session. 7 to 16 (in (1) Child is 14 or over and c i t i e s of has employment certififirst, sec icate. ond, third, (2) Physically or mentally or fourth incapacitated. class). i Entire session. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis THE STATES AND CHILD LABOR. 30 Compulsory school attendance—Continued. State. Louisiana. Ages between which child must attend school un less exempted. Conditions under any one of which child between these ages may leave school. 8 to 16 (in P a rish of Orleans). (1) Child is 14 or over and is regularly employed at least 6 hours per day. (2) Completion of elemen tary school course. (3) Public-school facilities within 20 city blocks of home not adequate to ac commodate child. (4) Physically or mentally incapacitated. 7 to 14 (out (1) Completion of elemen tary course of study. side Parish of Orleans). (2) Services necessary for support of w i d o w e d mother. (3) No adequate school fa cilities. (4) Home 2£ miles from school—if no free trans portation. (5) Physically or mentally incapacitated. H ow long child must at tend each year. Entire session. 140 days, or entire session if that is less than 140 days. Maine. 7 to 17. (1) Child is 15 or over and is able to read and write sim ple English sentences. (2) Child is 14 or over and has work permit. (3) Excused by local school committe, superintendent or teacher for necessary absence. (4) Physically or mentally incapacitated. Entire sessioa. Maryland... 8 to 16 (in Bal (1) Child is 14 or over and is regularly and lawfully timore City), employed. (2) Excused for necessary and legal absence by su perintendent or principal of school or his deputy. (3) Physically or mentally incapacitated. Entire sessioa. 7 to 13 fin counties).* (1) Excused for necessary and legal absence by su perintendent or principal of school or his deputy. (2) Physically or mentally incapacitated. Entire session. 13 to 17 (in counties).* (1) Child is 15 or over and has completed elementary school course. (2) Physically or mentally incapacitated. At least 100 days, and entire session if not regularly and lawfully em ployed. >This limitation is expressed in the title only, not in the bo d y of the law. 1That is, entire State outside Baltimore City. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis THE STATES AND CHILD LABOR. 31 Compulsory school attendance—Continued. State. Ages between which child must attend school un less exempted, Massachusetts__ 7 to 16. Michigan.. Minnesota. Conditions under any one o f which child between these ages may leave school. (1 ) Child is 14 or over and has completed fourth grade and is either regularly em ployed (on employment certificate) at least 6 hours a day or has permission from school superintend ent to be employed at home. (2) Excused for necessary absence (not exceeding 7 days in 6 months). (3) Physically or mentally incapacitated. 7 to 16— . . . . (1) Completion of eighth grade if child has excuse to assist at home or has employment certificate and is regularly employed. (Employment certificate for work during school hours can not be obtained until 15.) (2) Completion of sixth grade if child is 14 or over and services are nec essary for support of pa rent. (3) Child is under 9 years of age and home is over 2£ miles from school—if no free, transportation. (4) Child is 12 to 14 and is attending confirmation classes.1 (5) Physically incapacitated. H ow long child m ust at tend each year. Entire session Entire school year. 8 to 16.. —. . . (1) Completion of eighth Entire session ex grade. cept as specified (2) In places other than under exemption cities of first and second (2). In districts class, child 14 or over where school ses whose help is required in sions are of differ permitted occupations in ent lengths, at or about his home may be tendance may be excused from Apr. 1 to for shorter term. Mov. 1. (3) Home not within rea sonable distance of school. (4) If attending religious in struction. (5) Conditions of weather or travel make attendance impossible. (6) Physically or mentally incapacitated. I Conducted for a period not to exceed 5 months in either of said yean. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis THE STATES AHD CHILD LABOE. 32 Compulsory school attendance—Continued. State. Mississippi. Ages between which child must attend school un less exempted. Conditions under any one of which child between these ages m ay leave school. H ow long child m ust at tend each year. 7 to 14 (law (1) Completion of common- 60 days, but county school board has school course. o p t io n a 1 power to reduce with local (2) Services necessary for attendance to not support of self or parents. ity).1 less than 40 days. (3) Home 2% miles from school—if no free trans portation. (4) Temporarily excused by teacher in extreme cases of emergency or domestic necessity. (5) Parent unable to pro vide books and clothing (exemption to cease after they have been otherwise provided). (6) Physically or mentally incapacitated. Missouri. 8 to 16. (1) Child is 14 or over and is Three-fourths entire session except in actually, regularly, and cities of 500,000 or lawfully engaged in use over (St. Louis), ful employment or serv where attendance ice.2 for entire session (2) Completion of common is required. school course. (3) Parent unable to provide clothing. (4) Home 2£ miles from school. (5) Physically or mentally incapacitated. Montana. 8 to 16. (1) Child is 14 or over, able Entire session. to read and write English, and regularly employed. (2) [Child under 14 who has “ successfully completed ’ ’ public -school s t u d i e s would appear to be ex empted if legally em ployed, since such child can obtain certificate for work during school hours. (3) Distance from school makes attendance an un due hardship. (4) Physically or mentally incapacitated. I i t ,» w atroUes onlv in county or school district voting to adopt. ■ . ' * In places of 500,000 or over (St. Louis) employment must be for at least 6 hours per day. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis THE STATES AND CHILD LABOR. 33 Compulsory school attendance—Continued. State. Ages between which child must Conditions under any one of which child between these ages may attend school un leave school. less exempted. How long child must at tend each year. Nebraska. 7 to 16 (in city or metropoli tan city school dis tricts) ; 7 to 15 (in other than city or met rop o lita n city school districts). (1) Child is 14 or over and legally and regularly em ployed for support of self or others dependent on him. (2) Home 2 miles from school—if no free trans portation. (3) Physically or mentally incapacitated. Entire session in city or metropolitan city school dis tricts; elsewhere, at least 12 weeks, and where term is longer, two-thirds of term, but in no case less than 12 weeks. Nevada. 8 to 16........... (1) Completion of eighth grade. (2) Child’s labor necessary for support of self or pa rents. 1 (3) Distance from school makes attendance im practicable or unsafe. (4) Physically or mentally incapacitated. Entire session. New Hampshire. 8 to 16. (1) Completion of elementary Entire session; law school course if child is 14 applies to districts or over. “ in which public (2) Child is 14 or over and is school is annually excused by superintend taught. ” ent of public instruction or member of school board on ground that “ educa tional welfare” will be best served by withdrawal from school. (3) Physically or mentally incapacitated. New Jersey. 7 to 16. (1) Child is 14 or over, has age and schooling certificate, and is regularly and lawfully employed. (2) Physically or mentally incapacitated. Entire session. New Mexico... 7 to 14. (1) Home 3 miles from school. (2) Physically incapacitated. Entire session. i The minimum age for employment in any business or service during school hours is 14. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis THE STATES AND CHILD LABOR. 34 Compulsory school attendance—Continued. Ages between State. New York. which child must attend school u n - 1 less exempted. 1 7 to 161 Conditions under any one o f which between these ages may leave school, (1) Child is 14 or over, has proper working papers, and is regularly and law fully employed. 2 (2) Physically or mentally incapacitated. North Carolina.. 8 to 15 (in (1) Services necessary for support of self or parent. M i t e hell (2) Home 2$ .miles from County); school. 7 to 15 (in Polk Coun (3) Parent unable to provide books and clothing (ex ty); emption to cease after 8 to 14 (else they have been otherwise where than provided). Mitchell or Polk Coun (4) Physically or mentally incapacitated. ties). * H ow long child must at tend each year. Entire s e s s i o n , which, in cities or school d i s t r i c t s having a popula tion of 5,000 or over and employ ing a superintend ent, shall be for not less than 180 days. 4 months. * North Dakota... 7 to 17. (1) Completion of eighth Entire session. grade. (2) Services necessary for support of family. 5 (3) Home miles® from school—if no free transpor tation. 5 (4) Physically or mentally incapacitated. 5 Ohio. 8 to 16. (1) Boy exempted if he is 15 or over, has completed sixth grade, and is regu larly employed. (2) Physically or mentally incapacitated. Entire session, in no case to be less than 28 weeks. Oklahoma. 8 to 16. (1) Physically or mentally incapacitated. Two-thirds of entire session. . ( The State constitution directs the legis lature to provide for compulsory school attendance “ for it least 3 months.” ) l8 to 16 in places other than cities or school districts having a population of 5,000 or over and employing B ^ ( ¿ O d w h f e n o t completed elementary school course can not obtain certificate for employment until b ^ H f r e e \ S i 5r S t i o n t N o t i f i e d S S t o S S S h * S apply to children living between 21 and 6 miles from school. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis T H E STATE S A N D C H IL D LA B O R . 85 Compulsory school attendance—Continued. Stato. Ages between which child must Conditions under any one of which child between these ages may attend school un leave school. less exempted. How long child must at tend each year. Oregon. 9 to 16 ----- (1) Completion of grammar grades if child is 14 or over. (2) Child is 15 or over and is legally employed in law ful work. (3) Home 3 miles from school—if no free transpor tation.? (4) Physically incapaci tated. Entire session. Pennsylvania.. 8 to 16.......... -J (1) Child is 14 or over, can read and write, has em ployment certificate, and is regularly engaged in useful and lawful em ployment or service. (2) Home 2 miles from school—if no free trans portation. (3) Excused by school board because prevented from attendance at school or application to study by mental, physical, or other urgent reasons (“ urgent reasons” to be strictly construed). Entire session, but board of school directors in any district of fourth class may reduce period to 70 pet cent of school term. Rhode Island___ 7 to IS (1) Completion of first eight grades (excluding kinder garten). (2) Child is 14 or over and lawfully employed at la bor or service or engaged in business. (3) Excluded from attend ance “ by virtue of some general law or regula tion.” (4) Parent unable to provide clothing. (5) Physically or mentally incapacitated. Entire session, » The act creating parental schools (A cts of 1917.ch. 242), b y defining an habitual truant tn h« « a . m m J g g ™ “ ^ t V^ ? 9 ^ d ai6SS e J t t^ ^ r “ r 1 4 ° X ° S t e X n ^ e m p T o y l d ; S t e f¿ ¡n S E S < £ t t £ 0dueation law, recroiring attendance of all children between 9 and 15, inclusive (period ruled b v h f i f * 1 fifteenth birthday), until com pletion of the grammar grades. * at3 T y6SrS ° ag6i “ https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis between 9 and 10 ^ears oi aS0 13 ^ e L p te d if living THE STATES AND CHILD LABOR. 36 Compulsory school attendance—Continued. State. Ages between which child must attend school un* less exem pted. South Carolina... 8 to 16 (law o p t i o nal w i t h 1ocality).1 Conditions under any one of which ch ild between these ages m ay leave school. H ow long child must at tend each year. (1) Child is 14 or over, able Entire session, but child living in ag to read and write simple ricultural district English sentences, and and engaged in regularly and lawfully en work at home need gaged in useful employ attend only 4 ment or service. months, or full (2) Services necessary for term if term is less support of self or parent.. than 4 months. (3) Parent unable to provide books and clothing (ex emption to cease after they have been otherwise pro vided). (4) Temporarily excused by board of school trustees for “ good and sufficient rea sons.” (5) Home 2J miles from school—if no free trans portation. (61 Physically, or mentally incapacitated. South Dakota... 8 to 16. (1) Completion of eighth grade. (2) Child’s physical or men tal condition is such as to render attendance unsafe, impracticable, or harmful either to himself or to others. Entire. session, but district b o a r d s may decrease time to 16 continuous weeks after child has c o m p l e t e d sixth grade. Tennessee. 8 to 16. (1) Child is 14 or oyer, able to read and write, and regularly and lawfully en gaged in useful employ ment or service. (2) Completion of eighth grade. (3) Parent unable to provide clothing. (4) Home 2 miles from school—if no free trans portation. (5) Physically or mentally incapacitated. Entire session in cities of 5,000 scho lastic population maintaining sepa rate school sys tem; elsewhere 80 days, or entire ses sion if less than 80 days. Texas. 8 to 14. (1) Child is 12 or over, has completed fourth grade, and his services are neces sary for the support of par ent or guardian. (2) Home 2% miles from school—if no free trans portation. (5) Physically or mentally incapacitated. 100 days, or entire session if less than 100 days. * Law applies only in school district electing to adopt, either b y vote or b y petition. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis THE STATES AND CHILD LABOE. 37 Compulsory school attendance—Continued. State. Ages between which child must Conditions under any one of which child between these ages may attend school un leave school. less exempted. Utah.................... 8 to 16........... (1) Child has acquired branches taught in dis trict schools. (2) Services necessary for support of parent. (3) Home 2} miles from school. (4) Physically or mentally incapacitated. Vermont............. 8 Virginia.............. 8 Washington, 8 to 16 to 16........... (1) Completion of elemen tary school course. (2) If child has reached the age of 15 and has com pleted the sixth grade he may be excused from at tendance if his services are needed for support of de pendents or for any other sufficient reason. (3) “ Legally excused from attending school.’-2 (4) Physically or mentally incapacitated. How long child must at tend each year. 30 weeks (10 con secutive) in cities of first or second class; elsewhere 20 weeks (10 con secutive). Entire session; if ses sion is more than 170 days, child shall “ continue in school unless ex cused in writing by the superin tendent.”. to 12 1........... (1) Child is able to read and 16 weeks.* write. (2) Excused “ for cause’2 by district school trustees. (3) Home 2 miles from school or 1 mile from line of pub lic free wagon route. (4) Child is “ weak in body or mind.’-2 (1) Child is 15 or over and Entire session. regularly and lawfully en gaged in remunerative em ployment. (2) Attainment of ‘ ‘reason able proficiency in branches taught in first 8 grades.’ 2 (3} Excused by school super intendent for “ other suffi-, cient reason. (4) Physically or mentally incapacitated. ^ lA n tB M n d iM n * to the State constitution proposed b y the legislature o f 1918, will, if adonted eive the at*day s c h o o l atien<iance at balf-tuae or night school is considered equivalent to one week’s attendance https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis THE STATES AHD CHILD LABOR. 38 Compulsory school attendance—Continued. State. West Virginia— Conditions under any one of which t child between these ages may leaveschool. Ages between which child must attend school un less exempted. 7 to 16 ‘ (Wil (1) Completion of grammarschool branches. liams and Spencer dis (2) Excused on account of sickness, etc., or for other tocia). reasonable cause. (3) Physically or mentally incapacitated. How long child must at tend each year. Entire session. 8 to 15 1 (en (1) Excused on account of 24 weeks. sickness, etc., or for other tire State reasonable cause. except Wil-; liams and (2) Home 2 miles from school. Spencer dis trict«). (1) Child is 14 or over and is regularly and lawfully employed at home or else where. (2) Completion of eighth grade. (3) Home 2 miles from school2—if no free trans portation. (4) Physically or mentally incapacitated. 7 to KL.____ Wyoming............ 7 to 1 4 ...----- ( 1) Excused by district board because law would “ work a hardship” to child. (2) Child is excluded from school for legal reasons and no provision has been made for lbs schooling. (3) Physically incapaci tated. ? o ^ w b o a?ould £ t i $ K ES d £ K £ https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis S h f f l S Entire session in cit ies of first class; 8 school months in any other city; 6 school months in any town or vil lage. Entire session, i a c W W t e (ability to read and write simple sch°o1 must attend at.*•* 60 days per year- COMPULSORY CONTINUATION AND ATTENDANCE. EVENING SCHOOL L CONTINUATION OR PAR T-TIM E SCHOOLS. Seven States have provisions concerning compulsory attendance of children at continuation or part-time schools. These States are: Indiana, Massachusetts, Michigan, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin. In all these States except Wisconsin and Pennsylvania the estab lishment of continuation schools is optional with the school authori ties. In Wisconsin a board of industrial education, one of whose duties is to establish continuation schools (designated “ vocationaln schools in that State), must be established in every city of over 5,000 inhabitants and may be established in any place, and a vocational school must be established wherever 25 persons eligible for attendance file a petition therefor with this local board. In Pennsylvania con tinuation schools must be established in any school district where 20 or more children under 16 are eligible to attend.1 After the schools are established, the requirement of attendance is compulsory in Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin; in the three remaining States it is discretionary with the local educational authorities. Following is a summary of these provisions, by States: Stai». Children affected and attendance required. Indiana. (If required by local beard of education or township trustee ) Employed children 14 to 16. Attendance: Five hours per week, between 8 a. m. and 5 p. m. Massachusetts (If required by school committee with consent of State board of education.) Employed children 14 to 16, if they are regularly employed for six hours or more a day and have employment certificates. Attendance: Four hours perweek between 8 a. m. and 6 p. m. of working day; time to be reckoned as part of legal working hours. Michigan Children under 16, employed as permitted by law or out of school by permission to help at home, and employed chil dren between 16 and 18 who have not completed the eighth grade. Attendance: Four hours per week; time to be reckoned as part of regular working hours. Decision of State beard of education. 39 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis THE STATES AND CHILD LABOE. 40 Children affected and attendance required. State. New York (If required by local board of education.) Employed chil dren 14 to 16 who have employment certificates, except eighth-grade graduates and children receiving instruction approved by the board of education. Attendance: Not less than four nor more than eight hours per week for 36 weeks, between 8 a. m. and 5 p. m. oys 15 to 16, if employed, except eighth-grade graduates. Attendance: Eight hours per week between 8 a. m. and 5 p. m. during school term. ¡mployed children 14 to 16 1 where school is established within district or within reasonable access to place of em ployment. Attendance: Eight hours per week between 8 a. m. and 5 p. m. of any day except Saturday; time to be considered as part of working day or week. J1 children 14 to 17 2 not attending day school (whether employed or not). Attendance: Eight hours per week for eight months and for such additional months or parts there of as the other public schools are in session in excess of eight, or the equivalent thereof; time to be reckoned as part of legal working hours (for boys under 16 and for girls under 17, 48 hours per week; for boys 16 to 17, 55 hours per week). The following seven States have provisions requiring children of specified ages who fail to come up to certain educational standards to attend evening school, under varying conditions; California, Colo rado, Massachusetts, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New York, and Wisconsin. In all cases day-school attendance, and in New York and Wisconsin continuation-school attendance also, is accepted as a substitute. In California children between 15. and 16 years of age employed in any occupation during school hours must regularly attend evening school, eighth-grade graduates alone being exempted. Nebraska requires attendance of nongraduate children between 14 and 16 years of age employed in any of the occupations for which an employment certificate is required, in all places Where evening schools are maintained during at least 20 weeks a year for three evenings of two hours each per week. In other places an employment certificate can not be issued to a child who has not completed the eighth grade. In Colorado children between 14 and 16 years of age, unable to read and write simple English sentences, if employed in any occupa tion, must regularly attend evening school where one is established. In any place where there is no public or parochial evening school an employment certificate can not be issued for work in the occupations in which the minimum age is 14. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis THE STATES AND CHILD LABOR. 41 In Massachusetts all illiterate minors between 16 and 21 years of age, whether employed or not, must attend evening school where such schools are maintained. In the labor law, which requires attendance of minors employed in manufacturing, mechanical, and mercantile establishments, factories, and workshops, literacy is defined as such ability to read, write, and spell in English as is required for comple tion of the fourth grade. Public evening schools must be maintained lor at least 40 nights per year in any town or city where 20 or more certificates for employment have been issued during the previous year to minors not coming up to this standard. Married women and minors physically or mentally incapacitated, are exempted from the law requiring attendance of unemployed illiterates. In New Hampshire all employed minors unable to read and write simple English sentences must regularly attend evening schools where these schools are established, but the provision appears to apply only to minors over 16 years of age, as illiterates under that age would be kept in school. °itieS ?f the firSt ° r seeond class> b°y s between and 16 who have employment certificates must attend evening school for 6 hours a week for 16 weeks, but are exempted if they are elementary school graduates. Moreover, all minors between 16 and 21 who do not possess such ability to speak, read, and write English as is required for the completion of the fifth grade must attend evening school throughout the entire session unless physically incapacitated. Such schools may be established by employers under the supervision of the local school authorities. In Wisconsin^employed minors over 17 years of age who can not read at sight and write legibly simple sentences in English must attend a public evening or vocational school for at least four hours a week m -places where such schools are established. Exemption may be permitted by the industrial commission if the child presents a phys cian s certificate showing that his physical condition or the distance S i o n yto b^be traveled would make the required attendance in addition to his daily labor prejudicial to his health. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis EXPLANATORY NOTES. M IN IM U M AGE FOR EM PLOYM ENT IN FACTORIES AND STORES. This summary includes four classes of minimum-age provisions: (1) those applying specifically to factories, canneries, or stores; (2) those including factories, canneries, and stores among other specified employments—in which case the additional employments are denoted by “ etc.” ; 1 (3) those specifying “ all gainful occupations,” or so worded as to have general application to all employments; and (4) those forbidding all work during school hours or during the school term. The compulsory school-attendance law of a State, if its provisions conflict with those of the labor law, may sometimes in effect raise the minimum age for work during school hours, but except in a few cases it was found impracticable to attempt to determine the actual effect of such conflicting regulations. In a few States high educational standards for leaving school or for obtaining employment certifi cates may indirectly keep many children from engaging in gainful employment even after the minimum-age laws would permit them to go to work, but such provisons are ignored in this summary since it would be impossible to show their effect with any degree of accuracy. The States are grouped under the following headings, according to the minimum ages fixed by law for work in factories, canneries, and stores: I. Minimum age over 14 years (without exemptions). II. Minimum age over 14 years (with exemptions). III. Minimum age 14 years (without exemptions). IV. Minimum age 14 years (with exemptions limited to outside school hours). V. Minimum age 14 years (with exemptions not limited to outside school hours). VI. Minimum age lower than 14 years. Under the heading “ exemptions limited to outside school hours” are included (a) provisions which allow employment during school vacation only and (b) those which permit work before and after school and on Saturdays. Lack of any regulation for work in stores is classed as an exemption. No mention is made of work in street trades or in connection with theatrical or other exhibitions, even though such employment may constitute an exemption to a prohibition of work in any gainful 1“ E tc.” 42 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis never covers agricultural pursuits or domestio service. TH E STATES AND C H IU ) LABOE. 43 occupation. Otherwise, all exemptions are noted. I f a permit is required for exemption, the person who grants the permit is specified, as well as any limitation placed upon the occupations in which the child may engage. An exemption of agricultural pursuits or domestio service is shown only in a footnote and does not affect the classification of the State. When “ canneries” are neither specifically named in the law nor classed as factories by definition, there is always doubt as to whether they are or are not included under the regulations for factories; in practice, therefore, it is possible that some of the laws classed as “ without exemptions” are so interpreted as actually to exempt canneries. The terms “ factories” and “ stores,” used throughout for the sake of brevity, often represent expressions in the law of much broader application, such as “ manufacturing, mechanical, or mercantile establishments. Variations in the wording of the exemptions of agricultural pursuits and domestic service, such as “ work on a farm” or ‘1domestic service in private homes,” are ignored. A distinction is made between provisions applying only to fruit and vegetable canneries and those affecting all establishments handling “ perishable products,” but in both cases the wording of the law is considerably briefed. An “ except” clause in the summary applies to all preceding provisions in the same paragraph. \ M A X IM U M W O R K IN G HOURS FOR CHILDREN UNDER 16 IN FACTORIES AND STORES. t This summary includes three classes of laws fixing maximum hours of labor for children under 16 years of age: (1) those applying specifically to factories, canneries, or stores; (2) those including factories, canneries, and stores among other specified employments—• in which case the additional employments are denoted by “ etc.” -1 and (3) those specifying “ all gainful occupations” or so worded as to have general application to all employments. The laws here summarized often apply also to children up to 18 or 21 years of age or to all females, but this fact is not noted. Laws applying to all females or to all employees are included only when they are broader in scope than those applying to children and consequently affect the work of children under 16. The States are grouped under the following headings, according to the maximum hours of labor for work in factories, canneries, and stores: | Maximum working day 8 hours, or not over 48 hours per mitted per week (without exemptions). II. Maximum working day 8 hours, or not over 48 hours per mitted per week (with exemptions). 1" E t c ." never covers agricultural pursuits or domestio service. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 44 THE STATES AND CHILD LABOE. III. Maximum working day 9 to 10 hours, but not more an hours permitted per week. IV. Maximum working hours 10 or over per day and 60 wee . V. No provisions fixing maximum hours of labor for childre under 16. . , The lack of any regulation for work in stores is classed as an CXA?lPS m p t io n s are noted, except those applying to work in street trades (including delivery of newspapers) or to employmen in connection with theatrical exhibitions An exem ption cultural oursuits or domestic service is shown only m a footnote, :n d " o e s Pnot affect the classification of the State. When canneries are neither specifically named in the law nor classed as factories by definition, there is always doubt as to whether they are or are not. included under the regulations for factories; m practice, therefore, it is possible that some of the laws classed as “ without exemptions are so interpreted as actually to exempt canneries. The terms “ factories” and “ stores,” used throughout for the sake of brevity, often represent expressions in the law of much broader, application, such as “ manufacturing, mechanical, or mercantile establishments.” Variations in the wording of the ^ agricultural pursuits and domestic service, such as work on a farm ” or “ domestic service in private homes, are ignored. A distinction is made between provisions applying only to and vegetable canneries and those affecting all establishment*: handling “ perishable products,” but in both cases the wording of the law is considerably briefed. PROHIBITION OP N IGH T W O R K FOR CHILDREN UNDER 16 IN FACTORIES and stores. This summary includes three classes of laws prohibiting the work of children under 16 at night: (1) Those applying specifically to factories, canneries, or stores; (2) those including factories, canneries, or stores among other specified em ploym ente-m which M ^theadditional employments are denoted by etc. , and (3) those specifying “ all gainful occupations” or so worded as to have genera application to all employmente. The laws here - — ized oftoi, apply also to children up to 18 or 21 years of age or to all fe n ce s, but this fact is not noted. Laws applying to all females are included only when they are broader in scope than those applying to children and consequently affect the work of girls under 16. ^ The States are grouped under the following headings. I . N ig h t w o r k p r o h ib ite d (w ith o u t e x e m p tio n s ). l « 'fi'.t.eneverr envers aïricultural pursuits or domestic service. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis THE STATES AND CHILD LABOE. 45 II. Night work prohibited (with exemptions). III. No night work prohibition for children under 16. The provisions applicable to employment in factories, canneries, and stores are used as the basis for the classification, and the lack of any regulation for work in stores is classed as an exemption. All exemptions are noted, except those applying to work in street trades (including delivery of newspapers) or to employment in connec tion with theatrical exhibitions. An exemption of agricultural pur suits or domestic service is shown only in a footnote and does not affect the classification of the State. When canneries are neither specifically named in the law nor classed as factories by definition, there is always doubt as to whether they are or are not included under the regulations for factories; in practice, therefore, it is possible that some of the laws classed as “ without exemptions” are so interpreted as actually to exempt canneries. The terms “ factories” and “ stores,” used throughout for the sake of brevity, often represent expressions in the law of much broader application, such as manufacturing, mechanical, or mercantile establishments.” Variations in the wording of the exemptions of agricultural pursuits and domestic service, such as “ work on a farm,” or “ domestic service in private homes,” are ignored. A distinction is made between provisions applying only to fruit and vegetable can neries and those affecting all establishments handling “ perishable products,” but in both cases the wording of the law is eonsiderablv briefed. COMPULSORY SCHOOL ATTENDANCE. This summary presents briefly the main provisions of the various State laws requiring attendance of children at day school. The States are arranged alphabetically, the provisions being grouped in three columns, as follows: (1) Ages between which child must attend school unless exempted; (2) Conditions under any one of which child between these ages may leave school; (3) How long child must attend each year. The application of the law in most cases is given by some such phrase as “ All children between the ages of 8 and 16 years.” An expression so worded is generally interpreted to refer to the period beginning with the child’s eighth birthday and ending with his sixteenth birthday. Sometimes, however, an ambiguity is introduced by the addition of the word “ inclusive” or “ including.” The exact wording of the laws where this occurs is as follows: Alabama.— “ Between the ages of 8 and 15 years, inclusive.” Arkansas.— “ Between the ages of 7 and 15, both inclusive.” https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 46 T H E STATES AND CHILD LABOR. Iowa.— “ Of the age of 7 to 16 years, inclusive.” 1 Kansas.— 11Between the ages of 8 and 15 years, inclusive.”* Kentucky.— “ Between the ages of 7 and 12 years, inclusive” county school district law; “ between the ages of 7 and 16 years, inclusive” — law applying to cities of first, second, third, or fourth class. Louisiana.— “ Between the ages of 8 and 14 years, inclusive” 3 law applying to parish of Orleans; “ between the ages of 7 and 14 years, both inclusive” —law applying outside parish of Orleans. Mississippi.— “ Between the ages of 7 and 14 years, inclusive.” Oregon.— “ Between and including the ages of 9 and 15 years of age.” 4 Tennessee.— “ Between the ages of 8 and 14 years, inclusive.” * Wyoming.— ‘ ‘ Between the ages of 7 and 14 years, inclusive:” Provisions exempting from attendance at public school children receiving equivalent instruction elsewhere are found in all the State laws but are not classed in this summary as exemptions, since they do not in fact excuse children from the obligation of school attendance. All other exemptions are summarized. The enforce ment and penalty clauses are omitted. 1 A ruling of the attorney general (1904) under the section of which this is an amendment w ould make this provision extend only until the tim e the child becomes 16 years of age. 2The State superintendent of public instruction has ruled (1913) that these ages are from the tim e the child becomes 8 years old until he becomes 16 years old. 8The wording of the succeeding provision of the law , applying to children between 14 and 16, implies that ' the w ord "in clu siv e” does not extend this application beyond the child’s fourteenth birthday. * The attorney general’s office has ruled that this period ends with the fifteenth anniversary of the child*» birth. Q https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
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