The full text on this page is automatically extracted from the file linked above and may contain errors and inconsistencies.
REMARKS ON DEREGULATION AND SUPERVISION A nnual Con f e r e n c e Su p e r v i s i o n , R e g u l a t i o n February and 18, of the Credit Department 1986 R o b e r t T. P a r r y , P r e s i d e n t F e d e r a l R e s e r v e Bank of San Fr a n c i s c o I AM G L A D ANNUAL TO HAVE THIS CONFERENCE. I OUTLOOK WAS ECONOMIC AND C H A N G E D J O B S SO T H A T For some SUPERVISION BACKGROUND AS AN I THA T I HAVE A DIFFERENT DOCUMENTS TO KNOWLEDGE, BANKING AND MY — 1982 ON PROCEEDINGS bank OBSERVER, BUT ALSO OF IN THE THAT regulation PA R T BECAUSE BECAUSE SECURITY SUPERVISORY P O INT , MASTER I and OF MY PACIFIC, SCRUTINY. BUT NO W I E X P E C T TO BE A B L E TO S A Y AS AND I OF THE DETAIL OF H, Y A N D SO ON. I WOULD SUPERVISORY VIEWS SUPERVISION TH E followed have VANTAGE REGULATIONS OF S U C H MODIFY BY IN AT Y O U R ENJOY BANK SUPERVISION. YET — PREVIOUSLY YO U I N V I T E D BACK. IS A R E C I P I E N T THAT I A C T U A L L Y TO T A L K W I T H IMPRESSED ECONOMIST, ALL HAVE SO INTERESTED AN BANKS , TALKED I W O U L D BE LIKE I HAD ti me , AS OPPORTUNITY LIKE TO S H A R E MATTERS. BECOME MYSTERIOUS BUT WITHOUT T HE B E N E F I T SOME I HAVE MORE COURSE, THOSE NO INVOLVED AFTER GENE OF MY O W N IDEAS ON DOUBTS THAT IN WORKINGS THE AND HARRY HAVE I WILL OF HAD M O R E TI M E TO W O R K ON ME. TO BEGIN, I WOULD RESPONSIBILITIES, Monetary BANK the policy PRESIDENT'S Federal CURRENT POLICY AND LIKE MONETARY TO POLICY, deliberations TIME, Open AND Market FUTURE EFFECTIVELY, COURSE SAY A WORD AND take a DESERVEDLY Committee OF HOWEVER, THE ITS large SO. ABOUT ON E LINKS TO portion THE MY profound EC O N O M Y . To of a effects IMPLEMENT SUPPORTIVE MAJOR SUPERVISION. DECISIONS have REQUIRES OF reserve MADE on BY the MONETARY SUPERVISORY AND - 2 - R E G U L A T O R Y P O L I C Y FOR A N U M B E R OF R E A S O N S . F irst, the IF THE CONFIDENCE BANKING AND IN FINANCIAL LINKS THE EFFICIENCY P OS E COORDINATION central to the OF B UT IN AND money creation LIGHT OF BANKS A SYSTEM, HOWEVER, OF ON THE WHAT TODAY'S CRITICAL PROVIDE THAT ENHANCES O C C A S I O N A L L Y MA Y ARGUES THEREFORE, FEDERAL THE FO R WE NEED RESERVE ROLE OF AND BANKING MONETARY OF TH A T TOO, POLICY. CRISES ARE POLICY THIS , BANKING FOCUS FREQUENT SYSTEMS ECONOMY. PARTICIPATION RATHER TO CREDIT PROBLEMS. MONETARY SUPERVISION, OUR PRONE ADDITION, AND FINANCIAL CONTROL TH E BE WERE In PAYMENTS OF T H E DEFEND SHOULD SYSTEM THROUGHOUT MONETARY NO T is INSTABILITY. ELEMENTS T HE system It W O U L D BE D I F F I C U L T TO A R T I C U L A T E AND M A N A G E M O N E T A R Y PROCESS. POLICY banking IN SUPERVISION POLICY ENVIRONMENT. One MAJOR OF A N U M B E R OF BANKS OF THAT ENVIRONMENT OF L O N G - S T A N D I N G AND OTHER "DEREGULATION" FACT, FACET DOES DEREGULATION REGULATIONS FINANCIAL HAS BEEN GOVERNING INSTITUTIONS. NOT NECESSARILY HAS INCREASED IMPLY THE RELAXATION THE A C TIV IT IE S T h IS LESS NUMBER TH E PROCESS SUPERVISION. OF WAYS IN OF In WHICH B A N K S AN D H E N C E T H E B A N K I N G S Y S T E M M A Y B E C O M E E X P O S E D TO RISK: (1) Banks AS now WELL PROBLEM compete AS THIS THE for retail LOCATION POSES IS deposits AND THAT QUALITY UNDER on OF CURRENT the basis SERVICES. DEPOSIT of price ONE INSURANCE - PROCEDURES, CAN RISKY ATTRACT INSURED B I D D I N G UP THE TH E Y — BANKS BUT - UNABLE TO A T T R A C T W H O L E S A L E RETAIL P R IC E. NOT 3 FOR THE DEPOSITS RAPIDLY, SIMPLY B A N K S ON TH E B R I N K OF BANKING SYSTEM — MAY DEPOSITS BY INSOLVENCY, HAV E LITTLE TO LOSE FR O M S U C H S U R V I V A L S T R A T E G Y . (2) Because regional BARRIERS TO POTENTIAL familiar SE, (3) . N ew EXPAND ENVIRONMENTS FEW SAVINGS AND TREND PARTICULARLY BANKING BANKS AND BANKS WHICH long run ARE MORE to NOW INTO THEY break HAV E down GREATER MARKETPLACES MAY NOT interstate LIKELY BE TOTALLY banking TO M A K E AND , per MISTAKES INTO U N F A M I L I A R T E R R I T O R Y . have been LOAN ASSOCIATIONS. L E V E L OF R I V A L R Y beginning ACTIVITIES WITH the IN T H E I R E X P A N S I O N powers The in RISKS, are BANKING, THEIR Although POSES EARLY INTERSTATE TO COMPETITIVE compacts afforded t n e a r -b an k entities T h IS E X P O S E S such BANKS TO as A NE W IN M A N Y A S S E T A N D L I A B I L I T Y P R O D U C T LINES , OF DEREGULATION THROUGH CONTINUED EXPANSION OF IS LIKELY* TO LIBERALIZATION PRODUCT-LINE OF POWERS OF CONTINUE, INTERSTATE BANK HOLDING COMPANIES. L e t 's IN F A V O R look OF ARE N A T I O N A L . first at INTERSTATE THEY AR E interstate BANKING. banking TH E COMPETITIVE . PRINCIPAL To be direct FINANCIAL A N D W I L L R E M A I N SO. , I am MARKETS ALTHOUGH 4 - NATIONWIDE INTERSTATE CONCENTRATION LOCAL NATIONWIDE, MARKETS BECAUSE markets BANKING EVE N OUT-OF-STATE BANKS S imply Arizona, and look other institutions at BE the RESULT BANKS BE in and BY INCREASED of STILL MORE ABLE number IN WOULD SERVED WOULD states flourish WOULD SMALL MIGHT , - TO ATTRACTIVE increase in LOCAL banks in to see D istrict the SURVIVE ENTER small BANKING number AN D BANKS BANKING Ca l i f o r n i a , how these alongside the G I A N TS . W e are Today on n o n -b a n k INTERSTATE STATE the the Supreme FOR RESORT BANK TO BANK in one channels COMPANIES COMPANIES the HAVE OR A N O T H E R . way national HOLDING HOLDING CONTEXT, A CHANGE CHANGES AND BEEN process TO PREPARE FOR ALTHOUGH IT ALSO CAN MADE IN ACQUISITION, PERIOD ATTRACTIONS FO R BRANCHING, NATIONAL Bank the TRANSITION SOME BE TO 3(d ) of INTERSTATE ORGANIZATIONS IS PIECEMEAL RESTRICTS provide Un f o r t u n a t e l y , SOLUTION Am e n d m e n t , S ection P RE SE NT . OF banking for REGIONAL CLEARED of BY geographic IS S T I L L HI T OR M I S S . BEST INTERSTATE national subsidiaries Co u r t . DEREGULATION THAN to ACTIVITIES COMPACTS The way STATE Ho l d i n g REPEAL THAT WOULD ALTHOUGH ALLOW INTERSTATE TH E THIS McFADDEN ROUTE SEEMS A DOUGLAS Ac t , which REPEALED. ESSENTIAL. RATHER THE Co m p a n y BE NOT OF LAWS. SHOULD NATIONWIDE IS LEGISLATION In THIS REGIONAL BANKING HAS STRONG ACT TO CASE ALLOW UNLIKELY AT If interstate CONTRADICTION IN barriers TERMS WHICH BANK HOLDING STILL REMAIN, WOULD ~~ COMPANIES HOWEVER, UNREGULATED FINANCIAL Congress face to were now lifted NOT ENTER ABOUT BE THE -b a n k NEEDED OWNERSHIP OF THIS Supreme the non A A VEHICLE BY A PROBLEM WOULD NON-BANK QUESTION Court — banks AS OTHER STATES. CORPORATIONS. that , has IS given BANKS BY ONE FOR the green L I G H T TO L I M I T E D S E R V I C E BA NK S. As FOR COMPANIES, LO N G AS BETTER TO SPECIFIC I AM THE Y TO USE SPECIAL ALSO REMAIN CHANGE THE LOOPHOLES LINES IN OF FAVOR PRIMARILY RULES CREATED BUSINESS OF OPENING FINANCIAL. WITH BY PERMITTED BUT FEDERAL PIECEMEAL UP BANK MORE ACTIVITIES IN D O I N G LEGISLATION STATE HOLDING SO, RATHER LAWS THAT banking has IT AS IS THAN CATER TO INTERE S T S . The issue of product lines in several DIMENSIONS: (1) Regarding by the securities Glass-Steagall separation will OF corporate transactions of Act. commercial re m a i n . completely, THE underwriting, We b u t we and could involving COMMERCIAL PAPER can banking Restraints stocks banks on bonds of'course expect from not in going flexibility. sophisticated corporate ARE CLOSELY the basic banking underwriting to allow more MARKET bound investment participation are that ar e be relaxed Certainly, customers RELATED TO in BANKING - AN D ARE AN AREA WHERE 6 - BANKING REGULATIONS COULD SAFELY BE RELAXED. (2) The ability of ESTATE-RELATED BANK HOLDING BECOME WE banking institutions ACTIVITIES ALSO COMPANIES, THERE I N V O L V E D TO S O M E EXTENT PROBABLY COULD ALLOW to COULD ARE BE THE IN R E A L EXPANDED engage in real EXPANDED. SKILLS - WlTHIN NECESSARY TO ESTATE O P E R A T I O N S AND REAL ESTATE POWERS THROUGH NON-BANK SUBSIDIARIES. (3) IN ANOTHER COMPANIES BANKS ARE AR E INSURANCE BE ARE A, WE HAVE ALLOWED TO FORECLOSED IN SERVICES. OFFERED, ONLY T HE OWN DEPOSITORY MOST CASES ALTHOUGH SMALL ANOMALY THAT INSTITUTIONS, FROM OFFERING CREDIT-RELATED BANKS AND A INSURANCE BU T GENERAL INSURANCE FEW CA N GRANDFATHERED t EXCEPTIONS This AR E results VARIOUS ALLOWED in TO serious FINANCIAL OFFER GENERAL asymmetries INSTITUTIONS TO in INSURANCE the OFFER LI NES. abilities THIS of IMPORTANT SERVICE. (4) Bank holding SECURITIES BROKERAGE Ye t , brokerage SAVINGS banks . companies firms ACCOUNTS The cannot SERVICES are MUCH obvious M a n a g e m e n t .Ac c o u n t , b u t also able LIKE WITHIN to are THE offer THOSE example there offer advisory SAME short is many AT Merrill others SUBSIDIARY. -t e r m AVAILABLE checkable COMMERCIAL L y n c h 's . and The Cash logic of 7 - THIS ASYMMETRIC - TREATMENT DESERVES REVIEW, AT THE VE RY LEAST. MY VIEW HEALTHY. We "MANAGE" IS THAT SHOULD TH E NOT IT BY R E L A X I N G TO T RY COMMERCIAL BANKING TRY TO TOWARD STOP LEGISLATION BY B A C K I N G UP TH E M O R E SUPERVISION. TREND IT, TO STOP BE BUT REGULATION RATHER AND REGULATIONS LENIENT RULES WITH TO LESSER WITH SHOULD C A R E AN D E Q U I T A B L E O V E R S I G H T A ND INNOVATION OUTFLANKED WE IS ULTIMATELY BY WOULD UNREGULATED CAUSE FIRMS THAT WOULD TAKE OVER MORE AND MORE BANKING FUNCTIONS. AT TH E BANKING objectives IT APPEARED Sub s e quent U.S. OIL BOTH PRICES — LARGE OF DECLINING WORLD OF DEBT, LOANS BE CLASSIFIED, POLICY IMPLICATIONS. IMPLICATIONS high BUT A t THIS LOANS ARE BECAUSE IN STRICT example AT THE TERMS rates PRICES ,' AND OF OR N A T I O N A L classic interest DOMESTIC DO SUPERVISORY AMERICAN SO WOULD POINT, FOR THE S T A B I L I T Y O F O U R S I N C E M A N Y OF TH E a MANAGEABLE SOUTH TO WHERE ECONOMIC LENDING real LIMITATIONS , OF a of TIME RISK. strong FLUCTUATING THE F U L L R E P A Y M E N T OF A S U B S T A N T I A L By TO OTHER COMMODITY HAVE THREATENED SHOULD — AND THE INSTANCES provides FOREIGN PROFITABLE FOREIGN AMOUNT lending PURSUED surprises DOLLAR, AMOUNT BANKS OF IN CONFLICT WITH In t e r n a t i o n a l DILEMMA. COGNIZANT PARTICULARLY ACTION MIGHT . I AM TIME, SUPERVISION, SUPERVISORY THIS SAME H E L D BY AND HAVE STANDARDS, AFRICAN NATIONS IMPORTANT FOREIGN IT A L S O W O U L D H A V E DOMESTIC OUR A IMPORTANT FINANCIAL SYSTEMS, LARGEST AND M O S T VISIBLE - BANKING DEPOSIT NATIONAL PREVENTING WITH SYSTEM BANK ACTUALLY RUNS DEPOSITS INSTITUTIONS An UNDER REGARDLESS TO TAKE BANK PORTFOLIOS WITH DEPOSIT ON RISK, BUT WE BECAUSE TEND NOT I CERTAINLY DEPOSITORS AND OF WAS OF THE FAVOR PLACE INSURANCE WITH TH E RECOGNIZE IS SCRUTINY OF DOING TH E A THE INSTITUTION INCREASED IN AS INTO STAY THE AN D CREATES THIS PUT TO HENCE, I AM OF SPEAK REQUIRING E X A M P L E OF HOW TAKING SYSTEM BUT RISK. EXAMINERS. INSURANCE, RISK $100,000) OF MORE BY ENHANCES RISK. ANOTHER WEALTH INSURANCE REDUCING (OF THE ECONOMISTS, PROBLEM: OF PROVIDES PROTECTING As DILEMMA. PURPOSE TEMPTED SYSTEM OF HAZARD" THE INSURANCE OBJECTIVE SUPERVISORY "MORAL - INSTITUTIONS. The A 8 OF AWAY DILEMMA IT R A I S E S FOR B A N K S U P E R V I S I O N . Although supervision PREVENTING EXCESSIVE AND BE IT M A Y IT HAS MUST BEEN SO FROM THAT EXCESSIVE PAST. OUR WE CA N is needed TO AT LEAST also US be HAS PROBLEMS OF T H E PU T BETTER CURTAIL THE GLARING remind of in BALL FUTURE AS T AS K, WE CONTROLS INTO INSTANCES FRAUDULENT bankers CRYSTAL IN T H E DIFFICULTY COURSE, helpful A AND OF to THE and OF PREVENT MISTAKES AND in NONE DESPITE PAST RISK-TAKING, Supervision step RISK-TAKING, DIFFICULT IN T HE LEARN PLACE AS can OF RISK-TAKING. the principal of DIVERSIFICATION. L et ME supervision . NO T The FAIL TO Federal MENTION Reserve THE OTHER enforces FUNCTIONS various OF BANK statutes , most 9 - OF WHICH ARE DESIGNED ACHIEVE SPECIFIC AWARENESS AN D OBJECTIVES RECEIVE ECONOMIC ARE MORE SAME DEREGULATION. B UT OF BANK STRENGTHEN TH E BANKING AND S O C I A L O B J E C T I V E S , PROTECTION THE PAR T TO - OR C O M M U N I T Y NARROW IN ATTENTION TH EY ARE AS FOCUS TO THE LENDING, AND GRAND THEY AS MUCH A DO NOT ISSUES RESPONSIBILITIES ARE TO THESE HENCE IMPORTANT SUPERVISION. OR S U C H AS C O N S U M E R DEVELOPMENT THEIR SYSTEM LIKE THAT PART OF ARE BANK S U P E R V I S I O N AS IS THE R E V I E W OF A L OA N P O R T F O L I O . Finally, CENTRAL BA NK , CONTRIBUTES we have THE what LENDER DIRECTLY TO actually OF THE LAST is a principal RESORT. STABILITY OF THE THE role CREDIT BANKING a FUNCTION SYSTEM THE E C O N O M Y BY S T A N D I N G R E A D Y TO P R O V I D E L I Q U I D I T Y TO T H E IN T I M E S OF C R I S I S . OPERATIONS BECAUSE QPEN-MARKET of AND ECONOMY HAVE REPLACED THE D I S C O U N T W I N D O W AS T H E P R I N C I P A L M E A N S OF C O N D U C T I N G M O N E T A R Y P OL IC Y, TO-DAY BANKING HOWEVER, BASIS The MAIN ROLE TO HELP INDIVIDUAL IS SYSTEM, OPERATIONS MORE THE THROUGH DIRECTED I M P O R T A N C E OF THE YEARS WHEN THROUGH ACTIONS TOO L, TO LENDING BANKS FUNCTION AND TO OF HA S B E E N HELP A DAY- FUNCTION SPECIFIC EVIDENT LARGE THE OPEN-MARKET THE CREDIT PROBLEMS ON POTENTIALLY DIFFICULTIES. FUNCTION HAVE CREDIT WHEREAS TH E HAD TO BE T A K E N CRISES THAT COULD T HE TEMPORARY ARE A B R O A D- BA SE D APPROPRIATELY OF BA NKS. IN R E C E N T AN D S M A L L PRODUCED UNDESIRABLE IS SHOCKS BANKS TO TH E BANKING SYSTEM. The new r£ p o n s i b i l i t y of the Credit Unit for monitoring 10 - P A Y M E N T S R I S K -- T H E "DAYLIGHT SUPERVISORY THE FORCES FOR ASPECT. BANKS LARGE IF IF T H E Y ONLY BANKERS REVIEW INTRA-DAY INTO P L A C E EVEN TO IN NEW FACE OF BE OF AND CONTINUES TH E BETTER TECHNOLOGIES ALSO MUST THAN MORE RULES, ENVIRONMENT. DEREGULATION RELAXATION OF SUPERVISION IN DOES BANK WILL FERRETING SUPERVISION SHOULD THE BE T HE AND SAME THAT PLAY A I ITS IMPLEMENTED AND CONTROLS PUT NEW RISK E X P O S U R E HERE, UNPLEASANT CREATE ARE THE BY ALWAYS IN ROLE IN TI M E , PROCEDURES SURPRISES TO POTENTIAL FOR AM IN IN AT OF RULES THE RAPIDLY THAT I FAVOR ADVOCATING FRAUD MORE BANKING INTENSIVE AR E THE REGULATIONS HELPING THE RULES TO TO A ASIDE, LI G H T , PREVENT INSTITUTIONS. MAKING RESERVE'S IN FINANCIAL F AC T BRINGING AND CA N OR CHANGING NECESSARILY AND THAT FEWER LIGHT THE INDIVIDUAL DIRECTED THE GENERAL STATUTES MANAGMENT, FEDERAL BEING IS NOT A P R O C E S S PARTICULARLY POOR RISK-TAKING AND TO PRODUCTS. SUPERVISION. EXCESSIVE BETTER, NEW ADJUST, MEAN ALWAYS OUT MARKETS AND At NOT A L S O HA S IF NO T W A T C H E D . U.S. GAME CHANGING AND TO — PROCEDURES CAUSED I THINK DEREGULATION CURTAILED. NEW CURRENTLY ACCOUNTING HAS M A J O R D I S R U P T I O N A ND L O S S E S SHOULD PROBLEM" I N T E N D TO RUN O V E R D R A F T S . PAST TO S U M UP, PROGRAM TRANSFERS POTENTIAL, THE OVERDRAFT THEIR DOLLAR - BANK SYSTEM WORK PROGRAM OF S U P E R V I S I O N S H O U L D H E L P A C H I E V E TH E O B J E C T I V E S OF D E R E G U L A T I O N . Su p e r v i s i o n HOP E THAT ALL OF plays YOU, an important PARTICULARLY role THE in public policy NEW STAFF, KEEP and IN I MIND - 11 - THAT OUR OBJECTIVE IS TO ENCOURAGE HAVE AN INTERESTING AND RESPONSIBLE WILL CONTINUE TO ENHANCE TH E SOUND JOB, FEDERAL BANKING AN D PRACTICES. I AM SURE RESERVE'S THA T YOU YOU IMPRESSIVE R E P U T A T I O N FOR P R O F E S S I O N A L I S M . Thank you . I would like ANY Q U E S T I O N S YO U M I G H T HAVE. to take this opportunity to address