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For Release on D e l i v e r y
Tuesday, J u l y 6 , 1971
8 p.m. C.D.T. (9 p.m. E . D . T . )
JOBS AND INEQUALITY
Progress and S t a g n a t i o n i n the Quest f o r an
Open S o c i e t y
Remarks By
Andrew F. Brimmer
Member
Board o f Governors o f
the
F e d e r a l Reserve System
Upon P r e s e n t a t i o n o f
the
5 6 t h Spingarn Medal
at
the
62nd Annual Convention
of
the
N a t i o n a l A s s o c i a t i o n f o r t h e Advancement o f Colored People
M i n n e a p o l i s A u d i t o r i u m and Convention Center
M i n n e a p o l i s , Minnesota
J u l y 6 , 1971
JOBS AND INEQUALITY
Progress and Stagnation i n the Quest f o r an
Open Society
By
Andrew F.
Brimmer*
I would be honored a t any t i m e t o r e c e i v e an i n v i t a t i o n
a d d r e s s an Annual C o n v e n t i o n o f t h e N a t i o n a l A s s o c i a t i o n f o r
Advancement o f C o l o r e d P e o p l e .
the
I am e s p e c i a l l y p l e a s e d t h a t I was
asked t o do so on t h i s o c c a s i o n — and t o have t h e a d d i t i o n a l
o f p r e s e n t i n g the 56th Spingarn Medal.
privilege
T h i s Award - - t h e h i g h e s t mark
o f r e c o g n i t i o n t h a t t h i s A s s o c i a t i o n can bestow — i s r e s e r v e d
Negro Americans whose accomplishments have been t r u l y
field
o f economics — as w e l l as i n t h e
o f r e l i g i o n and s o c i a l d e v e l o p m e n t .
for
outstanding.
The man s i n g l e d o u t f o r t h e c i t a t i o n t h i s y e a r has r e g i s t e r e d
achievements i n t h e
to
his
fields
So i n h o n o r i n g h i m , you b r o a d c a s t
a message t o t h i s N a t i o n - - b u t e s p e c i a l l y t o t h e b l a c k community
--
^Member, Board o f Governors o f t h e F e d e r a l Reserve System.
I am g r a t e f u l t o a number o f persons f o r a s s i s t a n c e i n t h e p r e p a r a t i o n o f these r e m a r k s . M r . W i l l i a m H. Brown, I I I , Chairman, U.S.
E q u a l Employment O p p o r t u n i t y Commission (EEOC), a r r a n g e d f o r me t o
o b t a i n s t a t i s t i c s r e p o r t e d t o t h e Commission under T i t l e V I I o f t h e
C i v i l R i g h t s A c t o f 1964. A t t h e Board, Messrs. P e t e r J . Feddor and
James T. Campbell, I I I , d i s p l a y e d c o n s i d e r a b l e i m a g i n a t i o n i n d e s i g n i n g
and c a r r y i n g o u t t h e computer programming w h i c h made i t p o s s i b l e t o
use t h e EEOC d a t a . M r . James R. W e t z e l a s s i s t e d w i t h t h e a n a l y s i s o f
t h e b e h a v i o r o f unemployment among n o n w h i t e s o v e r t h e b u s i n e s s c y c l e .
Miss H a r r i e t t Harper had t h e main r e s p o n s i b i l i t y o f m a t c h i n g t h e det a i l e d i n d u s t r y employment d a t a f r o m EEOC w i t h d a t a f r o m t h e 1960 Census.
She a l s o h e l p e d a t s e v e r a l o t h e r s t a g e s o f t h e p r o j e c t .
-2-
t h a t i s c l e a r and u n m i s t a k a b l e :
genuine economic advancement
is
t h e key t o t h e f u l f i l l m e n t o f t h e most c h e r i s h e d a s p i r a t i o n s o f
the
Negro i n A m e r i c a .
Since I share t h i s c o n v i c t i o n ,
I d e c i d e d t h a t t h e b e s t way
f o r me t o respond t o t h e NAACP's i n v i t a t i o n i s t o share w i t h you my
own c o n c e r n about t h e o u t l o o k f o r economic progress among b l a c k people
i n the United S t a t e s .
I am p a r t i c u l a r l y d i s t r e s s e d by t h e a p p a r e n t l y
d e c l i n i n g emphasis on j o b o p p o r t u n i t i e s — i n c o n t r a s t t o a r i s i n g
demand f o r expanded o p p o r t u n i t i e s f o r b l a c k s t o own and manage t h e i r
own b u s i n e s s e s .
I n e x p r e s s i n g t h i s c o n c e r n , I must h a s t e n t o add t h a t
— w h i l e I p e r s o n a l l y have s e r i o u s r e s e r v a t i o n s
about
many o f
the
numerous programs aimed ( h o p e f u l l y ) a t i n c r e a s i n g business ownership
by b l a c k s — I b e l i e v e t h a t those b l a c k men and women who a r e convinced
t h a t t h e y can succeed i n b u s i n e s s s h o u l d have a chance t o t r y
luck.
their
A t t h e same t i m e , however, I must a l s o emphasize t h a t the v a s t
m a j o r i t y o f b l a c k people - - as i s t r u e o f t h e v a s t m a j o r i t y o f
American people as a whole — must work f o r a l i v i n g .
the
T h i s means t h a t
t h e i r t r u e i n t e r e s t l i e s . i n t h e opening up o f genuine employment
o p p o r t u n i t i e s and i n a c c e l e r a t i n g o c c u p a t i o n a l
upgrading.
I n c i t i n g t h i s need, I am n o t o v e r l o o k i n g the evidence o f
economic p r o g r e s s t h a t i s a l l around us:
r e f l e c t i n g the
improvements i n e d u c a t i o n and s k i l l s and the l e s s e n i n g o f
considerable
racial
d i s c r i m i n a t i o n i n numerous i n d u s t r i e s , b l a c k people have made n o t i c e a b l e
s t r i d e s i n t h e l a s t decade.
These g a i n s can be t r a c e d i n t h e i r
stronger
-3-
employment s i t u a t i o n and the d e c l i n e i n t h e i r unemployment r a t e s , as
w e l l as i n the r e l a t i v e improvement i n t h e i r share o f t o t a l
income.
N e v e r t h e l e s s , a c l o s e r e x a m i n a t i o n o f trends i n Negro
employment i n major i n d u s t r i e s and government s e r v i c e d u r i n g the 1960 ? s
r e v e a l s a m i x t u r e o f progress and s t a g n a t i o n which shows t h a t we s t i l l
have a l o n g road t o t r a v e l b e f o r e b l a c k people - - and o t h e r m i n o r i t y
groups — achieve t r u l y equal o p p o r t u n i t i e s i n an open s o c i e t y .
D u r i n g the l a s t month o r so, I have had underway such an e x a m i n a t i o n ,
and t h e r e s u l t s o f t h e i n q u i r y suggest t h a t the amount o f progress has
been most uneven:
- I n the l a s t decade, Negroes made n o t i c e a b l e
s t r i d e s i n t o t a l w h i t e c o l l a r employment, b u t
the g a i n s were c o n c e n t r a t e d among c l e r i c a l
workers.
S i z a b l e improvements o c c u r r e d
i n p r o f e s s i o n a l and t e c h n i c a l o c c u p a t i o n s .
T h e i r r e l a t i v e p r o p o r t i o n as managers and
o f f i c i a l s was v i r t u a l l y s t a g n a n t .
- The share o f b l u e c o l l a r j o b s h e l d by Negroes a l s o
rose somewhat. However, the gains centered i n semis k i l l e d factory jobs.
Small improvements were
recorded among c r a f t s m e n and o t h e r h i g h l y s k i l l e d categories.
- Among major i n d u s t r i e s , the pace o f progress
varied substantially.
I n g e n e r a l , where b l a c k s
have found a s i g n i f i c a n t number o f openings i n
p a r t i c u l a r i n d u s t r i e s , they have u s u a l l y been i n
b l u e c o l l a r and s e r v i c e j o b s .
The few e x c e p t i o n s
have i n c l u d e d communications, b a n k i n g , and i n s u r a n c e .
- I n the area o f p u b l i c employment, Negroes have gained
somewhat more than t h e i r p r o p o r t i o n a t e share of j o b s
i n t h e F e d e r a l Government. N e v e r t h e l e s s , they have
made l i t t l e headway i n moving i n t o the h i g h e r grades.
W h i l e the s i t u a t i o n i s hard t o document i n the case
o f S t a t e and l o c a l governments, i t appears t h a t b l a c k s
-4-
and members o f o t h e r m i n o r i t y groups s t i l l have
l i t t l e chance t o compete f o r t h e b e t t e r p a y i n g
p o s i t i o n s on p u b l i c p a y r o l l s .
- W i t h i n t h e F e d e r a l Reserve System, Negroes and
o t h e r m i n o r i t y g r o u p s c o n s t i t u t e n e a r l y onef i f t h o f t h e t o t a l employment.
Here a l s o ,
however, they a r e concentrated m a i n l y i n the
l o w e r end o f t h e s a l a r y s t r u c t u r e .
With respect
t o managers and o f f i c i a l s , t h e System appears t o
have made o n l y s l i g h t l y more p r o g r e s s t h a n
b a n k i n g g e n e r a l l y — and i t seems t o be a b o u t
i n l i n e w i t h i n d u s t r y as a w h o l e .
But my assessment o f t h e N e g r o ' s q u e s t f o r e q u a l employment
has n o t been e n t i r e l y backward l o o k i n g .
I have a l s o l o o k e d ahead
t h r o u g h t h e decade o f t h e 1 9 7 0 ' s , and I see a number o f reasons
to
be o p t i m i s t i c :
- The present decade w i l l b r i n g considerable
expansion i n economic o p p o r t u n i t i e s .
However,
these openings w i l l r e q u i r e a much h i g h e r l e v e l
of e d u c a t i o n , and many o f them w i l l be i n f i e l d s
which blacks t r a d i t i o n a l l y have not e n t e r e d .
Consequently, young b l a c k people w i l l have t o
a c q u i r e a wide range o f new s k i l l s w h i l e s t r i v i n g
t o narrow the e d u c a t i o n a l gap between Negroes and
white.
- But e q u a l l y c r i t i c a l i s the need to press on w i t h
the campaign to e r a d i c a t e the remaining v e s t i g e s
of r a c i a l d i s c r i m i n a t i o n .
This need e x i s t s i n
government — a t a l l l e v e l s — as w e l l as i n
private industry.
I n the s h o r t - r u n , however, I am less o p t i m i s t i c about the
o u t l o o k f o r employment o p p o r t u n i t i e s f o r blacks — along w i t h others
i n the n a t i o n a l economy.
more s l o w l y t h a n i t
Unemployment among Negroes climbed r e l a t i v e l y
d i d f o r a l l workers d u r i n g the recent
recession,
-5-
b u t the l e v e l f o r b l a c k s i s s t i l l a l m o s t double t h a t f o r the
labor force.
total
Moreover, r e f l e c t i n g t h e u n c e r t a i n p r o s p e c t s f o r t h e
total
economy, I b e l i e v e we s h o u l d not expect t o see a s i g n i f i c a n t
improvement i n the employment s i t u a t i o n f o r b l a c k s
or f o r
the
t o t a l l a b o r f o r c e - - f o r q u i t e some t i m e .
Because o f t h i s r a t h e r p e s s i m i s t i c o u t l o o k f o r
employment,
a number o f observers have been c a l l i n g f o r g r e a t e r e f f o r t by the
F e d e r a l Government t o s t i m u l a t e the economy (by temporary t a x o r
spending measures).
I n the face o f p e r s i s t e n t i n f l a t i o n ,
still
others
have urged the a d o p t i o n o f s p e c i f i c p o l i c i e s t o r e s t r a i n i n c r e a s e s
wages and p r i c e s .
In fact,
in
the F e d e r a l Reserve Board has endorsed
a number o f times t h e idea o f e s t a b l i s h i n g some k i n d o f machinery
( b u i l t around a p r i c e s and wages r e v i e w board) t o s t r e n g t h e n t h e
Government's hand i n t h e f i g h t a g a i n s t
inflation.
Speaking f o r m y s e l f — and n o t n e c e s s a r i l y f o r my c o l l e a g u e s
on t h e F e d e r a l Reserve Board — I must say t h a t I p e r s o n a l l y see a
good d e a l o f m e r i t i n t h e s u g g e s t i o n s which h o l d t h a t the economy
does r e q u i r e an e x t r a b o o s t a t t h i s
time.
I w i l l a m p l i f y these g e n e r a l c o n c l u s i o n s i n the r e s t
of
these remarks.
Long-Run Trends i n Employment
The economic p r o g r e s s o f Negroes can be t r a c e d i n t h e t r e n d s
o f t h e l a b o r f o r c e , employment and o c c u p a t i o n a l advancement d u r i n g the
-6-
l a s t decade.
I n 1970, t h e r e were 9 . 2 m i l l i o n n o n w h i t e s ! /
in
t h e l a b o r f o r c e - - meaning t h a t they were h o l d i n g j o b s or s e e k i n g w o r k .
T h i s was a r i s e o f about o n e - f i f t h s i n c e 1960, a r a t e o f
increase
somewhat f a s t e r t h a n f o r w h i t e s and f o r the t o t a l l a b o r f o r c e .
employment o f nonwhites r o s e more r a p i d l y t h a n i t d i d f o r a l l
However,
employees
(by 22 per c e n t t o 8 . 4 m i l l i o n f o r t h e former compared w i t h 1 9 - 1 / 2 per cent
t o 78.6 m i l l i o n f o r t h e l a t t e r ) .
Expressed d i f f e r e n t l y , w h i l e nonwhites
r e p r e s e n t e d about 11 per c e n t o f t h e t o t a l c i v i l i a n l a b o r f o r c e i n b o t h
1960 and 1970, t h e i r share o f t h e g a i n s i n employment d u r i n g the decade
was somewhat l a r g e r :
t h e y accounted f o r near 12 per cent o f t h e employment
g r o w t h , a l t h o u g h t h e y h e l d j u s t over 10 p e r c e n t o f the j o b s a t
beginning o f the p e r i o d .
(See Table 1 ,
the
attached.)
Advancement i n the range o f j o b s h e l d by Negroes i n the
decade was a l s o n o t i c e a b l e .
T h i s was p a r t i c u l a r l y
ments i n t h e h i g h e s t p a y i n g o c c u p a t i o n s .
last
t r u e o f the improve-
Between 1960 and 1970,
number o f nonwhites i n p r o f e s s i o n a l and t e c h n i c a l p o s i t i o n s
the
increased
by 131 per cent ( t o 766 thousand) w h i l e the i n c r e a s e i n t h e t o t a l was
o n l y 49 p e r c e n t ( t o 1 1 . 1 m i l l i o n ) .
p o i n t where t h e y accounted
for
Nonwhites had p r o g r e s s e d t o the
6.9 per cent of the t o t a l
i n these t o p c a t e g o r i e s i n t h e o c c u p a t i o n a l s t r u c t u r e i n
compared w i t h 4 . 4 per cent i n 1960.
employment
1970,
They got j u s t over 9 per
cent o f t h e n e t i n c r e a s e i n such j o b s over t h e decade.
During
1/ Negroes c o n s t i t u t e a b o u t 93 p e r c e n t o f a l l n o n w h i t e s ;
races i n c l u d e d a r e American I n d i a n s and O r i e n t a l s .
this
other
-7-
same p e r i o d ,
the number o f nonwhite managers, o f f i c i a l s and p r o p r i e t o r s
( t h e second h i g h e s t p a y i n g c a t e g o r y )
rose t w o - t h i r d s
( t o 297 thousand)
compared t o an expansion of 17 per cent ( t o 8.3 m i l l i o n )
employees i n t h i s
for
all
category.
I n the 1 9 6 0 ! s , nonwhite workers l e f t l o w - p a y i n g jobs
a g r i c u l t u r e and household s e r v i c e a t a r a t e two t o t h r e e times
than did white workers.
faster
The number o f nonwhite farmers and farm workers
dropped by 63 per cent ( t o 328 thousand)
about 40 per cent ( t o 3 . 1 m i l l i o n )
category.
in
i n contrast to a decline of
f o r a l l persons i n the same
N e v e r t h e l e s s , i n 1970, nonwhites accounted f o r about 21 per
c e n t o f employment i n a g r i c u l t u r e ,
s l i g h t l y more than t h e i r share i n
1960 when the p r o p o r t i o n f o r nonwhites was 19 per c e n t .
The e x i t
o f nonwhites from p r i v a t e household employment was even more s t r i k i n g .
D u r i n g the l a s t decade, the number o f nonwhites so employed f e l l by
about 34 per cent ( t o 652 t h o u s a n d ) ; the c o r r e s p o n d i n g drop f o r
workers was o n l y 21 per cent ( t o 1.6 m i l l i o n ) .
all
Although roughly h a l f
o f a l l household workers were nonwhite i n 1960, the r a t i o had d e c l i n e d
t o j u s t over t w o - f i f t h s by 1971.
The number o f b l a c k nonfarm l a b o r e r s
d e c l i n e d (by 9 per cent t o 866.thousand)
over the l a s t decade, b u t the
t o t a l number o f l a b o r e r s rose somewhat.
N e v e r t h e l e s s , as a l r e a d y i n d i c a t e d ,
the a c c e l e r a t e d movement
o f nonwhites o u t o f the p o s i t i o n s a t the bottom o f the o c c u p a t i o n a l
pyramid d i d n o t f l o w e v e n l y t h r o u g h the e n t i r e o c c u p a t i o n a l
structure.
For example, nonwhites i n 1970 s t i l l h e l d about 1.5 m i l l i o n of the s e r v i c e
-8-
j o b s o u t s i d e p r i v a t e households - - most o f which r e q u i r e o n l y modest
skills.
T h i s r e p r e s e n t e d almost o n e - f i f t h o f the t o t a l - -
more t h a n the p r o p o r t i o n i n 1960.
Moreover, the number o f nonwhites
holding s e m i - s k i l l e d operative jobs (mainly i n f a c t o r i e s )
c e n t ( t o about 2.0 m i l l i o n )
cent.
r o s e by 42 per
d u r i n g the decade, compared w i t h an expansion
o f o n l y 1 6 - 1 / 2 per cent ( 1 3 . 9 m i l l i o n )
t h a t nonwhites'
slightly
f o r a l l workers.
The r e s u l t was
share o f the t o t a l c l i m b e d from 12 per cent t o over 14 per
Taken t o g e t h e r ,
these two c a t e g o r i e s o f l o w e r - s k i l l e d j o b s
(chiefly
i n f a c t o r i e s o r i n nonhousehold s e r v i c e s ) accounted f o r a somewhat l a r g e r
share
(42 p e r c e n t ) o f t o t a l nonwhite employment i n 1971 t h a n they d i d
1960 - - when t h e i r share was about 38 per c e n t .
I n c o n t r a s t , among a l l
employees t h e p r o p o r t i o n was v i r t u a l l y unchanged - - 27 per c e n t a t
b e g i n n i n g o f the decade and 28 per cent a t i t s
in
the
close.
W h i l e nonwhites made s u b s t a n t i a l p r o g r e s s d u r i n g the 1960 f s
i n o b t a i n i n g c l e r i c a l and s a l e s j o b s - - and a l s o r e g i s t e r e d
noticeable
g a i n s as c r a f t s m e n - - t h e i r o c c u p a t i o n a l c e n t e r o f g r a v i t y remained
anchored i n those p o s i t i o n s r e q u i r i n g l i t t l e
opportunities
f o r f u r t h e r advancement.
s k i l l and o f f e r i n g few
A t the same t i m e , i t
is
also
c l e a r f r o m the above a n a l y s i s t h a t b l a c k s who a r e w e l l - p r e p a r e d
to
compete f o r the h i g h e r - p a y i n g p o s i t i o n s i n the upper reaches o f
the
o c c u p a t i o n s t r u c t u r e have made measurable g a i n s .
compared
Nevertheless,
w i t h t h e i r o v e r a l l p a r t i c i p a t i o n i n the economy (11 per c e n t o f
employment), t h e o c c u p a t i o n a l d e f i c i t
i n w h i t e c o l l a r employment
a v e r a g i n g 40 per c e n t — remains d i s t u r b i n g l y l a r g e .
total
--
These c o n t r a s t i n g
-9-
experiences w i t h i n the b l a c k community emphasize s t r o n g l y the p o i n t
made a t the o u t s e t :
the campaign f o r improved j o b o p p o r t u n i t i e s
I
is
f a r from won - - and must be pursued w i t h renewed d e d i c a t i o n .
Uneven P a t t e r n o f Equal O p p o r t u n i t y i n
Industry
The r a t e a t which American i n d u s t r y has opened employment
o p p o r t u n i t i e s f o r b l a c k s and o t h e r m i n o r i t i e s has v a r i e d g r e a t l y over
the l a s t decade, and the o v e r a l l p i c t u r e i s e x t r e m e l y mixed.
In
g e n e r a l , however, the r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f b l a c k s remains h e a v i e s t i n the
r e l a t i v e l y low-wage i n d u s t r i e s or i n those i n d u s t r i e s w i t h
c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f low- and s e m i - s k i l l e d o c c u p a t i o n s .
large
The s m a l l
number o f e x c e p t i o n s t o t h i s p a t t e r n appear t o be i n d u s t r i e s i n which
the l e a d i n g f i r m s have a s u b s t a n t i a l amount o f d i r e c t c o n t a c t w i t h
consumers.
At the same t i m e , some o f these same i n d u s t r i e s are a l s o
ones i n which p u b l i c r e g u l a t o r y bodies p l a y a major r o l e i n d e t e r m i n i n g
the framework w i t h i n which f i r m s o p e r a t e .
may a l s o e x e r t a s l i g h t
At the m a r g i n , t h i s
influence i n favor of lessening
factor
discrimination
i n employment.
Comprehensive s t a t i s t i c s
showing the c u r r e n t r a c i a l
o f employment i n American i n d u s t r y w i l l n o t be a v a i l a b l e u n t i l
d e t a i l e d t a b u l a t i o n s o f t h e 1970 Census have been completed.
t a b u l a t i o n s were prepared from the 1960 Census.
pattern
the
Comparable
P a r t l y to bridge
this
gap - - and t o o b t a i n a rough i n d i c a t i o n o f the r a c i a l d i s t r i b u t i o n o f
employment i n p r i n c i p a l i n d u s t r i e s - - arrangements were made t o draw
on the i n f o r m a t i o n r e p o r t e d a n n u a l l y t o the U.S. Equal Employment
-10-
O p p o r t u n l t y Commission (EEOC) under T i t l e V I I o f the C i v i l
A c t o f 1964.
Rights
These d a t a a r e f a r from comprehensive, and they a r e
a l s o s u b j e c t t o a number o f r e p o r t i n g l i m i t a t i o n s
-- including
limited
coverage o f s m a l l f i r m s and the l a c k o f r e p o r t s f o r governments and
2/
educational institutions.—7
N e v e r t h e l e s s , t h e EEOC data do p r o v i d e a
broad o u t l i n e o f employment p a t t e r n s and - - when compared w i t h
statistics
f r o m the 1960 Census - -
o f t r e n d s over the l a s t
they a l s o g i v e a g e n e r a l
indication
decade.
We have used the EEOC data f o r 1969 t o e s t i m a t e the share
o f Negro and o t h e r m i n o r i t y group employment i n t w e l v e
occupational
c a t e g o r i e s i n 50 i n d u s t r i e s .
nonwhite
Similar calculations
employment i n 1960 were a l s o u n d e r t a k e n .
for
The r e s u l t s o f b o t h s e t s
o f c a l c u l a t i o n s a r e shown i n the a t t a c h e d Appendix T a b l e .
The h i g h l i g h t s o f the r e s u l t s a r e i l l u s t r a t e d i n Table 2.
i n f o r m a t i o n shows Negro employment as a percentage o f t o t a l
i n s e l e c t e d o c c u p a t i o n s i n 20 i n d u s t r y g r o u p s .
The
employment
Each o f these
industries
had a t l e a s t 500,000 t o t a l employees i n 1969.
2/ However, t h e r e p o r t s do cover a s u b s t a n t i a l p r o p o r t i o n o f
t o t a l employment i n some i n d u s t r i e s .
About t h r e e - q u a r t e r s o f t o t a l
employment i n m a n u f a c t u r i n g , t r a n s p o r t a t i o n , communication, and e l e c t r i c
and gas u t i l i t i e s a r e r e p o r t e d , and w e l l over o n e - h a l f o f the t o t a l i n
m i n i n g , and i n f i n a n c e , i n s u r a n c e and r e a l e s t a t e i s covered.
On the
o t h e r hand, the r e p o r t s cover o n l y about o n e - t h i r d o f t o t a l employment
i n w h o l e s a l e and r e t a i l t r a d e , and i n s e r v i c e s .
J u s t under o n e - f i f t h
o f c o n t r a c t c o n s t r u c t i o n employment i s c o v e r e d .
Coverage and o t h e r
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e EEOC data a r e d i s c u s s e d f u r t h e r i n the notes t o
the a t t a c h e d Appendix T a b l e .
-11-
These s t a t i s t i c s
above:
seem to support the c o n c l u s i o n
stated
where b l a c k s have found a s i g n i f i c a n t number o f openings
particular
industries,
service f i e l d s .
in
they have u s u a l l y been i n b l u e c o l l a r and
For example, i n 1969, Negroes accounted f o r 9.5 per
cent o f the EEOC r e p o r t e d employment.
However, they made up 13 per
c e n t o f a l l b l u e c o l l a r employees and 27 per cent o f a l l
service
workers - - b u t they h e l d o n l y 4 per cent o f a l l w h i t e c o l l a r
jobs.
W i t h i n the w h i t e c o l l a r g r o u p , Negroes r e p r e s e n t e d o n l y 1 - 1 / 2 per cent
o f managers and o f f i c i a l s ,
5 - 1 / 2 per cent o f the t e c h n i c i a n s and 6 per
cent o f a l l o f f i c e and c l e r i c a l w o r k e r s .
I n the b l u e c o l l a r
they c o n s t i t u t e d 5 per cent o f the c r a f t s m e n , 13 per cent o f
o p e r a t i v e s and 22 per cent o f the
category,
the
laborers.
The e x t e n t o f b l a c k employment v a r i e d g r e a t l y from i n d u s t r y
to i n d u s t r y .
Of the 20 i n d u s t r i e s shown i n Table 2, they were concen-
t r a t e d most h e a v i l y i n s t e e l and o t h e r p r i m a r y m e t a l s (13.6 per cent o f
t o t a l employment), t e x t i l e m i l l s
( 1 2 . 4 per c e n t ) .
( 1 2 . 8 per c e n t ) , and food p r o c e s s i n g
They a l s o had somewhat more than t h e i r
proportionate
share o f the t o t a l j o b s i n t r a n s p o r t a t i o n equipment m a n u f a c t u r i n g
mainly automobiles
( 1 0 . 3 per c e n t ) .
( 1 0 . 4 per cent) and a p p a r e l and o t h e r
However, i n a l l o f these i n d u s t r i e s ,
h i g h employment r a t i o s
The lowest employment r a t i o s
the
fairly
their
occupations.
f o r Negroes among the 20 i n d u s t r i e s
were found i n e l e c t r i c and gas u t i l i t i e s
textiles
f o r b l a c k s r e f l e c t e d almost e n t i r e l y
c o n c e n t r a t i o n i n b l u e c o l l a r and s e r v i c e
--
( 5 . 2 per c e n t ) and n o n - e l e c t r i c a l
-12-
machinery ( 5 . 6 per c e n t ) .
The r a t i o i n p r i n t i n g and p u b l i s h i n g was
a l s o f a i r l y low ( 6 . 3 per c e n t ) .
Among these t h r e e groups,
t h e N e g r o ' s share o f w h i t e c o l l a r employment d i f f e r e d
however,
significantly.
I n n o n - e l e c t r i c a l machinery, they h e l d o n l y 1 - 1 / 2 per cent o f such
j o b s ( t h e second s m a l l e s t p r o p o r t i o n among the 20 i n d u s t r i e s ) ,
pared w i t h 3 . 4 p e r c e n t i n the u t i l i t i e s and 3 . 7 per cent i n
com-
printing
and p u b l i s h i n g .
The i n d u s t r i e s i n which b l a c k s have made t h e
largest
r e l a t i v e g a i n s i n o c c u p a t i o n a l u p g r a d i n g a r e communications,
and i n s u r a n c e .
I n the case o f communications
banking,
(dominated by telephones
and r a d i o and TV b r o a d c a s t i n g ) , Negroes r e p r e s e n t e d 7 . 4 per cent o f
t o t a l employment, and they h e l d 8 . 8 per c e n t o f the t o t a l w h i t e
collar
j o b s ; w i t h i n the l a t t e r c a t e g o r y , t h e y had 1 1 - 1 / 2 per c e n t o f the o f f i c e
and c l e r i c a l p o s i t i o n s .
Negroes a l s o r e p r e s e n t e d 7 - 1 / 2 per cent o f
t o t a l employment i n b a n k i n g , and they h e l d 6 - 1 / 2 per c e n t o f the w h i t e
collar positions -jobs.
i n c l u d i n g 8 per cent o f the o f f i c e and c l e r i c a l
Among i n s u r a n c e c a r r i e r s ,
t h e y occupied j u s t over 6 per cent
o f a l l j o b s , 5 - 1 / 2 per cent o f the w h i t e c o l l a r s l o t s , and made up
8 per c e n t o f the o f f i c e
force.
S t i l l o t h e r f e a t u r e s o f t h e p o s i t i o n o f b l a c k s i n American
i n d u s t r y a r e p u t i n t o sharp r e l i e f by the d a t a i n Table 2.
At
least
one o f these should be mentioned b e f o r e I conclude t h i s p a r t o f
remarks.
W h i l e none o f the i n d u s t r i e s
l i s t e d show an o u t s t a n d i n g
r e c o r d o f advancing b l a c k s t o m a n a g e r i a l and o f f i c i a l
these
positions,
-13-
the s i t u a t i o n i n e l e c t r i c and gas u t i l i t i e s ,
non-electrical
t e x t i l e m i l l s , and r a i l r o a d t r a n s p o r t a t i o n i s p a r t i c u l a r l y
I n each o f these i n d u s t r i e s , b l a c k managers and o f f i c i a l s
o n l y 1/2 o f 1 per cent o f the t o t a l employees i n t h i s
machinery,
distressing.
represent
category.
The " b e s t " r e c o r d - - which i s f a r from "good 11 - - was i n e d u c a t i o n a l
s e r v i c e s (where the r a t i o was 3.5 per
cent).
A g a i n , the r e s u l t s o f t h i s survey o f r a c i a l employment p a t t e r n s
i n American i n d u s t r y p o i n t t o an inescapable c o n c l u s i o n :
our
l e a d e r s h i p - - w h i l e they have made n o t i c e a b l e s t r i d e s - - i s
f a i l i n g i n the e f f o r t t o a c h i e v e e q u a l i t y of employment
i n t h i s country.
industrial
still
opportunities
Thus, the t a s k o f d e v i s i n g - - and e n f o r c i n g
e f f e c t i v e programs t o reach t h i s g o a l remains t o be done.
--
Black
people and o t h e r m i n o r i t i e s - - and o r g a n i z a t i o n such as the NAACP - must n o t s l a c k e n i n t h e i r own r e s p o n s i b i l i t y
k e p t h i g h on the agenda o f the N a t i o n ' s
Employment O p p o r t u n i t i e s i n the P u b l i c
t o see t h a t t h i s goal i s
priorities.
Sector
While I have d w e l t on the employment s t a t u s o f b l a c k s
p r i v a t e i n d u s t r y , we must n o t o v e r l o o k the s t i l l
i n public service.
unsatisfactory
in
situation
H i s t o r i c a l l y , a l a r g e p r o p o r t i o n o f employed
Negroes ( e s p e c i a l l y o f those i n p r o f e s s i o n a l p o s i t i o n s )
has been on the
p u b l i c p a y r o l l than has been t r u e f o r the p o p u l a t i o n as a whole.
For
example, w h i l e Negroes r e p r e s e n t e d about 10 per c e n t o f t o t a l employment
i n nonfarm o c c u p a t i o n s i n p r i v a t e i n d u s t r y i n 1970, they accounted
f o r 15 per cent o f a l l c i v i l i a n employees i n the F e d e r a l Government.
-14-
M o r e o v e r , w h i l e F e d e r a l employment absorbed 3 . 3 per cent o f t h e
c i v i l i a n labor
f o r c e , about 4 . 6 per c e n t o f the Negroes i n
jobs were on the F e d e r a l
total
civilian
payroll.
Behind these o v e r a l l s t a t i s t i c s
i s an even h e a v i e r
reliance
by Negroes on t h e p u b l i c s e c t o r f o r a d i s p r o p o r t i o n a t e share o f the
b e t t e r jobs they h o l d .
The e x t e n t o f t h i s r e l i a n c e was f u l l y
i n t h e 1960 Census o f P o p u l a t i o n .
documented
I n t h a t y e a r , p u b l i c employment
a t t h e F e d e r a l , S t a t e and l o c a l l e v e l accounted f o r about 10.2 per
c e n t o f t o t a l employment.
The percentage o f nonwhites so employed was
r o u g h l y t h e same, 9 . 9 per c e n t .
However, w h i l e j u s t over
one-third
o f a l l p r o f e s s i o n a l and t e c h n i c a l w o r k e r s were employed by p u b l i c
a g e n c i e s , n e a r l y t h r e e - f i f t h s o f nonwhite w o r k e r s i n t h e same
o c c u p a t i o n s were employed by such a g e n c i e s .
Of c o u r s e , i n each case,
p u b l i c employment was h e a v i l y w e i g h t e d by t h e l a r g e number o f
i n the p u b l i c
schools.
But a s i d e from e d u c a t i o n , t h e much g r e a t e r r e l i a n c e
Negroes on t h e p u b l i c s e c t o r f o r w h i t e c o l l a r j o b s i s s t i l l
For i n s t a n c e ,
About 17 per c e n t o f the nonwhite e n g i n e e r s worked f o r
noticeable.
nonwhites.
government
b o d i e s compared w i t h o n l y 7 per c e n t f o r w h i t e e n g i n e e r s .
For
t h e r a t i o s were o n e - t h i r d f o r nonwhites and o n l y 13 per
cent f o r w h i t e accountants.
Some 22 per c e n t o f n o n w h i t e chemists were
employed by p u b l i c a g e n c i e s , compared w i t h o n l y 15 p e r cent o f
white
chemists.
of
i n 1960, about 1 i n 8 o f a l l s a l a r i e d managers worked
f o r p u b l i c i n s t i t u t i o n s , b u t the r a t i o was 1 i n 5 f o r
accountants,
teachers
the
-15-
C l e r i c a l workers p r o v i d e the most s t r i k i n g example of
all.
I n 1960, about t w o - f i f t h s of a l l nonwhite women employed as
s e c r e t a r i e s , stenographers, and o t h e r classes o f c l e r i c a l workers
were on the p u b l i c p a y r o l l .
Only 14 per cent o f the w h i t e women
employed as c l e r i c a l workers were on the p u b l i c p a y r o l l .
Moreover,
w h i l e nonwhite women represented l e s s than 4 per cent o f a l l women
w i t h such j o b s , they accounted f o r 10 per cent o f those employed i n
the p u b l i c
sector.
Although the d e t a i l s o b v i o u s l y have changed since 1960,
the broad conclusions probably s t i l l h o l d .
While p r i v a t e
industry
has g r e a t l y a c c e l e r a t e d i t s h i r i n g o f Negroes i n r e c e n t y e a r s , so
has the p u b l i c s e c t o r .
For example, as shown i n Table 3, i n 1963,
Negroes c o n s t i t u t e d 13 per cent o f t o t a l employment i n the Federal
Government; by 1970, the r a t i o had r i s e n t o 15 per cent o f the work
force.
I n the seven-year p e r i o d , the number o f Negroes employed by
the Federal Government rose from 302 thousand to 389 thousand, a gain
o f 87 thousand - - r e p r e s e n t i n g 30 per cent of the increase i n
total
Federal C i v i l i a n employment.
However, w h i l e g r e a t s t r i d e s have been made i n the employment o f m i n o r i t y groups i n the Federal Government, the v a s t m a j o r i t y
o f Negroes i s
s t i l l concentrated i n the low- and middle-grade j o b s .
Again, as Table 3 shows, of the 389 thousand Negroes employed by the
Federal Government i n 1970, less than t w o - f i f t h s
(141 thousand) were
i n the r e g u l a r c i v i l s e r v i c e grades, and over t h r e e - f i f t h s were i n the
p o s t a l f i e l d s e r v i c e or h e l d b l u e c o l l a r
(wage board) j o b s .
Moreover,
-16-
in regular c i v i l
s e r v i c e c a t e g o r i e s , Negroes a r e h e a v i l y
concen-
t r a t e d i n the low t o m i d d l e s a l a r y grades.
The employment s t a t u s o f b l a c k s i n S t a t e and l o c a l governments appears t o be g e n e r a l l y l e s s f a v o r a b l e than i t
Government.
i s i n the F e d e r a l
The e x t e n t t o w h i c h t h i s i s the case cannot be determined
because o f a l a c k o f comprehensive i n f o r m a t i o n .
However, a survey
conducted i n 1967 by the U. S. C i v i l R i g h t s Commission c a s t s
l i g h t on the
considerable
situation.
The Commission c o l l e c t e d i n f o r m a t i o n on government employment i n seven m a j o r m e t r o p o l i t a n areas - - r e p r e s e n t i n g 628 governmental
units.
The areas were San F r a n c i s c o - O a k l a n d , Baton Rouge,
P h i l a d e l p h i a , Memphis, Houston, and A t l a n t a .
j o b s were i n v o l v e d .
In a l l ,
Detroit,
n e a r l y 250,000
About o n e - f o u r t h o f these j o b s were h e l d by
Negroes.
Of the b l a c k workers i n S t a t e and l o c a l governments, more
than h a l f were on the p a y r o l l s o f c e n t r a l c i t y governments.
The
d i s t r i b u t i o n o f Negro and o t h e r m i n o r i t y group employment i n the
seven c e n t r a l c i t i e s
i s shown i n Table 4 .
I n f o u r o f these areas
(San F r a n c i s c o , P h i l a d e l p h i a , D e t r o i t , and Memphis)
t h e percentage o f
t o t a l c i t y j o b s h e l d by Negroes was equal t o - - o r exceeded - p r o p o r t i o n o f the p o p u l a t i o n .
I n b o t h Baton Rouge and Oakland,
c i t y employment r a t e f o r Negroes was r o u g h l y o n e - h a l f o f
r e p r e s e n t a t i o n i n the
population.
their
their
the
-17-
The data from the survey a l s o show t h a t b l a c k s are h e a v i l y
c o n c e n t r a t e d i n the l o w - s k i l l ,
central cities listed.
low-pay o c c u p a t i o n s i n a l l of
I n f a c t , i n each o f the c i t i e s
the
(except
San F r a n c i s c o and Oakland), Negroes h e l d 70 per cent or more of
laborer jobs.
I n t h r e e o f the c i t i e s
all
( P h i l a d e l p h i a , D e t r o i t , and
Memphis), they made up about o n e - t h i r d o f a l l s e r v i c e w o r k e r s .
In
o n l y two c i t i e s - - P h i l a d e l p h i a and D e t r o i t - - d i d the number o f
Negroes i n w h i t e c o l l a r p o s i t i o n s come near to r e f l e c t i n g
their
p r o p o r t i o n o f the p o p u l a t i o n .
On the b a s i s o f these r e s u l t s from the s u r v e y , one must
share t h e Commission's c o n c l u s i o n :
S t a t e and l o c a l governments have
f a l l e n f a r s h o r t o f meeting t h e i r o b l i g a t i o n t o assure equal employment
o p p o r t u n i t y to a l l o f t h e i r c i t i z e n s .
Consequently, the quest
for
j o b e q u a l i t y must s t i l l be pressed a t c i t y h a l l s and i n S t a t e c a p i t a l s
as w e l l as i n the F e d e r a l Government.
Equal O p p o r t u n i t y i n the F e d e r a l Reserve System
As mentioned above, the F e d e r a l Reserve System has made
c o n s i d e r a b l e s t r i d e s i n expanding j o b o p p o r t u n i t i e s
groups.
for
minority
However, d e s p i t e a s t r o n g endorsement by p o l i c y
officials
i n the System, the performance i s uneven a t the Board and among the
Reserve Banks.
At the Federal Reserve Board, m i n o r i t i e s
( a l l except a few
o f whom a r e Negroes) r e p r e s e n t over o n e - f i f t h o f t o t a l
(Table 5 . )
They c o n s t i t u t e
employment.
n e a r l y o n e - f i f t h o f the t o t a l w h i t e
collar
-18-
g r o u p , b u t they a r e h e a v i l y c o n c e n t r a t e d i n the lower grades.
In
c o n t r a s t , Negro employees make up t h r e e - f i f t h s o f the b l u e c o l l a r and
service workers.
pay g r a d e .
Among t h e s e , n e a r l y t h r e e - q u a r t e r s a r e i n the l o w e s t
In fact, a fairly
l a r g e number o f b l u e c o l l a r
workers
began even lower down the o c c u p a t i o n a l l a d d e r ( e . g . , as messengers)
and were promoted t o s e m i - s k i l l e d j o b s .
On the o t h e r hand,
considerable
p r o g r e s s has been a c h i e v e d i n r e c e n t years i n the employment o f Negro
c l e r i c a l workers and t e c h n i c i a n s .
T h i s improvement i s t h e r e s u l t
s y s t e m a t i c r e c r u i t i n g e f f o r t s supported by a s t r o n g p o s i t i v e
of
employ-
ment p o l i c y developed by the F e d e r a l Reserve Board.
Among F e d e r a l Reserve Banks a l s o , c o n s i d e r a b l e p r o g r e s s
the employment o f m i n o r i t y group members has been a c h i e v e d .
in
Negro
employment i n the Banks i n c r e a s e d by 72 per cent between 1968 and 1971,
w h i l e t h e t o t a l r o s e by o n l y 17 per c e n t .
Negroes r e p r e s e n t e d
the r i s e i n t o t a l employment d u r i n g t h e same p e r i o d .
half
The Reserve Banks
employed more t h a n 3,800 Negroes, r e p r e s e n t i n g 17 per cent o f
their
t o t a l work f o r c e i n e a r l y 1971.
pattern
(See Table 6 . )
i s q u i t e uneven from one bank t o a n o t h e r .
i n the t a b l e ,
However, t h e
Moreover, a l t h o u g h n o t shown
the p a t t e r n d i f f e r s g r e a t l y even between the head o f f i c e s
and t h e i r b r a n c h e s .
To a c o n s i d e r a b l e e x t e n t , the d i f f e r e n c e s
in
b l a c k and o t h e r m i n o r i t y group employment r a t e s a t F e d e r a l Reserve
Banks can be t r a c e d t o the d i f f e r i n g r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f such groups
the l o c a l p o p u l a t i o n ( M i n n e a p o l i s ,
f o r example).
However, the
i n Kansas C i t y - - and perhaps i n Boston - - a p p a r e n t l y cannot be
e x p l a i n e d on t h a t
basis.
in
situation
-19-
Sadly, i t
seems t h a t the F e d e r a l Reserve Banks have been
a b l e t o do no b e t t e r than i n d u s t r y as a whole - - and o n l y
slightly
b e t t e r than banking g e n e r a l l y - - i n the employment o f b l a c k s
m a n a g e r i a l and o f f i c i a l p o s i t i o n s .
in
As shown i n Table 7, Negroes
c o n s t i t u t e d 1 - 1 / 2 per cent o f such o f f i c i a l s
i n e a r l y 1971.
C l e a r l y , even i n the F e d e r a l Reserve System, a p o s i t i v e
program o f a c t i v e r e c r u i t i n g i s necessary t o t r a n s l a t e a f i r m p o l i c y
o f equal o p p o r t u n i t y i n t o a c t i o n .
This i s e s p e c i a l l y t r u e i f any
headway i s to be made i n expanding employment f o r m i n o r i t y groups
white c o l l a r occupations.
in
Such a program i s under way, and i t was
s t r e n g t h e n e d f u r t h e r e a r l y t h i s year when the F e d e r a l Reserve Board
a p p o i n t e d an o f f i c i a l who w i l l devote h i s f u l l t i m e to the promotion
o f equal employment o p p o r t u n i t y .
His t a s k w i l l not be an easy one.
Long-Run Outlook f o r B l a c k Employment
As I l o o k ahead t o the Negro's employment p r o s p e c t s i n the
c u r r e n t decade, I am f a i r l y o p t i m i s t i c .
By 1980, t h e r e should be
about 12 m i l l i o n Negroes i n the l a b o r f o r c e - - c o n s t i t u t i n g about
12 per cent o f the t o t a l .
as a whole suggests
considerably - - i f
The p r o j e c t i o n
f o r the n a t i o n a l economy
t h a t the o u t l o o k f o r b l a c k s w i l l
brighten
they can prepare themselves t o take advantage
o f t h e emerging openings.
Thus, improvement i n the e d u c a t i o n a l a t t a i n m e n t o f the
b l a c k community w i l l be c r u c i a l .
S i z a b l e gains were achieved d u r i n g
the l a s t decade, and the p r o s p e c t f o r f u r t h e r advances i s
quite
-20-
hopeful.
If
these r e c e n t t r e n d s i n s c h o o l i n g o f b o t h w h i t e s and
Negroes do c o n t i n u e d u r i n g the decade o f t h e 1 9 7 0 ! s , the e d u c a t i o n a l
gap between the two w i l l narrow c o n s i d e r a b l y .
Moreover,
substantial
improvement can a l s o be expected i n the q u a l i t y o f e d u c a t i o n r e c e i v e d
by Negroes over t h e n e x t decade.
On t h e o t h e r hand, i n the 1970 f s t h e r e w i l l be a sharp
i n c r e a s e i n the demand f o r h i g h l y t r a i n e d p e o p l e .
But a t t h e same
t i m e , we can a l s o expect a d r a m a t i c s h i f t i n the types o f
skills
required.
T h i s p r o s p e c t w i l l be o f c r i t i c a l importance t o b l a c k
students.
As we know, Negro c o l l e g e graduates have
traditionally
c o n c e n t r a t e d h e a v i l y i n the f i e l d o f e d u c a t i o n ( e s p e c i a l l y i n elementary
and secondary t e a c h i n g ) .
The s o c i a l s c i e n c e s , b u s i n e s s , and E n g l i s h
and l i t e r a t u r e have a t t r a c t e d most o f the r e m a i n i n g g r a d u a t e s .
a s m a l l p e r c e n t a g e (much s m a l l e r t h a n among c o l l e g e s t u d e n t s
has s e l e c t e d majors i n the s c i e n t i f i c
f i e l d s ; among t h e s e ,
and mathematics accounted f o r a s i z a b l e share o f the
Only
generally)
biology
enrollment.
Over t h e c u r r e n t decade, the demand f o r c o l l e g e graduates
i s expected t o r u n s u b s t a n t i a l l y c o u n t e r t o t h e t y p i c a l p a t t e r n o f
Negro g r a d u a t e s .
Even b e f o r e the decade i s v e r y f a r advanced,
and secondary e d u c a t i o n - - l o n g plagued by a s h o r t a g e o f
p e r s o n n e l - - w i l l be faced w i t h a s u r p l u s o f
entry patterns i n t h i s occupation continue.
t h e r e may a l s o be a s u r p l u s o f m a t h e m a t i c i a n s and l i f e
( e s p e c i a l l y of b i o l o g i s t s )
if
recent
fields,
scientists
students continue to concentrate
these areas i n the same p r o p o r t i o n as i n the r e c e n t
classroom
teachers - - i f
In scientific
elementary
past.
in
-21-
In contrast,
s e v e r a l o t h e r s c i e n t i f i c and t e c h n i c a l
w i l l c o n t i n u e t o face shortages d u r i n g the 1 9 7 0 f s .
c h e m i s t r y , g e o l o g y , g e o p h y s i c s , and e n g i n e e r i n g .
fields
These i n c l u d e
Professional
o c c u p a t i o n s can a l s o a n t i c i p a t e continued s h o r t a g e s .
The
health
short-fall
i n the s u p p l y o f p h y s i c i a n s and d e n t i s t s may be e s p e c i a l l y
serious,
due t o the l i m i t e d c a p a c i t y o f e x i s t i n g m e d i c a l and d e n t a l schools
w h i c h may be r e l i e v e d o n l y s l i g h t l y by i n s t i t u t i o n s
launched d u r i n g the 1 9 7 0 ! s .
--
scheduled t o be
Outside the s c i e n t i f i c and m e d i c a l
f i e l d s , o t h e r areas o f p o t e n t i a l shortages i n c l u d e c o u n s e l i n g ,
social
w o r k , urban p l a n n i n g , and a number o f occupations i n v o l v e d i n the
p l a n n i n g and a d m i n i s t r a t i o n o f State and l o c a l
governments.
Behavior o f Black Employment During the Recent Recession
As I
mentioned
long-run prospects
their
job
from the
and n o t
outlook
for
in
above,
black
from factors
I
employment,
the near
somewhat u n c e r t a i n
while
term.
outlook
affecting
am f a i r l y
I
am l e s s
hopeful
about
optimistic
regarding
My dampened e x p e c t a t i o n s
for
blacks
the
t h e economy as a w h o l e
result
--
alone.
I n f a c t , d u r i n g the recent r e c e s s i o n (from w h i c h the economy
i s - h o p e f u l l y - r e c o v e r i n g , the l e v e l o f b l a c k unemployment r o s e somewhat l e s s t h a n one would have expected on the b a s i s o f
experience.
historical
P a r t l y r e f l e c t i n g the r e l a t i v e l a c k o f s k i l l s
r e f l e c t i n g the d i r e c t impact o f r a c i a l d i s c r i m i n a t i o n ) ,
(but
the unemployment
r a t e among b l a c k s has t r a d i t i o n a l l y been about double the r a t e
whites.
also
for
Moreover, i n p r e v i o u s recessions changes i n employment and
-22-
unemployment among Negroes and w h i t e s have tended t o be r o u g h l y
p r o p o r t i o n a t e - - a l t h o u g h the s p e c i f i c t i m i n g o f t h e changes
slightly.
differed
D u r i n g the l a s t y e a r , however, employment o f a d u l t
nonwhites
(aged 20 and o v e r ) - - o f whom about 93 per cent a r e Negroes - - edged
up m o d e r a t e l y , w h i l e employment among w h i t e a d u l t s has d e c l i n e d .
t h e l e v e l o f w h i t e unemployment has r i s e n more t h a n the l e v e l
Negro unemployment - - a p p r o x i m a t e l y o n e - t h i r d vs. about
Also,
of
one-fifth.
R e f l e c t i n g the r e l a t i v e l y slower r i s e o f Negro unemployment,
t h e i r j o b l e s s r a t e has remained s i g n i f i c a n t l y below t h e r a t e s
pre-
v a i l i n g i n t h e e a r l y 1 9 6 0 ' s , whereas t h e r a t e f o r w h i t e s has been
g e n e r a l l y above those recorded i n t h a t p e r i o d .
For example, i n 1962-
6 3 , the n o n w h i t e unemployment r a t e averaged about 11 per c e n t , compared w i t h r o u g h l y
5 per cent f o r w h i t e s .
I n June o f t h i s y e a r ,
n o n w h i t e r a t e was 9 . 4 per c e n t , and the w h i t e r a t e was 5 . 2 per
(See Table
the
cent.
8.)
Thus, the r a t i o o f the Negro t o the w h i t e unemployment
d i m i n i s h e d s i g n i f i c a n t l y d u r i n g the r e c e n t r e c e s s i o n , and i t
rate
continues
w e l l below t h e h i s t o r i c 2 - t o - l r e l a t i o n s h i p t h a t o b t a i n e d between the
m i d - 1 9 5 0 1 s and the l a t e 1 9 6 0 f s .
A l a r g e share o f t h e i n c r e a s e o f
unemployment i n the l a s t 1 - 1 / 2 years has o c c u r r e d i n the aerospacedefense s e c t o r , a c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f i n d u s t r i e s w h i c h have
few b l a c k w o r k e r s .
relatively
Of equal i m p o r t a n c e , however, has been the g r e a t e r
p r o p e n s i t y f o r Negroes t o leave the l a b o r f o r c e d u r i n g t h i s p e r i o d of
s l a c k demand.
P a r t i c i p a t i o n r a t e s f o r Negroes have f a l l e n somewhat
more t h a n t h o s e f o r w h i t e s .
-23-
Short-Term Economic Outlook
As I s t r e s s e d above, the n e a r - t e r m employment prospects
b l a c k s - - as w e l l as f o r the t o t a l l a b o r f o r c e - -
i s not v e r y
for
bright.
The t o t a l unemployment r a t e d e c l i n e d frcm 6.2 per cent i n May to
5.6 per cent l a s t month, and the r a t e f o r nonwhites decreased
10.5 per cent to 9 . 4 per c e n t .
distributed,
adults.
from
While the d e c l i n e s were w i d e l y
they were p a r t i c u l a r l y sharp f o r teenagers and young
However, these one-month d e c l i n e s may n o t be p a r t i c u l a r l y
significant.
To some e x t e n t ,
(seasonal adjustment)
factors.
they may r e f l e c t
technical
statistical
S i m i l a r changes ( a l t h o u g h o f a
s m a l l e r magnitude) occurred l a s t y e a r , when the l a b o r f o r c e f e l l and
3/
unemployment edged down from May to June - - o n l y t o rebound i n July.—
More i m p o r t a n t l y , however, the depressed s t a t e o f the l a b o r market
i t s e l f may have c u t the l a r g e i n f l u x of young workers a t the end of
the s c h o o l y e a r .
Overall,
i n the 12 months e n d i n g i n June, the
total
l a b o r f o r c e rose by about o n e - h a l f m i l l i o n - - o n l y o n e - t h i r d of
the
growth n o r m a l l y expected on the b a s i s of p o p u l a t i o n change and l o n g run trends i n labor force
participation.
As I assess the present s t a t e o f the n a t i o n a l economy,
am p e r s o n a l l y convinced t h a t there i s a s e r i o u s shortage o f
demand.
Businesses nor households
appear w i l l i n g
I
effective
to step up t h e i r
r a t e o f spending f o r goods and s e r v i c e s - - which would i n t u r n
stimulate
3/ I n passing, i t should be noted t h a t the Bureau of Labor
S t a t i s t i c s recognizes these t e c h n i c a l d i f f i c u l t i e s and i s making an
e f f o r t t o improve the s t a t i s t i c a l measurements.
-24-
increased
production,
of
plant
unused
spend
on
the
about
future
check
to
capacity.
part
of
employment
pessimistic
view
squeeze
facing
need
for
--
spending
and
of
the
measures
Since
the major
these
to
participants
required
that
--
Federal
of
the
we may
However,
provision
of
firms
measures
--
the most
promising.
by
are
to
Caught
in
effective
in
the
to
further
is
consumers
fixed
foreseeable
the
severe
they
a large
the
to
profits
see
little
increase
call
private
in
less
out
for
could
it
work
and
of monetary
a
given
by
through
inducements
purpose,
policy
--
the
variety
directly
this
support
action
take a
spend and
For
of
for
economy.
(households
call
action
that
from a
the autonomous
saving
investment.
easing
in
sector
that might
a key requirement
a
term.
provide
that
to
be s u f f e r i n g
demand i n
to
backlog
expectations
s i t u a t i o n may w e l l
private
case
I n my o p i n i o n ,
than
the near
the
of
capacity,
from - -
s p e n d i n g more and
undertake
rather
outlook.
unwilling
inducements
business
seem t o
to b e n e f i t
the
propensity
likelihood
plant
in
pessimistic
--
excess
face a classic
Government.
forms.
chance
the
too
circumstances,
apparently
income
economic
strengthen
is,
--
sluggish
to r e f l e c t
and
and equipment
businesses)
--
prospects
and a d e c l i n e
the
seems
substantial
o n new p l a n t
direct
Moreover,
Businesses
little
Under
employment,
consumers
inflation.
and
rising
are
to
fiscal
clearly
Table
1.
Employed P e r s o n s by M a j o r O c c u p a t i o n Group and
(Numbers i n t h o u s a n d s )
Color
Total
Occupation
Employment :
I960
Neg r o and O t h e r Races
Total
Per cent
Percentage
of t o t a l
Percentage
Number
Number
Distribution
Number
Distribution
Total
65,778
Employed
100.0
6,927
100.0
10.5
White C o l l a r s Workers
Professional & Technical
Managers, O f f i c i a l s , & Prop.
C l e r i c a l Workers
S a l e s Workers
28,522
7,469
7,067
9,762
4,224
43.3
11.4
10o 7
14 „ 8
6.4
1,113
331
178
503
101
16.1
4.7
2.6
7.3
1.5
3.9
4.4
2.5
5.2
2.4
B l u e C o l l a r Workers
C r a f t s m e n & Foremen
Operatives
Nonfarm L a b o r e r s
24,057
8,554
11,950
3,553
36.6
13 „ 0
18.2
5,4
2,780
415
1,414
951
40.1
6.0
20.4
13.7
11.6
4.8
11.8
26.8
S e r v i c e Workers
P r i v a t e Household
Other S e r v i c e Workers
8,023
1,973
6,050
12.2
3.0
9.2
2,196
982
1,214
31.7
14.2
17.5
27.4
49.8
20.1
Farm Workers
F a r m e r s & F a r m Managers
F a r m L a b o r e r s & Foremen
5,176
2,776
2,400
7.9
4.2
3.7
841
219
622
12.1
3.2
8.9
16.2
7.9
25.9
Total
Employment :
1970
78,627
100.0
8,445
100.0
10.7
White C o l l a r Workers
Professional & Technical
Managers, O f f i c i a l s & Prop.
C l e r i c a l Workers
Sales Workers
37,997
11,140
8,289
13,714
4,854
48.3
14.2
10.5
17.4
6.2
2,356
766
297
1,113
180
27.9
9. 1
3.5
13.2
2.1
6.2
6.9
3.6
8.1
3.7
B l u e C o l l a r Workers
C r a f t s m e n & Foremen
Operatives
Nonfarm L a b o r e r s
27,791
10,158
13,909
3,724
35.3
12.9
17.7
4.7
3,561
692
2,004
866
42.2
8.2
23.7
10.3
12.8
6.8
14.4
23.2
S e r v i c e Workers
P r i v a t e Household
Other S e r v i c e Workers
9,712
1,558
8,154
12.4
2.0
10.4
2,199
652
1,546
26.0
7.7
18.3
22.6
41.8
19.0
Farm W o r k e r s
F a r m e r s & F a r m Managers
Farm L a b o r e r s & Foremen
3,126
1,753
1,373
4.0
2.2
1.8
328
87
241
3.9
1.0
2.9
10.5
5.0
17.6
Total
Employed
Source:
U . S . Department o f L a b o r , Manpower R e p o r t o f
T a b l e s A - 9 and A - 1 0 , p . p . 215-7.
the
President,
April,
1971,
Table 2.
Negro Employment as a Percentage of T o t a l Employment i n
Selected Industries and Selected Occupations,
1960 and 1969
(Numbers i n Thousands)
Note:
SIC
Industries
1969: A l l Industires
Nonwhite
Negro
(13)
(22)
(23)
(26)
(27)
(28)
(33)
(34)
(35)
(36)
(37)
(40)
(48)
(49)
(50)
(53)
(54)
(60)
(63)
(82)
Total
Employment
(Number)
Industry
1960: A l l
(EEO-1)
Total
White
Collar
Managers &
Officials
Technicians
Office &
Clerical
Blue
Collar
Craftsmen
Operatives
Laborers
Service
Workers
10.2
3.8
2.3
n.a.
4.6
10.5
4.9
10.7
25.8
28.1
10.4
9.5
5.1
4.1
2.1
1.5
6.9
5.6
7.0
6.1
13.3
12.6
5.6
5.0
14.1
13.4
22.9
21.8
28.2
26.9
1,094
784
12.4
12.8
2.9
1.7
1.7
0.6
2.0
2.9
3.6
2.9
2.7
14.3
1.2
6.1
2.9
13.8
7.1
27.7
27.1
33.4
604
564
541
930
1,079
881
1,394
1,748
1,670
616
853
10.3
8.8
6.3
7.8
13.6
9.1
5.6
7.3
10.4
7.8
7.4
3.5
1.6
3.7
2.3
2.1
1.4
1.5
2.3
2.0
2.2
8.8
1.8
0.7
1.0
0.8
1.7
0.8
0.5
0.9
1.4
0.5
1.4
3.4
2.0
4.1
4.1
2.6
1.9
1.6
3.1
2.1
0.6
2.4
5.6
2.8
5.7
4.0
3.1
2.3
2.6
3.9
3.8
2.6
11.6
11.1
11.1
7.6
12.2
17.0
11.6
7.8
10.2
14.4
8.8
3.8
8.9
4.6
2.1
4.7
6.7
4.5
3.4
4.2
6.2
3.0
3.0
11.2
11.1
10.4
13.0
19.1
13,0
9.0
11.5
18.4
5.7
13.6
15.8
17.2
19.0
22.7
25.3
17.5
14.9
12.7
20.6
30.0
15.7
19.5
21.1
32.7
23.5
19.0
Sj.5
19.2
24.8
47.8
31 .9
569
1,345
5.2
6.9
3.4
3.1
0.4
0.8
1.6
3.2
5.3
4.1
6.4
13.9
1.9
6.3
8.6
13,6
25.3
22.7
32.8
23.2
1,554
731
651
837
863
7.8
6.5
7.5
6.2
9.7
5.8
5.6
6.4
5.6
4.9
2.4
2.0
0.9
1.8
3.5
5.1
7.6
5.9
4.6
10.2
7.4
5.2
8.0
8.0
6.5
14.6
10.7
13.6
20.1
14.2
6.2
4.3
6.8
5.1
5.5
14.9
13.4
15.9
17.5
18.2
21.0
13.8
20.9
45.4
19.8
24.1
13.4
28.6
29.4
32.9
64,647
Food Processing
Textile M i l l s
Apparel and Other
Textiles
Paper Products
P r i n t i n g and P u b l i s h i n g
Chemicals
Primary Metals
Fabricated Metals
Machinery (Exc. E l e c t . )
E l e c t r i c a l Machinery
Transport. Equip.
R a i l r o a d Transport.
Communications
e l e c t r i c , Gas, San.
Ser.
Wholesale Trade
R e t a i l and General
Merchandise
Food Stores
Banking
Insurance C a r r i e r s
Educational Services
For sources and l i m i t a t i o n s of data, see notes at end of Appendix Table
28,739
Table 3.
Trends i r i M i n o r i t y Group Employment i n t h e F e d e r a l Government
1 9 6 3 1 9 7 0
Pay C a t e g o r y
Total
F u l l Time
Employees
Minority
Number
Groups
Per Cent
of Total
Negro
Per Cent
Number o f T o t a l
Spanish Surnamed
Per Cent
Number o f T o t a l
American
Number
Indiani/
Per Cent
of Total
Oriental-^
Per Cent
Number o f T o t a l
A l l Other
Per Cent
Number
of Total
1 9 6 3
Total:
A l l Pay Systems
T o t a l : General (or
S i m i l a r ) Schedule
GS-1 t h r u 4
GS-5 t h r u 8
GS-9 t h r u 11
GS-12 t h r u 18
2,298,808
374,321
16..3
301,889
13.1
51,682
2.2
10,592
0.5
10,158
0.4
1,924,487
83.7
1,103,051
125,596
11.,4
101,589
9.2
15,292
1.4
5,315
0.5
3,400
0.3
977,455
88.6
355,329
315,203
243,325
189,194
78,170
33,851
10,433
3,142
22.,0
10.,7
4.,3
1.,7
66,169
26,452
7,016
1,952
18.6
8.4
2.9
1.0
7,520
4,809
2,178
785
2.1
1.5
0.9
0.4
3,373
1,311
481
150
1.0
0.4
0.2
0,1
1,108
1,279
758
255
0.3
0.4
0.3
0.1
277,159
281,352
232,892
186,052
89.3
95.7
98.3
1 9 7 0
Total:
A l l Pay Systems
T o t a l : General (or
S i m i l a r ) Schedule
GS-1 t h r u 4
GS-5 t h r u 8
GS-9 t h r u 11
GS-12 t h r u 18
GS-12 t h r u 13
GS-14 t h r u 15
GS-16 t h r u 18
2,592,956
501,871
19. 4
389,355
15.0
73,968
2.9
17,446
0.7
21,102
0.8
2,091,085
80.6
1,292,310
186,170
14. 4
140,919
10.9
24,302
1.9
10,480
0.8
10,469
0.8
1,10b,140
85.6
308,315
372,939
318,077
292,979
215,720
71,788
5,471
84,078
64,278
25,572
12,242
9,736
2,395
111
27.3
17. 2
8. 0
4. 2
4. 5
3. 3
2. 0
67,253
50,392
16,272
7,002
5,723
1,204
75
21.8
13.5
5.1
2.4
2.7
1.7
1.4
9,258
8,186
4,663
2,195
1,700
478
17
3.0
2.2
1.5
0.8
0.8
0.7
0.3
5,655
2,724
1,472
629
477
146
6
1.8
0.7
0.5
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.1
1,912
2,976
3,165
2,416
1,836
567
13
0.6
0.8
1.0
0.8
0.9
0.8
0.2
224,237
308,661
292,505
280,737
205,984
69,393
5,360
72. 7
82.8
92.0
95.8
95. 5
96. 7
98.0
1/ Surveyed o n l y i n A r i z o n a ,
~~
South Dakota i n 1963.
C a l i f o r n i a , Montana, New M e x i c o , N o r t h C a r o l i n a ,
2 / Surveyed o n l y i n C a l i f o r n i a ,
Source:
Oregon and Washington i n
Oklahoma and
1963.
U. S. C i v i l S e r v i c e Commission, " S t u d y o f M i n o r i t y Group Employment i n t h e F e d e r a l
G o v e r n m e n t , " 1963 and 1970.
Table 4.
M i n o r i t y Group Employment as a Percentage o f T o t a l Employment
by O c c u p a t i o n , S e l e c t e d C e n t r a l C i t i e s , 1967
( F u l l Time N o n e d u c a t i o n a l Employees
Blue
W h i t e Co l i a r
C i t y and Race
All
Occupations
Total
White
Collar
Officials
& Managers
Professional
& Technical
O f f i c e 6c
Clerical
Total
Blue
Collar
Collar
C r a f t s m e n 6c
Operatives
Laborers
Service
Worker^
3
San F r a n c i s c o - Oakland
T o t a l Number
M i n o r i t y (%)
Negro (%)
Spanish American (70)
O r i e n t a l (%)
19,745
26.8
17.9
2.0
3.8
6,850
18.7
9.5
1.4
7.8
256
4.7
3.9
0.0
0.8
4,357
19.8
9.5
1.5
8.8
2,237
18.2
10.2
1.6
6.4
5,206
29.5
24.4
3.2
1.9
3,947
27.8
23.0
2.8
2.0
1,257
34.6
28.7
4.2
1.7
7,689
32.3
21.0
1.7
9.6
Philadelphia
T o t a l Number
Negro (7o)
28,075
40.6
9,092
34.3
863
21.9
5,070
27.6
3,159
48.3
5,847
71.7
3,319
56.6
2,528
91.7
13,136
31.2
Detroit
T o t a l Number
Negro (7o)
26,448
40.1
7,206
30.5
800
14.4
3,028
22.3
3,378
41.6
8,370
57.1
5,259
42.7
3,111
81.5
10,872
33.4
Atlanta
T o t a l Number
Negro (%)
6,001
32.1
884
3.6
65
0.0
397
4.5
422
3.3
2,997
53.0
1,450
16.7
1,547
87.0
2,120
14.
Houston
T o t a l Number
M i n o r i t y (%)
Negro (7J
S p a n i s h - A m e r i c a n (%)
8,417
27.8
19.1
8.7
2,060
11.0
4.4
6.6
313
10.5
6.1
4.5
751
9.3
4.0
5.3
996
12.3
4.2
8.1
2,683
61.9
47.9
14.1
1,295
33.4
23 0 7
9.7
1,388
88.5
70.5
18.1
3,674
12.4
6.3
6.1
T o t a l Number
Negro (70)
10,729
41.7
2,783
20.9
433
2.8
1,311
32.5
1,039
14.0
3,980
65.8
1,486
13.9
2,494
96.7
3,969
32.2
Baton Rouge
T o t a l Number
Negro (%)
1,990
16.4
597
0.9
97
0.0
230
2.2
252
0.0
702
41.6
401
20.0
301
70.4
709
4.2
Memphis
Source:
U. S. Commission on C i v i l R i g h t s , " F o r A l l t h e P e o p l e . . . B y A l l t h e People:
on Equal O p p o r t u n i t y i n S t a t e and L o c a l Government Employment, 1 1 1969.
A Report
Table
5.
Minority
Group Employment a t t h e F e d e r a l R e s e r v e
November 30, 1970
All
Employees
Category
Total
Employment
Board Members
Official
Staff
FR G r a d e s :
22.2
7
1
14.3
8
0.8
(I/)
167
19.6
8
0.9
273
12
4.4
4
1.5
FR 8 - 1 1
202
6
3.0
FR 5 - 7
232
60
25.9
2
0.9
FR 1 - 4
143
89
62.2
95
58
61.0
2
2.1
41
30
73.2
1
2.4
1
3.8
12-15
Wage Board G r a d e s :
$5,000 -
Total
5,999
6,000 -
7,999
26
16
61.5
8,000 -
9,999
21
11
52.4
1
16.7
10,000 -
11,999
6
12,000 -
13,999
1
1/ Note:
Source:
226
850
FR
Total
M i n o r i t y Group Employment
Negro Eniployment
O t h e r M i n o r i t y Groups
P e r Cent
P e r Cent
Number
of Total
Number
of T o t a l
1,018
66
Board
I n e a r l y 1971, one Negro o f f i c e r
was added t o the B o a r d f s s t a f f .
Federal
Reserve
Board
— _
(The D i r e c t o r
-
of
- - -
-
-
-
E q u a l Employment
-
-
-
Opportunity)
yj
Table
Employment i n Federal Reserve Banks and Branches, By Race,
1 9 68 a n d
1971
6.
Federal Reserve Bank,
including Branches
Total
Employment
19 6 8
Negro Employment
Per Cent
Number of Total
Other M i n o r i t i e s ! /
Per Cent
Number of Total
Total
Employment
19 7 1
Negro Employment
Per Cent
Number of Total
Other M i n o r i t i e s ! /
Per CertNumber of Total
s
Boston
1,203
68
5.6
6
0.5
1,475
141
9.6
33
New York
4,032
726
18.0
97
2.4
4,829
1,277
26.4
206
4.3
899
85
9.4
—
1,048
184
17.6
6
0.6
Cleveland
1,381
102
7.4
2
0.1
1,404
148
10.5
1
0.1
Richmond
1,453
280
19.3
1
0.1
1,916
423
22.1
13
0.7
Atlanta
1,489
213
14.3
7
0.5
1,738
322
18.5
20
1.2
Chicago
2,613
233
8.9
36
1.4
2,965
483
16.3
91
3. 1
St. Louis
1,176
195
16.6
—
1,427
321
22.5
9
0.6
Minneapolis
725
6
0.8
1
0,1
905
32
3.5
5
0.6
Kansas City
1,164
69
5.9
21
1.8
1,415
102
7.2
35
977
78
8.0
44
4.5
1,131
167
14.8
99
1,866
155
8.3
214
11.5
2,021
212
10.5
348
17.2
18,978
2,210
11.6
429
2.3
22,274
3,812
17.1
866
3.9
Philadelphia
Dallas
San Francisco
A l l Federal Reserve Banks
1/ Includes Spanish Americans, Orientals and American Indians,
Source:
Federal Reserve Board.
—
—
o
8.8
Table
7.
Managers
and
Officials
By R a c e ,
Federal
Bank
Reserve
1.
Boston
2.
New Y o r k
in
First
T o t a l Number
o f Managers
& Officials
Federal
Quarter,
Reserve
Ranks,
1971
Neg roes
Per Cent
of T o t a l
Number
Other M i n o r i t i e s
Per
Number
of
Cent
Total
0
71
0
372
6
1.6
1
0.3
3.
Philadelphia
107
1
0.9
0
4.
Cleveland
105
2
1.9
0
5.
Richmond
135
1
0.7
0
6.
Atlanta
178
4
2.2
1
0.6
7.
Chicago
322
5
1.6
5
1.6
8.
St.
125
1
0.8
0
9.
Minneapolis
89
4
4.5
1
1.1
133
1
0.8
1
0.8
99
0
3
3.0
142
1
0.7
2
1.4
1,878
26
1.4
14
0.8
Louis
10.
Kansas
11.
Dallas
12.
San
Francisco
TOTAL
Source:
City
F e d e r a l Reserve
Board
T a b l e 8,
Negro and White Unemployment Rates
D u r i n g Recent Business Cycles
(Seasonally adjusted)
J o b l e s s Rates
White
Negro
C y c l i c a l peaks and troughs
Ratio
J u l y 1957
A p r i l 1958
7.9
13.8
3.7
6.7
2.14
2.06
May 1960
F e b r u a r y 1961
9.7
12.8
4.6
6.2
2.11
2.06
November 1969
November 1970
6.3
9.0
3.2
5.5
1.97
1.64
June 1971
9.4
5.2
1.81
Source:
U.
S•
Department
of
Labor,
Bureau of
Labor
Statistics.
APPENDIX: DISTRIBUTION OF EMPLOYMENT, BY RACK, OCCUPATION, AND INEUBTRY, i960 AND 19^9
(Nmber i n thousands; minority groups ft* percentage of t o t a l i n each category)
([Note: See notes a t end of table f o r sources and l i m i t a t i o n s o f data)
_
OCCUPATION AND RACE
SIC Code
T o t a l Employment
I960 T o t a l (number)
Nonvhite {%)
1969
T o t a l (number)
Minorities ( * )
Nonvhite (4)
Negro (j,)
White C o l l a r Snployment
I 9 6 0 T o t a l invnber)
Nonvhite (it)
1969
T o t a l (number)
Minorities (£)
Nonvhite ( i )
Negro ( £ )
Managers and O f f i c i a l s
19b0 T o t a l (number)
Nonvhite (%)
1969
T o t a l (mwber)
Minorities ($)
Nonvhite ( * )
Negro ( i )
Professional l /
I960 T o t a l (number)
Nonvhite ( * )
1969
Total (nmber)
Minorities (£)
Nonvhite ( * )
Negro ( * )
Technical
1£>6 t o t a l (mmber)
Nonvhite ( * )
1969
T o t a l (number)
M i n o r i t i e s U)
Nonvhite ( * )
Negro ( i )
Sales Workers
1$W> t o t a l (number)
Nonvhite ( £ )
1969
T o t a l (number)
M i n o r i t i e s (%)
Nonvhite ( * )
Negro ( i )
O f f i c e and C l e r i c a l Workers
1W> t o t a l ( n W b e r i
Nonvhite ( $ )
1969
T o t a l (number)
M i n o r i t i e s fa)
Nonvhite
M
Negro it)
Paper
Ordnance
Food and T e x t i l e
Apparel
Lumber Furniture
Gen.
Special
Heavy
Total
and A l l i e d
and
and
Kindred
Mill
and Other and Wood
Trade
Bid*.
Construct.
O i l and
All
Products
Fixtures
Industries Gas. E x t r . Contract. Contract. Contract. Accessaries Products Producta T e x t i l e s Products
(13)
-
6k,6hi
10.2
-
28,739
13.6
10. U
9.5
117
5.1
3.U
2.U
26,578
3.8
-
(15)
(16)
-
-
197
15.8
12.9
11.7
223
61.0
15.5
13.3
:
-
(17)
-
lUU
13.8
10.^
9.2
-
(22)
(2U)
(25)
(26)
(19)
(20)
:
1,727
10.1
933
U.6
1,117
8.6
252
13.5
ll.U
10.6
1,09^
19.5
13.8
12. U
1U.7
13.2
12.8
60U
17.8
11.3
10.3
:
U58
2.U
122
2.1
151
5.9
.
-
119
2.7
1.9
1.7
81
6.6
U.2
3.5
125
3.8
3.3
2.8
51
2.9
1.9
1.6
1UU
2.6
1.9
1.6
(23)
-
385
15.U
13.7
12.7
-
278
18.2
13.9
13.u
-
11.9
9-2
8.8
-
58
3.8
2.6
1.5
5U
U.5
3.2
1.8
63
6.U
U.O
1.5
28
M
3.U
2.0
107
U.6
3.3
1.9
3U6
5.3
3.8
2.9
:
_
-
-
_
107
0.7
22
0.5
30
0.9
-
-
-
2,558
2.9
2.1
1.5
13
1.2
1.0
0.1
16
2.1
1.5
0.8
19
3.5
2.5
1.3
8
2.6
1.7
0.8
20
2.3
1.8
1.3
92
u.o
2.9
1.7
UU
1.1
0.7
0.6
25
3.8
2.U
1.8
31
1.5
1.1
0.8
18
2.3
1.3
1.1
k6
l.U
1.0
0.7
7,223
M
-
-
„
-
„
U5
3.0
18
0.6
12
2.7
-
2,351
5.1
U.l
2.1
18
2.0
1.3
0.3
13
5.2
3.8
0.8
17
7;0
U.5
0.5
U
3.2
1.9
.6
U2
U.6
3.1
1.0
26
U.2
3.1
1.3
9
1.5
1.0
.u
3
5.U
2.5
1.1
20
2.8
2.5
1.2
:
_
„
-
_
_
_
1,2U8
8.9
6.9
5.6
9
5>
3.3
2.0
8
6.2
M
2,6
9
11.0
6.U
1.9
U
8.0
5.2
3.1
16
5.3
u.o
2.5
17
9.1
6.6
U.U
9
3.7
3.1
2.9
U
8.3
U.6
3.U
11
7.7
7.3
6.8
U
3.2
2.0
1.5
U,6UU
2.3
-
-
_
-
120
l.U
10
0.6
26
0.9
-
-
12
2.3
1.8
1.7
8
3.8
2.8
2.2
6
0.7
o.u
0.3
16
0.9
0.6
O.U
-
-
20
U.l
2.8
2.5
52
U.5
3.3
2.8
13,608
6.8
5.1
U.l
5,U08
2.3
:
2,U91
6.6
U.7
U.O
1
3.0
2.1
o.u
9,303
U.6
:
17
7.0
5.0
3.6
U,96l
9.U
7.0
6.1
113
5.3
3.8
3.2
_
-
_
186
3.8
72
3.3
83
9.8
-
16
6.1
U.5
3.2
10
6.8
U.9
3.2
28
6.3
U.5
3.6
99
7.1
5.3
3.8
50
U.3
3;2
2.9
37
9.8
6.3
5.6
55
U.7
U.2
3.9
17
7.8
5.3
2.7
-
13
3.2
2.U
2.0
-
1
0.7
0.2
0.0
.U
18
1.9
l.U
0.7
-
2
3.1
2.6
1.2
1
3.9
3.2
.U
3
2.1
1.5
0.5
-
6
1.0
0.7
0.^
1
1.2
-
AmnniX:
nrrjrwvTon and ract
SIC Cod<B l u e C o l l a r Workers
1 0 ) 0 T o t a l (manlier)
N o n v h i t e (?>)
1969
T o t a l (number)
Minorities \i)
N o n v h i t e (<f>)
Nerro (fl)
Craftsmen
19^0 T o t a l ( n i m b e r )
Nonvhite ($)
1969
T o t a l (number)
M i n o r i t i e s (<f>)
Nonvhite (£)
N r p r o (%)
Operatives
I960 T o t a l (nimber)
N o n v h i t e (%)
1969
T o t a l (mmber)
Minorities
fa)
Nonvhite ( * )
Nerro (1)
Lahore r s
1 9 ' 0 T o t a l (number)
Nonvhite (£)
1969
T o t a l (number)
M i n o r i t i e s (%)
Ilonwhlto (£)
N c r r o (%)
S e r v i c e Workers
I960 T o t a l (number)
N o n v M t e (%)
1969
T o t a l (number)
M i n o r i ies (£)
Iionv V r> ( $ )
ITepro {$)
DISTRIBUTION OF FMPIflYMENT, BY RACE, OCCUPATION, AMD INDUSTRY,
i960
AND
1969
(continued)
Paper
Ordnance
Food and T e x t i l e
Apparel
Lumber F u m l t u r e
Gen.
Heavy
Total
Special
*nd A l l i e d
and
Kindred
Mill
and O t h e r and Mood
*nd
Bid)-.
Construct.
O i l and
All
Trade
Products*
Products F i x t u r e s
I n d u s t r i o s 0 « b . E x t r . Conl ra«"t. C o n t r a c t .
Contract. Accessaries Products Products T e x t i l e s
-
?3,T66
10.',
13,257
17.8
13.3
12.6
(13)
(15)
(16)
(17)
(19)
-
-
-
-
-
58
5.8
3.8
2.7
12U
19.7
16.1
15.1
8,753
U.9
-
3,901
8.3
5.6
5.0
25
3.3
2.U
1.2
63
8.1
6.2
5.5
-
-
11,920
10.7
6,739
18.U
1U.1
13.*
25
5.8
3.8
2.9
3,093
25.8
-
2,618
30.U
22.9
21.8
7,172
28.1
1,87U
33.^
28.2
26.9
8
1U.0
8.1
7.1
-
1
32.9
28.9
27.1
-
29
16.7
13.1
12.0
-
33
UU.l
37.?
35.8
-
18
22;9
20.3
17.7
157
26.7
19.8
18.0
llU
15.2
ll.U
10.2
:
:
68
13.2
8.9
7.8
-
U3
2U.U
18.5
15.7
U6
U8.7
37.2
35.1
3
27.6
16.3
(2U)
(25)
(26)
1,229
12.U
793
U.U
956
8.8
-
-
-
71U
25;9
18.1
16.5
6U8
16.3
1U.7
i M
511
19.3
12.1
11.1
25U
116
2.1
59
3.U
-
121
62
7.7
6.1
5.U
6.3
80
36
112
8.6
6.2
113
1U.8
9.8
8.5
7.9
6.U
6.1
15.6
9.9
8.9
-
-
20
19.2
13.8
12.2
1U
53.1
U3.7
U2.9
:
30.0
-
(23)
7.5
5.2
U.O
-
-
139
19.8
17.3
16.9
(22)
(20)
2
50.6
U3.9
U2.9
5.8
250
20.2
17.9
16.6
-
839
638
887
12.6
3.8
9.0
83
2U.2
22.2
21.9
305
22.2
15.7
1U.5
U50
15.8
1U.3
13.8
3U6
20.0
18.8
12.3
11.2
16.6
15.3
:
135
23.1
39
20.7
11
19.5
20
22.1
17.3
16.7
297
33.9
23.8
21.5
_
UO
18
11
27.8
30.2
30.3
6
33
2U.8
21.8
20.7
30.8
17
35.1
33.7
33.U
25.1
2U.0
85
30.2
28.3
27.7
UU
2U.1
17.0
15.8
U8
13.0
9.1
8.9
-
-
102
-
107
21.6
16.2
15.7
_
86
30.8
27.8
26.3
67
27.6
22.1
21. U
-
-
12
10
29.8
Ul.2
39.3
38.7
22.6
22.2
223
21.5
16.U
15.9
U
27.u
U12
lU.9
U.5
11.1
-
102
6.9
U.8
U.6
„
202
1U.6
11.5
11.1
.
108
22.9
17.8
17.2
-
25.0
9
23.3
21.7
2U.6
21.2
APPENDIX:
OCCUPAT ION AND RACE
SIC
Code
DISTRIBUTION OF EMPLOYMENT, BY RACE, OCCUPATION, AND INDUSTRY, I 9 6 0 AND 1969
(continued)
Instruments
Chemicals Petroleum
Printing
Rubber
Leather
Stone,
Primary Fabricated Machinery
and
and A l l i e d and C o a l and P l a s t i c
and
and
Clay and
E l e c t r i c a l Transport.
Metal
Metal
(except
R e l a t e d Pc!.
Products
Publishing Products
Products
L e a t h e r Pd.
Class P r o d u c t s
Equip.
Products
e l e c t r i c a l ) Machinery
(38)
(33)
(34)
(35)
(36)
(37)
-
1,198
11.4
1,246
5.1
1,524
2.8
1,445
3.8
1,733
7.5
-
205
11.6
6.1
5.7
461
13.2
9.8
9.1
1,079
17.6
13.8
13.6
881
13.3
9.6
9.1
1,394
8.3
6.1
5.6
1,743
11.1
3.0
7.3
1,670
13.4
10.9
10.4
339
10.1
6.6
5.8
96
1.6
"
"
237
1.6
380
1.6
467
0.9
519
1.8
468
2.1
"
92
4.7
3.4
2.5
98
2.9
2.0
1.7
116
4.1
2.5
2.3
119
2.5
1.8
1.2
251
3.3
2.4
2.1
224
2.7
1.8
1.4
511
2.8
2.0
1.5
675
4.4
3.2
2.3
564
3.5
2.7
2.0
147
4.1
2.7
2.1
-
17
0.2
-
-
-
"
"
31
0.6
60
0.3
74
0.3
59
0.6
48
0.6
"
110
1.7
1.2
0.8
21
1.0
0.7
0.3
32
2.3
1.5
1.2
11
2.5
1.2
1.0
37
1.9
1.2
0.9
92
2.5
1.8
1.7
67
1.7
1.1
0.8
118
1.1
0.8
0.5
138
2.1
1.4
0.9
140
2.1
1.6
1.4
29
2.0
1.3
0.8
100
1.3
134
1.8
-
22
1.2
"
"
67
0.8
124
1.5
147
0.7
225
1.6
221
1.8
~
43
3.0
2.4
1.6
92
4.2
3.3
1.3
25
3.3
2.5
1.2
15
3.1
2.3
1.3
1
3.1
1.8
0.9
18
1.9
1.5
0.5
30
2.1
1.5
0.8
25
2.6
1.8
0.6
96
3.1
2.5
1.1
177
3.5
2.8
1.0
168
2.7
2.1
0.8
34
3.0
2.3
1.0
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
"
"
-
-
T o t a l (number)
M i n o r i t i e s (7«)
N o n w h i t e (7o)
Negro (7o)
14
8.2
5.8
4.1
58
6.1
4.8
4.1
10
4.4
3.0
2.2
11
4.3
2.9
2.5
1
6.5
4.5
3.8
15
3.9
2.8
1.9
30
4.3
3.0
2.6
30
3.8
2.5
1.9
88
3.2
2.2
1.6
125
6.5
4.4
3.1
75
3.8
2.8
2.1
26
5.6
3.3
2.6
S a l e s Workers
1960 T o t a l ( n u m b e r )
Nonwhite (7o)
281
3.1
47
0.5
-
9
0.2
"
"
13
0.8
24
0.5
34
0.4
22
0.4
11
I.I
"
20
1.0
0.5
0.3
35
1.0
0.6
0.3
24
1.7
1.1
0.6
8
0.8
0.4
0.2
10
1.5
1.0
0.9
(27)
(28)
T o t a l Employment
1960 T o t a l ( n u m b e r )
N o n w h i t e (7.)
1,131
4.2
833
6.2
-
T o t a l (number)
M i n o r i t i e s (7.)
N o n w h i t e (%)
Negro (%)
541
9.1
6.8
6.3
930
10.3
8.3
7.8
180
8.4
6.6
5.8
655
2.8
367
1.7
-
T o t a l (number)
M i n o r i t i e s (7.)
N o n w h i t e (%)
Negro (%)
259
5.8
4.3
3.7
433
4.0
3.0
2.3
Manager s and O f f i c i a l s
1960 T o t a l ( n u m b e r )
N o n w h i t e (7.)
66
1.0
54
0.5
T o t a l (number)
M i n o r i t i e s (%)
N o n w h i t e (7.)
Negro (7.)
41
2.0
1.4
1.0
Professional^
1960 T o t a l ( n u m b e r )
N o n w h i t e (%)
T o t a l (number)
M i n o r i t i e s (7.)
Nonwhite (%)
Negro (7.)
1969
W h i t e C o l l a r Employment
1960 T o t a l ( n u m b e r )
N o n w h i t e (7.)
1969
1969
1969
Technical
1960 T o t a l ( n u m b e r )
Nonwhite (7o)
1969
1969
T o t a l (number)
M i n o r i t i e s (7.)
N o n w h i t e (7»)
Negro (7»)
O f f i c e and C l e r i c a l W o r k e r s
1960 T o t a l ( n u m b e r )
N o n w h i t e (7,)
1969
T o t a l (number)
M i n o r i t i e s (7.)
Nonwhite (7«)
Negro (%)
(29)
-
(30)
377
6.4
377
13.2
9.6
8.9
(31)
-
(32)
-
-
-
42
3.8
2.9
2.5
49
1.9
1.3
1.0
4
4.8
1.6
1.2
7
1.3
1.0
0.9
3
0.8
0.3
0.2
9
1.6
1.1
0.4
10
0.6
0.4
0.3
207
3.8
132
2.4
-
47
2.6
-
-
126
2.3
172
2.2
213
1.3
214
2.3
236
2.3
-
32
8.2
6.1
5.2
33
3.5
2.5
2.2
15
5.9
4.0
3.7
40
3.3
2.4
1.8
89
4.5
3.3
3.1
82
3.7
2.6
2.3
175
3.9
3.0
2.6
211
5.9
4.4
3.9
172
5.5
4.3
3.8
48
6.0
4.0
3.6
119
8.5
6.5
5.7
123
6.1
4.4
4.0
APPENDIX:
Q W V f A I l ON AND RACE
S i c code
DISTRIBUTION OF EMPLOYMENT, BY RACE, OCCUPATION, AND INDUSTRY, I 9 6 0 AND 1969 ( c o n t i n u e d )
Chemicals P e t r o l e u m
Printing
Rubber
Leather
Stone,
Primary
and A l l i e d and Coal and P l a s t i c
and
and
C l a y and
Metal
Products Products
P u b l i s h i n g Products
L e a t h e r Pd.
Glass Products
(30)
(27)
(28)
463
5.1
447
9.2
-
T o t a l (nuirber)
M i n o r i t i e s (''«)
N o n w h i t e ('/,)
Negro (>„)
269
11.1
8.0
7.6
474
15.2
12.8
12.2
85
12.0
9.b
8.9
Craftsmen
1960 T o t a l ( n u m b e r )
N o n w h i t e (%)
307
2.9
142
2.5
-
55
2.7
-
T o t a l (number)
M i n o r i t i e s (%)
N o n w h i t e (7.)
Negro (%>
135
4.2
2.4
2.1
142
6.2
5.0
4.7
46
4.7
3.3
2.6
42
7.3
4.9
4.5
Operatives
1960 T o t a l ( n u m b e r )
N o n w h i t e (7.)
143
8.4
256
9.6
-
202
8.2
T o t a l (number)
M i n o r i t i e s (7.)
N o n w h i t e (7.)
Negro (7.)
93
15.1
11.0
10.4
252
15.6
13.2
13.0
30
16.9
14.2
13.4
Laborers
1960 T o t a l ( n u m b e r )
N o n w h i t e (7.)
13
19.9
48
27.4
-
T o t a l (number)
M i n o r i t i e s (7.)
N o n w h i t e (%)
N e g r o (7.)
41
24.7
19.4
l*.0
80
29.6
23.1
22.7
S e r v i c e Workers
1960 T o t a l (number)
N o n v h i t e (7.)
13
39.6
20
24.3
13
37.0
33.2
32.7
3
26.5
23.8
23.5
Blue C o l l a r Workers
1960 T o t a l ( n u m b e r )
Nonwhite (/.)
1969
1969
1969
1969
1969
T o t a l (number)
Minorities (£)
Nonwhite (7.)
Negro (7.)
(29)
Instruments
F a b r i c a t e d Machinery
(except
and
E l e c t r i c a l . Transport.
Metal
R e l a t e d Pd.
Equip.
Products e l e c t r i c a l ) Machinery
(33)
(34)
(35)
(36)
(37)
-
937
13.7
846
6.5
1,033
3.4
905
4.6
1,229
9.1
-
336
16.9
12.5
11.8
809
22.0
17.3
17.0
643
16.8
12.0
11.6
857
11.4
8.2
7.8
1,045
15.1
10.8
10.2
1,073
18.2
14.7
14.4
186
14.5
9.4
8.4
363
6.6
298
2.2
436
1.9
246
2.2
506
4.6
-
-
36
7.2
3.2
3.0
67
8.0
5.4
4.9
218
9.4
6.8
6.7
173
7.8
5.0
4.5
298
5.6
3.8
•3.4
211
7.2
4.7
4.2
368
9.2
6.5
6.2
42
6.7
3.8
3.2
-
"
406
14.6
490
7.3
554
3.6
627
5.3
664
10.9
-
"
173
17.1
13.3
12.4
103
12.7
6.8
6.4
185
16.2
11.8
11.2
432
24.3
19.5
19.1
351
18.4
13.5
13.0
449
12.9
9.4
9.0
665
16.3
12.1
11.5
616
22.3
18.8
18.4
109
15.7
10.6
9.3
18
16.2
-
"
169
26.6
58
16.9
43
14.9
32
11.1
59
28.0
-
-
9
32.0
27.2
25.2
55
21.9
13.0
12.4
32
19.8
10.0
9.2
83
25.6
19.6
18.5
159
32.8
25.7
25.3
119
25.3
18.1
17.5
111
21.0
15.3
14.9
170
20.2
13.4
12.7
89
26.6
21.1
20.6
35
20.1
13.3
11.6
-
7
25.8
-
-
-
24
19.3
20
14.9
23
13.3
21
16.5
35
24.0
"
-
3
24.6
21.6
21.0
9
21.9
19.7
19.4
3
13.8
11.5
11.2
6
21.3
18.4
17.9
20
22.8
19.2
19.0
14
20.9
18.0
17.8
26
16.5
13.9
13.5
27
23.7
19.8
19.2
33
27.7
25.2
24.8
6
22.8
18.9
18.4
274
7.6
270
16.6
12.0
11.2
(31)
(32)
-
171
12.9
6.6
6.2
-
(38)
-
"
APPENDIX:
OCCUPATION AND RACE
SIC Code
T o t a l Employment
1960 T o t a l (number)
Nonwhite ( Z )
1969
T o t a l (number)
M i n o r i t i e s (%)
Nonwhite (%)
Negro ( Z )
White C o l l a r Employment
1960 T o t a l (number)
Nonwhite (%)
1969
T o t a l (number)
M i n o r i t i e s (Z)
Nonwhite (%)
Negro ( Z )
Managers and O f f i c i a l s
1960 T o t a l (number)
Nonwhite (%)
1969
T o t a l (number)
H i n o r i t i e s (Z)
Nonwhite (%)
Negro ( Z )
Professional U
1960 T o t a l (number)
Nonwhite ( Z )
1969
T o t a l (number)
M i n o r i t i e s (Z)
Nonwhite (%)
Negro ( Z )
Technical
1960 T o t a l (number)
Nonwhite ( Z )
1969
T o t a l (number)
M i n o r i t i e s (Z)
Nonwhite (Z)
Negro ( Z )
Sales Workers
1960 T o t a l (number)
Nonwhite (Z)
1969
T o t a l (number)
Minorities (*)
Nonwhite ( Z )
Negro (Z)
O f f i c e and C l e r i c a l Workers
1960 T o t a l (number)
Nonwhite ( Z )
1969
T o t a l (number)
M i n o r i t i e s (Z)
Nonwhite ( Z )
Negro ( Z )
L o c a l and
R a i l r o a d Sub. Pass
Transp.
Transp.
(40)
933
8.3
616
11.1
8.2
7.8
(41)
-
118
23.0
20.3
19.6
_
DISTRIBUTION OF EMPLOYMENT, BY RACE, OCCUPATION, AND INDUSTRY, 1960 AND 1969
(continued)
Trucking
Electric,
R e t a i l and1
Auto
Apparel
CoMnunlAir
and
Water
Gas and Wholesale Gen. Merc*i .
Food
Dealers
And Acce!s.
c a t l o n s San. Serv.
Warehsg. T r a n s p . Transp.
S t o r e s S e r v . Sta t .
Stores
Trade
Stores
(42)
767
7.7
491
10.2
7.8
7.2
(44)
(45)
-
-
-
94
32.2
23.6
19.5
(48)
(49)
(50)
(53)
(54)
-
808
2.9
868
8.2
1,912
7.1
1,463
5.7
1,257
5.9
327
9.7
7.0
5.4
853
9.6
8.0
7.4
569
7.1
5.7
5.2
1,345
10.3
7.7
6.9
1,554
11.3
8.7
7.8
578
2.3
303
1.6
1,228
2.2
615
10.3
8.8
8.1
279
4.5
3.4
2.8
61
0.4
(55)
(56)
Furniture
Stores
(57)
_
_
_
"
"
"
731
9.5
7.2
6.5
159
12.6
9.3
8.1
167
16.4
11.2
9.8
83
13.5
9.8
9.2
1,222
3.2
809
4.1
_
_
_
"
"
835
4.4
3.1
2.4
1,228
8.0
5.8
5.0
558
7.7
5.6
5.0
82
7.4
4.7
3.6
138
12.2
8.2
6.8
59
6.7
4.0
3.5
45
0.5
268
1.1
176
1.0
136
2.2
_
_
_
-
"
101
2.6
2.0
1.4
68
0.9
0.6
0.4
166
2.0
1.4
0.8
182
4.2
3.0
2.4
73
4.0
2.8
2.0
18
3.2
2.1
1.0
25
7.4
4.3
3.0
303
1.7
170
2.1
_
_
-
-
-
171
3.2
2.2
2.0
27
16.0
14.4
13.9
134
4.0
2.7
2.2
28
9.3
6.0
2.7
182
5.8
3.9
2.4
80
0.5
-
44
1.1
_
_
"
31
1.0
0.6
0.5
6
5.1
4.2
3.8
41
2.1
1.2
1.0
6
5.1
3.8
1.3
18
0.7
-
6
1.0
-
_
63
1.4
20
1.9
6
0.3
-
-
72
1-7
-
-
87
1.3
-
-
-
-
-
7
1.9
1.3
0.5
1
6.8
6.2
5.7
4
3.7
2.4
1.8
6
6.0
3.6
1.3
46
1.8
1.0
0.4
71
2.2
1.8
1.2
39
2.8
2.0
0.8
70
3.2
2.5
1.2
14
5.3
3.8
2.6
3
5.0
4.2
3.4
2
2.8
2.7
1.9
1
5.7
3.7
2.4
3
4.6
2.9
1.9
_
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
8
1.8
0.8
0.6
1
12.4
10.8
10.3
4
4.1
2.9
2.6
2
13.2
9.1
5.0
9
5.2
3.4
1.2
28
5.2
4.0
2.4
35
3.7
2.4
1.6
72
5.5
4.2
3.2
12
9.7
6.1
5.1
3
9.0
8.0
7.6
3
9.0
6.3
4.6
1
11.7
8.5
7.4
6
5.6
3.8
3.3
2
1.0
-
11
0.4
-
-
422
1.1
753
2.2
369
4.8
-
-
9
0.9
-
"
13
0.3
-
-
-
-
-
7
1.8
1.6
1.6
9
32.0
29.8
29.6
11
1.6
1.3
1.0
1
5.7
3.8
0.3
56
7.1
5.2
3.9
15
3.7
2.8
2.3
13
1.9
1.4
1.0
251
3.0
2.1
1.5
722
7.8
5.6
4.7
432
8.4
6.2
5.4
42
10.4
6.6
5.4
82
11.3
7.4
6.0
23
5.0
2.9
2.4
203
2.3
-
108
2.7
_
-
474
4.0
272
7.3
298
4.0
_
"
177
1.8
_
-
416
2.9
_
-
-
-
-
118
4.0
2.9
2.6
10
9.5
8.1
7.2
74
5.5
3.8
3.1
12
13.9
9.2
3.8
46
10.5
6.9
3.7
400
14.4
12.3
11.6
125
7.6
5.9
5.3
276
7.3
5.2
4.1
297
11.2
8.4
7.4
47
7.9
5.8
5.2
17
4.9
3.2
1.8
29
19.5
14.0
12.5
18
11.6
7.1
6.3
25
3.2
2.2
0.8
-
10
3.6
2.0
1.5
APPrvniX:
iM'CTPATION ANT. RAU
SIC Covlc
Rlue C e l l a r VVrh'rs
i 9f>0 T o t a l ( n u m b e r )
N o n v h i t e (" )
1969
T o t a l (number)
Minorities (/)
Nonwhite (?)
Negro C )
Craftsmen
1960 T o t a l (number)
Nonwhite (Z)
1969
T o t a l (number)
M i n o r i t i e s (Z)
Nonwhite (?)
Negro ( 7 )
Operatives
1960 T o t a l (nunber)
Nonwhite (Z)
1969
T o t a l (nunber)
M i n o r i t i e s (X)
Nonwhite (Z)
Negro (Z)
Laborers
1960 T o t a l (nunber)
Nonwhite (Z)
1969
Total (nusber)
Minorities (Z)
Nonwhite (Z)
Negro (Z)
S e r v i c e Workers
196G T o t a l ( m s s b e r )
Nonwhite (Z)
1969
Total (ntaber)
M i n o r i t i e s (Z)
N o n v h i t e (X)
Negro (Z)
D I S T R I B U T I O N OF EMPLOYMENT, BY RACE, OCCUPATION, AND INDUSTRY, 1 9 6 0 AND 1 9 6 9
(continued)
l-: = i a l and T r u c k i n g
R e t a i l and
Auto
Apparel
F.n i 1 road Sub. Pass.
and
Water
Air
Communi- Gas a n d
Dealers
W h o l e s a l i E* G e n . M e r c h . Food
And A c c e 6 . F u r n i t u r e
Trat:sp.
Transp.
Warehfig. T r a n s p . T r a n s p .
c a t i o n s San. S e r v .
Stores Serv. Stat.
Stores
Stores
Trad«?
Stores
<-0)
591
8.9
4 J1
13.0
9.2
8.8
(•'>1 )
-
84
24.3
21.4
20.6
_
(t*?.)
5^0
9.1
345
12.1
9.3
8.8
(44)
(45)
(48)
(49)
(50)
(53)
(54)
_
_
-
-
216
2.1
550
11.2
663
14.9
160
11.0
415
7.6
63
41.4
29.5
27.0
108
13.7
10.0
8.6
223
5.8
4.2
3.8
277
8.5
6.8
6.4
484
19.6
14.7
13.9
192
20.1
15.6
14.6
137
14.5
11.5
10.7
61
4.5
_
_
-
"
-
205
1.6
295
3.2
146
5.0
70
6.3
31
4.1
209
5.6
3.1
3.0
25
11.6
8.9
8.6
50
8.7
6.6
5.8
10
21.4
14.6
12.7
65
6.5
3.5
2.6
206
4.7
3.3
3.0
155
3.2
5.2
1.9
123
10.2
7.2
6.3
49
11.3
7.4
6.2
199
5.4
444
7.6
_
_
-
-
-
7
8.2
138
11.7
391
16.0
142
7.8
5.9
5.7
53
27.8
25.4
24.3
226
9.6
7.3
6.8
25
31.1
21.4
15.9
32
17.5
13.7
12.1
14
18.0
14.6
13.6
96
11.1
9.1
8.6
270
2.1
122
29.5
79
41.9
31.4
30.0
38
52.9
14
49.2
48.2
47.8
_
_
(56)
(57)
-
-
-
69
17.4
13.5
12.2
20
32.3
18.8
17.6
22
28.2
21.9
21.4
_
_
_
-
-
-
42
7.6
5.4
4.3
20
10.4
5.8
46
6
22.2
10.3
9.0
4
15.5
10.2
9.3
60
13.5
266
7.7
_
_
-
-
246
18.6
14.3
13.6
83
20.4
16.0
14.9
56
17.3
14.0
13.4
37
15.3
12.6
11.2
6
30.5
18.0
16.8
9
27.3
20.4
19.9
-
85
20.7
_
-
-
-
-
4
18.4
117
30.8
126
23.2
30
16.9
118
8.1
6
44.5
37.1
35.6
69
22.6
18.0
17.3
28
57.8
44.4
42.0
11
45.8
38.0
34.2
2
25.6
18.6
15.7
26
30.0
25.9
25.3
115
31.8
23.6
22.7
60
26.9
21.8
21.0
7
28.1
-
-
-
-
-
14
35.9
15
34.6
22
38.4
7
34.2
30.1
29.1
12
24.4
21.0
20.4
3
46.1
37.6
18.0
37
17.6
14.1
11.2
15
36.3
33.7
31.9
13
35.8
33.1
32.8
26
28.3
24.1
23.2
_
(55)
_
-
-
-
-
39
18.1
14.6
13.8
13
33.7
27.8
27.1
7
43.3
27.2
26.2
8
35.9
30.0
29.7
81
33.7
32
29.3
-
-
-
-
-
-
134
28.6
25.0
24.1
35
18.1
14.8
13.4
7
25.9
21.6
20.2
10
42.9
38.3
37.2
2
51.0
42.6
42.2
APPENDIX:
OCCUPATION AND RACE
SIC Code
T o t a l Esg>loyment
1960 T o t a l (number)
Nonwhite ( Z )
1969
T o t a l (number)
Minorities (Z)
Nonwhite ( Z )
Negro ( Z )
White C o l l a r Employment
1960 T o t a l (number)
Nonwhite ( Z )
1969
T o t a l (number)
Minorities (Z)
Nonwhite ( Z )
Negro ( Z )
Managers and O f f i c i a l s
1960 T o t a l (number)
Nonwhite ( Z )
1969
T o t a l (nunber)
Minorities (Z)
Nonwhite ( Z )
Negro ( Z )
Professional 1/
1960 T o t a l (number)
Nonwhite ( X )
1969
T o t a l (mnfcer)
Minorities (Z)
Nonwhite ( Z )
Negro ( Z )
Technical
1960 T o t a l (number)
Nonwhite ( Z )
1969
T o t a l (number)
M i n o r i t i e s (Z)
Nonwhite ( Z )
Negro (7.)
Sales Workers
1960 T o t a l (manber)
Nonwhite ( Z )
1969
T o t a l (number)
M i n o r i t i e s (Z)
Nonwhite ( Z )
Negro ( Z )
O f f i c i a l and C l e r i c a l Workers
1960 T o t a l (number)
Nonwhite ( Z )
1969
T o t a l (number)
M i n o r i t i e s (7.)
Nonwhite (&)
Negro ( Z )
Eating,
Misc.
Drinking R e t a i l
Places
Stores
(58)
(59)
DISTRIBUTION OF EMPLOYMENT, BY RACE, OCCUPATION, AND INDUSTRY,
Banking
(60)
Security,
Hotels,
Misc.
Credit
Conmodity Insurance Insurance
Other
Personal Business
Agencies Brokers
C a r r i e r s Agents, e t c . Lodging S e r v i c e s S e r v i c e s
(61)
(62)
1,412
15.2
282
29.7
23.1
21.6
150
6.6
52
12.0
9.2
8.2
(63)
(64)
.
169
13.1
10.5
9.5
-
121
8.1
6.0
5.1
651
12.1
8.8
7.5
-
614
10.9
7.7
6.4
123
7.4
4.8
4.0
:
118
6.1
3.5
2.7
(70)
(72)
474
23.7
_
189
38.6
27.2
23.8
96
41.7
32.9
31.8
119
4.1
_
-
29
10.3
7.7
6.8
416
7.8
5.8
4.6
128
7.8
5.2
4.2
837
9.1
7.0
6.2
65
5.9
4.5
3.8
:
-
-
125
7.5
4.9
4.0
809
8.4
6.3
5.6
63
5.5
4.1
3.4
42
11.8
7.5
5.3
.
42
4.0
11
11.1
7.8
5.6
74
6.4
-
-
-
_
_
23
10.3
8.3
7.3
20
4.4
3.6
2.7
114
2.9
1.8
0.9
26
2.0
1.0
0.4
12
1.9
1.2
0.8
103
2.9
2.2
1.8
8
1.4
1.1
0.7
12
13.7
:
-
-
-
9
4.8
2
9.8
6.7
5.5
7
9.8
8.3
4.7
5
2.2
1.6
0.7
94
2.6
2.0
1.4
17
1.7
1.1
0.7
3
9.9
7.8
6.2
_
_
2
8.4
4.6
3.2
39
7.1
5.6
4.6
_
33
1.7
1.2
0.5
.
:
1
26.3
13.9
11.0
4
4.7
3.9
2.6
16
5.5
-
11
13.4
10.4
8.5
47
5.5
15
14.0
10.6
9.4
69
8.4
6.0
5.2
-
21
11.6
8.8
7.5
_
17
4.6
3.0
2.0
-
10
10.8
8.0
5.9
-
3
4.5
2.9
2.2
-
470
13.3
9.5
8.0
1960 AND 1969
:
5
3.6
2.8
1.1
_
2
8.0
5.3
4.2
_
4
3.0
2.5
1.1
_
81
7.8
4.5
3.5
-
_
74
11.4
7.5
6.3
-
7
7.7
5.6
5.2
(73)
733
18.7
15.2
14.1
(78)
63
4.6
3.7
2.9
_
_
_
-
3
4.0
3.2
2.4
2
17.7
14.9
12.2
2
10.3
6.4
5.2
60
8.8
6.0
4.6
_
_
2
7.3
_
-
168
6.8
5.0
4.6
4
7.8
7.0
6.4
3
6.9
3.9
2.4
12
8.2
6.8
6.0
_
66
4.0
_
-
32
8.5
6.1
5.2
24
13.1
7.8
5.0
8
14.9
11.1
10.0
138
12.6
9.5
8.4
Medical,
other
Health
Educat i o n . i l
Services
(82)
(80)
2,196
14.4
3, 2*55
9.4
1,387
20.6
17.4
15.7
863
13.1
11.4
9.7
1,272
6.6
2,604
7.5
32
13.0
9.2
7.2
813
12.1
10.0
7.8
661
8.1
6.9
4.9
-
38
3.6
66
4.8
60
6.7
5.5
4.3
45
4.6
4.0
3.5
842
7.2
2,194
7.8
351
9.1
7.5
4.2
359
6.8
5.9
3.3
-
-
3
24.1
15.7
13.2
191
20.4
17.4
15.7
65
14.7
12.5
10.2
-
2
6.9
6
2.4
2
7.6
5.8
5.1
3
10.9
9.5
7.7
4
6.1
5.0
3.8
-
389
5.5
338
5.8
207
11.2
8.9
7.9
188
9.3
7.7
6.5
55
15.8
11.1
9.4
-
123
4.4
3.4
1.7
406
11.9
9.1
8.0
Motion
Pictures
_
1
22.8
13.0
8.1
-
(continued)
5
5.8
3.7
3.0
_
10
11.6
9.1
5.2
-
32
5.3
3.9
3.2
13
15.4
10.6
9.4
APPENDIX:
OCCUPAT][ON AND RACE
SIC Code
Blue C o l l a r Workers
1960 T o t a l (number)
Nonwhite (%)
1969
T o t a l (number)
M i n o r i t i e s (X)
Nonwhite (7.)
Negro ( Z )
Craftsmen
1960 T o t a l (number)
Nonwhite (7.)
1969
T o t a l (number)
M i n o r i t i e s (7.)
Nonwhite (%)
Negro (7.)
Operatives
1960 T o t a l (number)
Nonwhite ( Z )
1969
T o t a l (number)
Minorities (Z)
Nonwhite (7.)
Negro ( Z )
Laborers
1960 T o t a l (number)
Nonwhite ( Z )
1969
T o t a l (number)
M i n o r i t i e s (Z)
Nonwhite ( Z )
Negro ( Z )
Service Workers
1960 T o t a l (number)
Nonwhite ( Z )
1969
T o t a l (number)
Minoritlea (Z)
Nonwhite ( Z )
Negro ( Z )
Eating,
Misc.
Drinking ; R e t a i l
Places
Stores
(58)
31
17.8
30
37.8
30.0
28.5
14
14.2
7
37.4
28.6
25.9
12
19.7
9
33.1
27.7
26.6
5
23.6
14
41.1
32.2
31.0
1,231
16.2
200
33.1
25.7
24.1
(59)
D I S T R I B U T I O N OF EMPLOYMENT, BY RACE, OCCUPATION, AND INDUSTRY, 1 9 6 0 AND 1 9 6 9
Banking
(60)
Security,
Hotels,
Credit
Personal
Commodity Insurance Insurance
Other
Agencies ! Brokers
C a r r i e r s Agents.etc. Lodging Services
(61)
-
-
-
-
-
-
25
20.0
15.8
13.9
10
28.8
22.9
13.6
-
-
-
-
5
10.8
7.4
4.6
3
33.8
30.3
6.8
-
-
-
-
12
18.0
14.1
12.3
-
6
26.6
18.9
15.9
-
-
1
25.8
21.3
20.9
1
16.5
15.8
4.6
(2/)
37.5
34.5
32.8
-
-
-
51
17.2
2
18.9
14.5
10.7
12
26.8
22.7
20.1
-
(2/)
22.7
20.5
9.4
1
36.5
35.8
35.2
-
-
-
-
3
42.4
40.0
39.4
1
9.9
9.2
7.7
-
5
11.9
10.6
5.1
-
(2/>
9.5
8.3
5.3
-
1
24.2
17.5
14.6
-
4
24.1
18.7
17.5
-
-
1 / i n I 9 6 0 Census, P r o f e s s i o n a l and T e c h n i c a l Workers were not separated.
1 / Less than 500.
(70)
-
-
27
32.3
29.1
28.6
(64)
-
-
23
32.1
28.5
27.9
(63)
-
-
-
8
28.8
23.6
22.0
2
30.2
28.9
24.5
(62)
(2/)
6.1
0.0
6.1
-
-
1
10.9
7.6
7.2
-
1
21.1
15.8
15.2
3
52.1
45.6
45.4
-
16
35.2
30.1
29.4
a/)
31.2
0.0
31.2
-
1
23.6
21.4
19.9
31
39.9
27.5
25.3
28
8.0
10
20.8
13.4
11.3
15
31.6
9
41.2
30.1
28.2
8
20.8
12
54.8
37.1
34.8
304
32.5
116
48.1
34.4
30.2
(72)
-
61
55.5
43.9
42.6
-
4
37.0
29.3
27.7
-
45
55.5
44.7
43.5
-
12
62.2
46.2
44.8
(continued)
Misc.
Medical,
Business Motion
other
Educational
Services Pictures Health
Services
(73)
(78)
-
-
"
-
166
27.2
22.2
21.3
11
10.0
5.0
3.7
"
46
10.1
6.8
5.8
5
6.4
3.1
2.5
-
70
28.4
22.6
21.8
-
50
41.3
36.0
34.9
5
12.7
6.0
3.6
-
1
16.6
10.6
9.9
"
6
53.2
42.8
41.4
151
39.5
33.3
32.2
12
29.0
22.1
20.6
(80)
(82)
141
13.8
149
10.8
99
25.2
20.0
18.8
81
18.6
15.3
14.2
67
6.2
92
6.8
22
13.9
10.8
9.2
29
8.2
6.2
5.5
62
19.9
33
16.0
47
27.6
21.6
20.6
23
22.8
19.0
18.2
12
25.1
24
18.5
30
29.8
24.0
23.1
28
25.7
21.5
19.8
784
27.3
512
18.7
475
34.0
29.5
28.5
121
36.9
33.8
32.9
Sources:
(1)
S t a t i s t i c s on numbers employed i n I 9 6 0 a r e f r o m Bureau o f
Census^ Census o f P o p u l a t i o n ? I 9 6 0 , " O c c u p a t i o n a l C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s " , F i n a l Report PC ( 2 > - 7 A , T a b l e 3, p p . 2 1 - 3 0 .
Perc e n t a g e d i s t r i b u t i o n s were c a l c u l a t e d i n t h e D i v i s i o n o f
Research and S t a t i s t i c s , F e d e r a l Reserve B o a r d .
(2)
S t a t i s t i c s on numbers employed i n 1969 a r e f r o m t h e U n i t e d
S t a t e s Equal Employment O p p o r t u n i t y Commission, R e p o r t EEO-1.
These d a t a a r e c o l l e c t e d a n n u a l l y under T i t l e V I I o f t h e C i v i l
R i g h t s A c t o f 1964. I n most c a s e s , r e p o r t s a r e r e c e i v e d f r o m
companies w i t h 100 o r more permanent employees.
Consequently,
t h e coverage v a r i e s s u b s t a n t i a l l y f r o m i n d u s t r y t o i n d u s t r y ,
d e p e n d i n g on t h e p r e v a l e n c e o f s m a l l f i r m s .
An i n d i c a t i o n o f
t h e degree o f coverage, by broad i n d u s t r y g r o u p s , i s p r o v i d e d
by a comparison o f 1967 EEO-1 r e p o r t e d employment w i t h 1966
t o t a l employment r e p o r t e d by t h e Bureau o f L a b o r S t a t i s t i c s .
( I n Thousands)
Industry
SIC
1967 EEO-1
Employment
Percent of
BLS
Employment
626.9
347.0
55.4
3,121.5
542.2
17.4
19,418.9
14,831.3
76.4
4,199.0
3,10-?.3
74.0
14,254.4
4,373.5
30.7
Dec. 1966 BLS
Employment
(10-14)
Mining
(15-17)
Contract
(19-39)
Manufacturing
(40-49)
T r a n s p o r t a t i o n , Communi c a t i o n , E l e c t r i c , Gas,
and S a n i t a r y Services
(50-59)
W h o l e s a l e and R e t a i l Trade
(60-67)
F i n a n c e , Insurance,
and Real E s t a t e
3,104.2
1,742.2
56.1
Services
9,731.0
3,224.1
33.2
(70-89)
Construction
@FedFRASER