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U. S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
J M S J. DAVIS, S C E A Y
A E
E RT R
WOMEN'S BUREAU
MARY ANDERSON. Director
BULLETIN
OF THE
WOMEN'S
B U R E A U , N O . 43
STANDARD AND SCHEDULED
HOURS OF WORK FOR WOMEN
IN INDUSTRY
A Study Based on Hour Data
From 13 States
WASHINGTON
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
1925
A D D I T I O N A L COPIES
OF THIS PUBLICATION M A Y B E PROCURED F B O M
T H E BUPEBINTENDEKT OF DOCUMENTS
G O V E B N M E N T PRINTING O FC
FI B
WASHINGTON, D.
C.
AT
15 CENTS PJER COPY
V
CONTENTS
Part L The significance of working hours in industrial employment
The need for the shorter working day
The short working day and its relation to output
The worker's time outside the plant
The importance of the shorter working day for women
Home responsibilities
Part 11. Standards for the length of the working day in the United States.
State hour laws
Trade union agreements
Part I I I . Prevailing hour schedules of women in industry i n 13 States
and 2 cities
Scheduled daily hours
State standards
Standards of the various industries
Scheduled weekly hours
State standards
Standards of the various industries
Saturday hours
Lunch periods
Hours of night workers
Part IV. Progress i n hour standards in the States surveyed..
Changes in scheduled hours
Legal limitations and the relation between scheduled and legal hoursPart V. Summary
T E X T
Fsge
1
1
3
8
9
9
11
11
12
15
20
22
24
27
30
31
33
35
35
37
37
38
43'
TABLES
1. Number of women and of establishments i n the States and industries
included
2. Scheduled daily hours i n three leading industries
3. Scheduled weekly hours i n three leading industries
4. Relation of Saturday hours to daily h o u r s . .
5. Scheduled hours of night workers, by industry
6. Legal hours and scheduled hours for women workers—Daily
7. Legal hours and scheduled hours for women workers—Weekly
A P P E N D I X
16
25
32
34
36
39
40
TABLES
I.
n.
III.
Iv.
V.
Scheduled daily hours, by locaHty
Scheduled daily hours, by industry
Scheduled weekly hours, by locaUty
Scheduled weekly hours, by i n d u s t r y . .
Scheduled Saturday hours, by locality
Scheduled Saturday hours, by industry
VII. Length of lunch period, by l o c a l i t y . . .
49
50
52
54
57
59
62
TV o ^^^
industry
l A . Scheduled hours for night workers
X. Scheduled daily and Saturday hours.
Changes i n scheduled weekly hours between date of original study
and September, 1922
63
65
66
m
68
L E T T E R
OF
T R A N S M I T T A L
U K I T E D S T A T E S D E P A R T M E N T OF L A B O R ,
WOMEN'S
Washington,
BUREAU,
July
8,1924.
SIR : I have the honor to submit a report on standard and scheduled
hours for women in industry. This report is compiled from investigations of hours in 13 States, and 2 cities.
In order that we might have up-to-date and uniform material we
sent a questionnaire to the same firms visited by our agents asking
for the scheduled hours for one week in September, 1923. Eightyfive per cent of the firms answered the questionnaire, so that the report contains information on the hours worked for 162,792 women
employed in 1,709 plants in 13 different States and in 2 cities besides
the States.
The report was written by Miss Euth I . Voris, assistant editor.
Respectfully submitted.
M A R T ANDERSON,
H o n . JAMES J . D A V I S ,
Secretary of
Labor.
Director.
DISTRIBUTION OF W O M E N
INCLUDED IN
HOUR STUDY
STANDARD AND SCHEDULED HOURS OF WORK FOR WOMEN
IN INDUSTRY
PAETI
THE S I G N I F I C A N C E O F W O R K I N G H O U R S I N
EMPLOYMENT
T H E N E E D FOR T H E SHORTER W O R K I N G
INDUSTRIAL
DAY
With the ever-increasing strain of industrial life that has accompanied the development of machinery the question of the length of
the working day has assumed greater and greater importance.
When handicraft trades were carried on in the home the worker
put in a long day, but it was not a day of continuous and intensive
labor. During the early period of the factory system these long
hours were carried over into the new situation and it was common
for cotton mills in Englaiid to be operated 15 or 16 hours daily.
Step by step, reductions in the length of the scheduled working
day have come, due in some instances to the demands of the employees, in others to the wisdom of far-sighted employers, while in
many cases the reduction has been brought about through the efforts
of disinterested individuals who had at heart the general social welfare. The need for the shortening of tlie working day has arisen
from changes in the conditions of industrial life which have increased the strain of factory work. Josephine Goldmark in her
study, on efficiency and fatigue^ considers the outstanding elements in
modern industry which make the greatest demands upon human
energies to be the speed and complexity of machine production, the
noise, and the monotony of the work due to extreme subdivision of
processes among many employees. I n illustrating the extent to
which the worker is kept at a high tension of speed and attention by
ier work, Miss Goldmark describes the intricacies of the operations
in telephone exchanges, clothing factories, and textile mills, all
three of which industries employ large numbers of wpmen.
In the needle trades, although the introduction of power machines
has brought about a considerable saving in human energy it has
greatly increased the complexity of the work and has made more
exacting demands upon the attention of the worker.
* Goldmark. Josepljine.
Fatigue and efficiency.
New York, 1917.
p. 43.
2
STANDABD A K D SCHEDULED
HOURS
I n the textile industrj^, also, the improvement of machinery has
affected seriously the problems of the workers. With the perfection
of mechanical devices the number of looms which one person is
expected to tend has been greatly increased. While it is generally
conceded that new automatic attachments enable a weaver to run
a larger number of machines with no greater effort than was previously taken to run a smaller number, this is true only within
limits. I n spite of automatic stops the strain on the attention is
considerably increased when one person is expected to tend 24 looms.
Monotony of work has increased with subdivision in industry and
the loss of craftsmanship. Its development has been more or less
inevitable. Scientific study has indicated that what would be classed
as light work may become, where continuously repeated, more damaging physiologically than heavier work which affords some opportunity for variety.
The noise of machinery is a constant accompaniment to the work
of the factory day, and adds to its strain. Constant noise definitely
increases the effort of attention and thus adds to fatigue.
Speed, complexity, monotony, and noise seem to be necessarily
associated with our modern industrial life. Since these causes of
strain are with us to stay, the problem becomes one of planning hour
schedules and other conditions of work so as to reduce the amount
of fatigue and to allow more time for renewing strength between
periods of work. I t has already been pointed out that with the
development of high speed in industrial life there has come a
gradual reduction of the working day. No one any longer thinks
in terms of a M or 15-hour day and attention is now directed toward
an 8-hour standard.
A t each step in the reduction of the length of the working day
there have been those employers who have cried out that industry
could not continue to exist profitably imder the handicap of the
shorter working day. They have talked of the proportionate curtailment of output which would bankrupt the industry and in so
doing would react to the injury of the worker himself. There were
economists in England in the nineteenth century who went even s
o
far as to propound the theory that the profits of all industry were
derived entirely from the l a s t hour's work. While no one a t t e m p t s
to argue from such tenets at present, there are still those-fortunately only a minority—who insist that industry can not stand
the introduction of the 8-hour day or 5i/2-day week. The i m p o r t a n t
thing to consider is whether there is any truth in the a r g u m e n t
against this standard schedule or whether the contention is based on
principles wholly unsound, arising from a shortsighted view of even
their own welfare on the part of the opponents.
3
STANDAKD A N D SCHEDULiEB HOURS
THE SHORT W O R K I N G D A Y A N D I T S R E L A T I O N T O O U T P U T
Does the shortened working day curtail production or does it not?
Those in favor of reduction of hours may argue for their side, and
the opposition may wax equally eloquent over the disorder which
such a course would cause, but a satisfactory answer and adjustment
can be found only through a scientific and unbiased study of the
actual relation of output and fatigue. Much prejudice and misinformation have entered into the arguments pro and con. Preconceived notions have hampered discussion and even investigation and
hence have checked real progress along this line. There have been,
however, a number of outstanding attempts to view the situation
in an unbiased way and to make careful scientific studies of the
problem of output and fatigue. Some of them have been carried
out on a large scale by the keeping of an accurate record of output
and of lost time for whole establishments under two different hour
schedules. I n others, investigation has been limited to a selected
group of workers in order to make sure that the two periods for
which results were recorded were identical in all respects except in
regard to the length of the working day.
The earliest practical demonstration of the feasibility of shortening the working day was given by Robert Owen in Manchester,
England, in the early part of the nineteenth century. I t was customary at that time to run the cotton mills 15 or 16 hours a day, but
Robert Owen reduced the hours of liis mill, first from 16 to 12%, then
to 111/2, and finally to 10% daily. With each reduction it was reported
that there was no substantial decrease in the output of the plant.=
Toward the latter part of the century an engineering firm in
Sunderland reduced the weekly hours of its factory from 54 to 48.
Careful account was kept of the labor costs of the product, and the
records showed that they were less under the 48-hour schedule than
under the 54. The men lost much less time and their work was
more efficient.®
At about this same time the Salford Iron Works, a general engineering firm of Manchester, which employed approximately 1,200
^en attempted a similar experiment. The working week was reduced from 63 to 48 hours, the records showing a reduction in lost
tune from 2.46 per cent under the old regime to 0.46 per cent under
the new, together with an increase in production for the 48-hour
schedule.*
As a result of the success of this change the English Government
became interested in the possibilities of a shorter working week and
^^^^^ ^^^^^^ ^^^
I^o^on- 1804. p. 16.
e^on. H. M. Industrial fatigue and efficiency. London, 1921. p. 65.
^oKimark. Josephine. Fatigue and efficiency. New York, 1017. p. 138,
8397°-25
2
4
STANDAKD A N D
SCHEDULiEB
HOURS
tried it out in the shops under the war office. The majority of the
workers in these shops were on piece rates, which remained unchanged after the reduction in hours. A comparison made 11 years
after the inauguration of the new system showed that wages, however, had remained at the same level, in spite of the shortened day.®
The Engis Chemical Works, in Liege, Belgium, changed from a
system of 12-hour shifts under which the men actually worked 10
hours to a three-shift system under which the men worked 71/^
hours. Within six months the men were producing as much in their
hour shift as they had previously done in 10 hours.®
I n 1900 and 1901 a comparison was made of the production of the
Zeiss Optical Works, of Jena, Germany, under a 9-hour regime with
its output after a reduction to an 8-hour day. Records of output
estimated by earnings were kept for 233 steady workers over a period
of a year. I n order to judge the effects of the change, in the length
of the working day more exactly, the figures were compiled
separately for the following groups of workers: Those doing exclusively handwork, those whose work was part hand and part
machine, and those who were doing straight machine work. The
percentage of hourly increase in the production for these three different groups ranged from 16 per cent to 18.4 per cent, while the
total earnings, with no change in rate, increased by 3.3 per cent.^
During the World War the need was felt for adopting working
arrangements which would prove the most efficient in the long run.
The Industrial Fatigue Research Board of England made a number
of careful studies of the various factors conducive to fatigue in different industries, in some instances giving special attention to output in relation to hours. I n one national shell factory the work of
43 women engaged on the "ripping" operation in turning 6-mch
shells was closely observed under a system of two 12-hour shifts and
under a system of three shifts of 7 to 8 hours each. A decided increase in hourly output together with less idle time and with higher
efficiency in the use of machinery was reported for the shorter
shift.«
The same board also made a study among men engaged in tinplate manufacturing. I n the plant studied a reduction from an
8-hour to a 6-hour shift was accompanied by an increase of 10 p^r
cent in hourly output.**
Doctor Vernon, in his book on industrial fatigue and efficiency,
sums up in the following tabular form the results of some i n v e s t i g a tions made by the Industrial Fatigue Research Board of the hours
•Goldmark, Josephine. Op. cit., p. 141,
•Ibid., p. 144.
»Vernon, H. M. Op. clt., p. 65.
•Great Britain Industrial Fatlgne Research Board. Output of women workera »
relation to hours of work in shell making. London, 1919. 23 p. (Its report No. 2.)
' Great Britain. Industrial Fatigue Research Board. Influence of hours of work and of ventilatio
on output in tin-plate manufacturing. London, 1919. 29 p. {Its Beport No. 1.)
151 STANDAKD A N D SCHEDULiEB HOURS
and output of the employees engaged on different kinds of work in a
large fuse factory:
Operation
Speeding up of operation possible
Reduction in weekly hours Alteration
of total outof actual work
put affected
Percent
Throughout and without
limit.
Women t u r n i n g f u?e T h r o u g h o u t , t o a l i m i t e d
extent.
bodies.
Women m i l l i n g F o r a f i f t h of t h e t o t a l
time taken.
screw thread.
Youth's boring t o p N o t a t a U .
caps.
Men sizing
58. 2 t o 50. 4 =
7.8
+ 19
66. 0 t o 47. 5 = 1 8 . 5
+ 13
64. 9 t o 48. 1 = 16. 8
-
1
70. 6 t o 54. 5 = 1 6 . 1
-
7
These figures easily justify the two main conclusions drawn by
the author that "(<z) when the hours of work are very long, a reduction of hours may lead to a distinct increase of total output; (&)
the effect produced depends on the character of the operation, being
greatest in those which are chiefly dependent on the human element
and least in those which are chiefly dependent on the mechanical
element.""
In the United States the Federal Public Health Service, together
with the committee on industrial fatigue of the Council of National
Defense and the committee on fatigue in industrial pursuits of the
National Research Council entered upon an investigation of certain
uidustrial conditions brought into prominence by the war-time demands for production. A study was made of the variations in actual
hourly output and the variations in hourly incidence of accidents in
two factories, one running under an 8-hour and the other under a
10-hour schedule. Two large factories in the metal-working industry
were chosen, one operating a 10-hour day shift and 12-hour night
shift, while the other ran three 8-hour shifts. Although the products of the two plants were not the same, the processes were sufficiently similar to make comparison possible. I t is not necessary to
take up here a detailed description of the methods and findings of
the investigation. Every effort was made to conduct the study in a
^lentific manner and to make no unwarranted conclusions, recognizing ^ways the limitations of the material available. The report
pubhshed by the Public Health Service gives the following summary
of conclusions:
A comparison o f t h e 8-hour a n d 10-hour systems leads t o t h e conclusion t h a t
^ e 8-hour system is more efficient T h i s is evidenced b y —
„
^am/enance
of output—The
d a y s h i f t : T h e o u t s t a n d i n g f e a t u r e of the
nour system is steady maintenance of o u t p u t T h e o u t s t a n d i n g f e a t u r e of
J J ^ ^ r system is the decline o f o u t p u t
"VeruoD, H. M,
Op. d t . pp. 44-45,
6
STANDAKD AND SCHEDULiEB H O U R S
2. Lost time.—Under
the 8-hour system w o r k w i t h almost f u l l power begins
a n d ends a p p r o x i m a t e l y on schedule, a n d lost t i m e is reduced t o a minimum.
U n d e r the lO-hour system w o r k ceases r e g u l a r l y before the end of the spell,
a n d lost t i m e is frequent.
3. Stereotyped
or restricted
output.—Under
t h e 10-hour system artificial
l i m i t a t i o n o f o u t p u t is w i d e l y prevalent. U n d e r t h e S-hour system output
v a r i e s m o r e n e a r l y according t o i n d i v i d u a l capacity.
4. Industrial
accidents,—(a)
I n t h e absence o f f a t i g u e , accidents vary dir e c t l y w i t h speed o f p r o d u c t i o n o w i n g t o increased exposure t o risk.
( 6 ) T h e b r e a k i n g up of t h i s r e g u l a r v a r i a t i o n b y f a t i g u e is indicated by—
( 1 ) T h e rise of accidents w i t h the f a l l of output.
( 2 ) T h e disproportionate rise of accidents ^vith the r i s e of output and the
absence of a p r o p o r t i o n a t e f a l l of accidents w i t h the f a l l of ou^ut
i n the final hours o f t h e day.
( c ) T h e i m p o r t a n c e of f a t i g u e i n the causation o f accidents is emphasized
b y t h e f a c t t h a t the h i g h e r accident r i s k accompanies the deeper decline of
w o r k i n g capacity—
( 1 ) I n the second spell as compared w i t h t h e first.
( 2 ) I n m u s c u l a r w o r k as compared w i t h dexterous a n d machine work.
( 3 ) A t t h e 10-hour p l a n t as compared w i t h t h e 8-hour p l a n t
( d ) T h e level o f the accident r a t e v a r i e s i n v e r s e l y w i t h t h e experience of
the w o r k e r s . "
The National Industrial Conference Board, an organization of
employers in this country, also has done some research work on
the subject of hours and output. I n general, their conclusions are
less favorable to the adoption of the short working day than have
been those of other investigators. On the whole their methods s e
em
less exact than those of the other studies to which reference has been
made. Investigations made at two different dates took account of
the effect of a reduction of the hours in a considerable nuinber of
plants in the following industries: The manufacture of cotton,
woolen, and silk textiles; boot and shoe manufacturing; and metal
products manufacturing. I n the first of these reports the material
on reduced hours related for the most part to 1917. Most of the figures for the later study were returned in 1920. The basis of
both studies was a questionnaire filled out and returned by the various manufacturers, and the material obtained was not altogether uniform. The length of the working week after reduction varied in the
different plants, and findings were not correlated with the length of
the week from which the reductions were made. I n its first r e p o r t
the board summarizes its findings as follows:
I n t h e n o r t h e r n cotton i n d u s t r y reductions t o less t h a n 56 hours ^ r week
i n v o l v e d a loss i n o u t p u t i n more than 90 per cent of the establishments, and
i n a m a j o r i t y of cases t h i s loss was a p p r o x i m a t e l y p r o p o r t i o n a l to the reduction
i n time.
I n t h e w o o l m a n u f a c t u r i n g i n d u s t r y a r e d u c t i o n t o a 54-hour schednle res u l t e d i n a loss i n o u t p u t , t h o u g h t h i s loss was s o m e w h a t less pronounced than
i n t h e cotton i n d u s t r y .
« U, S. Public Health Service. Comparison of an 8-hour plant and a 10-hoor plant
Washington, D. C,. 1920. p. SO. Ut$ Public Health Bulletin No. 106.)
STAKDABD A N D S C H E D U L E D HOTJES
7
In the silk i n d u s t r y a considerable p r o p o r t i o n of the m i l l s r e p o r t e d t h a t
the output was m a i n t a i n e d a f t e r s h o r t e n i n g schedules t o less t h a n 54 hours
per week and i n a number of cases, indeed, t o 50 hours per week.
In the boot and shoe i n d u s t r y i t was f o u n d t h a t m a x i m u m p r o d u c t i o n could
be maintained on a schedule s u b s t a n t i a l l y less t h a n 54 h o u r s per week.
Analysis of the evidence s u b m i t t e d b y m e t a l m a n u f a c t u r i n g establishments
indicated that, w h i l e a u n i v e r s a l r e d u c t i o n t o a 50-hour week w o u l d i n v o l v e
loss i n production, nevertheless, a 50-hour week could be r a t h e r generally
introduced w i t h o u t seriously c u r t a i l i n g o u t p u t I n a n u m b e r of establishments
production was reported as m a i n t a i n e d w i t h a 48-hour schedule, b u t i t appeared
that a general r e d u c t i o n t o a 48-hour week i n the m e t a l m a n u f a c t u r i n g industries would result i n a decided loss i n o u t p u t . "
In the later report of the National Industrial Conference Board
dealing with the same subject, reductions of schedules to an even
shorter week than in the preceding study were made, in all cases
to a week of 48 hours or less. Almost the same conclusions were
reached as in the earlier study. By far the largest proportion of
cases showed a decrease in o'utput, although some firms did report a
maintenance of the former level, and others even an increase. I n
not all instances was the decrease in output proportionate to the decrease in hours, thus indicating at least some improvement in hourly
production.^^ The data of both reports reveal the fact that practically no attention was paid to the length of time for which the new
schedule had been in force. Some detailed statements given indicate
that, in at least part of the plants, records were used from the period
immediately following the change. On the other hand, the findings
of the British studies reveal a point of view that it seems advisable
to indorse. They emphasized the fact that an interval of some
months is often required to obtain the full benefit in output from
shortened hours, the length of time varying in different occlipations
and ordinarily bearing some relation to the complexity of the work.^*
Accordingly, it is not surprising that the National Industrial Conference Board, which made no allowance for the disadvantages of
a transitional period, should arrive at a somewhat different conclusion in their reports.
To a limited extent there is agreement between the findings of
this board and the result of some of the English investigations.
The greater the amount of handwork and the more important the
application of the individual, the more Hkely are the chances for
reducing hours and yet maintaming output.
Whether the reports of any of these investigations are to be taken
as altogether conclusive is not the important question. The real
Industrial Conference Board. Hours of work problem in five major Industries. Boston, 1D20, pp. 1-2. (Its Research Report No. 27.)
of
Industrial ConfercDce Board. Practical eiperlenx^s with the work week
hours or less. New York, 1920. S8 p. {Its Research Report No. 32.)
breat Britain. Industrial Fatigue Research Board. The speed of adaptation of outP«t to altered hours of work. London. 1020. 33 p. Uta Report No. G.)
8
STANDAKD A N D S C H E D U L i E B H O U R S
gain lies in the fact that such studies are being made at all, that
governments, employers' organizations, and individuals are seeing
the need for concrete facts relating to the problem of the length of
the working day and that investigations are being made to collect
such facts.
T H E WORKER'S TIME OUTSIDE T H E
PLANT
The consideration of hours in relation to output does not cover
the whole field of study connected with the detennination of the
length of the most desirable working day. I n referring to the
interpretation of the phrase "the proper length of the working
day," Professor Kent who has contributed to English research on
industrial fatigue states: " I t may, perhaps, be taken now to mean
a day of such length as to yield to capital a just and sufficient
return, to labor adequate wages, with necessary opportunities for
leisure, relaxation, and amusement."
The same authority suggests
that although " we may soon be able to say how long the day may
be; how short it should be is a more difficult problem."
Doctor Vernon also suggests that not all the material is at hand
for fixing a satisfactory working day when investigations concerning hours and output have been made.
H a v i n g fixed as accurately as possible t h e h o u r s o f m a x i m u m production,
w h e n the w o r k e r s are near t h e i r l i m i t , w e s h a l l be i n a better position to
decide on the hours w h i c h m a y reasonably be expected under normal condit i o n s of i n d u s t r y . Such hours ought t o be v e r y d i s t i n c t l y shorter than those
r e q u i r e d f o r m a x i m u m p r o d u c t i o n i n order t h a t t h e w o r k e r s may have eacli
d a y a period of leisure at t h e i r disposal, a n d r e t a i n a surplus of energy which
t h e y can devote t o other p u r s u i t s such as household w o r k a n d gardening, to
games a n d other f o r m s o f r e l a x a t i o n , o r t o e d u c a t i o n , "
The worker is not merely a unit in production—he is an individual in society, with a many-sided life to live. The worker needs
time not only for rest and the replacing of the energy used during
the day's work, but he needs time for recreation and self-improvement as well. Home responsibilities also often make heavy demands
upon the worker's time after hours. A l l these sides of the hour
problem must be considered by the person who aims to form an unbiased and sound judgment on the length of the working day best
suited to modem needs.
Even if home responsibilities are not heavy, it is not desirable
that unremitting and monotonous work should fill all the waking
hours of any individual. I f a pei^on is to develop normally, to
»Kent, A. F. Stanley. Industrial fatigue and efficiency. Manchester, 1917. p.
Reprinted from Textile Institute Journal, v. 8, no. 3» December, 1£>17.
i«Ibid., p. 7.
« Vernon, H. M. Industrial fatigue and efficiency. London, 1921, p. 33*
STANDARD A N D SCHEDULiED H O U R S
9
have a sane and wholesome outlook on life, he should have some
opportunity for recreation as well as for education and selfimprovement.
The development of workers' education movements by organization of the workers themselves, extension courses of universities, and
evening classes in public schools for adults are all offering opportunity for the worker to continue the education which he has had
to give up in order to earn a living. I n any State which aims to
be a democracy and whose satisfactory functioning depends upon
the intelligent participation of its citizens, the education of the
manual laborer is of vital importance. I f , however, the men and
women in industry return home late at the end of an exhausting
day's toil, they are in no mood nor condition to study or attend
classes in the evening. The continued growth of adult education indicates that the workers are ready to take advantage of such opportunity; that it is not a far-fetched plea to ask time for education
for the wage earners of the coimtry.
THE I M P O R T A N C E O F T H E S H O R T E R W O R K I N G D A Y F O R W O M E N
The problem of the shorter working day is of importance for all
workers, but develops a special significance when related to the needs
of women in industry.
The safeguarding of women in industry is necessary not primarily
because of a striking difference in the physical strength of women
and men but because of the need for conserving women's energies
in the interest of the race. I t is particularly imperative to have
short industrial hours, since so many of them are called upon to
perform two jobs—one as wage earners in factories, mills, or stores,
the other as home-makers attending to household duties and caring
for the family.
Home responsibilities.
Although men frequently have some home responsibilities i t is
a well established fact that women, on the whole, carry a much
heavier burden in this respect. Special emphasis, therefore, must
be laid on the fact that the problem of home responsibilities makes
a shorter working day of even greater necessity to the woman in
industry than to the man. The time which the average working
woman puts in at the plant or factory does not include all her day's
work. The following statement compiled from various State studies
made by the Women's Bureau of the United States Department of
Labor indicates that the large proportion of working women live
at home;
10
STANDAKD A N D SCHEDULiEB H O U R S
State
Proportion of
Number of
women living at
women reporting home or with
rebUves
3,139
2, 561
2, 919
5, 620
Alabama
Arkansas
Georgia
Kansas
Kentucky
Maryland
Missouri
N e w Jersey
Ohio
Rhode I s l a n d . .
S o u t h Carolina
6, 628
6,
10,
12,
16,
2,
3,
720
683
877
249
529
732
90.3
83.0
85.7
84.3
89.6
87.9
86.9
93.9
88.7
92.2
93.9
I n view of visits made by the agents of the Women's Bureau to
the homes of many of these women it is safe tasay that the majority
of them had very definite home responsibilities in the form of washing, cleaning, cooking, and mending. Investigations prove that
many married women, mothers of families, return to their homes at
the end of a day in a store or factory to meet all those duties to
which the average housewife devotes much of her day. Mending,
cooking, and cleaning too frequently must occupy many women engaged in industrial labor by day until well into the night. Nor is
the married woman the only one upon whom this burden falls. Tlio,
grown daughter living at home is frequently expected to help with
the housework, the sewing, and other duties. Even the girl who is
living by herself usually finds i t necessary to do her own washing
and sewing in order to make an inadequate wage go as far as
possible. Accordingly, because the present organization of society
necessitates that women in industry do a large share of housework,
it is obvious that the shorter worldng day is of even greater importance to them than to the men.
Not only home activities or possible self-improvement lay claim
to the working woman's time outside store or factory hours. There
must be adequate time left for recreation and for the rest which
will fit her for the next day's work. Miss Goldmark fittingly sums
up her plea for the shorter day in the following words:
T h e l i m i t a t i o n o f w o r k i n g hours, t h e r e f o r e , w h i c h assures leisure, Is not a
m e r e l y negative p r o g r a m . I t l i m i t s w o r k , indeed, t o make good t e daily
h
deficits, a n d t o send back t h e w o r k e r physiologicaUy p r e p a r e d f o r a oh r day.
nte
I t frees t h e w o r k e r f r o m t o i l before e x h a u s t i o n deprives leisure of i t s p t ni oe ta
l i t i e s . I t t h u s f u i m i s a reasoned purpose. A s t h e physiological function of
r e s t i s t o r e p a i r f a t i g u e , so t h e f u n c t i o n o f t h e s h o r t e r day i s t o af r t
fo d o
w o r k i n g people physiological r e s t — w i t h aU t h a t i s i m p l i e d f u r t h e r by way of
leisure."
" Goldmark, Josephine.
Fatigue and efficiency.
New York. 1917. . p. 287.
PAET n .
STANDARDS
FOR
T H E
I N
T H E
L E N G T H
U N I T E D
OF
T H E
W O R K I N G
D A Y
STATES
The general standard of hours of employment for a locality or an
industry may be shown in one of three methods: Legislation setting
a definite limit on the length of employment, trade-imion agreements
which specify that a certain hour standard shall be recognized by
both sides as constituting a day's work, and the hours of work most
commonly found in actual practice in that community or industry.
STATE HOUR LAWS
The legal method of securing workers against unreasonably long
hours has been applied in this country, for the most part, to those
groups which were considered to be in a weaker position for bargaining and for whom the protection of a short day was most essentialwomen and children. I n some instances restrictions have been placed
upon the number of hours which a man may be required to labor,
but in nearly all cases such laws have been in connection with
industries which, in their very nature, involved definite danger either
to the worker or to the public.
There are only four States in the United States—Alabama,
Florida, Iowa, and West Virginia—that do not have some sort of
law regulating the hours of work for women. Another State, Indiana, has only one limitation of hours, that prohibiting the employment of women at night in manufacturing. Other industries
are not affected by this law.
The highest standard in hour regulation to be found up to the
present time is the 8-hour day which has b ^ n established by law for
women workers in eight States—Arizona, California, Colorado, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, and Washington, as well as in the
District of Columbia. The scope of the law varies in the different
States. In California, for example, it embraces practically all women workers except domestic servants. I n some of the other States,
however, the exceptions to the law include a considerable number of
^age-earning women. I n Kansas an award of the conmiission pro^des for an 8-hour day in public housekeeping only. Two of these
States with the 8-hour day—California and Utah—and the District
of Columbia place a weekly limitation of 48 hours for women work8397'-25
3
11
12
STANDAKD A N D
SCHEDULiEB
HOURS
ers, while Arizona, Colorado, Nevada, and Washington allow 56
hours a week. I n Kansas, although the 8-hour day is not generally
established by law, the commission has limited the week's work for
women in some industries to 491/^ hours.
An 8V^-hour day is the standard in North Dakota and Wyoming.
I n the former State the law applies to women in manufacturing,
office, laundry, and mercantile occupations, while in the latter State
the law covers not only the women engaged in these types of work
but also those employed in a number of other industries. North
Dakota has a 48-hour weekly limitation, but Wyoming allows a
schedule of 56 hours a week.
I n 16 States the working day of women employed in specified
occupations is limited to 9 hours. I n two of these—^Massachusetts,
and Oregon—this standard is combined with a weekly maximum of
48 hours. Only one of these 16 States permits a week as long as 63
hours. A 9Vj-hour day represents the legal maximum for women
employed in Minnesota.
I n 14 States a 10-hour day for women is e^ablished by law, while
three States set the limit between 10 and 11 hours. North Carolina
permits its women to be employed as long as 11 hours, while, as has
been pointed out before, 5 States do not limit either the daily or
weekly hours. From the foregoing it is apparent that more States
have adopted an 8-hour day than a 48-hour week, since 9 States and
the District of Columbia have legalized such a day, whereas only 6
States—California, Utah, North Dakota, Oregon, and Massachusetts
—and the District of Columbia have established so short a week by
law as that of 48 hours.
TRADE-UNION
AGREEMENTS
Hour standards also may be established by trade-union a g r e e m e n t .
Since 1907 the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the United States
Department of Labor has been collecting material on union h o u r s
and wage scales from the larger unions in 6G cities. R e p r e s e n t e d
in this material are employees in the various building trades, in
printing and publishing, and in the stone and metal trades; chauffeurs, teamsters, freight handlers, and laundry workers. For the
most part these are unions which have few or no women m e m b e r s ,
so that the standards obtained are those set for men in industry.
The hours per week were given for 91 trades and o c c u p a t i o n s or
subdivisions and groups of trades and occupations. Of that n u m b e r
16 had a reduction, 21 had an increase, and 54 had no change m
working hours between May 15, 1921, and May 15, 1922.^®
» U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. Union scale of w a g e s and
hours of labor. May 15, 1922. Washin£:ton, D. C., 1923. p. 2, {Its Bulletin no.
'
S T A N D A R D A N D SCHEDULiED H O U R S
13
A study of the detailed tables for the various occupations by city
indicates that the number of hours most commonly set as a regular
Veek by these trade-union agreements was 44, while the 48-hour week
came next in frequency. Approximately one-half of the agreements
called for a 44-hour week, while between one-fourth and one-third
of them showed 48 hours as the established week. The shortest
weekly schedule recorded was 3G hours in some of the printing
trades.^®
No figures are included in the Bureau of Labor Statistics report
on the hours of any of the garment unions, Avhich include a very
considerable number of women members. The union workers on
ladies' garments have won for themselves a 44-hour week in general,
while a number of locals in New York City work under an agreement
which provides for a 40-hor.r week.
The foregoing statements prove that the standards established by
trade-union agreements for all classes of workers have gone ahead
of those set by law for women workers. The greater proportion of
union labor thinks in terms of an 8-hour day, with a
or 6-day
week.
»Ibid., Table A. p. 64.
P A R T
I I I
PREVAILING HOUR SCHEDULES OF WOMEN I N INDUSTRY
I N 13 STATES AND 2 CITIES
In consideration of the overwhelming importance of the subject
of hours of employment for women workers, the Women's Bureau
decided that it would be worth while to present in a single bulletin
for a uniform date the material relating to the scheduled hours ofthe women employed in the industries of those States where such
hour investigations had already been conducted. Prior to the fall
of 1922 the bureau had made state-wide studies of the scheduled
hours of women workers in 11 States. During that fall two additional States were surveyed, in each case the information being
obtained for a week in September, 1922. I n the spring of 1923
questionnaires were sent to all the firms that had been visited in the
other States, as well as to candy firms in Chicago, St. Louis, and
Philadelphia for which information on scheduled hours had
previously been obtained, asking for the number of employees and
the scheduled hours of the firm as they had been on September 15,
1922, or the pay-roll date nearest thereto. As was to be expected,
somefirmshad gone out of business between the date of the original
investigation and the sending out of the later questionnaire, but for
the most part the response to the request was prompt and adequate.
Reports were obtained from approximately 85 per cent of the firms
to whom questionnaires had been sent. I n aU, information on
scheduled hours was secured for 162,792 women employed in 1,709
plants in 13 different States and in two cities outside those States.
The States included are Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Indiana, Iowa,
Kentucky, Maryland, Missouri, New Jersey, Ohio, Rhode Island,
South Carolina, and Virginia. Special studies had been made of
the scheduled hours for women candy workers in Philadelphia in
1919 and in St. Louis and Chicago in 1920 and 1921. These records
also were brought up to date. Although the original survey in SL
Louis was made at a somewhat earlier date than was the state-wide
study for Missouri, the returns from S t Louis were incorporated
^ith the other Missouri figures.
15
TABLE
of women and of establishments in the States and industries
Number reported
Industries
All Industries
Manufacturing:
Bags (other than paper)
Brooms and brus]
hos--,
Buttons
Candy
Canvas products
Caskets
Chemical and drugsDrugs and medicines....;
Other
Clothing—
Men's shirts and overalls.
Men's suits and coats
Women's and children's dresses
Suits, coats, etc.
Underwear
Other
Electric productsLamps
„ Other
Food products
Glass and glassware.
Gloves
Handkerchiefs
HatsFelt
Straw.
:
M^irUneVy (Including children's)
Jewe\ry (gold and silverware)
Leather and leather products.
Mattresses
M e t a l products.
Arkansas
Alabama
Maryland
Kentucky
Iowa
Indiana
Georgia
included
EstabEstabEstabEstabEstabEstabEstabEstablish- Women lish- Women lish- Women lish- Women lish- Women lish, Women lish- Women lish- Women
ments
ments
ments
ments
ments
ments
ments
ments
1,709 IG2,792
12 1,067
147
7
15 - 860
119 7.%9
10
751
93
5
22
4
4,220
2,400
4,549
5,649
1,264
2,027
1,301
7
361
- 647
64
'3
8 - • 919
28 1,487
14
674
7
62
1X0 0.812
79
1,773
75
7,433"
79
8,785
81
18
6
319
i'
65
39
2
356
118
11,148
59
1
1
260
16
5
294
4
421
1
27
451
6
235
1
8
1
1
375
30
204
482
236
8
859
1
45
229
3
8
322
1,017
4
4
1
29
1
385
10
149
149
177
112
1
67
4
301
6
S
1
243
253
59
4
537
1
1
65
156
36
87
1
0
3
1,307
4
508
10
4
246
2
48
1
2
1
1
6
6
'43
2
1
62
14
........ ........
1
6
1
fi
9
. 44
4
1
1
403
131
8,399
2
1 . 161
1
7,878 ^ 107
16
587
734
• 38
176
10
is'
1
2
2
3
3
2
150
4
8
17
3
1 .
3,128
391
72 • 7,C60
34 3,700
19 1,533
10 1,305
11
890
359
6
14
22
73
26
22
8
85
41
i"
IM"
2
6
61
X
3
5
2
6
1,481
706
28
1,031
4
10
614
3
79
17
2
2
190
30
3
3
2
Paper and paper products
Pottery-Prmtin^ and publishingHubbor and rubber products .
Shoes
Textiles—
Asbestos products
Cordage and carpet warps„
Cotton goods
Cotton yarn and thread
Hosiery and knit goods
Silk goods.
Woolen and worsted goods.
" Woolen and worsted y a m Yarn not ypccified
Other
Tobacco—
Cigars
Other.
Wood productsBoxes
Furniture
Other
Miscellaneous
General mcrcantilo.,.
5-and-lO-ccnt stores...
Laundries
25
37
26
46
4,230
2,327
1,128
6,20S
5,857
180
3
21 1,902
87 14, 539
15 2.400
37 5,003
52 5,178
1,451
2,209
540
5S5
232
282
29
284
161
1,295
' 93
353
40
330
2, 832
887
209
55
97
130
44
79
80
107
290
7
138
54
198
275
325
630
276
296
204
177
321
121
365
16
43S
51
45
7,205
8,79S
29
22
8
7
20
701
127
108
3,250
221
155
107
137
17,865
3,052
5,737
160
10
858
491
758
142
23
96
14
11
14
4
1
.....
"247
611
236
482
10
559
140
213
471
21 1
311
294
18
1,937
245
523
11
9
14
••"264
762
2G7
437
12
9
9
2,658
139
614
s
p
>
tJ
tfi
O
W
W
O
d
W
0
1
TABLE 1,—Numher of Moomen and of estahlishmeni& in the States and industries
Missouil
Industries
AU Indufltries
Manufacturing:
Bags (other than paper)
Brooms and '
Buttons
Candy.
Canvas products
Caskets
Chemical and drugsDrugs and medicines.
Other
ClothingMen's shirts and overallsMen's suits and coatsWomen's and children's dresses,.
Suits, coats, etc
Underwear
OtherElectric products—
I^amps
Other
Food products
Glass and glassware
Gloves
Handkerchlels
HatsFelt
Straw
MUlJuery (including chndren's)
Jewelry (gold and sUvtnrare)--.
Leather and leather productsMattresses
Met&l products—
Paper and paper products
New Jersey
included—Continued
Hhode Islftud South Carolina
Ohio
00-
Chicago
Virginia
Phlladelplila
EstabEstabEstabEstabEstabEstabEstibEstablish, Women liah- Women lish- Women lish- Women lish- Women lish- Women lish- Women lish- Women,
ments
menta
ments
ments
menta
ments
ments
ments
138 18,834
300 34,655
302 3a 668
578
339
115
263
252
354
1,213
198
428
1.146
6,537
268
!;o4
391
145
236
436
1,160
103
1,357
1,162
1,033
32G
1,361
98
8,453
87 11,001
165
639
1,759
646
676
146
15
63
25
804
400
81
305
44
37
35
178
no
402
398
1,470
1,092
643
"ioa"
189
13
616
361
110
22
694
. 25
11
-641
2,671
2,909
1, 559
23
2,431
16
677
23
2,431
16
677
40
10
1,513
361
2,712
43
62
387
1,011
223
183
372
Printine antl pi
Babber and rubber
Shoes--Textiles—
00
s?
3
to
ucts-...
Asbestofl prodacUCordage imd carpet warps
Cotton gooda
Cotton yam MKJ thread
Hosiery and knit gooda.
Silk goods.
Woolen and worsted goodsWoolen and worsted yarns.
Yam not specified.
OtherTobacco—
Cigart
Other
Wood prodncta—
Boies
Furaltnw—
Other
Miscellaneona,.
General mercantile-.
6-and-lO-cent stores..
Laundries
180
74B
"641
435
604
1,004
1.657
3,643
293
2,030
1,255
2,109
1,584
180
76
6,336
209
209
140
40
SC
7
103
936
163
583
2,050
1,483
125
3,966
90
23
2,546
m
820
1,072
111
74
4,235
619
96
2; 255
122
51
634
2,149
E,198
172
2,025
309
746
3,906
420
1,116
439
297
203
27
10
263
ISO
165
CD
20
STANDAKD AND
SCHEDULiEB
HOURS
When material was classified for all the States together it ^as divided according to 52 industry groups, including 6 branches of the
clothing industry and 10 divisions under textiles. Information was
obtained for a large group of women (15,497) employed in the manufacture of clothing, some workers in this industry being found in
every State except Ehode Island, although the industry was but
scantily represented in some of the States. Information was available for more of these workers in Ohio than in any other State. The
manufacture of men's shirts and overalls, including over 7,600
women, constituted the largest single clothing group.
Almost 34,000 women employed in the textile industry were included in the reports which were made on scheduled hours. Also 11
of the 13 States are represented in this hour material on textiles. This
group embraces all the leading brandies of the industry—that is,
the manufacture of cotton, silk, and woolen yard goods; yarns and
cordage; and hosiery and knit goods. Reports w^ere obtained for over
14,000 women employed in the manufacture of cotton yard goods
alone, this being the largest of the textile subdivisions.
I n the study are found also several other industries characterized
by large numbers of women. Schedules were available for over 16,000 tobacco workers. For all but two of the States included there
were reports on hours of general mercantile establishments, 17,865
women being employed in the firms for which information was given.
Although only 5,737 laundry workers were covered by the records,
these were scattered throughout all the States but one—Virginia.
Thus it is possible to furnish information on scheduled hours for
firms employing a considerable number of women who were working in many and varied industries. A t the same time in some of the
leading women-employing industries sufficiently adequate reports
were obtained to give a representative picture of that industry in
the States included.
Information on daily, weekly, and Saturday houi^, as well as the
length of lunch periods, is presented in such form that the hour
schedules of any particular industry, as well as those of each State as
a whole, may be studied. I n addition to such data, records on daily
and weekly hours have been grouped so as to reveal the a c t u a l
scheduled hours in relation to the legal limit or lack of such limit in
the State.
SCHEDULED D A I L Y HOURS
Of the 162,662 women workers for whom records were obtained the
largest group, or 34.2 per cent of the total, were found to have a
scheduled day of 9 hours for Monday to Friday, inclusive. (Appendix, Table I . ) Saturday hours will be treated in a later section.
Practically one-fifth of the women were scheduled for 8 hours of
Ptercwnt
of woman
AOQ'
"54^
50
Ctothinij
424
1 2 3 Textitea
Gerierol mdrcQHtiU
40
35.4
29.9
^
2SL
JiL
7.3
5.Z
4.1
2.3
•Ol4
Under 8houre
K '
8hours
OVoraarvd u n d e r
9 hours
9 hours
Ql
Oyer 9 and under
ID hours
'Ohours
PI
u U V f e " ^ ^ ^
OA
^^h^ri'
SCHEDULED DAILY HOURS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF CLOTH INQ AND TEXTILES AND IN GENERAL MERCANTILE ESTABLISHMENTS'
22
STANDAKD AND
SCHEDULiEB
HOURS
work or less in a day. I n contrast to these were the one-fourth
(23.2 per cent) who were expected to work regularly more than 9
hours a day.
State standards*
Even though the records for all of the States were taken for one
period, there is considerable difference in the actual hour standards
which were being practiced by the industries in the various States.
I t is difficult, however, to rate the States in relation to each other
according to the scheduled hours reported for the women in each.
TAVO States may show the same proportion of workers on a 9-hour
schedule, but still vary greatly in the most usual hour standards, because of dissimilar distribution of the other workers. I t is true that
the State with the smallest number of women working on a short
schedule was very often the State which also had the largest number
woi'king excessively long hours, but these two conditions did not
necessarily go together.
Turning now to the matter of the long industrial day we find in the
following list compiled from Table I in the appendix the' sis geo-graphic groups wliich had the largest proportion of women on a 10hour day.
j
state
Percentage of
women with
10-lJour day
South CarolinaVirginia
Alabama
Georgia
Kentucky
Indiana
i
84.3
45.4
40.4
34.1
29.9
14.1
Wliile South Carolina, the first in the list of these States, reported
no women oh a schedule of more than 10 hours, it had such'an overwhelmingly large proportion employed at 10 hours and so few with
the 8-hour day that it stands well toward the bottom : of the list
when the more progressive hour standard is considered. Neither
do. the Virginia returns show any women regularly employed longer
than 10 hours in a day, although "almost one-half of them had a
10-hour day. Alabama shows, in addition to a considerable propor>
tion of women with such a day, a record of almost one-tenth with
a day longer than 10 hours, while it' stands low in the list when the
States are rated'according tojhe^proportion who
8 hours
or less. Georgia's record in respect to hours is poor in spite of the
fact that but little over a third of the women were scheduled for a
10-hour day, since practically 30 per cent of the women workers
w o r k e d
STANDARD A N D SCHEDULiED H O U R S
23
for whom information was given had a working day longer than 10
hours.
Below are listed the six groups which had the largest proportion
of women scheduled to work 8 hours or less.
Locality
Iowa
Maryland.
Ohio
Missouri
Chicago
New Jersey.
Percentage of
women with a
dar of 8 bouis
or less
36.8
33.5
29.9
27.2
25.4
19. 1
These same localities show up rather well also when their record
of unduly long hours is considered. I n none were any women
reported as having a scheduled day longer than 10 hours, while
in three instances—Ohio, Missouri, and Chicago—^no women were
recorded with a day as long as 10 hours. I n the other three less
than 10 per cent of the women were employed for such a day.
When all the States are rated in regard to daily hour standards
with ihese various bases of comparison considered, it is difficult to
say which of the six localities showing the largest proportions of
women on a basis of 8 hours or less really heads the list, but probably
South Carolina and Georgia may safely be said to stand close to the
bottom.
Part of the differences in standards is due to variations in the maximum working hours which the laws of the respective States set for
their women workers, but the effect of legal regulation on the standard will be taken up in more detail at a later point.
It IS often true that within the State the prevalence of a working
day of a certain length is due to the fact that one important industry
having the same policy as to hours for practically all the workers
employed therein may dominate the situation. Tlie Alabama figures
represent such a condition more conspicuously than do those of any
other State. The great majority of the women in the Alabama survey were on a 10-hour day, working for the most part in cotton mills,
nearly all of which operated on such a schedule. The majority of
the garment workers surveyed in the State had an 8-hour day, while
the store employees formed a considerable part of the over-8-and-lessthan-9-hour groups. I n Georgia and South Carolina also the textile industry had an overbalancing effect on the hours of women
porkers. I n some States the presence of a large group of mercantile workers has heavily weighted one of the shorter hour groups.
24
STANt>ABD A N D S C H E D U L E D
HOURS
Standards of the various industries.
This seeming tendency for the hours most common in a State to
be determined by the industry group of greatest importance in the
State and by the extent of its preponderance suggests the desirability
of grouping the information available, by industry as well as by
locality. (Appendix, Table II,)
I n 24 out of the 52 industries the scheduled day found to be more
usual than any other was one of 9 hours, but there was a very
large difference in these industries as to the proportion of workers
on a 9-hour day. I n some cases only a third of the women, whUe in
the manufacture of gloves as high as 91.9 per cent of the workers
included were on a 9-hour day.
The following industries w^ere the only ones in which there were
any establishments with a scheduled day of less than 8 hours:
Industry
Percentage of
women with
scheduled day of
less than 8 hours
29.7
General m e r c a n t i l e . 5-and-lO cent s t o r e .
F e l t hats
Printing and publishing
Cigars
Glass a n d glassware
F o o d products
Pottery
Miscellaneous m a n u f a c t u r i n g .
Handkerchiefs
M e n ' s shirts a n d overalls
Shoes
M e t a l products
R u b b e r a n d r u b b e r products-.
Laundries
Paper a n d paper products
8.8
5.3
3.6
3.4
2.4
1.5
1.4
0.9
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.4
0,4
0.4
0.3
I n six of the industrial groups surveyed the 8-hour day was the
regular schedule of the largest number of workers. Below are listed
those industries together with the percentage of women employed m
them who had an 8-hour day.
O t h e r chemicals
F e l t hats
Women's suits a n d coats
General mercanUle
1
Men's s u i t s a n d coats
MlUlnery
76.2
69.3
57.7
54.2
36.1
Of these six the two branches of the clothing industry and the
general mercantile are the only ones in which figures are availab e
for a large group of women.
STANDARD A N D SCHEDULiED H O U R S
25
A considerable number of textile workers had a regular 10-hour
day, but except for some of the branches of that industry there were
only three other groups for which the 10-hour day was characteristic.
None of the three, however, were particularly large and important
groups.
Of all the industries included, three stand out as the largest employers of women. When all of the clothing workers are considered together they form a group of 15,497 women. The women in
the various branches of the textile industry sum up to 33,984 in the
survey^ Avhile as many as 17,8C5 general mercantile workers were
included in the reports. These three principal industries had quite
different hour standards. A comparison, therefore, of the distribution of the workers in these industries among the various hour
divisions is of particular interest.
TAHLE
2—Scheduled
daily
hours in three leading
industries
Percentage of women whose scheduled daily hours were—
Industry
Number of
women
Under
reported
8
Clothing
15,497
Textiles..
33,9^
General mercantile.. 17,865
0.4
'"29T
8
28.1
5.9
64.2
Over
Sand
under
9
35.4
18.9
9.2
9
29.9
17.8
6.8
Over
9 and
under
10
4.1
7.3
.1
10
2.1
42.4
Over
10 and
under
11
2.3
11
5.2
Over
11 and
under
12
0.2
The largest number of clothing workers in any one group is that
with a schedule of more than 8 and less than 9 hours, and the overwhelming majority of the women in the clothing trades had an
S-hour or 9-hour day. Not far from one-half of all the textile
workers, on the other hand, were scheduled to work 10 hours a day.
Among the mercantile emploj^ees, over one-half had an 8-hour day,
wliile as many as 29.7 per cent were scheduled to work less than 8
hours a day.
Although the hours of the textile groups as a whole were longer
than those of most of the industries included in the survey, some of
the branches of that industry were characterized by a shorter working day than was the general custom. I n the silk mills, for example,
only 6.2 per cent of the women for whom returns were made had a
day of more than 9 hours, while 32.9 per cent of these workers were
on an 8-hour schedule. Although the hosiery and laiit goods mills
employed their women for a longer day than did the silk mills, they
also were considerably in advance of the cotton mills. Of the women
in hosiery and laiit goods manufacturing, 45.7 per cent had a 9-hour
day. Moreover, over one-half of the workers in the manufacture of
Woolen and worsted goods were also on a 9-hour day.
26
STANDAKD AND
SCHEDULiEB
HOURS
I n a study of the hours of an industry it is perhaps interesting to
note whether the prevalence of a day of particular length is due to
the fact that i t is commonly found in all of the States included or
whether it is determined rather by an averaging up of the situation
in the various States. Although the printed tables are not so closely
divided as to make such an analysis possible, the figures were so
compiled that such information on the scheduled hours is available
for each industry by State. I n some instances thesefiguresrevealed
considerable uniformity within the industry throughout the States,
while in other cases, there were veiy radical differences between
the various localities.
The daily hours in the general mercantile establishments were
consistently shorter than the average schedule in all the other industries throughout the States. Information Avas available for mercantile'
workers in 11 States. I n 6 of these 11 the most usual length of the
working day was 8 hours, in 2 it was less than 8, while in 3 it was
over 8 but less than 9. Of the Iowa workers employed in stores,
as high as 85.4 per cent were on an 8-hour schedule, while practically
four-fifths of the general mercantile workers in Kentucky, Missouri,
and Ohio were scheduled for such a day. I n Maryland 95 per cent
and in New Jersey 89 per cent of the women in general mercantile
establishments had a day of less than 8 hours. Longer daily hours
for mercantile workers prevailed in Alabama, Arkansas, and South
Carolina than in any of the other States surveyed. I n all three of
these practically two-thirds of the women were expected to work
between 8 and 9 hours daily while the remaining one-third were on
a 9-hour basis.
I n the manufacture of shoes there was a nearer approach to umformity in hours than in any other industry. I n five of the six
States surveyed, where the manufacture of shoes was an impovtant
industrial feature, the largest proportion of the workers had a
O-hour schedule. A l l of the workers in the remaining States were
expected to put in between 8 and 9 hours daily.
For the laxmdry workers also there was comparatively little difference in the length of the day in the different States. In seven of
the States the 9-hour day was found most often, while in four the
largest proportion of the women worked over 9 but less than 1
0
hours daily.
For the cigarmakers the distribution among the
hour
groups varied considerably in the different States. The majority of
the workers in the manufacture of other tobacco products, however,
were on a 9-hour day in three out of the four States in which fte
industry was represented. I n the fourth a schedule of 10 hours was
most common, although 40 per cent of the employees were found
in the 9-hour group.
s e v e r a l
S T A N D A R D AND
SCHEDULiED H O U R S
27
Practically 90 per cent of New Jersey's candy workers had a
schedule of between 8 and 9 hours, but m the majority of the States
very few of the women employed in candy factories worked less
than 9 hours a day. A 9-hour schedule was the most common one
for 7 of the 12 localities furnishing information in this industry. I n Indiana and Kentucky a 10-hour day was most frequently found, although in each of these places a very considerable
group also worked only 9 hours.
In metal products a day of 9 oi between 8 and 9 hours was
found to be most common in all except one of the 10 States where
records were obtained in this industry.
The manufacture of rubber goods showed a most clear-cut difference in the length of the daily working schedule prevailing in the
various localities. I n four States the 10-hour day was overwhelmingly preponderant, but in those States in which there were really
large numbers of women employed in the industry the largest proportion had a working day of between 8 and 9 hours.
In the various branches of the textile industry rather long hours
were found to be the common practice in the majority of the States.
New Jersey stands out in marked distinction to the rest, with an
8 or 9-hour day characteristic of those branches of the industry which
were surveyed within that State.
SCHEDULED WEEKLY HOURS
The length of the working day does not tell the whole story about
the hour standards in evidence for any group of workers. Such
information needs to be considered in connection with the total number of hours for which a worker is employed during the week.
Even though the working day is too long to admit of sufficient rest
to renew entirely the worker's energy and to prevent the fatigue
effects of the previous day from being carried over into the next,
the situation, while leaving much to be desired, is still possible when
the break at the end of the week is long enough to enable the worker
to start out on Monday morning thoroughly refi-eshed. I f , on the
other hand, the week end does not afford sufficient time for complete recuperation, the cumulative fatigue results in a permanent
drain on the worker's strength. The desirability of this double
check on the length'of the working week has been recognized in
the hour laws for women found in some of the States.
Information on the subject o f scheduled weekly hours is now
available f r o m the Women's Bureau study f o r 162,648 women employed i n 1,707 establishments i n 13 States and 2 cities outside those
States. ( A p p e n d i x , T a b l e I I I . )
O f these women, the largest
7^-25
5
28
STANDAKD A N D SCHEDULiEB HOURS
number in any one hour group were those with a 50-hour week
Only 34,919 women, or something over one-fifth of the total number
reported, however, were found in this classification. This slight
piling up at the 50-hour point does not in any way indicate that this
was the weekly schedule most commonly found in the various States.
I n fact, the figures were greatly influenced by the large proportion
of workers with a schedule of 50 hours a week in one of the industrially prominent States. For six of the locality groups the working
week most commonly found was shorter than 50 hours, while in five
others longer hours were customary. Practically one-fifth of all
the workers reported were scheduled to work less than 48 hours a
week.
S T A N D A R D A N D SCHEDULiED
HOURS
29
SCHEDULED WEEKLY HOURS
»
P E R C E N T A G E W I T H W E E K OP
HOURS OR LESS
PERCENTAGE WITH WEEK
T H A N 4 8 HOURS
N U M B E R OF
WOMEN
REPORTED
rMmmsmai^mmmm- 30,464
- 18,834
-
m^iatm
7,878
1,773
11,001
8,785
4.220
8.453
7,433
l^fei^^^g
80
STANDABD A N D SOHEDITLED
HOURS
State standards.
I n regard to a weekly schedule of less than 48 hours the five localities having the largest proportions of women employed are listed
as follows:
Locality
Maryland-.,
N e w Jersey.
Chicago
Ohio
Philadelphia
Percentage of
women with
scheduled week
of less than 48
hours
41.0
30.6
29.7
22.8
18.6
Hiis information alone would not be sufficient to indicate that the
hour standard in these localities was higher than in the other States,
but, as a matter of fact, the distribution of the other workers among
the weekly hour groupings also supports that conclusion. Of the
Chicago candy workers the largest percentage was found on a 60hour schedule and none of those reported were expected to work for
a greater number of hours than that. I n Maryland the largest
number of workers fell in the 44^8-hour group. Nor did any of
the employees included in these localities work the excessively long
weeks that were found in some States.
At the other end of the scale stand the following States which
showed the largest proportion of women working over 54 hours a
week:
state
South Carolina
Georgia
Alabama
Virginia
Kentucky
Percentage of
women with
scheduled weekly
hours of more
than 54
87.5
68.4
63.2
45.8
31.5
I n the first two of these States there were no women with a scheduled week so short as 44 hours, while in all but Kentucky' the l e n g t h
of week most usual for the women workers was 55 hours.
An analysis of material, more detailed than that appearing in this
report, which shows the length of the scheduled week for the various industries in each State, indicates that the rank of the States
STANDA&t) ANI> S C H E D U l i E D HOXTBS
31
in this instance, as in the matter of daily hours, was frequently affected by the preponderance of one industrial group.
In Maryland the characteristic week seemed to fall between M
and 48 hours, but nearly two-thirds in that hour group were general
mercantile workers, almost 95 per cent of whom had a week of more
than 44 but less than 48 hours. Wlien these women employed in
stores are omitted, the largest proportion of the workers appear to
have been employed on a 50-hour weekly schedule. New Jersey, on
the other hand, had a more consistently short week. I n only 18 of
the thirty-odd industries surveyed were any firms reported as employing their women workers regularly longer than 50 hours.
As has already been indicated the textile industry constituted a considerable factor in all of the States where a long working day was
dommon. I n some of these, as in Alabama and South Carolina, the
long week was very nearly limited to that industry, and in other industries there was considerable variation in the number of hours
worked in a week. I n Alabama, in which the overwhelming proportion of the women were on a 55-hour basis, over 70 per cent of the
garment workers in the State had a 44-hour week. I n Georgia, on
the other hand, the long week was common throughout the State,
only 110 women of the 7,433 reported having a week as short as. 48
hours, while no firm reported a schedule shorter than that.
Standards of the various industries.
When the women in all industries are considered as a whole, a 50hour week represents the mode—that is, the classification in which
falls the largest group. (Appendix, Table IV.) An analysis of
the various industry groups, however, reveals that in only 13 of the
52 industries might a week of 50 hours be considered as character-^
istic. For 26 industries the mode was less than 50 hours, while in
13 it was higher.
The following industries are those which had the largest proportion of workers employed on the basis of a week of 44 hours or less:
Industry
Felt hats
Men's suits a n d coats . „
Women's suits, coats, etc
Other clothing
Silk textiles.
-
leather and leather p r o d u c t s .
8397^^25
G
Percentage of
women whose
scheduled
weekly hours
were 44 or less
74.5
68. 5
56.2
35. 1
33.7
27.2
feTAK0AaT>
AND SCHEDULED
HOUBS
I n the first four of these industries the 44-hour schedule covered
a larger proportion of the workers than did any other one hour
classification. None of the firms engaged in the manufacture of felt
hats and none in the three branches of the clothing industry showed
a schedule so long as 54 hours.
The industries in which there were found the largest proportions
of women working more than 54 hours a week are listed below:
Percentage of
women whose
scheduled
weekly hours
Were over M
Industry
Y a r n ( n o t specified)
C o t t o n goods
W o o d e n boxes
Cordage a n d carpet w a r p s .
T o b a c c o ( o t h e r t h a n cigars)
100.0
90.0
56.5
50.2
31.3
I n only two of these industries, the manufacture of wooden boxes
and of tobacco, were there any firms reporting a schedule of less
than 48 hours, the former showing 15.1 per cent of its women and the
latter less than 1 per cent with such a weekly schedule.
The three outstanding industrial groups—clothing, textiles, and
mercantile workers—^show interesting contrasts in regard to the
length of the scheduled week.
TABLE 3 . — S c h e d u l e d weekly
Industry
Clothing
TeitOes
G e n e r a l mercantile
hours
in three
leading
industries
Percentage of women whose scheduled weekly hours were—
Number
Over
of woOver
Over
Over
Over
Over
58
men
65
44
48
60
5
2
re- Under 44 and 48 and 50 and 5 and 64 66 and 53 and and
2
under over
ported 44
under
under
under
under
under
58
48
62
5
4
60
15,497
33,984
1.2 31.1
.1 5.9
17,805
17.6 a e
6.9 11.8
24.5 9.3
3.7 15.7
2a7 13.2 37.4 4.3
0,9
4.2
3.4
6.9 a e
2:1
.2
0.3
2.1 a3
6.6
0.1
Almost a third of the clothing workers had a 44-hour week,
while practically one-fourth of them had a week of between 48 and
50 hours. When the various textile groups are taken as a unit, it
appears that about 40 per cent of the women were expected to work
55 hours a week. The general mercantile workers occupy a middle
ground between these two so far as the length of the working week
S T A N D A R D A N D SCHEDULiED H O U R S
33
is concerned. While these women ordinarily had the advantage of
a short working day, they were expected to work the same number
of hours on Saturday as.on other days, or, i n many cases, were
scheduled for even longer hours than on the other five days. I n
some localities mercantile workers were granted a shorter working
week during the warm months. For 1,758 women in Maryland
stores, for example, there was some change of schedule during this
season. The stores employing these women were not open at all
on Saturdays during part of the summer—the period of the summer schedule varying from one to four months. For 467 women
in the same State the daily hours in the hot season were reduced by
thirty minutes. A t least one instance of a change in hours during
the sunmier for mercantile workers was found in each of the following States: Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Rhode Island, and
South Carolina. Maryland, however, was the only State in which
a large proportion of the mercantile employees had the advantage
of a shorter summer schedule.
SATURDAY HOURS
Just as with the data on daily and weekly hours, so the figures on
Saturday hours also have been arranged both by State and by industry. (Tables V and V I in the appendix.) Both of these tables
demonstrate most clearly how widespread has become the custom of
the half day on Saturday. I f the figures for the various States are
examined to determine the number of hours most common on Saturday for the women workers, a schedule of 5 hours or less wiU be
found to be the most usual in every case but one, that of Arkansas,
where 48.3 per cent of the women for whom reports were obtained
had a 9-hour Saturday. This situation, however, is due not so much
to any great difference in the industrial practices in Arkansas as to
the fact that mercantile workers formed a larger proportion of all
the women surveyed in that State than in any of the other States
included.
In order to judge more accurately the extent to which a shorter
or longer day was customary on Saturday in the various States information on the length of the Saturday's work was correlated with
the daily hour reports, all manufacturing being treated as a unit and
^ores and laundries tabulated separately. This material presented
in detail in Appendix Table X is sununarized in the following
table:
34
STANDAKD A N D
SCHEDULiEB
TABLE 4 . — R e l a t i o n of Saturday
hours
Number
of women
reported
Industry
HOURS
to daily
Number of women whose
* Saturday stood in following Number
relation to regular daily ofwomen
hourswith no
Shorter
Manufactiirmg
Mercantile
Laundries
.............
—..
..........
1 136,004
20,870
5,681
hours
130,457
Same
3,28S
8,752
893
Longer
40
12,113
work
2; 265
240
> Includes 14 women for whom information was given on daily hours only.
The summary table brings out most clearly the extent to which
the custom of the shorter Saturday has established itself in general
in the manufacturing industries. Of the 130,064 women employed
in such industries for whom information is available, 97.5 per cent
either worked for a smaller number of hours on Saturday than during the rest of the week or were w^orking on a 5-day week schedule
with Saturday free. There seems to be no definite relation between
the extent to which the shorter Saturday is found and the length
of the regular working day. The following summary table compiled
from Table X in the appendix gives the proportion of the women
having either a short day or no Saturday work according to the
regular scheduled daily hours:
Scheduled daily hours
U n d e r 8 hours
8 hours
Over 8 and under 9 hours..
9 hours
O v e r 9 a n d u n d e r 10 h o u r s .
10 h o u r s
O v e r 10 a n d u n d e r 11 h o u r s
11 hours a n d over
Proportion of
women in manafacturing establishments with
short Saturday
or no Saturday
work
74 7
93.7
99.7
96.8
100.0
97.8
100.0
97.8
I n the stores, however, the situation is very different. The question here is whether the worker is able to stop work on S a t u r d a y
at the same time as on the other days of the week or whether s e
h
must stay on through the evening to satisfy the demands of the
people who have formed the Saturday evening shopping habit
Almost three-fifths of the women reported by mercantile establishments had to work longer on Saturdays than on the other days of
the week. Much the smallest proportion of women with a long
Saturday, was found in the group whose regular scheduled hours
S T A N D A R D A N D SCHEDULiED H O U R S
35
were less than eight a day, less than one-fifth of these women with
such a daily regime having a Saturday schedule longer than that on
the other days of the week. The long Saturday was most often
found in the smaller stores. The following summary indicates the
average number of women in each firm employed under the two
different hour policies:
Average number of women in
eachfirmwith—
Scheduled daily hours of mercantile establishments
Saturday of Long Saturnormal length
500
235
81
29
Under 8
8
Over 8 and under 9
9
Over 9
All mercantile establishments
135
63
100
35
19
16
62
This difference in the length of the Saturday schedule shows up
not only in the total where comparison is made irrespective of the
length of the regular day but within'each daily hour group as welL
LUNCH
PERIODS
When reports are being used from all types of working communities, it is difficult to say whether the length of the lunch period
in force in each case is satisfactory to the worker. Much depends
upon the location of the plant and the habit of the workers. The
figures, however, do seem to indicate tlie prevalence of a reasonable
period of rest in the middle of the day. (Tables V I I and V I I I in
the appendix.) Only 1 per cent of the workers had a lunch period
of less than 30 minutes or no definite time scheduled for lunch. An
hour was more commonly allowed for lunch than was any other one
period. Of the 162,512 women for whom report was made concerning lunch periods, 46.8 per cent had an hour, while 35.8 per cent had
30 minutes off,
NIGHT
WORKERS
Of the 1,707 firms that returned reports on scheduled hours, only
51 firms located in 10 States employed any women on night work.
(Appendix, Table IX.) Less than 2,000 night workers were included
m all. The majority of these were employed in South Carolina, and
the next largest number in Georgia. I n these two States also the
length of the night shift was the longest found in any of the States.
of the night workers reported in Georgia had to be at their jobs
more than 11 hours a night. The largest proportion of the South
Carolina women who worked at night were on an 11-hour shift.
STANDARD A N D S C H E D U I i E D HOtJBS
36
That oyer four-fifths of the night workers recorded were employed
in the manufacture of textiles is revealed by the following table:
TABLE 5.—Scheduled hours of night tcorkerSy hy
Industry
industry
Number of women whose scheduled hours per shift w r —
ee
Number
of
Overs
women
Over 11
12 and
8
and
reported Under 8
11
and
under 11
under 12 over
Total
1,968
82
252
394
832
72
36
3
TeitUes
other industries *
1,621
347
18
64
58
104
321
73
832
56
16
36
3
1 Includes other manufiacttirmg establishments and 1 laundry.
A n 11-hour shift was by far the most common for the night workers in the textile mills, while in the other industries 55.9 per cent of
the women worked on an 8-hour schedule.
The majority of the women employed at night were expected to
work only five nights a week, although practically one-eighth of
those reported worked six nighty.
P A E T
I V
PROGRESS I N HOUR STANDARDS I N STATES SURVEYED
CHANGES I N SCHEDULED HOURS
A comparison of the returns of the hour questionnaires of the
Women's Bureau with the material obtained at the time of the
original State surveys is not an altogether satisfactory means of
indicating the trend in hour standards. I n the first place the original State studies were made at different times, and consequently the
changes in hours are for an interval of different length in each State.
In_^several cases the time between the two dates was less than a year,
and very little change was to be expected in so short a space.
The changes in hours as shown by the bureau investigations are
given in Table X I in the appendix. Between the earlier and later
date there was very little change in the scheduled hours of the women
surveyed. Of all those for whom this information was available
for two different dates, only one-fifth showed any variation in their
weekly hours. For less than two-thirds of these had the working
week been shortened, while for over a third of them the number of
hours per week had actually been increased.
Of those women whose weekly hours had been shortened, almost
one-fourth had received a reduction of 2 but less than 3 hours. Onefifth had had their week shortened by 5 hours but under 6. Only
6.8 per cent of those whose schedule had been decreased had had a
change of as much as 8 hours in the working week.
Of the 7,390 women whose weekly hours of work had been lengthened between the dates of the two schedules, 18.9 per cent had had
their week increased by less than 1 hour, while for 17.6 per cent the
change was 1 hour but less than 2. For only 1.5 per cent had the
increase in weekly tours been as much as 8.
While the number of women for whom hours were decreased
exceeds the number for whom an increase in the scheduled week
was put into effect, the total number for whom there was any change
formed only a minority of the whole group for whom reports were
returned. Accordingly, the Women's Bureau study shows no great
change in hour standards in force in industrial establishments for
the last four or five years.
The United States census of manufactures has compiled figures on
scheduled hours of the workers in manufacturing industries for the
37
38
STANDAKD AND
SCHEDULiEB
HOURS
various States and for the country as a whole for the three years—
1909,1914, and 1919. The data prove that during this lO-year period
there was a very marked reduction in the length of the working
week for those employed in manufacturing. The average nmnber
of wage earnera employed in manufacturing on a schedule of 48
hours or less in 1919 formed almost one-half of the total number
in those industries, while in 1914 only 11.9 per cent and in 1909 but
7.9 per cent had had a scheduled week as short as that. These figures
represent an increase of over 300 per cent for 1919 over 1914 in the
number of workers in factories who had a working week of 48 hours
or less. The changes at the other end of the scale were very considerable, although less marked than the variations in the numbers
working 48 hours or less. While 69.4 per cent of those employed
in manufacturing industries in 1909 had a scheduled week longer
than 54 hours, in 1919 only 25.8 worked under such a schedule.®^
According to the tables of the census of manufactures, of the States
which the Women's Bureau survey covers, Khode Island, New Jersey, and Virginia show the greatest increase in the proportion of
factory workers employed for a week of 48 hours or less. In Rhode
Island the group had risen in the decade from 5.2 per cent to 45.9
per cent of the total, an increase of almost eightfold, while in New
Jersey and Virginia the percentages of increase were approximately
600 per cent and 400 per cent, respectively.
Census material does not furnish a basis for any comparison in
hours prior to 1909. But the figures for these three dates furnish
an illustration of the progressive changes in' the length of the working week. How much further this reduction in the working week
may go as our industrial life continues to develop can not be said.
Lord Leverhulme, of England, himself an employer of labor, has
gone so far as to advocate a 6-hour day combined with a multiple
shift system.22 As yet, however, there have been but few instances
in industry of a day less than 8 hours. I t may be said that the standard for women workers in industrial establishments, advocated most
generally by authorities on the subject, sets as a goal, for the p r e s e n t ,
the .8-hour day, one day of rest in seven, a Saturday half holiday,
and no night work.
LEGAL LIMITATIONS AND THE RELATION BETWEEN SCHEDULED
AND LEGAL HOURS
I t has already been pointed out that some attempt has been made
to shorten the working day by means of laws designating the maximum length of the working day or week. The limits thus e s t a b l i s h e d
« t J . S . Bureau of the Census. 14th Census. Abstract of the census of m a n u f a c t u r e s .
1919. p . 4 4 4 .
a Leverhulme, W. H , L., baron. The Blx-hour day. New York, 1910. 344 p.
STANDARD A N D SCHEDULiED H O U R S
39
vary in the States included in this sui*vey, while even within some
of these States different limits are fixed for the different industries.
Of the States surveyed, the shortest daily limitation is found in
Missouri and Ohio, each of which has a comprehensive 9-hour law
applying to the majority of women working outside the home. Also
a 9-hour law in Arkansas applies to most industries in the State except the cotton mills and the handling of fruit and farm products,
for which there are no restrictions placed on the length of the working day or week of this State.
A 10-hour law covers the women for whom hour information was
obtained in Maryland, New Jersey, Rhode Island, Virginia, Chicago, and Philadelphia. I n South Carolina the 10-hour rule applies only to the cotton mills. I n Georgia, although the terms of the
law aim to establish a 10-hour standard in textile mills, the provision that permits an employer to run his plant more than 10 hours
a day so long as his total niunber of hours for the week does not exceed 60 might readily destroy the effect of the daily limitation.
The only women in this study to whom a 12-hour limit applies
are those in mercantile establishments in South Carolina. I n Alabama, Indiana, and Iowa there is no restriction of the length of the
working day, while in the cotton mills of Arkansas and in all industries except cotton manufacturing and stores in South Carolina
an employer may require women workers to put in as long a day
as he desires.
TABLE 6.—Legal hours and scheduled
hours for women
workers—Daily
Number of women whose scheduled dafly hours were—
Legal hours
Number of
women Under
reported 8
8
Overs
&nd
under
9
9
Over 9
and
under
10
10
Total
162,662 6,270 26,068 36,990 65,671 12,062 22,906
fl hours
16
337
61.006 1,258 13,056 9,470 26,870
1 hours
0
86,452 4,895 8,663 23,884 19,408 8,350
1 hours
2
194
440
255
19,114
NM^tation of daily'
24,755
117 4,349 3,381 9,099 3,375
3,777
Over
10 and
under
11
11
Over
11
907 1,779
109
765 1,305
68
474
41
142
The comparison of the legal hours and the daily hours actually
found in industry from the data compiled by the Women?s Bureau
for September, 1922, shows that employers in general have gone on
considerably in advance of the standards set by law. Almost onehalf, or 46.6 per cent, of the women worlring under the protection
of a 9-hour law had an actual scheduled day shorter than 9 hours.
Of those who were working in States with a 10-hour law, more than
tm^ee-fourths were actually employed in plants where the regular
STANDAKD A N D SCHEDULiEB H O U R S
40
working day was less than 10 hours. The only women to whom a
12-hour law applied were the mercantile workers in South Carolina and none of those reported in the. State had a daily schedule
longer than 9 hours, although the Saturday schedule was in some
instances as long as 12 hours. I n this State it is possible that the
existence of a 10-hour law applying to the leading industry of the
State has had an effect upon standards throughout the other industries.
A little over 15 per cent of the women for whom reports were returned had no protection against the employer who might think it
to his advantage to run his plant a long day. I t is true that a very
large proportion of the employers did not take advantage of the
situation. Of the women for whom there was no legal protection,
18.0 per cent had a scheduled day of 8 hours or less, while 68.5 per
cent worked regularly 9 hours or less in a day. Although the considerable proportion of women who enjoy a comparatively short
working day is encouraging to all interested in the welfare of wageearning women, the fact must not be overlooked that where no legal
limitation exists there are always some plants that are run excessively long hours. Of the women in this group with no legal protection, 15.3 per cent had a 10-hour day and 2.7 per cent were expected to remain on the job longer than 10 hours a day.
TABLE l.-'Legal
hours and scheduled
hours for women
workers—Weekly
Number of women whose scheduled weekly hours weieLegal hours
Total
Number of
women
re- ^ Under
ported 44
^
^
Over
Over
44
48
and 48 and
under
under
60
48
50
Over
Over
Over
0
55 6
54
50
and 54 and 55 and and
oe
vr
under
under
under
60
55
54
162,648 l,078|l0,739 19,926 23,350 25,544 34,919 14,761 6,110
30,464
60 hours
54 hours
62,371
7,121
55 hours
60 hours
24,605
No limitation on
33,187
weekly hours
330 18,572 4,374
680 2,616 3,752 3,624 6,751 12,997 144
•"137
189 6,091 9,103 15,111 10,890 8,951 7,662 4,'672 ""93
7,076 ...
31
,3
4,237 i;624 19 4
2,251 4,922 1,978 "329 ""38
6
199 6,931 2,613 77
185 2,114 2,981 2,555 5,621 8,(M9 5,063 1,109
Most of the States surveyed which have a legal limit to the working day also place a restriction upon the number of hours for which
women can be employed during the week. Ohio places this limit
at 50 hours while Missouri, New Jersey, Khocle Island, and Pennsylvania have a weekly limitation of 54 hours. Also Arkansas has
such a limitation for all industries except cotton mills. The weekly
maximum for South Carolina cotton mills is 55 hours. Kentuck7»
Maryland, Georgia textile mills, and South Carolina mercantile es-
S T A N D A R D A N D SCHEDULiED H O U R S
41
tablishments are covered by a 60-liour law. I n the other States surveyed—Alabama, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, and Virginia—^there is no
limit established by law.
In regard to weekly hours also it was found that many of the
women workers were employed under a schedule shorter than that
demanded by law. Over one-half of those who worked under the
protection of a 50-hour law actually had a scheduled week of less
than 50 hours. A little Qver 7 per cent of the women to whom a
54-hour legal limit applied were actually working a week as long as
that.
The only women covered by a 55-hour law were the workers in
South Carolina cotton mills and practically all of these were employed up to the full limit of the law. Such a situation may be taken
as an indication that, were it not for the existance of the law, some
workers would regularly have been working a longer week. I n those
industries restricted by a State law to a 60-hour week only 7.9 per
cent of the women actually had a scheduled week as long as 60
hours.
Of the women who were covered by no legislation limiting weekly
hours, 20.5 per cent had a weekly schedule of 48 hours or less and
practically one-fifth of them had a 50-hour week. Approximately
one-fourth had a week longer than 54 hours. The 10,510 women,
however, who had to work more than 54 hours a week would find
very little personal comfort in the knowledge of the considerable
proportion who were fortunate enough to be employed under conditions allowing time for something besides industrial work.
The revelation that many employers have hour policies in advance
of those set by law does not indicate that there is no need for hour
limitation by means of legislation. The fact that they can and do
run their plants on a shorter hour schedule is rather to be taken as
an assurance that such a policy need not be ruinous to business and
is, therefore, a reasonable thing to require by law.
PART V
SUMMARY
The long working day that was characteristic of the industrial
system in the period following the transfer of industries from the
home to the factory has in recent years become recognized by forward-looking forces in the country as a menace to individual and
national welfare. Accordingly, progress has gradually been made
in reducing the hours of work. Even within so short a period as 10 •
years there has been a marked change in the customary length of
the working week. While the figures of the United States census
of manufactures show that less than one-tenth of the workers in
factories had a week of 48 hours or less in 1909, almost one-half of
the employees in manufacturing in 1919 worked according to such a
schedule. In the instances of a shortened working week when comparable records have been kept of the output of the plant, before
and after the change, it has been shown that ordinarily the business.
was able to stand the reduction in hours. I n certain types of industries where the attention of the worker is of greatest importance reductions of one or more hours a day have not decreased the output.
Some recognition of the desirability of the shorter working day
for women in industry is found in this country in State laws establishing for these workers maximum hours of labor. There is no
uniformity in these laws, daily hour regulations varying from 8 to
12 hours, but the existence of such laws indicates a belief in the
wisdom of placing some check upon the length of time which women
workers may be employed. Of the 15 States concerned in this study,
2 stand out as more progressive than the rest with a law limiting the
day's work in most industries to 9 hours, while the 3 placing no Umitation upon the hours of work in any industries trail the list in the
matter of satisfactory legal standards for women's working hours.
The records on scheduled hours obtained by the Women's Bureau
in 13'States and 2 cities cover altogether 162,792 women employed in
1J709 plants. Over one-third of those for whom scheduled daily,
hours were reported had a 9-hour day and close to. one-fifth were on
a schedule of 8 hours or less. These figures should not be taken to indicate anything like uniformity throughout the States included, the
standards of sonie States being widely different from those of others.
^^ one end of the line stands South Carolina with over four-fifths,
43
44
STANDAKD AND
SCHEDULiEB
HOURS
(84.3 per cent) of the women employees reported as working regularly 10 hours a day and Georgia with almost 30 per cent regularly
employed for more than 10 hours, while over a third had a 10-hour
schedule. As representative of a higher standard, we find Iowa with
36.8 per cent of the women reported working on a schedule of 8
hours or less and Maryland with practically one-third of the women
employed for a day of 8 hours or less. I n Ohio and Missouri, although the short day was not so conniion as in Iowa and Maryland, it
w^as more frequently practiced than in any of the remaining States
sui^eyed.
A 50-hour week was the standard for the largest group of women
when the workers of all the States surveyed were considered together.
I n this respect one-third of all women had a scheduled week of 48
hours or less; Rhode Island, Xew Jersey, and Maryland took the
lead with approximately G8 per cent, 55 per cent, and 52
per cent of the women reported in each, respectively, showing such
a schedule. A n overwhelming majority of the South Carolina workers, on the other hand, regularly put in more than 54 hours a week
while in both Georgia and Alabama practically two-thirds of the
women rex:)orted had a scheduled week of more than 54 hours.
Striking dilferences are shown in the hour policies of two industries employing large numbers of women workers—the manufacture
of textiles and clothing. While a day of between 8 and 9 hours was
most common in the clothing industry, a lO-hour day was customary
for the largest group of textile workers. Only 6 per cent of the
textile workers had a week of 44 hours or less, in contrast with 32,4
per cent of the clothing workers. Again, practically one-half of the
women in the various textile industries had a week of 55 hours or
more while less than 3 per cent of the clothing workers had a week
of that length.
The figures obtained in the States included indicate clearly the
prevalence of a Saturday afternoon holiday in the factories. Over
95 per cent of the women reported in tlie manufacturing industries
surveyed had a shorter day on Saturday than they did the rest of
the week. Only about four-fifths of the laundry workers had a
shoii; Saturday. While the habit of keeping stores open for Saturday evening shopping has'at least practically disappeared in the
cities, it still remains in smaller places, and practically three-fifths
of the women employed in the general mercantile and 5-and-lO cent
stores had longer hours on Saturday than they had during the rest
of the week.
I n general, satisfactory allowance was made for the lunch period.
Only 1 per cent of the women surveyed had no regular lunch time or
had a period of less than 30 minutes.
S T A N D A R D A N D SCHEDULiED H O U R S
45
Very few night workers were employed in the plants reporting,
in fact less than 2,000 women distributed in 51 different plants. The
largest proportion of the night workers were employed in the textile
industries, arid the most common schedule of work was 11 hours.
Although in each State included there were progressive employers
who stood out for the maintenance in their plants of hour schedules
in advance of the legal standards, nevertheless there were in the
various States a considerable number of employers who adhered in
their hour schedules for women to the daily and weekly maximum
permitted by law. I t is evident, therefore, that more progressive
legal standards would be necessary in the great majority of the
States surveyed to insure all women in industry against an overlong
working day.
APPENDIX TABLES
47
APPENDIX
TABLE
I.—Scheduled daily hourB, hy localily
Number of establishments and number of women whoso scheduled daily hours wero—
Number
reported
Locality
Over 8 and
under 9
Under 8
Over 9 and
under 10
Over 10 and
under I I
10
Over 11
Estab- Wom- Estab- Wom- Estab- Wom- Estab- Wom- Estab- Wom- Estab- Wom- Estab- Wom- Estab- Wom- Estab- Wom- Estab- Womlishlish,
lishlishlishlishlishlish,
lishlishen
ments
ments en ments en ments en ments en ments en ments en ments en ments en ments
U,707 162,662
AlllocQlities.
Alabama
Arkansas
Georgia
Indiana
Iowa
KentuckyMaryland
Missouri
New Jersey
Ohio
Rhodo Island
South Carolina
Virginia
Chicago
^ Philadelphia.
C
O
^
85
79
75
79
IfiO
107
118
J,
138
1300
1300
52
98
87
23
16
4,220
1,773
7,433
8,785
7,878
8,399
11,148
18,834
34,629
30,464
6,537
8,453
11,001
2,431
677
44
30,990
C, 270
316 26,0G8
31
296
72
18
222
12
2,620
370
1,995
239
"41
492
2,903
1,324
1,118
4,754
4,593
8,233
•676
433
228
617
102
14
5
26
C34 55,571
145 12,062
531
12
477
838
336
5,327
2,899
2,590
4,002
9,450
7,487
16,582
1,297
285
8
1,335
1
16
771
776
770
833
949
908
2,292
4,174
14,257
4,520
3,672
313
50
13
36
65
32
40
79
69
174
16
479
250
17
26
37
105
47
15
13
14 2,026
22
17 2,660
1 Details aggregate more than total because some establishments appear in more than one group.
10
1,334
721
GO
O
1,067
731
86
4,438
241
632
297
1,065
309
222
22,906
1,705
15
2,535
1,238
527
2,510
385
19 1,854
21
7,125
4,991
907
17 1,779
109
12
409
50
1,320
109
785
110
TB
AL I Sh de daily hours, by
E .
— c e ud
l
industry
O
Number of establishments and number of women whose scheduled daily hours were—
Number
reported
Industry
Over 8 and
under 9
Under 8
Over 0 and
under 10
Over 10 and
under 11
10
11
Over 11
Estab- Wom- Estab- Wom- Estab- Wom- Estab- Wom- Estab- Worn- Estab- Wom- Estab- Worn- Estab- Wom- Estab- Wom- Estab- Womlishlishlishlishlishlishlishlishlishlishments ea ments en ments en ments en ments en ments en ments en ments en ments en ments en
AH industries.
Manufacturing:
Bags (other than paper).
Brooms and brushes
Buttons
Candy
Canvas products.
Caskets
Chemicals and drugsDrugs and medicines
_ Other
ClothinffMcn's shirts and
overalls
Men's suits and
coats
Women's and children's dresses
Suits, coata, etc-Underwear
Other
Electric productsLamps
Other
Food products.
Glass and glassware
Gloves
HandkerchleEa..
Hatfr—
Felt
Straw,
Ca^
M i l l i n e r y Clncludine childrexL'a)
\
17 7 162,662
,0
12
7
1
5
19
1
10
6
44
62 0
, 7
316 20,068
3 ,M
6 O
m
5,7
55 1
1:^062
1,121
4
1
54
1
40 3
, 3
37
0
9
1,161
007
17
17 9
,7
19
0
17 5
,1
29
4
10
10
85
1
16
3,128
391
P
16
7
41
2
9
0
12
9
13 5
,3
46
0
2
7
18
7
28
9
19 7
,6
17
4
860
79 0
, 5
71
5
1, 0
222 2? 9 6
6i
1,257
7
2
7,650
14 6
,5
27 8
, 2
28 5
,3
34
8,760
19 5
,4
1,311
33
7
7
7
73
5
71
1
71
1
12
9
33
9
11
3
3
4
17
8
3
7
6
15 3
,3
13 5
,0
80
9
39
5
1
4
22
7
3
26
22
S
24 0
, 6
46 9
, 4
56 9
, 4
12 4
,6
20 7
,2
1,361
58
0
31 5
,6
23 2
, 3
32
9
1,802
18
7
93
29
0
11 4
,6
1
3
7
361
C47
C
O
§
11
3
1
9
16
11
80
54
1
22
5
7
5
3
Gi
64
126
261
"9"
83
39
9
12
3
250
m
40
6
102
1,531
70
9
33
5
40
3
20
1,026
02
327
25
'•"216'
30
133
243
324
w
o
6
7
35
8
79
7
1
3
146
no
41
Jewelry (gold and snver^
ware)
Leather
a n d leatlier
products
M&ttTesses
M e t a l products-Paper and paper products..
Pottery
Printing and publlshtng.
Rubber
a n d rubber
products
Bhoes
...
TextilesAsbestos p r o d u c t s Cordage and carpet
warps
Cotton goods
Cotton y a m a n d
thread
Hosiery and knit
1,487
1
4
75
2
69
0
5
19
6
9
- 1
2 20 0
1 , 8
19
1
5
2
9
5 55 3
6
,3
1
4
1
42 3
,2
23 7
, 1
1,128
1
1
1
1
2
3
3
4
1
4
8
1
6
19
3
47
2
26
6
1
3
3
9
1
81
3
11
6
72
8
3
4 2,391
1 15 9
8
,0
1
3
9
6,208
6,657
3
1
2
3
4
6
5
3
65
6
12
4
7 38 3
,5
1 21 3
0
,4
66
2
9
0
,1
3 33 6
180
15
1
3
3
4
42
7
11 9
,5
42
4
3
26
8
1 10 4
,0
2,409
2
2oe
,9
2
6 16 6
5, COS
51 2
, 5
6
7
43
7
14 3
,2
20
1
49
8
2
1
6
1
5
2
58
5
17
8
5
2
3
9
33
19
3
1
0
2
4
68
7
1
1
4
19
1
1
3
3
28
0
0
24
1 14 0
0
,3
3
6
10
3
,8
1 22 8
2
, 1
1 17 1
1,451
2
44
4
3
78
8
22 9
, 0
59
4
55
8
3
13 6
,8
1
13
6
3
8
31
16
0
2
7
4
1
34
5
i
4
5
9 14 6
,0
4
9
1
6
1
40
8
1
7
, 2
2 29 1
6
,4
1 54 0
8
7
6
11 7
,3
54
3
1
5
8
4
1
1
1
,1
a 19 4
,3
3
5 16 8
,0
3
2 12 5
44
7
1
4
21
0
7
11
1
6
4
7
3
69
3
1
0
,2
4
2 12 3
52
2
3
1
,5
7 31 4
4
1
1
6
2
1
1
3
7
47
7
1
6
71 4
,7
87 3
, 9
22
71
6
8
17
2
7
108
20
32 0
, 5
15 1 , 6
6
78 5
1 7 30 2
0
, 5
1 5 5,631
3
1
2
23
4
3
3
0
1
, 0
2
0 53 2
28
6
6
2
0
1
57
I
1
7
5
5 96 6
7
, 8
3
8 10 7
,5
1
0
37
8
3
9
65
2
ft
2
1 13 2
.2
1
2
0
52
8
9
6 1,6
3 11 7
4
49
9
3
33
7
,4
9 11 9
7
4
81
2
18
1
4
7
4
4
45
12
6
1
IGO
3
3
1
5
3
8
"
1
2
19 2
,0
1,3
45 9
5
1
4
5
23
5
2
16
7
2
5
1 10 4
2
,4
eifk goods
Woolen and worsted
goods-Woolen and worsted
yarn
Y a r n not speciflcd—
Other
TobaccoWood p r o d u c t s Boxes
Furniture
Other
Miscellaneous
General mercantile
fr-and-lO cent stores
Laundries
8
14
674
7
02
110 0,812
27
5
1
29
2
6
1
29
7
4
59
6
1
1
10
1
1
5
2
6
8
22
4
5
97
8
2 27 8
1 ,5
1
0
1
i
1
5
40
3
1
2
5
34
2
cn
STAN0AED A N D S C H E D U L E D H O U R S
52
TABLE I I L — S c h e d u l e d icccldy
hours,
hy
locality
Number of establishments and number of women whose scheduled
weekly hours were—
Number reported
35 1,078
All localities, 1 1,707 162,648
4
52
2
2
3
4
83
9
33
91
7
12
189
580
1
85 4,220
Alabama
79 1,773
Arkansas
75 7,433
Georgia-79 8,785
Indiana
150 7,878
Iowa
107 8,399
Kentucky
118 11,148
Maryland
138 18,834
Alissouri
J 300 34,615
New Jersey
1300 30,464
Ohio
52 6,537
Rhode Island,..
93 8,453
South Carolina.87 11,001
Virginia
23
16
Over 48 and
undergo
48
Estab- Wo- Estab- •Wo- Estab- Wo- Estab- Wo- Estabo
lishlishlishlishlish- W ^
e
ments men ments men ments men ments men ments m n
Estab- Wolishments men
Chicago
Philadelphia....
Over 44 and
under 48
44
Under 44
Locality
41
133 10,739
251
17
203 19,926
1
143
5
1
2,431
677
5
3
4
5
15
4
26
20
48
46
9
3
7
574
81
4
4
5
3
2
511
11
635
3
429
9
4S9
S81
8
58 3,968
24 2,616
144
3
140
9
110
444
551
100
3,990
2,329
6,444
3,752
276
458
1,130
148
45
179 23,350
242 25,544
4
8
83
354
2
6
7
1
130
12
11
982
25
10
834 • 13
13 1,226
1
3
15 2,180
18
60 8,521
43
26 3,624
77
12 4,038
13
2
33
2
10
950
5
S
16
1
59
7
1& 4
,4
2,292
71
9
1,460
4,847
5,166
6,751
50
4
31
50
6
6
374
21
38
3
221
1
3
3
Number of establishments and number of women whose scheduled weekly hours
were—
Locality
Over 50 and
under ii2
' 50
Over 52 and
under 51
Estab* Wo- Estab- Wo- Establishlishments men ments men
All localities..
Alabama
Arkansas....
Georgia
Indiana
Iowa..—
Kentucky
Maryland
Missouri
New Jersey
Ohio
Rhode Island
South Carolina
Virginia
Chicago
PhUadelphia-
340 34,919
4
2
24
29
22
25
20
- 40
117
5
60
72
3,579
1,279
2,355
2,567
4.006
3,908
12,997
987
93 5,646
242
424
343
96
585
464
310
1,084
556
144
86
205
2,122
907
lOS
I
Over 54 and
under 55
Estab' Wo- Estab- Wolish*
lishments men ments men
52
Estab- Wo.
lish
men
ments
1,211
115 7,901
106 6,110
2 i 53
518
48
205
667
138
93
24
"2" "216'
.... ......
1 ,, 80
1 , 234
SS
G
3
1
97
15
(
I
868
616
C26
532
22
G
502
2,591
'm
197
513
161
219
00
1,841
2,12s
"06'
35
494
141
»Details aggregate more than total because some establishments appear in more than one group.
1
169
STANDARD A N D SCHEDULiED H O U R S
TABLE I I I . — S c h e d u l e d
weekly
hours,
l)y
53
locality—Cdntinned
Number of establishments and number of women whose scheduled
weekly hours were—
Over 55 and
under 58
5
5
Locality
Over 58 and 60 and over
under 60
58
Estab- Wo- Estab- Wo- Estab- Wo- Estab- Wo- Estab- Wolishlishlishlishlishments men ments men ments men ments men ments men
165 18,572
Chicago
Philadelphia
1
,
-
69 3,556
5
269
12
549
32 2,945
20 1,949
Alllocalities
j^latjama
Arkansas
Georgia
Indiana
_ ^__
Iowa
Kentucky
Maryland
Missouri
New Jersey
Ohio
Rhode Island
South Carolina.
1
Virginia — '
15
450
2,492
1,122
204
17 1,673
342
6
9
1
6
9
4
321
11
179
580
202
1
1
1
6
10
106
2
1
68
4
15
16
-116
65
259
264
7
62
2
18 1,979
no
1
1
193
1 ' 62
328
2
124
1
2
IG
6
8
61 7,097
19 3,365
10
232
13 1,457
1
1
J
J
i
1
1
2
80
88
2
—
232
1
43
54
STANDABD
JLKD
SCHEDTJIIED
TABLE IV.—Scheduled weehly
hours,
H O U E S
ty
industry
Number of establishments and number of wommi
whose scheduled weekly hours wereNumber
reported
Under 44
Industry
OTer 44 and
under 48
44
Estab- Wom- Estab- Wom- Estab- Wom- EstabEstablishlishUshlish, Wom- Ushments en ments en meuts en ments en ments
All industries
....
ManufacturinE:
Bags (other than
Brooms and brus
Buttons
Candy,-;.
Canvas products.
Caskets
Chemicals and drugs—
Drugs
Other.,-.
ClothingMen's shirts and overallsMen's suits and coats
Women's and chOdren's
Suits, coats, etcUnderwear
1
Other..-.
Electric productsLamps
Other
Food products
Glass and glassware,
Gloves
Handkerchiei^
HatsFelt..,
Straw.
Caps.
Ca
MUU]
_nery (including children's)
Leather and leather prodi
Mattresses
Metal products
Paper and paper productsPottery
Printing and publishing
Rubber andrabberproducts
8hoes
TextilesAsbestos products
Cordage and carpet warps.
Cotton goods
Cotton yam and thread...
Hosiery and knit goods...
Sak goods
Woolen and worsted goods.
Woolen and worsted yam
Yam (not specified)
Other
Tobacco—
§ I R
Wood productsBoxes
Furniture
Other.,
MisceUaneons
General mercantile
6-and-lO-cent stores
Lftundrles
1,707 162,648
12
17
U5
119
35 1,078
1,967
147
133 10,739
203
19,926
179
249
10
10
860
102
160
626
6
7,959
751
658
4
3,128
391
176
30
72
134
7,650
3,760
1,366
2,507
1,225
315
19
1,533
1,305
890
- • 369
18
734
72
790
10
6
122
16
11
6
18
126
361
647
64
8
28
59
2,460
4,549
5,649
1,2G1
2,027
1,361
7
6
3
27
919
1,487
674
14
122
173
126
22
14
7
1110
180
126
37
126
146
62
23
16
19
250
11
253
172
62
9,812
4,223
2,317
324
9
175
172
17
1,128
6,194
5,857
3
180
21
1,902
87 14,639
U5 2,409
137 5,003
»62 5,152
8
1,451
8
2^209
6
549
6
585
ifil
145
92
273
25
561
402
20
5
697
168
213
33
877
82
1,004
43
957
1,696
248
867
32
932
34
20
95
106
761
127
7
1,025
335
889
516
136
40
7,174
8,798
22
8
206
108
239
62
108
3,250
155 17,865
107
1135 5,681
120
10
160
14 5^126
183
569
11
1 Details asgregate more than total because some establishments appear in more than one group.
STANDARD
AND
SCHEDULED
TABLE IV.—Scheduled weekly
hours,
HOURS
ly
55
industry—Continued
Number of establishments and number of women whose scheduled weekly
hours were—
Over 48 and
under 50
Industry
Over 50 and
under 52
60
EsEstab- Wom- tab- Womlish- en lish- en
ments
ments
242 25,544
All industries
Manufacturing:
Bags (other than paper)- 2 175
Brooms and brushes
2
14
Buttons
2 121
Candy
21 1,426
1
10
Canvas products
Caskets
1
2
Chemicals and drugs
Drugs
3 821
Other
ClothingMen's shirts and overalls
25 3,052
Men's suits and coats. 1
18
Women's and children's dresses
5 449
Soits, coats, etc
2 189
1
Underwear
29
Other
2
63
Electric products:
1
Lamps
93
1 247
Other
Food products
3 174
Glass and glassware
4 124
Gloves...„„_
6 1,031
Handkerchiefs
2 351
HatsFelt
Straw
i ' "17"
children's)
Jewelry (gold and silver*
, ware
6 530
Uatherandleatherproducts
3
77
Mattresses":::::::::""
2
16
Metal products
23 3,093
Pap^ and paper prod_ucts
H
537
P te y
ot r
1
95
Printing and publte'hfng: 2 160
R b e and rubberprod:
u br
1
197
8hoes-,.
7
590
T iU s
et e :
Asb^tos products.....
Cordage and carpet
2
C to g o s
ot n o d
C t n yarn and thread
oo
t
H s r and knit goods 5
oi y
e
SI p d
J^ o s
3
Wooren and worsted
1
Woolen and worsted
^yam
Yarn^(not specified)...
Tobac«;r
Cg r
i as
6
927
16
1
6
393
20 1,870
1
70
1
7
.::::::":
:
^JOjent stores........
93 5,646
24 1,211
1
1
180
5
1
11
1
471
192
4
420
8
116 |7,904
106 6,110
176
894
1
7
2
682
312
2
3
1
1
1
183
3
151
112.
508
2
6 2,482
16 1,759
259
5
778
10
1
61
54
EsEsEsEstab- Worn* tab- Wom- tab- Wom- tab- Womlish- en lish- en lish- en lish- en
ments
ments
ments
ments
6
1
438
260
133
2
1
63
1
1
74
36
1
6
1
277
256
15
1
146
34
187
37
9 1,089
1
13
63
1
225
38
1
3
1
36 2,702
351
42
210
22
1
69
8
3
268
131
1
1
1
2
57
3
1
6
1
7
2
64
14 1,026
1
25
1
136
1
1
1
28 1,590
19 1,566
10
1
33
1
114'
2
181
1
21
2
21
6
95
6
428
3
62
7
2
206
187
1
90
7
340
1
340
2
170
2
2
2,116
1
26
4
73
2
6
3
475
286
7
997
132
1
2
2
204
420
1
16
3
7
59
31
"451"
626
113
21
7 1,675
12 1,711
2
1
74
767
X
163
1
v v ^ products—
? is
oe
SS^iture
- C^er..
340 34,919
Over 62 and
under 64
52
354
2
17 1,972
8 4,462
2
1
396
28
92
9
52
96
1
1
2
39
6 935
29 6,686
17 597
262
8
3
4
4
244
771
19
457
16
25 1,347
51
6
371
534
3
473
20
1
1
12
16
16
27
477
377
370
695
1
1
52
6
4
2
1
21 1,059
16 693
15 801
3
3
6
111
2
2
10 1,031
10 951
99
65
165
2
9
26
13
Id
990
197
84
5
56
STANDARD A N D S C H E D U L E D H O U R S
TABLE IV.—Scheduled weekly
hours,
'by
industry—Continued
Number of establishments and number of women whose scheduled weeklv
hours were—
Over 54 and
under 55
Industry
Over 65 and
under 68
55
Over 68 and
vr
under 60 60 and o e
58
EsEsEsEsEstab- Worn tab' Wom- tab- Wom- tab- Wom- tab- Wom- tab- Worn,
lish- en lish- en lish- en lish- en lish- en lish- en
ments
ments
ments
ments
ments
All industries
Manufacturing:
Bags (other than paper).
Brooms and brushes—
Buttons
Candy
Canvas products
Caskets.
Chemicals and drugsDrugs
Others
ClothingMen's shirts and overalls
Men's suits and coats.
Women's and chil
dren's dresses
Suits, coats, etc
Underwear,
Other
Electric products:
Lamps
Other
Food products.
Glass and glasswear
Gloves
Handkerchiefs
HatsFelt
StrawSnilinerV" (including
J
children's)
Jewelry (gold and silverware)
Leatherand leather products
Mattresses
Metal products
Paper and paper products
Pottery-.Printing and publishing.
Rubber andrubber products
Shoes
Textiles
Asbestos products
Cordage and carpet
warps
Cotton goods
Cotton yarn and thread
Hosiery and knit goods
Silk goods
Woolen and worsted
goods
Woolen and worsted
yarn
Yarn (not specified)...
Other
TobaccoCigars
Other
Wood productsBoxes
Furniture
Other
Miscellaneous
General mercantile
6-and-lO-cent stores
Laundries
330
165 18,572
69 3,556
269
11
12
549
2M
321
57
324
49
67
108
410
225
13
110
76
432
247
567
50
149
402
11,315
841
290
53
435
118
218
106
315
55
219
549
92
1,561
282
334
232
167
1,184
20
12
'iio
1
114
110
29
45
146
341
329
211
17
STAKDABD
A N D
SCHEDULED
T A B L E V . — S c h e d u l e d Saturday
HOUBS
hours,
by
67
locality
Number of establishments and number of women whose scheduled Saturday
hours were—
Number reported
Over 4 and
under 5
Under 4
None
Locality
EsEs- ,
tab- Wom- tab- Womlish- en
lishen
ments
ments
All lo
calities. 1,707 162,648
Chicago
PhUadelphia
EsEsEsEsEstab- Wom- tab- Wom- tab- Wom- tab- Wom- tab- Womlish- en lish- en h-sh- en lishlish- en
ments
ments
ments
ments
ments
2,505
16
179
9
41
565
33
55
31
43
752
625
171
4,220
Alabama....
1,773
Arkansas...
7,433
Georgia
8,785
Indiana....
7,878
Iowa
107 8,399
Kentucky
118 11,148
Maryland-,,
18,834
Missouri...,
34,615
New Jersey,
1300 30,464
Ohio
"
6,537
Rhodelsland
8,453
S.Carolina.,
87 11,001
Virginia...
Over S and
under 6
6
788
209 17,307
116
357 38,314
3
7
5
114
405
m
29
776
476
1,118
1,408
6,373
3,422
2,192
31
196
765
268
365
5
23 2,431
161
677
11 1,924
27 1,810
17 931
29 3,046
27 4,016
112 14,196
71 5,932
16 1,993
24
2,476
561 62,780
8,533
24 1,782
6
109
24 4,037
56 5,809
46 2,129
38 4,254
37 3,568
29 4,750
53
129 14,026
10 1,285
7,680
5,150
349
45
1,530
183
560
418
11
454
91
1,449
1,598
868
52
77
1,805
1,090
118
Number of establishments and number of women whose scheduled Saturday
hours were—
Over 6 and
under 7
6
Locality
Over 7 and
under 8
7
Over 8 and
under 9
8
9
EsEsEsEsEsEsEstab- Wom- tab- Wom- tab- Wom- tab' Wom- tab- Wom- tab- Worn- tab- Womlish- en
lish- en lish- en lish* en lish- en lish- en lishments
ments
ments
ments
ments
ments
menta
AU localities.....
Alabama.
Arkansas.
G^^rgia...
Indiana
fcwa
Kentucky
Maryland
Missouri
New Jersey...
Rhode Island
Virginia.
34 3,092
15
765
16
14
76
2
259
1
63
1
1
69
611
239
51
1,013
9
5
205
7
i ""44
11
1
2
62
10 1,032
2
1
2
Chicago..
Philadelphia
98
15
80
23 1,096
21 5,019
27
6
93
2
71
2
104
236
21
43
234
no
224
2
34
1
1
1
1
4
2
3
32
70
1
6 2,210
370
1
3 1,717
4 600
1""is
59 4,413
6
7
135
69
14
1
7 583
3 488
87
2
S 609
5 440
13 1,392
1 420
69
2
90
2
1
1
70 8,634
108 4,691
3 130
9 1,149
6 195
6 428
9 3,561
3 101
24 2,522
205
856
122
131
173
330
96
3S 2,299
316'
63
12
24
76
5
6
1
288
248
3
43
16
21
'Details aggregate more than total because some establishments appear in more than one group.
58
STANDAKD A K D S C H E D U L E D H O U R S
TABLE Y,—Scheduled
Over 9 and
under 10
Locality
EsEsEsEstab- Wom- tab- Wom- tab- Wom- tab- Womlishen llsh- en lish, en lish, en
ments
ments
ments
ments
20
673
20
317
21
624
1 32
4 4
15
12
140
3
192
6
90
7
148
2
21
3
77
4
81
4
236
4
7
D
47
1
13
4
193
578
47
4
1
4
203
15
42
6
1
1
79
13
15
6
110
88
108
68
47
16
17
6
1
639
408
239
7
1
4
19
125
3
39
4
26
1
102
3
1
2
1
2
Over 11 and 12 and over
under 12
11
2
1
3
477
Chicago-Philadelphia
hy TOEAMY—Continued
63 2,278
13
1
1
2
—*
hours,
Over 10 and
under 11
10
BsEstab- Wom- tab- Womlish- en lish- en
ments
ments
AU localities-.—
Alabama
Arkansas
Georgia.
Indiana
Iowa
Kentucky
Maryland
Missouri .. New Jersey
ohio..-.„„:
Rhode Island
South Carolina
Virginia
Saturday
130
2
6
4
2
87
4 "'ioi
TABLE
V— c e u d Saturday
I Shd l
.
e
houra,
by
industry
Number of establishments and number of women scheduled Saturday hours were—
Number reported
Over 4 and
under 6
Under 4
None
Industry
Over 6 and
under 7
Over 5 and
under 6
EstabEstab-wnm Estab- Worn, Estab- Wom- Estab- Wom- EstL. vom- Estab- Wom- Estab- Wom- Estab- Wom- Estab- Womllshlish,
lish- Women lishlishlishlishlishlishlishments
ments en ments en ments en ments en ments en ments en ments en ments en
menta
AU Industries
1,707 162,848
Manufacturing:
12
Bags (other than paper)Brooms and brushes- — . . . . 7
15
Buttons
119
Candy
10
Canvas products
Caskets
5
Chemicals and drugs22
Drugs......
4
Other
ClothingMen's shirts and overalls.
72
34
Men's suits and coats
Women's and children's
19
16
Suits, coats, etc
11
Underwear
6
Other
Electric products14
Lamps
22
Other
73
Food products
26
Glass and glassware
22
Gloves
8
Eandkerchiels
Hats7
Pelt.......................
6
Straw
3
Mfiinwy (Including chil8
dren's)
S8
Jewdry (gold and silverware).
52 2,605
10
788
209 17,307
1,967
147
860
7,959
761
249
10
10
1,088
78
22
38,314
561 62,780
8,633
611
110
357
927
180
5
2,280
872
1,672
57
120
30
15
765
23 1,096
85
283
100
313
3
3,128
391
16
537
2,103
482
91
34 3,092
7,650
3,700
105
746
33
1,969
1,831
3,534
740
1,760
312
1,633
1,305
138
285
403
734
62
h 730
76
74
252
26
465
289
391
192
145
2,460
4,549
5,649
1,264
2,027
1,361
93
187
277
470
33
36
117
41
361
361
647
64
919
1,487 . . . .
1,069
592
477
1,160
1,172
222
42
12
415
3
3 3 4
4
U 1,057
131
282
151
164
675
2,590
2,887
360
778
61
315
37
436
766
44
65
43
223
11
110
22
511
Cn
CO
TADLE
—Scheduled Saturday
hours, "by
<Ji
industry—Continued
O
Number of establisbmenta and number of women scheduled Saturday hours were—
Number reported
Industry
None
Over 6 and
under 7
Over'5 and
under G
Over 4 and
under 5
Under 4
EstabEstabEstabEstabEstabEstabEstabEstabEstabEstabHsh- Women lish- Wom- lish- Wom- lish, Wom- lish- Wom- lish- Wom- lish- Wom- lish- Wom lish- Wom- lish- Womments en ments en ments en ments en ments en ments en ments en ments en ments en
ments
Manufacturing—Continued
Leather and leather products—
Mattresses
Metal products.
Paper and paper products
Pottery
Printing and publishing.
Eubber and rubber products,.
Shoes
TextilesAsbestos products
Cordage and carpet warps.
Cotton goods
Cotton yarn and thread—.
Hosiery and knit goods.
Bilk goods
Woolen and worsted goods
Woolen and worsted yarn.
Yam (not specified)
Other
TobaccoCigars
Other
Wood productsBoxes
Furniture
Other
Miscellaneous..
General mercantile
li-and-10 cent stores
Liftundriea—
14
7
110
80
26
37
26
46
674
62
9,812
4,223
2,317
1,123
6,194
6,857
180
3
21 1,902
87 14,539
16 2,409
37 5,008
52 6,152
8 1,451
8 2,209
649
6
685
6
51
45
63
172
04
26
315
486
4,804
1,191
104
212
175
173
1,922
129
8
661
1,201
2,717
152
12
3,878
1,973
1,624
53
2,048
2,181
1
3
96
398
181
41
3
112
868
26
34
122
399
1»696
65
191
505
708
1,004
920
1,383
465
893
'122"
64
149
1,048
12,677
1,055
2,684
1,896
986
267
549
354
1,722
646
1,137
371
3,535
5,744
322
1,277
78
92
9
38
1,652
417
96
158
19
23
190
240
28
722
1,767
169
419
118
218
m
d
1
793
W
o
d
45
38
747
541
10
b
208
12
74
55
>
a
W
35
31
7,174
8,798
22
761
8
127
108
7
20 3,250
155 17,865
107 3,052
135 6,681
192
11
135
U2
337
298
N u m b e r oi establishments and number of women whose scheduled Saturday hours were—
Industry
Over 7 and
under 8
Over 8 and
under 9
8
Over 9 and
under 10
9
Over 10 and
under 11
10
Over 11 and
under 12
11
12 and over
Estab- Wom- Estab- Wom- Estab- Wom- Estab- Wom- Estab- Wom- Estab- Wom- Estab- Wom- Estab- Wom- Estab- Wom- Estab- Womlishlishlishlisihlishlishlishlishlishlishments en ments en ments en ments en ments en ments en ments en ments en ments en ments en
All industries
Manufacturing:
21 6,019
Candy
Canvas products
Chemlcala and drugsDrugs
Other
Shoes
Boies
1
45
209
10
6
1
153
25
2
208
1
110
1
1
49
6
78
3D
63
1
2
185
9
4
1
80
G
O
1
673
20
317
21
624
1
20
41
G
14
258
325
14
342
657
20
1
5
155
187
193
7
2
322
21
1
2
2
1
78
90
89
723
02
1
232
1
12
20
36
2
776
957
3
3
1
48
62
1
4
10
115
7,117
671
113
12 2,548
6
324
1
21
167
12
78
114
10
2
1
32
188
1
8
1
9 4,499
63 2.278
1
4
4
3
3
1
1
4
477
10
1
13
65
i
3
13
1
4
5' "m
5
246
1
1
1
108 4,691
8
1
...........
Furniture......................
Other
M^iscellaneous
General mercantile
5-and-10 cent stores - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Laundries
5
I
1
80
..
TextilesCordage and carpet warps
Cotton goods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Tobacco—
Cigars..........................
Other
Wood products-
70 8,634
1
1
2
-
ClothingMen 's shirts and overalls
Other
Food products
Glass and glasswaro-—
—
Gloves
Hats—
Millinery (Including chUdren's)
Jewelry (gold and silverware')
Leather and leather products
Mattresses
Metal products
Paper and paper products
Pottery
Printing and publishing
Rubber and rubber products
59 4,413
1
2
29
1
4
2
2
1
2
55
6
9
39 1,451
527
17
643
18
8
4
304
162
44
0
1
4
611
62
11
9
146
171
9
TABLE V I I . — L e n g t h of lunch period, by
Oi
locality
to
Number of establishments and number of women whose scheduled lunch period was—
Number
reported
Locality
Under 30
minutes
30 minutes
Over 30 and
under 45
minutes
45 minutes
Over 46 minutes
and under 1
hour
1 hour
Over 1 hour
No definite
lunch period
allowed'
EstabEstabEstabEstabEstabEstabEstabEstabEstablish- Women lish- Women lish- Women lish- Women lish- Women lish- Women lish- Women lish- Women lish- Women
ments
ments
ments
ments
ments
ments
ments
ments
ments
>1,706 162,612
All locolltiei
Alabama
Arkansas...
•Georgia
Indiana
Iowa
Kentucky
Maryland
Missouri
New Jersey
Ohio
Rhode Island
South Carolina
Virginia
85
7«
75
70
150
107
118
138
«300
J299
1
•Chicago
Philadelphia
62
98
87
23
16
4,220
1,773
7,433
8,785
7,878
8,399
11,148
18,834
34,608
30,436
6,637
8,433
11,001
2,431
077
1,302
11
"m
672 68,242
1,012
89
2,085
2,016
1,962
4,192
6^561
11,901
7,715
9,835
349
489
8,606
2,431
28
3,573
182
21,178
629
487
1,728
1,344
721
1,237
307
10
1,190
81
187
61
12
737
881
76,106
127
42
2,245
1. m
2,367
5,151
4,758
2,909.
6,233
4,615
19,021
61
10
130
119
218
1,685
6,431
3,986
141
831
247
286
1,280
733
156
693
65
11
25
45
80
49
58
52
172
166
36
74
19
16,088
6,657
0,821
1,052
31
1,011
3G3
I
E
o
t>
14
63
64
120
t2i
o
w
O
18
281
390
65
363
tn
S
O
13
561
116
W
o
1 Includes two entire establishments employing 304 women and 69 women of another eatabllahment with no regular Interval for lunch, the women being expected to eat while O
duty or while substitutes took their places.
U
' DetftUs aggregatft more than total because somA establlshmonts appear in more thaw one group
TABI^K V I I I . — L e n g t h of lunch period^ by indtcstry
Number of estabilshments and number of women wboso scheduled luncb period was—
Number
reported
Industry
Under 30
minutes
3d minutes
Over 30 and
under 45
minutes
45 mluutes
Over 46
minutes and
under 1 hour
No definite
Over 1 hour lunch period
aUowedi
1 hour
Es.
EsEsEsEsEsEaEsEstab- Wom- tab- Wom- tab- Wom- tab- Wom- tab- Wom- tab- Wom- tab- Wom- tab- Wom- tab- Womllshlish,
en
Ushlishlishen
lishen
en » lish- en
en
Ushlishen
en
ments
ments
ments
ments
ments
ments
menta
ments
menta
All industries
(Manufacturing:
Bags (other than paper)
^
Brooms and brushes
Buttons
Gandy.
Canvas products..
Caskets
Chemicals and drugsDrugs
Other
ClothingMen's shirts and overalls
Men's suits and coats
Women's and children's dresses
Suits, coats, etc,
Underwear
Other.
Electric productsLamps
Food products
Glass and glassware
Gloves
Handkerchiefs-HatsFelt
Straw
m
1,706 162,512
W
a
1,302
672 58,242
28
3,573
182 21,178
257
242
759
12
737
881 76,106
5
1,967
147
8G0
7,059
751
93
22
4
3,128
391
731
852
1,545
30
72
34
7,650
3,7C0
1,533
1,305
890
359
2,761
1,512
3,252
1,402
458
466
546
263
2,460
4,549
5,634
1»235
2,027
1,350
62
31 1,011
12
7
15
119
10
10
16
H
361
647
64
919
1,377
42
224
6,021
664
690
92
10
18
1,620
660
718
323
240
96
11
176
1,674
3,680
278
518
40C
92
647
187
357
314
104
39
1,277
533
219
196
15
363
105
302
922
77
75
03
Q
w
fej
268
w
o
d
1,121
11
2,337
1,580
538
1,509
944
105
36
209
64
133
402
J..
384
M^fiineVy (indudin'g ^^^^
I Includes two entire establishments employing 304 women and 59 women of another establishment with no regixlar Interval for lunch, the women being expected to eat while
on duty or while substitutes took their places.
,
.
»Details aggregate more than total because some establishments appear in more than one group.
§
64
CJ
05
TABLE V I I I . — L e n g t h of lunch periodj by
Oi
industry—Continued
Number of establishments and number of women whose scheduled lunch period was—
Number
reported
Industry
Under 30
minutes
30 minutes
Over 30 and
under 45
minutes
46 minutes
Over 45
minutes and
under 1 hour
No definite
Over 1 hour lunch period
allowed i
1 hour
EsEsEsEsEsEsEsEstab- Wom- tab- Wom- tab- Wom- tab- Wom tab- Wom- tab- Wom- tab- Wom- tab- Wom- tab. Womlish,
en
lish, en
en
lishlish*
en
lish- men lish, en
lishlishen
en lishen
ments
ments
ments
menta
ments
ments
ments
ments
ments
Manufacturing—Conttoued
Jewelry (gold and silverware)
Leather and leather products
Mattresses
Metal products,
Paper and paper products
Pottery
Printing and publishing
Eubber and rubber products.
Shoes
TextilesAsbestos products
Cordage and carpet warps
Cotton goods
Cotton yam and thread
Hosiery and knit goods
Silk goods
Woolen and worsted goods
Woolen and worsted yamYarn not specified
Other
TobaccoCigars
OtW
Wood productsBoxes
Furniture
Other
Miscellaneous..
i
General mercantile
5 a n d 10 cent stores
liuundrles
28
14
7
110
80
26
37
26
40
1,487
674
62
9,812
4,223
2,317
1,128
6,208
6.857
180
3
21 1,902
87 14,539
15 2,409
37 6,003
62 6,152
8 1,451
8 2,144
649
6
586
G
130
118
74
381
369
50
4,138
2,088
1,143
276
8
228
1,523
2,364
31
513
3,G08
28
076
97
679
87
1,979
7,270
22
761
127
8
108
7
20 3,220
155 17,865
107 3,052
135 6,681
619
78
27
1,801
•3,455
207
3
3,150
1,768
1,056
684
4,538
2,576
289
138
350
169
494
781
332
2,066
149
615
368
1,427
1,071
691
600
127
65
30
18
59
5
55
7
15
43
4
578
8,371
1, 232
2,273
3,919
60S
103
1
386
3
534
4
63
24
45
160
1,059
35
35
16
1,493
12
8
3
4
37
65
6
fil 7,174
45 8,798
800
81
612
162
793
270
98
0
1,824
85
44
190
10
6
403
250
176
,384
6 1,016
137 13,979
96 2,651
57
1,791
84
429
248
ilncludeg two entire e to tllsh ments employing 304 women and 59 women of another establishment with no regular interval for Iimch, the women being ejcpectod to eat white
s
on <iuty or while substitutes toolc their places.
STANDARD
AND
TABLE IK—Scheduled
SCHEDULED
HOURS
hours for night
65
xcorlcers
Number of establishments and nunber of women whose scheduled hours
were—
reported
Under 8
Over 8 and
under 11
8
State'
Overlland 12 and over
under 12
11
EsEsEsEsEsEsEstab- Wo- tab- Wo- tab- Wo- tab- Wo- tab- Wo- tab- Wo- tab- Wolish- men lish- men lish- men lish- men lish- men lish- men lish- men
ments
ments
ments
ments
ments
ments
ments
AU States, 149 1,963
6
82
164
408
4
33
58
68
239
214
3
787
1
2
1
4
2
1
20
as
1
18
Alabama
Indiana
Iowa
irflntticVv
Maryland
New Jersey...
Ohio
Rhode Island.
South Carolina
7
4
1
3
2
1
6
7
1
17
1
2
4
252
68
31
103
16
394
.10
832
1
7
6
5
157
3
2
33
58
2
2
1
• 5
188
13
3
04
2
72
2
336
2
72
2
336
—"I
'"ll
675
»Eicludes 2 establishments employing 29 women for whom length of night shifts was not given.
66
S T A N D A K DA N D S C H E D U L i E B H O U R S
TABLE
X^—SeheduUd
1 Details aggregate more than totals because some establishments appear in more than one group.
»Includes 14 women for whom information was given on daily hours only.
> The Saturday and daily schedules are the same for this group.
STANDABD
daily and Saturday
A N D
S C H E D U L E D
HOUIIS
67
hours
women whose scheduled Saturday hours were—
Over
6 and
under
7
Over 7
and under8
7
ii if k l l
r 1 1II 1
7428 14798 18
1
1 44
1 70
3297
1 6
3 »84
7 279
1234
3 201
Over 8
and under 9
8
0
1
P 11 1
s
i
406 1 41
1,541 25 733 34 2,070
1 >33
2 48 29 935
3 217 2 76
6 295
1 15 1 72
1 13 4 163
1 80
1 30
2 1
6
1
9 87
7 250 27 1,598
4 237
2 17 6 466
1 110
Over
9 and
under
10
k
1l a
1
m
1 21
Over
10 and
under
11
10
g l l
la 1
3
m
11
s
Over
Hand
under
12
d
§ ^
12
and
over
d
P1
1 41
5 501
—
2
1
1 21
4 499
1 41
- -
9 4,499 112,533 43 7,788 55 1,953 12 456 66 1,733 20 673 20 317 20 583 14335
9 4,499
... ....
.... ... ....
8337
2 67
1 61
4181
1 3S
—
Q298
4 114
1 21
4 137
3 125
1 16
6
1 188 3 413 1
IQ 2,345 29 6,489 6 236
11 886 14 689
35 1,022
6 324
1
1
2
1
19
89
6
2
113
93
3 112
2 119 . . . .
2
113 18 643
2
3 183 5 2110 4 71
3 97 37 1,262 5 199 3 49 2 51
6 175 11 209 10 388 4 75 8 303 3 93
1 1 3 52 1 15 13 193 10229 10 226
1 16
44
—
—
18 643
...
"'2
'"ll
::::
:::
:::::::ii:
TABLE X I . — C h a n g e s in scheduled weekly hours between date of original
study and SepiemheVi 192B
00
Nximber of establishments and number of women whose scheduled week was changed by—
Number
reported
Change
Locality
1 and under 2 and under 3 and under 4 and under 5 and under e and under 7 and under
3 hours
2 hours
4 hours
7 hours
5 hours
8 hours
6 hours
Under 1
hour
Date
8 hours
and over
Estab- Wo- Estab- Wo- Estab- Wo- Estab- Wo- Estab- Wo- Estab- Wo- Estab- Wo- Estab- Wo- Estab- Wo- Estab- WolishlishlishlishUshlishlishlishlishlishmenta men ments men ments men ments men ments men ments men ments men ments men ments men menta men
All localities.,
Decrease. Alabama
Arkansas
Georgia
Indiana
Iowa
KentuckyMaryland
Missouri
Rhode Island...
South Carolina..
Virginia
Chicago
Philadelphia...
150
1922
1922
Increase- Alabama..
Arkansas..
Georgia
Indiana..^.,.
Iowa
Kentucky.
Maryland
Missouri
Bhode Island...
South Carolina..
VirginiaChi)
Chicaeo
PhUadolphift
129
55
13
1,175
33
G
715
503
3,288
44
44
15
357
111
381
Ill
1921
1919
22 1, S77
10
811
1921
1919
1922
1920
1918
1920
1921
1921
1922
1920
1921
1919
921
222
624
3,104
1,097
1918
1920
1921
1921
1922
1920
1921
1919
1922
14
2,888
7,390
79
335
972
11
753
11
940
26
756
8
467
12
667
7
557
5
127
5
13 1,189
2
527
1
21
392
280
567
48
83
172
149
5
100
77
33
493
284
348
160
1,404
284
14
6G4
70
270
20
844
20
454
262
1
2
127
39
297
90
465
180
172
1,586
112
19 1,159
17
729
10
210
22 2,550
420
107
170
100
24 1,302
332
IG 1,218
13
340
824
148
517
CO
O
54
129
19
251
75
17
m
4G
G
15
31
1020
All localities..
12,425
155
230
315
61
185
112
83
77
13
70
117
72
"214
73
19
-68
18
222
122
82
132
28
11
124
476
17
180
10
978
271
324
14
32
49
90
177
10 1,141
520
40
178
223
90
270
48
114
16
12
73
56
15
340
435
43
@FedFRASER