The full text on this page is automatically extracted from the file linked above and may contain errors and inconsistencies.
WPA NATIONAL RESEARCH PROJECT
Reports issued to date
General
0-1 Unemplo1111ent and Increasing Productivity (ov.t of fw(nt)
0-2 The Research Program or the National Research Pro3ect
0-3 summry ot Findings to Date, March 1Q38
A-3 Selected Rererences on Practices and Use ot Labor on FarlD8 (ov.t of fw(nt)
Studies in Types and Rates of Technological Change
Manufacture
K-1
K•2
B-2
B-3
B-6
Induatr1&1 Instruments and Changing Technology
KechanlZation In the Brick Industry Hn twus) ·
Mechanical Changes In the Cotton-Textile Induatry, 1910 to 1938 (SuWGry)
Mechanical Changes In the woolen and worsted Industries, 1910 to 1938 (SuWGry)
syste111 or Shop Management 1n the Cotton-oarment Industry (Susory)
E-1
E-3
Technology and the Mineral Industries (ov.t of fw(nt)
Mechanization Trends In Metal and Nonmetal Mining as Indicated by Bales or
Underground Loading Equipment
Fuel Err1c1enc1 In cement Kanuracture, 1909-1935 (ovt of ~r(nt)
Mineral Technolo17 and Qutput per Man Studies: Grade or ore (ovt of fw(nt)
Mining
E•5
E-8
Agriculture
Changes In Farm Power and Equipment:
A-2 Mechanical Cotton Plcur
A-8 Tractors, Trucks, and Automobiles
Studies in Production, Productivity, and Employment
Manufacture
s-1
Production, Employment, and Pl'oductlvitJ In 59 Hanuracturlng Industries, 1919-38
(h fwus)
Productivity and Employment ln Selected Induatrles:
N-1 Beet sugar
N-2 Brick and Tlle
B-1 Labor Productivity In the Leather Industry (Su•sory)
B-4 Ertects ot Kecbanlzatlon In Cigar Kanuracture (Su•WGry)
B-e Labor Productivity In the Boot and Shoe Industry (Snsory)
(List continued on hs(cle bac~ cover)
Digitized by
Google
WORKS PROGRESS ADMINISTRATION
F. C. HARRINGTON
CORRINGTON GILL
Assistant Administrator
·Administrator
NATIONAL RESEARCH PROJECT
on
Reemployment Opportunities and Recent Changes
in Industrial Techniques
DAVm WEINTRAUB
Director
In cooperation with
INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH DEPARTMENT
WHARTON SCHOOL OF FINANCE AND CODERCE
UNIVERSITY OF PENNSlLVANIA
ANNE BEZANSON
Director
Philadelphia 1,abbr Market st~iea
Gladys L, Palmer, Economist in Charge
Digitized by
Google
PBIL&DEI.PBIA LABOR 11.lRDT STUDIES,
GLADYS L. PALKER, Research Associate, Industrial Research Department, University of Pennsylvania;
Consultant, National Research Project, directing
these studies.
Members·ot National Research Project Statf
Who Worked on This Stud7
JANET B. L1wrs, Statistician
BELEN L. Kx.oPFER, Associate Economist
HURRAY P. PrEFFERKAN, Associate Statistician
MARGARET W. BELL, Assistant Statistician
VIRGINIA F. SHRYOCK, Chief Statistical Clerk
Members ot Industrial Research Department Statt
Who W~rked on This Study
CHARLOTTE V. EVANS, Chief Statistical Clerk
BELEN L. EVENDEN
ELIZABETH J. GEARY
Digitized by
Google
THE SEARCH FOR WORK IN PHILADELPHIA, 1932-36
An Analysis of Records
of the Philadel~hia State E•~loyiunt Office
by
Gladys L. Palmer
WORD PI\OORBSS .illlINISTRATION, NATIONAL RESEARCH PROJECT
In cooperation with
INDUSTRIAL RBSBARCB DBPAR1'11B:NT, UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA
Report No. P-7
Philadel~hia, Pennsylvania
/fay 1939
Digitized by
Google
THE WPA NATIONAL RESEARCH PROJECT
ON REEIIPLOYIIENT OPPORTUNITIES AND RECENT CHANGES
IN INDUSTRIAL TECHNIQUES
Under the author1t:V granted by the President 1n the Ei:ecut1ve Order which created the Works Progress Adm1n1strat1on,
Adll1n1strator Harry L. Bop~ins authorized the establ1shJllent
or a research progra ror the purpose or coll ect1ng and ana11z1ng data bearing on problems or e■p101111nt, unemployment,
and re11er. Accord1ngl:r, the National Research Prograa was
established in October li36under the supervision or Corrington
Gill, Assistant Admlnlstrator or the WPA, who appolnted the
directors or the lnd1Vidual studies or proJects.
The ProJ ect on Reemplo111ent Opportunl t1 es and Recent Changes
1n Industrial Techniques was orga.n1Zed 1n December 1i35 to
1nqutre, w1 th the cooperation or industr1, labor, and governmental and private a 6 enc1es, into the extent or recent changes
1n lndustr1&1 techniques and to evaluate the ertects or these
changes on the volume or employment and unemplo:vment. David
#'eintra~b and Irving Kaplan, members or the research statr
or the DlVlslon or Researcn, Stat1stlcs, and finance, were appointed, respect1ve11, Director and Associate Director or the
ProJect. The task set tor them was to assemble and organize
the eJ:1st1ng data Whlch bear on the problem and to augment
these data b:V r1eld surveys and analyses.
To th1s end, many governmental agencies which are the collectors and repositories or pertinent 1nrormatlon were 1nv1ted to cooperate. The cooperating agencies or the United
States Government include the Department or Agriculture, the
Bureau or Nines or the Department or the Interior, the Bureau
or Labor Statlst1cs or the Department or Labor, the Rall road
Retirement Board, the Social Securltf Board, the Bureau or
Internal Revenue or the Department or the Treasury, the Department or Commerce, the Federal Trade Commlss1on, and the
Tariff Comm1ss1on.
The rollowlng private agencies Joined wlth the National
Research ProJect 1n conducting special studies: the Indust"r1&1 Research Department or the Univers1t1 or Penns11van1a,
the National Bureau or Economic Research, Inc., the &nploy■ ent Stab111Zation Research Institute or the Un1verslty or
N1nnesota, and the Agr1 cultural Economl cs Depart.men ts ln the
Agr1cultur&1 EJ:perlment Stations or Caltrornla, Ill1nois,
Iowa, and New Tork.
Digitized by
Google
WORKS PROGRESS ADMINISTRATION
WALKKJIJOHNSON IIUILDING
17M NEW YORK AVl:NUI: NW.
WASHINGTON. 0. C.
F. C. HARRINGTON
ADUINl8TIIATOll
Colonel F. C. Harrington
Works Progress Administrator
Sir:
The report transmitted herewith i• baaed on a
detailed analysis of job openings and placements and
the characteristics of applicants for work as recorded
in the Philadelphia State Employment Office.
The
study throws light on the kinda of job opportunities
that were available during the years i932-36J and
the relationship of the specifications for these
opportunities to the characteristics of persona who
were placed.
Among the atudy'a reaultaJ two are of special
interest to the Works Progress Administration. One
concerns the extent to which the unemployed were
actively seeking work by availing themselves of the
services of a public employment office; the other
is the character of the "labor shortages" that were
claimed to have existed during the recovery of i936-37.
Despite the fact that it was known during the
years i9l2-36 that many industries and employers
did not offer employment through the facilities of
the State Employment OfficeJ the office wasJ during
the worst of the depression yearsJ swamped with applications from unemployed persons of every occupation
and grade of skill who were seeking the few available
jobs. The regulations issued upon the launching of
the WPA made registration with the Employment Service
a prerequisite for Works Program employment; and in
March i937 when the total number of unemployed persons
in Philadelphia is estimated to have been 224,000,
there were i48,000 who had been in contact with the
Philadelphia office within the preceding 3 months and
220,000 additional registrants who hod been in contact
before that.
Digitized by
Google
UnfortunatelyJ a job opening and a job seeker
with apparently good qualifications did not always
result in a placement. Although thoae regiatered with
the employment office were typical of the employable
population of PhiladelphiaJ the high atandards of
selectivity used by employers in hiring workers
during periods of extensive unemployment tended to
"freeze" many qualified workers within the "hard
core" of the unemployed.
For exampleJ to the usual
specifications of ageJ sexJ and race there has been a
tendency on the part of the employers in recent years
to add requirement• of highly specialized experience
andJ in certain occupationsJ specification of physical
appearance and even "type of personality."
It is
apparent thatJ at least in PhiladelphiaJ the labor
shortages reported during these year• have been
with few exceptions the result of such specialized
requirements.
Respectfully yoursJ
~~~~
Corrington Gill
Assistant Administrator
Digitized by
Google
C ONT E NT S
Chapter
ix
PREFACE.
I. INTRODUCTION
1
Method of making the study
Reliability of the information
2
5
II. THE LABOR-MARKET BACKGROUND ••
7
III. CHARACTERISTICS OF JOB SEEKERS
Comparisons with other groups.
Race, nativity, and age • . .
Marital status and education
The longest job experience •
13
13
16
18
19
IV. CHARACTERISTICS OF PERSONS PLACED.
23
Race, nativity, and age • • •
Marital status and education
Longest job experience •
Occupation of placement.
23
24
25
28
31
V. SUMMARY • • •
Characteristics of job seekers and of persons
placed. • • •
Selective factors in the labor market. • . • •
32
33
Appendix
A, TABLES
38
B. DEPINITIONS OF TERMS USED.
Applications for work.
Placements .
72
72
74
CHARTS
Figure
1.
2.
3.
Estimates of employment and unemployment
in Philadelphia, 1929-36 • • • • • • •
8
Help-wanted advertising, 1930-36, and number of job
openings in private and public employment, 1932-36,
by sex • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Number of new applications and placements in private
and public employment, 1932-36, by sex • • • • • •
9
11
TEXT TABLES
Table
1.
2.
Occupational group of new applicants, 1932-36
and of applicants in the active-file inventory,
March 12, 1937, by sex • • • • • • • • • • • • •
14
Occupational group of usual occupation of employable
persons 20 years of age or over, by sex, Philadelphia survey of employment and unemployment,
May 1937 • • • • • • •
• ••••.•
15
vii
Digitized by
Google
CONTENTS
viii
TEXT TABLES-Continved
Table
3.
Occupational group of longest job of new applicants,
by sex, 1932-36. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
4.
Industrial group of longest job of persons placed,
by sex, 1933-36 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Occupational group of longest job and occupational
group of placement of persons placed, by sex,
1933-36. • • • • • • • • • • •
• • • •
Age of all new applicants and of all persons placed
in 1933-36, by occupation. • •
• •••••••
5.
6.
A-1.
APPENDIX TABLES
Monthly estimates of employment and unemployment
• in Philadelphia, 1929-36. • • •
• •••••
20
26
27
29
38
Help-wanted advertising, 1930-36, and number of job
openings, new applications, and placements,
1932-36, by sex • • • • • • • •
• •••
Race of all new _applicants and nativity of white
persons, by sex, 1932-36 • • • • • • • • • •
44
Birthplace of new applicants, by sex, 1932-36 ••
45
A-5.
Age of new applicants, by sex, 1932-36 • • • • • • •
46
A-6.
Marital status of new applicants, by sex, 1932-36 ••
47
A-7.
School grade completed by new applicants, by sex,
1932-36 • • • • • • • • •
• •••••••••
Industrial group of longest job of new applicants,
by sex, 1932-36 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Occupation of longest job of new applicants, by sex,
A-2.
A-3.
A-4.
A-8.
A-9.
41
48
49
• • . . .
50
A-10. Length of service on longest job of new applicants,
by sex, 1932-36. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
58
A-11. Length of time elapsed between date of loss of last
regular job and date of registration of new
applicants, by sex, 1933-36. • • • • • • • • • •
59
A-12. Race of all persons placed and nativity of white
persons placed, by sex, 1933-36 • • • • • •
60
A-13. Birthplace of persons placed, by sex, 1933-36. •
A-14. Age of persons placed, by sex, 1933-36. • • • • • •
A-15. Marital status of persons placed, by sex, 1933-36.
61
62
62
A-16. School grade completed by persons placed, by sex,
1933-36. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
63
A-17. Length of service on longest job of persons placed,
by sex, 1933-36. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
63
A-18. Length of time elapsed between date of loss of last
regular job and date of registration for persons
placed, by sex, 1933-36 • • • • • • • •
A-19. Occupation of placement, by sex, 1933-36. • • • • •
64
65
1932-36 . . . .
. • . . . . •
.
Digitized by
Google
PREFACE
Other reports in the series of "Philadelphia Labor Market
Studies" have dealt with trends in employment and unemployment in Philadelphia, the incidence of unemployment and the
characteristics of the unemployed, and the 10-year employment
and unemployment experience of workers in selected occupations
and industrial situations in this metropolitan labor market.
The present report illustrates yet another approach to an
understanding of labor-market problems. It is a study of the
qualifications of applicants for jobs at the Philadelphia State
Employment Office, of the specifications for job openings,
and of the qualifications of the applicants who were placed.
The comparison between the qualifications of the unemployed
applicants and the characteristics of those who were placed
adds insight on the operation of selective factors in the
distribution of employment opportunities in a labor market.
This report was prepared by Gladys L. Palmer, who directs
the group of studies conducted by the National Research Project
in cooperation with the Industrial Research Department of
the University of Pennsylvania. The completed manuscript was
edited and prepared for publication under the supervision of
Edmund J. Stone.
Acknowledgment is gratefully made to the Pennsylvania State
Employment Commission; to Arthur W. Motley and Tensard De Wolf,
former directors of the Pennsylvania State Employment Service;
and to Richard M. Neustadt and Franklin G. Connor, former
directors of the Philadelphia State Employment Office, for
cooperation in the utilization of their records; and also to
William H. Stead, associate director of the Division of Standards and Research of the United States Employment Service for
supplying other data.
DAVID WEINTRAUB
PHIL.A.DELPHI.A.
Hay 1, 1939
ix
Digitized by
Google
Digitized by
Google
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
Interest in the process by which workers search for jobs
has been ov~rshadowed by recent preoccupation with attempts
to provide jobs or security, particularly by the advent of
emergency relief and Works Programs and the initiation of
unemployment compensation under the Social Security Act.
Yet the necessity of looking for a job bas not been eliminated.
The unemployed individual bas to search for a job even with
the best of ameliorative programs and in good times as well
as bad. The social costs of endless "pounding the pavements"
in search of work have long been recognized as unnecessarily
high under any conditions. Th.is report is concerned with the
kinds of people who have sought work in the metropolitan labor
market of Philadelphia through its public employment system
during the depression and early recovery years. It is also
concerned with the employment qualifications and experience
of the group who were successful in securing jobs through
the activities of the bureau and the significance of this
information as an indicator of the characteristics of the
labor market during the years under review.
The statistical records of a public employment bureau are
strongly influenced by the administrative policies and procedures of the operating organization, but the data secured
from these are of fundamental importance in understanding
the problems of a local labor market. The development and
operation of a public employment bureau are major steps in
the more effective organization of a local labor market, and
its activities are of significance in the employment situation,
no matter what direction they may take. In the worst of
the depression years, for example, the Philadelphia State
Employment Office was literally overwhelmed with thousands of
job seekers from widely varied occupational backgrounds and
every grade of skill, applying for the few jobs available.
When employment opportunities improved with increased business activity and the development of public work projects,
another rush of applicants came in anticipation of jobs.
1
Digitized by
Google
2
SEARCH FOR WORI IN PHILADELPHIA
This was followed by a later increase of registrations when
the United States Employment Service was given the responsibility for initial assignments to jobs on the Works Program
and when all employable persons in families on relief rolls
were required to register at a local office designated by the
Employment Service. More recently, claimants !or unemployment
benefits and other persons working in industries covered by
the Pennsylvania Unemployment Compensation law have also
registered in large numbers.
All these activities reflect the normal expansion o! the
proper functions o! a growing public employment system. From
a strictly statistical point o! view, the effect o! these
activities is not easily measured, and the statistical data
which describe the people who use an employment office and its
work are therefore difficult to interpret. Nevertheless,
the importance of such information warrants the attempt at
descriptive analysis and summary despite the statistical
limitations involved. Although the operating statistics o! an
employment bureau have limitations in usefulness as measures
of the volume and incidence of unemployment, they do giye a
picture of the employment characteristics of at least a part
ot those persons who are actively seeking work in any period
of time and of the relatively mobile group in a labor market
absorbed into private industry as a result of the activities
of the bureau.
METHOD OP IUIIKO THE STUDY
The data analyzed in this report were collected in annual
surveys initiated by the Pennsylvania State Employment Commission in cooperation with the Industrial Research Department
of the University of Pennsylvania in 1932, and continued
by the latter agency in cooperation with the Pennsylvania
State Employment Service in 1933 and 1934. The surveys of
records covering the years 1935 and 1936 were made by the
National Research Project of the Works Progress Administration
in cooperation with the Industrial Research Department o!
the University of Pennsylvania and the Pennsylvania State
Employment Service.
The data describing applicants for work at the Philadelphia
State Employment Office were transcribed from 159,~68 employDigitized by
Google
INTRODUCTION
3
ment registrations filed by new applicants in the months of
January, April, July, and October of each of the years from
1932 through 1936. 1 Data concerning 26,067 persons placed 2
by the bureau in private employment in all years and in Public
Works Administration and other Government jobs not specifying
personnel from relief rolls in 1933 and 1934 were also Obtained
from entries on the application records. 3 These data constitute a 12 months' sample for the 4 years 1933-36. The major
job specifications of job openings listed with the bureau in
the 4 quarter-months of each of the years from 1933 through
1936 were also transcribed from records of 58,321 job orders
received in the quarter-months of these years. The samples
thus obtained constitute 28 percent of all new applications
filed during the years under review, 33 percent of all job
openings, and 63 percent of all placements.
The mechanics of inventorying or sampling public-employmentoffice files in a large city present a number of problems.
The records are in constant movement in the files, and the
files cannot be "frozen" for long periods of time. Even
though the attempt was made to route cards in movement in
the files to the clerks copying these records, some records
were inevitably missed as the files were searched, but their
proportion of the total was small. No attempt was made to
identify individuals in this study, but duplicate or secondary
employment registrations for the same person were omitted
insofar as this was evident from the files at the time the
records were transcribed. 4
1These data rerer only to applicants ror worlt who were 21 years or age or over.
Persons seeking Jobs who were under thla age llmlt were registered ror Jobs tn
Private industry at the Junior EmplOYllll!nt Service or the School District or
Philadelphia, and they are not lnclUded In thla study.
2 In1t1al placements Mde wlthln the calendar year only were considered 1n this
analysts. Persons who were placed more than once durtng the year, thererore,
are considered only 1n relation to the rtrst Job 1n which they were assigned.
Rererrals which did not result in vertrted placements were excluded rrom consideration 1n this study. Prior to 1936, only persons who were both registered
and placed within the year were considered; in 1936 and 1936 all initlal placements
were stlldied irrespective or the date or registration or the applicant.
3 Plscementa or persons on CivU Worlls Adm1n1strat1on Jobs and or persons cert1t1ed
rro■ relier rolls on work-relter, works Progress Adm1n1strat1on, and other
e ■ergency works Program Jobs have been excluded rrom cons1derat1on 1n th1s sti.dy
in all :,ears. In 1933 and 1934, ror example, the State EmploYJQent orrtce placed
26,216 persons on CWA Jobs; and In 1934 and 1936, 46,130 certtr1ed persons were
placed on work-reuer Jobs. In 1936 and 1936, 78,264 certtr1ed persons were
placed on WPA and other emergency works Program Jobs. These were 1n addition to
the placements considered In this report. Data were compUed rrom Monthl.Y Activity
Reports or the Philadelphia State Employaent orrtce.
4ourlng the years under review, all rnes or the Ph1ladelph1a State Employment
orr1ce were centralized at one location 1n the city.
Digitized by
Google
4
SEARCH
FOR YORI IN PHILADELPHIA
Satisfactory sampling of records filed occupationally requires a preliminary inventory. When these studies were
initiated in 1932, the file inventory system later required
by the United States Employment Service was not in force
and the occupational distribution of the Philadelphia files
was not known. As a result, the method of sampling records
according to the date of registration was lldopted. A sample
for the quarter-months of the year normally reflects seasonal
variations in business activity associated with these months.
In the years under review, however, seasonal factors were of
much less importance than general depression and recovery
influences and the effects of the CWA, PWA, work-relief,
and WPA and emergency Works Program on the number and kind of
applications for work and requests for workers received.
The service facilities of a public employment bureau usually
affect the number and kind of applicants registering and,
to a lesser extent, the number and type of job openings listed
at the bureau. The caliber of the professional personnel
in the Philadelphia State Employment Office during the years
under review was high. Most of the placement interviewers had
been selected in 1931 and 1932 when the bureau was operated as
a demonstration center under the Pennsylvania State Employment
Commission, with the aid of both public and private funds. In
later years, the number of persons on the staff fluctuated as
budget facilities varied, and the staff was expanded in 1934 to
assume responsibility for all work-relief placements in the
city. During the years from 1933 through 1936, the office
was responsible for all placements on work-relief, CWA, PWA,
emergency Works, and WPA programs, both for relief and for
nonrelief personnel. It also made most of the placements of
clerks and investigators for the Philadelphia County Relief
Board and, in addition, filled many jobs in private industry.
The degree of activity in private-industry placements, however,
was affected by the amount of work necessitated in connection
with the Government's emergency programs.
The extent to which centralized employment work is accepted in a community or in certain occupations in a community
also affects the activities of a public employment office
and influences the occup~tional distribution of applicants.
During the years under review, evidence of the acceptance
Digitized by
Google
INTRODUCTION
5
of the employment bureau's services by persons in domesticand personal-service occupations and clerical pursuits is
seen in the relatively high proportions of registrations in
those fields.
Under conditions of voluntary registration, workers from
certain other industries, such as railroad transportation,
for example, do not ordinarily use a public employment bureau,
at least not when registering for railroad employment. This
general situation changes, however, as soon as there is effective compulsory registration of any group of workers,
such as those certified from relief rolls or persons eligible
for unemployment-compensation benefits. Under conditions
of voluntary registration, applicants for work at a public
employment bureau constitute the most active labor surplus
in a given labor market. In 193~, 1933, and 1934, new applicants at the Philadelphia State Employment Office were
representative of this group. In 1935 and 1936, however,
the compulsory registration of persons certified from relief
rolls for WPA and other emergency Works Program employment
added large numbers of registrations to the files and also
affected the nature of the occupational characteristics of
persons registered for jobs in those years.
IILIABILITT OP TII IIPOIMATIOI
Some of the information secured from public-employment-office
records 6 is more reliable than similar data secured from
other sources; other information is less reliable. Data
on occupation and industry are usually reliably reported,
frequently more so than in the census type of enumeration
in which household members give the required information.
Although it is possible for an applicant to fabricate a work
record in the hope of securing a job, the number of such
fabrications is small because they are subject to check in
the course of the activities of the employment bureau. The
occupation of "primary registration~, so-called, represents
the interviewer's judgment of the applicant for placement
purposes. The occupation and industry recorded for specific
jobs on the work-experience record, however, are capable of
6 ror detinit1ons or tenns used b:, the Philadelphia State Employment orrice and
item transcribed on the roI"Jll3 used ror this stud:,, see appendix B.
Digitized by
Google
6
SEARCH FOR WORI IN PHILADELPHIA
more exact definition. For example, a man whose work record
shows that he has worked all his li!e as a locomotive fireman
may be classified !or placement purposes (primary registration)
as a mechanic's helper. This is the result of the greatly
reduced employment opportunities for locomotive firemen as
firemen and the fact that any such openings are filled by the
railro~ds from seniority lists. This type of situation is
exceptional, however, and for most registrants the occupation
of primary registration corresponds closely witp that of the
longest job held or that which a worker would consider his
usual or customary occupation.
Age, depending on the applicant's actual age, is apt to
be overstated or understated by applicants in an employment
o!fice, but interviewers are aware of this fact and adjust
the record i! the applicant appears older or younger than the
stated age in relation to his physical appearance or the work
record secured. Data on race, nativity, schooling, and marital
status are usually recorded accurately.
The specifications of job openings listed with the bureau
are, in the nature of the case, less strictly statistical in
character. The age ranges listed or wage rates quoted, for
example, are frequently changed when there is difficulty in
filling the order. Not all such changes are recorded on the
initial order record. Frequently wage rates are changed by
bargaining on the job when the worker is hired. The wage
rates quoted on job openings therefore reflect the rates cited
by employers when giving the order and are not subject to
subsequent check.
Digitized by
Google
CHAPTER I I
THE L&BOR-IURIET BACKGROUND
As a background for understanding the occupational characteristics of applicants for jobs and of persons placed through
the activities of the Philadelphia State Employment Office
during the depression and early recovery years, certain data
concerning the Philadelphia labor market are summarized at this
point. The index of manufacturing employment, which directly
or indirectly affects all employment in the city, reached low
points in the summer of 1932 and the spring of 1933. In
the later months of 1933 there was a rapid rise in factory
employment, followed by a slower rise in subsequent years.
The highest point reached in 1936, however, was below the high
points attained in the years from 1923 to 1929. 1
Monthly estimates of city-wide unemployment compiled for the
years from 1929 through 1936 follow the same general pattern
as the index of factory employment. Figure 1 and table A-1
present this information in detail. 1 Although a peak of
unemployment was reached in 1932 and 1933, even during 1936
fully one-fourth of the city's labor supply was looking for
work. Despite the diversity of the industries located in
the industrial area of Philadelphia, a persistently large
unemployed labor reserve characterized the city's labor market
throughout the years under review.
The demand for labor in Philadelphia during the years studied
fluctuated with business fluctuations of both a seasonal and
1
see O1.ad:,s L. Pal.Iller, lece11t f,-.,n., i11 i.io,-11t afd ~io,-11t '" Pl&Uad1dpl&ia
(WPA Natiooal Research ProJect in cooperation wlth Inclustrial Research Department,
Unlverslt7 ot Penns7lvania, Report No. P-1, Dec. 1937), chart 1 and appendix
table 1.
2These estl•tes, coverlnf the count7 or Philadelphia, were c0111plled b7 Helen L.
Kloprer under the writers dlrectlon. The labor suppl7, as determined by the
Census ot Population or 1930 was brought down to 1936 b7 allowing tor a natural
increase ln the population, adJusted tor a changing age dlstrlbutlon, and by
&llow1Dg tor an annual addition or new entranta to the labor •rat as or the rate
or entrance 1D 1&30. Various business !lid.exes available tor the clt7 or 1D<1ustr1a1
area or Philadelphia were used in compiling the rate or une•Plo1111ent tor the
estl•ted labor suppl7 or the cit7 on a •onthl7 basis tro• 1929 through 1936.
The rate or une ■plo,-ent derived troa these estl•tes correspon<ls closei, wlth the
resulta obtalne<I 1D the annual sa•ple surve7s ot about 46,000 households in
Philadelphia ln all years consl<lered except 1932 and 1933. (For <lata on these
surve:,s see lece11t !rend.,, ibut.) In these 2 7ears large numbers or pers0ns not
normllJ ln the labor •rket were rorced b7 economic pressure to seek Jobs and
reported the•elves as Job seelrl!rs in the sample surve711. No allowance has been
•de tor such a group ln the estl ■ates presented ln this report. The only
allowance tor 1ncreues 1D the labor supplJ ls as llld.icated above.
7
Digitized by
Google
SEARCH FOR WORI IN PHILADELPHIA
8
or DO'LOYMIIT AID UIDO'LOYMIIT
II PBIUDBLPBU, 1111-11
, , , . , . 1,- BSTIMATIS
·- ~--~---~
o, l"CMONS
. . . . OJ . . . . . . .,
a cyclical nature and also with opportunities for work on
public work projects. Two indexes of employment opportunity
in the city are presented in figure 2 and table A-2. The lines
of newspaper help-wanted advertising which reflect certain
types of private-industry jobs in Philadelphia declined from
1930 through 193~, except for seasonal spurts, and rose slowly
through 1935 and the first 9 months of 1936. 3 Job opportunities for women listed through the medium of help-wanted
advertising in Philadelphia newspapers declined less rapidly
than those for men. Most of the jobs a~vertised during these
years for men were for unskilled labor and salesmen, and for
women were for domestic and personal servants and saleswomen.
Seasonal fluctuations were pronounced in the types of employment offered through help-wanted advertising both for men
and women. Advertising space for men's jobs was greater than
that for women's jobs in all years.
Job openings listed with the Philadelphia State Employment
Office in the years from 1932 through 1936 present a different
picture (figure 2 and table A-2). The job openings considered
in this report are those in private employment and in regular
3oata on help-wanted advertising were prepared under the direction or Dr. Anne
Bezanson or the Industrial Research Department or the univerait7 or Penns7lvania,
Data ror 1932-34 have been revised ror the present report. For a slmilar aeries
(monthl7 indexes) covering the period rrom April 1923 through August 1929, see
Anne Bezanson, Bei~-rant•d Advert(s(nt as an Iftd(cator of the Decftd for Labor
(Phila., Pa,: un1versit7 or Pennsylvania Presa, 1929).
Digitized by
Google
LABOR-MARKET BACKGROUND
9
Government and other public employment for which certified
relief personnel were not specified. 4 The curve of opportunities for women follows more closely than that for men
the seasonal variations reflected in the index of help-wanted
advertising. Job opportunities for men were considerably
influenced by the development of the PWA program in 1933 and
193ij. In periods of severe business recession such as 1932,
the spring of 1933, and again in the latter part of 1936,
job openings for women outnumbered openings for men. In
other years the reverse was true. Relative to the number of
applicants registered for work at the bureau, however, the
job opportunities for women were greater than those for men
throughout the years studied.
It should be noted that not all jobs listed with the bureau
were filled. The proportion of job openings for men in private
industry which were successfully filled was considerably higher
than that for women. Only half or less than half of the
openings for women were filled during most months of the years
reviewed, while approximately four-fifths of the openings for
Pl1 ■ r•
or
--
-..aEJI OP
--
..m
1,- IILP-WAITID ADVIITIBIIO, 1110-11, AID IUMBII
JOB OPIIIIOB I I PIIVATI AID PUBLIC IMPLOTMIIT,
1111-11, BY Bil
ONNNGS•
J
.. ..
A
• ' .,
.., '
_,_ ' I
- - ·- j
--•- "',Ai.
y
'I\
.I
/\,
if \
.y
I
f
:
l""l
V
.,
,•-·
l
I
V
V
IV
100
,.,..
,
' .."Jr
I
INI
..,
_,
I ,..
.
-
4Eaergenc7 work, such as that provided by the CWA program, and all Job openings
tor persona cert1t1ed rr011 relief rolls have been excluded from these data. PWA
aoo other Government e■plo:,Jll!nt that does not specify relier peraoMel 1s 1nclUded.
Digitized by
Google
10
SEARCH FOR WORK IN PHILADELPHIA
men were filled. The majority of the jobs which remained
unfilled were commission-selling jobs for which no wage was
guaranteed and domestic- and personal-service jobs. Of the
latter type, some were not filled because of their relatively
low wages or unsatisfactory working conditions; others, because
of a shortage of highly skilled and experienced domestic
servants. It should also be noted that many of the job opportunities listed with the bureau were of a temporary character.
The majority of these were open to men rather than to women.
Approximately two-fifths of all of the job openings for men
were temporary or casual in character in the years 1932-36. 6
Throughout all the years studied, the majority of the privateindustry job openings for men were in the manufacturing and
mechanical industries and for women in domestic and personal
service. No further statistical ~ata o~ job openings are
presented in this report, since the information on placements
made by the Philadelphia State Employment Office gives a
better picture of the kind of person who was successfully
placed in the openings listed than of the jobs themselves,
and the statistical data on specifications for job openings
are not reliable.
The major activities of the Philadelphia State Employment
Office are reflected in the data on new registrations received
and placements made. These are charted for the years under
review in figure 3 !table A-21. The number of new applications
filed at the bureau increased rapidly late in 1933 and was
maintained at high levels throughout 1934 and 1935. Although
variations in the number of new applications reflect employment
fluctuations in the city, additional influences reflected in
these figures are the anticipation of job openings through the
CWA and PWA programs in 1933 and 1934 and the enforcement, in
1935 and 1936, of the regulation that all employable persons
in families on relief rolls must register for work at a public
employment office. 6
6Job openings scheduled to last ror less than 1 week were class1r1ed by the State
Employment orr1ce as •casual•, and those scheduled to last Crom 1 week to 1 month
were class1C1ed ss •temporary.•
6
our1ng the per100 under consideration the monthly average or cases on Ph1ladelph1a
county relter rolls rose rrom approximately 74,000 1n 1934 to 100,000 and over
In 1936 and 1936. The total number or employable persons who were cert1t1ed u
el1g1ble tor work-relier or emergency workll Program employment and were required
to register at the Philadelphia State Emp1'oyment orr1ce 1s not known. The average
n\llllber or employable persons per relier case ls known to have ranged rrom 1,6 1n
1933 to 1.2 In 1937.
The data were supplied by the D1v1s1on or Research and Stat1st1cs or the Phil&•
delpbla County Board or PUbl1c Assistance.
Digitized by
Google
LABOR-MARKET BACKGROUND
Pi1 ■ r•
1.- IUUBII OP IBW APPLICATIOIB AID PLACIMIITB I I PIIVATI
AID PUBLIC IIIPLOYMIIT, 1111-11, BY Bil
(lal lo acah)
-
--
.
A#l.tc:ANTI-MI
-
"
-
•.u.L.tcANTa-
/
I
'\ \
,__
~
'\
I'\.
--
y
/\\
I'\
\.
\. j
\
/
\ /
..'~ . ,, ./\ ,,,' . /1
'
\
i\
...,
I\.,.
•!
f\/
\i
.
'
' ,
:
.
'
''
~"'\
~
~
.
Ii\
.
'\_
'\:
\
• "
~
\
,... '
\,
'\
I
,,
/',
'\
\.
-
''
\
F
---✓ , .. i
-..
""-'CDIIINTI-MI
-
~
•
! 1
\.
'
I '-
\ 'N fl
...
11
........
'.1"'
....
'
•'
,., ....
~
..... f' sr
V '
IA'\
·-
I
J \ A\/
9DCl.&Glf\.llCDDITlll .... ~aD.UflUIIICNCL.
. . . . . 'la&E ....
I
'{.,
'
~--"" 'V
_.....-i
r-\ i
.
·-
I\
•./
- ..
\
\ \ ,.
•
f
,_/
\ V
\,'\
...
''
''
\ -.,l
....
\.
I
V
.
•
I .,., .",.'
ltH
Although some persons out of a job and looking for work file
their applications at a public employment bureau immediately
upon loss of a jo~, or even before, others allow weeks or
months to elapse before registration. The extent to which
centralized employment offices are established in given occupations or industries and the general effectiveness of a public
employment bureau affect this time relationship as well as the
other more important effects of major lay-offs in the city.
It should be noted that the number of new applicants registering for work is not an indication of the total number of
persons actively seeking jobs through an employment office
on a particular date. The combined number of new and old
registrations of applicants who are presumably available for
work, as indicated in a complete file inventory, is the only
source for such a figure. In the later years under consideration, the active files 7 of the Philadelphia State Employment
Office fluctuated in size from 80,~~5 on December 31, 193~
7Although the regulation has not been rigorously enforced, the Philadelphia State
Ellll)lo:,n,nt orr1ce considers a registrant's application to be •active• tor a perlex1
or 3 months arter Initial registration or re-registration. Applications were
removed rrom the •inactive• tiles only when reestablished as •active.• Persons
certltled rrom relier rolls awaiting assignment or already assigned to work
proJecta are exempt rrom this regulation, and their applications have been
penanentlJ' carried In the •active• r11es until placed In private Industry.
Digitized by
Google
12
SEARCH FOR WORI IN PHILADELPHIA
to 281,570 in July 1936 and 145,164 in December 1936. 8 Early
in 1937 a special count of the files indicated that there
were 214,868 inactive registrations at this particular time and
147,664 active registrations.
-More indicative of the effectiveness of the work of a public
employment bureau than its registrations are the number and
type of placements made. During the years under review the
placement activity of the bureau increased with the expansion
of its service facilities and with increased opportunities
for placement, although this was obviously limited by the
relative scarcity of jobs during the period as a whole. It is
noteworthy that the placements of men exceeded those of women,
except in periods of severe business recession such as occurred
between the summers of 1932 and 1933. Variations in placements
showed much the same seasonal influences as were reflected in
job openings. The high level of placements of men in the
latter part of 1933 is attributable to the development of the
PWA program in Philadelphia. In 1934 and 1935 a high level
is attributable to the opportunity of the bureau to staff
administrative and supervisory positions on work-relief and
emergency Works Program projects with nonrelief personnel.
The following chapters of this report are concerned with an
examination of the major employment qualifications of persons
in the samples that were specially studied. Of these, sex,
age, race, and occupational experience were undoubtedly of
the broadest significance, with such factors as educational
qualifications, marital status, and length of service of
importance only for specific types of employment. In many
respects the differences between the qualifications of representative applicants for jobs and of those who secured
employment through the activities of the bureau reflect the
degree of selectivity exercised by employers when offering
jobs in this labor market from 1932 through 1936.
Boata were supplied by the Philadelphia State E111I>lo7111ent O!tice and the D1v1a1on
or StaD:larda, Research, aD:1 Statistics or the un1te<1 States E1111>lo:,ment Service,
Digitized by
Google
CHAPTER III
CHARACTERISTICS OF JOB SEEKERS
COMPAIISOIS WITH OTBEI OIOUPS
The ratio of women to men among workers applying for jobs
in the years from 1932 through 1936 is similar to that of
persons whose applications were active in the files as of
March 12, 1937. 1 In each instance, slightly over one-fourth
(28 and 29 percent respectively) of the total groups were
women, and almost three-fourths were men (table 11. A comparison of the occupation of the longest job on the work record
of new applicants and of the occupation of primary registration
of persons whose applications were active in March 1937 yields
noteworthy results. 2 In both cases, men from the skilled and
semiskilled occupations in the manufacturing and mechanical
industries and unskilled laborers predominate. 3 In both cases
also, women from domestic and personal service are the most
important single group, with skilled and semiskilled factory
workers and clerical workers next in importance. However,
there are interesting differences in the two distributions
which reflect differences in occupational mobility in the labor
market (table 11. In the active files in March 1937 there
were relatively fewer registrations for skilled and semiskilled
workers from factories and the mechanical trades and relatively more for unskilled laborers than during the preceding
s years. There were relatively more registrations for women
from domestic- and personal-service pursuits and factory
employment but relatively fewer for clerical workers. In March
1937, registrants also included relatively fewer executive
and professional workers, both men and women, than had applied
for jobs in the preceding s years.
1Data on tile active rile were secured aa the result or a special 1nventor7 111de in
cooperation with the Philadelphia State E111Plo;J111ent orrice.
2Tbe technical limitation or COIIIP8ring the occupation or the longest Job and that
or primry registration asslgned by interviewers ts ottset by the tact that ror
4 or the 6 years under constderatton. thts class1r1catton was ldentlcal tor rrom
ee to 83 percent or the applicants. Occupat1on or longest Job was not recorded ln
thlS stue1y ror appUcants or 1933.
3 accupat1ons were class1!1ed accordlng to Bulletin 13, Occupation Code, works
Progress Admlnlstratlon, National Research Project tn cooperatton wtth the Industrial Research Depart111ent or the un1verslt7 or Pennsylvania (mtroeo., Apr11 11l36).
13
Digitized by
Google
SEARCH FOR WORI IN PHILADELPHIA
14
Table 1.- OCCUPATIOIAL OIOUP OP IIW APPLICAITB, 1111-lla AID
OP APPLICAITB II TBI ACTIVI-PILI IIVIITOIY,
UAICB 11, 1117, BT Bil
New
applieantsb
Occupational Qroup
Total
Percent.
Aeti ve-fi le invent.or)'c
Percent
Number
Men
Women
Men
WOND
Hen
Woae-n
100.0
100.0
lDe.482
41.182
100.0
100.0
4O.e
21.11
34,436
10,297
32.3
25.0
u.2
-
12,!174
0
11.9
-
Skilled and se ■ iakilled occupations
in aanufact.urin• and •chanlcal
lndu1trie11
BuildinQ and construction
Metal products, aachlner1, and
electrical-Qood• ■anuracturinQ
PrintinQ establish•nts
Te,rtile and clothinQ MnuracturinQ
Other
Unskilled labor
Clerical work
Transportatloc and trade pursuits
Domestic and personal aervlce
Executlve, prof'eaalonal, and aeaiprofe ■ aional occupationa:
Public-service occupation ■
All other (includinQ new workers)
0.0
0.9
3.7
13-8
1.7
0.7
11.1
8.0
5,771
803
4.128
11,oeo
575
148
e.017
3.557
5.4
0.7
3.9
10.4
1.4
0.4
14.e
0.e
18.8
8.7
14,2
7,9
0.3
20,7
e.e
311.1
32.!133
8,4711
14,885
11,320
23
5,760
1,542
18,179
30.6
0.0
u.o
8.7
0.1
u.o
3.7
44.2
5,8
11,282
86
l.3611
1.997
0
3.364
5.0
0.1
1.3
7.2
o.e
a.o
•
e.o
4.8
-
8.2
&oata
conr the 4 Quartu·-aontha or each ot tN 7ear1 rrca 1D32 through 193ft. Applicant.a tor CW.A and ror WPA
and other e•r1ency Worlm Procra■ JOba art tncluctea 1D thf ciata. tor new appl1cants 1n 1934, lQ:5.6. am l~ft.
bOccupatlon or lon1eat JOb wu recorded In all nara 11cept tor reg1atranta ln 1~ when occupatlon or prtar,-
reststratlon was uaed.
cOccupatton or P1"1Mr7 n11atrat1on.
"Loss tban O.Clll percent.
In other words, although the predominant occupational groups
were the same among new registrants in the years from 1932
through 1936 and among persons whose applications were active
as of March 1937, the relative importance of certain of the
groups differed. Executive and professional workers (both
men and women), women clerical workers, and men in the manufacturing and mechanical occupations had apparently been
absorbed into jobs in greater relative proportions by the
spring of 1937 than other groups. The data on placements
made by the bureau during the years studied substantiate
this conclusion, although obviously not all the applicants
from these occupational groups who secured jobs did so through
the medium of the State Employment Office.
When the general occupational experience of applicants
at the Philadelphia State Employment Office is compared with
that of employable persons in the city of a comparable age
distribution for a sample secured in May 1937, other differences are noted (table 2). The same proportion ~f men
Digitized by
Google
CHARACTERISTICS OF JOB SBBIBRS
U5
Ta~l• I.• OCCUPATIOIAL OIOUP OP USUAL OCCUPATIOI OP
IMPLOYABLI PIISOIB II YIAIS OP 101 01 OVII,
BY Bil, PIILADILPIIA SUIVIY OP IMPLOYMKIT
AID UIBMPLOYMKIT, KAY 1117
Employable persona
Hen
Occupational group
Num-
Women
ber
Percent
Number
Percent
51,879
100.0
20,061
100.0
Skilled and semiskilled occupations in manufacturing
and mechanical industries ~2_1_;_,5_9_7-+_4_1_._6--+_6~•~3_2_7--+_3_1_._5_
Building and construction
Metal products, machinery
and electrical-goods
manufacturing
Printing establishments
Textile and clothing manufacturing
Other
Unskilled labor
Clerical work
Transportation and trade
pursuits
Domestic and personal service
Executive, professional, and
semiprofessional
occupations
Public-service occupations
All other occupations
(including new workers)
4,903
0
5,071
803
9,8
1.5
266
101
1.3
0.5
3,790
7,030
7,3
13.5
3,955
2,005
19,7
10.0
6,111
3,966
11.8
7.6
16
4,179
0.1
20.e
10,197
4,019
19.7
7.7
1,855
5,659
9,2
20.2
4,036
1,235
7.8
1,376
2.4
11
6.9
0.1
718
1.4
638
3.2
8 Excludes 7,462 persons 1e-19 :rears or age and 110 persons who d1d not report age
or occupatlon.
who registered between 1932 and 1936 had their longest job
experience in skilled and semiskilled occupations in the
manufacturing and mechanical industries as among employable
men in the city as a whole in May 1937. There were relatively
more applicants from building and construction occupations,
however, than were customarily so employed in the city. There
were also more unskilled laborers, relatively, and fewer
workers from transportation and trade pursuits. There were
comparatively fewer workers, both men and women, applying for
Digitized by
Google
16
SEARCH FOR WORI IN PHILADELPHIA
jobs at the State Employment Office from textile and clothing
occupations than were customarily employed in the city. Fewer
women from all types of factory occupations bad registered
at the State Employment Office than were normally so employed.
About the same proportions of women clerical workers are
found in both groups. Fewer workers from transportation
and trade pursuits used the bureau, but many more domestic- and
personal-service workers, proportionately, had registered
there for jobs. As stated earlier, these differences reflect
primarily the degree to which a public employment system
serves certain types of occupations and the degree to which
employment opportunities are offered and accepted entirely
outside the system.•
The detailed data on the employment qualifications of new
applicants registering in the years under review are presented
in the appendix tables by the year of initial registration.
The emphasis of this analysis is on shifts in the composition
of the group of job seekers during the years 1932-36 as a
reflection of changes in the unemployed population in the
city, especially of the unemployed who sought work through
the State Employment Office. 8
IACI, IATIVITY, AID AOI
The great majority of the applicants in all years studied
were native-born white workers (table A-31. The relative
proportion of white to Negro workers, however, declined during
4 No data are presented 1n this report compar1ng the employment qual1t1cat1ons or
appltcants not on reuer w1th those or persons certltted as employable meabera
or ra11111tes on publtc rel1er rolls. The tlme lag Involved between certtrlcatlon or
rellef status by the County Reller Board anll regtatratlon at the Employment orrtce,
1ntr0duce<l one uncertaln element. An addltlonal tlme element was 1nvolved becauae
the records copled dld not have reller-atatus lnrormatton kept up to date as or
the tlme these studles were aade. It la therefore lmposslble to make co111parlaona
between appltcants !or worlt-relleC proJects as dlstlnct Crom other appllcanta u
or a glven polnt or ttme. In general, lt may be sald tlBt the appllcanta who bac1
at some ttme prior to each annual survey been on reller were older than the other
applicants. There was a hlgher proportion or Negroes 1n thls group than among
other applicants. They also registered In relatively larger numbers rrom occupations ln manuracturlng Industries and as unsltllled laborers, 1! they were men, and
Crom domestic- and personal-service Jobs, 1C they were women. All reglstratlona
or persons certl!led Crom relier rolls were ltept In the active !lles or the
Philadelphia State Employment orr1ce unless they secured Jobs In private 1ndustrJ.
Their employment quall!lcatlona are therefore not separately treated ln the
dlscusslon which follows.
6some or these data have been previously described by the wrlter 1n the ro11ow1ng
publlcatlons: thirty thousand
Search of ~art (Commonwealth or Pennsylvania,
Department or Labor and Industry, State Emplo;rment Commlsslon, 1933); tlle APPlicants at three Pennsylvania State ,-plo:yaent Offices in 1933 (Industrlal Research
Department, university or Pennsylvanta, Special Report A-3, mlmeo., Oct. 31, 1834);
the Une11ployecl in Philadelphia in 1933 (Industr1al Research Department, un1vera1t1
or Pennsylvanla, Special Report A-4, mtmeo., Jan. 30, 1W6).
,n
Digitized by
Google
CHARACTERISTICS OF JOB SEEKERS
17
the years considered. This is a reflection of the high proportion of Negro workers in the group certified from relief
rolls who were required to register at the bureau in 1934 and
later years. In 1936, for example, 42 percent of all women
applicants were Negro. The comparatively higher proportion
of Negroes among women than among men in all years is affected
by the high proportion of women who were registered from
domestic- and personal-service pursuits, in which large numbers
of Negroes are normally employed, and by the fact that relatively more Negro than white women have usually been gainfully
occupied and hence were certified as employable by the local
relief offices in greater relative numbers.
The proportion of foreign-born applicants declined from
1933 to 1936, although this decline was both greater and
more consistent for men than for women. Data concerning the
birthplace reported by applicants for jobs !table A-4) indicate
that the proportion of men born in Philadelphia rose during
the years under consideration while that of women fluctuated
but was slightly higher in the later years. The proportions
of both men and women who were born in a State other than
Pennsylvania showed similar trends. This also is a reflection
of the increased number of Negroes registered in the later
years of the period under consideration.
Age was recorded to the last birthday prior to the date of
initial registration at the office during the years under
review. The proportion of men job seekers who were in the
age group 20 to 24 years rose, while that of women rose and
fell in this period (table A-sl. ln all years, the proportion
of women in this group was higher than that of men. The
proportion of applicants who were 60 years of age or over, both
men and women, also increased. The median age for men varied
from 36.1 years in 1932 to 37.2 in 1934 and 33.2 in 1936.
The decline in the average age of men applicants in 1936
as compared with earlier years is difficult to account for
except in terms of the absorption of more experienced workers
of middle age in private industry in the recovery years.
The median age tor women was lower than that for men in all
years except 1936 when it was approximately the same. This
varied from 31.6 years in 1932 to29.6 in 1935 and 33.0 in 1936.
Digitized by
Google
18
SEARCH FOR WORK IN PHILADELPHIA
The unprecedented rise in this figure for 1936 reflects the
registration of women certified from relief rolls. 8
In May 1936 the average man in the city in the employable
group over 20 years of age was 39.0 years old and the average
woman 31.7 years old. 7 In other words, the average male
applicant at the Employment Office in 1936 was younger, and
the average woman older, than comparable persons in the general
labor supply of the city.
Marital status and education are important qualifications
for employment only in certain occupations. The data presented
here therefore have to be interpreted in the light of their
importance for only a limited group of applicants, particularly
those who are customarily employed in clerical, professional,
and semiprofessional pursuits. Marital status is of less
importance as a consideration in the placement of men than
of women and appears less frequently than education as a
job specification.
The proportion of single men was higher among applicants
in 1936 than in the earlier years, although the reverse was
true for women !table A-61. In 1936, for the first time,
the proportion of single men exceeded the proportion of single
women. The differences in marital status among men applicants in 1936 may reflect the differences in age composition
already noted.
The educational qualifications of applicants are presented
in table A-7. It is significant to note that the proportion
of applicants reporting no formal education increased during
the years under review, reflecting the larger number of Negro
registrants and of applicants from unskilled occupations.
The proportion of applicants with a college training declined.
The average amount of schooling reported by women applicants
declined from 10.9 years in 1932 to 8 years in 1936, while
that of men fluctuated from 8.6 years in 1932 to 7.7 in 1934
and 8.2 in 1936. In all years except 1936, women reported
more schooling, on the average, than men.
8 rn November 1937 the medlan age or reglatrants ln the actlve r11es or the
Phlladelph1a Stste EmploYJnent orr1ce was 36.9 :,ears !or men and 211.7 ror w0111en.
Data were rurn1shed b;v the n1v1s1on or Standards and Research or the Unlted States
Emplo;vment Serv1ce.
7nata rran Phllsdelph18 surve:r or Emplo;rment and unemplo;rment, ltl7 111158,
Digitized by
Google
CBARACTBRISTICS OP JOB SBBIBRS
TD
LO•G■IT
JOB
19
■:1P■a1 ■•0■
The longest job recorded on the work history on file in
the Bmplo)'llent Office was considered to be the most significant
single statistical measure of the experience o! registrants.
Approximately half the men registering each year had been
employed in the manufacturing industries and in building and
construction (table A-81. The proportion o! men from the
manufacturing industries was considerably less in 1936, however, than in 1932. The proportion of men from wholesale
and retail trade, on the other hand, was considerably greater
in 1936 than in 1932.
The proportion of women from the manufacturing industries was
higher in 1936 than in 1932. These industries and domesticand personal-service work for private families and various
service industries, such as hotels and restaurants, constituted
the industries in which women most frequently had had their
longest experience.
Data on the occupational classification o! the longest jobs
held are presented by occupational group in table 3 and in
greater detail in table A-9. The great majority o! men had
worked in skilled and semiskilled manufacturing or mechanical
occupations, although the relative size of this group declined
from 49 percent in 1932 to 36 percent in 1936. Unskilled
laborers constituted from 16 to 25 percent of the total in
different years, while other occupational groups were numerically of less importance. Hal! the women registrants in
1932 were domestic- and personal-service workers, and this
group was the largest single group in all years, although it
had declined in size to 42 percent o! the total in 1936. The
proportion of women who were clerical workers also declined
from 26 percent o! the total in 1932 to 14 percent in 1936.
The proportion o! women who were semiskilled workers in factories, on the other hand, rose from 11 percent of the total
in 1932 to 26 percent in 1936.
It should be noted that in all years under consideration,
although the workers registered came from a wide range of
occupations, a large proportion of them were concentrated in a
few large ones. Among these were laborers, domestic servants
(for regular and casual work in private households), generaloffice clerks. deliverymen and truck drivers, and painters. In
Digitized by
Google
Ta•I• 1.- OCCUP1TIO11L GIOUP
or
1932
Occupational Qroup
Men, total
or
LOIGBBT JOB
ID 1PPLIC11TB, BY BBX, 1,11-1,a
1933
1934
~
1938
1935
Nuaber
Percent
NUllber
Percent
Number
Percent
Nuaber
Percent.
Nuaber
Percent.
10,402
100.0
12,0~
100.0
42,2015
100.0
33,891
100.0
115,320
100.0
en
tii:I
Skilled and se ■ iskilled occupations
in -nufacturinQ and -chanical
industries
Unskll led labor
Clerical work
Transport.at.ion and trade pur ■ uit.s
Doaest.ic and personal ser•ice
g,.ecut.i•e, profe ■ sional, and ■ e ■ iprofessional occupations
PUblic-service occupations
All other (including new workers)
Wo■en,
0
<g
N
C,
Q.
!;[
0
0
~
---ro
tot.al
Skilled and se ■ iskilled occupations
in -nufact.urinQ and -chanical
industries
Unskilled labor
Clerical work
Transport.at.ion and trade pursuits
and personal ser•ice
becut.i•e, professional, and se ■ iprofessional occupations
PUblic-service occupations
All other (including nev workersi
Do■est.ic
•se•
table 1,
n1111. a &lld
'O.
►
PO
0
=
743
992
49.0
18.3
7.2
9.5
4,1535
2.~8
1,140
1,330
37.8
24.5
9.5
11.0
17,812
7,370
4,189
5,717
41.7
17.5
9.9
13.5
13,289
8,509
2,432
5,839
39.15
19.3
7,2
18.7
5,549
2 ,8157
1,419
2,406
38.2
18.8
9.3
15.7
"'It
0
968
9,3
1,303
10.8
2,308
15.15
2,990
8,9
1,408
9,2
0
15,101
1,694
PO
-=
~
p,:
589
46
271
5.7
0.4
2.8
737
13
48
8.1
0.1
0.4
3,749
242
1,012
8.9
o.8
2,4
1,981
289
1582
15,9
o.8
1.7
1,151
1315
398
7.5
0.9
2.8
5,178
100.0
15,274
100.0
14,887
100.0
10,840
100.0
9,809
100.0
1547
32
1,338
222
10.8
o.8
25.8
4,3
970
20
1,287
278
18,4
0,4
24.0
5.3
2,834
50.9
2,325
218
0
187
-3.8
4,2
337
0
704
25,11
0.2
17.9
7.2
2,528
28
1,374
513
25.8
0.3
14.0
5,2
32.7
3,919
38.8
4,1118
42.4
7 .8
1103
7
4. 7
0.1
7.8
4118
2,713
24
3,813
1,218
20.8
0.2
24,3
8,2
44.1
4,888
8.4
1,1157
1
898
-1.4
,,.,
-X.u
3,100
34
tllU 0.01 percent.
•
8.o
l,90t
eoe
0
752
4.8
-7.7
2!
"'d
1:11
t-4
t-4
►
t:,
DO
t-4
"'d
1:11
t-4
►
CHARACTERISTICS OF JOB SEEKERS
21
all but 1 of the s years considered, the following occupations
were also among those in which the largest numbers of applicants reported experience: Kitchen workers and waiters and
waitresses for hotels and restaurants, carpenters, and sales
clerks. Some of these occupations are among those in which
the largest number of gainful workers in the city have had
experience. 8 Machinists and tool makers ranked high in numbers
in 1932 and 1933 but not in the later years. Workers from
various textile and clothing occupations ranked high in numbers
in 1934, 1935, and 1936, but not in the earlier years. The
variations in numbers of registrants in the occupations just
cited reflect fairly accurately the fluctuations in employment
opportunity in these occupations in Philadelphia during the
period considered.
The length of service on the longest job recorded on the work
record of applicants was also examined; This reflects the
maximum record of work stability and obviously varies with the
length of jobs held in particular occupations or occupational
groups. An attempt was made to exclude from consideration
data originally recorded in the State Employment Office as
"seasonal" or "irregular" employment. The medians for years of
service fluctuate around a fairly consistent norm !table A-101.
Men averaged about 6 years of service on their longest jobs
and women between 3a and 4 years. The difference between men
and women in this respect is consistent with similar data from
other sources of information.
There are data available in the Employment Service for
the years surveyed on the lapse of time between the loss of
the "last regular job" lasting 1 month or more and the date
of initial registration at the bureau. Because of other
administrative regulations, this job may be assumed to have
been in private industry. With respect to the question of
duration of unemployment, these data are of more significance
for the earlier years surveyed when there were no administrative regulations which required certain people to register
at the bureau. In 1933, for example, the average man had
8 In 1930 the rollowing occul)lltlons were the largest in the cit7 (ranked in order
or nu.ber): Clerks (except c lerlll! in stores); salesmen and saleswomen; servants
(except cooks); retail dealers; chautreurs; truck and tractor drivers; bookkeepers;
cashiers and accountants; stenographers and typists; operatives in clothing
ractories; •chlnists, 1111llwrights, and tool 111&1ters: and operatives in knitting
mills. See lift•enth Cen.sus oft~ United States: 1930, •unemplo:,ment• (U. s.
Dept. C<a., eur. censua, 11l32), vol. II, pp. 427-30.
Digitized by
Google
22
SEARCH FOR WORK IN PHILADELPHIA
been out of work 12.9 months before registration and the
average woman 7.1 months ltable A-111. In 1934 the average
man had been out of a job for 19.4 months, and the average
woman 12.7 months. By 1935 and 1936, when the regulations
regarding the compulsory registration of persons certified
from relief rolls had been introduced, the average length of
time before registration was considerably reduced !or men.
That this was less true for women undoubtedly reflects the
lag in the later enforcement o! the regulation !or women
in households on relief.
In the later years surveyed the increase in the number and
proportion o! workers, both men and women, who had not been
employed in private industry !or 3 years or more prior to registration also reflects the compulsory registration of workers
certified as eligible for work-relief and emergency Works
Program employment. In all but 1 year of those considered,
approximately one-third of the women applicants registered
within 4 months of the loss of their last job in private
industry of over 1 month's duration. Among men applicants,
however, it was not until 1936 that so large a proportion
registered within this period. This probably reflects a
difference in the degree of use of a public employment office
as between men's and women's occupations in earlier years.
Digitized by
Google
CHAPl'ER IV
CHARACTERISTICS OF PERSONS PLACED
The characteristics of persons placed through the activities
of the Philadelphia State Employment Office in the years from
1933 through 1936 are discussed, in general, under the same
categories as were used in describing applicants for jobs.
With the exception of the year 193ij, these data refer primarily
or exclusively to persons placed in private-industry jobs. In
1933 and 193ij they refer to applicants who were both registered
and placed within the years concerned; in 1935 and 1936, except
when otherwise noted, they refer to persons placed during
these years regardless of the dates when they first registered
at the bureau.
The ratio of men to women among the persons placed by the
bureau is lower than among applicants seeking jobs. The
placements of women ranged from 31 to s1 percent of all placements made, while the ratio of women to men applicants ranged
from 24 to 39 percent during the years suneyed.
The majority of workers placed by the Philadelphia State
Employment Office during the years under consideration were
native-born white persons. Although the proportion of Negroes
to all persons placed fluctuated from year to year, relatively
more Negroes were placed in 1933 than in the following years
!table A-121. The latter were years in which the relative numbers of Negroes applying for work were increasing (table A-31.
It should be noted that even in the occupational groups in
which Negro applicants equaled or outnumbered white applicants,
relatively more white persons than Negroes were placed. The
proportion of foreign-born workers placed by the bureau declined slightly during the years under consideration !table
A-131. This corresponds to a decline in this group among
all registrants.
The average age of men placed by the bureau ranged from 3S to
37 years, and of women from 27 to 30 years !table A-141.
The average man placed in 1933 and 1934 was the same age as
23
Digitized by
Google
24
SEARCH FOR WORK IN PHILADELPHIA
the average job seeker registered. In 1935 and 1936 he was
1 or 2 years older. Women placed by the bureau, however, were
from 1 to 6 years younger than the average woman applicant in
all years in which both groups were studied !table A-5). It is
worth noting that from 31 to 41 percent of all women placed by
the bureau were under 25 years of age.' In many individual
occupations the proportion in this age group was much higher.
The proportion of applicants above so years of age who
secured jobs through the activity of the State Employment
Office fluctuated from year to year. A higher proportion of
men in this age group were placed in 1934, 1935, and 1936 than
in 1933. This proportion did not match, however, the increase
in the number of registrants who were so years of age or
older for corresponding dates (table A-51. While it must be
emphasized that older workers were successfully placed in
private-industry jobs by a public employment office during the
depression and early recovery years, it must also be added
that, in the opinion of several experienced placement workers,
many of the older workers so placed accepted substandard
conditions of employment.
JQIITAL STATUS UD SDUCATIOI
Hal! or more than half of all the women placed by the bureau
were single, and from 27 to 39 percent of all the men placed
were single (table A-15). The marital status of persons
placed is related primarily to their age. It should be noted,
however, that relatively !ewer single men were placed by the
bureau than applied !or work, while a higher proportion of
single women was placed than was found among women registrants
ltable A-61.
Considerable interest bas attached to the question of the
relative employment opportunity of single versus married women
during the depression and early recovery years. 1 The question
cannot be answered from available data !or broad occupational
and age groups, irrespective of race. A special check of the
ratio of placements to applicants in 1935 and 1936 among white
women clerical workers of comparable age may be used for
1aee e. g., Sallllel A. Stoutrer and Paul F. Lazarsteld, lesea.rch K.•or-oncl• OIi t/N
la.•tiy in the De;re,,ton (New York: soclal Sclence Research councll, 1937),
pp. 63-8.
Digitized by
Google
CHARACTERISTICS OF PERSONS PLACED
25
illustrative purposes. In both years there were twice or more
than twice as many placements of single as compared with
married white women in the occupational group of clerical
wDrkers. The ratio of placements of single as compared with
married women was lower, however, for workers from 20 to 30
years of age than !or those in the age groups above 30 years.
The average woman placed by the bureau from 1933 to 1936
reported a better educational background than the average man
placed (table A-161. In 1933 the average registrant at the
bureau reported a better educational background than the
average worker placed, whether a man or a woman (table A-71.
The reverse was true in 1934, 1935, and 1936. In these years,
persons placed reported more schooling than all persons applying !or jobs. It is probable that in 1933, one of the
worst depression years in Philadelphia, the qualifications
o! applicants at the bureau improved. In this year many
registrants with excellent educational background accepted jobs
in any type o! work they could secure, and relatively few jobs
were available which required high educational attainments.
The difference between the educational attainments o! registrants and of persons placed in the later years surveyed is
partly attributable to the educational requirements o! the
available job openings and partly attributable to changes in
the composition of the labor supply available to the bureau,
particularly the increase in the number o! Negro registrants
relative to the total.
LOIOIBT JOB BIPEIIHCE
The longest job experience of a majority of the men placed by
the bureau had been in manufacturing. This group o! industries
ranked first for men in all years except 1934 when placements
on the Public Works Administration program drew a larger number
from the construction industries (table 41. In all years
except 1934, more men were placed who had had their longest
experience in the manufacturing industries, relative to the
size ot this group among all registrants ltable A-81.
The industries in which the majority of women placed by the
bureau had had their longest experience were manufacturing and
service industries and work for private families. Relatively
more women were placed whose longest job experience had been in
Digitized by
Google
26
SBARCB FOR WORI IN PBILADBLPBIA
Ta~l• ,.- IIDUBTIIAL OIOUP OP LOIOUT JOB OP PIIBOIB PLACID,
BT 81:1, ltll-11
-ber
~rcent
100.0
3,224
100.0
47.0
14-1
B.4
7.3
3.4
1,385
478
3e7
222
123
43.0
14-8
11.4
11.11
3-8
270
3.1
2-4
5-0
1.3
a.o
83
7e
134
2B
328
2.11
2.3
4.1
0.11
10.2
100.0
2,4113
100.0
2,114
100.0
24.9
o.9
14.2
13B
19-B
1.4
14-11
2.4
4.e
1113
21
351
38
32
1.3
572
15
341
37
57
27-1
0.7
111.1
1-7
2-7
294
4113
347
302
228
9-8
15-5
11.11
12-7
7.11
130
221
403
580
94
5.3
9.0
111.4
22.7
3.0
107
1114
272
421
12B
5.1
7-8
12.11
19-9
11.0
1933
Indua trial Qroup of lonQest Job
Men, total
ManufacturlnQ
Building and construction
Trade
Public utilitiea
Government aQencies
Insurance, finance, bualness,
and professional
Institutions
SerYlce industries
Private famllle•
Miscellaneous lndustrlesb
Wollen, total
ManufacturinQ!
BuildinQ and construction
Trade
Public utilities
Government aQencles
Insurance, finance, buslnPSB,
and profeaslonal
Institutions
Service indu ■ tries
Private fuille•
Miscellaneou ■ lndustriesb
1934
1935
ber
Percent
2,477
100.0
e,B1B
100.0
3,358
1,112
29B
115
1e9
90
44.9
12.0
4-7
11.0
3.e
1,e32
1,852
434
534
339
23-9
27-2
e.4
7.B
5.0
1,577
472
2B1
2411
114
1. 9
478
204
3110
55
930
7.0
3.0
5.3
0.0
13-11
105
Bl
1e0
1e11
17. 1
2-3
11.7
2,8111
100.0
2,997
B93
3
155
25
47
34.1
0.1
5.11
1.0
1.0
594
43
437
3.5
NUJO-
4e
(1 l
423
58
91
(&J
5(18
770
114
-
-
21.7
29-4
2-5
193e
lh111-
ber
Percent
ber
Percent
H\a-
71
44
l.lj
•1n1t1 tutlona included •1 U1 ■ l■cellantoua lnduatrlea ln 1033,.
bKlaeellantoua lndU1tr111 ll\clude tbHtera and aotlm-pletuN houua, •racea. c. . terl••• ■lnea, quarrtea.
acrlculture. and &ll otber type, or lDd\lat17.
ru111aa.
the service industries, particularly in hotels and restaurants,
than had registered from such employment in the~ years for
which both series of data are available.
Data on the occupation of the longest job experience are
presented by occupational groups in table 5. From two-fifths
to two-thirds of the men placed between 1933 and·1936 reported
their longest experience in skilled and semiskilled jobs in the
manufacturing and mechanical industries. One-fifth or more of
the women placed had had a similar type of experience in most
of the years under review. From 27 to 52 percent of the
women were experienced domestic- and personal-service workers,
primarily domestic servants, waiters and waitresses, and
cooks. From 11 to 33 percent bad bad clerical experience on
their longest jobs.
In general, the average length of service reported by workers
who were placed through the State Employment Office was shorter
than that of new registrants in the same years !tables A-10
Digitized by
Google
T•~·-
1.-
OCCUPATIO.AL OIOUP or LOIOIBT JOB AID OCCUPATIOIAL OIOUP or PLACIMIIT or PIIBOJB PLACID, BY Bil ,
1911-11
1933
0cc up at. Lona 1 group
Ken,
tot.al
Skilled and se ■ lskilled occupations
in ■ anufact.urlnQ and •echanical
1ndust.rle9
Unskl lied labor
Clerical w-ork
Transportation and trade pursuits
Domesti c and personal servi ce
Executive , professional , and semiprofessi o nal occupations
Public-service occupation s
All other
W o ■ en,
0
(0.
;=.·
;::;-
~
.5[
0
0
~........
("O
tot.al
Skilled and sealskllled occupat.lo.n s
ln aa.n ufacturlnQ and •echanlcal
industries
Unskilled labor
Clerical work
Transpor tation and trade pursuits
Domestic and personal se rvice
Execut.lve, professional. and sealpr ofe ■ slona l occupations
Public-service occupat.lons
All other
Longest Job•
1934
Place11ent
Longe st Job
llu.,_
Per-
111:111-
Pel'-
!11111-
ber
cent.
ber
cent.
2,4??
100 .0
2,4??
100.0
11135
Placeaent
Lonteet Job
11136
Pl ace ■ ent
LonQeat Job
Hua-
Per-
HWII-
Per-
Nuo,-
Per-
Nu._
ber
Percent
ber
cent.
ber
cent
ber
cent.
6,818
100.0
6,B18
100.0
3,358
100.0
3,308
100.0
Placeaent
Per-
ber
Percent
l!Umber
cen t.
3,224
100. 0
3,224
100.0
0
=
►
SICI
n►
~
-till
SICI
1,630
258
102
137
65,B
10. 4
4. l
5.5
1,4?2
51?
73
90
59. 4
20-9
3.0
3.6
2,552
806
630
1,094
3?- 4
11.0
9.2
16 - 0
2,3B3
1,284
1,060
6 ?1
35.0
1B.8
15-6
9- 8
1,960
298
240
33?
58- 4
8.9
?. l
10 . 0
1,836
571
212
2B6
54.?
17.0
6.3
8.5
1,850
360
186
322
57. 4
11.2
5.B
10.0
1,700
?14
100
320
52-?
22.2
3.1
11.11
242
9,8
230
9.3
249
3.?
214
3.1
281
B.4
310
9.3
230
7.1
222
6.11
0
"'l
86
20
2
3.5
o.e
0.1
33
3
59
1.3
0.1
2.4
1,319
02
116
19 - 4
o .e
l.?
1,139
0
6?
16.7
6.0
0.6
0.6
124
1
18
3.7
•0.5
210
34
32
6.5
1.0
201
22
19
1.0
140
2
26
4.3
0.1
0.0
"ti
till
SICI
2,616
100. 0
2,616
100.0
2 , 99?
100.0
2,99?
100.0
2, 4 63
100.0
2,463
100 . 0
2,114
1 00.0
2,114
100.0
-
l.O
f l)
~
( ")
fl)
fl)
0
z
fl)
812
l?
29?
63
31 - 0
0.7
11.4
2.4
1,36?
5?
0
3
0.1
?66
507
0
447
166
20 .6
48◄
33.1
7.9
7.8
0.5
33.3
7 .3
1 8.1
6.?
?95
26.5
898
30.0
1,174
558
0
140
18 . 6
594
0
40
19.8
100
1
1 0◄
2?4
0
993
237
52.2
1,362
52 . 1
2.2
16
0
96
o.6
-
98
174
3.7
9.2
232
14
999
220
29.3
3.7
6.6
4. 0
•in 1933 the occ:uoatton or or1Nr"Y reglstratton rather tban that or longeat. Job wu record.ea.
-
-
4.?
-
1.3
~sa than 0.06 percent.
68
2811
19.?
0 .1
12.7
11.?
4B?
l
431
19?
23.0
0. 1
20.4
9.3
414
1
273
368
19.6
0 .1
12.11
17. 4
4?.?
1,32?
53 . 9
81?
38.7
953
45.1
4. 1
38
0
1.5
94
0
8?
4.4
47
0
58
-
•
2.B
2
31 ◄
9
-
0.4
-
4.1
"ti
t""'
►
0
till
t::,
2.2
-
2.?
~
~
28
SBARCB FOR WORI IN PHILADELPHIA
and A-18). Hen reported a longer term of service on the
longest job than did women; this was true o! applicants as well
as o! persons placed.
For the years 1935 and 1936 a special check of the difference
in average length of service between new registrants and
persons placed by the bureau was made for major occupational
groups. The shorter service of persons placed was consistently
true for both men and women in each major occupational group
except executive and professional and public-service pursuits,
in which relatively few job opportunities were available and
few placements made.
The length of time between the loss of the last job in
private industry lasting 1 month or longer and the date of
registration rose between 1933 and 1934 and fell considerably
in 1935 and 1936 ltable A-18>. Persons placed by the bureau
had been out of a job for shorter periods of time than the
average new applicant. Hen placed had been out of work for
from 1 to 5 months' less time and women from 2 to 7 months less
than the new applicants ltable A-111. This difference was less
for persons registered and placed in 1933 than for persons who
were both registered and placed in the later years considered.
Except in 1936, women placed by the bureau had been out of work
prior to registration for shorter periods than men.
OCCVPATIOI OP PLACIIISKT
In the years surveyed, from 35 to 60 percent of the men who
were placed secured jobs of a skilled or semiskilled nature in
the manufacturing and mechanical industries. Relatively few
women, however, were placed in such jobs. About one-fifth of
the men were placed in unskilled jobs, and the remainder were
placed in various types of work. Most of the women placed
secured jobs in domestic and personal service. This was true
of about half the women in all years except 1934, when the
placement of women clerical workers on nonrelief jobs on public
projects was especially high. 2
In each year under consideration, more of the men placed had
had experience in skilled and semiskilled jobs in the manufacturing and mechanical industries than were so placed (table 5).
2Th1s type ot placement accounts tor the relatively high proportion ot total placements made in 193t, as compared with other years, ror the tollowing occupations:
Oeneral-ott1ce clerkS, statistical clerks, timekeepers, foremen, truck drivers and
deliverymen, actors, drettsmen, 111111ic1ana, Slid teachers. . . .
D191t1zod by
Google
CHARACTERISTICS OP PERSONS PLACED
29
Relatively fewer men bad bad their longest experience at
unskilled labor than were so placed in each of the 4 years.
Except in 1934 when public-project jobs dominated the market
for clerical workers, relatively fewer men clerical workers
were placed in clerical jobs than of the total group placed.
Slightly fewer women were placed in the manufacturing and
mechanical industries than had had such experience on their
longest jobs. On the other hand, more women were placed
in doaestic- and personal-service jobs than reported such
experience. Except in 1934, relatively fewer women clerical
workers were placed in clerical jobs, as is true in the case
of men. In all 4 years under consideration, the five occupations in which the greatest number of placements were made
are the following ranked in order of size: Laborers, domestic
senants, machinists and tool and die makers, waiters and
waitresses, and carpenters.
Ta~l• I•-
AO■
OP ALL ID APPLICilH AID OP ALL PSIBORB
ft.AC ■D II 1111-11, BY OOCVPATIO ..
Number of persons, b)' age,
Occupation
Total D
Under 26
Number
Percent
NUI>-
Per-
ber
i2,799
2,755
100.0
100.0
1,446
548
1,344
8,854
in years
25-39
40 or over Median
age•
cent
Humber
Percent.
Number
Percent
2,157
79
16.9
2.9
6,252
880
41.0
31.9
5,390
1,796
42.1
66.2
37.3
44,0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
74
87
561
1,454
5.1
15.9
41.7
16.4
537
234
657
4,091
37.l
42.7
48.9
46.2
835
227
126
3,309
57.8
41,4
9.4
37,4
42,1
37.4
2e..6
36.2
2,198
611
100.0
100.0
336
6
15.3
l.0
1,167
276
53.1
45.2
695
329
31.6
53.8
36.6
40.8
1,181
25
821
2,139
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
67
9
548
380
5.7
36.0
ee.5
17.8
566
47.9
56.0
32.2
51.6
548
2
11
654
46.4
0.0
l.3
30.6
39. 1
28.3
23.8
34,7
New applicants 4
Laborer•
Carpenter
Machinist, tool
aaker
Waiter
Waitress
Domestic servantr
Place114'nts
Laborer 1
Carpenter
Machinist, tool
m.aker
Waiter
Waitress
Domestic servanth
14
264
1,105
~cupat1ons ahOlffl are the rive tn which placements occurr~ aoat frequently. waiters and altrt•ee ■
are, tor thta purpose, constdered to have the S&N occupati on.
bbcludea the ro11ow1n1 nuat>er or apcllcants tor who• a«e waif not recorded: 1933. sev,n aen, thrte
we.en; tDM, nlne aen. elght WOPltn; 1935, rour wn. rour women: 1936, three Jltn, tour wc:imen. ExclOOta
also the tollowlng number ot persone pliiced tor whoJt 1p;e was not re corded: 1;33, two aen, two woaen;
1934, two •n. t.o we.en: 1'13&. three men, rour w011en; 193&. two 11en. oae wOffl&ll.
cl'ltdtana coaputed rrom a aore detalled D:-eak-down.
dBfe table 1, rtna. 11 and D. OCcupatlon ahORn la that or longest JoD.
1D:cludea 77 •<»ll!n
regtat.ered aa •1110orera. •
r Incluoea 3,313 wC1Nn reg1atered ror 1 daY work• ln prtvate hou.e:eholda.
'tzclUdta t 10 wcaen placed aa •tat>orere . •
11 1ncludea
~ wc:aen placed aa ltdU ..orun,• ln prtvar.. houaehclda.
Digitized by
Google
30
SEARCH FOR YORI IN PHILADELPHIA
A check of the age o! applicants with that of persons placed
in these occupations during the years under review reveals some
interesting differences !table 61. Many of the placements
of laborers and carpenters considered here were made on PWA
projects, particularly in the year 193~, when the largest
number o! such placements were made. The majority of workers
in the other occupations, however, were placed in private
employment. In all these occupations, relatively fewer workers
were placed who were over ~o years of age as compared with the
numbers in this age group who were registered for such jobs.
The differentials were greatest in the case of waiters and
waitresses. It is noteworthy, for example, that two-thirds
of all women placed as waitresses during the~ years studied
were under ~s years of age and that the ratio of women to men
among persons placed in this occupation is much higher than the
ratio of women to men among new applicants with this type o!
experience. This is one occupation where women are replacing
men in some instances and where in others the expansion of the
industry is offering relatively more opportunity for women.
Digitized by
Google
CHAPTER V
SUMMARY
Unemployment in Philadelphia reached a peak in the spring
of 1933 and gradually declined during 1934, 1935, and 1936.
During all these years a large number of persons and a relatively high proportion of the employable population of the
city were actively seeking work. The vast majority of these
persons registered for wort at the Philadelphia State Employment Office at some time during this period.
The number of jobs available at a particular time varied with
the normal seasonal fluctuations of business, new opportunities
for employment on public work projects, and the revival of
business. Although job openings in the city were more numerous
for men than for women, the employment opportunity of women
relative to their number was greater than that of men, particularly in the early depression years. To what extent this
reflected the acceptance of substandard wages or working
conditions by women and the displacement of men by women, the
differences in labor turn-over in men's and women's occupations, or the differences in the use of a public employment
office by men and by women is not known. It is known that many
substandard jobs, particularly in selling and domestic service,
were advertised in the local newspapers and listed at the
Philadelphia State Employment Office in 1932 and 1933. Many
such jobs listed at the bureau, however, were never filled.
Although it would be interesting and important to know the
extent to which women entered or reentered the labor market as
the result of the unemployment of some other member of the
household during these years, it was not found possible to
determine this from the data at hand. Under conditions other
than those prevailing in the years under review, the record
of new registrations at a public employment office might
measure this factor. The number of new registrations among
women at the Philadelphia State Employment Office, for example,
remained approximately the same in 1933 as in 1932. Although
there was an increase in the number of new women registrants
in 1934 and later years, this increase was not so great as
in the case of men. The increases of both men and women
31
Digitized by
Google
32
SEARCH FOR WORI IN PHILADELPHIA
registrants reflect primarily a response to the employment
opportunities of the CWA and other public works programs,
just as more recent increases in new registrations reflect
the operation of unemployment compensation by the Pennsylvania
State Employment Service.
Clia£CT■aI&TIC8
o, JOB
B ■■ K■as
••D OP
P ■ aso••
PL£CID
In general, the job seekers who registered at the Philadelphia State Employment Office were typical of the employable
population of the city with regard to their age and sex and
the ranking of the occupations or occupational groups in which
they bad bad their longest experience. There was, however,
a higher proportion of laborers and domestic servants among
the employment-office registrants than among the gainful
workers of the city. There were also relatively more Negroes
among the applicants at the bureau than in the population
having gainful occupations in the city.
Women registering for work bad usually had a better educational background than men. The education of both men and
women applicants in 193~ was better than in some of the later
years, for example, in 1936. In the latter year, the only year
for which comparable data are available, the educational background of new applicants at the Philadelphia State Employment
Office was less good than that of a sample of the employable
population of the city studied at that time.
The job seekers covered in this study constituted a relatively experienced part of the labor supply of the city. The
men had averaged 6 years on their longest jobs and the women
between 3i and 4 years. Although all types of occupations
and industries were represented among persons seeking jobs,
there were relatively large numbers of applicants concentrated
in a few occupations. In most of these occupations large
numbers of persons are normally employed. There were many
labor~rs, domestic servants (for regular and casual work in
private households), general-office clerks, deliverymen and
truck drivers, carpenters, painters, kitchen workers and
waiters and waitresses in hotels and restaurants, and sales
clerks. Workers from specific occupations in the manufacturing
industries, such as machinists and tool makers or textile and
clothing operatives, registered in large numbers in certain
years but not in all the years under review.
Digitized by
Google
SUMMARY
33
The placement activity of the bureau was also concentrated
in a relatively small number of occupations. The workers
placed most frequently during the s years were laborers,
domestic servants, machinists and tool makers, waiters and
waitresses, and carpenters. The placements considered here
were in private industry, regular Government employment, and
public work or emergency Works Program projects not specifying
relief personnel. Most of the persons placed by the bureau had
been out of a job a relatively short time prior to their
initial registration at the bureau. In general, the persons
placed had a better educational background than the average
new registrant. Relatively fewer Negroes were placed by the
office in proportion to their numbers among registrants during
the years under review. This was true even in the occupational
groups in which they equaled or outnumbered white applicants.
The average woman who secured a job through the placement
activities of the bureau was considerably younger than the
average woman registered. On the other hand, the average
man placed was the same age or older than the average male
applicant. Age differentials for individual occupations or
occupational groups were, however, much greater than the
differentials in the averages for all registrants and all
persons placed. The vast majority of women placed as sales
clerks, office clerks, and waitresses, for example, were under
25 years of age. Men placed in such skilled mechanical trades
as those of carpenters, painters, and machinists and tool
makers, as might be expected, were older. The proportion of
such persons who secured jobs and who were ~o years of age or
over, however, was always less than the proportion they constituted among applicants with this type of experience.
BILICTIYI P£CTOII II TII L£B01 JQIUT
There was not only a dearth of jobs in Philadelphia between
1932 and 1936, but highly specialized requirements had to be
met in filling the few jobs which were advertised or listed
with the Philadelphia State Employment Office. This is believed to have been true of all job openings in the city during
these years. The results of an earlier appraisal of certain
aspects of this problem1 may be briefly summarized here.
1ooinou 1 oHiH,,.s
°" /olla.ri"f fiof••
Digitized by
Google
SEARCH FOR WORI IN PHILADELPHIA
During the depression, many jobs were combined in the interests of economy, and the workers who secured employment bad
to have varied experience and qualifications. For example,
a large furrier in the city listed an opening with the bureau
for an experienced girl to act as a double-entry bookkeeper to
take entire oharge of an office. One of the major requirements
for the job, however, was that the girl be a blonde and be able
to model size 16 garments. There was an increase in the n1111ber
of such job openings as those for men to act as machinists and
stationary engineers or for women who could do stenography and
typing and also handle a switchboard. Another example may be
taken from the field of domestic senice. In more prosperous
years, a man obtained employment as a houseman or butler while
bis wife did the cooking in households which usually employed
more than two servants. During the depression, however,
the couple had to take full responsibility for the work of
the household. The man had to be a licensed chauffeur and/or
gardener as well as houseman, and his wife did maid's work
in addition to cooking. Although some of these combinations
represented temporary economies in operation, many of them
were continued in later years.
Even when job duties were not combined, the experience
requirements•might be very highly specialized. Machinists were
in demand during several years of this period, but they had to
be experienced on particular kinds of equipment. In the words
of some of the advertisements, they had to be "experienced on
an 8-foot vertical boring-mill, able to read blueprints, and do
precision tool work" or "experienced operators on Brown and
Sharpe automatic screw machines." Pipe benders were wanted but
they must have had "experience in fabricating 14-inch steel
pipe and be able to read blueprints and sketches."
It is a commonplace of labor-market knowledge that even
with a serious unemployment situation it may be difficult to
find "the right person" to fill a job, and temporary shortages
of specific kinds of workers may exist. This happened in
Philadelphia in 1934 and 1935. The most important men's
occupations in which this occurred were those of specialized
1 aee the roll01J1ng m1meographeel publ1cat1ona or the InC11111tr1a1 Research DepartMnt
or the Un1vers1t1 or Penns11van1a: Depress'"" lobs: A SWdy of lob 01Ja"'"IS '"
tlk, PM lade lpllia l•PklJ11ent Of£ke l 1932-1933 (Special Report A-i, a1Mo., tt&1 14.,
11134.); Is the Awnite llorllef" 'l•f/lO)rlble?" A Stvdy of AH>l'CGftts '"
1'/tHft
1,a,,,-gut 0ccu1iauons, PIIHadelPllia hPlo)llent Office, 1933 (Bpee18l Report A-£,
a1meo., Ma1 14., 1934.); ff"ends '" tlle PUladelPliia J.Gbor #Gf"llllt G
' 193" (Bpee1al
Repart A-i;, mlmeo. • Aug. l9:35).
Digitized by
008 C
t,..
SUMMARY
kinds of welding and machinist wort. 2 Among occupations
employing predominantly women, shortages occurred in certain
full-fashioned hosiery occupations, notably that of topping; 3
in power-machine operating on special types of equipment; and
in the making of fishing tackle. But many of these shortages
were temporary and, in any case, absorbed relatively few of the
total unemployed.
In general, the experience of the placement officers of the
bureau in filling available jobs led them to believe that the
required experience and personality characteristics were at
a premium during the years under review. The inexperienced
girl or boy just out of school or college had a difficult time
in getting a job to secure experience. In selling and service
jobs, personality requirements became very important. Typical
specifications for a waitress may be used to illustrate this
point; "waitress wanted, who is an experienced sandwich and
salad maker, aged a1-25, to wear size Jij-36 uniform." In many
instances also, educational requirements became important.
Even in the mechanical trades it was easier to place a man who
could read blueprints or one who had had some technical courses
or a better general education than the man who might not
have graduated from grammar school but who had had years of
experience at his trade.
The total effect of the operation of these factors was to
make the labor market highly selective. The persons who
could meet the specialized requirements secured temporary
jobs and then permanent jobs, or a series of temporary jobs.
The unemployed who could not meet these requirements stayed
unemployed, many of them for relatively long periods of time.
In general, the passage of time favors younger workers, since
they are eventually absorbed into the labor market in some
capacity or other. Time does not deal so kindly with older
workers. This is particularly true of occupations in which
aae specifications, alone or in combination with other requirements, make it difficult for the older worker to secure a
foothold once he has become unemployed.
2
see 1pec1a1 11tud7 or thls occupation b:, Helen Rerraann, 1'efl IetJ~s of rod,
ls1Ja~wnce of PhUade l;AWI lbcMnub (WPA Natlonal Research ProJect ln cooperation
•1th Illduatrlal Research Depert•nt, Unlverslt:, or P1nna7lvan1a, Report No, P-6,
Sept, 1a58).
3see dlscuaslon or this occupetlon ln report b:, 0lad71 L. Palmer and Constance
wnuaaa, lee•~'o,ae"t of P11Uad• '~""' .rosw~::, for-•n J.ft.~ 3""t-dOIIN ln 1933-3"
{WPA Natlonal Research ProJect 1n cooperat1on •1th Industrlal IIA!search Des,artllent,
Un1vers1t:, or l'l!nils:,lnn1a, IIA!port No. P-e, Jan. 1a59) •
.
Digitized by
G 008 [e
Digitized by
Google
APPENDIXES
Appendix
A. TABLES.
38
B. DEFINITIONS OF TERMS USED.
72
Unless otherwise noted, the data used in the tables in
appendix A are based on transcriptions of records of the
Philadelphia State Employment Office. The data for applicants
cover the 4 quarter-months (January, April, July, and October)
of each of the years from 1932 through 1936. Applicants for
CWA and for WPA and other emergency Works Program jobs are included in the data for new applicants in 1934, 1935, and 1936.
The data for placements refer to total initial placements in
private employment on a 12-month basis from 1933 through 1936
except as noted in footnotes 2 and 3 of chapter I; placements
in public employment when relief personnel was not specified
are also included in 1933 and 1934.
The basic data on applicants and placements for 1935 and 1936
are available in the files of the Philadelphia Labor Market
Studies section of the WPA National Research Project. Other
data for earlier years are available at the Industrial Research
Department of the Wharton School of Finance and Commerce of the
University of Pennsylvania.
Digitized by
Google
SBARCB FOR WORI IN PBILADBLPBIA
38
Ta~l• A•l,- MOITILJ IBTIIU.TKB OP IMPLOYMIIT AID Ullla"LOJMIIT
11 PIILADILPIIA, 1111-lla
Total workers
Employed
Une ■ployed
January
February
March
April
Hay
June
879,800
880,400
881,100
881,700
882,200
882,700
752,100
760,900
7'71,700
784,900
799,400
807,700
127,700
119,500
109,400
96,800
82,800
75,000
July
August
Dece ■ber
883,200
883,800
884,300
884,800
885,300
885,800
808,400
821,800
820,200
814,300
806,900
794,600
74,800
62,000
64,100
70,500
78,400
91,200
Average
882,900
795,200
87,700
January
February
March
April
May
June
886,300
886,800
887,400
887,900
888,200
888,500
752,600
743,800
745,100
750,800
755,900
747,500
133,700
143,000
142,300
137,100
132,300
141,000
July
August
October
November
Dece11ber
888,700
889,000
889,300
889,600
889,900
890,200
723,800
724,400
740,600
735,700
728,500
704,200
164,900
164,600
148,700
153,900
161,400
186,000
Average
888,500
737,700
150,800
890,500
890,800
891,100
891,300
891,700
892,000
see tootnote at end ot table.
658,500
652,600
656,700
663,500
663,300
655,500
232,000
238,200
234,400
227,800
228,400
236,500
Year and
■onth
1929
Septe ■ber
October
November
1930
Septe ■ ber
1931
January
February
March
April
May
June
Digitized by
Google
APPBNDII A
39
Table A-1.- MOITBLJ IITIIUTII OP IMPLOJIIIIT AID UIIMPLOJIIIIT
I I PBILADILPIIA, 1111-lla - Contin~•d
Year and month
Total workers
Employed
Unemployed
Dece11ber
892,300
892,700
893,000
893,300
893,700
894,000
641,000
637,fiOO
637,800
631,000
619,600
602,700
251,300
255,200
25:i,200
262,300
274,100
291,300
Average
892,200
643,300
248,900
894,300
894,600
895,000
89:i,300
89:i,700
89C,100
fi84,600
fi72,200
5fi8, 600
549,900
547,000
535,900
309,700
322,400
336,400
345,400
348,700
360,200
November
December
896,400
896,800
897,200
897,600
898,000
898,300
fi21,700
fi12,400
523,300
537,300
532,200
531,400
374,700
384,400
375,900
360,300
365,800
366,900
Average
896,300
542,200
354,100
January
February
March
April
Hay
June
898,700
899,100
899,500
899,900
900,200
900,600
504,100
495,600
489,500
497,300
508,700
524,300
394,600
403,500
410,000
402,600
391,500
376,300
Jul7
August
September
October
November
December
901,000
901,400
901,800
902,200
902,600
903,000
530,700
554,400
584,500
605,100
600,200
602,900
370,300
347,000
317,300
297,100
302,400
300,100
Average
900,800
541,400
359,400
903 , 300
903,700
904,100
:see,100
334,600
328,900
314,200
1931-Continued
July
August
September
October
Nove ■ber
1932
January
February
March
April
Ha7
June
July
August
September
October
1933
1934
January
February
March
574,800
589,900
SH footnote at end or table.
Digitized by
Google
SEARCH FOR WORI IN PHILADELPHIA
40
T•~l• A•l.• UOITBLY 18TIMATl8 OP IMPLOYMIIT AID UIIMPLOYMIIT
II PBILADILPBIA, 1111-lla - Continved
Year and month
Total workers
Employed
Unemployed
April
May
June
904,500
904,900
905,400
591,000
593,900
594,200
313,500
311,000
311,200
July
August
November
December
905,800
908,200
906,700
907,100
907,600
908,000
582,900
584,400
589,700
602,700
604,300
620,000
322,900
321,800
317,000
304,400
303,300
288,000
Average
905,600
591,400
31_4, 200
908,400
908,900
909,300
909,700
910,200
910,600
591,900
594,600
600,900
611,100
609,400
610,600
316,500
314,300
308,400
298,600
300,800
300,000
N'ovember
December
911,000
911,500
911,900
912,300
912,800
913,200
eoo,300
604,300
619,200
635,000
635,400
653,300
307,700
307,200
292,700
277,300
277,400
259,900
Average
910.800
614,100
296,700
913,600
914,100
914,500
914,900
915,400
915,800
618,400
613,800
627,300
640,600
643,100
648,900
295,200
300,300
287,200
274,300
272.300
266,900
Dece111ber
916,200
916,600
917,000
917,400
917,800
918,200
643,400
651,400
672,700
688,600
698,200
713,400
272,800
265,200
244,300
228,800
219,&00
204,800
Average
916,000
655,000
261,000
1934-Continued
September
October
1935
January
Pebruary
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
1936
January
P'ebruary
March
April
Hay
June
July
August
September
October
Noveaber
6 comp1led bJ Helen L. JUoprer (see chapter II, rtn. 2 ror method and det1n1t1ons). The
data rr011 which these were prepared are 1n the r11es or the •Phlladelph1a Labor Market
Studies• section or the WPA National Research ProJect.
Digitized by
Google
APPENDIX A
41
Ta~l• A-1.- IBLP-WAITBD ADVIITIIIIO, lllt-11 1 AID IUMBBI
or JOB OPBIIIOI, . . . APPLICATIOII, AID PLACBMBITB,
1111-11, BY 111•
Year
and month
Lines of
help-wanted
advertising
Hen
Women
Job openings
in private
eaployaentb
Ken
Women
New
applicationac
Men
Women
Placements
in private
employmentd
Men
Women
1930
Total
January
February
577,6:57 327,06:5
June
156,078
44,1513
157,191
155, 1541
152,909
4e,815e
33,4715
24,223
31,026
27,829
36,043
24,581
July
August
September
October
November
December
40, 4154
43,820
63,431
48,603
36,649
31,612
17,736
21,485
40,7159
31,773
21,980
16,11515
March
April
May
1931
Total
January
February
March
April
432,914 2315,180
June
315,628
39,5e2
39,908
38,293
41,238
315,782
19,370
17,874
24,1543
26,108
215,1533
18,310
July
August
September
October
November
December
34,673
34,2315
39,642
38,51515
31,784
23,614
13,337
115,510
30,077
17,894
115,826
10,798
May
193a
Total
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
412,367 222,347
315,410
36,089
39,672
33,844
36,774
34, 3151
29,621
17,441
19, 9815
23,230
17,834
18,810
17,103
12,294
3,962 15,276
388
322
232
367
302
496
176
222
196
316
378
3153
312
2315
38,182 16,449 3,312 2,937
3,058
15,032
3,483
15,279
3,1561
2,744
2, 91515
1,182
1,617
976
2,104
1,470
1,160
1,043
3715
295
181
290
203
376
201
170
147
160
192
199
191
138
Bee tootnotea at end or table.
Digitized by
Google
SEARCH FOR YORI IN PHILADELPHIA
42
Ta~l• £-1.- BBLP-W£1T■D £Df ■ ITl8l1O, 1111-11, £ID IUMBII
OP JOB OP ■ IIIOI, IIW £PPLIC£TIO18, £ID PL£CnalT8,
1111-11, BY 1■1• - Continved
Year
and month
Lines of
help-wanted
advertising
Men
Women
Job openings
in private
employmentb
Men
Women
New
applicationsc
Women
Hen
Placements
in private
e mploy mentd
Hen
Women
1 932-Con.
August
September
October
November
December
31,945
38,650
42,419
30,265
23,327
16,295
24,442
23,541
18,739
12,633
212
328
517
389
233
293
802
883
712
574
3,026
3,212
2,662
1 , 890
1,280
1 , 244
1,005
1,698
1,342
708
168
278
183
4 25
4 9'2
4 00
323
197
346
229
1 933
Total
369,257 215,686
5,701 8,065
January
February
March
April
Hay
June
30,517
27,119
25,902
30,695
29,739
35,477
16,900
14,277
12,798
19,216
22,335
21,688
197
162
221
297
394
310
July
August
September
October
November
December
29,712
32,900
40,947
36,987
28,185
2·1 , 077
14,928
17,848
25,971
23,312
14,161
12,246
221
559
529
999
1,092
720
707
73,071 16 , 329 4 ,789 3,894
618
640
959
661
2,798
1,900
2,377
2,927
2,630
3,067
1 , 3 46
942
1 , 181
1,219
1 , 460
1,139
143
113
172
216
347
250
307
250
562
335
384
572
879
774
836
510
3,315
5,127
3,379
3,660
4,335
37,556
1,017
1,353
1,635
2,001
1,683
1,293
167
395
429
898
979
600
178
269
341
332
545
267
526
2 64
24 4
1 93~
Total
262,112 179,980 10,314 6,912 155,492 42,310 9,373 3,787
January
February
March
April
May
June
24,386
22,620
28,957
33,204
20,586
17,574
14,788
15,836
20,567
23,103
16,161
12,017
806
329
418
972
1,272
1.781
641
476
480
723
692
595
31,780
6,098
9,111
17,245
16,328
12,060
5,608
737
1,817
263
361
3. 221
847
2,868
2,931 1 , 188
3, 498 1,684
334
225
232
309
350
385
July
August
September
October
November
December
20,726
19,479
20,933
20 , 413
19,501
13 , 733
11,146
10,759
17,342
14,522
13,795
9,944
756
933
800
784
775
688
358
378
661
596
581
731
8,304
8,537
9,312
17,103
12,131
7,483
3,987
2,965
3,956
234
180
375
353
347
463
5,148
4,049
2,262
713
836
711
685
719
629
1 93!i
Total
275,277 195,589
7,787 6,664 104,485 35,413 7,156 3,598
Se e footnotes at ero or table.
Digitized by
Google
APPENDIX A
43
Table A-1.- BILP-WAHTID ADYBITIBIHO, 1110-11, AID IVMBII
or JOB OPIIIIOB, IIW APPLICATIOHB, AID PLACIMIHTB,
1181-11, BY Bila - ContinMed
Year
and month
Lines of
help-wanted
advertising
Men
Women
Job openings
in private
employmentb
Men
Women
Placements
in private
emplo,Y111entd
New
applicationsc
Women
Men
Men
Women
1835-Co,i.
Januar;v
Pebruar;v
March
April
May
June
July
August
Septe11ber
October
November
December
18,873
19,486
24,424
20,857
22,892
21,685
15,750
14,226
16,508
14,578
18,830
13,392
544
432
552
888
1,035
828
617
398
501
627
648
538
10,690
7,308
5,774
5,634
7,250
14,355
22,181
21,931
30,305
28,252
25,550
19,081
12,154
14,039
26,583
20,942
17,048
11,559
620
608
591
863
488
338
382
438
709
875
447
484
13,021
13,208
8,692
7,882
8,353
4,318
3,756
2,073
1,955
1,785
l, 968
4,945
500
402
489
836
981
771
371
228
303
305
332
279
4,743
532
518
524
836
480
307
233
203
301
560
225
258
4,640
3,165
2,902
2,219
l, 262
l 93~
Total
Januar;v
Februar;v
March
April
Ha;v
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
381,781 253,314
8,351 6,527
23. 139
21,558
27,714
28,426
35,914
30,695
16,254
15,247
23,847
21,026
25,258
18,128
459
371
438
544
616
486
33,011
32,113
37,308
40,408
29,774
23,723
18,267
24,624
31,450
25,308
21,988
14,119
445
423
696
617
533
723
421
334
446
492
617
545
342
386
795
672
530
947
58,350 25,358 5,571 2,998
11,099
5,260
4,536
3,690
3,858
4,976
3,884
2,105
2,262
1,757
1,718
2,244
420
294
414
493
549
418
165
131
153
202
315
290
3,763
3,840
1,668
1,677
2,427
2,340
1,877
1,599
390
380
584
571
460
598
176
210
239
339
191
587
5,544
5,312
3,495
2,977
8 Help-wanted advert1s1ng index comp! led trom Philadelphia newspapers under the direction
or Dr. Anne Bezanson, Industrial Research Del)8rtment, University or Pennsylvar.la, The
figures ror the :,ears 1932-34, previously published by Gladys L. Palmer, trends in the
PhUa4•%9Ma l,abO!'" H:J.--,t in 19311 (Sl)ec!al Report A-6, mlmeo., Industrial Research Depe.rtment, University or Pennsylvania, Aug. 1935), have been revised. Data on Job openings,
new appllcatlons, and placements compiled trOtL monthly activity reports or the Ph1lacte1Phla
State Employment Office. These are not available on a coml)8rable basis for the years
Prior to 1932.
bincludes all Job openings 1n PWA and openlnai; for nonrellef personnel 1n other Govel'llllent
emplofllent.
cincludes appllcatlons or persons on relief rolls.
dincludes PWA placements and nonrellet placements In other Government ellll)lo1111ent.
Digitized by
Google
,.~1. A-1.- IACB or ALL IBW APPLICAITB AID IATIVITY or WBITB PBIBOIS. BY SBI, 1111-11
Race
Sex
and year
Total•
Number
Percent
White
Nlllllber
Percent
Iii"
Iii"
Nativity or white persons
NWIIber
Percent
Totalb
Other
Negro
Number
Pez-cent
NWIIber
Percent
Native-born
NWIIber
Percent
Foreign-born
Nlllllber
Percent
en
CIO
>
!=ti
(')
Hen
1932
1933
1934
19315
1936
0.1
10.2151
11,946
41,789
33,1568
115,265
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
e.927
9.960
32,1572
215,366
11,857
87.1
83.4
77.9
715.6
77.7
1,310
1.983
9,1153
e.1215
3,386
12.e
16.6
21.9
24.2
22.2
64
•.2
77
22
.2
.1
15,124
15,203
14,742
10,1579
9,796
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
3,773
4,1159
10,403
7,368
15,640
73.6
79.9
70.6
69.6
157. 6
1,349
1,043
4,330
3,201
4.149
26.3
20.1
29.4
30.3
42.3
2
1
9
10
7
.1
14
3
8.927
9.718
31,919
215.226
11,796
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
15,800
6,831
23.343
19, 2115
9,15115
65.0
70.3
73.1
76.2
80.7
3,127
2.ea7
8,1576
6,011
2,281
315. 0
29.7
26.9
23.8
19.3
3,773
4,0115
10,143
7,303
5,1590
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
3,049
3,388
8,837
6,3159
4,663
so.a
724
627
1,306
944
927
19.2
115. 6
12.9
12.9
16.6
Women
0
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
co"
""
f'j"
CD
Q_
S!
0
0
-
r2
ro
•Excludes the rollow1ng nwnber or persons ror whom race was not
recorded: 1932, 151 men, 6' women: lll33, 118 11en, 71 women: 1934,
4111 11en, 145 women: 1835, 123 men, 111 woaen: 11X511, 55 aen, 13 wmien.
bExclu:les the rollOlflng number or whl te persons ror wh111 natl vi ty was
•
•
.1
•1
84.4
87.1
87.1
83.4
not recorded: 1933, 242 men, 144 women: 1934, 853 men, 280 women:
11X55. 140 nm, 85 w~n: 11X58, 81 aen, 50 w01111n.
*Less tlBn 0 .06 percent.
=
...,,
0
!=ti
-:
0
!=ti
p,:
....:z:
.,,
....=
t"'<
>
t:,
CIO
t"'<
"'d
=
....
►
T•~l• A-,.- BIITBPLACI OP
•n
1932
Birthplace
Ken, total•
Philadelphia
Pennsylvania other than Philadelphia
u. s. A. other than Pennsylvania
British Isles
Italy
Russia
Germany
Other European countries
All other countries
Women, total•
0
co"
""
f'j"
CD
Q_
S!
0
0
-
r2
ro
Philadelphia
Pennsylvania other than Philadelphia
U. S. A. other than Pennsylvania
British Isles
Italy
Russia
Gennany
Other European countries
All other countries
APPLICAITS, BY 811.
1933
ltll-11
1938
1935
1934
Number
Pe~
Num-
Pe~
cent
cent
Number
Pe~
cent
Num-
ber
Number
Pe~
cent
ber
Pe~
cent
10,258
100. 0
11,713
100.0
41,425
100.0
38,525
100.0
15,251
100.0
2,505
1,718
2,906
723
1,049
24.4
16.B
28.3
7.1
10.2
4,378
1,227
3,157
621
1,143
37.4
10. Ci
27.0
5.3
9. 7
15,558
4,992
12,034
1,435
3,932
37.8
12.0
29, 0
3.5
9.5
13,988
3,042
10,282
1,236
2,084
41. 7
9.1
30.7
3. 7
6.2
7,143
1,325
4,428
517
654
48.8
8.7
29.0
3.4
4,3
498
618
112
127
4. 9
8.0
1.1
1.2
509
410
174
94
4.3
3.5
1.5
0.8
1,921
815
395
345
4.8
2.0
1. 0
0.0
1,420
794
367
312
4.2
2.4
1.1
0.9
624
307
148
105
4.1
2.0
1.0
0.7
4,876
100.0
5,103
100.0
14,550
100.0
10 565
100.0
9 750
100.0
1,738
681
1,733
364
20
35. 7
14. 0
35.5
7. Ci
0.4
2,056
738
1,668
304
23
40-3
14.5
32. 7
6.o
0.4
6,454
1,408
5,334
483
168
44.3
9.7
36.7
3.3
1.1
4,575
1,169
3,856
382
139
43. 3
11.1
36.5
3.6
1. 3
3,684
872
4,255
313
186
37.6
9.0
43.6
3.2
1. 9
143
126
26
45
2. 9
2.6
0.5
0.9
118
109
60
27
2.3
2.1
1.2
0.5
417
185
54
49
2. 9
1.a
0.4
0.3
241
130
46
27
2.3
1.2
0.4
0.3
236
137
48
39
2.4
1.4
0.5
0.4
•Excludes the rollowlng number or per~ons tor whom birthplace was not
recorded: 1932, 146 men, 302 women; 1933, 349 men, 171 women; 1934,
780 men, 337 women: 1936, 166 men, 76 women; 1936, 69 men, 69 women.
>
"d
"d
li'll
:z:
....
t::I
I><
>
.,.
Cl
Table A-6. -
AGE OF NEW APPLICANTS,
BY SEX,
~
1982-36a
Ol
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
Age in ye ars
Men, totalb
Number
Percent
Number
Percent
Number
Percent
Number
Percent
Number
Percent
10,374
100.0
12,041
100.0
42,145
100.0
33,658
100 . 0
15,309
100.0
1 ,428
1,629
1,720
1,908
1,592
13.8
15. 7
16. 6
18,4
15.4
2,304
2,020
1 , 694
1 , 872
1,579
19.1
16.8
14.1
15.5
13.1
7,073
5,920
5,401
6,219
5,543
16.8
14 . 0
12.8
14.8
13. 1
6,465
5,445
4,531
4,814
3,852
19 . 2
16.2
13.5
13.7
11.4
3,814
2 , 635
1,896
1,874
1,461
24.9
17.2
12.4
12.2
9.5
en
tzJ
►
20-24
25-29
30-34
35-39
40-44
~
(")
=
"Zj
0
i:,c,
-=
0
45-49
50-54
55-59
60-84
65 or over
1,083
549
301
118
48
10.4
5.3
2.9
1.1
0,4
1,235
712
386
183
76
10.3
5.9
3.2
1.4
0.6
4,547
3,172
2,143
1,262
865
10.8
7.5
5.1
3.0
2.1
3,252
2,328
1,620
1,023
528
9.7
6.9
4.8
3.0
1.6
1,340
956
630
441
262
8.8
6. 3
4.1
2.9
1. 7
~
11"1
.....
z
"'d
=
t'"'
Median age
36 .1
35.0
35.4
37 . 2
►
t::i
33.2
tzJ
t'"'
0
co"
""
f'j"
CD
Women, tota1°
5,102
100.0
5,247
100.0
14,862
100.0
10,620
100.0
9,799
100.0
1,233
1,069
774
719
525
24.2
20.9
15.2
14. 1
10.3
1,484
1,094
709
720
455
28.3
20.8
13.5
13.7
8.7
4,494
2,416
2,020
2 ,028
1,504
30.2
16.3
13.6
13.6
10.1
3,500
1,948
1,324
1,335
957
32.9
18.3
12.5
12.8
9.0
2,475
1,671
1,265
1,390
1,023
25.3
17 .1
12.9
14.2
10.4
Q_
S!
0
0
-
r2
ro
20-24
25-29
30-34
35-39
40-44
"'d
=
.....
►
45-49
50-54
55-59
60-64
65 or over
Median age
396
189
118
51
28
7.8
3.7
2.3
1.0
0.5
31.6
356
225
119
61
24
6.8
4.3
2.3
1.2
0.4
7.6
4.5
2.4
1.1
o.6
1,122
662
363
164
89
30.3
739
436
220
110
51
31.3
aAge 1s as or last b1rthl1ay pr1or to 1n1t1al reg1strat1on.
bExcludes the ronow1ng number or persons ror wh0111 age was not recorded:
Table A-1.- IU.IITAL STATUS OP
7.0
4.1
2.1
1.0
0.5
807
533
353
188
94
29.6
APPLICAITS, BY
sax,
1.9
1.0
33.0
19:52. 28 111en, 76 women; 1933, 21aen, 2:1 w111en; 19:54,
1935, 33 men, 20 W0111en; 1936, 11 men, 10 -en.
xn
8.2
5.4
3.6
eo
men, 25 women;
1111-11
►
Men,
0
co"
""
f'j"
1934
1933
1932
1935
"'C
"'C
tl:l
1936
z
Mari ta 1
status
Number
Percent
Number
Percent
Number
Percent
Number
Percent
Number
Percent
total a
10,290
100.0
11,929
100.0
41,711
100 . 0
33,512
100.0
15,241
100 . 0
2,662
7,245
383
25.9
70.4
3.7
3,870
7,614
445
32 .5
83 .8
3.7
11,438
27,927
2,348
27.4
87.0
5.8
11,454
18,529
3,529
34 . 2
55.3
10 . 5
6,283
7,337
1,821
41.2
48.2
10.6
5,024
100.0
5,188
100.0
14,700
100.0
10,551
100 . 0
9,772
100 .0
2,404
1.458
1,184
47.8
29.0
23.2
2,684
1,471
1,033
51.5
28 .5
20.0
8 ,428
4,504
3 ,788
43.7
30.7
25 . 6
4,680
2,908
2,983
44.1
27.8
28.3
3,149
3,331
3,292
32.2
34.1
33.7
Single
Married
Widowedb
....I><ti
►
CD
Q_
S!
0
0
-
r2
('i)
Women, total 8
Single
Married
Widowedb
aEuludes the ro11ow1ng nuJnOer or persons ror whom mr1tal status was
not recorded: 1932, 112 men, 154 women; 1933, 133 men, 106 w0111en; 1934.,
494 ~en, 187 women; 1936, 179 men, 89 women; 1936, 79 men, 37 women.
btncludes persons separated or divorced.
.......,
...
Tabla A-7.- SCHOOL OIADI COMPLITID BY KIW APPLICAKTS, BY Sil, 1111-11
School grade
completed
Men, total 8
No formal edncation
1- 6
7- 8
9-11
12
13-15
16 or over
1932
1934
1935
1936
Number
Percent
Number
Percent
Number
Percent
Number
Percent
Number
Percent
e,764
100.0
9,362
100.0
39,109
100 .0
33,301
100.0
15,174
100.0
114
1.7
31.3
20.9
27 . 7
8 .4
6.2
3.8
112
3.190
2.120
1,736
1,347
431
426
1.2
34.1
22.6
18.5
14.4
4.6
1,557
14 , 329
10 ,526
5,848
3,841
1.418
1,590
4.0
1,582
10,235
12,691
4,786
2 ,267
9 43
?97
4.8
30 .7
38,l
14.4
6,8
2-8
2.4
4 85
3,910
5 , 544
2,683
1 ,491
600
461
3.2
25 .8
36 . 5
17.?
9.8
4.0
3.0
2,120
1,413
1,875
569
417
256
Median II rade
Women, total 8
1933
a,
8.6
4.6
36.6
26.9
15.0
9 .8
3.6
4.1
7.7
8.3
en
tlO
►
=
"Ill
0
~
•
0
~
":z:
8.2
7.8
~
0
1-4
2,586
100.0
4,259
100 .0
14,041
100.0
10,437
100.0
9,641
100.0
13
364
319
951
715
110
114
0.5
14.l
12,3
36.8
27.6
21
946
828
930
1,132
196
206
0.5
22.2
19,5
21.8
26.6
4.6
4.8
270
4,020
3,230
2,606
2 ,724
587
604
1.9
28.6
23.0
18.6
19, 4
4.2
4.3
256
2,513
3,388
1,912
1,549
427
392
2.4
24.l
32.5
18 . 3
14.8
4, 1
3.8
387
2,822
3,158
1,637
l,Hi0
282
205
4.0
29.3
32.8
17.0
11.9
2.9
2.1
"'d
=
1-4
0
co"
""
f'j"
CD
Q_
S!
0
0
-
r2
ro
No formal education
1- 6
7- 8
9-11
12
13-15
16 or over
Median grade
10,9
4. 3
4.4
10.1
8zxc1Udes the roll011lng DUllll>tr or persons ror wha. DIIJll>er or school grades
c011pleted was not recorded: 11132, 3,838 un, 2,592 w111tn: 11133, 2,700
8.7
8.4
8.0
men, 1,015 wcaen; 1934, 3,088 MD, 848 wcaeD: 1835, 3110 MD, 203 woaeD;
la58, 148 aen, 188 woaen.
t""'
►
t:I
tlO
t""'
"'d
=
.....
►
Table A-1.- IIDU8TIIAL OIOUP OP LOIOSST JOB OP IIW APPLICAITS, BY 881, 1111-11
1932
Industrial group
Hen,
total
Manufacturing
Building and construction
Trade
Public utilities
Government agencies
Insurance, finance, business,
and professional offices
Institutions
Service industries
Private families
Miscellaneous industriesb
Wo111en, total
0
co"
""
f'j"
CD
Q_
S!
0
0
-
r2
ro
Hanufactur ing
Building and construction
Trade
Public utilities
Government agencies
Insurance, finance, business,
and professional offices
Institutions
Service industries
Private families
Mis~ellaneou~ industriesb
1935
1936
Number Percent
Number Percent Number Percent
1933
Number Percent
Number Percent
10,402
100.0
12,062
100.0
42,205
100.0
33,691
100.0
15,320
100.0
4,465
1,657
596
777
321
42.9
15.9
5.7
7.5
3.1
4,492
1,819
1,010
1,101
345
37.2
15.1
8.4
9.1
2.9
14,506
8,488
4,313
3,588
1,342
34.4
11,584
5,018
4,567
3,418
947
34.4
14.9
13.6
10.1
2.8
4,884
2,115
2,365
1,293
666
31.9
13.8
15.4
8.5
20.1
10.2
8.5
3.2
4.4
►
"'1:1
"'1:1
241
2.3
3.0
3.1
8.7
2.4
10.1
1,628
733
2,655
417
4,535
3.9
1. 7
6.3
1.0
10.7
853
583
2,076
492
4,153
2.5
1.7
6.2
1.5
12.3
463
307
1,030
262
1,935
3.0
2.0
6.7
1.7
12.6
822
146
1,377
7.9
1.4
13.3
363
370
1,055
286
1,221
5,178
100.0
5,274
100.0
14,887
100.0
10,640
100.0
9,809
100.0
1,034
23
453
156
78
20.0
0.4
8.8
3.0
1.5
1,384
38
574
158
88
26.2
0.7
10.9
3.0
1. 7
4,048
132
2,213
389
296
27.2
0 9
14.9
2.6
2.0
3,146
62
1,344
185
223
29.6
0.6
12.6
1.8
2.1
2,625
33
1,018
134
278
26.8
0.3
10.4
1.4
2.8
282
5.4
339
512
574
1,219
368
6.4
9.7
10.9
23.1
7.4
936
1,150
1,418
3,048
1,257
6.3
7.7
9.5
20.5
8.4
546
541
1,289
2,323
981
5.1
5.1
12.1
21.8
9.2
407
467
1,115
2,721
1,011
4.1
4.8
11.4
27.7
10.3
(a)
(a)
1,013
1,129
1,010
-
-
19.6
21.8
19.5
8 rnstltutlons included with otllscellanPous Industries• In 1932bHlscPllaneous lnjustrl~s lnclud th~aters and motion-picture houses,
0
1934
garages. ce111eterles, mines, quarries, !lshlng, asrlculture, and all oiner
tn>es or lndl.lstry.
l;,r;1
z:
t:I
H
I><
►
~
~
Table A-1.- OCCUPATIOX OP LOKOSST JOB OP Kn APPLICAITS, BY 881, 1111-11
1933•
11132
Hon
Occupat.1on ot lonte•t. Job
Pucent.
Nua-
ber
Tot.al
Woaen
Nua-
ber
Bulldlnl1: and conat.rw:t.lon
Brlekla7er11 1 brlckaaao.M
Cablnet.aalr.er ■
Carpenter ■,
Joiner•
Ceaent. tlnhher ■
Concrete ■ lser• and
vorlrer■
Crane, dredfe, hol ■ t., &ad ■ t.eaa-sho••l
operat.or•
llect.rlclana
Pore-n lbulldln• and con•tructloa)
Lather ■
vork-.r■
Paint.er ■ (e•C9pt ■ 1an and tact.or7)
PaperhanQere
Pipe coverer ■, aabeatoa lDllu.lat.or ■
Pl ■■ t.erer■
Pluaber■,
49.0
=•
17 S
0
e
0
0
0
0
0
1
"'"
0
5•e
10ll
0
0
202
0
pipe, •"• and •t.•aa tut.en
i.
-
5.3
1.0
-
-l,Q
-
0
0
0
0
0
10
o.e
0.1
323
23
0
0
211Q
2.11
0
0
0
0
0
49
0.4
0
s.1
0.2
0
CD
Q_
S!
0
0
-
r2
ro
R1Uer11
Road-aachlM and a.e.c. cou\ruct.lonplan\ operator■
Rod•n, chainaea
RooCera, •lat•n, t.1-r■
8t.cmecut.t.en
0
0
23
7
a,oae...■ om,
et.one allll •rbl• ••t.t.ar•.
curb ■ et.Wr•
Bt.MICt.ural-lroa allll -el.eel worlrer•
Tll•••oaa, t.ena-c01.\a ■ •1.Wra
Ti-.ra ■, abo.-.ra
811.111-4 allll H ■ lelll u .. vorlrer■ la
lnaild1 . . aad COM,t.MIC\lM, a ••• c.
a
Pucent.
Nua-
ber
1;34
Woaen
...
lll35
wo. . n
Mon
Nwo-
Per-
Nu-
Pwr-
ber
cent.
ber
cent.
_
ber
Ilea
Pucen\
1936
--
WoNn
Nwo-
Per-
ber
cent.
Porcent.
ber
...
Mon
_
ber
·ber
Pucent.
Q,80Q
100,0
Woaen
Percent.
12.oe2 100.0 :),2'74 100.0 42,205 100.0 14,887 100.0 33. &Ql 100. 0 10,610 100.0 15 320 100.0
en
t,1:1
►
54?
5,101
93
Orna•nt.al-iron
""
f'j"
Puce•t.
10,402 100. 0 5, 1'78 100.
Slrllled and 11e11hkllled occupation■ in
aanuf•ct.urlnll and aechanlcal lnduat.rl••
co"
Ken
OI
0
0
47
0
0
0
-0,2
0.1
0
0
0
0
-o.e
-
0
0
0
0
-
0
10.
--
-
e
4,535
3'7.e
ll70
"-'7
125
0
51;14
1015
0
1',7
1.0
0
0
0
0
0
0
t
lQ
15e
0
4G
18
2&1
2e
0
0
18'7
'9
0
0
18
12
0
48
0
0
0
-
4,8
O.ll
-
0,2
1.3
-
o.•
0.2
2. 1
0.2
0
0
0
0
0
--
1.11
0
0
0
0
0
0.4
0
0.2
18,4 17,012
-
--.-
0.1
0
0
0
0
-0.4
-
0
0
0
0
-
-
0
-
41.'7
3,100
ft •••
1",ft
0
7e7
0
1,404
4e2
323
1.8
0
0
0
0
0
221
381
0
-
3.3
1.1
o.e
o.e
0.9
-
0
0
0
0
0
24
O,Q
o. 1
1,427
112
0
0
4110
-1. 1
3-4
0.3
0
0
0
0
0
160
o.,
0
Cl
0
147
92
0.1
0
0
0
0
3?0
0
149
0
81
0
-0.3
0.2
-
0.1
0
0
0
0
-
0
o.,
-
20,8 13,28ll
-
--
--
--
4 1ll8
1ee
3e
588
13ll
275
146
3ll.C
2,713
12. 5
o.e
0.1
1,8
0.4
0,8
0
0
0
0
0
0
407
113
7
0.4
O.Q
1.2
0.2
.
0
0
0
0
0
713
114
30
1211
383
a. 1
0.3
o. 1
0. 4
1. 1
0
0
0
0
0
100
0.3
0
Sl
11
0. 1
0
0
0
0
319
1011
u
1H
0.1
o.s
0.1
0.4
17
o. 1
0.1
0
0
0
0
104
o.a
0
"°
H
O.a
2C, 5
-
------
-
e.eo
ae.2
l A21
101
22
185
1
eo
CB
2,528
Q
n
0.7
o. 1
1.2
0.4
0,4
0
0
0
0
0
0,4
o.e
1,7
0.1
0
0
0
0
0
272
40
33
43
188
1,8
0,3
0.2
0.3
1-2
0
0
0
0
0
81
0.2
0
23
0.1
0.1
o.,
o. 1
0
0
0
eo
120
2ee
17
7
19
n
11
.
0
..
0.3
0,11
0.1
0
0
0
0
H
0.4
0
411
110
3
25.8
-
---
-
1:11:1
n
=
0-:,
0
Ill'
-=
0
...
1:11:1
-.,,
:z:
=
....
t"'4
►
1:::1
DIii
t"'4
.,,
-
=
►
Met.al prochNtt•• . .c b hterJ , and elect.rlcal-
-ood•
un1.1tac\vlDI
Blacka11lt.ha, toreeaea, b•--r-n.
hlleraakera, la,er■ • oul.
Buf'tera, tilen , ,r1Dd•r• 1-t•U
Cut.er ■ , aoldera, to1,1,ndr,_.n
Clockaalrer ■
and
Copper ■ •U.ha,
vat.ch ■akera,
Jewaler ■
\lD ■ •Uha
Coreaa.lr.era ( toundr7 J
lnat.ruaent. aakera
Machine fbera lather than looa)
l 280
43
47
73
77
7
12.4
0.4
0.5
0.7
0.7
0.1
13
0
0
1
0
l
17
22
1
0.2
0.2
0
59
.
0.e
Macblnlat ■
393
3.8
Nlchanlc ■ ,
82
22
0
0.8
o.a
aut.oaobl le a.od aircraft
Mechanic•, ot.h9r
Operat.1••• n . e , c . , elec\rlcal eooda
Ope rat.he ■ n . e . c.,
-
iron and at.eel
lndut.rlea
Opera\he ■ n.e.c .. ot.~r •t.al
lndua t rl••
0
-
0
-
Pat.t.eraaaker■
0
.
.(vood and . . t.al J
Plat.era,
en■ Nlera
Rea•r ■ ,
drlllera,
Rhet.er•
Rollere, roll h•nd•
4
bol\er ■
( ■ blp,ard)
C•'-••l)
Sheet.-.. t.al W01"11ere
Saelt.ere, hea\era, puddler•
St.or••e-baU.er, worker• (coll winders,
aolderer ■ >
Tool Miter•, •1llwr1•ht.a, dle
Welder•
aet.t.er ■
22
20
0
128
0
0
130
119
-
0.2
0.2
-
t.2
-
-
PrlD\lD. eat.abll ■ ll•n1.a
Boolrblnde n
Coapoeltor ■ , print.en , llno\7pe and
N
C)
Q.
■ ooot.n-e
operator ■
$!
sn11r•••r• , 11 t.botraphera
0
1
0
0
Operat.lYea D.e.c. , prlD\lD.
Proofreader■
e ■ \ablUhaeD\ ■
0
~,..._
T ■ st.Ue
and clot.hint! -autact.\11'1D•
Bea■era, t.wla\er•
Burler•, -nd•r•
Dre••••llera, furrier• (110\ lD fact.-or7J
D7era ( lndmt.rhl J
Plnhhera (clolhin. I
0
0
ro
1H
toouot.. u ,aa or tab 1, .
-
.
3
0
3
-
0
.-
0. 1
-
218
7
11
ee
0
0
--
0.1
0.2
0.4
0.4
0.4
o. 1
.
0.2
o. 1
0.2
3&&
a.9
118
0. 7
0.1
0.l
10
1&
7
3
21
12
0
112
0
3
e
18
&
7
27
0
24
1e
0
l
11
0
43
8
0
0
0
0
0
t.2
0. 1
2.2
0. l
a.
u&
131
1e
234
.
45
0
1.4
1.2
0
.
1 080
30
0
0
0
1
1.1
.
0
0
0
0
'g
0.2
-• o.a
--
&e
0
l.2
.
0.1
0.2
0.1
-
188
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
9
.
0. •
0
14
0
0
0
0
0
0.&
0
0
0,3
-
3. 8
--• --
o.a
--
-
2 7!l0
l&O
lOl
140
08
u
13
18
11
114
300
e.&
0. 4
o.a
0.4
o. a
..
0. l
.
0. 3
0.9
o.e
48
91!
o. 1
0 .2
0
0
34
2&4
o. e
3
330
0.8
11
33
1&
112
70
.
.
12
0.1
0. 3
0.2
134
0
0.3
0
0
47
104
103
0.1
0.2
O. &
100
0
0
0.9
o. 4
370
25
0. 9
0.1
143
21
.-
11e
23
.
0.5
0.1
7
l
-
-0 . 9
117
8
t. O
0. I
47
20
0.3
0.2
0
l
0. 1
9
4&
0,4
ao
0.4
101
0 .1
4.2
221
t. e
0.2
0.2
1.3
8
350
10
35
51
0
e.e
0.2
0,7
l.C
I 3Ro
27
2
e
49
0
3.3
O. l
0.1
-
0.l
-
35
I&
4
0
1
12
0
.
0. 1
.-
0.1
-
e
0
0
1
0
0
0
3. 3
-
173
0
0
0 .&
0. 3
0
1
0
0
0
a&&
33
0
108
•
177
0
0
0
0
1
-
..
0. 1
-
1. 1
-
•
-
.
0.3
.
0.1
.
-
I
ate
7!j
74
113
H
13
31
8.7
0.2
o.a
0.3
0.3
0. 1
a
o. 1
0.1
.
313
0.9
4&1
100
185
t.3
0.&
0.5
0
0
2311
e&l
l.O
14
132
0.4
14
as
8
2&
33
2
18
ee
10
o. 1
.
.
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
e
O. l
0.1
o. 3
-
49
0.3
0. 1
0.7
-
-
33
143
130
0.1
0,4
0. 4
0. 9
0.l
320
11
.
.
185
12
111
0.e
1 3118
52
70
143
t.e
3
0
0
1
1
0
l
0
0
0
103
..
274
0
0
LO
.
0
0
e2
14
o.&
0.1
3
0
123
0.4
41
10.7
1 337
4.e
0.4
30
0.3
1
7
83
SIi
-
-
9
..
o. 1
0.3
0. 1
4
....
31
&t
77
0
97
a.e
-
...
.---
1,021
S4
81
44
aa
3
10
II
l
&
109
e.7
0.2
0.1
0.3
0,2
103
0
0
0
0
0
o. 1
0.1
0
l
0
0
0
.
..
0.7
.•
11&
0 . 11
117
13
o.e
0.3
o. 1
ate
1,4
o.a
18
0.1
3
13
8
o. 1
o. 1
0.1
o. 1
0
0
0
0
0
47
13
0.3
0. 1
0
0
ti
0.1
0.4
0 .5
112
•••
---o. 1
--
0. e
o. 1
.-
o. 1
0.4
, •• 0
0.3
0 .3
0.7
-
0 .8
1&
17
0
59
110
ue
&
49
&
3
...
&4
ao
0
l
u
12
-
.
..
0. 7
0. 3
0,4
0
0
0
0
33
3
0
0
l
H
5-•
o. 1
1 3eo
32
o.a
0. l
&e
1118
0
133
.-
1.'
---
-
0.3
0.1
.
--
-
-
.,,.,,
►
ti:!
:z:
t:I
~
~
►
0 . 'P
.
.--
0.3
o. a
lft,D
0. a
o.e
a.o
-1,4
...
01
Ta~l• A-1.- OCCUPATIOI OP LOIOIBT JOB OP 1ft APPLICAITB, BY 811, 1111-18 - Continued
1932
Ken
Oceupat.ion ot lon11eet job
1933"
Woaen
Mua-
Pe,-
Nua-
ber
cent.
ber
Men
Percent
Percent
Nua-
ber
1934
Nua-
Per-
ber
cent.
"ber
P<lr-
c•nt.
I)
19311
1938
·- ... -Voaen
Men
•-n
01
Hen
Percent
ber
,.._
Voaen
Per-
Per-
cent.
Hen
ber
cent
......
ber
Woaen
Per-
Nu■ -
Per-
cent.
ber
cent.
en
Skilled and •••1ek1lled occupat.lon, in
••nutactur inli and .. chanlcal
1.oduat.rles - Continued
l;,;I
►
Ill'
Test.He and clotb1nl1: _,mtacturinQ Cont.inued
1'U.1,ere l clot hint J
Katten
Knitter•, tull-tashioned hoaler7
.lnittlnll-••ch.t.ne operat.l•e•
Loo• fh:er ■
Looper•. boarder ■_. topper■
Milliner ■ (not. dealer ■ l, ■ illlner7
vorker ■
P1ecers. yarn apln~r•
POlfer-aachlne l ■ evlnQ) operat.1Yee
Pree ■ en
I factor7}
Shoe worker ■ I factor7 J
Tailor•
Warpers
Wea•er•
0
co"
""
f'j"
CD
Q_
S!
0
0
-
~
ro
Wlnder•, •poolere
Wool acou.rer• and sort.ere
OperatlYea n.e.c., clot.blnll fact.orl••
Opera\l••• o.e.c., t.e:st.Ue ract.orlea
Other akUled and aeahkllled
occupat.lona in aanufact.urln• and
aechanlcal lnduat.rl••
Apprentice ■ t.o ■ killed t.radea
Aaae ■bler ■
!taller• ( lndu.at.rlal)
hrrel
••Ur ■ ,
cooper■
Butcher ■
Cabh.. t. (radio) and furmU,ure
C&.nd.J' vorkera
vorker ■
15
27
29
0
o. 1
0.3
0.3
8
0
0.1
0
9
7
-
-
0.1
o. 1
-0.1
0
10
27
2
78
.
0
.
2
0
0
1,e2g
32
107
42
a
14
ea
2
0.2
0.7
-
1a.7
0.3
1.0
0.4
0.1
o. 1
.
0.11
0
0
0
20
--0.4
0
10
-0.2
ea
1.3
0
0
0
0
1
2
29
0
2
0
0
282
0
32
1
0
0
0
7
-
..
o.e
.-
5.7
-
.-
0.11
-0.1
3
28
34
4
a
II
0
7
1
1
3
43
2
50
2
3
0
8
.
0.2
0.3
.
.
0.1
-0.1
.
..
.
0.4
..
-
0.4
o. 1
1
0
0
19
0
8
a
5
114
18
0
3
0
14
ee
0
0
51
1,401
12,0
293
127
114
2
23
2-4
1.1
o.a
0.2
375
1
45
0
0
0
18
0.2
0.1
0
10
8
.
.-
77
122
72
0.3
38
-o. 1
18
35
o. 1
o. 1
1.2
1
1111
0.3
1118
711
81
3
281
-0. 1
0,3
1.2
-1.0
.
7.1
o.9
-
-0.2
ee
13
14
0
1'7
e,~04
1,~34
220
83
20
07
243
•o
o.a
o. 3
0.2
o. 1
4
a
0
30
O. l
0
1011
.
.
0.2
0.2
0.4
0.2
0.2
.
0.7
..-
2e
ae
4116
118
23
3
4
115
0.3
170
13
0
117
u, ...
1,184
3.11
o.a
0.2
o. 1
o. 1
03
0
0
0
0.11
0.1
a
0
""
..-
ea
0.2
34
-0. 7
14
a11
o.a
0.4
3.3
1
72
89
o.8
0.2
1&3
711
111
8
..
8
7
0.4
HO
1. 1
0.1
a
..
O.'P
0.1
o.,
4 ••
0.2
0.3
0
24
0.2
10
311
u
0.3
4311
124
14
1-2
0.1
o. 1
118
111
42
o.a
0.3
0.3
114
27
1
0.4
3
88
,. 1
II
a.o
1.4
4
02
123
o. a
0.2
0.3
.
..
o.8
e
4
'3
119
0
2111
147
12, 7
Qt
0.3
0.9
o.e
O. l
o ••
994
1
111
0
0
0
o. 7
0.2
2
41
ee
ee
0. 2
0.3
3.4
4,288
232
o. 1
0,2
24
27
309
.
8.o
o. 1
0.4
ao
149
12
22
0.3
o.a
o.a
lCM
3
0
0
30
0
30
-o. 1
-
.
-
.
e. 3
1-0
--
.
0.4
.-
o. 1
1- 0
0.1
0.1
.
3
1110
2118
-0.2
.
0-3
o. 1
o.e
182
.-
2
0
0
13
1
20
158
111
.
.
0
a
0.11
01
O. l
114
1
10R
131
0.3
o.a
-
0.1
-
1.1
0.1
.
0.1
0.1
.
1..
1.1
1.0
0
=
""ii
0
Ill'
•
.......
0
Ill'
z
"'ti
....
~
t"'4
►
t:,
tllil
t"'4
"'ti
....s:11
►
1,'l1l0
311
et
3Q
3
e1
111
22
u.e
0.4
832
0
•8
0
0
0
0.4
0.1
u
0.2
o ••
0.3
.
7
a.a
-0.1
--
O. l
o.a
c1,ar -an ( hand J
Cl••rette and t.obacco vorlren Caacblne
a.nd n.o.a. I
Cobbler ■ , aboe repalr•n
0
0
Cvt.t.era
b•lneera n.e.c., tlre•n (at.at.lonar7)
,1n1 ■ ber ■ a.e.c. lln NDUf'act.Ul'lD4J
l'l ■ ber . . n, ont.er .. •
Pore•n
Gardener■
(•reellhOUSH)
Leather
e:saalMn ( tac\or7 J
paat.er■ ,
worlrer■
packer■
Cotber
than
(tact.or7)
■ hoe
)
Llne .. .n
Malnt.eaa.nce •n
opera\lfta
Mo\lon-plcl.un o,.rat.or ■
M!Der■ ,
■ lne
Ollera ot -cbl•r7
a.e.c., oa tood
Plano and ore ■ n t.unen &Dd bul lden
""
f'j"
0
88
0
30
3
49
0
2
'
Quarr,7Nn (ezcept. ■ 1.cmeaut.\era J
'
0
Radio repalr•n and lnatallat ion ND
0
21
Teat.en
34
Varnhher■ ,
0
II
214
Operat.ift ■
Uplt.ole t.erer■
co"
e
0
Glasier ■
Inepect.or■ ,
8
214
a
Glaa ■ blower ■
LatMtler■ ,
'
palaHr■
ln tact.or,
Operat.1.-ea n.e.c., ot.ber aanu.tact.urlae
lllduat.r1ee
Ot.her n.e.c. akUled and ae ■ hll1lled
occupat.10M 1n -znatact.ur1.DII aad
. . chan1cal 1Dduet.r1••
21
0
000
.
0. l
2. 1
0.1
0.1
2.1
.--
1.0
-
.
0.3
..
.-
0.11
23
0
0
0
0
8
0
10
0
0
0
34
0
2
0
0
0
0
.
-
0
0
0
0
0
0.3
0.2
2
a
0
o.a
-
,.8
o.,
-
0.2
-0.3
-o.-r
-
0.1
0
0
17
18
220
12
0
144
0
e
0
84
0
--
40
8
-,7
1
3
--
0
II
0
0
Ill
-
0.1
o. 1
-
132
a.a
-0.1
10
2
0
o.a
.-
111
18
0
3.2
0
08
241
8
1.300
.
..
o.7
0.3
0.1
o.e
.--
-0.2
11
18
0
0.3
0.2
123
1.0
-
0
0
0
70
98
1
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
1
0
,e
-1.3
1.9
•--
-
.--
-•
o.g
32
183
1811
,.,,
0.11
.--
2
0.2
o.e
0.1
24
0
18
o.a
ae
o.,
1. 1
3
0
0. l
-1.2
ao
0.2
0.2
l.B
-0.3
.
.
7
82
0
34
0
289
220
73
33
104
81
19
,1
87
13
0
H
9-,
ee
0
113
.
-0.1
-o.e
0.0
0.2
0.1
o.,
0.2
.
.-
0.1
0.2
0
0
8
0
131
H4
20
0
0
0
0
0.1
0
88
0
0
0
0.1
o.a
3
II
-
0.7
-
-re
o. 1
188
-1.2
-o.,
328
71
g
3311
-o. 1
-0.9
134
e
18
139
1110
a.7
0. l
..-
o.,
1.0
o.a
13
0
.
1.0
..
o.,
0.,
o.,
0
14
0
20
0
0
0
112
23a
S!
0
0
-
r2
ro
Unaki l led labor
Apprentice ■ a.e.c., bel,-n
Clt.1 ■ t.eet. cleaner•
Da1r,-.n, tar■ band•
Doell: hand ■ , lonli•hore•n
o. 1
1.
e
1-re
1.7
-
1141
1.,
33
o.e
89
o.-r
ae
0.7
.ill
1. 1
18
0.1
1118
o.e
2
18.3
31
o.e
a.111111
14.0
20
o.,
-r.378
17-0
14
0.2
e.11011
19.3
lM
413
0
,.o
0. 1
108
0
-o.8
0.9
II
0
0.1
0.1
0
840
213
203
3119
1.11
0.11
0.5
o.8
0
0
II
0
7110
27
a
2.2
0.1
1.2
1.1
0
11
0
1.0
0
0
0
0
0
-0.1
--
Oaratie vorllera (11Jl8kllledl
Gae-at.at.ion at.t.endut.a
Hand,-.n
Hod carrier•
Laborer ■ , bulldln• am comt.r-oct.ion
841
o.e
-re
0.2
0
0
0
0
0
IN toow.owa at Hd or tabla.
0
0
2
879
-
.
8.11
0
0
0
-
0
0
0
0
0
--
98
13
117
0
0
0
2.2110
1e.e
0
07
-o. 1
,.au
11.4
--
.
389
39'7
3113
41
1.1
0.3
o. 3
0.1
1 3'711
'. 1
toe
lie
0
l
0
0
0
0
0
-
-o. 1
.
o.,
1. 1
0.2
17
1
.
0.2
o.e
--
137
0
32
2
14
34
24
0.1
0.3
.
gg
13
0
II
0-7
ee
.
170
28
7
227
a.a
0.2
0.2
0.11
100
40
8
117
71
ea
ea
143
•
--1.1
0.1
o.a
1.884
.,., o.-r
0.2
1B
.,, o.-r
0.1
-0.1
-0.2
0
80
0
0
0
.
CD
Q_
-
.
1112
0
20
0.1
1. 1
12
--
•
1. 3
38
161
10
30
118
ee
o.e
0.2
143
20
0
0
0
0
87
-
21
o. 1
0.2
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.3
102
70
--
.
1.11
0.2
0.1
o.,
0.11
o.e
o. 1
o. 2
0.2
34
II
.
18
81
9
12
a,
o. 1
0.11
0.1
0.1
0.2
17
0.1
18
0. l
48
0.3
207
1.,
g
0.1
88
-o.9
191
1.9
84
o.a
0
0
0
0
0
36
0
0
0
'
0
5
130
1.0
2
1e.e
28
80
o.o
17
228
119
0. l
0. l
0
0
0
0
153
74
4i
13
e75
1.0
0.5
0.3
0.1
...
o.a
0
0
0
147
--
.
-o.-r
2.857
1.5
o.e
1.,
-
0
80
0.2
.-
o.a
0
0
0
0
0
--o.,
--
.-
►
"'ti
;;g
z:
....Ii<t:I
►
0.1
1.,
.
0.3
--
01
Co)
,,.
Tabla A-1.- OCCUPATIOS OP LOSGIBT JOB OP SIW APPLICASTS, BY SIX, 1111-11 - Continued
....
Occupation of lon•••t. Job
u1sa•
1932
Wo■ •n
....
w-•
Mon
Hua-
Per-
Nua-
Per-
Nu-
Per-
Nua-
ber
cent.
ber
cent.
ber
cent.
bar
Percent
NWI-
ber
....
193-41
Woaen
Percent
·--ber
Percent
....
1930
-- -- -Woaen
Pwr-
ber
cent.
Per-
ber
OI
cent.
1919
Vo11en
Percent
ber
IIWI-
ber
Percent
en
Unakllled labor - Continued
Laborers, aanuf'ac\urlnt! and other
Porters
Vatchaen, Quard•
Other laborer• n.e.c.
Clerical work
743
Account,nts, aud Lt.or•
83
73
12
Bookkee~rs
Caahlera {escept. bank)
ClerU, bank
Clerk•, flllnll . . . 11, fe1M1ral-0Cflce
Eetl ■ atora,
appralaer ■
Neaaenaera, office bo,- and
•lrl ■
Operator ■ ,
office appliance•
Operators, t.elephone and t.el•fraph
Pa7■ ast.er•, t.l-Qepen. pa7-roll clerk•
Production clerk ■ • u ...- ■ t.U.S,, clerlul
0
co"
""
f'j"
0
108
80
43
Secret11rlea
Shlpplnll and rece1Y1n• clerD
Stat 1 ■ t.1cal c lerka
St.e110,r ■ phera
0
380
0
1e
•
8
49
0
8
0
0
-1.0
0
102
toe
24
-o.a
7.2 1 338
25,8
1 140
o. 1
2.4
1. 1
120
11
o.8
0,4
0.9
0.7
o. 1
-3.7
-
0.1
.
0.1
o.o
-
0. 1
-
37
0.4
e
0
0
0
0
4
124
oe
0
29'7
0
3
48
80
3
0
o.o
0.1
0,9
1.s
o. 1
-
ea
72
1.3
0.6
0
0
l
12
8.0 1,28'7
o.e
1,0
0.1
9
3119
0
23
0.1
3-0
7
8
71
111
0
110
64
•
.--
0
0
-
r2
ro
Stenotaraphen-bookkeepen
Stock Clerk ■
0.1
11
Ot.her clerical worker• n.e.c.
111
0.11
Trauport.at.ion and trade purault.•
982
9.S
222
Ad.Jut.era, clal ■ •••nt.•
Afent. ■ , ad.-ert-hlq
AQent- ■ • fr•l•ht. and \1cke\
AQent.a. lnaurance and real ea\at.e
Atent.a,
purcba ■ 1nt
and
~1179r ■
27
2
3
1a
23
..
0.2
1
0
l
l
0.2
3
0.3
..•
0.1
29
4
119
103
1,2
1-1
0,3
0,4
0, l
4
16'
14e
1.0
1. 4
88
13
0.2
o. e
0,1
30
1.eoe
0
200
0.1
4,4
o. 1
8,8
30
8
1162
&24
o. 1
4.8
0.1
148
o. 1
1,8
o. 1
0.4
0
e
o. 1
7
418
14
83
O. l
1.7
o. 1
o.o
l
aee
0
9
o.8
1. 8
0.2
23
43
171
13
12
220
23
o. 1
O. l
1. 4
0.2
87
100
1e
188
O. l
l, 2
lll
o. 2
1.0
.
l
-
.
.-
21
41
474
39
-
o.o
.
2eo
14
1,31e
0
12
Ill
-
0.1
l, 1
0.1
2711
a.o
22
0
-
.
36
.
-
o. 1
o. 1
0.8
0.1
78
1110
13
20
401
9
0.1
1, 2
117
43
o. 1
380
l, l
0. l
0. 1
3-4
38
2
0.7
1. 4
o. 1
.
44
0.1
2011
o.8
&,9
28
40
o. 1
o. 1
211'7
7
8
013
0.7
o. 1
1
338
59
28
306
31
0.4
0.2
2. 1
o. 2
0
208
20
1114
o.8
o. 1
o.s
118
19
200
40
0.11
0.2
1,9
0.4
l
170
31
es
8-2
S 1138
18. 7
784
7.2
2 40&
O. l
28
28
18
100
0. l
O. l
O. l
0.4
l
2
0
8
..
0.1
37
0.1
13
11
7
0
1e
0.1
0.1
0.1
0
1
0
l
-
0
0
"Ill
0
ge
139
42
a
-
14,0
0, l
2.4
1- 7
278
4,3
Typist ■
l -•74
10
:ieo
0.1
•
=
8.3
0.3
0.9
o. 1
11.0
1-8
1
70
31
43
0.2
l 418
140
323
01
-2, l
1,330
2,S
84
0
130
95
0
0
23
17. 9
.
-
.
a.a
l5C!
1.3
24e
o.8
0.1
o.e
a.a
e 717
13,0
1,218
33
46
3e
l
7
0
14
l4
.-•
aee
0.1
O. l
o. 1
0.8
-
1111
0.1
O. l
3.4
..-
.
-
8
e
>
3,2
1, 2
0.4
4.e
1, 1104
40
4
l&l
e9
1.2
-0.1
a
496
188
04
'10
7.2
CD
Q_
S!
-
2,432
o.8
-
o. 1
24. 3
l,0
l- 3
O,l
0.3
11
0
0
1
3.tU3
&2
0.1
1,9
3-8
1, 4
0,4
3,2
11.8
o.e
o.a
0.4
10
234
0
41
1,278
478
130
1.087
cw
Z.3
-7.2
-0.2
4 188
o. 1
0.1
88
0
0
0
all
24.0
&.3
-
-
0.2
2711
0
0
0.2
0
478
228
1.1
o ••
0.2
122
1
0
310
70
0
0
374
l.4
-1.3
tllil
8
22
.
13
0
.
.
3,8
-
o. 1
O.'P
1, l
o. l
Ill'
0
Ill'
•
0
.......
Ill'
2:
"'d
tzl
-
....t"4
t.a
t:I
.
>
O,l
lll;I
.
241
2.&
t"4
"'d
1, l
o. 2
0.4
28
18
l&O
32
o.s
o.a
l.&
o.a
1&. 7
au
o. 1
o. 1
...
e
2
-0,1
22
e
011
0,3
2
2
0
2
O. l
14
0.1
11
12
0.1
--
.
11.2
0.1
....>=
A.. ot.•, eal•• • ••l••••
Allent.e, ablpplDII aDd recet•l•·
Can•••••r•
105
100
7
21
Collecton, CNdl\ - ·
Conductors. aot.or•n (a'LN•t car J
Decorator ■, vlndov dreaaer ■
Dellw-er,-n, tru.clt drl••r•
De•onat.rat.or ■
Del.ect.1••• CpriY ■ \e ), laYeatlll•tor•
Huclra'Ler ■,
MarlM
peddler■,
J1mkNn
•n81Aeer ■
Packer ■,
vrappen I ■ ton J
Railroad ■ witch••• Clat•n, ,ard•n
Railroad traloaen, r1reaet1, conduct.or ■,
en11 lae ■ r ■
Sale ■
clerk.a ,
■ hopper■
Ta•l aDd
bu ■ drl•ar ■
'f•ll ■ r ■,
c ■ ahhr ■
Cit.ore)
lbaUJ
Other trade pur■ uUa 11.a . c .
Ot.ber t.raneportatloa pu.r ■ uU ■ 111 . a.c.
Do- ■ tlc
and
per ■ o.a.al ■ ar.-lc■
Barber- and beaut.7-bop worara
Bartend•n
Butler ■, bouae . . n (doaea\lc I
Chaurreur■ (do• ■\ le )
0
'g
Cleanlnf- a.nd d7e lne-ehop vorker•
Cooks, cheC ■ (no\ doaeaUcl
CoWlter- and catet.erh-a\a\lon vorkera
D•7 vorkera, laundn ■••• ld~st.lc I
Oa7 vork.er ■ (no\ doaeatlcJ. ort1ce
20
4
345
4
8
0
0
44
01
0
81
40
10
2
2
180
30
0
N
Slew-at.or opera\or•
09
34
0
0
~,..._
ro
Go•erne••••, cbl ld '• 1n1r■ ea, tut.or ■
Roat•••••• head wall-en , ■ t.•varda
lloueekeepera
caretaUra
dlebwuhen, pa.atr7
worker", bouaeND lnot doaee\lcJ
Lau.ndr7 worker ■ I no\ doaet t le I
Janitor■,
-
0.4
o.o
0.8
0.4
0.2
..
0
'I'
0
3
0.1
0
3
1
o. 1
0
0
0
8
0
0
0
47
0
0
148
0
•
2
1
8.3 I• 034
0.2
1.8
0.3
C)
J
o. 1
ae
Q.
le•r•ant. ■
.
3.3
0.1
0
OardeMr ■
.
0.2
13
0
28
112
cleaner■
$!
1.0
1.0
0.1
o.a
-0.3
1.1
0
0
0
0
.
92
228
-
•
0.2
-
--
0.8
-
2.8
-
..
o. 1
50 . 8
0.1
-
1.8
4.4
o.8
8.0
-
2119
-
0
-
e
o.1
0.7
0.3
-
0.1
0
74
18
78
-
1.4
0.4
1.11
227
34
0
0
30
21
848
1
13
0
0
23
14
0
255
0
•
25
0
1 303
1. 8
0.3
-
0.2
0.2
o.4
.
0.1
-
0.2
0 .1
-
2. 1
.
0.2
-
0.1
'I'
181
0.1
1.8
0.4
-
0.3
1.2
0
-
0
-
88
80
1
10
0
o.e
O.'I'
.
0.1
-
131
1. 3
Ul3
, .1
230
1-9
181
0
0
0
1.8
109
0
a.1
11'70
2.3
0.1
.llt,ch•nworur■•
Hald ■
(doaa ■ t.lc
Maid ■
I not
J
doae ■ t.lc
SH rootaot.. at ud or taHe .
), hot.el.a .
lnat.ltuUon■
--
192
0
-3.'I'
-
7
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
18
1
0
0
ao
0
0
203
0
1
10
0
10.8 2 325
14
0
33
102
eo
21
0
-
10
0
0
0
20
08
113
300
0
0. 4
-0.1
-o.a
.
--0 . 4
3.8
.
-
0. 2
-
44.1
0.2
--
0.3
1.3
1 .2
8.8
-
14
0.3
0
80
11
1111
1.0
0.2
1.0
.
eo
03
l'NI
0
-
11113
180
41&
111
1.3
O. &
1.0
0.3
13
0
&8
4
110
0.3
o. 1
&.1
0
8
0
34
32
43
a.un
9
ue
0
0
32
0
.
o.o
--
O. l
-
0
0
8'I'
0.1
-
.
0.4
-
o. 1
-
0.2
0.2
--o ••
817
112
40
43
20
1. 8
0.3
o. 1
o. 1
2.308
a .o
0.1
-
1. 1
3
0
ao
0
.-
'l"l'I
188
28
118
2.3
0. 4
0.1
0.4
0.4
584
0
0
INI
0
o.o
-
2.880
8.8
3.818
se. e
o.o
0
0
2
0
4.800
-
-
32. 7
..,.
31
0
39
o.a
0
tleO
.
o. 1
.
.
8.8
o. 0
200
81
4
••
11
.
1'1'&
o.a
0.9
0 .3
0.1
0.1
1'1'
28
8
1.013
'I'
-
2&
121
100
188
13
-o . a
132
0.3
104
.
128
o.a
0.2
o. 4
0.7
31
0
0
0.1
1.3
0.2
28
87
O.'I'
40
433
30
17
183
1.8
41
o. 1
N
0.1
o .o
o.a
o. 'I'
0.2
0.4
10'1'
54
1
30
I
0
0
2
0
100
22
ee
--
-
ea
288
.
.
.
a. 1
l
o. e
0.3
0
1.4
o.a
-
112
0. 8
o.a
1.1
8&
21
22
43
0. 3
0
408
38
10
'l'O
44
•• 1
0.3
o. 1
o .o
0.3
355
0
0
4'1'
1
•••
4 188
42.4
0.4
0.2
o.a
o.8
33
0
0
0
o.a
--
0.2
1.1
0.2
40
o.a
LO
o.a
1 -
34
111
0.2
.
.
H
0.3
o.o
.
o. 1
-
0.2
1. 1
O. l
o.a
0. 1
1'1'11
10
--
0.8
0.2
0.2
10
0
10
0
0.3
8'1'
3'1'
'1'2
111'7
.
1.4
-0.2
0
1
0
11
10
-
20
.
30
24
0.2
893
148
0
o.a
0
0.1
o. o
0 .1
0
0
'1'8
.
0
0
0
0.2
-
88
39
-
1'1'
2.800
au
11
0
1'1'
1
-
-
o .a
o. 1
o.a
o.e
33
0
81
88
o.a
1.0
0 .2
o.a
0
81
38
05
&37
.
.,..,.0
0.2
o. 1
- .
.
0. 8
HI
.
.
.
8.8
0
0
0
07
o. 1
O. l
-
o.a
7
3. 8
-
.
o.o
-
22
800
8.1
110
o. 1
13'1'
1. ,
'1'8
o.a
0. 3
111
0
-
0
11
0
0.1
o. 1
O.'I'
31'1'
O. 'I'
11
0.1
208
o.9
11
0. 1
1011
0.7
11
o.a
330
73
0
0
a. a
UM
1.0
a.s
1.8
0.4
200
1.3
1. 2
3 .2
o.o
1.0
&'1'2
340
87
1.3
0.4
131
o.a
430
111
0
0
180
344
44
210
1.11
3.1
0.4
2.2
-
--
--
02
201
18
0
0
-
DO
:z:
....'='
i,,<
►
a.a
1.2
1.2
3.3
141
"d
-1.0
0
102
8
'1'1
o.8
o.o
►
.,,
01
01
en
Tabla A-9.- OCCUPATIOI OP LOIGKST JOB OP IEW APPLICAITS, BY BEi, 1111-18 - Continued
u~33•
1932
Occupat.1011 or
lonQe ■ t
Job
Pncent
NUii-
her
Doaes1.ic and
per ■ onal
■ erv1ce
Practical nurses, co1ipan.l.ons
Servants, domes t le I liYe-ln)
Servant.a, doae ■ tic (ll•e-out.)
Soda dhper.aere
U ■ hera,
door.en,
cbeckroo■
val tresses
Wait.era,
valt,re ■ ses
Other
doM ■ t..ic
attendant ■
ldoae ■ tlc
I
(not doaest.lc I
and personal
l:r.ecutlYe, pro!e ■■ lonal, and
occupat.lon11
■ er...-ice
n.e.c.
co"
""
f'j"
CD
Q_
S!
0
0
-
r2
ro
ber
Pwrcent.
Nua-
Pwr-
Jiu•-
her
cent.
ber
0
42
0
0
0
15
3
2
58
9
-
0.4
-
..
0.1
28
1
141
924
0
.
o.o
2. 7
17.8
-
2
34
7
0
0
.
0.3
o. 1
-
Percent
15
l7
98
813
0
o. 3
o. 3
1. 9
18.4
-
20
0
0
04
52
0.2
11
0
25
-0.5
0.5
0.4
240
30
4.7
O. l
0.2
0.1
0.3
4.S
0.2
8.7
218
4.2
737
O. l
11
0
3
1
0
0.2
.--
28
4
13
23
0
0.1
3
0
0
190
0
-
bor
""rcent
--
Percent
bor
1Q30
Woaen
Hen
Nu•-
Per-
Hua-
ber
cer.t
bor
Hen
Percent
M1111-
Woaen
Percent
ber
NUii-
Por-
bor
cent
en
tllil
10
3
10
231
12
o.o
Nu•-
Woaen
0.2
0
93
0
0
0
-0.2
-
0.1
o. 1
o.o
52
24
1
159
178
337
0.4
21
0
8
l
0
0.4
30
48
103
1,590
93
0.2
o. 3
o. 7
10. 7
o.o
0.4
0.4
23
10
12
423
1
0.2
o. 1
o. 1
2.0
3.74Q
8.9
l, 187
7.8
118
31
41
22
14
0.3
o. 1
0.1
0.1
29
l
11
0.2
148
0
0
3ee
30
0.4
0.9
0.1
9
0
187
'127
0
0
7
0.4
1-7
0
33
0
0
21
.
.
0
04
4
0
0
.--
0.2
-
.
o. 2
o. 1
25
8
04
749
895
35
20
0
102
108
0.2
o. 1
4
12
9
277
7.5
1.000
405
0
29
2
0
0
0.2
o. 1
o. 1
3.8
o. 1
...
58
35
1
224
307
0.9
25
11
11
402
18
l. 981
5.9
503
4.7
1, 181
27
0
0.3
ae
o. 7
-0.2
.-
0.2
o. 2
0.9
9. 4
3-8
22
19
-
o. 7
o. 7
0.3
0.1
0.7
7.0
9. l
.
Dentist.•
De ■ 1,ner•
Dietitlana
Draftsaen
Sd.it.or ■, authors, repor\er•
lnlineer ■
(t.eeh.nical ), ■ ur•e7or ■
Snt.ert.alnera, ■cl.or ■
Laborat.or7 a■■ ht.anl.s aDd t.echniciana
Lav7er1
Librarian.
Man•••r•, olllcial ■
Mua1c1aaa, \each•rs ot IIU&lc
Nur ■••, •raduat.e
589
4
2
3
18
l
l
0
0
173
8
79
7
0
0
2
193
0
a
..
..
O. l
.-
l .7
0.1
0.7
0.1
-
.
.-
1.0
1
0
9
l
a
1
3
0
0
8
39
0
29
0.1
...
.
o. 1
o.a
0-7
-o.o
110
0
0
0
0
IIO
0
D
.
.--
0.2
0.1
0.2
-i.o
0.9
-o.e
0.1
0
0
14
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
33
0
40
.--
0.2
-
.--
0.3
--
0. 1
o.o
-
o.e
1.003
0
13
.
-
--
.
2.a
.-
1
1
4
0
•
110
0
178
.
..
..
O. l
O. l
O. l
-0.2
-0.1
0,7
-
1. 9
44
3
7D
17
15
2
83
0
129
37
112
31
"'a
10
470
lH
7
.
.
.
0. l
o. 2
O. l
0. l
-o. 4
0. 1
0.4
O. l
0.1
..
.
l.4
o.o
14
0
0
0
D
10
3
8
0
18
18
0
13
31
20
eo
--
5
20
12
10
-
•
0.1
.
20
0
52
12
-o. 1
'8
o. 1
o. a
o. 1
o. 1
-
0.1
0.3
0.2
0. 8
14
18
14
3
201
'19
3
.
0.2
0.1
o. 1
0.1
0.1
o. 1
-0-3
0.1
0
=
0-:,
0
1:11'
o
Ill'
450
,.o
"....
25
0
9
1
0
0,1
"'d
0
7
3
l
8
0.3
o. 1
0.1
o. 1
0
28
7
l
8
1.7
0.8
38
23
71
.
.
>
Ill'
0. l
O. l
2-8
o. 1
se ■ iproteasion•l
Apprentice• and •••ht.ant. ■ in protes ■ 1onal
and recreational pursuit. ■ n.e.c.
Archlt.ecu
Art.1st•, teacher• or art.
Che•ist.s
ClerQ,-Mn
0
Nua-
lQ35
1"34
Hen
Woaen
Hen
- Continued
Matrons, house llO\hers,(1nst.1tut1ona)
Orderlies, hospital at.tendanLa
Walt.er ■,
Women
Hen
O>
-
.-
0.1
-
..
0.1
o. 1
-
.
0.3
o. 1
0. 1
o.,
o.a
0. '7
•
0
2:
....=
t"4
►
t::I
tllil
t"4
-
"'d
1:11
►
Pher ■ acl ■ t. ■
5
•
Pboto•r•pbera
Pb791c1au. aurfeou
Propr let.or ■ 1 Olrfni■ r ■• coat.rac1.or ■, dealer•
Re ■ earch i.,orUr•
Soclal i.,orUr• 1 wltare i.,or.lr.er•
Teacher•, at.hlet.lct, danc lnt, •ocat.lonal
■ ubJ ■ cta; ph,.rou.nd and
r ■ cr ■ atloc,al i.,ork ■ r•
Teacher ■,
coll•••
Te ■ cM r a,
■ cbool
Pr o t■ aa
lonal and
n. e . c .
l ■ s cep1. coll ■ t•
a ■■ iprot■■■
>
ional
htlllc-■ erTlc ■
•or.Ir.en
8a1lor ■ ,
ao l dl ■ r ■,
-■ r l net
ot.b■ r
{ lncludlnt
o .1
0
O. l
o.1
3
2
(U . 8 . >
Vatcl'l-n, po U c ■ .. a , tu ■ rd ■ ( pub U.c)
Other public a ■ r•lce n . e . c .
All
s
•e
occupatlona
he'-' i.,ork■ r ■)
1
0
33
0
10
8
Plre-n
Mt llae-n , aa 11 c l ■ r.11:a
a
-o. t
-o. 1
3
0
0
n. ■ . c.
O. l
0
13
0
I
vork■ rt
l • ■ cuth·et n . ■ .c ,
Recr■■ tlonal
.
••
10
l
271
.-
..
-
2 .e
118
3
0. l
20
0.7
118
a.a
03
o.o
12
0
0
0,2
11
0
0
s
o.1
LO
1
87
0
•0r:cusatlon or priar1 rt1uiiraucm ratlllr Ula.Ill tl•t Of lQAlll■ t JOb -■ recorded .
-,,.. u.a 0,01 percent.
0.1
.
o.•
.
32
15
0
0
0
0
0
187
-
a.e
90
0
0
..
0
0
s
8
0
40
37
50
0.2
0. 1
0
0
O. l
M
5
o.1
.
0.2
o.a
50
3
l
-0.2
-0 . 1
-
• -
0.2
0 .2
0.1
0.1
0
OS
0
23
0 .1
-
..
8
12
o••
-
-
0. 1
-
.
0.1
-
o ••
0
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
77
--,
.
0
1110
0
12
242
0
••
10<
es
u
1.012
0. 1
o. 1
-
.
1. 5
-
3
2
0
11
0
..
-
o.e
"
18
10
..
31
0.1
o. 1
O. l
11
.
7
1811
0. 1
O. l
o. 1
11
321
O. l
•• 2
0. 2
ae
0.2
.
10
0.1
1
0. 1
0.3
o. a
0
l
0
0
0
.
.
2 ••
818
.-
l
02
3
.
0.2
-
0
•
o••
0
0
.
I
..
1131
ea
-
O. l
O. l
8
43
15
ao
261
3
38
1. e
O. l
0.1
0.8
at
••
•
na
•
3
0
2
0
0
0.1
11
.
.
11
-
10
o. o
1?8
o .•
0
8
o• •
H
l.1
7
10
.
..
0, l
O. l
.
--
34
11
8
135
3
11
o. 1
0°l
.
O. l
a.e
M
O. l
I
44
.
0-2
2
0.2
0. l
0, l
a
.
s
1
0 .1
0
0
0
0
0
0
702
-
s
0 .1
11
o. 1
o.e
0.1
0.1
o. o
082
l.7
800
7,0
318
2.e
• ••• c •• IIOt •'-"b•" clua1t1~ ; D.o. ... DOt oi.blrwlN IPICltl~ .
23
at
0 .1
o.•
0.2
0 .1
21
1
0.1
130
87
41
84
1
a
..
.
0.1
0. 1
o ••
.
0.2
O. t
..
o. 1
---
7.7
.,,.,,
►
tiO
2!
t::I
H
t,,<
►
0
co·
;c.
N
("}
a.
CY
'<
0
0
0
-
0.0
('i)
OI
-.:a
QI
Tabla A-10.- LENGTH OF SERVICE ON LONGEST JOB OF NEW APPLICANTS, BY SEX, 1912-IS a
Length of service
in years
Men, tota1°
Under l year
1- 4
5- 9
10-14
15-19
20 or over
1936
1935
1934
1932
co
Number
Percent
Number
Percent
Number
Percent
Number
Percent
9,&41
100.0
39,410
100.0
32,258
100.0
14, ?22
100.0
973
3,893
2,910
1,234
489
342
9.9
39. 5
29 .6
12.5
5.0
3.5
3, 437
13,747
11,878
5,645
2 ,544
2 , 159
8.7
34.9
30,l
14. 3
6. 5
5.5
1,652
11,625
10,093
4,762
2,129
1,997
5, l
36.0
31.3
14.8
6,6
6. 2
958
5,362
4,478
1,988
6.5
36 .4
30 .4
13, 5
6.9
6.3
930
►
,-:,
0
tzl
~
0
,-:,
C
i
6.2
6.4
6.1
5. 9
Median number of years
1,006
l'I>
tllil
111"'1
Women,
.
0
r.o
totalD
Under 1 year
1- 4
5- 9
10-14
15-19
20 or over
4,526
629
2,517
898
322
101
59
100.0
13,223
100.0
9,366
100 . 0
8 , 801
100.0
13.9
55.6
19.9
7.1
2.2
1.3
1,747
6 ,989
2,89 4
1,058
345
190
13.2
52.9
21.9
8.0
2,6
1.4
1,603
4,887
2 , 031
571
175
99
17.1
52.2
21.7
6.1
1. 9
1.0
1,166
4,422
2 ,124
13.3
50.3
24,1
7.5
3.1
1.7
663
273
153
;::;
C,
a.
.5[
0
0
~
(v
Median nU11ber of years
•oata
3.6
not &Yall&Dle .
bExc llldee tile toll!Mlllll nWll>er or peraono tor whca 1anath or aerYlc• on lonaeet
Jot> wae not recorded: 1932, 487 •n, 369 woaen; 1934, 1,seo •n, ?&2 wean: 1SIC5fi,
:562 Mn, 230 11omen; 1938, 157 men, 186 11o•n. Excludu tho toll!MlRI nllJll>er or
tOI' 11133
persons who haa never been aalnt ull1
73'
3,9
3,5
3,8
- ■ p l o1"d
Mn, 1132 w0111n: 19:55, 581 Mn, 808
the following nllllber or
per ■ ona
■ 0111n;
oetore date or reclatraLlon: 1934,
11138, see Mn, 748 IIOMR, EICludH
wlloee onlJ nperlence prior to re1latratlon had
Deen on lrreaular or seasonal JoDa: 19:52, 74 Mn, 288 110Mn; 11134, &Ol Mn,
280 woan; U136, 600 •n, 232 woaen; llim8, 66 Mn, '7& wcaen.
2:
~
tzl
t""'
►
Cl
tllil
t""'
~
ail
►
Table A-11,- LI.OTB OF TIMI: ILAPBID BETWIIB DATI OF LOBB OP LAST IIOULAI JOB AID DATI OP IIOIBTIATIOB
OF BR APPLICABTB, BJ 811, 1111-lla
LenQth of time
in months
Men,
totalb
0- 3
4- 6
7- 9
10-12
13-24
25-36
37-48
49-60
61 or over
1933
Women,
co"
""
f'j"
CD
Q_
S!
0
0
-
r2
ro
total b
0- 3
4- 6
7- 9
10-12
13-24
25--:36
37-48
49-60
61 or over
Median number of months
1936
Percent
Number
Percent
Number
Percent
Number
Percent
9 801
100.0
30,639
100.0
31,821
100.0
14,250
100.0
1,527
1,148
782
1,450
3,288
15.6
11.7
0.0
14.8
33 .6
4,138
2,786
1,341
3,035
7,582
13 .5
9.1
9,457
29,7
12.1
6 .2
7 .8
13.6
5,576
39.1
13.7
6.8
6.5
11.0
1,296
249
48
13
13 . 2
2.5
0.5
0.1
5.890
3,366
1,180
1,301
10.4
6.9
13 .3°
1,021
371
1,860
0
Median number of months
0
1935
1934
Number
4.4
9.9
24.7
19.2
11.1
3.9
4.2
3,832
1,979
2,485
4,337
3,322
2,192
4,217
0
19. 4
12.9
-
1,953
974
929
1,566
10.8
7.2
2.6
13 .l c
-
100.0
10,337
100,0
8,858
100.0
8,208
100 .0
1,232
551
241
34.4
2,228
1,141
517
1,428
2,155
21.6
11.0
5.0
13.8
20.9
3,201
1,057
573
555
1,050
36.1
11.9
6.5
6.3
11.9
2,577
866
623
15.4
6.7
13.5
17.4
31.4
10 .6
5.3
6.6
10.0
210
77
52
112
5.9
2.1
1.5
3.1
1,180
587
218
883
11.4
5.7
2.1
8.5
701
365
1,356
0
7.9
4 .1
15.3°
682
250
1,968
0
7-1
•counted rroa tile last regular Job 1n private 1nc1ustry lasting 1 aontb or aore
to date or first reg1strat1on
bExcludes tile following niaber or persons ror 111\oa length or tl•e elapsed between
elate or loss or last regular Job and date or registration was not recorded: 1933.
2,254 .. en. 1. 677 women; 1934, 10,463 11en. 3, 3611 women: 1935, 296 11en. Ul8 women:
1936, ee :rJen, 3Q women. 'ExcluCIPs the ro11ow1ng nU111ber or persons who were employed
12.7
-
434
54-4
887
7.9
c49 110nths or over.
■en,
eoe
-
11.3
wcmen; 1938, 387
■en,
Ii<
8.3
3.0
24.0C
on aate or re&1atratlon: 11133. 7 aen, 111 -•n: 1134, 349 aen, 6112 woaen: 1113&,
1194 aen, 778 woaen: 111311, 617 aen, 614 woHn. Excludes the ro11ow1n1 nuaber or
persona wllo llad never been gainfully eaployed before elate or reglatratlon: 11134,
734 11.en, 832 woaen: 1936, 681
2:
t::,
1-4
►
6.4
3,582
484
►
"'d
"'d
tlil
748 woaen.
CII
~
Ta~l• A-ti.- IACI OP ALL PIIBOIB PLACID ASD SATIYITY OP WIITI PIIBOSB PLACID, BY SIX, 1111-11
Race
Sex and
year
Men
1933
1934
1935
1936
Total•
Number
Percent
White
NllDIber
Percent
0)
0
Nativity of white persons
NeQro
Nu111ber
Percent
Tota lb
Other
Number
Percent
Nu111ber
Percent
Native-born
Mumber
Percent
P'oreiQn-born
Nu111ber
Percent
0
<g
N
a.
C,
~
0
0
~
---ro
Cl:!
►
,a
(")
2,465
6,777
3,342
3,205
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
2,262
5,899
3,079
2,865
91.8
87.0
92.1
89.4
201
872
258
339
8.1
12.9
7.7
10.6
2
6
5
1
0.1
.1
.2
•
2,262
5,739
3,041
2,833
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
1,707
4,639
2,399
2,291
75.5
80.8
78.9
80.9
555
1,100
642
542
24.5
19.2
21.1
19.1
..,=
0
,a
-=
"'
0
PIii
Wo111en
1003
1934
1935
1936
en
2,609
2,981
2,443
2,103
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
2,061
2,625
2,029
1,768
79.0
88.0
83.1
84.1
546
354
414
335
20.9
11.9
16.9
15.9
•txcludea the rollowlng nu■ber or persona ror who■ race was not
recorded: 1933, 12 ■ en, 7 wo■en; 1934, 41 ■en, 19 w011en; 1935,
1e Mn, 20 wcaen; 1938. 19 .en. 11 woaen.
bExcludea the rollowlng n1111ber or whlte persona ror wbo■ nat1V1t1
2
2
0
0
.1
.1
-
2,061
2,571
2,009
1,728
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
1,732
2,352
1,774
1,53l
waa not recorded: 1~, 190 Mn, 54
111345, 32 MD, 40 WCIIIR.
•Ltaa tban 0.1 percent.
84.0
91.5
88.3
88.7
wo■en;
1~. 38
329
219
235
196
16.0
8.5
11.7
11.3
■en,
20 woaen;
z
"'ti
tz:I
t -►
C,
Cl:!
t-"'1:1
tz:I
►
Table A-11.- BIITBPLACI OP PIIBOXB PLACID, BJ BIX, 1111•11
1933
Birthplace
Hen, total 8
Philadelphia
Pennsylvania other than Philadelghia
U. s. A. other than Pennsylvania
British Isles
Italy
Russia
Germany
Other European countries
All other countries
1935
193-'
1936
Number
Percent
Nuaber
Percent
Nuaber
Percent
Nuaber
Percent
2,399
100.0
6,648
100.0
3,313
100.0
3,188
100.0
-
2,834
8~
1,815
197
468
42.6
13.3
27,3
3.0
7,0
1,,84
-'36
735
206
102
.. 4.8
13.2
22.2
6.2
3.1
1,,94
365
778
163
99
,6.9
11,4
2,.4
5. 1
3.1
169
143
98
39
2.5
2,2
1.5
o.6
101
180
49
20
3.0
5.4
1.5
o.6
93
144
34
18
2.9
... 5
1.1
0.6
(b)
(b)
1,844
173
93
76.9
7.2
3.9
1.9
45
0
217
27
-9.0
1.1
►
"d
~
z:
t:,
1-4
Women, total 8
0
co"
""
f'j"
CD
Q_
S!
0
0
-
r2
('i)
Philadelphia
Pennsylvania other than Philadelghia
U. s. A. other than Pennsylvania
British Isles
Italy
Russia
Germany
Other European countries
All other countries
I><
2,536
100.0
2,937
100.0
2,439
100.0
2,073
100.0
(b)
(bl
2,207
87.0
158
6.2
0.5
1,,77
411
823
103
11
50.3
14.0
28.0
3.5
0.4
1,128
315
755
138
3
46,2
12.9
30.9
5.7
0.1
1,107
238
530
101
6
53.4
11.5
25.6
4.9
0.3
55
41
9
7
1.9
1.4
0.3
0.2
31
46
14
9
1.3
1.9
0.6
0.4
34
40
1.6
1.9
0.5
0.3
11
19
0
120
21
~xcludes the foll<Ming nllllll>er or persons for who. birthplace was not
recorded: 1933, 78 men, 80 "oaen; 1934, 170 111en, 80 women; 1936,
46 aen, 24 "anen; 1936, 3e aen, 41 "oaen.
0.0
4.7
0.8
11
6
bFor 1933 this treak-<l<Mn ls not available; 1,8" men and 2,20'1 "oaen
were born in the United States.
►
0)
I-'
SEARCH FOR WORK IN PHILADELPHIA
62
Table A-1,.- AGI OP PIISOIS PLACID, BY Sil, 1111-11
1933
A•e ln .vears
Men, total c
193eb
19311&
1934
Number
Percent
Number
Percent
Number
Percent
K1111ber
Percent.
2,458
100.0
6,807
100.0
3,233
100.0
3.176
100.0
20-24
211-29
30-34
311-39
40-44
348
460
398
540
349
14. 2
18.7
16.2
22.0
14.2
812
1,026
977
1,1108
1,096
11.9
111.1
14. 3
22.2
16,1
419
11114
482
596
542
13.0
17. 1
14.9
1B.4
16.7
1131
1144
429
493
1e.7
17.1
13.11
111.11
111.9
411-49
110-114
1111-59
60 or over
227
92
29
111
9.2
3.7
1.2
o.6
701
340
21B
129
10,3
5.0
3.2
1.9
378
180
117
211
11. 7
11.6
1,8
0.8
344
199
89
42
Median age
Voaen, tota1°
311.2
IIOII
a.a
l. 3
311.9
'i6.4
37.0
10.9
e.3
2,598
100.0
2,990
100.0
2,389
100.0
2,0711
100.0
20-24
211-29
30-34
311-39
40-44
806
554
348
3311
215
31.0
21.3
13.4
12.9
B,3
1,206
683
401
303
200
40.3
22,B
13.4
10.2
6.7
868
317
263
188
36.3
21.0
13,3
11.0
7.9
846
392
240
192
1111
40.8
18.9
11.e
11.2
7.3
45-49
II0-114
1111-119
60 or oTer
175
96
46
23
6.7
3.7
1,8
0,9
107
152
28
10
3.6
l,B
0.9
0,3
1315
66
34
17
5.6
2.e
1,4
0,7
122
61
34
37
15.9
2.11
1.e
1.8
Hedlan age
IIOl
27.1
29.15
27.4
28.3
•,aw
aclJuattd u ot Ul06 tor DeNICllli re11aterln1 pr1or to 1836.
bAP &dJuated u or 1~e tor perscns re11ster1n1 prior to 1"3&.
Cszcl\MiH t.ht tollcailn1 nwlber or persona tor whoa ace ■u not recorded:
1933. 1'1 Mn, 18 woaen; 19:54,
u •••
7 WCIIID; 181!6, 8 MD, '1 wcaen: 1'3e, 4 MD, 2 WCllen. Exclue!H the f0llOll'ln& nuabtr or pereona pl.aced 1D tma Uld
1118 tor wbca thl date or re111trat1on _, WlknCMD &nd tor who■ ap aa or thu• 71ara tbtrttoN could not lie
on•-· UI •D Ud rn •-D placed ID 11151 &1111 64 •D &1111 37 •-D pl&ct4 ID UISI.
Table A-11.- MARITAL STATUS OP PIISOII PLACID, BY Sil, 1111•11
Total a
Sex and ,1ear
Single
Harr led
llldowedb
Number
Percent
Number
Percent
Number
Percent
Number
2,4157
6, 74'7
3,320
3,206
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
718
1,790
1,077
1,2415
29,2
26.11
32.4
38.8
1,6157
4,731
2,074
1.7153
67.5
70. l
62.5
54.7
ea
226
169
208
3.3
3,4
15. 1
II.II
2,1173
2,971
2,447
2,100
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
1,280
1,8156
1,402
1,221
49.7
62.5
157,3
158, 1
7415
687
601
4157
29.0
23.1
24,6
21.e
1148
428
444
422
21.3
14.4
18.l
20.l
18:S!, 20 MD,
,:s Waatl
Percent.
Hen
1933
1934
19315 C
1936°
Women
1933
1934
19315°
1936°
1 txclw1ea tbt tollOllflDC nt111t>er or persona tor who,a Mrttal statue was not recorded:
1934. 71 •n. 2e •~n: 1"56. 38 •n. 10 1111C111tn; 1a:sa. 18 aen, 14 1110Mn.
binclUdea peracna separated or dlvorctd.
C" or date or Initial l'Hlltratllll r ........ _ l'lllltfl'llll prior to IIIISI 1114 1•.
Digitized by
Google
APPENDIX A
63
Table A•lt,• SCHOOL GIADI COMPLITID BY PIISOJS PLACED,
BY SIi, ltll•lt
Nu111ber
lten, total•
llo forlllal education
1- e
7- e
9-11
12
13-15
1e or over
Percent Number
1&3e
Number Percent Number Percent
100.0
5, 75e
100.0
3,154
100.0
3,092
100.0
10
593
715
415
264
41
44
0.5
28.5
34,3
lll.ll
12, 7
2.0
2,1
59
1,23e
1,519
890
832
435
795
1,0
21.5
2e ...
15,5
14,4
7.e
13.e
44
424
1,300
ee1
430
147
140
1,4
13,4
41,5
21.0
13.e
4,7
4,4
43
527
1,2M
e74
370
132
1.4
17.0
40.4
21.0
12,0
4,3
3,1
9,2
0.2
)!lo for ■al education
1- e
7- 0
9-11
12
13-15
1e or over
Percent
2,082
Med I an trade
Wo•n, total•
1935
1934
1933
School grade
co.,pleted
we
8.7
0.e
2,010
100.0
2,839
100.0
2,31e
100.0
2,025
100.0
10
533
eo9
442
3oe
72
0,5
2e.5
30,3
22.0
15,2
3,e
1,9
4
23e
482
eo2
783
332
400
0.1
8,3
17,0
21.2
27.e
ll. 7
14, l
17
275
e74
e40
509
140
53
0,7
11.9
2il, 1
28,0
22.0
e.o
2,3
9
237
692
541
431
0,4
11,7
34,2
2e.,
21. 3
3,3
2,4
38
e.:i
Median grade
12,1
ee
49
ll,4
9,9
•E:lelUde■ ttie roll(JIJr1nl nuaoer or persona ror whom nUIIOer or achool grades coapleted QS not recorded:
:.,915 Mn,
eoe •men;
l~,
1'104., 1,0G2 •n, 15B •oaen: la56, 204 wn, 147 wOlll!n; 1'130, 132 •n. ee woatn.
Table A•lT,- LIIGTB OP SEIYICI OJ LOIGEST JOB OP PERSONS
PLACED, BY 811, 1111-lt
1933
Lenfth of
service in 7ears
lll35
1934
1036
Nu11ber Percent Nu11ber Percent Number Percent
Number
Percent
Hen, total•
2,375
100.0
e,043
100.0
3,243
100.0
3, 15e
100.0
Under 1
2e2
1,050
e47
2?2
98
4e
11.0
44,2
27,3
11.5
4,1
5ee
2, 2?2
ll,4
37.e
30,2
13,3
5.5
4,0
189
1,343
1,073
419
12e
ll3
11.0
41.4
33,1
12,9
3.ll
2,ll
170
1,298
1,077
365
158
88
5.4
41. 1
34,1
11.e
5.0
2.8
1- 4
:I- ll
10-14
15-lll
20 or over
Lil
1,828
801
335
239
Median nu11ber of
4.5
7ears
Woaen, total 1
Under 1
1- 4
5- g
10-14
lti-lll
20 or over
5.5
5.4
5.5
2,317
100.0
2.e10
100.0
2,308
100.0
l ,ll?2
100.0
362
1,448
358
114
2e
15.e
e2 ,5
15,5
4,ll
1, 1
0.4
377
1,508
520
166
37
10
14 .4
57,6
lll,9
e.3
1,4
0,4
4110
1,317
412
Ill
30
8
lg, :I
339
1,097
412
85
20
lll
17.2
55.6
20.ll
4,3
1.0
9
57,1
17.ll
3,ll
1.3
0,3
LO
Hedi.an nu11ber of
3,2
years
3,5
3,1
3,4
•txclucies :.he rollCM1ng nu11ttier or pu·sons rcr who■ lenp;th or service on longest Job wu not ri-coraea:
70 •n, Ml •C91!'n; 1934, fi~ nen, 145 w,:w-n;
1a55, 66 men, 37 woan; 193f'.I, 28 ~n. 2& WOllll!D.
1fie3,
Exclul:1e~ the rollOJl-
nen•r t>~l'n gll.tnrully e,u;loyed bffore 18.te or regtetratlon: 1!il53, 2 ,ien, 3 women;
la.14, 52 IQen, 101 wo■ en; 1~5. 19 11en, 88 wumein: 10-38, 30 ~n. 86 •o•n. txcludf'i. the rolla,rlnt1; nl.Dl'lber or
persons •ho.!e only expertence prtor '-O rf"gtstr&tlon had been on 1rrtgul8.r or !!e&eonal Joba: 1Q33, 30 nen,
tng DWllber or perisorui •ho
~
tia.:l
wc:atn; 1&Gt, 131 Mn, 133 •OMn: lQ.36, 41
•n. 60 we.en; 1"38, 10 •n, 31 woata.
Digitized by
Google
Table !-11.- LIIOTB OP Tila ILAPBID BITWIII DATI OP LOBB OP LAST IIOULAI JOB AID DATI OP IIOISTIATIOI
POI PIISOIS PLACID, BY SIX. ltll-lla
LenQth of
in
1933
u-
■out.ha
Percent.
Nuaber
Percent
Nuaber
Percent
Jfuaber
Percent
1,15011
100.0
11,924
100.0
1,e1:i
100.0
1, 3154
100.0
0- 3
4- e
.,_ 9
321
228
142
24 ◄
1, 20:1
e:ie
301
1532
1. e:i◄
20.3
10.7
:i. 1
10.7
27.9
7415
228
110
130
1151
415.2
14. 1
e.0
8.0
10.0
716
188
78
10-12
13~4
19.11
1 4 .2
8.8
H!.2
20.e
52.4
13.e
ll.7
e.:i
8.9
2:1--315
37-48
178
29
e
1
11.0
1.8
982
1e.e
e.11
1.5
0.7
108
51
81'
0
e.7
3.2
5.0
73
◄ 9--60
81 or oTer
◄ 150
Median nuaber of aontha
Women, totald
0
""
f'j"
CD
Q_
S!
0
0
-
r2
ro
O. ◄
o. 1
383
87
44
11.4
-
88
121
ll.4
1.0
e.5
14
89'
0
-
3.8
5. 1
14.4
0)
193e•
NW1ber
Men, total 4
co"
193:lb
1934
...
Cll
tr,1
►
Sll:I
0
c:a
"II
0
Sll:I
-=
.,..Sll:I
0
1-1
:z:
1,391
100.0
2,387
100.0
1,188
100.0
1.034
100.0
'"ti
0- 3
4- e
7- 9
10-12
13~4
578
2115
97
193
203
41.5
15.ll
7.0
13. 9
14.e
780
33.0
13.5
e.1
12 .1
111.4
e22
172
80
715
1oe
52.3
14.5
6.7
e.4
8.9
533
144
es
151!
81
51.5
13.9
e. 1
e.3
7.8
1-1
25--315
37-48
411--60
72
16
5
5.2
◄.4
32
1.7
5. 1
11
3 .1
1.1
10.2
61 or over
11
Hed la.n nuaber of months
1.1
0.4
o.8
5.e
319
145
286
460
200
80
8.4
3.4
1.4
2.7
34
153
unmcwn.
4 txc1UdH tbe foll~ln& nat>er of peraoae fer ■hOII leqtb of tlM •la~td betwun date ot 1011 or
-
0
3.8
8.8
•cOWJttd rrca tM laat regular Job ln prlY&te lnd.u.atr1 la•ttnc t aonth or •ort to date or rtret
rt&Utrat loa.
bDclUdH 1.uo MD a.Nii t.148 woaen ■ho re11aured prlor to 19:16 or tor •boa date or r•alatratloc,
l■ lmtnc.m.
cDclUd.H t,801 •n and 970 •caen ■ho re11atered prtor to 1~ or tor wbca date or re1tetratlon ta
52
20
eo•
1011•
-
0
3.9
1a,s, eee •n. 1,2ti wOMn: 1034., rm
••n. ,eo woa.n: 1936, 40 MD, 20 wCMta; 183e, e MD, 4 woaen. £1:clUdu tbe cou°"1na a ~ r ot
perama wtio ••r• eaplo,ed on date or re111trat Ion: 1934, eo •n, eo wcaeo; U136. 20 MD, M wcaea;
1'134, 30 Mn, 56 we.en. nc1ur:su the tollowtng nuaber or pereona who had not Deen 1unrull7 eaployed prlor to date or re11■ tratJon: 103.'5, 2 aen. a "caen: 1934, 52 Mn, 101 HNn; 18:S6, 1" MA,
U waaen: 10:S&, 14 Nn, &1 •oaen.
la.It recular JOb and date or r11l1trat1an "-• not recCl"ded :
••o aonthl or OYer.
c:a
t"'4
►
t:::1
tr,1
t"'4
'"ti
c:a
1-1
►
,.~ •• A-It.- OCCUPATIO• or PLACma.,. BY III, ltll-11
11133
Men
OccupatloD
Nua-
ber
Percent
ber
Percent
2, ◄ 77
100.0
2,11111
1, ◄◄ 11
ll8,3
7158
◄◄ 7
18,0
0
1◄
o.e
0
0
0
0
0
Nua-
Total
Bl<llled and •-l•kllled occupaUona ln
■ anutacturlnll and ■ echulcal
1nduetr1••
Bulldlnf and cona\ructlon
brlctraa110na
Brlckl&7er ■,
Cabl net.aaller ■
0
Carpenters, Joiner•
Ce■ ent
1◄◄
flnl ■ h•r•
Concrete
■ laer ■
and vorker•
Crane, dredlle, hol ■ t, and
aho••l operat.or•
llect.rlclana
Lather ■
◄
0
o.a
◄
23
10
102
0.1
0,11
Paperhanll•r ■
34
0
N
Pls,e co,..erera,
Pl aaterer ■
Q
Q.
Pluaber ■,
~
ClUera
R1Uera
0
0
~
---ro
pipe,
a■ be ■ t.oa
....
lnaulat.ora
0
0
ud at•1111
20
and n.e.c, conatructlonplant operator•
Road-■ achlne
Roofers, ■ lat.er ■, tinner•
St.on .. aaona, at.one ud ■ 11rble
aet.t.er•, curb 1et.t•r•
8t.ructural-1ron and -at.eel workers
T1 ■ beraen, •borer•
Skilled and
H■ hkllled
0
22
-
4,1
1. 4
0
0
0
0
0
-
0
0
2,8
0.0
0
0
-
0
0.11
0
o. ◄
•
0
1
0
-
0
-
workers ln
bu1ld1n• and con•t.ructlon n.e.c.
S.e rootaote1 1t end or tatile.
ll.8
■ teaa-
Paln\era (except •l•n aad facto17)
<g
-
-
11136
11134
Nen
Wo ■ en
100,0
2 11117
211.0
2.302
34,11
2211
1,140
Ul,7
0
73
0
220
1111
711
1.1
0
0
0
0
0
-
s.a
0.11
1. 1
-
311
211
48
0.7
3118
ll,2
II
0.1
-
0
0
--
0
0
311
7
0.11
0.1
0
0
811
1.3
0
38
0.11
0
-
-
0
0
0
-
0
-
0
12
II&
0
0.11
0, ◄
-
0
0
0
0
0
0.2
0.0
0
0
0
-
0
Nu-
ber
cent
ber
cent
ber
100.0
2, ◄113
100.0
3,22 ◄
100.0
1,7911
113.11
◄78
19. ◄
1.1181
112.1
◄◄◄
11
13.2
0
11 ◄ 11
17. 1
0
0.3
o.e
B◄
2.11
0.2
0.1
-
2◄
20
0
0
0
0
0
0.7
0.11
11.1
0,3
0.1
0
0
0
0
0
----
0.7
1.7
0.1
1.11
0.3
0
0
0
0
0
0.11
0.2
0
0
2, 1
0.7
0
0
-
0
30
0.11
0
34
1
0
1. 1
7.11
11,818
-
Per-
3, 3118
100.0
-
Nua-
100.0
Percent
--
-
-
-
--
---
Wo ■ en
Per-
ber
ber
Nuaber
111311
Nen
Woaen
Percent.
Percent.
--
- Nen
Vo ■ en
7
a
-
11
110
3
74
0.3
3.3
0.1
II
0.2
0
0
0
0
0
7
8
0.2
0.2
0
0
-
1111
II
1.7
0.3
0
0
--
-
0
0.11
0
0
21
1
a.2
.
0
-
0
0
0
8
0.2
0
II
0.2
-
-
-
18
lllll
11
a
21
lie
2
IH
11
111
II
1111
21
0
11
2,
11 ◄
100.0
◄O◄
19. 1
0
•
0
0
0.3
0
-
Percent.
-
-
-
►
"'ti
"'ti
tl:I
z
t::,
I!<
►
-
-
CJ)
(JI
Table A-It.- OCCUPATIOI OP PLACIMIIT, BY SIX, 1111-lt - Continued
1933
Men
Occupation
Nu ■-
ber
SJrilled and
■ ealskilled
1934
Men
Vomen
Percent
Nua-
ber
Percent
N1111-
ber
111311
Vo ■ en
Percent
-
111311
Men
Wo ■ en
Men
01
01
Nua-
Per-
Nu-
Per-
NUii-
Per-
ber
cent.
ber
cent
ber
cent
occupation• in
b er
Wo ■en
Per-
cent.
Nuaber
Percent
tr,1
.,
►
■ anufacturinQ
lnduatrle ■
and ■ echanlcal
- Continued
0
c:a
Net.al products, -chlner7, and
e le ctr lea 1-Qoods -nufactur lnQ
11011
20.4
2711
Black:!lai the. forgeaen, ha ■aeraen
Bollen111lc:er1, 1 a.vers-out
Buffers, filer ■, Qrlnders ( ■ etal}
Coppers■ ! th ■, tlnaal th ■
II
1e
17
10
0.2
0
0
0
0
Instrument aakers
Machine fizer ■ (other than loo ■)
Machinists
Mechanic ■, auto ■ oblle and aircraft
Mechanic ■, other
en
111
9
129
21
l
o.e
0.7
0.4
o.e
0.4
11.2
o.8
•
0
0
0
0
0
10.7
-
-
-
372
II.II
84
II
0.1
0.2
0.2
0
0
0
0
13
l◄
0
7
7
138
23
II
-
0.1
0.1
2.0
0.4
0.1
0
0
0
0
0
2.8
-
-
-
--
1130
27.7
2411
17
8
111
2
0.11
0
0
0
0
3
0
2711
30
17
o.a
o.e
0,1
0.1
-
8.2
0.11
0.11
0
0
0
0
0
10,0
-
-
787
24.4
134
8
18
21
10
0.3
0
0
0
0
3
1
222
2l
14
o.e
0.7
0.3
0.1
•
II.II
0.7
0.4
0
0
0
0
0
11.4
-
-
-
"Ill
0
.,
-=
0
1:11::1
11"1
1-1
:z:
'"ti
1:11
1-1
OperatlYe ■
n.e.c., electrical goods
n.e.c., iron and steel
industries
Operat1Ye ■ n.e.c., other ■ etal
induatrlea
Patternaalr:era (wood and ■ etal)
Reaaer ■, drillers, bolter ■ (ahlp7ard)
37
1.11
8
OperatlYe ■
0
co"
""
f'j"
CD
Q_
0
-
r2
ro
Rl Teters
Sheet-aetal workers
StoraQe-batt.er7 worker ■
(coll
Tool ■ aker ■,
winder ■,
aolders)
die setters
■ lllwrl Qht ■,
Velder ■
Prlntln• eotabllohaent•
Coaposltors, printer ■, llnotn,e 1111.d
•onot7pe operator•
--
11
121
3.11
243
•
1111
2.11
1
0.1
4
13
4
0.1
0.4
0.1
1
0
0
7
o. 1
0.4
7
0.l
1
12
10
1
0.2
0.2
3
0
0
-
0. l
0
51
2.1
II
o.a
2
0.1
0
0
0
4
110
0.2
2.0
0
0
19
49
115
0.8
2.0
2.11
271
0
0
10.4
-
0
411
411
0.7
1111
0
0
38
l.5
29
1.l
13
0.2
5
0.2
10
0. ◄
0
8
0.1
0
-
3
S!
0
0.3
-
-
-
0
24
•
-0.4
-0.7
0
0
a.s
-
9.11
•
•
37
1.1
88
4.2
178
5.5
1
0.1
-0.3
•
1. 1
4
0
0
-
lie
0.4
4.0
2.0
41
0
0
-
1.1
0
10
0
0
0
-
lie
11.7
1.9
1
0
0
--
29
0.11
4
0,2
22
0,7
24
15
0.11
0
-
13
0.4
0
II
o.a
1111
1.7
1
1112
•
0.1
l
311
14
128
0
0
0.2
-
-
1.11
-
-
t""'
►
t::I
tr,1
t""'
'"ti
c:a
1-1
►
ln,ra"Yere, 11 thoQrapher ■
Operat1••• n.e.c., printlnQ
eat.abllah ■ ent ■
Textile and clothln•
Be-era,
twist.er ■
Burler ■,
•ender ■
■ anufacturinQ
factorr)
Pitter• (clothlni)
Looper ■,
boarders. toppers
Pressers (fact.or7)
Tailor ■
spooler ■
n.e.c., clothlnll f'actorles
Operatl"Yea n.e.c., textile factorlea
Operat1Te ■
Other skilled and
•
1
•
211
1. 1
4
0,1
4
1, II
151
5.8
11
0.2
48
5
1
0.2
0.1
0
16
-o.e
0
0
1
•
-
8
0
2
108
-0.1
0
20
0.0
37
II
Power-machine taewlnQ) operatives
Weaver•
Winders.
1
0,3
( not in
furrier ■
Oreaa ■ akera,
-
e
■ e•l ■ kllled
0
5
10
4
1
0
0
1
0.4
0.2
0.4
0.2
•
•
4
2
2
3
0
e
0.3
4. 1
0.2
0.1
o. 1
0.1
-
0.2
-
•
-
0
1
0
0
-
4
3
0.1
0. 1
3
0
0
0
•
-
0
4
4
0
e
30
4
0
0
0
0
0
3
0.1
0
-
0
-
0,1
11
0.3
4
o.a
II
0,3
24
1. 1
1.e
25
0,7
88
3,e
38
1.2
114
5.4
e
0.2
0.0
0
0
•1. 4
0
0
0
0
-
0,2
0.1
-
0.2
1.0
0.1
-
-
0
0
0
0
2
2
3
12
4
0
0
2
-
0.1
o. 1
0.1
0.3
0.1
-
-
0.1
lll
0
0
1
34
2
0
4
3
e
12
-
o. 1
-0.2
0.1
0.3
0.5
9
e
12
0
0
e
-
-
0.3
0.2
0.4
-
0.2
0
0
-
-
e
0.3
115
0
1
48
0.0
10
0
1
7
15
10
-
•
2.3
0.5
•
0.3
0.7
0.5
1;1:1
occupa-
z:
tlons in aanufacturlng and
aechanlcal lnduatrlea
Apprentice ■
to skilled
trade ■
A.sse .. blers
Bakers (industrial)
Cabinet (radio) and furniture workers
Candy workers
0
co"
""
f'j"
CD
Q_
ClQarette and tobacco worker•
(machine and n.o.s.)
Cutters
EnQlneers n.e.c., tlre ■ en
(stationary}
S!
0
0
-
r2
ro
Pinlsher ■
n.e.c. (ln
■ anufacturlnQ)
419
1e.11
299
11.4
828
74
B
7
111
3.0
0.3
0.3
0.8
11
2
2
0
0,4
0.1
0.1
-
B3
2
2
1
1
0.1
0
4
•
0.2
0
1
87
3.5
0
5
0.2
0.4
Porel'len
Gardeners (Qreenhouses}
Inspectors, exa■ iners (factory)
Labelers, pasters, packer ■ (factor7)
10
0
30
e
0.3
Line ■ en
9
4B
1B
0
2
0.4
1.9
0.7
Maintenance ■ en
Oilers of ■ achlner7
Qperatl ves n. e. c., on food
Radio repalraen and lnstallat.ion men
-tonLn..,tu
- - - n end. or table.
►
"'d
"'d
-1.2
-0.1
5
10
0
3
223
0
0
0
3
0
•
0.2
0.4
-0.1
B.5
-
0.1
-
12. 1
1. 2
811
1
36
•
•
0.5
e
0.1
1
7
o. 1
4
711
11
0
0
-
-
10.9
140
•
2
74
0.3
0.1
2.2
0
44
0
0
l
11
285
B.8
132
-l.B
-
2
43
1
0. l
1. 3
30
0.9
0
31
0
0
0.1
1
0.1
1
0
-
-
-
•
3
0.1
5
0.2
3
•
6
0
B
-0.2
3
2
o. 1
0.1
0
1
1. 2
0
4
1.4
0.1
0
5
411
5
0.1
0.1
0.3
-
-
0.2
3
0
0
0
0
0
0.1
0.1
-
0.2
1.7
-
--
39
1. 2
0
4
12
0.1
0.4
0.4
1. 2
0.9
0
1
0
e
•
0.3
44
1.B
24
0.1
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.2
0
0
0
B
0
-0.3
-
0
5
1
3
B
14
42
31
2
e
2
4
6
6.2
5.7
0.2
o. 1
0.1
3. l
21
0
10
•
0.4
367
1
4
210
0
95
4
4
3.0
-
•
-
•
-1. 5
-
-
1. 2
0
7
0.2
0.1
0
4
0
1
49
-0.2
•
2.3
0
0
0
14
0
0.7
-
9
•
0.3
0.8
•
o. 1
0.2
0.3
Ii<
►
•
40
4
1
IO
1-1
a,
~
a,
Ta~l• A-11.- OCCUP~TIO• OP PL~CIMl•T, BY 811, 1111-11 - Continued
1g33
Hen
Occupation
Skilled and
ee ■ ls
1g~5
193 ◄
Wonen
Nua-
Per-
Nua-
ber
cent
ber
Wonen
Hen
Percent
Null-
ber
Percent
Nua-
ber
Una kll led labor
Apprentices n.e.c .•
helper ■
Clt.7 street cleaner ■
Dairymen, far ■ hands
25
3
0
LO
l◄
0.1
0
0
11
0.5
13
52
2.1
-
111
8
0
0.2
0.1
0.5
111
11
O. ◄
217
Per-
Nu■-
ber
cent
ber
cent
ber
cent
ber
0.5
-
Ga ■- ■ tat1on
attendants
S!
Handymen
0
Laborers, unufacturlnQ and other
Portera
Laborer ■,
bulldlnQ! and
Vat.chNn, Quards
Other
laborer ■
n.e.c.
Clerlcal work
Accountant ■,
Boolrlreepera
auditor ■
con■ tructlon
2
0
0
0.1
3◄
0.4
0.3
1.0
0.2
28
0.8
24
•
22
0.7
l
-
0.3
◄
3.2
l
-
12
10
20.g
118
3.7
1 264
18.8
1◄
0.5
071
17.0
2
8
0.3
1.7
1.9
3.1
0.7
0.1
1
3
0
0
0
0
•0.1
-
II
311
4g
42
0.1
0
0
0.1
25
l
42
2
3g
0.7
0
0.1
1.2
0.1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.5
0
0
0
0
0
32
129
93
311
20
1.0
3.8
2.8
1.1
0.11
0
0
1
0
0
◄l
Dock hand ■, lonQehoreaen
GaraQe worker ■ ( unakl lled}
-
0
0
0
517
411
77
17
2
Q_
ro
N1111-
Percent
rn
►
0
■ killed
aechanlcal lnduatrlea
-
Per-
ti"'
and se ■ lskllled
occupations ln unufacturinlf and
r2
Num.-
=
Other n.e.c.
0
Per-
lnduatriee - Continued
Varnlahera, painter ■ in factory
Operati•e• n.e.c., other
aanuracturlnQ lnduatrle ■
CD
Women
Nu11-
llC:I
Upholsterers
""
f'j"
Percent
19311
Hen
Women
aanufacturln• and mechanical
Tester ■
0
Hen
kl l led occupations in
Other skilled and sealskllled occupat.lou in aanufacturlng and
•chanlcal industries - Continued
co"
01)
-
l◄
l
O.ll
0.7
0.11
0.2
•
111.0
0.2
l
0
0
0
-
-
•1.2
3
0.1
-
7
o.a
◄O
1.3
2
0
0
1.0
38
1.2
27
1.3
•
15
0.11
2
0.1
•
•
-
0.1
-
0.1
•
1.4
0.7
94
3.11
0.1
0
0
0
0
0
13
0. ◄
1◄ 7
◄ .4
72
2.g
174
11.11
1 oeo
10.11
999
33.3
207
11.2
313
12.7
II
0.3
0.1
3
0.1
0.a
24
0.3
0.1
0
12
20
0.4
0.11
0.2
0
14
0.11
0
2111
0
12
311
17
I
10.5
9
0
1,088
0
111
24
8
4
0. ◄
-
-
8
l
'-zJ
0
1:11'
-
0.1
-
-=
0
1:11'
po:
2!
711
22.1
1
12
0
O. ◄
0
0
0
0
0
0
◄7
0
112
3
27
120
21g
-1.5
2.8
0.1
0.8
3.7
11.8
"ti
4◄
l. ◄
13
134
4.2
0
0
0
0
0
l
100
3.1
273
12.g
l
4
0.1
0
l.2
0.11
O. ◄
•
-
=
t""'
►
t:I
ti"'
t""
"ti
=
►
Caahlera (ezcept bank)
Clerks, flllnQ, aall, Qeneral-ottlce
office bo7s and Qlrle
He ■ senQere,
Operat.ors, ottlce appliance ■
Operator ■, t.elephone and tele,raph
0.2
o.a
0
0
•
-0.1
7
0
1
54
•
•
0.3
5
0
211
7
0.2
0,3
87
3,5
104
0
51
-a.1
tiae-st.ud7 clerks
Secretaries
l
ShlpplnQ and recelvlnQ clerks
Stat.i ■ tlcal clerks
0
0
S.tenollr&l)her ■
3
St.enot1rapbers-booltkeepera
1
8
1
6
worker ■
n. •• c.
A•ent ■,
insurance and real est.ate
A.Qents,
sale ■,
Decorator ■,
0
0
-
r2
ro
0.7
0.1
4
clerk ■,
■ ale ■■ en
5
credit
window
Deli Terpen, t.ruck
S!
-
19
2
4
Collect.or ■,
CD
0.1
1. 4
Product.ion
Can"Ya ■■ er ■
Q_
0.2
4
37
0
Paya.asters, t.l ■ ekeeper ■,
P11¥-roll clerk•
Transportation and trade pursuit.a
""
f'j"
0.4
•
Other clerical
0
4
-0.11
1
St.ock clerks
T:,plah
co"
0
21
10
■ en
dresser ■
driver ■
DftlOnatrat.ors
Detect.1 ve ■ t prl T&t.e},
lnTe ■ tlQatore
Packer•. wrappers (etoreJ
Sale• clerk•• ■ hoppers (store)
Other trade pur ■ uite n.e.c.
Other transportation pursuit• n.e.c.
Do■ e ■ tlc
and personal eerYice
0
2
10
-o.5
•
-
229
11.2
l 3112
Cook•. chef ■ {not do ■ eetlc)
Counter- ■ nd cafeteria- ■ tation worker•
37
-·
0.4
35
0
0
40
0
0
0
0
26
7
-
0.2
-0.1
0
13
111
0
0
0
3
2
0
13
1
0
Barber- and beauty-shop vorker•
Bartenders
Butler•• hou ■ e11en (domestic)
Chauffeur ■ (domestic)
--
0.3
e
0.1
0.1
-
l
1. l
o.3
0
0
1
1.5
0.2
57
111
0
263
-3.7
II
0.1
6
3118
0
40
0
0.11
81
-
-
121
4
1.8
0.1
0.3
1
1
509
20
7.5
0.3
•
o.a
11.11
-
II
2.7
0.11,
1
0
•
0.2
0
60
3
10
0
4
11
0
111
4
20
8
0
224
140
-7.11
38
30
0.1
0.11
0.4
5
10
140
10
0.2
0.3
4.7
0.3
40
4
4.0
661
11.7
220
7.3
-0,5
20
39
0.3
o.6
32
4
II
0
2
111
0.1
0.1
4111
II.II
4
20
l
0.1
0.3
-
•
2.1
-1.0
o.6
-
-
1.4
-1.5
-
-
52. l
-•
•
2.2
o.e
1
9
5e
0
25
214
1
10
19
4
44
12
•
•
O.ll
l
0
0
•
0.0
-
23
2
1
174
0
0.3
l
3.1
898
•
0.2
0.3
0.1
3
0
0
0
0.11
0.2
24
18
4.7
-
0. l
0.5
•
-
0.0
0.1
-1.6
20
42
0.1
0.3
-
0.1
0.3
-
-
0.11
0.4
'10
·o
1
211
11
118
2.4
0.2
2
0.1
0
-
13
•
-
2
3
0.1
0.1
1
0.3
-0.3
0
0
118
-3.2
0
111
6
3
-0.5
0.2
0.1
5
0
57
21
-2.'1
6
l
0
II
l
-
0.11
0.3
•
•
0.2
12
l
44
1
0,5
12
0.1
1.2
0.1
0.3
2711
8.3
2811
11.7
316
9.8
368
17.4
6
64
2
0.2
1.9
0.1
0.2
0.2
1.8
1
2
20
0
0
0
•
0.1
4
'111
0.0
14
0.1
2.3
0.4
0.2
26
-0.8
0
0
13
0
0
0
-0.11
-
•
•
2.11
111
4
2
2
0.1
0.1
18
0
0.9
1. 4
14.3
45.0
2
II
9
110
1
31
1
0.9
0.2
0.1
222
10
0
30.0
310
9.9
l 325
0.11
0.0
0
0
0.0
3.3
4
1
0
110
811
II
4
0.1
0.2
16
0.11
0.1
0.11
•
5.8
•
--
•
0.0
1.'1
l
•
14
l
10
13
10
0.3
0.4
0.3
0
0
112
1.11
0.3
511
211
II
l
•
-4.11
•1.8
•
-
0.11
0.2
0.11
11.0
0.4
11
0
11
7
0
•6.4
4
-
172
13
0
0.4
-
30
302
3
0
53.8
221
II.II
1151
3
0.1
0.2
0.4
0.2
4
0
0
0
0.11
0.2
3'1
23
•
•
2.2
1.0
l
II
11
II
111
II
0.2
1.0
►
>ti
>ti
11111
:z:
t:::,
1-1
Ii<
►
-
0.1
-
0.2
-
1.8
1, l
a,
c:o
Table A-It,- OCCVPATIOI OP PLACIMIIT, BY 811, 1111-lt - Contin~•d
19~3
Hen
Occupation
Nuaber
1934
Hen
Women
Percent
Nua-
Per-
Nua-
ber
cent
ber
1935
Men
Wo ■ en
Percent
..,i
0
Nu ■-
ber
Percent
1936
Hen
Wo ■ en
Nua-
Per-
Nu ■-
ber
cent
ber
Percent
Nua-
ber
Wo ■ en
Percent.
Nu ■-
Per-
ber
cent
rn
Do ■ estlc
and personal
■ er•ice
Day workers, laundresses (do ■ estlc)
Da7 workers lnot do ■ eatlc), office
cleaner ■
llevator operators
Gardeners {servants)
Governesses, child's nurses,
Hoste ■■ e ■,
tutor ■
head waiters, stewards
Housekeepers
Janl tors, caretakers
JU tchenvorkers, dishwashers, pantry
workers, housemen (not doaestlc)
Laundry vorkers (not do ■ estlc)
Mal d ■ ( doaea t.l c)
0
co"
""
f'j"
CD
Q_
S!
0
0
-
r2
ro
nurse ■,
0
-
203
7.8
0
0
-
111
o.e
0
0,5
0.4
2
0
40
1
12
10
0
0
0
42
411
1
0
Maids (not doaestic), hotela,
ln ■ ti t.utions
Matrons, house ■ other• (lnst.ltutions)
Orderlies, ho ■ pi tal attendant.a
Practical
ti"'
- Continued
companion ■
do•est.ic (live-in)
Senant.s, domestic llive-out.)
Soda di ■penaer ■
Servant ■,
Uaher ■, dooraen, checlrroo■ attendant.a
Walt.era, wait.re•••• (doaeatic)
Walt.era, walt.ressea (not do■ e ■ tlc)
Other do■ e ■ t.ic and personal ■ erTlce
n.e.c.
0
0
12
1
0
0
5
-1.7
2.0
•
-
0.11
•
-
-
0.2
31
22
1.2
o.e
2
3
1
1
0
11
•
•
•
•
-
0.2
◄e
34
1.8
1.3
50
2
21
o.e
0
10
0.4
0.2
0
0
111
-0.2
0
0
0
15
-o.a
e
0.1
e
111
o.e
58
a.a
11eo
21.,
2.0
o.e
53
12
2
1
0.1
0
2
0.1
144
111
0,'7
10
•
0.1
1.5
•
-
e
-
0.2
11.a
o.,
0.7
•
-
81
2.7
2
0.1
127
11.2
0
23
o.e
II
0.2
33
1. 3
111
37
•
-1.2
II
o.3
1
0
ae
0
1.2
-
17
13
0
0
1
20
2l!
10
o.e
0.3
ea
10
0.3
0
21
0.7
0.1
0.1
0
1
''
42
202
81
11
I
0
10
-0.2
a
244
8
0,1
8
1.,
e.e
a.7
o.,
0.1
0.1
4
114
1
0
0
24
0.11
0,4
•
o.e
1,11
0.1
•
0.7
3
0
32
7
0.3
ea
a.e
'
0.2
18
7
0
1
0
22
0.5
o.e
0.2
•
-
0.7
53
23
2.2
0.9
e4
3
12
0.5
0
511
2.2
0.2
0.9
0
0
20
3.5
1,. 1
1.7
1. 2
0
0
0
10
0.2
0,3
5
0
0.1
II
'
e
22
--•
347
u
-•
0.7
o. 1
-1. 3
-
87
30
a.a
1
0
8
0.3
281
5
11.,
o.s
11
o.e
e
o.3
e
2.0
0.1
-
►
134
e.3
211
1,4
0
0
14
2
s:,.:,
0.1
0
35
5
1.7
0.2
50
,o
a.,
1,9
a.a
7
1
0.3
55
187
8'
2.e
e.e
,.o
e
0.3
0.1
15
1
11111
o.a
o. 1
7,1
0,1
II
0.1
-
-=
s:,.:,
'
o.3
ta
"II
0
-0.7
ea
o.e
0
-
0.1
-
111:1
•
'""
z
"'1:1
....ta
t""
►
t:::,
ti"'
t""
"'1:1
....ta
►
becut.l•e, proteasional, and
ae ■ lprofeaalo.nal occupatlona
Apprentice• and •••lat.ant.a in proteaslonal and recreational pursuits
n.e.c.
Architecta
Artlata,
teacher ■
ot art
Cheaiato
Dent.late
De ■ lQnere
DletU.lam
DrattaMn
1n,1neera (technical),
&ntertainer•, actor ■
■ urTe7or ■
Llbrarlau
Manafera, ofticlala
Mualclana,
teacher ■
ot llUlllc
Muraea, 1Zraduate
Pbar•clst. ■
Re ■ earcb worker ■
0
Social worker ■ , welfare worker ■
Teacher•, athletics, danclnQ,
vocational ■ ubJect ■ : pla7fround
and recreational workers
Teacher•, colleQe
Protea ■ lonal and •••lproteaalODal
workers n.e.c.
33
0
0
0
3
0
0
0
111
1
0
0
10
0
0
0
0
0
l
0
1.3
0.1
0.?
•
0.4
•
-
111
Publlc-aerTlce occupatlou
1,132
111.11
11113
111. II
122
8.11
33
1.3
1311
4.3
4?
13
111
3
0.2
0.2
II
o.a
•
•0.1
2
0.1
11
0.2
0.11
1
1
4
?
0
0
0
l
9
0
•
o.a
-
II
0
3
0
0
a
0.1
-
0
0
0
0
0
-
0
0
0
0
1
0.1
0
1
0
4
0
•0.2
0.1
1
112
a
1
0.1
0
8
•
2
0.1
3
0.1
8
0.1
0
-
91
3.?
1011
co"
""
f'j"
0.11
CD
30
0
0
2211
81
2112
0
•
-
-3.3
1.2
4,3
•
-
0.11
0
3
0
0
0
II
?
0
l
8
30
0
?3
0
0.1
0.3
o.a
•
o.a
1.0
2.4
11.a
0
1111
II
l
0
11
18
l
0.2
-
l,?
o.a
•
0.4
1
2
0
0
1
3
1
0
0
1.11
0.11
18
0
0.1
-
0
0
-
Ill
228
13
3,3
0.2
2411
l?
a.a
0.11
0
0
114
1.0
3?
1.2
3
0.1
0
-
l
•
0
-
113
0
2
0
1114
0
0.11
0.1
1.3
0
-
30
0
•0.1
0.4
0
II
l
•
•
-
0.1
0
4
II
1
&
a
a
-
1
1
l
111
2
•
•
1
•
0.1
-
•0,1
0.2
•
-
•0.?
-
-
-
-0.1
0.2
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
2.2
0.2
-
0.1
-
0.1
-
-
►
""1:1
""1:1
•
0.2
14
-
DI:!
2:
0
0
-
1?
l
o.e
1-4
2
0.1
3
0.1
0
0.?
0,1
t:,
Ii<
►
0
1
•
0
-
2
0.1
a
0.1
0
114
1.?
'70
-
Q_
S!
0
0
-
All other•
•tnclUd•• anclaaaH1•d data
NN placed la 1915a-a8.
"I... tlall 0.1 IIO!'CIDt.
&lld
4.0
1011
ttauru cm. plac1•nta at oc:cupatloaa la whtcb r-.r tban 10 penona
1.11
4?
1.11
?3
2.2
23
0.9
3.3
x.1.c., not 1la•bll'I el&NUlld; a.o.a., not otblrwla1 apecltlld.
r2
ro
~
~
APPENDIX B
DEFINITIONS OF TERMS USED
APPLICATIOIS POI WOii
Selected data were transcribed from the registration records
of new applicants. A person was considered to be a new applicant at the time when he first registered for work at the State
Employment Office. During the years surveyed, registration or
application cards were filled out for the new applicants by
trained interviewers, except in the case of professional and
clerical applicants who filled in their own registration cards
which were later reviewed by the interviewers.
Applicants registering in 193ij, 1935, and
1936 who were known, at the time these records were copied in
1935, 1936, and 1937, to have been at some time members of
cases receiving direct relief through the Philadelphia County
Relief Board were classified for the purposes of this study as
work-relief applicants.
Relief Status:
Occupation of Pri ■ary Retistration: The occupation of primary registration is the occupational classification assigned
by the person who interviewed the applicant. It is the occupation at which, in the interviewer's judgment, the individual
is most likely to obtain a job in view of his previous training
and experience and personal qualifications.
Are:
During the years surveyed, the applicant's age on his
last birthday prior to the date of his first registration for
work, was recorded. If in the opinion of the interviewer this
was not reported correctly, an estimate was added. This did
not occur frequently, but in this study the interviewer's
estimate was used in preference to the applicant's statement
whenever both appeared on the application card.
The race of the applicant was copied as it appeared on
the registration card.
Race:
The birthplace of the applicant was copied as it
appeared on the registration card.
Birthplace:
NaritaL Status: The marital status is that recorded by the
applicant at the time he first registered for work.
72
Digitized by
Google
APPENDIX B
73
Duration of Unc ■Ployacnt: The duration of unemployment is
the length of time which elapsed between the date when the
applicant lost his last job 1 of 1 month or more and the date of
his initial application for work at the employment office.
For this study, duration of unemployment was computed from the
work history shown on the registration cards filed in 1933,
1934, and 1935. For persons first registering in 1936, the
employment office made this computation as part of the registration routine and entered it on the registration card. It
was copied from these cards, for this study, exactly as it
appeared. Since the employment office gave all duration of
unemployment of 4 years or more the same entry code number,
no specific duration is available from the 1936 records for
persons with longer periods of unemployment.
Education: The applicant's report of the number of grades he
had completed in elementary school, high school, or college was
recorded. Vocational courses, such as nurses' training and
business school, were recorded on the registration cards; but
if they did not lead directly to a school or college diploma
such courses were not considered in this study.
Lontcst Job: The registration card contains the applicant's
work history as reported at the time of initial registration.
For this study, the longest job was selected for transcription,
and the occupation, industry, and length of service on it were
copied. A notation was made if the occupation of this job was
the same as that of primary registration.
The occupation of the longest job was copied
exactly as it appeared on the registration card. This was
coded according to Bulletin #3, Occupation Code, Works Progress
Administration, National Research Project in cooperation
with the Industrial Research Department of the University of
Pennsylvania (mimeo., April 19361 . 2
Occupation:
Industry: The industry of the longest job was copied
exactly as it appeared on the registration card. This was
coded according to Bulletin #4, Industry Code, Works Progress
Administration, National Research Project in cooperation
1 rn errect, this was a nonrelier Job, s1nce persons were not employed on workrelier proJects until they had registered tor work at the employment ortice.
2niia code was or1ginally used only tor the studies or the 1936 and 1938 e111plo711ento trice records. but the occupational data or the earlier studies have been
converted to it.
Digitized by
Google
74
SEARCH FOR WORK IN PHILADELPHIA
with the Industrial Research Department of the University of
Pennsylvania (mimeo., April 1936). 3
The number of years and months that the
applicant had been employed on his longest job was copied !rom
the registration card.
Lentth of Service:
PLACBMBIITS
Selected data were transcribed for persons who had been
placed during the years surveyed, in addition to the data
secured for applicants. 4 A placement was counted when an
applicant was employed on a job as the result of a referral 5 by
the State Employment Office. Placements were not counted
unless they had been verified by the interviewer with the
applicant or the employer. For this study, the occupation and
industry of the job in which the applicant was placed were
copied.
The occupation was copied exactly as it appeared on the registration card and coded in the same manner as
occupation of longest job.
Occu~ation:
Jndu•try: The industry was copied exactly as it appeared
on the registration card and coded in the same manner as
industry of longest job.
3rhls code was or1g1nally used onl7 tor the studies or the 11135 and 1936 e111ploymentorr1ce records, but the 1Ddustry data or the earlier studies have been converted
to 1t.
4rr an 1nd1v1dual was placed more than once durtng the calendar year under review,
only the record or the tlrst placement was copied.
5when the employment orr1ce sends an applicant to an employer who has requested
workers, a referral ls counted.
Digitized by
Google
Digitized by
Google
Digitized by
Google
WPA Nil'ION.lL llEBIW\CH PROJECT
Reports issued to date
Studies in Production, Productivity, and EmploJ]llent-Cont,nv,4
Mining
E-2 S•ll-Scale Placer Kines as a source or Gold, Eaplo:,aent, and Livelihood in 1936
(out of r-,nt)
E4 E11Plo:,aent and Related Statistics or Kines and Quarries, 1935: coal
E-7 Technology, E111plo1111ent, and output per Kan in Phosphate-Rock Kinlng, 1880-1937
1-8 Changes i.n Technolog7 and Labor Requirements in the Crushe4-Stone Industr7
1-9 Kechanlzation, Eaplo7111ent, and output per Kan ln Bitua1nous-Coal M1ning
Ctn r-eu)
Agriculture
Changes ln Technolog7 and Labor Requirements ln Crop PrOductlon:
A-1 sugar Beets
A-4 Potatoes
A-6 Corn
A-7 Cotton
A-10 Wheat and Oats
A-8 Trend.a ln Sl&e and Production or the Aggregate Farm Enterprise, 1909-88
A-8 Trends ln E111plo7111ent ln Agriculture, 1i09-38
Studies ot Ettects ot Industrial Change on Labor lfarkets
-P-1 Recent Trends in EaploJ111ent and une111plo7111ent in Philadelphia
P-2 The IAbor rorce or the Phlladelphla Radlo Industr7 ln 1938
-~-3 E■plo:,aent and une111plo7111ent in Phlladelphia ln 1936 and 1937 Ctn two t,tJrts)
P-4 Ten Years or work Experience or Phlladelphla weavers and Loom Flxers
P-6 Ten Years or work Experience or Philadelphla Hachlnlsts
P-e Ree111plo7111ent or Phlladelphla Boslery Workers After Shut-downs ln 1933-34
P-7 The Search tor Work ln Phlladelphla, 1932-38
L•1 Clgar Halters -Arter the 1.&1-orr
L•2 Decasual1sat1on or Longshore Work ln San Francisco
L-3 E111plo7111ent Experience or Paterson Broad-Sllk Workers, 1928-38 (tn tress)
L-4 Selective Factors ln an Expanding Labor Market (tn ;r,ss)
Requeata for copl•• of th••• report, should be 1ddre11ed to:
Publlcatlona Section, Division of lnforaatlon
worka Progr••• Ad~lnlatratlon
Washington, o. C,
Digitized by
Google
@FedFRASER