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t b ~ 3 i S C IE N T IF IC and T E C H N IC A L PER SO N N EL in IN D U S T R Y , 1967 Dayton & Montgomery Co. Public Library SEP 9 BULLETIN 1674 U. S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR 1970 BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS o o c u y B 'T — —— — ■ S C IE N T IF IC and T E C H N IC A L PER SO N N EL in IN D U S T R Y , 1967 B U L L E T IN 1674 U. S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR George P. Shultz, Secretary BUREAU LABOR OF ST A T IS T IC S G e o f f r e y H. M o o r e , C om m ission er sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, W ashington, D.C. 20402 - Price 60 cents Digitized For for FRASER 1970 Preface This report presents the major findings of a survey on the em ployment of scientific and technical personnel in industry. It is part of a continuing series being conducted by the Bureau of Labor Sta tistics (BLS) under a comprehensive program designed to yield maximum coverage of the employment of scientists and engineers. (BLS also conducts related surveys of State government agencies biennially, and of local governments on an occasional basis.) This series of industry surveys was originally developed under the spon sorship of the National Science Foundation (NSF) which published the reports on the 1961 and earlier surveys. Data on scientists and engineers employed in Federal Government agencies, nonprofit organizations, and in colleges and universities are published by NSF from other sources and, in combination with industry and State government data, furnish a total employment picture for these occupations. The BLS industry survey is the only one of its kind or size which attempts to relate scientific and technical personnel to their jobs on an establishment basis. Surveys performed on a company basis blur the industry classification because so many companies now operate in more than one industry. Classification by a single industry, no matter how primary the product in terms of total em ployment, gross output, or dollar value of product or services, can be very misleading in dealing with small ratios of highly skilled personnel and their distribution. The establishment-base of the survey, however, contributed its own kind of problems. The volume of detail involved in the survey has lengthened the time necessary for processing the data and created an inevitable time lag in their publication. However, the data fill a vacuum as a base for projections, career counseling, manpower planning for state and industry, and guidelines for train ing needs to fUl manpower requirements. The present edition is likely to be the last in the series to offer so full a functional breakdown of scientific and technical em ployment. The detail presented, however, documents the widening range of activities in which scientists and engineers are engaged within®, given industry. Management (outside of research and devel opment) and sales and service are fast-growing new fields and, for certain industries, already are an important aspect of functional scientist and engineer employment. The Bureau of Labor Statistics wishes to express its apprecia tion to the many organizations and individuals whose cooperation made this survey possible, especially to the companies that supplied data regarding their scientific and technical staff. The Bureau is also grateful to the National Science Foundation for its advice and cooperation throughout this period. This report was prepared in the Bureau’ s office of Manpower and Employment Statistics, Division of Occupational Employment m Statistics, under the general supervision of Richard E. Dempsey. Edith Wall Andrews did the major part of the writing and analysis. Maurice Moylan, who was directly responsible for the statistical tables and charts, and Verada Bl uf or d assisted her. George Hermarison of the Bureau’ s Office of Data Collection and Survey Operations, was responsible for the survey’s sample design, and provided great help on technical problems and statistical techniques employed in making the survey. iv Contents Page Chapter: I. Introduction----------------------------------------------------------------------------- -— i II. 1967 survey re su lts----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2 III. Engineers----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4 IV. 6 Scientists-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Physical scientists--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Life scientists--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Mathematicians-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------V. Technicians-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------VI. Research and development------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6 7 8 9 13 Tables: 1. 2. 3. Scientific and technical personnel in private industry---------------------------------------Technicians, by occupation, in selected industry groups, 1967---------------------------Scientists and engineers in R&D, by major industrial classification and as a percent of total R&D, 1967---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3 10 13 Charts: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Industry employment of scientists and engineers, 1961-67 --------------------------------Percent of scientists and engineers in manufacturing and nonmanufacturing industries, 1967 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Technician employment as proportion of total scientific and technical increase in 1967 --------------------------------------------------- -----------------------Number of technicians for each 100 scientists and engineers--------- ------------------Percent of scientists and engineers in R&D in manufacturing and nonmanufacturing industries, 1967 --------------------------------------------------------------- 2 4 9 12 13 Appendixes: A. Statistical tables: A -l. A-2. A-3. A-4. A-5. A -6 . Scientists and engineers employed in industry, by occupation, with percent distribution 1966 and 1967 ------------------------------------------------Technicians employed in industry, by occupation with percent distribution 1966 and 1967 -----------------------------------------------------------Scientists, engineers* and technicians employed in manufacturing and nonmanufacturing industries with percent distribution, 1967-----------Industry SIC codes and minimum employment levels covered by the survey-------------------------------------------------------------------------------Employment of scientists, engineers, and technicians, by industry, 1966 and 1967, and percent change, 1966-67 ------------------------------Employment of scientists and engineers, by occupation and industry, ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- V 15 15 16 17 18 2 2 Contents-----Continued Page Appendixes— Continued A. Statistical tables— Continued A-7. A-8. B. C. Employment of technicians, by occupation and industry, 1967 -----------------Employment of scientists and engineers, by function and industry, 1967 A-9. Employment of scientists and engineers in industry in R&D by occupation, 1966 and 1967---------------------------------------------------------------A-10. Scientists, engineers, and technicians employed by industry, and related numbers employed in R&D, 1966 and 1967 ---------------------------A - l l . Technicians employed for each 100 scientists and engineers, and R&D technicians for each 100 scientists and engineers in R&D, by industry, 1967 -------------------------------- -------------- — - — ----------------A -12. Scientists and engineers as percent of total employment in selected industries, 1966-67 -----------------------------------------------------------------------A-13. Employment and percent distribution of scientists and engineers by industry and size of establishment, 1967------------------------------------------Survey methods----------------------------------------------------------------------------Questionnaire, reporting instructions, anddefinitions----------------------------------------- ;? L 24 26 29 30 34 35 36 38 43 Chapter I. Introduction The availability of scientists, engineers, and technicians plays an important role in the growth of industrial production and the level of technoogy reflected in the output. Within this frame work, current estimates and trends of scientific and technical employment by occupation and in dustry are indicative of the direction of industrial and technological development. The 1967 survey (as in 1966) covered total scientific and technical (excluding social scien tists) employment broken down into 17 occupa tions distributed throughout 82 industries. It had a twofold objective, to measure the level of employment for each of the 17 occupations in a given industry, and also to give some idea of change which had occurred over the preceding 12 months. Since 1961, a source of both strength and weakness in the survey has been its establish 1 ment base. The survey has cut through the barriers of single company reports and has tried to tie occupations directly to the establishment and the industry. For large, multi-industry companies, any other type of classification could be extremely misleading, and likewise distort ing, of a total picture. However, the allocation of small numbers in distinct scientific and tech nical occupations for each industry i n v o 1v e s many pitfalls. Technical problems of nonre sponse and of distributing consolidated reports among the industries represented there in make any rigorous statistical analysis of year-to-year changes at an industry level difficult. In a few industries where it was believed that either the 1966 figure was not comparable with 1967, or that the percent change developed from it was mis leading, the figures for 1966 have been omitted or footnoted. Chapter II. 1967 Survey Results occupation and, as a total, by i n d u s t r y . Chemists, the largest of all science groups, in creased only 1 percent for the year. There were larger changes among the small occupations, e.g., the life science group showed percent gains and losses far exceeding the average but these cancelled each other out and there was no change in employment for the life scientists’ group as a whole. Employment of mathematicians has moved forward steadily and at a fast pace. Since 1961 they have doubled in number and now rank second only to chemists in employment. Much of this increase is attributed to the spectac ular expansion in computer technology during the past decade. For the first time employment of scientists and engineers in private industry exceeded the 1 million mark. The results of the survey showed a total of 1, 013,100 scientists and engineers on industrial payrolls in January 1967. This was an increase of 58,500 scientists and engineers over the 954,000 total in January 1966, or an increase of 6 percent. Both proportionally and absolutly, this is the largest increase for any year on record. As seen in chart 1, the upward climb had been by smaller steps until 1966. Engineers continued to outnumber scien tists roughly 4 to 1 in the 1987 survey (as they have in the past) and were over 80 percent of the total increase in scientist and engineer employment. Engineers’ employment grew at about the same rate as scientists (a little more than 6 percent) and increases were reported in prac tically all industries. (See table 1.) In contrast, scientists’ growth showed marked fluctuations by Technicians reached a new employment high of 735,000 in private industry in January 1967, an increase of 61,000 over 1966 and equivalent to a growth rate of 9 percent in the 12-month period. Chart 1 Industry Employment of Scientists and Engineers, 1961-67 1,000 58,500 900 800 1961 1962 1963 1964 Note: Figures at the top of each column are the actual increases over the preceding year. 2 1965 1966 1967 Table 1. Scientific and technical personnel in private industry 1966 1967 1961 [In thousands) Percent change 1966-67 1961-67 Total scientists and engineers________________ 1 .0 1 3 . 1 9 5 4 .6 786. 9 6. 1 2 8 .7 Engineers------------------------------------------------------------------S cien tists------------------------------------------------------------------Physical scien tists---------------------------------- ------------C h e m ists--------------------------------------------------------Physicists--------------------------------------------------------M etallurgists---------------------------------------------------Geologists and geophysicists-------------------------Other physical scien tists-------------------------------Life scientists------------------------------------------------------M athem aticians---------------------------------------------------- 8 2 4 .0 189. 1 135. 3 85. 2 16. 2 1 2 .0 16. 4 5. 5 22. 4 31. 3 776. 2 1 78 .4 1 28 .8 84. 3 15. 1 1 1 .0 13. 8 4. 7 22. 4 27. 2 640. 1 1 46 .8 1 1 1 .9 70. 8 1 3 .8 1 2.3 1 2 .0 3 .0 1 9.8 15.1 6. 2 6 .0 5 .0 1. 1 7. 3 9. 1 18. 8 1 7 .0 15. 1 2 8 .7 2 8 .8 20. 9 2 0 .3 1 7 .4 - 2 .4 3 6 .7 83. 3 13. 1 107 .3 Total technicians-------------------------------------------- 734. 7 673. 2 5 7 0 .0 9. 1 2 8 .9 Draftsmen ----------------------------------------------------------------Surveyors------------------------------------------------------------------Engineering and physical science tech n ician s------------------------------------------------------------Electric and e lectron ic---------------------------------------Other engineering and physical science technicians-------------------------------------------Life science technicians-------------------------------------------Other tech n ician s------------------------------------------------------ 270. 7 22. 8 244. 6 2 6 .6 1 87 .9 1 5 .0 10. 7 -1 4 . 3 44. 1 5 2 .0 328. 3 1 6 1 .0 299. 8 150. 3 269. 6 - 9. 5 7. 1 2 1 .8 - 167. 4 29. 3 8 3 .6 149. 5 2 8 .4 7 3 .7 2 1 .5 76. 1 1 2 .0 3. 2 1 3 .4 3 6 .3 9. 9 NOTE: Detail may not add to totals due to rounding. Technicians’ number and growth is in many ways more difficult to measure than scientists and engineers, primarily because of differences in classification and reporting. In a period of relative skill shortage at both professional and technician levels, there may be a tendency to accelerate normal promotions from the ranks and to overclassify technicians. Many incentives exist for this practice. A prestigious title may be a device in recruiting or a means to bypass wage scales. Also, where professionals are not available to fill existing job vacancies— and where these can be broken down into easily learned parts— there is a definite advantage to hiring technicians. Scientists and engineers were only a small proportion of total employment. Of the indus tries covered in the survey, the overall percent age of scientists and engineers to total employed was 3 percent in 1967, and range from about 2 percent in nonmanufacturing to 5 percent in durable goods manufacturing. These propor tions of scientists and engineers as a percent of total employment showed little change between 1966 and 1967, as shown in the next tabulation- _ - Dashes mean data not available. 1967 1966 Total employment 3 .0 2 .9 Manufacturing---------------Durable goods-----------Nondurable goods-----Nonmanufacturing---------- 4 .0 5 .2 2 .3 1 .8 4 .0 5. 2 2. 2 1 .8 Employment of scientists and engineers on the whole has grown at a faster rate than total employment between 1966-67 (6 percent and 4 percent, respectively). In nondurable goods, scientists and engineers showed more than a 3-percent increase despite an actual decline of about 1 percent for total employment in the corresponding industries. This difference in the nondurable goods manufacturing industries is the principal cause for the difference noted in the aggregate total. In the durable goods and non manufacturing sectors, over-the-year growth of scientific and engineering personnel and total employment closely par ailed one another. 3 ientists and engineers Total employment Total employment- 6. 1 4 .0 Manufacturing industriesDurable goods -----------Nondurable goods-----Nonmanufacturing---------- 7. 1 8 .3 3 .4 3 .9 4 .7 8 .6 -.7 3 .2 Engineers Chapter III. Private industry employed 824,000 engineers in January 1967, an increase of 47,800 or approximately 6 percent for the 12-month period. This is the largest increase for engineers recorded in this survey series. In both number and percent, the 1967 increase is almost double the increase reported for 1965 and 1966. All industries with only one exception (med ical and dental laboratories) employed some engineers in 1967, but a few employed a great many, so that despite the general dispersion, there are areas of great concentration for this occupation. Considered in the broadest terms of industry classification, engineers were employed prin cipally in manufacturing (70 percent), and par ticularly in durable goods manufacturing (60 percent). (See chart 2.) Durable goods manufac turing was also the area of greatest growth (85 percent of the 1967 net increase) as well as the area of fastest growth (8 percent com pared with 3 percent for nonmanufacturing). Five major industry groups employed 61 percent of all engineers in 1967, and had 50 percent of the increase in such employment in the 12 months ending January 1967, as indicated in the following tabulation. 1967 1966 T otal, all industries----- ---------- 8 2 4 ,0 0 0 776, 2Q0 Aircraft, -ordnance, -and m issiles-----Electrical machinery------------- -----------Business s e r v ic e s ------------------------------Machinery, except e le c t r ic a l--------Contract construction----------------------Other industries--------------------------------- 1 3 6 ,4 0 0 1 4 2 ,0 0 0 1 0 3 ,4 0 0 81, 500 4 3 ,3 0 0 317, 400 1 2 7 ,8 0 0 1 3 5 ,5 0 0 9 7 ,3 0 0 7 5 ,1 0 0 4 6 ,7 0 0 293, 800 Chanse. 1 9 6 6 -6 7 4 Number Percent T otal, all industries--------------- -- 4 7 ,8 0 0 6. 2 Aircraft, ordnance, and m is s ile s -----Electrical m a c h in e r y ------------------------Business se rv ic e s--------------------------------Machinery, except electrical — ------Contract construction------------------------Other industries------------------------------------ 8 ,6 0 0 6, 500 6, 100 6 ,4 0 0 - 3 ,4 0 0 23, 600 6 .7 4 .8 6 .3 8 .5 -7 .3 8 .0 This rate was considerably higher than the major group average of 5 percent. Contract construction was the only major industry to show a decline in engineers’ employment or in total employment. The tightening of the money market, as well as the sharp rise in construction costs, had already had some effect on new housing and constructions bids generally. Aircraft, ordnance, and m issiles, the largest in size, employed 136,400 engineers. A l t h o u g h defense orders (for the Viet Nam war as well as other national defense purposes) were the principal cause, civilian domestic airlines also substantially increased their programs and requirements for more airplanes. Employment in machinery, except electrical showed the fastest growth rate (over 8 percent). 5 Chapter IV. Employment scientific data were occupations. collected for Nine of these Scientists The survey c la s s ifie s and collects data on 10 scien tists are in three m ajor groups: P h y s i c a l scien tists, life scien tists, and mathematicians. dispersed in relatively sm all numbers through out private industry. One occupation, ch em ists, Physical outnumbers all others (45 percent of all scien groups tists) and is highly concentrated in one industry, greatly outdistanced by mathematicians in rate ch em icals scien tists are the la rg est of these in number, but since 1961 have been of growth. Relevant figures for 1967 in percent and allied products. The chem ical industry in 1967 employed approximately 57,000 of to ta l and p e r c e n t change are sh ow n b e lo w . scien tists, around 30 percent of all scien tists. About 70 percent of these scien tists were ch em ists; these chem ists were nearly 48 percent 1967 Percent of total Percent change, 1961-67 1 0 0 .0 28. 8 of all such workers employed in private industry. Total scientists------- — (See appendix table A- 6 . ) Seven m ajor industry groups in 1967 had the Physical scientists------------- — Life scientists--------------------Mathematicians----------------- great bulk of scientist employment (7 2 percent). The chem ical industry employed over two and 1 89 ,1 00 1 35 ,3 00 71. 6 11. 8 16. 6 3 1 ,3 0 0 20. 9 19. 7 107. 5 on e-h alf tim es the number of scien tists as its n earest com petitor, although the number of Physical scientists scien tists in this industry declined slightly (200) between 1966 and 1967. The other six major Chem ists were by far the la rg est occupation em ployers together had over 81 percent of the in the physical science group, numbering over total employment gain of 10,700 scien tists, as 85,000 shown in the following tabulation. in 1967. Although found in nearly every industry, chem ists were highly concentrated in nondurable goods manufacturing (55,200 or Scientists 63 percent) where the chem ical industry alone 1967 1966 employed over 40,000 in 1967. N early 18,000 chem ists were in the durable goods manufac 1 89 ,1 00 1 78 ,4 00 5 6 ,9 0 0 2 1 ,2 0 0 5 7 ,1 0 0 2 0 ,5 0 0 1 7 ,9 0 0 1 5,4 0 0 1 0 ,4 0 0 9 ,0 0 0 geophysicists were the next la rg est of the phys Electrical m a ch in e ry ------------------ — 1 ? fiOH 1 0,5 0 0 Wholesale and retail trade----------- - - Food and related products----------Other industries---------------------------- — 1 0 ,1 0 0 7, 400 5 2 ,5 0 0 8, 600 6, 900 5 0 ,5 0 0 workers in 1967. G eologists and geophysicists Total, all industries----------- — C h e m ic a ls ------------------------------------ - - Business s e r v ic e s -------------------------- - - Aircraft, ordnance, and m is s ile s -------------------------------------- - - Crude petroleum and natural turing secto r, and the rem ainder were con centrated chiefly in the trade and service in dustry secto rs employm ent, (com m erical p h ysicists, and laboratories). In geologists and ical science occupations; each had over 16,000 were highly concentrated in the crude petroleum and natural gas extraction industry, which e m Change, 1966-67 Number Total, all industries----------- - - C h e m ic a ls -----------------------------------Business s e r v ic e s -------------------------Aircraft, ordnance, and m is s ile s -------------------------------------Crude petroleum and natural ga s ---------------------------------------------- p hysicists Percent 1 0 ,7 0 0 6 .0 -2 0 0 700 -.4 3. 4 2 ,5 0 0 16. 2 ? ?no were highly disp ersed , especially within the durable goods manufacturing secto r, where 57 percent of these workers were e m ployed. Sm aller but important shares of phys ic ists employment were also reported in chem ica ls (13 percent) and com m ercial laboratories Electrical m a ch in e ry ------------------------ 1 ,5 0 0 21. 2 16. 7 Wholesale and retail trade----------Food and related products----------Other industries---------------------------- 1 ,5 0 0 500 2 ,00 0 1 7 .4 7. 2 3. 9 ployed over 70 percent of them. In c o n t r a s t , (20 percent). M ost of the remaining physical scientists were m etallu rgists. They were largely e m ployed (92 percent) in manufacturing, and were 6 especially concentrated in the prim ary m etal, a ircra ft, machinery, industries. and other Life scientists metalworking In 1967, private industry employed 22,400 Only 5,500 workers were cla ssified in the “other” physical scientists life scien tists, the sam e as the 1966 level. In in 1967. Included in this group are scientific contrast to physical scien tists, life scientists sp e cia lists such as astronom ers and m eteo r are m ore highly concentrated in a few industries. residual category o lo g ists, as well as a number of other scien The chem ical industry alone employed one-half tists of all life scien tists; m ost were medical and whose work made it difficult for re spondents to cla ssify them as one of the desig biological nated physical sciences occupations. Over production, percent of these w orkers were 80 employed in scien tists engaged in the research , or sa les of drugs and m edicines. In term s of employment, biological scientists manufacturing in 1967, nearly equally divided is between se cto rs. were 9,100 w orkers in 1967, over 40 percent of the durable and nondurables goods the largest occupation in this group; there all life scien tists. About tw o-thirds of these increased scien tists were employed in the chem ical indus 1966 and try. Sm aller numbers were reported in medical 1967, somewhat above the average increase of and dental laboratories and com m ercial labora to rie s. Physical by 6,500 scientist employment or by 5 percent between nearly 4 percent experienced during the 1961employm ent changes Agricultural scien tists were the second la rg varied substantially among the various physical e s t life science occupation, 6,100 in 1967. Food 66 period. The 1 9 66-67 science sp ecialties. C hem ists, the largest o c and kindred products and wholesale and retail cupation, trade together employed about one-half of these recorded the slow est rate of em scien tists. ployment in crease, only 1 percent, the sm allest Medical scientist is virtually a one-industry increase experienced by this occupation in the showed occupation. The great m ajority (over 70 percent) the larg est employment increase over 1966 in of the 3,400 m edical scien tists in 1967 were in 1960’ s . G eologists and geophysicists both number (2,600 workers) and in growth rate the drug industry, as shown in the tabulation (19 below. The remainder were distributed in sm all percent). M ost centered in the of this petroleum sharp r is e was numbers (100 or le ss) in a few other industries, and natural gas extraction industry, where the employment of for these and com m ercial laboratories. scien tists was concentrated. Physicists exam ple, medical and dental laboratories and m etallurgists also experienced significant employment gains between 1966 and 1967, about 1,000 1967 Percent distribution 2 2 ,4 0 0 100 3 ,4 0 0 6, 100 9, 100 3, 800 15 27 41 17 workers each. In term s of growth rates m etallurgists increased by 9 percent and physi c ists by m ore than 7 percent, as can be seen in the following tabulation. 1967 1966 Total, life scie n tists------- — Medical scientists---------------------- . . . Agricultural scientists---------------Biological scie n tists-----------------Other life scientists ------------------ Percent change, 1966-67 When com paring data for each of the four Total, physical scientists-------------- 1 35 ,3 00 128 ,8 00 8 5 ,2 0 0 1 6 ,2 0 0 12,0 0 0 84, 300 15, 100 1 1,0 0 0 specific life science occupations, caution should 5 .0 by used in attempting to interpret y e a r -to -y e a r Chemists---------------------------Physicists-------------------------M etallurgists-------------------Geologists and geophysicists-----------------Other physical scien tists------------------------ 1. 1 7. 3 9. 1 changes. (See appendix table A - 1.) Though this survey does indicate the general magnitude of employment in these s m a ll-s iz e d occupations, 1 6,4 0 0 13, 800 1 8 .8 5, 500 4, 700 1 7 .0 the survey m easure 7 sample is y e a r -to -y e a r inadequate to reliably employment changes. Mathematicians for both business services and finance, insur ance, and real estate to an increase of almost 42 percent for electrical machinery. What is perhaps most significant is that the “all other industries,” the residual over the six industry groups, had an average growth rate of 17 percent for the year, higher than for the six industries. This exceptionally high growth rate for math ematicians in areas where they are employed by still relatively small users gives added depth and support to the expansion potential of this occupation. The following t a b u l a t i o n shows mathematicians employed in selected industries. Industry employed 31,300 mathematicians in 1967 compared with 27,200 in 1966 and 15,100 in 1961. Mathematicians are now the second largest occupation (after chemists) among scien tists, and the fastest growing. Since 1961 they have more than doubled in employment. Their growth rate for the 6-year period (approxmately 108 percent) is almost 4 times the overall growth rate of all scientists and engineers for the same period (29 percent). With a few exceptions (notably coal and metal mining, transportation services, and medical and dental laboratories), mathematicians were re ported in all industries in 1967. This acrossthe-board pattern in many ways is more com parable with the broad distribution of engineers than any other occupation. At the same time there are distinct areas of concentration. Con sidered together, these patterns suggest how essential to most basic operations the mathe matician has become, and in what industries the application of mathematical techniques has pro gressed furthest. In 1967, six major industry groups employed 80 percent of all mathematicians in industry. These industries were evenly divided between manufacturing (aircraft, ordnance, and missiles; electrical machinery; and machinery) and non manufacturing (finance, insurance, and real estate; business services; and wholesale and retail trade). Although the overall employment growth rate in 1966-67 for these six groups averaged nearly 15 percent, this average masked extremes that ranged from declines of 2 percent Total, all industries — . . . . . Aircraft, ordnance, and missiles — ------- --------------------------Finance, insurance, and real e sta te ------------------------ ----- ------------Business se r v ic e s -----. . . . ----- -------Electrical m a ch in e ry-------------------Machinery, except e le c tr ic a l------Wholesale and retail trade---------— A ll other industries — ------ ------------ 1967 1966 3 1 ,3 0 0 27, 200 7 ,3 0 0 5, 900 4, 500 4 ,4 0 0 3, 400 3, 200 2, 300 6, 200 4, 600 4, 500 2 ,4 0 0 2, 700 1, 800 5, 300 Change, 1966-67 Number Total, all industries-----------Aircraft, ordnance, and m is s ile s ------------------ --------------------Finance, insurance, and real e sta te -------------------------- ---------------Business s e r v ic e s ---------— . . . . Electrical machinery ------------------ -Machinery, except e le c t r i c a l ----Wholesale and retail trade------------A ll other industries -------------- --------- 8 Percent 4, 100 15. 1 1 ,4 0 0 23. 7 -1 0 0 -1 0 0 1 ,0 0 0 500 500 900 -2 . 2 -2 . 2 4 1 .7 18. 5 27. 8 1 7 .0 Chapter V. Technicians college cou rse, and (b) if they had som e form al A total of 734,700 technicians were reported post-high school training at a technical institute in private industry in January 1967, an in crease, as shown in the tabulation below, of 61,500 or or 9 percent over 1966. This is the la rg est increase o n -th e-jo b recorded in this se r ie s. A ls o , for the fir s t tim e, definition technicians occupied a midway point the rate of growth of technicians exceeded that between (1) scien tists and engineers, for whom of they provided assistance and “backstop,” and (2) scien tists and engineers. (See chart 3.) junior co lleg e, or the equivalent through training or experience. By such craftsm en and skilled w orkers, such as m a Scientists and engineers 1967 1966 1965 1964 1963 1962 ....................................... _____________________ - ...........- ..................... ............................. _____ _____________________ 5 8 ,5 0 0 3 6 ,5 0 0 2 7 ,1 0 0 2 0 ,6 0 0 4 6 ,4 0 0 3 7 ,1 0 0 chinists and electrician s. In their overall pattern of distribution by Technicians broad category of industry, technicians show m ore sim ilarity to the pattern set for all occupa 6 1 ,5 0 0 2 6 ,7 0 0 1 0 ,0 0 0 1 7 ,5 0 0 2 9 ,5 0 0 1 9,5 0 0 tions (total employment) than fo r engineers, sc ien tists, or the combination scientists and engineers. (See percent distribution in appendix table A -3 .) Within their own ranks, technicians are fairly evenly divided in employment between In the survey, persons were counted as technicians if manufacturing and nonmanufacturing industries (a) they were actually engaged (47 and 44 percent, respectively). However, in in technical work, but at a level which required manufacturing technical training le s s extensive than a 4 -y e a r slightly under 10 percent of all technicians in nondurable goods e m p l o y e d Chart 3 Technician Employment as Proportion of Total Scientific and Technical Increase in 1967 120,000 increase Scientists Total Scientific and Technical Total Scientific and Technical 1,627,800 1,747,800 1966 Technicians 1967 9 The proportions of this distribution pat Growth ra tes over the 12 months ending Janu tern have been relatively stable over past few ary 1967 varied considerably among these five 1967. to change them. m ajor industry groups. M achinery, except e le c Although technicians are widely dispersed, tr ic a l, third in size of employment, was first in years five and 1967 did little rate of growth (greater than 15 percent), while m ajor industry groups employed 62 p e r ele ctrica l cent of their total. These five industry groups m achinery was second in size but covered a wide range in the size of their tech rated last for growth (about 4 percent). However, nician employm ent. The ratio was roughly 4:1 between the largest technician-em ploying indus the overall growth rate was remarkably con sisten t, an average 9 percent for the occupation try , business se rv ice s (172,500), and the sm a ll as a whole for the five m ajor groups and for “ all e st of these five, chem icals (40,800), as shown other in d ustries.” in the following tabulation. Technician distribution for each of the five industry groups, is shown in table 2. With the exceptions of life science technicians and “ other” technicians, concentration by occupation c o r 1967 1966 responds clo se ly to the percent of total tech nician employment centered in these industry Total, all industries----------- 7 3 4 ,7 0 0 6 7 3 ,20 0 Business serv ices----------------------Electrical m achinery----------------Machinery, except e lec trical------Aircraft, ordnance, and m issiles-------------------------------Chemicals and allied products----All other industries-------------------- 172 ,50 0 104, 400 7 7 ,8 0 0 156 ,20 0 100, 900 6 7 ,4 0 0 59, 100 40, 800 28 0 ,10 0 5 3 ,7 0 0 3 8 ,3 0 0 256, 700 groups, i .e ., around 65 percent. Draftsm en t o t a l e d 270,700 in 1967, an increase of 26,100 or nearly 11 percent over 1966. and in creases Percent 6 1 ,5 0 0 9.1 5 ,4 0 0 2 ,5 0 0 2 3 ,4 0 0 widely distributed, noted in practically all scientific and technical occupations in the same Number 1 6 ,3 0 0 3 ,5 0 0 1 0 ,4 0 0 were is in line with the concurrent expansion of other industries. However, conspicuous i n c r e a s e s were noted in two: Com m ercial laboratories added Business services----------------------Electrical m achinery----------------Machinery, except electrical ------Aircraft, ordnance, and m issiles-------------------------------Chemicals and allied products----All other industries-------------------- occupation industries. These in creases were m ore or le s s Change, 1966-67 Total, all industries ---------- This 1 0 .4 3 .5 1 5 .4 6,000 draftsm en bringing the total to 1 6 ,6 0 0 , an increase of 57 percent over and engineering and architectural se rv ice s r e ported 77,300 draftsm en, an increase of 9,200 10. 1 6 .5 9. 1 or 13 percent over 1966. Both of these in creases are of exceptional magnitude and combined Table 2, Technicians, by occupation, in selected industry groups, 1967 Draftsmen Surveyors Engineers and physical science technicians Total, all industries---------------------------- 270 .70 0 2 2 .8 0 0 Services ---------------------------------------------------Electrical m achinery----------------------------------Machinery, except e le c trical------------------------Aircraft, ordnance, and m issiles-------------------Chemicals and allied products----------------------All other industries-------------------------------------- 9 4 ,0 00 29, 900 3 9 ,1 00 15, 900 4, 200 8 7 ,6 0 0 1 4 ,1 00 400 100 Major industry groups 18, 800 in medical and dental laboratories. NOTE: Due to rounding, detail may not add to totals. 1966, 10 - 100 8, 100 Life science techni cians Other techni cians 3 2 8 .30 0 2 9 .3 0 0 8 3 .6 0 0 3 3 ,6 0 0 66, 600 30, 500 37, 700 25, 600 134, 300 *19, 600 200 200 300 3 ,9 0 0 5 ,1 0 0 1 1 ,1 0 0 7 ,3 0 0 7 ,9 0 0 5, 200 7 ,0 0 0 4 5 ,1 0 0 (19,100) were over 70 percent of the total Life science technician is also a composite in crease in draftsm en. This growth is a signifi of two distenct groups. M edical and dental tech cant com m entary on the increasing importance nicians, who make up alm ost 75 percent of the o f business se rv ice s as an industry, specifically combined total, are highly concentrated in one industry, m edical and dental lab oratories, where contract technical se rv ice s. Surveyors totaled 2 2 ,8 0 0 , a decline of 3,800 they p erform their work with a minimum of over the 12 months. This decrease of 1 4 percent contact with scien tists. There were 18,800 life is conspicuous compared with the overall a ver science technicians working with 1,600 scien age in crease of 9 percent for all technicians. tists in such laboratories in 1967, or a ratio M ost surveyors are employed in engineering and of architectural This ratio contrasts with the all-in du stry a ver se rv ic e s, and this industry also alm ost 13 technicians to each scientist. had m ost of the employment decline, from 16,800 age of le s s than one technician for each scien su rveyors employed in 1966 to 14,000 in 1967, tist a d ecrease of 2,800 or an even larger percent of decline (17 percent) than that for the su rveyors’ sm all occupation as a whole. Surveyor employment is period. Biological and agricultural technicians, and engineer. (See chart 4.) The number medical and dental technicians decline (1 percent) showed a over the 1 966-67 c lo se ly tied to trends and developments in con the remaining 25 percent of the total, increased tract construction, but the declines their number by suffered 1,100 or alm ost 18 percent over 1966 le v e ls. They work alm ost exclusively by the occupation are considerably greater than any noted thus far within that industry. The in three industries, ch em icals, food and kindred explanation, however, is partially one of timing. products, and com m ercial laboratories. In all Surveyors are employed p rim arily in the plan three ning which precedes construction and this area scien tists. industries, they work clo se ly with life o f the industry has felt the effect of credit A ll other technicians is a lo o se , h a rd -to - restriction s and higher borrowing rates ea rlie r define category which totaled 83,600 in 1967, and even m ore than the construction industry an increase of 9,900 or 13 percent over 1966. as a whole which to som e extent has been Probably much of the 1967 increase in attribu carried forward by the momentum of w ork- table to the increased employment of computer in -p ro g re ss. p ro gra m ers. Engineering and physical science technicians This would correlate with the sizable in creases reported for mathematicians are a composite of two distinct ca tego ries, both concerned with the application of mathematical of which are found in all the m ajor industries, techniques but each in different degrees of concentration. widening number of fields in industry. and system s analysis to an e v e r - E lectrical and electronic technicians a r e cen Ratios of technicians to scientists and engi tered particularly in the electrical machinery group (47,400), communications (21,000) and neers are often used as an indication of the extent of technician support for scientists and wholesale and retail trade (17,000). Other engi engineers. This practice is valid only in varying neering and physical also science technicians are d egrees. In some industries with high propor employed in the sam e industries, but in tions of technicians and fewer scien tists and sm a ller numbers. They have a p rim ary position engineers, much of the work perform ed by such in other industries, notably, ch em icals (24,000), technicians is relatively independent of scien p rim ary (8 ,500), fabricated tist or engineer supervision and only rem otely m etals (5,100), and aircraft and parts (13,900). contributes to or a s s is ts scientific or engineer Together, the two categories totaled 32 8 ,3 0 0 , ing work. Conspicuous exam ples are medical metal industries 45 percent of all technicians. Between the two, and dental technicians other engineering and physical science tech laboratories, draftsmen and surveyors in en nicians were slightly la rg er (167,400 compared gineering and architectural se r v ic e s , and tech in medical and dental with 161,000) and had increased at a considerably nicians in the public utility service industries. faster group (12 and 7 percent, respectively) over the Data on this subject for 1967 within each indus try in available from appendix table A - ll (Tech 19 6 6 -6 7 period. (See appendix table A -2 .) nicians employed for every 100 scientists and rate than the electrical and electronic 11 engineers, and R&D technicians for every 100 where, in te rm s of maximum utilization of the Scientist, and Engineers in R&D, by industry, 1967). also run high, for exam ple, ordnance, aircraft The technician average industries where engineers to and parts, communications equipment, chem i runs low in those the ratio of scientists total m ost skilled and shortest in supply, it should employment is c a ls . (See appendix table A -1 2 .) and high and 12 Chapter VI. Research and Development Out of a total of 1,013,100 scientists and Table 3. Scientists and engineers in R&D, by major industrial classification and as a percent of total R&D, 1967 engineers employed in industry in 1 9 6 7 ,3 8 2 ,3 0 0 were engaged in R&D activities. They con In R&D stituted approximately 40 percent of the total. Industry group This high proportion is itself indicative of the importance given R&D by private industry. The overall distribution pattern of R&D scien tists was sim ila r to that for total employment. (See appendix table A - 3.) But the distribution pattern for R&D engineers differed considerably from the sam e total. These differences are Total 382. 300 2 8 5.300 9 7 .0 00 3 2 2 ,60 0 2 5 9,000 6 3 ,6 0 0 5 9 ,7 0 0 24 5 ,50 0 22 5 ,00 0 2 0 ,5 00 3 9 ,8 0 0 7 7 ,1 0 0 3 4 ,0 00 4 3 ,1 0 0 19,9 00 Percent distribution n eers bear to the total compared with R&D Total, all industries-------- shown in table 3, engineers in Manufacturing----------Durable goods-------Nondurable goods---Nonmanufacturing------Total, all industries-------Manufacturing----------Durable goods-------Nondurable goods--Nonmanufacturing____ R&D were highly concentrated in durable goods manufacturing of all and scientists were around 87 percent and engineers employed in R&D in that sector. Scientists engaged in R&D were much m ore widely distributed; nondurable goods manufacturing employed the largest share (44 percent) of the total, followed by durable goods manufacturing (35 percent), and non 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 84. 5 6 8 .0 16. 5 15. 5 8 6 .0 78. 8 7. 2 1 4 .0 79. 5 3 5 .0 44. 3 20. 5 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 7 5 .0 76. 1 8 7 .0 3 2 .0 6 7 .0 2 5 .0 23. 9 1 3 .0 6 8 .0 3 3 .0 Detail may not add to totals due to rounding. manufacturing (21 percent). (See chart 5.) Chart 5 Percent of Scientists and Engineers in R&D in Manufacturing and Nonmanufacturing Industries, 1967 Engineers - 285,300 Scientists Manufacturing----------Durable goods-------Nondurable goods--Nonmanufacturing------- attributed to the sm aller ratio that R&D engi scien tists. A s Engineers Total, all industries-------- Scientists - 97,000 Nondurable goods 13 Detailed engineers figures (singly for R&D scien tists and the and collectively) are shown corresponding 51 percent, norm for scientists was and in certain occupations much in appendix table A -1 0 along with the percent higher. Virtually all of the increase in physicists that the R&D estim ates are of the related total reported in 1967 employment employm ent estim ate (together with comparable R&D (1,000). This percent is normal consider figures for technicians 1966 and percent change). Total ing in R&D for the sam e industries, that over fou r-fifths of (1,100) was in physicists are shown. The technician concentrated in this area. Mathematicians showed a conspicuous growth may not include those drawn tempo in total employment (15 percent) and in R&D ra rily from an open ro ster as additional help (13 percent) for the 12 months ending January and y e a rs, figures are also 1967. A s the second larg est scientist occupation, on R&D p rojects. these percentage growth rates have a numerical Another aspect of the R&D picture is found in the appropriate detail by industry in appendix base table A - 8 , which shows employment of scientists scientist groups. Thus, not found in many of the other sm aller and engineers by function and by industry for employment in 1967 of 31,300 reflected a 4,600 m athematicians’ total 1967. A s an overall average for all industries, increase of which 1,700 went into R&D activities management and administration in R&D was 17 bringing the R&D total up to 15,100. This is percent of total R&D in 1967. (This percent equivalent to 48 percent of the total, one of the was the sam e for total scien tists and engineers, higher R&D occupational ratios. Large establishm ents employing 1,000 p er total engineers, and total scien tists). The 1 9 6 6 -6 7 growth rate for total engineers sons or m ore employed over half of all scien tists and engineers in R&D was identical: 6 percent. and engineers in industry. In the durable goods im pression of the magnitude of this segm ent of manufacturing industries, this dom growth is apparent from the figu res them selves: inance of the large establishm ent in scientific A better Total engineers, all industry----------------Total engineers in R&D, all industry----------------Engineers as a percent of total scientists and engineers-------------------R&D engineers as a percent of total scientists and engineers in R & D ---------Although scien tists and engineering employment becom es even m ore 1967 1966 Change 82 4 ,00 0 7 7 6 ,2 0 0 47, 800 sm a lle r establishm ents dominated scientist and 2 85,300 268, 700 16,600 engineer employment. M ed ium -sized establish pronounced with 70 percent of the total claim ed. However, in the nonmanufacturing s e c t o r , m ents, employing between 100 and 999 p erson s, 81. 3 8 1 .3 and sm all establishm ents, employing fewer than 74. 2 laboratories and engineering and architectrual 100 p erson s, 7 4 .6 se rv ic e s all and engineers greatly where m ost of the com m ercial are located, each had 37 percent of scien tists and engineers in the nonmanu outnumber scien tists in R&D, certain scientist facturing secto r. Relevant details for the o ver occupations all percent distribution of scien tists and engi are R&D. Compared engineers nearly much m ore with the concentrated in average ratio for neers by size of establishm ent at the a ll-in d u s try level are shown below. 35 percent in R&D in 1967, Percent distribution of scientists and engineers by size of establishment (number of employees! Total scientists and engineers All sizes 1 ,0 0 0 and over All industry — 1 ,0 1 3 ,0 0 0 1 0 0 .0 53. 5 3 0 .0 16. 5 Manufacturing------Durable goods — Nondurable goods Nonmanufacturing -■ 7 1 3 ,3 0 0 5 5 0 ,70 0 162, 600 29 9 ,80 0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 6 5 .4 70. 1 49. 4 25. 1 26. 22. 41. 37. 7. 7. 9. 37. 14 100 to 999 9 6 5 6 Under 100 7 3 1 4 Appendix A . Table A-l. Statistical Tables Scientists and engineers employed in industry, by occupation, with percent distribution 1966 and 1967 1966-67 Change Occupation Number - ---------------- 1,013,100 954,600 58,500 E n g i n e e r s ---- -------------------------- -------------- ---- 824,000 776,200 ------------------------------------------------- 189,100 178,400 scientists Total scientists Scientists and engineers Percent distribution 1966 1967 Percent 1967 1966 6.1 100.0 100.0 47,800 6.2 81.3 81.5 10,700 6.0 18.7 18.5 ----------------------------------- 135,300 128,800 6,500 5.0 13.4 13.4 C h e m i s t s ---------------------------------------------- 85,200 84,300 900 1.1 8.4 8.9 Physicists 16,200 15,100 1,100 7.3 1.6 1. 5 Physical -------------------------------------------- Metallurgists --- ------------------------------------ 12,000 11,000 1,000 9.1 1.2 1.1 Geologist geophysicists Other Life --------------------- 16,400 13,800 2,600 18.8 1.6 1.4 ------------------------ 5,500 4,700 800 17.0 .5 .5 ---------------------------------------- 22,400 22,400 2.2 2.3 --------------------------------- 3,400 (1/) (1/) (1/) (1/) s c i e n t i s t s ------- ------------------- and physical scientists Medical scientists scientists _ 6,100 (1/) (1/) (1/) (1/) Biological scientists ------------------------- --- 9,100 (1/) (1/) (1/) (1/) (1/) a/) (1/) Other scientists ----------------------------- 3,800 (1/) u/) (1/) (I/) a/) ----------------------------------------- 31,300 3.1 2.8 Agricultural life Mathematicians 1/ Due NOTE: to the Due to relatively rounding, small size of these and particularly the occupations exclusion of 4,100 27,200 1966 data has less than 50 been in 15.1 omitted. any count, detail may not add to totals. Table A-2. Technicians employed in industry, by occupation, with percent distribution 1966 and 1967 Change Occupation 1966-67 Percent distribution 1967 Number Percent 1967 1966 9.1 100.0 100.0 t e c h n i c i a n s -------------------- ------------ 734,700 673,200 61,500 Draftsmen ---- --------------------------------------------- 270,700 244,600 26,100 10.7 36.8 Surveyors ------------------------------------------------- 22,800 26,600 -3,800 -14.3 3.1 36.3 4.0 --- 328,300 299,800 28,500 9.5 44.7 44.5 t e c h n i c i a n s ---- .---- 161,000 150,300 10,700 7.1 21.9 22.3 167,400 149,500 17,900 12.0 22.8 22.2 ----------------------------- 29,300 28,400 900 3.2 4.0 4.2 t e c h n i c i a n s ....... ........... 21,900 22,100 -200 -.9 3.0 3.3 7,400 6,300 1,100 17.5 1.0 .9 83,600 73,700 9,900 13.4 11.4 10.9 Total Engineering and Electrical Other science Medical and Biological All other NOTE: and physical technicians science ------------------------------------------- technicians dental and agricultural technicians Due science electronic engineering technicians Life physical and to technicians ------- --------------------------------- rounding, and particularly the exclusion of 15 less than 50 in any count, detail may not add to totals. Table A-3. Scientists, engineers, and technicians employed in manufacturing and nonmanufacturing industries with percent distribution, 1967 Industry Adjusted total ployment in covered Total Durable Technicians 1,013,100 100.0 824,000 100.0 189,100 100.0 734,700 100.0 ------- 17,644,000 52.0 713,300 70.4 577,500 70.1 135,800 71.8 416,000 56.6 10,579,700 31.2 550,700 54.4 493,000 59.8 57,700 30.5 346,000 47.1 -- 7,063,300 20.8 162,600 ' 16.0 84,500 10.3 78,100 41.3 70,000 9.5 ---- 16,281,000 48.0 299,800 29.6 246,500 29.9 53,300 28.2 318,700 43.4 goods ----- Employment data have the m e t h o d o l o g y to b e Scientists Engineers en 100.0 Nonmanufacturing 1/ and gineers 33,925,000 Nondurable goods in Scientists industries!./ -- - employed Manufacturing em survey- confused with of totals been the s u r v e y under adjusted to reflect (appendix B ) . corresponding These exclusions figures headings in of are BLS 16 out-of-scope the b e n c h m a r k Employment industries controls and E a r n i n g s . and used establishments in the survey as and defined are not Table A-4. Industry SIC codes and minimum employment levels covered by the survey Minimum Industry Industry SIC codes in employment establishment Manufacturing Durable goods Aircraft, manufacturing: ordnance, and missiles 372 4 19 4 ----------------------- 32 4 -------------------------------- 33 4 p r o d u c t s ------------------- ------ ----- 34 4 35 1 Aircraft and parts Ordnance and missiles Stone, clay, Primary and metal glass metal Machinery, except and Specialized Office and Electrical t u r b i n e s ------------------------------------ 351 352-6 Food components and and goods and 1 1 361-2 366 1 1 367 4 371 4 38 --------------------- 4 products ------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------- products 20 10 22-23 50 26 10 28 4 28 1 4 g l a s s - ------ 282 4 ------------------------------------------------- 283 and Plastics Petroleum allied -------------------- c h e m i c a l s --- -------------- ----- ----- and synthetics, refining and products and except related miscellaneous industries plastics Met a l , coal, a n d nonmetallie mining Crude and gas petroleum Contract natural construction Transportation and --- p r o d u c t s --- Nonmanufacturing 10 30-31 10 industries -------------------------- extraction ---------------- ------------------------------------------- related services ------------------------- 10-12 4 41-47 50 ----------------------------------------------------- 48 and 49 Wholesale and Finance, insurance, medical, Commercial services Medical Codes trade and and --------------------------- --------- real estate engineering laboratories, research, and dental and architectural refer Statistical laboratories to those Standards, used in of 4 52-54 60-67 -------------- 70-79 and 10 & 58-59 50 (ex. 739) 100 6. 81 other business --------------------------- services Bureau 50, 4 ------------------------services --------------------------------------------------------- Engineering 1/ retail ----------------------- 4 15-17 gas, services 10 6. 14 13 Electric, sanitary 4 29 Communications Business, of 357 36 industrial --------- ---------------- products 1 1 & 358 manufacturing: apparel Industrial Rubber and --------------------------------- equipment related allied Chemicals Drugs equipment e q u i p m e n t --------------------------- ---- and kindred Paper --------------- ------------------------------------------------ vehicles and equipment ------------------------------------- distribution Electronic Textile and c o m p u t i n g m a c h i n e s ------------------------ apparatus Nondurable --------------------------- machinery Communication Instruments products electrical machinery Electrical Motor --------------------------------- industries Fabricated Engines -------------------------------------- ------------------ the Standard the Budget. Industrial 17 739 807 1 1 891 1 Classification Manual 1967, prepared by the Office Table A-5. Employment o f scientists, engineers, and technicians, by industry, 1966 and 1967, and percent change, 1966—67 Change Industry 1967 1966-67 1966 Number Percent --- 1,013,100 954,600 58,500 6.1 E n g i n e e r s --- ------ ------- ---------- 824,000 776,200 47,800 6.2 ------- ------- 189,100 178,400 10,700 6.0 -------------------- 734,700 673,200 61,500 9.1 713,300 665,900 47,400 7.1 577,500 536,200 41,300 7.7 135,800 129,700 6,100 4.7 416,000 380,400 35,600 9.4 Total scientists engineers ------ -— Scientists Total and technicians Manufacturing: Total scientists and engineers S c i e n t i s t s ---------------- - — Total Durable -— -------------------- technicians goods — ---------------------------- Engineers manufacturing:!/ ------- 550,700 508,600 42,100 8.3 E n g i n e e r s ---- --------------------------- 493,000 457,500 35,500 7.8 Total scientists and engineers S c i e n t i s t s ------------------------------T o t a l t e c h n i c i a n s -----------------------Aircraft, Total ordnance, 11,100 127,800 8,600 6.7 ---------------------------- 17,900 15,400 2,500 16.2 59,100 53,700 5,400 10.1 -- 93,400 83,300 10,100 12.1 -------------------- ------ 84,500 76,300 8,200 10.7 400 .8 -------------------------- 9,000 8,400 600 7.1 20,900 19,300 1,600 8.3 12,000 10,600 1,400 13.2 9,500 8,900 600 6.7 2,500 1,700 800 7,400 5,600 1,800 47.1 32.1 29,200 27,700 1,500 5.4 21,400 20,500 900 4.4 and products: engineers ---- ---------------------------------- ------------ and engineers ---- ------------------------------ 7,800 7,200 600 8.3 18,200 17,600 600 3.4 ---- 31,800 30,200 1,600 5.3 --------------- -------------- 29,200 27,900 1,300 4.7 2,600 2,300 300 13.0 25,800 24,700 1,100 4.5 ---------------------------- Scientists technicians Fabricated ------- (----------- glass scientists metal Engineers ---------------------- products: scientists and engineers - S c i e n t i s t s ---------------------------technicians Machinery, except ---------------------- electrical: scientists Engineers and engineers ---- ------------------------------ Scientists ---------------------------- technicians Specialized ---------------------- machines scientists and and Scientists Total — -- and scientists ------ ------- and engineers -- ------------ ------ ------ t e c h n i c i a n s -------- ------ — footnotes at 81,600 7,000 8.6 81,500 75,100 6,400 8.5 7,100 6,500 600 9.2 77,800 67,400 10,400 15.4 51,800 48,300 3,500 7.2 49,700 46,500 3,200 6.9 2,100 1,800 300 16.7 43,600 39,800 3,800 9.5 22,800 20,000 2,800 14.0 18,900 16,000 2,800 17.5 machinery: ----------- ----------- - Scientists See -— computing Engineers Total ---------------------- technicians 88,600 equipment: engineers E n g i n e e r s -------------------------- Office 1.7 1,000 industries: Engineers Total 11.0 51,500 technicians Total 27.1 59,900 engineers ---------------- ------------ Primary metal Total 1,900 3,800 60,900 scientists Scientists Total 7,000 34,400 51,900 and Engineers Total 8,900 38,200 -- and technicians clay, Total -------- ---------- --------------------------- scientists Total Total engineers -------------------------- Scientists Total and and missiles: Engineers Total --------------------- technicians Total Total engineers parts: Scientists Stone, and scientists Ordnance 7.8 143,200 136,400 Engineers Total 9.1 154,300 and Total 12.9 and missiles:^/ technicians Aircraft 6,600 29,000 ---- Scientists Total 51,100 317,000 ----------------------------- scientists Engineers 57,700 346,000 end of table. IB 4,100 4,000 100 2.5 22,700 18,500 4,200 22.7 Table A-5. Employment o f scientists, engineers, and technicians, by industry, 1966 and 1967, and percent change, 1966—67---- Continued Change 1967 Industry Number Electrical 1966-67 1966 Percent m a c h i n e r y : 2/ ---------------------- 152,500 144,500 8,000 5.5 E n g i n e e r s --------- ------------------------------------- 142,000 135,500 6,500 4.8 Total scientists and engineers 10,500 9,000 1,500 16.7 104,400 100,900 3,500 3.5 ------------------- 28,700 28,300 400 1.4 ------------------------- ------------------ 27,300 26,800 500 1.9 S c i e n t i s t s ------- ----------------- ---------------- *---Total t e c h n i c i a n s ---- ---------------------------------- Electrical distribution equipment and industrial apparatus: Total scientists Engineers and engineers S c i e n t i s t s ------------------------------ ------- --Total technicians Communication ------------------------------------ 1,400 1,500 -100 -6.7 24,000 22,000 2,000 9.1 -2.2 equipment: ------------ ------ 72,700 74,300 -1,600 --- ------ ---------------------------------- 68,100 69,500 -1,400 -2.0 S c i e n t i s t s ------------ ---------- ------------------- 4,600 4,800 -200 -4.2 T o t a l t e c h n i c i a n s ---------------- ------------------Electronic components and equipment: 42,900 44,700 -1,800 -4.0 ------------------- 28,800 21,400 ( 2/) -------------------------------------------- 25,400 19,900 ( 2/) Total scientists Engineers Total scientists Engineers 3,400 1,500 (2/) 19,600 (2/) ---------------------- 31,500 23,600 (*/> -------------------------------- -------------- 29,300 22,100 (2/) 2,200 1,500 (2/) 18,800 15,700 (2/) ---------------------- 38,100 35,600 2,500 7.0 ----------------------------------------------- 32,600 29,600 3,000 10.1 and Scientists Total Total 5,500 6,000 -500 -8.3 20,200 2,300 11.4 ------------------------ 162,600 157,300 5,300 3.4 ................... ............... ...... ....... 84,500 78,700 5,800 7.4 78,100 78,600 -500 -. 6 70,000 63,400 6,600 10.4 goods ------------------------------- 1 ------ m a n u f a c t u r i n g : 3/ scientists Scientists Food engineers ------------------------------------- -------- technicians Engineers Total and 22,500 Scientists Total --------------------------------------- rel a t e d products: scientists Nondurable engineers --------------------------------------------- and Engineers Total and technicians Instruments --- -------------------------------- e q u i p m e n t : 2/ scientists Engineers engineers ------------------------------------------- technicians Motor vehicles Total and engineers 22,500 Scientists Total and and engineers --------------------- ----------- ------------ technicians and kindred ............ ............... ..... ....... products: 13,600 11,800 1,800 15.3 E n g i n e e r s ------------------- ------- ---------------- 6,200 '4,900 1,300 26,5 S c i e n t i s t s -------------- ------------------------------ 7,400 6,900 500 7.2 5,100 4,200 900 21.4 -700 -11.3 Total Total Textile scientists and technicians mill engineers ---------------------- ------- ------------------------------- products a n d apparel; ---------------------- 5,500 6,200 E n g i n e e r s --- ---------- --------------------------------- 3,700 3,700 S c i e n t i s t s ------- 4 ------------------------------------ 1,800 2,500 -700 -28.0 2,400 2,600 -200 -7.7 ....... .............. 13,900 13,800 100 .7 E n g i n e e r s ---- ------------------------------------------ 9,400 9,700 -300 -3.1 S c i e n t i s t s ----------------------------------------- — T o t a l t e c h n i c i a n s ..........................- ............ 4,500 4,100 400 9.8 8,100 6,000 2,100 35.0 Total Total Paper scientists technicians and Total allied and allied Total ---------------------- 99,400 97,700 1,700 1.7 42,500 40,600 1,900 4.7 ..................... - - ..................... 56,900 57,100 -200 -.4 40,800 38,300 2,500 6.5 chemicals: ........... - ...... 43,100 41,900 1,200 2.9 -------------------------------------------- 22,000 21,400 600 2.8 ------------------------------------------- 21,100 20,500 600 2.9 18,000 17,400 600 3.4 Scientists See engineers - ------------------------------------- scientists Engineers Total products: and technicians Industrial engineers ----------------------------------------------- Scientists Total .............. - .......... - ........... and scientists Engineers engineers products: scientists Chemicals Total and technicians footnotes at end and engineers .................................... of table. T9 Table A-5. Employment o f scientists, engineers, and technicians, by industry, 1966 and 1967, and percent change^ 1966—67— Continued Change Industry 1967 Number Chemicals and Plastics Total allied and products— synthetics, Continued except glass: -2 .2 ---------- 18,200 18,600 -400 10.700 10,600 100 .9 7.500 8 ,0 0 0 -500 -6.3 --------------------------- 8 ,2 0 0 8 ,0 0 0 200 2.5 Scientists Total Percent ------------------ r -------------- scientists Engineers 1966-67 1966 and engineers ---------------------------------- technicians Dr u g s : Total ---------- 16,900 17,700 -800 -4.5 -------- -------------------------- 1,600 1,800 -2 0 0 -1 1 .1 ---------------- ---- ----------- 15,300 15.900 -600 -3.8 5,300 4.800 500 10.4 14.700 scientists Engineers Scientists Total technicians Petroleum Total refining related industries; 13.900 800 5.8 10.700 9.900 800 8 .1 ------------------------------------ 4,000 4,000 t e c h n i c i a n s ---- --------------------- - - - 6 ,2 0 0 5.800 400 6.9 1 1 ,0 0 0 1,400 12.7 and and engineers ------------ -------------------------------------- Scientists Total engineers --------------------------- and scientists Engineers Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products: ---- ------- 12,400 E n g i n e e r s --- ---------------------------------- 9.700 7.800 1,900 24.4 Scientists 2.700 3,200 -500 -15.6 5.500 4.900 600 1 2 .2 e n g i n e e r s ---- ----- 299,800 288,600 1 1 ,2 0 0 3.9 ----------------------------------- 246,500 240,000 6,500 2.7 53,300 48,600 4,700 9.7 318,700 292,800 25,900 8 .8 Total scientists Total and ------------------------------------ technicians Nonmanufacturing Total Engineers Scientists Metal, -----------------------------i n d u s t r i e s : 4/ scientists Total and --------------------------------- technicians coal engineers and --------------------------- nonmetallic mining: ------------- 7,100 7,100 -------------------------------------- 5,300 5,500 -2 0 0 -3.6 ------------------------------------- 1,800 1,600 200 12.5 T o t a l t e c h n i c i a n s -----------------------------C r u d e p e t r o l e u m and n a t u r a l gas e x t r a c t i o n , 3,500 3,400 100 2.9 11.3 Total scientists Engineers Scientists including gas and field engineers services: ------------ 24.600 2 2 ,1 0 0 2.500 E n g i n e e r s --------------------------------------- 12 ,0 0 0 11.700 300 2 .6 Scientists ------------------------------------ 12.600 10,400 2 ,2 0 0 2 1 .2 t e c h n i c i a n s ------------------------------ 8,800 6,700 2 ,1 0 0 31.3 -7.6 Total Total scientists Contract and engineers construction: ------------ 43,600 47.200 -3,600 -------------------------------------- 43.300 46.700 -3,400 -7.3 S c i e n t i s t s -------------------------------------- 300 500 -2 0 0 -40.0 25,700 30.200 -4,500 -7.3 9,800 8,800 1 ,0 0 0 11.4 9,400 8,400 1 ,0 0 0 11.9 Total scientists Engineers Total engineers t e c h n i c i a n s --------- -------------------- Transportation Total and and related scientists Engineers services: and engineers ------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 400 400 T o t a l t e c h n i c i a n s -----------------------------Communications: 6,700 6,800 -1 0 0 -1.5 5.8 Scientists e n g i n e e r s --- 18.300 27.300 1 ,0 0 0 ---------------------------- 17.900 17.100 800 4.7 --------------------------* 400 200 200 1 0 0 .0 34,500 31.700 2,800 8 .8 T o t a l ’s c i e n t i s t s Engineers Scientists Total technicians Electric, Total gas, Engineers and Scientists See sanitary 27.100 27.300 -2 0 0 -.7 25.900 26.100 -2 0 0 -.8 --------------------------- 1 ,2 0 0 1 ,2 0 0 engineers — 21,200 19,800 1,400 7.1 --- 34.900 31,600 3,300 10.4 ---------------------------- 24,800 23,000 1,800 7.8 1 0 .1 0 0 8,600 1.500 17.4 38,000 31.200 6,800 2 1 .8 -------------------- retail trade: and engineers --------------------------- technicians footnotes services ---------------------------- and scientists Engineers Total -------------------- technicians Wholesale Total and scientists Scientists Total and at -------------------- end of table. 2 0 Table A-5. Employment of scientists, engineers, and technicians, by industry, 1966 and 1967 and percent change, 1966—67--- Continued Change Number Finance, Total insurance, 9,200 9,000 200 2.2 4,200 200 4.7 -------------------------------------------------------- 4,800 4,800 - 7,200 5,800 1,400 Total -------------------------------- 124,600 117,800 6,800 5.8 --------------------------------------------------------- 103,400 97,300 6,100 6.3 engineers ------ -------------------------- ------------------------- ----------------------- medical, and engineering scientists and engineers Engineers Scientists Total and technicians Business, estate: 4,400 Scientists Total real business Total scientists Scientists Medical Total and dental 700 3.4 16,300 10,4 engineers ----------------------- i------ 55,200 51,500 3,700 7.2 38,900 35,100 3,500 9.9 16,300 16,100 200 -— ------- ---------------------- ----------- 1.2 48,200 38,900 9,300 23.9 200 14.3 laboratories: e n g i n e e r s ------------------- ---------- 1,600 1,400 ----------------------------- ------- ---------------- - - - ---------- ----- ------ --------------- --------------- 1,600 1,400 200 14.3 20,700 18,500 2,200 11.9 67,000 64,100 2,800 4.5 64,000 61,200 2,800 4.6 technicians Engineering and --------------- --- ---------------------------------- scientists Scientists and -— ----------- -— and architectural ------- ----- ------- — Scientists ------ — technicians -— — — - services: T o t a l s c i e n t i s t s a n d e n g i n e e r s ------------------- ---------Engineers ---------------------- — . . . . ---------------Total 20,500 156,200 and other ---------------------------------------------------- - technicians Engineers Total research, 21,200 172,500 services: Engineers Total ------------------------------------------------- laboratories, 24.1 services: -------------------------------------------------------- technicians Commercial Percent ------------------------ -------------------------------- scientists Engineers and 1966-67 1967 Industry ------- -------------------------- ---------------------------- . . . . . . . — 3,000 2,900 100 3.4 103,300 97,800 5,500 5.6 JL/ A l s o i n c l u d e d a r e l u m b e r , w o o d p r o d u c t s , a n d f u r n i t u r e ; o t h e r t r a n s p o r t a t i o n e q u ip m e n t ; a n d o t h e r m a n u fa c tu r in g in d u s tr ie s . 2/ D ue t o a c h a n g e i n e s t i m a t in g p r o c e d u r e a n d t h e a l l o c a t i o n o f c o n s o lid a t e d r e p o r t s i n t h e m o to r v e h i c l e i n d u s t r y , 1 9 6 7 d a t a a r e n o t c o m p a ra b le w i t h 1 9 6 6 . T h i s a d ju s tm e n t a l s o a f f e c t s t o a le s s e r d e g r e e c e r t a i n o t h e r i n d u s t r i e s , n a m e l y , a i r c r a f t a n d p a r t s , o r d n a n c e a n d m i s s i l e s , a n d i n d u s t r i e s i n t h e e l e c t r i c a l m a c h in e r y g r o u p . H o w e v e r, t h e e f f e c t o f t h i s a d ju s tm e n t i s l a r g e l y r e s t r i c t e d t o 2 o c c u p a tio n s , e n g in e e r s a n d e n g in e e r in g a n d p h y s ic a l s c ie n c e t e c h n ic ia n s . 3/ A ls o in c lu d e d a r e to b a c c o m a n u f a c tu r e s ; p r i n t i n g , p u b l i s h i n g , a n d a l l i e d i n d u s t r i e s ; a n d l e a t h e r a n d fin is h e d le a t h e r p ro d u c ts . 4/ A ls o i n c l u d e d a r e a g r i c u l t u r a l s e r v i c e s , f o r e s t r y , a n d f i s h e r i e s . NO TE: D e t a i l m ay n o t a d d t o to ta ls b e c a u s e o f r o u n d in g o r in c l u s i o n 21 in to ta ls o f it e m s n o t s h o w n s e p a r a t e l y . Table A-6. Employment of scientists and engineers, by occupation and industry, 1967' Total scientists Industry and Total Engineers engi Total scientists physical Chemists scientists neers - ......................................... . 1,013,100 824,000 189,100 1353300 85,200 M a n u f a c t u r i n g ---- -------------------------------- 713,300 577,500 135,800 100,600 72,600 ----------- 550,700 493,000 57,700 39,900 17,600 Total Durable goods manufacturing, total 1/ --------------- 154,300 136,400 17,900 10,000 3,700 Aircraft and p a r t s ------------------■/■------------ 93,400 84,500 8,900 5,100 2,100 Ordnance and missiles --------------------------- 60,900 51,900 9,000 4,900 1,600 ---------------- 12,000 9,600 2,400 2,300 1,400 -------------------------- 29,200 21,400 7,800 7,400 2,300 ------------------------ 31,800 29,200 2,600 2,000 900 -------------------- 88,600 81,500 7,100 3,700 1,800 -------- 51,800 49,700 2,100 1,600 900 ---------------- 22,800 18,800 4,000 1,500 152,500 142,000 10,500 7,000 800 2,500 500 Aircraft, Stone, ordnance, clay, Primary and metal glass metal Machinery, except Specialized and Electrical electrical distribution Electronic apparatus goods equipment and and 28,700 27,300 1,400 1,200 --- - - ------------------ 72,700 68,100 4,600 2,600 600 ------------------ -------- 28,800 25,400 3,400 2,200 800 equipment and equipment ------- ----------- ------- components vehicles Instruments and machines ------------------------------- machinery Communication Nondurable products machinery industrial Motor products computing Electrical missiles industries Fabricated Office and 31,500 29,300 2,200 1,600 800 38,100 32,400 5,700 5,000 3,500 2 / -------- 162,600 84,500 78,100 60,800 55,000 .... ....... ......... 4,100 equipment related ----------- ------ - products manufacturing, ---- ---------- total 13,600 6,200 7,400 4,500 -------------------------------- 5,500 3,700 1,800 1,600 1,500 p r o d u c t s ------------ ----------- 13,900 9,400 4,500 3,300 2,700 ---- ------ ------- 99,400 42,500 56,900 44,300 40,500 c h e m i c a l s ----------- '---------------- 43,100 22,000 21,100 19,100 16,400 g l a s s - ------ 18,200 10,700 7,500 6,900 6,500 D r u g s ------------------------------------------------ 16,900 1,600 15,300 6,200 5,900 3,300 Food and Textile Paper kindred and and allied Chemicals and allied Industrial Plastics Petroleum Rubber products apparel and synthetics, refining and and Crude related coal, and industries, and 14,700 10,700 4,000 3,800 12,400 9,700 2,700 2,600 2,200 3 / ------- 299,800 246,500 53,300 34,700 12,600 total 7,100 5,300 1,800 1,700 500 24,600 12,000 12,600 12,300 400 ------------------------------ 43,600 43,300 300 - - ----------- 9,800 9,400 400 200 100 natural construction Transportation --- p r o d u c t s --- industries -- nonmetallic petroleum and Contract except miscellaneous plastics Nonmanufacturing Metal, products related mining gas ----------- extraction services Communications --------------------------------------- 18,300 17,900 400 - - Electric, and 27,100 25,900 1,200 700 300 4,300 Wholesale Finance, Business, gas, and Medical retail insurance, medical, Commercial other and and real footnotes 34,900 24,800 10,100 5,000 9,200 4,400 4,800 - - services-- 124,600 103,400 21,200 14,500 6,800 55,200 38,900 16,300 12,100 6,000 1,600 - 1,600 400 300 67,000 64,000 3,000 2,000 500 research, laboratories end of and ----------- ----------- and architectural at -------------------- estate engineering services dental services t r a d e ---------------------and laboratories, business Engineering See sanitary ----------- - services ---- table. 22 Table A-6. Employment of scientists and engineers, by occupation and industry, 1967--- Continued Geologists Industry Metallur Physicists gists Total 11,700 11,000 1,200 4,200 16,300 18,800 total ------------ 9,300 10,100 800 2,100 1,500 16,200 and missiles ---------------- 3,900 2,000 200 300 500 7,300 ------------------- r ----------- 1,400 1,500 - 200 200 3,500 2,500 500 200 100 300 3,800 ----------------- 200 200 200 200 - 200 -------------------------- 100 4,800 100 100 100 300 ------------------------- 300 700 - 100 - 600 --------------------- 600 1,200 - 100 200 3,200 manufacturing, ordnance, parts and glass ---------------------------products industries Fabricated metal Machinery, except products electrical 100 600 - - 100 400 ----------------- 400 100 - 100 100 2,500 -------------------------------- 2,900 500 100 900 200 3,400 e q u i p m e n t -------- - Specialized machinery and and Electrical computing machines machinery Electrical distribution Electronic 400 100 - 100 - 200 1,300 200 - 600 100 1,900 c o m p o n e n t s --------------------------- 900 100 100 200 - 1,100 200 500 - 100 - 500 1,000 100 - 400 200 500 2,400 900 400 2,100 14,800 2,600 ------- ----------------- 100 • . 400 2,600 300 ------------------------ -------- - - - 100 - 100 100 - - 500 800 300 2,100 700 100 800 11,200 1,400 1,700 700 100 200 1,100 900 200 - - 200 200 200 100 - - 200 9,000 200 100 - 300 100 - 200 100 - - 300 100 100 4,400 1,000 15,200 1,300 6,100 12,500 equipment and and goods equipment manufacturing, products and apparel and allied Chemicals products and allied Industrial Plastics -------- ----------- related products and kindred Paper and - - - - -------------------- apparatus vehicles Instruments equipment ---------------------------- industrial Communication Food total 2/ ------- - - ------------------- - ---------------- products chemicals ------- -------- ----------------- ----------- and synthetics, except g l a s s - - ---- D r u g s --- ------------------- ------------------------Petroleum Rubber refining and and Crude coal, and nonmetallie natural Communications Electric, gas, Wholesale and other Medical 1/ Also — 400 700 _ _ _ - 11,600 100 - 300 200 - - - - - - - - - ---------------------------------------- - - - - - 400 and trade and and real services - - - - 100 200 200 100 200 200 2,700 2,300 s e r v i c e s -------- -----------------------services research, -■ architectural - - - 200 4,500 500 2,400 900 2,100 4,400 3,300 - 400 1,800 700 700 3,500 - - - 1,200 - 700 100 600 200 200 900 and -------------- - laboratories 4,000 ------------ estate engineering laboratories, dental services sanitary retail and . 100 ----------- extraction - business Engineering ------- - medical, and mining 3/ ------------------------------ related insurance, Commercial p r o d u c t s --- total gas -— ------------ Contract, c o n s t r u c t i o n Transportation and Finance, industries industries, petroleum and Business, related miscellaneous plastics Nonmanufacturing Metal, ticians ------------------- ----------- 1 ------ metal Textile Mathema 31,300 clay, Nondurable life scientists 22,400 and missiles Motor Total 5,500 Ordnance Office scientists 16,400 and Primary physicists 12,000 Aircraft Stone, Other physical 16,200 goods Aircraft, geo ----------- ------ ------------- * -------------- Manufacturing Durable and ----------------- services -------- Included are lumber, wood products, included are tobacco manufactures; are agricultural not add and furniture; other transportation equipment; and other manufacturing industries. 2/ Also leather 3/ printing, publishing, and allied industries; and leather not shown and finished products. Also NOTE: included Detail may to totals services, because forestry, of rounding and or 23 fisheries. inclusion in totals of items separately. Table A-7. Employment of technicians, by occupation and industry, 1967 Total Total Industry Draftsmen Surveyors technicians engineering physical and science technicians T o t a l ...................................................................... - .............. 734,700 270,700 22,800 328,300 416,000 140,200 1,400 222,600 ------------- 346,000 138,800 1,200 181,000 A i r c r a f t , o r d n a n c e , a n d m i s s i l e s --------------------------A i r c r a f t a n d p a r t s ------------------------------------------------------- 59,100 15,900 _ 38,200 11,100 - 22,900 20,900 4,800 - 14,800 ------------------ 7,400 2,100 100 3,800 ---------------------------- 18,200 5,100 200 10,000 M an u factu rin g Durable goods Ordnance Stone, manufacturing, and clay, Primary ----------------------------------------------------------------- missiles and metal glass Fabricated metal except products products and Electrical machinery industrial Electronic Motor Instruments Nondurable Food and Textile Paper goods and 10 0 9,200 - 18,100 --------------------------------- 104,400 29,900 400 66,600 24,000 9,600 200 -------------------------- 42,900 10,500 100 12,800 29,100 ----------------------------- 22,500 4,100 Chemicals and Plastics equipment ---------------------- products products ----------------- total 2/ --------- .................. - ...... - 11,900 9,400 300 41,600 5,100 800 _ 1,700 - 800 p r o d u c t s -------- ------- --------- 100 5,600 -------------------- 40,800 4,200 100 25,600 ------------------------------ 18,000 2,600 - 12,000 700 - 6,000 5,300 200 - 1,500 6,200 800 100 4,100 products synthetics, except and related 8,200 g l a s s -------- industries m iscellan eo u s p la s tic s industries, n o n m e t a l li e m i n i n g and construction gas 5,500 1,400 - 2,900 -------- 318,700 130,500 21,300 105,700 ------------ - 3,500 600 total Crude natural ----- p r o d u c t s -------- M etal, coal, a n d 3/ extraction ---- ------------------------ ------ T r a n s p o r t a t i o n and r e l a t e d s e r v i c e s ------- -------Communications 6,600 70,000 400 Nonmanufacturing Contract 11,100 1,500 allied petroleum - 2,400 refining Rubber and 16,500 6,700 8,100 D r u g s ---------------- ---------- ------- ------- -----Petroleum 100 18,800 22,500 ---------------------------------- chemicals and and ----------------------------- equipment apparel Industrial equipment manufacturing, allied 30,500 3,000 related kindred and 6,400 100 30,100 components and 200 22,700 equipment and 17,500 39,100 43,600 apparatus vehicles 25,800 77,800 ---------- and machines distribution Communication ---------------------- 37,700 ---------------- - computing Electrical -------------------- ----- electrical Specialized machinery Office 1/ ----------------------------- industries Machinery, total ------ — -------------------- - 700 1,400 8,800 3,800 600 2,800 25,700 17,400 3,100 6,700 2,000 1,200 2,300 34,500 800 - 31,600 2,800 ------------- 21,200 6,300 1,500 10,800 W h o l e s a l e a n d r e t a i l t r a d e ----------------------------------------F i n a n c e , i n s u r a n c e , a n d r e a l e s t a t e --------------------- 38,000 4,800 - 19,700 Electric, Business, gas medical, Commercial b u sin e ss Medical and 7,200 700 94,000 100 14,000 33,600 ------------------------------------------------------- 48,200 16,600 400 25,900 laboratories 20,700 - - - 103,300 77,300 13,800 7,700 engineering laboratories, and dental and footnotes at services 172,500 and serv ices Engineering See sanitary research, architectural end of services and -- other ---------------- services 500 ------ table. 24 Table A-7. Employment of technicians, by occupation and industry, 1967--- Continued Electrical Industry Other and electronic technicians Total Durable goods Aircraft, 6,900 44,800 --------------- 90,500 90,500 1,600 31,400 ------------------- 18,100 19,600 300 5,200 ----------------------------------- 9,000 13,900 10 0 4,100 9,100 5,700 200 1,100 -------------------- 1,500 2,300 100 1,200 ----------------------------- 1,500 8,500 100 2,900 p r o d u c t s -------- ----------- ------- 1,300 5,100 - 1,600 12,800 17,600 200 7,900 4,000 Ordnance and missiles glass Machinery, except Specialized Office and Electrical machinery Electronic Instruments Food Paper and 47,400 19,200 200 7,300 equipment and 9,300 3,500 100 1,300 ---------------------------- 19,800 9,200 - 3,200 ------------------------------- 13,700 2,800 100 1,700 ------------------------ 200 10,900 - 1,000 6,500 5,400 500 3,500 ----------- 3,500 38,100 5,400 13,400 ---------------------------- 300 1,400 1,100 1,600 200 600 - 1,200 ------------------------------- equipment products manufacturing, products ------------------- total 2/ 700 4,900 200 800 1,500 24,100 3,900 7,000 -------------------------------- 700 11,300 800 2,600 g l a s s ----------- 400 5,600 - 1,400 ---------------------------------------------------- 100 1,400 2,800 800 ------- 300 3,800 - 1,200 p r o d u c t s ------- 200 2,700 100 1,100 66,900 38,800 22,300 38,800 allied and Petroleum p r o d u c t s ............. .............- allied synthetics, refining and and coal, ---------- 100 1,300 100 600 1,800 - 1,500 2,400 2,300 500 - 1,700 600 100 1,200 ------------------------------------------- 21,000 10,600 - 2,000 --------------- 6,200 4,500 100 2,500 --------------------------- 17,100 2,600 1,800 11,600 gas and retail sanitary insurance, medical, trade and and dental and 1/ A lso in c lu d e d in d u strie s. 2/ A lso in c lu d e d le a th e r pro d u cts. 3/ A lso in c lu d e d Detail services services real services research, and ---- architectural services -------- lum ber, wood p r o d u c t s , are to b acco m an u fa c tu re s; are a g ric u ltu ral add to 100 5,800 19,600 11,100 13,500 12,400 - 700 4,600 - 18,800 1,800 3,700 4,000 100 4,500 ----------------- are may not 400 16,400 other ----------------------------------laboratories 100 17,200 --------------- estate engineering laboratories, services Engineering extraction --------------- and and gas --------------------------------- related Wholesale business 3/ 1,100 natural Electric, Commercial total ------ Communications Medical industries a n d n o n m e t a l l i c m i n i n g ---------------- construction Business, related industries, Transportation and Finance, except miscellaneous plastics petroleum and Contract products chemicals and Nonmanufacturing NOTE; 1,600 ----------------------------------- ----------------------- and Plastics Metal, - equipment a p p a r e l .... ...................... ....... Industrial Crude 200 8,300 related kindred Chemicals Rubber 6,800 9,900 and equipment and and Drugs 2,400 components goods and Textile ------------ -------------------- apparatus vehicles ------------------------ machines distribution Communication Nondurable electrical machinery industrial Motor products computing Electrical 1/ ------------------------------- industries metal total and missiles parts metal technicians 128,600 ordnance, Fabricated technicians 94,100 and Primary All other 83,600 ------------------------------------------- and technicians life science 29,300 manufacturing, clay, science Total 167,400 Aircraft Stone, physical 161,000 - ----- ------------------ ------------------ ----- Manufacturing engineering and totals se rv ic es, because and fu rn itu re ; o th er tra n sp o rta tio n p r in tin g , p u b lish in g , and fo re stry , of and rounding or 25 a llied e q u ip m en t, in d u strie s; and and o th e r m an u factu rin g lea th e r and fin ish ed fish e rie s . inclusion in total of items not shown separately. Table A-8. Employment of scientists and engineers, by function and industry, 1967 Industry and Total scien tists and gineers, occupation Produc R&D en Management all Manage functions Total ment and other tion Sales and services and All other functions than opera R&D tion admini stration ----- 1,013,100 382,300 65,800 122,300 330,800 102,100 75,600 ------------------------------- 824,000 285,300 49,300 104,200 287,900 84,900 61,700 S c i e n t i s t s ------------------- -------- - 189,100 97,000 16,500 18,100 42,900 17,200 13,900 Total scientists Engineers and engineers Manufacturing: ----- 713,300 322,600 54,400 71,600 217,900 60,600 40,600 E n g i n e e r s --- ----------- --------- ---- - 577,500 245,500 41,600 187,900 50,000 33,700 Scientists 135,800 77,100 12,800 60,400 11,200 30,000 10,600 6,900 Total Durable scientists goods Total and engineers ---- ------------------------ m a n u f a c t u r i n g : 1/ scientists Engineers and engineers -------- ---------------------------------- S c i e n t i s t s ------------------- i----------r Aircraft, ordnance, 259,000 42,600 52,000 162,500 46,800 30,400 225,000 37,600 47,500 149,600 44,400 26,500 57,700 34,000 5,000 4,500 12,900 2,400 3,900 and missiles: ------ 154,300 95,800 11,400 7,700 40,100 4,600 6,100 E n g i n e e r s 1------------------------------- 136,400 82,600 9,800 7,100 37,500 4,500 4,700 -------------------------------------------------------------- 17,900 1 3 , 200 1,600 600 2,600 100 1,400 Total scientists Scientists Aircraft Total and Ordnance Total - - - 93,400 58,900 6,800 4,800 25,100 3,000 1,600 84,500 52,000 5,900 4,500 23,600 3,000 1,400 ------------------------------------------------------- 8,900 6,900 900 300 1,500 - 200 - - - 60,900 36,900 4,600 2,900 15,000 1,600 4,500 --------------- ------------ 51,900 30,600 3,900 2,600 13,900 1,500 3,300 9,000 6,300 700 300 1,100 100 1,200 and engineers a n d missiles: scientists Engineers Scientists clay, and engineers ---------- --------------- - and glass products: --- 12,000 2,900 500 2,000 5,100 1,300 700 ---------------------------------------------------------- 9,500 1,600 300 1,900 4,300 1,200 500 S c i e n t i s t s ------------------------- -------------- ---------------- 2,500 1,300 200 100 800 100 200 Total scientists Engineers Primary metal Total and 29,200 4,000 1,200 2,300 1,800 21,400 2,500 800 6,300 5,000 14,800 --------- -------------- ----------- ------------------- 10,700 1,800 1,400 --------------------------- 7,800 1,500 400 1,300 4,100 500 400 scientists Scientists Fabricated engineers industries: Engineers metal and engineers - - - products: --- 31,800 8,700 2,300 5,200 11,900 4,000 2,000 E n g i n e e r s ---------------------------S c i e n t i s t s ------------------------------------------------------- 29,200 2,600 7,400 1,300 2,100 200 5,000 200 11,100 3,800 1,900 800 200 100 88,600 33,400 8,000 11,200 24,600 13.100 6,300 ----------------------------------------------------------- 81,500 29.300 7,100 10,400 23,300 12,500 6,000 S c i e n t i s t s ------------------------------- ------------------------ 7,100 4,100 900 800 1,300 600 300 Total scientists Machinery, Total except Specialized Total equipment: 13,400 3,500 7,700 16,400 10,000 4,300 12,500 3,200 7,500 15,800 9,900 4,000 -------------------------------------------------------- 2,100 900 300 200 600 100 300 engineers — machinery: 22,900 14,800 3,400 2,100 3,100 1,600 1,300 -------------------------------------------------------- - 18,800 12,100 2,900 1,600 2,800 1,100 1,200 -------------------------------------------------------- 4,100 2,700 500 500 300 500 100 ------------ 152,500 81,300 13,800 12,100 33,800 15,900 9,400 ------------------------------- 142,000 74,300 13,000 11,400 32,400 15,700 9,200 10,500 7,000 800 700 1,400 200 1,200 28,700 10,500 1,900 2,800 7,700 5,400 2,300 27,300 9,500 1,800 2,800 7,500 5,300 2,200 1,400 1,000 100 200 100 100 scientists and engineers — machinery: scientists Engineers Scientists Electrical and engineers -------------- ------------ -- distribution equipment apparatus: 1 industrial Total — 51,800 Scientists Total and and computing Engineers Electrical engineers 49,700 Scientists Total and ----------------------------------------------------------- scientists and engineers electrical: machines Engineers Office and scientists Engineers and engineers ---------------------------------------------------------- scientists Scientists Stone, and p arts: Engineers scientists and engineers - - - E n g i n e e r s ------- -------------- ----------- -------------- -Scientists See 550,700 493,000 footnote at ------------------------------------------------------- end of table. 26 Table A-8. Employment of scientists and engineers, by function and industry, 1967— Continued Total scien tists and gineers, Industry and occupation Produc R&D en all Manage functions Total ment Management other than R&D and tion Sales and services and All other functions opera tion admini stration Electrical machinery— Continued Communication equipment: -■ 72,700 50,300 7,900 4,200 10,000 4,400 3,800 -------------------------- 68,100 46,800 7,500 3,900 9,600 4,400 3,400 ------------------------- 4,600 3,500 400 300 400 - 400 - 28,800 11,200 1,700 2,600 9,000 4,100 1,900 E n g i n e e r s -------------------------S c i e n t i s t s -------------------- -— 25,400 9,400 1,500 2,500 8,400 1,000 3,400 1,800 200 100 600 4,100 - Total scientists Engineers Scientists Electronic and components engineers and accessories: Total Motor scientists vehicles Total and Total 31,500 12,600 1,500 3,000 14,000 700 1,200 29,300 11,100 1,400 2,900 13,500 700 1,100 ---------------------------- 2,200 1,500 100 100 500 - 100 and Scientists Nondurable Total goods 38,100 16,200 2,900 2,800 12,600 4,200 2,300 32,600 12,800 2,400 2,300 11,800 3,600 2,100 ---------------------------- 5,500 3,400 500 500 800 600 200 63,600 11,700 19,600 55,400 13,800 10,200 20,500 4,000 12,900 38,300 5,600 7,200 --------------------------- ----- 78,100 43,100 7,700 6,700 17,100 8,200 3,000 13,600 3,900 900 1,900 6,700 500 600 6,200 700 200 900 4,100 10 0 400 7,400 3,200 700 1,000 2,600 400 200 mill products; allied Engineers and 5,500 1,500 600 800 2,900 100 200 3,700 800 300 600 2,100 1,800 700 300 200 800 100 . 10 0 1,100 10 0 ------- 13,900 4,800 1,200 2,000 5,100 900 9,400 2,500 600 1,500 4,000 600 800 ------------------------------- 4,500 2,300 600 500 1,100 300 300 and allied Engineers engineers products: ------- 99,400 43,900 7,000 10,100 28,500 10,500 6,400 -------------------------------- 42,500 11,500 1,800 5,600 17,700 3,500 4,200 ------------------------------- 56,900 32,400 5,200 4,500 10,800 7,000 2,200 ---- 43,100 18,900 2,700 5,000 12,400 2,900 3,900 ............................. 22,000 21,100 6,900 12,000 1,000 3,100 1,200 2,900 1,700 1,900 7,900 4,500 1,700 1,000 18,200 6,600 800 1,300 7,400 2,100 800 10,700 2,700 300 1,000 5,500 1,100 400 7,500 3,900 500 300 1,900 1,000 400 1,500 1,500 2,800 3,100 700 Scientists and engineers chemicals: scientists Engineers Scientists Plastics e n g i n e e r s . ------- products: scientists Total and apparel: -------------------------------- Scientists Industrial and ------------------------------- scientists Total ---- - ----------------------- -------- Scientists Chemicals engineers ------------------------------- scientists and and products Engineers Total engineers ---------------------------- - Scientists Total engineers 84,500 and scientists Textile and 162,600 Engineers Paper ---- ----------------------------- --------- and kindred Total products: ---------------------------------- Scientists Food engineers m a n u f a c t u r i n g ; 2/ scientists Engineers and related scientists Engineers 900 equipment: ---- Scientists Instruments engineers ----------------------------- scientists Engineers and and and engineers ---------------------------- synthetics, glass: Total scientists and except engineers ---- E n g i n e e r s ... ........... - .......... . Scientists ............... ............. D rugs: ---- 16,900 8,800 ----------------------------- 1,600 300 10 0 400 700 - 200 ---------------------------- 15,300 8,500 1,400 1,100 2,100 3,100 500 ------- 14,700 3,500 600 2,800 6,700 700 1,000 E n g i n e e r s ----------- -------------------- 10,700 1,300 200 2,500 5,600 400 900 4,000 2,200 400 300 1,100 300 100 Total scientists Engineers Scientists Petroleum Total engineers refining and related products scientists and engineers Scientists Rubber and and ----------------------------- - miscellaneous plastics products: Total scientists Engineers Scientists See footnote ------- 12,400 4,900 11,200 1,600 4,000 1,000 900 -------------------------------- 9,700 3,200 880 3,400 900 800 ------------------------------- 2,700 1,700 400 1,400 200 600 100 100 at and end of engineers table. 27 Table A-8. Employment of scientists and engineers, by function and industry, 1967---- Continued Industry and Total scien tists and gineers, occupation Produc R&D en Management all other Manage functions Total ment than tion Sales and services and All other functions opera R&D and tion admini stration Nonmanufacturing Total i n d u s t r i e s : 3/ scientists and engineers -• E n g i n e e r s --------------- ----------Scientists Metal, coal, ----------------------- «-■ 59,700 11,400 50,700 112,900 41,500 35,000 39,800 7,700 43,800 100,000 34,900 28,000 53,300 19,900 3,700 6,900 12,900 6,600 7,000 7,100 1,100 300 1,400 4,000 300 300 5,300 500 100 1,200 3,200 300 100 200 4,000 and non m e t a l l i c mining: Total' s c i e n t i s t s Engineers and engineers ---• ----------------------------- S c i e n t i s t s ---------------------------Cru d e p e t r o l e u m and n atural gas extraction 299,800 246,500 including gas 1,800 600 200 200 800 - field service: ---- 24,600 2,700 500 4,000 13,200 700 E n g i n e e r s ----------------------------- 12,000 1,300 200 2,200 7,200 600 700 Scientists 12,600 1,400 300 1,800 6,000 100 3,300 Total scientists Contract Total engineers ---------------------------- construction: scientists Engineers and engineers ---- ------------------------------ Scientists Transportation Total and 43,600 1,200 800 10,500 21,700 5,600 4,600 43,300 1,200 800 10,500 21,500 5,500 4,600 300 - - - 200 100 - ---------------------------a n d r e l a t e d services; scientists Engineers and engineers ---- ------------------------------ Scientists 9,800 900 300 2,100 5,500 200 1,100 9,400 800 200 2,000 5,300 200 400 100 100 100 200 - 1,100 . ---------------------------- Communications: Total 18,300 300 100 4,100 12,200 200 1,500 ------------------------------ 17,900 300 100 4,000 12,200 1,200 --------------------------- - 400 - - 100 - 200 - e n g i n e e r s --- - 27,100 1,000 300 7,000 13,700 3,000 2,400 ------------------------------ 25,900 800 200 6,900 13,200 2,900 2,100 1,200 200 100 100 500 .100 300 1,400 scientists Engineers Scientists Electric, Total gas, and Scientists Wholesale and 300 trade: 34,900 3,200 800 7,COO 4,500 18,800 ------------------------------ 24,800 1,900 400 4,700 3,000 14,400 800 ---------------------------- 10,100 1,300 400 2,300 1,500 4,400 600 Scientists Finance, ---- ---------------------------retail scientists Engineers engineers sanitary services: scientists and Engineers Total and insurance, and engineers and real ---- estate: ---- 9,200 1,000 500 1,900 2,300 2,600 1,400 E n g i n e e r s --------------- ----- --------- 4,400 100 100 700 400 2,200 1,000 Scientists 4,800 900 400 1,200 1,900 400 400 Total scientists and engineering and engineers ---- 124,600 48,300 8,000 12,700 35,600 9,600 18,400 ----------------------------- 103,400 33,100 6,000 11,600 34,000 8,600 16,100 21,200 15,200 2,000 1,100 1,600 1,000 2,300 scientists Engineers engineers ---------------------------- Business, medical, services: Total and S c i e n t i s t s --------------- ,------------Commercial laboratories, and other business research, services: 55,200 37,200 6,000 2,900 6,100 4,000 5,000 38,900 24,200 4,200 2,200 5,600 3,300 3,600 16,300 13,000 1,800 700 500 700 1,400 1,600 400 300 600 1,600 400 36o 600 ---- 67,000 10,700 2,000 9,300 E n g i n e e r s ------- ---------- ;------------ 64,000 8,800 2,000 9,200 3,000 1,900 “ 100 400 Total scientists Engineers and Total scientists laboratories: and engineers --- 300 ----------------------------- Scientists Engineering ---- ---------------------------- dental Engineers engineers --------------------------- - Scientists Medical and and --------------------------- - - 300 28,600 5,500 12,900 28,200 5,300 12,500 200 400 architectural services: Total scientists Scientists 1/ Also and engineers ---------------------------- included are lumber, wood products, included tobacco manufactures; and furniture; other transportation equipment; and other manufacturing industries. 2/ Also leather 3/ are printing, publishing,and allied industries; and leather not shown and finished products. Also included are agricu ltu ral s e rv ic e s, NOTE: Detail may not add to totals because fo re str y , and fis h e r ie s . of rounding or 28 inclusion in totals of items separately. Table A-9- Employment of scientists and engineers in industry in R&D by occupation, 1966 and 1967 Occupation Number Total Engineers Percent R&D Number Percent 1,013,100 382,300 37.7 954,600 362,000 37.9 ------------------------------------------------------ ---- 824,000 285,300 34.6 776,200 268,700 34.6 --- ------------------------------------------------------- 189,100 97,000 51.3 178,400 93,300 52.3 scientists -------------------------------------------- 135,300 72,500 53.6 128,800 70,700 54.9 -------------------------------------------------------- 85,200 48,000 56.3 84,300 47,900 56.8 16,200 13,800 85.2 15,100 12,800 84.8 12,000 5,200 43.3 11,000 4,700 42.7 Physical Chemists Physicists Geologists engineers ------------------------------------------------- and physical scientists Medical and ----------------------------------------------------- Metallurgists Life In Total ---------------- ---- ----- scientists Scientists Other 1966 1967 In R&D Total ----------------------------- 16,400 2,800 17.1 13,800 3,000 21.7 --------------------------------- 5,500 2,700 49.1 4,700 2,200 46.8 ------------------------------------------------- 22,400 9,300 41.5 22,400 9,100 40.6 3,400 1,600 47.1 4,300 2,200 51.2 6,100 1,300 21.3 4,900 1.300 26.5 geophysicists scientists scientists Agricultural ------------------------------------------- s c i e n t i s t s ----------------------- — ------ - Biological scientists ------------------------- - 9,100 5,700 62.6 9,100 4,800 52.7 Other scientists ------------ - -------------- - 3,800 800 21.1 4,100 800 19.5 M a t h e m a t i c i a n s --- ------ --------------- ------ ---- ---------- - 31,300 15,100 48.2 27,200 13,400 49.3 life — 29 Table A-10. Scientists, engineers, and technicians employed by industry, and related numbers employed in R&Dj, 1966 and 1967 1966 1967 1966-67 In Industry R&D In Change Percent Total Number Total of total Total Total 6.2 3,700 4.0 156,100 52.3 23.2 17,000 10.9 665,900 303,900 45.6 18,700 6.2 536,200 229,900 42.9 15,600 6.8 56.8 129,700 74,000 57.1 3,100 4.2 32.6 380,400 120,100 31.6 5,700 13.1 37.7 954,600 362,000 285,300 34.6 776,200 268,700 ---------------------------- 189,100 97,000 51.3 178,400 93,300 734,700 173,100 23.6 673,200 ----- 713,300 322,600 45.2 - - ---------------------------- 577,500 245,500 42.5 135,800 77,100 416,000 135,800 ----------------------- technicians Percent 16,600 382,300 824,000 Scientists Number 20,300 1,013,100 engineers R&D 3 7 .9 3 4 .6 ---- - and of total ------------------------------- scientists Engineers in Percent Number 5.6 Manufacturing: Total scientists Engineers and engineers S c i e n t i s t s ------------------- -------- Total Durable goods Total manufacturing:^/ scientists Engineers and Total ordnance, Engineers Total Total 6.0 5.1 ---------------------------------------------------- 1,400 11.9 43.2 3,800 16.4 11.1 58,900 63.1 83,300 53,000 63.6 5,900 84,500 52,000 61.5 76,300 47,400 62.1 4,600 9.7 --------------------------- 8,900 52,000 7,000 5,600 80.0 1,300 23.2 38,200 16,800 77.8 44.0 34,400 15,100 43.9 1,700 11.3 --- 60,900 36,900 60.6 59,900 37,400 62.4 -500 -1.3 ---------------------------- 51,900 30,600 59.0 51,500 31,200 60.6 -600 -1.9 and engineers -------------------and engineers -------------------------------------------- - glass 9,000 6,300 70.0 8,400 6,200 73.8 100 1.6 20,900 10,200 48.8 19,300 8,100 42.0 2,100 25.9 26.1 products: 12,000 2,900 24.2 10,600 2,300 21.7 600 --- --------------------------- 9,500 1,600 16.8 8,900 1,500 16.9 100 6.7 ------- ---------------------- 2,500 1,300 52.0 1,700 800 47.1 500 62.5 7,400 1,400 18.9 5,600 700 12.5 700 100.0 5.3 and engineers ----- ---------------------------- 29,200 4,000 13.7 27,700 3,800 13.7 200 ------------------------------- 21,400 2,500 11.7 20,500 2,400 11.7 100 4.2 ------------------------------ 7,800 1,500 19.2 1,400 19.4 100 200 7.1 11.8 and engineers 18,200 1,900 10.4 7,200 17,600 1,700 9.7 ------ 31,800 8,700 27.4 30,200 7,400 24.5 1,300 ------------------------------- 29,200 7,400 27,900 6,400 22.9 1,000 15.6 ------------------------------ 2,600 1,300 25.3 50.0 2,300 1,000 300 30.0 25,800 5,000 19.4 24,700 4,700 43.5 19.0 300 6.4 ------ 88,600 33,400 37.7 81,600 32,300 39.6 1,100 3.4 ------------------------------- 81,500 29,300 36.0 75,100 28,200 37.5 1,100 3.9 7,100 4,100 57.7 6,500 4,100 63.1 77,800 17.000 21.9 67,400 16,100 23.9 900 except and ----------------------and engineers ----------------------------- technicians Specialized engineers ----------------------- machines 13,400 25.9 48,300 13,000 26.9 400 49,700 12,500 25.2 46,500 12,100 26.0 400 --------------------------- 2,100 900 42.9 1,800 900 50.0 - 43,600 7,300 16.7 39,800 7,50(5 18.8 -200 -2.7 22,900 14,800 64.6 20,000 13,900 12,100 64.4 16,000 11,200 69.5 70.0 900 18,800 900 6.5 8.0 engineers -------------------- computing scientists engineers --- --------------------------- technicians at end 3.1 3.3 - machinery: and ----------- ---------------- Scientists equipment: 51,800 and technicians footnotes - 5.6 --- Scientists Engineers and - ---------------------------- scientists Engineers 17.6 electrical: scientists Scientists See 76.6 23,200 industries: Engineers Total 11,800 53,700 93,400 technicians and 15,400 45.7 missiles: Scientists Total 73.7 --- scientists Office 13,200 27,000 ---------------------------- scientists Total 17,900 59,100 parts: technicians Total 13.6 4,000 and Engineers Total 11.5 12,200 5,400 engineers T o t a l t e c h n i c i a n s ----------------------Fabricated metal products: Total 3,500 30.5 61.5 Scientists Total 59.7 96,800 63.1 scientists Machinery, 30,500 78,600 technicians Engineers Total 51,100 317,000 90,400 scientists metal 58.9 31.8 127,800 Scientists Total 34,000 110,000 143,200 Scientists Primary 57,700 346,000 60.6 and Engineers 7.7 7.2 62.1 and clay, 18,600 15,100 95,800 Engineers Total 47.3 45.9 82,600 technicians Total 240,400 209,900 136,400 Scientists Total 508,600 457,500 154,300 Engineers Total 47.0 45.6 ------ scientists Ordnance 259,000 225,000 a n d m i s s i l e s : 2/ and technicians Aircraft 550,700 493,000 ------------------------------- Scientists Stone, -------------------------- scientists Total -------- -------------------------------- technicians Aircraft, engineers ---------------------------------- Scientists Total ----------------------- technicians -------------------- of 4,100 2,700 65.9 4,000 2,700 67.5 - 22,700 7,300 32.2 18,500 6,100 33.0 1,200 table. 30 - 19.7 Table A-10. Scientists, engineers, and technicians employed by industry, and related numbers employed in R&D, 1966 and 1967---- Continued 1966 1967 1966 -67 Industry E le c tric a l machinery12/ Total s c ie n tis ts and engineers ---------Engineers --------------------------------------------S c ie n tists ------------------------------------------Total technicians ---------------------------------E le ctric a l d istribu tion equipment and in du strial apparatus: Total s c ie n tis ts and engineers -----Engineers ----------------------------------------S c ie n tists --------------------------------------Total technicians -----------------------------Communication equipment: Total s c ie n tis ts and engineers -----Engineers ---------------------------------------S cie n tists --------------------------------------Total technicians -----------------------------Electronic components and equipment: Total s c ie n tis ts and engineers -----Engineers ----------------------------------------S c ie n tists --------------------------------------Total technicians -----------------------------Motor veh icles and equipment: 2 / Total s c ie n tis ts and engineers ---------Engineers --------------------------------------------S cie n tists ------------------------------------------Total technicians ---------------------------------Instruments and related products: Total s c ie n tis ts and e n g in e e r s -------- -Engineers ------------------------------------- ------S c ie n tists ------------------------------------------Total technicians ---------------------------------- 152,500 142,000 10,500 104,400 81,300 74,300 7,000 39,800 53.3 52.3 66.7 3 8.1 144,500 135,500 9,000 100,900 75,800 69,400 6,400 33,400 52.5 5 1.2 71.1 33.1 5,500 4,900 600 6,400 7 .3 7 .1 9 .4 19.2 28,700 27,300 1,400 24,000 10,500 9,500 1,000 5,600 3 6.6 3 4.8 7 1.4 23.3 28,300 26,800 1,500 22,000 10,100 9,100 1,000 5,200 35.7 3 4 .0 66.7 23.6 400 400 400 4 .0 4 .4 7 .7 72,700 68,100 4,600 42,900 50,300 46,800 3,500 22,800 6 9.2 68.7 76.1 53.1 74,300 69,500 4,800 44,700 47,700 44,200 3,500 19,400 64.2 63.6 72.9 4 3.4 2,600 2,600 5 .5 5 .9 3,400 17.5 28,800 25,400 3,400 22,500 11,200 9,400 1,800 6,800 38.9 3 7.0 52.9 3 0.2 21,400 19,900 1,500 19,600 8,700 7,600 1,100 4,100 40.7 3 8.2 73.3 20.9 ( 2 /) ( 2 /) ( 2 /) ( 2 /) ( 2 /) ( 2 /) ( 2 /) ( 2 /) 31,500 29,300 2,200 18,800 12,600 11,100 1,500 7,900 4 0.0 37.9 68.2 4 2.0 23,600 22,100 1,500 15,700 9,300 8,200 1,100 7,700 3 9.4 3 7.1 73.3 4 9.0 ( 2 /) ( 2 /) ( 2 /) ( 2 /) ( 2 /) ( 2 /) ( 2 /) ( 2 /) 38,100 32,600 5,500 22,500 16,200 12,800 3,400 7,200 42.5 39.3 61.8 3 2.0 35,600 29,600 6,000 20,200 14,800 11,600 3,200 6,400 4 1.6 3 9.2 53.3 3 1.7 1,400 1,200 200 800 9 .5 10.3 6.3 12.5 Nondurable goods m anufacturing:!/ Total s c ie n tis ts and engineers -------------Engineers ------------------------------------------------Technicians --------------------------------------------Total technicians -------------------------------------- 162,600 84,500 78,100 70,000 63,600 20,500 43,100 25,800 3 9.1 34.3 5 5.2 36.9 L57,300 78,700 78,600 63,400 63,500 20,000 43,500 23,300 4 0.4 25.4 55.3 36.8 100 500 -400 2,500 .2 2.5 -.9 10.7 Food and kindred products: Total s c ie n tis ts and engineers ---------Engineers -------------------------------- -----------S cie n tists ------------------------------------------Total technicians ---------------------------------T e x tile m ill products and apparel: Total s c ie n tis ts and engineers ---------Engineers --------------------------------------------S cie n tists ------------------------------------------Total technicians ---------------------------------Paper and a llie d products: Total s c ie n tis ts and engineers ---------Engineers --------------------------------------------S c ie n tists ------------------------------------------Total technicians ---------------------------------Chemicals and a llie d products: Total s c ie n tis ts and engineers ---------Engineers --------------------------------------------S cie n tists ------------------------------------------Total technicians ---------------------------------Industrial chemicals: Total s c ie n tis ts and engineers -----E n g in e e rs---- -----------------------------------S cie n tists --------------------------------------Total technicians ---------------------------- - 13,600 6,200 7,400 5,100 3,900 700 3,200 1,200 28.7 11.2 4 3.2 23.5 11,800 4,900 6,900 4,200 4,000 800 3,200 1,100 33.9 16.3 4 6.4 26.2 -100 -100 100 -2 .5 -1 2 .5 9 .1 5,500 3,700 1,800 2,400 1,500 800 700 300 27.3 21.6 3 8.9 12.5 6,200 3,700 2,400 2,600 1,900 600 1,300 200 30.6 16.2 5 2.0 7 .7 -400 200 -600 100 -2 1 .1 33.3 -4 6 .2 50.0 13,900 9,400 4,500 8,100 4,800 2,500 2,300 2,100 34.5 26.6 51.1 25.9 13,800 9,700 4,100 6,000 5,000 2,700 2,300 1,100 3 6.2 27.8 5 6.1 18.3 -200 -200 -4 .0 -7 .4 1,000 90.9 99,400 4? 500 56,900 40,800 43,900 11,500 32,400 18,600 44.2 27.1 56.9 45.6 97,700 40,600 57,100 38,300 43,000 11,400 31,600 16,900 4 4.0 28.1 55.3 4 4.1 900 100 800 1,700 2 .1 .9 2.5 10.1 18,900 6,900 12,000 7,800 43.9 3 1 .4 56.9 43.3 41,900 21,400 20,500 17,400 18,700 6,900 11,800 7,400 44.6 3 2 .2 57.6 4 2.5 200 1.1 43.100 22,000 21.100 18,000 See footnotes at end of ta b le. 31 Number ’ ercent of to ta l Change in R&D Percent of to ta l Total Number Total Number - - - Percent - - - 200 400 - 1.7 5 .4 Table A-10. R&D Scientists, engineers, and technicians employed by industry, and related numbers employed in 1966 and 1967---- Continued 1966 1967 1966-67 Total Percent i and Plastics allied products— and synthetics, R&D Percent of Number Chemicals In In R&D Industry Number total of Change Number in R&D Percent total Continued except glass: ----- 18,200 6,600 36.3 18,600 7,000 37.6 -400 --------------------------------------------------- 10,700 25.2 52,0 10,600 2,600 24.5 55 0 3,800 46.3 8,0 00 8,0 0 0 4,400 T o t a l t e c h n i c i a n s - - ........ - ....................... 7 , so o 8,2 0 0 2,700 3,900 4,000 50.0 100 -500 -200 ----- 16,900 8,800 52.1 17,700 7,500 42.4 1,300 E n g i n e e r s ---------------------------------- --------------- 1,600 300 18.8 1,800 400 2 2 .2 -100 ----- ------------- 15,300 8,500 55.6 15,900 7,100 44.7 1,400 19.7 ------------------------------------- 5,300 .2,600 49.1 4,800 2,1 00 43.8 500 23.8 -------- 14,700 3,500 23.8 L3, 9 0 0 3,600 25.9 E n g i n e e r s ---------------- ------- ------ ------------- ------ -- 10,700 4 nnn 1,300 12 .1 1,400 14.1 -100 -100 - 2 .8 -7.2 7 ?00 55 0 9,900 L nnn 2 ---------- 6 ,2 00 1^800 29.0 5,800 1,900 -100 -5.3 ------- 12,400 4,900 39.5 11,000 4,900 44.5 - 9,700 3 ,2 0 0 33.0 7,800 2,700 34.6 500 18.5 2,700 1,700 63.0 3,200 2,2 00 6 8 .8 -500 -22.7 5,500 1,200 21 .8 4,900 1,400 28.6 -200 -14.3 2 .8 Total scientists Engineers and engineers -5.7 3.8 -11 & -5.0 Drugs: Total scientists technicians Petroleum refining Industries: Total engineers ----------- — Scientists Total and scientists and related and engineers scientists Total technicians ------------------------------- Rubber and miscellaneous products: Total scientists Engineers engineers — — - --------------— ........ technicians -----------------------------------— Nonmanufacturing industries: Total scientists and engineers ---• E n g i n e e r s -------------------------------------- Scientists Total Metal, ----------------------------- - technicians coal,and 55 0 32.8 plastics - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Scientists Total and ?on 17.3 -25.0 ------------------------------- nonmetallic -- - 299,800 59,700 19.9 288,600 58,100 20 .1 1,600 246,500 39,800 16.1 240,000 38,900 16.2 900 2. 3 53,300 19,900 37.3 48,600 19,200 39.5 700 3.6 318,700 37,200 11.7 292,800 36,800 1 2 .6 400 1 .1 mining: 7 ,1 0 0 1 ,1 0 0 15.5 7,100 900 12.7 .......................... ................... ............. r 5,300 500 9.4 5,500 400 7.3 Scientists ......... ........................... — --------- -T o t a l t e c h n i c i a n s -------------------- , -------------------- 1,800 600 33 .3 1,600 500 31.3 3,500 400 11.4 3,400 300 8 .8 200 100 100 100 24,600 2,700 1,300 2 2 ,1 0 0 1,700 7 .7 1 ,0 0 0 58.8 11,700 500 4.3 800 160.0 10,400 1 ,2 0 0 11.5 200 16.7 6,700 400 6 .0 700 175.0 Total scientists Engineers — and engineers Crude petroleum and natural tlon including gas field gas ------------- extrac- ----------------------------------------------- — Scientists technicians -— Contract construction: Total scientists and — --------------------------- 12,600 1,400 1 1 .0 1 0 .8 1 1 .1 8,800 1 ,1 0 0 12.5 43,600 2 .8 2 .8 1 2 .0 0 0 -------------------- ------------------- --------------- 43,300 1 ,2 0 0 1 ,2 0 0 S c i e n t i s t s ----------------------- --------------------------- - 300 - 25,700 1 ,0 0 0 9,800 Engineers Total technicians Transportation Total and Engineers Scientists — Scientists Total gas, engineers Total 1.7 400 50.0 1.7 400 50.0 - 3.9 30,200 1,700 5.6 -700 900 9.2 8,800 800 9.1 8.5 25.0 8,400 600 7.1 400 50.0 3.0 6,800 200 100 1.5 100 200 -1 0 0 100 9,400 800 400 ------------------------------------------- 6,700 100 200 engineers — -------- i - -41.2 12.5 33 .3 -50.0 1 0 0 .0 18,300 300 1 .6 17,300 700 4.0 -400 - 17,900 300 1. 7 17,100 600 3.5 -300 -50.0 . 400 - 200 50.0 -1 0 0 -1 0 0 .0 34,500 200 100 1 ,0 0 0 3.2 -800 -80.0 200' 100 100 -1 0 0 - - - - - - - ------- ---------- ---------- — sanitary scientists and - .6 31,700 -57.1 services: engineers - — — ,-------------------- ------------------ -- — --------------------- — technicians 800 800 500 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - E n g i n e e r s ----- -------- -------------- — Scientists - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - — and 46,200 46,700 - services: ----------------------------------------------- — technicians Electric, Total -------------------- scientists and Engineers - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - — ---------- — - — Total technicians Communications: Total engineers related scientists and 2 0 .0 33 .3 services: T o t a l s c i e n t i s t s a n d e n g i n e e r s -------------E n g i n e e r s ---------------------------------- -------------------Total 2 2 .2 25.0 -------------- ----------------- 27,100 1 ,0 0 0 3.7 27,300 800 2.9 25,900 800 3.1 26,100 700 2.7 1 ,2 0 0 2 1 ,2 0 0 200 200 16.7 1 ,2 0 0 100 8.3 .9 19,800 300 1,5 32 25.0 14.3 1 0 0 .0 -33.3 Table A-10. Scientists, engineers, and technicians employed by industry, and related numbers employed in R&D, 1966 and 1967--- Continued 1966 1967 1966-67 In Industry In R&D Total Total Percent Number Percent of of Number total Wholesale Total and retail Engineers ------ 34,900 3 ,2 0 0 9.2 31,600 24,800 1,900 7.7 23,000 Scientists Total and Finance, Total engineers -------------- --------------- technicians -— insurance, ------ ----------- and scientists and Engineers 10,100 1,300 12.9 8,600 3 ,2 0 0 2,0 00 1,200 38,000 2,700 7.1 31,200 1,500 4.8 -100 100 1,200 9,200 4,400 1,000 100 10.9 9,000 -200 4,200 -16.7 - 4,800 900 18.8 4,800 22.9 -200 7,200 100 1.4 5,800 1,200 100 1,100 100 13.3 2. 3 1. 7 - -18.2 - 124,600 48,300 38.8 117,800 48,000 40.7 300 .6 103,400 33,100 32.0 97,300 33,200 34.1 -100 -. 3 10.1 - 8.7 14.0 -5.0 8.3 80.0 estate: ------ — -------- ---------------- ------- ------------ ---- -------- technicians Business, real engineers ------------------— Scientists Total Percent trade: ------------------------------- scientists Number total medical, and engineering scientists and engineers 2.4 services: Total Engineers ----------- ------- ---------- 21,200 15,200 71.7 20,500 14,800 72.2 400 2.7 t e c h n i c i a n s ---------------- ------ 172,500 31,200 18.1 156,200 30,400 19.5 800 2 .6 --- 55,200 37,200 67.4 51,500 38,200 74.2 - 1,000 - 2 .6 --------------- ---- - — --- 38,900 24,200 62.2 35,400 25,100 70.9 -900 -3.6 Scientists Total Commercial and ------ ---- ------- ----------- - other Total laboratories, business scientists Engineers services: and engineers 16,300 13,000 79.8 16,100 13,100 81.4 -100 -.8 48,200 20,800 43.2 38,900 19,500 50.1 1,300 6.7 --- 1,600 400 25.0 1,400 200 14.3 200 100.0 ---------------------------- - - - - 1,600 400 25.0 1,400 20,700 700 3.4 Scientists Total ---- ------- -------------- technicians Medical and Total dental ------------------laboratories: scientists Engineers research, and engineers S c i e n t i s t s ------------------------ Total technicians Engineering and -------------------- - - - 14.3 200 100.0 18,500 200 1,200 6.5 -500 -41.7 11.5 architectural services: Total Scientists Total JL/ turing 2/ --- 67,000 10,700 16.0 64,100 9,600 15.0 1,100 ---------------------------- 64,000 8,800 13.8 61,200 8,100 13.2 700 8 .6 --------------------------- 3,000 1,900 63.3 2,900 1,500 51.7 400 26.7 103,300 9,800 9.5 97,800 9,700 9.9 100 1.0 scientists Engineers technicians Also engineers -------------------- Included are lumber, wood products, and furniture; other transportation equipment; and other manufac industries. Due dustry, to a 1967 dustries, change data are namely, Also in estimating procedure not comparable with aircraft group. However, the and physical science 3/ and included and and 1966. the a l location This p a r t s , o r d n a n c e ,■ a n d effect of this technicians. adjustment are tobacco manufactures; are agricultural not add is adjustment parts missiles, largely printing, of consolidated also affects restricted and to to reports a industries in the two occupations, publishing, a n d a llied in the motor vehicle lesser degree certain electrical in in machinery engineers,and industries; other engineering and leather and not shown finished leather products. 4/ Also NOTE; included Detail may to totals services, because forestry, of and rounding or 33 fisheries. inclusion in totals of items separately. Table A-ll. Technicians employed tor each 100 scientists and engineers, and R&D technicians for each 100 scientists and engineers in R&D by industry, 1967 Techn iclans Average Total number scientists Industry each Total and 100 Durable Aircraft, Ordnance and Stone, clay, 45 - --------------------------------------- 713,300 416,000 58 322,600 135,800 42 ------------ 550,700 346,000 63 259,000 110,000 42 ---------------- 154,300 59,100 38 95,800 27,000 28 93,400 38,200 41 58,900 16,800 29 missiles 60,900 20,900 34 36,900 10,200 28 12,000 7,400 62 2,900 1,400 48 48 Electronic and goods Drugs — Petroleum Rubber Crude 88 33,400 17,000 51 51,800 43,600 84 13,400 7,300 54 22,800 22,700 14,800 7,300 49 -------------------------------- 152,500 104,400 100 68 81,300 39,800 49 equipment ---- ------------------------------- total 2/ -------- 2/ 61 60 12,600 7,900 63 38,100 22,500 59 12,200 7,200 59 162,600 70,000 43 63,600 25,800 41 31 300 20 p r o d u c t s ------------------------- 13,900 8,1 0 0 58 4,800 2,1 00 44 42 99,400 40,800 41 43,900 18,600 18,000 42 18,900 7,800 41 g l a s s -------- 18,200 8,2 0 0 45 6,600 3,800 58 --------------- ------------------- ------ 16,900 5,300 31 8,800 2,600 30 14,700 6,2 0 0 42 3,500 1,800 51 12,400 5,500 44 4,900 1,200 24 299,800 318,700 10 6 59,700 37,200 62 7,100 3,500 49 1,1 00 1,100 100 products — -------------------- ----------- - synthetics, except related — Industries plastics industries, natural related insurance, medical, and and ----------- - — -— p r o d u c t s ---- total 3/ ------- gas 24,600 8,800 36 2,700 400 15 43,600 25,700 59 1,2 00 83 ------------ 9,800 6,700 68 ,900 ------------- extraction — 18,300 34,500 18 9 300 ..... ----- 27,100 34,900 21,200 78 1,0 00 1,000 200 200 200 38,000 108 3,200 2,700 84 ---- 9,200 7,200 78 1,0 00 100 10 124,600 172,500 138 48,300 31,200 65 ----- 55,200 48,200 87 37,200 20,800 56 --------------- 1,600 20,700 1,294 400 700 175 67,000 103,300 154 10,700 9,800 92 services real and — — ---------------- ------- — services dental estate research, 67 20 and --------------- — laboratories architectural services included are 22 engineering laboratories, business Also 6,800 1,200 ----------------------- — ,1/ 11,200 1,500 Electric, gas, a n d s a n itary services - — W h o l e s a l e a n d r e t a i l t r a d e ---- — ...... — turing 78 18,800 3,900 a n d n o n m e t a l l i e m i n i n g ------------- Engineering 22,500 44 refining and and 45 28,800 31,500 38 Communications other 53 2,400 and Medical 5,600 22,800 4 3 ,100 and Commercial 10,500 50,300 5,1 00 c o n s t r u c t i o n ------------------------ ------ services 84 59 5,500 Transportation Finance, 24,000 42,900 13,600 petroleum and Business, 28,700 72,700 ------- -------------------------- chemicals — -— ---------------------------products - - --- lumber, wood products, tobacco manufactures; and furniture; other'transportation equipment; and other manufac industries. Also included are printing, publishing,and allied industries; and leather and not shown finished leather products. 3/ and and p r o d u c t s -------- ------------ - and allied coal, equipment ---------- - - ------ — and miscellaneous Contract 77,800 manufacturing, Nonmanufacturing Metal, 57 88,600 ---------------------- equipment apparel Industrial Plastics 5,000 ---- ---- related and allied Chemicals 1,900 8,700 ------------------ components Food and kindred Paper 4,000 81 e q u i p m e n t --- --------------- ------ and Textile and 62 25,800 machines apparatus vehicles Nondurable 18,200 31,800 distribution industrial Instruments 29,200 -------------------------- electrical machinery ------------------ --------------------------- machinery and Communication Motor ---------------------------products products computing Electrical missiles industries except Electrical and glass Machinery, and 1/ p a r t s ... ....................... ..... metal Office total 100 and engineers 173,100 Fabricated Specialized engineers 382,300 and Primary metal for each scientists 73 manufacturing, and 1 Total and 734,700 ordnance, Aircraft tists 1.013,100 --------------- --------------- ---------------- goods Technicians Average number scien and engineers Manufacturing R&D Total scientists! engineers Total In for Also NOTE: included are Detail may not agricultural add to totals services, because forestry, of rounding and or 34 fisheries. inclusion in totals of items separately. Table A-12. Scientists and engineers as percent of total employment in selected industries, 1966—67 1967 1966 3.0 2.9 4.0 4.0 5.2 5.2 ------------------------- 13.8 15.4 --------------------------------------------- 11.4 - 20 .2 2 .0 2 .2 2 .0 2 .1 Industry Total, all industries Manufacturing Durable goods Aircraft, - ............ ..................................... manufacturing ordnance, Aircraft ---------------------------------------- and and missiles parts Ordnance and missiles Stone, clay, and Primary metal -------------------------------------- glass 1/ ----------------------------------------products industries ------------------------------ ---- ----------- ----------------------- 2. 3 2.4 4.5 4.5 ---------------------- 4.1 4.1 ------------------------------ 9.8 9.8 7.7 8 .1 F a b r i c a t e d m e t a l p r o d u c t s ----------------------------------- — M a c h i n e r y , e x c e p t e l e c t r i c a l ---------------------------------Specialized Office and Electrical machinery and computing m a c h i n e r y --------------------------------------- ------ Electrical distribution apparatus Electronic Nondurable Food Paper 8.7 8 .8 ---------------------------------- 2. 3 2 .2 -------------------------------------- .8 .7 a p p a r e l ------- --------------------------------------- .3 .4 2.1 10.2 2 .2 10.7 13.8 14.2 and Industrial manufacturing products allied Crude p r o d u c t s ........... ..................... chemicals ------------------------------------------ 8.9 9.4 14.2 14.7 and synthetics, refining and except 8.4 7.8 p r o d u c t s ----------------- 3.5 2. 3 ----------------------------------------------- 1 .8 1.8 and related coal, a n d n o n m e t a l l i c m i n i n g -------------------------- petr o l e u m and natural Contract i n d u s t r i e s .... ...... ...... miscellaneous plastics Nonmanufacturing Metal, -------------------------------------- g l a s s --------------------- Petroleum Rubber products --------------------- --------- ------ -------- ------ -------- Plastics Drugs 7.0 --------------------------- ----------- equipment related allied Chemicals 7.4 16.6 p r o d u c t s -------- --------- ----------- goods and 6 .8 14.5 3.5 and and industrial X! ------------------------------------------ and and kindred Textile and -------------------------------------- equipment components vehicles Instruments equipment -------------------------------------------------------- Communication Motor equipment machines - gas extraction --------------- c o n s t r u c t i o n --------------- '---------------------------- 2. 3 2. 3 11.3 8 .2 1 .8 1.9 Transportation and ------------------------ .5 .4 Communications ---------------------------------------------------- 1.9 1.9 and ----------------------- 4.3 4.4 ------------------------------------ .6 .6 Electric, gas, Wholesale and Finance, medical, Commercial services Medical Due in to a and also ordnance gineers NOTE: the and services real estate engineering -----------------------services research, laboratories architectural change motor and However, and dental adjustment parts, and laboratories, and the trade and -------------- in affects effect and of Ratios were services to industry, a lesser missiles, this engineering --------------------------- estimating vehicle and and the a l location of 1967 are not with physical on data degree the is largely science .5 6.7 6 .8 basis in the industries, electrical restricted to 7.3 7.6 4.2 4.0 25.0 25.7 consolidated 1966. namely, machinery of 35 employment only aircraft group. 2 occupations, within scope re This en technicians. survey. comparable certain other industries adjustment computed ------------------ procedure and .5 other business ------------------------------------------------------- Engineering 1/ services sanitary retail insurance, Business, ports related of the Table A-13- Employment and percent distribution of scientists and engineers by industry and size of establishment, 1967 Size Industry T o t a l ---------------- ----- Durable total goods 1/ --------------- ordnance, missiles and parts Ordnance and 100-999 Under 100 304,300 167,100 100.0 53.5 30.0 16.5 713,300 466,600 191,700 55,100 100.0 65.4 26.9 7.7 550,700 386,300 124,200 40,200 100.0 70.1 22.6 7.3 154,300 141,100 12,200 1,000 7.9 .6 84,700 56,400 7,800 900 4,400 100 100.0 100.0 100.0 91.4 93,400 90.7 92.6 8.4 7.2 --■ .2 37.5 46.7 15.8 60,900 5,600 1,900 8,0 00 2,2 00 products-- 31,800 11,700 13,500 ------------------- 88,600 44,400 51,800 18,600 metal .9 65.1 27.4 7.5 6,700 100.0 100.0 100.0 36.8 42.5 21.1 28,700 15,400 100.0 30.1 32.4 13.4 25,000 8,500 100.0 35.5 48.3 16.4 4,300 36,000 8,900 100.0 100.0 70.6 23.6 5.8 12 .2 except machinery equipment and ------------ computing ------------------- machinery ------- 22,800 lS',600 152,500 107,600 81.6 - 18.9 distribution industrial 51.2 36.9 84.7 13.9 1.4 3,200 100.0 100.0 100.0 58.3 30.2 11.1 3,700 300 100.0 87.3 11.7 1 .0 24,700 10,500 2,800 100.0 64.8 27.6 7.3 162,600 80,300 67,500 14,800 100.0 49.4 41.5 9.1 products-- 13,600 3,900 6,1 00 3,600 44.9 26.5 5,500 1,400 3,900 100 25.5 70.9 1 .8 products-- 13,900 6,300 6,900 700 100.0 100.0 100.0 28.7 -------- 45.3 49.6 5.0 99,400 54,100 38,000 7,300 38.2 7.3 27,300 14,000 1,800, 100.0 100.0 54.4 ,100 63.3 32.5 4.2 -------------- 18,200 11,900 5,700 600 65.4 31.3 3.3 ------------------------ 16,900 10,200 5,800 900 100.0 100.0 60.4 34.3 5.3 14,700 7,600 6,2 00 1,0 00 100.0 51.7 42.2 6 .8 12,400 5,300 4,900 2,2 00 100.0 42.7 39.5 17.7 apparatus ----------------- Communication Electronic products turing, and apparel allied Chemicals and chemicals Plastics and except glass Drugs Petroleum related 1,000 28,800 16,800 8,700 31,500 27,500 38,100 ---- 43 synthetics, refining and i n d u s t r i e s ---------- and plastics 3,500 allied p r o d u c t s ----------------------Industrial 10,600 10,100 manufac--------------- - kindred and 14,700 61,600 related -------------------- goods and 28,700 72,700 and and total Textile --- -------------------- Instruments Nondurable equipment-- components vehicles equipment Rubber over 541,600 4,500 Electrical Paper and 1,013,100 19,000 machines Food 1000 100 12,000 Electrical Motor Under glass products Specialized and 100-999 29,200 electrical and over ---- Fabricated Office and --------------------- Primary metal Machinery ------ missiles clay, a n d products distribution and --------------------- Aircraft Stone, Percent manufacturing, ------------------------ Aircraft, establishment Total 1000 Manufacturing of Total miscellaneous products ---------- 36 Table A-13. Employment and percent distribution of scientists and engineers by industry and size of establishment, 1967--- Continued Size Industry Nonmanufacturing Metal, gas extraction ------ ------- - construction Transportation services and --— -- Communications ---------------- - Electric, and Wholesale Finance, real gas, and — engineering and over 100-999 Under 299,800 75,100 112,700 112,000 100.0 25.1 37.6 37.4 7,100 2,300 3.500 1,300 100.0 32.4 49.3 18.3 24,600 6 ,0 0 0 23,700 100.0 100.0 24.4 - 12,200 20,000 6,400 43,600 100.0 100.0 71.4 18.4 11 .2 57.4 3.4 39.3 - 49.6 26.0 45.9 54.4 9,800 7,000 1,800 1,100 18,300 10,500 600 7,200 27,100 15,000 9,700 2,400 35.8 8.9 15,800 16,300 100.0 100.0 55.4 2,800 8 .0 45.3 46.7 --------------- 9,200 1,400 6,600 1,2 00 100.0 15.2 71.7 13.0 124,600 30,100 42,400 52,100 100.0 24.2 34.0 41.8 55,200 22,500 18,400 14,300 100.0 40.8 33.3 25.9 1,400 100.0 12.5 87.5 36,400 100.0 34.6 54.3 trade and and ------- other services and ---------- dental laboratories ---------------- _ 1,600 200 _ and architec- s e r v i c e s ............ - 7,400 67,000 Also included are lumber, wood industries. 2/ Also products, included are tobacco manufactures; are agricultural not add and 23,200 furniture; printing, 11.0 other transportation publishing,and allied equipment; industries; and other manufacturing and leather not shown and finished leather products. 3/ Also NOTE: 100 and services Engineering 1/ 1000 100 laboratories, research, tural Under 34,900 medical, Commercial Medical 100-999 -- retail insurance, business over sanitary --- ------------------- estate Business, and related ---- ------ ----------- services distribution and non m e t a l l i c m i n i n g -------------------------Crude petroleum and natural Contract Percent indus- total coal, establishment Total 1000 triesj of Total included Detail may to totals services, because forestry, of and rounding or 37 fisheries. inclusion in totals of items separately. Appendix B. Survey Methods the number of scientific and technical personnel employed was believed to be negligible. The categories or organizations omitted were those classified according to the standard industrial classification system2in the following major industry groups: 01 and 02— farms; 071—agricultural services, except animal husbandry and horticultural services; 55--- automotive dealers and gasoline service stations; 56— apparel and accessory stores; 57—furniture and home equipment; 80---medical and other health services (except 807, medical and dental laboratories, which was included); 82— educa tional services; 84--- museums, art galleries, and botanical and zoological gardens; 86— non profit membership organizations; 88— private households; 89--- miscellaneous services (ex cept 891, engineering and architectural services, which was included); 91 through 94— govern ment; and 99— nonclassifiable establishments Establishments below a specified minimum size, determined separately for each major industry group, also were excluded from the sample. (See appendix table A-4.) Very few scientists, engineers, or technicans are em ployed in these small-sized establishments. These minimum-size cutoffs were essential to the efficiency of the survey. Altogether, 1.8 million establishments employing nearly 11 million workers were excluded from the original lists of establishments. Since the unemployment insurance (UI) listing of establishments from which the sample was drawn was compiled as of March 1963, the survey also did not reach establishments created after that date. How ever, this exclusion does not necessarily mean an understatement, since current employment This appendix contains a brief discussion of coverage and conduct of the survey, nature of the estimates, problems of definition and classification of data, and comparability of the 1967 survey with earlier surveys. Scope of the survey The basic sample of establishments included in the survey was drawn from lists of establish ments reporting to State employment security agencies for unemployment compensation pur poses (first quarter of 1963). This list was supplemented by a list of railroads and related companies. (Except in Hawaii and Alaska, most railroads are interstate and are not included in the State UI statistics.) These combined lists included approximately 2,300,000 organi zations with around 45 million employees and comprise the most comprehensive and readily accessible roster of establishments available in the United States. The sample was further supplemented by a list of establishments which had reported an exceptionally high proportion of scientists and engineers in the 1963 and 1964 surveys. This group of reporting units included a large number of establishments selected in earlier samples as supplemental members.1 Most of these establishments were independent research and development labora tories which work under contract. The ratio of scientists and engineers employed to total employment in these units was, on the average, 50 percent higher than the overall average for industry. Although no special recognition was made for technicians in the supplemental listing, they were considered in the general design of the sample. For example, medical and dental laboratories which have a high representation of technicians were covered extensively in the survey—all size groups were represented and there was no cutoff. Certain categories of establishments were eliminated from the master list before the sample was selected, either because a separate survey of the given category was being sponsored by the National Science Foundation or because 1 The 1961-64 sample contained a supplemental group of about 800 research and development laboratories drawn originally from the 11th edition of Industrial Research Labora tories of the United States. 1960 No. 844 (National Research Council), and A List of Small Business Concerns Interested in Performing Research and Development. Tune 1960 (U. S. Department of Commerce, Small Business Administration). 2 All industrial classification for this survey was in terms of the 1957 Standard Industrial Classificational Manual. See Standard Industrial Classification Manual. 1957 and the 1963 Supplement. Executive Office of the President, Bureau of the Budget. 38 mental list of high scientist- and engineer-users were included with a weight of unity and added to their appropriate industry-size class, re gardless of the sampling ratio used in the UI sample for that particular industry- size class; and if the supplemental establishment duplicated a UI sample unit, it was treated as a supple mental unit with a weight of unity. The sample was designed to obtain satisfactory estimates of total scientists and engineers and of tech nicians in as much industry detail as possible from a sample of this size and, in addition, to obtain State estimates for as many States as practical. This necessitated different sampling ratios in the same industry-size group for dif ferent States. figures are used as the basis of the estimate to which are applied the proportionate ratios of scientists and engineers. As a result of the exclusions described above, a sampling universe of about 530,000 establishments employing around 33 million workers remained. Before the s a m p l e was drawn, the universe listing was stratified by State, region, i n d u s t r y , and size of estab lishment. Sample design The survey sample consists of three major segments: The probability segment, supplementals, and multiestablishment reporters. The probability segment comprised nearly 25,000 establishments in the 1967 survey, selected at random from the March 1963 State UI lists. Supplementals, including railroads and selected establishments known to employ large numbers of scientists and engineers, raised this total to slightly over 27,000 establishments. About 1,200 of these establishments were known to be incorporated into about 300 companies that report on a multiestablishment basis, either company- or industrywide or on a divisional or regional basis. In addition to the 1,200 establishments drawn in the probability sample, the reports from these 300 companies covered about 10,000 units not in the sample. The sampling ratio in the probability segment was varied in relation to size of establishment and other factors to obtain maximum reliability with resources available. In every covered in dustry, all establishments having 1,000 em ployees or more were included in the sample. In other industry-size cells, the sampling ratios ranged from 1 in 1 to 1 in 100. In general, the larger the establishment and the greater the number of technical personnel used by the industry, the higher was the sampling ratio: This procedure varied for the supplementals. Although the railroads were reported on a company rather than establishment basis, they were handled the same as the probability segment with certainty cases of 1,000 or more and a cutoff (50) for the smaller size groups. In contrast, all establishments on the supple Definitions used The definitions used in the 1967 survey were the same as those used in 1966 and previous surveys. These definitions were devel oped originally in consultation with industry representatives and others having knowledge of the field. The objective was to describe clearly the desired information and also to conform, insofar as possible, to customary personnel accounting practices. It was rec ognized that wide differences in organization and personnel records among industries, as well as among establishments in the same industry, would make inevitable some varia tion interpretation and application of the defini tions. The definition of the term “technician” was especially subject to variations in inter pretation. There is, as yet, no general agree ment as to the meaning of this term, which covers positions with a variety of job titles that differ among establishments. Consequently, the categories of personnel included in the figures reported for this item probably contain a higher order of response variation than do any of the other occupational categories con tained in this bulletin. A definition of the desired reporting unit also was provided. This definition was based, by necessity, on that used by the UI agencies in the listing of establishments from which the 39 sample was drawn.3 Separate information was requested for each establishment. Since it was known that some multiestablishment companies might find it difficult to supply the requested information for each separate establishment, it was stated on the questionnaire that if necessary, data might, be submitted on a multi establishment basis. In 1967, this alternative procedure was followed by about 300 companies with over 10,000 establishments. It also was noted on the questionnaire that multi-industry companies might submit separate reports among corporate industrial division lines or on another comparable basis, since this method, from an industry survey viewpoint, is generally prefer able to a single multiestablishment company report. Each questionnaire was screened before it was accepted. Screening was designed to insure that each report was arithmetically con sistent with respect to the various items, subtotals, and totals reported; that it was properly classified by industry and size class; and that it represented the specific estab lishment drawn for the sample rather than multiestablishment report of either a single or multi-industry type. Each questionable item was researched to the fullest extent possible, including contact with the respondent, in order to determine what sort of correction to the originally submitted data was needed. Approxi mately 25 percent of all questionnaires received required some form of correction adjustment. The industrial classifications of the es tablishment in the survey were, in general, those assigned by the State employment security agencies, which developed the lists from which the sample was drawn. The industry classifica tion for each establishment in the probability segment of the sample was determined by each State agency on the basis of the establishment’ s principal product. The industry code originally assigned to an establishment was changed in relatively few cases. When a multiestablish ment return was received, the employment data for the return were distributed by occupa tion, industry ,and size in accordance with prod uct or service information furnished by each respondent. Conduct of the survey The questionnaire for the 1967 survey, reproduced in appendix C was substantially the same as that used in 1966. It requested information on the employment of scientists and engineers by occupational function and their employment on Federal Government work; data on the employment of economists, sta tisticians, and psychologists; and technicians. The findings concerning the employment of scientists and engineers on Federal Govern ment work and data on the employment of economists, statisticians, and psychologists have been excluded from this report pending further study. The questionnaires were mailed in February 1967, in most instances directly to the es tablishments. There were two full scale mail followups; the first was a simple remainder letter to the entire mailing list, and the second was a complete followup of all outstanding re spondents. A third followup by mail, telephone, or field visit was made of selected critical nonrespondents that were essential to obtain meaningful data on a State level. Comparability with previous surveys The 1967 survey is basically comparable to the 1966 survey. The same sample of es tablishments was used, and identical question naires and definitions were employed. However, certain factors can affect comparability to some degree. Even though response rates may be similar, for example, the data received from the same establishment responding in two dif ferent years may indicate a difference in the interpretation of the definitions. Despite these variations, the total effect on year-to-year comparability is small, except for items where 3 UI reporting procedures permit establishment reportsvery small numbers were involved. for units that may be statewide or countrywide in scope or The estimating and processing procedures less than plantwide (e. g . , all of a corporation's insurance agents in a given State cited as a separate establishment). between 1967 and 1966 survey were unchanged. 40 Estimating methods Estimating procedures used in this survey apply individually to each of the covered occupa tions. The group totals, such as life scientists, physical scientists, and total scientists and engineers, are summed from the estimates of the individual occupations comprising them. Esti mates are obtained for each industry-size cell as a result of applying, to the total employment of the corresponding universe cell, the ratio of the sum of weighted employment in each occupa tion to the sum of weighted total employment derived from sample respondents. The procedures used for the probability cells and the supplemental cells are necessarily treated in s o m e w h a t different ways. The methods are described below. The symbols used in the estimating equations were as follows: M = e^ = total universe employment (derived from BLS employment estimates and a special tabulation of employment reported in the UI program),' as of January of each related year. total employment reported by the i-th establishment in the supplemental sample. egj - total employment distributed by es timating cell, as reported by the i-th consolidated reporter (both multiand single-industry types). corresponding total employment of all responding supplement units (Jan uary 1963). wi = the sampling ratio reciprocal of units selected in the probability sample. item of estimate reported by the i-th establishment, in the supplemental sample. P3i = distributed item of estimate imputed from the i-th unit of a consolidated reported (both multi- and singleindustry types). Since all estimates are calculated separately for each stratum, no notation representing in dustry or size is used. The estimate (P* ^), such as the number of engineers performing research and develop ment, was calculated for establishments tabu lated in the probability sample as: ^PliWi (— - — - ) , where ZeU wi s Ef 2 “ Se2i . (b-^ Estimates of all functions in each occupation were obtained by summation. The estimate for establishments drawn in the s u p p l e m e n t a l sample was calculated as : The estimate for each industry-size stratum was calculated as: total employment of the supplemental units at the time the selection was made (January 1963). B1 = Pgj = M’ = M-(E’ 2 + Se3i) and g o = item of estimate reported by the i-th establishment of the p r o b a b i l i t y sample. P’ _ = M’ 1 total employment reported by the i-th establishment in the p r o b a b i l i t y sample. e2i = Pli = F' = P '! + P’ 2 + IP31 Returns from multiestablishment reporters are only for the units covered and are not used as a basis for estimating total of other units, such as nonrespondents. Thus, the total from these multiestablishment reports are not sub ject to sampling errors as such. However, since reports of this type frequently cover units 41 in two industries or more, it is necessary to distribute occupational employment among these industries. The method of distribution is the same for each occupation and can be illustrated by the following example: used to estimate the distribution by cell was: A preliminary estimate was first made for each cell by applying the cell ratio of engineers to total employment (in the pro bability segment of the cell) to the reported employment by Company X in then cell. These preliminary estimates were than pro portionately adjusted to the reported total number of engineers for the company. This is expressed in symbolic terms as follows: Company X reports a total of 1,500 em ployees, 1,000 in cell Pa and 500 in cell Pb. In addition it reports a total of T engineers but does not indicate how many are in each of the two cells. In brief, the procedure Cell Pa Given Engineers in probability segment Reported employment in probability segment Z(pai Kal> E(pbi V Z<eai wai> z(eM " b i 5 1000 500 Reported company X employment Then Cell Pb 1000 I(pai wa l) P a r P3a " P' a + P» Z(eai wai> T b 500 z(pbi wb i: Fb " P’ b P3b “ P*a + P 'b E<ebi wb±> • T where Pga = estimated engineers for company X in c e ll Pa and P ^ * estimated engineers for company X in c e ll Pb. 42 Appendix C. Questionnaire, Reporting Instructions, and Definitions BLS N o . 2 7 1 6 - A Budget Bureau N o . 4 4 - R 1 1 S 7 . 6 Approval Expires D ecem ber 3 1 , 1 9 6 7 r F O R BLS U SE O N L Y Batch Date number Action Date L J (M A M CHANGE A D D R E SS O R Z IP CODE IF IN C O R R E C T ) A SURVEY OF SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL PERSONNEL IN INDUSTRY: 1967 PLEASE REPLY FOR UNIT IDENTIFIED O N LABEL Sin ce this survey is b a se d on a sa m ple o f units, multiunit com p anies m ay receive more than o n e questionnaire. Your reply to this questionnaire should b e restricted, if possible, to th e unit identified on th e la b e l. If it is not fe a s ib le to su p p ly sep a ra te fig u res for e a c h unit, p le a se fo llo w the alternate reporting m ethod describ ed in P aragraph 1 o f the REPORTING INSTRUCTIONS. U.S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR YOUR Bureau of Labor Statistics GENERAL INSTR U CT IO N S: D a ta sh ould a p p ly , if p o s s ib le , to th e p a y p eriod which in cluded W IL L BE HELD IN Information supplied on this form will b e seen o n ly b y sworn e m p lo y e e s o f the Bureou J anuary 1 2 , a n d sh o u ld co v e r total e m p lo y m e n t o f th e rep ortin g unit a n d all o f Labor Statistics. p erso n n el w h o w ere w orking a s e n g in e e rs , scientists, te ch n icia n s, o r other d e sig n ated occupational groups. REPLY STRICT C O N F ID E N C E O n ly statistical summaries that preserve the confidentiality o f the data su p p lie d will b e released . (S e e P aragraph 2 o f the REPORTING INSTRU CTION S.) M ail on e copy o f com pleted questionnaire to: C O M M IS SIO N E R O F LABOR STATISTICS U .S . DEPARTMENT O F _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ W A S H I N G T O N , D .C . 1. GENERAL IN F O R M A T IO N — to be com pleted by A l l respondents: A S O F JANUARY 1967 LABOR 20212 A S O F JANUARY 1966 P L E A SE C O M P L E T E IT E M S 1 . 1 0 ( a ) A N D ( b ) W H E T H E R O R N O T Y O U E M P L O Y ANY O F THE SP E CIAL IZE D PER SO NN EL SH O W N IN ITEM (a) 1 .3 0 . (b) (P lease reply far bath years) 1 .1 0 Enter total em ploym ent (whether fu ll- or part-tim e, salaried or h ourly, e m p lo y e e s ):.......... 1 .2 0 Did you have A N Y em ployees in the following categories a s o f January 1 9 6 7 or 1 9 6 6 ? P le a se check YES o r N O for items 1 .2 1 through 1 . 2 8 (definitions a re contained in Para YES NO YES NO □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ grap h 2 o f the REPORTING INSTRUCTIONS). 1 .2 1 E n gin eers........................................ 1 .2 2 M a th em a ticia ns........................................................................................................................................................ ...................................................................................................................... 1 .2 3 Physical scien tists................................................................................................................................................... 1 .2 4 Life scientists.............................................................................................................................................................. 1 .2 5 E con om ists.................................................................................................................................................................. 1 .2 6 Sta tisticia ns................................................................................................................................................................ 1 .2 7 P sy ch o lo g ists............................................................................................................................................................. 1 .2 8 Draftsm en, surveyors, and tech n icia ns....................................................................................................... If A N Y Item 1 . 2 1 - 1 . 2 8 Is checked YES, plea se com plete a pp lica b le items 2 through S on the reverse side o f this form. If ALL Items 1 . 2 1 - 1 . 2 8 are checked N O , please com plete this p a g e only. 1 .3 0 M ethod o f reporting (see Paragraph 1 o f the REPORTING INSTRUCTIONS): 1 .3 1 - 1 .3 3 1 .3 1 This is a report for— (please check only one): Reporting unit shown on the a ddress la b e l................................. ___ 1 .3 2 |___ ] Entire com pany (If N O T re- I quested on the address la b e l) ................... [___] 33 O ther than 1 .3 1 o r 1 . 3 2 .............................................. If 1 .3 1 has b e e n cheeked, d o net complete item 6 unless specifically requested on the address lab el. If 1 .3 2 or 1 .3 3 has been checked, do e s this report cover more than one industry as described in Paragraph 5 o f the REPORTING INSTRUCTIONS? 1 .3 4 -1 .3 3 1 .3 4 Q Yes Q 1.3 3 No If 1 . 3 4 has b een ch e c k e d , item 6 sh ould b e co m p le te d in a cc o rd a n c e with P a ra g ra p h 4 o f the REPORTING INSTRU CTION S. industry d assifleatian o f the reporting unit rep resen ted b y t h is report should b e entered b e lo w . If 1 . 3 5 has b een ch ecked, the (S e a P aragraph 5 o f the REPORTING INSTRU CTION S.) 1 . 3 6 _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ Principal product or service Industry G roup C ode Person to b e addressed if questions arise concerning this report: N a m e (Please print or type) Title Street, City and State - 43 1 [_ T E R M S A R E (P le a s e a. E N G IN E E R S, M A T H E M A T I C IA N S , AND D E F IN E D r e p ly fo r SCIENTISTS— S Y IN P A R A G R A P H b o th 2 O F y e a r s — R e a s o n a b le O C C U P A T IO N AND THE R E P O R T IN G e s tim a te s w ill b e IN S T R U C T IO N S s a tisfa c to r y ) F U N C T IO N A S OF JANUARY A s o f January 1 9 6 7 (Column a = t h e sum o f b through g) 1966 O C C U P A T IO N F UN CTION C o u n t e a ch person o n ly o n c e . C la ssifica tio n Total should be related to the occupation and function e m p lo y e d which o c c u p ie s the g re a te s t part or e a ch indi (all vid u al's time. a n ce of research — o f research — d e v e lo p d e v e lo p ment ment o f activities oth er than research — d e v e lo p m e n t (b) (C) <d) functions) (a ) 2 .0 0 Total M g m t. & A d m in . Perform- Sa le s P roduc and tion an d Service o p e ra tio n s (e) All e m p lo y e d other (all functions) func tions (9 ) (») (h) TOTAL E N G IN EERS, M A TH EM ATICIA N S, PHYSICAL SCIENTISTS AND LIFE SCIENTISTS 2 .1 0 TOTAL ENGINEERS 2 .2 0 TOTAL M A TH EM ATICIA N S 2 .3 0 TOTAL PHYSICAL SCIENTISTS 2 .3 1 Chem ists 2 .3 2 Physicists 2 .3 3 Metallurgists 2 .3 4 G e o lo g is ts a n d .g e o p h y sicists 2 .3 9 O th er ph ysical scientists ' 2 .4 0 1 - 1 TOTAL LIFE SC IE N T lStS 2 .4 1 M e d ic a l scientists (e x clu d e practitioners) 3. 2 .4 2 A gricultural scientists 2 .4 3 B iological scientists 2 .4 9 O th er life scientists E N G IN E E R S, M A T H E M A T IC IA N S , A N D SCIENTISTS EMPLOYED ON FEDERAL GOVERNMENT (0 ) as o f 1 9 6 7 W e r e an y o f the ENG IN EERS, M A T H E M A T IC IA N S, or SCIENTISTS reported in item 2 .0 0 em ployed on Federal G overnm ent W ork in 1967 or 1966? (If 3 .0 1 S U M M A T I O N IN S T R U C T IO N S WORK (b) Item 2: V ertically, item 2 . 0 0 eq u als the sum o f items 2 .1 0 plus 2 . 2 0 plus 2 . 3 0 plus 2 . 4 0 ; item 2 . 3 0 eq u als as o f 1 9 6 6 the sum o f 2 .3 1 through 2 . 3 9 ; and item 2 . 4 0 equals is 3 .0 1 c h e c k e d ind icatin g yes for either y ea r p le a s e c o m p le te item s 3 . 0 0 through 3 .2 1 below) 3 .0 2 Yes Q No □ □ □ th e sum o f 2 . 4 1 Item 3 : AS th rou gh 2 .4 9 . Vertically, item 3 . 0 0 equals the sum o f items 3 .1 0 plus 3 . 2 0 . O F JANU ARY A S OF JANUARY ____ 1264 ____ 1967 (Colum n a = b + c + d) O CCU PATIO N A N D 3 .0 0 FUNCTION All D epartm ent Federal of a g e n c ie s D efense (a ) (b) N a tio n a l A eron au tics O th er a n d S p a ce a g e n c ie s Adm inistration (c) (d) A ll Fodoral a g e n c ie s (•) TOTAL ENGINEERS, MATH EM ATICIAN S, PHYSICAL SCIENTISTS A N D LIFE SCIENTISTS 3 .1 0 Total en g in e e rs. 3 .1 1 Engineers prim arily e n g a g e d in performing or administering research -developm en t. 3 .2 0 Total m athematicians, physical or life scientists. 3 .2 1 M athem aticians, p h ysical or life scientists prim arily e n g a g e d in perform in g or adm inistering researchdevelopm en t . . . i . . . . . NOTE: . ' .............................................................................................................................................................................. For this survey the production o f standard items ( e .g ., shelf or vendor items) for the Federal G o vern m ent is N O T considered work perform ed for the Federal Government. graph 3 o f the REPORTING INSTRUCTIONS for further ex p la n a tion . and functions in item 2 . S e e Para O ccup ation s and functions reported in item 3 c a n n o t ex ce e d the num ber reported for co m p a ra b le occupations Item 3 .1 1 c a n n o t e x c e e d 3 . 1 0 an d item 3 .2 1 c a n n o t e x ce e d 3 . 2 0 . - 2 44 - T E R M S A R E (P le a s e I. E C O N O M IST S, ST A T IS T IC IA N S , A N D D E F IN E D r e p ly fo r IN b o th P A R A G R A P H 2 O F y e a r s — R e a s o n a b le THE R E P O R T IN G e s tim a te s w ill b e IN S T R U C T IO N S s a tisfa c to r y ) P S Y C H O L O G IS T S O CCU PA T IO N S. 4 .0 0 TOTAL— E CO N O M IST S, 4 .1 0 E CO NO M ISTS 4 .2 0 STATISTICIANS 4 .3 0 PSYCH OLOGISTS D RAFTSM EN, SU RVEYO RS, STATISTICIANS, AND AND As of January 1967 1966 (a) (b) PSYCHOLOGISTS T E C H N IC IA N S O C C U P A T IO N 5 .0 0 TOTAL— ALL O CCU PA TIO N S 5 .1 0 DRAFTSMEN 5 .2 0 SURVEYORS 5 .3 0 ELECTRICAL A N D 5 .4 0 OTHER ENGINEERING 5 .5 0 BIOLOGICAL 5 .6 0 MEDICAL A N D 5 .9 0 OTHER TECHNICIANS 5 .9 9 DRAFTSMEN, SURVEYORS, A N D a t o f January 1 9 6 7 . AND As of January As of As o f January January 1967 1966 (a) (b) LISTED BELOW ELECTRONIC TECHNICIANS AND PHYSICAL SCIENCE TECHNICIANS AGRICULTURAL TECHNICIANS DENTAL TECHNICIANS TECHNICIANS E N G A G E D IN RESEARCH A N D DEVELOPMENT S U M M A T IO N IN S T R U C T IO N S Enter th e number o f d ra ftsm en , tu rveyors, and tech n icia ns reported in item 5 .0 0 ( a ) w ho spent the greatest ^em Vertically, item 4 . 0 0 equals the sum o f items 4 . 1 0 proportion o f their time perform ing, m a n a g in g , or adm inistering research and developm en t activities. Item 5 . 9 9 C A N N O T ex ceed the entry in 5 .0 0 ( a ) . I ,e m 5 through 4 . 3 0 . Vertically, item 5 . 0 0 eq u als the sum o f items 5 . 1 0 through 5 . 9 0 . • 3 45 - NOTE: «. A D D IT I O N A L I N F O R M A T I O N REQUESTED F R O M C O M P A N I E S W H I C H H A V E SELSCTED THE ALTERN ATE METHOD OF R E P O R T IN G (C O N S O L I D A T E D REPORTS) (See paragraph lB and paragraph 4 of the Reporting Instructions before completing this item.) U N IT S COVERED BY IT E M S 1 THROUGH D IS T R IB U T IO N 5 U N IT S TOTAL NUM BER IN D U S T R Y OF GROUP CODE TOTAL U N IT S , AS O F W IT H A N D EM PLOYM ENT W IT H 1-9 9 1 0 0 -9 9 9 EM PLOYEES EM PLOYEES U N IT S 1 ,0 0 0 OR W IT H MORE EM PLOYEES EM PLOYM ENT, OF AS OF NUMBER OF NUMBER NUMBER OF NUMBER NUMBER OF NUMBER JANUARY JANU AR Y 1967 1967 UNITS EMPLOYED UNITS EM PLOYED UNITS EMPLOYED (C) ID) IE) (F) (G ) (H| (1) (A) (B| to tal— A ll U N IT S U N IT S INDUSTRIES U n its c o v e r e d b y " P a r t ia l C o n s o l i d a t i o n s ." (UNIT (If m o r e s p a c e is r e q u i r e d , p l e a s e a tta c h e x tr a p a g e s .) NAM E) (ADDRESS) 46 BU D GET BUREAU N O . U S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR Bureau of Labor S tatistics 1 1 5 7 .6 A p p r o v a l E x p ir e s D e c e m b e r 3 1 , 1967 A SURVEY OF SCIENTIFIC AND REPORTING INSTRUCTIONS TECHNICAL PERSONNEL IN INDUSTRY 1 9 6 7 DETAILED REPORTING INSTRUCTIONS 1. METHOD OF REPORTING A. Reporting Unit.—Replies should be restricted, insofar a s possible, to the reporting unit identified on the lab el. This survey is based primarily on a sample of individual establishments — or “ Reporting Units’’—which correspond to units reported to the State Employment Security Agency for unemployment compensation purposes. It is, therefore, possible for multiunit com panies to receive more than one questionnaire. As a general rule, each reporting unit is en g ag ed in only one, or predomi nantly one, industry or other type of economic activity at one loca tion. Some reporting units, how ever, may be d esig n ated , for purposes of this survey, as “ All em ployees in a given S ta te ,” or “ All employees in a particular city” or “ All em ployees in a specified county of a State.” Please reply, if possible, for the unit identified on the mailing label of the questionnaire. A SURVEY OF SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL PERSONNEL IN INDUSTRY 1967 BLS FORM 2716 -A CONTENTS Para graph Subject Page 1. M ETH O D S O F R EP O R TIN G A. Reporting U n it ................................... B. Alternate Method of Reporting 2 2 2 2. D E F IN ITIO N O F TERMS 3 A. G e n e r a l............................................... 3 B. O ccu p atio ns........................................ C. Functions..................................... 4 11 3. FEDERAL G O V E R N M E N T W O R K 14 4. IN S TR U C TIO N S FOR C O M P L E T IO N OF ITEM 6 ............................................................. A. G e n e r a l............................................... B. Specific Instructions........................ C. Partial C o n s o lid a tio n s ................... 15 15 15 17 5. IN D U S TR Y D E F IN ITIO N S A N D G R O U P CODES 18 B. Alternate Method of Reporting.— Experience has shown that a few multiunit companies cannot pre pare reports on an establishment or reporting unit basis as described above. Therefore, an alternate method of reporting is prescribed 2 4 7 ployee trained as a biological technician but working as a medi cal technician as of the date of the report should be reported as a medical technician. If actual data are not available, estimates made by the respondent are acceptable. When data are not available and reasonable estimates are deemed by the respondent to be im pos sible, please write “ Not Available” in the appropriate items of the questionnaire. for all such respondents as follows: If you cannot supply separate fig ures for the unit(s) identified on the label, please complete items 1 -5 on BLS Form 2 7 1 6 - A on a companywide, or other consoli dated basis, and check ques tionnaire items 1.32 or 1 .3 3 , as appropriate. Similarly, if it is possible to prepare sep arate re ports for some requested units, but not for others, please com plete those establishment reports for which separate data are avail able, and prepare a consolidated report(s) for the other segments of your company. W henever a consolidated report is filed, p le a se co m p lete item 6 of BLS Form No. 2 7 1 6 - A . Directions for preparing item 6 are included in p aragrap h 4 of these instruc tions. Special arrangements may be made for filing consolidated re ports on an industry or division basis by contacting the Bureau of Labor Statistics, Washington, D.C. 20212 by mail, or by phone (Area code 202, 9 6 1 -2 4 7 7 ). B. Occupations Engineers (items 1.21 and 2.10).— Count as engineers all persons actually engaged in chemical, civil, electrical, mechanical, metallurgi cal, or any other type of engineer ing work at a level which requires knowledge of engineering equiva lent at least to that acquired through completion of a 4-year college course with a major in one of these fields, r e g a r d le ss of whether they hold a college de gree. Include all engineers in research and development, produc tion, management, technical serv ice, sales, and other positions which require them to use the indicated level of knowledge in their work. Exclude persons trained in engineerin g, but cur rently em ployed in positions not requiring the use of such training. Include architectural engineers; exclude architects. M athem aticians (items 1.22 and 2 .2 0 ).—Count as mathematicians only those persons whose positions require a knowledge of mathe matics equivalent at least to that acquired through a 4-year college 2. DEFINITION OF TERMS A. General Employees in the specialized occu pations covered by this survey should be counted on a “ Working A s” basis, as of the date of the report (mid-January 1967), re gardless of field of degree or whether they hold a college de gree. For example, an employee trained as an engineer but working as a mathematician as of the date of the report should be reported as a mathematician. Similarly, an em- 4 3 4 8 course with a major in mathe matics and who spend the greatest proportion of their time in develop ment or application of mathemati cal techniques, reg ard less of whether they hold a college de gree. Include all mathematicians in research and development, pro duction, m anagement, technical service, sales, and other positions which require tfiem to use the indi cated level of knowledge in their work. Include actuaries, statisti cians, and computer programmers only if they specialize in mathe matical techniques. Exclude ac countants. entists, biological scientists, and other life scientists who are ac tually en g aged in scientific work at a level which requires a knowl edge of the life sciences equivalent to that acquired through comple tion of a 4-year college course with a major in one of the life science fields, re g ard le ss of whether they hold a college de gree. Include all life scientists engaged in research and develop ment, production, management, technical service, sales, and other positions which require them to use the indicated level of knowl edge in their work. Exclude per sons trained in the life sciences but currently employed in positions not requiring the use of such train ing. Exclude psychologists from this category, and report them in item 4 .3 0 of BLS Form 271 6-A . Definitions for medical, agricul tural, and biological scientists fol low. Physical Scientists (items 1.23 and 2.30).—Count as physical scientists all chemists, physicists, metallur gists, geologists, geophysicists, and other physical and earth scientists who are actually engaged in scien tific work at a level which requires a knowledge of the physical sciences equivalent to that acquired through completion of a 4-year college course with a major in one of the physical science fields, re gard less of whether they hold a c o lleg e d e g re e . Include all physical scientists en gaged in re search and development, produc tion, management, technical serv ice, sales, and other positions which require them to use the in dicated level of knowledge in their work. Exclude persons trained in the physical sciences but cur rently em ployed in positions not requiring the use of such training. Life Scientists (items 1.24 and 2 .4 0 ).—Count as life scientists all medical scientists, agricultural sci- M edical Scientists.— Count as m edical sc ie n tists o n ly th o se p h y sic ia n s, d e n tists, public he a lth sp e c ia lists, p ha rm a c ists, and m e m b e rs o f o th e r s c ie n tific p ro fe s s io n s w ho m e e t th e g e n e ra l re q u ire m e n ts fo r “ L ife S c ie n tis ts ” a n d w ho a re concerned w ith the u n d e rsta n d in g o f hum an diseases a n d im p ro v e m e n t o f h u m a n h e a lth , and s p e n d th e g re a te s t p r o p o r tio n o f th e ir tim e in clinica l in v e s tig a tio n o r o th e r re search, p ro d uc tio n, technical w ritin g , and re la te d a c tiv itie s. E x c lu d e fro m th is c a te g o ry a ll p ra c titio n e rs — th a t is, tho se m edical scientists w ho sp e n d the g re a te st p ro p o rtio n o f th e ir tim e p ro v id in g care to p a tie n ts, d isp e n sin g d ru g s o r services, o r in d ia g n o sis, etc. P e rso n s w o rk in g as p a th o lo g is ts , m ic ro b io lo g is ts , p h a rm a c o lo g ists, etc. s h o u ld be e x c lu d e d fro m the fig u re s f o r m e d ic a l sc ie n tists a n d in c lu d e d in th e fig u re s f o r b io lo g ic a l sc ie n tists. A g ric u ltu ra l Scientists.— Count as a g ri c u ltu ra l s c ie n tists a ll p e rs o n s w h o m eet 5 6 49 the g e n e ra l re q u ire m e n ts fo r “ L ife Scien t i s t s " a n d w h o a re p r im a r ily conc e rne d w ith the u n d e rsta n d in g a n d im p ro ve m e nt o f a g ric u ltu ra l p ro d u c tiv ity , such as those w o rk in g in a g ro n o m y , a n im a l h u sb a nd ry, fo r e s t r y , h o rtic u ltu re , ra n g e m a n a g e m ent, s o il c u ltu re , a n d v e te rin a ry science. E x d u d e v e te rin a ria n s w h o s p e n d the g re a te s t p ro p o rtio n o f th e ir tim e p ro v id in g c a re to a n im a ls , since th e y a re p r i m a rily p ra c titio n e rs a n d a re n o t w ith in the sc o p e o f th is su rv e y . B iological Scientist*.— C o u n t as b io lo g i c a l s c ie n tis ts a ll p e rs o n s w h o m e e t the g e n e ra l re q u ire m e n ts fo r “ L ife S c ie n tis ts " a n d w ho sp e n d th e g re a te s t p ro p o rtio n o f t h e ir tim e in s c ie n tific w o rk d e a lin g w ith life processes o th e r tha n tho se class ifie d in th e a g ric u ltu ra l a n d m edical sciences. In c lu d e p a th o lo g is ts , m ic ro b io lo g is ts , p h a rm a c o lo g is ts , b a c te rio lo g is ts , to x ic o lo g ists, b o ta n is ts , z o o lo g is ts , etc. m o v e m e n ts, m a n p o w e r, in te rn a tio n a l tra d e , o r d o m e stic m a rk e t c o n d itio n s. Inc lud e m a rk e t re s e a rc h a n a ly s ts w ho a re tra in e d in econom ics a n d w ho u tiliz e th is k n o w le d g e in th e p e rfo rm a n c e o f th e ir d u tie s. A lso in c lu d e p e rs o n s whose p rim a ry fu n c tio n is to c o n s u lt w ith or a d v ise m a n a g e m e n t on econom ic condi tio n s a n d tre n d s in the fo rm u la tio n o f c o m p a ny p la n s o r p o lic y . E xclude ac c o u n ta n ts o r fisc a l a n a ly sts w ho se p ri m a ry d u tie s a re to e v a lu a te com pany costs o r p re p a re c o rp o ra te ra tio s . S tatistic ia n s.— Count as s ta tis tic ia n s a ll o th e r th a n tho se re p o rte d as m athem aticians, w ho m e e t the g e n e ra l p e rs o n s , re q u ire m e n ts f o r th is ite m a n d w h o a re p r im a r ily e n g a g e d in th e r e c u rre n t a p p lic a tio n o f s ta tis tic a l te c h n iq u e s w hich in v o lv e th e use o f m a th e m a tic a l- s ta tis ti cal th e o ry e q u iv a le n t to th a t ta u g h t a t th e c olleg e le v e l, re g a rd le ss o f college d e g re e s h e ld . F o r p u rp o s e s o f th is su rv e y , sta tistic a l te c hniq ue s s h a ll include th e d e sig n o f su rv e y s o r e x p e rim e n ts as w e ll as the c o lle c tio n , o r g a n iz a tio n , in te rp re ta tio n , o r a n a ly s is o f n u m e ric a l d a ta . Such d a ta m a y re p re s e n t e ith e r c o m p le te e n u m e ra tio n or s ta tis tic a l sa m p le s. P e rs o n s c o u n te d w ith in the fra m e w o rk o f th is d e fin itio n m ay be em p lo y e d in b usin e ss fie ld s such as finance, m a rk e tin g , m a n a g e m e n t a n a ly sis, o r ad v e rtis in g ; in so c ia l science fie ld s such as econom ics, p o litic a l science, d e m o g ra p hy, o r p sy c h o lo g y ; in e n g in e e rin g fields,- o r in p h y sic a l o r life science fie ld s such as b io lo g y , a g ric u ltu re , p h a rm a c o lo g y , o r m edicine. Exclude sta tistic ia n s w ho are e n g a g e d s o le ly in th e d e v e lo p m e n t o f m a th e m a tic a l th e o ry a sso c ia te d w ith the g e n e ra l a p p lic a tio n o f s ta tis tic a l tech n iq u e s— these p e rso n s sh o u ld be re p o rte d as m a th e m a tic ia ns. A ls o , exclud e p e r so n s e n g a g e d in q u a lity c o n tro l, tim e o r m o tio n stu d y a p p lic a tio n s, in v e n to ry con tro l, com p ute r p ro g ra m m in g , te stin g , etc., w ho u tiliz e s ta tis tic a l te c h n iq u e s m e re ly a s an occasional a d ju n c t to the p e rfo rm ance o f o th e r p rim a ry duties,- th e se p e r so n s sh o u ld be re p o rte d as e n g in e e rs, e c o n o m ists, p s y c h o lo g is ts , te c h n ic ia n s, o r exclud ed e n tire ly fro m the sp e c ia lize d p e rso n n e l inc lud e d in th is s u rv e y — which e v e r is m o st a p p ro p ria te . Economists, Statisticians, and Psy chologists (items 1 .2 5 -1 .2 7 and 4 ).—Include all em ployees who are actually working as economists, statisticians, or psychologists, at a level which requires knowledge of these subjects equivalent at least to that acquired through comple tion of a 4-year college course with a major in one of these fields, regardless of whether they hold a college degree. Exclude persons trained in one of these fields who are currently employed in positions which do not specifically require the use of such training. Defini tions for the individual occupations follow. E conom ists.— Count as economists those p e rs o n s w h o m e e t th e g e n e ra l re q u ire m e n ts f o r th is ite m a n d w h o p e rfo rm stu d ie s, o r a re e ng a g e d in re se a rc h, o f a fu n d a m e n ta lly econom ic n a tu re , e .g ., th e a n a ly s is , in te rp re ta tio n , o r fo re c a st in g o f e c o n o m ic tre n d s a n d c o n d itio n s; th e s tu d y o f re la tio n s h ip s w ith in the e c o n o m y — e ith e r o f w id e scope o r in s p e c ia liz e d a re a s such as fin a n c e , price 7 8 5 0 year college course, or through equivalent on-the-job training or experience. Som e typical job titles are draftsman, surveyor, lab oratory assistant, physical science aid, and electronic technician. All persons in positions which require the indicated level of knowledge should be counted, regard less of job title or departm ent in which em ployed. Computer program mers who meet the above definition of technicians should be reported on line 5 .9 0 of the questionnaire, "O ther technicians." Exclude those persons whose positions re quire knowledge or training con sistent with the foregoing defini tions of engineers, mathematicians, or scientists, and report them in the appropriate occupational category on the questionnaire. Also, e x clude all craftsmen such as ma chinists and electricians, and specialized personnel such as air line pilots, navigators, flight engi neers, and ships’ officers. S ep a rate definitions of electrical and electronic technicians; other engi neering and physical science technicians; biological and agri cultural technicians; and medical and dental technicians follow. P sych olog ists.— Count as p sy c h o lo g ists a ll p e rso n s w ho m eet the g e n e ra l re q u ire m e n ts f o r th is ite m a n d w ho a re con c e rn e d w ith th e a p p lic a tio n o r e s ta b lis h m e n t o f p rin c ip le s re la te d to hum a n b e h a v io r in o rd e r to h e lp m a n a g e m e n t m ake decisions re g a rd in g p e rso n n e l p o l ic ie s, p ro c e d u re s, p ro d u c ts , o r se rvic e s. P sy c h o lo g ists fre q u e n tly w ill be eng a g e d in sp e c ia lize d fie ld s such as in d u s tria l, e x p e rim e n ta l, c o n su m e r, c o n su ltin g , clin ic a l, so c ia l, e d u c a tio n a l, o r e n g in e e rin g psyc ho lo g y. Ex a m p le s o f p sy c h o lo g ists’ ra n g e o f jo b d u tie s m ig h t in c lu d e such p ro v in c e s a s: c o n su lta tio n w ith m a na g e m e n t to fu rn is h e x p e rt p ro fe s s io n a l a d vice, o p in io n , a ssista n c e , o r k n o w le d g e in th e a p p lic a tio n a n d use o f p sy c h o lo g i cal m e th o d s, th e o rie s , a n d te c hniq ue s; b e h a v io r m o d ific a tio n th ro u g h p e rs o n a l c o u n se lin g , in te rv ie w in g , m a n a g e m e n t d e ve lo p m e n t, a n d in d u s tria l, communica tion p ro g ra m s ; tra in in g a n d e d uc a tio n f o r e m p lo y e e s a n d m anagers,- o r meas urement a n d e v a lu a tio n o f in d iv id u a l and g ro u p b e h a v io r th ro u g h the a p p lic a tio n , d e ve lo p m e n t, a d m in is tra tio n , v a lid a tio n , a n d in te rp re ta tio n o f p syc ho lo g ic a l tests. O th e r jo b d u tie s m ig h t be re la te d to te c h n iq u e s o f p ro d u c t d e sig n a n d d e ve l o p m e n t, in c lu d in g th e a p p lic a tio n o f k n o w le d g e d e riv e d fro m s tu d ie s o f con su m e r b e h a v io r a n d o f hum an c ha ra c te r istics,- re se a rc h on p e rs o n n e l p o lic ie s and practices,- e m p lo ye e a ttitu d e s a n d m o ti v a tio n ; jo b a n d o rg a n iz a tio n a l e ffe c tive ness,- m a rke tin g a n d a d v e rtisin g , a n d the d e s ig n , d e v e lo p m e n t, a n d o p e ra tio n o f c o m p le x sy ste m s w ith r e g a rd to the h u m a n fa c to rs in v o lv e d . Draftsmen, Surveyors, and Tech nicians (items 1.28 and 5).—Count in this occupational grouping all persons actually engaged in tech nical work at a level which requires knowledge of engineering, mathe matical, and physical or life sciences, com parable to that ac quired either through study at technical institutes, junior colleges, or other formal post-high school training less extensive than a 4- Electrical an d Electronic Technicians.— C o u n t in th is g ro u p technicians w ith a b a c k g ro u n d in e le c tric a l o r e le c tro n ic th e o ry , physical science, a n d m athem atics which enables them to p e rfo rm jo b s above th e ro utin e o p e ra tin g o r m aintenance le v e ls . N o rm a lly , such e m p lo y e e s a re e n g a g e d in c o n stru c tin g , re p a irin g , te st in g , in s ta llin g , m o d ify in g , o p e ra tin g , o r e ve n d e s ig n in g a v a rie ty o f p ro d u c tio n o r e x p e rim e n ta l ty p e s o f c o m p le x elec tric a l o r e le c tro nic e q u ip m e n t. O th e r Engineering an d Physical Science T e c h n ic ia n s.— Count in th is g ro u p tech- 9 10 51 nicians w ho a s s is t engineers a n d physica l sc ie n tists in b o th la b o ra to ry a n d p ro d u c tio n typ e s o f a c tivitie s. N o rm a lly , these te c hnic ia ns w o rk u n d e r th e d ire c t s u p e r v isio n o f an e n g in e e r o r sc ie n tist a n d as s is t him in th o se fu n c tio n s u s u a lly de sc rib e d as “ r o u t in e " a t th e p ro fe s s io n a l level. m arkets, do preproduction plan ning, or get the production process going smoothly, then the work is no longer research-development. For purposes of this survey, research and development includes the activities described below whether assigned to separate research and development organizational units of the establishment, or carried on by laboratories and technical groups not part of a separate re search and development unit per se. B iolog ical a n d A g ric u ltu ra l Techni cians.— C o u n t in th is g ro u p a ll life science technicians except m edical a n d technicians, as d e fin e d b e lo w . M ed ical a n d d e n ta l D en ta l T e c h n ic ia n s.— C o u n t in th is g ro u p e m p lo y e e s w o rk in g as la b o ra to ry a s s is ta n ts w hose d u tie s in clude such o p e ra tio n s as m a king la b o ra to r y te s ts ; ta k in g o r d e v e lo p in g X -ra y pictures,- c o n stru c tin g m e ta l c la m p s, in la y s, a n d b rid g e w o rk a c c o rd ing to spec ific a tio n s ; a n d w ho in o th e r w ays a s sist in m edical o r d e n ta l re se a rc h o r la b o ra to r y o p e ra tio n s. E xclude technicians w h o se p rim a ry fu n c tio n is care o r tre a t m e n t o f p a tie n ts, such as n u rse s. (a) P u r s u it o f p la n n e d re se a rc h f o r new kno w le d g e , w h e th e r o r n o t the search has reference to a specific application. (b) A p p lic a tio n o f e x is tin g k n o w le d g e to p ro b le m s in v o lv e d in th e c re a tio n o f a ne w p ro d u c t o r p ro c e ss, inc lu d in g w o rk re q u ire d to e v a lu a te p o s s ib le uses. (c) C. Functions Research and D evelopm ent.— Include in this function in item 2 (cols, b and c), items 3.1 1 and 3.21, and item 5.99 respectively, those engineers; mathematicians; physical and life scientists; and draftsmen, surveyors, and techni cians who spend the greatest proportion of their time perform ing, m anaging, or administering basic and applied research in en gineering, mathematics, and phys ical and life sciences (including medicine) and in the design and development of prototypes and processes. If the primary objec tive of an activity is to make fur ther improvements on the products or processes, then the work is research-development. If, on the other hand, the product or process is substantially “ set,” and the primary objective is to develop A p p lic a tio n o f e x istin g kno w le d g e to p ro b le m s in v o lv e d in th e im p ro v e m ent o f a p re se n t p ro d u c t o r process. Research a n d D e v e lo p m e n t Excludes the Follow ing Functions: M a rk e t re se a rc h (in c lu d in g s ta tistic a l s u r veys o f p ro d u c t acceptance, e stim a te s o f m a rk e t s iz e , a n d s tu d ie s o f c h a n n e ls o f distribution),- m a rk e t d e ve lo p m e nt (includ ing the sale o f e ith e r o ld o r new products to o b ta in acceptance o f them in new o ut lets),- q u a lity a n d q u a n tity c o n tro l te sts and a n a ly se s; tro u b le - s h o o tin g in connection w ith b re a k d o w n s in full-sc a le p ro d u c tio n , in c lu d in g re la te d a n a ly tic a l w o rk ; tech n ic a l p la n t s a n ita tio n c o n tro l; w o rk re q u ire d fo r m in o r a d a p ta tio n s o f a specific p ro d u c t to m e e t th e re q u ire m e n ts o f a sp e c ific c u sto m e r, in c lu d in g in s ta lla tio n a n d servicing in a c u sto m e r's plant,- engi n e e rin g a n d o th e r te c h n ic a l se rv ic e fu r n ish e d in accordance w ith a g re e m e nts to lic e n se e s o u tsid e th e c o m p a n y ; a id f u r n ish e d by the re se a rc h a n d deve lo p m e nt o rg a n iz a tio n to m a n u fa c tu rin g d iv isio n s to enable them to o p e ra te in accordance w ith p re v io u s ly d e te rm in e d fo rm u la s , s ta n d a rd practice in stru c tio n s, o r fin ish e d p ro d u c t sp e c ific a tio n s ; a id fu rn is h e d to develop a d v e rtisin g p ro g ra m s to p ro m o te 11 12 52 definitions and whose work in volves contact with customers. Persons e n g a g e d in providing technical service to another part of the parent company should be counted in column (f) of item 2, "Production and O perations." Production and O peration s.— Enter in column (f) of item 2 the number of engineers, m athem a ticians, physical and life scien tists who spend the greatest pro portion of their time on work related to the production processes or operations of the reporting unit such as inspection, quality control, etc. Include such employees who are working on design, analysis, and testing activities that are not part of research-developm ent. These em ployees, if e n g a g e d in administration of these activities, should be counted in column (d) of item 2. All Other A ctivities.—Enter in column (g) of item 2 the number of engineers, mathematicians, physical and life scientists who spend the greatest proportion of their time in functions not falling within one of the other categories in columns (b) through (f) of item 2 ; some examples are exploration (locating fuels and other natural resources), technical purchasing, market research, and operations research. Engineers, mathemati cians, physical and life scientists, en gaged in administering these activities should be counted in col umn (d) of item 2. o r d e m o n s tra te n e w p ro d u c ts o r p ro c e sse s, in c lu d in g the d e v e lo p m e n t o f m a te ria l fu rn ish e d fo r tria l o r d e m o nstra tio n; a ssista n c e in p re p a ra tio n o f speeches a n d p ublications fo r p e rso n s n o t engaged in re se a rc h a n d d e ve lo p m e n t; e x p e ri m e n ta l w o rk p e rfo rm e d a t the re q u e st o f th e p a te n t d iv is io n to p ro v id e in fo r m a tio n n e e d e d d u rin g the p ro se c u tio n o f a p a te n t litig a tio n , a nd technical w ritin g . M an agem en t and Adm inistra tion .—Column (c) and column (d) of item 2 should include all per sons who spend the greatest pro portion of their time in managerial or administrative work for which scientific and engineering back ground consistent with the above definitions of engineers/ mathema ticians, physical and life scientists is normally required. Enter the number of such employees en g a g e d in administering researchdevelopment in column (c) of item 2. Enter in column (d) of item 2 the number of engineers, mathe maticians, physical and life scien tists engaged in administering sales and service, production operations, and all other phases of engineer ing and scientific work. Do not include supervisors in columns (c) or (d) who spend more than half of their time on functions other than Management and Admin istration. S ales and Service.—Enter in col umn (e) o f item 2 the number of engineers, mathematicians, physi cal and life scientists included in column (a) who are primarily en g a g e d in sale s work a n d /o r in providing technical services directly to customers. Include only those persons who qualify as engineers, mathematicians, physical and life scientists according to the above 3. FEDERAL GOVERNMENT WORK Item 3 on the questionnaire is designed to obtain estimates of the total number 13 14 53 of engineers, mathematicians, and scientists employed by industry whose work is involved directly with national defense, space, and other programs of the Federal Government. Work performed for the Federal Government includes production, research, develop ment, testing, evaluation, or other ac tivities under prime contracts with the Department of Defense, including the Army, Navy, Air Force, Marine Corps, Defense Atomic Support Agency, and all other Department of Defense orga nizations; the National Aeronautics and Space Administration; or other agencies of the Federal Government. Also, include work performed under subcontracts with prime contractors or other subcontractors: The production of standard items for sale (e.g., shelf or vendor items) to the Federal Govern ment is not considered work performed for the Federal Government for pur poses of this survey. units included in the consolidated report shown on BLS Form No. 271 6 -A , using a s e p a r a te line for each group code. A list of products and services, their indus try group codes, and their respec tive “ SIC’ ’ codes are shown at the end of these instructions (para graph 5). Column (B): Enter the total number of sep arate plants, establishments, or other desig nated reporting units applicable to each industry group code listed in column (A). Column (C): Enter the January 1 967 total employment applicable to each industry group code. The sum of all entries in column (C) should represent the total employ ment figure reported in item 1.10 (a) of the related BLS Form 27 1 6 A. Employment on company overhead located in se p a ra te establishments covered by the con solidated report should be listed as an aggregate figure in column (C), and designated (OV) in col umn (A) in lieu of an industry group code. Colum ns (D) through (I): Enter a distribution of the January 1967 total employ ment shown in column (C) and the total number of plants or estab lishments (or other designated reporting units) from column (B), subdivided by small, medium, and large establishments: i.e., establish ments with few er than 1 0 0 em ployees, 100-999 employees, and 1,000 or ’’ore employees. The sum of the entries in columns (D) through (I) must equal the entries in columns (B) and (C ), respec tively. For example, a company with five plants, having an aggre- 4. INSTRUCTIONS FOR COMPLETION OF ITEM 6 A. G en eral.—Item 6 is needed to provide basic information used to make distributions of all data re ported in items 1 through 5 which represent consolidations (company wide or partial). Each reporter who submits a companywide (con solidated), or partially consolidated report, should complete this item. A “ total line’ ’ is provided as the first line of item 6, and should be filled in whenever data are in cluded for more than one major product or industry group code. B. Specific Instructions.—Column A: Enter the industry group codes which represent the principal prod ucts or services of each of the 15 16 54 by size of unit, in columns (D), (F), and (H), respectively. gate of 3,200 employees engaged in the manufacture and distribution of glass products; with a distribu tion of 50, 250, 500, 1,100, and 1,300 em ployees in five plants, might report as follows: Column (A)—group code 20; column (B)— 5; column (C) —3 ,2 0 0 ; column (D)—1; column (E)—50; column (F)—2; column ( G ) - 7 5 0 (2 5 0 + SOO^column (H)—2; and column (I)—2,400 (1 ,1 0 0 + 1 ,3 0 0 ). The same technique also would apply to each other product or service applicable to this company, as indicated by the entries in column (A) . Thus, if the same company also employed an additional 2,400 employees in another industry area (i.e., another group code) the entry in column (C) of the next line of this form would be 2,400 and the total line, column (C) would be 5 .6 0 0 (3,200 + 2,400), as would the entry in item 1.10(a) of the re lated BLS Form No. 2 7 1 6-A . Also, items 2 through 5 on the con solidated BLS Form No. 271 6-A would relate to all the units in cluded in the consolidated total of 5.600 employees. C. Partial C o n so lid atio n s.—At the bottom of Item 6 are blank lines to be used by companies that have elected to file reports which, for any reason, represent partial companywide reports (Partial Con solidations). It is requested that such reporters use this part of the form to list the names and ad dresses of the units covered by their report. The total number of such units will, of course, have been reported in Item 6, column (B) , and a breakdown of this figure, 5. IN D U STR Y D EFIN ITIO N S A N D G R O U P CODES For purposes of this survey, American industry has been classified into ap proximately , eighty sep arate cate gories. Each category, or industry grouping, represents a single Stand ard Industrial Classification (SIC) code (see manual published by the Bureau of the Budget, 1 9 5 7 —as amended) or a grouping of these codes. The subdivisions used for this survey are identified in three ways: (1) an indus try group code, (2) a descriptive name of the industries or types of business activity included in the group code, and (3) the related SIC code or codes. These three identifying elements are specified in the list of industry classi fications which follows. Item 1.36 on BLS Form 271 6 -A asks each respondent who reports for a unit other than that identified on the address label to indicate his principal product or service, and the related industry group code. The listing noted below should be used for this purpose. Directions for the use of this list in connection with the prepa ration of Item 6 are contained in paragraph 4 of these instructions. 17 18 55 IN D U S T R Y P R IN C IP A L P R O D U C T RELATED IN D U S T R Y GROUP OR SIC GROUP OR SIC CODES CODE SERVICE CODES CO D E SERVICE 01 Ordnance and Accessories 02 Food and Kindred Products (Includes related products such as ice, chewing gum, fats and oils, and prepared feeds for animals and fowls.) 03 Tobacco Manufactures (Excludes the manufac ture of insecticides made from tobacco by products.) 04 Textile Mill Products 05 Apparel and Other Finished Fabric Products 06 Lumber and Wood Products (Except Furniture.) 07 Furniture and Fixtures (Made from wood, metal, or other products.) 08 Paper and Allied Products (Includes the manu facturing of pulps from wood or other cellulose products.) 09 Printing and Publishing (Excludes news syndicates and textile product printing or finishing.) 19 RELATED 24 Metof Cons,- Cutlery, Hand Tools, and Hardware; Heating Apparatus (except electrical) and Plumb ing Fixtures; Screw Machine Products and Fast eners; Metal Stampings, Coating and Allied Serv ices\; and Miscellaneous Fabricated Wire Products 20 21 341-3 &345-8 25 Fabricated Structural Metal Products, and Other Miscellaneous Metal Products (Except plumbing fixtures.) 344 &349 25 MACHINERY (EXCEPT ELECTRICAL) 22 23 24 26 Engines and Turbines (Excludes aircraft and rocket engines; automotive engines, except diesel; engine generator sets; and locomotives.) 27 Farm Machinery and Equipment (Excludes ma chinery and equipment used primarily for con struction purposes.) 28 Construction, Mining, Materials Handling Ma 26 27 351 352 chinery and Equipment; Metalworking Machinery and Equipment; Special and General Industrial Machinery and Equipment, except Electrical; and Service Industry Machinery (Includes elevators 281 and moving stairways; conveying equipment; hoists; exhaust and ventilating fans; refrigera tion machinery (except household) ond complete air conditioning units,- and measuring and dis pensing pumps. Excludes transportation equip ment, hand tools (except power driven), and electrical household appliances. Machines powered by "built in," or detachable motors ordinarily are included in this group.) 353-6 &358 81 Office, Computing, and Accounting Machines (In cludes scales and balances, except laboratory. Classify photo-copy equipment in industry group code 42.) 357 29 Miscellaneous Machinery, Except Electrical (In cludes machine shops engaged in jobbing, re pair, or manufacturing of special machinery or parts—not elsewhere classified.) 359 282 283 Perfumes, Cosmetics, and other Toiletries,- Paints, Varnishes, Lacquers, and Enamels,- and other Mis cellaneous Chemical Products 284-6 &289 14 Agricultural Chemicals (Fertilizers, Pesticides, etc.) 287 PETROLEUM REFINING A N D RELATED INDUSTRIES 15 Petroleum Refining (Excludes the production of natural gas and the manufacture of lubricants by blending and compounding purchased ma terial.) 291 16 Paving and Roofing Materials, and Miscellaneous Petroleum and Coal Products 295 &299 RUBBER, PLASTIC A N D LEATHER PRODUCTS 17 Rubber and Miscellaneous Finished Plastics Prod ucts (Excludes manufacture of rubberized cloth ing, fabrics, webbing, and the production of basic plastics materials.) 30 18 Leather and Finished Leather Products (Includes artificial leather products.) 31 ELECTRICAL MACHINERY, EQUIPMENT, AN D SUPPLIES 30 Electric Transmission and Distribution Equipment, and Electrical Industrial Apparatus (Excludes manufacturing of frequency transformers, currentcarrying devices, turbo generators, and auto matic temperature controls.) 361-2 31 Household Appliances (Excludes commercial cook ing equipment, industrial refrigeration, com mercial laundry equipment, and industrial vac uumcleaners.) 363 32 Electric Lighting and Wiring Equipment (Excludes glass blanks for bulbs, lamp components such as filaments, etc.; production of glassware for lighting fixtures; porcelain and glassinsulators. 364 33 Radio and Television Receiving Sets, Except Com munication Types; and PhonographRecords 365 34 Communications Equipment (Excludes manufactur ing of transmitting tubes.) 366 35 Electronic Components and Accessories (Includes the manufacturing of electron tubes, except X-ray tubes.) 367 STONE, CLAY, AN D GLASS PRODUCTS 19 Hydraulic Cement (Excludes the production of ready-mixed concrete.) 324 20 Stone, Clay, and Glass Products (Excludes the manufacture of ophthalmic lenses.) 321-3 &325-9 PRIMARY METAL INDUSTRIES 21 Blast Furnaces, Steel Works, and Rolling and Finishing Mills (Excludes foundries, as well as primary and secondary smelting and refining of nonferrous metals.) 331 22 Iron and Steel Foundries and Forgings (Do not use this code unless it is the principal activity of the reporting unit.) 332 &3391 23 Smelting, Refining, and Finishing of Nonferrous Metals (Do not use this code unless it is the prin cipal activity of the reporting unit.) 333-6 & 3392 & 3399 PRODUCT FABRICATED METAL PRODUCTS CHEMICALS A N D ALLIED PRODUCTS 10 Industrial Chemicals (Excludes products made fromthese chemicals.) 11 Plastics Materials and Synthetic Resins and ManMade Fibers (Excludes the manufacture of finished products made fromthese materials and glass or glass products.) 12 Drugs 13 Soaps, Detergents, and Cleaning Preparations■ P R IN C IP A L 2 0 19 56 IN D U S T R Y P R IN C IP A L P R O D U C T RELATED IN D U S T R Y P R IN C IP A L P R O D U C T GROUP OR SIC GROUP OR CODE SERVICE CO D ES CODE SERVICE 36 38 39 M otor Vehicles and Motor Vehicle Equipment (Ex cludes the m anufacturing of m otorcycles, track la y in g tractors, c o m b a t tanks, tires a n d tubes, autom o bile glass, vehicular lighting equipm ent, ignition systems, a n d sto ra g e b a tte rie s .) Aircraft and Parts (Excludes the m anufacturing of aeronautical instruments and electrical equip m ent.) M etal M ining 49 Crude Petroleum and Natural Gas (Excludes field 51 371 52 53 54 55 41 56 3 7 9 82 57 58 59 60 61 381 Instruments for Measuring, Controlling, and Indi cating Physical Characteristics (Excludes the m anufacturing of industrial electric controls.) 42 382 Optical Instruments and Lenses,- Surgical, Medical, and Dental Instruments and Supplies; Ophthalmic Goods,- Photographic Equipment and Supplies; Watches, Clocks and R elated Parts (Excludes 62 63 64 65 6 6 11 & 12 Natural Gas 1 31 Liquids, and O il and Gas Field Services (Includes field services for operators on a contract or fee basis.) 1 3 2 & 138 M ining and Quarrying o f Nonm etallic Minerals, Except Fuels (Excludes establishm ents p rim arily e n g a g e d in the m an u factu re of stone, cloy, or glass products). Building Construction, General Contractors Highway and Street Construction, Except Elevated Highways Heavy Construction, Except Highway and Street Construction, Special Trade Contractors 15 ]&] 162 17 Railroads, Sleeping and Dining Car Service, and Railway Express Service (Includes Repair shops.) 4 0 1 1, 4 0 2 & 4 0 4 Switching and Term inal Com panies (Excludes such activities when o p e ra te d by ra ilro a d companies.) 4 0 1 3 Local and Suburban Passenger Transportation 411 Trucking, Local and Long Distance 421 Water Transportation 44 A ir Transportation (Includes te rm in a l services.) Pipe Line Transportation (P ipe line tra n s p o rta 45 tion of natural gas is classified in industry group code 6 8 .) 46 Transportation Services 47 Telephone Communication (W ire or R adio) Telegraph Communication (W ire and R adio) Radio and Television Broadcasting Other Communication Services 481 482 483 489 ELECTRIC, GAS, AND SANITARY SERVICES MISCELLANEOUS MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES 44 Lignite COMMUNICATION AND RELATED SERVICES m a n u fa c tu rin g o f s ig h tin g a n d fire c ontrol in struments; m olded glass blanks; unsensitized paper stock, mounts, easels, and folders for photographic use; photographic chemicals; flash, flood, and projection lam ps; glass and u n b re a k a b le crystals.) 3 8 3 -7 43 and TRANSPORTATION AND RELATED SERVICES Engineering, Laboratory, and Scientific and Re search Instruments and Equipment (Excludes op tical, surgical, d e n ta l, and m echanical measur ing instruments and tools; and electrical measur ing and recording instrum ents.) Coal, CONTRACT CONSTRUCTION 372 INSTRUMENTS AND RELATED PRODUCTS 40 10 Anthracite and Bituminous Mining services for operators on a contract or fee basis.) 50 Ship and Boat Building and Repairing,- Railroad Equipment,- Motorcycles, Bicycles, and Parts,- and Miscellaneous Transportation Equipment (Excludes the fa b ric atin g o f structural assem blies or com ponents for ships; and shops owned or operated by ra ilro a d s or transit c o m p a n ie s , w hich build or re p air cars for th e ir own use.) 3 7 3 - 5 & 47 48 369 TRANSPORTATION EQUIPMENT 37 SIC CODES MINING (SOLIDS AND LIQUIDS) Miscellaneous Electrical Machinery, Equipment, and Supplies (In c lu d e s th e m o n u fa c tu rin g of storage and p rim ary batteries; X -ra y tubes; electrical e quipm ent for internal combustion engines, and electrical item s, not classified elsew here.) RELATED 67 Electric Companies and Systems 6 8 Gas Companies and Systems 491 492 69 a p p a re l; sm all arm s a m m u n itio n a n d firearm s; d ra ftin g instrum ents; a n d c h ild ren 's bic y c les .) 3 9 1 , 3 9 3 -3 9 6 Combination Companies and Systems (Includes companies thcit provide gas or electric services, in com bination with other utility services.) 493 70 W ater Systems, Sanitary Services, and Steam M'scellaneous Manufacturing Industries, Not Else where Classified 398 & 399 WHOLESALE AND RETAIL TRADE Jewelry, Silverware, and Plated Ware; Musical Instruments and Parts,- Toys, Amusement, and Athletic Goods; Pens, Pencils, and Artists' Sup plies,- Novelties and Notions (Excludes athletic Systems 71 W holesale Trade — Dry Goods and Groceries, and Raw Farm Products 72 Wholesale Trade-Motor Vehicles and Automotive Equipment; Drugs and Chemicals,- Electrical Goods; Hardware, Plumbing, and Heating Equip ment and Supplies; and other M iscellaneous Wholesale Trade (Except Machinery, Equipment, and Supplies.) 5 0 1 - 2 , 5 0 6 - 7 & 509 73 W holesale Trade — M achinery, Equipment, and Supplies AGRICULTURAL SERVICES, FORESTRY, AND FISHERIES 45 Anim al Husbandry Services (Excludes establish 46 ments e n g a g e d in p o u ltry ra is in g ; a n d com m ercial kennels p rim a rily e n g a g e d in raising dogs.) 072 Horticultural S ervices, Hunting and Trapping, Game Propagation, Forestry, and Fisheries (Ex cludes logging camps and logging contractors.) 0 7 3 -4 , 08 & 09 21 4 9 4 -7 22 57 Apparel, 5 0 3 -5 508 IN D U S T R Y P R IN C IP A L P R O D U C T RELATED IN D U S T R Y P R IN C IP A L P R O D U C T GROUP OR SIC GROUP OR SIC CO D E SERVICE CODES CO D E SERVICE CODES 74 Retail Trade-Building Materials, Hardware, and Farm Equipment; G en era l Merchandise,- Food,Eating and Drinking Places, and other M iscella neous Retail Stores (N o te: Exclude autom otive SERVICES 77 dealers, gasoline service stations, and the retail sale of a p p a re l, accessories, hom e furnishings and eq u ip m en t. These types o f re ta il stores are not w ithin th e scope of this survey. Retail D epartm en t Stores, how ever, which sell a wide variety of products a re classified w ithin SIC 5 3 and, th erefo re, are covered by this survey.) 5 2 -5 4 & 5 8 -5 9 Finance and Real Estate Insurance Hotels and Lodging Places,- Personal Services; Autom obile and M iscellaneous Repair,- Amuse ment and Recreation; Advertising; and Legal Services (Excludes com m ercial laboratories, and m iscellaneous business and consulting services.) 7 0 , 7 2 ; 7 3 1 - 6 & 7 5 , 7 6 , 7 8 , 7 9 & 81 78 Commercial Research, Development,and Testing Laboratories; Business and Management Consult ing Services; and other M iscellaneous Business Services (Laboratories operated prim arily to serv ice their company's own m anufacturing activities should be assigned the industry group code of these activities.) FINANCE, INSURANCE, AND REAL ESTATE 75 76 RELATED 6 0 -6 2 & 6 4 -6 7 63 79 80 M edical and Dental Laboratories Engineering and Architectural Services 739 807 891 23 58 * U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : l»7 0 O— 397-579 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS W A S H I N G T O N , D .C . O F F IC IA L 20212 B U S IN E S S POSTAGE U .S . AND FEES DEPARTM ENT OF P A ID LABOR (~ I T H IR D CLASS M A IL
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