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Salary Trends C IT Y P U B L IC SCHO O L TEA C H ER S, 1 9 2 5 -6 3 Bulletin No. 1448 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR W. Willard Wirtz, Secretary BUREAU OF LABOR STA TISTIC S Ewan Clague, Commissioner Salary Trends C IT Y P U B L IC S C H O O L TEACHERS, 1 9 2 5 - 6 3 Bulletin No. 1448 June 1965 m j UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR W . Willard W irtz, Secretary BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS Ewan Clague, Commissioner For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 20402 - Price 30 cents Preface T h is rep o rt p r e s e n ts indexes tra cin g s a la r y trends f o r p u b l i c s c h o o l t e a c h e r s in c i t i e s o f 5 0 , 0 0 0 p o p u l a t i o n o r m o r e f o r the p e r i o d 1 9 2 5 —6 1 , and in c i t i e s o f 1 0 0 , 0 0 0 o r m o r e f r o m 1961 to 1 9 6 3 . It i n c l u d e s m a t e r i a l s p r e v i o u s l y p u b l i s h e d a s W a g e M o vem en ts, S e r i e s 3, N u m b e r 5, "C ity P u b lic School T e a c h e r s : S a l a r y T r e n d s , 1 9 2 5 —4 9 " f r o m the M a r c h 19 51 M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v i e w , and s e v e n s u p p l e m e n t a r y r e p o r t s f r o m the R e v i e w s o f F e b r u a r y 1 9 5 2 , F e b r u a r y 1 9 5 5 , A p r i l 1 9 5 6 , A p r i l 1 9 5 8 , M a r c h 1 9 6 1 , A p r i l 1 9 6 3 , and A p r i l 1 9 6 5 , w h i c h b r i n g s th e o r i g i n a l s t u d y up to da t e t h r o u g h 1 9 6 3 . T h i s r e v i s e d r e p o r t i s in te n d e d m e r e l y to i n c o r p o r a t e the i n f o r m a t i o n f o r the e n t i r e p e r i o d in one d o c u m e n t r a t h e r t h a n to p r e s e n t a ny i n f o r m a t i o n not p r e v i o u s l y p u b l i s h e d . T h e a p p e n d i x to t h is r e p o r t e x p l a i n s the c o v e r a g e , m e t h o d s , and s o u r c e of d a ta u s e d f o r the s t u d i e s . A de s c r i p t i o n and an e x a m p l e o f the c a l c u l a t i o n o f the i n d e x e s a r e a ls o in cluded. The s a la r y tren ds p r o g r a m is d ir e c te d by L ily M a r y D a v i d , C h i e f o f the D i v i s i o n o f W a g e E c o n o m i c s u n d e r the g e n e r a l d i r e c t i o n o f L . R. L i n s e n m a y e r , A ssistan t C o m m i s s i o n e r f o r W a g e s and I n d u s t r i a l R e l a t i o n s . T h is r e p o r t w a s p r e p a r e d u n d e r the s u p e r v i s i o n o f A l b e r t A , B elm an . T h e a n a l y s i s f o r the p e r i o d 1 9 6 1 —63 w a s p r e p a red by R oger A . C o m e r. iii Contents Page Salary trends: Citypublicschool teachers, 1925—49 ------------------------------------- 1 Changes in city public school teachers' salarie s: 1949-51 1951-53 __________________________________________________________ 1953-55 1955-57 1957-59 ________________________________________________________________ 5 7 11 15 19 1959-61 1961-63 __________________________________________________________ 23 29 Appendix. Scope andmethod of survey _________________________________ 34 iv Salary T ren d s: City Public School Teachers, 1925—49 F r o m 1925 t o 1949, average salaries of public school teachers in the Nation’s large communities rose approximately 84 percent. This was slightly higher than the increase reported for another large group of municipal workers—policemen and fire men—in cities of 100,000 or more.11 However, it was very much less than the 125-percent increase in weekly earnings of production workers in manufacturing. During this period, numerous changes occurred in the educational structure. For example, junior high schools spread rapidly during the 1920’s, and the number of pupils enrolled in public high schools nearly doubled between 1925 and 1940. Certification requirements for teachers were raised in almost all States. In addition, the Nation was faced with serious teacher shortages during the war and postwar years. All these factors, as well as general economic conditions, presumably in fluenced the level of teachers’ salaries. Within this quarter century were four more or less distinct periods of salary change for teachers. Modest increases marked the period from 1925 to 1931. Depression-induced reductions in local budgets from 1931 to 1935 were reflected in salary cuts—by 1935, in fact, salaries in large cities were back to 1925 levels. The third period, 1935-39, was characterized by restoration of previous re ductions; in 1939, salaries were slightly higher than in 1931, as is shown by indexes in table 1. Since 1939, the trend has been steadily upward. Increases were generally small in the early war years, but beginning with 1943 the rise was more rapid. The increase from 1939 to 1949 totaled 62 percent; after 1945 it was 40 percent (table 2). T a b l e 1— In d e x es o f average salaries p a id elem en ta ry a nd secon d a ry pu b lic school teachers i n cities o f 5 0 ,0 0 0 or m ore, 1 1 9 2 6 -4 9 . [1939-100] A ll cities of 50,000 or more Year Total Ele men tary teach ers * 1925.......... . 1927............ . 1929.................. 1931............... . 1933.......... ........ 1935................ 1937.................. 88 91 95 99 93 88 94 86 89 93 97 92 88 94 90 93 97 100 93 89 95 87 88 92 97 94 89 95 90 95 100 103 90 85 93 90 94 99 101 92 88 94 86 90 94 97 92 87 94 1939.................. 1941................. 1943................. 1945........ ......... 1947............... . 1949.................. 100 102 107 116 132 162 100 103 108 116 131 163 100 101 107 115 133 160 100 101 105 109 126 148 100 102 111 121 135 173 100 102 109 123 138 176 100 103 109 121 138 176 100,000 50.000 Secon 500,000 250.000 but but but dary or less less less teach more than than than ers * 500.000 250,000 100.000 1 Based on 1940 Census classifications. 2 Includes kindergarten and regular and atypical elementary school teachers. * Includes junior and senior high school teachers. T 2 . — P ercen t in crea ses in average salaries o f pu b lic school teachers in cities o f BOflOO or m ore , selected p erio d s , 1 9 2 5 -4 9 . able Size group Period 1925 to 1939.................. 1925 to 1949................. 1939 to 1949................. 1939 to 1945.................. 1945 to 1949.................. * The increase for teachers in cities of 100,000 or more is 82 percent compared with 76 percent for policemen and firemen; see Monthly Labor Review, June 1950, for trend of earnings of policemen and firemen. Elementary and secondary teachers in cities of— i All size groups 14 84 62 16 40 500,000 and over 250.000 but under 500.000 100,000 but under 250,000 15 70 48 9 36 11 92 73 21 43 11 96 76 23 43 50.000 but under 100.000 16 105 76 21 45 2 Elementary and Secondary Teachers Salary movements of elementary and secondary school teachers have closely paralleled one another in the last 10 years—the increases since 1939 were 63 and 60 percent, respectively. Aside from the general economic influences operating to raise salaries of all teachers, this parallelism can be attributed partly to the increasing importance of the single salary schedule. By 1949, this type of schedule, which bases the teacher’s pay on amount of training without regard to position, had been adopted by more than 90 percent of the school systems in cities of over 50,000. The schedules, formerly predominant, fixed salaries according to the teaching position held. Between 1925 and 1939, when the position schedule was prominent, salaries for elementary teachers rose 16 percent and for secondary teachers 11 percent. Over the entire period, 1925-49, the average salary of elementary school teachers increased 90 percent as compared with 78 percent for secondary school teachers. City and Regional Variations Over the quarter century, teachers’ salaries rose proportionately less in cities of 500,000 or more than in the smaller cities. The rise in the largest cities averaged 70 percent, compared with 92 to 105 percent increases in the three groups of smaller cities. Most of the divergence in salary trends occurred between 1939 and 1949; it was particularly marked between 1939 and 1945. During the 10-year period, the average rise in each of the three groups of smaller cities varied within the narrow range of 73 to 76 percent, while salaries in the larger cities rose by only 48 percent. Salary changes were comparatively small in all four groups between 1925 and 1939, the average increases varying from 11 to 16 percent. When changes were measured in dollar rather than in percentage terms, there was less spread between the largest cities and the other cities stud ied, but even in dollar terms the differential in salaries between large and small cities narrowed between 1939 and 1949. The large-city teachers started out with higher pay; a given dollar change therefore yielded a smaller percentage increase for them than for teachers in smaller cities. However, the smaller cities actually raised salaries more in Median. dollar terms. Teachers in the biggest cities re ceived an average2 increase of $1,100 to $1,200 during this decade. In the.smaller cities, average increases varied from $1,300-$1,400 for the 50,000100.000 group, to $1,500-$1,600 for the other two groups. This shift in dollar relationships took place almost entirely during the war years. After 1945, the average increases were almost uniform, $1,000-$l,100, in all size groups except the 250,000500.000 group in which increases were $1,100$ 1 ,2 0 0 . T 3 . — P ercen t d istribu tion o f p u blic school teachers in cities o f 5 0 ,0 0 0 or m ore, b y s iz e o f increa se in averagesalaries, 1 9 8 9 - 4 9 a ble Percent of teachers employed in school systems with specified salary increases in— Increases in average salary Total Cities of Cities of Cities of Cities of 250,000 500,000 100,000 50,000 and over to 500,000 to 250,000 to 100,000 Dollars per year Under 500........................ 500 and under 600______ 600 and under 700........... 700 and under 800. - ....... 800 and under 900........... 900 and under 1,000____ 1,000 and under 1,100___ 1,100 and under 1,200___ 1,200 and under 1,300___ 1,300 and under 1,400___ 1,400 and under 1,500___ 1,500 and under 1,600___ 1,600 and under 1,700___ 1,700 and under 1,800___ 1,800 and under 1,900___ 1,900 and under 2,000___ 2,000 and under 2,100___ 2,100 and under 2,200___ 2,200 and under 2,300___ 2,300 and under 2,400___ 2,400 and under 2,5(X)___ 2,500 and under 2,600___ Total...................... 2 0) 1 2 3 5 31 6 5 4 14 6 6 10 5 1 1 3 4 58 4 3 8 5 5 8 4 9 5 30 12 8 19 11 4 100 100 2 2 4 10 3 7 12 6 26 9 5 8 2 2 0) 2 5 9 12 14 10 12 7 4 11 3 4 3 2 1 1 0) 100 100 100 Percent 20 and under 25________ 25 and under 30.............. 30 and under 35.............. 35 and under 40.............. 40 and under 45............. 45 and under 50.............. 50 and under 55 .............. 55 and under 60. ............ 60 and under 65............. 65 and under 70............. 70 and under 75. ............ 75 and under 80.............. 80 and under 85.............. 85 and under 90. ............ 90 and under 95.............. 95 and under 100. ......... 100 and under 105........... 105 and under 110........... 110 and under 115._*____ 115 and under 120.......... 120 and under 125........... 125 and under 130______ 130 and under 135______ 135 and under 140........... 140 and under 145______ 145 and under 150......... 150 and under 155______ 155 and under 160........... T o ta l.................... iLess than 0.5 percent. 2 0) 18 2 5 15 4 3 6 4 3 11 7 3 4 3 3 4 1 2 38 3 3 25 3 3 20 5 9 4 6 9 13 8 6 3 13 8 9 9 3 1 1 2 3 6 9 6 4 7 2 3 15 10 6 7 2 5 2 5 2 5 8 5 2 8 9 9 7 4 o 4 2 4 9 4 2 4 2 4 3 0) (l) 100 1 - .............. 100 100 100 100 3 The averages for groups of cities do not ade quately portray the wide variations among indi vidual communities. Salary increases between 1939 and 1949 varied among individual cities from 20 to 160 percent (table 3). In dollar terms, the range was from $500 to $2,600. Salary indexes point to sharp differences in the rate of change among the 9 geographic regions into which the cities were classified (table 4). From 1925 to 1949, salaries in 4 regions—Border, Southeast, Southwest, and Pacific—rose from 111 to 114 percent; at the same time, the increase in the Middle Atlantic (States was 65 percent. The rise in the other regions varied between 80 and 88 percent. The most marked regional differences occurred from 1939 to 1949. As table 4 indicates, the Middle Atlantic States had the smallest rise— 39 percent; salaries in the Southeast more than doubled, and in the Southwest almost doubled.3 3 It should be noted that the regional pattern is related to the variation in salary trends among the largest and the other cities studied, since proportion ately more of the teachers in certain regions (for example, the Middle Atlantic States) are employed in the largest size city school systems. T 4 . — Indexes o f average salaries for public school teachers in cities o f 5 0 ,0 0 0 or more population, and per centage increases , by region * 1 9 2 5 -4 9 a ble Year New Mid Border South id South Moun Pa Great Mdle Eng dle A t States east Lakes West west tain cific land lantic Indexes (1939=100) 1925____ 1927........ 1929........ 1931........ 1933....... 1935........ 1937........ 89 91 94 96 93 88 97 84 85 90 95 95 89 94 85 92 97 99 94 90 95 94 101 105 110 92 87 89 96 98 102 104 91 86 94 93 97 102 104 97 90 96 94 100 104 105 87 89 94 86 91 96 96 88 85 91 82 89 91 97 91 88 95 1939____ 1941........ 1943........ 1945........ 1947____ 1949........ 100 102 108 115 126 160 100 101 104 107 123 139 100 103 109 123 139 179 100 103 113 137 159 201 100 101 110 124 138 177 100 101 109 118 138 175 100 102 109 126 149 198 100 102 108 115 137 158 100 103 109 118 137 173 84 58 111 73 Percentage increases, selected periods 1925-49._ 1939-49, . 80 60 65 39 111 79 114 101 84 77 88 75 111 98 1 The 9 regions ace composed as follows: New England—Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Vermont; Middle Allantic— New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania; Border— Delaware, District of Co lumbia, Kentucky, Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia; Southeast— Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee; Great Lakes— Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Ohio, Wisconsin; Middle West— Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota; Southwest— Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, Texas; Mountain— Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, New Mexico, Utah, Wyoming; and Pacific— California, Nevada, Oregon, Washington. Changes in City Public School Teachers’ Salaries, 1949—51 v e r a g e s a l a r i e s of public school teachers in cities of 50,000 or more rose 6.5 percent, or an average of about $240, between the beginning of the school years 1948-49 and 1950-51. This rate of increase was lower than that recorded earlier in the postwar period. From 1925 to 1951, salaries almost doubled; from 1939 to 1951, they rose 73 percent. Salary movements, as in the earlier periods studied, continued at about the same pace for teachers in elementary and secondary schools. Salary-rate increases averaged 6.4 percent ($223) in elementary schools and 6.7 percent ($265) in secondary schools, from 1949 to 1951 (table 1). Measured in both dollar and percentage terms, salary advances tended to be greater in smallerthan in larger-sized cities. However, secondaryschool teachers in the two largest city-size groups studied were an exception; practically no difference was shown in the proportionate increase in their average salaries between these two population groups. Elementary teachers in cities of 50,000 to 100,000 had their salaries raised an average of 9.1 percent ($278); those in cities of 500,000 received a 5.1-percent ($198) salary adjustment. In secondary schools the range of increase was from 5.9 percent ($222) in the 250,000-500,000 size group to 8.6 percent ($301) in the smallest communities studied. Seven out of ten teachers in the two largest city-size groups received average salary raises of less than 7.5 percent; the most common increases, in terms ot number of teachers employed, were less than 2.5 percent in cities of 500,000 or more and 2.5 but less than 5 percent in communities of 250.000 but under 500,000 population (table 2). Half of the teachers in cities of 100,000 but under 250.000 and almost the same proportion in smaller communities were employed in cities where average salaries rose by 7.5 percent or more. A T T 2 . — Percentage distribution of public school teachers in cities o f 5 0 ,0 0 0 or more, according to average salary increases, 1 9 4 9 -5 1 1 a ble Percent of teachers employed in school systems with specified salary increases in cities of— Increase in average salary All sizes 31.1 12.5 18.9 16.1 7.2 6.9 3.5 2.5 1.3 42.0 4.7 21.8 17.5 5.3 5.5 3.2 0 0 18.1 37.5 13.6 16.7 9.5 4.6 0 0 0 25.6 9.2 15.6 14.4 10.1 11.4 4.7 6.2 2.8 16.0 15.7 20.2 12.3 6.9 7.7 7.6 8.5 5.1 T o t a l.. ........ ............ . 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 1.9 40.1 2.6 2.1 21.8 2.3 10.6 7.9 4.7 0 6.0 8.2 14.4 11.0 16.2 25.3 7.6 7.8 9.5 0 0 0 16.3 10.7 2.4 9.3 17.2 6.4 7.5 6.7 10.6 6.8 6.1 14.6 2.5 12.4 15.4 9.9 9.5 0 6.3 3.8 7.0 * 18.6 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 T o ta l........................... Secondary school teachers $240 6.5 $223 6.4 $265 6.7 500,000or m ore............ 250,000 and under 500.000......................... 100.000 and under 250.000. . .............. . 50,000and under 100,000. 224 5.5 198 5.1 264 6.0 200 5.7 187 5.5 222 5.9 255 288 7.8 8.9 253 278 8.1 9.1 259 301 7.4 8.6 100.0 In dollar terms, differences in size of salary changes also varied. A fourth of the teachers were in cities where average annual salaries rose $50 but less than $100; an additional fifth were 1 The period covered is from the beginning of the 1948-49 to the beginning of the 1950-51 school year. 7.7 24. G 5.2 7.7 19.8 5.0 8.1 7.7 5.1 2.4 6.7 1 The period covered is from the beginning of the 1948-49 to the beginning of the 1950-51 school year. 2 In several cases cost of living or other temporary salary adjustments were reported as part of the salary structure during the later period covered but were excluded in the earlier period. Percent Percent Percent A ll size groups.............. 50.000 and under 100.000 Under 2.5....... ...................... 2.5 and under 5.0............... 5.0 and under 7.5__________ 7.5 and under 10.0_________ 10.0 and under 12.5________ 12.5 and under 15.0....... ........ 15.0 and under 17.5________ 17.5 and under 20.0....... ....... 20.0 and over......................... Under 50_________________ 50 and under 100. ________ 100 and under 150_________ 150 and under 200_________ 200 and under 250_________ 250 and under 300__________ 300 and under 350................. 350 and under 400_________ 400 and under 450.......... ...... 450 and under 500__________ 500 and over______________ Increases in salaries, 1949 to 1951, for— Elementary school teachers 100,000 and under 250,000 Dollars per year 1.— Dollar and percent increases in salaries of public school teachers, by size of city and type of school, 1 9 4 9 -5 1 1 All teachers 250.000 and under 500.000 Percent a ble City size group 500,000 or more 5 6 employed by communities where average pay rose $200 but less than $250. In the Southeast, as in the preceding decade, salaries rose proportionately more than in any other region—12.5 percent from 1949 to 1951; the smallest gain, 3.1 percent, was reported for the Mountain region. Increases in other regions ranged from 3.8 percent in the Pacific to 8.7 percent in the Border States. The indexes which reflect these percentage changes are shown in tables 3 and 4. Two series1 of indexes are presented: One is computed on a 1939 base for comparison with the indexes pre viously published, and the other on an average 1947-49 base. Although cities were regrouped by size in accordance with the 1950 Census of PopulaT 4 . — Indexes of average salaries paid elementary and secondary public school teachers in cities o f 5 0 ,0 0 0 or more, 1 9 2 5 -5 1 a ble Cities of 50,000 or more: Total Year T 3 . — Indexes o f average salaries fo r public school teachers in cities o f 5 0 ,0 0 0 or more, by region,1 1 9 2 5 -5 1 a ble A ll teach ers Elementary and secondary teachers in cities of— Ele 100,000 50.000 men Second 500,000 250.000 and ary and and or tary teach under under under teach more 500.000 250,000 ers * 100.000 ers i Indexes (1947-49*100) Year id New Mdle id South Moun Pa South Great Mdle Eng Atlan Border States east Lakes West west tain cific land tic Indexes (1947-49*100) 1925____ 1927---1929---1931---1933___ 1935---1937___ 1939.... 1941.... 1943.... 1945— 1947_ — 1949— 1951 — 62 64 66 67 65 62 68 70 71 76 80 88 112 120 64 65 69 73 73 68 72 76 77 79 82 94 106 112 53 58 61 62 59 57 60 63 65 69 77 87 113 123 52 56 58 61 51 48 49 56. 57 63 76 88 112 126 61 62 65 66 58 55 60 63 64 70 79 88 112 121 59 62 65 66 62 58 61 64 65 70 75 88 112 119 54 58 60 61 50 51 54 58 59 63 73 86 114 123 58 62 65 65 60 58 62 68 69 73 78 93 107 110 53 57 59 63 59 57 61 65 66 70 76 88 112 116 94 100 104 105 87 89 94 100 102 109 126 149 198 214 86 91 96 96 88 85 91 100 102 108 115 137 158 163 82 89 91 97 91 88 95 100 103 109 118 137 173 180 Indexes (1939==100) 1925.... 1927___ 1929___ 1931___ 1933— 1935___ 1937___ 1939.... 1941___ 1943___ 1945___ 1947___ 1949___ 1951___ 89 91 94 96 93 88 97 100 102 108 115 126 160 172 84 85 90 95 95 89 94 100 101 104 107 123 139 147 85 92 97 99 94 90 95 100 103 109 123 139 179 195 94 101 105 110 92 87 89 100 103 113 137 159 201 226 96 98 102 104 91 86 94 100 101 110 124 138 177 190 93 97 102 104 97 90 96 100 101 109 118 138 175 186 1 The 9 regions are composed as follows: New England— Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Vermont; Middle Atlantic— New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania; Border States— Delaware, District of Columbia, Kentucky, Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia; South east— Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Caro lina, Tennessee; Great Lakes— Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Ohio, Wisconsin; Middle West— Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota; Southwest— Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, Texas; M oun tain— Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, New Mexico, Utah, Wyoming; Pacific—California, Nevada, Oregon, Washington. 1925................... 1927.................. 1929.......... ........ 1931.................. 1933.................. 1935.................. 1937.................. 1939................... 1941.................. 1943................... 1945................... 1947................... 1949.................. 1951................... 60 62 65 67 63 60 64 68 69 73 79 90 110 117 59 61 63 66 63 60 64 68 70 73 79 89 111 118 61 63 66 68 63 61 65 68 69 73 78 91 109 116 64 64 67 71 69 65 69 73 74 77 80 92 108 114 58 62 65 67 58 55 60 65 66 72 79 88 112 118 57 60 63 64 59 56 60 64 65 69 78 88 112 121 55 57 60 62 59 55 60 64 66 69 77 88 112 122 90 94 99 101 92 88 94 100 102 109 123 138 176 190 86 90 94 97 92 87 94 100 103 109 121 138 176 192 Indexes (1939=-100) 1925................... 1927................... 1929................ 1931................... 1933.................. 1935.................. 1937................... 1939.................. 1941__________ 1943................... 1945........... . 1947.................. 1949............. 1951................ 88 91 95 99 93 88 94 100 102 107 116 132 162 173 86 89 93 97 92 88 94 100 103 108 116 131 163 173 90 93 97 100 93 89 95 100 101 107 115 133 160 171 87 88 92 97 94 89 95 100 101 105 109 126 148 156 90 95 100 103 90 85 93 100 102 111 121 135 173 183 * Includes kindergarten and regular and atypical elementary school teach ers. > Includes junior and senior high school teachers. tion, no changes in methods were introduced. Because of the linking method used, changes such as reclassification of cities by size do not affect the continuity of the indexes. Changes in City Public School Teachers’ Salaries, 1951—53 about $500 lower on the average than those for secondary-school teachers; actually, the dollar increase was slightly greater for secondary-school teachers ($543) than for grade-school teachers ($513). Average salary increases for teachers in ele mentary schools varied narrowly among the four city-size groups studied—from 13.0 to 14.6 percent. For secondary-school teachers, the vari ation was almost as narrow—from 11.9 to 13.8 per cent. Pay increases for both types of teachers were proportionately the highest in the smallest cities, but dollar increases were greatest in cities of more than 500,000 population. In these cities, over half of the teachers were in areas where average salaries were increased $600 or more; in contrast, less than a fourth of the teachers in the smallest cities were employed where increases of similar amounts were put into effect. Dollar increases in the Southeast and South west, where salary levels were the lowest, were smaller than for the other regions. Average salaries of teachers in 6 of the 9 regions showed higher relative gains than in the Southeast. The 11.4 percent increase for teachers in the Southwest was the lowest recorded in any region (table 3). School teachers in the Middle West showed the highest relative gain over the 2-year interval— 16.4 percent. of public-school teach ers in cities of 50,000 or more population increased $526, or 13.6 percent, from the 1951 to the 1953 school year. The percentage increase during this period was substantially exceeded in only one previous 2-year interval since 1925; from 1947 to 1949, average salaries rose by more than 20 percent. From 1951 to-1953, they rose almost as much as hourly pay of factory workers and salaries of another large group of municipal workers—firemen and policemen—and more than salary rates of Federal classified workers.1 In dexes which reflect the changes in teachers1 pay from 1925 to 1953 are shown in table 1. A v e r a g e a n n u a l s a l a r ie s Salary Trends, 1951-53 In all communities studied, teachers1pay scales advanced from 1951 to 1953. Over 9 out of 10 teachers were employed in school districts where the increases amounted to 7.5 percent or more. Teacher employment was about evenly distrib uted among communities in which salaries in creased 7.5 but less than 12.5 percent, 12.5 but less than 15 percent, and 15 percent or more. In monetary terms, almost 7 out of 10 teachers were in areas where salaries were raised by $400 but less than $700. (See table 2.) During the 1953 school year, the median salary was approximately $4,400. About 25 percent of the teachers were in school systems where salaries averaged $4,800 or more, and 28.5 percent were in those where average salaries were less than $4,000. Salaries of elementary-school teachers rose 13.9 percent from 1951 to 1953—slightly more than the 13-percent increase recorded for instructors in secondary schools (table 3). The greater per centage increase for elementary-school teachers was traceable to the fact that their salaries were Salary Trends, 1941-53 Over the entire period covered by the index series—1925 to 1953—the total advance in urban teachers1salaries amounted to about 122 percent. Their salaries fluctuated up and down during the 19301s; most of the gain occurred after 1941.12 From 1941 to 1953 urban teachers1 salaries rose by about 93 percent on the average—equivalent to an annual rate of increase of a little more than 5 percent. 1 Salary rates of Federal employees rose by 9.1 percent, hourly pay for factory workers by 14.3 percent, and salary scales of firemen and policemen by about 14 percent. The change in maximum salary rates for firemen and policemen is partly estimated. The information for firemen and policemen refers to scales in effect in January of each year; for Federal workers, in July; and for factory workers, in September. ^ Usually in a long-term analysis of this type, 1939 data are used for com parison with later periods; however, in this instance, it was not feasible to begin with 1939. Actually, the rise in average salaries between 1939 and 1941 was only about 1J4 percent and presumably the distribution from 1941 to 1953 would be essentially the same as if the earlier period had been used. 7 8 T able 1 . — I n d e x e s o f average salaries o f p u blic-sch ool teachers in cities o f 5 0 f i 0 0 or m o ref b y typ e o fsc h o o lt s iz e o f c i t y , a nd reg io n , 1 9 2 5 - 5 8 1 [1947-49=100] T ype of school Year 192 5 ...____ ______ 1927_____________ 1929_____________ 1931_____________ 1933_____________ 1935........................ 1937_____________ 1939............... ......... 1941..____ _______ 1943_____________ 1 94 5 ...____ _____ 1947_____________ 1949____ ____ _ 1951_____ _____ _ 1953..____ ______ All teachers R egion 4 Size of city 250,000 100,000 50.000 Ele Second 500,000 and and and men under under under ary 3 or more tary 2 .500,000 250,000 100.000 60 62 65 67 63 60 64 68 69 73 79 90 110 117 133 59 61 63 66 63 60 64 68 70 73 79 89 111 118 134 61 63 66 68 63 61 65 68 69 73 78 91 109 116 131 64 64 67 71 69 65 69 73 74 77 80 92 108 114 130 58 62 65 67 58 55 60 65 66 72 79 88 112 118 134 57 60 63 64 59 56 60 64 65 69 78 88 112 121 136 55 57 60 62 59 55 60 64 66 69 77 88 112 122 139 1 In constructing the indexes for all teachers, the effects of period-to-period changes in the proportion of elementary and secondary teachers and in the proportions of teachers among city size groups were excluded from changes in average salaries in this table and in table 3. 2 Includes kindergarten and regular and atypical elementary-school teachers. 3 Includes junior and senior high-school teachers. 4 The regions used in this study are: N e w E n g la n d —Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Vermont; M id d le A tla n tic — New Eng land 62 64 66 67 65 62 68 70 71 76 80 88 112 120 136 M id d le Border Atlantic States 64 65 69 73 73 68 72 76 77 79 82 94 106 112 129 53 58 61 62 59 57 60 63 65 69 77 87 113 123 139 South Great M id d le South M oun Pacific West west tain east . Lakes 52 56 58 61 51 48 49 56 57 63 76 88 112 126 142 61 62 65 66 58 55 60 63 64 70 79 88 112 121 135 59 62 65 66 62 58 61 64 65 70 75 88 H2 119 138 54 58 60 61 50 51 54 58 §9 63 73 86 114 123 137 58 62 65 65 60 58 62 68 69 73 78 93 107 110 125 53 57 59 63 59 57 61 65 66 70 76 88 112 116 134 New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania; B o rd er States —Delaware, District of Columbia, Kentucky, Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia; S o u th ea st — Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee; G reat L a k es —Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Ohio, Wisconsin; M id d le W est— Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota; S ou th w est— Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, Texas; M o u n ta in — Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, New Mexico, Utah, Wyoming; P a cific —California, Nevada, Oregon, Washington. 9 T able 2.— Percentage d istribu tion o f p u blic-sch ool teachers in cities o f 5 0 ,0 0 0 or m ore , according to average sa la ry in crea ses , 1 9 5 1 - 5 3 Percentage of teachers1 employed in school systems with specified average salary increases Cities of— Increase in average salary All cities 250.000 100,000 50.000 and 500,000 and and or more under under under 500.000 250,000 100.000 I n p ercen ta g e term s Under 5.0................................. 5.0 and under 7.5_______________ 7.5 and under 10.0______________ 10.0 and under 12.5_____________ 12.5 and under 15.0___________ . 15.0 and under 17.5_________ 17.5 and under 20.0_____________ 20.0 and under 22.5_____________ 22.5 and under 25.0___________ _ 25.0 and over______________ T otal____________________ 1.1 7.6 13.3 17.1 31.0 8.4 14.9 3.6 2.5 .5 0 1.9 15.3 9.9 48.5 4.6 14.8 2.4 2.6 0 0 9.5 9.6 38.3 10.0 4.0 28.6 0 0 0 3.6 16.4 13.6 15.6 23.4 7.4 11.4 3.6 5.0 0 1.1 8.1 11.5 18.0 18.9 20.2 9.2 8.8 1.5 2.7 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 T able 3.— teachers , 1 9 5 1 -5 3 In crea ses in average salaries o f public-school b y ty p e o f school , siz e o f c ity , a nd region. Increases in salaries, 1951 to 1953, for— City-size group and region I n dollars p e r year Under 200..______ _____________ 200 and under 300______________ 300 and under 400______________ 400 and under 500______________ 500 and under 600________ _____ 600 and under 700______________ 700 and under 800______________ 800 and under 900______________ 900 and over________________ _ 3.8 6.9 10.1 25.8 17.6 24.3 7.9 2.8 .8 0 1.9 0 28.4 12.9 41.3 10.5 5.0 0 4.9 4.6 15.8 32.0 25.1 12.1 0 0 5.5 12.4 11.5 19.8 22.5 12.9 14.2 3.4 3.3 0 1.1 13.5 15.7 19.8 27.1 9.9 12.9 0 0 T otal_____________________ 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 1 In this and in table 4, em ploym ent of all teachers in the school sys tem was distributed according to the average salary increase in the system. Atypical teachers, who comprise 3.5 percent of the total number of teachers, are not included. The rise in teachers’ salaries from 1941 to 1953 exceeded that for policemen and firemen, whose maximum salary scales rose an estimated 83 per cent. During the same 12-year period, salary rates of Federal classified employees advanced about 75 percent.3 However, teachers’ pay lagged far behind the rise in average hourly earnings for factory production workers, which increased 155 percent during this period. From 1941 to 1953, communities employing over half of the public-school teachers increased their average pay by 80 but less than 120 percent, as table 4 indicates. About 13 percent of the teachers (almost all in New York City) were em ployed where there were increases of 50 but less than 60 percent. There was less intercity variation in dollar than in percentage increases. Communities employing 3 For data on movements of salaries of firemen and policemen, see M onthly Labor Review, June 1950 (p. 633), January 1952 (p. 52), and July 1953 (p. 723); and of Federal classified employees, M onthly Labor Review, M ay 1951 (p. 537), M a y 1952 (p. 545), and September 1953 (p. 958). half of the urban-school teachers advanced salaries an average of $1,900 but less than $2,200 between 1941 and 1953. Eleven of the 18 cities of half a million or more population (including New York, Philadelphia, and Chicago) gave increases within this range. Eleven percent of the teachers were in communities where increases averaged $2,600 but less than $2,700 over the 12-year period. Among the communities with increases of this magnitude were Minneapolis, Detroit, and Los Angeles. All teachers ElementarySecondary-school school teachers teachers Dollars Percent Dollars Percent Dollars Percent T otal__________________ 526 13.6 513 13.9 543 13.0 13.4 C ity -size g r o u p 500.000 or m ore________ 250.000 and under 500,000 100,000 and under 2 5 0 .0 0 0 50,000 and under 100,000 R eg io n 599 13.8 582 14.1 627 491 13.3 483 13.7 503 12.7 435 500 12.5 14.2 430 487 13.0 14.6 441 520 11.9 13.8 475 636 455 365 483 579 381 478 645 13.0 14.9 12.7 12.6 11.7 16.4 11.4 13.3 15.7 480 618 470 370 463 587 379 458 621 13.9 15.2 13.8 13.3 11.7 17.4 11.7 13.2 15.8 467 665 433 356 519 565 382 511 678 11.8 14.4 11.2 11.5 11.6 14.8 11.0 13.3 15.4 1 New England ________ M iddle Atlantic_______ Border States__________ Southeast______________ Great Lakes___________ M iddle W est__________ Southwest_____________ M ountain_____________ Pacific_________________ 1 See footnote 4 to table 1 for composition of regions. Average dollar increases varied relatively little among communities of different size. There was greater uniformity of dollar increases among com munities of 500,000 or more than among smaller communities. This uniformity was due in part to the fact that New York City alone employs about 30 percent of all teachers in cities of half a million or more and perhaps to the relatively smaller number of cities of this size. In 1953, average salaries of public-school teachers were more than double their 1941 level in all but the largest cities. From 1941 to 1953, teachers’ salaries rose pro portionately more on the average in the South east and Southwest than in the other regions (tables 1 and 4); dollar increases were greatest in Great Lakes and Pacific Coast cities. All urban 10 T able 4.— P ercentage distribu tion o f p u blic-sch ool teachers in cities o f 6 0 , 0 0 0 or m o r e , according to average sa la ry in crea ses , b y siz e o f c ity a nd reg io n . 1 9 4 1 - 6 3 1 Percentage of teachers employed in school systems with specified average salary increases Region * Size of city Increase in average salary All 100,000 50.000 teachers 500,000 250.000 and and and or under under under more 500.000 250,000 100.000 N ew Eng land M iddle Border South Atlan States east tic Great M iddle- South M ou n Pacific tain Lakes west west In percentage terms Under 50................................................ 50 and under 60.................................. 60 and under 70________ __________ 70 and under 80................................... 80 and under 90.................................... 90 and under 100.................................. 100 and under 110................................ 110 and under 120.............. ___............ 120 and under 130__________ _______ 130 and under 140................. .............. 140 and under 150................................ 150 and under 160................................ 160 and under 170.......... ............. ....... 170 and over.................................... . 0.4 13.4 3.2 5.5 19.7 4.6 18.2 10.5 7.2 6.6 3.4 2.1 3.5 1.7 0 29.5 0 6.7 27.5 2.6 22.5 9.1 2.1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13.1 8.6 14.6 9.9 14.4 16.7 14.5 3.3 0 4.9 0 0 0 2.9 4.7 .8 13.7 5.9 17.1 6.5 13.0 18.1 8.1 1.8 5.3 2.1 1.7 0 1.5 5.8 13.0 3.9 12.6 13.3 6.2 10.4 8.3 5.1 11.9 6.3 0 0 6.8 4.7 45.3 0 28.6 14.6 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.3 52.0 1.1 9.1 23.7 4.8 8.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 31.7 0 5.5 27.5 25.7 3.8 5.8 0 0 0 0 0 11.8 0 0 0 7.5 0 5.1 36.9 17.7 0 13.0 8.0 0 0 0 3.6 32.5 0 21.1 11.7 11.8 6.6 2.3 1.9 5.7 2.8 0 0 0 21.3 0 0 14.9 10.3 15.2 30.1 0 0 8.2 0 0 0 0 0 0 7.8 6.3 36.3 14.7 0 11.1 12.4 7.4 4.0 0 0 39.5 0 0 0 20.3 0 14.0 0 0 26.2 0 0 0 0 4.5 6.5 9.6 19.9 49.6 9.9 0 0 0 0 0 0 T otal........................................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Under $1,500......................................... $1,500 and under $1,600...................... $1,600 and under $1,700____________ $1,700 and under $1,800...................... $1,800 and under $1,900____________ $1,900 and under $2,000..................... $2,000 and under $2,100_____ _______ $2,100 and under $2,200...... ................ $2,200 and under $2,300............... ....... $2,300 and under $2,400______ _____ $2,400 and under $2,500...................... $2,500 and under $2,600____ _______ $2,600 and under $2,700............... ....... $2,700 and under $2,800...................... $2,800 and o v e r.................................... 1.9 1.6 1.0 4.5 6.7 23.7 11.6 14.9 5.7 7.8 6.0 2.3 10.9 0 0 0 0 0 41.9 9.3 17.7 0 6.3 5.5 0 19.3 7.1 0 4.5 6.0 0 14.6 4.7 24.8 15.8 13.5 3.3 5.7 2.8 3.6 0 9.4 16.5 8.2 22.2 11.5 3.9 7.9 3.4 4.5 3.9 1.4 4.0 1.6 7.8 15.5 8.0 9.5 5.2 12.8 6.9 12.1 2.3 8.1 4.3 0 4.7 9.0 18.2 22.4 4.1 25.2 4.6 7.5 0 0 2.5 1.3 0 1.2 8.4 64.6 8.5 2.8 2.0 5.5 0 3.2 0 0 0 16.8 12.2 22.6 0 11.3 5.8 27.5 0 11.8 14.4 7.5 11.5 7.0 0 20.6 19.2 2.7 5.3 0 0 0 0 0 14.9 21.3 18.2 0 6.6 15.2 15.7 0 0 0 2.9 4.9 14.2 43.0 15.8 7.8 3.2 8.2 0 0 0 59.8 0 0 14.0 0 0 0 26.2 0 0 0 0 5.9 6.3 7.8 9.3 15.5 4.6 13.2 T otal......................... ................. 100.0 100.0 In dollar terms .9 .5 0 0 0 0 0 100.0 100.0 1.1 1.1 100.0 3.3 1.5 100.0 0 0 0 100.0 0 0 0 100.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4.0 4.8 32.8 5.0 8.9 9.1 2.5 26.6 3.9 2.4 100.0 100.0 100.0 0 3.8 8.1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100.0 0 0 0 0 100.0 3.3 34.1 0 0 100.0 1 Changes in average salaries for individual school systems were affected by shifts in the proportion of elementary- and secondary- school teachers between 1941 and 1953. During this period, the proportion of elementary teachers increased from about 56 to about 61 percent of all urban teachers; as their salaries were lower in general, the average increases shown here are below the rise that would have been shown if the proportions had remained constant. * See footnote 4 to table 1 for composition of regions. teachers in the Southwest, included in the survey, were employed in communities where average salaries were raised by at least 90 percent. In the vSoutheast, over half were employed in com munities where the average increase amounted to 130 percent but less than 150 percent. In the Middle Atlantic, New England, and Pacific re gions, no increase averaged as much as 120 per cent. The most common change in three re gions—New England, Border States, and Great Lakes—was 80 to 90 percent. In the Middle Atlantic region where almost half of the urban teachers were in New York City, the average increase was less than 60 percent. The average dollar increase in cities employing about 65 percent of the teachers in the Middle Atlantic region was $1,900 but less than $2,000, About 2 out of 5 urban teachers in the Southwest were employed in communities in which the aver age salary was raised by $2,000 but less than $2,100. Changes in City Public School Teachers’ Salaries, 1953—55 Differences by City Size. U r b a n s c h o o l T E A C H E R S, average annual salaries increased from the 1953 to the 1955 school year. The increase, however, was appreciably smaller in this period than during the preceding 2 years or in the other 2-year periods following World War II, except 1949-51. From 1953 to 1955, the increase averaged 7.9 percent, or $345; from 1951 to 1953, it was 13.6 percent, or $526 (tables 1 and 2). The fact that average salaries increased less from 1953 to 1955 than they did from 1951 to 1953 was due largely to two factors: smaller adjustments in salary scales in a number of school systems and a marked expansion in employment of new teachers. About 26,000 or over 10 percent more teachers were employed by the communities studied in 1955 than in 1953. This expansion was much sharper than in the preceding 2-year period when employment rose by less than 14,000, or a little over 5 percent. Frequently, newly hired teachers are paid the minimum of their salary range, thus tending to reduce average salary levels. In each city-size group, the increases in average salaries were smaller than in the preceding 2 years. The comparatively modest increases in cities of 500,000 or more, particularly for secondary teachers, had the effect of holding down overall average change for all urban areas studied. In the largest city-size group, only a third of the instructors were employed by communities where the average salary increase amounted to 7.5 T ms-551 Increases in average salaries, 1953-55, for— City-size group and region All teachers Elementaryschool teachers * Secondaryschool teachers * Dollars Percent Dollars Percent Dollars Percent T otal................................. 345 7.9 375 9.0 298 6.4 332 371 368 328 6.8 8.9 9.4 8.2 410 385 358 319 8.8 9.6 9.6 8.4 206 348 385 343 3.9 7.8 9.3 8.0 311 361 257 260 394 280 368 466 336 7.6 7.4 6.3 8.0 8.6 6.8 9.8 11.4 7.1 328 469 269 236 416 262 378 473 337 8.4 10.1 6.9 7.5 9.5 6.7 10.4 12.1 7.4 289 203 240 304 354 314 353 455 335 6.6 3.8 5.6 8.8 7.1 7.2 9.1 10.4 6.6 C ity -siz e g r o u p Salary Increases, 1953-55 500,000 or more................. 250,000 and under500,000. 100.000 andunder250,000. 50.000 and under 100,000- Variations inAmount of Increases. Average salary increases from 1953 to 1955 varied among city school systems from less than 2.5 to more than 20 percent, although nearly three-fifths of the teachers were in cities where average pay rose by 5 but less than 10 percent. (See table 3.) Slightly more than half of the teachers were in communities that advanced salaries at least 7.5 percent on the average, in contrast to more than nine-tenths between 1951 and 1953. In dollar terms, advances of $300 but less than $400 were the most common, being put into effect in cities that employed a third of the teachers studied. A fifth were in school systems that had increases of $400 but less than $500 and another fifth worked in cities where teachers’ average salaries rose $200 but less than $300. 1 .— In crea ses in average salaries o f p u blic-sch ool teachers , b y ty p e o f school , siz e o f c it y t and regio n , able R eg io n 4 New E ngland-................. Middle Atlantic.............. Border Spates.................. Southeast......................... Great Lakes..................... M iddle W est................... Southwest........................ M ountain........................ Pacific............................... i In computing average salaries and salary increases, all teachers in each system were classified according to the average salary in that system. Changes in average salaries exclude the effects of period-to-period changes in the proportions of teachers among city-size groups. * Includes regular elementary-school teachers, kindergarten teachers, and teachers of atypical children. 3 Includes junior and senior high-school teachers. 4 The regions used in this study are: N e w E n g la n d — Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Vermont; M id d le A tla n tic — New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania; B ord er S tates —Delaware, District of Columbia, Kentucky, Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia; S ou theast— Ala bama, Florida, Georgia, Mississippi, North Carolina, SouthCarolina,Tennes see; G reat L a k e s — I llin o is , Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Ohio, Wisconsin; M id d le W e s t— Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota; S ou th w est— Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, Texas; M o u n t a in — Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, New Mexico, Utah, W yom ing; P a c ific — California, Nevada, Oregon, Washington. li 12 T able 2.— In d e x es o f average salaries o f p u blic-sch ool teachers i n cities o f 5 0 ,0 0 0 or m ore , b y typ e o f school , s iz e o f c it y , a nd region , bien n ia lly 1 9 2 5 - 5 5 1 [1947-49=100] T yp e of school Year 1925......... 1927.......... 1929.......... 1931.......... 1933.......... 1935.......... 1937......... 1939.......... 1941.......... 1943_____ 1945_____ 1947_____ 1949......... 1951_____ 1953.......... 1955.......... All teach ers 60 62 65 67 63 60 64 68 69 73 79 90 110 117 133 143 Elemen tary 2 Second ary 4 59 61 63 66 63 60 64 68 70 73 79 89 111 118 134 146 61 63 66 68 63 61 65 68 69 73 78 91 109 116 131 139 Size of city Region 4 100,000 500,000 250.000 50.000 or and under and under and under more 500.000 250,000 100.000 64 64 67 71 69 65 69 73 74 77 80 92 108 114 130 139 58 62 65 67 58 55 60 65 66 72 79 88 112 118 134 146 57 60 63 64 59 56 60 64 65 69 78 88 112 121 136 149 55 57 60 62 59 55 60 64 66 69 77 88 112 122 139 150 1 See footnote 1, table 1. * Includes regular elementary-school teachers, kindergarten teachers, and teachers of atypical children. New Eng land 62 64 66 67 65 62 68 70 71 76 80 88 112 120 136 146 M iddle Border South Atlan States east tic 64 65 69 73 73 68 72 76 77 79 82 94 106 112 129 139 53 58 61 62 59 57 60 63 65 69 77 87 113 123 139 148 52 56 58 61 51 48 49 56 57 63 76 88 112 126 142 153 Great Lakes 61 62 65 66 58 55 60 63 64 70 79 88 112 121 135 147 M iddle South West west 59 62 65 66 62 58 61 64 65 70 75 88 112 119 138 147 54 58 60 61 50 51 54 58 59 63 73 86 114 123 137 150 M ou n Pacific tain 58 62 65 65 60 58 62 68 69 73 78 93 107 110 125 139 53 57 59 63 59 57 61 65 66 70 76 88 112 116 134 143 * Includes junior and senior high-school teachers. 4 For composition of regions, see footnote 4, table 1. percent or more from 1953 to 1955. By contrast, more than three-fifths of the teachers in each of the three other city-population groups worked in school systems that reported average increases of this size. In the largest communities, over twofifths of the teaching staff was in school systems where the increase averaged $300 but under $400; in none of these did the average salary rise as much as $500. In each other community-size group, some schools advanced salaries by at least $500—this was true for 1 out of 5 teachers in centers of 100,000 but less than 250,000 population. 9.3 percent in those with 100,000 but less than 250,000 population. Dollar advances for these teachers were also the smallest in the largest cities. The average increase in salaries of secondaryschool instructors in the large cities was affected by the decline in the average pay for such teachers in New York City—a decline which had resulted from the addition of almost 2,000 junior highschool teachers, hired at lower rates than those paid teachers with longer experience. 1 However, the rise in average salaries for secondary-school teachers would have been proportionately lower Variations by Type of School. Salary changes among community-size groups were more uniform for elementary-school staffs than for secondaryschool staffs. Increases for grammar-school teach ers ranged from 8.4 percent in the smallest com munities to 9.6 percent in cities of 100,000 but less than 500,000 population. Although grade-school teachers in the largest communities (500,000 and over) received the greatest dollar increases in pay, percentagewise their increases were slightly under the 9-percent average gain for all such teachers. Secondary-school teachers’ salary increases ranged from 3.9 percent in the largest cities to l The increase in the number of junior high-school teachers in New York C ity represented a rise of about 59 percent from 1953 to 1955, compared with 7.5 percent in elementary schools and 2.4 percent in senior high schools. The New York Times (Jan. 30, 1954, and Mar. 16, 1954) reported that although the New York C ity school population as a whole declined in the 1954-55 school year compared with the 1953-54 year, there was an increase of about 18,000 junior high-school students caused b y the wartime increase in the birthrate and the transfer of some 7th and 8th grade classes from elementary to junior high schools. Part of the rise in the number of junior high-school teachers was traceable to the classification of teachers of atypical classes in 1955 according to the grade level to which they were assigned, whereas for merly they had all been classified in the elementary group. It is not believed that the redistribution of these teachers had an appreciable effect on the indexes of salary trends, since in 1953 they represented only 5.1 percent of all New York C ity teachers and their salary levels were not markedly different. 13 Percentage Distribution of Public-School Teachers in Selected City-Size Groups, by Average Annual Salary, 1955 Regional Differences. Grammar- and high-school teachers in the Mountain States registered greater salary gains that those in any other geographic region. The next highest increases, percentage wise, occurred in the Southwest, which also made the greatest relative gain in teacher employment. The smallest percentage salary increase for ele mentary teachers was recorded in the Middle West. Because of the sharp rise in employment of new teachers in New York City (which employed about 30 percent of all teachers in the largest city-size group), the Middle Atlantic region showed the lowest average salary advance for secondary-school teachers. (Indexes of these salary changes are presented in table 2.) Salary Trends, 1925-55 From 1925 to 1955, average annual salaries of urban public-school teachers increased 138 per cent, with most of this rise occurring after World War II. From 1945 to 1955, salaries increased at an annual rate of 6 percent (for a total advance of 81 percent), contrasted with a rate of 3 percent a T able 3.— Percentage distribution of 'public-school teachers 1 in cities of 6 0 ,0 0 0 or more, by average sa la ry increase,2 1963-66 Percentage of teachers1employed in school systems with specified average salary increases Cities of— Increase in average salary All cities 250.000 100,000 50.000 500,000 and under and under and under or more 500.000 250,000 100.000 P ercen t Under 2.5....................... 2.6 and under 5.0.......... 5.0 and under 7.5.......... 7.5 and under 10.0____ 10.0 and under 12.5___ 12.5 and under 15.0----15.0 and under 17.5___ 17.5 and under 20.0___ 20.0 and over................ 4.0 13.7 30.2 28.4 14.5 6.3 2.0 .6 .3 2.1 20.5 43.8 27.2 6.4 0 0 0 0 8.8 4.0 15.1 33.2 31.9 7.0 0 0 0 3.8 8.6 24.4 16.1 23.9 14.5 7.6 0 1.1 4.6 13.3 21.0 40.9 7.4 8.9 1.2 2.7 0 T otal__________ 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Under 100........ - .......... 100 and under 200____ 200 and under 300 ----300 and under 400____ 400 and under 500_____ 500 and under 600_____ 600 and under 700----700 and under 800------800 and over.................. 3.4 8.4 22.8 33.9 22.0 6.3 2.2 .7 .3 2.1 5.0 26.1 42.3 24.6 0 0 0 0 6.1 6.7 13.7 27.1 34.4 7.0 5.0 0 0 3.8 10.3 16.5 28.9 17.7 18.2 2.8 .8 1.1 3.4 14.2 30.1 27.9 13.0 4.9 3.8 2.7 0 T otal................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 D o lla rs p e r yea r in the biggest cities compared with the other com munities even if information for New York Cityhad been excluded. On the whole, cities in the two largest size groups expanded their high-school staffs relatively more than their elementary-school staffs. i Excludes teachers of atypical children; such teachers comprise 2.7 percent of the total. 1 See footnote 1, table 1. N ote: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal 100. 14 year between 1939 and 1945 and less than 1 per cent annually in the years prior to 1939. Intercity Differentials. The range of average salaries for teachers in all city school systems was significantly narrower in 1955 than before the war. By 1955, the spread from the lowest to the highest average salary had been reduced to about 100 percent, whereas in 1941 the comparable differential was about 200 percent. City averages in 1955 ranged from less than $3,000 to more than $6,000, with almost half of teachers being em ployed in communities paying average salaries of at least $4,800.2 (See chart.) In 1955, more than four-fifths of the teachers in the biggest population centers were employed where salaries averaged at least $4,800. In com munities of less than 100,000, salaries for a fourth of the teachers averaged $4,800 or more and for almost another fourth, $4,400 but less than $4,800. ^ If the lower and upper tenths of the average salary distribution are excluded, the range in cities employing four-fifths of the teachers would be from $3,771 to $5,655 in 1955; in 1941, the corresponding range was $1,489 to $3,449. The differential was thus reduced from about 130 percent in 1941 to about 50 percent in 1955. Changes in City Public School Teachers’ Salaries, 1955—57 of urban public school teachers increased 10.2 percent or $480 from the 1955 to the 1957 school year (table 1). This gain was greater than that which took place in the pre ceding 2 years but was well below the record 22 per cent advance reported from 1947 to 1949. (See table 2.) Average salaries of urban teachers in the 1956-57 school year were 132 percent above their level in 193J8-39 and 163 percent above the level prevailing in the school term ending in June 1925. From the school year 1954-55 to 1956-57, teach ers’ average salaries increased much more sharply than the Consumer Price Index, about as much as the average hourly earnings of factory workers, and slightly less than the hourly pay of a major group of office employees—those employed by the Na tion’s railroads. From the 1938-39 to the 1956-57 school year, teachers’ average salaries increased more than the Consumer Price Index, but much less than the pay of factory wage earners and rail road office workers.1 A v e r a g e a n n u a l s a l a r ie s Changes from 1955 to 1957 By Amount. Almost 3 out of 4 urban teachers were in cities that raised pay at least 7.5 percent f r o 1955 to 1957. Three out of 5 were in school systems where average salaries rose 7.5 but less th: :i 15 percent, and 1 teacher in 8 was employed where increases were 15 percent or more. (See table 3.) By contrast, presumably because of changes in average length of service, earnings de clined in 8 cities, employing 4 percent of all t r;sellers surve3^ed. Pay increases were less uniform measured in dol lars than in percentage terms. Dollar gains ranged from below $100 to more than $900, with about a fifth of the teachers being employed in communi ties where salaries increased by at least $800. An other fifth were employed where salaries advanced by $500 but less than $600. For the most part, the greatest dollar increases occurred where pay levels were already above average. The rise in average salaries of urban teachers from the 1954-55 to the 1956-57 school year was probably somewhat smaller than the increase in their salary scales. The communities surveyed expanded their teaching forces by about 23,000, or 8.5 percent, during this interval and, since newly hired teachers are frequently paid the minimum of a salary scale, this expansion would tend to hold the rise in average salaries below the increase in scales. By Size oj City. In contrast with most earlier periods and with the whole period since 1925, the greatest proportionate increases in teachers’ pay were recorded in the largest cities—those with at least half a million inhabitants. One-third of the teachers in these large communities were in school systems where average pay advanced 12.5 but under 15 percent. Although the average increase in pay was smaller in cities of 250,000 but less than a half million, 15 percent of the teachers in this community size group were em- 1 From September 1954 to September 1956, the beginning of the 1955 and 1957 school years, the average hourly earnings of factory wage earners rose by 10.5 percent and their weekly pay b y 13.3 percent. Pay of railroad office em ployees rose 11.8 percent while the Consumer Price Index advanced 2.1 percent. During the period from September 1938 to September 1956, weekly earnings of factory workers increased 258 percent and hourly earnings b y 227 percent. Hourly pay of railroad office employees increased 178 percent and the BLS Consumer Price Index advanced 95 percent. 15 16 T 1. Increases in average annual salaries of public school teachers, by type o f school, size o f city, and region, 1 95 5 to 1 9 5 7 1 a ble In creases in average an n u al salaries, 1955 to 1957, for— C ity-size group an d region T o t a l.................... ........................... A ll teachers E lem en taryschool teachers 2 Secondaryschool teachers * D o l lars P er cent D o l lars P er cent D o l lars 480 10.2 485 10.7 470 9.6 612 393 391 399 11.7 8.7 9.2 9.3 601 402 416 407 11.8 9.2 10.2 9.9 629 376 353 387 11.5 7.9 8.0 8.4 358 665 493 315 509 451 197 368 546 8.0 12.7 11.6 8.9 10.3 10.4 4.8 8.1 10.7 381 627 514 332 523 464 208 413 569 8.8 12.2 12.6 9.6 10.9 11.1 5.1 9.4 11.7 324 725 466 286 480 426 179 303 512 6.8 13.3 10.4 7.7 9.1 9.2 4.2 6.3 9.5 P er cent City-size group 500,000 or m ore........... ....... ......... 250,000 an d un der 500,000......... 100,000 an d un der 250,000......... 50,000 an d un d er 100,000_____ Region 4 N ew E n g la n d ............................... M id d le A tla n tic .............. ........... B ord er S ta te s ............................... S o u th e a st....... ................... ........... G reat L a k e s . . ______ ________ M id d le W est................................ S o u t h w e s t....................... ........... M o u n ta in ................. ..................... P acific_______________________ 1 In com p u tin g average salaries an d salary increases, all teachers in each sy stem were classified according to the average salary in th a t system . C h an ges in average salaries exclude the effects of period-to-period changes in the proportion s of teachers am on g city-size groups, am on g regions, an d betw een elem entary an d secon dary schools. 2 In clu d es regular elem entary school teachers, kin dergarten teachers, an d teachers of a ty p ic al children. * In clu d es ju n ior an d senior high school teachers. 4 T h e regions used in this stu d y are: New England—C on necticut, M ain e, M a ssa c h u se tts, N ew H am p sh ire, R h od e Islan d , V erm ont; Middle AtlanticNew Je rse y , N ew Y ork, P en n sy lv an ia; Border States—D elaw are, D istric t of C o lu m b ia, K en tu ck y , M ary lan d , V irgin ia, W est V irgin ia; Southeast—A la b am a, F lo rid a, G eorgia, M ississip p i, N orth C arolina, South C arolina, T e n nessee; Great Lakes—Illinois, In d ian a, M ich igan , M in n esota, Ohio, W is consin; Middle West—Iow a, K a n sa s, M issou ri, N eb rask a, N orth D a k o ta, Sou th D a k o ta; Southwest—A rk an sas, L o u isian a, O klahom a, T e x as; Moun tain—A rizona, Colorado, Id ah o, M on tan a, N ew M exico, U tah , W yom ing; Pacific—C aliforn ia, N e v ad a, Oregon, W ashin gton, ployed where increases were 17.5 percent or more. In each of the two community-size groups of under 250,000 population, more than 2 out of 5 teachers were employed by school systems where pay advanced by 7.5 but under 12.5 percent. More than one-fourth of the teachers in the smallest cities studied—those with 50,000 but less than 100,000 population—were in school districts where pay rose an average of 10 but less than 12.5 percent. Some school districts within each size group advanced salaries by as much as $800, but only in the largest cities (with 500,000 or more in habitants) did such increases affect substantial proportions of the teachers; in school systems with more than two-fifths of the teachers in this population group, pay advanced by an average of at least this amount. In the other groups of cities, average salaries typically increased from $200 to less than $600, although substantial numbers of teachers in communities of 250,000 but below 500,000 were employed where pay rose $100 but less than $200. By Region. The greatest proportionate gains in pay were recorded in the Middle Atlantic and Border States (table 1). Salaries of Middle Atlantic high school teachers increased more than did those in any other region, but in elementary schools, proportionately the highest gain (12.6 percent) occurred in the Border States. Salaries of teachers in the Southwest rose less than in any other region—4.8 percent over the 2year period. In the previous 2-year interval, this region ranked second highest in terms of the proportionate gain in pay. By Type of School. The long-term trend for sal aries to rise proportionately more in elementary than in secondary schools continued during 1955 to 1957. The dollar increase was slightly higher in elementary schools as well. The widest differ ences in pay raises between elementary and Percent Distribution of Public-School Teachers in Selected City-Size Groups, by Average Annual Salary, 1957 3032 32- 3 4 - 3634 36 38 38- 4 0 ~ 4 2 - 4 4 - 4 6 - 4 8 * 5 0 - 5240 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 54- 5 6 - 58- 6 0 - 6 2 56 58 60 62 and A V ERA G E A N N U A L SA LA RIES (H u n d r e d s o f D o lla rs ) ° V®r 17 T able 2. Indexes of average annual salaries of 'public-school teachers in cities of 5 0 ,0 0 0 or more, by type of school, size of city, and region, biennially, 1 9 2 5 -5 7 1 [1947-49=100] Sch ool y ear en d in g in Ju n e A ll teach ers 1925____ _____ 1927_________ 1929_________ 1931................... 1933____ _____ 1935............... 1937................... 1939................... 1941_________ 1943_________ 1945_________ 1947_________ 1949............... 1951____ _____ 1953............. 1955................... 1957................... T y p e of school 60 62 65 67 63 60 64 68 69 73 79 90 110 117 133 143 158 R egion 4 Size of city E le m en tary 3 S ec on d ary 3 100,000 50.000 500,000 250.000 or m ore an d un der an d under an d un der 100.000 250,000 500.000 59 61 63 66 63 60 64 68 70 73 79 89 111 118 134 146 162 61 63 66 •68 63 61 65 68 69 73 78 91 109 116 131 139 152 64 64 67 71 69 65 69 73 74 77 80 92 108 114 130 139 155 57 60 63 64 59 56 60 64 65 69 78 88 112 121 136 149 163 58 62 65 67 58 55 60 65 66 72 79 88 112 118 134 146 159 55 57 60 62 59 55 60 64 66 69 77 88 112 122 139 150 164 1 See footnote 1, tab le 1. 1 In clu d es regu lar elem en tary school teachers, kin dergarten teachers, an d teachers of a ty p ic al children. T able 3. Percent distribution o f public-school teachers in cities o f 5 0 ,0 0 0 or more by change in average annual salary / 1 95 5 to 1 957 P ercent of teachers em ployed in school system s w ith specified average an n u al salary changes C hange in average an n u al salary C ities of— A ll cities 500,000 or m ore 100,000 50.000 250.000 an d un der an d under and under 250,000 100.000 500.000 Percent Increases: U n der 2.5................... 2.5 an d un der 5 .0 ... 5.0 an d un der 7.5--7.5 an d un der 10.0.. 10.0 an d un der 12.5. 12.5 and un der 15.0. 15.0 an d un der 17.5. 17.5 an d un der 20.0. 20.0 an d over______ D e c r e a se s3........................ T o t a l___________ 4.3 5.1 13.6 22.8 19.9 17.7 7.8 .7 3.8 4.2 0 2.4 5.1 26.3 19.4 33.3 11.2 0 0 2.2 10.9 8.2 21.0 25.2 9.6 0 4.4 3.4 12.2 5.0 5.8 5.1 19.3 23.3 20.1 7.8 5.2 0 8.2 5.2 5.6 7.7 17.5 14.5 27.6 13.0 7.1 1.0 0 6.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 3.1 6.6 10.9 12.1 15.1 20.8 4.1 4.2 17.0 2.0 4.2 0 2.4 2.8 6.1 13.2 28.8 3.1 0 41.4 0 2.2 3.1 16.0 14.6 17.4 14.3 14.0 0 7.0 0 8.6 5.0 5.8 5.6 21.1 18.2 13.9 12.1 6.0 7.8 1.5 2.7 5.2 5.6 8 .6 11.3 12.3 20.6 21.0 6.7 5.6 2.2 0 6.0 Dollars Increases: U n der 1 0 0 ................ 100 an d un der 2 0 0 ... 200 an d under 3 0 0 .. . 300 an d un der 400.. . 400 an d un der 5 0 0 ... 500 an d un der 6 0 0 ... 600 an d un der 7 0 0 ... 700 an d un der 8 0 0 ... 800 an d under 900. _. 900 an d over............... D ecreases 3______ _____ T o ta l........................ 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 N u m b er of te a c h e rs4. . . 295,500 115,200 44,900 71,700 63,700 1 See footnote 1, table 1. * D ecreases ranged from 0.1 to 1.1 percent. * D ecreases ranged from $3 to $46. « E xclu d es app roxim ately 7,000 teachers of a ty p ic al classes, which are Included in com p u tation of the d a ta presented in tab les 1 an d 2. N o t e : B ecau se of roun din g, su m s of in d iv id u al item s m ay not equal 100. N ew Eng lan d 62 64 66 67 65 62 68 70 71 76 80 88 112 120 136 146 158 M id d le B order A tla n S ta te s tic 64 65 69 73 73 68 72 76 77 79 82 94 106 112 129 139 157 53 58 61 62 59 57 60 63 65 69 77 87 113 123 139 148 165 S o u th east G reat L akes 52 56 58 61 51 48 49 56 57 63 76 88 112 126 142 153 167 61 62 65 66 58 55 60 63 64 70 79 88 112 121 135 147 162 M id d le S o u th M o u n tain W est w est P acific 59 62 65 66 62 58 61 64 65 70 75 88 112 119 138 147 162 54 58 60 61 50 51 54 58 59 63 73 86 114 123 137 150 157 58 62 65 65 60 58 62 68 69 73 78 93 107 110 125 139 150 53 57 59 63 59 57 61 65 66 70 76 88 112 116 134 143 158 * In cludes junior an d senior high school teachers. 4 F o r com position of regions, see footnote 4, table 1. secondary teachers occurred in communities of 100.000 to 250,000 population, where the respec tive increases averaged 10.2 percent ($416) and 8.0 percent ($353), and in the Mountain region where salaries of secondary teachers went up 6.3 percent and those of elementary teachers 9.4 percent. Only in the Middle Atlantic region did secondary school pay rise proportionately more than elementary pay. Long-Term Trends As indicated earlier, average salaries of city public school teachers rose 132 percent between the 1938-39 and the 1956-57 school years. This average increase, however, conceals real differ ences in trends among various communities. Table 4 shows the extent of this variation for the period from the 1940-41 to the 1956-57 school year.2 Increases in individual school systems ranged from 79 percent to about 248 percent. Cities with almost 45 percent of their teachers had raised average salaries by 120 but less than 160 percent. About 85 percent of the teachers were in communities where average salaries in 1957 were at least twice their 1941 level. 2 T h e com parison on a city basis extends from 1940-41, rath er th an from 1938-39, because the d etailed d a ta necessary for these com parisons are not read ily av ailab le for the earlier period. T h e change in average salaries over the 1939-41 period w as less th an 2 percent. 18 T able 4. Percent distribution of public-school teachers in cities o f 5 0 ,0 0 0 or more by salary increases, size o f city , and region , 1941 to 1957 i P ercen t of teachers em ployed in school sy stem s w ith specified average sala ry increases Increase in average a n n u al sala ry Size of city A ll teach ers 500,000 or m 6re R egio n * 250.000 an d un d er 500.000 100,000 an d un der 250,000 50.000 an d un d er 100.000 9 .6 21.4 21.8 25.1 9.9 7.4 4.8 13.8 15.4 19.9 18.3 15.5 12.3 4.3 20.0 17.5 20.7 16.8 12.3 7.2 42.8 33.2 19.4 4 .6 N ew E ng lan d M id d le B o rd er A tlan tic S ta te s S o u th ‘ G reat M id d le Lakes east W est S o u th w est M oun tain P acific Percent U n d er 80_________________ 80 a n d u n d er 100__________ 100 a n d u n d er 120_________ 120 a n d u n d er 140.............. 140 an d u n d er 160_________ 160 an d u n d er 180_________ 180 a n d u n d er 200_________ 200 a n d u n d er 220...... ........... 220 an d u n d er 240...... ........... ______________ 0 .3 13.2 14.4 25.2 18.9 10.4 8.5 6.4 1.5 1.2 T o t a l............................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 U n d er $2,000______ _______ $2,000 an d u n der $2,500___ $2,500 aDd u n d er $3,000___ $3,000 a n d u n d er $3,500___ $3,500 a n d u n der $4,000___ $4,000 a n d o v er......... ............. 0.9 11.2 39.0 41.9 6.9 .1 2.2 24.1 67.0 6.7 16.7 47.3 33.1 2.9 17.9 58.8 19.3 4.0 4.1 16.0 37.6 28.3 13.4 .5 14.6 76.6 8 .9 1.2 33.4 65.4 33.3 13.5 49.7 3.5 T o t a l.____ _________ 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 30.2 17.5 35.6 16.7 1.2 4.8 1.1 51.9 20.7 20.7 5.5 8 .4 25.2 37.9 20.9 7.6 240 a n d o v er 9 .0 5.2 9 .4 33.0 24.4 13.4 10.5 2 .7 4 .9 1.7 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 .8 25.0 49.9 23.9 .5 4 .0 51.9 44.2 20.2 74.3 5.4 17.8 55.4 100.0 100.0 100.0 6.8 14.3 11.9 30.6 22.2 19.8 16.4 8 .6 47.3 8 .5 16.7 18.9 25.1 38.7 38.8 17.8 9 .6 7.1 19.1 7.6 18.2 56.7 8 .7 11.4 2.1 2 .9 100.0 Dollars 7.5 44.3 48.2 100.0 26.8 22.3 71.3 6 .5 100.0 100.0 i C h an ges in average salaries for in d iv id u al school sy stem s were affected b y shifts in the proportion of elem entary- an d secondary-school teachers betw een 1941 a n d 1957. T h e proportion of elem en tary teachers increased from a b o u t 56 to a b o u t 61 Vi p ercent of all u rban teachers b y 1955; since then there h as been no app reciab le change. B ecau se average salaries of elem entary school teachers are frequ en tly lower th an those of secon dary school teachers, the av erage increases show n here are sm aller th an the rise th a t w ou ld be show n if the propo rtion s h a d rem ained con stan t. 2 See footnote 4, tab le 1, for com position of regions. Most of the cities where salaries had not doubled were in the Middle Atlantic States, where salaries in 1941 were relatively high; the remainder were in the Southeast. However, in the Southeast re gion, average salaries for all teachers combined had risen proportionately more than elsewhere; five-sixths of the southeastern city teachers were employed in school systems that had raised-sala ries by at least 140 percent and almost three-fifths, at least 180 percent. Considering the country as a whole, a third of the teachers in cities of 50,000 but fewer than 250,000 population were in school systems where pay had risen at least this amount. In dollar terms, average increases ranged from slightly less than $2,000 to $4,000. Salaries in communities with almost half of all city public school teachers had increased by an average of at least $3,000 between the 1941 and the 1957 school years. ably smaller in 1957 than in 1941. Thus, average salaries in cities employing about three-fourths of the urban teachers ranged from about $1,600 to about $3,400—a difference of about 110 percent— in 1941 compared with $4,200 to about $6,200, or about 50 percent, in 1957. In 1956-57, for the first time, teachers’ average salaries exceeded $3,000 a year in every school system studied (chart). Pay was highest in the large communities; nine-tenths of the teachers in areas of more than 500,000 population worked where pay averaged $5,200 or more; one-half were employed where salaries amounted to an average of at least $6,000 in 1957.3 In communities with less than a half million population, more than one-half of the teachers were employed in school systems where average pay fell below $5,000. Average salaries varied widely among these smaller cities. Only in communities of 250,000 to 500,000 was there any significant concentration: there, about 1 in 6 teachers was employed in cities where salaries averaged $4,400 but less than $4,600, and an equal number was employed where salaries averaged $5,200 but less than $5,400. Levels of Pay in 1957 Pay increases have tended to be proportionately greatest in the communities where salaries were owest in 1941. Consequently, the variation in salary levels among school systems was appreci ^ T h e highest a v e r a g e - $6,555—was reported for New York City. Changes in City Public School Teachers’ Salaries, 1957—59 less than the hourly pay of a major group of office workers—those employed by the Nation's railroads. Although teachers' pay increased more than the average hourly earnings of factory workers over the past 2 years, their salaries rose much less since 1939. The percent increases in urban teachers' average salaries, in average earn ings of factory production workers and railroad office employees, and in the Consumer Price Index from 1938 to 1958 and from 1956 to 1958 were as follows: A n n u a l s a l a r i e s of urban public school teachers increased an average of $424, or 8.2 percent, from the 1956-57 to the 1958-59 school year (table 1). This gain was smaller than the 10.2-percent increase which took place in the preceding 2-year period, and was well below the record advance of 22 percent reported from 1947 to 1949 (table 2). Average salaries of urban teachers in the 1958-59 school year were 152 percent above their level in 1938-39 and 185 percent above the level prevailing in the school term ending in June 1925. Average salary scales from 1957 to 1959 probably increased more than average annual salaries because of the substantial expansion in employment of regular classroom teachers (by 32,000 or 11 percent) and the common practice of paying newly hired teachers the minimum of the salary scale. Teachers' salaries, like those of other wage and salary earners, increased substantially during the 20 years since the beginning of World War II. Their earnings rose at an annual rate of almost 5 percent from 1939 to 1959, as compared with an annual increment of less than 1 percent for the years before 1939. The most significant gains were made from 1945 to 1953, when the annual salary increase rate reached almost 7 percent. During World War II and from 1958 to 1959, salaries rose considerably more slowly, somewhat under 3 percent annually for the war period and only slightly over 4 percent from 1953 to 1959. The slower rate of advance during the latter years was of course affected by the higher earnings levels that resulted from salary increases in previous years. During the period 1957-59 and over the past 20 years, average salaries of urban teachers increased more than the Consumer Price Index but advanced P ercen t increase from — S ept. 19S8 to S ept. 1968 i Urban teachers: Average annual salaries_________ Factory production workers: Average hourly earnings_________ Average weekly earnings________ All railway office employees: Straight-time hourly earnings 2__ Consumer Price Index_______________ S ept. 1966 to S ept. 1968 i 152 8.2 248 273 6.5 4.4 210 106 11.4 5.6 i Dates refer to beginning of school years. a C o m p u ted b y the B u reau o f L ab o r S ta tistic s from In terstate C om m erce C om m ission M -300 reports. T h e average w as co m puted b y d iv id in g to tal com pen sation for tim e w orked an d p aid for a t straigh t-tim e rates b y h ou rs w orked an d p aid for a t straigh t-tim e rates. Variations in Trends Among Cities Almost two-thirds of the Nation's urban teachers were employed by cities where pay rose an average of 5 but less than 15 percent between the 1957 and 1959 school years (table 3). The largest concentration, about one-fifth of all teachers, were employed in school systems where average salaries advanced 10 but less than 12.5 percent. In dollar terms, salaries were raised $300 but less than $700 during the 2-year interval 19 20 Percent Distribution of Public School Teachers in Selected City-Size Groups, by Average Annual Salary, 1959 100 percent, while in a group of communities with one-sixth of the teachers, pay rose an average of 220 percent or more. There was substantial con formity in dollar increases over the 18-year period, with 70 percent of the teachers concentrated in areas where salaries rose an average of $3,000 but less than $4,000. The largest single group, twofifths, was reported in the $3,000 to $3,500 class. For the most part, the greatest dollar increases from 1941 to 1959 occurred where pay levels were already above average. The greatest rise in teachers’ average pay from 1957 to 1959, whether measured in dollars or percent, took place in cities with fewer than 250,000 inhabitants. The largest cities—those with populations of at least 500,000—experienced the smallest average percentage and dollar gains over this period (the average rise in pay in these Long-term tren d s for a ll cities an d for cities in a size grou p or region are d iscu ssed for the period from 1939 to 1959. C o m p ariso n s am on g in d iv id u al cities w ith in a size group o r region extend from 1 9 4 0 - 1941 because d a ta n ecessary for c ity com parisons are n ot read ily a v ailab le for the period from 1939 to 1959. A verage salaries for a ll u rb an teachers rose less than 2 percent from 1939 to 1941. T able 1. I ncreases in Average A nnual Salaries of Public School T eachers in Cities of 50,000 I nhab itants or M ore, by Size of City and R egion, 1939 to 1959 and 1957 to 1959 1 1957 to 1959 1939 to 1959 C ity-size grou p a n d region T o ta l...................................................................... D ollars P ercent $424 8 .2 151.5 $292 442 535 520 5.0 8 .8 11.5 11.2 123.3 166.2 184.4 184.4 701 191 485 459 417 485 374 449 647 14.6 3 .2 10.4 11.7 7.6 10.1 8 .7 9.3 11.5 158.6 113 2 188 9 232 1 176.2 178.1 194.8 141.2 170.8 P ercent C it y -S iz e G r o u p 500,000 or m o re ____________________________ 250,000 a n d u n d er 500,000__________________ 100,000 a n d u n d er 250,000__________________ 50,000 a n d u n d er 100,000______________ ____ by school systems employing over half the teachers. In contrast, earnings in New York City, where 11 percent of all urban teachers were employed, declined somewhat less than $100. Presumably, this countermovement was attributable to the hiring of new teachers and a consequent reduction in the average length of service of New York City teachers. From 1941 to 1959, pay increases also varied among cities, but half the urban teachers worked in areas where average salaries rose 140 but less than 200 percent (table 4).1 In cities with oneeighth of the teachers, pay rose 80 but less than R e g io n 1 N e w E n g la n d ................... ....... ..................... ......... M id d le A tla n tic ______ _____ _________ . . S o u th e ast______________________________ __ G reat L a k e s__________________________ ____ M id d le W est______ _______________________ S o u th w e st______ _________________________ M o u n ta in ______ _______ ________ _________ ............................. P acific..................................... 1 In co m p u tin g av erage salarie s an d sala ry in creases, a ll teachers in each sy stem w ere classified accordin g to the av erage sala ry in th a t sy stem . C h an ges in av erage salaries exclu de the effects of period-to-period changes in the p ropo rtion s o f teachers am o n g city-size groups an d am ong regions. S ala ry d a ta for 1959 in clu de regu lar classroom teachers o n ly; d a ta for 1939 a n d 1957 in clu de kin dergarten teachers a n d teachers o f aty p ical classes as w ell. 1 T h e region s u se d in th is stu d y are: New England—C on n ecticu t, M ain e M a ssa c h u se tts, N ew H am p sh ire, R h od e Islan d , V erm ont; Middle AtlanticNew Je rse y , N e w Y o rk , P en n sy lv an ia; Border States—D elaw are, D istrict o f C o lu m b ia, K e n tu c k y , M a ry la n d , V irgin ia, W est V irgin ia; Southeast— A la b a m a, F lo r id a , G eorgia, M ississip p i, N o rth C arolin a, South C arolina, T en n essee; Oreat Lakes—Illin ois, In d ia n a , M ich igan , M in n eso ta, Ohio, W isconsin; Middle West—Iow a. K an sas, M issou ri, N eb rask a, N orth D a k o ta, S o u th D a k o ta; Southwest—A rk an sas, L o u isian a, O klahom a, T e x a s; Moun tain—A rizon a, C olorado, Id ah o , M o n tan a, N ew M exico, U ta h , W yom ing; Pacific—C aliforn ia, N e v a d a , O regon, W ashington. 21 T able 2. I ndexes of A verage A nnual Salaries of P ublic School T eachers in C ities or M ore, by Size of City and R egion , B iennially , 1925-59 1 of 50,000 I nhabitants [1947-49-100] Size of city All 8chool year ending in June teachers 1925............... 1927................ 1929............... 1931............... 1933............... 1935............... 1937............... 1939............... 1941............... 1943............... 1945............... 1947............... 1949............... 1951............... 1953............... 1955............... 1957............... 1959............... 1961............... Region2 250.000 100,000 50,000 500,000 and under and under and under New Middle Border or more 500.000 250,000 100,010 England Atlantic States 60 62 65 67 63 60 64 68 69 73 79 90 110 117 133 143 158 , 171 3 186 64 64 67 71 69 65 69 73 74 77 80 92 108 114 130 139 155 163 58 62 65 67 58 55 60 65 66 72 79 88 112 118 134 146 159 173 57 60 63 64 59 56 60 64 65 69 78 88 112 121 136 149 163 182 55 57 60 62 59 55 60 64 66 69 77 88 112 122 139 150 164 182 1See footnote 1, table 1. Index figures for 1959 were computed from data which excluded teachers of atypical classes. cities was depressed by the decline in average salaries in New York City). From 1941 to 1959, percentage gains were highest in the smaller cities. All but about 2 percent of the teachers in cities of 50,000 to 250,000 inhabitants worked where salaries had risen 120 percent or more since 1941. Dollar gains during this period, however, were highest in the largest cities; one-fifth of the teachers in these cities worked where salaries rose $4,000 or more between 1941 and 1959. Despite the substantial dollar increase in these cities, percentage gains were well below those of any other city-size group because of the relatively high pay levels that were in effect in 1941. Regional Trends The greatest percentage gains in pay from 1957 to 1959 were recorded in the New England States, followed by the Southeast and the Pacific States. New England and the Pacific States led in terms of dollar gains as well. Although from 1939 to 1959 the salaries of teachers in the Southeast rose by the greatest proportion, more than 230 percent on the average, their pay levels in 1959 were still well below the average for the country as a whole. In the 20-year period, the rise in salaries in New England was close to the average for the entire country. Since 1941, the greatest dollar increases were recorded in the Pacific States; and 1959 salary levels for that region were the highest in the United 62 64 66 67 65 62 68 70 71 76 80 88 112 120 136 146 158 181 64 65 69 73 73 68 72 76 77 79 82 94 106 112 129 139 157 162 South* east Great Lakes Middle West South west Moun tain 52 56 58 61 51 48 49 56 57 63 67 88 112 126 142 153 167 186 61 62 65 66 58 55 60 63 64 70 79 88 112 121 135 147 162 174 59 62 65 66 62 58 61 64 65 70 75 88 112 119 138 147 162 178 54 58 60 61 50 51 54 58 59 63 73 86 114 123 137 150 157 171 58 62 65 65 60 58 62 68 69 73 78 93 107 110 125 139 150 164 53 58 61 62 59 67 60 63 65 69 77 87 113 123 139 148 165 182 Pacific 53 57 59 63 59 57 61 65 66 70 76 88 112 116 134 143 158 176 2 For composition of regions, see footnote 2, table 1. 3 Preliminary. T able 3. P ercent D istribution of P ublic School T eachers in Cities of 50,000 I nhabitants or M ore, by C hange in A verage A nnual Salary 1 from 1957 to 1959, by Size of C ity Percent of teachers employed in school systems with specified average annual salary changes Change in average annual salary Size of city All cities 500,000 250,000 160,000 50,060 or more and under and under and under 500,000 250,000 1 0 0 ,0 0 0 P ercent Increases: Under 2.5............... 2.5 and under 5.0. „ 5.0 and under 7.5--7.5 and under 10.0-_ 10.0 and under 12.5. 12.5 and under 15.0. 15.0 and under 17.5. 17.5 and under 20.0. 20.0 and over.......... Decreases2................... 2 1 .6 2 .6 1 1 .1 28.4 Total................... 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 3.7 9.9 13.7 14.9 14.1 6 .1 2.4 4.5 13.3 8 .3 17.6 23.3 2.3 2.4 1 1 .0 13.2 25.3 IQ . O 15.0 1 0 0 .0 2 .1 8 .2 12.7 9.9 26.0 28.2 4.2 6.5 4.2 1 0 0 .0 3.8 17.2 17.5 2 0 .6 19.4 9.2 3.4 6.7 1 0 0 .0 D o lla rs Increases: Under $100............. $100 and under $200. $200 and under $300. $300 and under $400. $400 and under $500. $500 and under $600. $600and under $700. $700 and under $800. $800 and under $900. $900 and over......... Decreases1................... Total................... Number of teachers. 4.2 3.6 12.9 9.4 15.1 15.3 15.8 3.9 6.2 2.5 1 1 .1 1 0 0 .0 327,600 4.5 1.9 19.7 10.4 13.8 19.0 2.4 11.0 9.1 9.7 25.3 6.1 7.2 8.6 8.0 15.0 28.4 1 0 0 .0 128,200 1.9 6.3 3.2 11.0 22.8 17.8 19.4 8.1 5.1 4.5 2 .1 .5 13.9 14.6 20.3 19.7 10.5 3.6 8 .8 6 .1 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 43,900 80,900 74,600 1See footnote 1, table 1. 2 Decrease was 1.2 percent. 2 Decrease was $81. Note: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal 100. 22 T able 4. Percent D istribution of Public School T eachers in Cities of 50,000 I nhabitants or M ore, bt I ncrease in A verage A nnual Salary F rom 1941 to 1959,1 by Size of City and Region Percent of teachers employed In school systems with specified average salary Increases In crease in average an n u al sala ry Size of c ity A ll teach ers 500,000 or m ore 250.000 an d un der 500.000 R egio n * 100,000 an d un d er 250,000 50.000 an d u n d er 100.000 N ew Eng lan d M id d le A tlan tic B o rd er S ta te s S o u th e ast G reat L ak e s 7.2 21.8 34.4 23.9 7.0 5 .6 8.5 2 .5 12.3 4 .3 3.1 57.0 12.2 1.0 3.5 4 .3 30.6 27.1 11.3 10.8 3 .7 7.8 100.0 M id d le W est S o u th w est M oun tain P acific P ercent 80 an d u n d er 100_________ 100 And u n d er 120__ 120 an d u n der 140 _______ 140 and u n d er lfiO lfiO and u n d er 180 . .... 180 and un d er 200 _ ___ 200 and u n d er 220 220 and u n d er 240 240 and nver ........ 12.1 2.5 11.7 21.6 20.5 8.7 7.0 9.4 6.5 28.4 3.9 13.6 38.4 15.6 T o t a l_______________ 100.0 100.0 1.2 14.9 40.9 29.3 13.7 100.0 1.5 2.4 11.8 5.0 19.1 21.7 9.3 19.9 11.8 3.0 12.7 17.9 14.8 16.2 16.9 16.2 37.6 10.1 34.4 14.7 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 6.8 46.9 25.4 20.9 24.7 44.6 30.7 20.3 36.6 35.7 7.4 5.4 17.1 32.7 28.1 16.7 10.4 52.3 37.3 2 .6 80.8 16.6 37.5 13.7 45.9 2 .9 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 6.9 20.1 17.5 41.3 8.5 5.7 52.2 3 .3 19.9 12.4 12.2 3.1 39.0 15.3 29.9 9.1 12.7 18.5 19.1 10.7 8.5 7 .3 27.9 11.1 48.5 25.8 6 .9 3 .7 1 .4 2.5 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 4.3 21.6 49.2 24.9 75.4 16.1 8.5 45.9 54.1 39.0 33.1 21.0 6 .9 19.9 28.3 51.8 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0“ 19.6 18.4 20.6 26.1 17.3 D o llars U n der $2,500 $2,500 an d u n d er $3,000----$3,000 an d u n d er $3,500____ $3,500 an d u n d er $4,000____ $4,000 an d over___________ T o ta l _ 9 .0 46.6 11.3 33.0 100.0 100.0 * Changes In average salaries for individual school systems were affected by shifts in the proportion of elementary and secondary school teachers between 1941 and 1955. The proportion of elementary teachers increased from 56 to 61.5 percent of all urban teachers by 1955; since then, there has been no appreciable change. Because average salaries of elementary school teachers are frequently lower than those of secondary school teachers, the average increases shown here are smaller than the rise that would be shown if the proportions had remained constant. By 1949, however, the single salary schedule had been adopted by more than 90 percent of the school systems in cities with populations greater than 50,000. * See footnote 2, table 1, for composition of regions. States. In this period, slightly over half of the teachers in the Pacific States worked in school systems having the greatest dollar increases in the United States. Salaries of teachers rose proportionately less in the Middle Atlantic region than in any other— 3.2 percent in the 1957-59 period and 113 percent since 1939. This region had ranked highest in terms of the proportionate gain in pay between 1955 and 1957. Slightly more than 50 percent of the teachers in the Middle Atlantic region worked in systems where salaries did not double between 1941 and 1959. school systems was appreciably smaller in 1959 than it had been in 1941. In 1941, average salaries in cities employing about three-fourths of the urban teachers ranged from about $1,600 to about $3,400 (a difference of about 110 percent), compared with $5,000 to about $6,800 (about 35 percent) in 1959. Although salary increases in recent years tended to compress the percentage range between the high- and low-salary cities, the dollar difference did not change since 1941. Pay remained highest in the large communities: nine-tenths of the teachers in areas of more than 500,000 inhabitants averaged $5,400 or more; two-thirds were em ployed where salaries averaged at least $6,000.2 In areas with a population of 250,000 to 500,000, the pay of two-thirds of the teachers averaged $5,200 or more. In communities with less than 250,000 inhabitants, only about half of the teachers were employed in school systems with average pay of $5,200 or more. The variation in salaries was especially marked among these smaller cities. Pay Levels in 1959 In 1958-59, urban teachers’ average salaries exceeded $3,400 a year in every school system studied (chart). Because pay increases during the 18-year period tended to be proportionately greatest in the communities where salaries were lowest in 1941, the variation in salary levels among ^ In this city-size group, the highest average, $6,725, was reported for San Francisco. A few cities in smaller city-size groups, however, paid higher average salaries. Changes in City Public School Teachers’ Salaries, 1959—61 of urban public ele mentary and secondary school teachers 1rose more in dollar terms—an average of $493, or 8.9 per cent—during the 2 school years ending June 1961 than in any 2-year period since 1951 to 1953.2 Proportionate salary increases were greater only twice between 1951 and 1961 (table 1)—1951-53 and 1955-57. Average annual salaries in 1961 were 174 percent above the prewar (1939) level and 205 percent above the level in 1925 (table 2). Salary scales probably advanced somewhat less than average salaries in the 1959-61 period, since employment of urban public school teachers rose only about 5.8 percent. Most school systems increase pay with length of service and hire new teachers at the minimum scale; in periods of marked expansion of employment, the influx of new teachers may reduce average salaries, but when there is little growth in employment, teachers' average salaries will rise because of length-of-service increases. The 8.9-percent increase in teachers' salaries occurred while the Consumer Price Index rose 2.5 percent. Over the 20-year period from 1941 to 1961, teachers' salaries rose substantially more than the Consumer Price Index and more than the salaries of two other groups of government A v e r a g e a n n u a l s a l a r ie s 1 T h is su m m ary relates to regu lar classroom teachers, excluding supervisors It is b ased on PublicSchool Salaries Series Research Reports, p u blish ed bien n ially b y the N atio n al E d u catio n A ssociation of th e U n ited S ta te s. In dexes of change were com piled b y the B u re a u of L ab o r S ta tistic s. Sch ool years are referred to here either in term s of th e calen dar year in w hich the school sessions ended or in te rm s of both calen dar years; th u s the 1961 school year refers to the period beginning in th e fall of 1960 an d ending in 1961. D a ta refer to the average change in salaries for a ll teachers in a school sy stem , in cluding length-ofservice in crem en ts. F o r a description of the m eth o ds u sed in com piling these indexes, see Salary Trends: City Public School Teachers, 1925-69, B L S R e p o rt 194. 2 T h e $526 (13.6 percent) increase d u ring the period 1951-53 w as the highest adv an ce since 1947-49 in b oth a c tu al an d relative term s. T h e 1955-57 average increase w as $480, or 10.2 percent. 3 T h e average earn in gs of factory produ ction w orkers w ere influenced to some extent b y changes in the p roportion of w orkers in v ariou s occupations an d in du stries, alth ough it is clear th a t w age rate s of these w orkers also rose s u b stan tially m ore th an salaries of teachers. A verage salaries of F ed eral w hite-collar w orkers also rose som ew hat m ore th an u rb an teach ers’ average an n u al salaries, b u t th is m easu re o f F ed eral p a y w as greatly influenced b y a factor th a t d id n ot influence th e teach ers’ sala ry in dex— changes in the proportion o f professional, technical, an d other higher p aid govern m en t em ployees. and principals, in cities of 50,000 in h ab itan ts or m ore. employees—maximum salary scales of firefighters and police patrolmen in urban areas and basic salary scales or salary rates of Federal classified employees. They rose about as much as straighttime hourly earnings of railway office employees but much less than the earnings of factory pro duction workers,3 as indicated by the following tabulation: Percent increase from—1 1941 to 1959 to 1961 1961 Urban teachers: Average annual salaries_______________ Federal classified employees:2 Basic salary scales____________________ Average salary rates__________________ Average salaries_______________________ Firefighters and police patrolmen:3 Maximum salary scales_______________ All railway office employees: Straight-time hourly earnings 4_______ Factory production workers: Average hourly earnings______________ Average weekly earnings______________ Consumer Price Index_____________________ 169 8. 9 112 124 186 7. 7 7. 3 11. 5 140 6. 9 165 7. 5 246 252 111 7. 1 6. 5 2. 5 1 F o r item s other th an teachers, increases d ate from A u g u st 1939 and J u ly 1958 to J u l y 1960 for F ed eral classified em ployees (there w as no appreciab le change in b asic sala ry scales or av erage sala ry rates betw een A u g u st 1939 an d the fall of 1940); Ja n u a r y 1940 an d Ja n u a r y 1958 to Ja n u a r y 1960 for fire fighters an d police patro lm en ; an d S ep tem b er 1940 an d S ep tem b er 1958 to Sep tem b er 1960 for railw ay office em ployees an d factory produ ction w orkers. 2 B a sic sala ry scales reflect sta tu to r y changes in salaries; av erage sala ry rates show , in add itio n , the effect of m erit or in-grade sala ry increases; an d average salaries also include the effect of changes in the proportion of w orkers em ployed in the vario u s p a y grad es. See also B L S R epo rt 200, Salary Trends: Federal Classified Employees, 1989-60 an d su p p lem en t for 1960-61. 3 See B L S R ep o rt 233, Salary Trends: Firemen and Policemen, 1924-61. * C o m p u ted b y the B u re a u of L ab o r S ta tistic s from In terstate Com m erce C om m ission Series M -300 reports. T h e average w as co m p u ted b y d iv idin g to tal com pen sation for tim e w orked an d p aid for a t straigh t-tim e rates b y h ou rs w orked an d p aid for a t straigh t-tim e rates. Changes From 1959 to 1961 All but about 3 percent of the teachers were employed where average earnings increased from 1959 to 1961 but there was substantial variation in the increases among cities (table 3). About 25 percent of the teachers were employed where salaries rose an average of 5 but less than 7% percent, and the same proportion where the in creases amounted to 10 but less than 12% percent (chart 1). An additional 7 percent were employed 23 24 in nine cities where pay rose 15 but less than 25 percent; of the 22,000 teachers in the nine cities where salaries rose by these amounts, about two-thirds were in Chicago.*4 In five cities, employing about 2.5 percent of the teachers, average salaries declined (less than 1 percent in each city), presumably as a result of T able 1. I ncreases in A verage A nnual Salaries op U rban P ublic School T eachers, by Size op C ity ani > R egion , 1939 to 1961 and 1959 to 1961 1 an increase in the proportion of new teachers employed at the minimum salary rate. There was even less uniformity in salary changes measured in dollars rather than in percentage terms. Almost one-fifth of the teachers, most of whom were employed in school systems where average salaries already exceeded the national average, received increases in pay averaging at least $800, whereas about half as many were employed where salaries either did not rise or rose less than $200 a year. j 1959 to 1961 1939 to 1961 City-size group and region Dollars Percent Percent All teachers............................................... $493 8.9 174.1 C ity -Size G roup 1,000,000 or more 2....................... ....................... 500,000 or m ore2----------------------------------------500,000 and under 1,000,000_________________ 250,000 and under 500,000------- -------- ---------100,000 and under 250,000---------------------------50,000 and under 100,000______ _____________ 762 629 408 450 397 405 11.9 10.3 7.2 8.2 7.7 7.9 (*) 146.4 (*) 187.5 206.2 205.9 R egion 4 N ew E n g la n d ....___ _____ _______________ M iddle Atlantic____ _____ _______________ _ Border States---------------------------------------------Southeast-------------------------------------------- ------Great L akes2------------ - ---------------------------M iddle W est_____________ ___________ _____ Southwest__________________ _____ _________ M ountain________ ________ _______________ Pacific-------------------------------------------------------- 532 604 413 326 528 426 279 418 635 9.7 9.9 8.0 7.4 9.0 8.1 6.0 7.9 10.1 181.6 134.7 212.1 257.1 201.1 201.1 212.4 160.5 198.2 1 In computing average salaries and salary increases, all teachers in each system were classified according to the average salary in that system. Changes in average salaries exclude the effects of period-to-period changes in the proportions of teachers among city-size groups and among regions. Salary data for 1959 and 1961 include regular classroom teachers only; data for 1939 include kindergarten teachers and teachers of atypical classes as well. The latter groups are so small their effect was negligible. * Data for Chicago pertain to 1958 and 1960. * N ot com puted for years before 1959. 4 The regions used in this study are: N e w E n g la n d — Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Vermont; M id d le A t l a n t i c N e w Jersey, N ew York, Pennsylvania; B o r d e r S tates— Delaware, District of Columbia. K entucky, Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia; S ou theast— Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee; G reat L a k e s — Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Ohio, Wisconsin; M id d le W e st— Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota; S ou th w est —Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, Texas; M o u n ta in — A r iz o n a , Colorado, Idaho, Montana, New Mexico, Utah, W yom ing; P a c ific — California, Nevada, Oregon, Washington. T able 2. A verage A nnual Salaries of City-Size Group. In contrast with most periods between 1941 and 1961, teachers’ salaries rose proportionately more in the largest cities— those with a population of at least 1 million— than in smaller communities. In three large cities, employing about a fifth of all urban teachers, average annual salaries rose at least 10 percent with the largest increase averaging $1,060, or 17 percent.5 The greatest uniformity in pay in creases occurred in communities with populations By 4 Data for Chicago pertain to 1958 and 1960. 4 The three cities were Chicago, with an increase of $1,060, or 17 percent (from 1958 to I960); N ew Y ork, $893, or 13.8 percent; and Los Angeles, $661, or 10.0 percent. U rban P ublic School T eachers, I ndexes , 1925-611 by Size and R egion , B iennial South Great M id d le east L akes3 West South M ou n P acific tain west of Crry [1957-59=100] Size of city School year ending in June 1925................. 1927................. 1929............... . 1931................. 1933..............1935_________ 1937............... 1939................. 1941................. 1943..............1945................. 1947................. 1949____ _____ 1951_________ 1953. — .......... 1955................. 1957_________ 1959.-............. 1961........ ......... All teachers 1,000,000 500,000 or more 3 or more 37 38 40 41 38 37 39 41 42 44 48 55 67 71 81 87 96 104 113 (4) 0) 0) 0) (*) (4) 6) (4) (4) (4) 0) 0) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) 102 114 40 40 42 45 43 41 43 46 47 48 50 58 68 72 82 87 98 103 113 500,000 and under 1,000,000 (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) 104 112 * See footnote 1, table 1. 2 For composition of regions, see footnote 4, table 1. Region 2 250.000 and under 500.000 100,000 and under 250,000 50.000 and under 100.000 35 37 39 40 35 33 36 39 40 43 48 53 68 71 81 88 96 104 113 33 35 37 37 34 33 35 37 38 40 45 51 65 70 79 86 95 106 114 32 33 35 36 34 32 35 37 38 40 45 51 65 71 80 87 95 105 114 New M id d le Eng Atlan Border land tic States 37 38 39 40 38 37 40 41 42 45 47 52 66 71 80 86 93 40 41 43 4C 46 43 45 48 48 50 51 59 67 70 81 87 98 31 33 35 36 34 33 35 36 38 40 44 50 65 71 80 85 95 106 102 112 105 113 116 30 32 33 35 29 27 28 32 32 36 38 50 64 71 81 87 95 105 113 36 37 39 39 35 33 36 38 38 42 47 52 67 72 80 88 96 35 37 38 39 37 34 36 38 38 41 44 52 66 70 81 87 95 104 113 105 113 3 Data for Chicago pertain to 1958 and 1960. 4 N ot computed for years before 1959.. 33 35 37 37 31 31 33 35 36 38 45 52 70 75 84 92 96 104 111 37 40 41 41 38 37 40 43 44 47 50 59 68 70 80 89 96 105 113 32 34 35 38 35 34 37 39 40 42 46 53 67 70 80 86 95 105 116 25 of 500,000 but less than a million. Almost threefourths of the teachers in these communities were in school systems where salaries rose an average of 5 but less than 1U percent. The greatest di versity of salary changes occurred in cities with populations of 50,000 but less than 100,000, where increases ranged from less than $100 (2.5 percent) to more than $900 (20 percent); 3 of the 6 cities in which average salaries decreased were in this size group or in cities of 100,000 but less than 250,000. B y Region . The greatest absolute and percentage salary advances from 1959 to 1961— more than $600 or about 10 percent— took place in cities in the Pacific and Middle Atlantic regions, where average salaries were highest in 1959. The per centage gain in New England cities was almost as great. The smallest gains were in the Southeast ($326 or 7.4 percent) and Southwest ($279 or 6.0 percent). In the 1959 school year, teachers in cities of the Southeast received the lowest average annual salaries and those in the Southwest ranked next to the lowest. Long-Term Trends Average annual salaries of teachers in the coun try as a whole rose 174 percent from the last pre war school year (1939) to the 1961 school year.7 All but 2 percent of that increase occurred be tween 1941 and 1961— the years for which salary data are available by school systems. During the two decades, one-third of the teachers were in communities where salaries at least tripled, and all but 0.3 percent were in school systems where average salaries at least doubled. Over onethird were emploved where average salaries rose $3,500 but less than $4,000 and four-fifths were employed where average salaries rose from $3,000 to less than $4,500. Dollar increases in pay were more uniform than were percentage increases, with the lower wage communities having greater propor tionate increases in pay than the high salary areas. In the Southwest, all teachers were employed where average salaries increased $3,000 but less than $4, 000 over the 20-year period; more than 75 percent of them were employed where average pay rose $3,000 but less than $3,500 (table 4). More than 85 percent of the Middle Western teachers were in cities in which 1961 salaries T able 3. D istribution op U rban P ublic School T eachers, by C hange in A verage A nnual Salary 1 and Size of City , 1959 to 1961 Percent of teachers em ployed in school systems with specified average annual salary changes Change in average Size of city All cities 1,000,000 or more 500,000 and under 1,000,000 250,000 100,000 50,000 and and and under under under 500,000 250,000 100,000 P ercent Increases: Under 2.5 2.5 and under 5.0. 5.0 and under 7.5. 7.5 and under 10.0. 10.0 and under 12.5...................... 12.5 and under 1 5.0___ 15.0 and under 17.5 _ 17.5 and under 20.0 20.0 and over Decreases 2__ _ N o change T o ta l.......... . 9.8 14.9 47.0 24.5 9.0 4.7 32.1 7.9 2.1 17.4 22.7 6.7 7.0 12.0 23.3 23.7 19.8 13.6 35.2 24.5 23.1 11.1 9.2 5.7 7.9 1.3 3. 4 12.7 22. 2 11.4 14.1 23.0 14.8 41.3 6.4 17.6 1.4 .3 .1 2.4 .4 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 8.1 .6 1.6 1.7 100.0 100.0 D ollars Increases: Under $100.......... $100 and under $200................... $200 and under $300.................... $300 and under $40 0 ................... $400 and under $500.................... $500 and under $600.................... $600 and under $700. ................... $700 and under $800 $800 and under $900..................... N um ber of teachers _ 5.3 1.2 1.0 3.7 7.9 12.3 13.7 11.4 18.0 14.2 9.8 15.0 9.4 19.8 14.9 12.0 16.5 13.2 40.8 24.8 15.3 21.5 23.3 8.8 13.4 17.2 13.8 26.2 24.2 14.0 7.2 8.1 2.5 8 .6 5.7 5.3 4 .7 5.4 2.8 2.8 8.1 2 .7 1.4 1.6 1.7 3.2 11.7 5.1 2. 4 .4 41.3 17.6 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 ________ _ _. _ 346,400 80, 700 48,600 47, 400 88,500 81,300 $900 and over Decreases 2 N o change Total 1.3 5.4 _ 1 See footnote 1, table 1. 2 Decreases occurred in 3 cities in each of the indicated size groups, and ranged from 0.4 to 1.0 percent and from $18-$56. N ote : Because of rounding, sums of individual items m ay not equal 100. ? Changes in average salaries were affected b y shifts in the proportion of elementary and secondary school teachers between 1941 and 1955. The pro portion of elementary teachers increased from 56 to 61.5 percent o f all urban teachers b y 1955; since then, there has been no appreciable change. Because average salaries of elementary school teachers are frequently lower than those of secondary school teachers, the average increases shown in table 4 and dis cussed here are smaller than would have occurred had proportions remained constant. B y 1949, the single salary schedule had been adopted b y more than 90 percent of school systems in cities with populations exceeding 50,000^ 26 exceeded those in 1941 by an average of $3,500 but less than $4,000. No city in any region except the Southeast increased average salaries less than $3,000, and in the Pacific States, the smallest advance was $3,500. Average increases in teachers’ salaries of at least $5,000 occurred in a few Pacific Coast cities and in one Great Lakes city. W ith one exception all were school systems in suburban areas with 50,000 but less than 100,000 inhabitants. In the Pacific States, 60 percent of the teachers were employed where average salaries rose at least $4,500. The percentage pay increases ranged from a low of 80 percent to a high of 320 percent for one community. Over one-fifth of the teachers were employed in cities where pay rose 180 but less than 200 percent. In the Middle Atlantic cities, where pay levels for teachers were high in 1941, T able 4. D istribution of 60 percent were in school systems that raised average salaries less than 140 percent. In the Southeast, with its relatively low salaries, almost, three-fourths of the teachers were in school systems where increases averaged at least 240 percent and one-fourth were in systems where pay had increased at least 260 percent. Salary Levels in 1961 The lowest average annual salary of teachers in any city of 50,000 population or more was $3,800 in 1961; 2 years earlier it was $3,500. In 1961, all but the highest and lowest one-eighth of the teachers worked in communities where average salaries ranged from $4,800 to about $7,300, a range of about 52 percent. Because increases in pay during the war and postwar period have been proportionately greater in low-wage than in highwage cities, tnis range was much smaller than in U rban P ublic School T eachers, by I ncrease C ity , and R egion , 1941-61 in A verage A nnual Salary , Size of P ercen t of teachers em ployed in school sy ste m s w ith specified average salary increases Region 1 Size of city Increase in average annual salary All teach ers 500,000 250,000 and 1,000,000 and under or m ore3 1,000,000 under 500,000 100,000 and under 250,000 50,000 and under 100,000 New M id d le Eng Atlan Border land tic States South Great east Lakes2 M id dle South M ou n Pacific tain West west P ercent 80 and under 100____ ____ 100 and under 120. ............. 120 and under 140............... 140 and under 160............... 160 and under 180........... 180 and under 200............... 200 and under 220............... 220 and under 240............... 240 and under 260............... 260 and under 280................. 280 and over......................... 0.3 10.0 5.1 9.7 16.1 22.2 11.4 7.7 8.9 5.5 3.0 T otal.......................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 $2,500 and under $3,000___ $3,000 and under $3,500___ $3,500 and under $4,000___ $4,000 and under $4,500___ $4,500 and under $5,000___ $5,000 and over.................... 3.7 19.0 36.0 25.8 14.0 1.4 51.1 11.4 37.5 31.0 34.9 26.9 7.2 T otal........................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 1.3 41.3 9.8 11.4 37.5 10.8 29.2 34.9 25.0 1.3 7.8 11.7 12.2 18.9 11.4 19.0 11.8 4.6 1.2 1 .1 5.4 8.0 16.2 14.3 20.9 14.1 10.9 8.1 29.3 22.4 18.9 23.1 3.3 100.0 100.0 100.0 12.0 11.0 40.3 28.5 8.1 34.2 23.0 37.3 5.6 9.0 18.8 33.3 25.5 7.3 6.1 100.0 100.0 100.0 21.9 26.3 22.1 24.0 5.7 100.0 1.6 48.2 10.1 19.0 15.3 5.7 i 8.3 26.3 36.2 5.6 26.6 13.7 5.4 7.6 43.9 21.2 5.4 100.0 100.0 100.0 19.8 45.4 34.8 14.1 75.7 10.2 36.1 15.4 45.8 2.7 100.0 100.0 100.0 3.1 4.6 19.1 9.9 21.3 24.0 ” i9.‘ 6 ' 19.6 20.3 5.6 26.9 6.2 1.4 15.5 6.6 37.6 i 30.2 9.1 ' “1.5.8" 19.8 13.7 10.1 18.2 7.3 8.9 23. 4 5.9 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 8.1 23.4 40.6 27.3 .6 4.2 87.1 8.7 76.3 23.7 15.8 54.9 23.4 5.9 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 5.4 15.1 55.7 15.2 3.7 1.1 3.7 100.0 D ollars 1 See footnote 4, tab le 1, for com position of regions. 3 D a ta for C hicago p ertain to 1958 a n d 1960. 30.3 23.4 14.5 31.7 100.0 9. 6 30.9 51.0 8.5 100.0 N ote : B ecau se o f roun din g, su m s of in d iv id u al item s m a y not equal 100. 27 P ercen t D is tr ib u t io n of P u b lic R e g io n 1 a n d A v e r a g e S ch ool T each ers, by A n n u a l S a la r y , 1 9 6 1 40 N o r th ea st 30 20 10 l ~ H 0 ~ r .4 0 30 P 20 - 10 I n nn N o r t h C en tra l t o a 3 8 * 40- 42- 4 4 - 4 6 -4 8 - 5 0 - 52- 54- 5 6 - 58- 6 0 - 62- 64- 66- 68- 7 0 - 7 2 - 7 4 4 0 4 2 44 46 48 5 0 .5 2 54 5 6 58 6 0 6 2 6 4 66 68 7 0 7 2 7 4 an d A v e ra g e A n n ual S a la rie s (H u n d r e d s o f D o lla r s) O ver 1Tlie regions defined in footnote 4 of table 1 are combined here into larger regions: N orth ea st —N ew England and M iddle Atlantic; S ou th —Border States, Southeast, and Southwest; N o rth C en tra l— Great Lakes and M iddle West; W e s t —Mountain and Pacific. 1941, when three-fourths of the teachers were employed where salaries averaged between $1,600 and less than $3,400, a spread of 110 percent of the lower average. (Actually, in 1959 the range of pay scales was lower than in 1961— from $4,600 to about $6,500 for three-fourths of the teachers, or about 41 percent.) Despite the narrowing of the range, the largest cities still tended to pay the highest salaries in 1961. The very highest salaries, those of at least $7,400, were in five of the smallest cities, but these were suburbs of large cities and employed less than 5 percent of the teachers in the smallest city size group. Almost 80 percent of the teachers in cities with at least a million population were employed where salaries averaged $7,200 but less than $7,400, compared with 9 percent of those in the smallest cities; only half the teachers in the latter group of cities were in school systems where the average was as high as $5,600. The range of average salaries was almost iden tical for the Northeast, North Central, and Western regions. (See chart.) In the South, salaries were lower on the whole. Partly because of the substantial number of relatively small communities in this region, there was less con centration of teachers at any one average than in other regions. Conversely, large concentra tions at high salary levels in the Northeast and West reflect the dominance of a few large cities with large numbers of teachers and high average salaries. Changes in City Public School Teachers’ Salaries, 1961—63 A verage annual s a l a r ie s of public school teachers1 in cities of 100,000 inhabitants or more increased $387, or 6.3 percent, from the 1961 to the 1963 school year (table 1). This rate of gain was among the lowest for the profession in the postwar period, and was appreciably below the 8.9-percent increase of the preceding 2-year period 2 (table 2 ). The smaller increase in average salaries from 1961 to 1963 than from 1959 to 1961 can be at tributed mainly to a substantial expansion in em ployment of new teachers necessitated by an inT able 1. I n c r e a s e s in A v e r a g e A n n u a l S a l a r ie s of U r b a n P u b l ic S c h o o l T e a c h e r s , b y S ize of C it y a n d R e g io n , 1939 t o 1963 a n d 1961 t o 1963 1 1961 to 1963 1939 to 1963 C ity-size group a n d region A ll teach ers.................................................... D ollars P ercent $387 6.3 Percent 195.1 $277 364 494 421 404 3.9 5.4 8.2 7.1 7.3 (2) 158.7 (2) 210.3 229.7 457 350 385 342 289 545 448 323 518 7.4 5.1 6.7 7.0 4.5 9.5 8.8 5.5 7.5 202.4 145.8 233.3 281.3 213.2 226.3 245.7 179.1 217.9 R egion * N ew E n g la n d ____ ___________________ ____ M id d le A tla n tic ..................................................... B o rd er S ta t e s ............................................................ S o u th e ast.................................................................... G reat L a k e s . . ........................................ .................. M id d le W est.............................. .......................... S o u th w e st...................................................... ............ M o u n ta in ................................................................... P ac ific ..................................................... .................... 1 In computing average salaries and salary increases, all teachers in each system were classified according to the average salary in that system. Changes in average salaries exclude the effects of period-to-period changes in the proportions of teachers among city-size groups and among regions. Salary data for 1961*and 1963 include regular classroom teachers only; data for 1939 include kindergarten teachers and teachers of atypical classes as well. The latter groups are so small their effect was negligible. 2 Not com puted for years before 1959. 2 The regions used in this study are: N e w E n g la n d — Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Vermont; M id d le A tla n tic — New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania; B ord er S tates —Delaware, District of Columbia, Kentucky, Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia; S ou theast— Ala bama, Florida, Georgia, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Ten nessee; G reat L a k es— Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Ohio, W is consin; M id d le W e st— Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota; S ou th w est— A r k a n s a s , Louisiana, Oklahoma, Texas; M o u n ta in — Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, New Mexico, Utah, W yom ing; and P a c ific — California, Nevada, Oregon, Washington. 1 This summary relates to regular classroom teachers, exclud ing supervisors and principals, in cities of 100,000 inhabitants or more according to the 19*60 census. It is based on published biennially by the National Education Association of the United States. Indexes of change were compiled by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Earlier summaries included data for cities of 50,000 to 100,000 population. However, the National Education Association (NEA) has changed the basis on which it collects data (from cities with at least 30,000 inhabitants to school districts with student enrollments of at least 6,000). Because of this change, many cities in the 50,000 to 100,000 population group are no longer included in the basic data and that group of cities has been eliminated from our summary. For comparative purposes, 1943 and 19<61 data were adjusted for this change in coverage. School years are referred to here either in terms of the calen dar year in which the school sessions ended or in terms of both calendar years; thus the 1963 school year refers to the period beginning in the fall of 1962 and ending in 1963. Data refer to the average change in salaries, including length-of-service in crements, for all teachers in a school system. For a description of the methods used in compiling these indexes, see (BLS Report 194). 3 See “ City Public Teachers' Salaries, 1959-j61,” Atfril 1963, pp. 411-415. 8 Part of the increase in the number of teachers was caused by the inclusion in this article of some cities where the 1950 population was below 100,000. Previous summaries were based on data for cities classified according to the 1950 census. * In all cities of 100,000 inhabitants or more, there was an increase of approximately 2 million students (13 percent) and 30,000 teachers (11 percent) for the 2-year period. School Salaries Series Research Reports, C ity -Size G roup 1,000,000 in h ab itan ts or m ore.............................. 500,000 or m ore......................................................... 500,000 a n d un d er 1,000,000.................................. 250,000 a n d u n der 500,000.................................... 100,000 a n d u n der 250,000...................................... crease in student enrollment of approximately 3 million (7.7 percent) in the later 2-year period.3 New teachers are generally paid the minimum of the system’s salary range, which tends to reduce average salary levels. In 81 cities with 100,000 in habitants or more, studied in both the 1961 and the 1963 school years, student enrollment increased 10 percent while the number of teachers rose 11 percent, so the student-teacher ratio did not change significantly.4 In the previous 2-year period, the number of teachers rose by appproximately onehalf the 1961-63 increase. A second factor in the lower rate of increase, also present in earlier years, was the need to re place teachers who left the school system. (Re cent National Education Association estimates in dicate that about 8.5 percent of the total teaching staff leave the profession each year.) Many of 29 Trends: City Public School Teachers, 1925-59 Review, Public Salary Monthly Labor 30 the teachers hired as replacements were new to the profession and thus received the minimum salary rate. Over the 20-year period from 1943 to 1963, teachers’ salaries rose twice as fast as the Con sumer Price Index and more rapidly than earnings of railway office employees, salary scales of fire men and policemen, either weekly or hourly earn ings of factory production workers, and the basic salary scales and average salary rates of Federal classified employees,5 as shown in the following tabulation: T able 2. I n d e x e s 1 of A v e r a g e A n n u a l S a l a r ie s P u b l ic S ch o o l T e a c h e r s , b y S ize of R e g io n , S e l e c t e d Y e a r s 2 of U r b a n C it y a n d [1957-59=100] School year ending in June— 1939 A ll teachers.......................................... Size of 1953 1961 1963 41 81 113 121 (3) 46 (3) 39 37 (3) 82 (3) 81 79 114 113 112 113 114 119 119 121 121 122 41 48 36 32 38 38 35 43 39 80 81 80 81 80 81 84 80 80 116 112 113 113 113 113 111 113 116 124 118 120 122 119 124 121 120 124 C ity 1,000,000 inhabitants or m ore...................... 600,000 or m ore............................................... 500,000 and under 1,000,000................... ....... 250,000 and under 500,000............................. 100,000 and under 250,000............................. R egion 4 P ercent increase fr o m 1— Group Urban teachers: Average annual salaries___________ Federal classified employees:2 Basic salary scales_________________ Average salary rates_______________ Average salaries___________________ Firefighters and police patrolmen:4 Maximum salary scales____________ All railway office employees: Straight-time hourly earnings 5____ Factory production workers: Average hourly earnings___________ Average weekly earnings__________ Consumer Price Index_________________ 194S to 196S 1961 to 1963 171 6. 3 112 124 192 No change. (3) 2. 3 162 8.7 153 8. 4 N ew England................................................. M iddle Atlantic........................................... . Border States.................................................. Southeast....... ............................................ — Great Lakes.................................................... M iddle W est.................................................. Southwest....................................................... M ountain.................................................... . Pacific.............................................................. 1 The index numbers for each of the years shown have been rounded to the nearest whole digit. Thus, the 1961 index was rounded down from 113.4 to 113 and the 1963 index was rounded up to 121 from 120.5. This rounding accounts for the difference between the 7.1 percent increase from 1961 to 1963 as indicated here and the 6.3 percent increase shown in table 1. 2 See footnote 1, table 1. 3 Not computed for years before 1959. 4For composition of regions, see footnote 3, table 1. ers ranged from 1 to 7 percent over the 2-year period, while in Chicago— which had the largest 169 5. 3 decrease in annual salaries (2.8 percent or $201)— 158 8. 2 85 2 .7 the number of teachers increased by almost 4,000, 1 For groups other than teachers, increases date from August 1939 and or 28 percent. In the sixth city— Youngstown, July 1960 to July 1962 for Federal classified employees; January 1942 and Jan Ohio— the number of teachers declined by 0.7 per uary 1960 to January 1962 for firefighters and police patrolmen; and September 1942 and September 1960 to September 1962 for railway office employees and cent and salary scales were not changed. factory production workers. In those cities where average salaries rose, there 2 Basic salary scales reflect statutory changes in salaries; average salary rates show in addition, the effect of merit or in-grade salary increases; and was relatively greater uniformity of salary in average salaries also include the effect of changes in the proportion of workers creases than in the preceding 2-year period. employed in the various pay grades. See also Salary T rends: Federal Classi fied E m ployees, 1989-60 (BLS Report 200) and supplement for 1960-61; also About half of all teachers in cities of 100,000 or M onthly Labor Review, October 1964, pp. 1160-1164 for the supplement for more were employed where salaries rose between 1961-64. * Decreased 0.01 percent. 2.5 and 7.5 percent, and an additional 20 per 4 See Salary Trends: Firem en and Policem en, 1924-61) (BLS Report 233); cent were employed where salaries advanced 7.5 also M onthly Labor Review, February 1966, pp. 169-163 for the supplement for 1961-64. but less than 10 percent. * Computed by the Bureau of Labor Statistics from Interstate Commerce The range of salary changes measured in dol Commission Series M-300 reports by dividing total compensation for time worked and paid for at straight-time rates by hours worked and paid for at lars was also more compressed than in the earlier straight-time rates. period. Between $300 and $600, on the average, was added to the salaries of almost two-thirds of Variations in Changes all elementary and secondary school teachers. For 6 percent, increases averaged less than $200; only A m on g Cities . About one-twelth of the teachers about 1.5 percent received increments averaging were employed where average salaries declined at least $800. from 1961 to 1963 (table 3 ). This was a much higher proportion than in the. preceding 2-year 5 A v e r a g e s a l a r i e s o f F e d e r a l w h ite - c o lla r w o r k e r s , in flu e n c e d period. These teachers were in six cities; all but b y th e in c r e a s e in th e p r o p o r t io n o f p r o f e s s io n a l, t e c h n ic a l, a n d o t h e r h ig h e r p a i d g o v e r n m e n t e m p lo y e e s, r o s e m o re t h a n u r b a n one increased the number of teachers. In four te a c h e r s’ a v e ra g e a n n u a l s a la r ie s. T h e m e a s u r e o f c h a n g e s in of the cit ies, the increase in the number of teach t e a c h e r s ’ s a l a r i e s i s n o t in flu e n c e d b y t h i s f a c t o r . 31 T able T 3. D is t r ib u t io n each ers, by and S iz e of C C U of hange in A 1961 to 1963 it y , rban verage P u b l ic School A n n u al Sa l a r y 1 P ercent of teaehers em p loy ed in school sy stem s w ith sp ecified average an n u al sala ry changes C hange in average an n u al sala ry Size of city A ll cities 1,000,000 or m ore 500,000 an d un der 1,000,000 250.000 and un der 500.000 100,000 an d u n der 250,000 change. This was probably due to a large in crease in the number of teachers employed by these cities— almost 17,000 or 21 percent— most of whom were undoubtedly hired at the minimum salary rate. The increase in the number of teach ers and the decrease in average salaries in Chi cago also affected the movement for the size group as a whole. Disregarding Chicago, this size group experienced the smallest increase in both absolute and relative terms. P ercent Increases: U n der 2.5............................. 2.5 a n d u n der 5.0............... 5.0 a n d u n d er 7.5............... 7.5 a n d u n d er 10.0______ 10.0 a n d un d er 12.5........... 12.5 a n d u n d er 15.0........... 15.0 a n d u n d er 17.5........... 17.5 a n d u n d er 20.0........... 20.0 a n d o v e r ...................... D e c re a se s3................................... T o t a l................................. 3 .0 25.2 25.3 20.1 12.1 4.5 1.1 .3 8 .5 100.0 53.4 28.0 4.4 16.1 43.5 27.1 3 .9 5.6 15.5 30.0 24.1 14.0 5.8 3.0 6.4 17.0 25.0 21.8 12.9 9.1 1.7 1.1 18.7 100.0 5.1 100.0 1.9 100.0 5.1 100.0 5.6 5.0 8 .6 9.5 19.2 19.4 15.4 11.5 2.5 2.2 1.7 5.1 D ollars Increases: Under $100 _ $100 a n d un der $200.......... $200 a n d un d er $300____ $300 a n d un d er $400.......... $400 a n d u n d er $500......... $500 a n d u n d er $600.......... $600 a n d u n d er $700_____ $700 a n d u n d er $800.......... $800 a n d u n d er $900......... $900 a n d o v e r___________ D e c re a se s3................................... 2.6 3.1 8.9 29.7 13.5 21.3 6.7 4 .2 1.0 .4 8 .5 18.7 5.1 1.9 T o t a l................................. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 N u m b er o f teach ers................. 318,315 97,305 64,705 73,160 9.0 54.4 17.9 4.4 9.9 23.5 37.7 9.6 10.0 15.9 26.4 15.7 18.0 7.7 6.8 2.0 100.0 83,145 1 See footnote 1, table 1. 3 Decreases occurred in 3 cities in the 100,000 and under 250,000 group and in 1 city in each of the other indicated size groups, and ranged from 0.3 to 2.8 percent and from $17-$201. N ote : Because of rounding, sums of individual items m ay not equal 100* B y C ity-S ize G roup . For the period 1961-63, the increase in salaries was greatest, in both abso lute and relative terms, in cities with 500,000 to 1 million inhabitants. Slightly over 70 percent of the teachers in these cities received increases ranging from 7.5 to 12.5 percent. Teachers in cities with populations of between 100,000 and 250,000 received the next greatest increment in percentage terms, but teachers in cities of 250,000 to 500,000 inhabitants had the second highest ab solute gain. There was great diversity in salary changes within the smallest city-size group (100,000-250,000); advances ranged from less than $100 (0.4 percent) to more than $900 (18 percent). Three of the six cities in which average salaries decreased were in this group. The largest cities, those with a population of 1 million or more, ex hibited the smallest rise in both measures of B y R egion . Teachers in the regions that had the highest average annual salaries in 1961 received relatively smaller increases than those in the regions that had the lowest average salaries in that year. This was true of all regions except the Pacific Coast. The largest relative and dollar sal ary advances from 1961 to 1963 (9.5 percent and $545, respectively) occurred in cities in the Middle West, which had the third lowest average annual salaries in 1961. Smallest gains were in the Great Lakes region ($289 or 4.5 percent), and Middle Atlantic States ($350 or 5.1 percent), which ranked third highest and highest, respectively, in 1961. Long-Term Trends In 1947, the average salary for all urban school teachers was about $3,000. In 1963, the corre sponding figure was $6,600. Over the entire pe riod from 1939 (the last prewar school year) to 1963, average annual salaries of urban teachers in the country as a whole rose 195 percent,6 while the cost of living increased approximately 120 percent. Thus, the real increase in teachers’ salaries was only 34 percent. Over the 22-year period from 1941 to 1963, average salaries in each urban school 6 Changes in average salaries were affected by shifts in the proportion of elementary and secondary school teachers between 1941 and 1955. The proportion of elementary teachers in creased from 56 to 61.5 percent of all urban teachers by 1955; since then, there has been no appreciable change. Average sal aries of elementary school teachers were frequently lower than those of secondary school teachers prior to 1949, by which time the single salary schedule had been adopted by more than 90 percent of school systems in cities with populations exceeding 100,000. As a result, the average increases shown in table 4 are smaller than would have occurred had the proportions remained constant. At present, most school systems pay higher salaries to teachers possessing advanced degrees. Since more secondary school teachers are apt to have these advanced degrees, average salaries for secondary school teachers are usually higher than those of elementary school teachers. The NEA reports that, for a variety of reasons, the elementary and secondary school salary differential has narrowed over the last 10 years. 32 system at least doubled,7 and in cities employing 45 percent of the teachers in 1963 average salaries tripled. In dollar terms, average salaries advanced in each city by at least $3,000 during this period; in cities with slightly more than 75 percent of the teachers, they increased $4,000 or more. From 1941 to 1963, average salaries in each Pa cific Coast city rose at least $4,000, and 92 percent of Pacific Coast teachers were employed in school systems where average salaries advanced at least $4,500 (table 4). All southwestern teachers were employed in schools where average salaries ad vanced between $3,500 and $4,500, and in the Southeast more than half were employed where the increases amounted to $3,000 to $3,500. Aver age salaries rose $4,000 but less than $4,500 in cities employing at least two-thirds of the teach ers in New England, the Middle Atlantic, and 7 Long-term trends for all cities and for cities in a size group or region are discussed for the period from 1939 to 1963. Comparisons among individual cities within a size group or region extend from 1940—£1 because data necessary for city comparisons are not readily available for the period from 1939 to 1963. Average salaries of all urban teachers rose less than 2 percent from 1939 to 1941. 8 The other city was in the Great Lakes region. T able 4. D istribution of the Middle Western States. Salaries rose at least $5,000 in six cities; five of these were on the Pa cific Coast,8 and four had a population of 100,000 but less than 250,000. About half of all teachers were employed where average salaries advanced 120 but less than 220 percent over this period. The smallest increase in average salaries was about 112 percent and the largest about 319 percent. In the Middle Atlantic States, where teachers’ salaries onthe average were high in 1941, systems with 86 percent of the teach ers raised average salaries by less than 160 percent. In the Southwest, where salaries were relatively low at the beginning of the period, sys tems with almost two-thirds of the teachers in creased average salaries at least 260 percent. Salary Levels in 1963 Because pay increases have been proportion ately greater in cities where salaries were lowest in 1941, the variation in salaries among school systems narrowed in the period ending in 1963. The range of salaries in 1941 was about 110 per cent—from $1,600 to about $3,400—in areas em ploying about three-fourths of the urban teachers. U rban P ublic School T eachers, by I ncrease C ity , and R egion , 1941-63 in A verage A nnual Salary , Size of Percent of teachers employed in school systems with specified average salary increases Increases in average annual salary Region 1 Size of city All teachers 1,000,000 or more 100,000 500,000 and under 250.000 and under 500.000 3.9 33.7 29.2 29.3 3.9 2.1 14.6 3.5 13.1 15.0 22.1 6.5 17.6 1.5 9.3 12.5 14.4 14.0 13.7 17.6 15.3 100.0 100.0 1,000,000 and under 250,000 New Middle Border South Great Middle South- Moun Pacific Eng Atlan- States east Lakes West west tain land tic P ercent 100 and under 120. 120 and under 140. 140 and under 160. 160 and under 180. 180 and under 200. 200 and under 220. 220 and under 240. 240 and under 260. 260 arid under 280. 280 and over____ 0.4 15.1 7.5 16.4 15.5 19.0 Total.......... 100.0 100.0 100.0 $3,000 and under $3,500___ $3,500 and under $4,000___ $4,000 and under $4,500___ $4,500 and under $5,000___ $5,000 and over_________ 5.6 18.6 45.4 21.9 8.4 9.0 63.0 17.9 5.1 26.8 48.8 13.7 5.6 Total____________ 100.0 100.0 100.0 D 8.2 44.3 9.0 18.7 10.0 17.9 5.4 5.2 7.4 1.6 1.7 63.5 57.6 21.0 21.3 20.8 .9 11.5 1.7 5.4 34.6 44.2 19.2 11.2 15.7 5.9 17.2 46.6 43.8 15.5 15.3 25.1 12.6 6.1 4.9 1.9 5.3 24.9 25.9 7.0 11.7 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 10.1 5.3 65.5 29.1 9.3 27.0 14.0 39.6 15.5 U. 4 _______ 7.1 _____ 15.9 20.3 20.5 24.6 100.0 100.0 6.3 13.4 62.1 15.3 3.0 100.0 ollars 10.0 1For composition of regions, see footnote 3, table 1. 9.2 10.8 31.6 39.3 23.2 30.3 30.0 5.8 16.3 76.1 7.6 .9 23.1 71.0 4.9 29.6 34.3 26.0 53.9 5.6 4.7 35.9 3.4 61.3 34.1 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 20.0 1.2 9.3 62.3 28.4 55.1 24.6 20.3 100.0 8.3 39.7 52.0 100.0 Note: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal 100. 33 Percent Distribution o f Public School Teachers, b y Region 1 and A v era g e A nnual Salary, 1963 pression of the range, the largest cities still tended to pay the highest salaries in 1963, as indicated in the following tabulation: 1968 average salary Percent All teachers_____________________ _____ $6, 569 C ity-size group 1,000,000 inhabitants or more________________ 500.000 or more_____________________________ 500.000 and under 1,000,000_________________ 250.000 and under 500,000___________________ 100.000 and under 250,000___________________ 7, 426 7, 098 6, 539 6, 341 5, 954 Region New England________________________________ Middle Atlantic_____________________________ Border States_______________________________ Southeast___________________________________ Great Lakes_________________________________ Middle West________________________________ Southwest___________________________________ Mountain___________________________________ Pacific______________________________________ 42- 44- 46- 48- 50- 52- 54- 56- 58- 60- 62- 64- 66- 68- 70- 72- 7444 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60 62 64 66 68 70 72 74 and Average Annual Salaries (Hundreds of Dollars) 1The regions defined in footnote 3 of table 1 are combined here into larger regions: Northeast—New England and Middle Atlantic; South—Border States, Southeast, and Southwest; North Central—Great Lakes and Middle West; and West— Mountain and Pacific. In 1963, a corresponding proportion were em ployed where the range of salaries was about 43 percent—from about $5,400 to about $7,700. In 1963, average salaries exceeded $4,200 a year in every city studied. (See chart.) Despite the com 6, 654 7, 244 6,146 5, 236 6, 748 6, 305 5, 513 6, 169 7, 389 Ninety-one percent of the teachers in cities with a population of 1 million or more were employed where salaries averaged more than $7,000 ; 62 per cent were employed where the average exceeded $7,700. The highest average, $8,176, was reported for San Francisco, a city in the 500,000-1,000,000 population group. In cities of 500,000 inhabitants or more, 89 percent of the teachers were employed where salaries averaged at least $6,000. The range of salaries in the Northeast, North Central, and Western regions was very similar, al though teachers tended to receive slightly higher salaries in the West than in the other two regions. (See chart.) The difference in salaries between the South and other regions was accentuated by the greater proportion of small communities in this region and the fact that these usually pay lower salaries than their northern counter parts. High average salaries in the Northeast and West were due to a few large cities with very large numbers of teachers at high salary levels. Appendix. Scope and Method of Survey This group of in dexes is d esign ed to m e a su re trends in sa la r ie s of an im portant segm ent of the nonm anufacturing la b o r fo r c e . The indexes of te a c h e r s ' sa la rie s r e fle c t the m ovem en t in rates o f pay due both to changes in sa la ry s c a le s (including c o s t -o f-liv in g adju stm ents) and to in c r e a s e s in pay fo r individual te a ch e rs b e ca u se of length of s e r v ic e , m e rit, or im p ro v e d edu cation al q u a lifica tion s. C overage Ideally, indexes re fle ctin g the trend of t e a c h e r s ' s a la r ie s would r e p re se n t all te a ch e rs , with a p p rop ria te d istin ction s betw een such c a te g o r ie s as urban and ru ra l and p u blic and p riv a te s c h o o ls . L im itations of data and r e s o u r c e s , h ow e v e r, have m ade it n e c e s s a r y to r e s tr ic t the s co p e of this study to urban p u b lic s c h o o l te a ch e rs. The b a s ic unit u sed in con stru ctin g the indexes fo r s c h o o l te a ch e rs is annual sa la ry fo r a s p e c ific tea ch er in an urban s c h o o l sy ste m . High sc h o o l, elem en tary , kin d ergarten and, p r io r to 1959, tea ch ers of a ty p ica l elem en ta ry are rep resen ted in the in d ex es. N o n cla s s ro o m o ffic ia ls , such as p r in c ip a ls , to r s , and su p e r v is o r s a re exclu ded. the a v era g e ju n io r high, sch o o l c la s s a d m in istra The indexes a re rep resen ta tiv e of a ll citie s of 50, 000 population p r io r to 1963 and of all citie s of 100,000 beginning in that y e a r; but the indexes are not b a se d on data fo r a ll these citie s . S tatistics w e re not available fo r som e citie s in the 1 0 0 ,0 0 0 —250,0 0 0 group. In addition, the num ber of com m un ities of 50, 000—250, 000 m ade it n e c e s s a r y to use in fo r m ation fo r only som e o f these citie s in o r d e r to red u ce the w ork loa d . When data fo r a given c it y -s iz e group w ere com bined with oth er siz e g ro u p s, they w e re weighted to r e p r e sent the m issin g c itie s ; thus, each population group had its a p p rop ria te in flu ence on the to ta ls. B ecau se of changes in population, the citie s c la s s ifie d in each siz e group change fro m d ecad e to d eca d e. It was d ecid ed to elim in ate rep resen ta tion o f c itie s in the 50, 000— 100,000 group b e ca u se the I960 Census of P opulation su bstan tially changed the c itie s c la s sifie d in this siz e grou p. The m ethod of index con stru ction was design ed to m in im iz e the e ffe c t on the indexes of changes in population and in the num ber of d iffe re n t types o f te a ch e rs fr o m one p e r io d to another. It con sists of com puting a vera ge s a la rie s fo r a group of c itie s , fo r each p a ir of s u c c e s s iv e y e a r s , by fir s t m ultiplying the individual city a v era g e in the fir s t y e a r by the num ber of tea ch e rs in the city in the se co n d of the 2 y e a r s , adding the resu ltin g p rod u cts fo r each city , and dividing the sum by the total num ber of te a ch e rs in the secon d y e a r . This p ro ce d u re is fo llo w e d fo r the sam e citie s in the secon d y e a r , using a vera ge s a la rie s and em ploym ent in the latter y e a r . R atios of the secon d y e a r co m p o site a vera ge s a la rie s to the fir s t y e a r are then com puted and con v erted to index n um bers by m u ltip lica tion with the index num ber of the p re ce d in g y e a r . T ypes of Indexes In addition to the o v e r a ll index, th ree oth er types of in dexes have been con stru cted : 1. By type of te a c h e r . Separate indexes have been p re p a re d fo r elem en ta ry and secon d a ry s ch o o l te a ch e rs through 1957. S alary data sin ce 1959 do not include this breakdow n. 2. By s iz e of c it y . Indexes have been p re p a re d fo r fiv e d iffe re n t c it y -s iz e g rou p s: 1 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0 population o r m o r e 500, 000 population o r m o r e 5 0 0 .0 0 0 and under 1 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0 2 5 0 .0 0 0 and under 500,0 0 0 100.000 and under 250,0 0 0 34 35 In the 1925—49 r e p o rt, the c itie s w ere c la s s ifie d a cco rd in g to th eir population in the 1940 C ensus. The 1950 Census was used fo r 1951—61, and the I960 Census fo r the 1961—63 p e r io d . 3. By e c o n o m ic r e g io n . Separate indexes have been p re p a re d fo r each of nine e co n o m ic reg ion s (liste d b e lo w ), used in other wage studies p re p a re d by the B ureau. New England— C onn ecticut, M aine, M a ssa ch u setts, New H am psh ire, Rhode Island, and V erm on t; M iddle A tlan tic— New J e r s e y , New Y ork , and P enn sylvania; B o rd e r States— D ela w a re, D is tr ic t of C olum bia, Kentucky, M aryland, V irg in ia , and W est V irg in ia ; Southeast— A labam a, F lo rid a , G e o rg ia , M is s is s ip p i, North C arolin a, South C arolin a, and T e n n e sse e ; G reat L a k es— Illin o is , Indiana, M ichigan, M in n esota, Ohio, and W iscon sin ; M iddle W est— Iowa, K an sas, M iss o u ri, N ebrask a, North Dakota, and South Dakota; Southwest— A rk a n sa s, L ouisian a, Oklahom a, and T e x a s; Mountain— A riz o n a , C o lo ra d o , Idaho, Montana, New M e x ico , Utah, and W yom ing; and P a c ific — C a liforn ia , Nevada, O regon , and W ashington. Method of Index C alculation The b a s ic unit used in building up the d iffe re n t indexes was the average s a la r y 1 fo r a c la s s r o o m tea ch e r in a s p e c ific city . T hese b a s ic units w ere put togeth er in d ifferen t com bination s fo r the d iffe re n t in d exes. H ow ever, the chaining p r o ce d u re used was the sam e r e g a rd le s s of w hether the index was by type of te a ch e r, by siz e of city , o r by e co n o m ic reg ion . This linking m ethod elim in a tes the e ffe ct on the in dexes of changes in the p op u la tion of d ifferen t c itie s and in the num ber of d ifferen t types of te a ch e rs fr o m one p e rio d to another. The steps in the p ro ce d u re can be b r ie fly d e s c r ib e d by illu stratin g the c o n s tr u c tion of a h ypoth etical index of elem en ta ry te a c h e r s ' sa la r ie s fo r th ree citie s during th ree p e r io d s . The follow in g b a s ic in form a tion is assu m ed : A v e ra g e sa la ry and num ber of e lem en ta ry sch ool te a ch e rs in 3 hypothetical c itie s, 1925, 1927, and 1929 1925 N um ber of A v e ra g e s a la ry teach ers City 150 75 300 A _____ B _____ c -------- 1927 N um ber of A v e ra g e tea ch ers sa la ry $ 1 , 800 1, 700 2, 400 175 90 400 Number of te a ch e rs A v e ra g e sa la ry ------------------- T9I3-----------------N um ber of A v e ra g e tea ch ers sa la ry $ 2 , 200 1, 900 2, 800 200 110 500 $ 2 , 900 2, 100 3, 300 1925-1^7 1. F or each s u c c e s s iv e pair of y e a r s , co m p o site a v era g e sa la r ie s for a group of citie s w ere obtained (a) by m u ltiplying the in dividual city a v e ra g e for each y ea r by the num ber of elem en tary tea ch ers in the city in the second of the 2 y e a r s ; (b) adding the r e sulting produ cts for each y e a r; and (c) dividin g'th e sum of the products by the total num ber of te a ch e rs in the second y e a r. City $ 1 , 800 1, 700 2, 400 175 90 400 Total _ 3. The ratio w as con verted into an index by m ultiplying it by the index num ber for the f i r s t of the pair of y e a r s . The fi r s t year in the s e r ie s (1925) is 100. 1 u sed N o sin g le th e re a fte r. fo r m o f B ecau se av erage o f th e w as m eth o d a v a ila b le o f in d e x 385, 000 1 7 1 ,0 0 0 1, 120, 000 $ 2 , 520 » 1929 $2 ,900 $ 580, 000 2 10 00 0 1, 6 25 30 1,,00000 3,, 3 0 $ 2, 530 _______________________________ 1925 index 1 9 2 5 -1 9 2 7 ratio 1927 index 1 9 2 7 -1 9 2 9 ratio 1929 index th ro u g h o u t c o n str u c tio n th e th e $ 3, 038 1 9 2 7 -1 9 2 9 1925 a v e ra g e — $ 2 , 147. 1927 a v e ra g e - $ 2 , 520. Ratio 1. 1737 x $ 8 1 0 __________ ____ ____ $ 2 ,0 4 9 ,0 0 0 _____8 1 0 ....... ............. .............. _...............$ ..$ 2 , 4 6 1 , 0 0 0 1 9 2 5 -1 9 2 7 x $ 2 , 200 1, 900 2, 800 $ 2 , 147 .. Com posite a v e r a g e --------------2. F or each pair of y e a r s , the ratio of the second y ea r to the fi r s t w as computed. 1927 175 90 400 3 1 5 ,0 0 0 153, 000 9 60, 000 1927-1929 1927 1929 $2 ,2 00 $ 440,000 2 00 no 1 ,9 0 0 2 0 9 ,0 0 0 2, 800 1, 400, 000 500 1929 2 10 10 0 5 0 0 Total (6)_____ 1927 $ $1 ,4 2 8 , 000 - . . . . 665 ------ ______________ -$1, 676, 000 665 C om posite a v e ra g e A ----B —C ----- Column 4x5 N um ber of te a ch e rs (4) 1925 1927 A ----B ----C ----- Column 1 x 2 (3) 1927 a v erage — $ 2 , 530. 1929 a v era g e - $ 3, 038. Ratio 1 . 2008 1 0 0 .0 1. 1737 1 1 7 .3 7 1. 2008 140. 94 p e r io d . sh ift M e d ia n fro m u se sa la r ie s o f w ere m e d ia n s to u sed u n til m ean s 1935; does not m ean d isto rt s a la r ie s th e w ere in d e x e s. 36 The actual indexes w e re co n stru cte d in the m anner illu stra te d with 1925 as 100. A fter the en tire s e r ie s was com puted, all in dexes w ere divided by the 1957—59 a v era g e index to con v ert the b a se to that p e r io d . S ou rce of Data The b a s ic s a la ry and em ploym ent data used in com puting the in dexes w e re c o l lected as of S eptem ber in alternating s c h o o l y e a rs by the N ational E ducation A s s o c ia tio n of the United States and published b ien n ia lly in its P u b lic -S c h o o l S a la ries S e r ie s . 2 T h ese rep orts constitute one of the p rod u cts of the N E A 's sa la ry su rv e y , which have b een m ade e v e ry oth er y ea r sin ce 1925. The data are co m p ile d fr o m m a il qu estion n aires com p leted by superintendents of sch o o ls at the beginning of each su rv ey p e r io d . S ch ool y e a rs a re r e fe r r e d to either by the calen d ar y e a r in w hich the s c h o o l se s s io n s ended o r in term s of both calen d ar y e a r s . Thus, the 1963 s c h o o l y e a r r e fe r s to the s c h o o l p e rio d beginning in the fa ll of 1962 and ending in 1963. 2 T he W a sh in g to n , P u b lic -S c h o o l D . C . , S a la r ie s S e r ie s m ay be p u rch ase d fro m th e N a tio n a l E d u c a tio n A s so c ia tio n , 1201 S ix te e n th S tre e t, NW . , 20036. U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1965 0 — 777-732 BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS REGIONAL OFFICES
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