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U. S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR JAMES J. DAVIS, Secretary BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS ETHELBERT STEWART, Commissioner BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES'! *1 JQ £ BUREAU OF LABOR S T A T IS T IC S /................... JNOe 400 SAFETY CODE SERIES SAFETY CODE FOR THE USE CARE, AND PROTECTION OF ABRASIVE WHEELS INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENT BOARDS AND COMMISSIONS AND GRINDING WHEEL MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION, SPONSORS AMERICAN STANDARD Approved July 7, 1926 American Engineering Standards Committee MARCH, 1927 UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON 1927 A D D ITIO N A L COPIES Off THIS PUBLICATION HAT BE PROCURED PROM THE SUPERINTENDENT OP DOCUMENTS GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON, D. C. AT 10 CEN TS PE R COPY TABLE OP CONTENTS Page Introduction____________________________________________________ 1-3 Section I. Scope and definitions____________ _______________________ Rule 10. Scope______________________________________________ 11. Definitions__________________________________________ 4 4 4 Section II. Types of protection devices_____________________________ Rule 20. General requirements------------------------------------------------- 5 5 Section III. Storage and inspection of wheels________________________ Rule 30. Storage____________________________________________ 31. Inspection________________________ _________________ 5 5 5 Section IV. General machine requirements---------------------------------------Rule 40. Rigidity, supports---------------------------------------------------- 41. Size of spindle_______________________________________ 42. Limit stop_______________________ __________________ 44. Direction of spindle thread____________________________ 45. Length of spindle thread______________________________ 46. Size of wheel holes___________________________________ 5,6 5 6 6 6 6 6 Section V. Protection hoods___________ _____ _____ ____ __________ 6 Rule 50. General requirements________________________________ 6 51. Mounting and fastenings------------- ------- -----------------------7 52. Exposure: Bench and floor stands_____________________ 7 53. Exposure: Cylindrical grinders------------------------------------7 54. Exposure: Surface grinders___________________________ 7 55. Exposure: Swing frame and portable grinders___________ 7 56. Exposure: Top grinding_______________ ______ _______ 8 57. Exposure adjustment_______________________________ 8 58. Fixed members______________________________________ 8 59. Enclosure requirements----------------------------------------------8 8, 9 500. Dimensions for peripheral and side members____________ 501. Material specifications_______________________________ 10 502. Construction guide___________- ______________________ 10-12 503. Connection requirements_____________________________ 13 504. Connecting members (specifications)-----------------------------13 505. Dust exhaust provision_______________________________ 13 Section VI. Work rests___________________________________________ Rule 60. Construction________________________________________ 61. Adjustment_________________________________________ 14 14 14 Section VII. Protection for cup, cylinder, and sectional ring wheels_____ Rule 70. General requirements— . _____________________________ 71. Hoods______________________________________________ 72. Chucks_____________________________________________ 73. Bands_______________________________ ______ _______ 14 14 14 14 14 Section VIII. Flanges____ ________________________________________ 15-17 General_______________________________________________________ 15 Rule 80. General requirements________________________________ 15 81. Material_____________________________________ _____ 15 82. Finish and balance___________________________________ 15 83. Uniformity of diameter_______________________________ 15 84. Recess_____________________________________________ 15 85. Fit........................... ........ ............................................. — 15 in IV TABLE OF CONTENTS Section VIII. Flanges—Continued. Pag® Straight flanges________________________________________________15,16 Rule 86. Dimensions_________________________________________ 15,16 Tapered flanges________________________________________________16,17 Rule 87. General requirements________________________________ 16 88. Degree of taper_____________________________________ 16 89. Dimensions_________________________________________ 16,17 Section IX. Mounting______ *____________________________________ ___ 18 Rule 90. Inspection__________________________________________ ___ 18 91. Fit____________ _____ __________________ ___________ ___ 18 92. Surface condition____________________________________ ___ 18 93. Bushing____________________________________________ ___ 18 94. Washers_______________________________________________ 18 95. Tightening of nut_______________________________________ 18 Section X. Speeds________________________________________________18,19 Rule 100. Recommended and maximum speeds__________________ 18,19 101. Peripheral speed converted to revolutions per minute____ 19 102. Speed test_________________________________________ 19 19 103. Speed adjustment control____________________________ Section XI. Operating rules and general data________________________ 19, 20 Rule 110. Responsibility_____ ________________________________ 19 111. Inspection after breakage____________________________ 20 112. Replacing hood_____________________________________ 20 113. Starting new wheels_________________________________ 20 114. Applying work_____________________________________ 20 115. Test for balance____________________________________ 20 116. Truing____________________________________________ 20 117. Wet grinding_______________________________________ 20 118. Side grinding_______________________________________ 20 119. Dresser guards_____________________________________ 20 1100. Grinding room_____________________________________ 20 1102. Lubrication________________________________________ 20 BULLETIN OF THE U. S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS WASHINGTON n o . 436 m a r c h , 1927 SAFETY CODE FOR THE USE, CARE, AND PROTECTION OF ABRASIVE WHEELS INTRODUCTION On February 11, 1922, the American Engineering Standards Com mittee approved as a Tentative American Standard a safety code for the use, care, and protection of abrasive wheels. This code had been drafted under the rules of procedure of the American Engineering Standards Committee. The sponsors were the International Associa tion of Industrial Accident Boards and Commissions and the Grinding Wheel Manufacturers' Association of the United States and Canada. After its approval many thousand copies of the code were distrib uted, and it is believed that it was quite generally accepted by con sumers, operators, enforcing bodies, insurance companies, and others interested as the most authoritative publication available on this subject. A few desirable changes in the code were called to the attention of the officers of the sectional committee. At a meeting of this com mittee held on March 25, 1926, these changes were put into definite form and were then submitted to a letter ballot of the entire sectional committee. The results of this ballot indicated unanimous approval of the changes. These were subsequently approved by both sponsors, who then submitted the revised code to the main committee for approval as an American standard. This approval was granted July 7, 1926, and the code is now issued as an American standard. The sectional committee which approved the revised code consists of the following members: Name and address Chairman, L . W . Chaney, U. S. Bureau o f Labor Statistics, Washington, D . C. H . L. Whittemore, U. S. Bureau of Stand ards, Washington, D . C. Prof. C .-E . A . W inslow, consulting hygienist, 62 Park Street, New Haven, Conn. H . O. Ehret, director of safety. Indus trial Commission of Ohio, Columbus, Ohio. Association, society, or firm represented Sectional committee group U. S. Department of Labor........ Federal Government. U. S. Bureau of Standards......... Do. U. S. Public Health S ervice___ D o. I. A . I. A . B. C. and Industrial Commission of Ohio. State regulatory bodies. 1 2 SAFETY CODE FOR USE, CARE, ETC., OF ABRASIVE WHEELS Name and address Association, society, or firm represented R . M cA . Keown, engineer, Industrial Commission of Wisconsin, Madison, Wis. John P. Meade, director division of industrial safety, department of labor and industries, Boston, Mass. Rowland H. Leveridge, bureau of elec trical and mechanical equipment, de partment of labor, Trenton, N . J. Cyril Ainsworth, secretary industrial board, Harrisburg, Fa. I. A . I. A . B. C. and Industrial Commission of Wisconsin. •Secretary, A . Rousseau, Norton Co., Worcester, Mass. F . R . Henry, A. A . Simonds-Dayton Co., Dayton, Ohio. George W . Chormann, Carborundum Co., Niagara Palls, N . Y . John R . Kempf, Detroit Star Grinding Wheel Co., Detroit, M ich. J. B. Baker, Safety Emery Wheel Co., Springfield, Ohio. J. H. Byers, The Abrasive Co., Phila delphia, Pa. H . W . Dunbar, member, A . S. M . E ., Norton Co., Worcester, Mass. C. H . Gale, superintendent foundries Pressed Steel Car Co., M cKee's Rocks, Pa. G. E. Sanford, member, A . I. E . E., A . S. S. E ., and A . S. M . E ., General Electric Co., Schenectady, N .Y . Prank P. Brown, Brown & Sharpe M fg. Co., Providence, R . I. F . M . Ward, Otis Elevator C o., Yon kers, N . Y . H . J. Weeks, chairman General Stan dards Commission for State of Ohio, American Steel & Wire C o., Pitts burgh, Pa. H . D . Herron, International Harvester Co., Chicago, 111. S. E. Whiting, member, A . I. E . E ., Lib erty Mutual Insurance C o., Boston, Thomas M . Nial, National Bureau of Casualty and Surety Underwriters, 120 West 42d Street New York, N . Y . W . Dean Keefer, National Safety Coun cil, Chicago. IU. W . B. Gardiner, 43 Tremont Street, Hartford, Conn. A . J. Gifford, Leland-Gifford Co., WorG. E. Sanford, General Electric Co., Schenectady, N . Y . Rowland H . Leveridge, Department of Labor, Trenton, N . J. P . J Conlon, 9th Street and M t. Vernon Place N W ., Washington, D . C. George J. Speidel, 90 Bayway, Eliza- Sectional committee group State regulatory bodies. I. A . I. A . B .C . and Department of Labor and Industry of Mas sachusetts. I. A . I. A . B . C. and Depart ment of Labor of New Jersey. D o. I. A. I. A . B. C. and Depart ment of Labor and Industry of Pennsylvania. Grinding WTheel Manufacturers’ Association and Norton Co. Do. Grinding Wheel Manufacturers' Association and A . A . Simonds-Dayton Co. Grinding Wheel Manufacturers' Association and Carborun dum Co. Grinding Wheel Manufacturers' Association and Detroit Star Grinding Wheel Co. Grinding Wheel Manufacturers' Association and Safety Emery Wheel Co. Grinding Wheel Manufacturers' Association and The Abrasive Co. National Machine Tool Build ers’ Association. American FoundrymenV. Asso ciation. Do. Manufacturers of apparatus concerned (grinding wheels and grinding machines). D o. D o. D o. Do. Do. Do. Employers as users of grind ing wheels National Founders' Association. D o. National Metal Trades Associa tion. Otis Elevator Co......................... Do. American Steel & Wire C o.. Do. International Harvester C o........ National Association Mutual Casualty Cos. and Liberty Mutual Insurance Co. National Bureau of Casualty and Surety Underwriters. D o. D o. Insurance interests Do. National Safety Council........... . General interests. American Society of Mechanical Engineers. Society of Automotive Engi neers. American Society of Safety En gineers. American Society of Safety En gineers. International Association of Machinists. Metal Polishers, Buffers, and Platers of North America. Engineering and technical bodies. Do. D o. Do. Employees as users of equip ment. Do. INTRODUCTION The membership of the two associations sponsoring this code is as follows: G r in d in g W h e e l M a n u f a c t u r e r s o f U n it e d S t a t e s a n d C a n a d a The Abrasive Co., Philadelphia, Pa. American Emery Wheel Works, Provi dence, R. I. Brantford Grinding Wheel Co. (Inc.), Brantford, Ontario, Canada. Bridgeport Safety Emery Wheel Co., Bridgeport, Conn. Carborundum Co., Niagara Falls, N. Y. Chicago Wheel & Manufacturing Co., Chicago, HI. Cortland Grinding Wheels Corpora tion, Chester, Mass. Detroit-Star Grinding Wheel Co., De troit, Mich. Hampden Grinding Wheel Co., Spring field, Mass. Lion Grinding Wheels (Ltd.), Brockville, Ontario, Canada. Norton Co., Worcester, Mass. I n t e r n a t io n a l A s s o c ia t io n o f I n d u s t r ia l C o m m iss io n s ACTIVE MEMBERS United States Employees ’ Compensa tion Commission. United States Bureau of Labor Sta tistics. California Industrial Accident Com mission. Connecticut Workmen's Compensa tion Commission. Delaware Industrial Accident Board. Georgia Industrial Commission. Hawaii Industrial Accident Boards (counties of Kauai, Maui, Hawaii, and Honolulu). Illinois Industrial Commission. Iowa Workmen’s Compensation Serv ice. Kansas Court of Industrial Relations. Maine Industrial Accident Commission. Maryland State Industrial Accident Commission. Massachusetts Industrial Accident Board. Michigan Department of Labor and Industry. Minnesota Industrial Commission. Montana Industrial Accident Board. Nevada Industrial Commission. New Jersey Department of Labor. New York State Industrial Commission. Ohio Industrial Commission. Oklahoma Industrial Commission. Oregon State Industrial Accident Com mission. Norton Co. of Canada (Ltd.), Hamil ton, Ontario, Canada. Pittsburg Grinding Wheel Co., Ro chester, Pa. Precision Grinding Wheel Co., Phila delphia, Pa. Safety Emery Wheel Co., Springfield, Ohio. Sterling Grinding Wheel Co., Tiffin, Ohio. The A. A. Simonds-Dayton Co., Day ton, Ohio. Vitrified Wheel Co., Westfield, Mass. Waltham Grinding Wheel Co., Wal tham, Mass. White Heat Products Co., West Ches ter. Pa. Wolf’s New Process Abrasive Wheel Co., Meriden, Conn. A c c id e n t B oards and Pennsylvania Department of Labor and Industry. Utah Industrial Commission. Virginia Industrial Commission. Washington Department of Labor and Industries. West Virginia State Compensation Commissioner. Wisconsin Industrial Commission. Wyoming Workmen’s Compensation Department. Department of Labor of Canada. Alberta Workmen’s Compensation Board. Manitoba Workmen’s Compensation Board. New Brunswick Workmen’s Compen sation Board. Nova Scotia Workmen’s Compensa tion Board. Ontario Workmen’s Compensation Board. ASSOCIATE MEMBERS Idaho Industrial Accident Board. North Dakota Workmen’s Compensa tion Board. Ontario Safety League. Porto Rico Workmen’s Relief Commis sion. Republic Iron & Steel Co., Youngs town, Ohio. Industrial Accident Prevention Associ ation of Toronto. Nebraska Industrial Commission. 4 SAFETY CODE FOR USE, CARE, ETC ., OF ABRASIVE WHEELS SECTION I. SCOPE AND DEFINITIONS 10. Scope. This code is intended to give rules and specifications which are necessary to insure safety in the use of abrasive wheels operating at speeds in excess of 2,000 surface feet per minute. 11. Definitions. Shall and should.—The word “ shall” where used is to be under stood as mandatory and “ should” as advisory. Abrasive wheel.—The term “ abrasive wheel” where used shall be understood to mean power-driven wheels which consist of abrasive particles held together by artificial or natural mineral or organic bonds. Metal, wooden, cloth, or paper wheels or disks having a layer or layers of abrasive on the surface are not included. Protection hood.—A “ protection hood” is an inclosure consisting of a peripheral and two side members, constructed according to speci fications which appear later in this code. Cast hood.—A cast hood shall be defined as a hood which has the peripheral protecting member cast integral with at least one side mem ber, and may be made of gray-iron castings, malleable-iron castings, or steel castings. Fabricated hood.—A fabricated hood shall be defined as a hood which is built up or constructed by bolting, pinning, riveting, or weld ing the peripheral protecting member to the side members, and may be made of structural-steel plate, wrought-iron plate, or an assembly of either of these in combination with gray-iron castings, malleable-iron castings, or steel castings or a material possessing an equivalent tensile strength. Protection flanges.— “ Protection flanges” are flanges designed to be used with abrasive wheels of special shape, in such a manner as to effectively retain the parts of a wheel—should such wheel break in operation—in addition to the usual function of clamping the wheel to the spindle. Protection flanges are of several types, of which the following are the most commonly used: “ Tapered flanges,” sometimes called safety,beveled,or concave flanges, which are used with wheels having convex side or sides. “ Hub flanges,” which are used with wheels having a raised hub or hubs. “ Ring flanges,” having concentric ring or rings projecting from the bearing sides of the flanges, which fit into correspond ing grooves in the sides of the wheels. Protection band.—A “ protection band” is a continuous band placed around a cup, cylinder, or sectional ring wheel to effectually retain the pieces of such a wheel which might break in operation. Protection chuck.—A “ protection chuck ” is a chuck used for mount ing cup, cylinder, or sectional ring wheels, so designated that the jaws inclose the wheel up to the point specified in rule 70. GENERAL MACHINE REQUIREMENTS 5 SECTION II. TYPES OF PROTECTION DEVICES 20. General requirements. All abrasive wheels shall be provided with one of the following forms o f protection, which are listed in the order of preference: (a) Protection hoods. (b) Protection flanges. (c) Protection bands. (d) Protection chucks. Exception.—This requirement shall not api>ly to wheels used for internal grinding, nor to wheels 3 inches or less in diameter running at a speed not exceeding 3,000 feet per minute. Forms (c) and (d) shall apply to cups, cylinders, and sectional ring wheels; forms (a) and (b) to all other shapes of wheels. When form (a) is used with wheels running faster than 7,000 surface feet per minute the hoods shall be of the fabricated type, with no castings in the side or peripheral members. SECTION m . HANDLING AND STORAGE 30. Storage. Extreme care should be exercised in the storage of wheels. They should be stored in dry places and should be supported on edge in racks. Straight-sided shellac and rubber-bonded wheels of inch or less in thickness shall be laid flat on a straight surface to prevent warpage. 31. Inspection. Immediately upon receipt, all wheels should be closely inspected to make sure that they have not been injured in transit or otherwise. For added precaution wheels should be tapped gently with a light implement, such as the handle of a screw driver. If they sound cracked, they should not be used. Wheels must be dry and free from sawdust when applying the test. SECTION IV. GENERAL MACHINE REQUIREMENTS 40. Rigidity, supports. Grinding: machines should be sufficiently heavy and rigid so as to minimize vibration. They should be securely mounted on substantial floors, benches, foundations, or other structures. 27857°—27----- 2 6 SAFETY CODE FOR USE, CARE, ETC., OF ABRASIVE W HEELS 41. Size of spindle. No user of wheels shall operate on any machine of given spindle diameter a wheel of larger diameter or greater thickness than specified in the following table: Thickness of wheel, in inches ininches 6 7 8 9 10 12 14 16 18 20 24 26 30 36 H X % % i IX lX lH 2 M 2X 2H 3 3Hm 4 4X 5 X X X X H % Vs X X X X X 1X 1X l X 11 11 11 Vs Vs Vs X X X X X X x Vs % Vs Ys Vs n X u X 1 1 1 1 1 1 l ix ix ix X % Vs % x X X 11 11 11 I 1 ix ix ix ix ix ix x X Va. X X X X ix m ix IXix IXix H X x X X X 1 1 1 1 1 1 ix m ix IXIXIXix l j l Vs % Vs Vs1 1 IXIXIXIXIXix IX ix IXIXm ix lX m i Xm ix IXIXm ix IXix m IXm m m m IX m m m IXix ix ix IXIX IXm m m W IXm ix ix IXlVslVslVslVs ix m m » IXIXIX2m 2ix 22 22 2 2 2 m m m m ix m 2X2X2X 2 2 2 2 2 2X2X2X IXIX 2 2X2X2X2X2X2X2Xjm 3 3 42. Limit stop. Grinding machines should be provided with a stop or other means of fixing the maximum size of wheel which can be used. 44. Direction of spindle thread. Ends of spindles shall be so threaded that the nuts on both ends will tend to tighten as the spindles revolve. Care should be taken in setting up machines that the spindles are arranged to revolve in the proper direction, else the nuts on the ends will loosen. Note.—To remove the nuts they should both be turned in the direction that the spindle revolves when the wheel is in operation. 45. Length of spindle thread. The length of the spindle and the distance from the end which the thread extends shall be such as to allow the entire length of the nut to bear on the thread so as to exert its full pressure on all thicknesses of wheels which may be used. 46. Size of wheel holes. Wheel holes should be made approximately 0.005 inch large. SECTION V. PROTECTION HOODS 50. General requirements. Hoods should be used on every operation where the nature of the work will permit, and shall always be used with wheels which are not provided with protection flanges, chucks, or bands. PEOTECTION HOODS 7 51. Mounting and fastenings. Hoods shall be so mounted as to maintain proper alignment with wheels, and the fastenings shall have ample strength to minimize displacement in case of wheel breakage. 52. Exposure: Bench and floor stands. The maximum angular exposure of the grinding wheel periphery and sides for hoods used on machines known as bench and floor stands should not exceed 90°, or one-fourth of the periphery. This exposure shall begin at a point not more than 65° above the horizontal plane of the wheel spindle. (See fig. 1.) Wherever the nature of the work requires contact with the wheel below the horizontal plane of the spindle, the exposure shall not exceed 125°. This exposure shall begin at a point not more than 65° above and extend to a point not more than 60° below the hori zontal plane of the wheel spindle. (See fig. 2.) 53. Exposure: Cylindrical grinders. Ih e maximum angular exposure of the grinding wheel periphery and sides for hoods used on cylindrical grinding machines shall not exceed 180°. This exposure shall begin at a point not more than 65° above the horizontal plane of the wheel spindle. (See fig. 3.) 54. Exposure: Surface grinders. The maximum angular exposure of the grinding wheel periphery and sides for hoods used on surface grinding machines which employ the wheel periphery shall not exceed 150°. (See fig. 4.) 55. Exposure: Swing frame and portable grinders. The maximum angular exposure of the grinding wheel periphery and sides for hoods used on machines known as swing frame and portable grinding machines shall not exceed 180°, and the top half of the wheel shall be protected at all times. (See fig. 5.) 8 SAFETY CODE FOR USE, CAKE, E TC ., OF ABRASIVE WHEELS 56. Exposure: Top grinding. In operations where the work is ground on the top of the wheel, the exposure of the grinding wheel periphery shall be as small as practicable, with a maximum exposure of 60°. (See fig. 6.) 57. Exposure adjustment. Hoods shall be constructed so that the peripheral protecting mem ber can be adjusted to the constantly decreasing diameter of the wheel by means of an adjustable tongue, or its equivalent, so that the angular protection specified in rules 52 to 56 will be maintained throughout the life of the wheel, and the maximum distance between the wheel periphery and tongue or end of peripheral band at top of opening will not exceed one-fourth inch. (See figs. 7, 8, and 9.) Shown? ad/t/sta6fe tonpve f/v/hf reft//recfanyo/cr protection for oitsizes Of nr/tee/s t/secf. Showing mova6/e hootf F/6. 9-IA/CO/?/?E‘CT. Shoivinp movcS/e /wx/w/tb with opening smo//enough 'b size o f opening correct for gto reyt/ireSprotection for smoitestsize wfoe/ used futtsize vrheef, hot too / ?rye for sma/ier trheeis. 58* Fixed members. Hoods shall be constructed so that it is not necessary when changing wheels to detach the peripheral protecting member from the side member which is connected to the machine. 59. Enclosure requirements* The hood shall inclose the spindle end, nut, and flange projections, if any. Note.—Protection hoods on cylindrical grinding machines, in all operations where the work provides a suitable measure of protection to the operator, may be so constructed that the spindle end, nut, and flanges are exposed; and where the nature of the work is such as to entirely cover the side of the wheel, the side covers of the guard may be omitted. 500. Minimum dimensions for the peripheral and side members. The cast members specified in this table may be used with wheels running up to 7,000 surface feet per minute. PROTECTION HOODS 9 Fabricated hoods as specified, or other types of construction offering equal protection and having no castings in the side or peripheral mem bers, shall be used with wheels running between 7,000 and 10,000 surface feet per minute. X Peripheral p rotectin g member Grinding wheel groups by diameters MaxiMaterial used in con struction guard thick 3 to 6 ness of grind inches ing wheel A B 7 to 12 inches A B 13 to 16 inches A B 17 to 20 inches A B 21 to 24 inches A B 25 to 30 inches A B 31 to 48 inches A B Cast members satisfactory for speeds up to 7,000 SFPM Cast iron_______ Malleable iron__ Steel castings.. . . 2n X 6* X X X A An AX AX AX X X X X X 1 H % H1 Hm X 1 H IX Hm 1 lX 1 y&IX IX 2n X 4? A 6* X H * X AX AX A A4 % % X % X X X H X X X % X X H X X 1 X l X IX X ix X X 2* X 4? X 6* X X X X X X H X x X X H X X H A X X X X X X % H X X X X 1 X IX X X 4? A X% X X A X ix X Fabricated members satisfactory for speeds up to 10,000 SFPM Structural steel... Wrought iron___ ' 2» X 4* l 6' 4 A 2* 4* X 6* A A A A A AX X A X A X X A X A X A X X A X A X X X X X X X A A X A A X X X X A A AX AX X X X X X A A A A A A X X X X X X A X A H A X X A X A X A ii X *4 A 10 SAFETY CODE FOR USE, CARE, ETC ., OF ABRASIVE WHEELS 501. Material specifications. Materials used in the construction of hoods shall conform to and be in accordance with the following designated specifications of the American Society for Testing Materials: (a) Gray-iron castings—A 48. (b) Malleable-iron castings—A 47. (c) Steel castings—A 27 (class A). (d) Structural-steel plate—A 9 (excluding specifications for rivet steel). (e) Wrought-iron plate—A 42 (class A). Note.—Copies of these specifications may be procured at a nominal price from the American Society for Testing Materials, Philadelphia, Pa. fbs/t/o/i apf/ana/' fb r jvetfcn ftp * S bes SOS. /?*// 502. Construction guide. As a guide for the construction of fabricated hoods of steel plate or wrought iron the following drawings have been prepared. Other types offering equal protection will also be accepted. PROTECTION' HOODS 11 The requirements given in columns C, D, and E of this table shall apply also to cast hoods; and in such cases, where the tongue is held by bolts, column F shall also apply. 0 Maxi mum space be tween Diameter of wheel, in inches new wheel and hood at periph ery, in inches Under 12___ 12 to 16 17 to 24 Over 24____ I j! ljl >Wider than wheel. D E F a H Maxi Diam mum in Length Diam Size of angle sup eter of eter of side bolts for ports for tongue and rivets for width of tongue, tongue rest, in inches supports, hood, in in inches in inches in inches inches l iH *2 *2 12 3X 5 6 7 £ A % 2 x2 x& 2 x2 x}4 2}4x2}4xU ~ / 40 / ^8 / % jl A j K Diam eter of Thick end con ness of necting tongue, bolts, in in inches inches A A % i a 12 SAFETY CODE FOR USE, CARE, ETC., OF ABRASIVE WHEELS &9S//AV9 4 fare: axAoe/s/ ov/At/jAwAef •6* / ocffof/ ft fk tp o stffa t wfitr*// mfm**? eff<ecMv/y f/r* abfjfi /Sr S#crto# ftp * ***** J *s /TW* M >' /VG/J. F R O N T VIEW , A L S O C R O S S S E C T I O N S S H O W IN G F O U R S A T I S F A C T O R Y M ETH O D S OF S E C U R IN G C O V E R - B Z N O T E .* T h e s e v i e w s o// a p p ly to t y p e s A , B 9tC Hooc*<s C o m b in e d s e c t i o n a l t o o f /* o « t ioer-itah g ro/ o f on^tes or«o o f it NOTf: Co m b ined s e c tio n o ! a rea to a t l e a s t «9</o/ ttrvicm t o t a l arm a o f b o l t s tn S E C T I O N SH OW ING B O L T W E L O E D C O V E 99 M E L D B Y N U T S ON EN O S o r B O L T S - /WTO 4 N0 1 C - S E C T IO N A N D S ID E V IE W S H O W IN G C O V E R H E L D & V W E D G E K E Y S TH RO UGH E L A T IR O N S T R A R S fiv«faN S E C T I O N S H O W IN G B O L T T H R E A D E D IN T O A N G L E O N L Y - C O V E R H E L D B Y N U TS ON EN D S O F B O L T S • S E C T I O N S H O W IN G S T U O T H R E A D E D IN T O A N G L E O N L Y - C O V E R H E L D G Y F » !N S T H R O U G H E N O S O F S T U D S S/4* /rramter - 0-/ /fc r ^ 7G . / * r —• r __ p PROTECTION HOODS 13 503. Connection requirements. Hoods shall be constructed so that the connections between the peripheral and side'members, or between parts of a sectional hood, will have a strength in a radial direction at least equal to the strength of the material of which the hoods are constructed. 504. Connecting members (specifications). M IN IM U M SIZES AN D SPACIN G OP R IV E TS, B O LTS, AN D STUDS FOR CON N ECTIN G PE RIPH E R A L AN D SIDE M EM BERS IN F A B R IC A T E D HOODS OF W ROUGHT IRON AN D STEEL PLATE For side plate (B -l) attached to machine Thickness of plates being connected, in inches Ys and A A and A A and Ys A and A yi and H M and A M andJi A and A A and % % and % £6 and A A and % A and A Ji and A and % % and % , U and A Diameter of rivets, in inches A A A % Vs Vs A A A A A A A A H Vs For detachable side plate (B-2) Maximum dis Diameter of Maximum dis tance between bolts or studs, tance between centers, in centers, in in inches inches inches 3 3 3 3 4 3 4 4 4 r r 8 8 SH 3 3 3 3 3 3 6 6 6 6 8 7 6 8 % 7 6 6 6 6 6 6 505. Dust exhaust provision. Hoods on machines used for dry grinding and other operations where dust is produced shall have provision made for connection to an exhaust system. The size of such connections shall be in conformity with the follow ing specified dimensions: Minimum diameter of branch pipe 6 inches or less in diameter_______________________inches. _ 7 to 16 inches in diameter_________________________ do----17 to 24 inches in diameter------------------------------------ do----25 to 30 inches in diameter________________________ do___ 3 4 5 6 A modification of the above requirements will be allowed in the case of narrow wheels used for light work where very little dust is generated and where a smaller pipe will satisfactorily remove it. The requirements in this paragraph shall not apply to swing frame and portable grinding machines. 14 SAFETY CODE FOR USB, CARE, ETC., OF ABRASIVE W HEELS SECTION VI. WORK RESTS 60. Construction. Work rests shall be rigid in construction. 61. Adjustment. The work rest should be kept adjusted close to the wheel, with a maximum distance of 1-8 inch, to prevent the work from being caught between the wheel and rest and should be securely clamped after each adjustment. SECTION VII. PROTECTION FOR CUP, CYLINDER, AND SECTIONAL RING WHEELS 70. General requirements. Cups, cylinders, and sectional ring wheels shall be either protected with hoods, inclosed in protection chucks, or surrounded with pro tection bands. Not more than one-quarter of the height of such grinding wheels shall protrude beyond the provided protection. Where the thickness of the rim of such wheels is less than 2 inches, the maximum distance which the wheel may protrude beyond the provided protection shall not exceed 1 inch. If the thickness of the rim is 2 inches or more, the wheel may protrude 2 inches beyond the protection, but shall not exceed this amount. 71. Hoods. Where hoods are used they shall conform to the specifications given in rules 50 to 505, inclusive, in this code. 72. Chucks. Where the chuck which holds the wheel is the only protection provided, it shall be so designed that the jaws will at all times protect the wheel up to the point specified in rule 70. 73. Bands. Where protection bands are used, they shall conform to the follow ing specifications: (a) They shall be madeof wrought iron orsteelplateorothermaterial of equal strength, shall be continuous and bent to conform as closely to the periphery of the wheel as practical. The ends shall either be riveted, bolted, or welded together in such a manner as to leave the inside of the band free from projections. (b) The bands shall be of sufficient width to provide the protection specified in rule 70. (r) The thickness of the band shall be made according to the following table, which also shows the size and spacing for riveted joints. If bolting or welding is used, the strength of the connections shall be at least equal to the riveted joints specified in this table. M IN IM U M TH ICKN ESS, SIZE, AND SPACING OF RIVETS FOR PRO TECTIO N BANDS FOR CUPS, CYLIN D E R S, AN D SECTIONAL RIN G W HEELS Size of wheel, in inches Thickness of band, in inches Minimum diameter of rivets, in inches Maximum dis tance between centers, in inches Under 8_________________ 8 to 24_____ ____________ 25 to 30______ __________ A H H A X % % i IX FLANGES 15 SECTION VIII. FLANGES GENERAL 80. General requirements. All wheels excepting those which are mounted in chucks shall always be run with flanges. 81. Material. All tapered flanges over 10 inches in diameter shall be of steel or other material of equal strength. All other flanges may be made of cast iron or other material of equal strength. 82. Finish and balance. Flanges shall be finished all over correct to dimensions and in balance. The requirement for balance does not apply to so-called balancing flanges which are purposely made out of balance. 83. Uniformity of diameter. Both flanges, whether straight or tapered, in contact with wheel, shall be of the same diameter. 84. Recess. Each flange, whether straight or tapered, shall be recessed at the center at least one-sixteenth of an inch on the side next to the wheel for a distance as specified in the respective tables of dimensions for straight and tapered flanges. 85. Fit. The inner flange shall be keyed, screwed, shrunk, or pressed onto the spindle, and the bearing surface shall run true and at right angles with the spindle. The bore in the outer flange should be not more than 0.002 inch larger than the spindle. 86. Straight flange dimensions. Where protection hoods are used, sizes of straight flanges for straight wheels shall not be less than shown in the following table. F / G . /5 Note.'—For wheels larger than 12 inches diameter, if diameter of flange is larger than the “ minimum” shown in column B, the radial width of bearing sur face may be smaller than the minimum shown in column C, provided the area of the bearing surface is not less than that afforded by a flange of the “ minimum” dimensions shown for the size of the wheel in question. In no case, however, shall dimension C be less than half of that shown in the table for the diameter of flange used. For wheels of 12-inch diameter and smaller the radial width of bearing surface shall not be less than shown in column C opposite the size of the wheel in question. 16 SAFETY CODE FOB USE, CABE, ETC., OF ABRASIVE WHEELS 86. Straight flange dimensions—Continued. [All dimensions in inches] A B Diameter of wheel Minimum outside diam eter of flanges 1 2 3 4 5 l Maximum * Vs A Vs l'A 8 10 12 3 20 22 Minimum 1H 2 m 4J^ 6 7 VA 8 26 28 30 10 10 36 12 X X A A % m Minimum X A A A A A X A X X X H X X X X Vs A A Vs Vs X X H X X X A A X A X X X l l X % H m IX IX Vs X H H 1H IX IX X X 2 Vs X Vs l E Minimum of thickness of thickness at edge flange at bore flange of recess X A A 4 24 D Radial width of bearing surface % H 6 14 16 18 C y% X X X A A X X 87. Protection flange requirements. Protection flanges (see definition) shall always be used with wheels 6 inches and larger which are not provided with protection hoods, chucks, or bands. (See Rule 50.) Specifications follow for the tapered type only, which type should be used wherever possible. 88. Degree of taper. Tapered protection flanges (see definition) shall always be used with tapered wheels having the same degree of taper, which should be at least three-fourths inch per foot for each flange, and the diameter of the flat area or the hole shall not be larger than shown in column G in Table No. 89. (Page 17.) 89. Tapered flange dimensions. Where no hoods are used, the dimensions of taper flanges shall not be less than shown in the following table. (Page 17.) Note.—For wheels larger than 12 inches diameter, if diameter of flange is larger than the “ minimum” shown in column B, the radial width of bearing sur face may be smaller than the minimum shown in column C, provided the area of the bearing surface is not less than that afforded by a flange of the ‘ ‘minimum” dimensions shown for the size of the wheel in question. In no case, however, shall dimension G be less than half of that shown in the table for the diameter of flange used. FLANGES 17 For wheels of 12 inches diameter and smaller the radial width of bearing sur face shall not be less than shown in column C opposite the size of the wheel in question. ■........ .......—----------------- /9 -------------- ---------------- h ------------------ g -------------- -I S/bf/e 7Srper htoea/tv/S/r ene 7*pere* rttorfe /&r s iz e c fiv r e (C3 A B Diameter of wheel Mini mum outside diame ter of flanges 6________ 8................ 10 ............... 3 4 5 12................ 14................ 16................ 6 8 10 18................ 20................ 22................ 12 14 16 24________ 26________ 28................ 18 20 22 30________ 36................ 24 28 Radial width of bearing surface Mini mum X A X Maxi mum X H H V s H A X l y * H X 1 H v% X A i x H % % iX % v% % 2 I X 2 X 1X 2 H i x 3 3H 4 4 A X X A X A i S m m G Maximum Maximum Diameter flat spot of flat at center spot or For For For For of flange hub of double single double- single wheel taper taper taper taper wheels wheels wheels wheels X A Z F Minimum thick Minimum thick ness at edge ness of flange of recess at bore X l 2 2 E ]D l X X X Vs Vs i % § X Vs I X A A X X I X H l X I X l H m Vs tt 1 X Vs 0 0 0 1 1 2 4 4 4 6 4 4 4 6 6 6 4 4 4 6 6 6 4 4 6 6 m * X N o t e .—Where hoods are used in conjunction with tapered wheels and tapered flanges, the specifications given in rule 86 may be followed. 18 SAFETY CODE FOR USE, CARE, ETC., OF ABRASIVE WHEELS SECTION IX. MOUNTING 90. Inspection. Before mounting, all wheels should again be closely inspected to make sure that they have not been injured in transit, storage, or otherwise. (See rule 31.) 91. Pit. Grinding wheels shall fit freely on the spindles; they should not be forced on, nor should they be too loose. (See rule 46.) 92. Surface condition. All surfaces of wheels, washers, and flanges in contact with each other should be free from foreign material. 93. Bushing. The soft metal bushing shall not extend beyond the sides of the wheel. 94. Washers. Washers or flange facings of compressible material shall be fitted between the wheel and its flanges. If blotting paper is used, it should not be thicker than 0.025 inch. If rubber or leather is used, it should not be thicker than one-eighth inch. If flanges with babbitt or lead facings are used, the thickness of the babbitt or lead should not exceed one-eighth inch. The diameter of the washers shall not be smaller than the diameter of the flanges. 95. Tightening of nut. When tightening spindle end nuts, care should be taken to tighten same only enough to hold the wheel firmly ; otherwise the clamping strain is liable to damage the wheel or associated parts. SECTION X. SPEED 100. Recommended and maximum speeds. The speeds shown in column A of the following table should not be exceeded, except on recommendation of the wheel manufacturer, and in no case should speeds shown in column B be exceeded. N o t e .—Some manufacturers are willing to recommend higher speeds for pre cision grinding and on rubber bonded wheels. Wheel classification Vitrified and silicate wheels: Cup and cylinder wheels when used for rough grinding, on bench, floor, portable ma chines, etc_______________ _____ _____ All other vitrified and silicate bonded wheels- A B Standard pe ripheral speed (feet per min ute) Maximum pe ripheral speed (feet per min ute) 4, 500 5,000 5, 500 6,500 Rubber, shellac, and other organic bonded wheels may sometimes be safely operated at higher speeds. This safe operating speed, however, is dependent upon the grade of the wheel in question. Due to the state of the art, recommendations of the individual wheel manufacturers must be followed. OPERATING RULES AND GENERAL BATA 19 In general, such wheels in the harder grades may be safely operated at 10,000 surface feet per minute, while the very soft grades shall not be operated at speeds higher than shown in above tables for vitrified wheels. 101, Table of speeds. REVOLU TION S PER M IN U TE FOR VARIOUS SIZES OF GRIN D IN G W HEELS TO GIVE P E R IPH E R A L SPEED IN FE ET PER M IN U TE AS IN D IC A TE D Diameter of wheel in inches 4,000 S. F. M . 4,500 S. F. M . 5,000 S. F. M . 5,500 S. F. M . 6,000 S. F. M . 1 ________________ 2_____________________ 3_____________________ 15, 279 7, 639 5,0 93 17,189 8 ,5 9 4 5,7 2 9 19, 098 9, 549 6, 366 21, 008 10, 504 7,0 03 22, 918 11, 459 7, 639 24, 828 12, 414 8 ,2 7 6 4 ________________ 5_____________________ 3 ,8 2 0 3 ,0 5 6 2 ,5 4 6 4,2 9 7 3 ,4 3 8 2 ,8 6 5 4,7 7 5 3 ,8 2 0 3, 183 5, 252 4 ,2 0 2 3, 501 5 ,7 2 9 4 ,5 8 4 3, 820 6, 207 4 ,9 6 6 4 ,1 3 8 7_____________________ 8_____________________ 10_____________________ 2 ,1 8 3 1, 910 1,5 28 %455 2,1 4 8 1, 719 2 ,7 2 8 2, 387 1, 910 3, 001 2 ,6 2 6 2, 101 3, 274 2, 865 2, 292 3, 547 3, 103 2, 483 12_____________________ 14_____________________ 16_____________________ 1, 273 1, 091 955 1,432 1, 228 1, 074 1, 591 1, 364 1, 194 1, 751 1, 500 1, 313 1, 910 1, 637 1,4 32 2 ,0 6 9 1, 773 1, 552 18_____________________ 20_____________________ 22_____________________ 849 764 694 955 859 781 1,061 955 868 1, 167 1, 050 955 1, 273 1, 146 1, 042 1, 379 1, 241 1,1 28 24_____________________ 26_____________________ 28_____________________ 637 588 546 716 661 614 796 734 682 875 808 750 955 881 818 1,0 34 955 887 30_____________________ 32_____________________ 34_____________________ 509 477 449 573 537 505 637 597 562 700 656 618 764 716 674 828 776 730 36_____________________ 424 477 530 583 637 690 6 _________________________ 6,500 S. F. M . Note.—“ Centrifugal force,” which is the force that tends to rupture a given wheel when overspeeding, increases as the square of the velocity of that wheel. For example, the centrifugal force in a wheel running at 5,500 surface feet per minute is 49 per cent greater than in the same wheel running at 4,500 surface feet per minute, although the speed is actually only 22 per cent greater. 102. Speed test. Machine spindle speeds shall be tested and determined correct for size of wheel to be operated, before the wheel is mounted, and shall never be changed as wheel is reduced in diameter, except by men assigned for such duties. 103. Speed adjustment control. Where speed of wheel spindle is adjustable, speed adjustment shall be in control of authorized persons only. SECTION XI. OPERATING RULES AND GENERAL DATA 110. Responsibility. Competent men should be assigned to the mounting, care, and inspection of grinding wheels and machines. 20 SAFETY CODE FOB USE, CARE, ETC., OF ABRASIVE WHEELS 111. Inspection after breakage. Whenever a wheel breaks a careful inspection shall be made to make sure that the hood has not been damaged, nor the flanges bent or sprung out of true or out of balance. The spindle and nuts shall also be carefully inspected. 112. Replacing hood. After mounting a new wheel care should be taken to see that the hood is properly replaced. 113. Starting new wheels. All new wheels shall be run at full operating speed for at least one minute before applying work, during which time the operator shall stand at one side. 114. Applying work. Work should not be forced against a cold wheel, but applied grad ually, giving the wheel an opportunity to warm and thereby mini mize the chance of breakage. This 'applies to starting work in the morning in cold rooms and to new wheels which have been stored in a cold place. 115. Test for balance. Wheels should be occasionally tested for balance and rebalanced if necessary. 116. Truing. Wheels worn out of round shall be trued by a competent man. Wheels out of balance through wear, which can not be balanced by truing or dressing, shall be removed from the machine. 117. Wet grinding wheels. Wheels used in wet grinding should not be allowed to stand partly immersed in the water. The water-soaked portion may throw the wheel dangerously out of balance. All wet tool grinders which are not so designed as to provide a con stant supply of fresh waiter shall be thoroughly drained at the end of each day’s work and a fresh supply provided just before starting. 118. Side grinding. Grinding on the flat sides of straight wneels is often hazardous and should not be allowed when the sides of the wheel are appreciably worn thereby or when any considerable or sudden pressure is brought to bear against the sides. 119. Dresser guards. Wheel dressers, excepting the diamond type, shall be equipped with guards over the tops of the cutters to protect the operator from flying pieces of broken cutters or wheel particles. 1100. Grinding room. The space about the machine should be kept light, dry, and as free as possible from obstructions. 1102. Lubrication. Care should be exercised so that the spindle will not become sufficiently heated to damage the wheel. IN D EX Abrasive wheel, definition.............................. Adjustment of work rest................................. Applying work, method of............................. Balance and finish of flanges.......................... Balance, testing wheels for............................. Band, protection: Definition o f.............................................. Specifications for....................................... Bearing boxes, requirements........................... Bench and floor stands, exposure allow ed.. . Blotters............................................................ Breakages, wheel inspection after.................. Bushings, general requirements..................... Cast hood: Definition.................................................. Specifications. (See Hoods..) Castings, specifications for.............................. Chuck, protection: Definition of.............................................. Specifications for....................................... Compressible washers..................................... Connecting members of hoods, specifications Page 4 14 20 15 20 4 14 20 7 18 20 18 4 9 4 14 18 ^ Connection requirements for hoods............. 13 Construction guide for hoods..........................10-12 Control of speed adjustment.......................... 19 Cracked wheels, inspection for....................... 5,18 Cup wheels, protection for.............................. 14 Cylinder wheels, protection for...................... 14 Cylindrical grinders, exposure allowed.......... 7 Definitions....................................................... Degree of taper for protection flanges............. Dimensions. (See Article in question.) Direction of rotation....................................... Direction of spindle thread............................. Dresser guards................................................ D ry grinding, dust exhaust provisions.......... Dust exhaust provisions................................. Enclosure requirements.................................. Exhaust, dust, provisions for.......................... Exposure adjustment...................................... Exposure allowable: Bench and floor stands............................. Cylindrical grinders.................................. Surface grinders........................................ Swing frame and portable grinders......... Top grinding............................................. Fabricated hood: Definition.................................................. Specifications. ( See Hoods). Fastenings and mounting for hoods............... Finish and balance of flanges.......................... Fit of flanges.................................................... Fit of wheel...................................................... Flange facings................................................. Flanges, gfjieral^requirements........................ 4 16 6 6 20 13 13 8 13 8 7 7 7 7 8 4 7 15 15 18 18 15 Specifications for....................................... 16 Flanges, straight, specifications for................ 15,16 Flanges, tapered, specifications for.................16,17 Floor and bench stands, exposure allow ed.. . 7 Grinding room, general conditions................. 20 Handling and storage, precautions— »........... Holes in flanges, size o f................................... Holes in wheels, size o f.... ............................... 5 15 6 F ace Hoods, protection: 13 Connecting members, specifications____ Connection requirements......................... 13 Construction guide— fabricated h ood s... 10-12 Definition.................................................. 4 Dimensions for peripheral and side mem bers......................................................... 8,9 13 Dust exhaust provision............................. Enclosure requirements............................ 8 Exposure adjustment................................ 8 Exposure for bench and floors stands.___ 7 Exposure for cylindrical grinders............. 7 Exposure for surface grinders..................... 7 Exposure for swing frame grinders_______ 7 Exposure for top grinding......................... 8 8 Fixed members.......................................... General requirements................................ 6 Material specifications............................... 10 Mounting and fastenings.......................... 7 Hoods, replacing after mounting wheel....... 20 Hub flanges, definition..................................... 4 Inspection of equipment after wheel break ages................................................................ Inspection of wheels before m ounting............ Inspection of wheels on receipt........................ Internal grinding, exception to protection requirements................................................. 20 18 5 Lead-faced flanges............................................ Length of spindle thread.................................. Lighting conditions in grinding room............. Limit stop for size of wheel............................. Lubrication of machine.................................... 18 6 20 6 20 Machine: Bearing boxes........................................... Direction of spindle thread...................... General requirements................................ Length of spindle thread_______________ Limit stop................................................. Rigidity, supports, etc............................. Spindle size................................................ Wheel hole size.......................................... Material for flanges, specifications.................. Material for hoods, specifications................... M ounting of hoods........................................... Mounting of wheels......................................... 20 6 5 6 6 5 6 6 15 10 7 18 5 N ut, spindle end, tightening o f...................... 18 Opening in hoods, size o f................................ 7 ,8 Peripheral member for hoods, dimensions___ Portable and swing frame grinders, expo sure allowed.................................................. Protection bands. (See Bands.) Protection chucks. (See Chucks.) Protection devices, general requirements___ Protection flanges. (& e Flanges.) Protection hoods. (See Hoods.) 8,9 Recess in flanges.............................................. Recommended and maximum speeds............ Responsibility for care, etc............................. Rests, work......... ........................................... Revolutions per minute and surface speeds.. Rigidity of supports........................................ Ring flanges, definition................................... Ring wheels, sectional, protection for............ Rotation, direction of...................................... 15 18 19 14 19 5 4 14 6 21 7 5 22 INDEX Page Scope of code.................................................... 4 Sectional ring wheels, protection for.............. 14 Side grinding restriction.................................. 20 Side members of hoods, dimensions............... 8,9 Size. (See Article in question.) 19 Speed-adjustment control............................... Speed in revolutions per minute and surface feet per minute............................................. 19 Speed test......................................................... 19 Speeds, recommended and maximum_______ 18 Spindle sizes....................... ............................ 6 Spindle thread: 6 Direction of............................................... Length o f................................................... 6 Starting new wheels, test before..................... 20 Storage of wheels............................................. 5 Straight flanges, dimensions........................... 15,16 Supports, rigidity o f........................................ 5 Surface grinders, exposure allowed................. 7 Pago Swing frame and portable grinders, exposure allowed__________ _____________________ 7 Tapered flanges: 16 Degree of taper.......................................... Dimensions............................................... 16,17 General requirements............................... 16 Test: Balance...................................................... 20 Speed......................................................... 19 Thread, spindle: Direction of............................................... 6 Length of................................................... 6 Tightening of nut............................................ 18 8 Top grinding, exposure allowed..................... Truing of wheel............................................... 20 18 Washers, compressible.................................... Wet grinding, provisions for........................... 20 Wheel holes, size of_________________ _____ 6 LIST OF BULLETINS OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS The following is a list of all bulletins of the Bureau of Labor Statistics published since July, 1912, except that in the case of bulletins giving the results of routine surveys of the bureau, only the latest bulletin of any one subject is here listed. A complete list of the reports and bulletins issued prior to July, 1912, as well as the bulletins published since that date, will be furnished on application. Bulletins marked thus ♦are out of print• Wholesale Prices. N o. 284. Index numbers of wholesale prices in the United States and foreign countries. [1921.] No. 415. Wholesale prices, 1890 to 1925. Retell Prices ♦No. 121. ♦No. 130. ♦No. 164. No. 170. No. 357. No. 369. No. 418. and Cost o f Living. Sugar prices, from refiner to consumer. [1913.] Wheat and flour prices, from farmer to consumer. [1913.] Butter prices, from producer to consumer. [1914.] Foreign food prices as affected by the war. [1915.] Cost of living in the United States. [1924.] The use of cost-of-living figures in wage adjustments. [1925.] Retail prices, 1890 to 1925. Wages and Hours o f Labor. ♦No. 146. Wages and regularity of employment and standardization of piece rates in the dress and waist industry of New York. [1914.] ♦No. 147. Wages and regularity of employment in the cloak, suit, and skirt industry. [1914.] ♦No. 161. Wages and hours of labor in the clothing and cigar industries, 1911 to 1913. No. 163. Wages and hours of labor in the building and repairing of steam railroad cars, 1907 to 1913. ♦No. 190. Wages and hours of labor in the cotton, woolen, and silk industries, 1907 to 1914. ♦No. 204. Street railway employment in the United States. [1917.] No. 225. Wages and hours of labor in the lumber, millwork, and furniture industries, 1915. No. 265. Industrial survey in selected industries in the United States, 1919. No. 297. Wages and hours of labor in the petroleum industry, 1920. No. 348. Wages and hours of labor in the automobile industry, 1922. No. 356. Productivity costs in the common-brick industry. [1924.] No. 358. Wages and hours of labor in the automobile-tiro industry, 1923. No. 360. Time and labor costs in manufacturing 100 pairs of shoes. [1924.] No. 365. Wages and hours of labor in the paper and pulp industry, 1923. No. 371. Wages and hous of labor in cotton-goods manufacturing, 1924. No. 374. Wages and hours of labor in the boot and shoes industry, 1907 to 1924. No. 376. Wages and hours of labor In the hosiery and underwear industry, 1907 to 1924. No. 377. Wages and hours of labor in woolen and worsted goods manufacturing, 1924. No. 381. Wages and hours of labor in the iron and steel industry, 1907 to 1924. No. 387. Wages and hours of labor in the men’s clothing industry, 1911 to 1924. No. 394. Wages and hours of labor in metalliferous mines, 1924. N o. 407. Labor cost of production and wages and hours in the paper box-board industry, 1925. No. 412. Wages, hours, and productivity in the pottery industry, 1925. No. 413. Wages and hours of labor in the lumber industry in the United States, 1925. No. 431. Union scale of wages and hours of labor, M ay 15, 1926. No. 416. Hours and earnings in anthracite and bitum inous coal mining, 1922 and 1924. No. 421. Wages and hours of labor in the slaughtering and meat-packing industry, 1925. No. 422. Wages and hours of labor in foundries and machine shops, 1925. No. 435. Wages and hours of labor in the men’s clothing industry, 1911 to 1926. (In press.) Employment and Unemployment. ♦No. 109. Statistics of unemployment and the work of employment offices in the United States. [1913.] No. 172. Unemployment in New York City, N . Y . [1915.] ♦No. 183. Regularity of employment in the women’s ready-to-wear garment industries. [1915.] ♦No. 195. Unemployment in the United States. [1916.] No. 196. Proceedings of the Employment Managers’ Conference held at Minneapolis, M inn., Jan uary, 1916. ♦No. 202. Proceedings of the conference of Employment Managers’ Association of Boston, Mass., held M ay 10, 1916. No. 206. The British system of labor exchanges. [1916.] ♦No. 227. Proceedings of the Employment Managers* Conference, Philadelphia, Pa., April 2 and 3,1917. No. 235. Employment system of the Lake Carriers’ Association. [1918.] N o. 241. Public employment offices in the United States. [1918.] No. 247. Proceedings of Employment Managers’ Conference, Rochester, N . Y ., M ay 9-11,1918. N o. 310. Industrial unemployment: A statistical study of its extent and causes. [1922.] N o. 409. Unemployment in Columbus, Ohio, 1921 to 1925. [i] Proceedings of Annual Meetings of International Association of Public Employment Services. N o. 192. First, Chicago, December 19 and 20,1913; Second, Indianapolis, September 24 and 25,1914; Third, Detroit, July 1 and 2,1915. N o. 220. Fourth, Buffalo, N . Y ., July 20 and 21,1916. N o. 311. Ninth, Buffalo, N . Y ., September 7-9,1921. N o. 337. Tenth, Washington, D . C., September 11-13,1922. N o. 355. Eleventh, Toronto, Canada, September 4-7,1923. N o. 400. Twelfth, Chicago, 111., M ay 19-23, 1924. N o. 414. Thirteenth, Rochester, N. Y ., September 15-17,1925. Women’s Insurance and Compensation. N o. 116. Hours, earnings, and duration of employment of wage-earning women in selected industries in the District of Columbia. [1913.] ♦No. 117. Prohibition of night work of young persons. [1913.] ♦No. 118. Ten-hour maximum working-day for women and young persons. [1913.] ♦No. 119. Working hours of women in the pea canneries of W isconsin. [1913.] ♦No. 122. Employment of women in power laundries in Milwaukee. [1913.] N 6 .160. Hours, earnings, and conditions of labor of women in Indiana mercantile establishments and garment factories. [1914.] ♦No. 167. Minimum-wage legislation in the United States and foreign countries. [1915.] ♦No. 175. Summary of the report on conditions of women and child wage earners in the United States. [1915.] ♦No. 176. Effect of minimum-wage determinations in Oregon. [1915.] ♦No. 180. The boot and shoe industry in Massachusetts as a vocation for women. [1915.] ♦No. 182. Unemployment among women in department and other retail stores of Boston, Mass. [1916.] N o. 193. Dressmaking as a trade for women in Massachusetts. [1916.] N o. 215. Industrial experience of trade-school girls in Massachusetts. [1917.] ♦No. 217. Effect of workmen’s compensation laws in diminishing the necessity of industrial em ploy ment of women and children. [1918.] N o. 223. Employment of women and juveniles in Great Britain during the war. [1917.] N o. 253. Women in lead industries. [1919.] Workmen's Insurance and Compensation (including laws relating thereto). ♦No. 101. Care of tuberculous wage earners in Germany. [1912.] ♦No. 102. British national insurance act. 1911. ♦No. 103. Sickness and accident insurance law of Switzerland. [1912.1 N o. 107. Law relating to insurance of salaried employees in Germany. [1913.] ♦No. 155. Compensation for accidents to employees of the United States. [1914.] N o. 212. Proceedings of the conference on social insurance called by the International Association of Industrial Accident Boards and Commissions, Washington, D . C ., December 5-9, 1916. N o. 243. Workmen’s compensation legislation in the United States and foreign countries! 1917 and 1918. N o. 301. Comparison of workmen’s compensation insurance and administration. [1922.] N o. 312. National health insurance in Great Britain, 1911 to 1920. N o. 379. Comparison of workmen’s compensation laws of the United States as of January 1, 1925. N o. 423. Workmen’s compensation legislation of the United States and Canada, as of July 1, 1926. Proceedings of Annual Meetings of the International Association of Industrial Accident Boards and Commissions. No. 210. Third, Columbus, Ohio, April 25-28, 1916. ♦No. 248. Fourth, Boston, Mass., August 21-25,1917. N o. 264. Fifth, M adison, W is., September 24-27, 1918. ♦No. 273. Sixth, Toronto, Canada, September 23-26, 1919. N o. 281. Seventh, San Francisco, Calif., September 20-24,1920. N o. 304. Eighth, Chicago, HI., September 19-23, 1921. No. 333. Ninth, Baltimore, M d., October 9-13, 1922. N o. 359. Tenth, St. Paul, M inn., September, 24-26,1923. N o. 385. Eleventh, Halifax, Nova Scotia, August 26-28,1924. No. 395. Index to proceedings, 1914-1924. N o. 406. Twelfth, Salt Lake City, Utah, August 17-20,1925. N o. 432. Thirteenth, Hartford, Conn., September 14-17, 1926. [n] Industrial Accidents and Hygiene* *No. 101. Lead poisoning in potteries, tile works, and porcelain-enameled sanitary-ware factories. [1912.1 N o. 120. Hygiene in the painters’ trade. [1913.] *No. 127. Dangers to workers from dust and fumes, and methods of protection. [1913.] ♦No. 141. Lead poisoning in the smelting and refining of lead. [1914.] *No. 157. Industrial accident statistics. [1915.] *No. 165. Lead poisoning in the manufacture of storage batteries. [1914.] *No. 179. Industrial poisons used in the rubber industry. [1915.] N o. 188. Report of British department committee on the danger in the use of lead in the painting of buildings. [1916.] ♦No. 201. Report of committee on statistics and compensation insurance cost of the International Association of Industrial Accident Boards and Commissions. [1916.] •No. 207. Causes of death by occupation. [1917.] ♦No. 209. Hygiene of the printing trade. [1917.] N o. 219. Industrial poisons used or produced in the manufacture of explosives. [1917.] N o. 221. Hours, fatigue, and health in British munitions factories. [1917.] N o. 230. Industrial efficiency and fatigue in British munitions factories. [1917.] ♦No. 231. M ortality from respiratory diseases in dusty trades (inorganic dusts). [1918.] No. 234. Safety movement in the iron and steel industry, 1907 to 1917. ♦No. 236. Effect of the air hammer on the hands of stonecutters. [1918.] N o. 249. Industrial health and efficiency. Final report of British Health of M unition Workers Com mittee. [1919.] ♦No. 251. Preventable death in the cotton-manufacturing industry. [1919.] N o. 256. Accidents and accident prevention in machine building. [1919.] N o. 267. Anthrax as an occupational disease. [1920.] N o. 276. Standardization of industrial accident statistics. [1920.] N o. 280. Industrial poisoning in making coal-tar dyes and dye intermediates. [1921.] N o. 291. Carbon-monoxide poisoning. [1921.] N o. 293. The problem of dust phthisis in the granite-stone industry. [1922.] N o. 298. Causes and prevention of accidents in the iron and steel industry, 1910 to 1919. N o. 306. Occupational hazards and diagnostic signs: A guide to impairments to be looked for in haz ardous occupations. [1922.] N o. 339. Statistics of industrial accidents in the United States. [1915.] N o. 392. Survey of hygienic conditions in the printing trades. [1925.] N o. 405. Phosphorus necrosis in the manufacture of fireworks and the preparation of phosphorus. [1926.] No. 425. Record of industrial accidents in the United States to 1925. N o. 426. Deaths from lead poisoning. [In press.] N o. 427. Health survey in the printing trades, 1922 to 1925. [In press.] N o. 428. Proceedings of the Industrial Accident Prevention Conference, held at Washington, D . C ., July 14-16,1926. Conciliation and Arbitration (including strikes and lockouts). ♦No. 124. Conciliation and arbitration in the building trades of Greater New York. [1913.] ♦No. 133. Report of the industrial council of the British Board of Trade in its inquiry into industrial agreements. [1913.] ♦No. 139. Michigan copper district strike. [1914.] N o. 144. Industrial court of the cloak, suit, and skirt industry of New York City. [1914.] N o. 145. Conciliation, arbitration, and sanitation in the dress and waist industry of New York City. [1914.] ♦No. 191. Collective bargaining in the anthracite coal industry. [1916.] ♦No. 198. Collective agreements in the men’s clothing industry. [1916.] N o. 233. Operation of the industrial disputes investigation act of Canada. [1918.] No. 255. Joint industrial councils of Great Britain. [1917.] N o. 283. History of the Shipbuilding Labor Adjustment Board, 1917 to 1919. No. 287. National War Labor Board: History of its formation, activities, etc. [1921.] N o. 303. Use of Federal power in settlement of railway labor disputes. [1922.] No. 341. Trade agreement in the silk-ribbon industry of New York City. [1923.] N o. 402. Collective bargaining by actors. [1926.] N o. 419. Trade agreements, 1925., [m] Labor Laws o f the United States (including decisions o f courts relating to labor). No. 211. N o. 229. N o. 285. No. 321. N o. 322. No. 343. N o. 370. N o. 403. N o. 408. N o. 417. N o. 434. Labor laws and their administration in the Pacific States. [1917.] Wage-payment legislation in the United States. [1917.] Minimum-wage legislation in the United States. [1921.] Labor laws that have been declared unconstitutional. [1922]. Kansas Court of Industrial Relations. [192:}.] Laws providing for bureaus of labor statistics, ctc. [1923.] Labor laws of the United States, with decisions of courts relating thereto. [1925.] Labor legislation of 1925. Labor laws relating to payment of wages. [1926.] Decisions of courts and opinions affecting labor, 1925. Labor legislation of 1926. Foreign Labor Laws. •No. 142. Administration of labor laws and factory inspection in certain European countries. [1914.] Vocational and W orkers’ Education. ♦No. 159. Short-unit courses for wage earners, and a factory school experiment. [1915.] •No. 162. Vocational education survey of Richm ond, Va. [1915.] N o. 199. Vocational education survey of Minneapolis, M inn. [1916.] N o. 271. Adult working-class education in Great Britain and the United States. [1920.] Safety Codes. N o. 331. Code of lighting factories, mills, and other work places. N o. 336. Safety code for the protection of industrial workers in foundries. N o. 350. Specifications of laboratory tests for approval of electric head lighting devices for motor vehicles. N o. 351. Safety code for the construction, care, and use of ladders. N o. 364. Safety codc for mechanical power-transm ission apparatus. N o. 375. Safety code for laundry machinery and operation. N o. 378. Safety code for woodworking plants. N o. 382. Code of lighting school buildings. N o. 410. Safety code for paper and pulp mills. N o. 430. Safety code for power presses and foot and hand presses. N o. 433. Safety codes for the prevention of dust explosions. Industrial Relations and Labor Conditions. N o. 237. N o. 340. N o. 349. N o. 361. N o. 380. N o. 383. N o. 384. N o. 399. Industrial unrest in Great Britain. [1917.] Chinese migration, with special reference to labor conditions. [1923.] Industrial relations in the West Coast lumber industry. [1923.] Labor relations in the Fairmont (W . Va.) bituminous coal field. [1924.] Postwar labor conditions in Germany. [1925.] W orks council movement in Germany. [1925.] Labor conditions in the shoe industry in Massachusetts, 1920 to 1924. Labor relations in the lace and lace-curtain industries in the United States. [1925.] W elfare W ork. ♦No. 123. Employers’ welfare work. [1923.] N o. 222. Welfare work in British munition factories. [1917.] •No. 250. Welfare work for employees in industrial establishments in the United States. [1919.] Cooperation. N o. 313. Consumers’ cooperative socities in the United States in 1920. N o. 314. Cooperative credit socities in America and in foreign countries. [1922.] Housing. •No. 158. N o. 263. N o. 295. No. 424. Government aid to home owning and housing of working people in foreign countries. [1914.] Housing by employers in the United States. [1920.] Building operations in representative cities in 1920. Building permits in the principal cities of the United States, 1925. [IV] Proceedings of Annual Conventions of the Association of Governmental Labor Officials of the United States and Canada* N o. 266. N o. 307. ♦No. 323. N o. 352. N 9. 389. N o. 411. N o. 429. Seventh, Seattle, Wash., July 12-15, 1920. Eighth, New Orleans, La., M ay 2-6,1921. Ninth, Harrisburg, Pa., M ay 22-26, 1922. Tenth, Richmond, Va., M ay 1-4, 1923. Eleventh, Chicago, 111., M ay 19-23, 1924. Twelfth, Salt Lake C ity, Utah, August 13-15, 1925. Thirteenth, Columbus, Ohio, June 7-10, 1926. Miscellaneous Series. •No. 174. Subject index of the publications of the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics up to M ay 1,1915. N o. 208. Profit sharing in the United States. [1916.] N o. 242. Food situation in central Europe, 1917. N o. 254. International labor legislation and the society of nations. [1919.] N o. 268. Historical survey of international action affecting labor. [1920.] N o. 282. M utual relief associations among Government employees in Washington, D . C. [1921.] N o. 299. Personnel research agencies. A guide to organized research in employment, management, industrial relations, training, and working conditions. [1921.] N o. 319. The Bureau of Labor Statistics: Its history, activities, and organization. [1922.] N o. 326. Methods of procuring and computing statistical information of the Bureau of Labor Statistics. [1923.] N o. 342. International Seaman’s Union of America: A study of its history and problems. [1923.] N o. 346. Humanity in government. [1923.] N o. 372. Convict labor in 1923. N o. 386. The cost of American almshouses. [1925.] N o. 398. Growth of legal-aid work in the United States. [1926.] N o. 401. Family allowances in foreign countries. [1926.] N o. 420. Handbook of American trade-unions. [1926.] IV]
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