The full text on this page is automatically extracted from the file linked above and may contain errors and inconsistencies.
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR JAMES J. DAVIS, Secretary BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS ETHELBERT STEWART, Com m issioner BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES! *T BUREAU OF LABOR S T A T I S T I C S /.................... llO. SAFETY CODE JQ A SERIES SAFETY CODE FOR POWER PRESSES AND FOOT AND HAND PRESSES NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL, SPONSOR AMERICAN STANDARD Approved November 11, 1926 American Engineering Standards C om m ittee ¥ DECEMBER, 1926 WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1926 ADDITIONAL COPIES OF THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE PROCURED FROM THE SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON, D. C. AT 20 CENTS PER COPY CONTENTS Introduction--------------------------------------------------------------------------------Section 1. Scope and purpose-------------------------------------------------------Section 2. Definitions------ -----------------------------------------------------------Section 3. References to other codes---------------------------------------------Section 10. General hazards----------------------------------------------------------Rule 100. Press foundation------------------------------------------------------Rule 101. Working space and aisles------------------------------------------Rule 102. Lighting-----------------------------------------------------------------Rule 103. Means of disconnecting power-------------------------------------Rule 104. Bolt, pulley, gear, and shaft guards------------------------------Rule 105. Switches and other electrical apparatus-----------------------Rule 106. Feeding mechanisms_________________________________ Rule 107. Protection against flying particles-------------------------------Section 11. Safeguarding press hazards at point of operation___________ Rule 110. Safeguarding classification___________________________ Rule 111. Inclosure of ram____________________________________ Rule 112. Limitation of ram stroke--------------------------------------------Rule 113. Gate guards, two-hand tripping devices, sweep guards___ Rule 114. Special hand tools___________________________________ Section 12. Other press guards_____________________________________ Rule 120. Treadle guard______________________________________ Rule 121. Latch on hand lever_________________________________ Rule 122. Interlocking control_________________________________ Section 13. Making and setting dies________________________________ Rule 130. Design and construction_____________________________ Section 14. Operating rules_______________________________________ Rule 140. Inspect5on and maintenance__________________________ Rule 141. Die setting_____ ____________________________________ Rule 142. Instruction of operators_____________________________ Rule 143. Rules for operators_________________________________ Page 1,2 2, 3 3 4 4, 5 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 6, 7 6 6 6 6, 7 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 8,9 8 8 8 8,9 APPENDIX (The appendix is not a part of the Power Press Code. It is merely a dis cussion of the code, including illustrated descriptions of press hazards and methods used to overcome them.) A. Power-press hazards: Page Paragraph 200. Classification by causes_______________________ 11,12 12 Paragraph 201. Normal operation____________________________ Paragraph 202. Accidental tripping----------------------------------------12 Paragraph 203. Defects of machines__________________________ 12 Paragraph 204. Die setting_____________________ _____________ 12 Paragraph 205. Falling objects______________________________ 12 Paragraph 206. Miscellaneous_______________________________ 12,13 B. Safeguarding press hazards at point of operation: Paragraph 207. Safeguarding classification____________________ 13 Paragraph 208. Automatic or semiautomatic feed preferable to manual feed--------------------------------------------------------------------13 Paragraph 209. Long and short runs--------------------------------------- 13, 14 Paragraph 210. Not an afterthought__________________________ 14 Paragraph 211. Suggestions for die designers, makers, and setters— 14,15 hi IV CONTENTS W© *1 H 0 C. Automatic and semiautomatic feeds: Page Paragraph 212. Advantages--------------------------------------------------15 Paragraph 213. Automatic roll feeds__________________________ 15 Paragraph 214. Automatic push or pull feed__________________ 15 Paragraph 215. Automatic plunger feed----------------------------------- 15,16 Paragraph 216. Chute feed__________________________________ 16 Paragraph 217. Sliding feed_________________________________ 16 Paragraph 218. Sliding dies_________________________________ 16 Paragraph 219. Dial feeds__________________________________ 16 Paragraph 220. Revolving dies---------------------------------------------16 Paragraph 221. Safety finger spring--------------------------------------16 Ram inclosures (pars. 222-225)________________________________ 16,17 Limitation of ram stroke (par. 226)-------------------------------------------17 Gate guards (pars. 227-229)___________________________________ 17 Two-hand tripping devices (pars. 230-234)_______________________ 17,18 Sweep guards (pars. 235-237)__________________________________ 18 I. Hand tools (par. 238)_________________________________________ 19 J. Nonrepeat and treadle disconnecting attachments: Paragraph 239. Purpose and function_________________________ 19 Paragraph 240. Where needed_______________________________ 19 Paragraph 241. Releasing brake_____________________________ 19 Paragraph 242. Maintaining tension in brake band____________ 19 20 Paragraph 243. Ratchet to prevent dropping back_____________ K. Methods of removing material: Paragraph 244. General-------------------------------------------------------20 Paragraph 245. Strippers___________________________________ 20 Paragraph 246. Knockouts__________________________________ 20 Paragraph 247. Knockout bolt guards-------------------------------------20 Paragraph 248. Reversing dies______________________________ 20 L. Qualifications of operators (par. 249)__________________________ 20 M. Press installations (par. 250)---------------------------------------------------20 BULLETIN OF THE U. S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS WASHINGTON NO. 430 DECEMBER, 1926 SAFETY CODE FOR POWER PRESSES AND FOOT AND HAND PRESSES INTRODUCTION This Code was formulated and revised according to the procedure of the American Engineering Standards Committee, under the spon sorship of the National Safety Council, by the following committee: Name and title Affiliation Representing Chairman, C. B. Auel, manager em Westinghouse Electric & Manu National Safety Council, facturing Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. metals section. ployees service department. A. L. Kaems, safety engineer................... . The Simmons Co., Kenosha, Wis. National Safety Council, automotive section. Secretary, W. Dean Keefer, director in National Safety Council, 108 East National Safety Council dustrial safety division. Ohio Street, Chicago. Chas. R. Gabriel-..................................... E. W. Bliss Co., Brooklyn, N. Y... National Machine Tool Builders’ Assocation. H. S. Putnam, manager safety division.. American Can Co., 120 BroadDo. Broadway, New York. C. B. Bartlett, production engineer___ Geuder, Paesehke & Frey Co., Sheet Metal Ware Asso Milwaukee, Wis. ciation. Warren S. Smith, secretary (alternate). Sheet Metal Ware Association, Do. 342 Madison Avenue, New York. Herman Schwab-..................................... . Aluminum Goods Manufacturing Co., Manitowoc, Wis. William H. Doolittle, superintendent National Metals Trade Associa tion, Peoples Gas Building, department of classification and safety. Chicago. E. E. Barney--.......................................... Remington Typewriter Co., 374 American Society of Broadway, New York. Mechanical Engineers. Chars. N. Underwood................................ Industrial Engineer, 5008 Penn Do. Street, Frankfort, Pa. Cornelius VanHom, inspecting engineer.. Travelers Insurance Co., 30 East American Society of 42d Street, New York. Safety Engineers. C. A. Briggs, safety engineer.................... . 2830 Robinwood Avenue, Toledo, Society of Ohio Safety Engineers. Ohio. W. S. Paine, research engineer. ................ Aetna Life Insurance Co., Hart National Bureau of Cas ford, Conn. ualty and Surety Un derwriters. W. J. Graves, safety engineer-. Michigan Mutual Liability Co., National Association of Mutual Casualty Com Detroit, Mich. panies. C. R. Ailing, vice-president................. Underwriters’ Laboratories, 207 Underwriters’ Labora East Ohio Street, Chicago. tories. J. A. Dickinson, mechanical engineer _ Bureau of Standards, Washington, Bureau of Standards. D. C. J. F. Dalton. ....................................... International Association of Ma U. S. Department of chinists, Broadway and 11th Labor. Street, New York. John P. Meade, director division of in Department of Labor and In Department of Labor dustrial safety. dustry, Boston, Mass. and Industry of Mas sachusetts. R. H. Leveridge, chief bureau of electrical New Jersey Department of Labor, New Jersey Department Trenton, N. J. and mechanical equipment. of Labor. J. M. Sandel, director bureau of industrial Department of Labor and Indus Pennsylvania Depart standards. try, Harrisburg, Pa. ment of Labor and Industry. R. McA. Keown, engineer. ...................... Industrial Commission of Wis Industrial Commission consin, Madison, Wis. of Wisconsin. 1 2 SAFETY CODE FOR PRESSES 1. The use of power presses and foot and hand presses for stamp ing and forming pieces of metal and other material has grown so rapidly, and the loss of hands or fingers on these presses as commonly operated is so frequent, that this hazard has become one of the most serious mechanical problems in accident prevention. Different fac tors that make the problem difficult are the wide variety of operations and operating conditions—variations as to size, speed, and type of the press; size, thickness, and kind of pieces to be worked; construc tion of dies; required accuracy of the finished work; skill of opera tors ; length of the run, etc. Under these varying conditions a wide variety of guards and feeding methods has been devised. 2. This Code is one of a number of safety codes on various subjects which have been or are being formulated under the general auspices of the American Engineering Standards Committee. One purpose of the Code is to serve as a guide to State authorities. The Code itself is printed on pages 2 to 9, inclusive, of this publication, and it includes such requirements as may properly be enforced by a State industrial commission or labor department. These requirements are necessarily brief and general because of the varying conditions men tioned above. It, therefore, has seemed advisable to include an ap pendix on pages 11 to 20 presenting additional information that is not a part of the Code but which contains illustrated descriptions and discussions of press hazards and of the methods that have been used to overcome them. The photographs will be loaned on request to State or other authorities desiring to reproduce this Code. 3. When adopted for State use, the references to other national codes in section 3 should be changed so as to refer to the correspond ing regulations of the State itself. 4. The Code is also intended for use directly by concerns operating presses. When so used the distinction between “ m andatory” and “ advisory ” items (see par. 20, sec. 2) largely disappears. The entire Code may be adopted by any manufacturing concern as a standard to be followed by its superintendents, foreman, designers, mechanics, and operators. 5. While very different problems are encountered in large and small shops, and on large and small presses, a definite line can not be drawn between them and therefore they are not treated sepa rately in this Code. For most of the sections of the Code illustra tions will be found in the appendix showing the application of the various safeguarding methods to both large and small presses and to short as well as long runs. 6. I t is realized that there are many hazards in shops where presses are used and that not all of these hazards are related to press op eration. These nonpress hazards are important but they can not logically be covered in this Code. They are or will be dealt with in other codes. SECTION 1. SCOPE AND PURPOSE Rule 10. Scope. These requirements apply to all power presses, foot presses, and hand presses, by which are meant machines fitted with rams (plung ers) and dies for the purpose of blanking, trimming, drawing, punch SAFETY CODE FOR PRESSES 3 ing, or stamping material, also including plate shears and plate punches but not including bulldozers, hot-metal presses, hammers, bending presses or brakes, power screw or fitting presses, air presses, and hydraulic presses, which are either covered by other codes or require special treatment. Rule 11. Interpretations and exceptions. The purpose of this Code is to provide reasonable safety for life, limb, and health. In cases of practical difficulty or unnecessary hardship, the enforcing officers or body may grant exceptions from the literal requirements of this Code or permit the use of other devices or methods, but only when it is clearly evident that equiva lent protection is thereby secured. N o t e .—To secure the uniform application of this Code enforcing officers are urged, before rendering decisions on disputed points, to consult the committee which formulated it—the Committee on Safety Code for Presses, in care of American Engineering Standards Committee, 29 West Thirty-ninth Street, New York, or National Safety Council, 108 East Ohio Street, Chicago. SECTION 2. DEFINITIONS Rule 20. The word “ shall ” is to be understood as mandatory and the word “ should ” as advisory. Rule 21. The word “ approved” means approved by the authority having jurisdiction. Rule 22. The word “ ra m ” means the moving part of the press which is sometimes called plunger, slide, gate, or mandrel. Rule 23. The word “ knockout ” covers any mechanical device for removing material, sometimes called kickout or ejector. Rule 24. “ Manual feeding ” is placing material under the ram by hand or by hand tools. Rule 25. “ Semiautomatic feeding ” is placing material under the ram by some mechanical device, which device requires the attention of an operator at each stroke of the ram. Rule 26. “Automatic feeding” is placing material under the ram by a mechanically actuated device that does not require the attention of an operator at each stroke of the ram. Rule 27. A “ gate guard ” is one that completely incloses the point of opera tion before the operating clutch can become engaged. Rule 28. A “ sweep guard ” is one th at moves across the point of operation after the operating clutch has become engaged. 4 SAFETY CODE FOR PRESSES SECTION 3. REFERENCES TO OTHER CODES Rule 30. This Code is supplemented by the following codes: Safety Code for Mechanical Power Transmission Apparatus. N o t e .—Copies may be obtained from the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 29 West Thirty-ninth Street, New York City. National Electrical Safety Code. N o t e .—Copies may be obtained from Superintendent of Documents, Govern ment Printing Office, Washington, D. C. National Electrical (Fire) Code. N o te .—Copies may be obtained from National Board of Fire Underwriters, 76 William Street, New York City. Safety Code for Walkway Surfaces. N o t e .—This code is now in preparation, but tentative draft may be obtained from the American Engineering Standards Committee, 29 West Thirty-ninth Street, New York City. Code of Lighting Factories, Mills, and Other Work Places. N o t e .—Copies may be obtained from Superintendent of Documents, Govern ment Printing Office, Washington, D. C. Safety Code for the Protection of the Heads and Eyes of Indus trial Workers. N o t e .—Copies may be obtained from Superintendent of Documents, Govern ment Printing Office, Washington, D. C. SECTION 10. GENERAL HAZARDS Rule 100. Press foundation. Every press shall be placed on a substantial foundation, floor, or other support, and shall be securely fastened or anchored in place. Rule 101. Working space and aisles. Presses shall be so located as to give (a) enough clearance between machines so that the movement of one operator will not interfere with the work of another; (&) ample room for cleaning machines and handling the work, including material and scrap; (c) aisles of sufficient width to permit the free movement of employees bringing and removing material. Surrounding floors and flooring shall be kept in good condition, free from obstructions and grease. Rule 102. Lighting. Presses should be so located, with respect to sources of both nat ural and artificial light, that light of sufficient intensity will fall on the w ork; direct or reflected glare and shadows, including mov ing shadows, should be avoided. N o t e .—For specific requirements see Code of Lighting Factories, Mills, and Other Work Places. SAFETY CODE FOR PRESSES 5 Buie 103. Means of disconnecting power. Every power press shall be provided with means for disconnecting all power from the press and from the pulley on press. Acceptable methods are: (a) Individual motor drive; if the switch or starter is so con structed and located that the motor may be accidentally started, provisions shall be made to permit locking or latching in on position. (b) Tight and loose pulleys on countershaft, with belt shifter which can be locked or latched in off position. (c) Belt perch or idler pulleys to facilitate throwing belts off and on the drive pulley. (d) Clutch on drive pulley, with clutch handle that can be locked or latched in off position. Large presses should, if possible (as, for example, friction-clutch presses), have some provision for stopping press instantly at any point of the stroke. Buie 104. Belt, pulley, gear, and shaft guards. All belts, pulleys, gears, and shafts shall be guarded. Removable sections, preferably hinged, shall be provided in such guards where necessary, so that the press can be turned by hand. N o t e .—For specific requirements see Safety Code for Mechanical PowerTransmission Apparatus. Buie 105. Switches and other electrical apparatus. All switches and other electrical apparatus shall be guarded. N o t e .—For specific requirements see National Electrical Safety Code and National Electrical (Fire) Code. Buie 106. Feeding mechanisms. All gears and feed rolls on press feeding mechanisms shall be guarded. N o t e .—For specific requirements see Safety Code for Mechanical PowerTransmission Apparatus. Buie 107. Protection against flying particles. A shield, goggles, or other means of protection should be provided if the nature of the operation and the kind of material are such as to cause an appreciable hazard from flying particles. N o te .—For specific requirements see Safety Code for the Protection of the Heads and Eyes of Industrial Workers. 14755°—26------2 6 SAFETY CODE FOR PRESSES SECTION 11. SAFEGUARDING PRESS HAZARDS AT POINT OF OPERATION Rule 110. Safeguarding classification. One or more means of safeguarding the press hazards at the point of operation shall be provided and used on every press, depending upon the method of feeding, and in accordance with the following: Method of feeding press Safeguarding required I. Automatic feed___ ______ ___ Automatic roll feed. Automatic push or pull feed. Automatic plunger feed. Inclosure of ram (see rule 111), or limitation of ram stroke (see rule 112), or gate guard (see rule 113). II. Semiautomatic feed___ ______ Chute feed. Slide feed. Sliding dies. Dial feed. Revolving dies. Inclosure of ram (see rule 111), or limitation of ram stroke (see rule 112), or gate guard (see rule 113). III. Manual feed................................ Inclosure of ram (see rule 111), or limitation of ram stroke (see rule li2), or gate guard (see rule 113), or two-hand tripping device (see rule 113), or sweep guard (see rule 113), or special hand tools (see rule 114). Rule 111. Inclosure of ram. Opening between bottom of inclosure and work or working surface shall not exceed % inch. The top of the inclosure shall extend at least as high as the upper limit of travel of the ram. There shall be no dangerous shear points between the guard and any moving part. Openings in the guard shall not exceed y2 inch if within 4 inches of any danger p o in t; if farther away than 4 inches, openings shall not exceed 2 inches square or 1 inch wide. N o t e .— I f t h e i n c l o s u r e i s v e r y c l o s e t o t h e d ie , i t i s r e c o m m e n d e d t h a t o p e n i n g s d o n o t e x c e e d % in c h . Rule 112. Limitation of ram stroke. I f press is safeguarded by limiting the ram stroke, the stroke of the ram shall be such that the clearance between the ram and die or stripper shall not exceed % inch. Rule 113. Gate guards, two-hand tripping devices, sweep guards. I f press is safeguarded by gate guard, or two-hand tripping de vice, or sweep guard, such guards and devices shall conform to the following specifications: (a) Every such device shall be simple and reliable in construction, application, and adjustment. I t shall be permanently attached by means of cap screw or through bolts to the press frame. I t shall not offer any accident hazard of itself. I t shall be designed and con structed to minimize the possibility of removing or misusing essen tial parts and to facilitate inspection of them. (b) The device shall be so designed and constructed th at it would be extremely difficult for the operator to place or permit his hand to remain within the danger zone while the ram is approaching the lower limit of its down stroke. SAFETY CODE FOR PRESSES 7 (tf) Two-hand tripping devices should be so arranged as to prevent tying, wedging, or otherwise securing one handle or button and oper ating the press with the other hand only, except by use of a key in possession of foreman. (d) On slow acting presses the device shall be arranged so as not to permit the operator placing his hand in the danger zone after the press has been tripped and while the ram is still descending. (e) Openings in gate and sweep guards shall not be greater than specified in rule 111. (/) Unless the device is directly connected to the ram (for ex ample, a sweep guard), a nonrepeat attachment shall be provided, by which the treadle or operating lever is disconnected after each stroke and a positive stop is introduced to stop the press. The non repeat attachment shall not be dependent upon the action of any spring, except a compression spring operating in or on a closely fitting barrel or rod and so wound that the space between coils is less than the diameter of the wire. Such nonrepeat attachment, however, is not required for a gate guard so constructed as to assure its being in place to offer full protection if the press should repeat from riding the treadle or breakage of the latch return spring. N o t e .—A nonrepeat attachment may be so arranged that it can be rendered inoperative in case continuous operation is desired, provided that for such opera tion the press shall otherwise be safeguarded as specified in rule 110. Sweep guards which are attached to the ram and which move downward so that the operator’s hand might be caught between gate and lower die are not recommended. If nonrepeat attachments are provided on some of the presses in a depart ment, they should preferably be provided on all the presses so that there will be less likelihood of confusion and, therefore, of accident when operators are changed from one machine to another. Two hand-tripping devices constitute a serious hazard if it is easy to tie down or wedge one lever or button so the press can be operated with one hand only. Press operators must be given careful supervision by foremen or others in positions of authority to insure the proper use of such devices. Rule 114. Special hand tools. Hand tools for placing and removing material shall be such as to permit easy handling of material without the operator placing his hand in the danger zone. Such tools are accepted in lieu of a guard, only where the use of the tools is strictly enforced by the employer. SECTION 12. OTHER PRESS GUARDS Rule 120. Treadle guard. On every foot-operated power press a substantial guard shall be placed over the treadle to prevent accidental tripping, or an equally effective special design of treadle shall be used. For treadles other than long bars extending across the machine the openings in such guards shall not be more than twice the width of the foot. Rule 121. Latch on hand lever. Hand-operated power presses, especially if of large size, should be equipped with a spring latch on the lever to prevent accidental or premature tripping. 8 SAFETY CODE FOR PRESSES Rule 122. Interlocking device. Each hand-operated power press, if tended by more than one man, should have an interlocking lever or similar device controlled by the helper to prevent accidental or premature tripping. SECTION 13. MAKING AND SETTING DIES Buie 130. Design and construction. Newly constructed dies shall be designed and constructed so as to involve the least possible hazard to the press operator. They should be cut away so that unnecessary crushing hazards will not exist. They should be so arranged that the operator will assume a natural position and do his work in the safest possible manner. Dies shall be so designed and constructed as to provide or permit safeguarding as required in section 11. The die setter should be held responsible for procuring and installing, when he sets the dies for any opera tion, an effective guard or safe feeding arrangement suitable to the operation. SECTION 14. OPERATING RULES Rule 140. Inspection and maintenance. Regular inspections shall be made to insure proper condition of all bolts and screws which might become loosened by vibration; of all treadle attachments, treadle and clutch springs, and all parts of clutch. Oil should not be allowed to collect in excessive quantities because of the possibility of gumming and causing the clutch or pulley to stick and repeat. Rule 141. Die setting. In setting dies (except on large presses which can not be turned by hand) the source or power shall be disconnected from the press and the press shall be turned by hand until proper alignment of the dies is assured. Rule 142. Instruction of operators. Before starting to work on a press, and before starting to work on any materially different operation, the press operator should be carefully instructed in the hazards of the machine and of the par ticular operation and in the safe method of work. Rule 143. Rules for operators. The foreman of the press department should enforce the following rules: (a) Do not operate your machine unless the press and all safety devices are in perfect working order. I f anything is wrong, stop work and notify the foreman. (&) Always use the safety devices and guards provided for your protection. (c) I f you think that any device on your press interferes with production, consult the foreman and try to devise some better guard. For most operations some method can.be found that is both safe and efficient, SAFETY CODE FOR PRESSES 9 (d ) I f automatic or semiautomatic attachments or special tools are provided for feeding, always use them and never place your hand under the ram. (e) I t is easier and quicker to feed stock from the level of the press table. (/) I f material sticks in the die, remove it with a stick, not with fingers. I f this happens frequently, notify foreman, who will have the attachment or die adjusted. (g ) Do not wear gloves if there is danger of fingers being caught under the ram or in feed rolls. (h ) Grasp material by the sides, if possible, rather than by top and bottom. (i) Do not let your hand or head be caught between top of guard and any projection on ram. (j) Keep your hair short or wear a cap. (k) Inspect clutch mechanism at beginning of each shift and operate press without work a few times to make sure that brake band is working properly. This is especially important on Monday morning or after any shutdown, and after oiling. Cl) I f clutch begins to click, have it inspected. (m) Never distract attention of another press operator—you might cause him to lose a finger. (n ) Pay strict attention to your work at all times. (The remainder of this pamphlet is not a part of the Power Press Code. I t is merely a discussion of the Code, including illustrated descriptions of press hazards and methods for overcoming them, the paragraphs being numbered 200 to 250 and followed by Figures 1 to 63.) APPENDIX A.—POWER-PRESS HAZARDS Paragraph 200. Classification by causes. Most press accidents occur at the operating point or dies. The following table summarizes the results of a careful study of 147 power-press accidents, the reports of which were sufficiently detailed to make accurate classification possible. Sixty-one of tnese were taken from the records of the Aetna Life Insurance Company and 86 from the records of the Wisconsin Industrial Commission. The table clearly shows the general trend of press accidents although the number of cases is too small to include all minor causes. The tabular form of the first p art of the classification is based on the fact that, for an operator to be injured at the operating point, there must be a combination of two causes—there must be some reason for him to place his hand between the dies, and there must be some reason for the ram to come down at that time. (a) ACCIDENTS TO FINGERS OF OPERATOR AT OPERATING POINT Ram came down because of— Cause Normal Accidental operation tripping Normal feeding or removing material______________ Removing material that stuck___________________ Cleaning or oiling__________________ ___________ Slipping, stumbling, horseplay, etc________________ Total__________________________________ i Defect of machine Total 72 7 1 2 20 5 1 1 21 2 113 14 2 3 82 27 23 132 (6) ACCIDENTS DURING OPERATION BUT NOT AT OPERATING POINT Caught between moving part and frame or bed-------------------------------------------------------------------- 6 Adjusting machines without throwing off power------------------------------------------------------------------- 4 End of punch broke and struck eye__________________________________________________ ___ 3 Miscellaneous: Adjusting machine, accidentally threw on power________________________________________ 1 Injured heel on treadle and developed infection---------------------------------------------------------- ----- 1 Total____________________________________________ ______ _______ _____ _____ 15 Grand total-------------------------------------------------------------- --------- ---------- i_________ 147 In six of these cases the operator reached around the side of a stationary or movable guard. In five cases the press was equipped with a two-hand device which was out of order or not effective. In four other cases there was a mechanical guard which failed to operate. In four cases the operator failed to use the chute feed. In one case he took the guard off. In one case he failed to use the hand tool provided. 11 12 SAFETY CODE FOR PRESSES----APPENDIX In one case he left his finger on the sliding die, the ram being unguarded. The files from which these power-press accidents were taken also disclosed 4 accidents on foot presses—3 during normal operation and 1 resulting from horseplay. Par. 201. Normal operation. The large proportion of accidents listed under “ normal opera tion ” shows clearly that most of them occur on unguarded or imperfectly guarded presses, due to an error or lack of coordination on Jl J J,j1 J 3r, such as— (<?) Failing to remove fingers soon enough. (d) Reaching in to adjust material after tripping. (e) Wearing gloves. To operate an unguarded press usually requires accurate coordina tion of the movement of hands and feet and this in turn requires that the mental condition of the operator be of a high standard. Any thing that interferes with such coordination, whether internal or external, is likely to cause an accident. Par. 202. Accidental tripping. The table shows that another important cause of accidents is accidental depression of the treadle, as by— (a) A falling object. (&) Being struck by truck or other moving object. (o) A person other than the operator stumbling onto it. (d) Operator being bumped into by another person or an object. Par. 203. Defects of machine. As indicated by the table, a considerable number of accidents result from genuine repeating or dropping back of the press, caused by a defect or deficiency in the machine, such as— (a) Pulley “ seizing ” or “ freezing ” on shaft. (b) D rifting because of poor braking (brake becoming loose or brake bolt shearing off). (c) Dog breaking. (d) Latch return spring breaking or coming loose. (e) Pitm an breaking, allowing ram to drop. (/) Square-jawed clutch burring and sticking. Par. 204. Die setting. Another group of accidents consists of those occurring to die set ters, while setting or adjusting dies, when fingers are caught by the unexpected descent of the ram, or when a splinter is thrown from the dies out of alignment. Par. 205. Falling objects. Die setters are sometimes injured by dropping a die on the hand or foot, by a scratch or bruise from hand tools, etc. These are often not reported as press accidents. Par. 206. Miscellaneous. A small percentage of press accidents result from other causes, such as— SAFETY CODE FOE PRESSES— APPENDIX 13 (a) Flying particles or pieces, from the material or the die, striking the operator’s eye, face, or neck. (5) Operator or other person, or material, being caught between belt and pulley, or belt catching and pulling press over. (c) Shaft breaking, permitting pulley to fall. (d) Person or material being caught in gears. (e) Injury from electric power. (/) Knockout mechanism breaking, and falling bolt or other part injuring operator’s foot. B.—SAFEGUARDING PRESS HAZARDS AT POINT OF OPERATION Far. 207. Safeguarding classification. As specified in rule 110 of the Code, one or more means of safe guarding the press hazards at the point of operation shall be pro vided and used on every press, depending upon the method of feed ing and in accordance with the following: Method of feeding press Safeguarding required I. Automatic feed_________________________ Inclosure of ram (see pars. 222-225), or limitation of ram stroke (see par. 226), Automatic roll feed (see par. 213). Automatic push or pull feed (see par. 214). or gate guard (see pars. 231-233). Automatic plunger feed (see par. 215). (See Figs. 2,3, and 4.) II. Semiautomatic feed_____________________ Chute feed (see par. 216). Slide feed (see par. 217). Sliding dies (see par. 218). Dial feed (see par. 219). Revolving dies (see par. 220). (See Figs. 32 to 48.) Inclosure of ram (see pars. 222-225), or limitation of ram stroke (see par. 226), or gate guard (see pars. 231-233). III. Manual feed---------------- ---- --------- --------- Inclosure of ram (see pars. 222- 225), or limitation of ram stroke (see par. 226), (See Figs. 1 to 31.) or gate guard (see pars. 231-233), or two-hand tripping device (see par. 234-238), or sweep guard (see pars. 228-230), or special hand tools (see par. 227). Par. 208. Automatic or semiautomatic feed preferable to manual feed. Automatic or semiautomatic methods of feeding can usually be adapted for the m ajority of jobs that are now fed manually (except for certain blanking operations). Such methods eliminate all the hazards described in paragraphs 201, 202, and 203, and prevent accidents caused by inattention or other failure of the operator as well as those caused by mechanical defects. These methods also generally result in an increase in production and a decrease of spoilage. One or another of them should, therefore, be used wher ever possible. Par. 209. Long and short runs. I t is often assumed th at automatic or semiautomatic feeding is practicable only in large establishments or on continuous runs. This is not the case. Some companies have found it possible to use auto147550—26----- 3 14 SAFETY CODE FOR PRESSES----APPENDIX matic or semiautomatic methods on all press operations, both long and short runs. There are doubtless still some cases where these inherently safe methods of feeding are impracticable and where an external guard is the only form of protection that can be applied, but such cases have been found to be much less numerous than was formerly supposed, and their number is constantly decreasing as experience with the other methods develops. Par. 210. Not an afterthought. These preferred methods of feeding are not something to be applied after the operation has been laid out and the dies made. They are an essential part of the operation itself. Therefore, they can not be successfully used except with the knowledge and coopera tion of the die designers, die makers, and die setters, as well as of the operating executives. Feeding devices, knockouts, and g’u ards must in general be attached to the die, or must be laid out to conform to the die; therefore, the die designer, maker, and setter should be held responsible for them and should have the element of safety con stantly in mind during the designing, construction, and placing of the dies. Par. 211. Suggestions for die designers, makers, and setters. (a) Before starting to make a die determine what method of feed ing is to be used to insure safe operation and lay out the die accordingly. (&) Cut away all unnecessary metal, especially on front and sides. (See fig. 1.) (c) Cut away front of upper die at 45° bevel to decrease danger and enable operator to see the work. (See fig. 1.) (d) Construct and set dies so operator will hold stock by sides, not by top and bottom. (e) I f piece is to be cut or formed on one end only, arrange dies so the other end of the piece will project at the front and can thus be held safely by operator. (/) I t is advisable to tap heavy dies so that screw eyes may be inserted for convenience in lifting. In case of dies with pilot pins, the screw eyes should be placed in the lower die to prevent dies separating. (</) A “ soft punch and a hard die ” tend to prevent chipping. (h) Use guide pins to insure alignment of dies and reduce hazard of flying particles. (i) On hand-fed blanking work make an inclosing guard to fit the die or adjust some guard already on hand for this purpose. On some small jobs this inclosure may be attached to the die or die block instead of to the machine. Generally the bottom of the inclosure can be attached to the stripper. (j) Set the stripper or inclosure not more than % inch above the lower die and have the top of the inclosure at least as high as the highest travel of the ram. (k) Guard not only the front but both sides of the die, and the back if possible, so the operator will not be tempted to reach around under the ram if the material sticks. (I) The lower die may be extended sidewise and backward by means of a plate to prevent reaching in. (See fig. 22.) SAFETY CODE FOR PRESSES— APPENDIX 15 (??i) When setting dies or Snaking adjustments (except 011 large presses which can not be turned by hand) always disconnect the power first. Throw the belt off (unless a tight and loose pulley, or clutch on the drive shaft, is provided). The “ safety sto p ” or pin provided on the clutch of the press is not sufficient to protect you in case the pulley should seize on the shaft. (n) I f you disconnect power by throwing a belt shifter, clutch lever? or electric switch, be sure to lock or block it in the open position. (o) In running the press the first few times under power, it is good practice to place a steel shield in front of the dies in case the die should shift and a splinter be thrown out. (p) Before you leave the machine make sure that the guard or the feeding apparatus is in first-class condition for safe, efficient opera tion. Eemember the press operator is not a machinist and can not be expected to repair a broken, bent, or defective guard. (q) Before leaving the press, tighten any loose screws or bolts and repair any other defects that you may observe in the press itself, or in the tripping mechanism. (r) Always remefriber that a die is not a good die unless it is a safe die. C.—AUTOMATIC AND SEMIAUTOMATIC FEEDS Par. 212. Advantages. Where automatic or semiautomatic feeding can be used, they have been found the most generally successful means of safeguarding the operation and in most cases they have also increased production or reduced cost. W ith these feeds it is unnecessary for the operator to place his hand under the ram during ordinary feeding. He may, however, be tempted to do so if a piece sticks, or he may do so acci dentally. Therefore, it is necessary to provide a stick or pick with which to re*move the material if necessary, and an inclosure to pre vent putting a hand under the ram. W ith an automatic feed this inclosing guard may well be interlocked with the clutch lever. (See 2 .) Par. 213. Automatic roll feeds— Are often used on continuous operations of blanking from strips. The small gears on feed rolls should be inclosed, especially for women operators whose clothing or hair may get caught. The rolls them selves should be guarded although not so hazardous as the gears. For construction of gear and feed-roll guards see Safety Code for Mechanical Power-Transmission Apparatus. The ram should be inclosed. (See fig. 3.) Par. 214. Automatic push or pull feeds— Are similar to roll feeds in general but different in actual feeding mechanism. This feed is also used for blanking larger pieces. The ram should be inclosed. Par. 215. Automatic plunger feed. Another form of automatic feed is a magazine or chute in which blanks or partly formed pieces are placed and automatically fed one at a time by a mechanical plunger or other device which pushes them into place under the ram. (See fig. 4.) This method some 16 SAFETY CODE FOR PRESSES— APPENDIX times can not be used where accurate placing is required. For this as for other automatic feeds an inclosure of the ram is necessary. Par. 216. Chute feed. One of the most widely used semiautomatic methods of feeding consists of a horizontal or inclined chute in which each piece is placed by hand. The piece then slides or is pushed onto or into the lower die. As with the methods already described, it is necessary to inclose the ram. The safety of this method of feeding lies prim arily in the fact that in regular operation the hand need never be placed under the ram, while for removing pieces of stock a pick is provided. Some of the many variations of this method which have been used successfully to meet various conditions are shown in Figures 5 to 10. Companies using feeds of this type have found th at they practically eliminate accidents, increase production, and decrease costs; and can be adapted to many blanking or forming operations of small or moderate size. Par. 217. Sliding feeds— And other special mechanical feeds have been used to advantage in certain forming operations. (See figs. 11,12, and 13.) Par. 218. Sliding dies— Are those which slide forward at each operation for safe feeding and then return to position under the ram for the downward stroke. The die may be slid forward and backward automatically, or by hand, or by a foot lever. The ram should be inclosed to eliminate danger to the operator. (See figs. 14,15, and 16.) Par. 219. Dial feeds— Operate on the same principle as revolving dies, except that the dial simply carries the work into one fixed die. Inclosure of the ram is necessary. Par. 220. Revolving dies— Composed of two or more dies in one and automatically revolving with each stroke of the press, likewise permit safe feeding. Inclosure of the ram is necessary. (See figs. 17 to 21.) Par. 221. Safety finger spring. Automatic mechanisms sometimes introduce special hazards of their own which require attention. D.— RAM INCLOSURES Par. 222. Inclosing guards. For most hand-set blanking work, and for some forming opera tions, complete protection can be provided by an inclosing guard with space between the guard and lower die sufficient to admit stock but not fingers—not exceeding 3/8-inch. Such guard is often at tached to the stripper or to the die itself. To permit a view of the work the guard, or the front portion of it, is often made of wire mesh, wired with glass, of mica. (See figs. 22 to 34.) Par. 223. The guard may be in telescopic form or in the form of a spring. As such guards must fit the size and shape of the die, it is essential th at the die maker or die setter be made responsible for SAFETY CODE FOR PRESSES— APPENDIX 17 procuring and setting up a proper guard for each new operation. One large user of such guards carries them in standard sizes, the opening through which the upper die passes varying by 1 inch. Par. 224. For complete protection the guards should inclose the rear as well as the front and sides of the ram, or the lower die should be extended by means of a horizontal plate so as to prevent reach ing in from the sides or rear. (See figs. 23 and 27.) Par. 225. The operation of riveting ears to kettles can be made safe by inclosing the ram with a guard attached to the lower die or horn and assembling the kettle, ear, and rivets before placing in the press. E.—LIMITATION OF RAM STROKE Par. 226. Short stroke of ram. A similar method, giving complete protection, is to use a press with short ram stroke or with length of stroke adjustable. The stroke can then be adjusted so there is not enough room for a finger to get under the ram. F.—GATE GUARDS Par. 227. Need for supervision; repeating. Gate guards, in connection with the tripping mechanism, must be carefully maintained and supervised to prevent being thrown out of adjustment intentionally or unintentionally. They should be so constructed as to prevent reaching around, over, or under the guard. Most gate guards are preferable to sweep guards in one respect, because when the treadle or hand lever is operated the gate completely incloses the point of operation before the clutch can become engaged. When connected with the tripping mechanism only, however, they do not guard against accidents caused by repeat ing of the press, and an effective nonrepeat attachment should be used except as provided in rule 113e of the Code. (See pars. 239 to 243.) Par. 228. Usual types. Most gate guards are attached to the foot treadle. Some types expand upward or sideways instead of downward. The usual wellknown types of gate guard are not illustrated here; special arrange ments are shown in Figures 2, 35 to 38. Par. 229. Hand trip. Instead of being connected to the foot treadle, the gate guard may be pulled down by hand and at the last instant of travel may itself trip the press. G.—TWO-HAND TRIPPING DEVICES Par. 230. Adjustments. As specified in rule 113c of the Code, two-hand operating attach ments should be so arranged that it will be impossible to block, tie down, or hold down one button or handle. Adjustments to permit operating by one hand or by foot, when the nature of the operation requires, should be controlled by the foreman only. 18 SAFETY CODE FOR PRESSES----APPENDIX Pax. 231. Positive stop. Some two-hand tripping devices introduce a positive stop or solid block below the ram, which is removed only when the hand levers are depressed, thus preventing accidents from repeating as well as from error of the operator. (See figs. 39, 40, and 41.) Par. 232. Nonrepeat device needed with other types. Most two-hand devices, however, are attached to the tripping mech anism and operate to trip the press or to release the foot treadle by which the press is tripped. These attachments offer no protec tion against genuine repeating of the press; therefore, an effective nonrepeat attachment (pars. 239 to 243) should always be used in connection with them. Most of the two-hand devices are well known and are therefore not illustrated here. Par. 233. Use on large presses. The electric and compressed-air types of two-hand attachment can be extended for large presses on which two or more men are em ployed, by placing four, six, or more buttons or valves in the electric circuit or air line, all of which must be operated simultaneously to operate the press. Par. 234. Horn press. A special variation of the attachments just described is the fol lowing : On a horn press where one hand is needed to hold the stock, a hand lever may be substituted for the foot treadle, thus keeping both hands out of danger. H.—SWEEP GUARDS Par. 235. Sweep guards attached to ram. Figures 42 to 48 show various guards which swing or move across or in front of the die during the stroke of the press. The part which may strike the operator’s hands should be covered with leather or rubber to soften the blow as much as possible. Guards of this type should be so arranged that the operator can not reach around or behind and get his hand into danger. Par. 236. Attached to trip. Sweep guards may be attached to the tripping mechanism. When so installed a nonrepeat attachment on the press is needed to give the same degree of protection as if the guard were attached to the ram (pars. 239 to 243). Par. 237. Horn press. For a horn press used for folding and grooving, a special guard has been devised, consisting of pieces on either side of the upper die which spread and push away the fingers when the ram descends. (See fig. 43.) Horn press operations may also be safeguarded by having the center portion of the upper die attached to the tripping mechanism, so that this portion comes down, ahead of the ram, and prevents the press being tripped if a finger is between the dies. The operation of such a device is similar to that of a gate guard (par. SAFETY CODE FOR PRESSES----APPENDIX 19 I.—HAND TOOLS Par. 238. For hand feeding— W ithout placing the hand under the ram, a variety of special tools have been developed and used successfully on operations where automatic feeds, or enclosing guards, are impracticable. Such tools include pushers, pickers, pliers, tweezers, forks, magnets, and suc tion disks. They furnish protection, provided they are always made use of by the operator; strict discipline is required to enforce their use. Therefore, because of the human element involved, they fu r nish less complete protection than the methods described in sec tions C, D and E ; but with proper discipline they are safer than the methods described in sections G, H, and I. (See figs. 49 to 58.) J.—NONREPEAT AND TREADLE-DISCONNECTING ATTACHMENTS Par. 239. Purpose and function. A nonrepeat attachment, as described in rule 113e of the Code and illustrated in Figs. 39, 40 and 41. removes the hazards of— (a) Operator riding treadle. (b) Pulley seizing on shaft. (c) Shaft* drifting because of defective brake. (a) Breakage of latch return spring is n o t‘hazardous if spring is as described in rule 113e of the Code. A nonrepeat attachment does not eliminate the hazard of the dog or other part of the mechanism breaking or wearing; this can be cared for only by regular inspection. Par. 240. Where needed. These devices are not required for safety where automatic or semi automatic feeds, or inclosing guards, are used as described in para graphs 212 to 226, inclusive, nor where safe methods of hand feeding are provided and rigidly enforced as outlined in paragraph 238. They are, perhaps, desirable, but not essential, with sweep guards or similar devices attached to the ram, as outlined in paragraph 235. It is, however, very desirable to provide an effective nonrepeat attach ment and also a treadle guard, if the only other safeguard is a sweep or gate attached to the tripping mechanism (pars. 227 and 236) or a two-hand operating attachment not involving a positive stop (pars. 232 and 233). Par. 241. Releasing brake. To reduce wear on the brake and thus help to prevent repeating, a type of press in which the brake is released during each stroke is recommended. Par. 242. Maintaining tension in brake band. I t is desirable to maintain constant tension in the brake band to reduce the likelihood of the press repeating or dropping back. This may be accomplished by introducing a strong spring at the bpake* band connecting screw, 20 SAFETY CODE FOR PRESSES----APPENDIX Par. 243. Ratchet to prevent dropping back. Dropping back of the ram may be prevented by providing a ratchet wheel on the shaft with a dog or pawl so that shaft can revolve only in the forward direction. K.—METHODS OF REMOVING MATERIAL Par. 244. General. The safe removal of material, without placing the hand under the ram, is as necessary as the safe placing of it. In many types of auto matic or semiautomatic feed the removal of material is taken care of automatically. In some cases the punchings fall through the lower die .In other cases the devices for placing material (such as special hand tools) also serve for removing it. In still other cases special schemes of removal are necessary. Par. 245. Strippers— Should always be used. On inclined presses these may be suffi cient. Par. 246. Knockouts. Various types of automatic knockout, kickout, or ejector have been used, including mechanical devices and compressed-air jets, some of which are actuated automatically or by foot. Par. 247. Knockout bolt guard. On some types of press a guard to hold the knockout bolt (bumper stud) from being thrown onto the operator’s feet, in case of breakage, is desirable. (See fig. 54.) Par. 248. Reversing dies. The danger of removing by hand can sometimes be eliminated by reversing the upper and lower dies and providing a knockout in the upper die. (See fig. 55.) L.—QUALIFICATIONS OF OPERATORS Par. 249. Workers should not be permitted on press operation if they are fatigued or otherwise unable to perform their work safely. N o t e .—Men who change from day to night shifts become sleepy during their first night’s work and therefore are not so alert as they are at other times. It has been practicable in some instances to place such men on less hazardous work during the first night. To reduce fatigue proper chairs for operators are recommended. Unless fool-proof feeding methods are used, the safe operation of a power press requires accurate coordination; operators who can not or do not attend to their work should not be tolerated. M.—PRESS INSTALLATIONS Par. 250. Bolting power presses direct to a concrete floor or founda tion causes vibration of the floor and may cause breakage of the bolts. This may be avoided by fastening the press to timbers grouted into the concrete, or by placing a “ gasket ” of soft wood 1 or 2 inches thick, or of cork or lead, between the press and the concrete. In the latter case hardwood washers between bed plate of press and upper end of bolt will further decrease vibration. ILLU STRATED D ESCRIPTIO NS 21 Courtesy Perfection Stove Co. and zEtna Life Ins. Co. Courtesy W estinghouse Electric & Mfg. Co. F ig . 1.— D ies and die holders cut aw ay to decrease danger and to improve view of work. Special methods of guarding must also be provided. 211 ( b ) and (c ).) (Pars. Courtesy American Can Co. F ig. 2.—Automatic feed w ith gate guard. (Looking upward at front and side of press.) M aterial is fed from side, and press operates continuously. The bar indicated by arrow, attached to clutch lever, holds the gate guard in place in front of ram w hile foot treadle is in operating position. Second illustration shows machine stopped and guard open. Clutch lever can not be returned to operating position until guard has been closed. (Pars. 212 and 228.) 14755°—26------ 4 22 SAFETY CODE FOR PRESSES---- A PPE N D IX Courtesy W estinghouse Electric & Mfg. Co. F ig. 3.— Automatic roll feed with ram inclosure. (Par. 213.) Courtesy Remy Electric Co., Division of General Motors Corp. F ig . 4.—Automatic plunger feed. Piece at bottom of magazine is pushed onto die by plunger that is operated mechanically. Ram inclosure removed temporarily to show operation. (Par. 215.) ILLU STRA TED D ESCRIPTIO N S 23 Courtesy Simmons Co. F ig . 5.— Semiautomatic chute feed adapted to various irregular pieces." F o r m erly these pieces had to be set in die by hand. In some instances it has been necessary to reverse the punch and die. In many cases it is possible and advisable to attach chute to die. It often takes hours of experim enting w ith different angles o f ‘chute to . get piece to locate itself properly. Complete protection is provided by adding ram inclosures. (Par. 216.) Courtesy American Can Co. F ig . 6. — Semiautomatic chute feed, w ith ram inclosure made in two sections. Lower section secured firmly in position. Upper section so hinged that it can be raised when press is stopped. Press can not be operated when upper section is raised, and this section can not be raised w hile press is operating. Flyw heel removed to show operation. (Par. 216.) 24 SAFETY CODE FOR PRESSES----A PPE N D IX Courtesy Simmons Co. 7.— Semiautomatic chute feed A permitting ram inclosure ; used on inclined press. Formerly when piece w as fed crosswise, as shown in B, it did not center itself in die. N ew method increased production and decreased spoilage. (Par. 216.) F ig . Courtesy Simmons Co. Fig. 8.— Sem iautomatic chute feed for piercing operation of barrel-shaped piece. Ram inclosure is provided. I f set up on a straight press, the piece is ejected by compressed a ir ; if set up on an inclined press, the piece w ill fa ll aw ay by gravity. (Par. 216.) ILLU STRATED D ESCRIPTIO N S 25 Courtesy Aluminum Goods Mfg. Co. F ig . 9 . — Semiautomatic chute feed. Pieces are so light that revolving dial has been installed under chute to help carry pieces into the die. Hand trip has been disconnected for th is operation. Bam inclosure has been removed temporarily to show operation. (Par. 216.) Courtesy Simmons Co. F ig . 10.— Semiautomatic, horizontal chute feed. Vertical bar A, w ith springs behind it, put sufficient pressure on pieces to keep them from tipping over as they are pushed along, last piece on right dropping into die. Ram in closure has been removed to show detail of operation. (Par. 216.) 26 SAFETY CODE FOR PRESSES----APPENDIX Courtesy Western Electric Co. 11.— Semiautomatic slide feed. Lowest piece in m agazine is pushed into die by hand-operated plunger. Ram inclosure has been removed temporarily to show detail of operation. (Par. 217.) F ig . Courtesy Michigan Mutual Liability Co. and Weis Mfg. Co. 12.—Looking down. Semiautomatic slide feed w ith hand-operated m a g a zine that can be used interchangeably w ith various dies. M agazine is ad justable in that its size and shape may be varied to suit size and shape of various pieces, inasmuch as each corner of magazine can be positioned and fastened independently to base. Furthermore, bottom of magazine, through which blanks are pushed one at a time, can -be raised for different thicknesses of stock. (Par. 217.) F ig . ILLU STRATED DESCRIPTIO N S 27 Courtesy Ford Motor Co. F ig . 13.— Semiautomatic slide feed, consisting of m agazine and hand-operated plunger. Ram inclosure removed temporarily to show detail of operation. (Par. 217.) Courtesy Clum Mfg. Co. F ig . 14.— Semiautomatic feed on kick press w ith hand-operated sliding die. Ram inclosure removed temporarily to show operation. T his same arrange ment is adapted for use on a great variety of power-press operations. Many of these jobs permit the installation of an interlocking lever to prevent the premature tripping of the press. (Par. 218.) 28 SAFETY CODE FOR PRESSES---- A PPE N D IX B Courtesy Eastman Kodak Co. 15.— Semiautomatic feed. Sliding die is operated mechanically by eccen tric at rear of press. Work removed by air blast. Note ram inclosure. A shows die in out position for placing work in d ie ; B shows die under ram. (Par. 218.) T ig . Courtesy Cleveland Foundry Co. and .Etna Life Ins. Co. F ig . 16.— Semiautomatic fe e d ; sliding die actuated by inclined piece on side of ram. Pilot pins insure alignment. Ram inclosure removed tem porarily to show operation. Spring at lower left pushes die toward operator as ram ascends. (Par 218.) ILLU STRA TED D ESCRIPTIO N S 29 Courtesy 2Etna Life Ins. Co. F ig. 17.—Semiautomatic feed. Revolving die with ram inclosure. Inclosure has glass window for clear view of operation. (Par. 220.) 147550(—26 ------- 5 30 SA FETY CODE FOR PRESSES---- A PPE N D IX Courtesy Clum Mfg. Co. F ig. 18.— Semiautomatic fe e d ; revolving dies w ith ram inclosure. Presses operated hydraulically for assembly operations. Two or three girls work at each machine. (Par. 220.) Courtesy Weis M anufacturing Co. and Michigan Mutual Liability Co. F ig . 19.— Semiautomatic fe e d ; revolving die w ith ram inclosure. air jet from below blows finished pieces into curved pipe. Compressed(Par. 220.) IL LU STR A TED D ESC R IPTIO N S 31 Courtesy Western Electric Co. F ig. 20.— Semiautomatic feed ; revolving die w ith ram inclosure. (Par. 220.) 32 SAFETY CODE FOR PK ESSES---- A PPE N D IX Courtesy American Pulley Co. Fig. 21.— Sem iautomatic feed; revolving die w ith ram inclosure. (Par. 220.) ILLU STRATED D ESCRIPTIO N S 33 Courtesy American Can Co. F ig. 22.— Power press w ith m anual feed and ram inclosure. Standard sizes of inclosing guards are kept in stock to fit all operations w ith openings in bottom plate varying by 1 inch. The i/i-inch plate marked A -A forms an extension of low er die. Guard is hinged at right, shown in Fig. 23. (Par. 222.) Courtesy American Can Co. F ig . 23.— The same ram-inclosing guard as in Fig. 22 swung open for die setting. Note extensions B -B which, when guard is closed, extend backward and prevent reaching around behind the guard. (Pars. 222 and 224.) 34 SAFETY CODE FOB PRESSES----A PPE N D IX Courtesy American Can Co. F ig . 24.— This line of seven presses is operated by two persons—one at press at left, other at press at extrem e right. First press at left is fed by hand and pieces are transferred to succeeding presses by compressed air. Note ram inclosures, bumper stud guards, and treadle guards on all presses. Ram inclosures on second and third presses are shown in Fig. 6. (Par. 222.) il l u s t r a t e d d e s c r ip t io n s 35 Courtesy General Electric Co. F ig. 25.—Adjustable guard inclosing ram. M aterial is fed by hand from the side of the press. Side pieces and front of guard can be adjusted sep arately. (Par. 222.) Courtesy Pierce-Arrow Motor Car Co. and iEtna Life Ins. Co. F ig. 26.— Spring incloses punch above stripper on hand feed press. Space be tween coils must not be large enough to admit finger. (Par. 222.) 36 SAFETY CODE FOR PRESSES---- A PPE N D IX Courtesy American Can Co. F ig. 27. Conical spring guard in open position (ram up) on hand-fed press. Spring telescopes when ram descends. Can not pinch fingers between coils. (Par. 222.) 37 ILLU STRA TED D ESCRIPTIO N S Courtesy Pierce-Arrow Motor Car Co. and 2Etna Life Ins. Co. F ig. 28.— Hand feed press. Ram inclosure w ith celluloid window in front. spring acts as a knockout. ( Par. 222.) The Courtesy General Electric Co. F ig . 29.—Ram inclosure attached to die block, w ith mica windows. of ram must be lim ited so it w ill not form shear w ith top of guard. 222.) Stroke (Par. 38 SAFETY CODE FOR TRESSES----A PPE N D IX Courtesy J. L. Clark Mfg. Co. F ig . 30.— Manual feed w ith ram inclosure used on blanking operation. F lat gauge at right extends working table and at same time speeds up produc tion and decreases spoilage. (Par. 222.) Courtesy Industrial Commission of Wisconsin. F ig . 31.— B asket guard inclosing ram for liand-feed blanking operation. ing a t bottom is ju st large enough for ram to pass through. Open (Par, 222.) ILLU STRA TED D ESCRIPTIO N S 39 Courtesy Clum Mfg. Co. F ig. 32.— Hand feed forming die with ram inclosure. Operator drops flat piece in slot as sh o w n ; piece is formed into circle by horizontally moving ram actuated by bell cra n k ; it then drops into keg underneath press. Similar devices are arranged on a great variety of sm all form ing and piercing jobs. (Par. 222.) 40 SAFETY CODE FOE PRESSES— A PPE N D IX Courtesy Westinghouse Electric & Mfg. Co. F ig. 33.— Hand fe e d ; guard inclosing rams on gang press. Guards may be adjusted along length of supporting rod. Enough space is left for feeding material, but not enough for fingers to be placed under plungers. (Par. 222.) F ig. 34.—A simple ram inclosure made of flat iron on hand feed press. Should be used only where ram stroke is so lim ited th at ram does not form shear with top of guard. (Par. 222.) ILLU STRA TED D ESCRIPTIO N S 41 Courtesy Geud«er, Paeschke & Frey Co. F ig . 35. —Front and rear view s of large hand feed press w ith gate guards. Gate A at front (fastened at top) is interlocked w ith gate D at rear (fastened at bottom ). Closing one gate autom atically closes the other. Man at rear must withdraw the interlocking bar B before press can be tripped by hand lever C. (Par. 228,) 42 SAFETY COM3 FOB PRESSES---- A PPE N D IX Courtesy American Can Co. F ig . 36. — Manual feed w ith gate guard on blanking and drawing die. Gate is in up position. Depressing treadle first brings gate into down (closed) position; the clutch then becomes engaged and ram descends. (Par. 228.) 43 ILLU STRATED D ESCRIPTIO N S Co'i I', spring'’o f j u s ¥ .s af fi c?ent;tension Jx> lift «juard. woi 18k )Cm«shex. f tnetal; welded to '|i<jh+ band iron. • flo ck pift.previntino'^ripp- i iftg of-prfe'ss untilfeoisW A<$ iftfilice.; <•* • •• ftod/CO'nesCilt. nq treadle., (Colt S'prmq o f ju*t) s uff(Cienti«niS f on Ijto. Irffc cjuard, j-No, !8 xH*me£H ex. J rnstal^eWed to; . ' ytqhi ba nd iron. / w |.* f press unf(l Bo!st«r, WRod 'con'r. !rt«ctinq treadle Courtesy American Can Co. F ig . 37. —Hand-operated sliding die w ith gate guard around ram. brought down autom atically when die is pushed in. until guard is down and die is in. (Par. 228.) Guard is Press can not be tripped 44 SAFETY CODE FOE PRESSES-— APPENDIX Courtesy Geuder, Paeschke & Frey Co. F ig . 38. — Hand feed w ith gate guard both front and rear. Gate is collapsible, supported on rollers by horizontal guides, and is closed by operating lever. Gates are closed completely before friction clutch engages. (Par. 228.) F ig . 39.— Two-hand tripping device w ith positive stop. A solid steel block (shown in black below the left-hand lever) prevents the descent of the ram until it is tipped out o f the w ay by depressing the left-hand lever. The right-hand lever is then depressed, tripping the press. No foot treadle. (Par. 231.) ILLU STRATED D ESCRIPTIO N S 45 Courtesy E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co. F ig . 40.— Positive stop device for metal-embossing press. A swinging strut (or prop) is installed on each side o f head. The press has a two-hand trip, and the struts, connected to the tripping mechanism, are swung out toward the horizontal when press is tripped. When operating levers are released and press regains dead center, struts again assume a vertical position and prevent press from repeating. (Par. 231.) Courtesy Westinghouse Electric & Mfg. Co. kick press w ith two-hand tripping device and air ejector. Before foot lever w ill operate the press, operator must use both hands to depress the two hand levers releasing the pins engaged in the rack on the front of the ram, (Par. 231.) F ig . 4 1 . — Hand-fed 46 SAFETY CODE FOR PRESSES---- A PPE N D IX Courtesy American Can Co. F ig. 42.—Hand feed embossing press w ith horizontal-bar sweep guard. The bar, which normally lies against lower platen, rises autom atically w ith stroke of press and pushes hands out of danger. (Par. 235.) Courtesy Geuder, Paeschke & Frey Co. F ig . 43.— Sweep guard for horning press w ith ram inclosure at front. Guard is thin m etal strip B on each side of press. When ram is up, spring A holds guard up under ram so operator can insert m aterial in machine. Descending ram forces guard down and out, removing operator’s hand from danger zone. (Par. 235.) ILLU STRATED D ESC R IPTIO N S 47 Courtesy Perfection Stove Co. F ig . 44.— Hand feed w ith sweep guard operated by the ram. bumper on edge of sweep. (Par. 235.) Note rubber A shows guard o p en ; B shows guard closed. 48 SAFETY CODE FOR PRESSES---- A PPE N D IX F ig . 4 5 — Hand feed toggle press w ith sliding sweep guard operated by roller A attached to bottom of arm connected to knuckle. W hen treadle is de pressed, roller A travels in groove on top of rail B, pushing gate to right in front of die. Gate is closed when blank holder is w ithin 4 inches of die and roller A drops below rail B. Gate h its push rod C and spring mechan ism pushes gate back to its open position. This transpires before start of ILLU STRATED D ESCRIPTIO N S 49 Courtesy National Enameling & Stamping Co. upstroke and therefore gives operator access to die on all of upstroke and first three-quarters of down stroke, thereby elim inating all interference from guard. When gate is open the one-leaf spring D forces roller arm to left so that roller A is in proper position on top of rail B to repeat operation. This type of guard can be adapted for use on large presses up to 30 revolutions per minute. (Par. 235.) 50 SAFETY CODE FOR PRESSES----APPENDIX ILLU STRATED D E SC R IPTIO N S 51 c Courtesy Aluminum Goods Mfg. Co. F ig . 46.— Manually fed press w ith horizontal sweep guard. A has stationary section of guard removed to show how rack and pinion actuate sliding sec tion of guard. B shows complete guard w ith sliding section o p e n ; C shows sliding section closed. (Par. 235.) 52 SAFETY CODE FOR PRESSES---- A PPE N D IX Courtesy Perfection Stove Co. F ig . 47.— Hand feed press w ith canvas roller-curtain sweep guard. A shows guard open for feeding press. When press is tripped canvas curtain unrolls upward as shown in B, sweeping operator’s hands from danger zone. (Par. 235.) Courtesy Ford Motor Co. 48.— Hand feed press with sweep guard. Pieces are placed in lower die. When treadle is depressed lower die raises against upper die and guard moves down in front of danger zone. (Par. 235.) F ig . ILLU STRATED D ESCRIPTIO N S 53 F ig. 49.— Special hand tools for feeding presses. Special hand tool A is con nected to vacuum air line. Button on handle (B ) controls flow of air. (Par. 238.) Courtesy General Electric Co. F ig . 50.— Soft-nosed (Par, 238.) pliers, used for feeding presses, damaged in service. 54 SAFETY CODE FOR PRESSES----APPENDIX Courtesy Ford Motor Co. F ig. 51.—Hand tools for placing and removing m aterial. (Par. 238.) ILLU STRATED D ESCRIPTIO N S 55 Courtesy W estinghouse Electric & Mfg. Co. Fig., 52.— Suction disk (upper le ft), magnet (upper right), and other special hand tools for placing and removing material. (Par. 238.) 56 SAFETY CODE FOR PRESSES----A PPE N D IX Courtesy Westingliouse Electric & Mfg. Co. F ig . 53. — Hand feed w ith two-hand liftin g device connected w ith vacuum air line used to pull sheet into die for first c u t ; for remaining cuts operator pulls stock by edges of sheet. Ram inclosure temporarily removed to show detail of operation. (Par. 238.) Courtesy American Can Co. F ig . 54.— Bumper stud guards. Prevents stud and bumper from dropping on foot of operator in case stud comes loose or breaks; A for ligh t work, B for heavy work. (Par. 247.) ILLU STRATED D ESCRIPTIO N S 57 Courtesy Aluminum Goods Mfg. Co. F ig . 55.—Hazard of pieces sticking in lower die eliminated, and production increased by reversing dies and providing knock-out for upper die. inclosure removed temporarily to show operation. (Par. 248.) Ram 58 SAFETY CODE FOR PR ESSES---- A PPE N D IX A Courtesy Michigan Mutual Liability Co. and Weis Mfg. Co. F ig. 5 6 — Mechanical finger. A link or wedge cam, tap bolted to ram, actuating a horizontal finger which reaches into press and pulls out piece (A ) or pokes out piece ( B) . A little machine work, like drilling a half-inch hole, is necessary the first time attachm ent is used w ith any die. Ram of the press must be tapped for stud to attach connecting link or wedge cam. (Sec. K.) ILLUSTRATED DESCRIPTIONS 59 Courtesy Westinghouse Iilectrie & Mfg. Co. F ig . 57. — Square shear guard made of angle iron placed in front and in dependent of hold-down. Guard makes it possible to operate machine w ith one man and to discard circular cutter slitting process requiring tw o men. Shear cuts a much cleaner edge than slitter, thus elim inating many cuts and scratches. Out pieces drop off and are piled autom atically on trucks at rear. The remaining scrap is engaged by mechanically operated rollers at right of feed table and moved onto trucks placed there for that purpose. Note guard on rolls. Courtesy National Cash Register Co. F ig . 58.—Guard for square shear, applied to back of hold-down. work w ithin % inch of knife. Operator can 60 SAFETY CODE FOE PRESSES---- A PPE N D IX Courtesy Clum M anufacturing Co. F ig . 59.—Well-guarded squaring shear. Guards carried back close to knife. Each section of guard has sufficient vertical movement through slotted bolt holes. F ig . 60.—Treadle guards. Courtesy International Harvester Co, and ^Etna Life Ins. Co. F ig . 61.—D evice on treadle bar prevents bar being tripped by pressure a t any other point. point A. To trip, device m ust first be rotated on the bar by pressure at 61 ILLU STRA TE!) D ESCRIPTIO N S Courtesy E. W. B liss Co. Fig. 62.— Safety spring lateli 011 hand lever. 62 SAFETY CODE FOB PKESSES----APPENDIX Courtesy American Can Co. F ig . 63.— Sheet-metal and wire-inesh guard furnishes protection on three sides. Guard is open on press side to permit easy access to latch, but sheet-metal disk is attached to pulley spokes to furnish protection. Swinging door gives access to outside of pulley. INDEX Page Aisles (rule 101)-----------------------------4 Apparatus, electrical (rule 105)______ 5 Attachments, nonrepeat and treadledisconnecting------------------------------ 19, 20 Brake, releasing------------------------------- 19 Brake band, maintaining tension in__ 19 Bumper stud guards (tigs. 24, 5 4 )_34,56 Chute feed. (See Feeds.) Classification: Of safety means, at point of oper ation-------------------------------------- 13 Power press hazards, by cause- 11-13 Safeguarding (rule 110)-------------6 4 Code, reference to__________________ Definitions---------------------------------------3 Dial, revolving, semiautomatic chute feed (fig. 9 )--------------------------------- 25 D ies: Blanking die, gate guard on, man ual feed (fig. 3 6 )------------------- 42 Design and construction (rule 130)_________________________ 8 Designers, suggestions for------- 14,15 Die holders, cut away to improve view (fig. 1 ) ------------------------- 21 Drawing die, gate guard on man ual feed (fig. 3 6 )------------------- 42 Forming die, with ram inclosure, hand feed (fig. 32)___________ 39 Lower die, hazard of pieces stick ing in, eliminated (fig. 55 )------ 57 Makers, suggestions f o r _______14,15 Reversing_______________________ 20 Revolving_______________________ 16 Revolving, with ram inclosure (fig. 17)-------------------------------- 29 Revolving, with ram inclosure, semiautomatic feeds (figs. 18, 19, 20, 2 1 )________________ 30-32 Setters, suggestions for-----------14,15 Setting, operating (rule 141)-----8 Sliding_________________________ 16 Sliding (figs. 14, 15, 16)--------- 27,28 Sliding, with gate guard around ram (fig. 3 7 )------------------------- 43 Ejectors. {See Knockouts.) Electrical apparatus (rule 105)--------5 Embossing press, hand feed, with horizontal bar sweep guard (fig. 42) _ 46 Feeds : Automatic and semiautomatic- 15,16 Automatic, definition----------------3 Automatic plunger (fig. 4 ) ______ 22 Automatic plunger (par. 215)— 15,16 Automatic push or pull-------------- 15 Automatic r o ll_________________ 15 Automatic roll, with ram inclos ure (fig. 3 )----------------- ---------- 22 Automatic, with gate guard (fig. 2 ) ----------------------------------- 21 Chute__________________________ 16 Chute, semiautomatic, to irregular pieces (fig. 5 ) ________________ 23 Chute, semiautomatic, ram inclo sure (figs. 6, 7 ) ____________ 23,24 Chute, semiautomatic, for piercing operation (fig. 8 ) _____________ 24 Chute, semiautomatic, horizontal (fig. 10)-------------------------------- 25 Chute, semiautomatic, revolving dial (fig. 9 ) _________________ 25 D ia l___________________________ 16 Feeding mechanisms (rule 106)_ 5 Hand, in lieu of impracticable au tomatic ------------ ---------------------- 19 Feeds—Continued. Page Hand, with canvas roller-curtain guard (fig. 47 )_______________ 52 Hand, with conical spring guard (fig. 27)-------------------------------- 36 Hand, with gate guards, front and rear views (fig. 3 5 )_______ 41 Hand, with guards inclosing rams, gang press (fig. 33)_____ 40 Hand, with horizontal-bar sweep guard (fig. 4 2 )_______________ 46 Hand, with ram inclosure, cellu loid window in front (fig. 2 8 )- 37 Hand, with simple ram inclosure made of flat iron (fig. 3 4 )_____ 40 Hand, with spring inclosing punch above stripper (fig. 26 )_______ 35 Hand, with sweep guards (figs. 44, 4 8 )------------------------------ 47,52 Hand, with two-hand lifting de vice (fig. 53)------------------------- 56 Manual feeding, definition (rule 2 4 )---------------------------------------3 Manual, to power press, and ram inclosure (figs. 22, 2 3 )________ 33 Manual, with gate guards (fig. 36) -------------------------------------- 42 Manual, with horizontal sweep guard (fig. 46)_______________ 51 Manual, with ram inclosure, blanking operation (fig. 30)__ 38 Revolving die, semiautomatic, with ram inclosure (fig. 17)_______ 29 Semiautomatic feding, definition (rule 25 )_____________________ 3 Slide, semiautomatic, hand-oper ated plunger and magazine (figs. 11, 12, 13)___________ 26,27 Sliding (par. 217)______________ 16 Sliding die (figs. 14, 15, 16)__ 27, 28 Flying particles, protection against__ 5 Gear guards (rule 104)____________ 5 Goggles, against flying particles (rule 107)--------------------------------------------5 Guards: Basket, inclosing ram, blanking operation (fig. 3 1 )___________ 38 Belt (rule 104)________________ 5 Bumper stud (fig. 54 )__________ 56 Bumper stud, and treadle (fig. ^ 2 4 )--------------------------------- 34 Gate, around ram, hand-operated sliding die (fig. 37) __________ 43 Gate, definition_________________ 3 Gate, front and rear view (fig 35) _ 41 Gate, need of supervision________ 17 Gate, on blanking and drawing die (fig. 36)--------------------------------- 42 Gate (rule 113)________________ 6 ,7 Gate, to automatic feeds (fig. 2 ) _21 Gear (rule 104)________________ 5 Horizontal sweep guard, manually fed press (fig. 4 6 )----------------- 51 Inclosing ram________________ 16,17 Pulley (rule 104)______________ 5 Shaft (rule 104)_______________ 5 Shear guard, square (fig. 57, 58, 5 9 )________________________ 59,60 Sheet-metal and wire-mesh guards (fig. 63 )--------------------------------- 62 Sliding sweep guard operated by roller, toggle press (fig. 4 5 )_49 Sweep, attached to trip------------ 18 Sweep, attached to ram________ 18 Sweep, canvas roller-curtain (fig. 4 7 )__________________________ 52 63 64 INDEX Guards—Continued. Page Sweep, definition-----------------------3 Sweep, hand feed press (fig. 48) _ 52 Sweep, horning press, ram inclos ure (fig. 4 3 )------------------------- 46 Sweep, horizontal-bar, embossing press (fig. 4 2 )----------------------- 46 Sweep, operated by ram, hand feed (fig. 4 4 )______________________ 47 Sweep (rule 113)---------------------- 6.7 Treadle (fig. 60)------------------------ 60 Treadle, line of seven presses (fig. 24 ) 34 Treadle (rule 120)---------------------7 Hand lever, latch on, power press (rule 121)------------------------------------7 Hand to o ls: Special, for feeding presses (fig. 4 9 )______________ —------ —------- 53 Special, for placing and remov ing material (fig. 51 )------------ 54 Special (rule 114)-------------------7 Special variety, for hand feeding- 19 Suction disk and magnet (fig 52) _ 55 Hazards, power press: Classification, by causes-------------- 11 Safeguarding at point of opera tion________________________ 13-15 Horn press: Hand lever vs. foot treadle--------- 18 Sweep guard for, with ram in closure (fig. 4 3 )-------------------- 46 Inspection and maintenance, operating (rule 140)----------------------------------8 Installation, press---------------------------- 20 Instruction of operators (rule 142)— 8 Interlocking device, power press (rule 122)--------------------------------------------7 Kick press, hand-fed (fig. 4 1 )------------ 45 Kickouts. (See Knockouts.) Knockouts: D efinition______________________ 3 Ejector, air (fig. 41 )____________ 45 Ejector, definition (rule 23 )_____ 3 Kickout, definition (rule 2 3 )-----3 Method of removing material--------- 20 Lever, hand, latch on (rule 121)____ 7 Lighting (rule 102)------------------------4 Magnet, and suction disk, for placing and removing material (fig. 52 )____ 55 Maintenance and inspection, operating (rule 140)_____________________ ___ 8 Manual feed. (See Feeds.) Mechanical finger (fig. 56)--------------- 58 Metal-embossing press, stop device for (fig. 4 0 )-------------------------------------- 45 Operators: Accidents to fingers, at operating point-----------------------------------11, 12 Instruction of (rule 142)______ 8 Qualifications or----------------------- 20 Rules for, operating (rule 143)_8 ,9 Pliers, soft-nosed, damaged in service (fig. 50)---------------------------------------- 53 Plunger feed, automatic (fig. 4 ) --------- 22 Power, means of disconnecting (rule 103)_____________________________ 5 Press foundation (rule 100)________ 4 Pulley guards (rule 104)____________ 5 Ram : Adjustable guard inclosing (fig. 25 ) __________ 35 Definition (rule 22 )____________ 3 Gate guard around, hand-operated sliding die (fig. 37 )--------------- 43 Ram—Continued. Page Inclosure, attached to die block mica windows (fig. 2 9 )________ 37 Inclosure, basket guard, banking operation (fig. 31)____________ 38 Inclosure, horning press, sweep guard (fig. 4 3 )__ ___________ 46 Inclosure, made of flat, iron, handfeed press (fig. 34)__________ 40 Inclosure, on gang press, hand feed (fig. 33)________________ 40 Inclosure (pars. 222-225)_____16,17 InclosUre, semiautomatic chute feed, piercing operation (fig. 8)_ 24 Inclosure, to automatic roll feed (fig. 3 ) --------------------------------- 22 Inclosure, to hand feed forming die (fig. 3 2 )_________________ 39 Inclosure, to line of seven presses (fig. 24 )______________ ______ 34 Inclosure, to manual feed, power press (figs. 22, 2 3 )__________ 33 Inclosure, to revolving die, semi automatic feed (figs. 17, 18, 19, 20, 21)_____________________29-32 Inclosure, to semiautomatic chute feed (figs. 6, 7 ) ____________ 23,24 Inclosure, used on blanking opera tion, manual feed (fig. 3 0 )__ 38 Inclosure, with celluloid window in front (fig. 2 8 )_____________ 37 Limitation of stroke (rule 112)__ 6 Short stroke of________________ 17 Sweep guards operated by, hand Sweep guards operated by, hand feed (fig. 4 4 )________________ 47 Ratchet, to prevent dropping back___ 20 R ules: Definitions--------------------------------3 8 Dies, making and setting________ Hazards, general_______________ 4, 5 Operating______________________8, 9 Press guards____________________ 7 References to other codes__ ,___ 4 Safeguarding press hazards at point of operation____________ 6, 7 Scope and purpose—___________ 2, 3 Safeguarding classification (rule 110) _ 6 Safety finger spring________________ 16 Safety spring latch on hand lever (fig. 62)--------------------------------- 61 Shaft guards (rule 104)____________ 5 Soft-nosed pliers, damaged in service (fig. 5 0 )___________ _____________ 53 Strippers, method of removing ma terial____________________________ 20 Suction disk, and magnet, for placing and removing material (fig. 52 )---- 55 Switches (rule 105)------------------------5 Toggle press, hand feed, with sliding sweep guard operated by roller (fig. 4 5 )__ ___________________________ 49 Tools, hand. ( See Hand tools.) Treadle guards. ( See Guards.) Trip, sweep guards attached to______ 18 Tripping device: On treadle bar (fig. 6 1 )------------ 60 Two-hand (pars. 230-234)_____17,18 Two-hand, with air ejector (fig. 4 1 )__________________________ 45 Two-hand, with positive stop (fig. 39)__ 1_____ __________ ______ 44 Working space (rule 101)___________ 4