Full text of Safety Code for Paper and Pulp Mills : Bulletin of the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics, No. 410

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U. S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
JAMES J. DAVIS, Secretary

BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
ETHELBERT STEWART, Commissioner

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES'!
BUREAU OF LABO R S T A T I S T I C S /....................
SAFETY

CODE

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*¥

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41U

SERIES

SAFETY CODE
FOR

PAPER AND PULP MILLS
NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL, SPONSOR

TENTATIVE AMERICAN STANDARD
Approved December 8, 1925
American Engineering Standards Committee

APRIL, 1926

WASHINGTON
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
1926

A DDITION AL COPIES
OF THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE PROCURED FROM
THE SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
WASHINGTON, D. C.
AT

15 CENTS PEK COPY

CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
Page

Section 1. Scope and purpose_____________________________ __________
Rule 10. Scope_________________________________________ _______
11. Interpretations and exceptions__________________________
12. New and old installations_______________________________
13. Reference to other codes________________________________
14. Mandatory and advisory____ ____________ ________ ______

2, 3
2
2
3
3
3

PART I.— THE YARD
Section 10. Unloading and storage of pulp wood........................................
Rule 100. Unloading pulp wood in the yard______________________
101. Unloading pulp wood from ships_______________________
102. Locomotive cranes____________________________________
103. Flat cars--------------------------------------------------------------------104. Yard illumination.____________________________________
105. Warning signals_______________________________________
106. Gang plank construction__________________ ____________
107. Yard housekeeping____________________________________
108. Pike poles____________________________________________
109. Operating rules_______________________________________
Section 11. Woodpile------------------------------------------------------------------------Rule 110. Arrangement of woodpiles____________________________
111. Removal of pulp wood________________________________
112. Conveyors___________________________________________
113. Signs________________________________________________
114. Sprayers----------------------------- '_________________________
Section 12. Unloading and storage of raw materials___________________
Rule 120. Clothing_____________________________________________
121. Trucks_______________________________________________
122. Clearance____________________________________________
129. Operating rules____________________ - _________________

3-5
3, 4
4
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4
4
4
4, 5
5
5
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6
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6
6
6
6
6-10
6, 9
9
9
9,10

PART II.— PREPARING PULP WOOD
Section 20. Saws___________________________________________________
10
Rule 200. Screens for gang and slasher saws______________________
10
201. Slasher tables________________________________________
10
202. Slasher drive belts, pulleys, and shafts_________________
10
203. The runway to the jack ladder_________________________
10
204. Guards below table___________________________________
10
205. Conveyors___________________________________________
10
10
206. Single circular saws___________________________________
209. Operating rules_______________________________________
10
Section 21. Hand barkers____________________________________________
11
Rule 210. Guards_______________________________________________
11
211. Screens______________________________________________
11
212. Stops________________________________________________
11
213. Governor____________________________________________
11
219. Operating rules_______________________________________
11
Section 22. Barking drums__________________________________________
11
Rule 220. Continuous barking drums_____________________________
11
221. Intermittent barking drums___________________________
11
229. Operating rule________________________________________
11
Section 23. Splinters________________________________________________ 11,12
Rule 230. Splinter block________________________________________ 11,12
231. Power control________________________________________
12
Section 24. Chippers--------- ------- ------------------------------------------------------12
Rule 240. Chipper spout________________________________________
12
249. Operating rules.............. - ........................ .............................
12

CONTENTS

PART III.— RAG AND OLD PAPER PREPARATION
Page

Section 30. Sorting room................. .............................................................. 12, 13
Rule 300. Disinfection__________________________________________
12
301. Ripping knives_______________________________________
13
302. Steels for sharpening ripping knives____________________
13
303. Containers of compressed paper or metal________________
13
Section 31. Dusting, shredding, and rag-cutting machinery_____________ 13, 14
13
Rule 310. Shredders____________________________________________
311. A smooth idle roll____________________________________
13
312. Blowers______________________________________________
13
313. Ventilation and removal of dust________________________
13
13
314. Bleach boiler_________________________________________
319. Operating rules----------------------------------- -----------------------14
PART IV.— ACID MAKING
Section 40. Sulphur burning_________________________________________
14
Rule 400. Sulphur burners______________________________________
14
Section 41. Acid plants_____________________________________ ________ 14, 15
Rule 410. Protection for employees_____ __________________ *_____
14
411. Clothing______________________ _______________________
14
412. Masks___________________ ,____________________________
14
413. Acid tower structure__________________________________
14
414. Signal system________________________________________
14
415. First aid_____________________________________________
15
419. Operating rule------------------------------------------------------------15
Section 42. Distributing lines, valves, storage tanks, etc_______________ ___ 15
Rule 420. Repairing tanks_____________________________________ ____ 15
421. Lead burning-------------------------------------------------------------- ------15
422. Hoops for acid storage tanks______________________________ 15
429. Operating rule------------------------------------------------------------ ------15
PART V.— CHEMICAL PROCESSES OF MAKING PULP
Section 50. Sulphite process_________________________________________ 15-17
Rule 500. Chip bins____________________________________________
15
501. Exits________________________________________________ 15, 16
502. Gasmasks------------------------------------------- ------- -------------16
16
503. Blow-off valves and piping____________________________
504. Blow pits____________________________________________ 16, 17
509. Operating rules.______________________________________
17
Section 51. Sulphate and soda processes______________________________
18
Rule 510. Hazards_____________________________________________
18
511. Blow lines____________________________________________
18
18
512. Furnace room__________________________ ______ _______
513. Causticizing tanks------------------------------------------------------18
Section 52. Bleaching_______________________________________________ 18,19
Rule 520. Bleaching engines-------------------------------------------------------18
521. Bleach-mixing rooms__________________________________
18
522. Liquid chlorine-----------------------------------------------------------19
PART VI.— PREPARING PULP FOR PAPER MACHINE
Section 60. Ground-wood process____________________________________
19
Rule 600. Governors___________________________________________
19
601. Pulp grinders_________________________________________
19
602. Butting saw__________________________________________
19
609. Operating rules----------------------------------------------------------19
Section 61. Pulp shredders and presses----------------------------------------------- 19-21
Rule 610. Floor drains__________________________________________
19
611. Feed for shredder_____________________________________
19
612. Wooden paddles---------------------------------------------------------20
613. Wet presses__________________________________________ 20, 21
614. Pulp conveyors------------- ------- — ...................... ................
21

CONTENTS

V
Page

Section 62. Beaters and washers_____________________________________
Rule 620. Floors_______________________________________________
621. Beater dumping devices_______________________________
629. Operating rules_______________________________________

21
21
21
21

PART VII.— MACHINE ROOM
Section 70. General_________________________________________________21, 22
Rule 700. Floor drains__________________________________________
22
701. Emergency stops_____________________________________
22
702. Clothing_____________________________________________
22
709. Operating rules_______________________________________
22
Section 71. Presses and dryers_______________________________________ 22, 23
Rule 710. Steps________________________________________________
22
711. Plank walkways______________________________________
22
712. Dryer lubrication_____________________________________
22
713. Automatic feed_______________________________________
22
22
714. Stretch roll_________________________________ _________
715. Levers_______________________________________________
22
716. First dryer___________________________________________
23
717. Steam and hot-water pipes____________________________
23
719. Operating rules_______________________________________
23
Section 72. Calender stack_______________ _________ 2 ________________
23
Rule 720. Feeder belt___________________________________________
23
721. Steps________________________________________________
23
729. Operating rules_______________________________________
23
Section 73. Winding reels___________________________________________ 23, 24
Rule 730. Rotation_____________________________________________ 23, 24
731. Space between reels___________________________________
24
739. Operating rule________________________________________
24
Section 74. Rewinders______________________________________________ 24, 26
Rule 740. Inrunning nip________________________________________
24
741. Reel straps___________________________________________
25
742. Core collars__________________________________________
25
743. Slitter knives_________________________________________
25
744. Winder shaft_________________________________________
25
749. Operating rules______________________________________
26
PART VIII.— FINISHING ROOM
Section 80. Supercalenders__________________________________________
Rule 800. Supercalender guards_________________________________
801. Supercalender rolls____________________________________
802. Scrubbing blocks___________ __________________________
803. Emergency stops_____________________________________
809. Operating rule________________________________________
Section 81. Sheet calenders__________________________________________
Rule 810. Tape feed____________________________________________
811. Inrunning nip________________________________________
812. Emergency stops____________ _________________________
Section 82. Cutting and trimming machinery_________________________
Rule 820. Guillotine cutters______________ _______________________
821. Rotary cutters_______________________________________
Section 83. Platers___________________________ ______________________
Rule 830. Machine guards______________________________________
839. Operating rules_______________________________________
Section 84. Packing, storing, loading, and shipping____________________
Rule 849. Operating rules-----------------------------------------------------------

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31
31

APPENDIX
Overhead structures and equipment_________________ ________________
32
Bulletin boards_____________________________________________________
32
Loose clothing______________________________________________________
32
Belts______________________________________________________________ 32,33
Use and care of tools________________________________________________
33
Safety organization____ _____________________________________________
33

BULLETIN OF THE

U. S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
WASHINGTON

NO. 410

APRIL, 1926

SAFETY CODE FOR PAPER AND PULP MILLS
INTRODUCTION
The National Safety Council was invited to act as sponsor for
a safety code for paper and pulp mills during the year 1920. The
sponsorship was accepted by the council, and under the rules of
procedure of the American Engineering Standards Committee a
sectional committee was organized, consisting of the following
members:
Name and address
Chairman, Robt. M. Altman, safety director
Marathon Paper Mills Co., Rothschild, Wis.
A. P. Costigane, secretary and safety engineer
Ontario Pulp and Paper Makers’ Safety Asso
ciation, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
G. E. Williamson, executive engineer Strath
more Paper Co., Mittineague, Mass.

Interest represented

Sectional commit
tee group

American Paper and Pulp Asso Manufacturers of
ciation and National Safety
paper and pulp.
Council.
Ontario Pulp and Paper Makers7
Do.
Safety Association.

American Paper and Pulp Asso
Do.
ciation and National Safety
Council.
Cyril Ainsworth, director bureau of inspection, International Association of In State regulatory
dustrial Accident Boards and
Pennsylvania Department of Labor and In
bodies.
Commissions.
dustry, Harrisburg, Pa.
John P. Meade, director division of industrial ___ do........ ....................................
Do.
safety, Department of Labor and Industries,
Boston, Mass.
Henry Schreiber, deputy, Industrial Commis ----- do..............................................
Do.
sion of Wisconsin, Oshkosh, Wis.
W. A. Dearborn, chief engineer Federal Mutual National Association of Mutual Insurance interests.
Casualty Companies.
Liability Insurance Co., 142 Berkeley St.,
Boston, Mass.
John L. Thompson, superintendent engineer National Workmen’s Compensa
Do.
tion Service Bureau.
ing and inspection division, Travelers Insur
ance Co., Hartford, Conn.
John A. Dickinson, mechanical engineer, Bureau U. S. Bureau of Standards......... . Federal Govern
of Standards, Washington, D. C.
ment.
L. R. Thompson, in charge Industrial Hygiene U. S. Public Health Service........ .
Do.
and Sanitation, U. S. Public Health Service,
Washington, D. C.
W. C. Winn, International Brotherhood of U. S. Department of Labor......... .
Do.
Sulphite Mill Workers of the United States
and Canada, Lisbon Falls* Me.
Holger Jensen, manager engineering and rating American Society of Safety Engi Engineering soci
division, Maryland Casualty Co., Baltimore,
neers and engineering section of
eties.
Md.
the National Safety Council.
Charles W. Pusey, Pusey & Jones Co., Wilming American Society of Mechanical
Do.
ton, Del.
Engineers.
A1 Kroes, director of safety education Employ American Pulp and Paper Mill
Do.
ers’ Mutual Liability Insurance Co. of Wau
Superintendents’ Association.
sau, Wis., Fond du Lac, Wis.
Charles Ludwig, assistant superintendent Society of Ohio Safety Engineers General interests.
Meade Pulp & Paper Co., Chillicothe, Ohio.
and Ohio Manufacturing Associ
ation.
Secretary, J. M . Sandel, safety engineer National National Safety Council.................
Do.
Safety Council, Chicago, 111.

SAFETY CODE FOR PAPER AND PULP MILLS

The sectional committee gratefully acknowledges the helpful
cooperation of the following persons and organizations who have
sat with the committee at its invitation:
John Lundrigan, industrial superintendent, and superintendents and safety
engineers of the International Paper Co.
Walter A. Gleason, safety director Hammermill Paper Co., Erie, Pa.
Henry Obermanns, general superintendent Hammermill Paper Co., Erie, Pa.
R. P. Higginbotham, safety engineer, and superintendents of the CrockerMcElwain Co., and the Chemical Paper Mfg. Co., Holyoke, Mass.
W. R. Wilson, safety engineer, and superintendents of the American Writing
Paper Co., Holyoke, Mass.
Members of the American Pulp and Paper Mill Superintendents’ Association,
Kalamazoo, Mich.
Charles R. Blodgett, secretary safety committee, Eastern Manufacturing Co.,
Bangor, Me.

The initial code was prepared by J. M . Sandel, safety engineer
National Safety Council, and was revised five times by the sectional
committee ana members of the above-named organizations and the
paper and pulp section of the National Safety Council, who co
operated. The code was discussed at meetings of the paper and
pulp section at the National Safety Congresses of 1923 and 1924,
at a meeting of the Kalamazoo section of the American Pulp and
Paper Mill Superintendents' Association, with the operating men
of the International Paper Co. at Glens Falls, N. Y ., and with the
operating men of the paper mills at Holyoke, Mass. The code in
its present form was approved by the sectional committee by letter
ballot by September 26, 1925, and immediately submitted to the
American Engineering Standards Committee following approval
by the executive committee of the National Safety Council. The
code was approved by the American Engineering Standards
Committee, December 8, 1925.
SECTION 1. SCOPE AND PURPOSE

Rule 10. Scope.
This code applies to establishments where paper and/or pulp are
manufactured. For logging and transportation of logs to the mill, see
American Logging and Sawmill Safety Code. This code does not
include requirements for guards for belts, pulleys, gears, etc., nor any
other subjects covered in other codes, either completed or under way.
Rule 11. Interpretations and exceptions.
The purpose of this code is to provide reasonable safety for life,
limb, and health. In cases of practical difficulty or unnecessary
hardship, the enforcing authority may grant exceptions from the
literal requirements of this code or permit the use of other devices
or methods, but only when it is clearly evident that reasonable safety
is thereby secured.
N ote.— It is suggested that in cases where exceptions are asked the enforcing
authority consult with the Committee on Safety Code for Paper and Pulp Mills,
in care of American Engineering Standards Committee, 29 West Thirty-ninth
Street, New York City, or National Safety Council, 108 East Ohio Street, Chicago.
Such consultation will tend to bring about uniform application of the code and
will keep the committee informed of criticisms which should be considered if and
when the code is revised.

SAFETY CODE FOE PAPER AND PULP MILLS

Rule 12. New and old installations.
After the date at which this code becomes effective all new con
struction and installations shall conform to its provisions unless
exception is allowed in accordance with Rule 11.
Rule 13. Reference to other codes.
The present code is supplemented by the following codes, complete
copies of which may be obtained through the office of the American
Engineering Standards Committee, 29 West Thirty-ninth Street,
New York City:
Boilers. (Write American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 29 West
Thirty-ninth Street, New York City.)
Building Exits.
Conveyors.1
Compressed Air Machinery and Equipment.1
Electrical (Fire) Code, National.
Electrical (Safety) Code, National.
Electric Power Control.
Elevators.
Floor Openings, Railings, Toe Boards.1
Grinding Wheels.
Head and Eye Protection (Goggles, etc.).
Ladders.
Lighting.
Lightning Protection.1
Logging and Sawmill Machinery.
Pipe Lines, Identification of.1
Power Transmission (including belts, gears, shafting, etc.).
Sanitation.1
Ventilation.1
Woodworking Machinery.

Rule 14. Mandatory and advisory.
The word “ shall” is to be understood as mandatory, and the word
“ should” as advisory.
PART I.— THE YARD
SECTION 10. UNLOADING AND STORAGE OF PULP WOOD

Rule 100. Unloading pulp wood in the yard.
(a) Where locomotive cranes are used for loading or unloading
8-foot logs or with stackers, the pulp wood should be piled so as to
allow a clearance of 18 inches between the pile and the end of the cab
of the largest locomotive crane in use, when the cab is turned in any
working position.
N ote.— Such distance should be maintained when unloading from box cars,
care being taken to pile at a sufficient distance from the center of the track to have
the safe clearance when a locomotive crane is used.

(b) If no locomotive cranes are used, the minimum distance of pile
from center line of track shall be 8 ^ feet.
(c) For wood of short lengths (4 feet or less) and where tracks
will be moved, piles of wood should be located so that there will
always be a clearance of at least 8}4 feet from the center line of the
tracK which is in actual use.
i Codes being prepared and are not yet available,

78246°—26 f------ 2

SAFETY CODE FOR PAPER AND PULP MILLS

{d) Piles of pulp wood shall not contain logs protruding irregularly
over a walkway. Piling of logs shall be arranged so that no piling
behind can cause pile face to be forced into walkway b y pile pressure,
thus reducing the clearance specified in rule 100 (a).
Rule 101. Unloading* pulp wood from ships.
(a) Railroad cars shall not be spotted on tracks adjacent to the
locom otive crane unless clearance mentioned in rule 100 (a) can be
maintained.
(b) Ladders to boat docks shall be securely fastened in place.
Rule 102. locomotive cranes.
(а) If locom otive cranes are used, the cranes shall be securely
anchored to tracks, or outriggers shall be used.
(б) A heavy chain or cable shall be securely fastened to the boom
and to the frame of a locom otive crane at the base to prevent the boom
from falling should it break at the base.
Rule 103. Flat cars.
(a)
Flat cars for the conveyance of pulp wood should be equipped
with safety stake pockets unless they are to be unloaded by crane
and grab buckets or by hand. (See fig. 1.)

F ig . 1.—Safety stake pocket for use on flat cars used to convey pulp wood.
(&) For wood of short lengths (4 feet or less) sufficient hardwood
stakes of size not smaller than 4 by 4 inches shall be used to prevent
the load from shifting.
Rule 104. Yard illumination.
Lighting shall be provided in the yard.
Rule 105. Warning signals.
Except where the locom otive engineer can obtain a clear view of at
least 200 feet of track, a warning signal should be provided on every
curve; this shall be an automatically operated electric gong or a
standard whistling post.
Rule 106. Gangplank construction.
Gangplanks for use in unloading pulp wood from box cars shall be
of sound construction, at least 5 feet wide, and of adequate strength
for the loads to be handled. The edges should be raised to prevent
trucks and other conveying equipment on wheels from rolling off.
Where car doors are wider than the above specified minimum width,

SAFETY CODE FOE PAPEE AND PULP MILLS

the doors shall be closed so as to leave an opening or exit from the
car directly on and no wider than the gangplank width.
Buie 107. Yard housekeeping.
Materials other than mentioned above should be stored in such a
way as to minimize the possibility of injury to employees.
N ote 1.— Rules and recommendations for railroad operation in yards may be
found in the published recommendations of the American Railway Association.
N ote 2.— Rules and recommendations for the operations in connection with
river driving and the hot pond may be found in section 17 and rule 211 of the
American Logging and Sawmill Safety Code.

Buie 108. Pike poles.
Handles of pike poles should be made of split wood, preferably
hickory or ash, or of saplings of the same woods.
Buie 109. Operating rules.
(a) Chains and ropes for locomotive cranes and jammers.— Chains
used on locomotive cranes and jammers shall be inspected at least
once a week, and cables and ropes in use shall be inspected daily.
Inspection tags showing date of last inspection and allowable loads
should be attached to all tackle when it is placed in the storeroom.
Frozen rope shall not be used.
N ote.— Ropes (manila or hemp) used in cold (freezing) weather or in climates
where there is long continuous cold should be kept away from water and wet
material. If moisture freezes in the fiber, the rope becomes unsafe.

(b) Anchorage for jammers.— The anchorage of jammers shall be
frequently inspected, whether the jammers be located on cars or on
the ground.
(c) Unloading cars.— Where safety stake pockets have not been
provided on cars, the cutting of wires and chopping of stakes should
be done only by experienced and agile employees. The stakes
should be first partially cut through and then wires should be cut
on the side of tne car opposite to where the stakes have been cut.
The employees should be cautioned not to work directly in front of
the load. Wire cutters equipped with long handles are recommended.
(d) Care shall be taken so that hand-brake wheels and brake shafts
are not damaged.
(e) Hand tools.— Pickaroons, peavies, and hand tools shall be kept
sharp so as to prevent wood from slipping. If handles are once
broken, they shall be renewed, not repaired.
(/) Safety instruction.— All men shall be instructed by their
foremen of the dangers and hazards of all yard equipment used.
This shall include railroad, conveyor, and sling-load hazards. Inex
perienced men shall be carefully instructed by their foremen in the
use of hand tools.
(g) Walkways.— Walkways shall be kept in safe condition and
clear of any material, which shall always be removed immediately
after unloading. Holes near the tracks shall be filled in.
(h) One hatch tender shall be responsible for the safety of the men
working in the holds of boats. He shall signal hoisting engineer to
lift the load only after the men are clear of the load and falling sticks.

SAFETY CODE FOE PAPER AND PULP MILLS

SECTION 11. WOODPILE

Rule 110. Arrangement of woodpiles.
Woodpiles should be safeguarded by orderly piling of the wood at
the bottom to control the pile and maintain the clearance required in
Rule 100. (See fig. 2.)
Rule 111. Removal of pulp wood.
(a) To remove pulp wood from the woodpile when frozen, the
use of an endless wire rope and ship’s anchor in connection with a
drum is recommended. (See fig. 3.)
N ote.— The use of a wire rope and anchor enables employees to keep in the
clear and the pile can be very quickly loosened. It also eliminates the use of
dynamite and prevents breakage of wood.

(b) If dynamite is used, it shall be done only by experienced
employees. If a fuse is used for exploding the dynamite, the mini
mum length of fuse shall be 16 inches.
N ote.— A battery and electric detonator is much less hazardous and preferable
to the use of fuses.

Rule 112. Conveyors.
(а) The sides of the conveyor shall be constructed so that the wood
will not fall off. For small sizes of wood, the minimum height of
the sides shall be 2 inches; for larger sizes of wood, the height of the
sides shall be increased as much as is necessary to prevent wood from
falling, but not less than one-half the diameter of the largest stick
handled.
(б) Where conveyors cross passageways and roads, a horizontal
platform should be provided under the conveyor extending out from
the sides of the conveyor a distance equal to one and one-half times
the length of the wood handled. The platform should extend the
width of the road and 2 feet on each side of it. The edges of the
platform should be provided with rails, or other protection to prevent
wood from falling.
Rule 113. Signs.
Where conveyors cross walkways and roads in the yards, signs
reading u Danger, falling wood,” or equivalent warning shall be
erected.
Rule 114. Sprayers.
Sprayers should be installed in woodpiles.
N ote.— This is recommended (1) to prevent decay, (2) to reduce the fire
hazard in the summer.
SECTION 12. UNLOADING AND STORAGE OF RAW MATERIALS

Rule 120. Clothing.
Respirators, goggles, or protective masks shall be provided for
workmen unloading alum, clay, soda ash, lime, bleach powder,
sulphur, caustic soda, and similar hazardous material. When un
loading acid workmen shall be provided with goggles, rubber gloves,
and rubber aprons. Respirators, goggles, protective masks, and
rubber gloves that have been used shall be cleaned and disinfected
before being used by another employee.

SAFETY
CODE
FOE
PAPEE
AND
PULP
M ILLS

Fig . 2 —Proper storage of pulp wood

SAFETY
CODE
FOR
PAPER
AND
PULP
M IL L S

F ig . 3.—Use of an anchor in loosening frozen pulp wood

SAFETY CODE FOR PAPER AND PULP MILLS

N o te 1.— Electrically driven portable fans relieve poor ventilation in con
gested places, such as box cars and bins. A slight movement of air will reduce
the discomfort of the protective equipment, which should never be removed.
Conductors to fans shall be free from defects, so as to reduce hazard of electric
shock.
N o t e 2.— When unloading raw materials onto platforms, steel plates have
been found efficient when equipped with accessories to prevent plates from slip
ping. Perforated plates provide drainage, but the surface should be treated or
roughened so that men will not slip.

Rule 121. Trucks.
{a) Trucks with rollways should be used in handling paper in rolls
or full reels, except when loaded from platform same height as truck
body. W ith this equipment lifting is unnecessary. (See fig. 4.)

F ig . 4.—Truck with rollways for handling paper
(6)
Trucks having four wheels should be equipped with spring
clips for holding the handles in an upright position when not used,
or the handles should be counterweighted so that they will stand
upright.
N o t e .— A wooden block permanently attached to the truck with a chain, and
intended to be used as a chock to keep the truck from rolling when not in use has
been found very effective.

(c)
When two-wheel trucks are used, they should be equipped with
brakes.
Rule 122. Clearance.
When piling materials inside buildings and upon platforms, sufficient
clearance shall be provided for the safe operation of all trucks.
Rule 129. Operating rules.
(а) Trucks.— Trucks shall be frequently inspected and maintained
in a safe condition. Wheels with broken rims shall be repaired.
Nails shall not be used in lieu of cotter pins for holding wheels on
axles.
(б) Handling empty carboys.— Before being loaded for return,
carboys shall be entirely drained and washed out by inverting over
a stream of water.
N o t e .— M any men have been badly burned by handling a carboy which they
had every reason to suppose was empty and yet had a little acid remaining in it.
It is well to take the same precautions with empty carboys as with full ones.

SAFETY CODE FOB PAPER AND PtJLP m il l s

(c) Piling pulp.— Piles of pulp shall be u stepped back” toward
the top. Sheets of pulp shall be interlapped to make the pile secure;
vertical or inclined wooden braces between piles shall not be used.
Employees should be instructed not to pile pulp—
(1) Over pipe lines to jeopardize pipes, or
(2) So as to cause overloading of floors, or
(3) So as to obstruct sprinkler heads.
(d) Unpiling pulp.— Employees shall be instructed not to under
mine piles of pulp when unpilmg, or to change the general shape of
the pile when piled as specified in rule 129 (c).
(e) Wall marks.— Walls of buildings should be marked to show the
safe height for storage of various materials.
PART H.— PREPARING PULP WOOD
SECTION 20. SAWS

Rule 200. Screens for gang and slasher saws.
Screens shall be provided in front of all gang and slasher saws
and shall consist of heavy wire mesh or planking 2 inches or more in
thickness bolted to 4 by 4 inch posts. This barricade may be either
suspended from the roof by chains or cables or may be bolted to the
machine frame. The guard should be placed over tail sprockets.
Rule 201. Slasher tables.
Slasher tables shall be not less than 42 inches above the floor or
platform or, if such elevation is not practicable, shall be guarded
on exposed side or sides with a standard handrail.
N ote 1.— Unless the table is 42 inches or more above the floor a standard
guard rail is required to protect operators in case of slipping or falling.
N ote 2.— In addition to protecting the operator and oiler the complete in
closure of the drive as required will protect against damage due to bolts thrown
by the saw. This is an important economic consideration as the damage done
by such accident would probably exceed the cost of the guard.

Rule 202. Slasher drive belts, pulleys, and shafts—
Shall be completely inclosed in accordance with the requirements
of the Safety Code for Power-Transmission Apparatus.
Rule 203. The runway to the jack ladder—
From, pond or unloading dock to table shall be protected with stand
ard handrail and toe boards.
Rule 204. Guards below table.
Where not protected by the frame of the machine the under side
of the slasher saws should be inclosed with expanded metal, attached
so as to provide liberal clearance for the escape of sawdust.
Rule 205. Conveyors.
There shall be devices provided for quick stopping of conveyors.
Rule 206. Single circular saws—
Shall be provided with guards specified in the Code for the Safe
guarding of Woodworking Plants.
Rule 209. Operating rules.
All oiling should be done at stated periods, at a time when all
machinery is stopped.

SAFETY CODE FOB PAPER AND PULP MILLS

SECTION 21. HAND BARKERS

Rule 210. Guards.
The machine shall be guarded so that the wood can be securely
held in place and revolved for barking and the operator protected.
N ote.— Each machine can be provided with a lever attached to the top of the
barker and extending down so as to hold the wood block against the revolving
disc. A gear wheel can be provided to facilitate the revolution of the wood
block. (See fig. 5.)

Rule 211. Screens.
Persons passing by the barkers shall be safeguarded from, flying
particles.
N ote.—A sheet-metal or fine-wire mesh guard on the side toward the direc
tion of revolution of the disc will secure the above.

Rule 212. Stops.
There shall be a positive stopping device for all hand barkers which
can be arranged to be locked disconnected from, the power.
N ote.— This is necessary when sharpening knives on the machine.

Rule 213. Governor.
Where a barker disc is directly connected to a water wheel, a gover
nor should be placed on the wheel to control the speed of the disc
within safe limits.
Rule 219. Operating rules.
(а) Barker Tcnives.— Hand barker knives shall be sharp and free
from nicks.
(б) Knives, when renewed, should be of the same weight as those
remaining in the disc.
(c)
Barker disc.— The revolving disc shall be kept in such con
dition that it will be uniformly revolving in true. The disc shall be
periodically inspected and removed from service if cracks develop.
SECTION 22. BARKING DRUMS

Rule 220. Continuous barking drums.
(а) A standard railing shall be constructed around the drum.
(б) Sprockets and chains, gears, and trunnions shall be guarded as
specified in the Safety Code for Power-Transmission Apparatus.
Rule 221. Intermittent barking drums.
In addition to motor switch, clutch, belt shifter, or other powerdisconnecting device, intermittent barking drums should be equipped
with a device that will prevent the drum from moving while it is being
emptied or filled.
Rule 229. Operating rule.
When barking drums are driven by chains, the chains shall be
frequently inspected for any defects.
SECTION 23. SPLITTERS

Rule 230. Splitter block.
The block which the wood is rested upon, whether on the vertical
or horizontal splitter, should have a corrugated surface or other means
78246°—26f------ 3

SAFETY CODE FOR PAPER AND PULP MILLS

should be provided so that the wood will not slip. A hook or bar
should also be provided to clean the block of snow, ice, or chips.
Rule 231. Power control.
Power for the operation of the splitter shall be controlled b y a
clutch or equivalent device.
SE C TIO N 24. CH IPPERS

Rule 240. Chipper spout.
The chipper spout should be at least 36 inches long and the end of
it should be protected b y either a circular piece of heavy belting
fastened over the mouth of the spout, or a swinging baffle (similar to
a swing check valve) installed in the spout, to prevent particles flying
back from the knives.

F ig. 5 —Guards on the “ barker”
Rule 249. Operating rules.
(a) The revolving disc shall be kept in such condition that it will
be uniformly revolving in true. The disc shall be periodically
inspected and removed from service if cracks develop.
(b) Chipper knives should be kept sharp at all times to prevent
“ spitting of chips.

PART IIL—RAG AND OLD-PAPER PREPARATION
SE C TIO N 30. S O R T IN G R O O M
N o te .— It is recommended that this department be located in a building of
fire-resistive construction, as spontaneous combustion is liable to occur in rags.
Premises should be kept clean.

Rule 300. Disinfection.
Whenever possible, all rags and old paper should be disinfected
before hand sorting b y employees.
N o t e .— The most practical and effective method of disinfecting rags is the use
of steam for a period of 20 to 30 minutes.

SAFETY CODE FOE PAPER AND PULP MILLS

Rule 301. Ripping knives.
Knives for ripping pockets and removing buttons shall be located
at a place convenient to the operator. They should be provided with
a blunt top end and securely fastened to the table. (See fig. 6.)
Rule 302. Steels for sharpening ripping knives—
Shall be guarded by leather discs set at the junction of the wooden
handle and the steel.
Rule 303. Containers of compressed paper or metal—
Should be used in preference to wooden barrels, etc., to eliminate
the hazard of projecting nails.

SECTION 31. DUSTING, SHREDDING, AND RAG-CUTTING MACHINERY

Rule 310. Shredders.
The shredding and cutting tools shall be guarded by a hood of metal
completely inclosed to prevent human contact
Rule 311. A smooth idle roll—
Resting on the feed table, shall be set in front of the cutting tools,
unless the cutters are 36 inches or more from the edge of the feed
table.
Rule 312. Blowers.
Where blowers are used to transport rags, a large-sized hopper
should be attached to the blower for feeding the rags. The outer
edge should be set at a distance greater than the length of a man's
arm away from the blower.
N ote.— Sometimes the opening to the hopper can be set flush with the floor
and to one side of the blower so that rags can be pushed along the floor into the
hopper. This opening should be covered when not in use.

Rule 313. Ventilation and removal of dust.
There shall be adequate provision to properly ventilate the dusting
department and to remove dirt. Where tables are used there shall
be a grated opening with exhaust in front of each worker.
N ote.— Sometimes a blower system used for transporting rags can be used to
ventilate the room also. If room is large, general ventilation should also be
provided.

Rule 314. Bleach boiler.
The power control for the bleach boiler shall be arranged to be
locked while the boiler is being filled.

SAFETY CODE FOR PAPER AND PULP MILLS

Rule 319. Operating rules.
(a) Dusters.— If employees use pitchforks for feeding the dusters,
they should be cautioned in working with them so that they will not
stick one another. For that reason it is better not to haye two men
feeding the same machine.
N ote.— It is possible to protect the prongs of forks by covering the end of
each prong with a cylindrical or conical cap of wood, fiber, or similar substance
one-half inch in diameter and one-half inch long with a hole bored half way
through, fitting tightly on the prong.

(b) Shredders.— When operating shredders workmen should be cau
tioned never to get their hands so close as to haye them drawn into
the feed roll.
(c) Sajety instruction.— In feeding blowers employees should be in
structed to use some kind of hand tool and to remove all heavy foreign
objects which, when discharged from the other end of the duct, may
injure other persons. In addition, the discharge outlet should be
arranged so that material will not fall upon workmen.
PART IV.— ACID MAKING
SECTION 40. SULPHUR BURNING

Rule 400. Sulphur burners.
Sulphur-burner houses should be ventilated. The method will be
determined by the individual location. Where burners are located
below the ground level it is necessary to provide proper circulation
by means of ventilating fans.
SECTION 41. ACID PLANTS

Rule 410. Protection for employees.
Suitable gas masks shall be provided for employees of the acid
department.
Rule 411. Clothing.
Where lime slacking takes place employees should be provided
with rubber boots and gloves, iree from holes, and sufficient diluted
acetic acid or other suitable reagent shall be provided to counteract
any lime burns.
Rule 412. Masks—
Should be available for emergency cleaning, and a man should be
stationed outside if sulphur gas is coming through.
Rule 413. Acid tower structure.
Elevators, runways, stairs, etc., for acid towers should be inspected
monthly for defects that may occur because of exposure to fumes.
Rule 414. Signal system.
A signal system should be provided between the acid towers and
the acid plant, for use in case men are suddenly overcome with gas
while at work. This signal should preferably be arranged so that a
bell will ring in the acid plant and will call a properly equipped rescue
party.
N ote.— It is advisable to have two entirely separate systems. One should be
entirely mechanical, on account of the presence of acid fumes tending to cripple
the electrical systems. They should be frequently tested by use in regular work.

SAFETY CODE FOR PAPER AND PULP MILLS

Rule 415. First aid.
Water and a saturated solution of bicarbonate of soda shall be
provided as first aid for acid burns at all locations where acid is
handled.
N ote.— A drinking fountain can be used to wash acid out of eyes, while a tub
or shower bath is needed for body burns.

Rule 419. Operating rule.
Stone should be loaded in trucks when hoisting to the top of the
acid tower, or mechanically handled in other ways. When trucks
are used they should be blocked in place on the elevator.
SECTION 42. DISTRIBUTING LINES, VALVES, STORAGE TANKS, ETC.

Rule 420. Repairing tanks.
Men repairing acid tanks should be provided with suitable masks,
life belts, and life lines, and a man should be stationed outside to
render assistance if necessary. There should be no acid in the tank
and the tank should be wasned out with water. If portable exten
sion cords are used, they shall be acid proof.
Rule 421. Lead burning.
Fresh air shall be forced into the tanks, if necessarv, when this
work is done, so there will be no accumulation of lead fumes.
N ote.— It may sometimes be necessary for lead burners to take the same
precautions as recommended in rule 420.

Rule 422. Hoops for acid storage tanks.
Hoops of tanks shall be made of rods rather than flat scrips.
Rule 429. Operating rule.
Hoops of tanks shall be frequently inspected to ascertain the ex
tent o f corrosion. The hoops snail be renewed when necessary, when
inspection reveals corrosion or other weakening factors.
N ote.— Spare hoops should be kept on hand, so as to be available for use when
leakage and spilling occur due to poor hoops that have unexpectedly weakened.

PART V.— CHEMICAL PROCESSES OF MAKING PULP
SECTION 50. SULPHITE PROCESS

Rule 500. Chip bins.
{a) A ladder or other means permanently attached to the struc
ture shall be provided as means of access and escape from the bins.
(b) Steam, compressed air, a knotted rope, or other facilities should
be used for breaking up or preventing arching of chips.
N ote.— Superheated steam should not be used for this purpose because of the
fire hazard.

(c) A grating with mesh of not larger size than 8 by 8 inches,
too small to allow a man to fall through, should be installed at the
outlet of the chip bin.
Rule 501. Exits.
At least two unobstructed exits at opposite ends of the room shall
be provided on each floor of digester buildings. In case there is

SAFETY CODE FOR PAPER AND PULP MILLS

but one entrance or exit a fire escape shall be installed at the end
farthest from the inside stairway or other exit.
N o te .— Gas will often accumulate near the exits, especially if there is a draft.

Rule 502. Gas masks.
Individual gas masks should be available within 200 feet of the
locations where gas may be encountered. These masks shall be
such as to furnish adequate protection against sulphurous-acid gas.
Rule 503. Blow-off valves and piping.
(a)
The blow-off valve of the digester shall be arranged so as to
be operated from the test-valve floor, the top floor of the building,

F ig. 7.—Arrangement for blow-off valve
or other location outside the digester room, or at protected points
remote from valves.
N o t e 1.— This can be arranged by a system of shafting and gears as shown
in Fig. 7. The safest arrangement is to have gears unmeshed when the digester
is steaming.
N o t e 2.— The valve stem of the blow-off valve should be extended through
a solid wall or to the floor above the digester room.

(b) Through bolts instead of cap bolts shall be used on all di
gester piping.
(c) Cast-iron (2 inches or more in thickness) or bronze pipe of
equivalent resistance should be used between the valve and blow
pit, and the pipe should be inspected monthly.
Rule 504. Blow pits.
(a) B low pits should be safeguarded in one of the following ways:
1.
The pit openings shall be as small as possible with raised sides,
so that a man can sit outside of the openings; or

SAFETY CODE FOE PAPEE AHD PULP MILLS

2. A high railing shall be provided, so located that the operator
may sit on the side of the opening with feet inside of the pit, railing
to be the height of 4 feet; or
3. A railing should be provided with a swinging arm which has a
locking device.
(b) Openings should preferably be on the side of the pit instead
of the top.
(c) A specially constructed ladder should be used for access to
blow pits, to be constructed so that the door of the blow pit can not
be closed when the ladder is in place, or other means should be pro
vided to prevent the closing of the pit door when anyone is in the
pit.
N ote.— A hasp and padlock may be provided so that the door can be locked
open while the man is in the pit.

Buie 509. Operating rules.
(a) When blowing off digesters (this applies equally well to the
sulphate and soda process) the following should be observed:
(1) Man operating digester valves snould personally see that no
one is present on the blow-valve floor and that no one is in the blow pit.
He should close and lock the blow-pit doors and then open his valve,
after warning by word of mouth or ringing a gong.
(2) After removing the digester head, the workmen operating the
valve should unlock and open the blow-pit door. A light should be
used to see if the digester nas been blown clean. This can be accom
plished by opening the steam end slightly. The hand plate should
not be opened unless this has been done.
(3) Blow-off valves should be opened slowly.
(b) Openings from chip bins to digesters shall be locked in a closed
position or tagged while men are working in chip bins, the cooks
notified, and the key to such locks should be in the possession of
the men in the bins. Lock or tag shall be removed only by man who
placed it.
(ic) Men in chip bins shall be provided with life belts and life lines
for aid in case of settling of chips.
(d) Digester finings shall be periodically examined by a competent
inspector, and the following detailed procedure is recommended:
(1) Fresh air shall be blown into the digester constantly while
workmen are inside.
(2) Chain ladders made of long finks of steel should be used in
preference to rope ladders.
(3) Valves controlling fines leading into the digester shall be locked
in the closed position and the keys to the locks shall be in the posses
sion of the person inspecting the digester.
(4) The inspector should never enter the digester unless a life line
is securely fastened to his body and at least one other experienced
employee standing outside of the digester to give him assistance.
(e) Lead 'poisoning.— The repair of digesters should be conducted
so that there will be plenty of ventilation, so as to prevent an accumu
lation of lead fumes.
Note.— Canvas tubes or other means to get air at least to or below level on
which men are working should be used.

SAFETY CODE FOR PAPER AND PULP MILLS
SECTION 51. SULPHATE AND SODA PROCESSES

Rule 510. Hazards.
Since the hazards of these processes are similar to those of the sul
phite process, the exception being that caustic soda is used instead
of acid, the same rules shall govern. A copious supply of running
water, boric acid, or vinegar should be maintained as a reagent for
caustic soda burns.
Rule 511. Blow lines.
(а) Each digester should have two independent “ gas-off” lines
and a reducing valve in the hiffh-pressure steam line with safety
valve between the digester and tne reducing valve.
N ote 1.— Two gas-off lines are recommended, so that if one of them plugs
up with pulp the other may be used and the hazard of unplugging the lines with
the digester under pressure overcome.
N ote 2.— With the installation of a reducing valve and a safety valve, it will
be improbable that boiler pressure will be raised above the maximum allowable
working pressure of the digester.

(б) Where the blow-off lines from several digesters lead into one
pipe, the handles of all cocks should be set uniformly, or some equiva
lent arrangement should be provided so that a man can see at a
glance whether all cocks are set right or not. If valves instead of
cocks are provided, a type with a rising spindle shall be used.
Rule 512. Furnace room.
An exhaust system should be used where niter cakes are fed into
the rotary furnaces if hydrogen sulphide escapes into the room.
Rule 513. Causticizing tanks.
Niter cake should never be added to the smelt dissolving in the
tanks.
N ote.— There have been several instances where men have lost their lives
presumably, from hydrogen-sulphide gas.
SECTION 52. BLEACHING

Rule 520. Bleaching engines.
Bleaching engines, except the Belmer type, should be completely
covered on the top, with the exception of one small opening large
enough to allow filling but too small to admit a man. This opening
should be either covered by a sliding door or guarded with standard
railing and toe boards. Platforms leading from one engine to another
shall be guarded to conform with the Code on Floor Openings, Rail
ings, and Toe Boards.
Rule 521. Bleach-mixing rooms.
(a) The room in which the bleach powder is mixed shall be well
ventilated, by an exhaust system located at the floor level if necessary,
to remove the chlorine gas.
(b) An approved type of gas mask and face protector should be
provided for employees working in this room.
(c) The exhaust for removing the chlorine fumes shall be carried
away from the work place and breathing area of the workers and shall
be rendered neutral or harmless before being discharged.

SAFETY CODE FOR PAPER AND PULP MILLS

Rule 522. liquid chlorine.
(a) Storage tanks.— Tanks of liquid chlorine shall be stored in an
unoccupied room, well ventilated, where its possible leakage can not
affect the workers.
(b) Neutralization.— The preparation of the bleaching mixture
with liquid chlorine shall be carried out in a room entirely apart
from the general workroom. The container for chlorine and its pipe
connections should be inclosed in a separate chamber (gjlass paneled)
supplied with a ventilating flue and a fan. Where this is impossible,
an exhaust should be installed at the floor level to extract any leaking
chlorine.
N ote.—A stream of water directed on the leak will “ freeze” the chlorine and
stop the leak.

(c) Face protection.— Suitable masks, capable of absorbing or neu
tralizing chlorine, shall be supplied in sufficient numbers, conveniently
placed, and regularly inspected, and the workers who may possibly
be exposed to chlorine fumes should be instructed in their use.
id) First aid.— There should be proper facilities for emergency
treatments and first aid for men gassed in this work.
Note.— Employees should be trained in the prone-pressure method of resus
citation.

PART VI.— PREPARING PULP FOR PAPER MACHINE
SECTION 60. GROUND-WOOD PROCESS

Rule 600. Governors.
Grinding machines should be equipped with governors which will
limit the speed of the machines to that recommended by the manu
facturer.
Rule 601. Pulp grinders.
In the case of a three-pocket grinder the door of the center pocket
should be provided with a pin or counterweight which will prevent
the door from falling on the hands of employees when filling this
pocket.
Rule 602. Butting saw.
If this saw is used to cut long blocks, it should be set up perma
nently and guarded as required ior circular saws in the Woodworking
Code.
Rule 609. Operating rules.
Blocks should be delivered to the grinding machines in such a way
that the blocks can not fall or strike the feet of operators.
SECTION 61. PULP SHREDDERS AND PRESSES

Rule 610. Floor drains.
Adequate drains to remove all excess water shall be provided.
Rule 611. Feed for shredder.
A slanting table or spout at least 36 inches long should be attached
to shredders for protection of employees. A sign should also be
displayed, warning the employees to keep their hands out of the
shredder.
78246°—26f------ 4

SAFETY CODE FOR PAPER AND PULP MILLS

Rule 612. Wooden paddles.
A wooden paddle should be provided to clear a blockade of pulp
in the shredder.
Rule 613. Wet presses.
(a)
The cleaning of stock from the felts of the machine when run
ning shall be prohibited. An inclosure shall be provided in front of

Fm. 8.—Inclosure to prevent contact with rolls

the roll, having an opening so that a stream of water can be directed
on the roll, but not large enough to permit the entrance of the oper
ator’s hand. (See fig. 8.)

SAFETY CODE FOR PAPER AND PULP MILLS

(b)
Shafts which extend outside of journal boxes shall be fully
inclosed.
Rule 614. Pulp conveyors.
Belt conveyors shall have the point of contact of the belts and
pulleys guarded at inrunning bites. The guard should be arranged
so that all stock on the conveyors will be automatically removed and
not require manual handling at the point of contact. (See fig. 9.)

F ig . 9.—Guards for belt conveyors

SECTION 62. BEATERS AND WASHERS

Rule 620. Floors.
Floors around beaters and washers should be provided with
inserts of antislip material to safeguard employees when tending
congestion in beaters. Sufficient drains should be provided to take
care of all surplus and waste water.
Rule 621. Beater dumping devices.
The so-called “ automatic” dumping devices should be installed.
N ote.— This will reduce back strains, etc.

Rule 629. Operating rules.
(a) Floors.— Floors should be cleaned daily to remove water, oil,
and stock.
(b) Wooden paddles.— Wooden paddles shall be provided to remove
congestions in front of the beater rolls rather than valve hooks or
pieces of wire and iron. Paddles which are damaged shall be re
sandpapered or planed, so that slivers will not be a hazard.
(c) Employees shall not stand on edge or curbs of the beaters.
N ote.— If the floor is too low to perform necessary work, platforms to hang
on the edges of the beater should be provided.

PART VII.— MACHINE ROOM
SECTION 70. GENERAL

Note 1.— In connection with this and following parts it is necessary to refer
frequently to the Power-Transmission Code for details on guard construction
for machinery and parts.
Note 2.— Condensation on ceilings and moisture on hoods can be relieved by
a good system of ventilation, which will insure plenty of fresh air from the outside
and consequent removal of moist air from within.

SAFETY CODE FOR PAPER AND PULP MILLS

Rule 700. Floor drains—
Should be provided of sufficient number and size to carry off excess
water.
Rule 701. Emergency stops.
Both the operating and the back sides of the paper machines shall
be equipped with devices that will stop the machines quickly in an
emergency. The device shall consist of push buttons for electric
motive power or electrically operated engine stops, pull cords con
nected direct to the prime mover, control clutches, etc. The devices
shall be tested frequently by making use of them when stopping the
machine.
Rule 702. Clothing.
Employees in this department should wear shoes at all times.
Rule 709. Operating rules.
(a) Floors of machine room should be subject to periodical in
spection and should be cleaned daily.
N ote.— In new construction or alterations, sloping of floors to drains or
scuppers located at the machine foundation is recommended.

(b) Hose.— Water hose shall be kept out of the center of passage
ways as much as possible.
(c) Extra parts should be stored in cabinets from which they can
be quickly and easily removed and should not be stored in a haphazard
manner in the machine room.
SECTION 71. PRESSES AND DRYERS

Rule 710. Steps.
Suitable steps with nonslip surfaces shall be provided at each press,
upon which the operator may stand to pull out wet broke.
Rule 711. Plank walkways.
A removable plank of sufficient width shall be provided along each
press, with standard handrails installed wherever possible. (See
Code on Floor Openings, Railings, and Toe Boards.)
N ote.— This is to eliminate the necessity of workmen standing on the press
ductors.

Rule 712. Dryer lubrication.
If gear bearings must be oiled while machine is in operation, a
piping system or equivalent shall be installed.
Rule 713. Automatic feed.
To protect against serious burns when feeding the sheet through
the dryers of high-speed machines a rope or air feed or equivalent
should be used. Where a rope feed is not used, guards should be
placed in front of the rotating dryer if possible.
Rule 714. Stretch roll.
A ductor should be provided at the stretch roll.
Rule 715. Levers.
All levers carrying weights shall be constructed so that weights
can not slip or fall off.

SAFETY CODE FOR PAPER AND PULP MILLS

Rule 716. First dryer.
Either a permanent railing or apron guard or both shall be in
stalled in front of this dryer.
Rule 717. Steam and hot-water pipes.
All steam and hot-water pipes within 7 feet of the floor or platform
in this department shall be covered.
Rule 719. Operating rules.
(а) Changing and washing felts.— When changing or washing felts
employees should be cautioned of the dangers attendant to the opera
tion, and the foreman should see that employees follow instructions
closely. They should stay on the outgoing side to be away from the nip.
(б) Employees should be cautioned against putting hands between
stretch rolls and felts to clean roll of stock.
SE C TIO N 72. CALENDER STACK

Rule 720. Feeder belt.
A feeder belt should be provided when starting paper through a
calender stack where the sheet of paper goes over the top calender roll.

HAVE YOU BEEN PINCHED?
You probably have if
you break it this way

The right way is palms up
under the doctor, then tear

F ig. 10.—Proper position of worker in starting web through calender rolls
Rule 721. Steps.
Suitable steps with nonslip surfaces shall be provided at each press.
Rule 729. Operating rules.
(а) Workmen should use extreme care when throwing paper
through the calenders after a break. They should not force a wad
of paper through, but hold hands under ductor, palms up rather
than palms down. (See fig. 10.)
(б) W eights shall be removed from the lever before throwing the lever.
SE CTION 73. W IN D IN G REELS

Rule 730. Rotation.
Wherever possible, the direction of rotation of two reels should be
the same so as to avoid the formation of a nip into which the operator
m ay be drawn if the space between the reels is small. (See fig 11.)

SAFETY CODE FOR PAPER AND PULP MILLS

On machines operated at 500 feet per minute and over, drum reels
shall be employed with separate rereeling stands.
Rule 731. Space between reels.
If it is necessary to run rolls to a large diameter, a space of at
least 8 inches should be left between the reels. To do this a safety

F ig. 11.—Proper direction of rotation of reels
stop can be provided b y which the paper coming from the stack is
broken off when the reel reaches a certain diameter.
N ote .— It is also possible to take care of the same hazard by making a frame
to which is attached a lever with an 8-inch-diameter wheel at its end. This
wheel is placed between the reels and is forced to revolve by contact of either
reel surfaces.

Rule 739. Operating rule.
Operators of the revolving type of reel should be prohibited from
getting between the frames and the winding part of the reel.

F ig. 12.—Metal plate to guard inrun on rewinders
SE CTION 74. R E W IN D E R S

Rule 740. Inrunning nip.
The inrunning nip on the side toward the operator should be
guarded by a semicircular metal plate or equivalent protection
which incloses the winding drum and is automatically released as the
size of the roll increases. (See fig. 12.)

SAFETY CODE FOR PAPER AND PULP MILLS

Rule 741. Reel straps.
Where belt straps are used for hoisting loaded reels the steel loops
on the ends of the strap should be interlocked before placing on load
hook, so that no loop will snap out of the hook when hoisted.
Rule 742. Core collars.
Core collars with projecting set screws shall not be used.

F ig. 13.—Winder-collar guide
Rule 743. Slitter knives.
Slitter knives should be protected underneath by the use of a
sheet-metal guard and above b y individual metal guards.
Rule 744. Winder shaft.
In order to avoid the use of ropes all shafts shall be equipped with
a winder-collar guide. (See fig. 13.)

SAFETY CODE FOR PAPER AND PULP MILLS

Rule 749. Operating rules.
(a) Setting slitters.— In setting slitters it is advised that the smaller
and most-worn slitters be placed nearest the winder man, so that in
case of paper catching at second or third slitter he will not be cut
by the larger slitter nearest him. A stick should be used for letting
down the slitter knives.
(b) Removing rolls.— The hooks of cranes used for removing the
roll from the winder shall not be hooked to the shaft until the winder
shaft has stopped.
(c) Reversing winder drive.— Wherever possible the winder drive
should be reversed so that the nip is outrunning.
PART VHL— FINISHING ROOM
SECTION 80. SUPERCALENDERS

Rule 800. Supercalender guards.
Ductors shall be provided for supercalenders at all inrunning nips.
(See fig. 14.)

F ig . 14.—Ductors at inrunning nips

Rule 801. Supercalender rolls.
The necks of supercalender rolls shall be inclosed by a solid in
closure extending from the frame of the machine to the production
surface of the roll.
Rule 802. Scrubbing blocks.
Wooden blocks faced with sandpaper shall be used for scrubbing
supercalender rolls.
Rule 803. Emergency stops*.
Push buttons (for electric power) or manually operated quick
power-disconnecting devices shall be provided on all sides of the
machine within easy reach of all employees.
Rule 809. Operating rule.
Machine operators should be instructed never to try to remedy
a blockade while the mactane is in motion. The machine should
be stopped, and the paper should be removed before starting.

SAFETY CODE FOR PAPER AND PULP MILLS

SECTION 81. SHEET CALENDERS

Rule 810. Tape feed.
Each sheet calender shall be provided with a tape feed.
Rule 811. Inrunning nip
The inrunning nip should be guarded.
Note.— This is to prevent injury to fingers when operators incorrectly feed
paper.

Rule 812. Emergency stops.
Push buttons (for electric power) or manually operated quick
power-disconnecting devices shall be provided on all sides of the
machine within easy reach of all employees.
SECTION 82. CUTTING AND TRIMMING MACHINERY

Rule 820. Guillotine cutters.
(а) All guillotine cutters should be equipped with a two-handed
throw which requires the operator to use both hands to engage the
clutch and which will stop the knife at any point of the stroke.
(See fig. 15.)
(б) All guillotine cutters should be equipped with a nonrepeat
device.
N ote.—This is to prevent a second stroke of the cutter without throwing the
clutch a second time.

(c)
Carriers shall be provided for knives of guillotine cutters for
safe transportation of the knife.
Rule 821. Rotary cutters.
(a) On single-knife machines a guard shall be provided at the
bearing of the knife mandrel to prevent employees reaching for paper
at a point close to the knife where knife rotates toward the front
of the. machine. (See fig. 16.)
(b) On duplex cutters the above protection shall be provided for
the first knife if the same hazard exists, and a hood shall be provided
for the second knife where the machine has a walkway. (See fig. 17.)
(c) Emergency stops.—-Push buttons (for electric power) or manu
ally operated quick power-disconnecting devices shall be provided
on all sides of the machine within easy reach of all employees.
SECTION 83. PLATERS

Rule 830. Machine guards.
(a) A fixed guard should be arranged across the face of the rolls
so that the operator’s hand can not be crushed when feeding the
machine.
(b) A quick power-disconnecting device should be installed on
each machine within easy reach of either hand of the operator.
N ote.— This device should also permit quick reversing of rolls in case operator's
hand is caught.

Rule 839. Operating rules.
(а) Burrs on the edges of the plate zincs shall be removed.
(б) When cleaning and oiling, machines shall be stopped, rolls
raised and run so that the nip is outrunning.

SAFETY
CODE
FOR
PAPER
AND
PULP
M ILLS

F ig . 15.—Two-handed throw on guillotine cutters

SAFETY
CODE
FOR
PAPER
AND
PULP
M ILLS

F ig . 16.—Guard to prevent contact with knife

to
CD

SAFETY
CODE
FOR
PAPER
AND
PULP
M ILLS

F ig. 17—Hood over knife on duplex cutter

SAFETY CODE FOB PAPER AND PULP MILLS

SECTION 84. PACKING, STORING, LOADING, AND SHIPPING

Rule 849. Operating rules.
(а) Truck loads.— Paper should not be loaded on truck to a greater
height than the shoulder of the truck operator or helper.
(б) Box making.— Box makers shall be provided with scored or
corrugated head hammers. Nails shall be removed daily from floors.
(c) Tongs.— Jaws of grapple tongs for piling cranes should be kept
sharp to prevent dropping cases.
(d) Trucks.— Operators of lift trucks should stand on either side
of truck handle when relieving truck of load, so that they will not
be struck by handle.
(e) Preparing cars.— Before loading cars of finished paper for
shipment, they shall be thoroughly inspected and holes in the floor
boarded up and all protruding nails removed. Inspection is par
ticularly necessary if the car is already lined with paper. Workmen
who line the cars shall remove such hazards.
(/) Portable bulkheads.— Portable bulkheads should be constructed
and ready for use when partly loaded car is about to be switched.
The load should be arranged so that the bulkhead will protect the
loaded paper, making it unnecessary for any workman to remain
in the car.
(a) Warning flag or sign.— A flag or sign should be placed at the
end of the car toward the approach to the main-line tracks so that
switchmen will know that the workmen are in the car.

APPENDIX

OVERHEAD STRUCTURES AND EQUIPMENT

Periodical inspections shall be made not less than once a month to
determine the safe condition of all overhead structures, machinery,
and equipment, including shafting, supports, cranes, joists, chain
falls, conveyors, etc.
Inspections shall be made by a person competent to do the work,
who shall report in writing to the person in charge of the plant any
defects, flaws, or other unsafe conditions discovered by such in
spection.
Whenever any item in the inspection report indicates the need of
repairs, such repairs shall be made forthwith. Whenever any item
in the report indicates further operation to be unsafe, the person in
charge of the plant shall satisfy himself of the actual condition, and
where he finds safe operation requires it, shall cause notice to be
posted in such manner as will discontinue the use or operation of the
unit referred to until safe conditions have been restored.
Scaffolding, staging, overhead planking, and other supports used
as temporary work places shall be inspected both as to material and
construction before Ibeing put into use and thereafter as often as is
needed to see that the materials are not defective, and the construc
tion and use of same are safe.
BULLETIN BOARDS

Shall be of strong construction, with hinged glass doors, properly
illuminated and so located as to be available to the greatest number of
employees. Sufficient number should be provided in each plant to
adequately care for bulletin needs.
LOOSE CLOTHING

The wearing of loose, unbuttoned, or torn clothing shall be pro
hibited. Frequent inspections shall be made in this connection, and
habitual violations shall be reported to person in charge of plant for
disciplinary action.
BELTS

When necessary to put on or take off power belts the driving
machinery or power should be stopped, and when it is necessary to
slow down or start up to do the required operation the power should
be controlled or regulated by a competent man separated from the
party actually handling the belt.
Sticks, pipes, etc., shall not be used to throw off belts while machin
ery is in motion.
Men not familiar with or competent to take off or put on belts
should not be permitted to perform such work except under the
personal direction of the department foreman or man in charge.
32

SAFETY CODE FOR PAPER AND PULP MILLS

Frequent inspections of belts, belt fasteners, pulleys, bearings, and
shafting shall be made to determine the efficiency in operation and
the factor of safety.
Written reports of such inspections shall be made to person in
charge of plant, who shall see that reported defects are corrected with
the least practicable delay.
USE AND CARE OF TOOLS

All tools of every description ordinarily used by more than one
person shall have a permanently fixed location, consisting of shelves,
nooks, racks, or other suitable storage place, and shall always be
kept in such permanent storage place when not actually in use.
The person in charge of the department where tools are being used
shall be responsible for seeing that they are returned after their use is
completed.
✓
All tools used by employees, whether owned by the company or
the employee, shall be kept in repair or permanently taken out of
service.
The person in charge of each and every department and the super
visor 01 safety (at plants where one is located) shall be responsible
for seeing that worn-out tools and tools in need of repair are either
repaired or replaced. This applies particularly to dull-edged tools,
tools the striking surface of which are mushroomed or broken,
wrenches with worn jaws or defective in other parts— in brief, all
defects in tools that are observed.
SAFETY ORGANIZATION

There should be created and effectively maintained at each plant
an efficiently functioning safety organization whose duties shall be
along the lines of generally accepted methods of accident prevention,
plant and premises sanitation, and housekeeping in all their rami
fications.

INDEX
Rule

Part Section
Atfd TTlJVk'lTlg
Acid tower structure..........
Advisory and mandatory
words_________ - _______
A nchorage for j ammers-----Appendix..........page 32, 33
Arrangement of woodpiles_.
Automatic feed, dryers-----Barker disk, carfi of Barker knives, care of------Ba-rirers,
Barking drums___________
Beater dumping devices—
BRaters and washers __
Belts, power___page 32, 33
Bleach boiler_____________
Bleach-miYing rooms __ _
Bleaching________________
Blow pits________________
Blow-off lines, digesters,
sulphate and soda process.
B low-off valves and piping,
digesters, sulphite pro
cess___________________
Blowers for feeding_______
Blowing-off digesters, sul
phite process___________
Box making_____________
Bulkheads, portable, in
loading paper__________
Bulletin boards___ page 32
Burners, sulphur_________
Butting saws, guards.........
Calendar stack....................
Calendars, operating rules..
Carboys, handling of..........
Care of tools---------page 33
Cars, inspection before
loading with finished
paper__________________
Cars, unloading__________
Causticizing tanks________
Chains and ropes, loco-,
motive cranes and jam
mers_____ _____________
Chains, barking drums,
inspection of____ : ______
Chemical processes of mak
ing pulp_______________
Chip bins......................... .
Chip bins, safety provi
sions................. ................
Chipper disk, care of______
Chipper knives, care of___
Chipper spout...... ..............
Chippers________________
Chlorine, liquid..... ...........
C ircular saws, single______
Cleaning and oiling platers.
Clearance, storing materials.
Clothing:
Acid plants__________
Machine room________
Recommended, unload
ing raw materials___
Codes, reference to_______
Containers,
compressed
paper or metal..................
Continuous barking drums

4
4
4

41
41

413

1
10

14
109

1
7

11
71

110
713

2
2
2
2
6
6

21
21
21
22
62
62

219
219

3
5
5
5

31
52
52
50

314
521

511

5
3

50
31

503
312

5
8

50
84

509
849

849

4
6

40
60

400
602

7
7
1

72
72
12

729
129

8
1
5

84
10
51

849
109
513

621

504

109

229

5
5

500

5
2
2
2
2
5
2
8
1

50
24
24
24
24
52
20
83
12

509
249
249
240

4
7

41
70

411
702

12
1

120
13

3
2

30
22

522
206
839
122

303
220

Part Section
Conveyors:
Construction of_______
Devices for stopping.. .
Pulp..............................
Core collars, rewinders___
Cutting and trimming ma
chinery. _________
Cutters:
Guillotine,
finishing
room...........................
Rotary, finishing room.
Disinfection, sorting room..
Distributing lines, valves,
storage tanks, etc.............
Drains:
Beaters and washers__
Floor............................
Drum reels............... ...........
Drum, winding, guard
Drums, barking
Dryer, first, guards_______
Dryers and presses, ma
chine room....... ............ .
Dumping devices, beater..
Dust, removal of, by venti
lation........................
Dusters, pitchforks for
feeding____________
Emergency stops:
Machine room___
Rotary cutters___ ____
Sheet calendars__ ____
Supercalendars_______
Engines, bleaching..............
Equipment and overhead
structures, inspection of
___ __
____ page 32
Exits, digester buildings,
sulphite process................
Face protection from chlo
rine ______________
Feed for shredder_________
Feeder belt, calendar stack.
Felts, changing and wash
ing of__ _______________
Finishing room___________
First aid:
Acid plants....................
Workers gassed from
chlorine____________
Flat cars, equipped with
safety stakes
____ __
Floor drains:
Machine room..............
Pulp shredders and
presses
Floors:
Around beaters and
washers.....................
Machine room, inspec
tion of_____________
Furnace room, sulphate
and soda processes..........
Gangplank construction___
Gas masks:
Acid plants............ ......
Bleach-mixing rooms. __
Sulphite process...........

Rule

1
2
6
7

11
20
61
74

8
8

82
82

820
821

300

6
6
7
7
2
7

620
62
610
61
730
73
740
74
22
71 ....... 716

7
6

71
62

112
205
614
742

710-719
621

313

319

7
8
8
8
5

70
82
81
80
52

701
821
812
803
520

501

5
6
7

52
61
72

522
611
720

7
8

719

415

522

103

700

610

620,629

709

512

106

4
5
5

41
52
50

410
521
502

INDEX

Part Section
Governors:
Barkers, hand..............
Grinding machines___
Grinders, pulp....................
Grinding machines.......
Ground-wood process.........
Guard construction, ma
chine room , gen
eral____________ page 21
Guards:
Barkers, hand...............
Butting saws_________
Dryer, first, machine
room...........................
Inrunning nip, rewind
ers...............................
Inrunning nip, sheet
calendars....................
Platers...........................
Pulp conveyors............
Rotary cutters..............
Rotating dryer..............
Saws, below table.........
Shredders......................
Single circular saw.......
Slitter knives, rewind
ers..............................
Steels for sharpening
ripping knives...........
Supercalendars.............
Wet presses...................
Guillotine cutters...............
Hand barkers............... 1__
Hand tools, care of..............
Hazards, sulphite and soda
processes...........................
H oods:
Acid storage tanks____
Tanks, inspection of. - .
Hose, care of, machine
room.................................
Hot-water pipes, machine
room.................................
Idle roll, smooth, rag-cut
ting machinery................
Illumination, yard..............
Inrunning nip:
Guard for......................
Sheet calendars, guard_
Inspection:
Belts, pulleys, etc.......
....... _*........... page 33
Overhead structures
and equipment.......
...................... page 32
Installations, new and old
Intermittent b a r k i n g
drums...............................
Interpretations....................
Introduction......... page 1,2

2
6
6
6
6

21
213
60
600
60
601
60 600,609
60

2
6

21
60

210
602

716

7
7

740

81
83
61
82
71
20
31
20

811
830
614
821
713
204
310
206

743

3
8
6
8

30
80
61
82

302
800,801
613
820

2
1

21
10

109

510

4
4

42
42

422
429

709

717

3
1

31
10

311
104

7
8

74
81

740
811

22
1

221
U

Jammers, inspection of

109

Knives, ripping....... ......... .
Knives, slitter, guards for,
rewinders.........................

301,302

743

Lead burning......................
Lead poisoning.................. .
Levers, presses and dryers. .
Liquid chlorine, bleaching.
Locomotive cranes_______
Loose clothing prohibited
............................ page 32
Lubrication, dryer..............

4
5
7
5
1

42
50
71
52
10

421
509
715
522
102,109

712

Machine guards..................
Machine operators, safety
instructions......................
Machine room.............. ......
Machinery:
Cutting and trimming.
Dusting, shredding,
and rag-cutting..........

830

8
7

801

Mandatory and advisory
words...............................
Masks:
Acid plants__________
Chlorine_______ _____
Storage tanks....... .......
Materials, raw, unloading
and storage.......................

Rule

410,412
522
420

Neutralization, liquid chlo-

8
8
6
8
7
2
3
2

Part Section

Rule

522
Oiling and cleaning platers.
Oiling, saws.........................
Old paper and rag prepara
tion..................................
Operating rules:
Acid plants.................
Barkers, hand...............
Barking drums_______
Beaters and washers. _.
Calendar stack_______
Changing and washing
felts, presses and
dryers....................... .
Chippers____________
Dusting, shredding,
and rag-cutting ma
chinery____________
Ground-wood process..
Loading, finishingroom.
Machine room_______
Packing, finishingroom.
Platers_______ ______ _
Rag-cutting machinery.
Rewinders__...............
Shippin g, finishing
room______________
Storage tanks....... .......
Storing, finishing room
Sulphite process______
Supercalendars.............
Unloading pulp wood.
Unloading raw mate
rials.______________
Winding reels________
Overhead structures and
equipment, inspection
o f- ................. ...page 32
Pike poles...... ......... ...........
Piling and unpiling pulp,
safety measures......... ......
Pipes, steam and hot-water,
machine room..................
Plank walkways.................
Plate zincs, care of________
Platers, finishing room—
Power control, splitter____
Preparing pulp for paper
machine_______________
Preparing pulp wood_____
Presses and dryers, ma
chine room.____________
Protection for employees,
acid plants............ ...........
Pulp conveyors__________
Pulp for paper machine,
preparing................. ........
Pulp grinders____________
Pulp shredders and presses.
Pulp wood:
Removal of__________
Unloading and storage.
Unloading from ships...
Unloading in yard____
Rag and old*paper prepara
tion............... .......... .......
Reel straps, rewinders____
Removal of dust, and ven
tilation............................ .
Removal of pulp wood........

837
209

62
72

419
219
229
629
729

71
24

719
249

31
60
84
70
84
83
31
74
20

319
609
849
709
849
839
319
749
209

84
42
84
50
80

849
429
849
509
809
109

129
739

108

129

71
71
83
83
23

717
711
231

710-719

41
61

410
614

601
61

10
10
10

111

100-109
101
100

741

313

111

INDEX

Part Section
Removing rolls from wind
ers____________________
Repairing tanks..............
Reversing winder drive___
Rewinders_______________
Ripping knives -------------Ropes and chains, locomo
tive cranes and jammers..
Rotary cutters___________
Rotation, winding reels___
Runway to jack ladder...
Safety devices:
Guillotine cutters....... .
Platers....... —................
Safety instruction:
Feeding blowers, dust
ing and shredding___
Machine operators, su
percalendars-----------Yard equipment, use of.
Safety measures:
Digesters,
sulphite
process_____ _______
Dusters, use of pitch
forks. _______ _______
Hatch tenders___ ____
Piling and unpiling
pulp...........................
Wall marks, height for
storage.......................
Safety organization .page 33
Safety rule, loading stone,
acid plant______________
Safety stop, winding reels. „
Saws____________________
Saws, butting, guards for. _
Saws, gang and slasher,
screens for..................... .
Saws, single circular........
Scope................. .................
Sc ope and pur po s e
......................... page 2,3
Screens:
Barkers, hand________
Saws, gang and slasher.
Scrubbing block, super
calendars........ ..................
Shafts, winder-collar guide.
Sheet calendars__________
Shredders:
Guards.........................
Pulp, and presses_____
Safety instruction_____
Shredding and rag-cutting
machinery___ ____ _____
Signal system, acid plants..
Signals, warning_________
Signs___ ________________
Slasher drive belts, pulleys,
and shafts. ______ _______
Slasher tables____ ________
Slitter knives, rewinders__
Slitters, operating rule for
setting____ ____________
Soda and sulphate processes
Sorting room_____________
Space between reels______
Splitter block____________
Splitters, power control___
Splitters_______ ______ ___
Sprayers, woodpile_______
Steam and hot-water pipes.
Steel plates, additional for
unloading_______ page 9
Steels for sharpening rip
ping knives, guards_____
Steps:
Calendar stack, ma
chine room.................
Presses, machine room.

Rule

7
4
7
7
3

74
42
74
74
30

301,302

1
8
7
2

10
82
73
20

109
821
730
203

8
8

82
83

820
830

319

8
1

80
10

809
109

749
420
749

509

3
1

31
10

319
109

129

4
7
2
6

41
73
20
60

419
731

2
2

20
20
1

200
206
10

2
2

21
20

211
200

8
7
8

80
74
81

802
744

3
6
3

31
61
31

310
610-613
319

3
4
1
1

31
41
10
11

414
105
113

2
2
7

20
20
74

202
201
743

7
5
3
7
2
2
2
1
7

74
51
30
73
23
23
23
11
71

749

602

Part Section
Stops, hand barkers...........
Storage and unloading:
Pulp wood....................
Raw materials..............
Storage tanks:
Di s t r i but i ng lines,
valves, etc__.............
Inspection and care of
hoops....... .............
Liquid chlorine______
Stretch roll____ ____ _____
Sulphate and soda processes
Sulphite process.......... ........
Sulphur burning_________
Supercalendar rolls guarded
Supercalendars. _.................

Yard___________________
Yard housekeeping............
Yard illumination..............

302

7
7

72
71

721
710

513
810
849
109

849
129
849
121

100-109

Valves and piping, blowoff:
Sulphate and soda proc-

114
717

429
522
714

Unloading and storage:
Pulp wood....... ............
Raw materials_______
Use and care of tools
...........................page 33

Walkways:
Plank, machine room..
Yard__________ ____ _
Wall marks, height for stor
age-----------------------------Warning flag or sign on
cars...................................
Warning signals_____ ____
Washers and beaters..........
Wet presses....... ...... ...........
Winder shaft_______ _____
Winding reels:
Rotation_____________
Safety measures______
Space between..............
Wooden paddles:
Beaters and washers....
Shredder.......................
Woodpile....................... .
Woodpiles, arrangement of.
Woodpiles, sprayers for___

731
230
231

212
100-109

Tanks, causticizing.............
Tape feed, sheet calendars. .
Tongs, grapple, care of____
Tools, hand, care of............
Tools, use and care of
_______ _______ I>age33
Trimming and cutting ma
chinery-----------------------Truck loads, rule limiting..
Trucks:
Inspection and mainte
nance..____________
Safety rule for oper
ators______________
Unloading...................

Sulphite process......
Ventilation:
Bleach-mixing rooms.._
Chlorine containers___
Fans for______ page 9
Machine room, general
.................... page 21
Removal of dust..........

Rule

511
503
521
522

313
711
109
129
849
105
613
744
730
739
731
629
612
110-114
110

114
107
104

SERIES OF BULLETINS PUBLISHED BY THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
The publication of the annual and special reports and of the bimonthly bulletin wa&
discontinued in July, 1912, and since that time a bulletin has been published at irregular
intervals• Each number contains matter devoted to one o f a series of general subjects.
These bulletins are numbered consecutively, beginning with No. 101, and up to No. 236 they
also carry consecutive numbers under each series. Beginning with No. 237 the serial num
bering has been discontinued. A list of the series is given below. Under each is grouped
all the bulletins which contain material relating to the subject matter of that series. A list
o f the reports and bulletins of the Bureau issued prior to July 1, 1912, will be furnished on
application. The bulletins marked thus * are out of print.
Wholesale Prices.
•Bui. 114. Wholesale prices, 1890 to 1912.
Bui. 149. Wholesale prices, 1890 to 1913.
*Bul. 173. Index numbers of wholesale prices in the United States and foreign countries.
•Bui. 181. Wholesale prices, 1890 to 1914.
*Bul. 200. Wholesale prices, 1890 to 1915.
•Bui. 226. Wholesale prices, 1890 to 1916.
Bui. 269. Wholesale prices, 1890 to 1919.
Bui. 284. Index numbers of wholesale prices in the United States and foreign countries. [Revision of
Bulletin No. 173.]
Bui. 296. Wholesale prices, 1890 to 1920.
Bui. 320. Wholesale prices, 1890 to 1921.
Bui. 335. Wholesale prices, 1890 to 1922.
Bui. 367. Wholesale prices, 1890 to 1923.
Bui. 390. Wholesale prices, 1890 to 1924.
Retail Prices and Cost of Living.
•Bui. 105. Retail prices, 1890 to 1911: Part I.
Retail prices, 1890 to 1911: Part II—General tables.
•Bui. 106. Retail prices, 1890 to June, 1912: Part I.
Retail prices, 1890 to June, 1912: Part II—General tables.
Bui. 108. Retail prices, 1890 to August, 1912.
Bui. 110. Retail prices, 1890 to October, 1912.
Bui. 113. Retail prices, 1890 to December, 1912.
Bui. 115. Retail prices, 1890 to February, 1913.
♦Bui. 121. Sugar prices, from refiner to consumers
Bui. 125. Retail prices, 1890 to April, 1913.
•Bui. 130. Wheat and flour prices, from farmer to consumer.
Bui. 132. Retail prices, 1890 to June, 1913.
Bui. 136. Retail prices, 1890 to August, 1913.
♦Bui. 138. Retail prices, 1890 to October, 1913.
*Bul. 140. Retail prices, 1890 to December, 1913.
Bulj 156. Retail prices, 1907 to December, 1914.
Bui. 164. Butter prices, from producer to consumer.
Bui. 170. Foreign food prices as affected by the war.
•Bui. 184. Retail prices, 1907 to June, 1915.
Bui. 197. Retail prices, 1907 to December, 1915.
Bui. 228. Retail prices, 1907 to December, 1916.
Bui. 270. Retail prices, 1913 to December, 1919.
Bui. 300. Retail prices, 1913 to December, 1920.
Bui. 315. Retail prices, 1913 to December, 1921.
Bui. 334. Retail prices, 1913 to December, 1922.
Bui. 357. Cost of living in the United States.
Bui. 366. Retail prices, 1913 to December, 1923.
Bui. 369. The use of cost-of-living figures in wage adjustments.
Bui. 396. Retail prices, 1890 to 1924.
Wages and Hours of Labor.
Bui. 116. Hours, earnings, and duration of employment of wage-earning womeu in selected industries
in the District of Columbia.
•Bui. 118. Ten-hour maximum working-day for women and young persons.
Bui. 119. Working hours of women in the pea canneries of Wisconsin.
•Bui. 128. Wages and hours of labor in the cotton, woolen, and silk industries, 1890 to 1912.
•Bui. 129. Wages and hours of labor in the lumber, millwork, and furniture industries, 1890 to 1912
•Bui. 131. Union scale of wages and hours of labor, 1907 to 1912.

(i)

Wages and Hours of Labor—Continued.
*Bul. 134. Wages and hours of labor in the boot and shoe and hosiery and knit goods industries, 1890
to 1912.
*Bul. 135. Wages and hours of labor in the cigar and clothing industries, 1911 and 1912.
Bui. 137. Wages and hours of labor in the building and repairing of steam railroad cars, 1890 to 1912.
Bui. 143. Union scale of wages and hours of labor, May 15, 1913.
*Bul. 146. Wages and regularity of employment and standardization of piece rates in the dress and
waist industry of New York City.
*Bul. 147. Wages and regularity of employment in the cloak, suit, and skirt industry.
*Bul. 150. Wages and hours of labor in the cotton, woolen, and silk industries, 1907 to 1913.
•Bui. 151. Wages and hours of labor in the iron and steel industry in the United States, 1907 to 1912.
Bui. 153. Wages and hours of labor in the lumber, millwork, and furniture industries, 1907 to 1913.
*Bul. 154. Wages and hours of labor in the boot and shoe and hosiery and underwear industries, 1907
to 1913.
Bui. 160. Hours, earnings, and conditions of labor of women in Indiana mercantile establishments
and garment factories.
Bui. 161. Wages and hours of labor in the clothing and cigar industries, 1911 to 1913.
Bui. 163. Wages and hours of labor in the building and repairing of steam railroad cars, 1907 to 1913.
Bui. 168. Wages and hours of labor in the iron and steel industry, 1907 to 1913.
*Bul. 171. Union scale of wages and hours of labor, M ay 1,1914.
Bui. 177. Wages and hours of labor in the hosiery and underwear industry, 1907 to 1914.
Bui. 178. Wages and hours of labor in the boot and shoe industry, 1907 to 1914
*Bul. 187. Wages and hours of labor in the men’s clothing industry, 1911 to 1914.
*Bul. 190. Wages and hours oflabor in the cotton, woolen, and silk industries, 1907 to 1914.
*Bul. 194. Union scale of wages and hours oflabor, M ay 1,1915.
Bui. 204. Street railway employment in the United States.
Bui. 214. Union scale of wages and hours of labor, May 15,1916.
Bui. 218. Wages and hours oflabor in the iron and steel industry, 1907 to 1915.
Bui. 221. Hours, fatigue, and health in British munitions factories.
Bui. 225. Wages and hours oflabor in the lumber, millwork, and furniture industries, 1915.
Bui. 232. Wages and hours oflabor in the boot and shoe industry, 1907 to 1916.
Bui. 238. Wages and hours oflabor in woolen and worsted goods manufacturing, 1916.
Bui. 239. Wages and hours oflabor in cotton goods manufacturing and finishing, 1916.
Bui. 245. Union scale of wages and hours oflabor, May 15,1917.
Bui. 252. Wages and hours oflabor in the slaughtering and meat-packing industry, 1917.
Bui. 259. Union scale of wages and hours oflabor, May 15,1918.
Bui. 260. Wages and hours oflabor in the boot and shoe industry, 1907 to 1918.
Bui. 261. Wages and hours oflabor in woolen and worsted goods manufacturing, 1918.
Bui. 262. Wages and hours oflabor in cotton goods manufacturing and finishing, 1918.
Bui. 265. Industrial survey in selected industries in the United States, 1919. Preliminary report.
♦Bui. 274. Union scale of wages and hours of labor, May 15, 1919.
Bui. 278. Wages and hours oflabor in the boot and shoe industry, 1907 to 1920.
Bui. 279. Hours and earnings in anthracite and bituminous coal mining: Anthracite, 1919 and 1920;
bituminous, 1920.
Bui..286. Union scale of wages and hours oflabor, May 15,1920
Bui. 288. Wages and hours oflabor in cotton goods manufacturing, 1920.
BuL 289. Wages and hours oflabor in woolen and worsted goods manufacturing, 1920.
Bui. 294. Wages and hours oflabor in the slaughtering and meat-packing industry in 1921.
Bui. 297. Wages and hours oflabor in the petroleum industry, 1920.
Bui. 302. Union scale of wages and hours oflabor, May 15,1921
Bui. 305. Wages and hours oflabor in the iron and steel industry, 1907 to 1920.
Bui. 316. Hours and earnings in anthracite and bituminous coal mining: Anthracite, January, 1922;
bituminous, winter of 1921-22.
Bui. 317. Wages and hours oflabor in lumber manufacturing, 1921.
Bui. 324. Wages and hours oflabor in the boot and shoe industry, 1907 to 1922.
Bui. 325. Union scale of wages and hours oflabor, May 15,1922.
Bui. 327. Wages and hours oflabor in woolen and worsted goods manufacturing, 1922.
Bui. 328. Wages and hours oflabor in hosiery and underwear industry, 1922.
Bui. 329. Wages and^ours oflabor in the men’s clothing industry, 1922.
Bui. 345. Wages and hours oflabor in cotton goods manufacturing, 1922.
Bui. 348. Wages and hours of labor in the automobile industry, 1922.
Bui. 353. Wages and hours oflabor in the iron and steel industry, 1907 to 1922.
Bui. 354. Union scale of wages and hours of labor, May 15, 1923.
Bui. 356. Productivity cost in the common-brick industry.
Bui. 358. Wages and hours oflabor in the automobile tire industry, 1923.
Bui. 360. Time and labor costs in manufacturing 100 pairs of shoes.
Bui. 362. Wages and hours oflabor in foundries and machine shops, 1923.
Bui. 363. Wages and hours oflabor in lumber manufacturing, 1923.
Bui. 365. Wages and hours oflabor in the paper and pulp industry.

(n)

Wages and Hours of Labor—Continued.
Bui. 371. Wages and hours of labor in cotton goods manufacturing, 1924.
Bui. 373. Wages and hours of labor in slaughtering and meat-packing industry, 1923.
Bui. 374. Wages and hours of labor in the boot and shoe industry, 1907 to 1924.
Bui. 376. Wages and hours of labor in the hosiery and underwear industry, 1907 to 1921
Bui. 377. Wages and hours of labor in woolen and worsted goods manufacturing, 1924.
Bui. 381. Wages and hours of labor in the iron and steel industry. 1907 to 1924.
Bui. 387. Wages and hours of labor in the men's clothing industry.
Bui. 388. Union scale of wages and hours of labor, M ay 15, 1924.
Bui. 394. Wages and hours of labor in metalliferous mines, 1924.
Bui. 404. Union scale of wages and hours of labor, May 15,1925. [In press.]
Bui. 407. Wages and hours, and labor cost of production in the paper box-board industry, 1925,
Employment and Unemployment.
*Bul. 109. Statistics of unemployment and the work of employment offices in the United States.
Bui. 116. Hours, earnings, and duration of employment of wage-earning women in selected industries
in the District of Columbia.
Bui. 172. Unemployment in New York City, N. Y.
*Bul. 182. Unemployment among women in department and other retail stores of Boston, Mass.
•Bui. 183. Regularity of employment in the women’s ready-to-wear garment industries.
Bui. 192. Proceedings of the American Association of Public Employment Offices.
*Bul. 195. Unemployment in the United States.
Bui. 196. Proceedings of the Employment Managers’ Conference held at Minneapolis, Minn., Janu
ary, 1916.
•Bui. 202. Proceedings of the conference of Employment Managers’ Association of Boston, Mass.,
held May 10,1916.
Bui. 206. The British system of labor exchanges.
Bui. 220. Proceedings of the Fourth Annual Meeting of the American Association of Public Employ
ment Offices, Buffalo, N. Y ., July 20 and 21,1916.
Bui. 223. Employment of women and juveniles in Great Britain during the war.
*Bul. 227. Proceedings of the Employment Managers’ Conference, Philadelphia, Pa., April 2 and 3,
1917.
Bui. 235. Employment system of the Lake Carriers’ Association.
*Bul. 241. Public employment offices in the United States.
Bui. 247. Proceedings of Employment Managers’ Conference, Rochester, N. Y., May 9-11,1918.
Bui. 310. Industrial unemployment: A statistical study of its extent and causes.
Bui. 311. Proceedings of the Ninth Annual Meeting of the International Association of Public Em
ployment Services, held at Buffalo, N. Y., September 7-9,1921.
Bui. 337. Proceedings of the Tenth Annual Meeting of the International Association of Public Em
ployment Services, held at Washington, D. C ., September 11-13, 1922.
Bui. 355. Proceedings of the Eleventh Annual Meeting of the International Association of Public
Employment Services, held at Toronto, Canada, September 4-7, 1923.
Bui. 400. Proceedings of the Twelfth Annual Meeting of the International Association of Public Em
ployment Service, held at Chicago, 111., May 19-23,1924.
Bui. 409. Unemployment in Columbus, Ohio, 1921 to 1925. [In press.]
Women in Industry.
Bui. 116. Hours, earnings, and duration of employment of wage-earning women in selected industries
in the District of Columbia.
•Bui. 117. Prohibition of night work of young persons.
♦Bill. 118. Ten-hour maximum working-day for women and young persons.
Bui. 119. Working hours of women in the pea canneries of Wisconsin.
•Bui. 122. Employment of women in power laundries in Milwaukee.
Bui. 160. Hours, earnings, and conditions of labor of women in Indiana mercantile establishments
and garment factories.
•Bui. 167. Minimum-wage legislation in the United States and foreign countries.
•Bui. 175. Summary of the report on condition of woman and child wage earners in the United States.
•Bui. 176. Effect of minimum-wage determinations in Oregon.
•Bui. 180. The boot and shoe industry in Massachusetts as a vocation for women.
•Bui. 182. Unemployment among women in department and other retail stores of Boston, Mass.
Bui. 193. Dressmaking as a trade for women in Massachusetts.
Bui. 215. Industrial experience of trade-school girls in Massachusetts.
•Bui. 217. Effect of workmen’s compensation laws in diminishing the necessity of industrial employ
ment of women and children.
Bui. 223. Employment of women and juveniles in Great Britain during the war.
Bui. 253. Women in the lead industries.
Workmen's Insurance and Compensation (Including laws relating thereto)*
•Bui. 101. Care of tuberculous wage earners in Germany.
•Bui. 102. British National Insurance Act, 1911.
Bui. 103. Sickness and accident insurance law of Switzerland.

(in)

Workmen’s Insurance and Compensation— Continued.
Bui. 107. Law relating to insurance of salaried employees in Germany.
*Bul. 126. Workmen’s compensation laws of the United States and foreign countries.
*Bul. 155. Compensation for accidents to employees of the United States.
*Bul. 185. Compensation legislation of 1914 and 1915.
*Bul. 203. Workmen’s compensation laws of the United States and foreign countries. 1916.
Bui. 210. Proceedings of the Third Annual Meeting of the International Association of Industrial
Accident Boards and Commissions, held at Coiumbus, Ohio, April 25-28,1916.
Bui. 212. Proceedings of the conference on social insurance called by the International Association of
Industrial Accident Boards and Commissions, Washington, D. C., December 5-9,1916.
*Bul. 217. Effect of workmen’s compensation laws in diminishing the necessity of industrial employ
ment of women and children.
*Bul. 240. Comparison of workmen’s compensation laws of the United States, up to December 31,1917.
Bui. 243. Workmen’s compensation legislation in the United States and foreign countries, 1917 and 1918.
Bui. 248. Proceedings of the Fourth Annual Meeting of the International Association of Industrial
Accident Boards and Commissions, held at Boston, Mass., August 21-25,1917.
Bui. 264. Proceedings of the Fifth Annual Meeting of the International Association of Industrial
Accident Boards and Commissions, held at Madison, Wis., September 24-27,1918.
Bui. 272. Workmen’s compensation legislation of the United States and Canada, 1919.
*Bul. 273. Proceedings of the Sixth Annual Meeting of the International Association of Industrial
Accident Boards and Commissions, held at Toronto, Canada, September 23-26, 1919.
Bui. 275. Comparison of workmen’s compensation laws of the United States and Canada, up to Jan
uary, 1920.
Bui. 281. Proceedings of the Seventh Annual Meeting of the International Association of Industrial
Accident Boards and Commissions, held at San Francisco, Calif., September 20-24,1920.
Bui. 301. Comparison of workmen’s compensation insurance and administration.
Bui. 304. Proceedings of the Eighth Annual Meeting of the International Association of Industrial
Accident Boards and Commissions, held at Chicago, 111., September 19-23,1921.
Bui. 312. National Health Insurance in Great Britain, 1911 to 1920.
Bui. 332. Workmen’s compensation legislation of the United States and Canada, 1920 to 1922.
Bui. 333. Proceedings of the Ninth Annual Meeting of the International Association of Industrial
Accident Boards and Commissions, held at Baltimore, M d., October 9-13, 1922.
Bui. 359. Proceedings of the Tenth Annual Meeting of the International Association of Industrial
Accident Boards and Commissions, held at St. Paul, Minn., September 24-26, 1923.
Bui. 379. Comparison of workmen’s compensation laws in the United States as of January 1, 1925.
Bui. 385. Proceedings of the Eleventh Annual Meeting of the International Association of Industrial
Accident Boards and Commissions, held at Halifax, Nova Scotia, August 26-28,1924.
Bui. 395. Index to proceedings of the International Association of Industrial Accident Boards and
Commissions, 1914-1924.
Bui. 406. Proceedings of the Twelfth Annual Meeting of the International Association of Industrial
Accidents Boards and Commissions, held at Salt Lake City, Utah, August 17-20, 1925.
[In press.]
Industrial Accidents and Hygiene.
*Bul. 104. Lead poisoning in potteries, tile works, and porcelain enameled sanitary ware factories.
Bui. 120. Hygiene of the painters’ trade.
•Bui. 127. Dangers to workers from dust and fumes, and methods of protection.
*Bul. 141. Lead poisoning in the smelting and refining of lead.
♦Bill. 157. Industrial accident statistics.
*Bul. 165. Lead poisoning in the manufacture of storage batteries.
*Bul. 179. Industrial poisons used in the rubber industry.
Bui. 188. Report of British departmental committee on the danger in the use of lead in the paint
ing of buildings.
*Bul. 201. Report of committee on statistics and compensation insurance cost of the International
Association of Industrial Accident Boards and Commissions. [Limited edition.]
Bui. 205. Anthrax as an occupational disease.
*Bul. 207. Causes of death by occupation.
*Bul. 209. Hygiene of the printing trades.
*Bul. 216. Accidents and accident prevention in machine building.
Bui. 219. Industrial poisons used or produced in the manufacture of explosives.
Bui. 221. Hours, fatigue, and health in British munition factories.
Bui. 230. Industrial efficiency and fatigue in British munition factories.
*Bul. 231. Mortality from respiratory diseases in dusty trades (inorganic dusts).
*Bul. 234. Safety movement in the iron and steel industry, 1907 to 1917.
Bui. 236. Effect of the air hammer on the hands of stonecutters.
Bui. 251. Preventable deaths in the cotton manufacturing industry.
Bui. 253. Women in the lead industries.
Bui. 256. Accidents and accident prevention in machine building. (Revision of Bui. No. 216.)
Bui. 267. Anthrax as an occupational disease. [Revised.]
Bui. 276. Standardization of industrial accident statistics.

(IV)

Industrial Accidents and Hygiene—Continued.
Bui. 280. Industrial poisoning in making coal-tar dyes and dye intermediates.
Bui. 291. Carbon monoxide poisoning.
Bui. 293. The problem of dust phthisis in the granite-stone industry.
Bui. 298. Causes and prevention of accidents in the iron and steel industry, 1910 to 1919.
Bui. 306. Occupation hazards and diagnostic signs: A guide to impairments to be looked for in haz
ardous occupations.
Bui. 339. Statistics of industrial accidents in the United States.
Bui. 392. Survey of hygienic conditions in the printing trades.
Bui. 405. Phosphbrus necrosis in the manufacture of fireworks and in the preparation of phosphorus.
Conciliation and Arbitration (including strikes and lockouts).
*Bul. 124. Conciliation and arbitration in the building trades of Greater New York.
*Bul. 133. Report of the industrial council of the British Board of Trade on its inquiry into industrial
agreements.
*Bul. 139. Michigan copper district strike.
Bui. 144. Industrial court of the cloak, suit, and skirt industry of New York City.
Bui. 145. Conciliation, arbitration, and sanitation in the dress and waist industry of New York City.
Bui. 191. Collective bargaining in the anthracite coal industry.
*Bul. 198. Collective agreements in the men’s clothing industry.
Bui. 233. Operation of the Industrial Disputes Investigation Act of Canada.
Bui. 303. Use of Federal power in settlement of railway labor disputes.
Bui. 341. Trade agreement in the silk-ribbon industry of New York City.
tabor Laws of the United States (including decisions of courts relating to labor).
*Bul. 111. Labor legislation of 1912.
*Bul. 112. Decisions of courts and opinions affecting labor, 1912.
*Bul. 148. Labor laws of the United States, with decisions of courts relating thereto.
*Bul. 152. Decisions of courts and opinions affecting labor, 1913.
*Bul. 166. Labor legislation of 1914.
*Bul. 169. Decisions of courts affecting labor, 1914.
*Bul. 186. Labor legislation of 1915.
*Bul. 189. Decisions of courts affecting labor, 1915.
Bui. 211. Labor laws and their administration in the Pacific States.
*Bul. 213. Labor legislation of 1916.
Bui. 224. Decisions of courts affecting labor, 1916.
Bui. 229. Wage-payment legislation in the United States.
*Bul. 244. Labor legislation of 1917.
Bui. 246. Decisions of courts affecting labor, 1917.
*Bul. 257. Labor legislation of 1918.
Bui. 258. Decisions of courts and opinions affecting labor, 1918.
•Bui. 277. Labor legislation of 1919.
Bui. 285. Minimum-wage legislation in the United States.
Bui. 290. Decisions of courts and opinions affecting labor, 1919-1920.
Bui. 292. Labor legislation of 1920.
Bui. 308. Labor legislation of 1921.
Bui. 309. Decisions of courts and opinions affecting labor, 1921.
Bui. 321. Labor laws that have been declared unconstitutional.
Bui. 322. Kansas Court of Industrial Relations.
Bui. 330. Labor legislation of 1922.
Bui. 343. Laws providing for bureaus of labor statistics, etc.
Bui. 344. Decisions of courts and opinions affecting labor, 1922.
Bui. 370. Labor laws of the United States, with decisions of courts relating thereto.
Bui. 391. Decisions of courts affecting labor, 1923-1924.
Bui. 403. Labor legislation of 1925.
Bui. 408. Laws relating to payment of wages.
Foreign Labor Laws.
*Bul. 142. Administration of labor laws and factory inspection in certain European countries.
Vocational Education.
Bui. 145. Conciliation, arbitration, and sanitation in the dress and waist industry of New York City.
*Bul. 147. Wages and regularity of employment in the cloak, suit, and skirt industry, with plana for
apprenticeship for cutters and the education of workers in the industry.
*Bul. 159. Short-unit courses for wage earners, and a factory school experiment.
*Bul. 162. Vocational education survey of Richmond, Va.
Bui. 199. Vocational education survey of Minneapolis, Minn.
Bui. 271. Adult working-class education in Great Britain and the United States,
Labor as Affected by the War.
Bui. 170. Foreign food prices as affected by the war.
Bui. 219. Industrial poisons used or produced in the manufacture of explosives.

(y)

Labor as Affected by the W ar—Continued.
Bui. 221. Hours, fatigue, and health in British munition factories.
Bui. 222. Welfare work in British munition factories.
Bui. 223. Employment of women and juveniles in Great Britain during the war.
Bui. 230. Industrial efficiency and fatigue in British munition factories.
Bui. 237. Industrial unrest in Great Britain.
Bui. 249. Industrial health and efficiency. Final report of British Health of Munition Workers
Committee.
Bui. 255. Joint industrial councils in Great Britain.
Bui. 283. History of the Shipbuilding Labor Adjustment Board, 1917 to 1919.
Bui. 287. National War Labor Board: History of its formation, activities, etc.
Safety Codes.
Bui. 331. Code of lighting factories, mills, and other work places.
Bui. 336. Safety code for the protection of industrial workers in foundries.
Bui. 338. Safety code for the use, care, and protection of abrasive wheels.
Bui. 350. Specifications of laboratory tests for approval of electric headlighting devices for motor
vehicles.
Bui. 351. Safety code for the construction, care, and use of ladders.
Bui. 364. Safety code for mechanical power-transmission apparatus.
Bui. 375. Safety code for laundry machinery and operations.
Bui. 378. Safety code for woodworking plants.
Bui. 382. Code of lighting school buildings.
Industrial Relations and Labor Conditions.
Bui. 340. Chinese migrations, with special reference to labor conditions.
Bui. 349. Industrial relations in the West Coast lumber industry.
Bui. 361. Labor relations in the Fairmont (W . Va.) bituminous coal field.
Bui. 380. Post-war labor conditions in Germany.
Bui. 383. Works council movement in Germany.
Bui. 384. Labor conditions in the shoe industry in Massachusetts, 1920-1924.
Bui. 399. Labor Relations in the Lace and Lace-curtain Industries in the United States.
Miscellaneous Series.
*Bul. 117. Prohibition of night work of young persons.
*Bul. 118. Ten-hour maximum working day for women and young persons.
*Bul. 123. Employers" welfare work.
*Bul. 158. Government aid to home owning and housing of working people in foreign countries.
•Bill. 159. Short-unit courses for wage earners and a factory school experiment.
*Bul. 167. Minimum-wage legislation in the United States and foreign countries
Bui. 170. Foreign food prices as affected by the war.
*Bul. 174. Subject index of the publications of the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics up to
May 1,1915.
Bui. 208. Profit sharing in the United States.
Bui. 222. Welfare work in British munition factories.
Bui. 242. Food situation in central Europe, 1917.
♦Bill. 250. Welfare work for employees in industrial establishments in the United States.
Bui. 254. International labor legislation and the society of nations.
Bui. 263. Housing by employers in the United States.
Bui. 266. Proceedings of Seventh Annual Convention of the Association of Governmental Labor
Officials of the United States and Canada, held at Seattle, Wash., July 12-15, 1920.
Bui. 268. Historical survey ofjnternational action affecting labor.
Bui. 271. Adult working-class education in Great Britain and the United States.
Bui. 282. Mutual relief associations among Government employees in Washington, D. C.
Bui. 295. Building operations in representative cities in 1920.
Bui. 299. Personnel research agencies: A guide to organized research in employment management,
industrial relations, training, and working conditions.
Bui. 307. Proceedings of the Eighth Annual Convention of the Association of Governmental Labor
Officials of the United States and Canada, held at New Orleans, La., May 2-6,1921.
Bui. 313. Consumers* cooperative societies in the United States in 1920.
Bui. 314. Cooperative credit societies in America and foreign countries.
Bui. 318. Building permits in the principal cities of the United States in 1921.
Bui. 319. The Bureau of Labor Statistics: Its history, activities, and organization.
Bui. 323. Proceedings of the Ninth Annual Convention of the Association of Governmental Labor
Officials of the United States and Canada, held at Harrisburg, Pa., May 22-26,1922.
Bui. 326. Methods of procuring and computing statistical information of the Bureau of Labor Sta
tistics.
Bui. 342. International Seamen’s Union of America: A study of its history and problems.
Bui. 346. Humanity in government.
Bui. 347. Building permits in the principal cities of the United States in 1922.

(VI)

Miscellaneous Series—Continued.
Bui. 352. Proceedings of the Tenth Annual Convention of the Association of Governmental Labor
Officials of the United States and Canada, held at Richmond, Va., May 1-4, 1923.
Bui. 368. Building permits in the principal cities of the United States in 1923.
Bui. 372. Convict labor in 1923.
Bui. 386. The cost of American almshouses.
Bui. 389. Proceedings of the Eleventh Annual Convention of the Association of Governmental
Labor Officials of the United States and Canada, held at Chicago, 111., May 19-23,1924.
Bui. 393. Trade agreements, 1923 and 1924.
Bui. 397. Building permits in the principal cities of the United States in 1924.
Bui. 398. Growth of legal aid work in the United States.
Bui. 401. Family allowances: A development of the living-wage problem. [In press.]
Bui. 402. Collective bargaining by actors.

(vn )

SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS ISSUED BY THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Description of occupations, prepared for the United States Employment Service, 1918-19.
♦Boots and shoes, harness and saddlery, and tanning
♦Cane-sugar refining and flour milling.
Coal and water gas, paint and varnish, paper, printing trades, and rubber goods.
♦Electrical manufacturing, distribution, and maintenance.
Glass.
Hotels and restaurants.
♦Logging camps and sawmills.
^Medicinal manufacturing.
Metal working, building and general construction, railroad transportation, and shipbuilding.
♦Mines and mining.
♦Office employees.
♦Slaughtering and meat packing.
Street railways.
♦Textiles and clothing.
Water transportation.
♦Out of print.

(vm)

Full text of Safety Code for Paper and Pulp Mills : Bulletin of the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics, No. 410

FRASER