The full text on this page is automatically extracted from the file linked above and may contain errors and inconsistencies.
FEB 9 1938
C
517,935
REPORT ON
PROGRESS OF
.DECEMBE R 1937
WORKS PROGRESS ADMINISTRAT ION
HARRY L. HOPKINS, Ad111inistrator
..J
Digitized by
Google
REPORT OM
PROGRESS OF
THE WORKS PROGRAM
DECEMBER 1937
HARRY L. HOPKINS, Administrator
CORRINGTON GILL, A11istant Administrator
EMERSON ROSS, Director, Divi1ion of Re1earch,
Statilfic1, and Record•
Digitized by
Google
I·.
Digitized by
Google
LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL
\YORKS PROGRESS ADMINISTRATION
WASHINGTON, D.
My
c.,
JANUARY
8, 1938
DEAR ::\IR. PRESIDENT:
In compliance with the provisions of Executive Order No. 7034, dated
May 6, 1935; Executive Order No. 7396, dated June 22, 1936; and Executive
Order No. 7649, dated June 29, 1937, I have the honor to transmit herewith a
report on the progress of the Works Program. It deals with the employment
provided and the projects operated in carrying on the program initiated under
the Emergency Relief Appropriation Act of 1935 and continued under the
Emergency Relief Appropriation Acts of 1936 and 1937.
This report places primary emphasis on activities of the first 10 months of
the calendar year 1937 and covers the various important aspects of employment
provided and projects operated.
Respectfully,
HARRY
L.
HOPKINS,
Administrator
THE PRESIDENT
The White Hmm'
II I
Digitized by
Google
Digitized by
Google
PREFACE
Since its inauguration in 193.5 following the passage of the Emergency
Relief Appropriation Act of thut yeur, the Works Program has been the instrument through which the Federal Government has provided work on useful
projects for large numbers of employable persons in need of relief. Numerous
Federal agencies have participated in this Program. Their activities have been
financed by allocations from the appropriations made in the Emergency
Relief Appropriation Acts of 1935, 1936, and 1937; in the case of the Civilian
Conservation Corps and the Non-Federal Division of the Public Works Administration special legislative provisions have supplied funds subsequent to the
use of allocations from the Act of 1935.
This report begins with a brief review of the Works Program indicating the
nature of its operations and the setting within which it has functioned. The
sections that follow deal successively with projects, employment, funds, and
the several public aid programs now being conducted. Emphasis is given to
the calendar year 1937, and WPA activities are treated in some detail.
In creating the Works Progress Administration by Executive Order No.
7034, dated May 6, 1935, the President made it responsible to him for the
honest, efficient, speedy, and coordinated execution of the work relief program
us a whole. To this end the Works Progress Administration was empowered
to formulate and require uniform periodic reports of the progress on all projects
and to formulate and administer a. system of uniform periodic reports of the
employment on projects. Information derived from such records is the basis
for a. large part of this report. Date. relating to obligations incurred and
expenditures made have bet'n drawn from reports of the Commissioner of
Accounts and Deposits of the DPpartment of the Treasury.
V
Digitized by
Google
Digitized by
Google
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
The Works Program, 1935-37 _____________________ _______ ___ ______
1
,vorks Program Projects_________________________________________
13
Seven WPA Projects_____________________________________________
21
Sponsors of WPA Projects_______________________________________ _
36
Works Program Employment_____________________________________
41
WPA Employees________________________________________________
47
Financial Summary_____ ________________ __ ____ __ ____ ____ _________
55
Materials, Supplies, and Equipment for \VPA Projects_______________
60
National Youth Administration___________________________________
63
National Research Project on Reemploymmt Opportunities and
Recent Changes in Industrial Techniques_________________________
69
Public Aid in 1936 and 193 7 ___ __ ______________________ __ ____ _____
75
Funds for Security Programs, 1933-37 _ _ __ __________ ___ _______ _____
81
Appendi~: Tables. _________________ ______________________ _______
85
Digitized by
Google
LIST OF TEXT TABLES
Paee
1. Funds Provided l;nder the ERA Acts of 1935, 1936, and 1937, Cumulative Through October 31, 1937 _ __
2. Allocations Under the ERA Acts, by Major Agencies and by Acts, Cumulative Through October 31,
1937____________________________________________________________________________________
3. Expenditures of Funds Allocat~d to WPA by Programs, Cumulative Through October 31, 1937 ________
4. Estimated Total Cost of All Projects Initiated Under the Works Program, by Major Types of Projects,
Cumulative Through September 30, 1937 ___ __ ___ ____ __ ____ _______ __ _____ ______ __ ______ __ ____
5. Number and Estimated Total Cost of WPA Projects Placed in Operation, by Types of Projects, Cumulative Through September 30, 1937 _________________________________________ _______ ___ ________
6. Estimated Total Cost of Works Program Projects Initiated by Agencies Other Than WPA, by Major
Types of Projects and by Agencies, Cumulative Through September 30, 1937 ________ ______________
7. Estimated Total Cost of All Projects Initiated Under the Works Program, by Major Types of Projects,
Cumulative Through September 30, 1937 ___________ _____ __ _ ___ ___ ___ __________ ___ ___________
8. Number and Cost of Emergency Work Relief Projects, by Types of Projects and by Sources of FundsContinental United States_________________________________________________________________
9. Number and Estimated Total Cost of WPA Projects Placed in Operation, by Types of Sponsors, Cumulative Through August 31, 1937 _____________________________________________ ___________ ______
10. Percentage Distribution of the Estimated Total Cost of WPA Projects Placed in Operation, by Types of
Sponsors and by Major Types of Projects, Cumulative Through August 31, 1937 ________ _______ ___
11. Estimated Total Cost of WPA Projects Placed in Operation, by Types of Sponsors and by Selected
Types of Projects, Cumulative Through August 31, 1937______________________________________
12. Percentage Distribution of the Estimated Total Cost of WPA Projects Placed in Operation, by States
and by Selected Types of Sponsors, Cumulative Through August 31, 1937-_______________________
13. Expenditures of Sponsors' Funds on WPA Projects, by Major Types of Projects and by Objects of
Expenditure, Cumulative Through October 31,1937___________________________________________
14. Works Program Employment, by Major Agencies, July 1935 to October 1937 ______ ________________
15. Percentage of Works Program Employment Under WPA, CCC, and Other Agencies, QuarterlyDecember 1935 to October 1937 _ _ _ __________ ________________________ _______________________
16. Separations and Accessions as Percent of Employment on WPA Projects, by Sex, Monthly-April to
September 1937___________________________________________________________________________
17. Separations and Accessions as Percent of Employment on "\VPA Projects, by Major Types of Projects,
Cumulative-April Through September 1937 ______________________________________ ,__________
18. Accessions to WPA Projects, by Types of Accessions, Monthly-May to September 1937 ____________
19. Reassignments to WPA Projects, by Time Elapsed Since Previous Works Program Employment,
Cumulative-May Through September 1937__________________________________________________
20. Number of Persons Certified as in Need of Relief as Percent of Total Employed Under WPA, CCC, and
Other Agencies, Quarterly-March 1936 to October 1937 _ _ _ _ __________________________ __ ______
21. Number of Students Receiving Aid and Number of Persons Employed on Work Projects "Cnder NYA
Programs, Quarterly-September 1935 to October 1937________________________________________
22. Number of Persons Employed on WPA Projects, by Wage Classes and by Sex, August 1937 ____ _____
23. Percentage Distribution of Persons Employed on WPA Projects, by Major Types of Projects and by
Wage Classes, September 1937______________________________________________________________
24. Percentage Distribution of WPA Security Wage Workers, by Wage Classes and by Urbanization Groups,
August 1937______________________________________________________________________________
25. Average Assigned Monthly Wage Rates of WPA Security Wage Workers, by Wage Classes and by
Urbanization Groups, August 1937__________________________________________________________
26. Number and Average Assigned Monthly Hours and Wage Rates of Persons Employed on WPA Projects,
by Major Types of Projects, September 1937_________________________________________________
27. Average Assigned Monthly Hours of WPA Security Wage Workers, by Wage Classes and by Urbanization G"oups, August 1937 ______________________________________________________ - ___ - _- - - -
VIII
Digitized by
Google
7
7
8
IO
14
16
18
19
36
37
37
39
40
41
42
43
44
44
44
46
46
50
50
50
50
51
51
LIST OF TEXT TABLES
IX
Page
28. Man-Hours and Injury Rates on WPA Projects, by Major Typ<'s of Projects, Cumulative-July 1,
1935, Through June 30, 1937 ________________________________________________________________
29. Total Funds Available and Amount Allocated Under the ERA Acts of 1935, 1936, and 1937, Cumulative
Through Octo her 31, 193 7 _ _ _ _______ ____________________ __________ ______ ___________________
30. Status of Funds Under the ERA Acts of 1935, 1936, and 1937, by Major Agencies, Cumulative Through
Octo her 31, 193 7 __________________________________________________________________________
31. Statu~of Funds Allocated to WPA, by Programs, Cumulative Through October 31, 1937 ____________
32. Monthly Expenditures of WPA, July 1935 to October 1937______________________________________
33. Expenditures of Funds Allocated to WPA, by Objects of Expenditure, Cumulative Through October
31, 1937__________________________________________________________________________________
34. Man-Month Expenditures in Federal Funds for Labor and Nonlabor Costs on WPA Projects for
Selected Periods, July 1936 Through October 1937 ____________________________________________
35. Value of Materials, Supplies, and Equipment Procured for WPA Projects, by Types of Materials and
by Sources of Funds, Cumulative Through October 31, 1937 _ _ _ _ ______ __ __ ______ _______ ______ __
36. Value of Materials, Supplies, and Equipment Procured for WPA Projects, by Types of Materials and
by Selected Periods, Cumulative Through October 31, 1937 ____________________________________
37. Value of Materials, Supplies, and Equipment Procured for WPA Projects, by Major Types of Projects,
Cumulative Through October 31, 1937 _____ ____ _____ ___ ___ _________ ____ ___ _____ ___ _______ ___ _
38. Monthly Expenditures for Nonlabor Costs on WPA Projects, by Sources of Funds, July 1936 to
October 1937_____________________________________________________________________________
39. Number of Persons Assisted Under the NYA Student Aid Program, by Months, September 1935 to
October 1937_____________________________________________________________________________
40. Number of Persons Employed on NYA Work Projects, by Sex and by Relief Status, MonthlyJanuary 1936 to October 1937 __________________________________________ ___ _________________
41. Total Number of Youths Separating From NYA Work Projects and Percent Entering Private Employment, March Through September 1937 _ _ ____________________________________ ________________
42. Average Hourly and Monthly Earnings of Persons Employed on NYA Work Projects, by Months,
January 1936 to October 1937______________________________________________________________
43. Percentage Distribution of Persons Employed on NYA Work Projects, by Major Types of Projects,
Half Month Ending October 15, 1937 ________________________________________________________
44. Number of Recipients of Public Aid, by Programs, January 1936 to September 1937 _ _ ______ ______ __
45. Amount of Funds Extended to Recipients of Public Aid, by Programs, January 1936 to September 1937 __
46. Estimated Amount of Federal Funds Used for Security Programs, by Agencies, 6-Month Periods1933 to 1937_____________________________________________________________________________
47. Estimated Amount of State and Local Funds Used for Security Programs, by Agencies, 6-Month
Periods-1933 to 1937______________________________________________________________________
53
55
56
56
57
57
58
60
61
61
62
64
65
66
66
66
77
79
81
82
LIST OF CHARTS
Page
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
Trend of Gnemployment and Relief, January 1933-October 1937 _ _ _ ___ __________________ ____ _____
Unemployment, U. S. E. S. Active R£'gistmtions, and "\Yorks Program Employment, September 1937 __
Total WPA Expenditures and Employment on WPA Projects, July 1935-October 1937 ___ ____ ______ _
Estimated Total Cost of WPA Projects Placed in Operation, by Major Types of Proj£'cts, Through
September 30, 1937_______________________________________________________________________
Works Program Employment, Through October 30, 1937 _ _ _ ________________ ____________________ _
Works Program Employment, Week Ending October 30, 1937____________________________________
Average Hourly Earnings of Persons Employed on WPA Projects, by Types of ProjC'cts, Junuury
Through October 1937 ________________________________ ____________________________________ _
Disabling Injuries Incurred in WP A Project Work, July 1, 1935, Through June 30, 1937 _____________
Monthly E,i.-penditures of the Works Prohrrcss Administrution and of all Agenci£'s Purtieip11ti11g in the
Works Program, August 1935-0ctober 1937 _________ __ _____________________ ____ ____ ___ _______
Employment Under NYA Programs, Through October 1937______________________________________
Recipients of Public Aid, by Programs, September 1937 _ _ _ _ _____________________ ________________
Digitized by
Google
5
6
8
14
42
45
52
53
57
65
78
Digitized by
Google
THE WORKS PROGRAM, 1935-37
Through the \Yorks Program the
Federal Government is now supplying jobs to 2 million
unemployed persons. As one of the security measures
udopted by the Federul and Stute and local governments, this program serves in aiding those whose need
results from extended unemployment. It is the purpose
of this section to sketch the developments leading to the
Works Program and to review the general character of
the Program and its accomplishments.
Nature of the Worlcs Prosram
Prior Developments
Even before the depression the apparent prosperity of
the time could not gloss over the poverty that wus only
too prevalent. It was necessary only to tum to the
areus that were stranded in an economic sense, or to
observe conditions among the dispossessed workers
whose insecure wages alone warded off the ever-present
threat of poverty. At that time some aid was given
through public and private local agencies. With the
deepening of the depression which meant destitution to
greater and greater numbers of people, local agencies
were compelled to expand their relief activities tremendously. As the estimated number of unemployed
persons began to mount, from less than 2 million in 1929
to a peak of more than 15 million in 1933, the timehonored method of meeting relief needs through local
efforts proved utterly inadequate. Local resources
could not bear the augmented load of those in need.
Even the participation of States in caring for the destitute proved insufficient. The poverty and want that
followed in the wake of widespread unemployment had
given rise to an unparalleled relief problem in the
solution of which Federal action became imperative.
In 1932 the Federal Government took its first steps
toward relieving distress. The Government gave
commodities to the Red Cross for donation to destitute
persons and authorized the Reconstruction Finance
Corporation to lend $300,000,000 to States and localities
for emergency relief. These first measures foreshadowed the passage of the Federal Emergency Relief
Act in l\Iay 1933 which marked the assumption by the
Federal Government of part of the cost of providing for
the destitute, thereby implicitly recognizing the national
character of the relief problem brought on by depression.
The establishment of the Federal Emergency Relief
Administration and the Civil Works Administration, as
well as such agencies as the Federal Emergency Administration of Public Works and the Civilian Conservation Corps, implemented direct Federal participation in alleviating widespread distress.
As the activities of these agencies developed, the experience gained indicated that work relief was preferable
to direct relief as a method for aiding employable persons
who were destitute. It became evident, also, that
somewhat specialized programs adjusted to the particular requirements of the various groups of destitute persons were most effective. These measures dealt directly
with the relief problem caused chiefly by unemployment; in so doing, however, they also served as recovery
measures since they stimulated industry both by putting vitally needed purchasing power into the hands of
consumers, and by increasing purchases of materials
and equipment.
Asencies Participatins in the Worlcs Prosram
Consolidation and redefinition of the relief activities
of the Federal Government were accomplished following
the passage of the Emergency Relief Appropriation Act
of 1935 which made available an amount not to exceed
$4,880,000,000 for relief and work relief. Within the
framework of the Works Program initiated under this
act were incorporated many of the emergency relief
acth;ties of the Federal Government that had been
undertaken in the years immediately preceding and also
1
Digitized by
Google
WORKS PHOGHESS .-\Dl\II:--ISTHATION
2
certain modified and new activities. The operations of
the Program were curried on under the direction of the
President by three kinds of agencies: One group comprised more than 40 regular Government services and
bureaus that could expand their activities along the lines
of the general objectives of the Works Program; another,
previously established emergency agencies such as the
Public \Yorks Administration and the Civilian Conservation Corps; and the third, agencies created specifically
for participation in the Works Program. This last
group included the Works Progress Administration,
which substituted a Federal program of work projects
for the grants-in-aid to States for direct or work relief
under the Federal Emergency Relief Administration.
Activities undertaken through the Works Program
cover a wide variety of project operations. These range
from the reclamation work, Federal highway work, and
conservation work of the regular Government agenciesand also the public buildings program of the PWA and
the conservation activities of the CCC-to the undertakings of the newly created agencies which include the
rural rehabilitation program of the Farm Security
Administration (formerly the Resettlement Administration) and the diversified locally sponsored project
program of the WPA. Among its other functions the
'\\"'PA is directed by the President to coordinate all
activities carried on under the \Vorks Program and to
report on the progress of those activities.
desirability of aiding these persons by providi,ng them
with work on useful projects. On the one hand, this
served as a means of conserving or even developing
their skills, and also as a means of maintaining their
morale and work habits. In thus aiding the workers
the Program not only benefited the unemployed themselves but also was able to preserve the capacities of
these workers as an integral and valuable asset of the
community. On the other hand, a program of work
projects insured valuable contributions to the physical
assets of the communities where the work was undertaken.
In the course of its development the Works Program
took on certain essential characteristics. Limited
funds required that project employment be large for
each dollar spent. Projects had to be carefully adjusted
to the skills of the people for whom work was being
created, and had to be carried on, for the most part,
at the places where the unemployed lived. The project
undertakings had to conform with the local needs of the
communities where they were operated; this has been
assured through the local sponsorship of projects.
In addition, the Program required flexibility in order to
shift with the varying incidence of destitution brought
about by seasonal factors, by changes in private
employment opportunities, and occasionally by the
more dramatic demands arising from floods or droughts.
Worlcers and Conditions of Worlc
Characteristics of the Program
The manner in which the Works Program was
developed involved the acceptance of certain tenets.
Through its program of projects giving work to needy
jobless persons the Federal Government recognized
the Nation-wide character of the unemployment
relief problem and assumed the responsibility of caring
for a major part of the destitute persons who are
employable. Recognition was given, further, to the
For persons employed on projects of the Works
Program a monthly wage was provided which varied
with the section of the country and the size of the
community in which the worker lived, and with the
skill of the worker. In general, the monthly wage
was lower than earnings in private industry but higher
than customary allowances to families on relief. It
represenwd a definite departure from the budgetary
deficiency payments made under the FERA program
TWO VIEWS OF A WPA PARK PROJECT-PROVIDENCE, R. I.
Digitized by
Google
REPORT ON PROGRESS OF THE WORKS PROGRAM
in that it was uniform for all workers in the group to
which it applied and in that it dispensed with the
necessity for investigation of the intimate details of
family life. Certain exceptions were made in the
application of the security wage schedule; these involved workers employed on projects of the PWA
and the Bureau of Public Roads and other projects
carried on by private contractors, and CCC enrollees,
as well as certain other groups of workers relatively
unimportant numerically. CCC enrollees received a
set monthly stipend in addition to subsistence, and
other exempted workers were employed full time at the
hourly rates prevailing locally.
At first, security wage workers in different parts of
the country were employed for a fixed number of hours
each month. The hourly wage rates resulting from the
established monthly earnings and hours of work came
more and more, through adjustment, to approximate
hourly rates prevailing locally. This tendency to meet
prevailing hourly rates was recognized in the ERA
Act of 1936 which required that wages on, projects
should not be lower than corresponding wages in private industry for similar work. The monthly security
earnings were not altered by this requirement which
was met by making adjustments in the number of
hours worked per month.
At least 90 percent of the workers employed on
projects initiated under the Works Program were originally required to be taken from relief rolls. The spirit
of this requirement, to keep the Program one for providing jobs for the destitute unemployed, has been recognized throughout the Program's operations. Within
the rules of eligibility set by the WPA, local relief
agencies certify workers for employment. Actual selection of workers, however, is left to the WPA and other
agencies supervising projects. Not more than one
member of a relief family may be employed on a Works
Program job, except for persons in the CCC and young
persons aided through the NYA. Workers who are
certified as in need of relief are required to accept suitable private employment when offered under reasonable
working conditions and at rates of pay amounting to as
much or more than they receive on projects.
Current Scope of the Prosram
As formulated by Executive and administrative
orders in 19;35 under the ERA Act of that year, the
w·orks Program coordinated new undertakings with
various previously initiated emergency relief activities.
The Program was necessarily tentative in certain respec·ts and as such was put to trial. In the 2 years that
followed its inception, the Program attnined a fairly
definite pattern. This came through legislntive enactments that gave to certnin agencies speeific functions
and direct appropriations. The seope of the Works
3
Program, as it now operates, and the agencies now participating in it are indicated in the following summary.
Under the ERA Act of 1937 the WPA and some of
the regular Federal agencies prosecute projects providing employment to a maximum number of persons in
need of relief. The PWA, under authority of the Public Works Administration Extension Act of 1937 which
limits allotments to PWA projects approved prior to
the passage of that act, has continued, until recently,
making grants not to exceed 45 percent of the cost of
construction projects that are prosecuted under State
and local authorities. Many of these projects are now
in operation. The Civilian Conservation Corps with
direct appropriations continues a program of conservation carried on through the employment of youths at
camps. The National Youth Administration through
the ERA Act of 1937 continues in its youth program to
provide limited earnings for its student aid and work
project employees. The Resettlement Administration's
work project progrums are being completed and its rural
rehabilitation activities are being continued by the
Farm Security Administration. Certain activities of
the regular Federal agencies continue through the use of
unexpended balances of funds allocated chiefly under
the ERA Act of 1935; others have been incorporated as
part of the normal functions of these agencies. The
Rural Electrification Administration has been given the
status of a regular Federal agency with authority to
continue its rural electrification program.
Other Security Measures
The Federal program of work projects is but one
phase of the security endeavors that are being carried
on through Federal as well as State and local activities
for the relief of unemployment and poverty. Foundations for federally administered old-age benefits and
for unemployment compensation administered by the
States under Federal supervision have been developed
under the Social Security Act. In addition, the Federal
Government is participating in the aid of certain groups
of the needy through the public assistance programs of
the Social Security Board. These include old-age
assistance, aid to dependent children, and aid to the
blind. For the destitute rural population rehabilitation measures under the Farm Security Administration
(noted in the preceding section) are in effect. Assistance for destitute persons not otherwise obtaining aid
remains with State and local rC'lief agencies. Caring for
these persons, many of whom are unemployables, hns
devolved upon State and local agencies as genernl relief
with the assumption by the Federal Government of
primary responsibility for aiding employnble pel'8ons
who are in need. Surplus commodities purclrnsC'd by
the Federal Surplus Commodities Corporntion nnd
clothing and other articles produced on WP A projects
Digitized by
Google
\\'OHKS PHOGHESS .\DMI~ISTH.-\.TION
4
SOME OF THE MANY WPA WORKER,;
nre distributed to families and individuals in need of
relief with the cooperation of State and local relief
ngencies.
Worlcs Program Employment
Employment under the Works Program is generally
understood to include workers on WPA projects,
CCC employees, and persons employed on the Works
Program projects of other Federal agencies participating
in the Program. Not included in the total comprising
these three groups ore the persons who benefit through
the student aid and work project programs of the
National Youth Administration or the furm families
who receive rehabilitation loans or grants of Works
Program funds through the Farm Security Administration.
The Employment Provided
Plans in 1935 set the Works Program employment
quota at 3,500,000 persons. The projects of the Program, except CCC activities and a very limited number
of projects of other agencies, were new undertakings
for which preliminary plans had to be made before work
could start. By December 1935, however, Works
Program employment had attained the quota of
3,500,000. Further expansion took place until, at the
end of February 1936, there were 3,836,000 persons at
work. Of these, 3,036,000, or nearly 80 percent, were
WPA workers; 459,000 were CCC employees; and the
remainder were persons at work on projects of about 40
other agencies participating in the Program nt that
time. In the months that followed, the Works Progrnm total declined-a decline that was temporarily
interrupted by employment of the emergency drought
cases who were taken on the Program in the autumn
of 1936. Workers t'mployed because of the drought
numbered more than 350,000 persons in October of thut
year. By October 30, 1937, the number of persons nt
work under the Program hud dropped to 1,956,000.
This number included 1,477,000 WPA employees,
representing 76 percent of the total; 239,000 CCC
workers, constituting 12 percent of the total; and 240,000 persons employed on projects of the Bureau of
Public Roads, the PWA, and other Federal agencies.
For the Program us a whole the last employment figure
represents a decline to 51 percent of the February 1936
peak; the WPA total was 49 percent, and the CCC total,
52 percent, of the respective numbers employed in
February 1936.
Throughout the period of Works Program operation
approximately 90 percent of the employees have been
persons certified as in need of relief. The WPA has
had a somewhat larger percentage, which has ranged
upward from about 94 percent and currently stands at
97 percent. On projects of other agencies the proportion of workers taken from relief rolls has varied with
the work of the agencies. Some agencies, because of
the location of the projects or the skills needed in the
prosecution of the projects, have required reluth·ely
large numbers of nonrelief laborers.
The W-orks Program employment figures given above
do not include persons who have been assisted through
the work project and the student aid progrums of the
National Youth Administration. The former totaled
123,000, and the latter, 237,000 in October 1937.
Nor do the totals include persons obtaining aid through
the rural rehabilitation program carried on under the
Farm Security Administration; the number of grants,
alone, made to farmers in recent months has averaged
about 65,000. The acthities of the public assistance
program of the Social Security Board similarly lie
outside the scope of the data quoted above. Reports
for these programs of State agencies operating under
approved plans and administering Federal funds
supplemental to State funds show for September 1937
a total of 1,468,000 grants made for old-age assistance,
193,000 grants made to families in aid of dependent
children, and 39,000 grants for aid to the blind. In
the same month about 1,260,000 families and single
persons received general relief extended through State
and local relief und welfnr<> agencil'S.
Unemployment and Relief
The relief problem of the lust few years hns been
intimately associated with the extent of unemployment. Not all the unemployed or their families, of
course, apply for relief. There may be two or more
workers in a family, one of whom, if employed, cnn
support the family. A family may have savings or
other resources that can be drawn upon to bridge a
period of unemployment. Xevertheless, with extensive unemployment lasting over a considemhle pl'riod,
it is inevitnble that relief needs will be high, because
wages are the chief-if not sole-means of liwlihood
for a greut majority of fomilies. In chnrt 1 which
covers the period from January 1933 through October
Digitized by
Google
REPOHT 0~ l'HOGHESS 0~' THE WOHK8 l'HOGH.-UI
5
CHART I
1937 comparison may be made
between estimates of unemployment and the relief load. Study
TREND OF UNEMPLOYMENT AND RELIEF
of the chart reveals a marked
Jen11111r, 1933 - OcloNr 1937
similarity in the trends and seasonal movements of the two MIUIONS
MILLIONS
20
series, especially after the first 20
year, when relief activities were
definitely in a developmental
-----115
stage.
It is necessary to comment
briefly on the data used in comparing relief with unemployment.
The unemployment estimates
measure the difference between
5
the total labor supply and the
amount of private employment.
Both of these in turn are estimated. The potential number of o ........................................................._._...._..............................................................................................................................~· o
1935
1936
1933
1937
1938
employable persons (the total
labor supply) is found for a base
year for which available inforJ.1r 19M - J - 1935 ■ 100
INDD
mation is relathely complete. INDO
1.-0 ,..,..,"T"l"'T"'T'"l"'T"T.,.......,..,,..,..,..,....~..,..,..,..,..,..,..,..,.....,..,..,..,..,..,....,.....,"T"l"'T"'T'"l"T'T..,..,..,..,...,..,..,..,.....,..,..,...,.....,..,..,........,..,..-,-,....,1.-0
i'' I'
From month to month and from
year to year this total is adjusted
l:IO
by allowing for a net increase in 1101---~rthe total labor supply. This net
increment reflects the difference
100
between the number of newcomers to the labor market and
the number of persons leaving 101-----+--t~
eo
the market through death, retirement, or incapacity. From the
60
total number of employable per- 6 0 1 - - - - - - + - - - - - + - - - - - 1 - - - - - - + - - ¼....- sons determined in this way the
estimated number at work in pri- ~.,._............,..,.._.__....._....,_;,.,........,....._......_......._.u..........u...i..u.........,........._.........i..i......._...u...u.;u.....u..u.J...u.....:....,
1 36
1933
1 35
19
1937
"°
1938
vate industry is deducted to give
3-\
9
9
the number of unemployed. The (CU-loylNOf tstiaatn, Alntrcan ft4tnl, .. ., LaNr
·
1t [stimatN uftivpliuttd tot1I numbtr of f1 ..1litS and Sifts!, persons rt«i,int
_ _ .........,_un
estimate of private employment
r,l,cf .., """'" r.,.. r,l,cf roll, ...,,.," on c.. ,1 Wo,h Pr,cram ....
Worlo Pro1ra11 ProJtds (E,clud"I 4roujhl 1936)
is based on available information
Corps and NYA project activities, aid extended under
dealing with agricultural as well as nonagricultural
employment.
the Social Security Act, and certain additional but
The relief series used in chart 1 covers fairly conrelatively minor aspects of public assistance. It should
sistently a major portion of public relief in the contibe noted that the expansion of the old-age assistance
nental United States. It includes persons from relief
program of the Social Security Board has tended during
rolls employed on CWA and Works Program projects
the past year to curtail the scope of some of the
(excluding CCC), and families and single persons reprograms covered by the data.
ceiving general relief-both direct and work relief under
With Works Program employment restricted to one
the FERA when that agency was in operation, and
person in a family (except for the CCC and the NY A)
and general relief extended on a family basis, the relief
thereafter direct relief under State and local auspices.
series described above provides a measure of the 1wt
Allowance has been made for duplications such as may
arise from supplementation of Works Program eornings
number of families and single persons receiving public
by direct relief and from transfers between direct relief
relief. It must not be taken, however, to be more
inclusive than the programs it covers. As the series is
and the Works Program. The series does not include
compnred with unemployment, recognition must also
student nid, rurol rehnbilitntion, Civilion Conservation
Digitized by
Google
WORKS PROGRESS ADMINISTRATION
6
CHART 2
UNEMPLOYMENT, U. $. E. S. ACTIVE REGISTRATIONS
AND WORKS PROGRAM EMPLOYMENT
S&PTIMID
1937
N&UGNI
OfNIIIC»a
'l
__
_,_,_'"'
enrollees in various areas, students aided through the
NYA program, and a limited number of PWA nonFederal and Public Roads workers) as well as many
employable persons certified by relief agencies but not
yet assigned to Works Program jobs. Additional
registrants are predominantly unemployed workers
seeking jobs through the USES. It is noteworthy that
in September 1937 Works Program employees numbered considerably less than half the total of over
4,600,000 who were actively registered at the employment offices.
Worlcs Program Funds
be given to the fact that the data relate to more than
the number of destitute families having an employable
member. This additional group, representing families
with no potential wage earner, is found on the direct
relief rolls which also include needy families whose employable members do not have work relief. So far as
families with no employable member are included, the
total is in excess of the number whose destitution is
caused by unemployment. On the other hand, a
family with more than one employable member is
counted as one family, and as a result the total number
of families with employable members is a considerable
understatement of the number of employable members
in these families.
In September 1937 the net number of recipients of
general relief and workers from relief rolls on projects
of the WPA and other Federal agencies amounted to
about 2,700,000. If allowance were made for the
additional households assisted through CCC and NYA
work, aid to dependent children, aid to the blind, old-age
as'3istance, and rural rehabilitation grants, the aggregate
total of different households would be increased by about
50 or 60 percent. During September 1937, it may be
concluded that roughly 10 percent of the people in the
United States received public aid in some form.
Unemployment and Worlc1 Program
Employment
Authorization for the initiation of the program of
Federal work projects known as the Works Program
was given in the first of the three Emergency Relief
Appropriation Acts. The Emergency Relief Appropriation Act of 1935, approved April 8, 1935, set aside an
amount not to exceed $4,880,000,000 in order ''to
provide relief, work relief and to increase employment
by providing for useful projects." The Acts of 1936
and 1937 appropriated additional money for the purpose of continuing the programs begun under the first
act.
Allocations to A9encie1
Total funds provided under the three Emergency
Relief Appropriation Acts amounted to approximately
$8,421,000,000 as of October 31, 1937. Through the
ERA Act of 1935 about $4,713,000,000 was actually
made available: $4,000,000,000 by direct appropriation, and the remainder by transfer of balances from
other acts. More than 20 percent of the 1935 appropriation was allocated to the Federal Emergency Relief
Administration to enable the FERA program to continue during the time when the Works Program was
being put into operation. Emergency Conservation
TABLE 1.-FUNDB PROVIDED UNDER THE
1936, AND 1937
CUMULATIVE
Compari'.!on may also be made, though over a much
shorter period, of total Works Program employment
with the estimate of unemployment. From November
1935 through May 1937 workers on WPA projects,
CCC personnel, and workers on Works Program projects of other Federal agencies (emergency drought
workers excluded) together totaled between 30 and 36
percent of estimated unemployment. By September
1937, however, this percentage had dropped to 24.
Chart 2 indicates the estimated unemployment, the
number of active registrations with the United States
Employment Service, and Works Program employment
in September 1937.
Active registration with the USES is maintained by
Works Program project employees (except for CCC
Provision
ERA AcTs
OF
1935,
THROt:GH OCTOBER 31, 1\137
ERA Act
Total
or 1935
ER.\ Art
or 1006
I
1
J<:IL\ Act
or 1001
I
-------1----1----1---- ---Total.. ____________ $8. 421,078, 68.~ $4. 563,978,085 $2,318,500,000 $1, ,538, f~lO. 000
Spt>rifle appropriation.___ 7,714.000, 000 4,000,000,000 • 2,214,000,000 1,500,000,000
Tran~fr•rs of balances:
From prior enu-rgency
appropriations"··--714,578,68.~
713,47S.M5 ----······--··
1,100,0()()
From lH:15 to 1\1:lfl Act •. -------------- -139, 5(K), IMKI
139,500,000 ----. _-- ... _. _
From H•:loto 1\137 Act.--------------- -IU,000,000 ______________
lll,000,000
From 19:m to 111:11 A<•t.. ______________ ______________ -35.000,000
35,000,000
From l\l:l7 Act to••~ln.r appropriation,
Corps oC Engineers...
-7, 500, 000 ___________________________ .
-7, 500,000
1
' lnelwll'S $7~9,000,000 appropriated in the First Deficiency Appropriation Act
or 111:11.
11 lnrlurling:
Rf•constrnrtinn Finan~ Corporation :\<•t.
EnwrgN1cy Appropriation .\ct. fi~('SI ypar 193,5.
National lndu:-trial HN·ov,•ry Act.
Enu•n::t>nry HPlid and Civil \Yorks Art.
Art To Ht>lit•\·1• t·n1•mployrnPnt, :\larch 31, 1~.
Agricultural AdjustnH•nt Act.
Digitized by
Google
REPORT ON PROGRESS OF THE WORKS PROGRAM
Work (chiefly the CCC) received 13 percent of the total,
and the Bureau of Public Roads and the Public Works
Administration, 11 percent and 9 percent, respectively.
Total allocations to the WPA, amounting to a little
more than $1,400,000,000 were less than 31 percent of
this appropriation.
Allocations from funds provided under the 1936
and 1937 Acts, amounting to $2,318,500,000 and
$1,538,600,000 respectively, show a somewhat different
distribution as between agencies. Certain agencies received little or none of the funds provided by the 1936
and 193 7 ERA Acts. One of these agencies is the CCC
which has operated with direct appropriations since
June 1936; similarly, additional PWA funds were
provided under separate authorizations subsequent to
the allocations received by the PWA Non-Federal
Division under the 1935 Act. · The funds with which
these agencies carried on their later Works Program
activities are not included in the ERA Act totals.
Among the agencies which continued all or most of
their Works Program activities by use of balances
from the ERA Act of 1935 is the Bureau of Public
Roads. These factors, together with the discontinuance of FERA operations, explain the predominance
of WPA allocations under the later acts. Allocations
to the WPA from 1936 funds amounted to $1,926,000,000, or 84 percent of the total; and under the 1937 Act
WPA allocations through October 31, 1937, totaled
$614,000,000, or 77 percent of the aggregate amount
allocated up to that date.
Expenditures and Balances
Total expenditures from funds provided under the
ERA Acts amounted to $6,893,000,000 as of October
31, 1937. This represented 90 percent of all allocations. Funds expended by the WPA alone aggregated
$3,623,000,000, and accounted for all except about 8
percent of the allocations to this agency. Other
agencies had spent proportions of their funds that
varied according to how nearly their Works Program
undertakings had attained completion. Operations of
TABLE 2.-ALLOCATIONS FNDER THE
ERA
7
some of the agencies, however, are carried on through
current financing. These agencies (one of which is
the WPA), which receive periodic allocations for continuing their respective programs, have supplied the
major proportion of employment during recent months.
An unallocated balance of $767,000,000 was available
for Presidential allocation on October 31, 1937. As of
the same date, unobligated balances remaining with
the various agencies, mainly with the WPA, the Farm
Security Administration, and the Corps of Engineers
amount~d to nearly $440,000,000. Included in the
latter total are balances for employees' compensation
and other items which will not contribute directly to
future project employment.
State and Local Funds
Federal funds for the Works Program have been
supplemented by local funds provided by· sponsors
of projects. This has occurred on projects of the WPA
and of the Non-Federal Division of the PWA. Some
indication of the extent of sponsors' funds provided
under the WPA program is available from the data on
WPA projects placed in operation. Through September 30, 1937, the total of sponsors' funds pledged for
projects on which work had been initiated by that time
amounted to $665,000,000. The PWA non-Federal
projects for which grants have been made through
September 30, 1937, from 1935 ERA Act funds and
funds provided for that purpose under subsequent
enactments have a total estimated project cost of
neariy $1,437,000,000. For these, Federal grants
total $578,000,000, the balance representing funds
raised by the local governments carrying on this construction work. In part, the latter funds have been
borrowed from the Federal Government through use of
the PW A revolving funds.
WPA Expenditures
Of the expenditures from WPA allocations through
October 31, 1937, which totaled $3,622,800,000, nearly
ACTS, BY MAJOR AGENCIES AND BY ACTS
Ct'Ml'LATIVE THR0t'GII OCTOBER 31, 19:17
ERA Act of 19:l5
ERA Act of 19:J6A
ERA Act of 19:17
Agency
Amount
~~;~\!~~~1J~:1~~c:~1'.1'.'~~'.' .~==:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::1 ss. m: ~~: rJ
Total allocations B___ ____ __ __ __ __ ___ _ ___ _ ____ _ ___ _ ____ ___ _ _
i, 653, i9\l, 497
CiYi!ian Conserrntion Corps ____________________________________ _
594, 936, 258
Corps o( En~ineers ______________________________________________ _
186, 738, 108
Farm Security Administration __________________________________ _
464,860, 61!1
Federal Emergenl'y Helief Administration __ . ____________________ _
!134, 842. 359
r,06, 899, 69t
Bul"t'aU\Vorks
of Public
Hoads _ --------------------------------------i
Public
Administration
___________________________________ _
428, 8><9, t\17
'\\,,.orks Pro~ress Administration ________ ---· ___________________ . __ ! 3, 943, 059, 226
Other Agencies ____________ . _______________ ------------------- __ _
5!13, 574,039
A
B
Percent
Amount
Percent
Amount
Percent
$4, 563, 9i8, 685
$2, 318, 500, 000
4,571,492
IQ, 648,325
Amount
$1, 5.'18,600,000
743,059, 371
----1-----1-----~----------------4, 55\J, 407, 19:l
79.5, 54-0. 629
100.0
100.0
100. 0
100.0
7.8
2. 4
6.1
12. 2
6. 6
5.6
51. 5
i.8
594, 9:lO, 258
129,784,841
2'.!'Z, 626, 073
9:14, 842, 35\J
497, 248, 46 I
428. 8><9. 197
1, 40:1, 539, 385
347,540,619 ,
13.1
2.8
4. 9
2(). 5
10, 19\l, 754
181,545, 581
10. 9
9,651,230
9. 4
30.8
i. 6
I, 92..>. 894, &II
171. 560,209
0.4
7.9
46, 753, 51:J
60,688,965
s_ Treasury Department report on status of funds provided
613,625.om
74,473,151
In the EHA Acts of 1935, 19:;o, and 1~37, as of October 31, 1937.
:14146°-38----2
Digitized by
5. 9
7. 6
0.4 ---------------- ---------83.8
i. 5
Jnclu,tes $7~9.(XX>.!KXI appropriated in the First J>efkiency Appropriation Act of 1937.
\\'arrants i~ucd by the Treasury.
Source: L
Percent
Google
i7.1
9. 4
WOHKS PROGHE:--S .\D:\Il~ISTRATION
8
CHART 3
92 percent were made in the prosecution
of WPA work projects. These are preTOTAL WPA EXPENDITURES AND EMPLOYMENT
dominantly locally sponsored underON WPA PROJECTS
takings classified under "State work 0'5NDITUIIU
IWI.OYM5NT
J.i, 19" - 0.... 1937
MIUIONS
programs." The NYA student aid and w1Lu0Ns
~PSRSONS
work projectacti,ities together accounted OF oou.ARS
I ,
,
for 3.1 percent of the total WPA funds
I I
22
~--·
"
expended, and checks dra,vn upon administrative, allocations for both the WPA
and the NY A represented 4.2 percent of
all expenditures. The remaining expend- " 1-----'--____,1-4_--+--,--r-'--+---+itures were made in connection with
I
:
I
drought relief and land utilization supervised chiefly by the Resettlement Adminu1----+-~----+----"----+---+--f-+-+---+-+-,f---+--+-----<-----'-....._---+----~
istration but financed from W PA
, i I i
allocations.
! I
In recent months total WPA expenditures ha'1'e been at a much lower level
1937
1938
1936
than during earlier months. That this
WOHi MIOGHl1 ADMINISTUTION
U•J
decline is paralleled by the decline in WPA
employment is shown in chart 3. The lag
Personal services, i. e., eurnings of workers, nccounted
of expenditures behind employment, seen in the chart, is
for o,·er 85 percent of all '\VPA expenditures through
due largely to the fact that workers are paid at the end of
June 30, 1937. On materials, supplies, and equipment
a period of employment, usually each half month;
8.2 percent of the total was spent, and on rent of
and the erratic fluctuations of the expenditure line
buildings and equipment, 5.4 percent. Other exresult principally from differences in the number of
penditures, principally for communicntion, transportnT.\RLF. 3.-ExPENDITURES
OF FrNos ALLOCATED TO \\'PA,
tion, and similar services, were only n little more than
BY PROGRAMS
1 percent of the total.
0
,-N
f'nlt'L.\TI\'£ T11Rot:OH OCT0H~R 31, rn:17
Progrnm
TotaL.. ______________ .
Amount
... ... .
\\'PA work projects _________________ .
State work program~------· ______________ ____ _
Federal Xation-wide program _.
Pen-ent
100.0
3. 329. 646, \IH
111.9
3, 2ZI, !JOO, 027
IIJ.1. 740, \ll 7
XYA programs_________ .. _________________ . .. _..... _____
112. 3:11, 77S
Stu<lentaitl_____________
_ ___ --------------Work projects ______ .. ___ .. ______ _
53,3o:!,fl6.>
)..i
,19, 028, 11 :1
1.ft
\\'PA and :-JYA aclministrnth·eex1tenses .... ____________
Land utilization and ilrought relief .Programs A_ ________
1.s.1.11:J.!lf,!
27,705. OSO
3. I
-' Operated by the Farm Security Administration with WPA luncls.
~ource: t:. S. Tren..•ury Department report on status ol funds provided in th• ER.\
Arts ol l\r.J5, 19:!tl, and IY:l7, 11s ol October :JI, 111:i,.
days in a month and from technical changes in the
flow of payments. In the first 6 months of 1937 WP A
expenditures were 17 percent below the corresponding
period in 1936, and in the period from July through
October they were about 37 percent lower than in the
previous year. Although the extent of this decline is
in part due to the inclusion of drought expenditures in
the 1936 period, the chief factor is the reduction in
regular WPA operations.
The division of WPA e>.--penditures as between pnyments to persons and purchases of materials, supplies,
and equipment and rent of buildings and equipment
indicates the extent to which the '\VPA program hns concentrated its efforts on making payments to workers.
Sponsors' Expenditures
The costs of prosecuting WPA projects }ul\'e been
shared to a considerable degree by sponsors of projects.
\\'bile Federal expenditures over the whole period of
operations, through October 31, 1937, amounted to
$3,330,000,000, the expenses borne by sponsors aggregated about $491,000,000, or 12.9 percent of the totnl
costs. From 12.4 percent in the 6 months ending
December 31, 1936, sponsors' expenditures rose to 14.9
percent of the total in the 6 months ending June 30,
1937, and to 21.2 percent in the 4 months ending
October 31, 1937.
Sponsors' expenditurPs hnve been mnde predominantly for other than lnbor costs, thus complementing
the nonlabor expenditures of the FedPml Government.
These costs of project operntions were divided betwPen
the Federal Government nnd sponsors on about a 3 to 2
bnsis in the Inst hnlf of 1936 and nenrly evenly during
the first hnlf of 1937. In the July to October 193 7
period sponsors bore 64 percent of the totnl nonlnbor
!'Osts.
Avera9e Monthly Expenditures per Worlcer
In the two hnlf-yenr periods of the fiscnl year ending
June 30, 1937, project workers earned an a,·erage of
Digitized by
Google
REl'OHT O'.'i l'HOGHES8 OF THE \\'OHKS l'IWGIL\:\I
about $55 per month from Federul funds. At the same
time, the Federal Government expended an average of
$11.18 per worker per month in the first period and
$9.49 per worker per month in the second period for
materials, supplies, equipment, and other nonlabor
costs. Including administrative expenditures from
Federal funds of about $2.50 per project worker per
month, this gives an over-all yearly Federal expenditure
of approximately $810 per worker employed.
The WPA policy with regard to sponsors' funds in
general hus been to muke available to each State each
month an amount sufficient to cover the labor cost on
work projects, plus an allowance for nonlabor costs
bused on the number of workers employed. Sponsors
are required to supply funds and services for the
projects, first, in accordance with their ability to pay,
and sl.'cond, in accordance with the relative cost of the
projects which they desire to operate; that is, sponsors
are rl.'quired to mnke up the difference between the
Federal allowance for nonlabor costs and total nonlubor
costs on their projects. This policy is designed to
maximize the effectiveness of Federul expenditures in
providing relief employment and to effect an equitnble
distribution of Federnl funds on the busis of the amount
of employment provided. At the same time, it makes
possible the adaptation of the progrum to the sponsors'
project needs.
Sponsors' expenditures per worker on the Federal
pay roll increased from an average of $9.30 per month
during the period from July through December 1936,
to approximately $11 .40 per month during the 6 months
from January through June l 93i. Funds for materials,
supplies, equipment, and similar project costs accounted
for $i.60 of the above totul expenditure during the first
period and $9.30 during the second period. The remainder represented sponsors' payments to foremen,
supervisors, engineers, architects, skilled workers, and
other personnel paid by the sponsors. Over the fiscal
year, total expenditures per worker from both Federul
and sponsors' funds averaged about $i8.50 pn month,
or nhout $!)42 per worker per year.
Worlcs Program Proiects
Works l'rogrnm operutions, from one viewpoint, are
u mechanism for giving jobs to employnhle persons who
OXE OF THE !\1.-\:SY 111011 SCHOOLS Jll'ILT DY WP.\
9
are in need; from the complementary viewpoint they
are a means for building up the public property of the
country and for providing servicl.'s benefiting the people
of the country. Many undertakings are conducted
under the "\Vorks Program-construction and repair or
improvement of roads, public buildings, sewers, and
other kinds of properties that are publicly owned, as
well ns work performed on white collnr nnd other
nonconstruction projects.
Project Worlc Undertalcen
The extent and the diversity of Works Program
undertakings may be indicated by a brief review of all
projects initiated under the Program. For this purpose
a summary of the total value of all projects by major
classes of projects is shown in tnble 4. The summary
combines the e~timuted total cost of nll WPA projects
placed in operntion through September 30, 193i; the
total project value ns of September 30, 193i, of all
PWA non-Federal projects financed by the ERA Acts
of 1935 and 1936 and the PWA Extension Act of 1937
(sponsors' funds are included in both the WPA and
the PWA data); funds allocated to the CCC from the
ERA Act of 1935 and appropriated for the fiscal yl'ars
ending June 30, 1937 and 1938; and all allocations of
funds provided by the Emergency Relief Appropriation
Acts for work carried on by other Federal agencies participating in the Program through September 30, 1937.
Kot only do these dntu go buck to cover projects operated early in the Progrnm but they ah;o look forward
to include a substnntinl volume of project work that
will be done in 1938.
The estimated total cost of all ,Yorks Progrnm projects, counting both Federal and sponsors' funds,
amounts to $8,926,000,000. This is divided about
equally between projects of the WPA and those of all
other agencies. A little more than one-fourth of the
funds have been designated for highway, road, nnd
street work. The WPA program accounts for a major
part of the $2,375,000,000 totnl for this group, which
also includes the large program of tho Bureau of Public
Rouds financed chiefly from funds appropriated by the
ERA Act of 1935. Only slightly lf'ss important is
consl.'rvation work which includes CCC activities and
conservation undertakings of various other agencies.
In total, conservation work accounts for 22 percent of
totnl project funds as compared with 27 percent for
hi!d1wnys, roads, and streets. Public buildings projects and sewer systems and other public utility work,
repm,,mting 17 and 9 percent, respectively, of total
funds, are next in order of importance. Many PWA
non-Federnl proj('('ts are found in each of these classes.
The four most important cln:--st'S of projects account
for i5 percent of the total value of all projects; the remnining 25 pncent is distributed chil'fly among white
collar, purk nnd other rl'<'reationnl fncility, goode, and
Digitized by
Google
WORKS PROGRESS ADMINISTRATION
10
TABLl!l 4.-EsTIMATED TOTAL CosT OF ALL PROJECTS INITIATED UNDER THE WoRKS PROGRAM, BY MAJOR TYPES OF PROJECTS
CUVULAT!Vlt TRROU<lR SEPTEVBER 30, 19~i '
WPA
Total
0 t her Agencies c
B
Type or Project
Amount
Total _______ ··---··--··········-·····-·-···········-·-···· · -·····-·····-···--··-
Perc,>nt
Amount
Percent
Amount
Percent
$8,926,081, Mi
100.0
$4, fiOO, 13-1, 316
100.0
$4, Zl5, 947,241
100.0
2, 3i4, ,573. 43-1
1, 47:l. 955, 9i9
5:16, 778. 96I
646, 56.1, 042
1, :146, 76.5, 186
824. 044, 825
ms. 2811. 659
5S5, 9!!-1. 4:!3
·!OS. J.51, ,5 78
12t1. :1so. 134
407,424,326
26.6
16. 5
I, 7m. 57.5, 184
500,filll, :l.S9
sos. 010. 4-lfi
311.6
657, 9\lll, 250
964, :i:m. soo
15. 5
22. 8
o. 7
6. 0
i. 2
1.5. 1
9. 2
2. 2
6.6
4. 6
I. 4
4.6
222,484,482
---- --4H
- - - - - - - - -- - ..,71. 4H
130, ;so,
490, ~it
40!;, 2.51,
1:!:!. !lf.0,
ms, OO'J.
10. 9
10. ~
4. 7
---------9. 5
1110
2.8
4fi7
10. 5
3,5/i
fl.. i
594
2. 6
523
2. 9
28. ;,is. 5111
4 24. 078,
1,316, 765,
:1;o, 47:l,
64, .'i(](J.
,500
lHll
351
2.59
10.0
31. 8
9. 0
D PS, ml, !11',fl
JOO. 220
2. :1"9· 540
D
272,414, 803
(F.)
I. 5
2. 2
0.1
6.1
A Data for C'f'C covPr the period throul!h Jum' ao, tv:JS.
8 F.stimntl'd total co~t in Fedt•rnl and f.ponsor~• funds of \\'"PA projects phCT<i in oywrnlion.
C lnC'lt1dt•s: t-otal projLict cost in Fedt.•rnl and ~ponsors' flmdgof P\\-A non-FPdPral projectsn•Ct"iving ullotmPnts nmkr thf' F. RA Arts of 193.i nmi 1936 anrl the P\V A F."<t<"n~ion
Act of 19:1;; allocation~ to ere from t hl' E HA Act of 111:~5 and dirl'et appropriations; f1rn1ls allottPd to the KY:\ ~tudent aid and work projl'ct programs; and allocations made for
work prnjt>ets of nil othrr a;:?:rncil•s from funds JJrovidritl hy the ERA Act:, of 1H:J5, ll-Mli. and 1\)37.
Firnre for white collar projects includes $54,850,982 allotted lor !\YA student aid program; figure for miscellam'ous projects includes $62,796,136 allotted for NY A work
J>rojrrt pro~rarn.
E Less than 0.05 perc,>nt.
°
miscellaneous projects. Airport and other transportation facility work, and sanitation and health projects
are relatively unimportant, although the total value of
the latter kind of undertakings, which is smallest,
amounts to $126,000,000. Evidence of the diversity
in the WPA program to fit the varied occupational
training of employable persons in need of relief is
found in the fact that only 69 percent of the total
WPA project costs fall within the four largest project
groups.
WPA Projeds
About three-quarters of the estimated total cost of all
WPA projects initiat('d by the end of June 1937 is for
construction activities. Repair, improvement, and
modernization work account for a little more, and new
construction work for a little less, than half the total
cost of construction projects. Road construction and
improvement are predominant and include large
amounts of farm-to-market and other secondary road
development as well as important street work in many
cities. Other major construction activities involve
the building or improvement of schools and other public
buildings, of parks, playgrounds, and other recreational
facilities, and of sewer and wnter systems. The remaining construction projects include chiefly airport work,
ccrtnin conservation activities, and work contributing
to sanitation and health. Jvfost of the nonconstruction
work is found in the white collar and goods project
groups. The former comprise research, clerical, and
similar projects; various education and recrcn tion
undertakings; and the art, music, theater, and writers'
projects of the Federal arts program. Typical of the
goods projects, which contribute particularly to the
employment of women, are the making of clothing and
vurious household articles and the prescn-ing of food
for distribution to families in need of relief.
Accomplishments on Proieds
Complete summarization of the accomplishments of
the Works Program is virtually impossible because of
the wide variety of the work and the varying local
circumstances under which it is carried out.
·works Progress Administration projects are described
in some detail in later chapters. But a detailed report
on even these 158,000 projects would cover only slightly
more than half of the total Works Program project costs
and accomplishments.
\\lmt has been accomplished on the other half, or
nearly half, of the '\Yorks Program undertakings would
be gathered from several dozen other Federal departments and bureaus which have taken this opportunity
to supplement and augment their permanent activities
and plans.
If an inspection were made, agency by agency, it
would reveal that more than 10,000 miles of roads
have been lnid and hundreds of grade crossings have
been eliminated through projects of the Bureau of
Public Ronds. The work of the Forest Service, the
Burenu of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, and the
Soil Conserrntion Service, would be found to include
construction of fire Innes and other facilities for fire
prevention, extensive operations in connection with
eradicating insects and diseases harmful to trees,
reforestation, construction of thousands of small dams
for gully control and stornge of surface water, and other
varied activities designed to protect and reestablish
the country's nnturnl resources. On Farm Security
Administrntion projects there would be n grent variety
of development work on some 5,000,000 acres of retired subnrnrginal lnnd, construction of over 6,000
dwellings for resettlement of form fnmilies (pnrt of
which were initiated prior to the \Yorks Progrnm) nnd
the building of approximately 3,000 homes in three
greenbelt communities for low-income families.
Digitized by
Google
REPORT 0~ PROGRESS OF THE WORKS PROGRAM
11
COMPLETED WP.\ ROAD OVERLOOKING READl~G, PA.
In turning to the CCC, inspection would show how
the value of the Nation's parks and forests has been
greatly enhanced through road and trail construction,
flood and erosion control activities, forestation work,
development of recreational facilities, and many other
types of undertakings. Projects for the recreational
development of park sites would also be reviewed in
covering the program of the National Park Service.
Perhaps most spectacular of all would be the irrigation
projects of the Bureau of Reclamation. Outstanding
among these is the Grand Coulee Dam (work on which
was continued with ERA Act funds) for the ultimate
irrigation of more than 1,000,000 acres of land and the
extensive production of electrical power in the future.
The operations of the Corps of Engineers would be
found to include, among other kinds of work, dredging,
river and channel improvement, and flood control
activities.
More than a dozen agencies participating ·in the
Works Program have extended or renovated their
facilities through project operations. A survey of their
projects would show extensive building construction
and improvement work done in various reservations by
the Bureau of Yards and Docks of the Navy Department and by the Quartermast£'1· Corps of the War
Department. This is only one aspect of undertakings
which, in addition to building operations, embrace other
developmental and in1provement work in connection
with facilities as diverse as airports and fish hatcheries.
After inspection of even a few of the 5,500 PWA
non-Federal projects, carried on by grants to State and
local governmental agencies, the broad scope of this
PWA program would become evident. More than
half the projects are for construction of various kinds
of public buildings, such as schools and municipal buildings, and more than one-fourth are for water and sewer
systems and similar utility developments. The size of
these projects is indicated by an average cost, including
all funds, in excess of $200,000. Work conducted by
the Housing Division of the PW A would require a survey of operations in more than 40 urban areas where
housing facilities for low-income families have been particularly poor.
Before looking at WPA projects there would remain
for review the research, clerical, and statistical survey
projects conducted by at least six different Federal
agencies, as well as the NYA student aid program.
through which youths have been employed while in
school. In covering all the non-WPA work it would
be necessary not only to inspect project sites in all
States but in the Territories and possessions as well.
During about I year of WPA and NY A work project
Digitized by
Google
12
WORK~ l'ROGRE~~ .\l>lll);Ii-:TIL\TIO~
operations, through September 15, 1936, the work
already accomplished was both extensive and diversified. At that time more than 29,000 miles of new road
had been laid and about 93,500 miles had been repaired
or improved. Over 7,200 school buildings had been
repaired or improved and nenrly 1,100 new school
buildings had been erected. Work was also done on
5,000 administrative and recreational buildings and
1,000 hospitals and other institutional buildings. By
the middle of September 1936 about 4,500 miles of
sewers had been built or repaired and half as many
miles of water mains laid or repaired. Other kinds of
accomplishments were correspondingly substantial, including the work completed on airports, in parks and
playgrounds, and through white collar undertakings.
With the finishing of jobs under way at the middle of
September 1936 and the completion of work since undertaken, it is likely that accomplishments now would be
found to be at least double and possibly treble those
reported earlier (such data, howe,er, are not a,ailable
at this writing). Only a few accomplishment items
have been noted above. Actually the number of items
runs into the hundreds before it is sufficiently complete
even to fonn a basis for a surrey of the work <lone on
the 158,000 WPA projects on which workers have been
employed.
Digitized by
Google
WORKS PROGRAM PROJECTS
Construction projects and white
collru· wor k, road projects, public buildings and park
projects, and many other types-hundreds of thousands
of enterprises carried on in all sections of the countryare encompassed within the Works Program. These
projects, undertaken both by the Works Progress Administration and by other Federal agencies participating in the Program, have been a means of augmenting
the national wealth and well-being while providing jobs
for the unemployed. Measured in terms of dollar value,
the work that has been initiated under the Program
approaches 9 billion dollars. This amount is a total of
funds provided both by sponsors of projects and by the
Federal Government. It applies to all projects conducted under the Works Program since its initiation in
1935, including a considerable amount of project work
that is to be carried on during the first half of 1938.
The projects undertaken by the WPA and by the other
Federal agencies participating in the Program are described in the sections that follow.
WPA Project Activities
Road work is prominently featured in the WPA
program. From the late summer of 1935 to September
30, 1937, more than 48,000 projects involving the construction or improvement of highway.s, roads, and
streets were placed in operation. These projects, with
an estinrnted total cost of almost $1,717,000,000, constitute 37 percent of the cost of all WPA projects. On
some of these undertakings hard-surf aced roads are
constructed in sections served hitherto only by dirt
roads. On other projects new dirt and gravel roads are
built. Still others involve repair and improvement of
existing roads and streets including such work as eliminating dangerous curves, widening and draining J'Oad. beds, installing culverts and bridges, and repairing bituminous, concrete, and granl surfaces. Particular stress
has been placed on farm-to-market road work which
has been carried on through the initiation of about
21,000 projects having an estimated cost of more than
$547,000,000. Projects involving work on city streets
and alleys number well over 10,000 and have an estimated cost of almost $433,000,000. Much work for
improvement of roadsides is also done by the WPA
through landscaping along rights-of-way, providing
roadside drainage, erecting guardrails and guardwalls,
and work of a similar nature.
Public buildings projects, and projects for the construction or improvement of parks and other recreational facilities are of almost equal dollar value under
the WPA program, each type constituting about 11
percent of the program. Of outstanding importance
among the public buildings projects are those for the
construction and modernization of schools and other
educational buildings which number almost 12,000
and have an estimated cost of more than $171,000,000.
Many other kinds of public buildings-city halls,
firehouses, hospitals, jails and reformatories, and social
and recreational buildings-have also been built or
repaired through WPA projects. The recreational
facility projects have given new or improved parks to
thousands of communities and in addition have been
the means whereby many athletic fields, playgrounds,
SWl:\t:\IIKO POOL TWO WF.F.KS AFTJ-:U CO;\I PLF.TIO:-. ·
ST. PAUL, Ml1'N.
13
Digitized by
Google
WORKS PROGRESS ADMINISTRATION
14
CHART•
ESTIMATED TOTAL COST OF
WPA PROJECTS PLACED IN OPERATION
IY MAJOR TYPES OF PROJECTS
Th-.h Sepleal,er 30,1937
__ Of_....
TYH OF IIIIOJIECT
0
I
I
I
I
-
I
I
'
- - I
'
'
I '
'
I
N...,..AYI.IIOADl,AIID llllUTI
MIIUC MNUMM81
mated cost of almost $491,000,000, or 10.5 percent
of the total.
Goods projects constitute nearly 9 percent of the
WPA project work. On these projects various articles
and materials are produced or salvaged for distribution
to needy persons. Most of the projects included within
the goods group are sewing projects which provide
work for more than half the women employed by the
WPA. Clothing for adults, children, and infants, and
household articles such as sheets and towels are produced in the sewing rooms. Foods for distribution to
persons in need have been canned or preserved, and
TABLE 5.-NuMBER AND ESTIMATED TOTAL CosT OF WPA
PROJECTS PLACED IN OPERATION, BY TYPES OF PROJECTS
MaKIANDOTNP
IICIIIATIONAL FACJUTIO
CU)IULATl\'E THROUGH SEPTE!ll'.BER 30, 193i
WMl1I COUM
F.stimated Total Cost
IIWlt
N"umher
of Projects
Type o( Project
snn.i.
.\mount
ANO OTNU UTIL.mD
CONll&.IIVAT10N
--
OTMD TIIAIIUOftAT10N
IANITATIOM AND MWTII
MtKl:LLANIOUI
WOlal , . , _ U .......,..,TION
MOI
swimming pools, tennis courts, golf courses, and other
recreational facilities have been constructed.
The sewer system and other public utility projects
of the WPA are only a little less important than the
public buildings and the park projects. They involve
predominantly new construction work and are largely
for the development of sewer systems although water
purification and supply systems represent an appreciable part of the public utility undertakings. In
total almost 16,000 projects of this kind with an estimated cost of about $445,000,000, have been initiated
by the WP A in the period from the beginning of operations in 1935 through September 30, 1937.
WPA white collar .projects are designed primarily
to give jobs to unemployed teachers, writers, actors,
research workers, and other clerical and professional
persons. Perhaps the best known of these undertakings is the :Federal arts project with its four subdivisions for the fields of art, music, writing, and the
theater. Adult education projects providing instruction for hundreds of thousands of persons who hnd
lacked educational opportunities, nursery schools,
recreational leadership and other recreational work,
nnd mnny research nnd stutisticul projects nre also
included under the white collar dassificntion. The
white collnr undertakings of the \\'PA hnvc nn esti-
Grand totaL ___________________________ _
u;S.036
$4, f,9(). 134, 3 lfi
Highways, roads, and streets. _________________ .
48,328
1. 716,575, 184
'I
100.0
36.6
- - - ------ ---
Hii:hways-primary roods ______________ ...
439
20, /JO.I
Farm-to-market nnd other SCl'ondary roads_
IO, Sil
Streets ,rnd alleys .. ··-------·----·----·--··
Side"nlks, curbs, and paths _______________ _
3, Sil
Rond~ide imJ1rnvemeints _____ . _____________ _
3, f,03
Bridj.!es and viailuets ______________________ _
2, fi0.5
OradP-<·rossing elimination _________________ _
10
6,716
Other B _____ ------------------------------· ·
-Public buildings _______________________________ . - 25. f,S4
---Administrative ____________________________ _
3,705
Charitable, me<licnl, and mental institutions . ___________________________________ _
1, flOi
F.1lucationaL ____________________________ . _.
11.m:1
~ocial and recreational. . _________________ _
a,2tm
fjgfi
Federal (induding military and naval) .... _
Impro\·ement of J!rnunds. ________________ _
3, 3:Jj'
Jlonsin~ and demolition_---· _____________ _
44
Other n _________________________________ .. _
1,42:l
Parks and other recreationnl fncillt.ies_. ___ . _. __ .
Plny~rounds and athletic fleltls ___ .. -- · ___ ..
Parks. _____________________________________ _
Conservation __ . _______________________________ _
11. 7
9.2
I. 7
409
2.8
0.8
4.>\I
45:1
4!i8, fi&I, 317
(-')
9.8
==----=-= - 10. 9
SOIi, fil6, :J89
----- --68,005, !i07
1.5
!iO• .'i-1:\. Olli
171,:1\1\1.
711, 8'i9, 011
37, 9IO, I~:!
51, 2\ll<, l;,4
I.I
54.,
3. 7
I. 7
0. 8
I.I
0. 2
0.8
10, 1:10
W!l, OH), 445
10.8
a. u,,1
I\!!, 1170. 910
1.5
22'1,2'.~I.S-10
210, 739, fi95
4. 4
2".12, 4!\4. 4S2
4. 7
0, 711
W nt"r pnrifiration and supply .. _.... _._.
~ewer !-rstPms _________ . ___________________ _
EIPetrie utilities. _____ ----· ____ __. _______ _
0.6
941
360
f\42
311,146.821
-----237
:i~Ml
4, 20~
Sewer systems and other utilities __________ . __
28. SOI. 594
547, om,
432,llSI.
82, ;.,4.
12\l, 028,
37, 40\I.
21,),
10,540,
4, :m2
l.Sli
Other e _________________________ . _____ ... __
Forcstntion ________________________________ _
F.ro:-:ion control nnd lnnd ntili1.ation _______ _
lrril!ation ancl watl'r ron~rvntion __ . _____ _
Phrnt.. cro1,, and li\·est.ork consen·ntinn ___ _
Other n _____________________________ . __ ...
IPercent
()3,5.
K, j,;J, ),\(1:l
HI. ,>71,
U,, 7»2
_.\irports and other transport~tion _____ , ____
I. :183
0. 2
3. 5
lfif3. 17 4, ,",l~J
Ill. 3\11. 1,::1
32, 12s. 4:::1
1.a:1:1
Other"·--·---------···--·-······-·•----
4. 9
- -5,- -82-t - - -0.1-
.~Ji
.,. 0,,3
9, 7q7
3ti9
,',4;1
,ti
Airports and nirwnys _____ .. _____ ___
~fl\"ic:1tiou _________________ _____________ _
Other B _________ • ·-------- ·. · - •• - - ·--- • •..
~
47~1
tlk. 145, zs 1
?Jti, u"1. 41a
11, 17:t W12
1~. 2~.
0. 2
0. 7
I
2. 5
6. 4
0. 2
0. 4
\l(JS
~
1:10, iSO, 400
2.
100,r~~.n~
?. 2
2'2.:Jfi\J, .~Sti
7. 745. '\oiti
0. 5
White collar ______ . _______ . ___________________ __
2,i, 271
F.,1nrntinnnl. ___________________ . _________ _
Hec-rrittiot1nl ____ __
------···--·- • ···-Pro!cssinuul and clcrit'al
. . _.. .. _. ______ _
20. <>12
31,\ ~fii, r,,;,2
7, nr,t
339, ~:31. :tH
4.:11\ ~",\)
f.1, 704, 7.14
0.1
10. 5
\l~. l:J0. IH
2, f,~'J
2.1~0
2.1
I. 7
6. 7
'iii, S7fi, j j I
8. 7
- -·--· .· ______
------ __
-- ..
-------------~ev,;inl! ------c~anninc:
_____________
___ . __ _
Other u ___ ... ____ ... ____________ .. ____ . _..
:ms
2, .")0;°,
Sanitation and health ___________________________ -~~).~
F.limin'.1tion of.i-tr~am pollution-~---- -- -----\
1y2
-'lnsq111toerac.hcat111n .. ____________________
\U'I\
Other u __ --------------------------------··i=2,r.r),;
;\l iscellaneous .... __ .. ____ . ____________ . _. _... :
I
I
::10, :1u I
7. 2
0.1
I. 4
12:3.000. ~~;- ~ .
fl.:?~. f99
-12. nl,,.!01
7[l,;~J-t·1'.14-_
1:tUMJ\1, ,,2.1
=
0.1
0.9
1.6
I
2. 9
" Less than 0.()!i l)('rt'Cnt.
li
JntlwJe!'., projel'ts c:lns:-;ifiahle under more than om~ of the lll'ndin~s above.
Digitized by
Google
15
REPORT O:\' PROGRESS OF THE WORKS PHOGLtA:11
articles such as shoes, toys, hospital supplies, and furniture have been renovated or made on other kinds of
goods projects. By September 30, 1937, more than
10,000 of these types of projects with a total cost of
more than $408,000,000 had been placed in operation.
Conservation projects have been operated particularly in the western part of the country. Thousands of
irrigation and water conservation projects, including
the construction of many wnter-storing lakes and reservoirs, have been carried on. The total estimated cost
of these and other conservation projects exceeded $222,000,000, as of September 30, 1937.
Airport and airway projects, although representing a
relatively small proportion of the total cost of all
WPA projects, are a particularly interesting phase of
the WPA program. On nearly 1,100 projects with a
total estimated cost of almost $101,000,000, landing
fields have been improved, runwnys constructed or
extended and surfaced, hangars and administration
buildings constructed, and air markers and air beacons
set up. All these projects have been operated in cooperation with the Bureau of Air Commerce and close
working relations also have been maintained with other
Government services- Army, Navy, Post Office, and
Coast Guard- to insure a progmm well coordinated
with the requirements of all types of nviation. Projects
involving other trnnsportntion facilities (chiefly aids
to nnvigation) which a.re included under the same general bending, number less than 300 and have an estimated cost of about $30,000,000.
The WPA progrnm also includes sanitation flJld
health work and many proj ects not classifiable under
any one of the hendings already mentioned. Sanitation
and health projects involve chiefly the elimination of
stream pollution, drainnge of swamps and marshes for
mosquito control, and construction of septic tanks and
sanitary toilets, the last of th ese types bei11g of particular
importance to th e prevention of various diseases of
which dysentery is a well-known example. (Data on
types of projects by operating status and by States are
given in tables XI and XII of the appendix.)
Construction work predominates und er the WPA program, as the preceding discussion would indicate. A
tabulation ma de on this basis shows that more than
three-quarters (76 percent) of the cost of projects placed
in operation represents construction activities, among
which repair and mod ernization work constitutes only
a li ttle lnrger proportion thn n new constrnction .
About four-fifths of the work on sewer systems and
other utilities and a third or more of the highway and
public buildings projects are new construction jobs.
The remainder of the estimated total cost of nil WP A
projects (24 percent) is for other than construction
work- chiefly ed ucational, professionnl, resenrch, stntistical, and other white collnr projects, and goods proj ects.
Also includ ed in the nonconstruction clnss are forcsta-
\\'PA BA S B UILT AND 11\ IPR OVED S ECONDARY ROAD S lN
A LL S E C TfONS OF THE COUN TRY: T O P, W YOM IJ\'G ; MIDDLE,
KORTH CAROL I:-.rA; BOTTOM, W E ST VIROl:-.:[A
tion; land, crop, and livestock conservntion; and certain
types of sanitation work.
Project Activities of Other Federal Agencies
Although more than half the dollar value of proj ect
nctivities cnrried on und er th e Works Program represents work under the \:VPA, extensive operations of all
types have been conducted by other participating
Digitized by
Google
WORKS PROG HE~S .·\D~H:'\I STil.·\TION
16
allocations of over $66,000,000 of "·orks Program fund s
for use in the financing of such large-scale operations as
the Grand Coulee Dam and the Casper-Alcova irrigation project. Flood control, included under conservation in its broader sense, has been undertaken by the
Corps of Engineers through ·works Program projects for
dams, levees, and channel clearing along the major
waterways of the country. Their cost ($94,000,000) is
small in comparison with the :reduction in flood damages
that results from these projects. Similar work, including channel dredging and waterpower development, is
also being done on PW A non-Federal proj ects which total
about $114,000,000 in value. Through its land utilization development (for which $52,000,000 has been
allocated) the Farm Security Administration is conserving the country's land resources, adapting the work of
terracing, building dams, reforestation, and other
acti\-ities to the particular needs of the localities where
the operations are carried on.
Other conservation activities are conducted by the
Soil Conservation Service with projects demonstrating
such methods of soil erosion control as terracing, contour plowing, and the building of check dams, and by the
Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine whose
projects involve eradication of white pine blister rust,
the Dutch elm disease, the gypsy and browntail moths,
the thurberia weevil, and similar plant diseases and
pests. Several other agencies, including the Forest
Service and the Biological Survey, also participate
actively in conservation work.
Public buildings projects, ranking second in importance among the Works Program activities of other
Federal agencies, account for almost 23 percent of their
project total. Public buildings projects initiated
EM SWORTH DAM AT PITT SB U RGH, A CORPS OF
ENGINEER S PROJE CT
Federnl agencies, particularly in the heavier construction fields and in conservation work.
In terms of dollar value the broad classification of
conservation work, including the work of the Civilian
Conservation Corps, exceeds all other activities carried
on under the Works Program by agencies other than the
WPA. The amount provided for CCC work from the
initiation of the Works Program through the end of the
fiscal year 1938 approximates $1,350,000,000. Under
the CCC program the planting of millions of trees, the
construction of tens of thousands of small darns for the
purpose of checking erosion, the improvement of transportation, fire fighting, and other facilities in na.tional
parks and forests, and many other related activities
are being carried on.
Several other agencies also engage in important conservation work through the operation of projects
costing in the aggregate $424,000,000. The Bureau of
Recln.mation, whose participation in the Works Program
has been almost exclusively in connection with major
irrigation developments in the Northwest, has received
TABLE 6.-
E sTIMATED ToTAL CosT OF \YORK S PROGRAM PROJE CTS lNITIATED BY AGENCIES OTHER THAN \VPA, BY MAJOR TYPES
OF PROJECTS AND BY AGE NC IES
C't: ~n: r.ATl\"E
Depnrtme nl
T) 1,e of Project
or Agril'ult ure
Tnno n :a r
S EPTKliBEH
30, 1937 "
Dep11rtment oft he
Public \\'ork~ Admini ·tr ati on
Jnt erior
T ota l
Kavy
F
arm
Secur· I
ity
Admin•
ist ration
Publi.c
R o nd5
Other
H eclame•
li on
W ar
C'CC
Other
Aitrnries
B
llousi ng
Divhdon
Ot her
K on•Federnl
Dh·ision c
---TotuL ..... ... . $4,235,947.24 I $156,88 1,594 $509, 273. O\Jf> $ 100, 594. 743 $66. 452,000 $78. 123. 327 $38, 892, 56 1 $226,100,541 $1.346, 765, 186 $ 107,870, 289 $ 1,436,604.34, $HIS. 320,
- - ·I- - - - - - - - - - - - -1- - - - -- - - - - 1 - - - - 1 - - - - t - - - - · I - -- - I· -- High ways, roads, aotl
st reet, ............ . 657,098,250 . • ••••.• . •.. 509, 273,095 . . . . . . .. . . .. ... . . ... . . . 4. 4,4. 25f. 3, 525, 530
19,029
5,517,5,0 ••···· • · ·· · · · ·········•·
135, 188.770
Buildings . . .......... 004,33~, 590 108, 58, ,55:J . . .. . . ..... .
18, 632 •. ........ 8. 272,843 21 .737,27 1 20,031,140 ·•··· ·· • • • •·• 107, 870,'.!X\/ 693,301 , 00f>
4. 520. 796
Parks and other rec•
reational facilities-.
28, i 68, 516 ..•... •...... ..... .. .•.•
3, 40-l,021 • . . ......•. 23.406, , 25
28,500
1,839,270 .. •.. ..•...•.... .... •....... .. .• . ... •. ••.• •••••. ..
Con ser rn tion
(ex·
eludi ng CCC ) ...... 424, 078. 560
52. 444 . 041 ...•....•..• 91.,H, ,693 00. 452.000 5.085.171 .•.• .••... • 94,309,136 .. •. ............•...•.. .
150,471
113. 850. 048
CCC .... ............. 1,346,765, 186 .... .• •. .• ... . . •. • ••... . . . .•. ..•. •.• ..•. . • .... .. ....... ••. . .... •• •.••. • .••••.. .• • 1,346,iG5,186 •...•••....
.:ewer systems and
other utili1 ies_ ___ __ 370, 4i3,35 1 ___ ___ __________________ _
28,900 ·• ··· ·· ···· 2.31<3. 04 2 7,832.870 IO, 158, 750 .. .• . .. .............. .... 344 . 340,972 14, 728, 81 i
Airport s a nd ot her
tran~port ation _ __ . _
2,178,000
l 0-1. 905 3,800,150 58,336,204 · ·· · ·· · ····· · · · ·· · · ····· ··· ···· ··· ·· ·
.. ... . .. . . ... D83, 112. 309
White collar ... . . . .. .
3,
!loods .. .......... .
~nnitation and heHII h
~\I iscell nneow: __ _. __ _.
:~:~1::::::::::: ...:'.~~·-~ ::::::::::::: :::·::::· .
4:IS.0001
70. i40
311. IIR.481
l ,79~, 500
1, 736.800 .•.. ....
. ... .
31, 240. 165 ... . . . . ... 1•• • •••
.. • • . .....
14.~.COO
14\1. V13, 491ID G3. 475, 136
' Dain for CCC co,·er the peri od th rou gh June 30, 1938.
.\]l ocations from E RA Ar t of 1035 and direct opproprialions.
11
c Total project cost in F ederal a nd sponsors' fu nds of PWA n on•Fetleral project s rereidn~ allo tmen ts under the ERA Act~ of 1935 and 1936 antl t he PWA E xtension Act
.-.f 1Jl37.
o Fi~ur• for white collar projects includes $54.850,982 a llotted for t he KY A ·tudent aid program; fi gure /or mist-cllaneo us projects includes $62,7116, 136 ollotted for N YA work
project program .
" Hes!'inded hy ibe President but n ot distribut ed by specific types of project s.
Digitized by
Google
HEPOH'l' OX PHOGUESS 01.<~ THE WOHKS l'ROGIUl\I
tluough September 30, 193i (exclusive of WPA projects), have an aggregate cost of over $964,000,000.
Projects of the Public Works Administration ($801,000,000), the Farm Security Administration ($109,000,000), and those of several other agencies are included
in this total.
Under the head of public buildings are included two
major low-cost housing programs: the urban housing
projects of the PWA Housing Division, and the rural
and suburban housing projects under the Farm Security
Administration. The Williamsburg Houses in New
York City, one of the PWA housing enterprises, has
resulted in the elimination of a large, unsightly, and
unhealthful slum and its replacement by modem
apartment houses with space for 1,622 families, at rents
within the reach of lower income groups. The Greenbelt project in Berwyn, Md., conducted under the
Fann Security Administration, has resulted in the
development of a suburban area near Washington,
D. C., housing 1,500 families with incomes ranging from
$1,400 to $2,200 annually. This is one of three communities called "greenbelt towns" because they are
surrounded by strips of wooded and garden land to
prevent future encroachment by factories or roadside
stands. The other housing activities of the Farm
Security Administration have been undertaken to
provide low-cost farm homes for the resettlement of
form families.
Apart from housing, a great variety of public buildings have been and are being constructed or renovated
with Works Program funds. Educational buiidings
(schools, dormitories, laboratories, etc.) are of outstanding importance in the non-Federal program of the
Public Works Administration. Among public buildings
projects are also included the construction or repair and
improvement of firehouses, hospitals, jails, and reformatories, libraries, powerhouses, stadia, social and
recreational buildings, and numerous others. Work on
Federally owned buildings has been conducted under
the Corps of Engineers, the Quartermaster Corps, the
Bureau of Yards and Docks, and several other Federal
agencies.
Construction and improvement of many thousands of
miles of roads have been undertaken through the \Yorks
Program. Although the greater part of the road work
has been done under the ·wpA program, other Federal
agencies have initiated projects of this type \\-;th a total
dollar value of almost $658,000,000. Building of primary roads has been carried on chiefly by the Bureau of
Public Roads and forms about three-fourths of its
$300,000,000 Works Program and Public Works highway program. Also of importance are the grade-crossing elimination program of the Bureau of Public Roads
and its projects for repair and replacement of bridges
and similar structures damaged by floods. Road
projects of the PWA Non-Federal Division, chiefly on
major highways entering municipalities, have a total
value of more than $135,000,000.
17
The only other type of project representing a notable
proportion of the Works Program activities of Federal
agencies other than the vYPA is public utility construction, which constitutes 9 percent of their total. Most of
the non-,YPA utility projects, which hJve a total estimated cost of almost $380,000,000, are conducted under
the PWA. These include numerous jobs for the construction ot waterworks, incinerators, sewer systems,
and municipal gas and electric plants. Other utility
projects have been undertaken by the Rural Electrification Adrninistration which is bringing electric light
and power into rural areas where these had not been
available previously. Also, the War and Navy Departments are spending some of their Works Program funds
to renovate and reconstruct utilities at several army
bases and navy yards, and the Coast Guard is engaged
in similar work at a few of its stations.
Other types of projects undertaken by the Federal
agencies, although accounting for only a small proportion of their ,Yorks Program funds, are of considerable
interest. This is particularly true of the white collarresearch and professional-activities. The 1935 Census
of American Business has been carried through entirely
as a Works Program project under the Bureau of the
Census, which has also compiled an alphabetical index
of all persons listed in the 1900 Census of Population
for the use of the Social Security Board. Projects
under the Bureau of Internal Revenue for the collection of income, alcohol, and miscellaneous taxes have
already brought in collections of delinquent taxes far
greater than the cost of these projects. Mention should
also be made of the research and educational work of the
Office of Education, the flood-control surveys of the
Corps of Engineers, the studies on the cost of living
conducted by the Bureau of Labor Statistics and the
Bureau of Home Economics, and the Income Tax
Study of the Division of Research and Statistics of
the Treasury Department. In addition, the student
aid program of the National Youth Administration, for
which about $55,000,000 has been allotted, is included
in this category.
A fe,....- of the other Federal agencies have undertnken
other types of work with Works Program funds.
FIOIITIXO THE DFTCH EL~I DISEASE
Digitized by
Google
WORKS PROGRESS .-\DMJ:liISTR.-\TION
18
PWA MUNICIPAL POWER PLANT-ALLEGAN', MIOH.
The National Park Service, for instance, hns included
development of camping and recreational sites among
its activities. The Corps of Engineers is improving
the navigability of the country's inland waterways
through its transportation projects, and the Navy
Department is engaged in a small amount of work of
a similar nature. Projects not classifiable under any
one of the major groups discussed above are placed in a
miscellaneous group which also includes the work
projects of the NY A ($63,000,000) and some funds that
have been allocated by the President to various agencies but not yet distributed among specific types of
projects.
All Worlcs Pro9ram Activities
The work project activities of Federal agencies other
than the WPA participating in the Works Program
totaled almost $4,236,000,000 as of the end of Scptem-
her 1937. Addition of the total estimated cost of WPA
projects initiated through September 30, 1937 ($4,690,000,000), brings the total for Works Program projects
up to $8,926,000,000. This includes not only Federal
and sponsors' funds for work financed under the ERA
Acts of 1935, 1936, and 1937, but also the total project
cost of PW A projects receiving grants from funds made
available by the ERA Act of 1936 and the PWA
Extension Act of 1937 and CCC appropriations for the
fiscal years ending June 30, 1937 and 1938.
Well over half the Works Program projects, measured
in terms of dollars, is accounted for by activities under
the WPA program, us indicated in table 7 which shows
the extent of both WPA and other agency operations
within ench major project group. WPA work under
each major classification, with two exceptions, far exceeds
the activities of all other Federal agencies combined.
Almost three-quarters of the highway construction,
more than half the work on public utilities, by far the
TABLE 7.-EsTIMATED TOTAL CosT OF ALL PROJECTS IxITIATE;) l"xoER THE \VoRKS PROGRAM, BY MAJOR TYP1'!S OF PROJECTS
Ct·MTLATl\"E THROCGH ~l"PTE'-fRft:R 30, Hl.17 .-\
\\'PAD
Other .\~encies C
Type of Projeet
Amount
Total. __ ... _____ .. __ .. ____ ...... -
---- - · · · ···- - · · · · ·-- · --·---·--- _$8_'._926_,os_i_,55_,_
Highways, road:..;, and ~~reets. _________________ . __ _
Buildin~s __________ .......... _ .. .
Parks and other recreational f:-lcilitie~- _
Conserrntion (excludiu~ CCC) ____ _
CCC ___________ ........ .
Sewer sy!:-tems and other utilitie..;, __
Airport~ an,.l other transportation. ___ .
Whiteeolhr _______ _
Oood~-----~auitation nnd lwdth.
~liscelhneuu:-:
Percent
I Percent
Amount
1_00_._o
~.690,134,3161
__
1
2, :J74. 573,434
1. 473. 95.\ 979
536, i7S. 001
f\16, .5i,l. 0-12
J,34fi.7G5.1'6
~21. UH. 8::.i
195. 289. ll!'9
.'°1"-.\ HS4. -1:ti
41lS,3.il.,>i~
l2f;, ~-~. l~-l
4~:,;. ,t'.!t. :t!,_i
26. tl
16. s
6. 0
I. 7W. [,7S. I&!
.'>(l\l, ;;1r,,.1sv
5t\..,.111u. 44;1
7. 2
2'2"l, 4S-I, 4~2
1.5.1 ______
_ _
9. 2
414 ..\71. 474
2. 2
130, ISO, 41~.l
6. 6
4911, 87-4. 4117
4.61
IOS.2.51.:lcS
j
1. 4
-1. 6 I
]~>3.
~Hill,
.~ti¼
1:1.\ o(~.1. 7,'.!:i
I
Amount
52.5 ,--$4-,23-5.-94-7.-2-41-i~
6.5 7. 99S. 2.:-~J
72. 3
:14_ 6
9-1. 6
9f".-4. :~w. :-iHO
28. 76~. 5lfi
424.Cl7S. 5M
1, :uo. 7tl.5. ISti
379. -17:i. a.:,1
34. 4
.. __
,<;.1, 9
fl7. 0
S:t s
\1\1.9
U~. I
I
f...t ..~)Y. :!!"1~)
9.), \O~I. iifln
li"l. :!"21l
2. :{.'-\9. -~t11
27:?. 411. ~1:l
a:t 1
1
' D:1ta ror CCC rnn•r the pniod throu::rh Jww 30, H'3"'-.
E~timated total c·n:~t in Federal nnd :-pon~or~• runds or "-P.\ project~ plaC"ed in operation.
B
c ~Pe pref'edin2: ta hie fnr e\pb.nation or data indudeJ. here.
D
Less t trn.n n.03 pereeut.
Digitized by
Percent
Google
2'i. i
65. 4
5.4
65.d
IOiJ. 0
46. 1
3.3. 0
16. 2
(D)
I. 9
06. 9
REPORT ON PROGRESS OF THE WORKS PROGRAM
larger part of the white collar activities and of the work
on airports and other transportation facilities, and
almost all the goods projects, the sanitation and health
projects, and the park and other recreational facility
work are carried on by the WPA. In the construction
of public buildings the work of Federal agencies other
than the WPA constitutes approximately two-thirds of
the total project value.
For the financing of Works Program projects the
local public bodies acting as their sponsors have pledged
large amounts to supplement the money made available
by the Federal Government. These sponsors' funds
are provided almost exclusively for the programs of the
Works Progress Administration and the Public Works
TABLE 8.-NUMBER AND
CosT
19
Administration. Sponsors of WPA projects have
pledged almost $665,000,000 toward the financing of
the WPA program. In large measure these funds are
used for materials, supplies, and equipment, for rent
of space and equipment, and for similar nonlabor costs
of operation.
Projed1 of the FERA Emer9ency Worlc
Relief Pro9ram
The Emergency Work Relief Program, conducted by
the Federal Emergency Relief Administration and
State emergency relief administrations from April 1934
until the ,vorks Program was put into operation late
OF EMERGENCY WORK RELIEF PROJECTS, BY TYPES OF PROJECTS AND BY SOURCES OF FUNDS A
CONTINENTAL rs1TED STATES
Estimated Total Cost
Type of Project
Xumber of l
Projecls
--------Amount
TotaL ..••..............................................•..•.•.
223,443
$!. 200. 657. 000
1====11== = = = =,
Percent
Federal fund s
State and local funds
Percent
.\mount
Amount
Percent
100. 0
$1,026,320,54 1
79. 2
$270, 330, 469
56. i05
34.8, 90 t , 43
26. 9
254,648,562
73. 0
94,252,876
27. 0
2. rn2
43,312.236
149. 787, 2-ll
I , 656. 512
14, 244, !28
12. 962. 597
10, 161, 266
36. 777. 458
3. 3
11.6
6. 3
72. 6
71. 9
72. 9
72. 0
79. I
64. 1
7 .2
II, 47, 190
27. 4
28. l
27. I
1.0
0.
2.
31,465,040
107, 723,
59,56 1. 93
IO, 386, 100
10, 247,051
6,500. 307
28, 754,577
15. 0
144, 993, 4H
74. 4
40,
9,920
25. 6
I, 9-13
20,0-13
3,467
765
3, 99-1
6,483
22. 204. 122
19,834. 70
64 , 312.302
21,529,856
10,051.997
14,273, ()Jg
39. 117. 231
I. 7
J.5
5.0
t. 9
0.
l.l
3. 0
16,680,280
15,257, 775
45, 389. OW
17, 930.09
, 995,079
11. 843. 180
,015
74. 9
76. 9
70. 6
73. I
4. 4
83. 0
73. 9
5,583, 2
4,577,095
I . 923. 252
6,599. 7
I, 656, 01
2,429,839
10, 219,216
25. I
23. l
29. 4
26. 9
15. 6
17. 0
26. l
Parks and other recreational facilities ...
12. 348
153. 012. 164
11.9
12-l, 763, 840
I.I
29, 148,324
I .9
Playgrounds and ath l•lic fields
Parks............ . ..
Other"······•·•·· ..
5,297
4,367
2, 68-l
30,861.872
105. 494. 0-11
17,556.251
2. 4
. I
I. 4
25,83 1,605
84, 740, 19
14. 191, 9H
.7
80.3
0.8
5. 030. 177
20,753,843
3. 364,304
16.3
19. 7
19. 2
Highways, roods, nod streels .................................. .
Highways-primary roads. . .................... ... ............•...
Farm•to•mnrkeL and olher secondary roads ...........................•
Streets and alleys ................ •-······· ·· ·· ............ . .. .
Sld•walks, curbs. nnd paths....... ..... . ......•.......•......
Roadside impro,·emenlS ......•. _. ... . . • .. .... . . •• . . . . . . . .. .... .
Bridges and viaducts ...... _........•..................... . .........
Oth•rn............... . .. •-•···· _ ... ... ..... . ....•.....
Public buildings ................................••••.....................
27,017
10,487
3,457
2. 734
2, 537
6,811
l== = =i= = = = = =
101. 983. 397
43. 003
I
I.I
42,063, 253
2'l,OIH.610
3,858,022
2i. I
2,714,046
3,651::9
8,022, I
35. 9
1- - - - •: - - - - - -
Administrath·•···················· .......................•.........
Charitable. medical, and mental institutions .......•.......•..
Educational ... .......
··--••· ......•..
ocial and recreational _.
....
...
. ....•... -•·
Federal (including military and nornll _.... .
lmprov•meoL of grounds... ... . ...........................•..
Otbern ....................•..........••.••.....••... •...••...
Co
6,308
vatioo ......•.......
Forestation ............ ... . ............•.....................•.
Erosion control and land Ulilization. .. ...... .................. ... •
Flood control, irriJ?otion, ancl water conservation ____________________ _
Plant, crop, and livestock conserrntion .......•............•......•.
Otherll.. ... ..............
. ............•......
Sewer systems and other utilities
W ater purification and supply .....•.•....•....................••
ewer sy terns ................ _..... - ........................ .
....................... .
Electric utllities ....... •-··
Other 8 ••••••••••••• .••..•. • •••.•....••••••• • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Al,ports and other trans portation •.............•.............
Airports and airways ...
Navigation and other .
White collarc .•........ •·Recreational ...........•.......
Proressional and cl•rical. ....•........
Goods . . .......... ............... .
ewinir .......•••... ... ............ ••.•..•. ...
Canning........... . . . ····•·-•· ..•
Other• •.....
Sanitation and health ...
Distribution or commodities
Ml. llaneous ....
20.8
20. 9
21.
51
62. 162. 637
4.
52,837,524
5.0
9, 325, 113
15. 0
637
786
4. 415
2, 055
1. 058
4,099,
4. 27,918
43,578.
5, 7 2, 084
4. 074. 259
0. 3
4
3. 4
4
0. 3
o.
o.
3. 534. t77
3, 745, I 9
37, 100, 130
5. 223, 766
3,228,262
86. 2
80. 9
85. I
90. 3
79. 2
565,511
2,729
6, 47Z, 5
658, 31
845,997
13. 8
19. I
14. 0
9. 7
20.
15,676
116, 15!. 00-I
8.9
81, 3 , I 4
70. 0
34. 792. 820
30. 0
6.
8, 0'24
37, 1191. 967
72. 412. 967
1,4 2,273
4. 263. 707
2. 0
2-1, 165, 171
63.6
5. 6
0. I
0.3
53. 334,323
839,367
3, 019,323
,56, 6
70. 8
13,826, 796
19, 07 . 644
642, 000
I , 244. 474
3q. 4
26. 3
43. 4
29. 2
2,034
27,006. 2-11
2. 1
22,253,433
2. 2
], 587
447
20, 048.141
7, OIR, 100
I. 6
5
o.
17, 142,065
5, 110.468
85. 5
35,491
14 . 325,965
11. 4
131 . 51 , 637
.7
16. 807,328
II. 3
2, 21
33, 273
10, 406, 232
137, 919, 733
o.
85. 5
I, 512,650
10.6
. 893. 582
122. 625, 055
14. 5
15. 294, 67
II. I
24. 226
127. 91">4, 638
9.9
115, 230. 537
90. ]
12, 718, 101
9.9
,5, 007
47,744,506
24. 240. 389
,55, 069, 053
3. 7
t. 9
•. 3
44,100, 011
22, 344, 063
4 , 70'2. 463
92. 6
92. 2
7. 0
3,554, 585
I,
), 326
7,267, 190
7. 4
7.
13.0
38. 649. 600
16,57 , 073
61. 71 , 843
3. 0
I. 3
4.
3 1,630.541
14. 447, 791
52, TJ2, 015
87. 2
7.119, 059 1
2, 130, 282
9, 239. 82S
18. 4
12.
14. 9
27f1
7
1::;:
208 1
7,
4,268
13,533
73.;
72.
.9
1.6
85.1
4, 12,80
17.
2, 905, 176
I , 007, 632
27. 2
14. 5
A The Emer~enry Work Relief Prowam was initiated by the FERA at the close of the Ci,·il Works Prowam in April 1934 and continued until arter the Fed•ral Works Program wa.• establLshed in the summer of IY35. Estimates ar• based on optional reports submitted by 41 States and the District of Columbia to the FERA covering approximately
90 percent of the total cost of Work Relief Program projects conducted by State and local •mergency relief administrations.·
8 Includes projects rJa.,;_siflable under more than one of the subheadings of this woup.
c Does D'lt includ~ costs of rmergency education projects which were conducted as a separate program by State and local em•rgency relief administrations.
Digitized by
Google
20
WORKS PROGRE:-;S ADl\II:XISTRATION
in 1935, marks one phase of the transition from direct
relief to the present program of work, a transition which
grew out of the increasing recognition that work was
preferable to direct relief as a means of aiding the employable persons who are in need. Data on kinds of
projects operated under the Emergency Work Relief
Program of the FERA are now available in a form
comparable to WPA data. For the most part, the
various types of projects occupy a position of similar
importance under the two programs. The major
difference is found in highway, road, and street projects,
which constituted a somewhat smaller proportion of
the FERA program than of WPA work, and in the
case of public buildings projects, where the reverse is
true.
Construction work accounted for the bulk of the
FERA work relief projects. In table 8 it will be noted
that nearly 27 percent of the total for all types was
spent for construction and improvement of highways,
roads, and streets, with the development of farm-tomarket and other rural roads overshadowing all other
varieties, although street and alley projects were also
numerous. Work on public buildings, chiefly schools,
ranked second and represented 15 percent of the total.
Construction and improvement of parks, playgrounds,
athletic fields, and other recreational facilities accounted
for 12 percent of the expenditures. Large amounts
(almost 9 percent of the total) were also spent for work
on sewer systems, water supply systems, and other
publicly owned utilities.
During 1934 and 1935 extensive grants were made by
the FERA for relief in areas stricken by drought. A
large portion of these funds was expended in the form
of relief earnings for work performed on highway,
public buildings, and park projects, but considerable
amounts were also used for work on projects designed
to mitigate drought conditions. Much of this work,
such as erosion control, irrigation, and water, plant,
crop, and livestock conservation, is included among
the conservation projects which accounted for 5 percent of the total FERA program expenditures. Also
important were projects for the handling and processing of cattle purchased by the AAA in the drought
areas. Expenditures for these projects are included
under the heading of goods projects which, as a. group,
constituted nearly 10 percent of the entire program. It
should be noted that the total for goods projects does
not include allowance for the cost of materials received
as surplus commodities, as private donations, or as
donations from other Federal agencies such as the AAA.
Goods projects under the FERA, as under the WPA,
were of particular importance in providing jobs for
large numbers of women in sewing rooms and in canning
work. White collar projects also employed many
women. Designed to provide work for professional
and clerical persons and covering many varieties,
ranging from art to nursing and to research, statistical,
and clerical work, the white collar projects represented
over 11 percent of the total project expenditures.
A preliminary tabulation of reports prepared by
State emergency relief administrations, indicating that
about $1,300,000,000 was spent on some 225,000
projects conducted under the Emergency Work Relief
Program during the period of its operation, forms the
basis of this discussion. The totals for individual
types of projects were based on optional reports submitted by 41 States and the District of Columbia and
representing over 90 percent of the total cost of the
program.
Expenditures from Federal, State, and local fun<ls
for all projects operated in the continental United
States are included in table 8. Nearly 80 percent of
the total funds were obtained from grants made to the
States by the Federal Emergency Relief Administration for general relief and drought relief purposes.
State and local agencies were permitted considerable
discretion in the allocation of Federal funds to specific
types of projects, and practices differed widely with
regard to the division of Federal funds between work
relief and direct relief. Some States followed the
policy of using Federal funds for relief earnings and
State and local funds for direct relief, but others financed
both direct and work relief from pooled Federal, State,
and local funds.
A large portion of the State and local contribution
was made in the form of materials and wages of nonrelief workers. The percentage of Federal funds
therefore tended to be lowest for construction projects,
which require considerable outlays for materials, and
highest for such activities as white collar and commodity distribution projects.
The estimates presented in table 8 cover all costs,
including relief and nonrelief earnings, materials, supplies, equipment, rents, services, and other charges,
of approved work projects conducted under the Emergency Work Relief Program of the State emergency
relief administrations from April 1934 until this activity was superseded by the Works Program late in 1935.
The cost of supervising individual projects is included.
Relief persons employed were allowed to work only
long enough to earn the amount of their relief budgets.
Special emergency relief programs and activities such
as rural rehabilitation, transient relief, emergency
education, rural-school continuation, college-student
aid, and self-help cooperative activities ham not been
included.
Digitized by
Google
•
SEVEN WPA PROJECTS
To visualize the work done on
WPA projects requires more than a review of project
statistics, however essential statistics may be to an
understanding of a large and far-flung program. This
section attempts to make the picture of WPA operations more concrete and specific by describing a few
projects in detail. The projects have been selected to
represent different parts of the country and illustrate
some of the many kinds of WPA undertakings; they
are not necessarily typical, however, of the general
types of projects under which they are classified or of
the projects prosecuted in the sections of the country
where they are located. The projects described below are
somewhat larger than are the majority of the WPA undertakings. In most cases the project includes several work
units which, taken together, fonn a single development.
The Carrie Tinsley Hospital For Crippled Children
Numerous projects for the construction of hospitals,
or their improvement or repair, are included in the
public buildings program of the WPA. One of these
projects, carried on in Hot Springs, N. Mex., has made
possible the Carrie Tingley Hospital for Crippled Children, named for the Governor's wife in recognition of
her interest in the welfare of the children of the State.
The demand for this hospital is clearly shown by records of the State Department of Public Welfare which
indicate that there are over 1,200 crippled children,
known to be in urgent need of treatment, among the
relief families of the State. This figure does not include
many other crippled children who are not in relief
families.
Sponsored by the State of New Mexico, the hospital
at Hot Springs was built through the close cooperation
of the city, State, and Federal governments. It was
designed to provide facilities for the hospitalization and
clinical examination of crippled children and to make
available the curative powers of natural hot springs in
the treatment of infantile paralysis and other orthopedic cases. It is located on a 25-acre plot which was
deeded to the State by the city of Hot Springs. The
general climatic conditions, the altitude, and the remedial qualities of the mineral water from the springs
make this site ideal for the purpose.
Project operations for the construction of the hospital were begun in February 1936. As the building
neared completion in April 1937, a second project was
started chiefly to provide playgrounds and facilities for
exercise, but also to enclose and landscape the hospital
grounds, to supply irrigation and water-pumping systems, and to construct driveways. This project is still
in operation.
The hospital building is modeled after the "\Vann
Springs Foundation Hospital for Infantile Paralysis at
Wann Springs, Ga., and embodies the best features of
this and other orthopedic institutions-well-coordinated
ttrrangement of rooms, fine laboratory facilities, a mobile
X-ray unit, portable operating tables, air conditioning,
and use of colored tiles and pastel paints to achie,·e a
homelike, noninstitutional atmosphere.
The structure, which consists of a large main section
and three wings, is so designed that children in wheel
chairs or on crutches will not find it necessary to use
inclines in moving about the hospital. The main section has a second floor with accommodations for the
staff only, and the wings are so constructed that
another story can be added if needed. Present f-loor
space exceeds 57,000 square feet.
The main section of the hospital includes receiving
rooms, dining room, kitchen, playrooms, classrooms,
and offices. The dining room may be converted into
an auditorium, since it is equipped with a stage and
motion picture apparatus. Classrooms provide facilities for the children's education, which is conducted
under the supervision of accredited teachers. Occupntionul therapy involving weaving, leatherwork, nnd
21
Digitized by
Google
22
WORKS PROGRE~S ADJ\fl~TSTRATION
HYDROTHERAPY
TREATMENTS IN
THE I DOOR POOL
(LEFT) A ' DIN THE
"KEYUOLE" TCB
(BELOW)
TILIZE
MINERAL
WATER S
FROM ADJ A CENT
HOT
n eedlework provides not only mental diversion but also
n eeded pbysi~al exercise. Two wings, identical in
de ign, one fo r boys and the oth er for girls, contain
ward s and bedrooms to accommodate about 100 children. The third wing bus two operating rooms con nected by 11 h allway which h olds terilizing equipment,
an X-ray room, a tub room, a nurses' workroom, and
a res pirator room equipped with an iron lung. Additional special equipment in this wing includ es a portable operating table designed so that radiographic and
fluorosco pic work can be continued during an operation, a therapeutic light with which two pntients can
be treated at the sam e time, and powerful s urgical
lights. Facilities nre available for treating 50 nonresid ent pa tien ts .
AN IRON LUNG IS AMON G T HE MANY TYP E ::i OF EQUI '·
MEKT KECE SS ARY T O PROVIDE ADEQUATE THEA T~IEXT
SPR I NGS
Th e Spanish-colonial style of the building allows a
lnrge number of windows. Th e two long sid es of the
dining-recreation room (99 feet long) consist almost
entirely of window sections which m ay be thrown open,
converting the room in to an open-nu· pavilion. ·w id e,
brick, glassed -in terraces 11J·e used for sun baths.
Th e hospital has both indoor and outdoor hy drotherapy pools which can o.ccommodate 200 children
nnd are equipped with s tainless steel tables and electric hoists for lowering patients into the wt1ter and
lifting t hem out. Th ese pools are so constructed that
heaYy iron gates at t he junction of the two pools cn.n
shut off the outsid e pool in in clement weather. A
" key hole" tub in an anteroom serves in the treatment
of patients who ha ve s kin discuses and consequently
cannot be put in the pools. Young pn tients who are
afraid of t he large pools can also be treated in this tub.
The mineral wnter used in the pools is piped from a
s pring 3,000 feet away, the pipe at t.h e sp riiig extending
do,rn in to tli e ground 11 depth of 132 fee t. B efo re the
wate r entNs the pools its te rnpcrnt ure of 113 degrees
is reduced to 94 degrees by the arldition of cold mmera l water from another s pring.
In a unit of t he hospital is a special brace shop
eq uipped to manufacture every kind of brace and
Digitized by
Google
RtPORT
o:--
l'HOGHESS OF THE WORK S PROGR.\i\I
23
RIOHT, A VIEW OF
THE DINING ROOM
SHO WI NG
A
CO R·
NER OF THE STAGE;
BE LOW, PATIENT S
ON THE SUN TER·
RACE TAKE EXEH·
C I SE
WITH
TU E
AID OF "WALKER ~"
leather device used in the treatment of infantile paralysis and other orthopedic cnscs. EYen de\'ices to aid
older pntients in dri\·ing nutomobiles wi ll be made.
Yarious needs of the hospital are provided through
the cooperation of several agencies. Sheets, pillowcases, towels, napkins, nightgowns, uniforms, bedspreads, and other necessary linens and apparel are
being made on "\YPA sewing projects. The stage curtain and draperies were also made on a sewing project.
WPA artists painted two large murals in the diningrecreation room, and embellished the walls and fountains with sculpture. Several State organizations are
supplying toys for the patients and collecting money
with which to purcha se recreational eqmpment.
Employment provided on the hospital and grounds
improvement projects between February 1936 and
August 1937 varied from 44 in the first month of operation to 328 in August 1936 , when construction work was
well under way. An employment level of about 300
was maintained until the building construction approached completion at the end of April 1937 . At that
time about half the work ers employed were skilled
lnbore rs (bricklnyers, plumbers, and plnste rers ) and lc-ss
24.
WORKS PROGRESS ADMINISTRATION
than a third were unskilled workers. During the summer months of 1937 an average of about 150 employees
(of whom over half were unskilled and only about 10
percent were skilled) were engaged chiefly on ground
improvements. With workers employed in two 6-hour
shifts, a total of 517,195 man-hours had been worked
on the construction and grounds improvement projects
by the end of August 1937.
Expenditures on the projects through August
amounted to about $633,000, including both Federal
and sponsor's funds. Total nonlabor costs, in connection with which most of the sponsor's funds were provided, were about $356,000. Nonlabor expenses were
incurred chiefly (95 percent) for materials, supplies,
and equipment, and portly (5 percent) for rents and
services. Largest outlays were for brick-clay products,
lumber, cement, and electrical goods. Materials for the
outdoor work formed only a small part of the total.
The biggest single item supplied by the sponsor (the
State of New Mexico) was bricks valued at approximately $50,000. All building materials had to be
transported to the project site by truck, as the nearest
railroad is some 40 miles a way.
The New Mexico Legislature has appropriated
$140,000 a year for the maintenance of the Carrie
Tingley Hospital. Supplementing this appropriation
is $60,000 made available to the Department of Public
Welfare under the Federal Social Security Act to carry
on the services for crippled children in New :Mexico.
Half of this latter sum is provided by the State, half by
the Federal Government.
Ninety-seven patients have been admitted to the
hospital since its opening on September 1, 1937; these
do not include 44 patients examined in the out-patient
clinic. In the short time the hospital has been running,
29 patients have been discharged. Patients are of
almost every nationality and come from every county
in the State. Sixty percent of the cases are congenital;
many others are due to infantile paralysis; some of the
most pitiful are simply the result of malnutrition.
To be admitted to the hospital patients must be under
16 years of age. Charges are adjusted to the financial
circumstances of the patients' families. Thus far, practically all have been charity patients. The-;e are selected by county committees with the approval of the
State Bureau of Child W elfnre. The timing of admittance to the hospital is determined by the staff doctors
so that none of the specialized departments will be overcrowded while others are not filled. Applicants living
in New Mexico are given preference, but applicants
from other States will be received as soon as accommodations become available.
The Rochester Municipal Airport
length. In addition, taxi strips and hangar aprons
The municipal airport located 4 miles from the busihave been ext1mded and paved. Further improveness center of Rochester, N. Y., is an important link
in the national airway network. Facilities at this field
ments to the landing field include extensive drainage
have been expanded extensively through a WPA project
and grading operations. A network of 30-inch tile
for which the Rochegter Department of Public ·works
pipe was installed to insure adequate soil stability
has acted as sponsor. \VPA operations were started
throug-hout the year and to permit quick drying of
late in 1935. When the WP.A work is
the runways after ruins. The field
finished (early in 1938), a first-class
stone used as a base for the drainage
commercial airport will be available
improvements was taken from waste
to transcontinental plnnes en route bedeposited along the banks of the
tween Boston and Chicago and also to
New York State Barge Canal in the
planes on the way to Canada from the
course of its construction many years
ago. To provide safe conditions for
eastern port of the United Stnt<'s.
planes landing across the run ways
Runway construction has been an
over 300 acres of adjacent lnnd have
outstanding feature of the proj<'ct. A
new runway 3,110 feet long and 150
been cleared, grubbed, and seeded,
feet wide has been practically comnnd a 9-percent grade has been
eliminated. Other work has involved
pl<'ted, and the thr<'e old runways have
construction of a fence around the
been widened, extended, and paved.
The old cinder runways were torn up
field and extension of the lighting
system to provide adequate faciliand resurfaced with bituminous macadam. They are now 150 feet wide
ties for night landings. The De and, with the exception of the northpartment of Commerce plans to inWPA WORKERS LA YING
stnll at the airport a two-way radio
south runway, exceed 3,200 feet in
30-INCII DRAIN PIPES
Digitized by
Google
25
TI E POJ-t'r 0 ~ PH OG IU:S ~ O F THI·~ W O ltK S l'flOG ilAl\l
communica tion system and a radio bea m which will
permit safe landing in bad weather.
In addition to improvement of the landing field
itself, other facilities a t the airport are being developed
through th e WPA project. A new hangar, one of th e
la rgest und ertak en on any WPA airport projec t, is
n ow und er construction . It is lorge enough to accommod ate 45 planes and h as doorways 135 fee t wide and
a bout 35 fee t high to admit th e largest transpor t planes
without dismantling. In the lookout tower of th e
hangar will be provided housing for th e D epar tment of
Commerce r adio installations. Al terations a re being
mad e on one of the old h angars, and a machine shop,
paint shop, transform er room , switch room, go.rage,
storage building, and sanitary facilities are und er
constru ction. It is expected th a t work in conn ection
wi t h th e h angars will be completed early in 1938 .
WP A operations a t the R ochester Airport began in
t he lat ter p art of October 1935 wi th the employment
of 309 persons nnd by D ecember 942 persons were a t
work, th e largest number employed in any month .
During th e foll owing year, however, t he n umber of
workers was gradu ally reduced until onJy 135 persons
were employed in D ecember 1936. After virt ual suspension of activities during th e winter and spring of
1937 operations were res umed in June, and 215 persons
were working on the proj ect in August 1937.
During th e en tire period of operntions through t he
end of Au gust 1937 a total of nlmost 600,000 man-h ours
had been worked, chiefly by unskilled laborers, who
were availa ble in large numbers on th e local relief
C.H .\ D INO OPF.HAT ION :S \\' EHE EXT J, :- i- J\ ' E
rolls. At no time, except during the few months when
operations were practically at a standstill, have persons
cer tified as in need of relief constituted less than 95
percent of t he total employment on th e airport job.
T otal expendit ures for th e proj ect approximated
$550,000 a t the end of Aug ust 1937. The Roches ter
D epar tment of Public Works paid all expenses incurred
for rents and services ($ 11 9,000) , in volving principally
tli e rent of trucks and of pav ing and construction
equipment. The remaind er of t he sponsor's expenditures was used in th e purchase of materials.
AER IAL VI E W OF R OC HE STER AIR PORT- THE NE W Rt..:N W AY S APPEA R W H ITE I N T H E PHOT O ORAPII
Digitized by
Google
26
WORK S PROGRESS ADMI~ISTTI ATION
The Tampa Seawall
Tampa is one of the many cities along the Gulf
Coast of Florida where shore-line erosion has caused
considerable loss of land and has menaced shore-front
property. This condition at Tampa necessitated the
building of a seawall some years ago; continual erosion
over a period of years, however, undermined and
partly destroyed this barrier. Faced with the n eed for
protecting the city's shore line, local officials sponsored
a WPA project through which the old wall would be
replaced. In addition to being a protective measure,
the construction of the new wall would also make
possible the improvement of Bayshore Boulevard, the
straightening and widening of which was necessary to
supply adequate traffic facilities.
The original project application called for the replacement of the wall from South Rome Avenue to
Magnolia Avenue, covering a distance of 4,950 feet.
Application for a supplementary project later submitted
by the city of Tampa provided for an extension to the
wall from South Rome Avenue west to the city limits
and from Magnolia A venue east to Pratt Street Bridge.
Including the original section, the total length of the
wall is 10,100 feet.
The shore-front improvement consisted in three
kinds of work: constructing th e seawall itself, dredging
for fill back of the wall, and laying the concrete sidewalk. For adequate shore protection specifications
called for a wall 11.5 feet in height, with a curved fa ce
which would deflect the waves. Plans for the job wer e
drawn by the city engineer aided by WPA engineers .
The procedure was the same for all sections of the wall:
driving of bearing piles, construction of a cofferdam,
setting of forms, and pouring of the concrete. Work
on the original proj ect began on November 4, 1935.
First, two rows of piles were sunk, providing a foundation for the wall. R emoval of water from the site of
operations was accomplished by placing two rows of
sheet steel piling with watertight interlocking joints so
as to form a cofferdam. A steam hummer was used to
place the sheet steel pilings, care being exercised to
set them at a depth sufficient to ma.ke the enclosed area
watertight. Precaution was taken as the steel piling
were driven into position to insure their proper horizontal and vertical alinement. The draining of th e
cofferdam was accomplished by use of a pump motmted
on a traveler running along the top. After the mud
had been excavated from the cofferdam, th e forms for
the bottom and land side of the proposed wall were
placed. On top of t hese forms steel reinforcing burs
were set and held in place by concrete spacer blocks.
Form work to provide openings for sewer and drainage
pipes was also placed at this stage . The outer (sea
sid e) form was securely fastened to the inner one by
means of steel bolts which passed through both forms.
The concrete for the wall was prepiued in a large
mixer on the shore and taken in wh eelbarrows acrm,s
improvised bridges to the wall site. In order to eliminate t he possibility of the concrete not thorough ly
surro unding all of the reinforcing steel, electric vibrators were placed flt frequent intervals along the form s
before the concrete ct . These vibrators elimin a ted the
nee l for tnmping, an operation which would have been
difficult in so narrow a 11(1
irregularly shaped a stru cture.
After the wall had been
completed, the area between it and th e waterfront dri ,·e was filled in
wit h sand dredged from
the bn_y at a distance generally not less t han 200 feet
from the wall. Finally, n
baluster railing wi t h ornamental co ncrete posts wa s
install ed. Th e balusters
and posts for the railing
were molded at the project
site.
Digitized by
Google
REPORT ON PROGRE SS OF THE
wo rn..s
l'ROGIL-\M
27
By September 1937 all stages of the work on the
proj ect had been completed except tl1e laying of the
sid ewalk, ·which wa s und er wuy at th e tim e.
In a<ldition to improving greatly tl1e city 's shore lin e,
the proj ect wus well suite<l to give employm ent to the
various kin ds of lubor on th e reli ef rolls in Tampu.
Common laborers, form builders, ca rpenters, bl ar ksmiths, cement finishers n eeded on the job- all were
represe nted among the persons, certified us in n eed of
relief, who found employment on the project. \York ers
were employed in three shifts. Since early 1936 tlie
number of persons working on th e project b as varied
from about 250 to ornr 500. Peak employ m ent was
reached in Jun e 1937 wl1 en the number of workers
tota.led 535, of whom 96 perce nt hud b een certifi ed ns
in n eed of relief. During Sep tern ber 1937 wh en
employm ent wns prov id ed for 518 perso ns, 261, or
more than hulf tl.ie workers, were assigned in t he
unskill ed wage rla ss, 124 in th e interm ediate, 103 in
the skilled, and 1 in the professional and tecl1nical
wage class. Twenty -nine were non security wage
workers.
Precautions for the safety of the workers were tak en
tlu·oughout the operation of the proj ect. The ndequacy of these measures is indicnted by the fa ct that
the most serious accident was a. broken wrist of one of
the employees.
The cost of the Tampa seawall proj ect including all
sections of the wall and all street improvements
amounts to $830,500. Tools nnd equipm ent were
furnish ed largely by the sponsor, n ecessitating only
small expenditmes of F edernl funds for this purpose.
Equipment included pile driver, pump, dredge, five
trucks for hauling materials, con crete mi.-...:er, floodlights,
participation
and cofferdam piles. The sponsor'
after the
necessary
was
that
included the dredging
materinlsof
t
co
e
Th
completed.
een
wall had b
cement, lumber, etc.- was
borne jointly by the city
and the WPA.
PBOTOGRA Pil S ON THl :l A1·o
THE PRE C EDING PAGE SU OW
IMP O RTA N T STEPS IN '!'LIE
CON STRUCTION OF THE SE AWALL: A COMPLETE SEC T IO!\
APPEARS AT T HE RIGHT
•
Digitized by
Google
28
WORK8 PHOGRE8S ADl\IINJSTH.-\ TION
The Milwaulcee Sewing Proiect
Since its initiation in September 1935, th e Milwaukee
Sewing Project has developed from a half-dozen
sewing rooms scattered throughout Milwaukee to a
single sewing center occupying the entire floor of a
mod ern brick building. Sponsored by :rvrilwaukee
County institutions, th e project h as been instrumental
in providi ng work for women in a community wh ere a
large number of the per-sons in n eed of relief were
wornen.
At first, sewin g wns done by h nnd or on domestic
electric or foot-trendlc ma chines, and supervisors'
services were extremely limited. U nder these conditions the proj ect was able to supply the sponsorsthe local relief agency and eight county hospitals,
sanatoriums, orphfrnages, and other institutions- with
only certain types of articles and could n ot fi ll mon'.\ tl1 un
a small frn ction of th eir needs for such articles.
Confronted with these limitations and with th e p roblem of providing work for wom en about to be returned
to the relief rolls upon th e closing of several WP A
projec ts of other types, the authorities reorganized the
sewing projec t in April 1936. Small sewing rooms were
absolished and one centralized unit was established.
To house the reorgnnized proj ect the fourth floor of a
modern brick building, with about 20,000 squ are feet of
space, was rented. This is large enough to accommodate 500 work ers at one time.
Maximum efficiency is sought in the location of the
different units. The cutting department is placed
along the north windows to get th e best natural light
and to have easy access to the incoming freight elevator.
Adjacent to this department are the designing and
pattern departments. Machine units are grouped
according to th e weight of the material used. Beyond
th e mn chin rs are the insprd ion tnbles, the pressrng
PATTE RXs :FH OM
APP R O \" ED DE -
S IGN S
DI
.urn
SIZE ~
•
'.\ !A DE
ST .\Xl l.\HD
department, and the folding and packing department
arranged so that th e p nc ked boxes can be irnmedia,tely
sent down the outgoing freight elevator. No garments
are stored in the building.
The buying of expensive new equipment was m ade
mm ecessary by purchases of r ebuilt machines that
were satisfactory for th e proj ect work. High-spred
ind11strial sewing machines form the bulk of t h e
equipm ent, although a few domestic porta ble machines
and a few foot-treadle machin es form erly used in the
small sewing rooms h ave been retained for the training
of inexperienced workers. Some of the machines
pmcha sed were especially adapted to sewing lightweight cotton mn terials ; others, to heavy materials;
some were designed to perform several operations simultaneously such ns folding and doubl e stitching, or trim-
AS .MANY AS 144 UA ILME:-.l'l'S CAN BE CUT AT ONE Tl:\l E
ming mgged edges while closing side seams. Special
button sewing and button-hole equipm ent supplement
the regular machin es and a hand-operated ticket
stamping nrnchine is used in identifying the garments.
Equipment purclrnsed from a small, defunct, cap factory makes it possible to increase the variety of products whil e u tilizing remnants of cotton or wool. Such
accessories as cutting tables, stands for the dom estic
machines, bins for the bundles of cut garments, and
wooden horses upon which to h ang partially finished
garm ents were built by vYPA carp en ters.
Tl1e superintendent of th e project is assisted by four
super visors in charge of clerie11l work, p atterns, manufacture of women 's garments, and m anufactm·e of
men 's garm ents. Under th e 2 production supervisors
are 4 senior foremen, enc h in charge of a maximum of
125 workers. The senior foremen h ave 1 subforeman
for each 22 workers, who move constantly mnong the
workers, chec king methods, r ecording efficiency, offering assistance, and suggesting in1provements. Two or
tluee junior clerks und er each senior foreman check the
quantity of work as i t fl ows through th e factory.
Digitized by
Google
29
HEPORT 0)1 P ltOG ltE SS OF THE W ORKS PROG RA)I
The d esig ners make sketches
of proposed garments from which
sampl es are made after approval
by the superintendent. New d esigns are introduced every 2 or 3
dnys to avoid any resemblance to
uniform s in tbe garments made for
distribution to needy individu n.ls.
Wlrnn a sample garment is npproved by t he superintendent,
sketch, pattern, and gn.rm ent nre
turned over to the pattern depn r tr
men t l1 ead who has t he pattern
cut and grnded in various standardized sizes. The patterns are
then given to t he cutting d epartment wh ere the garments are cut
from mateiinJs of different colors
and designs and pln ced in bins
with t he necessary trimmings and
identifying tickets, r eady for the
l:S OL'STRI.\L $8 \\'J N'G :SIA C UIN ES ARE GROt;PE D AC CO RO ING T O \I' E IG HT OF ?-IA T~~ RIA I, l':iE D
ma.nufacturing operation.
the proposed r eorganization would be at leas t 3,000
A man who bas had m echanical and electricn l endozen garments per month.
gineering experience makes smn ll attachments fo r t he
Ac tually, und er the n ew plan, effi ciency in creosed
ma.chines in order to simplify certain operntions, such
beyond expectations. Within 70 days, production
os npplying bindings ond pipings t o garments, and a
amounted to 6,000 dozen garments per month. During
sk ill ed sewing machine m echanic is always on the job
the 6 mon tbs from April through Sep t ern ber 1937, more
to make adjustments or repnfrs.
than 840,000 garments were produced on the proj ec t.
Activities on th e -proj ect reach ed a peak in April 1936
Th e bulk of th ese (770,000 gnrmen ts ) were produ ced
when 947 persons, working on a two-shift basis, were
to s upply th e n eeds of sponsoring county agen cies, but
employed . Since April the p ersonnel h as b een reduced
about 70,000 garments were m ade for State institutions.
steadily until, in September 1937, th e number at work
For th ese garments approximately 1,930,000 yards of
totaled 513 persons. At nil times, persons certified os
material were used . Includ ed in the 70,000 dozen
in n eed of relief have constituted at least 96 percent of
nrticles were 16,000 of m en's wenr, 10,000 of boys ' wear,
th e total. Of the 513 employed in September, 344 were
14,000 of wom en's and misses' wear, 10,000 of girls'
nssigned us seams tresses. Eighty-three persons were
wear, 5,000 of infants' wear, imd 15,000 of hospital nnd
nssigned as unskilled operotors. Other assignments
hou sehold supplies. Among the nrticles made for m en
includ ed cutters, mn.ttress renovators, design er , clerks,
and boys were overalls, shirts, trousers, pajamas, shorts,
typist s, supervisors and foremen, a timekeeper, a janitor,
caps, nnd handkerchiefs. F or wom en a nd girls, dre. ses,
and a grnduate nurse .
n ightgown s, bloomers, corduroy and wool skirts, and
T otal produ ction before cons0lil1 ntion of the sepnrnte
slips were mad e. Th e infant ' wen r includ ed blanl·ets,
sewing room s, from November 1935 to April 1936,
diapers , rompers, nncl dresses. Tl1 e h ousehold nnd
nggrega ted 2,000 dozen gn rm ents, such us cotton drc:;ses,
h os pital supplies produced on the projec t were, for t he
und erwen r, and me n's shir ts. It was estinrnt ed t hnt
m ost pu rt, pillowenses, s heets, towe ls, b ed j acke ts, nnd
the reorganized sewing project would b e able to fu rn ish
hospi tal gown s. In addition to s upplyin g clothuig a nd
nil co tton n e ds of th e r lief n.gencies wi t h the exception
oth er fl rt icl es to cou11 ty and State in stit ution s, th e
of tubu lar knitted garmen t s, and, in addition, to s upply
::\lilwaukee Sewing Project hn . provided s11fferers i11 t he
men's trousers, woolen con ts, nnd work cloth e . It wn
Ohio Ri,~er .fl ood with 60,000 fll'ticle s.
further estim ated that witl1in 70 days th e output un der
Digitized by
Google
30
WOHKS l'UOGRESS ADl\II);TSTfL-\TION
The Bellcnap Mountain Recreation Center
sorship of the State highw ay department and with the
eooperation of two ad jacent towns, Gilford and Alton
(the proj ec t lyin g wholly in t he town of Gilford ), 8 miles
of road were built to open up t he area to traffic from
Boston, New York, a nd ad jacent areas. The road has
a tar-treated gravel surface 21 feet wid e ,vbich permi ts
sn.fe two-way traffic, and is well graded throughout.
Sponsors furnished g rnvel, reinforced concrete pipe culverts, miscellaneous small materials, trucks, equipment ,
and transportation for th e workers; F ederal fund s were
used primarily for labor. Th e State highway deportmen t 1wov id ed t !ie engineering servic e~ .
In the development of t he rec reation
area, work on t he skiing faci li ties, an
outstanding feature of the center was
sta rted first. A 60-meter ski jump
(about 197 feet) with an inclin e that
necessitated excavation of a bou t 3,;j00
cubic yard s of rock from the steep hillside, was built on the northenste rl_y
slope of Guns tock Mountain . The sk i
jump has a steel tower 50 feet higl1 ,
located on a should er of t,he hill. Tl1 e
starting platform of the tower, which is
317 fe et above the run-off, is enclosed on
t hree sides. Above it is an enclosed
platform which is used for observ a tion
ond for taking moving pictures.
From the starting plotform the slide
dips down to t he take-off wall from
which there is a 12-foot drop to the begiruiingof the lower hill. The hill below
the tok e-off wall was built to the theoretical curve required . A seriesofheavy
Tl1E S K[ JU:\[P, 'l'UE Jl"DGE S' ST .\ ND AND TEHIUCED AH~: .\ ~
tim her bnnicades wn s placed across
FOR S PE C TATOR S ARE SEE N AT TUE L E FT
the steep slope of the hill and nnch ored
Among the outstanding achievements of the w·PA
hus been its development of rec reation facilities for t he
enjoyment of the outdoors. Of the m any areas wl1ere
this work h as been carried on throu ghout th e United
States, one is located in Belknap County, r_ H ., near
Laconia and approximately 100 mil es from Boston.
Although Laconia has long been a head quarters fo r
win ter sport entl1usiasts, facili ties were not as well
developed for recreation during th e winter as during
the summer. One consequence was t hat opportunities
for local employment were scarce durin g the winter
month s. D evelopment of th e area for year-round rec-
LOOKl'.\'G UP
reation promised alleviation of this kind of seasonal
un employ men t.
"York on th e Belkn ap Mountain R ecreation Cente r,
ini tiated early in 1935 und er an FEHA proj ect, !ms
progressed during th e past 2 years under a number of
WPA proj ec ts. These have been operated continuously throughout th e year, absorbin g all th e available
certified labor. In a 600-acre tract owned by· Belkn ap
Co unty, faci lities have been provid ed for all sorts of
outdoor activities, including both winter and summer
sports. The project work h as in volved clea ring and
landscaping, road building, and construction of skiin g
and tobogganing facilities, parking space for au to mobiles, and other park appurtenances.
Construction of roads leading to th e proposed recreation area was begun by th e WPA at the same time th at
work started on the recreation area. Under the spon-
Digitized by
Google
HEPO HT 0.\1 P HOG HE SS OF TH E \Y OHK S PHOG il Al\£
31
IN THIS VIEW FHO:\ [ TilE
J UDGE S' STAN D TIIE F.:-S TRANCE
ROA D
APPEAR ~
AT THE UPPER LEFT OF
TJJE
P I CTURE AND T H E
PARK I NG
AHF.A
AT T II E
C ENTER A:-ID T EI E R IGHT
to solid roc k to preyen t slidi ng of th e fill. The entire
slop e wns then sodded fo r furtl1 er p ro tection against
erosion, and to proYide a sui t uble surface to retu in the
snow . A terraced stu nding urea fo r spectators llfl ulw
been completed .
In addition to the constru ction of the ski ju mp,
several mil es of t rn ils huve been buil t for win ter skiing,
summer hiking, und horsebac k riding. About 6 ucres
of open slopes have been prepared fo r skiing and a
~lnlo m course of 16 acres completed. A toboggan
chute 120 feet in length, wi th provision fo r a long run
ucross an open slope, bus ulso been fini shed .
General development of the recrea tion urea has gone
on concurrently wi th t he construction of t he win ter
spor t facilities. Almost 150 acres have been cleured
of dead trees and underbrush. Trees h ave been plant ed,
or replan ted , und t rimmed ; brooks n.nd roadsides
have been cleared. Outdoor firepluces, t nbles, benches,
und other picnic equipm ent h ave been insta lled .
Wi thin the recreation a rea itself some 2 miles of 21-foot
road have been built and parking facili ties fo r a lmost
2,500 a utomobiles h ave been p roYided. A fif t h of a
mile of g raded sidewulk leads from the pn.rking area
to t he ski jump.
Plans fo r t he fu ture p rovide fo r additional fac ili ties
as these can be added, t he method of expanding uni t
by uni t being particul arly ad va n tugeo us on developmen ts of this type. A mile-long bobsled run , stu nding
areas, a waxing house, first-uid h ouse, and simila r
facilities for skiers are among the add itions co ntempla ted. Proposed plans ulso call fo r new summe r fac ilities such as wooden observa tion towers on Cobble and
R o\\"e 1\Iountuins where fin e n ews of t he moun ta ins
to the north ca n be obtained, swi mming und wnding
pools, and buthhouses. Construction of a community
house (for yen r-round use), with nn assem bly roo m
which will se11t 700 perso ns, and wi th a res tnurunt und
ki tchen , locker rooms, und Yarious other fa cili ties, is
nlso included.
The developmen t of the Bel kna p 1\·lountain Rccrention Cen ter h us provided work for as m uny as 350
persons d uring the course of proj ect opera tions. 11ost
of t he workers have been persons certified as in need
of relief, who lived in Laconia or other nearby to·wns
and who had previously been employed ns odd-j ob
laborers, lumber workers, form ers, or opern tors in
woodworking plnn ts. Some unskilled workers who
were ussigned to the project h ave developed considerable proficiency in stonemason ry . This experi en ce
wus gained du ring t he construction of r ubble musonry
culve rts wi th heudwulls, of a rustic type to h nrmonize
wi th th e general lundscnping.
Estimu tes of project costs fo r t he work ut Belkna p
~fo untain total almost $494,000. F und s p rov id ed
by t he project sponso rs (the Stute of New Hampshire,
t he towns of Gilford und Alton, which sponsored t he
roud, Belkn ap Coun ty, and the city of Laco nia, whic h
provided fu nd s fo r t runsportation) haYe been chie fl y
fo r mn te riuls and eq uip men t . The spo nsors hu Ye
suppli ed most of t he eq uipmen t, including go s-powered
shovels, compresso rs, a nd t ru cks, t he nece:sary engineering plans, und m iscellaneo us construction mu te ri als,
as well us transportation fo r t he wo rk ers and some of
the supe rvi ion of project uct ivities.
Digitized by
Google
32
WORK S l'HOGHJ•:~ S ADl\ll~lSTHATTON
The Loudonville and East Stroudsburg Reservoirs
The water supply systems of cities must include equa.1izing reservoirs for storage of filtered wa,ter ready for
dis tribution nud mu st also be able to draw on an adequate and reliable water source. For the equaliza tion
basin, commonly accepted standards of adequacy demand a cftpacity suffi cient to supply a ci ty's needs for
approximately 10 dfl ys. Impou nding reser voirs, often
used in establishing a city's water supply , are intended
to accumulate, in periods of henvy precipitation, a sufficient quantity of wa ter to last through periods of li ttle
or no rainfall. These resen ·oirs mu st h ave a much
lm·ger capacity than equalizing reservoirs- in most localities, large enough for severa l months' supp ly of water,
and in some cases sufficient for several years' supply .
Many communities in which the water supply system
was inadequate in one of these respects h ave initiated
WPA proj ec ts for the constru ction of needed basins or
dams. IJlustrative of the equalizing r eservoir work is
the Loudonville Resenoir, at Albany, N. Y. The dam
constructed to form an impounding reservoir at Stroudsburg, Pa., is an example of the other type of proj ec t.
A t Albany the impounding reservoirs, located at an
eleva tion which permits the water to flow to the city
by gravity, were adequate for the city's n eeds flt all
times, but the distribution reservoir, composed of two
basins (A and B) located near the north edge of the
city at Loudonville, provided storage for only 5 days'
supply (100,000,000 gnllons) of water. Although the
two basins were fld equate for the usual n eeds of the
city , maintenance of an old Hudso n River supply was
necessary to guard ftgainst any interruption in providing the city with water. However, filtration of the
Hudson Riv er water was both difficult and costly, and
the n ecessity of pumping the watC'r up to the rC'servoir
le ·cl addrd materi ally to th e cost of using it.
At the time basins A and B were constructed tb e
necessary land for a third basin was acquired. In order
that the Hudson River supply might eventually be
abandoned, construction of the third basin (basin C),
with a capacity almost equal to the other two basins
combined, was proposed in November 1935 as a proj ect
for operation by the Works Progress Administration.
The glacial hollow serving as the site of the basin
was not a n atural storage reservoir since i ts soil, formed
by deep deposits of sand and gra vel, was so permeable
that i t absorbed rapidly the rainfall and drainage
within this a rea. Consequ ently it was necessary to
co nstruct a watertight lining for the entire reservoir if
the bflsin was to make possible the storage of 93,000,000
gallons of water.
Altbough lining the bnsin with concrete was the
principal work involved on the proj ect, preliminary
clearing, excavating, and grading also had to be done.
In addition, it was planned to build a gatehouse with
pipe connections necessary for co ntrolling the flow and
to drive a 423-foot tunnel. Pipe-line installa tions included extending a 48-inch supply main for about 800
feet, and building a 36-inch supply main about 1,600
feet long to th e basin and a 24-inch cast iron drain liu e
2,400 fee t in length . The 36-inch cast iron line is installed in a tunnel which is nearly 9 feet high and of
sufficient width to provide ample space for pa ssage between the sid e wall and the pipe. The tunnel is of the
horseshoe type and was co nstru cted with the use of
steel liner plates furni shed by the city. After the excftva tion ,Yas completed the tunnel was lined with reinforced co ncrete.
All the early work wns perform C'd entirely by hftnd
labor, but the deep excavations required th e use of a
stea m shovel. In joining the c11st iron pipe lines and in
BEFORE LAYING 1'IlE LA H OE
COt\f'H ETE ~ LABS FOH TIIE
LO UDO'.\' \ 'ILLE l~IP Oll:s'D 1:\'0 REi'EHVO IJ{:,
Digitized by
Google
33
ItEPOHT O:\" PHOG RE SS OF THE W OHK S f'H OG I1 .·\:ll
F.A S'I' S'l'ROUDS BURO ::iTO R .\ GE HE ,, ERVOlH \\Tfll Ot,;'J'LET C llAN:-: EL 1:-; U ~F'I' FORE<J H Ot.:NU
excava ting for the tunnel, hand labor was supplemented
by s uch necessary equipment as industrial track, dump
cars, and tunn el jac ks.
In the construction of th e watertight lining for the
basin, it wa s necessary to allow for the na.tural expansion ond contraction of th e concrete ond to provide
concrete sla bs of sufficient strength to support a 31-foot
colwnn of wa ter. Since th e efficiency of th e joint
construction was of maj or importance it was necessary
to limit the length of t he joints to a mini.mum. This
was accomplished by making use of large slab units
22}6 feet wide and 50 feet long and arrangin g them in a
r egular pa ttern. A space three-fourths of an inch wide
was allowed between each unit , thus permitting expansion a lld con traction. Under eoch joint wa s placed a
co ncrete sill which served to suppor t the slab and
prevent un even settlemell t.
'\,Va tertigh tn ess wns
achieved through the installation of copper expansion
strips, 10 inches wide, over the center of all joints.
These were bolted to the large concrete slabs and were
firmly integrated wi t h the slabs by th e applica tion of a
2-inch by 28-inch sla b of g unite (a mixture of cement,
sand, and wa ter applied under pressure wi th a cement
gun ) 011 each side of the joint.
Upon compl eti on of t he lining of the reservoir the
chief work remuining was t he install ation of tmderground. concrete culverts, digging of drainage ditches
to prevent surfa ce water from entering the basin,
building of a brick s uperstructure on t he co ncrete ga tehouse, and constru ctio11 of a co ncrete arch bridge to
span th e space between t he basin wall and th e < atelt ouse . Other work included gra ding and seedin g of th e
reservoir grow1ds, extension of a roa d to th e new bnsin,
a nd construction of a fence surrounding t he reservoir
site.
During 1936 , when th e major p art of the work on
Basin C ,vas under way , an average of about 850 persons were employed each mon t h. In April, just before
t he work of linin g the basin was stnrted, the n umber
at work included 605 persons, bu t in Jun e, wh en th e
first concrete slabs were pow-ed and th e gunite work
was begun,a maximum of 1,126 workers were employed.
After co mpl etion of th e basin proper, employ ment fell
to a level of about 450 persons. At no time during the
operation of this project has th e number of workers
certified as in need of relief been below 94 percent of the
total employed. T otal mun-h ours of work throu gh
Au gust 1937 approxim ated 1,442,000 and earnings for
this work a mounted to $755,490.
All expenditw-es on th e project through Aug ust 1937
amounted to $1,289,842, labor cos ts representing
almost 60 percent of the t ot.al. Of the $403,000 spent
for ma teriais, co ncrete products accoun ted for $187 ,98 1,
or 47 percent. Ot her items of material s for which
relatively large expenditures were made are structural
and reinforcin g steel ($62 ,035), cast iron pipe a nd fittin gs ($49,6 18), and miscell aneous machinery and equipment ($23,41 3) . F or r ents a nd services required on t he
projec t $1 31,350 wus expended.
The E ast St roudsburg R eservoir in M onroe Co unty ,
Pa., differs from the Loudonville R eservoir in thnt its
fun ction is to impound water instead of to serve as a n
equ alization basin in t he dist ribu tion of wa ter. H ence
this proj ect consisted prima rily in the construction of
an ea rt h-fill d a m on Sam bo C reek to forin a lake which
would supplement two snrnll a nd inadequ a te rescrrn irs
loc11 ted n t lower elcYntions.
7
LOWEH SIDE OF E ..\ 8 T ::i THO Ullti JJUHU llAM
Digitized by
Google
34
WOHKS PHOGHE::iS AD:\IDiISTH.-\TlO~
S l'ILL\rAY A!\D OUTLE'r CJJANNF~L--EA ST STHOUl> SDL' H<i
The dam, 900 feet in length and about 47 feet high ,
has a concrete-core wall. Both the upstr en m and the
downstream sides of the dam have been heavily riprnpped. Across the lowest third of the downstream
slope, a wnll 6 feet ·wide has been built to prevent
damage from bnckwash in times of flood. Earth for
the dnm was obtained from clearing th e 59-acre hike
site and wn s moved to the dam by steam shovels and
tru cks. About 50 acres of this land had been elenre<l
previously under fill FERA project. A s pillway section, 40 feet wide, has been built with the crest 6;~ feet
below that of the dam. For a distance of about 5,000
feet below the base of t he new reservoir the creek ha,;
been walled to pre,·ent erosion of the ba nks which
would result in high silt deposits in the lower reserYoirs.
The capnrity of the storage area to the crest of t he
spillwny is 231,950,0Q0 ga llons, an S-month norm al su pply for the borough of East Stroudsburg.
From the sta rt of the proj ect in October 1935 to
December 1936, the number of persons employed rnnged
between 110 and 155. Beginning with December 1936,
employment on the projeet declined continuously until
in September 193i, the last month for which reports
are arnilable, only 20 persons were left on the job.
Total man-h ours worked on the proj ect through September amounted to about 220,000 hours.
The East Stroudsburg R eserYoir cost approximately
$158,000. The borough of East Stroudsburg assumed
about 60 percent of the nonlnbor costs and n small
portion of the pay-roll costs.
The Morgantown Street Proiect
Before its improvement, und er a WPA project, Richwood Avenue in :Morgnntown, \V. Va.., was a narrow,
rough road which couhl not adequately serve a huge
residential section that othenvise would have used it as
a thoroughfare. Neither could the potential vnlue of
this avenue be realized lls a short cut between United
States Highway 119 and West Virginia Route 7, enn,bling traffic to avoid the congestion in t he downtown
section of the city. Running along the side of n,
steep hill, the street had an old brick surface only 14
feet wide, an abandoned streetcar right,-of-wny, nnd
practically no sidewalks.
In one section of the street extensive sliJes of rock
and earth had continunlly damaged the roadway and
at the same time had given the cornpnny operating the
street car line perpetual trouble in tra ck maintenance.
The slides, caused by excess drninage tlu·ough factures
in the unstable red shale formations in the hillside, presented a major engineering problem. Experience with
the failure of the old roadbed to withstand the constant
slippage of the steep hillside effeetiveiy demonstrnted
t he need for adequate retaining walls on the downhill
side of the proposed roadway. Walls had to be constructed which would be sufficiently strong to s upport
the earth fill behind them find which would also prevent
furth er sliding of the hillside upon which the fill rested.
Exhaustive study of the geological formatio n find of
various types of wlllls that would withstand the great
pressure exerted on the proposed structures resulted in
the selection of buttressed concrete and stone masomy
gravity walls for the less stable section s of the hillside
and concrete cantilever walls for sections not subject to
extensive slides. Both types were to be reinforced with
steel rods as well as ,vith steel rails salvaged from the
streetcar line.
It was originally planned, in constructing the retnining walls, to excnvate to base roek- estimn ted to be
uniformly about 10 fe et below the surface- for the purpose of sinking concrete piers upon which to lny a
20-ineh thick concrete rnn,t as a bearing surface for the
gravity walls. As the work proceeded, howeYer, it wn s
found that the base rock did not lie in one plane, but
varied as much as 45 feet in its depth below the surface. Under these conditions, excavations were mad e
to what was thought to be stable rock at each pier locution. The excavations were allowed to stand for a
week and if the bllse of the hole was free from slippage
BECTION OF TllE JWADW.-\Y NEARINO CO ~!PLETlOX
Digitized by
Google
HEPOHT 0~ PHOGHESS 01<' THB WORKS PHOGH.UI
after that period a firm footing was indicated. The
work of excavating was done by hand, and trucks were
brought as near as possible to the site of excavation to
haul away the waste.
The concrete cantilever walls built on the project
have a total length of 782 feet and range in height from
9 to 20 feet. The massive concrete and stone masonry
gravity walls-2,205 feet in length-vary in height from
6 to 51 feet, including the deep concrete piers. Over
almost the entire length the walls had to be built on
both a vertical and a horizontal curve. While this construction was under way an 8-inch drainage pipe was
placed behind the walls over their entire length; this
was covered later by large rough rocks in order to provide adequate drainage. Stone for the masonry walls
was quarried on the job site and had to be hauled only
about three-fifths of a mile. All concrete was obtained
ready misced.
The total length of the surfaced roadway, 6,200 feet,
was paved with asphaltic concrete on a broken stone
base to a width of 26 feet. Other work on the project
included removing 2,830 feet of streetcar rail, building
7,120 feet of road shoulders, placing 6,500 cubic yards
of backfill, and laying 3,213 linear feet of concrete sidewnlks 5 feet wide. In conjunction with the road im-
35
"o
• I
on
in
I
SECTION THROUGH RETAINING WALL
CYCLOPEAN MASONRY GRAVITY WALL
(CONCRETE FACE)
MORGANTOWN
l'IF.H EXCAVATIO:- A1'll WALL COl\:<Tl!lTTIO:-;
STREET
PROJECT
provement project, a project for the construction and
repair of sanitary and storm sewers was carried on.
This involved the placement of 10,220 linear feet of
6- to 15-inch sewer pipe and 42 manholes and drop
inlets.
The city of Morgantown, sponsor of _the Richwood
Avenue improvement project, incurred expenses largely
in connection with materials and other nonlabor costs.
Payments for about 470,000 man-hours worked from
the beginning of the project in ~ovember 1935 through
September 1937 accounted for most of the expcnditurl's
of Federal funds. .Federal and sponsor's expenditures
to getlwr total about $322,000.
Digitized by
Google
SPONSORS OF WPA PROJECTS
Close cooperation between the
Federal administration and State and local governmental bodies is necessary to the successful operation
of the WPA program. One means of insuring this cooperation is through the sponsorship of \YPA projects
by State, municipal, county, or township governmental
agencies. Nearly 97 percent of all WPA projects, in
terms of value, are State or local projects. Less than
4 percent are sponsored by the Federal WPA or other
Federal agencies. Municipalities alone hnve proposed
and are helping to finance projects whose value accounts for nearly half of the estimated total cost of all
WPA projects. Counties have sponsored projects bvolving 23 percent of the total cost; States, 18 percent;
and township bodies, the remainder. In addition to
originally proposing the project job, sponsors furnish
supervision for the prosecution of the work and share
in the costs of operution chiefly through the provision
of materials, equipment, and supplies.
Only public uµ-encies act as sponsors of WPA projects.
The sponsor may be a State, a political subdivision
thereof, or a legally constituted public agency of the
State or political subdivision. Federal agencies, either
regular departments or emergency agencies (including
the Federal Works Progress Administration but not
the State or district offices of the \Yorks Progress
Administration), may also act as sponsors although
the projects they sponsor are limited to work on
Federal property or work that is Nation-wide in
scope. In special cases, nonprofit quasi-public agencies which are legally controlled by public authority
through power of appointment or otherwise, or which
receive their principal support by regular budget11ry appropriation, may sponsor projects of direct
and inunediate benefit to the public. Unofficial or
nonpublic groups or agencies such as charitable,
social, civil, sectarian, and trade organizations, or
hospitals, libraries, and other associations receiving no
support or only a minor part of their support from
public revenues may not act as official sponsors.
These agencies, however, often cooperate nnofficially
with the official sponsors and the WPA in the promotion and development of suitable projects for the benefit
of the general public.
Types of Sponsors
The agencies sponsoring WPA projects may be
grouped in accordance with the broad outline of governmental organization existing in the country. In
addition to Federal agencies, State governments and
political subdivisions of States act as sponsors of
\VPA projects. The State subdivisions include counties, townships, and cities. Cities are naturally further
classified according to their population. The number
and the estimated total cost of projects sponsored by
each of the types of sponsors are shown in table 9.
In some instances Federal agencies or State agencies
cooperate with other public agencies as project sponsors,
often acting as a coordinating body for the planning of a
given undertaking. The agency formally submitting
TABLE 9.-NUMBER AND EsTIMATED ToTAL CosT OF WPA
PROJECTS PLACED IN OPERATION, BY TYPES OF SPONSORS
C,:11ULATIYE THROUGH Al'<;UST 31, 1937
Xumber Gf Pro)·
I
Estimate,! Total
ects
Co:--;t
Type of ~pon~or
l\'umber Percent I
TotaL---·-----·-·- · -- - · · ·---··--.
Federal agencies _______________________ .
WPA _____________ _
1r.:ui:rn
Amount
I
~~t
~ I $t.5~9.07I.r.5s ~
142, 356. 57:!
3.1
101,591.819 ~
40. 764,754
0.9
Other_ ____ - . _- - ·-- . . - .... -- . - - - · - - - .
States.. ___________________ - ---·-- -- - ---- Countie~- _____ -... -------- .. - .... - - - - Townships _____ . --- -- . - --- - .... - .. - ..
.
21, 2,;i
819, 119. Ol.i!i
1,037,W!i,fi21
27 5, 465, 708
18.0
2'2. 9
1\-funicipalitirs _______________ . _. .. . .
tiO, \!08
3H. 3
2. 239. 832, 053
(population)
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
:l.2>il
2. l
986. ~!ll. 871
5(Ml.000and over _____ ···-· · --· •--·· __
4U
HXJ,OfX~l\1\1,!1.J<J_. _. _•• __ • _. _. _. • . _.
!'>f.1,000-~JY.lr.~L. . . . .. - - - - ... - • - - - - .
2,1,0()(\....4\f,9\P.J ..... -- - • • - - JO,(XJ0--2UI\I\J. - . - . - - . • · • ·• - · · --- · · · • ·
;1,(X)(J-11,\r.t'J_. _. _. - - • • • -- •. • - - - - - • - - • •
2 ..IOIH.!SJ'J ---- ---·---· ·----. ---·--
l"nder :l,f,00_ --- - - -- - - ---- - --- - - - - - - - ~I iscellaneous. _. _. _. _. _. . __ . . - . - .... - ....
15. fi
26. 7
14. !i
41. ~.\',
22, 4SS
8, 52:1
4. no2
fi, 275
II. tfi.\
5 ..5
429, 119. 219
2. V
J.'i-1, 4\14, 292
143. AA:l, 878
lfl9, sos. 9fi9
107. 029, 757
4. 1
ll.l
4. 5
3. 9
f_), ~,.~
fi, 0(..1
L\821
IO. 2
84. 335,621
16.5. 5118, 446
21. S
9. 5
3. 4
3.1
3. i
2.•
I. 9
3. 6
=======]
310
I
o. 2
36
Digitized by
6.1
==·===
Google
2t, 301,637
0.5
REPORT ON PROGRESS OF '.rHE WORKS PHOGR.-\1\I
37
TABLE 10.-PERCENTAOE DISTRIBUTION OF THE ESTIMATED TOTAL CosT OF \VPA PROJECTS PLACED IN OPERATION, BY TYPES OF
SPONSORS AND BY MAJOR TYPES OF PROJECTS
CUXt1LATIYE TRROlTGH A l'GU~T 31, 19~7
II' h
Type of Sponsor
Total
R •~
t"'"~., j
St(r~~ '
I
I
Parks nnd
Sewer Sys• Airports
Public Other Hee-re- Conservn· terns and an,! Other
IluilJings utio!J::ll_ Fation
Othe~ Utili- Tran~portac1ht1es
lies
t10n
White
Collar
SanitaGoods
tion and
Health
MLscel•
l:llleous
- - - - ----1----- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Total ........•.....••.•..............••••..
36. ,I
100. 0
11.0
JO. 5
4. 9
14. 4
0. 8
3. 7
4. 7
4. 9
8. 6
7. 1
9. fi
500,000 nnd over ___ ......................... .
11Xl,000---4\MUJ!J9 ... --· ... ·-------·--- ______ .. _.
50.l.l()()-9V.!~J!J _____________ . _______ • __________ _
JOO. O
!IMI. 0
l'nder 2,5()(L ________________________________ _
HHO
HKI.O
JIMl. 0
HKl.0
100. 0
100.0
~fiseellaneou.s. _________________________________ _
100.0
2.1,()(l0----19,!l!.!U. __ ----------------------------IO.(MMf---~.Ul!l9. _ ••••• -·-· __ ··------- --· -· ··-· _.
,i,IXMHl.!lfl9 ___ -·-· ···- --· _---··· -·-·-- -· --·· ..
2.f,t)O--t,HW _____________________ •• ___________ _
A
13. 8
lf.}.~
23.0
15. 7
2S. 6
26. 2
29.9
33. 8
37. I
38. 9
10. 9
II. 1
21. 3
15. 8
311. 0
5. 5
7. 4
4..1
14. 7
12. 6
18 9
I.I. I
11.8
13. 0
12. 4
II. 6
8. 4
3 2
3ti. G
10. 3
9 8
---- =
3. 3
3. 4
9. 3
!!. 7
10. 7
8. ~
2. 7
2.9
==== = = = = = - - - - - - 2 '}
0.3
67. 8
I. 3
1. 7
5. 0
0. 7
17. 9
II. 8
9. 4
0. i
5. 7
2. 6
4. 3
H.8
2. 3
1.0
1.0
0. 4
2
0. 4
~- f1
7 - -9.I.I
- -I.---1.:l
!ti.I
~
4. -~
-·s.:~~
------ --- ---
1.8
3. 3
10. 2
15. 2
18. 3
21. 2
22. 9
2'2. S
2.1. 8
28 I
27.9
9. 7
5. 5
6. 7
4. 3
3 6
3. 8
3. 8
I
I
f,,
2
14. i
5. 6
4. 7
3. 8
2. 0
2. (I
I. 2
,\. 9
2
2
7
3
I. 2
0. 9
4.
4.
4.
I.
I
2.0
I
3. 8
2. 2
3. I
2. 6
2. 1
1.0
8. 4
0.8
JU. 3
8. 9
0.
0.
0
0.
2.0
6
7
3
4
0.8
6. 6
3. 6
3. 0
1.8
2.~1-
o.;; =;;'.';;c1-2.1
2.0
2.0
1.5
I. 5
I) 3
Less than 0.01 JJ<•rc-ent.
the project proposal is designated official sponsor in
these cases; the other participating agencies are tenned
cosponsors. This type of arrangement is found most
frequently in white collar and sanitation and health
work, and in constniction work operated on Federal
property. Depending on the nature of the project,
the cosponsor may furnish part or most of the project
funds that are not derived from WP A allocations. In
instances where projects have both sponsors and cosponsors, the projects are distributed in the accompanying tables according to the identity of the sponsor;
funds include money provided by the cosponsors as well
ns the sponsors.
Municipalities-Approximately 40 percent of all
,vPA projects, comprising almost 50 percent of the
total estimated cost of projects placed in operation
through August 31, 1937, have been sponsored by
municipal bodies-those of incorporated boroughs,
villages, towns, and cities. City councils, commissioners, and boards of aldermen, boards of education
or school boards, pnrk departments, engineering and
highway departments, and mayors' offices serve to
illustrate the variety of sponsors. Because of the concentration of unemployed persons in metropolitan
centers, it is not unexpected to find that cities of at
least 100,000 population have sponsored almost a
third of WPA projects, as judged by total project costs.
1fore than a fourth of the projects sponsored by
cities involve street work. Other important types
among the municipally sponsored projects are projects
TADLE 11.-EsTIMATED ToTAL CosT OF 'WPA PROJECTS PLACED IN OPERATION, BY TYPES OF SPONSORS AND BY SELECTED TYPES OF
PROJECTS
CUltl'LAT(VE T11Rornn A 1:ra~sT 31, IH37
Highways, Hoatls,
nnd ~treets
Totnl
PArks nncl Other[ Sewer fiYstems
Ht>t-rentional
und drher
Facilities
t·tilities
Public- Build•
in~s
White f'oliar
Other
Goods
Type or ~~ ponsor
Amount
Per•
cent
Amount
Per·
<·ent
Amount
Per•
ceut
Amount
Per·
(·ent
Amount
Per·
ceut
Amount
Per•
cent
.\mount
Ic~nt
Per•
-Amount
I eent
Per-
_ To':"·: __ ... _"-'~•":•·•~ ,oo_,.,_"~:•:-~• ~-o" 1<00.~•-,;u,>oo "•=_"I,:;-,,"'"""·'.'.'. coo"""'•~•-~•,.;~'""• n•.~•1~
fcdernlagenucs _______ .
14.,3.,h,"'·ll 31
,-;talcs _____________ . ____
81\l,11\1,()fili 18.0
Couuties._ .. --···-·---- I, o:!i, rn~;, 1,21 22. 9
Townshi11s_____________
27f1,4fi.5,iO~
6.1
1\f uniC'ipalities. ________ _ 2, 2:l9, 8:12, OJ<! 49. 4
(pofiulation)
S00,<-.10 and ovl'r _ . __
100,000---4\r.J,9\IU _____ _
50,l~K}-\J'J,\J'.eJ _______ _
2;'"',,(X)()-49,H!l:l _______ _
10,IH}-21.IMJ ______ -·
.,.000---9, \19\/ _________ _
2,.\00---4,IMl __ .. _. __ _
t:nder 2,5(XL ______ _
:\lisc-elianenus. ··-··
A
98fl, X!ll, 8il 21. 7
42--J, I l'J, 210 9. 5
I !'1:i, ·Hl·i. 292
I 4:l, 1,,,;;1, 8io
3. 4
3. 2
Hi9, fiOX. 96!.l
107, 0211, 7/,7
8-1, :1:15, 621
3. 7
2. 4
I. \J
16,\ i~ll;. Hfi
24,301, 6-171
··--I_
Less than 0.05 percent.
2,2,,9,21,l
O I
2\lo,228,18;; 17.8
.ifi9, 412, :JJ7 :14. 4
Jfi5,79i,495 10.0
20,4,9,lAA 4 I
iO,J:111,(Ml:l 14.0
7:l, 4,';li, .147 H. 7
2H.40I,fifiti 5.:1
621, i~Y, 25(l 37. 5 30S, 089, il~ 61. i
2'21), 399,:ilO 1:l. i
122. GlO, 9i8
7. -1
40, 2&i, 812 2. 4
2. Ii
15,1, IOI. :!Sli
41l. 84 I, s,,~
1i, (Kl2. 28\1
14. ifiO, 242
1;:1a. 4114
!.,, 741,347
3. 6
42. 95:1. 597
5i, :12\J, :1:1~
3\1, 72\1, 6:12
32. 1'127. :ixx
59, lif12. 201
2. ·1
2. 0
3. 6
a1. :34;;, 6iO
0. 51
3, 525, 387
0. 2
787,266
3. 4
rn.
10, fifi:J, 429
1,114 lh.\ O 2
2!l,!l2i,:Z:l0 6.3
48. 402. 1:15 JO. I
12,a,r,.'lii 2.fi
37i. :li9, 06\1 78.
91
4.i!<,2u
6,liX,8-12
26,934, CKIS
26 ..'l~¥J,-t29
$,.97,H:, 7r.~I~~
0.1
\16,o-lfi,6.,I 20 0
l,8Sh,h24 0 , 19,hl •. OO,
3 3
l..i 146,581.872 30.3 96.:l\2,878 24. l 174,7',H,\~.l(i 2!1.3
6. 4 44, 8-17, 11,,1 9. 2 1:,3, ,~-~- ;J\1:1 38. 4 121, 27;,_ 270 20. 3
6.:i
4,689,8i4 1.0 2,'l,2t~•.OfiS n.a 14,:Hfi.900 2.4
-- ----
al.
I 210, 2-',X, 14 I 44.0 100, i.12, 752 23. 8 14-1,417,8\J\I 29. 9
9. 4 67, S:~2. 50i 14. 2 65, H~J. 113 15. 4 21.m2. 620 5. 0
i, 22S, if~ 1. 5
3. 4 23, 142. 95ti 4. 8 28,038,348 6. 6
5,499.026
3. O 17, 0,,5, OH-I 3.11 ~H. 'tli7i. 262 8. 3
I. I
4. 974, Ht1J 1.0
3. :i 21, 9!'15, 3f~i 4. 6 :18, if~I. 4ti.i 9. 2
2, llfi, ,,~1 0. 4
3. I IJ. 2S2. 11m 2. H 24, :142, 676 5. 8
1,01:l,S:Jl
2. I
9, 808, 2.'lfi 2. () 21. ii I, 7111;
5. 1
0. 2
6. 3 13,914. 2'20 2. 9 46,477,nl 11.0
1,269.720 0. 3
0.
21
8, 00:l, f\50
I. 9
----
-- =
=
3tl0. l.'i3, 307 85. 2 100, ,\,l;J, 2:1:i 39. 4 12'1,41.1, 8:14 30.11 2:)9, 551. f~U, 43. 4
2,348, 5481
0.5
642, 3f,8
0.1
37. r.:is. s.,a
3.1, S:l:!, 4t~I
15, i.'")..~, iS5
12. ;sn. :m:i
11, 142, W:Hi
3,&i2,Mfi
2. 41'11, 314
3,021.271
194, 46:I
9. 4 112. :l\lf,, 5:JO 18.8
9.0 tlfi, 7H8, 587 11.2
o:m. :i:i1 3. 7
3. \I
3. 2 15,\152,:\M 2. 7
2. H 18, ill•. f)()I
3.1
i, !1<\-1, 227 1.3
1.0
5, S2ti, f~t) 1.0
0.6
9,887,441
1.6
0. i
z2.
0.1
7, 8W, 955
1.3
----------~-------------------------------------
Digitized by
Google
38
WORKS PROGRE:-;S .\.D:\ll~ISTIL\TION
for improvement of parks and other recreational
facilities and construction and repair of sewer systems
and of public buildings. In fact, as indicnted in table
11, 85 percent of all WPA sewer systems and other
utility projects are sponsored by cities, towns, and
villages, with nearly 40 percent sponsored by cities of
more than 100,000 population and 11 percent by villages
having populations under 2,500. Also, 79 and 62
percent of all park and public buildings projects, respectively, are sponsored by public bodies of municipalities,
more than half of these being sponsored by those of
large cities with populations of 500,000 or more.
Counties-Agencies of county governments or of
intracounty districts (but not of townships, which are
treated separately) include such bodies as county commissioners or supen;sors, boards of education, farm
bureaus, and road commissions. Projects sponsored by
county bodies account for 23 percent of the estimated
cost of all projects placed in operation through August
31, 1937. Since county sponsors are often concerned
with the needs of a rural population it is not surprising
that more than half (55 percent) of the projects they
promote involve highway, road, and street work.
These county-sponsored road projects comprise more
than a third of all WPA projects classified under that
major type, so that, altogether, counties and municipalities sponsor approximately 70 percent of all road
and street projects.
County organizations frequently act as sponsors of
goods projects (chiefly sewing rooms). This type of
work accounts for 15 percent of all undertakings sponRored by county bodies and is second in importance only
to road and street projects. Conservation and public
buildings projects each comprise 7 percent of the total.
All other types are relatively unin1portant among those
sponsored by county bodies.
States-Projects sponsored by State organizutions
account for 18 percent of the cost of all WPA projects
placed in operation through August. Predominant
among Stute-sponsored operations are highway projects,
represl'nting 36 percent of the total for States. White
collur and goods projects are the only other major types
which represent more thnn 10 percent of the cost of the
projects sponsored by State agenci<'s, although sanitation and health work also comprises a substnntial part of
the total. State sponsoring agencies include Stute highway departments, industrial commissions, hospitals,
universities and coll<'ges, departments of health, and
other State depnrtments or establishml'nts directly subordinate to them.
Townships-Following city, county, and State ngencies in order of the value of projects sponsored are township bodiPR. TIIC'se bodies include the various political
subdidsions of counties other than municipalities. In
some instnncl's the county subdivisions are known ns
towns, wnrds, districts, bl'nts, or precincts; nil tlwse nre
included in the township group ns are districts covering
part of a township or parts of several townships.
Sponsoring bodies of this kind carry on local functions,
primarily in rural areas.
Projects sponsored by township bodies represent 6
percent of the value of all WPA projects but, usually
being small undertakings, they account for nearly 15
percent of the total number. The bulk of the township
work (60 percent) is on roads. Also frequently sponsored by township agencies are public buildings, sewer
system and other utility, and goods projects, each type
representing nearly 10 percent of the total estiniated
cost of township undertakings.
Federal Asencies-Projects that are Nation-wide
in scope or are operated on Federal property are sponsored by Federal agencies. Such projects, however,
comprise only a small fraction of all WPA projects.
Two-thirds of the Federal undertakings are white
collar projects~ensuses, surveys, research studies,
library work, and the WPA arts program. Although
Federally sponsored projects comprise only 3 percent
of the estimated cost of all WPA projects, they include
20 percent of all white collar work. Predominating
among the Federally sponsored projects not involving
white collar work are those in the public buildings
(representing 14 percent of the totnl) and conservation
groups (5 percent).
The Federal Works Progress Administration is sponsoring two-thirds of all Federally sponsored projects.
Other Federal agencies that have acted as sponsors include a number of bureaus of regular departments and
of both emergency and permanent agencies. Among
these are the Forest Service and the Bureaus of Home
Economics and Agricultural Economics in the Department of Agriculture, the Bureaus of Air Commerce
and Fisheries of the Department of Commerce, the
Office of Indian Affairs and the National Park
Service of the Depurtment of the Interior, the Bureau
of Labor Stutistics and the Immigration and Naturalization Service of the Depnrtment of Labor, the Public
Health Service of the Department of the Treasury,
and the Coqls of Engineers and the Quartermaster
Corps of the War Depnrtment. Other Federal agencies
acting us sponsors of WP A projects include the Federal
Reserve Bonrd, the Nntional Resources Commit.tee,
the Sl'curities and Exchange Commission, the Smithsoninn Institution, nnd the Vl't,l'rans' Administration.
Sponsors in the Various States
The proportions of estimnted totnl projPct costs thut
represent work proposed by different sponsors in each
Stnte are shown in tuble 12. As might be expected,
States with a large urbnn population hnve a relatively
!urge shnre of their project work sponsored by cities.
In :N l'W York Dl'nrly 82 percent of the totnl project
cost is ncco1mt£>d for by munieipnl undertakings.
Illinois, 1111ryl11nd, KPw HnmpshirP, Nc>w Jersey, and
Rhode Islnnd nre States who,;c city-spon,-iored ,vPA
Digitized by
Google
39
HEl'OH'l' OX PHOGHESS OF THE WORKS PROGRAM
work represents 60 percent or more of the total. The
relative importance of State-, county-, and townshipsponsored projects, after elimination of municipal
undertakings, reflects largely the governmental subdivision of the various States. Township projects are
TABLE 12.-PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF THE ESTIMATED
TOTAL CosT OF WPA PROJECTS PLACED IN OPERATION, BY
STATES AND BY SELECTED TYPES OF SPONSORS
Ct:llULATIVE THROUGH AUGUST 31, 11137
Federal
State
Total
--------:---·
Total..............
States
Counties
Town•
ships
Munlci• and Mis·
pa)ities cellaneous
Agencies
--- --- ------,---
JOO. 0
18.0
California... _. . . . . . . . . . . .
Colorado.................
100.0
100. 0
I00. O
100. o
Connecticut. ........... .
Delaware ............... .
District of Col um bla .... .
Florida .........•........
Georgia ................ .
100.0
100.0
100. 0
100.0
100.0
Idaho ...•................
Illinois ••.•....... . ..
100.0
100.0
100. 0
100. 0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
JO. 4
15. 7
JO. 5
15. 3
22.1
60.6
0.1
19.6
2.0
JO. 0
48. 4
100.0
100.0
JOO. 0
JOO. 0
100.0
14. 2
18. 0
21. 2
8.6
31.8
31. 3
4.11
30.9
3. 8
9. I
49. 7
37. 9
I.I
38. 2
6.1
13.9
17. 7
9.9
23. I
60. 8
61. 6
Alabama .................
Arisona..................
ArUDl!BS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
22.9
6.1
49. 4
3. 6
49. I
2i. 2
62. 8
26.1
o. 4
21. I
16.0
17. I
H.6
20. 2
2. 2
1.0
0. 7
0.2
49. 3
39. i
6. 8
H. 7
0.3
29.1
25.0
56.8
47. 0
0. 7
11.3
33. 9
44.5
36. 3
40.9
40.0
31.0
2. 3
ii. 1
14. I
15. 3
JO. 2
II. 4
32.0
50. 4
54. 7
12. 3
7. 5
-100.0
- - -2i.6- - -38.-7 - (-A) - ----29. 5
4. 2
Indiana...•..............
Iowa ................ .
Kansas ................. .
Kentucky .............. .
Loul.slana .•..............
Maine ................ .
Maryland ...•..........
Massachusetts ..•..... . ..
Miehlgan ............... .
Minnesota .............. .
Mississippi. ............ .
Missouri................ .
Montana ............... .
Nebraska ............... .
Nevada ••.•..............
New Hampshire ........ .
New Jersey ............. .
New Mexico .•.........
New York .............. .
North Carolina ......... .
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
14. 8
87. 0
24. 0
34. 5
12.5
11.0
24. 0
100.0
JOO. 0
100.0
100.0
100.0
4. 2
38.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
I I. 4
43. 7
20.9
19. 5
JO. 2
5S. 9
26.9
35. 3
Virginia ................ .
JOO. 0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Washington ............ .
West Virginia ........... .
Wisconsin ........... __ ..
Wyoming ....... ____ .... .
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
North Dakota .......... .
Ohio......•...•........
Oklahoma .••...•........
Oregon .......•..........
Pennsylvania.......... .
Rhode Island ........... .
South Carolina ....••....
South Dakota .......... .
Tenn-............. .
Texas................... .
Utah ...•.....•..........
Vermont ............... .
A
42.8
o. 5
0.1
0.4
4.6
16. 4
42. 2
31. 5
43. I
9.1
10. 7
30. 3
68. 6
4. 3
0. 2
2. I
7. I
34. I
5.5
25. 7
20. 2
32. i
16. 5
62. 8
13. 5
34. 6
49. 4
64. 6
5.8
(A)
52. 4
69.6
11.9
38. 0
23.9
25.6
50. 5
34. 2
71.5
55. 4
47.8
44. 4
34. 0
49. 6
20. 0
30.8
37. 4
4. 5
2'.2
60. 0
42. 7
(A)
11.0
15. 6
0.6
4. 2
(A)
81. 8
29. 6
18. 2
49. 9
23. 5
18. I
38. 4
61. 3
20. 4
lS. I
2. 7
3. 2
9.1
13.0
5.1
3.2
2.5
2.5
2.5
1.0
5. 4
3.3
14. 2
4. 9
3. 2
5.6
1.8
2.9
2.6
I. 2
5.1
1.9
4. 5
2.9
3.6
7. 8
5. 2
1.9
0. 4
3. 4
I. 4
5. 9
I.I
2. 2
i. 1
0.9
211. i
2. 5
40. 6
29.6
2i. 2
31.9
39.6
2.9
5.6
4. 2
6.3
36.5
23. 9
46.8
i. 9
2. 2
I. 5
27. 3
8. 2
0. I
21. 4
39.0
II.I
28.6
29.8
43.3
( A)
0. I
(A)
9.6
0.1
32. 2
Less than 0.05 percent.
relatively important in New England, and county projects unimportant. In Stutes of the South and the
West, however, there are no township projects, or very
few of them, and county work is correspondingly larger.
The Middle Atlantic and Midwestern States fall between these two extremes with respect to projects
sponsored by counties and townships. In the cnse of
Tennessee, Pennsylvania, nnd W<>st Virginia, the high
percentage of State-sponsored work is explained by the
size of the road programs in these States.
Financial Participation of Sponsors
Sponsors of WPA projects provide a substantial
proportion of the total funds required for project
operation. Aggregating nearly $665,000,000, funds
pledged by sponsors for expenditure on projects placed
in operation from the beginning of the WPA program
through September 1937 represented 14 percent of the
total cost. In recent months the proportion of sponsors'
funds has been considerably larger than this average
for the entire period of operation. Actual expenditures
of sponsors during the 4 months ending October 31,
1937, amounted to 21 percent of total project costs
during that period.
The ability and the willingness of sponsors to provide
funds to help finance project operations determine
to some extent the nature of the project work undertaken. Because Federal funds must be spread to give
work to as many needy unemployed persons as possible
and consequently are used to only a limited degree
for nonlabor costs,projects with high materials costs tend
to be operated only if the sponsors bear a large proportion of these costs. On an expenditure basis, sponsors
met 45 percent of the nonlabor costs incurred through
October 1937, and during the 4 months ending October
31, 1937, sponsors provided 64 percent of all nonlabor
costs. In general, the extent of the total outlays by
sponsors varies with the nonlabor requirements for
project work, being relatively large on many public
buildings, public utility, and other construction work.
Although the major part of sponsors' funds has been
used for nonlabor outlays, a substantial amount has
been provided by sponsors for salaries and wages of
supervisors and skilled labor. Of the $490,965,000
actually expended by sponsors through October 1937,
nearly half (47 percent) was for purchases of materials,
supplies, and equipment, 34 percent was spent on
rents for buildings and equipment and the services of
utilities, and 19 percent was in payment of wages and
salaries. These data, classified by major types of
projects, are shown in table 13.
The differences in the relative amounts of funds
supplied by sponsors reflect the many conditions under
which the WPA program has been, and is being,
operated. One determining factor is the extent of
local unemployment. In a community where project
work must be provided for large numbers of employable
persons, sponsors' funds in comparison with total funds
may tend to be small. The nature of relief and emergency programs operated in a given community also
influences sponsors' contributions for \VPA projects.
Thus, when PWA non-Federal activities requiring large
J4l46°-38--4
Digitized by
Google
WORKS PROGRESS ADl\fl~ISTRATION
40
TABLE 13.-EXPENDITURES OF SPONSORS' FUNDS ON WPA PROJECTS, BY MAJOR TYPES OF PROJECTS AND BY OBJECTS OF EXPENDITURE
CUMULATIVE THROUGH OCTOBER 31, 1937
Total
Wages and Salaries
Type or Project
Amount
Total ...................... -............. ·············· ····
$490,964,820
Highways, roads, and streets .................................... .
Puhllc buildings .•.•••...............•............••.. _......... _
Parks and other recreational facilities ........................... .
Conservation. __ ........•...... __ ...... _....... _..... _........ __ .
Sewer systems and other utilities ................................ .
Airports and other transportation ............................... .
White collar..................................................... .
Goods ............................. -......... -.. . ............ -· -•
Sanitation and health ........................................... .
Miscellaneous...........•........................................
218, 791, 938
76,573,652
36, 363, 636
Ii, 874, fl86
59, 628, .592
II, :100, 721
27, 59!1, 036
15,595, iM
16,109.579
11,067, 224
Percent
100. 0
Amount
$9-1, 230, 595
Percent
Purchase or Materials,
Supplies, and Equiprnent
Amount
Percent
Rents and Services
Amount
Percent
19. 2
$230, 605, 7I 9
47.0
$166, 128, 506
3-1.8
17. 8
19. 5
24. 2
23.2
16. 9
19. 2
38. I
8. 4
6.8
19.6
81, IW9, 993
51,696,886
Ji, 291,610
6. 872,341
36,756,842
5,301,962
6,113,MO
6,935, 116
13, 862.15.1
4, 725, 2i6
37. l
67. 5
47. 6
38. 5
61. 7
46. 7
22.2
44. 5
86. l
42. 7
98,748,297
9,974,962
10,265, 787
6,851,590
12,767,846
3,878,664
10,967,924
7,347,501
I, 149,238
4,176,607
4.5. I
13.0
28. 2
38.3
21.4
34.1
39. 7
47.1
7.1
37. 7
---1-----1
amounts of local funds are conducted in a community,
the funds provided for the WP A projects may be
relatively limited. Different types of projects typically
involve different proportions of nonlabor costs, provision for which is made to a considerable degree by
sponsors, and, consequently, the financial participation
of sponsors varies with the types of projects. For
example, emphasis on projects requiring extensive outlays for materials and equipment tends to raise the
relative size of sponsors' funds. The financial ability
of sponsors and the extent to which sponsors are subject
to legal restrictions in raising funds are additional
causes for variation. Differences in security wage
levels likewise affect sponsors' funds in comparison
with the total, since, if the Federal Government meets
the pay rolls and these are relatively high as a result
of the security wages applicable in that area, the
sponsors' funds supplied for the nonlabor costs of
project operation will be correspondingly low. These
and other factors must be borne in mind in any evaluation of the variation that is seen in the sponsors' funds
pledged for WPA projects.
Other Functions of Sponsors
The proposal of projects for operation and the
assumption of a share of the burden of financing work
projects, particularly with respect to nonlabor costs,
are not the only functions of the sponsor. Upon proposing a project for operation the sponsor draws up
detailed specifications of the work to be performed,
including a description of the general character of the
project, the amount and kind of labor required, and
the estimated costs involved. Although project planning is primarily the function of the local body sponsoring the project, the research and technical consulting
44. 6
15. 6
i. 4
3. 6
12. I
2. 3
5. 6
3. 2
3. 3
2. 3
38,993,648
14,901,804
R,806, 239
4,150.755
10,103,904
2,180.095
10,517,572
I, 313,139
1,098,188
2,165,251
services of other Federal agencies and the assistance
of the WP A are available to the sponsor.
Before being sent to Washington for approval, all
project proposals must be reviewed and approved by
the local and State WPA offices. Proposals are
checked for various technical requirements. The
eligibility of the sponsor and its jurisdiction over the
area covered by the project, the adequacy and accuracy
of the plans and specifications, the economic usefulness
and social desirability of the work, and the acceptability of the proposed project from the standpoint of
cost limitations must be considered. Projects requiring large outlays for materials and equipment or a large
proportion of nonrelief labor are not undertaken unless
the sponsor agrees to assume the greatest part of such
costs. In addition, the State office considers the conformance of the proposed project with the recommendations and suggestions of State and other planning
boards, and also the availability of the labor needed
in the operation of the project.
:Final approval of applications is made in Washington
by the :Federal Works Progress Administration and the
President. Projects officially approved are then available for operation. Actual selection of projects for
operation is made by the State WPA office on the basis
of the labor available in the given locality and other
general considerations concerning the desirability of
the project.
Local and State agencies assume responsibility for
completing any WPA project placed in operation under
their sponsorship. According to the Emergency Relief
Aµpropriation Act of 1937, WPA projects sponsored
by State and local agencies may not be initiated unless
the sponsor has entered into a written agreement to
finance such part of the project costs as is not supplied
from Federal funds.
Digitized by
Google
WORKS PROGRAM EMPLOYMENT
tinued almost uninterruptedly during the first 9 months
of 1937. The number of persons working on Works Program projects dropped from almost 3 million at the beginning of 1937 to about 2 million at the end of October.
The general downward movemen tin Works Program employment, that began in March
1936 and was resumed in November of that year after a
temporary expansion attributable to the drought, con-
1935 TO OCTOBER 1937
TABLE 14.-WORKS PROGRAM EMPLOYMENT, BY MAJOR AGENCIES, JULY
I In T hotLSRnds l
Other Agencies
I
DeJ)'U"tment or Agriculture
Grand
Total
w eek Ending
WPA
CCC-'
TotRI
---
------ - -
Department or the
Interior
Public Works
Administr,ition
War Depart•
m ent
I
Puerto
Farm
Rico
Navy
Soil
llousNonCorps QuarSecuNaReconm~~p·
rity
Ing
Federal
terForest Public Conser- Other tional struc- Other
or
Div!DlviEngl- master
Plant Admin- Service Roads 8 vation
Park
tlon
C'orps
QuarlstraService
Service Admlnslon
sion
neers
antlne
tion
istralion
_ _ I_ _ - - - - - ---- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -Ento-
.-\ii
other
agencles
---
19.'J5
1 uly3L ______
689
1,015
1,195
1,641
3,210
3,496
i0
253
456
77i
2,446
2,i40
4~7
511.1
55i
556
644
519
132
169
182
208
3, i08
3,836
3,728
3,478
3,~IR
3,237
2,926
3,036
2,8i2
2,5i0
2,340
2,2.56
487
459
434
391
409
381
295
341
422
.~Ii
569
000
3,238
3.338
3,417
3,501
3. 352
2.~
2,249
2,3i6
2, 4R2
2,.581
2,482
2,192
404
386
31l.1
405
380
377
r. 24 _______
ay 29 _______
une
26 _______
J
2,811.1
2,874
2,8:tJ
2,808
2,736
2,526
2,138
2,146
2,115
2,070
1,1199
1,821
J u)y31__ _____ 1
A ug. 28 _______
8e pt. 2.~. - - - ..
0 ct. 30 _______
2, IRO
1,573
2,07.5
I, 483
I. 9S3 I I, 45:1
1,956 I I, 477
A ug.3L .....
b<' pt. 28. ----0 ct. 26 ...••..
JI: ov. 30 _______
D ec. 28 _______
220
237
-------4
---·------ -------- ---------- -------------------------
3
16
19
18
13
13
2
3
4
4
6
17
4
15
18
20
16
15
116
100
7i
13
13
14
18
32
48
14
14
16
52
64
84
123
143
167
30
31
60
170
139
128
92
73
44
27
31
34
46
7
7
i
7
,5
6
5
5
50
50
6
6
5
41
36
36
"28
4
4
3
2
2 I
2 '
66
51
38
--··--- -----· · -
13 ------23
I
32
I
1
32
...
...
--·
2
JO
14
------3
!C)C)
(•)
3
4
4
5
I
8
11
15
16
17
5
6
g
!I
13
16
18
16
15
17
1,5
JO
1
1
3
4
6
15
15
15
15
14
13
10
r.
16
17
17
i
9
12
14
(")
(C)
(C)
(C)
1
1
I
4
14
5
12
21
33
3i
37
32
40
;4
115
146
161
38
39
41
40
41
39
165
164
J.52
1311
123
104
3i
29
25
18
16
16
I
4
)')
15
Ii
17
4
:;
6
13
16
1/M6
Jan. 25. ______
F eh. 29 _______
M ar. 28 .. _____
A pr. 25 _______
M ay30 _______
June r, _______
1uly25 _______
A ug. 29 .......
Sept. 26 ____ -0 ct.31. ______
JI: O\". 28 ......
Dec . 26 _______
23
70
64
21)
25
65
16
585
576
572
515
4RI
419
26
28
24
15
17
16
63
14
55
48
50
52
50
407
392
375
3;4
349
327
348
336
343
3M
15
11
II
II
14
Ii
46
45
44
43
43
43
23
21
19
Ii
18
19
321
324
21-!6
2118
261
240
14
12
II
34
32
:14
32
12
II
II
121
1/J.r!
1an. 30 _______
F eh. r, _______
M ar. 27. ______
u.
14
ID
:l4
25
2.5
2.5
29
27
2i
I -------2 -------2 -------2 -------2 ····---3 ·-------
Ii
30
32
34
14
6
38
)j
10
-------14
24
15
15
17
JO
JI
30
9
8
35
36
u
15
17
19
18
52
57
51
49
HI
15
15
17
17
17
49
42
41
If\
14
j
14
17
15
15
14
13
11
6
5
13
20
23
19
25
32
29
24
21
17
15
13
16
15
14
12
'
2:19
n239
388
378
9
4 I
4 I
4
7
8
14
13
14
14
14
15
16
87
12
Kl!
10
v-1
JO
36
8
8
JI
9
1.5
rn
IU6
43
47
112
!I
15
15
)1)4
13
11
JI
20
6
15
16
16 I
f, I
12
II
II
11
14
13
II
9
96
If)
II
11
fi I
6,
1.5
◄
91
8
79
II
13
6h
I
15
14
17
18
20
16
II
11
II
8
7
5
3
12
4
14
14
4
4
15
-----
-' Since July I, 1936, the Civilian ConS<'rvntion Corps has h<'<'n flnanCt•d hy direct appropriations.
H Does not include employnwnt on FC'th•rn.1-aicl anti ~late hhrhway J)rojN·ls, whi<•h an• not flnnnN'd hy ERA Act funds hut on whi<•h qunlifu•d work••r!'< Pt'rtifl1•il fl-" in nftld
On thPst' projt.•cts emJ)loynwnt hns rani,i:-t.•<l from a minimum of l:l,fiAA (lurin,.:- thr wN•k .-r11ling Ft•l,nmry k, l'i(jti, to a rnnximum or
92,674 during the WC't'k ending August 14, 11137.
c lA'ss than 500 pnsons.
n Employment •lurin~ the week endin~ Septemher 25.
E Employment during the week ,·n<ling October :.!3.
of n-lief are givC'D prt>ft'n"n<'t' in t•mploymt.·nt.
41
Digitized by
Google
42
WOHK S PHOGHE SS AD:\ 11:--ISTltATION
5
CHART
WORKS PROGRAM EMPLOYMENT
Through October
w1woNS
30, 1937
w1woNS
OF PERSONS
OF PERSONS
•.-~~~-.-----------------,-------.--~-~-.-~--~-,-~-----. .
1936
1935
1937
1938
WORKS PAOGIIESS ADMINISTRATION
The decline during th e first 5 months of the year was
gradual and resulted in a redu ction of about 250,000
employees. In June and July, however, the cmtailment was more than twice as great as during the first
5 months of the year. After furth er, but less drastic,
recessions in the ensuing months, the lowest employment total, 1,943,000 persons, was reached during the
week ending October 2. At th e end of the month
1,956,000 workers were employed on projects of the
T A BLE
1 5 . -PERCENTA GE OF WORK S PROG R A M EM PLOYMENT
U N DER WPA, CCC, AND OTHER AGEN CI E S
2S7J
WPA, the CCC, and other F ederal agencies participating in the Works Program. About tlU'ee out of every
four persons were employed on WPA projects, a ratio
that has obtained ever since the first months of the
Program's operations. The nwnber of persons aided
under the National Youth Administration programs
and the number of farm famili es receiving rural rehabilitation loans or grants under the Farm Security Administration (known as the R esettlement Administration
prior to Se ptember 1937) nre not included in these
totals.
Quarterly-December 1005 to Octoher 1007
Week Endi ng
Pcrccutnge ol Total Persons Em T ota l Numployed Under
be r ol Persons _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ __
E m ployed
(Thousa nd s)
Other
WPA
CCC
ngcnciec..
1935
December 28. . _____ _____ __ ___ __
3, 496
78. 4
14, 8
6. 8
3, 728
3,23 7
3, 417
77. 1
OU. 7
11. 6
I 1. 8
10. 11
11. 3
18 , :;
16. 8
2,988
73. 4
12. ti
H.0
74 , 7
72. I
13.
2. f) :?6
l , 9[13
1, ij,)6
i4 . 4
i [> , 5
11.
J')
12. I
14 , 9
1:1. 4
1936
M a rch 28_________ _______ ___ ____
June Tl_.... _____________ __ ___ _
September 26___ ____ ___ ____ ___ _
December 26 . ____ ____ __ ______ __
19,37
M nrch z; _______ __ __ _____ __ _____
Jun e 26 ___ ____ ___________ ____ __
September 25____ _____ _____ ___ __
Octo ber 30 ' - _______ __ _______ __
" P relim inary .
2. 833
no
13.
12. 3
Worlcs Progress Administration
Trend in 1937-To a large extent the decrease in
·w orks Program employment has been due to curtailmen t on WPA projects. In 1937, WPA employment
experienced continuous reductions except for a short
time during late F ebruary and early M arch and during
October. R equisitioning of work ers in certain areas to
pnrticipate in flood relief activities along the Ohio and
Mississippi R ivers caused a smoll incrense during the
spring, and a furth er mod erate increase occurred
during October. The sweeping reduction that took
pln ce during 1937 brough t \VPA employment down to
1,47 7,000 workers at th e end of Octo ber (the low point
Digitized by
Google
HEP0HT O~ l'H0GHI•: :-;:-; OF THE WORKS PROGRAM
of 1,450,000 having occurred in the week ending
October 2). This drop represents a decline to twothirds of the total at the first of the year and to less
than haH the number working in February 1936.
(The State distribution of WPA workers is shown in
table II of the appendix.)
The in1provement in employment conditions that
enabled large numbers of workers to secure jobs in
private industry is one of the fundamental explanations
of the decline in WPA employment in the firs t part of
1937. An additional factor was responsible for the
rapidity of the drop in June o.nd July. This wos the
lower employment level for which funds were appropriated by the Emergency Relief Appropriation Act of
1937 for the fiscal year 1937- 38 . The mandatory
budgeting of the funds appropriated to cover the
fiscal year required extensive reduction in employment
and was the motivating force in bringing about a considerable portion of the curtnilment that took place in
,July (250,000 workers left WPA projects dm-ing July
11lone) as well as in the succeeding months.
Labor Turnover-The changes that have taken
place from month to month in the number of WPA
employees reflect only the net effects of movements of
workers to and from WPA projects. Actually the
gross number of workers separated from WPA employment has been considerably in excess of the net
decline in employment, the difference being accounted
for by addition of personnel replacing part of the
number leaving. Thus, in each of the two periodc,,
April-May, and May-,June, nearly 8 percent of the
WPA workers were separated; but of the workers employed in May and in June, 5.0 and 2.6 percent,
respectively, were added to pay rolls. Even in the
TABLE
43
16.- SEPARAT I ONS AND A CC ESSION S AS PERC ENT
EMPLOYMENT ON WPA PROJE CT S, BY SEX
OF
MONTHLY- APRIi, TO SEPTE MBER 1937
::lfonth
Separations as Percent o f
E m p 1 o y men t First
Month A
Total
Men
Women
Accession s as Percent of
E m p Io y m e n t Second
Month
Total
Men
- - - - -- --1-- - - - - -- - - - - April-:Ma y ___ __ ___ _____ _
.M ny- June ___ ___ __ _____ _
June- Jul y ____________ __
Ju]y- Alll!USL_ ________ _
August-Septe mber _____ _
7. 9
7. 8
12. .5
12. 8
8. i
8. 8
3. 9
8. 5
12. 4
12. 6
8. 8
12. 9
14. 0
8. 6
4. 7
.5. 0
2. 6
5. I
1. 9
2. I
3. 7
5. 1
3. 4
4. 8
2. 7
Women
--4. 5
2. 3
I. 2
2. 1
3. 4
A Sef)6rations est ima ted 11s follows: employment fir st month plus orcessious second
month minus employment second month .
June-July and July- August periods when rapid reductions in employment were made and separations occun-ed at the rates of 12.5 and 12.8 percent, accessions
of workers took place at the rates of 1.9 and 3.4 percent,
respectively. In the final period covered hy table 16,
August--September, the fact that extensive curtailment
of employment was ended is shown by the more nearly
normal rates of 8.7 percent for separations and 4.8
percent for accessions. The rates at which men moved
to and from WPA project work were generally a little
higher than the rates applying to women.
Separations per month averaged 9.8 percent of total
employment in the April-September 1937 period.
The corresponding average monthly rate at which
workers were added to the WPA employment rolls was
3.6 percent. On public buildings and white collar
projects the proportion of persons leavi11g was somewhat lower than the averoge, and on sewer system and
other utility and miscellaneous projects, somewhat
higher. Accessions were considerably below the average on white collar and sewing room projects.
W O RKI NG ON A Wl' A P !; BLlC Bl' JL JJI NO S JO D
Digitized by
Google
WOHKS l'HOGRESS ADl\II:\'ISTH.-\TION
44
TABLE I 7.-SEPARATIONS AND AccESSIONS AS PERCENT
EMPLOYMENT ON \VPA PROJECTS, BY MAJOR TYPES
PROJECTS
CtTMl'LATIVF.-APRtl.
TuRorr.n
OF
OF
f~P'IEMBER tOOi
ESUma te d Acce~sions a.~
~';•~':~:',!~otn~f Perc,,nt of
Employment Employment
Type of Project
separated from the Program for only a few months.
Of the persons reassigned to the WPA in the MaySeptember period, over 63 percent had been employed
TABLE
18.-AcrEsSIONS
TO WPA PROJEf'TS,
ArcESSIONS
l\-lOSTBLY-1\IAY TO SEPTEMBER
TotaL ..
Highways, roads, and streets ............... . ..... .
Puhlic buildings ................ .
Parks and other recreational focilitir,; ..
Sewer systems and other utilities ........ .
White collnr..................... . ....... . . .
Goods ............................... . .... .. . .
Other ............. . · --·•· · ·····••· · . . . . . .. . . .
I
II.~
3.f,
9.8
i. 1
:1.s
4. 1
3. 3
3. S
2. 7
9. 3
12. 0
7. 6
9.9
12. f
Xew A~~ign1nents
Month
Accessions to "\VPA projects are of three kinds: new
assignments, reassignments, or transfers, depending on
whether the worker has never before been employed on
Works Program projects, has been employed but not in
the preceding month, or is transferred from work on
projects of other Federal agencies to WPA work. The
relatively wide variation in new assignments to WPA
projects, ranging between 46 and 20 percent of total
accessions in the period from May through September
is the result of effecting reductions in employment, so
far as possible, by controlling the extent of new assignments. Other kinds of accessions, both reassignments
and transfers, are less subject to administrative control
because of the requirement that WPA employment be
available to previously separated workers at the conclusion of the temporary private employment they have
taken or of their work on projects of other Federal
agencies. Consequently, these other kinds of accessions are more stable than new assignments.
Most of the workers who return to WPA project
work after leaving Works Program jobs have been
TYPES
OF
1037
Trarisfers From
Other A~encies
Reassignments
Totnl
~umber Perc,,nt ~umber Perc,,nt :-umber Percent
---- -- ------ --
2. 0
4. 2
DY
:\lay .. - - - - - - - - - June ... --------July ......... ...
Auiru-st. .....
September
I
I
:I
100,530
53,202
34,401
M,208
74,033
49,489
18,841
7. 046
12,104
17,182
46. 4
35. 4
20.5
22. 3
23. 2
52,083
28. 992
17,555
38, IY3
53, 752
4,958
5,369
9,800
3. 911
3,099
48. 9
54. 5
51. 0
70. 5
72. 6
4. 7
10.1
28. 5
7.2
4.2
under the Works Program 1 to 3 months previously
and 80 percent had been employed within 6 months or
less. From this it may be concluded that the major
portion of workers leaving the Program have returned,
if at all, within a relatively short time. This, in part,
reflects the administration's policy of reassigning perTABLE 19.-REASSIGNMENTS TO WPA PROJECTS, BY TIME
ELAPSED SINCE PREVIOUS WORKS PROGRAM EMPLOYMENT
CU>ICLATIVE-MAY TBROl!GH SEPTEMBER
Number of Months Since Previous Works Program
Employment
1037
Number
Total.. ........ . ............ .
1-3 ............... . ... . . ......... . . . ........ . . .. . ....... .
4--fi_ --- - --- . --- -- - -- - . -----. - .
- - - . - - - . - . - -- - . - 7-Y. _______
10-12...... ... ...
13-15 .. . ... · · ~... . . . . . . .
lf,-.18. ·······•
Over 18 .......... .
------- - -- - - · . -- ---. .. ·•···· ·
I Percent
190,575
100.0
121. 135
30, 732
17.514
10,426
6,819
63.5
16. l
9.:l
5.5
3.6
3,024
I.&
0.5
925
sons who leave the Program for short-time employment
in private industry upon termination of that work.
Civilian Conservation Corps
BUILDING A SEAPLA:-E RAMP AT THE !\AVAL AIU
STATIO:-••::'EATTl,E, WASlJ.
The conservation program of the Civilian Conservation Corps (prior to July 1, 1937, known as Emergency
Conservation Work) gave employment to over 407,000
persons during the lust week of January 1937. This
number dropped to about 320,000 by the middle of the
year, and at the end of September, to 239,000. At the
latest date all the CCC employees, except about 8,000
Indians and approximately 3,000 Territorial employees,
were working in CCC camps. Current CCC employment represents a decline of about 40 percent from the
end of January and, in comparison with the peak of over
593,000 reached at the end of August 1935, constitutes
a 60 percent reduction. Since July 1, 1937, the CCC
hus been operating under an enactment approved
June 28, 1937, which authorizes, in addition to nonenrolled personnel, enrollees not to exceed 300,000 in
CCC camps, 10,000 Indians, and 5,000 Territorials.
Digitized by
Google
HEPORT OX PHOGHESS OF THE WORKS PHOGH.UI
Other Federal Agencies
Although employment on projects of other agencies
participating in the Works Program hus also been curtailed during 1937, the course of these reductions bus
been much less regular than the reductions of the WPA
and the CCC. The combined influences of the completion of projects for which funds had been allocated
and the effect of winter weather on outdoor construction work caused employment under other Federal
agencies to decline during the last months of 1936 and
the first 2 months of 1937. With the expansion of
employment on projects of the PWA and the Bureau
of Public Roads as weather improved in March, the
total number working on other agency projects started
to increase. This rise continued until June, when a
reduction in the number of persons working on PWA
projects initiated a decrease in the total employment
under agencies other than the WPA and the CCC.
Completion of work on projects of a number of Federal
agencies which had received no additional funds under
the ERA Act of 1937, or which had received smaller
allocations, necessitating curtailment of their activities,
caused a further and much greater drop between June
and July. Since that time only minor month-to-month
decreases have occurred in the number of persons employed by the other Federal agencies participating in
the Works Program.
Throughout 1937 the bulk of employment by agencies other than the WPA and the CCC has been
provided on projects of the PWA Non-Federal Division, the Bureau of Public Roads, and the Farm
Security Administration. At the beginning of January almost 109,000 persons were employed by the
PWA, chiefly on Non-Federal Division projects, about
38,000 were working on Public Roads projects, and
almost 48,000 on projects of the Farm Security Administration. The Puerto Rico Reconstruction Administration also was employing about 48,000 persons during
the first week of January. Since then employment
under this agency has dropped to a total of about
16,000 persons. The only agencies other than the
WPA and the CCC now employing more than 15,000
persons are the PWA, with about 77,000; the Farm
Security Administration, with 32,000; and the Bureau
of Public Roads, with 28,000 workers. At the end of
October, 33 Federal agencies other than the WPA and
the CCC were conducting work projects, whereas 36
agencies were carrying on projects at the beginning of
the yeur. (Table III of the appendix shows, by States,
the number of persons employed on projects of agencies other than the WPA and the CCC during the week
ending October 30, 1937.)
Currently Financed Employment
Most of the cun-ent employment under the Works.
Program is financed from funds appropriated or reappro-
45
CHART 6
WORKS PROGRAM EMPLOYMENT
MAJOR AGENCIES
-
WPA
CCC
OTHER AGENCIES
OTHER .AGENCIES
0
(W:WDING - · AND CCC)
u
,0
71
IDQ
AGRICUL TURl
IN'ltMOlOGY, M.4NT QUAIANTINI
FMN UCUlfTT
FOl:HT IHVICI
,Ult.JC IOAOS
SOIL CONHIIYATION
OfNH
INTHIOR
••••
NATIONAL MM UIMCI
Ha.ANATION
Offill
NAVY
YAIIOI AND
D00C1
PWA
MOUSINQ, DMSION
NON· Fl:DIIIM. DMSION
TRUSUAY
WAR
C09S Of INGINCHS
QU.uTHM.Uftl COPS_
----··
ALL OTMH
priated under the ERA Act of 1937. WPA employment is of this nature. The CCC, however, is financed
through funds provided directly by Congress, and 13
other Federal agencies are conducting part or all of
their operations with funds other than those supplied
through the 1937 ERA Act. The total employment
(240,000 persons) of Federal agencies other than the
WPA and the CCC as of October 30, 1937, includes
119,000 persons on projects being currently financed
out of the 1937 Act and 121,000 persons on other
projects which are still op'~rating, although the projects
were approved and financed under previous acts.
Chief among the latter are the 68,000 workers of the
Non-Federal Division of the PWA, operating with
Digitized by
Google
46
WORKS
l'IUlGHl•:::-;s ..\Dlll~ISTH.\TIO.N
1935 ERA Act funds and with money provided under
the ERA Act of 1936 and the PW A Extension Act of
1937. Among other agencies in this group, next in
size of employment reported, are the Bureau of Public
Roads, with 28,000; the PW A Housing Division, with
9,000; and the Puerto Rico Reconstruction Administration, with 8,000 workers. Of the Federal agencies on
the currently financed basis, the Farm Security Administration, the Quartermaster Corps, the Corps of
Engineers, the Forest Service, and the Bureau of Yards
and Docks each had in excess of 10,000 workers employed at the end of October 1937. The Puerto Rico
Reconstruction Administration, the Corps of Engineers,
and the National Park Service have employment under
both categories.
Persons Certified as in Need of Relief
In line with the major purpose of the Works Program-to provide work relief for persons in need as a
result of prolonged unemployment-it was stipulated.
at the initiation of the Program that at least 90 percent
of the workers should be drawn from relief sources,
except in instnnces where specific exemption was made
by the Works Progress Administrator. Practically no
resort to the exemption privilege has been made by the
WPA which, throughout the operation of the Program,
has secured more than 94 percent of its workers from
relief rolls. Projects operated by other Federal agencies, however, have been granted exemption from the
percent of total employment. The proportion thnt
Civilian Conservation Corps enrollees constitute of
the total CCC personnel has been comparatively stable,
generally accounting for between 85 and 89 percent of
the agency's total employment, although recently the
figure has dropped to 79 percent.
During most of 1937, persons certified us in need of
relief have constituted an even larger percentage of the
total WPA employment than in the preceding period.
At present over 97 percent of all \VPA workers are
persons certified us in need of relief. (Detailed data
by agencies are given in table I of the appendix.)
NYA Employment
Kone of the employment data mentioned in the foregoing paragraphs include young persons employed on
work projects of the N utional Youth Administration or
benefiting through the NYA student aid program.
TABLE 21.-NuMRER oF STUDENTS RECEIVING Am A:-1D NuMHER
OF PERSONS EMPLOYED oN WoRit PROJECTS LNDER NYA
PROGRAMS
Qt'ARTERLY-SEPTE"BER 19:15 TO OCTOBER 1937
' Student .-\id I Work
Pro]•
t'C'LS
I
---------------~lonth
1936
Sep tern her. _. _...... _. - . . ..
llooewber ................. .
34,924
2l;2_ S29
1936
Mnrch.............................................
Ju.ne_
__ . ______________ . _______________________ ..
_
St•11tl~n1t>er .. __ .. __ . ___ . __ .... _. _. ____ __. _. . .. ____ . __
l>et:etuher .......... . _ . . __ . _.. -- ... - . - . . . . - . - .. .
3S0, 099
111.1, 4~1
212,9:!X
fi:.?, 9t;9
412,210
l),\◄. 2t.fi
lf,,.i,tilt-4
171\,0V-J
1937
TADLE 20.-~UMllER OF PERSONS CERTIFIED AS IN NEED OF
RELIEF AS PERCENT OF TOTAL EMPLOYED UNDER WPA,
CCC, AND OTHER AGENC'IES
Mnrch ........................... .. .... .. ... . . . .. . ..
June ... _______ ______ . _________________ . ____ . . . . __ ___
SeJ•tt~mber __ ... _... __ . _.. _.... _. ___ . _______ . _____ _
Ocloht..u ________ -~- ___ • ______ . _. _______ _
442. JOO
24U. ~26
a.s. tii:J
231, ao1
I
HI!.~
I
127. 219
12'2,827
172. <)ti
Qt'ARTERI.Y-MARCH 193fi TO 0C'TORF.R 1937
w..,k
Ending
All
Agencies
WP.-\
00. f,
86.0
87. 7
89.1
95.
94.
04.
94.
00. 2
~9. 4
AA.8
9:l. 6
CCC
Other
Agencies
/9,18
Mnrch 28 ....................... . . . .
June 27..... . ..................... .
Sept em her 2fi ___ . __________ . ________ _
Deecmber 26 ..............•..........
87. 2
61. 6
52. 4
57. 2
61.9
R7. 3
85. ,5
Ml. 8
-~.5
78. 9
78.9
52. 6
·'54.0
8/l. 2
2
7
9
7
87. Z
87. 0
19.'/7
Marc-h 27. .. ... .
. ............... .
June 1fi ______________________________ _
~eprember 25 .... . . .. ............... .
Oetober 30...... .. ...... . .......... ..
A
A
89. 7
00. 5
97. 0
97. I
A
Preliminary.
relief requiremc•nt in cnses where the nnture of the work
required nomelief laborers. Varying largely with the
rPlntive importunce of the employment provided on
contrnct work, the proportion of persons certified as in
need of relief on projects of ugencies other thnn the
\\ PA and the CCC, in totnl, hns ranged from 50 to 69
KY A work projects employed more than 192,000 persons at the peak of their activities in April 1937. Since
that month the number working on NY A projects hus
declined and now (October) totals about 123,000.
Throughout the operation of the NYA program the
bulk of the workers on these projects hnve been young
persons, but smull numbers of older workers have been
employed in supervisory and tedmirnl capacities. The
NY A has also extended nid to as many us 444,000 young
persons (April 1937) tl1rough its student aid program.
This program begun the 19:38 school year with lower
quotas than were in effect during the 1936-37 period.
For 1937-38 plans hnve been made to aid approximately
240,000 students-1.55,000 in high school and 85,000
doing undergrnduute and grndunte coll<'ge work. In
October 19;37 nid was extended to about 2:37,000
students.
Digitized by
Google
WPA EMPLOYEES
Adverse circumstances have
brought to the relief rolls both family groups and single
persons, persons who are unemployable and persons
who can perform useful work, women as well as men,
and persons of all ages. Alike in respect to their need
but otherwise having diverse characteristics, these persons are representative to a greater or lesser degree of
nearly all the qualities and capacities found in the general population of the country. Those who are employable possess a wide variety of work experience and
training. They include former personnel of declining
industries, persons displaced by technological improvemen ts, other trained workers, and young persons
without work experience. In a period of business
depression this group is augmented by workers with
records of work experience in all types of occupations
and, in addition, by persons with little or no work
experience who are forced into the labor market because
the chief wage earner of the family has become jobless.
Many from this heterogeneous group of unemployed
and needy persons are being provided with jobs under
the orks Program.
The problem of finding suitable work for workers in
need of relief has been the more difficult because of the
diversity in the skills and occupational experiences of
these workers. The extent of this diversity is indicated
by a survey of the occupational characteristics of
6,400,000 persons certified as eligible for Works Program employment, as of January 15, 1936. 1 This
survey showed that about 12 percent of the total were
skilled workers and foremen and that 39 percent were
semiskilled and unskilled nonagricultural laborers. In
the first group were many carpenters, painters, plumbers, bricklayers, mechanics, and other skilled workers;
and in the latter group, truck and tractor drivers,
operatives from the manufacturing and construction
industries, and similarly trained persons. Agricultural
workers comprised nearly 13 percent of the total.
,v
• Unuu Occupation, of Wo,k,ra Eliglblt for Work& Program Emplovment in tht
i·n;t,d Statr,, Janu.ar11 16, 19,'16, \Vashington, D. C.: \Vorks Prot,?ress Administration, January 11137.
\Vhite-collar workers-including teachers, engineers,
and other professional and technical workers and
clerks, bookkeepers, and typists-represented 11 percent of the total number. Domestic and personalservice workers also accounted for about 11 percent of
the total; the remaining 14 percent were inexperienced
persons. Of all these persons more than two-thirds
were the chief or sole breadwinners of their family units,
whose priority has been recognized in making assignments to Works Program jobs. Actual employment
on the Works Program, even including CCC personnel,
was never as large as the number of first priority
workers found in the survey of January 15, 1936.
Although approximately 50 Federal agencies have
participated in the Works Program, about threefourths of the employment provided has been on
projects operated by the Works Progress Administration. The discussion that follows deals only with
WPA workers, and so does not apply to persons
employed on projects of other Federal agencies or to
CCC and NYA workers. This restriction to WPA
employees must be recognized in the following analyses
of such characteristics as relief status, age, safety provisions, hours of employment, and earnings. Only
in certain respects would similar statements hold
for any other agency participating in the Works
Program.
Characteristics of WPA Worlcers
Throughout the WP A program's operations persons
certified as in need of relief have constituted about
95 percent of all WPA employees; in recent weeks they
have comprised 97 p~rcent. The nonrelief WPA
worker is usually a supervisor or person of special
ability or technical training, necessary for the successful
prosecution of the project but not available from the
relief rolls.
In accordance with the provisions of the ERA Act
of 1937 preferf'nce is now given to American citizens
47
Digitized by
Google
W ORK S l'HOG R ESS ADl\fl l\ l ST IUTION
48
in assignmen ts to WPA projects. Aliens in need of
relief who, at the time of the passage of the act , had
declared their inten tion of becoming citizens are
eligible for Works Program jobs; but aliens who had
not taken steps toward citizenship by that time and
those illegally wi thin the Uni ted Sta tes ore ineligible ·
for such employment. Aliens, however, are not
numerous in the total of WPA employmen t; even
under the ERA Acts of 1935 and 1936, when no priori ty
based on citizenship was required , careful estimates
indicate that aliens comprised less than 5 percent of
oll Works Program employees. It is noteworthy tha t
this is not more than the percen toge found in co mparing
all alien workers in the coun try wi th total gainful
workers.
Since unemployment and the destitution in which
it frequently results are not confined to industrial
centers, vVPA project employees a re a t work in all
pa rt s of the country. It is in t he metropoli tan a reas,
however, tha t the great bulk of the WPA work is
carried on. Workers in the most populous countiesthose having cities of more than 100,000 persons in
1930- constitute about 45 percent of the total. More
th a n half of this group, or about a fourth of all WPA
workers, are employed in the 14 most populous areos.
Workers located in rural counties whose la rgest municipality had a popula tion of less than 2,500 in 1930
comprise approxima tely 10 percent of all WPA employees. This distribution of WPA employment between
the urban and rural areas of the country differs slightly
from tha t of the goinfully employed as shown in the
1930 census of population ; as defined above, rural
counties contoined 12 percent of the total gainfully
employed and urban counties, 42 percent, 22 percent
being in the 14 urban areas. It should be no ted in a
co mporison of this kind that the rural rehabili tation
program of the F arm Securi ty Administrotion (for-
merly the Resettlement Administra tion), involving
loans and grants to farm fa milies, operates in the rural
arens and so tends to reduce the number of WPA
employees in rural areas.
Although most of the WPA jobs are filled by men, a
substantial amount of work has been provided for
women on sewing and other projects suita ble for the
empl oyment of women a nd also on the various whi te
collar proj ects. At the peak of WPA employme nt in
the spring of 1936, about 15 percent of the workers were
women. Subsequently , as the total number of persons
employed on WPA projects has declined, women have
constit uted a somewh at larger proportion of the total
number employed. In Sep tember 1937, nearly 18 percent of all persons working under the WPA were
women. As between States, the percentage of the
total comprised by women varied somewhat ; in cer tain
So utheastern States where mrnsually large propor tions
of the bends of famili es on relief rolls are women, t he
number on W PA jobs acco unted for 35 to 45 percent of
to tal employment . Of the 271 ,000 women employed in
Sep tember, almost 59 percent worked on goods proj ects
(chiefl y on sewing proj ects), about 17 percent were
enga.ged on white collar jobs in libraries, on research
studies, on the arts program a nd similar activi ties, 11
percent worked on education and recreation projects,
and nearly 5 per cent served as housekeeping aides.
Analysis of age data for perso ns from relief rolls
employed on WPA projects in June 1936 shows that
th e great bulk of WPA workers are in the mos t employable age groups.2 Out of every 100 perso ns from r elief
rolls who are employed on WPA projects 62 are under
45 years of age. The corresponding figure for t he total
working population is about 70 out of 100 persons. In
comparing these ratios, it is necessary to consider the
fact th at WPA employment is limited almost entirely
to family heads nnd does not incl ude you ths a ided
through the N YA a nd t he CCC programs whereas
the total working population includes many such
yo uths. At the time of certification the median age of
persons from relief rolls employed on WPA proj ects
was 40 years. .M en were more heavily concentrated
than women in t he older nge groups.
Assi9necl Occupations
The types of skills possessed by persons on local relief
rolls ho ve always been recognized in the selection of
the proper kind of WP A proj ects for operation in a
given co mmuni ty. For so me persons p rojec t employment a t their usual occupa tions is difficult or impossible
of nttainmen t ; this is illustra ted in t he case of persons
wh o have been employed as skilled or semiskilled
workers in many ki nds of factories or as domestic
workers. Never theless, large numbers of persons have
• f:ee. l ye of Per,o n• From Utli,f Uoll• l:.' m ploved on WPA P roject, in J une 193$,
C I. EH l C A L \\"OH K E H:;
\\" a-; hi ng l on, D . C.: tr . S. Go ,·ernu.ie nt P rinting O tn ee, 1937.
Digitized by
Google
49
REPORT 0 ~ PHOGHES~ OF TH E W O HKS PR OG HAM
ONE OF T U E SKILLED W OR KM EN
CHEMI :;;'!' HY I N AN AGHI CU L'l' UHAL EXPEltlMEN'l'
been provided with jobs at their usual occupations.
Highway, road, and street projects and the construction
a nd repair of public buildings, in addition to providing
jobs for unskilled and ine;,,.l)erienced workers, req uire
the services of carpenters, bricklayers, stonemasons,
and other workers skilled in various phases of construction work. Many artists, teachers, musicians, accountants, and clerks are also employed a t their usual
occupations on white collar projects.
Analysis has been made of the occupations at which
persons were given work on all WPA proj ects dw·ing
March 1936.3 This shows that 76 percent of the
workers were assigned as unskilled workers ; 10 percent
at skilled or semiskilled occupations, of whom four-fifths
were engaged in building and construction; 5 percent
as project supervisors and foremen; 5 percent as office
workers; a nd 4 percent as professional and t echnical
workers.
Large numbers of the men who were assigned to
WPA jobs which required some degree of skill were
employed at building and cons truction occupa.tions.
Many of these workers were assigned as carpenters,
painters, bricklayers and stonemasons, truck drivers,
engineers, and operators of construction equipment.
Predominant among men assigned as skilled and semiskilled workers at other than building and construction
occupations were mechanics, guards, and wa.tchmen.
Among the women assigned at skilled and semiskilled
occupations a large majority were employed as seamstresses in se,ving rooms. Men in the office worker
group were mostly clerks and statistical emunerators,
whereas most of the women were clerks, typists, and
stenographers. Persons who were assigned as profes-
sional and technical workers- both men and womenwere employed a t such occupations as teachers, playground and recreational workers, mus1crnns, a.nd
technical engineers.
• For furt her detai ls see Emplovment on Project, in .Mar<h 1936. WPA Inclu.dinv
NYA, W as hington, D . C.: W or ks Progress Ad minis trati on.
Wage Classes
In assigning persons to WPA jobs cognizance is taken
of variations in the skills and professional training of
the workers. Under the monthly earnings schedule,
established at the initiation of the Works Program,
differentiation is made between four wage classes: unskilled, intermediate or semiskilled, skilled, and professional and technical. In order to permit the employment of a few persons of specialized training needed for
successful project operation, exemption from the rates
established by th e schedule was provided for a number
of workers not to exceed 10 percent of the total employed within a State. A modification of this provision, effective April 1937, furth er limited the number
of persons that co uld be employed a t nonsecurity wages
to 5 percent of the total.
Actually, less than 4 percent of the workers currently
employed are exempted from the security wage schedule
and nearly half of these have been certified as in need of
r elief. In August 1937 security wage workers comprised
96.2 percent of all WPA workers. Two-thirds of these
persons, or 63.6 percent of all WPA workers, were
assigned in the unskilled wage class. About equal
numbers, representing 13.2 and 14.5 percent of the
total, were in the intermediate and skilled wage classes ,
respectively. Workers in the professional and technical
class constit uted 4 .9 percent of the total.
The proportion of nonsecurity persons employed on
WPA proj ects varies only slightly between men (3.9
Digitized by
Google
WORKS l'IWGHE:-;S ..\IHll'.'.l~TH.\TION
50
percent) and women (3.3 percent). Of the security
wage workers the concentration of women tended to be
greater than that of men in the intermediate and professional and technical classes, and less in the unskilled
and skilled classes. These distributions are shown in
table 22.
TABLE 22.-NUMBER OF PERSO:SS EMPLOYED ON WPA PROJECTS,
BY WAGE CLASSES AND BY SEX
I
Total
N um be r
I
:'>Ien
Wage Cla.ss
Per· / ,.
I cent I . . ,. tnn
be
r
I Per·
I cent
---------1·---i-Total.................... 1, ,595, 26.5 , 100. o
Securitywageworkers_ ...... 1,,;:l,5,412
,_·nskilled..................
lnlermedmte... ...........
~killed.. . .........
. .
Prole.s.•ional and technical..
Nonsecurityw!l!(cworkers...
l
··J
9fi.2
1,01.5.05.1. 63.6.
210, ,567 1:1.1
230,fo\l4 14..5
79, Cl!lll
4. 9
59,8.5:!
,~I
,.
Per.,, um 1ler l'ent
-- - - --
I
1. 309, 6.'l8 100. o
1.2aY,09:l
Women
100. o
?8-5, fi27
l_ll":.~.. 127fi.:JIU I
H.51,0fi216.5.0
153. ~?a 11. 7
IY7,91iX 15.1
all, ZlS
4. 3
.50,5451
3.9
lfi3,Wl
,>6, 7~2
:12, 7111
n. ~60
116.7
57.4
IU. 9
11.4
~-
o
~or~
The nature of any project detennines to a considerable degree the relative proportion of skilled and unskilled labor that can be utilized. On highway and
street projects, goods projects, and conservation
projects unskilled workers comprise more than threefourths of the total number employed; on the other
hand, opportunities for the employment of this class of
TABLE 23.-PERCENTAGE DrsTRIBUTION OF PERRONS EMPLOYED
ON WPA PROJECTS, BY MAJOR TYPES OF PROJECTS AND BY
AGE CLASSES
SEPTEMBER 1937
w
Security
Wage
Workers
,_ _ _
___
__
_ _ _ _ , Xon-
Type
or Project
----------
~erur-
All
Proitv
Inter•
!es· w,ige
medi- ~killed sionnl \\"orkato
and
ers
('lerical
Per•
sons
--- ---
--- --- --- --- ---
Total................... 100. O
96. 3
63. 4
13. 2
14. 5
5. 2
3. 7
JOO. o
JOO. O
116. 8
95. 7
78. 4
44. 2
8. 9
13. 5
8. 0
3.5. 5
I. 5
2. 5
3. 2
4. 3
100. 0
100.0
96. 2
00.6
67. 2
74.1
10. 2
11.3
16. 5
9.9
2. 3
1.3
3.8
3. 4
3.3
Highways. roads. and streets..
Puhlic huildin~s.....
.
Parks and other recreational
lndlities .....................
Conservotion ...............
Sew~~ . systems and other
u11J1t1es.. ...... ... .
.. .
Airports and olher transpor•
tat ion ..... ···············--·
White collar .. ·············••·
Ooo.ls ..................•....
Hnnitation and health.........
Miscellaneous •.•.•............
100. O
96. 7
70. 6
13.9
JO. 3
1.9
100. 0
95. 2
!l:J. 8
97.3
116. 5
10. 3
16. 2
2. 2
4. 8
25. 8
29.8
12. 8
15. 4
2:1. 4
4. 7
12.3
11.9
29. 6
I. 2
2. .5
6. 2
2. 7
3. 9
3.1
HXI. 0
100 0
ltJO. 0
JOO. 0
llfl. I
\16. 9
8. 6
7k.6
6.5. 9
55. 7
5. 9
workers are extiemcly limited on white collar projects,
which are primarily designed to furnish work for persons with professional training. Of the persons employed on white collar projects in September 1937 less
than 9 percent were in the unski11ed wage clnss whereas
30 percent were in the professional and technical class.
On no other type of project, the miscellaneous group
(5.9 percent) excepted, did persons in the professional
and technical wage cluss comprise as much us 3 percent
of the total number employed.
Earnin91
The monthly rates at which WPA employees working
in August 1937 were assigned to their project jobs
averaged $57.26 for all persons. Among the different
security wage class groups average full-time wages
ranged from $46.50 for workers assigned in the unskilled
wage class to $87.54 for persons assigned at professional
and technical rates.
In addition to differentiating between wage clusses,
the monthly wage schedule provided for variations in
monthly earnings according to the section of the country
and the degree of urbanization of the community in
which the worker resides. The country has been
divided into three wage rate regions. Within each
region differentiation in monthly earnings is made for
five degrees of urbanization of counties. Thus, iir
TABLE 24.-PERCENTAGE D1sTRIRt:TION OF "'PA fh:ceR1n·
\\' AGE \VORKERS, BY \VA<,E CLASSES AND BY l'RB.\:0-IZ.\TI0:0.
GROUPS
At'Gl:ST 19:17
rrhunization nroup A
l'nited i ~ - ~ - . - - - - - Stu.tes
-------------1---Total..........................
~
Unskilled................. . ... . . . ..•...
lntermedinle............. .............
Hk illl'd.... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . •• •
l'role.ssionul and te,·hnical .. . . .. . ... . . .
I
~ - ~ _c_j~ ~
53
o
4~
II)) 0
56
!(Kl O 65
JOO O 69
3
100 0
~~1~1~
6 4
ti 2
5. 7
5. 3
4
2
2
8
7
6
4
0 1111
3 I!,
4 13
9 , JI
6
9
I
2
I
17 7
14 2
\l 6
9. 4
A The urhaniz.ntion groups nre defined as areas inrh1<linl!' counties in which the
19.10 populntion or the lart!l'St municipality WH..'-: ..\. 100,000 nod over; B, 50,000 to
100,()(XI; C', :1.',,000 lo 50,00U; D, 5,000 to 25,000; E, less than ,,.000.
,vage Rate Region 1, a worker might be assigned in
the unskilled wage class at $40, $44, $52, or $.55,
depending upon the size of the largest municipality in
the county where he works. Consequently, full-time
wages in the country as a. whole vary from $21 for
persons assigned in the unskilled wage class in the rural
counties in the Southern States (counties in Region 3
in which the 1930 population of the largest municipality
was less than 5,000 persons) to $94 for persons assigned
in the professional and technical wage class in the
most highly populated counties in the Northern and
Western States (counties in Region 1 in which the
1930 population of the largest municipality was more
TARLE 2,5.-AvERM:E ARRIGNF.D MoNTHLY "'AGE RAn:s OF
WPA SECURITY WAGE WORKERS, BY WAGE CLASSES .\:SD RY
LRBANIZATION GROUPS
Al'OUST 19:li
l'nit~d
~tates
Wa~e Class
Vrba.nization Oroup
I
n
A
c
I n
----------------------'--1
Tot.al.. ... . .......... .
t'nskille<I ................ .
Intermediatl~- ____ ... - . :<kill,•11 ...
l'rore:-~ional nnd tec·hnieal. ___
$.">!. 8-1
$fi,'i. 79
$54. 49
,,o
M. 71
4~. 17
f)f), 111
1-iji_ ~>\J ,
u;. 2-i
,")S.
46.
1
----------·
57. ~8
77. H
S,. 54
I
75
ia. 50
i"U. 59
$.",O..51
I $42. 77
45. 37
.',I. \l:J i
'"'· ,;; .
75. 52
-·-·
Digitized by
Google
:1-~.
,
u I
4K. 17
60 Ii:!
66. 32
$:ti. 55
30.
37.
48.
52.
29
51
48
16
HEPORT OX l'ROGHESS 01•' THE WORKS PHOGIUl\l
than 100,000 persons). As quoted above, the monthly
rates are exclusive of the permissive 10 percent adjustment in security wages. The distribution of security
wage workers employed in each urbanization group in
August 1937 and the average of the monthly rates at
which they were assigned are shown in tables 24 and 25.
As indicated above, considerable differences exist
between major types of projects in the relative proportions of unskilled, skilled, and technical labor
required for their prosecution. They also differ in the
extent to which they tend to be concentrated in urban
or rural areas, or in different sections of the country.
These facts are reflected in the averages of the fulltime monthly wages of persons assigned on each of the
10 major types of projects. For example, although the
average assigned wage of all persons working on WPA
projects in September amounted to $57.68, workers on
white collar projects, who are predominantly professional and skilled persons and are highly concentrated
in large cities, were assigned at rates which averaged
$77 .17. Persons employed on public buildings projects,
who are similarly characterized, were assigned at rates
TABLE 26.-NuMBER AND AVERAGE AssIGNED MONTHLY HouRs
AND W ..\GE RATES OF PERSONS EMPLOYED ON WPA PROJECTS,
BY :\fAJOR TYPES OF PROJECTS
8KMIUfBER 1937
Tnie ol Project
.t~r;:~~
Persons Employed
Average
- - - ~ - - Asshmed
Monthly Mon t hlY
~umber
Percent
Hours
i:r:
---------------1--- --- ---
Total. ....... ·--- .... -- ........ - .
1, 53.1, 5Zl
Highways, roads. and streets .... _..... .
Public buildings_.·····--····--·· ..... .
Parks and other recreational facilities ..
Conserrntlon __ . _. ·- ... ___ ..... _.. -· .. .
Sewer systems and other utilities. __ .. .
Airports and other transportation._ .. ·White collar.·-------------··-- .. --· ...
Goods .. -·- ...... --··-···-· .. ··-- .. ·-··
Sanitation and health _____ ............ .
l\-!iscellaneous ..... __ ..... ·-· .. . ....... .
547,285
162,218
134,033
60,355
141,816
'Il, 485
181,029
180,206
47,228
51,8f>!S
100.0
--35. 7
10. 6
8. 7
3. 9
9. 2
1.8
11.8
11. 8
3. I
3. 4
111
$57. 68
110
98
100
107
110
108
116
122
114
119
65. 9i
62.26
54. 68
60. II
61.00
77.17
48. 97
48. 64
56. 58
--- --51.43
averaging $65.97. At the other extreme are persons
employed on sanitation and health projects, goods
projects, and road work, whose full-time wages averaged
$48.64, $48.97, and $51.43. In each of these three
cases more than 65 percent of the workers were in the
unskilled wage class, and for the second and third
types, workers in the unskilled wage class comprised
more than 75 percent of the total. Furthermore, road
work is often prosecuted in rural areas where wage
rates are low. The average assigned wages in September are indicated in table 26 for persons employed on
each of the 10 major types of projects.
51
RIPRAPPING FOR FLOOD CONTROL
hours of work have been established at 8 per day, 40
per week, and 140 per month. These may be exceeded
only in cases of workers making up lost time and in
exceptional circumstances such as an emergency
involving the public welfare or protection of work
already done on the project. Every reasonable
opportunity is given to workers to make up time lost
because of illness, injury, weather conditions, or
temporary interruptions of the project beyond the
control of the workers. In making up time, however,
they must not work more than 8 hours a day or 48
hours a week.
On the average, WPA workers were assigned to work
111 hours during August 1937. For unskilled workers,
the full-time rate averaged 113 hours. The normal
hours of persons in the semiskilled wage class averaged
110; in the skilled class, 94; and in the professional
and technical class, 107. Nonsecurity wage workers
had to put in 151 hours of work during August to earn
their f ull-tin1e wages.
Because of the way in which the hours of work per
month are determined, it is to be expected that the
average assigned hours for different types of projects
wiJI vary. During September when the full-time
TABLE 27.-AvERAGE AssIGNED MONTHLY HouRs
SECURITY WAGE ,YORKERS, BY \VAGE CLASSES
URBANIZATION GROUPS
OF WPA
AND
BY
AUGUST 1937
l"rbanization Group
l"nited l - - - , - - - - , - - , - - - - , - - -
Hours of Work
The number of hours that a WPA worker is employed
in a month is determined by his scheduled rate of
monthly earnings and the locally prevailing hourly rate
of pay that applies to his kind of work. Maximum
___
w_a-ge_C_,las_s___
Total--··-··············
rnskillerl .....................
Intermediate ................
Skilled._ ....................
Professional and technical ..
States
c_,_l_n__
_.-1._ _B_ _
E_'-
109
109
115
100
JOO
Ill
113
110
04
107
115
112
01
10,>
118
115
101
112
108
108
!15
105
10;
100
98
110
112
108
101
Ill
--- --- - -- - - - - -
Digitized by
Google
52
WORKS P ROGRE SS AD.l\l l~I STR ATION
CHART
7
AVERAGE MOURLY EARNINGS OF PERSONS EMPLOYED
ON WPA PROJECTS, BY TYPES OF PROJECTS
January Tl,l"OUlh
A ~ LllNINGS
ltt UNn Kl MOU•
Oct.i- 1937
A ~ LUINIMGS
IN C(Nf\ K• NOUll
10
70
60
workers average slightly less
than the assigned wage rates.
In September, wh en full-time
wages averaged $57.68, actual
earnings of persons employed
on WPA proj ects amounted to
$52.90, or 92 percent of their
potential earnings.
60
Safety Provisions
,0
,0
To insure safe working conditions for WPA employees and
"°
to minimize injuries incurred
while working on WPA projects,
safety has been emphasized in
all WPA undertakings. This
includes the application of ap20
20
proved safe practices of ind us try
to work relief activities, the
development of n e w s af e t y
measures wherever peculiar
conditions may require them,
o~===;'::::::~ :::=:::'.'::::=~::':'.:==;:::=~~~~~~:'.:::~i::::::::::=;::::::::=:::!::;:=:::!::~o
careful inspection of buildings
,o
60
70
..,
KAGNT M TOTA&. MOUAS ON WMICN ll'AYMI.NT WAS IAUD
and equipment used by the
too
• 1, 976 , 000 , 000 HOUIS
WO.S~...,_.,.,_flON IHI
workers, and an e xt e n s i v e
edu c ational campaign conassignments of all workers averaged 111 hours, the
ducted by displays of posters on project sites and by
assigned hours of workers on goods projec ts averaged
instruction and conferences for supervisors and foremen. First-aid services are available for all workers.
nearly 122 and those of persons working on public
Workers engaged in dangerous undertakings are
buildings projects averaged a bout 98 hours, as shown
equipped with goggles, safety belts and lines, respirain ta ble 26.
tors, gas masks, safety helmets, or other devices that
The average number of hours that WPA workers, as
offer appropriate protection against the hazards of their
a group, actually put in and their average full-time
hours are not the same. P ersons newly assigned or
work.
All accidents occurring on WPA projects, or involvreassigned to projects after a pay-roll month has
ing employees during working hours or while being
started work onJy a portion of a full-time assignment
during that month. This is also true of persons wbo
transported to or from proj ects, are reported . These
leave the program before the end of a pay-roll month .
reports show tha t during the first 2 years of WPA
operations, from July 1, 1935, to June 30, 1937, there
The shorter working hours of these persons, combined
with hours lost through volun tary absences or failure
were 95,608 disabling injuries during the 5,332,000,000
to make up hours in voluntariJy lost, reduce th e hours
man-hours of exposure- a frequ ency r a te of 18 injuries
actually worked by all WP A workers to a fi gure someper million man-hours. All injuries, whether compensatable lost-time cnses or noncompensata ble cases,
what below th e a verage assigned hours. Thus the
hours actually worked during Sep tember averaged 100
resulting in loss of time from th e worker's regular occua.s compared to the 111 assigned. 'l'he margin of
pation even though there is no absence from the
difference for any given mon th is largely depend ent
projec t are recorded as disabling injuries. The inupon th e extent of expansion or curtailment of to tal
creasing effectiveness of the safety precau tions taken
employment during th at month. (The percentage dison WPA projects is indicated by the reduction in the
tribution of hours among tl1 e major types of projec ts
frequ ency rate of disabling injuries from a bout 20 per
and th e avernge homly ea.m ings of persons employed
million man-hours during the fi rst year of opera tion to
on each type may be seen in chart 7. M ore detailed
less than 16 during th e second year, as indicated in
data are shown in t ables V, VI, and VII of the a ppendix.)
chart 8.
As a r esuJt of this diffc>rence between hours assigned
It is estimated t hat disabling-injury frequency rates
and those worked, actual mon thly earnings of WPA
ranged from 5 acciden ts per million man-hours worked
,0
,0
IO
0
~
~
~
~
Digitized by
Google
REPORT ON PROGRESS OF THE WORKS PROGRAM
CHART 8
During this 2-year period the number of workers
employed by the WPA and exposed to the hazards
incident to project work ranged up to 3,000,000 persons. They worked on 150,000 projects varying from
all kinds of heavy construction work to hand sewing
-and many cultural activities. The number of workers
suffering fatal accidents while at work on these projects
between July 1935 and July 1937 totaled 810, or only
about one-half of the mortality estimates for the WPA
program based on form er work project experiences.
DISABLING INJURIES INCURRED IN
WPA PROJECT WORK
July I, 1935 Through June 30, 1937
DISABLING INJURIES
YIAII lNDINc.
JUNl lO
53
ntOUSoUtDI Of INJUIID
'I'
1937
Compensation for Worlcers
Compensation is provided for those WP A workers
who are injured or killed by accident in the performance of duty_ Under each of the ERA acts, funds have
been allocated to the United States Employees' Compensation Commission for this purpose. The ERA
Acts of 1935 and 1936 limited the maximum compensation to security wage workers to $25 a month in case
of injury and to $3,500 in case of permanent disability
or death. Under the ERA Act of 1937 the maximum
compensation for injury was increased to $30 a month_
Any worker who is absent from work for more than 3
days as a result of an injury incurred in the performance of duty is entitled to compensation benefits_
In accord with WPA regulations an injured employee
is not separated from a project until a.t least 15 days have elapsed after an accident. Jf the disability is for
more than 15 days, another qualified member of the
family may be assigned to work during the wage earner's
period of incapacity, even though the disabled worker is
still receiving compensation benefits. Injured workers
are permitted to work overtime subsequent to their
1936
MAH- HOURS WORKED
MIWONI Of MAN•NOUII
1937
1936
FREQUENCY RATES
......
0,
.. JUI.JU
,u. NIUJOM MAN- MOUM WOMID
ff.a
I
10
I
1937
1936
on educational, clerical, and professional and technical
projects to 24.5 per million man-hours on sewer and
oth er utility projects. Table 28 gives man-hours
worked on each type of project with the estimated
frequency rate for the 2-year period. Naturally the
highest frequencies occur on construction projects
because the risk is greater on tha t type of project.
TABLE 28.-
MAN-HO U RS A N D I N J U RY RATES ON WPA PROJECTS,
BY M AJOR TYPE S
PROJE CTS
or
C UM U LATl\' E- J ULY I, 1935. THROUG H J UN E 30, 11h17
Type or Project
Highwa ys, roods, a nd street s_________ __ ________ ______ _
Public buildin~s- ___ __ _____ ___ ___ _____ ____ _______ ____ .
Park s and other recreati onal facilities _____ . ___ . _____ . __
Conservation ____ . _______ _________ __________ __________ _
Sewe r systems a nd other util ities __ ____ ____ __________ _
Airpor ts and other trnnsportut.ion _______ ___________ ___
Sanitation and health .·--------- ___ ·---- - __________ ___
Goods. ·- - . ______ __ ___ ___________ _______ ___ _____ ______ _
Whi te collar ____________ __ _____ _______________________ .
Miscellaneou s __. _________________ ______ ________ ______ _
M an-hours
(Thousands)
I , 005, 280
457, 0 14
536. 16,)
267,351
459, 158
N umherol
I nj uries Pe r
M illi on
Mnn-h ours
17. 8
n .o
15. 5
19. 0
104 ,686
24. 5
17. 5
175, 125
666. 725
527,014
170, 277
18. 2
12. 0
5. 0
10. 4
SILICOS IS MA SK T O PR OTE C T THE W OHK E H
Digitized by
Google
54
WORKS PROGRESS AD:\II~ISTIUTION
recovery in order to recompense them so far as possible
for the difference between what they would have earned
as wages and what was received as compensation.
By June 30, 1937, reports of 381,521 cases of persons
injured while working on WPA projects had been received by the compensation officers of the Works Progress Administration to which authority to pay compensation locally for periods not to exceed 30 days had been
delegated by the U. S. Employees' Compensation
Commission. Of these, 78,636 were lost-time cases which
may involve cash payments of compensation for 1 day
or more, and 302,885 were cases not involving compensation but likely to require medical or hospital care.
Compensation payments to all \Vorks Program cases
(predominantly WPA workers) amounted to approxi-
mately $7,431,000 as of June 30, 1937. The major
portion of the expenditures ($5,203,000) was for the
payment of medical, hospital, and incidental costs.
Compensation to cases receiving payments for more
than 30 days of disability, for permanent disability, or
for death amounted to $1,463,000. Payments made by
local WPA compensation officers during the first 30
days of disability and for disability of less than 30 days
amounted to $765,000. The Commission has allowed
compensation for 646 fatalities and has under consideration about 350 additional cases. The unexpended
balance of the $27,000,000 allocated for this purpose is
available for future claim costs of injury or death of
Works Program employees caused by accidents in the
performance of duty.
Digitized by
Google
FINANCIAL SUMMARY
Appropriations-Funds for the
inauguration of the Works Program were appropriated
by the Emergency Relief Appropriation Act of 1935,
which was approved on April 8, 1935. This act made
a direct appropriation of $4,000,000,000 and, in addition,
provided for the transfer of funds not to exceed
$880,000,000 to the Works Program account from unexpended balances of prior emergency appropriations.
Through October 31, 1937, transfers of this kind amounted to $714,578,685. The Emergency Relief Appropriation Act of 1936, approved June 22, 1936, appropriated
$1,425,000,000 to carry on the Works Program. This
sum was later supplemented by an appropriation of
$789,000,000 made in the First Deficiency Appropriation Act of 1937, approved February 9, 1937. A third
Emergency Relief Appropriation Act, that of 1937,
which was approved June 29, 1937, appropriated
$1,500,000,000 for continuing the Program.
The total net amount made available by the three
Emergency Relief Appropriation Acts, including the
deficiency appropriation, is $8,421,079,000. Taking
into account transfers of funds between the ERA Acts,
the funds that have been available for Presidential
TABLE 29.-TOTAL FUNDS AV.\ILABLE AND AMOUNTS ALLOCATED
1·:-DER THE ERA ArTs OF 1935, 1936, A'1D 1937
CnWLATIVE
Provbion
THROUGH OCTOBER 31, 193i
Total
Specific appropriation. ____ Si,714,000,000
Transfer or hnlance.s:
1'.. rom prior emer~ency
appropriations D -· . . _ 714,578,685
Froml\J35to 19.16AcL. _____________
From IY3 5to 19.17 AcL _ ---·--·-·-··From 1936to 1937 Act.. --·----··---From 1937 Act to regular appropriation,
Corps of Engineers._ -7,500,000
TOTAL
AYAILABLE
ERA Act
ERA Act
o!IOO,'\
orI936
ERA Art
of 11137
$4,000,000,000-' $2,214,000,000 $1,500,000,000
713,478, fli'!.'\ _·-- __ ___ ______
I, JOO, 000
-139,S00,000
139,500,000 ·----·------10, 000, 000 ··-·· _-· _. ____ _
IO. 000. 000
-------·--- ..
-35, 000, 000
3.5. 000. 000
_____ _. ______
-7.500,000
-·--·---·---·--
1
I
YOR ALLOCATION ___ 8,421, Oi8, 685 4, 563,978, 6&'\
1
Amount allocated_ ... ·---- 7, r..'\3. 799. 49i 4, .'\59. 40i, 193
t:nallocate<l balance .• _.___ 767, :.rm, l!!lij
4,571, 4Y21
2. 318, SOO, 000! I. ~"l8, 60(), 000
2, 2\18, >l.51, fli5
IV. 64~, 325
i9,\ MO, 629
743, 0.S9, 3i I
I
A Jnclu<les $789,000,000 appropriated in the First I>ellciency Appropriation Act
or lll37.
a ln,:-lmlin~ Re('Onstrurtinn Financ:-e Corporntion Act; F.meri,tency ."-pproprtation
Act. flscal yt-iu 10.lll; National Industrial H.ecovery Act; Rmer~ency Relil'fand Civil
Works Act: Act To HeliHe l"nemployment, !\larch 31. IV33; A~r!culturnl Adjustment Act.
34146°-38--ll
allocation under each of the three Emergency Relief
Appropriation Acts, as of October 31, 1937, are as
follows: ERA Act of 1935, $4,563,979,000; ERA Act of
1936, $2,318,500,000; ERA Act of 1937, $1,538,600,000.
These data relate to ERA Act funds only, and, consequently, do not include Civilian Conservation Corps
appropriations made directly by Congress, nor do they
include money for non-Federal projects of the PWA
financed through use of revolving funds released for
grant purposes.
Allocations-From the $8,421,079,000 made available under the three ERA Acts, the President had allocated $7,653,799,000, or 91 percent of the total, by
October 31, 1937. The<;e funds have gone to the 61
Federal agencies that have participated in the Works
Program at some time during its operation. Table 30
lists the major agencies receiving funds and the amounts
allocated to each. Most of the allocations have been
made for the operation (including the administration)
of work projects to give employment to needy unemployed persons. Some agencies, however, have received
allocations for purposes other than the direct employment of persons in need of relief. This group includes
such agencies as the Federal Emergency Relief Administration, which received funds from the ERA Act of 1935
to continue its program of relief grants to Stutes until
the Works Program was well under way; the Farm Security Administration (formerly the Resettlement
Administration) and the Farm Credit Administration,
which were provided with money for making loans and
grants to farmers; the United States Employees' Compensation Commission, which receind funds for the
payment of benefits for death and injury suffered by
Works Program employees; and several other agencies,
such as the General Accounting Office, which have received allocations for administrative expenses incurred
in connection with the Works Program.
Expenditures-Expenditures of ERA Act funds of all
agencies cooperating in the \Vorks Program amounted
to $6,892,512,000 through October 31, 1937. At that
time there wao $439,516,000 in funds allocated to agen55
Digitized by
Google
WORKS PROGRESS ADl\II~ISTIL\TION
56
cies but not obligared, and $767,279,000 in funds not
yet allocated to agencies. Expenditures of the major
agencies through October 31, 1937, together with their
• unobligated balances, are shown in table 30.
TABLE 3O.-STATUS OF FuNDs UNDER THE ERA AcTs OF 1935,
1936, AND 1937, BY MAJOR AGENCIES
f'rMrLATlVE THROl'GH OcTORER 31, 1937
Allorations
(\\·arrunts
Issued)
I
Ohligations
F.x ncli- , t:nohli•·1~es
~ated
Balances
----------1----1----1----1
torn'·•..
300 fi2li ~fiS
'
..
Department or Agricullure .... i1 098 .,-g7 419..$1 00.14-2 r.02
.
.
314 817
Puhlic Roads ..... _
Farm Security Administration ____________________ - Other hnreaus ancl i,eneral
administrative expenses. __ _
506. 899,691
400, 3i5, 803 404. 364. 5341 JO. 523. 888
464. 860. 619
4H, 803,108 392,892.893 50,057.511
127,027.100
122. 203. 691
I I 18. 133, 201
4. 733.418
.-\rrhitert of the f'apitol.. .. _.. .
Department or Commerce .... .
Department of the Interior ___ .
Rl'<'lamation ................ .
Puerto Hil'o Reconstruction
Administration ____ _
Other hnreaus and i,enernl
administrative expenses ... .
367, 2(KI
12. IOI. 41'!0
ar,o. sr.g
11. 848, OKI
162. 820
11. 749_;192
lfi.3:ll
2[li.1. 397
l.'>-1. &J5. 32.',1
06, 652, 000'
Department of Justice ..... _.. .
Department of Lnhor _........ .
Library or Con(!ress. ___ . ______ .
Department of the Navy. ____ .
Department of State... . __ ....
Depnrlment of the Treasurv
(inrludinl( re,·olving tune! of
$3.000.000) __ ---·. ·--·. ·-···
War Department. .. _......... .
f'orps of F.nl(ineers ... _----·.
QuRrttrma."-ler Corps ___ .. _ .
Oflice of the Chier of RtatY and
j?enernl administrative ex-
pen.ses. - - -- . -·-· -..... -- ·-.
5i.fi(l,,i;O!
46, I 17. 2,'i-1
272. 520
0, OH, 1\16
49, 603. 3951
36. 694,346
32,280,388 12,009,049
38. 549. 930
3.1. 230. 655
23. 900,324
5. 319. 275
2•.512. 30lli
32, 8lfi, 7[\,1
6i9.0IXI
39,674. 84fi
155,000
2,134. 9S2
30, ,,'l.1, 51 i
626. 874
37,661, 7~l
147, 100
2.o.19.
30. 0'28.
.'i86.
36, 9H7.
25,
3ii. 327
2, 28.1, 236
52,126
2,013,120
7,810
79. f,31, 222
iK 737,.~ 13. 178. 9f,6
92. RIO, 188
Alley Dwelling Authority. ___ .
Civilian Conservation Corps "Employees"CompensationCom•
mission ________ ···----··Farm Credit Administration_ .
Federal F.mer~ency Relier Admn
Public Works Administration.
Houslni, ___ ..... - ......... .
Xon·l'ecleral e········--·---·
1'27. !',:':12.~05 11r2. :itJi. !:Hi.5 27.
193
282
339
7~2
3"3
227. :!78, 7.',ll
11'!0, 211. 546 173, :HO, 242! 47,167.207
!Sil, 7:!8. lfll
35. 609, ().',3
1-12, 847. Oa9
32,982,993
5. 031. 592
4. 381. 4\14
·~· "" ~-1 "· ~'-™"
aI. 235, 08.1
2, tl26. 060
4,086.192
650. 098
594, 936, 2.58
3!15.813
2.51. Oi5i
594. 411,018 592, l&I. 8671
13
52.'I, 240
37. 02.5. 000
16. 884. 474
034. 842. 3.59
9. 830. 726
16, 81H. 4i4
03.1. 914. 2M
36.5,826
428, l<!i9, 19i
I Oi. 870, 2811
321. 018. 008
9, 780. R22, 28, 00-I. 2i4
JR. 884, 4i41·- .... : . ·-·
ma. ,44. 11\3
928. 00.1
421. 456. 474 3:18. Y.9. f>li6I 7, 4::12, 7ZJ
100. 900, 61.'i 82, 8.52. 9.'i7 6. 006. 674
3~>0. 5,52, 8.59 2.'if>. 126, iOII
4611. 049
Rural Electrification Adminis•
trntion ______________________ _
15. 420. 939
15,419. 744
I, 195
12. Oil. 2731
Veterans' A<lmini~tration .. ___
1, '1:27. 161
1. 'J:2fj.f,8f,
I, 22i. 186
25
Works Proi,ress Administration 3. 943. 0.59, 2211 3, 702, 7\M), 80."i 3,622. 798,f,M 240. 259. 421
Other Agencies._ .... ·-· ... _...
18.lfi0.7.5<!
13. 822. 504
J;J,2.54.3421 4. ;1:!8. 1!15
,i. 6!i.1. 799. 497 i 214 283 491 6 892 511 .'i51 4:!9 516
t:nall:;::t._-:::::::: ::::: : .
7fi7. 279. 1s.s .. •. ___ '____ '. __
-1
.1·'. .. _'___ '._ .. •1·--'. .. _•.~
Total aYailahle for allomtion .... b, 421,078, 6!1.5; .. ·-·--· ..... ·-·. ·-·- ..............•
The peak in total monthly expenditures of nll agencies
was reached in April 1936, when $320,899,000 was
expended. Octobl'r 1937 expenditures represent a
decline of 55 percent from that level. Monthly expenditures of all agencies and of the WPA alone, from
August 1935 to October 1937, are depicted in chart 9.
It should be remembered that expenditures from FERA
allocations were substantial in 1935 and that since June
1936 the CCC has been financed by direct appropriations. PWA non-Federal expenditures under the ERA
Act of 1936 and the PWA Extt-nsion Act of 193 7 are
not included in these expenditure data.
Worlcs Pro9re11 Administration
Allocations-In order to curry the major portion of
the employment load under the Works Program, ranging
between 70 and 80 percent of the total since the early
months of operation, the WPA had been allocated
$3,943,059,000 through October 31, 1937. This amount
represents 52 percent of the total allocations to all
agencies. Most of these funds have been allocared for
tho operation of WPA projects, as table 31 shows; other
allocations include those for the NY A programs, for
administrative expenses, and for certain land utilization
and drought relief operations carried out under the
Farm Security Administration.
TABLE 31.-STATCS OF FUNDS ALLOCATED TO WPA, BY
PROGRAMS
Cnll"UTI\"E TnR0l'GH OrTOBER 31.
1937
Expenclitures
Allocations
Program
Obli~ations
Per•
cent
Amount
Total.. ... ·--. ____ ...... $.1. 943. O.'i9. 226 ,$-1. 702. 700. RO,> $3,622. ,98, 66.5
100. 0
3. :12!1. 64u. 944
I~
WP A work projects........... 3, 589. :!40. W5 [ 3. 402. 726. 686
State work proi,rnms...... 3,476,045, 182
Federal Nation•wide pro•
gram ... _................
113. 211,5, 813
3, m, 823,986
3, 223, 900, 0271
89. 0
!Oi. 902. 700
105. i46. 917
123.tmr,,:162
114, 9i5. 164
112. 331, 7i81
3~
2. 9
57. Kl3, 408
6.\S1;1.u;,-1
54. 427. 173
fiO. 54i. 991
53. 303,665
59, 0-.18. 113
I. 5
I. 6
169. 015, 086
156,957,847
28, AA1 • .'">47
32. 124, 2:l6
28, HO, 108
1
NYA programs.·-·-····--····
• Rinre July 1, 1936, tbe Civilian Conservation Corps has been financed by direct
approprmt1on~.
8 l>oes nnt inclucle funds relea<Pd for grants as provided by the ERA Act of 19:W
and the PWA Extension Act of 1937.
Rouree: r. R. Trea~ury Department report on status of funds proviclecl in the ERA
Acts of IU35, l\~1il, and 1937, as of October 31, 1!137.
Student ale! ............. _.
Work projects.----·--·····
WPA ancl NY A aclministra-
1-----1---i
L!!1de ~~Iir;~ti~;n·and d~OuJ?ht" i
l"~j::[:ii,t_;t;,;i:: ::: ::: ::: :::::
I
During recent months expenditures of all agencies
have been running considerably below those made
during the corresponding months of last year. In
October, expenditures of all agencies amounted to
$144,653,000, a decline of 47 percent from the October
1936 total. For the 4-month period ending October
31, Hl37, expenditures were 42 percent less than for the
corrl'sponding pl'riod of 1936. In making comparisons
with the autumn of 1936 some allowance should be
mnde for the fnct that 1936 expenditures include costs
incurrl'd in connection with the employment and other
aid extell(kd to persons suffC'ring ns a result of the
drought.
153, 113,
9631=:
2i. i05, 91,0
0. S
A Programs of the Farm Se<'Urity Administration. operated with WP A funds.
Source: U. R. Tren.sury Department report on the status orrunds pro\"ided in the
EH.-\ Acts of 1935, IW6. and 1937, llS or October 31, IWi.
Expe11ditures-Through October 31, 1937, WPA
expenditures amounted to $3,622,799,000, or 92 percent of the total allocated to the WPA. Nearly 92
percent of the expl.'11ditures were made in the prosecution of WPA work projects, which are predominantly
locally sponsored undertukings. On NYA student aid
and work project programs togPther 3 percent of the
total WP.A expenditures were made, and administrative
expensps for both the \\"PA and the ~YA represented
Digitized by
Google
HEl'OHT OX l'HOGHE:-8 lW THE WOHKS l'HO(.H.\:\I
CHART
57
9
about 4 percent of all expenditures. The remaining expendiMONTHLY EXPENDITURES OF THE WORKS PROGRESS ADMINISTRATION
tures, amounting to less than 1
AND OF ALL AGENCIES PARTICIPATING IN THE WORKS PROGRAM*
percent of the total, were made
chiefly during 1936 in connection
August: 1935- October 1937
MILLIONS
MILLIONS
·with drought relief and land OF DOLLARS
OF DOUAAI
350
uo
utilization activities carried on
by the Farm Security Adminisi ;
I
I
tration but financed from WPA
allocations.
I
During the year ending OctoALL
I
250
ber 31, 193i, WPA and NYA 250
administrative e}..-penses as a peri,AJ ... \J
,
I '-•--1--+-+--- -·•-f-- 200
cent of all expenditures of the
1
1 1
,, ~
1
WPA (including NYA) have
-11. -1· ii , i,
150
varied about the cumulative 1,0
figure of 4.2 percent which covers
... __
operations from the beginning of
,:i~
ioo
WPA activities through October
50
50
-. _),,/,
31, 1937. The administrative expense for the year, however, was
·'I 1
1
O "".,.;:-'-;,.'-;o;--'-;N;-"-;•~,:--'-:,:--'-:.,:-'-:,.:--'-:,.~,;--:,:--::,.--'--:,"'"'-;;o~.-"-:
somewhat below 4.2 percent. As
•..1-:,-'-:-,-1._-::-,...L..:-,.J.,-,,...L..:-,.1..-,-,.1..-,-,.""=1 1..0:=.1...::-1-0:=.1..,.,..J..,,,-1..."..L"'..L"..L'.J 0
1935
of the end of October the 22,646
1936
1937
1931
persons on WPA and NYA ad'90M
ministrative pay rolls represented *
,w.
IRA
,W.
a substantial decline of 38 percent
WOIU MOCIIIUI ,........... . . 154.
from the 36,496 persons on adtober 1936, constitutes a decline of 45 percent. During
ministrative pay rolls in October 1936. In addition to
the period from ,July through October 1937, WPA expersons on administrative pay rolls at the end of Octopenditures were 37 percent below the corresponding
ber 1937, there were 7,740 persons in a category known
period of the preceding year. Although the extent of
as general project supervisors, consisting of personnel
the decline is in part due to unusual expenditures made
employed on projects in clerical, timekeeping, and
in connection with drought relief in 1936, the major
similar capacities.
factor is the reduction in regular WPA operations.
TABLE 32.-MONTHLY EXPENDITURES OF WPA
l\fonth-by-month expenditures of the WPA on all of its
JULY 1935 TO OCTOBER 1937
programs are shown in table 32.
[In Millions of Dollnrs]
The division of WPA expenditures as between payMonth
ments to workers and purchases of materials, supplies,
Amount !l____l\_I_cn_l_h_ _ _ _A_m_o_u_m_
and equipment and rent of buildings and equipment
19.16 (Cont'd)
1935
indicates
the extent to which primary emphasis has
0. 2
July ..................... .
November __ . ___ . _________ _
167. 8
August ................... .
5. 8
December _______________ . __
18!>. 5
been placed on mnking payments to workers. PerSept<,mber. .......... . .... .
17. 0
35. 7
October ................... .
19.'17
sonal services, i. e., pa.yments to workers, accounted
November ................ .
61.1
................... .
14!<.0
Deeember ................. . ,___
136.
_9 Jonirnry
February ................. .
l:H.9
for 86 percent of all e:\.-penditures on WPA work projects
300f--LLL_ -~!/~
t~f.J
r~":
,
~
~cv· -->t~ri-ri-1
--1ul--l--
200
:7 ~
f-- -1•100 --·1-
1
!_~
~~ ~ -•~-~-'--------'----T :--- ~
-
..
I ·--1 "~:'A!~f--f--f--l
·r·t-t--w,./,:•·-•1- -rf-- __,,-~.,/ -- __. .\._. - '- - -1-·. -;-f--
1
1 -·
.,
/',
\.,..
-r1-•--f-- -·,-,~:- --'-'-'--f---1 -f--f--.1-1-•-f--
I;
NOT INCLUDtNG UKNOffURH
COPS If GINNING IN JULY 19)6.
OIHCT .UPRONIATIONS TO NI CIYIUAN CONSIDVAUON
OIi 1:Xl'lNDITU•rs NGINNIMG IN OCTO.H I•)&°"
MON,F,DlillAL PROJlCTS .AUTMORlllD IN JHl
•CT OF 19lC. AND TNl
lXTliNSION ACT 0, 19l1
IOUIK(: OlP.t.aTMliMT OF THI TlllASUlh'
Cumulative through
Dec.-ember .... _____ _
1996
2:.6. i
March .................... .
April. .................. . . .
ltif>.0
IH.4
J\luy ______________________ _
138.3
June ................ .
148. 0
January .................. .
Fehruary ................. .
TABLE 33.-EXPENDJTURES OF FUNDS ALLOCATED TO
OBJECTS OF EXPENDITURE
WPA,
BY
C'l'Ml'LATl\'I': THRO!lGII OCTOBER 31, 1937
March •........ • ...........
~1:~1.~~::::::::: :: ::::: ::::
June ...................... .
July ................... . .. .
August ................... .
September ................ .
October................... .
State ,vork Prc~rams
and Frdernl :\a~
tion-wide Progra::1
All Pro~rarns ·'
01:ject of Expenditure
Amount
on
8ourre: U.S. Trea~ury Hepartment re!~ort
the ~tat.us offuuds providC'd in the
ERA Acts of 1935, JU3U, und JV37, as or October 31, 1937.
In recent months \VPA expenditures have bl'en at 11
much lower level thnn during the earlier months of
WPA operations. In October 1937, expt'uditures
amounted to $100,Hi8,000, which, compnrl'd with Oc-
Total.. ...................... :$3. r.:n 798. Mo
Pn!-nnal sen·i('('-8 ___________ .. ______ I 3, OOH. 316, .~51
Purl'lia:-.e of materials, sup1,lies, and
equipmrnt. _____ .______ _ ______
21:tl.i20.060
Rent of buildings and equipment._
lHO. :r;-2, 7:32
!"ontra,·tual sen·kes.. .............
31. 616. :!93
Other ............................. .
1
Perren!
I
.\mount
Im. o -$.1-.3-21-,_-f\-4fi-.1-1-;·4-
SS. 6
2. !«Y, :lli, 001
8. 0
5. 4
27.\ 831. 114
IS2. 021. 134
0.9
21. ;J;i8, 41lli
0.1
l. 2Hi, :!~)
·' ln<'ludin~ adminis.trati\·e expense~.
Digitized by
Google
IPercent
100. 0
1,5,
ti
8. 3
0. 5
0. h
(R)
WORKS PROGRE:-;S AD!\ll:-.ISTH..\TION
58
through October 31, 1937. On materials, supplies,
and equipment 8 percent of the project cost total wos
spent, and on equipment and other rents, 5 percent.
Other expenditures, chiefly for communication, transportation, ond similar services, accounted for the
remaining 1 percent of the total. The distribution of
expenditures on all WPA programs combined is substantially the same as that for WPA projects alone.
Monthly WPA Expenditures per Worlcer-The
labor and nonlabor expenditures of Federal funds may
be expressed in terms of the monthly outlay per person
employed on WPA projects. As table 34 shows,
workers received about $55 a month in the period from
July 1936 through October 1937. N onlabor expenditures on projects tended to decrease during this period
from a monthly average of $11.18 in the last half of
1936 to $9.49 in the first half of 1937, and $8.01 in the
4 months ending October 31, 1937. The labor and
nonlabor costs together indicate a Federal man-month
expenditure of about $65 per month. In recent
months the outlay for WPA project operations has
averaged a little over $63. Sponsors' funds supplement
TABLE 34.-~fAN-MONTH EXPESDITURES IN FEDERAL FUNDS
FOR L.\BOR AND NoNLABOR CosTs ON WPA PROJECTS FOR
SELECTED PERIODS A
]ULY 1930 TIIROl!GII OCTOBER 193i
First
Last 6 ~font hs
1~36
Object of
I
n :'>fonths
E,-
Ex•
pendi•
Ex.-tt>nditure
1'olnl ex•
))en<litures
lures
per
nmo-
Total.. ....... $94,5, 008, il 8
l\onl a bor. .•........
JlCnditures
- - -
Lnhor. .. . . ........ _I i~4. 410, 322
160, 51!8,
:mo
$fl5. 80 i$XOO. 2!14. 3SI
621
E, -
penrii1 'ot a l ex-
m outh
'
July 1937 Through
Ortober iv:17
HJ:J7
M.
088. 294. 2'i5
II.I~ 117.ll!IO.~I
tures
per
man-
pendi1'olnl ex•
penllitures
tures
per
mnn-
month
m onth
--
--
$64.~!i $:184, jf,8, 6.'>8
- --
$63. 09
- - -- -
.55.:111 3:15. 913, 73.~
u. 49 48,854.920
!,!'),
08
8. 01
1
"State work programs and Federa l Notion-wi1le program.
Federal expenditmes in connection with nonlabor
expenses chiefly but nlso in supplying the services of
engineers, skilled labor, and sin1ilar workers necessary
to project supervision and prosecution. Recent iucrenses in 11011111 bor t>xpenditmes of sponsors hove
counterbalnnred the downward trend in Federal nonlabor expenditures. (See pp. 39-40 for further discussion of sponsors' funds.)
Funcls for Other Fecleral Agencies
Public Worlcs Administration-For the continuntion of the program of public works begun under the
Nutionul Industrinl Reron~ry Art tl1e Public Works
Admini-,trntion hns received nllorutions of funds providrd undPr the ERA A<·t of I 0~5. Tl,is mon ey l,ns
been used for making grnnt,;; to local bodiP-s for non-
Federal projects-for schools, bridges, sewer systems,
ctc.-nnd for the PWA housing program. Although no
funds appropriated by the ERA Acts of 1936 and 1937
have been allocated for PWA projects, provisions of the
ERA Act of 1936 and the PWA Extension Act of 1937
authorize the making of grants for non-Federal projects
from revolving funds, previously available only for
loans. Under the latter act the maximum amount
available for this purpose was raised to $359,000,000
from the $300,000,000 limit set in the ERA Act of 1936.
Through October 31, 1937, allocation,;i under the
ERA Act of 1935 to the Non-Federal Division of the
PWA amounted to $321,019,000 of which practically
all had been obligated and 80 percent expended as of
that date. ERA Act allocations to the Housing Division totaled $107,870,000 by the end of October 1937.
Of this amount, 94 percent hnd been obligated and 77
percent expended. The amounts allocated to both
PWA divisions represent 9 percent of the total allocated
to all agencies under the ERA Act of 1935.
The total cost of non-Federal projects to which
grants of funds from the 1935 ERA Act allocations
have been made amounted to $800,179,181 by the end
of September 1937. In this total are included $321,237,472 in Federal grants; the remainder represents
sponsors' funds of which $98,842,025 had been borrowed
from the PWA. The total estimated cost of projects
receiving allotments under the ERA Act of 1936 and
the PWA Extension Act of 1937 is $636,425,166.
This amount includes $257,125,063 in PWA grant
money and $105,838,728 in loans made by the PWA
to sponsors.
Civilian Conservation Corps-Activities of the CCC,
initiated in 1933, were carried on during the period
from April 1935 through June 1936 with allocations
under the ERA Act of 1935. These funds, amounting to $594,936,000, represent 13 percent of the total
amounts allocated under that act. Since July 1, 1936,
the CCC has been operating through direct appropriations of Congress-$308,000,000 appropriated by
the First Deficiency Appropriation Act of 1936,
$95,000,000 by the First Deficiency Appropriation Act
of 1937, and $350,000,000 appropriated for the fiscal
year ending June 30, 1938 (H.J. Res. 50, 75th Cong.,
1st sess., July 1, 1937).
Farm Sccurit, Administration-To finance the
rural reltabilitation, the land utilization, and the resettlement programs of the Farm Security Administration,
funds hnve been allocated from each of the thrl'e
ER.A Acts. Through October 31, 1937, this agency
had rel'l'ived allocutions of $222,626,000 under the
Act of 1935, $181,546,000 under the Act of 1936, and
$G0,G89,000 under the Act of 1937. These amounts
represent 5 percent, 8 percent, and 8 percent of the
totnl ullorntious undN each of tlte respective appropriation Acts. Through October 31, 1937, 8tl percent
Digitized by
Google
HEPORT 0~ PHOGHESS OF THE WOHKS PROGR.UI
of the total amounts allocated had been obligated and
85 percent had been expended.
Other A1encie1-0utstanding among the other
agencies which have received allocations from the
ERA Acts are the FERA, the Bureau of Public Roads,
and the Corps of Engineers. The FERA was provided
with funds from the ERA Act of 1935 to enable it
to carry on its relief program while the Works Program
was being put into operation. For this purpose
$934,842,000 was allocated; practically all of this
amount has been expended. The Bureau of Public
Roads was given $497,248,000 under the ERA Act
59
of 1935 and $9,651,000 under the ERA Act of 1936
for its highway and grade-crossing elimination work.
As of the end of October 1937, 80 percent of the amounts
allocated to the agency had been expended. The
Corps of Engineers has received funds from each of the
three acts amounting to $186,738,000 through October
31, 1937; these allocations include $129,785,000 from
the Act of 1935, $10,200,000 from the Act of 1936, and
$46,754,000 from the Act of 1937. The status of
funds of these and other major agencies is shown in
table 30, and the status of funds of all agencies is
shown in table IX of the appendix.
Digitized by
Google
MATERIALS, SUPPLIES, and EQUIPMENT
For W PA Proi ects
In a program as large and
diversified as that of the WPA, the materials, supplies,
and equipment procured for project operations necessarily involve large expenditures and include a varied
list of items. About 60 percent of all costs other
than for labor represents funds used in procuring
materials, supplies, and equipment; other nonlabor
expenditures arise chiefly in connection with rent of
equipment and buildings and use of public utility services.
sors have incurred expenses in excess of those of the
Federal Government. In the procurement of such
items as cement, bituminous paving materials and mixtures, and textiles, Federal outlays have been relatively
heavy.
TABLE 35.-VALUE OF MATERIALS, SUPPLIES, AND EQUIPMENT
PROCURED FOR \YPA PROJECTS, BY TYPES OF MATERIALS AND
BY SOURCES OF FUNDS A
CntULATJVE THROt•Gn OCTOBER 31, 1937
Total
Kinds of Materials, Supplies, and
Equipment
Through October 31, 1937, the ntlue of materials,
supplies, and equipment procured for ,rPA projects
totaled $520,824,000. Of this total, $230,606,000
represents sponsors' expenditures and $290,218,000
represents Federal funds.
Iron and steel products of various kinds, including
structural and reinforcing steel, cast iron pipe and
fittings, heating and ventilating equipment, and other
iron and steel product-;, amounted to $97,065,000, or
nearly I!) percent of the totnl. Cement and concrete
products together account for $70,286,000, or 14 percent of total costs. About two-thirds of this is for
purchases of cement alone. Lumber and its products
(excluding furniture) are important items, comprising
11 percent of all outlays for materials, supplies, and
equipment. Bituminous paving mnterials nnd mixtures nccounted for 9 percent of the totnl. Textile
purcha!-'es, chiefly for sewing rooms, nmounted to
$40,503,000 through October 31, 1937, and involved
8 p<'rcent of the vulue of all materials procured. The
diversification among other important kinds of mnterials, supplies, and equipment may be seen in table 35.
Sponsors' funds cumulnted through October 31, 1937,
have been relatively large in the procmement of sand
and grnvel, cast iron pipe and fittings, heating and
ventilating equipment and supplies, tools (exclusive of
machine tools), lumber, plumbing equipment, and
paints and vtm1islws. In each of thPse instance's spon-
Federal
1''unds
Type
Amount
Sponsors'
Funds
Percent
Tot,L __________ . _. __________ $520,824. 20R
100. 0 $200, 218. 4891$230, 60.;. 719
~ton~. clay, nnd gh1ss prO'Jucts__ ___ I 75, 124. Otti
3:J. 8
W, 277. 774
75,816,272
6.4
5.2
8. 8
4.7
14.019.7051
16,2f>4.4/i0
32,419, f!S.51
14,808,4201'
19,218,279
10,927.786
13,417, 5.59
9,640.037
4. g:
13,451,521'
11,295.909
81
8,313, 9fl.1
II. 3tf,, 702
97,064,629
18.6:
49, O.'iO, 221
48,014,408
26. 0.56, 618
31. 386,234
5.0
6.0
15. 667. 3101
14,664,
IO. 389. :l08
16, 722. 0!i8
ment nnd supplies _____ _______ _ 5,105,020
1.0
Tools, exclush-e of machine tools.
\), 055. 877
1. 7
Other iron and steel products. __ _ ?.,, 4r,o_ RM
4. 9
l====I===
l\Iachiner~- and equipment.________ 21. 0:10, :173
11.9.30. lfi9,
2, 459. 607'
4. 322,
2, f,45, 413
4. 732,908
13.524. i:?1
San,land~raveJ. .. ______________
Crushedstone ___________________
Cement.._ .. _____________________
Concrete products ______________
Brirk. hollow tile, and other clay
produets . ____________ . _____ ____
33,237,9!!4
27,192.26(1
45. 8.17, 244
24,448,457
o~~~~s~~~e,_~l~y'.~_n_d.':l'.'~-~r~~~-
19,660.005
Iron nnd steel products, exclusive
ormachinery ___________________
i"trurtural and reinrorcin~ steel___
C11st iron pipe and fittings. ___ _
Heating and ventilating equip-
Electrical machinery, apparat11S,
und supplies___________ ________
Paving rnarhinery, apparatus,
and supplies___________________
Other machinery und equipment.
Lum her and its produrts, ex<'lnsive
offurniture______________________
Textiles __ .. ______ .. ___ . ___ . ____ . _
P1n:in~ _nmteriuls and 1nixtures-b1tummous _____________________ .
Miscellaneous ______________________
Pet role um products, not elsewhere rlassifie<I. _. ____ . ___ . ___ .
Plumhing er1uipment and supplies _______________ _
Office supplies and equipment,
incln<ling rurniture. _. _____ .. __ _
Paints and vn.rnishes ____________ _
Chemical:,, and explosives _______ _
Coai and other fuel, except wood
and petroleum ________________ _
Tires und ruhher J?OOds. __ . ____ . _
Nonrerrous metilb ____________ _
Ottwr
- . __ .. - - -- - . - .. -
24,747.430
=
3.
1761
0091
-~__.4.:..'1
13,144.923'
IO, 60l. 859
2. O
5, 9f;(), 8721
4. 643, 91'7
i65,3f,8
10,560, 146
0.1
413,328,
6. 770. 723:
352,040
3,789. 42:!
511,721,557
40. 502. 51~,
10.9
7. 8
4,li,613.4T>5
2.
!
o
1
·1
I
8:J.8(;7JJ82 ~"=
30. 721. 000
14. 892. 3flS
38.0ll5.98!
45. 801,601
2. 2:
1.2
6, 004,00.,
9,212,212
1.2
1.8
1.3,
3~.w,;,&m
33. IM. 415
4,111,178
8. 7:
6,056,921!
2. 080, 1:i.1,
I. 2'J8. 810
2. 5\fl. 6-12
1
3881
16~1
11,717, 113
o. 646, 8-l9
23. 567, 142
36. 391,
8. 785. 4.10
----
ij)
0. 211
0. 5
;. 3
6,286, 6221
2.377,011
3. 1,68, i0.5
3. 452. 127•
3,607, 7111
I. 054. f,861
831,121:
l.flo:l. 139j
I 5, 2~4, 259
5,430,491
3, 6i9, 918
2,495,300
5, 700, 08.5
3,039,138
I. 025. 447
407,0!!\l
989. 503
22. 1174. 630
1
A Bused on rPporls or purdrns(.ll orders (Federnl) nrni c·~rtiticntions of sponsors'
€'\f){"uditures.
60
Digitized by
Google
HEPOHT ON l'HOURESS OF THI<.: WOHKS I'HOUIUM
61
TABLE 36.-VALUE OF MATERIALS, SUPPLIES, AND EQUIPMENT PROCURED FOR WPA PROJECTS, BY TYPES OF MATERIALS AXD BY
SELECTED PERIODS A
CnnrLATJVE TBROtiGB OcTOBER 31, 1937
Cumulati,•e Through
June 30, 1936
Six Months Ending
December 31, 193tl
Six Months Ending
Juno 30, 1937
Amount
Amount
Four MonU1s Ending
October a1, 1937
Type
Amount
Total. ____ ........................... . ............................. $181,989,541
Stone, clay, and glass products...........................................
59, (iOtl, 031
Sand and gravel................ . ................................. . ..
Crushed stone.......................................................
Cement..............................................................
Concrete products ............ _...... __ ._ .... _.. .. ...... . .. ..........
Brick, hollow tile, and other clay products..... . .....................
Oth,•r ston,,, clay, and glass products.............. . ..................
10,646,487
8,639, 252
15,200,860
9,305,067
9. 885, 782
5,928. 58.1
1=====1
Iron and ste,,J products, exclusive of machinery..........................
36,417, 110
Structural and reinforcing steel.. .................. _.. . ..............
Cast iron pipe and fittings...........................................
Hua ting and ventilating equipment and supplies.....................
Tools, eiclusive of machine tools.....................................
Other Iron and steel produ~ts. ... .... .. . . .. . . ..... ... . . . . . . .. .. . . ....
9,567, 196
13,021, 597
1,403,884
4,828, i65
7,595,668
Machinery and equipment.. ..•.......................................... i
Pem:nt
Percent
Percent
Amount
100.0 $118,801,013 ~ , $70,031,566
100.0 $150,002,088
===,_=====1,===
32. 8
52,846,305
3:.. 2
38, i43, 565
32. 6
23,928. 145
5. 9
4. 7
8. 4
5. I
5. 4
3. 3
10,413,223
8. 717, 763
H, 703,649
6,820,081
6. 693,837
5,497, 752
9. 8
20.0
25, f,32. i59
I 7. I
5. 2
7. I
0. 8
2. 7
4. 2
7,191.006
7,390,399
I, 540,484
I, 858. 343
7,652, .,27
4. 8
4. 9
7,436, 274 = = =
4. I, I=====
5,869,558
6. 9
5. 8
4. 5
4. 5
3. 7
7, 349, 252
5,424, 821
9, 496, 640
5, !158, 199
5,463, 991
5, 350, 662
100.0
34. 2
4, 829, 022
6.9
4,410, 430
6. 3
8. O
6, 4311, 095
9. 2
4. 8
2,665, 110
3. 8
4. 6
2, 703, 820
3.9
4. 5
2, 88:1, 6f,8
4. I
====,=====,1====
22,645,456
19. I
12, 31i9, 304
Ii. 7
5. 2
5,669,919
7,126.056
], 501, 576
1,604,638
fi, 743,267
3.9
5,696,394
1.0
1.2
Percent
6. I
4. 6
------- --4. 8
6. 0
I. 3
3,628, 49i
3,848, 182
f\59, 076
764, 131
3,469,418
1.4
5. 6
5. 2
5. 5
0.9
I.I
5.0
==--2,928, 147
4. 2
2.6
0.1
2. I
I, 522,833
79, 8.19
], 325. 475
2. 2
0.1
1.9
II. 4
7. 2
7. 6
7,512,069
3,fil(l,884
7 .•~6. i14
10. 7
5. I
10. 8
17. 3
12,096,303
Ii. 3
2. 5
I. 3
I. 4
1.9
1.3
0. 5
0. 3
0. 6
7. 5
], 941,306
791, 5f>9
772, 127
1,362.130
8.59, 5f>6
146, 169
122, C.72
345,030
5, 755, 734
2.8
I.I
I.I
2.0
I. 2
0. 2
0. 2
0. 5
4.8
1-----1---
Eleclrical machinery, apparatus, and supplies........................
Pa,·ing machinery, apparatus, and supplil's........ .. . . .... ....... ...
Other machinery and equipment....................................
I.ii
II. 3
3,021.035
2.0
3,097,523
2,963,468
0. 2
320. 762
221. 129
0.1
143,638
4,094,477
2. 2
2. 684,961
1.8
2,455,233
====~I====
15,039, 7:lU
13,514,957
Lumb<>r and its prodncts, exclusive or furniture......... . . .. .........
20, 65-1. 801
10.0
9. 7
10,617,007
8,609,450
Textiles .....•.•.•.••••....•.............................•.•........ _..
17,664, 2f,~
7.1
Paving materials and mixtures-bituminous...............
13, Ml, 009
15,380,150
10. 3
8,995,582
7. 5
===,I=====~~=~~
20, 595, f,09
Miscellaneous ..•................................................. . __ ....
26,560,051
24,615,619
16. 4
14. 6
Petroleum products, not elsewhere classified.........................
Plumbing equipment and supplies..................................
~~r::A'tt~sr::~~~qui~~P-~'. '. ~~~~~~i~~ ~~~n_;~~.n•_·_·:::: : ::::: : :::: : .
Chemicals and explosives............................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Coal and otht•r fuel, cxc,•pt wood and Pl'lroil'llm....................
Tires and rubber goods............................. ... ......... .. ..
Nonferrous metals..........................
. . . . . .. . . . . .
Oth1•r..... ......... ....... ... . ... . . . . . .
....... ......
A
3,409, lf,4
I, 699, f,88
t2,275.140
:~: ~~f
848, 526
438. 91\fl
!lllfl, 949
11,943, 90i
1.9
0.9
1.1
Li
1.3
0. 5
0. 2
0. 5
6. 5
3,430,042
I, 951,804
1,59'l, 338
2,599,110
], 917,607
483,434
3:~. 09fi
662,554
11, 642, 634 I
2.3
I. 3
I.I
I. 7
1.3
0.3
0. 2
0. 4
7. 8
2,936,601
1. 613, 81i8
I, 704, 147
2,208,654
1,594,536
002, 004
341,076
678,109
8, 91fi, 614
s. 2
Based on reports of purchase orders (Federal) and certifications of sponsors' expenditures.
Since the initiation of the WPA program there has
been a progressive increase in the relative importance of
sponsors' expenditures for materials, supplies, and
equipment. These represented 28 percent of the total
in the period ending June 30, 1936, 43 percent in the
following 6 months, 56 percent in the first half of 1937,
and 68 percent in the 4 months ending October 31,
1937. These duta are based on all certifications of
sponsors' expenditures received by the WPA and total
purchase orders placed by the Procurement Division of
the Treasury Department. Federal outlays as determined from purchase orders may be assumed to precede
actual expenditure (issuance of checks) by about 1
month; they must be distinguished from the expenditure data used elsewhere in this report.
The total value of each kind of material procured
during the successive periods is shown in table 36. On
a monthly basis, outlays for materials, supplies, and
equipment amounted to about $25,000,000 in the last
half of 1936, $20,000,000 in the first half of 1937, and
$17,500,000 in the 4 months ending October 31, 1937.
The relative importance of most items has not changed
greatly during the operation of the WPA program, although that of such materials as clay products and textiles has fallen off somewhat. The fact that sand and
TABLE 37.-VALUE OF MATERIALS, SUPPLIES, AND EQUIPMENT
PRocuRED FoR ,vPA PRoJEcTs, BY MAJOR TYPEs oF PRoJEf'Ts A
C'Ul!ULATJVE THROUGII OCTOBER 31, 19:li
Type of Project
Amount
Total.. .... _.......................... .
Highways. roa<ls, and streets _____________ ____ ___
Public buildings.····-···· ...... _............. .
Parks and other rerreutiono.l facilities ....... _.. .
Con~rvntion ____________________________ _
~ewer systems and other utilities .. __________
_
Airports and other transportation ..................... .
White collar.......................... . .......... .
Goods .................................. . . ... . .
Snnitation and health. ________ _
Misc...,llaneotLS................. .
INDUSTRY BENEFIT'5 Jl!REGTLY .-\"1 WPA PROJECTS USE
MATERIALS
Percent
$520,824, 208
100. 0
170,71fi,127
\Ji, 312. 3.'l-1
57,208, 6.',4
16, iOll. 4,0
74. ~o. 031
19,512,:lOX
12,901,302
46, 5135. 800
14, \Jllf\. ,3:J
10. l\21, 449
32.8
18. 7
II. 0
3. 2
u. 3
3. 7
2. 5
8. 9
2 9
2. 0
A Based on reports of purchase orders (Federal) a:id rmlflcatlons P! sponsors,
experniitures.
Digitized by
Google
62
WOHKH l'HOGRESS .-\D:\II~IRTH.-\TION
gravel, crushed stone, cement and bituminous paving
materials seem to have greater emphasis in the second
half of the year than in the first half may be attributed
to seasonal variations in construction work. Reference
to the data for the 4 months ending October 31, 1937,
shows that monthly outlays for several individual types
of materials have amounted to $1,000,000 or more in
recent months.
Highway, road, and street projects have required
the largest expenditure for materials, supplies, and
equipment-$170,716,000, or nearly 33 percent of the
total. This amount is proportionate, however, to the
total work on projects of this type as judged in terms
of man-hours worked or estimated total costs of
projects. Based on the same comparison, outlays for
public buildings and sewer system and other public
utility projects have been relatively large. Through
October 31, 1937, these amounted to $97,312,000 and
$74,280,000, respectively. For white collar projects,
on the other hand, the value of materials, supplies,
and equipment is much lower than man-hours or
project costs might indicate. Table 37 shows the
value of materials and equipment procured through
October 31, 1937, for each major type of project.
Total Nonlabor Costs
Because, for the most part, purchase of costly equipment has been avoided, expenditures for materials,
supplies, and equipment comprise only about 60 percent of WPA project nonlabor costs. The balance
consists of various rent and service charges. Rent of
trucks, teams and wagons, autos, vans, and busses
accounts for approximately three-fifths of all rent and
service charges. Almost half as much is expended for
the rent of paving, road building, and construction
equipment. The balance is distributed among such
contractual services as communication, light, power,
heat and water, rented space, and transportation.
For all WPA projects, total nonlabor costs, summarized from checks issued by the Treasury Department
for Federal expenditures and from certifications of
sponsors' expenditures, have amounted to over $8i7,000,000 from the beginning of the program through
October 31, 1937. During recent months, these expenditures have been made at the rate of a little more
than $30,000,000 a month. For earlier months, when
the WPA was employing more workers, nonlabor expenditures were between $40,000,000 and $50,000,000 a
month.
TABLE 3S.-:\Io:STHLY EXPENDITURES FOR NoNLABOR
WP A PROJECTS, BY SouRcEs OF Fu:sos A
CosTS
ON
Jt'LY 19311 TO 0cTOBER 11137
[In 'rhousands of Dollars]
Sponsors' Funds
:\lonth
Total
19.38
Cumulative through June 30, 1936.
Julr.....................................
.-1.u~ust.............. ... ••. . ... . . . •. . . . . .
Sept~mher...............................
October..................................
Xowmher.. ...............••............
Decem her............. . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . .
F""leral 1 - - - - - Funds
--i-,I
8,\.5231
3.,.8
239.0-IO
153.517
H.1~5
24.:llH
22. 447
19,001
16. 888
42•.'>(J.,
4,,. 3\lfi
2t1.o;:1
2!i. O\l4
16.4:12
17. :JW2
:is. 7
4S. 2,,~
50. 245
28. 7tm
30. 40.5
19. 492
I 9, 840
40. 4
:19. 5
23.MO
IY.ta6
;,3 2
-- ~ - - - - 1 - - - - - :m. :!3o
45.0
42. 9
:18. 1
/9j'l
Jnntmry ___________ ... -------------------Fehruary __ . _.. _________________________ _
:\larch ....................•..............
April ....................................•
May ......... . .......................... .
June ________ -·--------------------------JulY ........... . ........................•
•.\uirust. ................................ .
September .............................. .
October ................................. .
Cumulative throu~h Octoher 31. 1937..
46. 992
36. ~95
23. 432
:m.~~
3-,. 24,,
20,972
18. 112
18, 921i
34..'\()<
40.2'.?0
36, str~
17,3fi9
20, ~2'i
17. 139
rn. :195
32.f>ol
31. 1~2
12. 50.5
9. 7KH
17. 279
rn.m;
17. 1:13
33, i97
10. 524
20. 765
20. 156
21.393
23. 273
877.164
4ll0. 430
396. 734
50.1
47 4
48. 6
49. 7
4S. 2
M4
fH. 7
f,S. 6
ll..~. g
• Bn.se,I on Treasury reports of checks issued and on certifications of sponsors·
expenditures.
The sponsors' share of nonlnhor expenses through
October 31, 1937, totals $397,000,000; this is about 4,5
perce11t of all nonlabor costs of W PA project operations.
Data in table 38 indicate that sponsors have assumed a
larger and larger share of these costs. Up to June 30,
1936, sponsors' expenditures of this kind represented 36
percent of the total. During the 6-month period ending December 31, 1936, about 41 percent of the nonlabor costs were met by spo11sors an<l during the following 6 months the sponsors' shnre increased to nenrly
50 percent. In the 4 months ending October 31, 1937,
sponsors bore 64 percent of all nonlnbor costs of WPA
project work.
Digitized by
Google
NATIONAL YOUTH ADMINISTRATION
1 ,
In the l'nited States, as in most
of the industrialized nations of the world, the problems
faced by youth have been intensified and accentuated
during the past 7 or 8 years. 1 A major cause has been
unemployment, which has operated not only to reduce
family resources on which young persons often depend
for all or part of their support, but also to restrict the
opportunities youths have to secure jobs. It has been
estimated that the number of persons between 18 and
25 years of age who are unemployed in the United States
approximates 20 percent of the total unemployed, and
if youths between 16 and 18 are included, the figure
approaches 28 percent. Although considered too low
by some authorities, even these estimates indicate a
group whose problems cannot be ignored.
To help youth utilize constructively an extended
period between school and a permanent job that
otherwise might be wasted in idleness has been the
objective of youth programs initiated in many countries. Certain methods of attaining this end come
immediately to mind, such as continuing the period of
general education; providing work which will train the
young worker for regular employment; extending vocational-training, apprenticeship, and job-placement services; nnd improving recreational and leisure-time
facilities available to young persons. These form the
basis of the National Youth Administration program
which, together with the Civilian Conservation Corps
program of work for young men on projects designed
to conserve and expand the Nation's soil and forest
resources, is the major instrument adopted by the
Government in the solution of the problems facing
young persons in this country.
The general pattern of activities through which the
National Youth Administration has assisted the youth
of the Nation has been consistently followed since its
establishment by Executive Order No. 7086 on June
1 A comprehensive statement on the suhject is presented in Youlh-A World Probltm by W. Thacher Winslow, Washington, D. C.: U. S. Government Printing
Office, 1937.
The NYA has patterned its student nid
nfter a program of the Federal Emergency Relief
Administration which, during the school year 193334, first began helping college students in continuing
their education. This type of aid was extended under
the NYA to include high-school students (and some
grade-school students, 16 years of age or more) as well
as graduate students of colleges and universities.
Paralleling the student aid program but conducted for
youths who are no longer in regular attendance in
school is the work project program of the NYA through
which part-time employment is provided for young
persons in need. These work projects for youths
constitute a specialized type of public assistance that
had not been carried on as a separate program prior
to the establishment of the NYA. Completing the
undertakings of the NYA are activities directed toward
the establishment of job training, counseling, and placement services for youth. The work of the NYA has
been carried on under the general supervision of the
WPA Administrator and under the immediate supervision of an executive director appointed by the
President.
26, 193.5.
Funds
Since its inception the NYA has received allocations
of $122,233,050. Of this total, $39,381,811 has come
from funds made available from the ERA Act of 1935,
$6.5,501,239 from the ERA Act of 1936, and $17,350,000
from the ERA Act of 1937. Total expenditures through
October 31, 1937, amounted to $110,881,970. These
expenditures were about equally divided between the
student aid and the work project programs. On work
projects, expenditures of Federal funds have been
supplemented by funds supplied by local agencies,
chiefly in connection with the provision of materials,
equipment, office space, and the services of supen·isory
personnel. Sponsors' expenditures for materials, equipment, rents, and services amounted to $2,981,000
63
Digitized by
Google
64
WORKS P ROGRESS .-\DMI="ISTH.-\TION
through October 31. F edern l funds for these purposes
totnled $1,651,000.
Stuclent Aicl
The student aid program of the NY A started operations with the opening of the 1935- 36 school year
including among the recipients of financial assistance
not only college students, but also elementary-school,
high-school, and graduate university students. In
addition to qualifying under the 16- 25 year age limitation, eligibility for student aid was also contingent
upon the students being unnble to continue in school
without this assistance. As under the FERA program,
aid wns extended us payment to students for work
which wn s done under the direction of school
authorities.
Starting in the foll of 1935, the number of persons
benefiting from student aid work rose rapidly, until
almost 300,000 young persons wero included at the end
of the year. The pen k for the school year 1935-36 wn s
renched in April 1936, when 405,000 students were
assisted. During the summer months that followed
the student aid program wns reduced to negligible
proportions, but in September the program was resumed. The larges t number aided was ren ched in
April 1937, when about 444,000 were receiYing benefits.
This totul included 298,000 high-school students,
141,000 college students, and 5,000 graduate students.
After being prncticnlly suspended in the summer of
1937, the student aid progrnm was resumed in September. During the following month aid wns extended
to 237,000 students. Data for the NYA student aid
program since its inception are shown in table 39.
The number receiving nid during October 1937 is
shown by Stntes in tnble IV of the appendix.
:Mn ximum monthly pay ments, uniform throughout
the United Stutes, are in force . Students in secondary
schools may enrn a sum not to exceed $6 a month.
College students may earn up to $20 a mont h but must
not average more than $15 per month over a 9-month
period, and graduate students may earn up to $40 in a
given month but may not receive more thon $30 per
month as an average over the school year.
The 444,000 students working in April 1937 (the peak
month of the program) ea.m ed, on the average, 29
rents an hour, amounting to $7.57 during the month.
Monthly earnings of high-school students averaged
$4.89, those of college students, $12.65, and of graduate
students, $23.33. The hourly earnings of these three
groups of stud ents n.verage<l 24 cents, 33 rents, and 53
cents, respectively.
T AB LE 39.-NUMBER OF PERSONS ASSISTED UN DER THE
STUDENT Arn PROG RAM , BY lVIoNTH S
S ErTEMDER
1035
M.onth
TO OCTOBER 1937
Total
- - - -- -- - -- - - - -1955
September_ ____ ________ ·-·--- ·-·---·-·
Jli gh
:-chool
College
O r adll9te
School
--- - -- - --
Oc l.ober . . . _ .. __ . __ _____ ____ __ . _______ _
34, 024
183, 594
26. 163
75. 0.13
8,700
104. 009
November . · -- -·- ·--·--· --•- --- -- · - __ ·-·
234. -1.',0
282. 829
l 18. 273
159, 1.\8
Ill , 500
l 18. 453
306, 490
35 1. 302
189, 03 1
227. 6 2'J
250, iOO
275. 54-1
26/l. 304
125, 879
3.071
I. 707
112. 654
11 8.623
117, 287
122. 40S
125, 7[',8
80, 509
December. __ _ ---- ·-- --· -- -- -·· .. ___ _
NYA
61
3. 502
4. 677
5 2 18
1996
January ___ __________ ___ __ __ __ ·---- - ___ __
February .. _____ .. _______ . ____ ___ _.
March __________________ ·- ---- -
380. 099
404. 749
u:r_-:::::::::::_:::::-::.: .. _.::-- _ 398,302
212. 938
J un e ___ ______ _____ ___ ---- ---- -------··
JAui,ust.
ul y. --·------- -··-··-·--- ----·--- _ _
______________________________
September ____ . ______ _______ ______ _. __ ._
October ... ____ ·- - ___ . __ ·-- ·--. __ . ___ .
Novemher . ___________________________ _
Deoomber __· - ··-···--·-------------·/ 937
J anuar y __ ________ · ·---- ------- - ·-- ·-- ·
Febrnnry ___ ____ ____ ____ ----------·--
3, 33-1
1. 707
62. 960
34 1, .\,
52. 15.5
262
4. 805
5, 050
6. 100
6, 70i
6. 300
6, .';50
I
--·io:no- -- ------ -84
400. 2,\ :l
412. 210
2fJI. IJM
257. 475
270. 4U4
128. 771
137. 250
136,572
4. 8.'>8
5, 526
4 18. 721
276. 584
130, 733
5, 404
5. 174
-128.8 1~
139. 5-1 1
283. i38
5. 539
Morr h ____ __________ · -----··- -·--- ·---· 442, 100
294.-IM
142, 127
5, 51 7
April. __________ ··- ---- -------· --· -443.986
140. 69'.l
297. 871
5. 416
M ay . _______ ______ __ __ .. ________ ···- 425,694
280. 427
139,84 1
426
Jun e __ ___ ____ ___ .. -· --· --·-·---- --. 249,82ti
l .53. 168
92. 382
4,276
Jul y .-· - - ---- · ·· . ·--- - -·-- ·-----··- ___ _________ ________ ---------· ___ ________
A ll!(USt. _ _____ __ ______ _ · -----·- ·--·- -·
3 !i
35
Re ptember_ _ ___ __ __ ___________________
35.673
30. 81',1
4 , (i(.;
135
O ctobe r_ _____ __ ____ _____ ____ _______ __
23 ';", 307
15 1. 203
84. 235
I. 869
5:
During the current school year (1937-38) aid for
gradunte students is to be operated as part of the college
aid program. Although speciol allotments of funds are
not to be made for grad uate-stud ent aid, no change
has been made in the maximum amount graduates may
receive. The upper age limit during the coming year,
however, has been lowered from 25 to 24 years.
Another change in th e program redu ces the total number of students who are to receive student aid during
the present school year, through adjustment in money
quotas assigned to individu al institutions. These
quotas are b ased on a fixed percentage of enrollment and
the maximum earnings available to o. student over a
9-month period. Originally the number of students
aided und er the NYA in each institution was set at 12
percent of the 1934 enrollment; no difieren tiation was
made between high-school, college, and graduate students. Under present stipulations the number of recipients of school aid (elementary-school and high-school
student,s) is set at 10 percent of the 1936 enrollment,
and the number receiving college aid (now to include
Digitized by
Google
REPORT OX PROGRES:O: OF' THE WORKS PROGRAM
graduate aid) is fixed at 8 percent of the 1936 enrollment. As formerly, if the funds made available to an
institution under these quotas are inadequate to provide
aid to all the needy students, a supplementary amount
may be obtained through a transfer of funds from a
school that has not made full use of its quota.
Through the work that has been required of students
they have gained valuable experience which will help
them to obtain work in the future. Included among the
varied types of employment are clerical and office
work; library, museum, and laboratory assistance; the
conducting of forums, adult education clnsses, and other
civic services; special research; and the mnintenance and
repair of grounds and buildings of nonprofit educational
institutions.
TABLE 4O.-NUMBER OF PERSONS EMPLOYED ON NYA WORK
PROJECTS, BY SEX AND BY RELIEF STATUS
MOSTHLY-JA!ff.\RY 1936 TO OCTOBER 193i
Persons C'Prt ifled as
in X
of Heliof
,.,,,1
Total
Month
THOUSANDS OF
PERSONS EMPLOYED
500
Women 1 - - - ~ - -
June..... . ...... . .......... .
July ......................... .
Au~m~t .. __ - - --------------Srptemht.'f _______ . _. . _. ______ _
October_. _______ . _____ . ______ .
Novemhrr _. _________________ _
December _________ .. ________ ._
16. 7M
10, li9
78, 755
lf,l. 491
47, fi76
r., ,572
31, OiH
97,872
fi.5,619
10.;, 743
75, 5.16
i7, 911
8:l, 2r,7
76,192
7fi, l~(i
i8,891
80, :J.14
84, !)f,:J
8i, 196
ISi. 27!J
177. 8,IO
184, 2511
164. 7U2
161,571
IUfi,fllH
)6,\ i41
172,402
li8.0W
w. 9a:1
I00,9S9
88. (l(]O
8fi. 385
8i. ii3
85,387
Si, 4:m
90,003
15, 'if,0
75, 1:io
1.5i, 240
174,015
170, 4:!6
176, 2!H
l.'i6,fi99
!.>4. 131
159, 0-IS
l,'>I!, 412
WI. i99
1iO, 4:IO
04. 1
95, 4
00. 2
116.0
95. 8
1}5. 7
95. 1
95. 4
95. 4
9,5. 6
95, 6
05. 7
[9,]7
January ______________________ _
l\fay .................. . ...... .
June.------------------------.
July ........... . ........•......
Aagu.-:-t. ______________ ________ _
St•plemher. __ .. _... _________ . _
October ...................... .
184, 80i
189. 2\18
191, 58:J
191.132
184. ,156
172. 816
94, 799
oo.!m
u,. n,
90. OOS
92, :!(Hl
9:l,>Wi
00,:193
89, J:l5
81,9-10
95, 739
95,421
110.876
149, 8;!6
70, 2ti7
iY. 5fiY
1:13, 111
62. 148
59.llW
56,851
iO, 9tia
68.120
65, 9i6
127,219
122. 827
li7,015
181.(1-15
18:l. fii:l
)S-1, 477
177, 1.55
lf15, '-iYS
IH.:l!l7
12i. 3H9
121. 7-rn
lli.f>."'4
95. 8
95. 6
95. Q
96.0
96.0
\15. 9
95. 7
95, 7
95. 7
95. 8
1936 when some 17,000 youths were first given work.
Employment expanded rn.pidly during the next few
months and then fluctuated between 160,000 and 185,000 persons during the remainder of the year. Additional jobs were provided in the spring of 1937 and, in
consequence, peak employment of 192,000 was reached
in April. The subsequent decline reduced the number of persons employed on NYA work projects to
123,000 in October 1937. Of the October total,
117,684 persons, or 95.8 percent, had been certified
as in need of relief. These data as well as the distribution by sex are given in table 40. The number of
persons employed in each State during
CHART 10
October 1937 is shown in table IV of
the appendix.
EMPLOYMENT UNDER NYA PROGRAMS
During the first half of 1937 the numn.,_.h 0doNr 1937
THOUSANDS OF
ber of young persons separating from
PERSONS ASSISTED
NYA work projects each month consti500
I I
tuted a substantial proportion of the total
number employed. Representing less
than 9 percent of the total number employed in the early months of the year,
the relative number of youths sepnrnting
from the program hnd increased by July
to nearly 17 percent but declined in August to 10 percent. Youths leaving work
projects in September represented 11 per. ,• ~ - - . - - - j r - - - - - , 2 0 0 cent of the total employed. Opportu,. ....
nities to enter private employment were
the chief reasons for youths lenving NYA
- - - - + - - - - 100
projects. This factor accounted for more
than a third of the separations during the
7 months from March to Septembn in193b
1937
193&
clusive (over 44 percent in April), as indicated in table 41. Other sepnrntions
u;z
I
'
----------
1935
I Percent
of tote.I
--1--
J.136
J1mury ______________________ _
l\:•bru,,Q·----- _.. ___ . _________ _
1\l1lre:L ..•.. _________________ _
ApriL. .................... .
l\by ....... . ................. .
!\lurch ........................ .
April.. ....................... .
Assistance to youths who are not in full-time attendance at school is the primary function of the XY A work
program. In general, eligibility for jobs is restricted to
youths who are members of families who have been
certified as in need of relief. Although a few noncertified persons are employed on NYA projects, youths
with relief stntus have comprised 95 percent or more
of the total number employed since the beginning of
the program. Monthly earnings for about one-third
of the normal hours of work required of regular WPA
workers have been set at approximately one-third the
security wage schedule, with the further restriction
that wages paid to youths shall not exceed $25 per
month.
Activities on NYA work projects begnn in Jnnuary
l\!en
X nm I,er
Fehnrnry ____________________ ..
Worlc Projects
65
~
NOWIHt dMINflT'IAhON
Digitized by
Google
66
WOHKS PIU)GHE:--S .\D:\ll~ISTHATION
were due to loss of eligibility, employment under other
governmental agencies, illness, or other disability, and
the general curtailment of the program.
TABLE 42.--AVERAGE HOURLY AND :\lONTHLY EARNINGS ~OF
PERSONS EMPLOYED ON NYA WORK PROJECTS, BY l\IoNTH'l ·
JAlffARY 1936 TO OCTOBER 1937
TABLE 41.-TOTAL NUMBER OF YOUTHS SEPARATING FROM
NYA WORK PROJECTS AND PERCENT ENTERING PRIVATE
EMPLOYMENT
MARCH THROl"Gll SEPTEMBER 1937
Total Persons Separating
From NY A Projects
Month
Number
I
Percent of
total employment
Percent
Entering
Prh·ate Employment
36. 3
:.IarrhT:~al::::::::::: : :::::::: : ::::::.:1--1-::-:~-1:-1-·--_--_--_-_--8--~-~-
Kf;P~:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
June. __________ ....... -------------July ................ . ............. .... __
Auirust.................... ...... .. .....
,-;eptember .. __ ........ _____ .............
~:g:
26,260
24,906
12,905
14,203
1~:~
15.2
16.6
9. 7
11. 2
42. 7
44. 2
38.6
34. 3
26.6
37.3
37.0
A New York (excluding Kew York City), North Carolina, Oklahoma, and Pennsylnmia are not included.
B Vermont is not included.
Average hourly and average monthly earnings on
NYA work projects have been fairly constant since
the beginning of the program. In the first month
(January 1936), before operations had been initiated
very widely, average hourly earnings were 45 cents,
but by the next month the average had fallen to 40
cents. Since that time the average has varied between
36 cents and 40 c~nts per hour. Monthly payments
were relatively low in the early part of the program
(since many workers did not work a full-time assignment when the program was getting under way) but
since April 1936 they have fluctuated between $15.62
nnd $17.74. Table 42 gives the average hourly and
monthly earnings for all persons employed on NYA
work projects exclusive of women in educational
camps, by months, from the beginning of the program
through October 1937.
1i"o~e
:.1onth
Earnings
1
.\n-ra~e
:.fonthly
Earnings
--/9,16
January ...
February_ ..
March______
_\pril.....
$0. 451
. .. ---- . . . . . .
. . .. . . .. ___ . .. -- - .
May...
June .. __ _
July .... .
August ... .
September .... _
October ...
$1U.8
.402
.387
.380
. 380
. 3i6
.393
.395
.375 ·
. • •-- - --- - --
--- · .. . . . . . .
. ..... .. . ... . . ..
• 371 I
. 374 ,
~ovember.
December ..
.372 I
13. 4i
13. 17
16.01
lfi. 12
16.66
15. 62
!.~.!lfl
16. 37
16. 81
lf>.ll\l
16. 9-1
I
/9,'17
January ... .
February ... .
March .. .
..\priL .. ..
May .... June .. .
July ____ _
Auirust.. ..
September .. _
October ___ ..
A
• :J7!i
16. r.1
. 370
.369 '
.36i
. 3i0
. 374
11. o.5
16. 74
16. 49
. 379
16.M
.3~4
.375
. 381
17. .\1
17. J.i
17, 7-&
16. fi8
lfi. 77
Exclusive of young women in KY.-\ educational camps.
Youths employed on NYA work projects take part
in a varied program. Table 43, applying to the first
half of October 1937, shows that almost 30 percent of
the youths were employed on professional and ~lerical
projects among which clerical projects predommated.
Goods projects occupied 16 percent of the youths
(10.8 percent working on sewing projects and 5.6 percent on workshop projects). About 13 percent of the
vouths worked on the development of recreational
facilities and almost 12 percent were recreational
leaders in parks and play centers. Public buildings
jobs occupied more than 10 percent of the youths.
Other construction activities (highway, road, and street
projects and conservation projects) were less important.
Indicative of the heavier and more manual type of
work is a project in West Virginia (New Haven, Ma~on
County) for the construction of a youth commumty
center. The structure is the only one of its type in the
TABLE 43.-PERC'ENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF PERSONS EMPLOYED
ON NYA WORK PROJECTS, BY MAJOR TYPES OF PROJECTS
HALF MOSTH
Esnnrn
OCTOBER
15, 1937
Type or ProJert
Total. ...... .
I Perrt>nt
100. 0
Hi~hways, roads, and streets.. ... . ...... - .. . Public buildin~s.......................... -....... .
Parks and other recreational facilities. ___ ... . . .. .
Conservation_...
- -• ---- ·. • - - -
3. 2
lll. 6
13.1
I. 2
3. 4
EdurationaL __ .. . . . . .. . . .
. .... -- --.. HecreatlonaL .............. -- - ... .
11. 8
Proles.sionnl and clerlcgJ. .. _........ . .
29.6
Professional and technical.. ..
Clerical .. __
H. 7
19. 9
ttoods ____________ ___ __ ____ __________ ·
16. 4
~ewing ______ --- -
IO.S
5.6
Workshops .... --
10. 7
)lisct.>llaneons .... __
CONSTHl'CTINO TYPEWHITEH TABLES F'OH SCHOOL USE
Digitized by
Google
HEPOHT O:N PHOGHESS OF THl<J WOHKS PROGR.UI
State and, although built primarily for the needs of
youth, it will also serve as a community building for
older persons. When the building is complete, the
workers will have served an apprenticeship assisting
skilled carpenters, brickmasons, and other trained men.
A project in Youngstown, Ohio, has given about 20
young workers a good knowledge of the rudiments of
landscaping and planting. The project, carried on near
the heart of the city, was undertaken to improve an
undeveloped area by grading and by planting shrubbery
and trees. In Havre, l\,font., a project for the general
overhauling of the city lighting system; redecoration,
repair, and painting of all lamp posts; and removal of
overhead wires provided work for nine young persons.
The youth employed on the job have learned to paint,
to do work with concrete, and to install electric wiring.
On a white collar project in Connecticut, about 16
young persons are engaged in making a study of motor
vehicle operators by age and sex, covering holders of
State licenses issued in 1932, 1934, and 1936. About
400,000 cases are being tabulated for each year. When
complete, the count will enable the motor vehicle
department to determine the percentage of each age
group of operators involved in accidents. In addition,
a similar census of the ages of motor vehicles is being
taken for comparison with accident records to determine
the relative hazards associated with cars and trucks of
different a,ges.
A project to employ disabled youth has been set up
in Wisconsin where about 170 persons have been
employed in typing and proofreading the State Supreme
Court industrial decisions. Since 1911, when the
Wisconsin Industrial Compensation Act went into
effect, 962 industrial cases have been appealed to the
67
Supreme Court of Wisconsin. These decisions are
being removed from the general volumes of Supreme
Court decisions and are being put in chronological
order, typed, and bound in four volumes. Sets of
these volumes will be placed in the various State courthouse law libraries where they will be available to
attorneys, law students, and the public for use in
preparing industrial cases before the State Industrial
Commission or before the Supreme Court. Each
worker on this project is required to enroll part time
in classes in office training in the Milwaukee schools
in addition to working the requisite number of hours on
the project.
Another phase of NYA work projects provides
opportunities to "learn while you earn" to sons and
daughters, between the ages of 18 and 24, of tenant
and other low-income form families that are receiving
some form of public assistance. Resident vocational
training projects are now in operation at 40 educational
institutions in 10 States with approximately 3,300
students on the rolls. Special agricultural training
and homemaking courses are provided with paid parttime employment on construction and farm projects
in State agricultural schools and colleges. The plan
has provided a prnctical way to give training in farm
management to those young persons who have never
had the opportunity to study scientific farm methods.
Carried on in cooperation with the Department
of Agriculture and various State schools and colleges,
the project work consists in part of constructing workshops and cooperative dormitories where groups of
students may live at a very low cost. Students also
are employed in the maintenance and development of
demonstration plots and plant nurseries, and in assist-
REPAIXTIXO AXD REPAIRIXU TRAFFIC SIGNS
Digitized by
Google
68
WORKS PROGRESS .\Dl\ll~l~TRATION
ing the Agricultural Extension Service in its farm nnd
home demonstration work. Devoting approximately
half their time to work on these projects the youths
earn a monthly sum not exceeding one-half the WP A
security wage prevniling in the r egion but sufficient
to cover their expenses for room, board, medical care,
textbooks, and equipment, and allow them $5 in cash
each month for personal needs.
Applicants usually are selected for terms varying
from 6 weeks to 6 months. Courses are adapted to
the needs of individual groups but in general are
designed to give the students prartical instruction in
the basic principles and techniques of farming and
home economics. Of an elementary type, because
many of the students selected have had less than a
high-school education, most of the classroom instruction is imparted through demonstrati.on methods.
Other NY A Activities
Vocational gttidance and job placement services
have been recognized by educational authorities as
essential to youth, but these services have in the past
been avuilable in only a limited number of the more
progressive schools. Moreover, for out-of-school youth
there was little assistance of this type prior to the
NYA. Through its work in this fi eld, the NYA is
making these services avuilable to thousands of young
persons faced with the problem of making a living.
Chiefly because of the lack of trained personnel and
the desire to make the services available to the largest
possible number of youths, much of the vocationalguidance work has involved the preparation and distribution of occupational bulletins. Covering such
types of work as air-conditioning, Diesel engineering,
beauty cultttre, nnd dressmaking, these bulletins give a
:\' YA W OR KER S REPA.IRIK O A HC HAL SCHO OL
short history and discussion of e:!ch occupation, analyze
t he qualifications required, and present a picture of the
working conditions and employment possibilities. In
some States guidance service is extended through occupational classes and vocationn l radio talks.
In 65 cities located in 27 States and the District of
Columbia, junior placement offices have been set up
by the NYA with vocational youth counselors in the
offices of the United States Employment Service and the
National R eemployment Service . By September 1,
1937, a total of 165,738 applicants had registered at
these offices, more than 70,000 of whom were placed in
private industry. A total of 39,833 employers had been
visited by representatives of the offices to solicit jobs
for young persons.
The Federal Committee on Apprentice Training,
which wa s financed by the National Youth Administration for a period of 2 years, has been transferred to the
Department of Labor. The Committee will continue
its educntional campaign to encomnge young persons
to learn skiJled trndes through indenture agreements.
Digitized by
Google
THE NATIONAL RESEARCH PROJECT
On Reempolyment Opportunities ancl Recent Changes
in Industrial Techniques*
The Project on Reemployment
Opportunities and Recent Changes in Industrial Techniques was initiated in 1935 as part of the Works
Progress Administration's national research program.
In establishing this project,1 the Works Progress
Administration recognized the necessity for study on a
broad front of the dynamics of technological change in
relation to the development of our national economy.
The general assignment for the project was to inquire,
"ith the cooperation of industry, labor, and governmental and private agencies, into the extent of recent
changes in industrial techniques and to evaluate the
effects of these changes on the volume of employment
and unemployment.
The approach to the assignment may be formulated
in approximation as follows. 2 The problem of technological change in our economic life has two basic,
related aspects: first, the effects of change in industrial
methods on the production of goods and services and
on the volume of employment afforded thereby, and
second, its effects on the employment and unemployment experience of individual workers and on labor
market relationships.
Study of the first involves the determination of
changes in labor productivity, the determination of the
types of technological changes which help to explain
the changes in productivity, and the analysis of these
changes in the economic context in which they are
found. Thus, such questions as changes in the utilization and costs of raw materials, equipment and power,
the growth of capital, changes in market requirements,
and the relation of output to capacity are relevant to
an analysis of changing industrial techniques and their
effects on the volume of employment and production.
• Prepared by Edmund J. Stone, Assistant to tbe Director of the National Research
Project.
1 David Weintraub and Irving Kaplan are, respectively, Director and Associate
Director of the project.
• A more complete statement which defines the analytical approach to the problem
and presents the scope and perspective of the work is given by Irving Kaplan in the
Rutarch Program oftht National R,.,a,ch Proj«t, Philadelphia, Pa.: WPA National
Research ProJett, August J93i.
The second problem, the effects of industrial change
on individuals attached to producing units in the
economy, is concerned with the employment and unemployment experience of workers in various industrial
segments of the economy. :Major importance is
attached to the work histories of individuals in selected
industrinl situations in tern1s of the frequency and
duration of periods of unemployment and the frequency
and character of changes in occupation, employer, and
industry. These are analyzed in the light of the
characteristics and history of the industries and working population of the situation selected for inquiry.
The integrating principle of the analyses undertaken
is the conception of technological change as inseparable
from its context of historical economic relationships.
The problems studied are the time and manner in which
technological change takes place and the effects which
it has on trends in production, employment, and the
incidence of unemployment.
From the point of view of governmental agencies
dealing directly with problems of the unemployed, the
project's work embraces two separable questions:
What are the prospects for a higher or lower level of
unemployment? In which industries, occupations, or
locations is the impact of technological change on employment opportunities most significant?
The Stuclies ancl the Cooperatins
Asencies
The objectives of the various studies and the kinds of
data collected are further indicated in the folio-wing
outline:
I. General statistical studies, based primarily upon
previously available materials, designed to yield a
historical picture of the relation of trends in productivity, production, and employment in American industry
ns a whole and in its component parts. 3 In addition,
• Iiarry l\!agdofl in charge.
69
Digitized by
Google
70
WORKS PROGRESS ADl\ll~ISTR.\TION
employment and unemployment data have been
assembled for an analysis of long-term trends in employment in the several groups of industries and
occupations.
II. Special studies of selected industries, to acquire
material for the constniction of a comprehensive picture
of the incidence of technological and managerial changes
on employment and production in individual producing
units and industries.
A. Manufacture-1. Studies based on surveys of
individual plants in the brick and tile, lumber, cement,
beet-sugar, and flour-milling industries are being
conducted in cooperation with the National Bureau of
Economic Research.' Special efforts were made to
obtain data, related to changes in labor productivity, on
percent of capacity produced, prices, costs, capital
devoted to the production processes, and equipment
changes. Attention has also been given to a consideration of the volume of labor embodied in the raw
materials and equipment utilized. A survey of machinery and equipment manufacture was undertaken 6 to
furnish some of this information, and to supply material
for an analysis of the rates at which different types of
mechanization have been introduced and the conditions
influencing changes in mechanization rat<'s. The
l!nited States Tariff Commission, the Federal Trade
Commission, the Department of Commerce, and the
Forest Service Research Division of the Department of
Agriculture have provided special tabulations or reports.
2. Surveys of indh;dual plants in the boot and shoe,
leather, silk, cotton and rayon textiles, cotton garment,
cigar, and cigarette manufacturing industries were
undertaken in cooperation with the Bureau of Labor
Statistics. 6 These studies cover records of production,
employment, and pay rolls, and explanations of productivity changes in terms of such factors as the introduction of machinery and reorganization of operations.
3. A study of changes in job requirements of manufacturing plants in Minnesota is being conducted in
cooperation with the Employment Stabilization Research Institute of the L'niversity of Minnesota, which
made a similar study about 5 years ago.
B. 1Uining-Studies of changes in output per mun ns
conditioned by changes in production, mechnnizntion,
nnd physical conditions of mining are being conducted
in cooperntion with the L'nit<'d States Burenu of l\Iin<'s. 7
The following extractive industries are co,·C'red: bituminous coul, anthracite, petroleum and naturnl gus, iron
ore, copp<'r, lend, zinc, silver, gold, phosphate rock,
1-,.rypsum, stone, sand, and gravel. This work is bused
largely on data available in the files of the United States
Bureau of Mines, supplemented by field inquiries.
C. Agriculture-Studies of changes since 1910 in
the volume of agricultural production, labor utilized,
and output per worker are being conducted in cooperation with the United States Department of Agriculture.8 The agricultural economics departments in the
agricultural experiment stations of California, Illinois,
Iowa, and New York are also cooperating. These
studies include an evaluation of the effects of such
factors as changes in techniques, mechanical appliances,
and farm practices. Principal crops and livestock
products are covered. Material available in the
Department of Agriculture and the State agricultural
experiment stations has been supplemented by a field
survey.
D. Transportation-These studies, conducted in
cooperation with the Railroad Retirement Board,Q
include a history of technological changes in the railroad
industry and their effects on railroad ]abor and on the
operating efficiency of the roads, an analysis of employment and unemployment records for 400,000 work-·
ers in the railroad industry, and a field study of supplementary employment and of unemployment among
railroad workers.
III. Studies of the effects of industrial change on
labor markets and on individual workers. These studies
a.re designed to throw light on such factors as the
frequency and duration of periods of unemployment;
the frequency and character of changes in occupation,
employer, and industry; the occupational mobility of
workers of different ages or with different types of
industrial experience; the sources of the labor supply
in new and expanding industries; and the geographic
mobility of labor in relation to the migration, expansion, or decline of industries. Most of these studies
are based on field work conducted by the project.
They include the following:
A. Studies in the Philndc>lphia labor mnrket, conducted in coooperation with the industrinl rC'search
department of the University of Pennsylvania, 10
include an emp]oyment and unemployment survey; a
study of job openings, Il<'W applicants, and placement.
records of the State employment office; and an analysis
of the employn\('nt histories of workers in selectc>d
occupations and indw,triPs.
B. The analyses of work histori<'s of rnilrond
employees were referred to above.
C. Studies using employment histori<'s and buckground mnterinl from s<'lected industrinl situntions
WC'l'e made in 14 diff<'rPnt lornlities.11 One of these
' Hnrry Jerome and \\.illiam A. Xei:-.wanger in rharge.
5 l"ndt'r the supervision or J. Vnn Horn \\'hippie and Oeorge Perazich.
e l"ndt•r the diredion of Boris .Stern of the Bureau of Lahor Statislil':--.
; 0. E . .Kie."-Slin~ of the ~Jineral Production anU Economic Division of the Bureau
of ~I ines in eharge.
John A. Hopkins in char!,!e.
A. n. Sih-erman of the Hailnmd Hetirrment Hoard in dmr~e.
1° Oladys L. Palmer of the lndu:-.trial Ht•~•arcb Department in charJ,re.
11 Initiated with Francis :\I. Vreeland in cbur~e; field work rompletetl and tabuls•
tlons and analysis of results conducted witb ll. Paul Douglass in charge.
~
1
Digitized by
Google
TIEPORT 0~ PilOGRESS OF THE WOHKS PilOG R .Ul
71
The natw-e and the findings of the studies nlready
published are summarized in the remaining paragrnphs
of this discussion.
Unemployment and Increasing Productivity
V . S. St'1J(lr JJcd .Au ocfofio,a
T O P P l!\G Sl ;GAH D EETil D Y ll A!\D
LIF T l
·o
AND TOPPING DEET S BY MA C HI NE
studies , in ~fanchester, N. H ., is conducted in cooperation with the Social Securi ty Board .
Summaries of Reports Published
Sunun aries of the findings on a number of th e studies
und ertaken have been prepared and published. These
include r eports on various aspects of the extractive
industries, agriculture, and manufacturing, as well as a
more ge neral statement on the relationship of unemployment and labor productivity . Numerous other studies
in t echnology and in productivity in selected industries,
and of effects of industrial changes on labor markets
and on individual workers, are nearing completion.
U pon publication these reports are made avnilable
to in terested persons. Judging from the variety of
inquiries and comments received, the reports have
been found useful for many purposes. For example,
copies have been mailed on special req uest to commercial, industrial, and fin a ncial institu tions; labor
union organizations; national, State, and locn l governmcntnl agencies in a number of foreign co untries as
well as in the U nited States; trad e journals; private
research organizations; professional workers; teac hers
and students of economics and allied field s ; and in terested ln ymen.
" Unemployment and Increns ing Productivity " 12
deals in a general way with the over-all changes in the
Nation's productivity, employment, and unemploymen t since 1920, and emphasizes some of the important
questions which must be taken in to consideration in
any attempt to deal with the problems of unemployment. According to this report, the growth in total
output from 1920 to 1929 wns not sufficient, in the light
of the increased productivity and the growth of the
labor supply, to absorb all the available manpower;
the result was a substantial volume of unemployment
during this entire period. It is estimated that, in
order for unemployment to drnp to the 1929 level by
1937, goods and services produced would have to reach
a point 20 percen t higher than obtained in 1929, even
if the productivity level of 1935 r emained unchanged.
An undetermined but substantial proportion of the
unemployed in any single year has probably consisted
of workers displaced from their jobs in one way or
another by the employment dislocations which accompany t echnological progress. The notnble expansion
in employment which took pince between 1920 and
1929 was due almost entirely to the rapid growth of
service activities; their occupational r equirements differed so widely from those of the basic industries which
registered declines that it is extremely unlik ely that
all the workers displaced from basic industries obtained new jobs in the service industries. It is concluded that the outlook for the immedinte future seems
to be in the direction of further technological progress
toward a level of productivity substantially higher
than that attained prior to 1929. The rate of advance differs, of course, in different industries, but
since our economic system has not evinced an ability
to make the necessary adjustments fast enough, it
may be expected that the dislocations occasioned by
technological progress will continue to present serious
problems of industrial, economic, and social readjustment.
Mining
The report " T echnology and the Mineral Industries" 13 presents an over-all picture of recent technou Otwid Weintraub and Baroid L . P osner, Ph iladel phia, Pa .: WP A ational
Research Project, .M ch 1937. Prepared ror the N ntioual Hesources Committee
and also published in its report, T echnological Trend, and /1."aJional Policy. Washiu!(tou,
D. C' .: U.S. Governme nt Printing Office. June 1937. Pp. 67 7.
" F. O. Tryon, K . C. Heald, T . 'f . R ood, 0 . S. R ice, and Oliver Bowles, Philadelphia, Pa.: WPA Nat ional Resea rch Project, April 1937. P re pared lorthe 1\atlonal
Hesources Committee and also publ ished 85 a chapter in its re port , T echrrolO(Jical
Trend• and ·ational Policv. \\"a.s hin~ton . D . C.: LT. S. Oo,·ernmont P rlntin~ Ollice.
June 1037. Pp. 145-76. This cha pter is based t o a constdernh le exte nt on results or
the coo perative arrangemen t between the project and the U. S. Bureau of Mines,
and w as Issued 85 an introd uction to the series or " M luera\ T ech nology and Output
per M an Studies" ta t he several extractive indus tries.
3H~ 6 °- :l8 - 6
Digitized by
Google
\\'( IHK~ l'W HHtE~8 .\J):\IJXI~TH.\ TIOX
72
:-!\f..\LL-SCAl,E PLACER !\llXIXO
logical changes in the major mining industries and
developments in exploration techniques. Increasing
depth of operations, pitch of beds, and distance of
underground haulage, and declining thickness of veins
or grade of ore are discussed as factors tending to
offset the effect of improved technology on total employment in mining. It is concluded that, in general,
the outlook for the next 10 years as compared with
the l 920's appears to be one of increasing total labor
requirements in oil and gas, of labor displacement in
coal, and of little change in employment in metal
mmmg. For the extractive industries as a group,
there seems little chance that total employment,
during the next decade, will rise much above the
level of the '20's. Output per man will continue to
increase, though probably not as rapidly as during
the '20's. The long-run view, though the date at
which the situation will present itself is not predictable,
is clearly one of increasing physical difficulties and
declining output per man-hour. Meanwhile, mechanization is changing the kind of workers needed underground, favoring younger men educated to work with
machines, and increasing the need for technical men
and supervisors.
A report on small-scale gold placer mining u provides
the first comprehensive dnta on employment and production in the small-scale gold placer mining industry.
During 1935 more than 28,000 of the unknown but
larger number of individuals who tned their luck at
placer mining made at least one sale to a bullion buyer.
For the 28,000 miners who made one sale or more, the
average number of days worked was 45, the average
daily gross income was $1.60, and the average gross
earnings for the year were $72. Relief officials in
Western States had frequently requested information
that would enable them to ernluute income prospects
in small-scale gold mining, which wns often suggested
as a means of self-support for large numbers of the
unemployed. The report demonstrates conclusively
that this suggestion can no longer he taken seriously.
11
A considerable proportion of even the relatively successful miners were dependent upon public relief agencies
for a part of their support. About three-fourths of
the men engaged in pincering only temporarily. ~Iany
of these itinerant miners had skilled trades and had
gone into placering because of lack of job opportunities
elsewhere. Three-fourths of them were more than 40
years old, and about one-half were over 50.
Preliminary results of a study of installations of
loaders in underground metal and nonmetal mines
are presented in another report. 15 Yearly sales since
1923 are tabulated for scraper loaders and for sho,·el
loaders, both of which are currently being introduced
into mines at a significant rate. In 1936 the sale of
shovel loaders greatly exceeded sales during any previous year. The field distribution of installations is
mapped by kind of loader and by kind of mine. It is
noted that conveyors, which are now used in many
coal mines, have also been introduced into a few metal
and nonmetal mines. Changes in the types of machines
sold are reviewed, and the potential market for loaders
is discussed by regions and by types of mines.
"L. N. Pleln, F. E. Berquist, and F. 0. Tryon, .\lechanizalion Trenda in ,\J,tal
and Nonmetal Mining ,u Indicated bv Sal.a of l'nderground Loading Equipment,
Philadelphia. Pa.: WPA 1-ational Research Projeet, June 1937. Some or the data
In this report were published in the Engineering and .\fini1111 Jourf141, May 1937.
l'. 8. hurnrn of .\li,u.•111
Churles White :\lerrill, Charles W. llenclerson, and 0. E. Kies.sling, Sm1Jll-8calt
Plaur ~\line11 a~ a
S011rrt
of <;old. 1-.,.',nplovmrnt. and Lit'rlihood in 193/i, Philadelphia,
Pa.: WPA ;-..'ational Hest'arch Project, Jllny 11137.
LOADIXO COAL BY HAND AND BY MACHINE
Digitized by
Google
REPORT 0~ PROGHESS OF THE WORKS l'ROGRAll
A fourth report on the mining industries deals with
bituminous coal and anthracite. 16 Data by States
and bv
. counties ' derived from the 1935 Census of
Business are presented in some detnil on the number
of worke:.S employed, wages paid, volume of production,
and cost of fuels and supplies. A brief analysis relntes
the 1935 data to earlier censuses. These data showed
a decline in the number on pay rolls in bituminous coal
mining between 1929 and 1935 of 23,000 men, or 5
percent. In the anthracite mines the decline wns 50,000 men, or 35 percent. In 1935 wages constituted
61.2 percent of the value of products at the mine in
bituminous coal, and 57.1 percent in anthracite. A
new employment series, the average number of wage
earners excluding shut-down periods,is presented for 1935.
73
A Menon, Clavton d: Cu.
A9riculture
A report on the sugar-beet industry 17 points out that
the introduction of trucks and tractors, the development of improved and enlarged equipment for field
operations, and the general improvement of. far~1
practices have resulted in a considerable reduct10n m
the labor required per acre of beets during the last
quarter century. At the same time, the propagation
of new and disease-resistant seed varieties has increased
yields per acre. Cost estimates on available desi~s of
beet-harvesting machinery indicate that these machmes,
capable of displacing a large part of the hand labor now
required, had attained an economic adva~tage over
band harvesting in 1936. t'nless there 1s a much
greater expansion of sugar-beet acreage than can now
be anticipated, it seems clear that extensive mechanization would necessarily diminish the amount of employment afforded by the sugar-beet crop to hand laborers.
Stripper-type cotton harvesters have been in use for
some years in certain low-yielding cotton areas where
once-over machines are sometinles economical as standby equipment, according to a report dealing with
mechanical cotton pickers. 18 The report discusses
recent developments in mechanical cotton pickers
adaptable for use in heavy-yielding, level, or gent!!
rolling areas where careful picking is necessary. It 1s
estimated that 150 million man-days of labor are
required to harvest a crop of 12.5 million bales, or labor
enough to provide constant employment for nlmost
4 million hand pickers throughout a senson of 40 workdays. Thus, widespread introduction of a mechanical
harvester would have serious effects on the labor market
"Emptov=nt and Rt/a/rd Stati,tic., of .\linca and Quarric,, J.4JS: Coal. Part 1'"Bituminous Coal" by F. O. Tryon, W. II. Youn~. :\I. E. Wilson, and F. E.
Berquist; Part 11-'"Pennsylvania Anthracite"' by F. <I. Tryon. '.\I. Otero, W. IT.
Young, and D. C. Ashmead, Philadelphia, Pa.: \\"PA ::-iationai Hesear,·h Project,
June 11137.
n Loring K. Macy, Lloyd E. Arnold, En~eM 0. '.\IcKihl><'n, ar1<I Edmund J.
Stone, Changr, in Ttrh 11 otogv and Labor Rtquirt·nu 11tlf in Crop Production: ,,·ugnr
lkda, Philadelphia, Pa.: \VPA ~at.ional Re:-t'an·h Projt'l't, Augu~t W:i7.
Jli Roman L. Horne and Eui,.!ene 0. 1\lcKihhen, Cha,1f}<& in Farm Po,nr and
F,quip1Mnt: ,\ftcha11ica/ Catron Picker, Philadelphia, Pa.: WPA '.\ational Ht•>t'arcb
Project, August IU3i.
R. w.t Cotto" / 11ck,r Cu.
COTTON PICKING-MANY HANDS AND ONE MACHINE
of the South. It would probably also tend to reduce
the number of tenants and sharecroppers, stimulate the
use of tractors and improved machinery in other phases
of cotton culture, result in a geographical _shift of
cotton-producing ncrenge to areas best smted for
mechanized tillage and harvest, and increase the size of
cotton farms.
In evaluating the economic prospects for one-row
mnch.ines of the type e;,.--perimented with during the 1936
har,est, the report concludl's thnt the cost of picking
100 pounds of seed cotton by mnchine wa~ a~out_ $1.65
as compared with about $1.00 for hand p1ckmg_ m the
same area. \Yith an improved, two-row machme the
cost of picking might be reduced to about 65 cents per
100 pounds. It is estim11ted thnt it will require several
years to develop such nn improved machine, and that
in such nn event, half the Nation's cotton acreage may
be im·olved in 10 years, thro'\\;ng a maximum of
2,000,000 hand workers out of employment du~ng the
picking season of about 40 work-dnys. It 1s concluded, however, that a displacement of only a halfmillion pickers within the next 5 or 10 years is more
likely.
Manufadurin9
The field study dl•ttling with nspects of leather mnnufncture covered the four principal subdivisions of the
Digitized by
Google
74
WOHKH l'IWGHEHS ..\11:\IIXISTIL\TION
industry-the production of sole, side, and kid leather
and calfskin. According to a summary of this study,1 9
output per man per hour, in pounds or square feet of
leather, increused 25 to 28 percent between 1923 and
1935, with half of the gain registered after 1933. It is
concludt>d that the reported changes in labor productivity reflect principally the improvement of the organization and management of labor, and the increase in
the size of plants resulting from the concentration of
production in a smaller number of producing units. It
is also pointed out thnt if the full-time hours per week
had not declined during the period from 1923 to 1935,
the total number of wnge earners employed by this
industry would have declined by 19,000-with the
actual increase in productivity and the actual decline
in output-instead of the actual decline of only 9,000.
Estimates as to the extent to which the technology
of cotton-textile production has advanced since 1910
are made in a summary of a study on the cotton-textile
industry. 20 The extent of the advance is presented in
terms of the decline in man-hours per unit of output
which could be achieved in various cotton textiles by
mills utilizing the best machinery and equipment available in 1936 as compared with mills similarly equipped
as of 1910. The study covers eight kinds of fabrics
(carded broadcloth, combed broadcloth, sheeting,
carded-filling sateen, canton flannel, print cloth, lawn,
and terry cloth), and finds that the reduction in labor
time per unit of output made possible by improved
machinery and equipment ranged from about 32 percent for carded-filling sateen to 60 percent for terry
cloth. Analysis by departments shows that in six
branches of the cotton-textile industry the greatest
advance occurred in spooling and warping. Although
terry cloth and lawn showed a considerable adYance in
the spooling and warping department, their greatest
improvements took place in the weaving depurtment
through the adaptation of automatic looms which were
already available in 1910 for the other fabrics.
"John R. Arnold, "Labor Productivity in the Leather Industry," .\fonthtu Labor
Rtl'itw, July 1937.
,\fonthlu Labor Rtt•i,u·, Au~ust IY37.
"noris t-;tern, "Me<•haniral C'han~es In the Cotton-Textile Industry, 1910 to 11136,"
Digitized by
Google
PUBLIC AID IN 1936 AND 1937
Millions of persons in the Vnited
States cannot obtain even a minimum subsistence
through reliance on their own earning powers and resources. These millions comprise family groups and
single persons, young persons and the aged, farm and
city dwellers, and employable persons as well as those
who cannot work. It is the purpose of the several
relief and security programs-Federal, State, and localto extend aid to these persons whose incomes from
private sources are insufficient for adequate support.
The need for public assistance on the part of the
majority of these persons is attributable to unemployment. Lack of work, of course, does not necessarily
give rise to need for public aid. But if workers are
unemployed over an extended period of time, and if
they have no other resources upon which to draw, it is
inevitable that the need for relief will become acute.
Even in prosperous times there are always some persons out of work due to dynamic changes in business
organization, seasonal fluctuations, and similar factors; in less prosperous times and during depression,
total and partial unemployment is more extensive and
the number of persons requiring aid is augmented.
Self-support is difficult or in1possible for certain lowincome farm families-tenants, sharecroppers, and
even owners-not because of lack of employment but
because their farm operations are not sufficiently remunerative to provide a living. The rural relief problem is further complicated by the large number of farm
laborers who typically receive low wages and have
irregular employment.
In addition to the employable persons who are unable
to make a living for themselves and their dependents
and the low-income fann families, the group requiring
public assistanee includes many persons who have no
prospect of gaining a livelihood from their own work
or from the efforts of other members of their families.
Some of these are older persons no longer able to
obtain a wage income. The blind are another group
whose need has been recognized. Included in the
group are young children who have no potential source
of support, and youths who are not yet old enough or
experienced enough to obtain employment or whose
schooling should be continued.
For many families there is no single explanation of
need, nor is there any single method of providing suitable relief. It may be that the employable member or
members of a family have no work, or, if they do have
work, that their income is insufficient to pro\'i.de for
the minimum family needs. There may be older persons or disabled persons, or children or youths, in the
family group with whom the family's income must be
shared. When the need of a family cannot be explained
in terms of a single factor, the provision of assistance is
likely to present complications. Relief may take the
form, for example, of old-age assistance for one person
in a family, employment on public-work projects for
another, aid to dependent children for children under
16 years of age, or NYA work or student aid for older
children.
Such is the general problem. The recognition of its
complex nature and the manner in which aid is accordingly being extended may be indicated by reviewing
the operations of the organizations established to provide security for the underprivileged.
Of primary importance in extending aid is the Works
Program, through which the Federal Government has
assumed a large share of the responsibility for employnble persons who are in need. Wages are paid to one
employable member in a family (the person on whom
the family would normally depend for most or all of
its income) for work on projects prosecuted by the
Works Progress Administration, the Public Works
Administration, and various other agencies participating in the Works Program. The sharing of costs by
State and local sponsors of WPA and PWA projects
is an important aspect of this Federal program.
Youths are given work in the camps of the Civilian
Conservation Corps and through the work project and
student aid programs of the National Youth Admin75
Digitized by
Google
76
WOHKS PUOGHESS ADl\ll:'\1:-TH.\TltlX
istration. The foct that another member of the family
hns employment on 'WPA projects or the projects of
another Federal agency does not make a youth ineligible
for CCC or NY A work. Another special type of aid
is provided through the rurnl rehabilitation progrnm
of the Farm Security Administration. This aid takes
the form of subsistence grants or of loans, depending
on the requirements of the particular form family.
For the purposes of this discussion recipients of loans
are not included among those reeeiving public relief
benefits.
A large proportion of the recipients of relief benefits
who are aided through methods other than project
employment now obtain assistance in the form of aid
to the aged, to the blind, or to dependent children.
l'nder the stimulus of Federal assistance provided by
the Social Security Act for these clnsses, these kinds
of assistance have expanded rapidly in the Inst yenr
and a half; in S<>ptember 1937 only one State, Virginia, was receiving no grants from the Federal Gm·emment for any of these purposes. By the end of
September, the Social Security Board had approved
48 State plans for old-age assistance (including thnt of
the District of Columbia), 38 for aid to dependent
children, and 36 for aid to the blind. The administration of these programs rests with the States, subjeet to
the general supervision of the Social Seeurity Board.
The Federal Government matches State funds in providing assistance to the aged and the blind, with $15
a month per individual set as the limit for Fedeml
grants. In the case of aid to dependent children the
Federal contribution is one-third of the total e.xpenditure of the State up to a combined maximum of $18
per month for one child in a family and $12 for each
additional child.
The unemployment compensation and old-age benefit
programs authorized by the Social Security Act are
not covered in this discussion, since the benefits
provided under these programs are not based on
immediate need. At the present time these programs
are being put into operation but their ultimate forreaching effect on the extent of public assistance will
not be evident for some time to come.
General relief is extended through State and loeal
relief agencies to families and single persons not provided for under the various work and speeial assistance
programs noted above, and to families provided for
insufficiently under the various programs. The Federal Government withdrew from this field of direet
relief after the inaugurntion of the \Yorks Progrnm,
leaving the administration and financing of genernl
relief a responsibility of State and locnl governments.
In a few Stutes the orgnnizntions estnblished to administer FERA funds hnve been continued; in about
hulf the Stntes the administrntion of spel'ial types of
nssistnrH"e is ('Ombined with thnt of ge1wrnl relief un,\pr
the supervision of one State agen('y. A number of
States, however, assume no supervisory, administrative, or financial responsibility for general relief. In
these States, complete responsibility for general relief
rests with lo('al relief and public welfare agencies.
Surplus commodities purchased by the Federal
Surplus Commodities Corporation of the Department
of Agriculture and clothing and other articles produced
on WP.A goods projeets are distributed to families and
indh·idunls in need of relil'f, through the medium of
WPA proje('ts and with the cooperation of State and
loenl rl'lief and public welfnre agen<'ies. This distribution of food and elothing is often an important supplenwnt to other kinds of assistance provided to families
in need of public aid. In some parts of the country
where funds for general relief are p!lrticularly inadequate, surplus commodities haw• been used as a substitute for general relief.
Number of Recipients of Public Aid
The fact that a number of different ageneies are conducting seeurity programs, and that each agency
requires periodic reports appropriate to its own administrative needs, has resulted in considerable diversity
in the types of information available. Agencies
partieipating in the Works Program-the WPA, the
NYA, the CCC, and other Federal agencies--have
reports on the number of persons working and their
earnings. The Farm Security Administration obtains
reports on the number of subsistence payments certified.
General relief is reported in terms of the number of
family and single-person cases and the total number of
persons assisted. Aid to dependent children is shown
in terms of the number of families and number of
children, and aid to the aged and to the blind is, for the
most part, stated in terms of indh;duals although in
certain States a single grant may be made to more than
one person.
At the present time the Works Program is instrumental in extending aid to a large proportion of the
destitute who are being assisted. The "'orks Progress
Administration and the other Federal agencies participnting in the Progrom in September 1937 provided jobs
for more thttn 1,500,000 persons certified as in need of
relit•f, as indicated in table 44. The Civilian Conservation Corps averaged about 233,000 enrollees (the totnl
rnny be expected to nppronch the authorized quota of
about 300,000 during the new period of enrollment b<'ginning in October) nnd nbout 123,000 youths were employed on NYA work projeets. Tl1e NYA student ai<l
program, resumed in SPptember with the beginning of
the school yenr, assistl'd nlmost :rn,ooo youths in high
schools nnd collegt's during that month. Full quotns
for the school y<>nr contPmplnte proYision of nid for
nhout 240,000 students.
Digitized by
Google
77
REPORT ON' PROGRESS OF THE WORKS PROGRAM
In terms of number of recipients the most important
of the special types of public assistance provided
through the Social Security Board is old-age assistance.
In September almost 1,468,000 persons 65 years of age
or older were being aided under this program. About
193,000 families, including 500,000 children, were
receiving aid for dependent children in the 38 States
where the Social Security Board participated in this
form of assistance, and 39,000 blind persons were
receiving aid in 36 States where the Board participated.
In addition, relatively small numbers of persons are
receiving these types of aid under State programs in
which the Social Security Board does not participate.
However, the Social Security Board has estimated that
the September figures mentioned above represented at
least 93 and 97 percent of the total recipients of aid to
dependent children and to the blind, respectively, in all
States.
The number of grants made to farmers by the Farm
Security Administration has shown marked variation
from month to month, reflecting changes in the subsistence needs of farm families. In recent months the
number of grants has averaged approximately 65,000.
Recipients of general relief represent chiefly the
residual group of needy persons who are not assisted
under other programs. Currently about a million and
a quarter families and single persons are receiving
general relief. It should be noted, however, that this
figure may include a significant number of families
who are also receiving assistance under other programs.
An aged person in a family, for example, may be
receiving old-age assistance while the remainder of
the family is given general relief. Similarly, a youth
in a family receiving general relief may be employed
on an NYA work project.
Considerable change has occurred in the status of
the various programs for the extension of aid to the
destitute since the beginning of 1936. At that time
the Works Program had been in operation for only a
short period and the public assistance program of the
Social Security Board was just getting under way.
Works Program employment reached its peak in
February 1936 and has since been reduced to nearly
half this level. However, the assistance programs in
which the Social Security Board participates have
expanded greatly. The Board estimates that in December 1935, just before the inauguration of its public
assistance program, there were approximately 400,000
recipients of old-age assistance, 100,000 families receiving aid for dependent children, and 20,000 blind persons
recehing aid. The number of recipients of old-age
assistance has almost quadrupled, and the numbers of
those receiving aid to dependent children and aid to the
blind have almost doubled since that time.
In addition to Works Program activities, other types
of aid have declined since the beginning of 1936.
Current figures indicate that emergency grants made
to farmers by the Farm Security Administration are
not quite half so numerous as at the beginning of 1936
when about 150,000 farmers were aided. The number
receiving this aid is only a fifth as large as in January
1937 at the peak of drought activities. In contrast
TABLE 44.-NUMBER OF RECIPIENTS OF PUBLIC
Am,
BY PROGRAMS
JANUARY 1936 TO SICPTICKBER 1937
[ID Tbouaands)
WP., and
Other
Month
Federal
Agencies
(Persons-Net)
1936
1anuary.......... - ... - --.. -. -. -. -. -· .. -·· --· -•- - -..• •· -·· ·· February •.......... _. ____ .. _.-·-· .. _··- ..•... ···-···._ .... _
March ... ······•·--·--_-·- ___ .-·---·-·-···-··-··----·····-·-
Publlc Assistance Program
Social Security Board B
XYA
CCC
(Persons)
383
t/:.~l......... -...... -.. -.--------· ----.--..... --..----... -- -
3.004
3.110
3.152
2,951
2. 730
313
lune.......... -···· ..... -- - -··-- ··- --··- - •·- •- -·--·--···-··
2,579
336
1uly.....•...... _. _.••.... __ ... _.. __ ... __ .. _. ___ .. _____ . ___ _
2,493
Alll{USt._ ••••.••• _•. ··- --·--·--. ·-- - - - - ···- -- -··- -···· · - - - - . .
2. 56S
350
338
December .... _·-_-···_-·--·· ___ --··--·-··-----·-·-·· ___ ___ . .
2,689
2,781
2,785
2,591
Work
projects
(persons)
Student
aid
(persons)
General
Relief
(Cases) A
al
Old age
assistance
Aid to
the blind
(cases)
(cases)
---------------------------------12
247
27
16
75
157
174
170
176
306
405
398
213
2,211
2,130
2.004
1.825
1.6511
1,553
343
328
157
154
159
158
165
170
3
2
63
341
399
411
1,449
1.431
1.387
1.395
1. 4ffi
1,508
971
1. ffi2
1, 10'
105
107
110
2.316
2.282
2. 2i8
2,279
2,233
2,127
350
177
1,148
1. 719
1,677
1,555
1. 394
1.280
1,257
1.297
1,328
1,293
118
122
129
135
167
171
31
32
35
277
181
184
184
177
166
417
427
1,655
345
303
303
301
1.890
C 1.070
1./iOS
276
276
141 -----------127
233
1•)<}
175
182
IU3
37
3S
39
!leptember .•.... - . -. --.. -. . --.. -. - -.... - -. •. -- -.. • -- --- · --· ·
October ___ ··-···--- --··· - --···-··-····---- -- - ----·-·-·-- ·-- :S-ovember. ··- __ - ·- ---··-· -- -- ----- ---- --··- -····- -- --··- -·-
362
320
211()
200
330
351
380
294
471
564
603
786
841
860
27
57
61
70
13
16
17
18
89
84
26
27
27
28
28
112
211
Rural
Rehahil•
itation
Grants
(Payments
Certifled)
151
139
172
108
86
62
41
60
77
S8
93
135
19-'fl
~~~::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::.
March .•...•.. -••··-·-····-·--····-·-···-··--··· · -·-· •-·----
tfa~1:::::::::: :::::: ::: :::::::: :::::::: :::::::: ::: ::::::::::
June •.••.•..•. -.-·-····-····--·-·-·-··-·····_··-··-··-·-·--_
JulY---······-----···-·--····--·· ·- · · ----·· - ---····----·----Alljlus\.. __ ... ___ ... - -... - - . _.. -- - - . .. . .. . - - - . . - - . -.. - . - . - - . September .. ·-_-· ..... - .. -. ---- - . - -- -- -- -- · - .. -.. -- . •- -· -..
C
«o
441
424
249
------361
1,200
I. 2S9
I. 395
CI. 267
CJ. 262
I. 434
l.4f>8
29
30
34
• Partly estimated.
• Does not include number of recipients of special types ol a.•sistance in which the Social i-t•curity Board did not participate.
c Preliminary.
Digitized by
Google
335
215
323
300
218
191
54
7S
07
WOHKS l'HOGRESS AD:MIXISTHATION
78
CHART II
RECIPIENTS OF PUBLIC A.ID, BY PROGRAMS
S..,..,.,_
IQ37
-
-•o, ......- .. - -
0
I
I
,,_,..,
MD TO DINNDINT OIILNIN
,_,
MY A W0M IIIIDJICTI
....... IINAIIUTATION eMNII
( Mftlllffl
curr••n)
,...,
AIO TO TNI IUND
to these substantial changes, employment under the
NYA and the CCC has decreased moderately since
early in 1936.
The number of families and single persons receiving
general relief decreased by about 40 percent from
January 1936 to September 1937. This drop is to
some extent seasonal, since relief needs are always
greatest during the winter months. The e:\.l)ansion
of the public assistance program of the Social Security
Board, however, was a factor in this reduction, since
a significant proportion of those now receiving aid
under this program previously received general relief.
Availability of funds must also he considered in analyzing the decline in the number of recipients of general
relief, although the effect of this factor is difficult to
evaluate because of the great variation from State to
State.
Chart 1 on page 5, showing estimates of the unduplicated number of families and single persons receiving
general relief and Works Program employment, indicates a considerable decrease (more than 40 percent)
in the net number from January 1936 to date. This
decline is in part seasonnl, and some increase may be
expected in the winter months. The estimates cover
only the net number of families and single persons
receiving general relief and relief persons employed
on projects of the ·wpA and other Federal agencies
operating under the Works Program. Data on CCC
nnd NYA workers, recipients of special types of assistance, nnd recipients of rurnl rehabilitation grants
are not included in the estimates. The inclusion of these
other groups would counteract
the decrease in some measure,
as a result of the exchiefly
,_
1
pansion of the special assistance
I
programs in which the Social
Security Board participates.
Since a large amount of duplication occurs because families
receive both general relief and
special types of assistance, a
sum of the individual totals of
the several programs shown in
table 44 would overstate the true
number of households assisted.
The estimated net total of
2,700,000 recipients of general
relief or Works Program earnings in September 1937 would
probably be increased by 50 to
60 percent if the number of
additional households receiving
the other types of public aid
..................,u:nm ut1
were included. It is reasonably safe to assume that the total number of different
families receiving public aid of any type has decreased
by about 20 percent since January 1936; in the year
ending September 1937 the decrease was probably
somewhat more than 10 percent.
The number of individuals receiving assistance would
show a greater decrease between January 1936 and
September 1937 than the number of households.
At the lr.ter date a relatively larger proportion of the
total number of households receiving assistance consisted of recipients of old-age assistance, representing
for the most part single persons or couples. During this
period there also has been a decline in the average
number of persons represented in the family and
single-person cases of the general relief load. For
September 1937 it may be estimated that roughly 10
percent of the population of the United States was
receiving some form of public aid.
-
Amounts Extended to Recipients
of Public Aid
Since no problems of duplication are involved in
measuring assistance in terms of dollars, the amounts
extended to persons in need cnn be determined with
greater precision than the actual number of recipients.
The penk wns renched early in 1936 when the total
extended under the various programs amounted to
about $230,000,000. By September 1937 the monthly
Digitized by
Google
REPORT ON PROGRESS OF THE WORKS PROGRAM
TABLE 45.-AMOUST OF FUNDS EXTENDED TO R.EcIPIENTS OF PUBLIC
JANVART 1936TO
79
Am,
BY PROGRAMS
SEPTEMBER 1937
[In Thousands of Dollars]
Works Program
:\Ion th
Grand
Total
Total
WPA
CCCA
NYA
Other
federal
agencies
Work
projects
Student
aid
Special
Types of
Assistance 8
General
Relief c
Rural Rehabllltatlon
Grants
--1936
January _________
February _____ .. ________________ . __________ . . . __
:\farch ___ . ____ ••... ___ .. _____ . ___ ... _. _...... . . _
223,031
229,054
234,322
221,849
212,970
206, 167
159,450
163,613
169,016
160,052
155,905
151,916
124, 'ri1
129,421
135,885
126,669
118,237
113,192
26,813
2S, 369
22,372
:a!,317
21,914
23,518
8,360
8.8:13
10,759
13,006
15,754
15,206
143
886
1,880
2,562
2,518
2,704
200,240
148,541
151,318
151, 7,'>4
159,697
160,628
148,858
109,956
113,253
116,670
122, 3115
124,349
114,584
24,496
23,629
206,880
219,997
224,365
219,479
:al.903
H,089
14,436
14,181
14,199
12,273
11,329
137,009
137,507
136,590
135, lf,3
135, 165
128. 297
103,923
105, 188
106,804
104,969
104,088
00, 151
8,601
8,161
8,547
8.965
June ..•....•...... -·-···--·-···-···-·-···-····-·
213,554
214,975
217,995
213,346
403
195,612
JulY----·-····----·---·----------·-··--·· · ·-··-August ...... --- -- ... · - ___ . ___ -- ____ . ·--·-··-- ..
September •• - - _- ----- ___ ---- . ---···-- -·- -·····-
178, 6112
D 170,909
n 168,237
113,582
104,147
99,510
86,894
77,826
76,365
ui:~1:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
June ..••... -···········--···---- · .......... ·--July .. ·-·······-····-·---····-··--·---·------ · -August. ... ·····-- .•..... --··-···---- _____ --· ___
September .. _.----···- __________ --· __ .. __ . __ --October_ .... ___ . ___ .. __ . . _.. _... ________ . __ .. __
Xovember .... -·-·--·-·····-----·---··---- · -· -December .•......... -----------------------·-·
:a)f, 097
23,133
24,006
22,945
3,190
3,554
1,819
11,255
12,330
12, 752
13,956
14,695
15,587
47,878
46,835
... 537
40. 075
34. 991
33,197
2. 789
2,597
3,151
2,014
1,307
944
2,238
2, 2S9
2,367
2,402
2,538
2,642
12
1
342
2,515
3,122
3,132
18,081
19,977
21,262
23,338
24. 793
26,405
30,805
29,641
30,007
30,678
31,86S
36, ~'fi8
563
895
I, 148
1,367
1,416
2,174
2,690
2,967
3,227
3,315
3,347
3,642
1,992
27,613
28. 703
30,072
30,948
31,659
31,331
37,791
39, 1.53
39,662
35,8.54
30,579
28,244
5,484
3,5.14
5,531
5,253
3,66S
32,906
33,468
35,412
29,138
29.939
30,089
941
1,345
I, 197
2,416
2,793
2,986
1931
January. ____ ......... ··----···· .. -•···· ····· - -February ..... ·-········-- ___ . __ ...... __ .--··· ..
March •.... ······-- ___ .·-·····--.·····-···- ....
~~::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::-
m.
24,485
24, 151!
21,239
21,229
21,039
19,356
10,038
19,334
19,326
16,312
7,354
D 6,995
n 6,833
9,790
2,851
2,82S
2, 781
2,690
2,512
2,125 -----------2.010
1,8fi9
160
D
D
3,236
A Estimated on basis or $70 per enrollee.
8 Includes amount extended under the public assistance program of the Social Security Board and estimated amount e,tended under State plans in which the Social
Security Board did not participate.
c Excludes emergency education and transient aid; partly estimated.
D Preliminary.
total had decreased by about 26 percent to approximately $170,000,000. Reduction of WPA earnings by
more than 40 percent was chiefly responsible for the
drop. The amount of general relief extended also
declined by about a third. During the same period,
however, the total amount of old-age assistance, aid
to the blind, and aid to dependent children almost
trebled.
The total amounts mentioned above, which are
shown in table 45, include earnings of persons certified
as in need of relief who were employed or. WP A, other
Federal agency, and NYA work projects; earnings of
youths receiving student aid; earnings of CCC enrollees,
including the estimated costs of their subsistence;
amounts of direct assistance in the form of general
relief; rural rehabilitation grants; and aid to the aged,
to the blind, and to dependent children. Data on
amounts extended for the three last-mentioned special
types of assistance represent both amounts extended
under plans approved by the Social Security Board
and estimates of payments in which the Social Security
Board did not participate. The latter are included in
order to give a more complete picture of the trend in
expenditures for these types of assistance.
Average Monthly Benefits
Data for the first 6 months of 1937 have been used in
computing the average monthly amounts extended per
recipient under the various programs. Selection of a
different period would result in some modification in
these averages which are indicated below. Persons
certified as in need of relief who were employed on
projects of the WPA and other Federal agencies
(excluding the CCC) earned an average of $50.21 in the
months when they were employed. Earnings of relief
persons working on NYA work projects or receiving
student aid averaged $15.24 and $7.77 per month,
respectively, over the same period. The monthly
average for families receiving general relief was $22.79
and for farm families receiving rural rehabilitation
grants, $16.89. Under the public assistance program
of the Social Security Board, families receiving aid
for dependent children averaged $29.44 per month and
the monthly averages per recipient of old-age assistance
and aid to the blind were $18.76 and $25.10, respectively.
Including both earnings of about $30 per month and
estimated costs of subsistence, CCC enrollees averaged
approximately $70 per month.
Certain factors inherent in the programs themselves,
as well as a number of technical factors affecting the
averages, must be recognized in evaluating the variation
seen in the average monthly benefits for the several
programs. Among the more important factors are
the following: the number of persons included in the
recipient unit; the basis for determining the amount of
aid-the levels of the predetermined rates when they
are used or the budgetary standards when aid is extended on a budgetary deficiency basis; the definition
of what is included in the amounts extended; the
geographical distribution of recipients, affecting the
averages because of regional as well as urban and rural
Digitized by
Google
80
WORKS PROGRESS ADMINISTRATION
differences in costs and standards of living; the amount
of funds available; and the extent of turnover in the
number of those receiving aid----some recipients are
aided during only part of a month, thus reducing the
average for the month.
Although comments on these factors would prove too
lengthy in this context, a limited number of points must
be made. General relief is of ten extended in supplementation of private in<'ome or of aid re<'eived through
Works Program employment,rural rehabilitation grants,
and the special assistance programs of the Social
Security Board. This factor is an important element
tending to reduce the general relief average. WPA
and Federal agency employees are pnid, for the most
part, in accordance with a schedule of monthly earnings
estnblished to provide aid for a family of average size.
NYA earnings are intended primarily for individuals.
General relief is extended on a budgetary deficiency
basis to families and single persons. Aid to dependent
children is extended to one or more children in a family
and reported in terms of both families and children ;
the data shown here apply to families. In certain
States a single grant of old-age assistance or aid to the
blind may be made for the benefit of more than one
eligible person but usually these types of aid are administered and reported in tenns of individuals. Rural
rehabilitation grants to fann families are based on the
budgeted needs of families. The effect of the turnover
factor is much more pronounced in tending to reduce
the averages for Works Program and NYA work
project earnings and for general relief than it is in
reducing the averages for special types of assistance.
In periods of a rise or decline in employment or relief
rolls, turnover is particularly important. It should be
added that these and other factors operate with varying
degrees of influence in the different parts of the country
and at different times.
Digitized by
Google
FUNDS FOR SECURITY PROGRAMS,
1933-37
In the last 5 years several major
agencies of the Federal Government have devoted their
efforts to providing aid to unemployed and underprivileged persons. The discussion that follows indicates the amounts of funds that have been used in
carrying on the security programs of these agencies.
Taking the fonn of direct relief, work relief, and special
types of assistance, aid has been extended in part under
various State and local relief and public-welfare agencies
and in part under certain Federal administrations.
Included among the latter are the Federal Emergency
Relief Administration, the Civil Works Administration,
the Works Progress Administration, the Civilian Conservation Corps, the Farm Security Administration, and
the Social Security Board. The security acth,i,ties of
the Federal Government and the State and local
agencies have been closely interwoven since 1933, either
complementing each other or being conducted on a
cooperative basis.
Fecleral Funcls
The first programs of the Federal Government di~ected toward provision of security to those in need
were inaugurated in the spring of 1933, with the establishment of the FERA and the CCC'. The FERA
administered a program of grants to States for relief
purposes. Under this program Federal funds amounting to almost $2,943,000,000, supplemented by State
and local funds, were used to provide direct relief and
work relief in the period from 1933 until the Works
Program was put in operation late in 1935. (See tables
46 and 47.) Under the CCC young men from needy
fumilies have been enrolled for work on undertakings
designed to conserve and de,·elop the Nation's forest
and soil resources at a cost to the Federal Government
of some $1,656,000,000 from 1933 through the middle of
1937. This program draws solely upon Federal funds.
Its operations have undergone only minor changes since
1933 and are authorized by congressional act to continue until July 1, 1940.
With the creation of the c,vA in November 1933,
the Federal Government first placed major emphasis
on employment as a means of extending aid. CWA
work was provided both to workers from relief rolls
and to other unemployed persons. For this program,
operated from November 1933 to April 1934, about
$844,000,000 in Federal funds and some State and local
funds were spent. After the termination of the CW A
program, the FERA expanded its emergency work
relief to provide jobs for employable persons in need
of relief and became the chief Federal instrument, for
TABLE 46.-ESTIMATED AMOUNT OF FEDERAL Fu:-rns l'sED FOR SECURITY PROGRAl'tlS, BY AGENCIES A
S1x-:\[OSTH
PEP.IODS-19:13 TO 193,
[:\[ill ions ol Dollars I
Agency
Total-·-----------------------------------1
~1:rt!:JWR:r~l~!i_e_L~-~'_1'.i_~i:•_t~'.''.'.~~::::::
C'l\'lhan Conservation Corps ___________________ 1
iJ~~~W?rksAdm)i'~t~t!t": _ 11 ____ _________
Farmsit=t;AAdmi;is~~~•;;~n -,1.~;,,;,;-;,,;,j
grants only) c________________________________
rn:n
1934
First hall ISecnnd half
First hall iSecond hall
1935
/
1936
1937
Total
9.010.;/
30,o/
1,o.51.8,
1,385.8
2,m~ I -----~)9._0_1 ______ ~1:· _______ 3s-1_21------i1JJ:2_1------851l.S_ll ______ 50.l.4_.
:u
I
590.2
1.1r,1.al
First hall Second hall I First hall Second hall
921.6
1,002.s
:aio. O
r,o_ 2
211. 6
• 8!-1 O ---------------------- -----·------,------; .--- 1-----------;i..-,,,_5 / 1.037.2
224.:! ______ ______ ____________ ____________ ____________ ____________
21-,
88.5
1, 1;5fl. 1
-18. o
lll9. -I
199.1
M-1. 2
6-1-19
212. 4
3.1,6.61---- -----1------------ --·-----·-·-1-----------1-----------·1
I
I
:
I
1,28.l.6
First hall
1.244_9
6(u
s:j
IU3. 3
-----·------i·------- 0 - 1,007.5
s,5_4
181. O
26.6
87.5
I
A Data are for the continrnla] t'nitt•d ~t11te:-.
8 Rxcludt>s \\'P.\ funds u~•d hy tlH• Farm ~1•curity .-\dministration on rural n•h:lhilitation ~1nd land utilization programs, amountin~ to !-27,400,000.
C lncludes funds transfern•i.l from FE H.-\ nnd \\. PA fumb u:-t.•1l for rurnl rehaliillt:.Hlou.
81
Digitized by
Google
82
WORKS PROGRESS ADlll:\'ISTHATION
extending aid to persons in need until the Works
Progress Administration was developed in the latter
part of 1935.
The WPA, created in May 1935 to conduct a program
of useful projects, has given work at security wages to
most of the needy unemployed for whom the Federal
Government has assumed responsibility. For the
prosecution of its program of projects, initiated for the
most part by State and local governmental bodies,
which as project sponsors also participated in their
financing, about $3,177,000,000 in Federal funds ha'>
been expended in the 2 years ending June 30, 1937.
(For purposes of this discussion, other agencies participating in the Works Program, although in many instances giving work to relatively large numbers of persons in need, are placed in the public works gro~p noted
below. Their participation, in general, has mvolved
supplementing their regular activities and has included
undertakings ranging from work com.parable to that of
the WPA to work definitely of the heavier construction
type.)
Aid for needy farm families, previously included in
the FERA program, has been exttlnded through the
Farm Security Administration since its establishment
in 1935. This agency (originally the Resettlement
Administration) has used over $224,000,000 in its rural
rehabilitation program of loans and grants.
Through the Social Security Board, the Government
participates in assistance for the aged, for the blind,
and for dependent children-types of aid that had
previously been extended to a limited degree under
State and local auspices. From February 1936 through
June 1937 about $167,000,000 in Federal funds was
provided to States whose plans for these special types
of assistance have been approved by the Social Security
Board. This total includes only the Federal share of
the cost of this kind of public assistance.
The Federal funds used in conducting the security
programs summarized in the preceding paragraphs total
$9,011,000,000, as shown in table 46. This tabulation
indicating expenditures by half-yearly periods, reveals
not only the relative importance of the various programs
in terms of their total Federal outlays in the past 4½
years but also the periods during which the programs
were conducted and the trends in the expenditures of
the different programs.
State and Local Funds
State and local governmental bodies have participated in four of the six security programs conducted
by major Federal agencies. Of the $11,970,000,000
used for the six programs during the period of 4)f
years $2,959,000,000 was provided by State and local
governm.en ts.
A large share of the State and local money
($1,931,000,000) was supplied through relief agencies
for participation in the FERA program and, subsequently, for granting direct relief under State and local
auspices. Beginning in the last half of 1935 the State
and local bodies sponsoring WPA acth;ties han
incurred large expenses, chiefly for materials, equipment, and other nonlabor costs of project operation.
Similar though much smaller local contributions were
also made in the financing of the CW A program.
Throughout the 4}~-year period $556,000,000 in State
and local funds, according to available estimates, has
been supplied for categorical assistance-aid to the
aged, to the blind, and to dependent children. This
kind of expenditure of the State and local governments
has expanded considerably since the inauguration of the
Social Security Program in 1936.
The extent of State and local participation in finuncing the various security programs is indicated in table
47. It is noteworthy that during 1936 and the first
half of 1937 State and local funds have been made
available for direct relief in amounts appro~im.ating
those provided during earlier periods despite the fact
that State and local bodies have also incurred large
additional expenses in sponsoring WPA projects.
Emersency Public Worlcs
Paralleling the security programs during the lust 5
vears are the emergency public works activities of the
Federal Government. These programs have involved
major construction jobs, for the most part, which
necessarily are limited in the kinds of laborers that can
TABUJ 47.-ESTIMATED AMOUNT OF STATE AND LOCAL FuNDR FsED FOR 8Ecun:TY PROGIUMR, BY AGENCIES A
,-,x-:'>IOSTH l'ERIODs-193.l TO 1937
[:\lillions or Dollars]
A Data are ror the continen1al l'nifed States.
H l"nd1•r tht• FEIL\ prnl,!ram from Hti3 lhrou~h 193.5.
.
c Partici1mtion of the .Ft"c:lcral :--ociul ~ecurity Board hP1,mn m 1936.
Digitized by
Google
REPORT OX l'HOGHESR OF THE WORKS l'HOGRAl\I
be employed and which require substantial outlays for
materials. Their function has been that of stimulating
the construction industry and contributing to the
employment of building workers, often persons in need
of relief, but they have not emphasized the provision
of aid to the needy to the extent characteristic of the
sernrity programs.
A number of Federal agencies have carried on these
public works programs. Among them is the Public
Works Administration which in the period from 1934
through the first half of 1937 has spent some $572,000,000 on large public works projects operated either by its
Xon-Federal or its Housing Division. Toward the
financing of the projects of the Non-Federal Dh;sio11,
State and local governmental bodies have put up about
Sl,143,000,000, including amounts borrowed from the
83
PWA revolving fund. The Bureau of Public Roads has
used $982,000,000 in emergency funds to extend its
Federal-aid highway construction work. In addition,
other Federal agencies-the Bureau of Reclamation, the
Corps of Engineers, the Navy Department, and many
others-have used about $1,752,000,000 for project
activities, mainly of the construction type. This
amount includes funds provided under the National
Industrial Recovery Act, the Emergency Appropriation
Act of 1935, and the Emergency Relief Appropriation
Acts of 1935, 1936, and 1937. Combined funds used
under these public works programs and the six security
programs from 1933 through June 1937 total more than
$16,419,000,000. One out of every four dollars was
provided by State and local governments.
Digitized by
Google
Digitized by
Google
APPENDIX
TABLES
Digitized by
Google
Digitized by
Google
LIST OF TABLES
Pag~
Explanatory X otes _ _ _ _ _ __ ________________ __________ ______ _
89
I. K umber of Persons Employed on the \Vorks Program, by Agencies
nnd by Relief Stntus, 6-Month Periods, December 1935 to
October 1937 ______________ ___________________ _____________ 90-91
11. K umber of Persons Employed on Projects of WPA, CCC, and
Other Agencies, by States, 6-Month Periods, December 1935
to October 1937 ___________________________________________ 92-93
III. Number of Persons Employed on Projects of Agencies Other Than
WPA and CCC, by States, Week Ending October 30, 1937 ______ 94-95
IV. Xumber of Students Receiving Aid and Number of Persons Employed on Work Projects Under NYA Programs, by States,
October 1937______________________________________________
96
V. Hours and Earnings of Persons Employed on WPA Projects, by
Types of Projects, Month Ending October 31, 1937 _ ___________
97
YI. Hours and Earnings of Persons Employed on WPA Projects, by
Types of Projects, Cumulative Through October 31, 1937_______
98
VII. Hours and Earnings of Persons Employed on WP A Projects, by
States, Month Ending and Cumulative Through October 31,
1937_____________________________________________________
99
VIII. Allocations l!nder the ERA Acts of 1935, 1936, and 1937, by
Agencies and by Acts, Cumulative Through October 31, 1937 __ 100-IO l
IX. Status of Funds Cnder the ERA Acts of 1935, 1936, and 1937, by
Agencies, Cumulative Through October 31, 1937 _____________ 102-10:3
X. Status of Funds of All Agencies and of the Works Progress Administrn tion Under the ERA Acts of 1935, 1936, and 1937, by States,
Cumulative Through October 31, 1937 _ _ ____ ______ ____ ____ __ _
104
XI. X umber and Es ti mated Total Cost of WPA Projects Placed in
Operntion, by Types of Projects and by Operating Status,
Cumulative Through September 30, 1937 _____________________
10,5
XII. Kumber and Estimated Totnl Cost of WP A Projects Placed in
Operntion, by Stutes and by Major Types of ProjPcts, Cumulative
Through September 30, 1937 ______________________________ 106-107
87
Digitized by
Google
,•,·.,
Digitized by
Google
EXPLANATORY NOTES
Works Program employment data relate to persons
employed on work projects financed, in whole or in
part, from funds provided by the Emergency Relief
Ai.,propriation Acts, except as noted below. The following groups are excluded: (a) administrative employees, (b) workers on NYA projects-usually employed at one-third the scheduled monthly earningsand persons benefiting through the NYA student aid
program (these are shown in separate tabulations), (c)
employees made available by sponsors of WPA projects,
(d) owner-operators of equipment employed on \YPA
projects subsequent to .August 1, 1937, and before that
time nonrelief owner-operators of equipment. Included in PWA non-Federal employment are workers
on projects to which grants have been made from funds
released for this purpose under the ERA Act of 1936
and under the PWA Extension Act of 1937. Employment under the Civilian Conservation Corps (formerly
Emergency Conservation Work) is included throughout,
although since July 1, 1936, this agency has been
financed from funds made available by direct appropriations. CCC enrollees are distributed by State of
residence and not in accordance with location of project
work as is the case of all other data. It should be
noted that recipients of rural rehabilitation loans and
grants of the Farm Security Administration (Resettlement Administration until recently) are not included
in employment reported for that administration.
Tables relating to funds refer only to moneys provided by the Emergency Relief Appropriation Acts of
1935, 1936, and 1937. The data do not cover funds
released for making PWA non-Federal grants under the
ERA Act of 1936 and the PWA Extension Act of 1937;
nor do they include the direct appropriations to the
CCC. Terms used are defined in the following
paragraphs.
1. "Allocations" represent amounts ordered transferred to an agency by the President, warrants for
which have been issued by the Treasury.
2. "Obligations" represent actual or contingent
liabilities incurred against funds allocated by the
President. The figures are cumulative and represent
paid, as well as unpaid, obligations. On work performed under contract the value of the contract is set
up as an obligation upon signing of the contract.
Where requisitions for supplies, materials, or equipment
have been submitted, the amounts are set up as obligations. Items which are certain to become due in a
short period are recorded in advance, e. g., pay rolls,
rents, travel expenses, etc., are obligated one period
in advance.
3. "Expenditures" represent checks issued in payment of pay rolls and other certified vouchers, and in
full or part payment against contracts.
Neither obligations nor expenditures necessarily
provide a wholly accurate reflection of operations,
since obligations in part reflect future operations
whereas expenditures lag behind the true current
picture due to delays in presenting vouchers for payment and to time consumed by the mechanism of
actual payment. The lag in expenditures may be
illustrated by agencies such as the Bureau of Public
Roads, where States often wait some time before submitting vouchers for reimbursement.
In the tabulations of WPA projects placed in operation, the project costs recorded are the estimated
Federal and sponsors' outlays required to finance all
work projects that have been undertaken by the Works
Progress Administration. Regardless of whether projects were completed or active at the time the tabulation
was made, the outlays include the cost of carrying
projects from initiation to completion.
89
Digitized by
Google
90
WORKS PROGRESS .-\Dl\lI~ISTH.-\TIO~
TABLE l.-XC-~IBER OF PERSONS E::nPLOYED ON THE WORKS PROGRAll, BY AGENCIES A:SD BY RELIEF STATUS
Srx•Mo:srn PERIOJ)S-DECEMBER 1935TO 0cT08ER 1937
Week Ending December 28, 1935
I
Persons certified
, as in need of relier
All f>t>rsons
Agency
Week Ending Det-ember 26, 1936
Week Ending June 27, 1930
I
.lll persons
Persons !'ert ifled
us in llt~•d or relier
Persons rertifled
All persons
I
as in need or relier
-i------------- I
100. 0 3, 25i, 688
93. 2 3,236,621
HMJ. 0 2,782,841
86. 0 2,987, 770
100. o 2,663, 193
89. l
Works Progress Administmtion ....••.•.••••••...... 2,740,070
7S. 4. 2,627,000
9,5. 9 2. 255,898
6!1. 7 2. 135, t\36
94. 7 2, IY2, 409
TJ. 4 2,075, tl03
9-l. i
CivilianConservation Corps ...........•............
51S,!12S
14.S
459,485
88.5
11.8
332.900
87.3
12.6
328,52,5
8i.2
0.1
3,0<XI
!11.5
14. o
259, 06.'i I
til.9
Grand totuL .................................. 3,490, 21i
---·====---===----==--381,HO
376,710
----- - - - - - - - - · · - - - - - - - - - - · - - - - ---- - - - - -- -- - - - - - - - 505,000
H.4
447,000
88.5
369,000
11.4
32'2,000
8i.3
366,000
12.2
319,000
87.2
!I, 4W
0. 3
8,449
88. 9
8,340
0. 3
7.f,00
89. 9
7,430
o. 3
6,525
8i. 8
CCC camJ)6 ......................•..............
Indian reservations..............................
Territories ......••..............................
4,429
0.1
4,03tl
91.1
3,MOO
u.l
3,4t~I
89.5
3,280
Otl,er agencies......................................
237. 219
6.8
Iii, 107
72.1
59!1, 583
18.5
314,30.5
52.4
418,651
Department or Agriculture......................
115. 841
=
=
==
=
=9.=
==
=
==
=
·=
3. 3
76,972
66. 4
30'1, 650
3
163,315
54. o
100,670
5. 4
119,246
74. :l
1····•··21,· ···(·')··· ·······2-i· ····ii2.T :::::::::: ::::::::: :::::::::: ::::::::: .... ~~~~......~:'. ..... ~.~~~ ...... ~:~
1~:~~l~~:i:::i~:~Y~g::::::::::::::::::::
Animal Industr)· ............................ ]
714
(')
672
94.1
1,939
0.1
1,346
69.4
082
(-')
624
91.5
Biological Survey ....•...................... ,
Dairy Industry.............................
Entomology and Plont Quarantine .......... I
Extension Sen·ice...........................
331
15
13. 120 :
II
(•)
(·')
0. 4
(·')
316
14
12,330
Public Roads c . ........ ·········•········· 1
Soi1Conservat1onSeni<'e ..............•...
Weather Bureau............................
38. 189
31,634
18
I. I
0.9
(•)
H, 108
24,304
17
115.5
612
(·')
51>1
94.9
2,706
0.1
2,604
93.3 ..•................................................................
94. 0
25, 184
0. 8
20, 765
82. 5
16, 186
0. 5
15,093
81.8 .................................................................. .
II
\16.2
ii;:]~~~i.;??i~it?t!~~~;~~~). .i~:~:.! ...i.~:~....!!::.....::!....!~~'.~. · ·i-~:~....'.!::.....~:~...5~... Jf. . j)~......;J
36 II
76.8
9-l. 4
166..~74
26,897
5. I
08
16
71, &H
18,1111
IS
(')
42. 9
43,961
I. 5
14,969
34. I
67.4
17,3411
0.6
16,000
11'2.2
93.8 .................................... .
=============
!~~liit~':'~1fii°tfe t,~~~f;,l'.:°:::::::::::::::::::::::I:::::::::: ::::::::: :::::::::: ::::::::: ....... '.~.... '.'~··· ........ ~..... ~:~. ········~· ... '.~~··· ....
Department or Commerce ...•.•................. I
Census ........................•.........•... 1
Fisheries ..........•.............•........... ,
a;
0. I
2, 789
84.
3. 094
1761
C'0.l I
2,572
JOO
;;;:
;;:
3,
Dep:::::::ct::~~~~~;~i~~~::::::::::::::::::::::···;~:;:~····<'~:~·1
o
8. 300 - 0 . 3
6,000
7a.7'
3,570
83. I
8, 04S
94.3
228
5, ~22
174
73. 6
76.3
3,515
22
Alaska Road Commission ...................
126 J ( ' )
79
62. 7
BituminousC'oalConunission..............
33
(')
......•......•...•.
OfflceorEducation ............................................•..•...............
1
Geological Survey .....•..................... :
24
(·')
24
100.0
1
~~~n".:1
Puerto Rico Reconstmction Administration
H, 234
0. 4
13, 180
92. 6
Reclamation ................................
4. 353
0. I
167
3. 8
St. ElizahelhsHospital.. ......•............. •
26
100.0
P~::ns:r~r~~·.·::::::::::::::::::::[:::::::::: ·:::::::: :::::::::: ·::::::::
1
~~.~~~~~'.~~: ~~
261 (-')
0. 3
(')
DepartmentorLabor ...•...•.•................. 1
U.S. Employment Sen·ire.. ..............
ImmigrationandNaturnlization............
b~~;; n~;; ; ;~;~~~~~~~~:~~~:~~;~s.:.:; .
l.M4
~
1,388
1!16
(·')
(-')
·1~.~rj .
;~.·~·
··••e••··
1.3119
1,21:1
156
0. I
(•)
3,252
20
50.0
91. 7
92. 5
90.9
::! ·;•: ;::: ~;-·::! i•:: ~:; ~;
115
18
2,541
129
3
·~
35, 7811
8, 724
( ')
(·')
0.1
(")
93
80. 9 ................... ' .................. .
........ .........
3
(•)
..................•
2,411
94.9
1,294
(')
1,142
88.3
107
82.9
83
(A)
68
81.9
2 9
• :f:?
('~.I
17.m
16,~
::~
I. I
33. 41<..1
113. 6
49,022
I. 6
44,445
90. 7
0. 3
I. 335
IS. 3
10,232
o. 3
I, 238
12. 1
.....•.....•....... -•······· ..•.......
• .......•.......
T~':i:.'::~~'::..•
.. .. t~e...~'.~:'.~.,.......... ......... •.......•. .........
669
Territories and Island Pos...--e~s1ons __----· ___ _ ____ ______ __ - ----- __ . ______ . _. ---- ___ '====
Departmento!Justire ........•................. !.......... ]...................
I
~--;,;;-I
••••••••••
:n
638
(A)
··"·•····
••••••••••
95.4
··"···--·
(•6.6
476
---- ______
••••••••••
448
(')
••
_____ •
!................. .
88.1,
936.
(')
6!16
74.4
87.4
94.0
~l
2,,:i
(-')
(-')
4il
225
00.0
27
(A)
26
88.9 ....... .. ......... ..........
:::;~_:;r,~: ::·:g~:;: · ·:~.·~·.
1,174
;1~ · · ~.~i . i.i ~
l'ubllc W.orks A~~inistration...... .......... ...
15,086
0. 4
6, 38i
42. 3
lf,8, 2'26
5. 2
49, 754
211. 6
Housm~ Div1s1~n.: .........................
Non•I-'ederal D1v1s1on....... .. •.............
I, JOO
1:1. 980
( ')
0. 4
.'\88
5, 71!9
53. 2
41. 5
6,711
161, 51.5
0. 2
5. O
2,020
47, ,:J4
30.1
2!1. 6
(')
1,038
::;.5
1:::~
118,0301~
14,430
103,600
94.1
_______ _
1
I
88.4
96.3
..
171
2.\134 ~
o. 5
4,146
20. 988
3. ,5
28. 7
20 3
==
·=
= ~13- =
= =2X9= =
= - I- -38.=
·=
=(A)
===
- -32.-7
Rural Electrification Administrntion .... __ ". .. .
31
(A)
41. 9
(·')
II
4
1. 213
397
I>cP,artmen.t or Stat.,....Jnternationnl B011nd:1ry
omrn1ss1ou __________________________________ --···------ _________ __________ ___
Department or the Treasury._ .................. - - ~ --0-.3-
t:. S. Coast Guard......................... .
~. 9.
6,682.
81.9
9:l. 8
71\.1
89. 6
9a.6
00:l
3,417
1.094
O. 2
!
5, SIO ·
87. o
6,029
(-')
o. 1
I
tl-12
3, 1.\5
(-')
I
66. 7
92. 3
so.,
83. 5
91.7
811
3, 167
323
I, :192
3311
110\/
3, 42:l '
21 ii,
4. :l43 '
IHI
(')
499
3, 211
100
3,890
\~JO
Yeteruns'Administration.......................
1,411
(')
:::=1.335
94.6
War Department...............................
54,270
I. 6
4:l, 002
81. 0
49. 7121
I. S
I.I
28,12'2
1,;, SIO
7,5.4
93. I
38.002
10, ;:,o ,
1.2
o. 3
Internal Revenue, .......•................... ,
Pro"1.1rement Dmswn.... ..............•...
Puhhr Health 8en·1re ............ . .......... ,
Sec·retary'sOfflc-e............. . ..............
CorpsorEn~ineers ..............•.... . ... . . "
Quartermaster Corps ........................
1
I
37,ZS.~
lfUIS2 [
(·')
0. I
__________ - _______ ---------- _____________________________________ ,
8, 6titl ·
(A)
0. I
0 ..;
2\Hi
798
l.20S
(-')
0.1
'
zm
Otili
1,108
0.1 . ~
I
37,242
:!8,2XI
s. \l,';S
\!'l.81--177
74.
91
34, 143
o. 2 1 ~ - ~
(-')
I
(A)
,
o. 1
O. I
(<)
311
2,906
278
I, 305
292
38.3
91. s
llll.1
9.1. 8
86.9
(~~~
I. I
27,849
81. 6
~_'.O~~JQ,818~
S:l. :l
18, 6fi;J
o. 6 ,
17,001
91. 3
1
A Less than 0.05 pereent.
B Transferred to the Department of .\l!rir·ulture on Jammrv 1. rn:r;-.
_c Doe~ not include employment on Federnktid and ~rate hh!hway projects, whirh are not financed hy EH.-\ .\l't f11n1ls lnH- on whieh qualified workers certified as fn need of
relief nre 1nven preferen('e 1n em11loyment. On tllese vrojel.·ts elliployrnent hus ranged from u minimum of 12,tiSS during the week ending Fehruary 8 1936 to a maximum of
1':!,ti74 during the wet>k ending ..:\.ugu!'t It, 1937.
'
'
(Coneludetl 1Jn next pu!!,!tt-)
Digitized by
Google
91
HEP•lln' OX l'HOGHES~ OF THE WOUK~ l'ROGIUll
T ..\BLE
I.-Nm,fBER OF PE1UIONS EMPLOYED ON THE WoRKS PROGRAlll, B1· AGENCIES AXD BY RELIEF STATt::s-Concluded
Sa-1\IOXTH PERIODS-DECEMBER 1935 TO OCTOBER 1937
Week Ending October ;;o, 1937
Week Ending June 26, 1937
Persons oortifled as in
need of relief
All persons
Agency
Pereent
~umher
Grand total.. ................•.....•........•.••..................
W or!.s Progress Administration ..•..•••.••..
Pereent
relief
Xumher
1mo
2,258. a03
Sll.4
I.!IM,919
100.0
I, 754, O!M
89. 7
1.s21. rn1
;2. 1
1, i.">7, 412
96. ,)
1,477,291
75. 5
1,433, ll90
97.1
13. U
280, !(NI
8.,. 5
ll 238, !;;JO
n2
D
12. 5
0.3
0. 2
2.0.om
~-•
227,810
CCC camps ........................•..... . ...................... .
Indian reservations ............................................ . ... .
Territories ........................................ . ......... . .... .
Department of Agriculture ........................................ .
Percent
Xumber
2. 526. 3.'>8
n,·iiian Conservation Corps ........•....•..
Othe.- agencies .......•.....•.............................................
Percent
relie!
Xumber
Person oorli fled as in
need of relief
•.\II persons
310, (~~·
7,9!11.1
3, 49,)
t,9.5
84. 4
;, 150
2,9.',0
11.6
o. 4
o. 2
7, 732
3,288
58. ,5
12. :l
14. 9
2"20, 931
239, 798
===•i=========I====== = =
4. 5
138,!;;!2
5.5
93, ~35
67. 6
87,323
==
188, 5~
78.9
179,127
6,.57:1
2, 82()
78.6
85.0
85. 8
--~·™
[_54.9
- - ~ I -64.,
1-----~
(-')
66. 7
1,361
9, 8
2
0. 1
3
•.\gricultural Economics..........................................
I, 392
Agricultural Engineering........................................ ......•...... ..•....... ...•.•........
. .........................•.............•.......
.\nimal Industry................................................
130
(-')
126
00.9 .............................•.................•
Biologb1J Survey................................................
1, 63b
0.1
1, .",,>
00. 3
I, O'J7
0. I
I, 055
06. 2
Dairy Industry .•...............................................................•••................................•••........................•.................
Enlomolo;s and Plant Quarantine......... . ....................
17, 3i6
0. 7
16, 2.',0
93. 5
9, 4"6
0. 5
9, 0711
UG. 0
E,tension Service................................................
•.......... .......... .....•.......
. ••••............•.......•.•.............•.....
FRrm 8ec11rity Administration B........... . ........ . . . ......... .
42,008
I. 7
34,9112
81.6
32,4S5
I. 7
23,1169
7:l.9
Forest Service...................................... . ............
18,917
0. 7
1i, 987
95. I
11,628
0. 6
11,075
115. 2
~i:.mef~nomics................................................
846
(')
722 I
8.5.3
4.7 ....
98.5
Pu~lc
·50,-003
2. o · · ·····1 5,: -i :i i · :· ·· ·· 30· _. 11. ···· E ;_;
1.4
E 6• .579
23. 7
4 ,,.,
Soil Conservation Service........................................
5. 625
O. 2
5 39 1 1
95 8
0. 2
4,264
9:i. 7
Weather Bureau.••...•.......................................... = = = = =
··············!·········· ············· ········· ·············· ··········
Ro~~i.•t=~--.-.·.·_-_-_-_-.·.·.·.·.·.·_-_-.·.·.· _-_-.·.·.·_-.·.· _- :.· .· ·_- _- _-_-_-_-_-_-_-::: _- _-: ······
.\lley Dwelling Authority...........................................
28
!l rchitect of the Capitol............................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
J)epsrtmento!Commeroo................................ . ..........
-
<~? ............. ~'.~.
r. !~;
····•·········I···•······
(-')
-;;;-I
<_-'_)_I
31l2. __
107
115
92.8
I (')
.......................
.
( 'l
..•.•••....
27
(')
=====2'=,=:====92~_=1\
ffilf~; i i : i :••••••••·•••••••••·••••••• •••••••~· ? :"'I.•1=~~~1
t: ••:• •:" • ,., . . • • • • t ·••••••?
1
• •
1
~partmentolthelnterior..........................................
72,267
2.9
63,52S
1.7
~
21\,3f,3
~lf~~i:0':1lC:f'~j~:::tssion::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: .......... 111 . ••• <<:>> ... ··········:3141.!1·····007.; _ -,, . ··········1~.62·1··· <<:>> ... ··········1:5 .......: : 9s
Office or Education.......................... . . . . ................
tl,4
"
•.,
6
98 5
··. :·
<leologieal
Survey
..........•.......... •·························
tl~
!
'9-.' I
·: ~ ·•·••·•· ·_· ·~·~s· ·
···••••· ·•. -·,:· 2·
s!l!<·_f_ ~·
Ofliee
of Indian
Affahs...........................................
1,210
"
9941
300
10 9
0
9 8
Xational Park Serviee. _ ........... ........................ ..
1,.111
Puerto Rico Reconstruction Administrntion........... . ...... . ..
4ti,,'>.18
1.9
44,028
94.6
16,03,
0.S
15,306
9.1.4
Redamation ........ _... .. .... ...... ............. .... .. . . .. ... . .
6, oti9
O. 2
1,016
16. 7
5,660
0. 3
681
12. ()
(')g:
i~~!';."..',.';,0
oi
,'irgin lsian,is·::::: :: :::::::: ::
8o~e':."J'~::,t tti.i
Territories and Island Possessions......................... . ....
3~4
~6
Department of Justice............................................
i!: )
···(•i··· ..........:iiii" ..... ii~: i" ·······•··:i;-iiT··(,j··· ··········atif 1···•··9f2
(-')
b4
!lfl. 4 ............................................... .
~1=---=;'g1
430 i~!.
41!0 i (-')
. ...................................
====:;:;o (')
J)epsrtmentofLabor ...............................................
1···· ··
1··· .(.')
<')
··············!~
381 - - ~ ~
341
l'. !l. F,mployment ~ervice ....................................
36
(-')
114.4 .............. 1................................. .
Immigration and Naturalirntion ..................................................................•......•...........••........ •................................ .
Labor Statistics.•...................................... . ........ l====4=1"4=
(')
300
95.7
400
381 ~
1
194
Lihrary of Congress ....................•.............................
(-')
l!J.1
94.3
1141
('l
108
!14.i
Depsrtment of the Navy-Yards and Docks....................... .
15,044
0. 6
14. 357
95. 4
I~. 743
P 6
10. 2JO
9.5. 4
I (')
119, ,'\1(3
Public Works Administration ...................................... .
4.;
Ii. i
21, 133
I
i7, 239
----11----=· - - - - - - - - - -
Housing Division..............................................
15,4i8
0.6
3,101
Xon-Federal Division ......•.................................... l===l04=,1=0=5ci===4=_=l=l====lll=,=o=:l~=' _
Rural Electri!lcstionAdministration..................
...........
DepertmentofState--Intemational Boundary Commission..........
001
(-')
··········1·;·4··1 ····1·8·.·l··
..,..........
!======
3, ,),'l.'i
0,.partment of the Treasury.........................................
l'.S.Coast0n'.lrd...............................................
Internal Revenue................................................
Procnre!T'.ent Division.····•···-·•·······························
Put•licHealth Serviee.... .....................................
Secretary's Office................................................
32\l
2,093
1:15
ti!,,\
:u3
I======
Veterans' ..\dmlnlstration ............................................ =====2"=1
1
War;;;~;~~~i;~;:;;:;;::;:;;::;;;;:;:;:;;;;:;;;::;:;:;;;:;;;\
A
I
I
4.0
9,987
12.9
20.0
9.1421
0.5
1,398
1,\.3
17.3 ===68=·=,00=i====3=_=5=is===R=.,=,51,=9=i===l=2=.6
~~
I (')
,0·1
6
( ')
............. .
10.9
"
(')
,53
68.S
======1=====1•=====- - = - 3,149. ~ \ _ _ _1_,_7_17_
0.1 ____1_,s_1_9_ ___ss_,_.5
1
1
137
41.6
144
(·')
23
16.0
1, \185
94. 8
1,308
0. I
1,262
!lfl. 5
107
,9. 3
59
(A)
56
!M. 9
I ~~-_o
200
(')
178
89.0
I
0.1
(-')
0. 1
(')
(')
(')
( ')
~.!
.,.,
22 1
"" 2
············i·········· ............. .
;:ii :--g_L_; I---~-::-;-;-: ;:; 1-----
2,,9,41
I. 4
26, 3.15
94.1
12. 870 I
15. 104 :
0. 6
0.8
11.!l!<O
14,446
92. 4
95.6
Less than 0.05 percent.
11 Tramferred to the Department of Agrkultnre on January l. 19:li.
c Does not include employment on Federnl•aid and Stnle•hi~hway pr<.j('('ts, which are not flnan~d by ER.\ Act funds hut on which qualifiecl workers ~rtifled ns In need
flf,-,.liefare!'ivenpreferencelnemployment.
On these projects employment has ranged from a minimum of 12,61>8 during the week endin~ Fct.ruary s, 1936, to
92.tl,4 during the week ending AuKust 14, 1937.
II
maximum of
n Employment during the week ending Sept em her 2.5. 1937.
E Employment during the week ending October 23, 1937.
Digitized by
Google
WORKS PROGRESS ADl\lINISTHATION
92
TABLE II.-NUMBER OF PERSONS EMPLOYED ON PROJECTS OF WPA,
CCC,
AND OTHER AGENCIES, BY STATES
SIX•MOSTH PERIODS-DECEMBER 1935 TO OCTOBER 1937
Number or Persons Employed During Week Number or Persons Employed During Week Number or Persons Em~ed During Week
Ending December 28, 1935
Ending June 27, 1936
Ending Decem
26, 1113G
State
Total
WPA
CCC
Other
agencies
Total
WPA
CCC
237. 219
3,236,622
2. 255,898
381.140
2,987,770
2,192,409
376,710
209,131
3,180,597
2,255,898
=377,340
599,584
547,359
2,925,851
2, 187, 976
8,356
6,569
10,868
17,596
5,219
5,320
5. 224
4,503
14,8.~
3,917
56,613
19,430
49,074
161,328
37,633
32,398
9,332
29,945
110,548
28,328
7,415
4,038
8,549
12,540
4,679
16,800
6,060
10,580
38,240
4,626
46,451
14,939
49. 962
145,001
29,641
29,959
7,959
29, 787
105,515
20,018
7,712
3,471
11,283
10,248
3,828
27,466
2, 9116
6,915
35,428
53,434
5,888
679
2,776
10,482
13,364
1,561
678
8,807
4,881
33,034
4.801
12,001
48. 695
54, 9116
22,508
2,344
7,546
27, 124
33,881
3,966
671
2,150
8,079
11,232
6,560
I, 786
2,305
13,492
9,883
24,125
3. 401
10,570
40. 738
55,969
17,672
2,137
6, 766
25,459
33,121
3,089
544
2, 2l,3
6,589
12,235
1,591
8,600
10.613
17,166
204. 262
91,137
37,620
5.1, 460
10. 645
172,880
80,279
26,372
42,680
3, 711
26.059
9,165
7,912
7. 567
2,810
5,323
I, 693
3.336
3,213
17. 954
200,648
87,281
33,388
H,41'7
6,380
155,680
68,287
19,408
30.402
2,525
17. 882
6,674
5,245
5,599
9,049
27,086
12, 3:.ll
8,735
8,496
12,415
189,944
77,231
30,957
50,901
6.875
158, 749
64,735
21,420
40,301
2,583
17,303
6,680
5,634
5,572
2,957
13,892
5,816
3,003
5,028
Kentucky .........................
Louis18D8 ............. __ ..........
Maine ............................
Maryland .........................
MIISS8Cbuaetts . ................. _.
81,288
62. 298
20.502
27,788
135, 159
60,685
50,722
10. 054
18.568
113,968
18,759
8,421
3,657
6,018
16,163
1,844
3. 155
6,791
3,202
5,028
65.884
H.776
17,156
28,085
128,343
45,911
36,510
i, 971
14,606
104,557
10, jl()6
6.873
2.251
3,923
12,407
9,267
4,393
6,934
9,556
II, 379
70,761
42,141
12,916
24,123
117,701
49. 987
31,880
7,448
12,430
97,145
13,237
i, 114
2, 122
3,498
11, 251
7,537
3,147
3,346
8, 195
9,305
Michigan .........................
Minnesota ........................
~=-:;!.f~l~_-_-::::::::::::: :: ::::::
llQ,463
57,600
32, 149
82,422
14, 114
18,037
12,637
11.947
17,020
3,807
6,152
3.48.l
2,356
8,368
4,288
102, 791
68,419
48.083
94.0511
19,792
75,771
44, 80~
26,651
Montana ..........................
114,652
73, 720
46. 452
107,810
22. 209
12,229
9,450
10.017
13, l~J
IO, 489
2,767
14,791
14,164
11. 415
14,327
6,536
84,562
63,290
46,257
98,301
17,561
67,223
45. 179
25,276
70,356
9,239
10,220
12,304
9,460
15,922
3,421
7,119
5,807
11,521
12,023
4',001
Nebraska .........................
Nevada ...........................
New Hampshire ..................
New Jersey ..... -···--·· .........
New Mexico ......................
27,484
4, 6-"lO
10,698
111,301
23, 154
20.461
2,385
7,081
92,457
11,291
5,109
1,086
2,252
13,565
5,890
1.914
I, 159
1,365
5,279
5,973
27.048
4,568
11. 977
98,794
21,684
14,512
2.188
7,607
79,811
7,899
3,9211
856
1,653
10,816
5.1113
8,610
I. 524
2,717
8,167
8,692
26,226
3,697
12,000
95,185
15,616
19,253
2.053
8,761
75,474
8, 191
4.156
2,817
858
I, 794
11, 116
2,899
New York CltY----·--···
i'fow York (excluslveofNc\\;York·
Cit:,).---·····-··········· ......
North Carolina ...................
North Dakota ....................
Ohio ...•••........................
257, 145
240,208
12,506
4,431
225,929
205,490
9. 705
10,734
212, 745
193,984
7,685
11,076
161,365
55,061
18,675
llll,499
141,722
14,584
12,027
6, 003
134,494
50,251
19,897
184,060
IOI, 698
27,984
8.399
21,216
13, 752
6,974
16,084
115. 846
42, 772
28, 481
158,033
88,654
28,412
17,997
133,593
9,532
8,892
6,723
13,591
17,660
152,850
11,580
8. 515
4,524
15, 1:11!
3,761
10,849
16,515
3,488
14,447
2. 267
S. 470
7,864
4. 397
19,412
2,241
8,827
4. 024
9,281
22,307
2,376
1,644
3, lll2
8,860
18,306
2,770
1,566
Total
WPA
Grand total.. ...............
3,496,217
2,740,070
Total distributed by States ..
3,463,700
2,740,070
=514.4911
Alabama ..........................
Arizona ................. . .........
Arkansas .. ·--- ..... ·--· ...........
Ca!Homla............. ·------. ·--Colorado......... . __ . . . .... ... - ...
62,497
22,465
57, 146
158,239
49,501
48,821
II, 672
41,775
12.~. 787
40,365
Connecticut ................... __ ..
Delaware .. _......................
District or Columbia ........ _.....
Florida .. - - .......................
Georgia.-·-- ...... --·-·--· . .......
34,915
4,353
11,070
54, 717
71,679
Idaho ................... -- .. -- ....
Illinois ...... ·--··---·· ........... .
Indiana ..... _.... _... _........ . ..
Iowa ..............................
K811S8.1 .......... ...... _... _. -----
CCC
Other
agencies
---
--- ---
86,962
20,067
232,375
16,348
32,530
15,745
5,763
32,416
3,000
9,597
4.949
2, 110
9,004
371
4,344
SO, 411
26,480
277,748
16,560
45, 737
55,596
14,469
235,047
10. 888
25. 470
14,662
3, 740
19,9118
2,359
7,728
10,153
8,271
22, 703
3,313
12,539
82,497
21,793
263,237
15, 233
41,135
58, 118
13,908
229,378
10. 725
5, OS5
19, 18-1
59,268
135,603
16,012
11,633
11,400
79,385
10,USO
4. 400
3,593
8.800
20,477
2, 4~9
I, 777
6, 1111
13,963
35, 741
3,433
3, 4,56
27,949
48,634
118,846
14. 021
6,647
20, 723
27,636
3,839
2, «8
1,334
IS, 103
11,398
1,373
1.134
12,657
8,545
10,838
15, 109
1,624
5,512
8,175
2,259
3,412
1,050
27,180
25,948
43,457
48,862
2,789
11,657
5,737
7, lll7
IO, 764
1. 452
14,151
12, 704
5,252
14,497
3,842
40, 8lll
44,389
55,916
74,123
8,083
15,855
43,067
tt~:i:1~:::::::::::::::::::::
South Dakot~- .... __ ...... __ ......
Tennessee ................... . .. -..
Tems .............................
Utah .......... . ..................
Vermont ................ . ...... . .
22,479
62, 283
122,542
8,500
16,060
45,390
83,608
14,997
4,927
Virginia ................ . ..........
Washington .......................
West Virginia ....... __ ........ _...
W lllconsln .. _..............
Wyoming .................. :::::::
58,117
48,925
64,542
79,542
7,854
39.948
32,205
51.44.5
61,021
5,180
Total distributed by Terri•
torles ................... __ .
Alaska ....................... ...
Hawaii.. .................... - - - Panama Canal Zone. _..... . . ---Puerto Rico ......... _. __ . _. ...
Virgin Islands..............
Not distributed hy States or Ter•
rltories .................... ____ . _
-----------600 -----------2,815 ---------------------------------16, 546 -----------233 -----------lll,284
12,233
66,602
23,808
38,298
1117. 656
27,940
2ll,20P
1,379
11,674
173, 170
273. 795
111, i19
46,471
===
5,059
4,736
998
4,521
Oklahoma .........................
Oregon ...........................
South Carolina ....... __ ... _......
518,928
11, 790
=
4,429
352
I, 535
---------2,309
233
=
338
1,280
---------14,237
-------------------------- ---------- 12,233
Other
agencies
00, 1188
36,505
42,800
53, 742
70,496
7,452
------------
3,800
39,267
60,8:.ll
521 -----------3,llll -----------260 ---- ------37,955 ---- ------1,130 ------------
218
1,261
403
---------2,099
303
1,940
260
35,856
12,958 ------------
----------
222
908
12,958
7,581
89
51,594
1,1113
I
786
1,445
8,595
4,526
23,838
311,493
78. 233
8, 87~
3,437
24,422
26,910
41,383
51,389
3, 136
4,433
---8,780
3.500
8,892
29,231;
5,795
3,364
720
IS, "68
9,409
6, 1189
IS, 724
7,377
11,149
1,488
10,256
4,982
7.~
2,828
3,280
53, 107
- - - - - -58
345
-----------4,433
974
------------ ---------I,
737
-----------224
------------
2,174
89
4V, 857
929
----------
I.099
1,099 ------------
(Concluded on next page)
Digitized by
418.651
=373,430 = 364.445
Google
93
REPORT OX l'HOGRESS 01<' THE \VOHKS PHOGR.-\1\1
TABLE II.-NUMBER OF PERSONS EMPLOYED ON PROJECTS OF WPA,
CCC,
AND OTHER AGENCIES, BY STATES-Concluded
81X·JIIONTR PIIIRIOD&-DltCIIJIIBER 11136 TO OCTOBBR 11137
Number of Persons Employed During Week
F.nding June 211, 1937
Number of Persons Employed DurlnR Week
Ending October 30, 1937
State
Grand totaL ...•...............•••....... .. ... . . . .................
CCC
Total
WPA
2,526,358
1,821,151
327,485
Other
agencies
CCC
WPA
377,722
1,965,919
1,477,291
7,324
3,.'566
5,179
22,327
5,204
30, 7~1
10, 11118
28,405
89,628
24. 721
20,681
6, 48.1
18,758
66,237
16,593
5,801
2,757
6, 8119
7,770
2,676
4,279
I, 758
2. 778
15. 621
6,453
13, 1194
1,686
5,625
22,917
21,421
1, i72
347
1,987
3,938
7,297
1,685
315
2,30.~
4,2116
5. 730
A
238,830
l====l====l= = = =l===,t====l====l 0= = =
235,542
1,474, 751
1,817,480
2. 4611, 412
327,942
323, WO
1,929, 1183
Total dlatrlbutad by States ....... .. •....•... . ... . .................
Other
Bl(encies
Total
239,798
219,300
1 - - - - • 1 - - - - -1- - - - - 1
38,071
14,11114
311,251
129, 9114
28,827
7,682
23,653
98.~
19,837
8.079
3,436
10,419
9,002
3,786
District of Columbia ..•........... ... ... .... ..• .. ...... .. . . . ...........
Florida •••••• ..................... • . . • .. •. • •• ••• ••·· · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·
OaorgiL •••••. ......... ••. · · · · ··•. •· · · · · · ·· • · •• · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·· · · · · · · · · · ·
22,458
2,845
II , 321
38, 5.'15
40,844
17,364
1,931
6. 523
25,356
23,761
2,268
382
:1,089
5,688
10,558
2,826
532
2, 7'09
7,511
6,525
17,361
2. 348
9,917
31,151
34,448
Idaho .••••................................•..• •. .........................
Ullnols ••••..............•...•........ ... .. . .. . .•... .. . . .. .. . .............
10,495
Ul3,615
4,700
132. 188
54,143
19,642
30,704
2,223
12,865
6,678
4,957
4,432
3,572
18,562
5,217
3,03&
3,092
7,525
123.329
48, 749
21,637
29,689
4,286
10.1, 612
41,756
16,541
25,438
1,588
10, ;;g
4,006
3,744
2,939
1,651
8,939
2,387
1,352
1,312
Alabama ................................... . . .. . .. .. .... ... ..... ....... .
Arizona . . .. ........ . ........ . ....... . .......... . . ... . ........ ... ....... .
Arkansas •...... ....... ... . . ......... .. . ........ .. ......... ..............
California ...... ..... ..• •... ................................. ... .........
Colorado •••. ......................... . ... .. .. . ... ... . . ... ... . . ........ ..
Connecticut ..................... . ..... .. . . •...•.... . ... ................ .
Delaware .. .... .................... ...... .... ........ . .................. .
20,668
Indiana.... .... ..................... .. ........ ••••••• .... •• •••·•·········
65,038
Ke.nsas .••................................... •. .• . ··· · ···················
38,228
Kentucky ..........•••....................•.. • •....... . ........ .........
Loulslaua ..................... . ... ..... ..... . .. ....... • ......... ........ .
69,558
36,452
8,213
20, uw
12,318
6,826
1,835
2,716
9,536
6,919
3,481
3.330
6, 708
9,299
47,314
29,617
5,292
16, 193
75,833
36,570
21, 6911
2,617
8,874
61,332
6, llll8
118,418
41,321
211,145
3,048
10,760
79, li83
4,637
1,176
2, 179
7,492
3,746
3,281
1, 499
5,140
7,009
50,514
37,991)
17, 8112
64,656
9,387
7,010
9,320
8, 62'2
13, ll).~
3,256
6,471
6, 744
13,674
6,435
7,277
53, 180
:: :: :: :::::::: :: :::: :::: :::::::::: ::: :::::: :::
~l:o~~f~~::::::::::::::::
Montana ..•..••••..•.•............ ... ......•...••... . .. . ...........•....
63,995
64,003
40,188
84,2116
19,920
42, 294
33,043
16, 9,o;f
48,616
11,983
6,514
6,475
6,535
7,960
2,600
5,372
4, 745
10,745
3. ~
4,349
Nebraska .. ......... ................. . . ........ ......................... .
27,m
4,480
822
1,063
8,098
4,345
4,239
573
I, 742
9,812
2,414
25,371
2.065
6,399
72,663
10,703
17,544
1,355
4,767
15,003
19,058
1,441
5,926
67, 3116
8,244
6,113
3,296
512
784
6,796
2,780
4. 531
198
848
7,568
1,810
::~l{~~\i:l.~l~.~~.f.1:':~~.~~~~.~1.t_>:>_-_-:::::::::::: ::: ::::::::::::::::
North Dakota ••........................... . . • •. .•... .. . . ....... .•.••....
Ohio ••••••••............•.•...•.............. . ..•.... • ......•.•.••••••...
100, 714
88,885
37,932
21,260
121, 98h
177,204
66, 9341
22,670
11,943
99,000
6,073
7,676
8,503
5,004
10, :.lll
7,437
14,270
6,759
3,713
12,784
151,536
69,525
30,047
15,469
100,827
139,852
52,117
18,842
10,480
85,088
4,867
6,845
6,132
3,336
8,0SS
6,817
10,563
5,073
1,653
7,654
Oklahoma .•.•....................•........ . .•...•. . ..•..................
Oregon .••. .. .•... ............. ...... ... ....•••.•.•.............• ..• . •...
Pennsylvania.............................. . ....•........................
Rhode Island ..... ..... .. ........ ... . . .....••••..•..•. .... ... .•...••.....
South Carolina •.......•....... ...•.........••••••....• . .... ...••••••..••
611,3811
31, 007
214, 539
14,710
34,129
48,651
13,200
179,738
11,414
19,572
14, 11119
2, 1182
12,697
1,848
7,545
5, 749
3,819
22,204
1,448
7,012
49, 'l.27
14,385
183,911
II, 315
25,887
37,197
9,699
167,414
9,160
15,3118
8,531
2,291
II, 857
I, 411
5,491
3, 499
2,395
14, 640
744
5,030
South Dakota .....•••••...... .............••.••..... ... .... .............
Tennessee .••.•.................. ••··••····•·•····· · ·····················
Texas •• • •••...........• .. .......... •••••••• •••• ·· •·· · ··· ················ ·
22,533
42, 1/iO
119,783
12. 108
5,3!0
13,764
28,342
68,213
7,511
2,007
3,!04
8,381
20,945
1,008
1,417
4,835
10,427
10,625
2, 5119
1, 06II
18,423
30,266
61,939
9,156
4, 02II
12,935
18,709
41, 7211
6, 164
2, 140
3,445
II, 183
12, 759
1,628
1, 172
2,043
5,374
7,454
1,364
717
38,993
19,284
25,roB
32,0W
42,063
2,365
9,342
4,867
6,387
7,778
1.549
8,387
6,358
2,428
7,628
3, 112
29,722
30. 033
33. 354
44,215
4,533
16,418
21,351
27,045
34,386
1,694
7,029
4,151
4,149
5,479
1,009
6,275
4,531
2,160
4,370
1,830
26,110
:1,640
3,288
20,282
2,527
150
744
102
1,812
(owe. ..................................... . . .... . ... ..................... .
Me.lne ............................ ............. .. .. . ..... ............... .
Me.ryland ... .• ........ ........... ..... . ... ............ . .................
Massachusetts ..••.................... ... ... .. ... . ... .. ...........•..•...
MlcblRaD ••••..•••......•.••....... ..... ..• .•....• . ............... ...... .
Minnesota .••.••........................... •.• . •.......... .............. .
Nevada •• .... .............................. •• . ....•........ .....••.•...•.
New Hampshire ................... . .... . •• •.• • • .•.. •............•••.•••.
New Jersey ..... ......•................... ..• .•• •.•..............•.......
New Mexico ...............................••••• •.. .... .....•....•••••...
New York City ...........................•...•••................•.•••...
Utab •••• • •••.••........•........ ....... . • . . .•.............•.............
Vermont •••••.•...........................• ••. .. •.. ..••••••••••.•........
Virginia ......................... ······· · ···· ···· ·· ········· ······•······
Washington .•......................•.•.••..•.•••.•.•.•..................
West Virginia ...........................•................................
Wisconsin .... . ..................... •.........• . • .• .............. ........
Wyoming •.•..............•.........•.......••• .. .........••.............
Total distributed by Territories .. ... .••....•.... . . ...... . ..........
Alaska••••.......................... ... ..... .. ............ ..... .. ........
Hawaii ........................ .. .. . .... . ........ .... ........ .. .... . .... .
27,634
2,836
8,731
115,306
36, 733
40,874
57,469
7,026
l====l====l====l==
Ml, 842
3,671
3,495
439
5,584
7
49, 7111
1.021
13
127
794
3,658
---- -------· -------·---·
2,325
------ -----249
-----------1====1====11====1
104 ··· ·· ····--- -----------Not distributed by States or Territories .. .. .... ........ .... ........ I
Panatna Canal Zone ........... . ..•..........•....•............ . ....•....
Puerto Rico ................................. . ... . ...................... .
Virgin Islands .••...............................•.. .... ...•..............
A
49, 676
44,263
33,234
M,078
19,<m
58. 299
---------13
265
2119
1,132
7
47,466
772
1041
5,083
-- --·--------- ---·-· 17,
------------ --------··· --11-18
31,063 -----------2,115
699
279
4:al
· · ----------
126
I··········•· ------------
Employment during week endlne September 25.
Digitized by
Google
126
WORKS PHOGRESS ADl\IINISTRATIO:S
94
T.~BLE JII.-:'\n•BER OF PERSONS EMPLOYED ON PROJECTS OF AGENCIES OTHER THAN
WEEK
ESDISG
WPA
Department of Agriculture
rnte
Grand
Total
'l'otal
AND
CCC,
BY STATES
OCTOBER 30, 1937
Entomol- Farm Seogy and
curity
Plant
Quaran- Administration
tine
For t
ervice
Public
Roads ·•
Department of Lhe In terior
oil Conservation
Ser vice
Other
Total
Reclamation
National
Park
Service
Other
- -- - - - -- - - -- - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - --- - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- -- - - - - - - - - - - - - --- Grand tob1L ________________________ _
239, 79
7,323
219,300
87, 110
9, 456
32,455
II, 628
27, 752
4. 455
I, 577
33, 319
=== =f= === 1,= = == = = = = =====~-t== = = 1=== =
~.660
10,956
16, 703
5,534
10, 950
224
0
Totaldisrr ibutedbyStates _____________
A)abama.___ ______ ______ __ ________________ __ __
_\ r izona_______ _______ _____ __ ___________ _______
_\rkansas__________ _________ ___________________
California__ _______________ __________ _________
Colorado_ _________ ____________________________
- - -- - - -4,279
I, 758
2, 778
15,621
6, 453
2,587
631
2,447
2,086
1,392
Connecticut ____________________ _ _ ___ ___ ___
Delaware___ _____ ______________________ _ _____
DistrictofC'olumbia __________ __ -·-·-·----Florida. __ _______ _____ __ -----·-- _ ---- -·--Georgia __ __ _______ ___________ .. ____ ___ __ _____
1,685
315
2,305
4,200
5,730
1,170
172
230
1, 960
4, 4 0
Idaho __ ____ _______ ____________________ .____ ___
Illinois ____ ___________ _.... _________ .. ______
Ind iana ______ _____ ----·---·- - -- _ ___ ____ _
!own __ __ ______________ ____ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ __ _
Kansas ____ _____ ___ ____ . _______ . _____ . _._____ __
1,651
8,939
2,387
1, 352
1,3 12
1,361
1,535
947
541
565
K entucky _____ -· ___ ___ ._._ .. __ ---· ____ ___ . ___
Louisiana _________ __________ ·-._ .. _____ ·- __ __
:'\faine
____________
---- -------··-·-----------:\fa
ry land
_______________
.. ______ . _______ . ___ _
:\iassachusetls _. _ --- - ---··---·--·--·- _______
Michigan _____ _________ ___ .. _____ _____________
~1i~~~'f;~L::::::::::::_::::::::---::::::::- __
:\fissouri_ ___ __ _______________________ ___ _.,__
)1ontan~- -------- · __ ____ _______ __ __ _____ ___ ___
Ne bra kn ___ _____________ ___ ____________ ._____
NeYada __ ___ ___________
____ ____
_ ew H ampshire ___ ________
_ --------·- __
. "e,v Je.rsey _____ ... ___ . _. ______ ___ ..
_.... __
New Mexico _________________________________ _
:--lew York ity _____ _____________________ ___ _
Kew York (exclush·e or Kew York City) ____ _
:--lorth Carolin!\ _______ ____ ____________ - -· ---Korth Dakota _______________________ --·-----Ohio ________ ___ _______ _______________________ _
9, 456
- - - - - - -19
110
22
,'.)32
127
2,053
341
105
02
116
1, 037
364
120
119
150
59
559
60
109
20
4,531
10
006
27
85
-- -- 2,691
-----2,373
I, 452
4, OSI
136
157
1,108
109
21
I 2
592
1,215
507
2,319
3, 4911
2,305
14, 640
744
5,030
2, 503
1, 425
6, S93
99
2,896
2. 043
5, 374
7. 454
1,364
717
I, 695
22
3. 413
2,283
1,051
465
)13
396
Virginia ___ ----·_·- __ -··--- -- ________ -·_. ___ ..
\Vasbington _________ _______________ ________ _
6. 275
4,531
2, 160
4, 370
1.830
2, 241
936
I. 14
3, 306
306
240
1
246
216
24
53
956
l , 128
600
350
00
1,472
43
=
= ==
Total distribut<'<l by T erritories_ __ __ ____
20. 2!12
120
2,984
719
61
47
219
637
93
192
75
II
13
262
m
254
653
531
19
8
--- -- -------------90
2,404
46
360
J, 559
600
124
913
100
598
2,502
53
4, 455
1,577
118 ----·- ---___ ___ ____ _____ _____
185
1 5
152
121 _______ ___
1
11 -- · - --·-·-
71
192
228
144
8
505
1,081
681
336
2, 177
6, 17
10, 563
5, 073
1, 653
7, 654
717
110
343
236
219
7,568
1,810
7
5
1.005
2,138
1,3911
1, 424
3,339
198
360
3,221
60
236
1,081
442
152
I, 443
5,372
4, 745
10,745
3, 502
4,340
4
76
50
3 7
161
433
159
I, 178
551
45
664
1,694
1,547
77
2, 17
1,802
27.539
16,714
- - -- - -- - - -- - - -- - - - - - - - --
1,896
103
515
3,746
3,281
1, 4911
5, HO
7, 009
848
11 , 028
----- --- -- --- --1,721
-----
Ok lahoma ____ _____ ___ _______ ·--- ________ ____ _
Oregon __ _____ ___ ___ __ ___ ___ ____________ ._. ___ _
Pennsylvania ____________ ---·- .. _________ _
Rhode Island __ ____________________________ _
outh Carolina ______ · - ----- ---- --- ----------·
cOUth Dnkota __ _____ __ _____________________ -Tennessee ______________ -----·--·-·-------·-T exas ______ __ ______ ---·------------------ -Ciah __________ _____ ________ ----·--·--------·
, · ermont .... ______ . _. . ______________ .. _______ _
\\~e t Virginia _________ _____________________ _
\\"isconsi n ___ __ ______ ______ _______________ _
Wyoming _____ ______ .. ·-·-•---· _____ ______ __
32, 455
366
602
64 1
439
l, 402
43
3-'>4
4
·194
109
76
39 --·-- - - --160 ----------
417
93 1
5
2, 470
149
- - - - 1·--- 417
93 1 ----
5
a
t.
149
149
74
324
149
74
324
245
2 15 ·---. _-- . _ _------- 146
3
316
316 - - ----- --24
20 1
20 1 --- - -- -- •
139
34
33
l
142 -- - - ------ ----·----- - -- - ------ ---------- - ----- - --
19
169
29
---------- -- -
s
131
131 -- - --- -- --
130 .. ------320
136 ------- -320 --- - --- - --
186
200
11
154
167
?.ll
l'.)()
226
22
241
116
117
30
37fl
671
51 1
I. 144
376
663
511
1,144
161
161 ----- - - ---
415
----
2
94◄
261
313
32
537
ZI0
1, 389
112
639
4
738
41
5, 361
4 2
4S7
1,598
709
lfi2
45 ·--------- ------77:j- ----- --- -2-~I
1,092 _____ ____ _
50
271
91 ________ __
159
····------ -----·---469
56
358
46
96
37
870
79
376
59
3
276
2
------ -&i- ----,,- roi· ----- -339- - --- --·
140
296
683
63
209
61 1
139
324
169
M5
82
245
401
095
------773- ·-------- 1, 092
78
358
213
165
70
79
376
228
17
401 ·------ _
--· ·- _ _
695 _., _______ --- - ---·-·
20
26 ·---- - ----
6
809
171
10
181
s:
3:1
21
72
62
420
120
373
17,\
13
I. 284
iO
11
13
175
13
I. 210
71
==
===
===
213
16. 479
16,fiO
213 ---·-·---- -- ·· ------ ·------
Alaska _____________ ·-_. ___ ----· ____________ __
102
Hawaii__Canal
__ ··--Zone
_ -----·
--·---- ---___
-·--------·
PRDama
___ ___________
______ ______ 1.812
_
P,:erto R ico____ -- --- -·- -------- --- -------__
\ 'irgln Island -----------------·----- - · .. -----::-ot distr ibuted
A Fmplr1)'IDtat
72
213
17.9~
420
=120=
- = = = = = = = ==
by States or T erritori s __
--- _
16, 037
370
126
72
=
=
126 - -
during w•.'.(;k tnding October Z.t
(Concluded on next page)
Digitized by
Google
=
16.037
370
REPORT O'.\' PROGRESS OF THE WORKS PROGR.UI
T.\BLE JlI.-Xl:'MBER OF PERSONS E11PL0,·Eo ox PROJECTS OF AGENCIES OTHER TRAX
WPA
95
AXD CCC, BY STATEs-Concluded
WEEK F.sn1so OCTOR ER 30. rn3,
I
..
War Department
Puhlir Works Administration
Department - ~ - ~ - - I D e p a r 1 m e n t · ~ - . of the
~on•
of the
Q
t
0
1I1>,.,",-:.
~avy
Total
i,.n,,l!n
Federal
Treasury
Total
Corp.'- of
Division
Engineers
Corps
f'tate
d-:!!t!;-
I
Other
------------------------ -----,-----1------1----- -----1·---- ----- -----·1-----
Grand total_..........................................
JO. ,431
«.239
9.142
AA.OOi
==,==:====!•====!,====
Total distributed by f;tates ............. . ............ .
9.(~>4
Alabama .......•...... . ................... . .......... . . .........
..\rizona __ . __ .. ____ . _. _____ . ___ . _______________ . ____________ . ____ _
006
1:13
..\rk:Rnsa.c. _______ . __________ . _. ______ • ____________________ . . ______ .
California ______ ._ . __. __ . . _________________ . . . ______ . . ____ ...
t. 247
Colorado ............................................................... .
~~r,~:~~~.".1_--· ·····:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: ......
208
93
270
2. 046
3,6,0
I
~;!~rt~~~~~~;~::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::1·······:!~.1
Idaho ..............................•.............. . ...... ·•·• II,....
Illinois....................................................
lnrliana ................................................. .
. •; .1r.·:· \
~=~asas·.~~:: ::: ::: ~.~~: :::::::: :::::::: :: :: :::::::::: ::::::::,
--~-I
298
311
45
9
8
--------····
1:l.'i
2.5
849
140
672
5."'18
004
1,(Jli6
4>-6
fl3
304
:199
M~J
304
343
18
5
43.'i
I, 514
24
14
40
421
134
14
2, &'ii
215
282
161
403
1,4
215
296
3.018
,_
2-q
53
2'J3
91
34
;o
3. 9~2
3S2
4 ..,42
I, 365
49
5
24
2.0:ltl
2'10
Xorth Dakota ............................................. . ...... . .... .
Ohio ..•••..••••....................•....................................
3,262
1. 274
1,IJ!-8
102
123
Oklahoma .................................................. _ ....••••....
()reJ!,'o0. _____________________ . __ . . _______ . _______ . _______ . ____ _
PennsylYania __ . __ . ____________ ________________________ . _. _.
Ml4
Rhode Island ................... . .......................... .
118
South Carolinf\ ______________ . _________________________ .... __
1,264
307
4(1-1
4. 71;9
2\12
422
23
2M
4
332
404
4, 4;j,
4
130
4
18
2H2
404
327
1!<4
1, 116
152
32
4!)
l,2t19
2
1113
2.,1
l, !•27
248
i!:~·,;ai: ::: :::::::: :: :::: :::::::: ::::::::: :: :: ::: :: :::::::: /::::::::::::
147
2. 1.16
I 11."4
I. l•~: ,
~;o
20
70
134
233
102
34
17
........... .
32
131
45
24
968
},()!)~
220
65
123
fi5
320
39
3.10
114
511
18
1,/j
5ll
152
32
40
4 ·······----· ··········-- ......... .
12
2, /\.12
2. 532 ·····•···•··
2
37 ........... .
37
)05 •••••••••••.
l05
36
3
2. J.'\11
l,tKA
107
·w;
2.50
22
···••••· ... ·
1.135
438 ···•········
421\
f;outh Dakota .......... •......... . ......................................
.•••••••••••
17 ------------
2, :.!\J.,
416
149
IOI
325
rn3
1:i.1
26.'i
2. ,49
278
/\.'l3
101
149 -------186
1,100
mi~~~~~;~;~;;);:~;~~~~~~~~~~:~;~~~;~~:;~;;;;~;~;;~;~~:
65
-----------432
I. lf.2
\ll;I
~ii
416 .•••..••••..
~~
271
140
672
13.,
~7
5. 0,.2
4.llM
l,3ti5
4!1
\·ireinia __________________ . ___ . ________________ . ________ . ____ :
696
4
4
tm3
8. k'.!.;
Nl9
8:~{5
Texas .....•...........................•..................... ····••······
153
81
2,494
3. 4;,0
I 423
1'ennessee ..... _______ .. __... _. ________ ... _____________ . ___ . ___ . __ ...... •
5112
1.185
-lkti
~6
2. 20.,
w5
i7
53
6.941
4.004
I, OfK)
2
1. 483
3117
63
M
45
~E'1 f:~t~~!~~~::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::.J:.::::::~;i: · · ·•~:~~( ········~;;·
~ewYorkC'ity _...........................................
1.245
Xew York (ex<•lusive of Xew Yr,rk City) ................... .
'.':orth <~arolina ________________________________________ ______________ . __
:\4
7, .",oJ
1,1!!5
8
3.152
~ew Mexico...................................... . ....... .. ... .. .......
2
192
4
1-..,
I. 145
1
13.820
367
1;2 - - - . - --- - -- .
2. ;>o.,
Xrhrnska ................................................... ,
1
26. 690
2
1.,
311 ···••• .•
1,.11
:\lirhi~nn .. _ .. . .. . .. . . .. .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
76
:\1innrsotA. __ . ___ _____ . . . _______ . ____ _____________ .. . . ___ _
12.i
:'\f is~i~sippi _________ . ________ . _.. ___________ . ___ . _______________________ _
:\lis..·•,ouri. ___________________ ··----------------------------·
:\luntuna ....•............... .. . . . .. . ........................ .......... .
289
15. 104
12.k70
1. 40,
I, .,14
1,.,
9
12. R70
............
'· 407
I. 4fll
Kentucky ........................................................... .
Louisiana .. _______ _______ . - .. - . . -- .. . . - - - -- - - - . --- ---- - - - - - ?..?
'.\!Rine .................... . ... . ......... . . . . . . . •-····· · •··
:\larylanrl.
.. .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. .. . .. . . . . . .. . . .. . .
~6
:\lassachusetts.... ................ ..... .. . ..... ... .... .. .. ..
~12
!,13
133
270
2. 046
3. 6,0
2i. 9i4
I. 717
l. il7
17
1,;,7
13
48
JI()
I HI
70
=======11====1=====!=====!========!==~=!====
Total distributed by Territories .........•............. ____2'_.,1_ _ _ _ _
2._1_11_s_ ,_____._7_8 _
_:,~:17 ____ ·-- ,___1_._28_·4_1 __..:..:.:.:..:.: ___1_.28_4_, · - 1
1
.\ laska.....................................................
1-la,,·aii. ____________ ·------- · ·-·----------------------- · ----
............
2111
l'anan1a f"anal Zone._____________________________________
l'uE"rto l{iro_. ___ .. ___ . ___ . ___ . _. ________ .. ____ . ___ •• ______ _
,·irl;'in Island~----- ... _. ____ . ___ .. __ . ____________ . __ ...... __
30
:!4
..... ______
.. __ .. _. __ __
3024 ...... ····· ·······1.··-·~4··11-··_·· ··..· ·.·..--.
.. _______ .
•~
____ . __ _
1. 2!!4
=====i======t===== =====I=====---===-~--'--~=====,=====-·-_::.-_ --------=---=
Xot ,Ji,trihute•J by States or Territories .....•........ 1.....
I
Digitized by
Google
WORKS PROGRE~S ADMINISTRATION
96
TABLE IV.-NUMBER OF STUDENTS RECEIVING
Arn
AND NUMBER OF PERSONS EMPLOYED ON WORK PROJECTS UNDER
BY STATES
NYA
PROGRAMS,
OCTOBER 1937
Student Aid
Work Projects
State
High school
Total
College
Youths
Graduate
school
Total
Total adults
Male
Grand totaL ___________ _______ -· -· ·-· ·-··-- _---· _
237.307
151.203
Alahama-- .. -- --- ----····-··-··-------·--····---·---Arizona. __ .. _--··- . . ____ .. . · - . _.. . __ · · - _____ _. _____ _
Arknnsa.s ..... __ -- · .. . __ _..... _. ____
_____ . . ____ _
California_._·-· __ -··--_-·· ___________ ._ . _____ ·--. ·- ____ _
Colorado.---· .. _·-•---_ .. -_- ---- -. ---- ----·- --- --- ---- ---
3.074
1. 230
3,181
11,463
3,548
1,668
805
2,258
5,216
2. 424
1,405
I
421
4
923 -------------5,952
295
1,108
16
ConnectlcuL. ·- ______ ··- _-· · ____ . . ·- ___ . ·-· --· ... -·· ___ .
Delaware .. __ ··-·--·· ________ --·- .. . . .. . -· -· · -·-··- ... · - .
Dlstrict of C'olumhla __ . ___ . __ .. __ ..
___ ... ___ . _______ _
Florida .. - _·- .... ___ ·-· --· ---- - - ---- --.. -- . ---- -·-••-• Georgia. __ ·-·····_ ... ·-· ---- - · -···-· ... -· -·· - . .. ··-·· .. ..
1,799
170
934
2,678
5. 261
1,128
63
311
1.824
3,247
532
107
:;55
853
1,926
Idaho ........ -·-·--·-·-···- -..... -··--····· ........ -- ·-· Illinois_ ...... _.··-···-· -.. --. ··- - -- --__ .. -. -. Indiana.................. -- . -.. -... _. _. --. --.. . ..... . ... .
lowa ....... ·--··-······-·······•·---··-·----·--·• •·---· •Kansas •• ····-··· .. ·····-···· ... -. -·- ---· ·- -- . ---· ·---- . .
1,321
10. 323
6.869
4.854
8, 111
825
7,125
4,108
2,542
5,677
493
3. 191
2,712
2.248
2,416
Kentucky ..... ·•··--······-········· ................ ···Louisiana __ . ··- -·- ·- ·· •-· -··-····························
Main•········-···-·-·•· •----··-············-·-··· · •--•···
Maryland_--····-·- . -··-··---·-·-···--··-·-·········- M8SS8ChUsetts_ ... •-· · - ·-·. ---- -. -·. ·-· ...... ·····- .... .
6,184
3,681
653
1, 41\5
5,539
4,451
1,686
21J6
714
3,277
1. 73.1
l,!.llll
447
697
2. 079
Michigan .•. ··- .. _. ___ ..... ·- .. ·-._-· .. _............... - Minnesota ·-·-·-. ·-- ___ . -· ___ .. _. ........ ·- _.... ··- .... .
M\ssis.sll_)PI ... - -.. ___ --.. --. -. -. -. --.. -... ·- ...... · -- -· •
M1ssour1 _______ __ ____ . ____ . __ .. ___ --- _... ------ -- -- ____ ..
Montana .. ··---···· • .. -·-·-·-·· · ····················••-
7,183
7. 311
3,831
8,617
2. 214
4. 204
4,529
2,313
6,938
1,574
2. 830
2. 782
Nebraska ............ ·- .. ·-· -.. -·-· -- -. -- -. - --..... ·- --- Nevada __ •..... -·_--·-·-··-_ .. __ ............ _-· •····-··._
New Hampshire_ .. ·-·-_ .... _____ . _. -·. -· · -· __ ·-·· ·-·· __
New Jersey_•··-····· .. _..... -··--·······-···. - ... ··-- ...
New Mexlco .•........ _.......... -·--·········-·······---
3, 0.~2
185
672
2. 048
I, 153
1,793
92
287
756
824
1,249
93
382
1,289
328
New York City .......... -·--···-·•·· .•..................
New York (exclusive of New York C'lty) _. _____ . _ ..... .
North Carolina .. -······-····-·······- ____ ·-· ___ ··- .. _._.
North Dakota.····-···-···-·······--···-·····-····· • ....
Ohio .••••..•....••• ·-·-·-·····-···· •········-··-··--• •··
10,985
7,209
4,500
3,696
13,069
6,433
4. 401
1,976
2,817
8,667
4,261
2, 771
2,515
870
4,310
Oklahoma ...... -··----·······-·····-·---······-·····--·Oregon ....•. ··---- _--·- ___ . _-- ___ --·-··-· ··-··• ··-··-··
Pennsylvanie __ -·· --·· ............ _··- _·- .. __ ·-·. --·- __ •Rhode Island_ •.. _......... ··-·-·_ ... ··-····-·----·---·· South Carolina .•. ······-···--· ......... _·-·_--··-······.
11,613
1,894
19,300
723
2,270
9,078
831
14,927
507
I, 079
2, 43,5
1,059
4,356
205
1,191
South Dakota •... ·----··········-···-· ..... _····---·---·
Tennessee .... ·•·---····-··.-· .. -··· ... ·- ... ·-··- - . ·--·. Texas .... ·-·- •... -·.-· ............ -• •. • ·· • •-· -· · · · ·- ·· · · ·
Utah .•.•.• ••····--·-·····-····-···-···-··---·-·-··-·-··Vennont. ..... --·· ·- .... ········-· ·-. -... -·-. -..••.. ··--
4, 881!
5,124
10,677
4,159
3,488
6,217
004
308
729
1,616
4,438
859
287
3,010
3,851
5,671
6,935
456
1,534
2,231
4. 483
4,680
250
1,439
1,6~
I, 178
2,206
206
472
348
123
Vlrl(inia_ .....•. -·•·- ----···-··· ····· -· · · · •·- · --·····-· ··
~::~1vr::ia.·:.· ~::: :: :: :::::::: ::::::::::::::::: :: ::: ::
Wisconsin .....•... _---· ... _ ___ . _. __ . _... _______ .. ___ _
Wyoming ..... _···--_ .... . . -··· -.. ______ .··-··. __ ·- ____ _
Hawaii ...... --··-·-·-· · ·---········ · ······-··········--
1,775
595
84,235
1,518
2,654
638
1. 869
Female
122,827
54,375
M.132
4,320
2,440
303
3,148
3,767
1,258
824
132
I, 734
1,251
359
1,Mi
16i
1,232
2,384
870
69
4
182
132
29
139
853
l
88
86
376
2,157
2.866
353
33
143
705
771
439
50
226
1.379
1,997
61
3
7
73
98
3
7
49
M
18
451
6,961
2,550
923
3,138
175
3,228
1,411
400
1,391
262
3,488
1.078
498
1,610
14
245
61
25
137
6,557
2,597
326
3,351
1,464
137
220
1,667
28/l
111
-------------68
--------------4
183
3,134
2,920
1,022
160
201
1,335
149
1,433
1,160
678
1,542
332
1.841
1,405
971
1,550
487
9S
103
25
2
3,372
2,668
I, 739
3, 171
846
10
1,135
475
7
628
41
3
1
2. 956
1,163
1,500
403
1,263
700
32
2
21
103
60
291
37
9
7,654
6, !l!l
2, 166
1,493
5,861
4,171
2,614
535
565
2,955
3,318
3,276
1,531
001
2. 720
165
11}1
100
27
186
6,011
396
10,607
497
2,004
2,710
162
6,246
250
463
2,135
2,374
2,593
3, 1162
426
154
967
1,156
1,485
212
54
1,358
1,360
2,409
194
94
6
2. 229
635
400
1,921
1,334
52
1,522
762
719
1,711
206
72
-------------34
----------------------------------------3
-------------92
-------------4
107
11
--------------------------20
2"l
12
-------------37
-------------10
49
-------------l
«o
50
460
1,274
2. 732
3,158
264
230
209
228
4,891!
219
1,410
-------------- -------------- --------------
Digitized by
Google
29
19
132
90
79
27
166
6
463
28
131
4g
77
6!I
20
22
112
113
6
--------------
REPORT ON PROGRESS OF THE WORKS PROGRAM
97
TABLE V.-HOURS AND EARNINGS OF PERSONS EMPLOYED ON WPA PROJECTS, BY TYPES OF PROJECTS
MONTH ENDING OCTOBER 31. 1937
Earnings
Hours
Type or Project
Number
Cl rand totaL _____________________________________________ · -- . . _. -·---· ---- _____________ . ---- _.
Highways, roads, and streets ______________ . ________________________________________ . _________ -· __ _
Percent
Percent
153, 69i, Cl-18
100.0
$81,469.487
100.0
ro. sao
55. 241,895
35. 9
26,490, 173
32. 5
.480
0.5
10. 3
8.6
2. l
344,446
6,417,316
7. 093. 965
1,828,914
2, O.'i6. 811
467, 703
0. 4
7. 9
8. 7
2. 2
2.4
2.5
0.5
0.6
----------------------- ---------------8,281,018
11.5
10. 2
.466
. 403
. 535
..570
. 566
• 576
Jlighways--prlmary roads ____________ .. _______________________________ . ________ ·- _________ _
Farm•to•market and other secondary roads_ .. ____________________ . ________ ._. ________ _
Streets and alleys______ ____ .. --· _______ . ____ . . ··- ___________ -· _. _. __ . . _______________ .. _..
Sidewalks, curhs, and paths_. _____ -· _____________ . ___________________________ . ________ . ___ ._
Roadside improvement., ____________________ ·--- .. . ______________ . ____ . . __________________ . __
i39, Hl4
1.5. 926. 953
13, 2M, ti81
3,211,IH
3,632.246
812,186
~%~fe~::,~~i;:~r.;,1;~~tion-_::::: :::::::::::: . : : :::: :::: :::::-_: :::: ::: : : :::::::: : ·. :::: : : :: : : : : : : : : ------------- Other A·--·-··-·--·----·---·-·---···---·.··-. ____ .. ____ . _________ . ____ . __________ -· __ .----·----_
17,11114.551
Public huildings_. _______ • _____ .•.. _.. _.. _. _. ___ • _____ . __________ -_-_---- - . -- __ ---__ - -___ -- -_-- -_-- --
Amount
Average
Hourly
Earnings
-------------. 469
13,932,925
9.1
9,372,171
11. 5
. 073
Administrative.···-·---·----- _________ --· _________________ -·-- _____________ --·--_·----··- ______ _
1,762.590
Charitable, medical, and mental Institutions_. _________ -·- _______________________ -·---·-·-·-·--_.
1,042. ,510
Educational .. _________________________ ·-·-·· ____ -· _______ --·-- _________ .-·- __ . __ -·---·-· _____ . __
4, 710. 0.52
Social and recrealionaL ____________________ . __ . _____ .. --- · - __ . ___________ _______________________ _
2.091J. {19.1
Federal (including military and naval)_-·-- _________ · --_·------ _________ . _·-- ___ ._ . _____ ._. ___ ._
I, 102, f>tl4
Improvement ol grounds_ .. ·---------- ___________________________________________________ --- __ _
2, Of>-1. 598
Housing.----·--- _______ ---· _____ . __________________________ . __ -·---·-·--·-_. ____ -·-_-·-- ___ . ___ _
184. 982
OtherA _______________________________________ . ___ . _. -----·. ________ . ___ ·- ____ . _____ ·--- ______ _
965,800
I=====
Parks and other recreational facilities.---·--- ______ ·--- __________ ------·------··--··--··--·-- _______ _
12, 761, 763
1.2
0. 7
3.1
I. 4
0. 7
1.3
0.1
0.6
I, 393. 860
811. 1160
3,000.219
I, 313, 174
829, 3i4
1,096, S71
126. 0.57
i05, 256
1. 7
1.0
3. 8
1.6
1.0
I. 3
0. 2
0.9
• 701
. i79
. 657
.(i25
. 752
. 531
.681
. 730
Playgrounds and athletic fields _______ .·-·--- --·--·- ___ . ___________ ·-- __________________________ .
Parks ____ . ______ -·------·--··-·_--·---- _________ .·-·--· .. __ . ________ .------·------· ____ .. _____ - _.
Other A_ .. _--·· ___ ·---···--···---·· _____________________ ·--. ________ . ____________ ---·---···-·---_
{"'onservation. ___________________________________ . ___________________ _______________________________ _
Forestation.___ ___ _--· __ .. ___________ -·-----· ___ -·-- ___ ---· __ . ·- ·- -· ___ .. ___ -· _. ___ . ______ _
Erosion control and land utilization __ .. __________ ··--··--··-··-.·-----··--·---·-·----·------- __ _
Irrigation and water conservation ... __________________ . ______________ . ______________ . ____ .. __ ...
8.3
7,684,432
9.4
.602
2, Iii. 366
6, i43. 194
3. 841. 203
1.4
4. 4
2. 5
1.222, OJI
3. 8:l:1. 646
2. 628. ii5
I. 5
4. 7
3. 2
.5/ll
.51l9
.684
6, 57i, 826
3. 6
2,&',0, 707
3. 5
. 511
140. 689
2.58. 269
4,019.430
366. 662
792, 776
0. I
0.2
2.6
0. 2
0. 5
79. 812
133, 748
2,063.019
189. f,38
38-1. 490
0.1
0.2
2. 5
0. 2
0.5
..518
. 513
1, &',O, 982
5, oso. 30'2
264,586
304,796
2.3
6.2
0.3
0.4
. ftf,j
Plant, crop, and livestock conservation ____ ·--·---·-·---- __ ·-. _____ .. __ .-·- _____________________ _
. 517
Other• ______ ·--·---------·-- __________ ·---·- ....... _______________ ·- ___ --·-----------·-----· ___ _
.4&5
i=====,1==== i======:=====I=====
13, 773, 774
9.0
7,500,666
9.2
Sewer systems and other utillties_ ·- __ -------·-·------- --· --·------ __________ ---·---·---·-·---·--- ·-.545
0
Water
purification
and supply_.
____ .---··--------- - ______ .. -· ______ .. ___
. __ -·--···--·---. ____ --·._
Sewer syste1ns.
_____________
. _________________________________________
__________________________
El,,,tric utilities_--··--_----··--····--------- __ . __________ ·- ______ . _____ --- ·-· ... ---· ·--· ·-. _-_. Other A_. ______ -·-_-·. ___ ... ___ .. ·--·- ____________________ ._._-·.·-.·- .. -·-··.--·. __ . --- --- ---- -_
3,374,023
9, 28i, 216
415. 116
697, :100
2.2
6.0
0. 3
0. ,5
Airpcrts and other transportation_.-·-·-·--··-·-···--·------------------------·-----·--------------- -
2,703,668
1.8
I. 599,804
2.0
.592
t~~;:ri~~~-~~~~-~~::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
Other A_-------·-------·--·-··-··--···-·--·- --·---·---· -- --- -----·-- ------·-------· ···--- -- -- --- -
2,175,403
410,383
117,882
I. 4
0.3
0. I
1,238,005
283. 216
78, 5&'I
1.5
0.4
0.1
. 51,9
.690
. 667
White collar __ .. -· .....•....• -···-. -· ... ·- - -. -·-·-- ---- - --- --· --- . - -- -- --- --· --- . --- - -- -- --- ·- -. - -. --
Ill, 829,246
12.9
13,311, 7'n
16. 4
. 671
Educational ___ . __ ..... __ ... _.. ___ . __ -___ -_-_-. -_---- -. -- -. - -- - . - -- . -- . --- - ---- ---- -- -- -. -- ---- . Recreational------------·······---·-------·--------·---------------·-------··-------------·-----Professional and clericaL_. __ ·--·····------ ---·--- -- --- --- --- . - -· --- --- __ -·-- _------- -- ··--- -----
3,380, 745
3,023.843
13,424,668
2. 2
2. 0
8. 7
2,491,417
1,916,845
8,903. 46S
3. I
2. 4
10.9
. 737
.549
. r»;
. f,37
.437
.6.H
. f,63
Goods_. __ - -- -··· -········· ········- ----· -- -- --• -- -· - -- -- -- · - · --· - · - · - - --- · · - -• -- ·-- --- --~ -- ---· -- - -
19,417,074
12. 6
7,849,312
9.6
. 40f
Sewing ____ ··-----·-··-·--·-··-·------·· _________ --·----·-·· .. ·- .... --- . _-·-·---- _______________ _
Canning __ ---·--···············-----·-- -- . - -- -- -- -- --- --- -• -- -- --- -. - -· - --- ---· --- --- -- -- --- -- -. Other A_.--··-·---·············-··-·-----·------_ -- --. --. -_-- -------------------- -- -- -------- __ --
17,272.926
311,685
1. &12, 46.1
11.2
0. 2
1.2
6, 83.1, 050
121,745
894. 517
8.4
0. 1
I.I
.396
.391
. 488
Sanitation and health_.---·-·_-· _________ ---·---·-.·-_·- ___ . __ . __ -.. --· -· .. _.. _. __ .. _-· _. _-· ..•.... __
4,536, 7'n
2.9
2,024, 738
2.5
• 446
Elimination or stream pcllution_ --·-·--· ···----- --- -----· ------- -- -- --- ------·-·----·-··-·---·-Mosqulto eradfoation __ .. _____ --· -· -·· __ . -· __ . _. __ . -_. __ . -____ --- -- . -·- __ .. __ -______ -·-·· _____ . _
Other A--- . --- __ --- ·- -------------·····----·--· -- ·-- ----- · · ---. - --- --- -- -·---·-----········---- -
248,868
1,912,120
2,375, i39
o. 2
I. 2
I. 5
122,105
787,352
I, 115,281
0.1
1.0
I. 4
.491
. 412
.469
Miscellanecus ___ . __ . ______ -·---- __ ·-----· ·-- ---- -- -- ------ -- . -- -- ... - -- -- -- -- -- _-- -------··-·-····-
5,922,150
3. 9
2, 785. 75;
3. 4
• 470
A
Includes projeds classifiable under more than one of the headings above.
Digitized by
Google
WOHK8 PHOHHE~8 .\lll\11:'\J:-TJL\TIO~
98
'WPA
TABLE VI.-HorR>' .,so E.,RSISGs OF PERSONS E~tPLOYED ON
Ct"Ml'LATl\"E THROl'4iH OtTOAER 31.
PROJECTS, BY TYPES OF PROJECTS
ma;
Earnings
Hour:-.
Type of Project
:"\umber
Grand total.. ........................................................................ .
Highways, roads, and street~L ________________________ .. ___ _________________ . __ . ___ . . . .... __ .
Highways-primary roads .................................................... . ................. .
Farm•lo•market and other secondary roads. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Streets and alleys......
...
. ................. ... ........ . .... . ......... . . ........ . .... .
. ........... . ... . ........ ..... . . .. .. .... . . . .
Sidewalks, curbs, and paths..... . ...
Roadside improvements. __ .________
_.. _____ ........ _____ .. _.... _....... --- -- ... _
Jlrid~es and viaducts.. . .............
. ... .. .... . ..... ... . .. .......... . .. .
Orade--crossin~ elimination ___________ .. _._._. __ . . _____________ . .. . . .. __ . . . __ .. ___ ...... .. .. . . -- ..
Other 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... . .......... .
Percent
__ • •
________
•
_______ . _ . _____ • • • • __
•
_______
•
••
100.0
$2.ll.52, IM, 28.1
100.0
2. 19,, 397, 6i0
36. 7
933, 876, 407
32. 7
. 425
33,010,6,.'iS
0. 6
12.8
8.4
I. 4
3.1
0. 7
13, 148,(177
280, 257. 352
240. 4IO, 541
H,'l27,499
93. 9/i4, 884
18, 9&5, 679
141,531
242,750,844
0. 5
9.8
8. 4
1.5
3.3
0. 7
63,289, 143
48,888,214
16.1. 843,278
80.085, 138
35. 2... 959
75. 570. 507
12. HJ.I, 243
34, 89!1. 20.1
_____________ ._ • • • •
Percent
,5, 98.1, 258, 302
767, :m4. 777
/',0,1.68.1, 561
!in, 45:1, 10.1
184,742, .557
39,618,078
300,487
( ')
/i/<2, 2,5, 449
9. 7
======,I==
Public buildings.••••••.............................................................................. :_ _513,957,685
_ _ _ _., ____8.6
_
Mlministrative ......................................... . ..... . ....... .. ............... . ....... .
Charitable, medical, and mental institmions ................................................ . .. .
Educational................................
. .... .. .......... . ............•.•.•..............
Soda! and recreational. ............................. . .........................•..••••...........
Federal (inrludinl{ military and narnll. ................ . ......... . ....... . . .......•••............
Improvement ot grounds _______ ➔Housin~ ..........•............................. . ......................... . .....................
Other 8 •.••••••••••••••••.•...•...•••• • .•••.... • •..••••.•.•.•.•.•••••.•..••.•••••••••.•.••.•..•..
Amount
.~nra~e
Hourly
Earoin~~
I. I
0.8
2. 7
1.3
0.6
1.3
0. 2
0.11
f(). 4,7
8. 5
.398
. :lf..5
• 477
. ~12
. .',(19
. 479
. 4,57
. 417
302, 726, 192
10. 6
..'\S9
44. 344,635
1.5
I.I
3. 4
1.5
0.8
I. 2
0.3
0.8
32,727,845
00.678, 799
42, 39.\ 53fi
'l2, 423,605
33,805,550
7. 574,272
22,775,950
(A)
. 701
,f.ti9
• .',00
. :.::.)9
.li.111
.H7
.1;26
.fi..')3
:=====1====1°====1====:====
,593, 783,519
Parks and other recreational facilities .................. ····-········ ................•................
9.9
323, 2(,3, 146
11. 3
. .',44
1.6
5.1
4. 6
. 487
. 4!1\1
.t.35
1-------1·-----l•------1
Playgrounds and athletic fields ................ . .................................. . ............. .
Parks .....•.............................................. . ............... . . . ... . ......... ... .....
Other 8 •••••••••••••••••..•.•.•.•.•...•..•..•.•.•••..••••.••••••.••.•••.•.•••••.••. •• •••.••••.•..
Cons.ervation _____________________ . ________ _. ____ . _____________________________ . ____________________ _
92,400.180
294, 759, 526
206, 623. 813
Forestation ....••............................................................ . ...................
Ero~ion control and lan<I utilization ____ ._._ .. ... _.... _______ .... _. ___ .. __ .. __ ....... -- . __ ... - ... .
Jrrie-ation and wHter conservation .. _........ _. _.... ___ . ........ ______ . ___ ........ ___ .. _____ ... - . Plant, crop, and liYestock conservation .. __ .... _.. _.. _. __ ...... . _............ __ . ..... -- . . . ... -- ..
Other 8 .•••••••••••••••••••••••.••.••.•.•••.•.••••• • ..•••••••••••.•.•..••••••.•.•.•••.•••••••...
7,482, 745
I I. !-3.5, 578
218, 26.1, 854
11,447.990
43,939, 0,1,5
292, 009, 202
i
I. 5
4. 9
3. 5
45,023,378
147,032, 2.'iO
131,207,518
4. 9
128,650,420
4. 5
.ml
0.1
0. 2
3. 7
0. 2
0. 7
3. 261. 503
,5, 539,081
96. lil, !H9
5,674. 8fl2
18. (K)3, 025
0.1
0. 2
3. 4
0. 2
0.6
. 436
. 468
.441
. 400
. 410
Sewer systems ancl other utilities ........ . ........................................................... 1
255, 307, 177
9.0
518. fil(I, 299
.4n
8. 7
-·----1----1-----·1----·1-----
~~:!i;~~fmt~~:~~~:~~~~;~: : ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::\
11,, !l02, 9M
369,719,073
248,765
20,830.495
2.0
6. 2
0. 2
0.3
57,616, 710
182,614.~
5, 788, f,l',8
9,287,569
2.0
6. 4
0. 2
0. 4
. 41"9
.4\14
rn. (Wil, 814
6. 238,275
I. 6
0.3
0 1
46,508,020
9 . .',09. 800
3. 273,013
1.6
0. 4
0.1
. 41"7
.i,31
. ;.25
w.
. ;,/',4
.440
Other"·······················•········ · ··········· •······················ · ··········· ••········· 1
===========,1=====:======0 :=====I•=====
. .',(17
Airports and other transport.ation .................................................... . .............. . ,
116,838,901
2.0
59, 21J0,833
2.1
______
%, :,.18.812
~~IT;::i~~~.~~~~?:~·.·.::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::·:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: ...... .
Other"········································••·••················· •···•······· · ··············
79S, 572
l0.1
391, 150, 723
13. 7
. t"i47
115, 339, 493
102. mo. 783
38,, 298, 290
1.9
I. 7
6. /',
77,913,435
59,9.'-0, 131
25:l. 287, 157
2. 7
2. 1
8.9
. fl76
7 52, 482, 107
12.6
21!1, 648,741
10. 2
.3t,;S
6.51, :lf\.1, 628
6, 12:l, 2!,1
94. \ijlS. 221\
10. 9
0. I
I. 6
2411. 613, (128
2, 355. 3!,.5
42, f>79, 758
8. 6
0.1
I. 5
• :-179
.:ll-5
.449
7,148.431
8ii.:lt\!l, 252
9~. 9:18, 979
0.1
I. 5
1.6
3, 3.13, 612
31. 735,017
41,340,296
0.1
I.I
I. 5
.:{.'"19
197, \tfi4, fij,,i!i
3. :i
SIi. M3, 719
3. 2
. 4:,4
f,(J-1.
Goods ........................................................ .
Se\\·inJ?.-----------·-----·------- • ·····- • •·----·-··
\anninJ?--------··------··· •-·-···--· · - ·---- _____ - - -- - ··•--- ·• -- - --- . . . ............ . . ..
I
Other 8 ••••.•.•.•.•••.•..••••.... • ....• • •••••.••••••••••. • • ••••••• • •. • •••••• •• • • • . . • . • . • . • • • . .
'=====d====l======I====
Sanitation and health ............................................................................... 1
HM. 45[1, fi62
3. 2
76,408, 92.5
2. 7
Elimim\tion of strenm polJution ................ ___ __ ---·---- ..... -- ·· ------·-·· • · - --- · -•- __
~~h:~u1!~~-~~~<_l~~~~~<~r~== ==== =- =====--- - ---· -- . -. ----= :::: ====== ======== :: : · -- - .
:'.\Jiscellanoous ..... .
A
------
.!
-= I= - - - - - • 1 - - - · - -
Les.s than 0.0.5 pereent.
h Jndudes projec-ts du:-:.siflnhle under nwre ttmn ur.e of tl1e htadin~s above.
Digitized by
Google
..~;
. ti;:,4
.:ma
.4f.6
. 418
HEPOHT ox l'HOGHESS OF THE WOHKS l'HOtm.u1
99
TARU: YII.-HouRs AND E.-1.Rx1xGs OF PER:-oxs E~1PLOYED ox WPA PROJE<:Ts, BY STATES
:\IOSTH F.so1sr. ..\SO ("(")IT'L.\TIVE TRR0l"IIR OCTORF.R 31, 19:i:
Cumulative Through October 31, 1\137
'.\lonth Erding October 31. rn:1,
State
.\v,)nU!l"
Hours
TotaL. •.•.•.............................................................. I
\."i.1. 69,. 0-18
57fi. ~·,;o
1. ,12.:1:m
California ______________ ... __ .. ___ . _____ .. ---- ..
7.o.~:t ••~
I. 507.f,ll
Colorado ................ . .......... .. .... .... .
3~. 2i0
548. S!9
4. 4i:.?. n·.?"~
772, tlf)j
1..,n:;;;;,
2. ,)-m, ;;-;
2. 361. !166
9.'.-1.811
87. 947
30:J. :J02
8S3.UI
,40. 11:1
4:\11.1~1
10. !I\Jfi.m:1
-l, 1!~. '.!:37
1. fiY.\ 7os
2.t:iOO,71,5
214, 03-.?
5. ,87. ,.·,-j
2. 29.\ 7~).~
S'.1:1.4:17
I. 084. 213
1, 107. O~-~
l.,oui:-iana _____________ . ----------- ____ · -------- ... -- - --- ... - . - -- . . .
1\laine ___ ·--------- · · ·- -----·-------- · ·-------- · ·· ---·--- · -· ..... .
Maryland ............ . ............................................ .
3. 731.879
2.:i71, l-~
:.?\1-1. :178
l.O:lli. '.11.S
!llassachwetts ................................................ . ... .
t., 3ff:·. twM;
9.;1, St:l
12,. 1121
4:12. ;:1,;
4. 2~0. f).~:!
4, ;,06•.Ill()
3.1\1\1. 4~)
2.H8.
1. 9tH. s2.·1
......•.•. 1
l~.111,
fi:.?:t 1?2
Iriaho ....................................... .
llltnoi:,, _______________________ _
In1tiana ____________________ - .. - .. . .. -- . . . --- . . .. . .. . lnwa __________________ ________ ____ _____ __ ___ ___ ___ __ _
Kansas ................... . ........................ .
Kenturky............... ...... ... . ... . ......... . .. .. . . . . . . . . . .
. ·· ··· ·· i
····· · · · ··I
. . . .. ......... .
~mi~~ii.~:::::::::::: : : ::: : : :::::::: : :::: ::::: : :::::::::::::: ::::::: ::
I
1\[i!'~Hiri ...•.......................... ________ _______ ___
~[ontana ______ .. ____ ... _____ ............... -- · ...... . . . . ____ . __ . ... _...... -..... - 1
Ne hrnska ..•••......................•........................
Xeva,la ______________________________________________________ _
1'ew Hampshire.. . .............. . ......... . . .. .. . .. . .. .. . . ......... . ... .. .. . . 1
New Jersey .................................. . ..... . . . ........ .. ..... ... . . . .. ... . .
1' ew l\le,ico ........................................ . ....... . . . . ..... . ........ . . . .
Xew York City...................................... .......
. .............. .
Xew York
(exl'IW!ive
of New York City) ...........
. . . . . .... . ._______
. . . ... . .___
. .....
.. .. _.
?\orth
Carolina
______________________________
____ ___________
________
t~:~~.~~~~~.t~.-:::: :::: :::::::: :::::::: ::::::::::::: ::: :::: :: :: ::.:::: ::::::: ::: :::I
Oklahoma ...............•................ . ................ . . ........ . ............ ,
()regon ___ . __ •. ____ -- -- -- .. • -- - - - • • - - - - -
- - -- - - - • - - - - - - - - · - - -- --- • -- - -
Penn:-ylvania .. __________________________________________________ ··------- _____ _ 1
Rhode l-;lan<I. __ ......... ______ . __________ . ______ . . . _____ . _. _____ . _____________ . _. 1
~outb Carolina ________________ . __ .. _.. ______________ . ________________ ._. ____ . _____ 1
i
1-onth Dakota ................................................................ ....
Tennessee _______________________ ------------ -- - -- . -- . --- --- ----- - --- -• Texas. ___________ --- ... --- -- -- . . -- . -- ---- . -.. - -- . . - .. . - -- ---- . - -- . • • • -- - - - • - --- 1
l"tah.......................... .. . .. .
.. . . . . .. . ... . ...... ... ...
. . ........ . .. .
\"errnont ....... __ .... ---- ____ ......... --- - - . - - -- . . - .
- - - - - - - - -- --- - -- ----
1. fjlJ:I. 7117
5, 1:17.0I~
2.
2. 0'.10. R07
1111\. f;,17
48fi
6, :J9'.l. 4fl.l
,53.32'1
2.)0: ;i~
$2, '152, 106, 2"'1
• .'>•\3
• 321
.l>H
.512
23. IOI. OOl
H40'.?.l\81\
r.11. 5.5:1. li6
72,811, 31i
10, 81 i. IHl9
21. 8\li\. 115
15-'!. l!So. 914
33, iG6. 62:1
.616
54,503, 151
6,f\61,470
20,770, 749
ifi. 728, 86.1
95. 995,316
31,688.928
2, iX-l.8.'>f1
9, l lOJ>f,S
23.2'2\J.~l!l
28. 2111, 362
. 469
lll.9.>2,6r.
. 5:?ti
4(M\, 973, ()j5
. 547
.4111
IAA. 060. 2,;;
62, 424,84,
99, 54i, il7
8. 28i, 15,
19!.. 970, 770
AA. !\71,32\1
2,, :11:i, Of~l
3/\. 915, 8611
126,iiff,9,'>4
93,543. 31~1
19. 59:1. 1-',1
41Ul2. ,78
235,254,513
3.1,225,614
3.1.042, IM
7.898.0,'>11
16,191.919
IH.800,953
.fin
1113, f\32, 718
1:12. 813, il6
fl.1.0511,5.58
I 96, \11,.1, O.'i9
26. 508,619
91. 901,224
tl8.018, iM
18. OSI, 3AA
"· 3:1.;. 6:,J
1,. 118. 586
• ~:?
58, Hl9, 82.5
4, 2..i:J, 707
19, 8111, 7211
214. 222,989
26,291, r.6
22. 8.59, -1:10
2. 4118, 0-13
8,628, 1113
l lU, 967. 77:i
10,038, 131
• 3~3
•.'>'\7
.t:!-1
••11\11
. 3-i2
• 7t)il
$0. 477
.48,
.:i:1:1
. 313
• 402
:
• 4fiS
• 2·19
•.~N
• -16-1
• !'J.'il
. t I~
.l'.J'I
• '.~l:I
• 2tl5
.41'>
• 4~2
• 4,1
.n~
.361
. 262
. :lt~i
• -lfll
.6M
• -1,5
. 512
. 3~:1
• 6-16
~~2. -197
• 4211
6.'l.!11:1
2.~1. :t!-l
3. tl:J7, 8~-1
m. ;:JS
.fl.lfi
11. 871. R97
5.819 ..'\-If)
2.ll~>tl. :tSI
977. :1.;;
9.121. Hkl
11.123.'.l:!tl
a,:t1\1, -t.!tt
.'i.5,,flfl.1,2:H
2-13,.'i.56.26-1
,500, t11H
75. 880, 718
4ti9. ~:I
5, 31U. 1211
41,299. i9S
383, 493, 84i
39.';. 523. 61,
l:lll. !i-12. 8:l:I
19,85'.l. 2m
1,, fl:H. 393
196, (1-14, 1,8
1,000. 70,;
140,90i.2\l.5
:18, 606. \lil,
60!, 111, .'\13
33. 777, 79-;
71,907, 726
41, ,ff! ..523
20. 501. r.6
32i'. 69a. ; ti:i
16, 14.\ 111:1
18,152.876 i
3.0fl9. ,17
W:!.!-\.~
16, J:!.7. ,)O'.!
614. 8\1\1
9, fi24. :1;:1
1.1119.:lm
1.714,'j~
5ii-l. 481
484. !(Jfi
I. 372,191
2. 271. ;~~2
4. 1,i1. 1.,:
5,6, 4)1;1
fitlS, ~:!:
l,:lfili.~I
~.=;.fi:m
3,=i'2, :\.~I
l.!lAA,'.1:10
1.957.W~I
2. :179. -1-12
3, 12:1. :!!It\
5i~. ~'j!l
1, 21Ml. :191
2,lMl2. Sllfl
17fi,-1tH
UJ. 124
··I
.4fill
.~n
.,l!l.
~~~::~l~l!f/;i~ia~::::::
~::::=: :==:::::: ::: ::·
\\"iS<•onsin ______ ....... . ... _. - ....... - -- .. -- - ... . -
ll·lW~lii ____ ----------- - -------· ·· ---------- -- - . ··· · · · ·-- ·---- -· --
5. 9il3. 2.>8, 302
6:!"1. :!7:! I
!!-10.:!!,!3
\"irginia ______ .. ___ .. ___ ... ___ . . . _. _. ____ . ______ .. __________ . __ . _____ . ______ .
. . . ....... .. .
S0.5'.10
;')!91
!02. o.;,;
.-\hsk3........ . ...... . ........................ ...
:Jo:ernin~s
~:!S •)-)-)
:!36. ~I
\\"~·oming _______ .. ______ . __ . _........ __ . _....... _
..\.Vl"f32t''
hourly 1•arn~
ings
Hours
hourly t.~arninJ.?~
------------------1-----1------i?.l, ,)7l
91,029, 30!!
25. s2;, om
2,11\fi.O!H
.:i:H
..\.lahama. ______________________ . _. __ . _. .. _.... _. .. . ... . . .. ... . .. - . . . . -- - - .
l't..rizona _________ . _______ ________ . _______ . _
..\rkan-..as _______________________ ....
ConnPctic-ut ......... _.. ______ ... . ........ - -- - . - . - . - - ... . - . . - - D<'laware . ................. .... . . ...................... . . .
l>i-"'tri<•t of Columhia __________ ... _ __________ _
Floritla ___________________________ _________ ___
(ieorgia .. __________ .. ---- _...... - . - - - - - . - - . -
Earnings
2.2111
:io'!,IJIH ·
1.
lfil),l)O•J
. 481
. 616
• 3\IS
19, 98i.
• 21)'.!
4·> ..
.511
19,
54,093.343
11!!, 2'.tl. 9,:1
188. !l.'>:l. !l-10
24, i66, 348
11, 5i4. 189
zi. 9,=i5. ;x~
54, 24:1..',\l\l
12,231. 04:1
4, 31)1. ;54
i5,184.M1
i2. 046, ll54
9.'i. 274. 061
12'!, 013, 4,8
Ill, 3.'>6, 263
19.8Zi,312
39,
lfl.l
41,074, 3:\2
72. 312.64:!
4,491,513
11.69,
;, 7U, IDI
9. -14.'i
2, i&I. ;l(JJ
Digitized by
.-5:ltj
...
.~lij
• 5:11
.5-l->
• -1: ➔
_2.j2
.3m
• 2-11
. 2;/
.N4
. 3""•)
·• 2114
••'>16
.1:11
.51.1:1
• 431
:™.
I
Google
.M7
. 1.s:
WORKS PROGRESS ADMIXISTR.-\TION
100
TABLE VIIL-ALLOCATIONS "GNDER THE ERA AcTs OF
1935, 1936,
CUMULATIVE THROUGH OCTOBER
Agency
Grand total._. ___________ . _______ ...... ____ . _____ .. _.
1937,
AND
BY AGENCIES AND BY AcrsA
31, 1937
Tot~(~~~oca-
I
ERA Act of1113S
I
ERA ,\ct of 1936 ERA Act 011937
--· ---· --· · -· · · · -----·---· -· · · · · · ------1==$7=•=653=,7=91l=.4=9=1,,I =$4=,=S.5=9=,4=0=7,=1=9,=3'<'--=S:2.:298:::.
=
85::1.:6:75:::,:::::$7:9:.s:.5:4:0:.6=29=
DeJiartment of Agriculture ____ . _____________ ... ____ .. _____ _
I, 098, 787,420
Agricultural Economies ___ . ______ . ________ . ______ . ___ ..... ___ . __________ ........ ___ .. _____ .....
Agricultural Engineering.-----·······--. ___ . __ .......... ______ .. _____ ....... _____ . ___ . _____ ....
Aninrnl Industry. ____ .. ______ . ________ ..... __ .......... ___ ...... _. __ ._. ___ .. _. ___ . ____ ....... __
Biological Survey _____ .-------------- ... ______________ .. __ . __ . __ .. ____ . __ .. _.. _____ .. _... _______
Dairy Industry _________ . ____ . __ .. ___ . ____ ... __ _____ ... _. . . . . __ . ___ . _... _.. ___ . ___ . __ . ______ ..
Entomologr nn!'I Pinnt Quarantine __ . ______ . __ .. _.. . ..
. . . ___ . ___ . __ .. _.. ________ .
Extension Serviee _____________________________ . __
_______ . __________________ . ____ ______
Farm Security Administration ___ . _____ .. . . __ . . . ____________ . ____ . . ___ . _________ .. ____ ____ ____
Fornst Service. _________ .. ________ ._ ... _. . ___ . ___ .. . . . _... __ . . . .... . ___ . .. _. _. . __ ..... __ .. ___ .
Home Economies __________________ ... ______ . __ ... __ ..... ______ . __ ...... . ..... ____ . __ .. __ .. _____
Plant Industry _________________________________________________ ....
--------------------Public Roads ________ .. _. ____ . ____ . __ ....... . . ____ .. __ ___..... . . ____
__. __ . __ .. ...
Soil Conservation Servi<>' ..... ______ .. _... _____________ . . .. .. .
_.. . . . .. ______ __ ....... _.
Weather Bureau ____________ . __ .. __ .... __________ . ____ ._ .. ______ .. __ ... _. ___________ ..... __ . ___ .
General administrative expenses._ .. _. ___________ . ______________ . . _______ ... . ... _. __ _________
2,193,823
7, 143
694
/i!il
2. \Ml
30,748,050
2, CMJ4, 0,59
464,860, 61Y
47. 881, 9~2
I, 7.54. 2f,3
39,770
506, 89!!. li91
26,218, i3.5
18. 795
11, 8.19, 225
I, 6..'i4.
2, ll63,
793,215.1134
7,143
1,087,024
701,614
2. 990
13,731.657
2, lMl-1, 059
222, 626. 073
27, ()09, 920
39. 770
497. 248, 461
18,954, 198
18, 79.5
9,784,230
232,726,895
72,844,591
2,002,330
191,493
567. 670 ------------ _----1, 570,420
391,538
12,330,829
4,685,564
181,545, 5Sl
60, 1188. 965
16, 3\l3, 052
1,398, 8S5
9. 6.51, 230
5,761,924
--- --- - -- - - -
I, 504,995
4,479, QI()
35.5, 408
I, 502,613
--------------.5/",0, (XJ()
Administrator of the Unemployment Census __ . . . .. . __ .. _.. ____ . __ __ __ .. _. ___.. ____ .. . . __ . __ .
1,000,000
1,000,000
Advisory Committee on Allotments_____
.. -------·--·------------ · ··· · ---·--·--··-·-- ·
17.127
ti, 127
Alley Dwelling Authority __ ....
. __ . ___ . _.... __ .. __ .... ______ ... _____ . _______ .. _.. _
3/i,,, 82ll
36.5, 826
An•hitect or the Capitol._. __ .
.. ______________ .... . .. __ .. _.. __ .. ________ . _.. _.. _. _.. _____ .. ___ _
:1m. 200
367. 200
LS. Ch·il f:erviee Commis.sion _______ __ _ ----• • ---------- - ----·--···--·----· •· •····---·- •·--•--•
119,541
1111.Ml
Civilian Consen·ation Corps ______ .. __ .. _._. ___ .. _.... __ .. __ .. _.. _.. _.. _. __ .. _.. _.... _. ___ . __ .. __ ._
594. 936, 258
504, 1136,
258
!=======1==============1========1========
Department of Commerce____ .. _... ----- __ ...... ______ ....... _______ . ___ .... _____ . _______ .. _.. _.
12. IOI, 480
8,928,821
2,840,059
3.12. f,00
Air Commerce___________ . _______ . ___ ... _______ ..... __________ ... ___________ .. .. _____ .. __ .....
Census. ___________ . ___ ._._ ... _.. _..... _.. __ . . . .. .. _. _... . .... __ . _
___ .. _... _. ___
Fisheries__________
-----------------. ----------------·- .................
Industrial Economies .. .,_ .... ___ .. __ .... . . . .. . _. ...... _ ...... .. _.. __________ .. __________ . .
Li~hthouses ____________ . __ ... __ .. _____ . . . _.... .
_- · ... . .. _____ .. _. _.. ... __ _____ . _____ .
Standards_ ... ____ ... ____ ._
. _. ____
______ ...... _______________ ...
Ueneral administrative expenses ..... _.. __ ..... ___
. __ ....... _________ .. _______ .
200. IIOO
10, , 18. :iso
J.<;(1,471
100,000
19. 02\I
75,000
f>78. 000
8, 200, 321
l.''>0.471
100,000
HI, 0'29
7.,. 000
378. 000
2,540,059
2f'>O. f,00
72, ()0()
300. 000
176. 150
170, t.5(=1 ·=====r,=,.=lK=lO=I=======
37,925.0CO
13.800.(iUO
13,200,000 ·-----·-i,i:1125.tJOO
16, AA4. 474
rn. 8/14. 474
9:!4, 842. :mi
934,842.359 . ___________ .... _________ ...... ____ _
11, (MJO,O(:O
5.um, (N;O
6, CXI0.000
l======l======I,======'======
Department of the Interior ___ --------------- -- . -- -- .. -- --- .. -- .. --- ...... ------ ... __ . ____________ .
154, sos. 326
t 15,080, 3()2
18. 312,826
21. 412. 198
Coordinator for Industrial Cooperation .... __ . - -· · . . .... · ----.
. . ·•-----------·· • -·· ______ ....
U.S. Ernploy,,,,s• Compensation Commission .. ___ ···-··------- · ·-·---·--------------------·--·--·
Farm CrP<lit Administration ___ ........ ____ . __ .. _____ ...... ______ ... __ . ______________________ ._____
FedPml Emer~••11ry R<'ii<•r Administration ....... ____ . . ..... __ ...... ___ ....... ___________________ ..
General Accounting Office ___________________ .. ·-·. -- ... -- .. -- ... . .. ·--· -------· ·-· ----- ------------
Alaskr Road Commission __________________ .... _. ____ . . __ . ...... _____ ... . .. . _. . __ . ..... ____ ... .
fliturninous Coal Commission ______________ . __ __ __ . . . ___ . ____ . _.. . _. _______ _______ . ___________ _
Office of Education __________________ ___ ... _____ __... _. ________ . ___ . __ ... ______ . __________ . ___ _
Ocological Survey._. _______________ . _______ .. __ .... _.. __ .... _. ___ .......... _... _______________ .
Oflic,, of Indian Affairs _________________________ .. __ ....... _........ ____ ...... _____ ... . . ______ __
National Park S.•rvire .. _. ___ . _...
.. _..... _.. _.. . .... ___ .. . _... _.... _.. _....... __ .. _.... .
PuPrto Rico Reconstruction Administration ... ___ _..... __ ._ ........ __ .. . . _.. .... . . __ ....... _.
Rcelamation. __ .. _.. __ .. _______ .. __ . __ . __ . ______ . __ ... __ . __ ....... ___ ...... _.. __ .... _.. _.... ___ .
St. •:lizalwths Hospital.. _______ .. ______ .. ••- .. ________ ........ __ .... ____ .. ___ . . __ . ________ .. .
Temporary Gowrnmcnt or the Virgin Lslands ... _____ ... . .. _____ ....... ___________ .. ___ ____ ... .
6:~i:~r~~~idt~!ti~ep:~:~~~~=~===================:= ======================================I
A
===---------=-= ·======= ==------
I, 147. 057
70,517
2. 56.1. 458
109,913
2.
1()0
27,437.013
49. r,0:1, :l95
66, 652, cKKJ
193,
671. 4ii
70,517
), 8,12, 528
109,913
150. 000
325, 5!iO
406, 230
304, i1)0
JO, 884,267
4. 236, 173
8, 73.1, ,x:o
6. 805, <XlO
2, IY3. JOO
12,316, 5,3
34, 8f>8, 395
59,847, !Xl'.l
9,396
9, 3g6
I, 000, 437
601,437
20,:J.59 --------------2. 531). 006
3, ws. 681 I
6,000,000
20, 3.59
851,970
On the basis of warrants issued hy the Treasury.
(Concluded on next pnge)
Digitized by
Google
391l, 000
606,746
REPORT O:S PHOGRESS OF THE WORKS PROGRAM
TABLE VIII.-ALLOCATIONS UNDER THE ERA AcTs OF
1935, l!J36,
AND
1937,
101
BY AGENCIES AND BY AcTs
"-Concluded
Ct,HULAT(VI: THROt'GH OCTOBER 31, 1937
Total Allocations
Agency
Department of Justice _____________________________ . _____ . __ ______ ... __ . . . ___ . _. _______________ _
$2. 512,309
Department o! Labor __________________________________ .
32,816, 752
30,055, (Kil
175, (\;~)
I, 81<!1, IKMI
173. ~-10
523, 2.11
U.S. F.mploynwnt Servi<'<' _____ -------------· · _______ -- -----·-···---·-·· · --··--------- · -····
Immigration and Naturnlization .... _______ . _.. _.. ___ . _______ . ______ .. _. _. _. _____ . __ _... _______ .
Labor Stat.istirs. ______________ . ______ __ __ __ _____
_ _____ . _____ . . ___________ . ______ _
N•crt'tary's Offire_________
____________________________ ·---•-- • _____ _
Oennal udministrative expenses ____ .. _..
Lihmry
___ . __. __ .. ___. __. __.... _ .. ___ . .. ______ .
or Conim,ss ________ . ______________ . _.... ___ __ __
. _. _. __ .. ____ . _.. ______ ..... __ _
l'uhlic Works Administration ____________________ . __ . ___ . ___ . ___ . ___ ._. ___________ . ___ ._ .... ___ _
oon
I==~===
$17,444.240
1------~
11,.590,001
15,450, 000
li5, 650
12, l07, 512
I, f,39, 000
173, 8.'iO
lf,l;, 01 I
2.r,1, 500
2. 676. 158
1. 7!»<, 242
17,3/i-l,8-16
273.MI
:.?'.!:I, Ml
428, 88Y, 197
428,889, 197
!07, 870. 2!<9
!07, 870, 2!<9
321. 018. 908
321. 018, 908
Rural Elertriflcntion Administration __________________ . ________ . . _______ . . __
Department or State-International Boundary Conunission. _ _
_______ . ______ . . ___ .
4, .100. IKKl
15, 420, !139
I.I.I, IMK)
1.1,420, 9:m
Department of the Treasury ______________ . ___ . ____ .. ________ _
88, :1!0, 187
39,493,956
Re,·oh-inir Fun<! !or Purchase o! ~faterials and Su1,plies ____ .... __ . ___ . ___ .. __ .. __ .. ____ .. .
U.S. Coa.st Guard ____________________ ---------- ----·-·-
4,825. M9
!!, 05.5. 1,17
;r,fi, :;21
5,316,709
lntf'rnnl RPVl'rHW _______________________ _
Prorurenwnt, Division ___________________________ ____ _
Public Ilt-alth s,-rvice _____________________ _
Secretary's Offiet• ___________ ____________ _
Oenerul administrative C'XfH'D&•s _________ _
J.4:l2.~8
67, 92:1, 823
Vl'tnans' Administration _____________ ._ .. _._
I.Zl7,IAA
_________ .... __________ -I
Corps of F.ngirn•c>rs _____________________ .. _. ___________ . ______ .. _.. __ . . . ___________ . __ __ _____
Oflice of Chi,-f of Staff. _________ . _______ ...... ______ . .... _______ ._. _____ . ___ . ___ . ___ . ____ . ___ ..
3, 21\,1,
ouo
3, OJ.I, 000
250, 000
35.1,240
316,500
II I. (KO
37,1, IKKI
725, IKlO
16, 88.1, LOO
5,427. OIMJ
50. <KKl
- - - - - - - -------- - - - - - - - , - - - - - - -
Housing Division. _________________________________________ . _________ . __ .. ____ . ____ _. _ ____ _
N'on-Fedcral Division_. ________________________________ . __ . ____ _. _______ .. ___ . . .. _. .... __ ._ ...
War Department_ ____________________ _
'800,000
$1,712,309
3. 051. I.IS
2••123, 242
39,674, !<-IR
tiiY.
~ationnl Emergency Counril ______________
_ ______ ________ _
National Hesoun-es Committee ____ .... __ . _. ___ __
. _____ . ________ . ______ . _.. _________ ...
Department of the Nnvy-Ynr<ls arnl Dork~-- _____ ....... __ . __ . . __ . _______ . _____ . _______ ... . _____ _
Prison Industries Reorganization Adm!ni:--tration ... _. ___________ . ______ . _________ . _____________ _
EHA Act ol 1935 EUA Act o! 1936 ER_-\ .-\ct ol 1937
I'
227. 3,8. 753
-------1
186, 738. l())j
3, rn:1, 2.5.1
1,.1m,1u1
4, 82.'>.
3, 62'2.
681,
2, t<S.1.
3,mo,ooo
J.50,00()
5, ()(l()
40, 158, 120
8. f>.58, 111
3,583, &'i8
848. 711
75,000
190, 4t'O
M9
588
.121
!<AA
!<()6, 447
26, li73, 82:1
2, 242, 421
581.1,.!J
33,750, mo
44,000
7, 5(KJ, 10'.l
I, "!Zi. 186
=1,======J======
149. 474. 430
2·1, 194, 194
53, 710, 129
129. 78-1, 841
3, l\l3. 2.'>5
JO, 199, 754
46, 753, 513
Qunrl<•rmastl'r CorJ)s ... ____ .. ____ .... ____ . ___ ... ____ . _. _.. . . ________ . _ _________ . __ ...... __ _
35, fil~I. 0,13
15, :1110. 145
13,310. 8!12
6, 90!-, om
Oenerala<lministrntive,•x111•ns.•s -------····-·--·-----------·---------------------·---·---- -··1====•=·11:=·ll<,=:=1:i=7=l====l=,=•=1K=i,=1~8=9==l=====f.S:=·1=,=·';4=8=',=====48=·=r,oo=
Works Progruss Administration ______________ . ___ .. ________ .. ______________________ _. ______ . __ _
3,943,0.19,226
1,403,.1:ID,385
1,92.1,894,841
61:1,liZ.1,IKXJ
\\"PA work projects.. _________________________________________________ ---------- _______ ... __ _
XYA proirr,uns_____________________ _____ _______
_____ ______
-·· • · · ··-···-lh-nPral adminislrative PXpt•nst•s __ .
A
·--------1--------------- - - - - - - 3, ll,'iO. 03.~. 7f 4
I~. tiHS. :«12
lfi!J, ~12"1, I 10
1, 294, J<.12. 4f>4
:m. :i.11,,811
69, :15U, I IO
I, 790. (!43. li02
fi5 ..101, 2:19
5fl.1, 1R2. f~
70,350,000
29, fi:I.">. 000
On tho basis of warran1s issued by the Treasury.
~ourcc: l.i. S. Treasury Dt•J)urtment r<'JJOrt on lhe status o! funds providl'd in the EIL-\ Acts o! 1935, 19313, and 1937, as of Oc!ober 31, 1937.
Digitized by
Google
1~. Kl7. :nz
WORKS PROGRESS .-\.DllIXISTR.-\.TIOX
102
TABLE IX.-F,T!,TFI" OF Fuses l"sDER THE ERA AcTs oF 1935, 1936, .urn 1937, BY AGEXCIE,-
F.RA Acts of 19:J.5, 19:itl, an,! 193, Comhine•I
F.R.\ Act of 1937
Obligations
Agency
Alloeat ions
(w21rr:1nts
i:--:-:ue,JJ
Orand total...................................... $,, 6.,:1, ,9\l, 49,
Department of Agriculture ....... . .................. .
Agricultural Economic, ...... . ....... . ........... .
Agricultural Engineering ........... . ........ . .... .
Anim~l Industry ................................ . .
Biological Survey •...............................
Dairy Industry................... . . .
Entomology and Plant Quarantine .... . ....... . .. .
F.xtension Service.
_. __ . ___ .. _
Farm Security Administration ___ ... _
Forest Service. __ ._ .. __ ........ ___ . . .. __ .. _.. .... .
Home Economics .................. .. ...... . ...... .
Plant Industry ........................ .
Public Roads.......
. ........... .
Soil Conservation Servit-e ..... .
Weather Bureau .....
General administrative expen~s.
Administrator or the tinemployment f'en:--us ____ _
Ad,·isory Committee on Allotments .....
Alley Dwelling Authority...........
. ......... .
Architect of the Cnpit-01................. . ......... .
F. 8. Civil Service Commission _____ __________ ___ ___
Civilian Conservation Corps .......... . ... . .......... .
Department of Commerce ............................ .
Percent
Amount
Amount
of allocu•
tions
$7, ?14, ?>l-3, 191
I, 033, 472, !IOI
114. I
I
2, IY3, 82:I
2, 178, 32,5
9!l. 3
100. 0
I
l,f,'>-1,6!'4
2, 66:1, .58 I
2.!l9C)
30. 748. 050
2. IJ(M, 0.59
464.~l.fi19
47, ~I. Y~:l
1,,.'H,tfi:I
311,770
.'i00,8W,@1
26, '/ l"4, 7:{.5
18, 7Y.i
11, 8.19, :?"},;
1. oon. ooo
Ji, 127
31\.\ S:.!fi
36,. 200
119, .'HI
.;9-1, 936. 2.,;g
i, 14:J
w.;
1,649,9.'>3
2,551, 181
2,!l9C)
9;;_
,".'t
If~). 0 1
8'!l 2
!lo. >l
97. 1
18,781
9\1. 9 I
9:J. 0 I
II, 013, ,,33
331,427
17, 12;
33. 1
100. 0
1
3'50, 8!i9
119..',J6
5114, 411. 018
$480,294,861
72,844,591
311, 608, 923
29, 6i0, 8(1.1
2, ].'i,1, ,e;t;.3
98. 2
100.0
191,493
190,555
[S,',, ;>;I
282,816
204, I()';
- - --- - - - - 2, 9'.lO, 201
i, II:!
1, fl-17. 7;0
2. 3a;. 419
W.6
87. 8
?.WO
100.0
2M. 87 t, 43H
93. 9
100.0
2, 00-l, O.\~
~u•)
,,~un
91.2
&\. 3
100.0
404. :Jo4. 531
2.'.:, lil. 2fli
IS. ,SI
10. ,f)\, 810
79.8
:m. ;;o
96. 0
W.9
0. i
HMI.O
68.6
7. J.11
2.il, O,,;
Coordinator for Industrial Cooperation .... .
U.S. Employees' Cornpensation Commission_
Fnrm Credit Administration . . . . . . .
. ...
Federal Emergency Relief Administration ..
Oeneral Accounting Office .......... .
Department of the Interior ......................... .
Alaska Rood Commission ..................... .
Bituminou~ Coal Commission ______ .. · -------· .
Office of Education .•......................... . .
Oeologicnl Survey ............................. .
Office oflnclinn Affairs ........................ .
Notional P11rk SerYice. ... . .. . . . . ........... . . .
Puerto Rieo Reconstruction Aclministration ...... .
Reclanmtion ______ _____________ -------··--------St. Elizaheths Ho.spits!............ . ....... .
Temporary Government of the Virgin Islnnds
Territories and I~land Po.,~~"-:ion~ . . __
C1eneral administrnt ive expen~s. _. __ _
27. 0 :
W.6,
60. 1188, 965
4, 4i9,010
- ---- - - - - - - - - -
3,448, 4:18
:18, 452. 903
3,014, 69,
164, 6.'\8
23, 130.~2'!
2, 2-.'iO, ()6j
355,408
I, 502,613
78.5,358
637. 2:H
I, CHMl, 000
:131,426
i,ltl
H0,.5!'<l
H.3
I fi2. 829
119, .'i:16
.m. 1114. 867
======
70,402
10,77fi.00.5
4, 685, .564
00. 4
12,101,480 ,___1_1._84_8_.lk_1'1:_·1_,.___9_,_._9____
1i_._7_49_._:1_0_2
261). 61)0
10.XIS,3><(1
391,538
- -- - . - - - - - - --
114. 5
1,513, 7'15
1-----·=
Air Commerce ................ . ............... . ... .
Census _____ .. ______________ . __ . __ ... ___________ ._
Fisheries.......................
. .............. .
Industrial Economics .................. .. .. . .
LighthollS<lS ..................................... .
Standards........
... . . .
. ....... . ...... .
General administrative expenses ................. .
oo,. 2:u
$ill5, 540, 6?9
ti. 127
!19. 9
\1.5. 6
911. 9 •
9\1. 9 I
3(,j, 813
$3911,
llO. I
:i:i: f\55: 44~
v•. o I
2.5,45.5, lfH
Expenrlitun-s
8:1.3
39•)
i
R4. 1
H~J. o
496, 37S. 803
Obligations
915, :1110. 628
------,
l(~J.0:
9,). ~ :
29,459, (H)I
2. OOI. 0.',9
414,8!M,l~
46, :!.50, 418
1, !',fi.1. 127
3~. 770
Allocations
(warrants
issued)
lions
I, (l!lil, ,87, 420
;, u:1
Percent
of allocn•
57,218
10,@8,276
99.9
99. 5
_!~~ ___:i:_·1_2._61_JO_l ____a_~1_.4_M__
22. 0
98.9
260, fl()()
72,000
6'_,._0_7.0_
1· _ _ _ _
5,, 24.~
7,8:?"!
70,402
30,ll62,
!lH~ ~~:; l~j :E:; l~j <HI< ::;~~!~:i:/(lt+;;.:
i
170, J!\O
37. 92.5, (100
16. 884. 474
934, 842, :!,'i\l
11,000,IUl
17->. 1211
9. 8.10. 726
16, 884, 474
9:13. 914. 266
2,-.. 9
100.0
I
I
7,918.672
72.0
I
IM. 80,\, 326
127. 532,805
I, H,.0.57
27. 4:17, 01:1
49. f,0:1, ;19:,
I, 0.'\8. 6119
70, .517
2,274.129
109. 017
2. 184. icl
23, .'HO. 842
:16,fi!~-~6
6ti, 6:12. illln
57,607. 80-t
70 . .517
2. ,\f.:I. 4.'S
109.111:1
2.19:J. lfHl
Y. :uu;
1.mo. 1:1;
20. :~s9
:!, !l!IX. fe!I
9. 39t\
911. 4
911. 9
98.8
2.\. 8
100.0
93:1, 7H. lfl:I
7.877,4.59
--89.34.5
I 0, 92.'l. 000
------·---66.50'l
99.9
71.6
=======
,
____t_:
82.
92.3
IIMl.0
&~. 7
W.2
9\1. 6
71
,l
:!11.:1.'i>l
11))
I)
~I. 2
102,297.964
66.1
21,412, 198
5,190,317
3,319• .r>-1
1, Ulll, 227
70. !'117
Si. 3
100.0
32.'\./i!!()
240,464
212.9:1"
2,231, 4:li
IIJS, ilfl
2, 173. l~l
~7.0
9K9
99. 1
5.3 0
304,700
26• .566
18. Z.!()
4,2311.173
6.\.1
8. i3,'\, (MMJ
69 2
100.0
~- 7
6,8().5,000
2. 801. 987
1,802.062
3. 700
2. 210. ,,-.,)
69'2. :1:z;
8~•7
H ..,tl, :121
32, :!Sil. :!>i8
8.1. 8
74.0
St) t
l<)l. c)
714. 47,j
3, 2-t~ ..~;)j
17:1. l~ll
9. 7~. 822
16.884.474
46,117. 25;\
9. :~~,,.
I
I
.5~7. 041
:.>i). :ti9
3. 1 ~lfi.
;~tj,)
HMl.0
7~. U
Digitized by
399,000
flOH. 745
....
;·····1···········.;·
lla,.582
..... j,ig_g_;,;·l·
Google
14,t;.·3
17•1. tc"J
REPORT O.N' PROGRESS OF THE WORKS PROGRAM
TABLE IX.-STATUS OF FUNDS UNDER THE
ERA ACTs
OF
1935, 1936,
AND
1937,
103
BY AGENC'Il!l8-Concluded
CUMULATIVE THROUGH OCTOBER 31, 1937
En.,
ER., Acts or 11135, 1936, and 19.17, Combined
Expenditures
Obligations
Allorntions
(warrants
issued)
I>epartrnent orJustice...... ............. ............
PerCl'nt or
alloca•
tions
Amount
$2,.~12,309
$2, 1:14,982
l=======I=======
J),•partrnent or Labor .................••.............. _
32,816, 752
30,533,517
Lihrary or Con,rres.s ....... __ .. .. ......... .. .. . .. . . . . . .
Nation&] Enwr~••ncy Council ...................... _
Xational Resources Committee..............
Department or the Xavy
Yards and Doeks........................ _... ... . .
Prison Industries Reorganization Administration._....
Public Works Administration........................
:lO,OM,001
175. MO
28,0,15.560
l7S. 529
1, ~l!l.1131
17:l. 26S
:l:l2, 2'.!9
1,889,000
Ii:!.)<.'>()
523,251
I=======·====
679. 000
r.211.
85.0
$2, 039, 193
8 I. 2
$800, 000
$423, 904
$.1.'>0, 239
113. o
30, 028. 282
II 1. 5
3, 2&, 000
I, 301,688
1,00, 740
93. 3
11\1.9
96. 2
W.7
6:t 5
2i, 1\70, 536
175, .,IS
1,711,2:H
11\7, 500
:!03, 404
92. I
11\1.9
00.6
96.4
5S.O
3,015,000
----250. 000
I, 119, 20.~
915,515
182, 4/!3
165, 225
~~4
-------------- --------
3,051, 151<
2,523,242
2, 9:17, 0\15
2,008,328
\12. 3
Otl. 3
82. o
51<6, :l.19
2, !112. :J74
1, 8114, 217
86. 4
9.,. 5
7,5. 1
111, nm
375, ooo
68, 715
2i2, arn
:lll, s1.~
251, no
39,674,846
273,541
37, 6111. 726
25.~. 28:1
94. 9
93. 3
36,997, ;92
Z',2, 498
93. 3
92.3
5, 42i, 000
50,000
3,493,860
2,921, 71!8
31,234
428, IJ89, 197
421,456, 4H
98. 3
338, 979, 6&l
79.0
I07.KiO, ~O
100, \J0,1, 615
320,fM,8b9
93. 5
11\1.9
82, 8b2, \lbi
2.'itl, I .!II, 70\l
rn. 8
79. K
I, 270, 510
15,419,744
28. 2
99. 9
I, 2i'O, 510
12,071, 2;3
28. 2
78. 3
321,018.908
4, r,oo, 000
15,420, 1139
A
33, 82S
155,000
U. S. Coast Guard ................................ .
Internal Hevenue e ..................... _
ProC'urement Division _____________ _
Puhlie llenlth Sen·ic-e .. ___ ... _.. .
Oeneral administrative exJ>f'nse.'-_ .... __ ______ . . __ _
Veterans' Administration._ ........••••••••••••••••.•. _
1
3,000,000
147, 100
95. 0
25,353
16. 4
5,000
88,310,187
i9, f,31, 223
00. 2
77,466, 99:l
87. 7
8,658, 111
3,276,627
2,572,053
4, 8?5, 689
9,487,445
756, 521
5, 316, 70\l
67, 92:!, W/3
4,821,921
8,95!!,:!.13
713,0:14
5, 133, 707
60. 004, 2'l8
99.9
94. 4
114.3
96. 6
88.3
4, ◄ .51, .'\04
8, ~16, 91K
700,431
4, 972, 42,5
.'i8, .'>OS, 715
92. 2
92.6
93. 5
86. I
892, ill
75,000
190,400
7, S00,000
615, 77fl
42, l;:J4
149,449
2,468, 7f>I!
529,.~7
38. 2/i.'I
l:!.1,864
I, 870, :169
,=s=====l ======1=====1====== =
0
War Department. ..•........................ ........ ·
------
=~·=====1======1======
93.1
I, 227,186
I, 227, 161
00.9
I, 226,fl811
99.9
2'l7, 378, 753
llj(),211,546
79.3
173,340,242
76. 2
---·-----5:1, 710, 129
-------------7,300,2'!5
A
B
I
._.~zi
3,650
,, ._1i,.;,18
1~1 1 15 .~, 2
IR9, :12s, 110
3, 430, 866, 794
114,975, 164
l.'ill, 957,847
91. 0
93. 0
92. 7
3,357,352,924
112. 3.11, 778
153,113,963
---92. 0
90.8
90. 4
565, 162. 688
18, )<.17. :112
211. 625, 000
4,952,077
-----
Corps or Engineers.................................
186, 738, I~
138. ill 8,007
142. ll-17, 05U
76. 5
73. 9
46,753,513
2,930,207
Office of C'hier or Staff.......................... .
3, rn:1. 25.'i
2, ,'\.1-1, 7\18
2. !;\Ii, 087
84. 5
79. 4
---- -------------Qnartermusu•r Corps... . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .•.
35. IIO'J. 0.,:1
31, 2:l.,. IJ!;.1
32, 9!!2. 993
92.6
Si. 7
6,~.016
4,370,078
1,flK-1,407
48, f,00 ----------91. 6
84.4
Oeneral nclministrative expenS<•s.. .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . 1===1=·=8:='1!<=•=33="=•,:=======l====='===1=·~·"~5=1-·=:l=ll-l==l=====l
71111,_
lj()5
113.9
GI 3, 625, 000
Works Pro~ress Administration ...................... -1_3_._114_3_._0.'_M_1._22(i_,_, _3,702,
___
_,
3, l\2'l. 7118. t~i.5
91.9
421, 80.1, 151
WPA work projects .....•................... ,_ ..
NY A programs .............. __ ....
(h•neral nctministrati\'I' exp<'nscs...
Expenditun'S
Obligations
-------1-----·- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ---- - - - - - -
Rernlving
Fund for Purchase or Materials
and Supplie~- _______________________________
_
Rural Elec·trif\mtion AdminLstration .. _ ............. _
Department orthe Treasury ....................... .
AIIOl'ntlons
(warrants
issued)
1=====,i======i====
Housin~ Division ____________________________ _
Non•Federal Division ................... _
Department of State
International Boundary Commission __ _
Amount
Percent or
alloca•
tions
--------1-------1·-----I-·----- · - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - 1 - - - - ·- - - - - --
r. S. Employment Service...................... .
Jmmi~ration and Naturnlization ............... _ . .
Lahor Statistics......... .. .... .. .. ... . ..... ... .. .
s,•crPtary's Ofli"". ... ... . . ........................
llcnernl administrative e,,,.,nses .............. _.. .
Act or 11137
2,085, 769
-------2.866,J(IJ
386,782,518
12. 28:l, 734
22,736,800
!lint included in the grand total.
Includes Secretary's Office.
Sourct': U.S. Treasury Department n•J)()rt on status of runcls pro,·ide,I in the F.R.-\ .'\cts or 193,,, !Y36, and J9:l7, as or October :n, 19:17.
3fH6°-!18--8
Digitized by
Google
3.5-1, 6:18, 230
324. 31!\l, 146
9. 702,205
19, 566,8711
WORKS PROGRE8S .-\D:\II~ISTR.-\TIOX
104
TABLE X.-:'-T.\T,< oF
Fn,1>,
OF ALL AGE!'ffIEs AXD OF THE \\ToRKS PRonREss An~11x1sTRATION FNDER THE
ASD
1937,
ERA
AcTs OF
1935, Hl3(i,
BY STATES
Ctrllrt..,Tl\'E THROt"fJff OCTORER 31, rn:J7
All A~encies
AII/J<'8tions
\\"orks Progress Administration
Obligations
('-'·arrants
Total avaihlhle for all1x.•at!on
l"n11located. __
Ornnd tot ·al
$& -121. Oi8, 685
_I
Ohligations
Expenditures
---------------- -------------- __ I___ -- --- ----- --- -----··•---·-·------------------ ------------------------------
i6i, 279, 188 - --------------
--1
Allocation.•
(warrants
issued)
Expenditures
i~ued)
; . ft'.:l, 799, 497
$6, 892, ,; 11.
$7, 214,283.491
-=======
i, t>lO, i52. lr.lO
:;;;-;-j $.1, 943. ;;;:;,-2'26
$3. 702. i911. 805
$3, 62'2. 79'!, llfl.5
7. 019, 407,614
6, 711. 42.S.1146
3, &'\fl, 1r.111. &'\3
3. 69\l. 395. 777
3. 621. i9:I. 120
I
Alabama.
.,riwna _.....
Arkansn.s .. _
California ....
C'olorado. ___ . __
99,871, i67
53,841. ali
91,6i9, 22..5
424,140, S02
00,8i6, i211
00, 024, 484
52,Wll.329
8tl. 9i8. il5
4ll2, 926, 522
91, 751, 169
91,614, 1118
49,220, 9-~
83, RO!!, ,5211
300,3il,0,5:l
87,647,599
39, .577. 701
14,3i0, 1!113
34, Ol7. 061
214. 141. 722
4S, 315, 123
37. !l.14, 547
13. 834. 248
32. 6 16, 324
201. 02r,, 640
43. 372. 368
37. 107 . 7( t9
13,431, 1197
31,874. o~7
200. 218. -~ 76
42,68.1.01~
Conlle<'tirut
Delaware.
.. .
.. .. .... ..
District of Columhi.1. .... . .. .
Florida _____________ _
Georgia ........ -------------
6i. 104,954
141, .'\tiO. 783
8i, ;11',3, 556
1(),1, 891, ll11-1
64, 924, 421)
9,032.480
12\l, 451!, 002
M.21-1,1.~
61, 711, ,593
8, 26:!, 565
124.823,32i
40,8-17,,';15
3. 910, 50i
33, i09, 021
37. 752,443
43,610.~
30. IOI. 63 1
3. 706. :100
32. 4:16, 80 I
35. 9 10. iiO
4 1,502. 6&4
38. 134. 439
3, 6 1\1. 14~
31, 49 2. 2:19
3 1. :;r,o, 078
40. 6:!';" , 0-H
Idnho. ______ ... _...... . . . ....... ..
Illinois. ___ .. _.
.. ......... _
Indiana ........... __ .. .. ........ .
Iowa ............ .. ..
Kansas ........ __ .. . _
11. 749. 566
)\, [l:\fi, :\.'q
?50. 935, ;1114
I 00. 6211. 169
24.5, I 02.
107, ◄ ii, 0 18
34. 022. 67'.!
-19, 437. ,OU
Kenturky ... _. .. .. .
Louisiana_. __
_. . .. ______ . . . ...... .
Maine .. _. . . .. . _..... -. -......... ..
Maryland...
..
Mas..sachusetts __ .. .... .......... .. .. .. ... .
9. :J:lO, 917
Y7, 794, 758
Sil, ~l.\903
91,480, i86
4i, 2'<9, i13
4?6, :110. rn
Hl8, 091, 9:11
76, i09, ~70
10-1, li9, i56
411,343.942
412,487,819
lt~l. 239,306
74. 849,496
100, 6i9, 79i
44. 832,518
300, :1:11. 068
158, 890, 002
71. 008, 771
\l!l, 192, 7S4
12, 171,85.'<
262, 029, 869
113,087, 8.'\4
IOI, 724, :if,O
00, 02'2, 1:1:1
-10. 682. 119,';
99,778,025
8tl, i'/8, 642
39,910, 4i0
73. 093, 75'}
:ISO, Ull4, 508
9,5, 313, 13i
83,215, 2'.!8
37, 95i, 161
fii, 312,346
269,771, ~
50, 06i, 426
46. 80!. 434
12,445,263
25, 4.511, 105
176, 978, 376
12,024, 2112
24,439. 456
lfi9, 832. 894
48. 00.-\, ~;,._;
43,94 1, ~>,1\1
11,841.711
24,011. 30\!
167, ;.,2. 7 "8
208,fl.'lll, 132
!AA, 211.1, 739
711,0:ll. 390
172. 446,278
79,522, 126
12.;, 01 I, 614
89,001, 782
:IO, 016, 3116
lOl,1149,1111!,
24, 62\l, 194
120.405, l fi7
Sll. 108,200
211. 03 1. 393
10 1. 0ll4. 2n
2:J,6.';0,.'\.1(;
117.AA.'i. 0~
84. 5,Si, 6~5
28. 388. Of,5
98. fW:\. 5~6
2'2,!l:l,,1\Jfi
s
i6. 172. :\Sfi
~~.912, i45
36, 822, 1194
35. 392, 3,',1',
50,496, 773
52, 705, 751
49. 417. 480
44 ,939.003
""\I
Michil(an ... _ . _.......... .. ....... Minnesota ..
Mi&<issippi. .. __ . .. ....... ... ... . . .. . .
Mis.sour!.. . . .. _.. . .. ..... ..... ... .
Montana ... .
227,098,974
109, 2li. 48i
91.103, 11'21
1~9. i78. 4\l-1
S6, 672,845
220, 912, 492
111-1, if\4,620
87, 2113, 166
184. MO, 234
S2, 454, 6311
Nebraska ....... ..
S:?, 816. i97
15, -~-\ 510
24 ..';04. 4211
231. ii 8. 821)
M.426, 9f,l,J
80, 48i ff15
15,33.5, 31\9
23, 9i2, 5\IX
?il. i40. 0"8
52, 3fltl, 223
75, r>43. 462
14,X..'\3,IW
23,085,680
212. 704,891
50. 917, 739
32, fl.51,321
3.~.-~1
II. 482. 780
150,608, :!117
15,456, OS!l
31. 230. 29 7
3, 228. 75.>
I 1.072. 2 17
143. f,94. 9 18
14,863, 737
30. 270 . .', 97
3, 1i 5. 2.~7
10, 897. 16-1
140. 5911. 724
14. 542,354
New York .... _
North Carolina __
North Dakota .. ..
Ohio ............. .
Oklahoma .... .
I, 010, 2\li, 303
!Ill, .';73, 808
932, 342, 805
81, 5.55. Stil
62, 8f,3, 512
3/i~. 12.5. 74.5
125, 3Ml!. 505
695,239. AA4
31,068. ~/\6
25, 42,;, 15/l
248, l,';7, lllfl
68. i21, 131\
6&1. 947. r~l3
172
1:15, 554, 4113
9i3, 90.,, 479
Xi, Ri~. 407
65,.'\:!3,31,1(1
38/l, 2"-~. li4
131,0lKI, 745
6.50.319. HO
29. 04fi. 913
23. 745,
23.5, 547. 727
63, li60, 056
Orel(on ............ .... . .
Pennsylvania.
Rhode Island_ .
South C'arolina
South Dakota ..
69. 86i. 2i2
1128, I i8, 723
30. 591, 5119
i5, 02-1. 132
72. 726,893
Oi, 31i, 341
006, :1,5!1, i H
29, 4il. lJO!I
71. 9il, ljli(J
ill, 470, 48i
r>-1. 5i3, 140
584, 705, ll,5i
28, ()39, i42
r>I!• .'ifiM, 571
68, 05i, 5211
27,400, 567
416, 546, 0.1-1
19,29!1, 7118
27, .5:l'/,OS.'\
211. fl.>2, OlYl
Tennes..see .... _ .
Texa.~. ______ .. _.
1m. 0.1s. r,11i
2'l7,llt8,2XX
HHl.!l.'!3
21, 76i. 0!<5
87. 831, 53i
!I,, WI. IW
214, 4.34. 262
42.823. :lfl.l
21. 352. 081\
ISS, 121,899
00,11-19,561
20lJ, 533, 130
41.81.5, iM
20,6t9. 233
80, IIO, i26
38. :113, .'\-18
ti-I, 642, 71\!I
Ii, 38!1. 313
5,469,468
29, 1114, (167
133, 008. 782
Hit. liO. 12i
1~2. 180,010
32,139.944
129, 5114, 5r>li
10 I, 393, ll24
177. fi06, 317
31,:l.l.:1.'\fi
I 23, .529, 321
9i, 200. 5112
I i2, 2:11, !llli
~ . .r.AA. 11.') 7
51,(lll,';,.',tl7
Si, 004, 497
114.0l\4, 148
fi, .'\47, 422
!i-1. 1148. 556
90. 957,644
78, 20 I, 21XJ
72. 4S:l. 4()11
3, ll.5.1, 2'.ll
5,932.848
14, 159,
700, (MIO
,;, !l.52, 146
13, HS. !114
:1.5, 4:12
3, 5711, 824
r,1,032, 955
I, :l\12, 3114
33. 942
4,022
HI~. ll:l2, I\Hl
~l.3711, IS:!
Nevada ....... ..
New Hampshire
New Jersey __ .. .
New Mexico .. ..
fij',
:m;. iRl,
ru,11 ............. . .
\'ennont. ........ .
Virginia ....... ..
Washinl(ton_
\\:~st Vi~l(inia .
"lSCODSln ..... .
Wyoming.
Total distrihlllt>il hy Territories_
Ala.ska_._.
Hawaii. ...... .
Panama C'anal Zone.
Puerto Rico ............ _. _.
Vin,?in IsJnnd~----------------
569, 3lfi
I.
11-1. 592. HO
fl, :l-19, 82S
14. 92:l, 975
70ll, l~lll
70. 750, llll\l
1. Mi. 7~'X
I
.,!IX
M. 8118. am
I, MO. 378
=:::::::-----.::=
Not distrihute,t h:,- !'tales or Terrilorie,_
A
2;,,;,-1M. 13i
29. 653, 96i
24. 2115. 895
240,072.492
66. 24S, .~1
26. 396, 73 1
~f,,
18, :137. 374
26. 206. 190
~ . 486, 246
2.5, 911, 181
392, 302. K I \I
17.97.i,490
25,638. 1'.H
27, 7f.-.l. 3 ,L2'
36. 9.5.1. 0.'\8
3f,. 2'.18.%1
71l. :lil1. 8 17
16. 572. 920
.,. 202. 97.,
27,9 14. 6:?'2
78.061,07:\
IG,2.'>3.2'il
5.113.013
27. 21\;l, Ill",<!
49,079.446
6,35 1. 79.'\
48. 136, 3il
53. 86 1,949
89. 207, ,>42
6. 268. 421
3, 5211, tH2
a. :n.s. 239
24.113i
3,459,446
3,3H, 121
32, 2:18
4,021
:12. 23'>
4.01()
'-116.614
-'-:.?. 3\tl. ti~
399. 749, f,!,5
17.~jll
ilMl. 000
::-:~-==
I If). fli4. 677 j
i
----- -----------------------------------These amounts repre~nt refun1J~ Co sew in;,! room projects in various ~tut es in adju~trnent or oven1.s...-.essment:,; ror the Centml Textile Account.
Source: t:. S. Treasury Department report on the ~talus of funds provided in the EHA Art, of 1935, 1936, and 1937, as of Oc•toher 31, 193i.
Digitized by
Google
105
HEPOHT tl'.'. l'HOllHE~~ OF THE WOHK8 PROOH.UI
TABLE XI.-Xc:11BER .\XD EsTrnATED TOTAL CosT OF WPA PROJErTs PLACED IN OPER.\TIOX, BY TYPES OF PROJECTS .\XD BY
OPER.\TIXG STATUS
TBR'>r<rn ;;,:PTl!!lfBER 30, 1937
f'cMn.ATIH!
.\II Projects
,ompleted Pwjoct.s
.\ctirn Projeri,
_______________ ,__________ I__________
Estimated total cost
Type o! Project
.\mount
----- -
IEstimated total I
Xumber
Xumber
t'O~t
Xumber
Estimated total
cost
12.;. :m
s2. 609, u2, 939
Percent
-=-- ---------------·--
Grand total. .. _....
Highways, roads, and streets........................................ . .
$4. 6\lO, 134,316
100.0
32. ,05
4<, 328
I, 716,575, 184
36. 6
9, <144
bl 2. 2.'>9. :!!JO
4311
20,504
10,571
3,871
3,603
2, 005
28. 804, 5114
547,016, 1141
432. 681,369
82,754,642
129,028, 409
37, 409, 459
215, 453
458,664,317
0. 6
II. 7
9. 2
I. 7
2. 8
o. 8
( •)
9.8
1117
3,663
I, 853
12. S.'IO. 3!JS
ZJ7, 284. 01\9
188, 7\IO. 2fil
40. 620, 7:H
62, 762, l\!J!J
12, 846, 189
509,616,389
10.9
4,460
68, ll05, 807
50,545,697
171, 3W, 545
79,869,011
37,910,643
51,2118, 154
10,540, 711
311,146,821
1. 5
I. I
3. 7
1.7
0. 8
I. I
0. 2
0. 8
5,6
296
I, 1120
61\9
IM
539
4
302
508,010, HS
10. 8
2,005
68.970,1110
228,299,840
210,739,695
1.5
4. 9
4.4
Highways-primary roads.. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . .
Farm•to-market and other secondary roads..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
iltreets and alleys.......
. .................
Sidewalks, curbs, and paths..
. . . . .. . .. . . .
Roadside Improvements.
....... .........
. .. .... .. ..
Bridges and viaducts . . . . . . . . .
. .. .. .... . . ... ... ... . ... . .. .
Orade-crosslng elimination.....
. . ... . ... .. . .. .
OtherB.........................
···· · · ·•· •-··· · ··
Public buildings.........................................................
$2. 080, 691, 377
IM. o.16
==,======l=====I==== ======
19
fl,716
25,684
3, 705
I, 007
11,603
3,269
696
3,337
Parks and other recreational racilities ......................... __ .. . . . . . . . .
10, 130
44
I, 423
Playgroundsandathleticflelcls............... . . . ....... . .... . ......
Parks .......•.•.•.................... . ....... _. . . . .. .. . . . . .. . . . . .
OtberB............................................................
3,951
4,302
1,877
~
.'>33
282
1,766
===•====l====I====
1-----1·---
.\dmlnistratl\•e ......... _.................................. _... _.. . . . .
Charitable, medical, and mental Institutions ........... . _. ...... _....
Educational................................ .
... . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .
$ocialandrecreational.............. .........
. . ... . . ... ........
Federal (including military and nav,;l)...................
lmpro,·ementofgrounds ................. _. . . ..... . . . ...
Housing and demolltion.. .... .. . . .. .. . ... . . . ... . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .
Other B ••••••• ··········•····••· ••••··•·•·•••·•••·• ····•··· · ··· • ····•
I
I
I :19, 2M
-·----
2S7,l04.843
I
199,297,3271
904,315, i94
a.12
lfi. ~41
~. ,18
3. m1
3, 0,0
2, 323
19
4,950
15, 1154, 19!>
309,732,872
243,891.108
42, 13:l. 008
00, 265,510
24, 563, 2m
215,453
201,559.474
21.204
310,319,062
:-----1
27,005, 5llO
3, I 29
16,005,678
I, 311
68. 5<12, 574
9, f\83
28,546,036
2.580 I
12,898,825
542
19,900.961
2, ,98 I
4,470,695
-IO I
21,756, Df,R - - ~
i
6671
954
444
193,578, 526
I~~
41, 810, 217
34,540,019
102,836,971
51,322,975
25, Oil, 818
31,337,193
6,070,016
17,389,853
==3=14=.=43=1=,11=1=9
22,552,55111'--3,284
114,403,469
3,348
56.622,498
1,433
46,418,351
113,896,371
154,117,197
=====l====I====
Conservation............................... . . . . . . . ............... . .......
6, 711 1__222
__
' 4_84_,4_8_2_
Forestation ......................................... . .......... _......
Erosion control and land utilization ..... _.. . ........... . .............
Irrigation and water conservation............ . . . ...... . . . .............
Plant, crop, and li\'est()('k conservation.............................
Other B •••••••••••• ···• .•••... _ .• ··-· ..••..... ··- •.•••• _... •• . ..• . . ..
llewersystemsandotherutilities........ . .......... . ....................
4._7_ •_ _ _
1,_0_79_1
____
1
237
396
4,208
537
!, 333
5,035,824
8,753,802
166,174,500
10,391,924
32, 128. 4ZJ
0. I
0. 2
3. 5
O. 2
o. 7
15,752
444,571,474
11.5
5,053
9, 797
359
543
118,145,281
296.1183, 433
II, 173, 852
18.2118,90!
2. 5
6. 4
o. 2
0.4
1
231
1
1
I, 439, 581
3, 7211, 573
75. 081, 142
4,696,936
12,357,307
214
341
3. ,>24
458
I. (1115
3,596, 243
5,027,229
Ill, 093, 367
5, 6114, 1188
19. 771, 116
2,3&4
lll0,933,647
13.3M
253,637,827
708
48,349, IOb
127,898, 15/l
5,100,660
9,486,723
4. 345
~- 305
298
420
611, 7116, 175
169,085.275
5. 974, 192
8,782,185
55
6<;-4 1
79
238
I
=l,====I,====
l-----1·------1-----1----- ------1-----1------
Water purification and aupply.. .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... .. .
:-ewer systetnll........ .. . .
. ........ _.... ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Electric utilities............ . ......... _. .. . . _.... . . . ..... . ..........
OtherB...................
. . . ........... . .. . ...
I, 492
61
123
1====1
Airports and other transportation ...... . ................................
11,, 301,539 j _ _ _.,_._63_2_ •_ _1_25_,_1~_2_,_114_3
_ _ _1_,_383_
1
1
.~irports and airways.............. . .......... . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
:>'18\'igatlon........ ..... .. ...... ..... . .. ... . . .. ...... . ... .... . ... ..
OtherB........................ ............. . ......... .............
!, 099
245
39
130,760,400
2. 8
330
100,664,928
22,369,586
7,745,886
2. 2
0. 5
0.1
279
45
6
I
1====11=====
,2. 064,07 51:'-__1_._053_
58,785.596
9,287,766
3.900.713
58.
__7_16_,_325_
___
1
820
200
33
41,879,332
13,081,820
3,755.173
1====11===== 1====,I==== = = = = = l = = = = I = = = = =
25,271
490,874,467
10.5
5,M7 j
199,079,400
19,424
291, 7115,007
0
Whltecollar..........
. ... .... .. . . . . ....... . .. . . . ..... . . . ............
Educational....... . .................................... -........ .
Recreationa1.......
. ........... . . . ..... . ....................... .
Professional and deriral. ............ . .......... .. .. . ............... .
Sewing ........... . .... . . . ....... . . . ......... . .. . . ............. . . .
Canning ................ •• • •• ••···· · - · · · · · · · ·· · ·· · · · · · · · · · · · · ·· · · ·
Other 8 •• •• .• • • • • .. . . . . . . . •. . . •
. .•.•.• ···• • • - . . . • . • . . • . . • .
Sanitation and health .............. -....... . ...... . ........ . .......... .
2. 5811
98, 130, 144
2. 640
20,042
76,876, 771
31,\ 8117, 552
2. I
I. 7
6. 7
628
415
4, M4
:-----53. 286,870
35. 827. 585
109. 964.114.\
I, 1161
2,225
1.;_ 238
44,843,274
41,049, 186
205, llO'l, 607
1====11====
:=====,======
10,467
408,251,358
8. 7
3. ~
200. 469,371
6. 612
205, 781, 1187
-----1------1-----r----:------1-----r•-----7, 654
308
339,231,324
4,315.280
7. 2
0. I
I. 4
3,093
141
621
175. 314,479
2. 558,488
24. 596. 404
4. 5111
167
I. i-84
163,916,845
I, 756, 792
40, 108. 350
123,960,594
2. 6
I. 22.5
,>9, 231. 982
2, 743
64,728,612
6, 228, 71111
0. I
2, 8.'18
42,197,301
7.\ f34. 494
0.9
I. 6
52
192
981
3. 628, 187
18,li00,050
37,004, 745
120
,46
I. ~77
2,600,612
23,5118.251
38. 529. 749
10. 342
13.5. 00!1, 523
2. 9
2. 50.;
64, 704, 754
====I=====
Elimination of stream pollution ................ . ....... . ......... .
................... !l.fooqulto eradication .. _
Other 8 ••••••••••
···•· · · · ··· · ·
··•······ · ··-··
Ml•oollaneous ..
3,968
172
938
------1-----·I----- ------1-----1------
1====11===== ====II=====
2. 396
54, 476. 12<1
,. !J4f,
----------------------------
• Leos than 0.05 peroont.
• Includes projects classifiable under more than one of the headini,s above.
Digitized by
Google
!,O.
533, 403
106
WORK8 l'ROGHE~8 .\DMIXISTH.-\TION
TABLE XII.-NUMBER AND ESTIMATED TOTAL CosT OF WPA PROJECT;; PLACED IN OPERATION, BY STATES AND BY MAJOR TYPES OF
PROJECTS
Ct:Mttl.ATIVE
Highways, Hoads, and
Total
State
Numhero!
pro]·
Parks and Other Recrea•
tionaJ Fncilities
Puhlic Buildin~s
Streets
N"um•
TnaorGR REPTl:MRER 30, l.D.17'
Cost
N"um•
Cost
N"um•
Cost
Sewer Systt•ms amt Other
Utilities
Conservation
Xum•
Cost
Cost
Nnm•
h e r o / I - - - - - . - - hero! - - - - - . - - - - 1 her of - - - - - . - - - berofl-----r--1 beror - - - - ~ - -
Cost
,,.~i·
ec s
ects
Amount
Grand total.. ... 158, 03fl $4,690,134.316 48. 328 $1,716,575,184
Per·
cent
l"':1"
l'C' s
Amount
36. 6 25. 684 $509,616,389
Per•
ct•nt
pro)·
cc·ts
Amount
Per•
CC'Ut
10. 9 JO, 130 $.'i08, 010, H.~
pru·
ec ·
Amount
JO. 8 6, 711 $222. 484,482
Percent
proj·
ccts
Amount
4. 7 15, 752 $444,571,474
r ..r.
e<>nt
9. 5
- - - - - - - _ _ _ , _ _ _ _ _ , _ _ - - - 1 - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - _ _ ,_ _ _ _ _ - - -
Alabama ............. .
Arizona _____________ _
Arkansas ............ .
Clllifomia ............ .
Colorado •..•..........
1,767
7&~
3,341
6 336
122
Connecticut ......... .
Delaware ............ .
District o( Columbia ..
Florida .•.........•...
Georgia.•••••••. _•....
2,713
2".!"l
54, 2..'.S, 014
4, a:>i, f>.'>S
208
2,014
211. :t~2.
44, oIi. ur~i
m,
829
2'l
1.1
6va,
3, 41)4
55,877,548
4731
Idaho ...••••••••••••..
Illinois••..••••••••....
Indiana. ••••••••••••.•
Iowa ....•........••...
2:
l,O!l'l
5. 574
4. 781
2. 526
Kansas.----···· ..... .
4,430
Kentucky
........... .
IA>ui~iana ____ • _______ _
2,397
911.1
Maine ....••••••...... 1,471
Maryland._ ......... .
874
Massachwetts.....•.. 10,023
Michi~Bn .•••••.......
Minnesota ___________ _
3,592
~:~~~~r-~~~==========
3,170:
4, 174,
Montana ..........•..
1,4291
Nebraska ............ .
Nevada ...........•..
New Hampshire ..... .
New Jersey .......... .
New Mexico ......... .
2,403
312
1,0-19
4,4:11]
49,039, 4:!2
18, 75:l, fi-17
8,881,278
30. 1),15. 578
44, 42.'S. 591
418
20, 4:lti, IX13
lli!i
50. ~)4, fij;) I, lli5
251,935. II~~' I, If~
56,507,469
6~>,
21, 36Y, 077
16,671.204
343
315. 7411. 3~,) 2, 3XO,
149, 2,7. li!J:I I, OS2:
4i. Z!O. 7:!Y
864
67, 4:l'J, 239i 2, 1251
68. 071. 9:16
86.11
IYII
57,397. 8,',6
12. 7:m. &'>8
so2
28. :m:1, I 2U
3 I.,
2'23. :159. 051 2. 200
I
IM. 784, Mil
7.~~,
llfi, .512. 1112 I, 214
62!1
34. 6H. MN!
J:lO. 3.'>4. 82., 2. I 12·
28, 269, 781
384
44, .',46, 4110
U!.19, 14S
15, .ri:H. H:li
Ii, 711,097
419,:l:lli
32. i
9. 6
3, 651\, :tH
18. 0
14,240, 5lti
17, 100, iSfi
32. 4
30. 6
~ashinp;t~n.
\\ est V1rgm1a ....... .
2. 448,
2. :1(1)'
Wisoon~in. __________ _
Wyoming ............ .
Ala.ska ..•••••••..... _
Hawaii ______________ _
Virgin lslancls .. ····-
5,818
732
R2, 001. 821
5119:
t11. 79(1, 1110
915'
l:IO, 2lk1. 450, I, 474
9,444.
113
208I
1
214
I
4.
51
341
31.5
lffi
202
584,975
47,200. O\!ti
15, 41.;, 84!1
3. 7811. 074
3. 5
15. 0
10. 3
8.0
l.'i3
171'
314
84
7, 41J7, 375
II.I
si;;
2. 5
27. 7
26
20
6. 4
8. 9
,53
R.9
307
9, zm. 972
◄ 2.0
11, 545,0:!"l
40. 8
209
14. 0
14. 7
8. I
8.0'
3H7
71
207
108
14,81\1,00:l
.',l,717,3o:l
13.R/!9. n1
16, 28\1. 51;,,
5, 07~. 7~
JO. .;!16.116:l
2,271,073
4.,. 2
6. 5
!.'i9
2'l. 7
3.'il\
42
5.0
:m
3, 149. 744
2ti. i,
69
4. \J
12. 9
23. 4
12t)
520
ZJ. ~i.l, 737
57
16. 0
22,624. 3itl
43,210, 2x7
4,829,422
3. 314, 11211
8,168,376
111<2
9. 7
5. 5
33
18
46. ,5
39 .•5·
3.>. g'
52,445,489
3M
102, ,'",09, 64S 2, lil
Zl, 00:1, 881
3.'ill,
7, :,fill. .'i44
386:
bOOi
31, mi, IM
2,8211
14. :19.\ ll!O
2.8
72.003,.'i.'l9
4.1. 98.1. 364
12,447, 7.'i>,
Tennessee
•...........
Texl'Lq _______________ _
l,:li2
9.0
1, 5-17, 5ti5
15,918,417
8W.'IO:I
2, SIU. 47r,
14,605, 28\1
9, 2S:l, fi:t.?
6, 14i, 79H
20. 84:J, 811
,1. 477
I, 491,613
25. 48-1.115~
51;
4
I
43
6U
58
814
321
343
\H3
Utah ................ .
Vprmont ............ .
Virginia ............. .
124,
497
\147
Zl.7
31l2
rn. o
W,300,68..1
2tl7.631,fi~
4f). l
35. 9
j!){l
522
,WI
3:l. 5 I, 07S
37. I
384
2, 88.\ 147
242, \lli9
7114.010
23, 7811. 3.1!1
4,864, 57.">
20. 9 1, 147 128, .'>8.1, ;,01
19. 3
4,.;
4,!i%.94-I
49. 2
344
42. 7 2. 289
48. 1
813
42. 0
511. 1;
29. 8
1\1.•5
4. 1\13. 300
28. :1r.11, 348
II. 637,483
217
I. f\.11, 9\17
1:111
114:1
7.0
2,088,510
8/i, 268
21, .'i/19
1, l2!1, 748
410,472
3. 8
2.0
0.1
2. 5
0. 7
417
38
7,761,446
847, Y70
m:i. ,~~J
3.Kim. 744
8, 2"24,
19. 4
14.8
!!. 8
4. 414,880
11, 41!(), 5611
15. .'ii6. 143
2. !IOfi.152
11, 79(), 001
26. 5
3. 6
JO. 4
6. 2
17. 5
Si
424
357
190
424,410
0.6
I. 4
781, i'2fi
2. 4
112
134
207
ISSI
94
119
5, 1811. 779
fi2l. 7,'11
12. 3.'i.~. '!77
128
12
27
2,483,817
516, 771
19'1, 172
167
4, 9:l.1, !'M~
l,0..~ 1 977
7. I
16. 2
12. 3
12. 9
5. I
86
I, f.0-l, 704
7. 2
.529 172,912, ii08
21.f>
17R
6, 189,2".!"l
0.8 1,002
IKl7, fi-19
8,208. 5:r.l
14. 140, 9AA
5,850,X:l!l
2. 5
217
17. 5
l.'iO
4. 7 1,821
7. 0
240
3,260,M3
18, 1!12, S.'J:I
!OS
9. 7
3. 9 1 2li.~
788, fi2f)
l, 002. 997
l.W0.3.1f>
5. .'i
4. 6
9.6
3. 0
2~J
109
418
2IO
2. 481. 621
28, f.0:1. 1551
3,SAA.4.'1
7. 4
JO,
6. I
12. 4
3.0
5.11
2. 4
20:i
2IO, 454
a11-1. 002
6,400, 148
3. 2
21
151
1)4
9
88.1, 005
3.370. tl2'S
2, IZl, 988
47. 02.,
9.,
171
112
21
137
I, ROO, 9.'i4
4,004, S.'il\
I. 28-1, 442
230.111
I, 744, 56,,
35.\1
zm,
786 1
110
4. 01.'i, 9AA
:i, 798,442
12, 9'19, 18i
9.,o. 9-10
6. 5
6. 1
IO. 0
10 ,
3fll
7.671, 191
I, IOI, 2'Zl
24,532, 79-1
591,5-51
.v.
3,253,874
2, Jll5, .~:/:I
~. 720,f~I
2,532,822
7. 4
7. ,5
16. I
5. 3
g_ 2
408
44
12.
9-l!i. 82\JI
1192,1\30
4. 8
5. 4
3. 0
5. 5
12. 4
1.81
'::g,
19
21
ao
210
2<J
28/i
69
1.8
l'.!8
3. 0 1,631
5. 2
4. 5
1.8
9. 5
11. 5
620
5. 6
10. 6
278
I. 2
180
813
611
•• I
4!i!I
\l!l.11
8. 8
8. i
5. 5
4,084, f,',S
4,242. I IS
I, 269,450
5,f,~7. 091
2.f, 316, 777
24. 261,232
7,400.407
I, OJ.I, 4/i..\
II, 537. O'.IO
I, 496,404,
lll2i
1,05-1,
177,0:.Hi
3, 791, 16?
22,22:1,HI\
846,31\1
9/1, 800, .194
2,474, .1ZI
2,011), (kl:l
34, llf>7, 4:111
31,fi37,:~1•1
4, /'il2, H27
J,V,
113
3:!4
187
97
253
1,587.465,
1
5,8().1,294 1
2,:IW.2!17
7, .541, 100
7,016. fWiO
&Kl,.'ilm
11.3
180
210
II. r.4. 762
8. 7
JO. 4
678
13i
41
981. 107
I. 561,111.1
~9. 0071
2,515,600
2 &\•) \Iii.I\
11:8si:0-12
491,194
::::~~ :::::~~:~~'.
6. 3
2. 9
8.8
,1. 3
9. I
3. 6
24. 4
12. 0
4.1
12. I
6. 8
4. 3
11. 7
ft. 7
14. 5
J. I
3. 8
3. 0
5. 7
9.8
13. I
7. g
12. I
4.6
13. 7
5.2
:::'.:r::20 -::::~i:6~ :::'.:~ : : ~~ : : :~~:~'.7 : !~:~ ::::!2 ::::::~:~~ ·: 2:~
1
3~:~ .• r-:1..'
JO. II
15. 7
5.8
1. i
3. 3
0. 6
20. 0
.f. 7
15. 7
0, 7
4.0
6.0
7. 4
10. 0
1,575,IW\,
, I?'.!
1114
10. 9
4,858, "25
0. i
I. 3
9. 0
H.;
27,574, 2471
•. 152. O\~I
5,143, 66~
2,llW,1>17/
lW
'.'O
14. 3
I. 461. OOS
W:I
218
2:11,099
979,536
3,
I
45
1.12
110
5.•,
8
IU. l
7. 1
217
3. 8117, 246
7, iZJ, 93,5
3, 7\1:J, 9iR
400. 8tl-l
2, \JO!i, 951
25. 7
25. 5()4, 024
4,015,831
7
I. 9
5. 3
7. 4
642. 19(1
6. Sil>!. 00~
2,094,8-11
2H.1
5
167
8, 103, 6il1
371
491
241
100
320
I
2
471
9. 7
l.~5
43.
42.
~44.
17. !i
10. 2
6.0
51. I
6.fl
11. 7
10.5
3. 4
1. I
26
5811
31. 147. 5i9
3, 11.11, !lO\I
s. 523. mo
2,243, Yfil
2,am
5, 1:17, i23
1192. 492
564, 2.'i()
1.5
2. 3
6. 5
12. 7
132
Jf,I
8.9
9 ..1 I. 074
l:l. \I
120
4. 9
2. S
72
26
71
726. 3511
467. 3:m
I, 3AA, 477
2.1, tiOtl, 245
5,472,919
3011. 514
499. 7SX
6,815, 2'l5
122
11116
89
85
l(IO
18,002,000 29. 0
3 9_,·. 2,~r-,._ :_ 11~ 1, 6.l. 5
Ti. 4
3 ., 1-.1 14 n
3, 0t1, 272 32 2
21+E(::'.~ --··2.
725
2, f,0.1, .54:J
4, 721, 715
8. I
2,1
1:14
l~I
II. 3
8. 5
6 4
4. 4
I. 673. 625
14,090. .'ill.;
I, 818
13. ·I
4. 4
10.0
6, 109. f,61
370,037
1,:101,14:l
I, 938. 679
7S
2.'il\
4 72. :1.'ill, 67.1 4, ()39
31,119.719
31. .'.14, 2IO
40,771, ZH
i, 470,605
207
24
9
133
79
12. 7
14. 2
3. 0
I.,. 2
11.U
Oreo;on_ ...
I. 21<2
Pennsylrnnia ........ . 12,81)4
946
Hhrnle lsi:11uL ....... _
Routh f'arolina ______ _ 2. IIP
l:louth Dakota ....... . 2, 21<1
3.1, !i74, 114
10.6
6. 9
8. 4
II
n
8,616,099
8, l:!!,~l:l
3,,,2"29
4,314. oa1
26,555,379
127.2'>4,\ll<X
North Carolina ...... .
North I>akotB ....... .
Ohio ................ .
Oklahoma .•.........
5,742,405
299, 77;
I. 717, 59:l
7, o:i7, s21
479
2t)
40
441\
tl24
3. 3
4.3
5. 5
625
27.0
174
45. 3
53
32. 5
117
29. I I. 870
2\18, ?<l.'!, 11:1 5, 0-11
8:l, li87, 8..'i!-i
81\2
New York'e••·····•··
108
57. 4
!Oi, 371,092
6,972, 71H
23, O.'i4, 2:,2
20, ,~.075
SOI, ml9. ill.1
II. 2
)08
1,632,8.'IO
8114, 400
2,211,914
2.1, 095, 0011
3, 128, 62ti
39, 0-l~. 9f,O
15,517. 114:l
5, i71, I 7tl
O.Zl.1. IS.I
64,932, 7S8
311
8,908
2,4;2
1,%2
1:1. 1:.r.
3,0.~
Ii-',
414
184,!KKl,\W, 1,714
,124
45
59
27. 9
41 4
411. 2
2,945
Jf), li7, OJ,IJ,\
:is.~
,',;14
46,910,476
6, 1:m
I, Z!M
13. 6
IY. 2
10.:1
IU. Ii
218
326
4:N
415
3\lll
4. 654.
130, 562,
6S, Hl7.
21, 7Sfi.
24,204,
20, 161, 3.'I.~
I, 10-l .<44
4, lfi-1, 421
6~. ~;'12, ~~~
,, ,!O, 2b,
81\3
6 662 240
3: n:i: 93.1
5,210,662
2tl, fi3,1, 881
5,219,469
401
38. 2
43. 5
2JO
526
59. 6
17. 6 1, 114
37.8
302
(Concluded on next page)
Digitized by
Google
RI<~PORT ON PROGRESS OF THE WOHKS PROGRAM
107
TABLE XII.-N'UMBER AND ESTIMATED TOTAL CosT OF WPA PROJECTS PLACED IN OPERATION, BY STATES AND BY MAJOR TYPES OF
PROJECTS-Concluded
CUMULATIVE THROUGH Sl!!PTEKRl!!R
Airport, and Other
Transportation
State
Numberof
proJects
White Collar
Cost
Amount
Percent
Numberot
projects
Percent
-Grand totaL ........... 1,383 $130, 780, 400
Alabama .....................
-2.6
-
6,578,024
521,936
6,748,309
5,207,027
5,622,234
12. I
12, 0
33. 2
11.8
JO. I
854
476
330
757,687
35,434,421
7,220,047
3,873,569
4,003,303
4, 5
II. 2
4. S
8. 2
5.9
128
259
369
236
0, 2
0.8
9.4
2. 3
2.6
178
170
138
116
1,442
3, !iOO, 720
5,517,810
1,051,666
2,669, 765
32,804,071
5. I
9, 6
8. 3
9. 4
14. 7
505,703
4.1
1.9
3.6
0.6
1.8
434
732
889
359
119
JO, 795,030
12,524,504
4,025,533
5,334,517
I, 518,274
1,502, 178
198,024
778, 519
6,244,681
741,397
3.4
4. I
5.0
3. 4
3.6
276
74
107
1, 167
171
32,294, 770
I, 585,636
193,566
6,917, 145
411,202
4.0
4.4
0, 4
2. 3
0, 5
1,618
369
7
27
15
2,450,539
14,180,344
171,229
1,670,920
305,984
7. 3
3.0
0.6
5. 3
0.8
34
35
23
9
32
4,073,191
870,109
I, 700,189
255,081
.532,303
43
10
46
2,282,427
810,087
I, 348,002
240,414
Georgia ....................
24
13
I
94
32
2,753,922
213,495
130,672
3,072.2.'18
1,951,832
5.1
4.9
0.6
7.0
3.5
Idaho .......................
Illinois .. _.......... . . ....... .
Indiana ...... . .... . ......... .
Iowa .........................
Kansas .......................
5
28
34
9
12
336,515
3, 6114, 913
2,423,124
224. 494
365,581
2.0
I. 2
1.6
0. 5
0. 5
Kentucky ....................
Louisiana .............. . .....
Maine ......................
Maryland .......... .. ........
M8SS8chusetts ...............
6
32
18
51
142, 792
466, 154
I, 199, 733
661, 9711
5,923,661
92
27
32
15
6,276,471
2,171,422
I, 258, 115
783,368
29
14
Arizona __________________ ..
Connecticut. .................
Delaware ....................
District or Columbia .........
Florida ......................
Mlchl!llln ....
Minnesota. .: :: : : :::::: ::: :
:::.~~i::: :: . :: : : : : : : ::: ::
Montana _____ ...............
Nebraska ___ .................
Nevada ............ . ........
New Hampshire .... · ------.. ---- ...
New Jersey ....
New Mexico ..... ---------
New York .......
- - ------North Carolina ... ------- - -North Dakota .... ---------Ohio ............. ------- ..
Oklahoma .....
----------Oregon ........... - - --------Pennsylvania ..... ---- Rhode Island ...... -- --- --- ·
South Carolina..... ----- ..
South Dakota ...... -------Tennessee ....................
Texas ....... --------- ----Utah .. _...........
Vermont ... ___ ._ . .. :::: : ~:::_
Virginia ............. . . . ......
Washington ..................
West Virginia ................
Wisconsin ............. •......
Wyoming •...................
II
16
14
54
2
411
26
II
48
9
27
95
~
-------
1.3
0.5
4. 5
1. 7
Amount
594
1,922
270
1111
27
260
214
177
Numberor
proJect•
Percent
Cost
Amount
Per•
cent
6,637,513
1,861,540
3,634,427
37,851,313
8,351, 700
224
4. 1
I.\. 4
o. 5
2.5
4. 7
114
JO
II
263
1,596,335
15,284,226
10,311, IIOI
4,838,511
8,222,311
9.6
4. 8
6.9
10. 3
12.2
55
82
157
36
148
817,928
10, 7!14,998
3, no,698
H3,174
2,597,815
234
69
130
21
701
5,482,468
3,319,018
1,580,714
I, 762,423
34, 735, 2114
8.0
5. 8
12. 4
6. 2
15. 6
135
51
46
li
127
2,428,347
I, 268,671
76,703
359,948
2, 153, 145
7. 0
10. 7
11. 6
4.1
5. 4
206
161
6,324,125
8,861, 1186
4,380,239
18,988,3n
3,716,554
4. I
i.6
12. 7
14, 6
13. 2
4
10
159
33
53
30,162
6.53, 124
2,707,874
6,110, 198
1, 1n,841
3,634,451
420,604
1,280, 3113
21,386,365
1,247,464
8.1
8. 7
8. 2
11.6
6.0
168
22
79
364
64
4,302,332
464,508
2,279,441
12,959,627
I, 212,420
9. 7
11.6
14.7
7, 0
5.8
53
I
2
63
42
1,070,474
345,978
2,937
2,785,400
1,044,574
(")
1.5
5.0
130,357,302
3,427, 62.'i
2,092,429
20,443 430
3, 2IIO, 736
16.3
II. 5
4, 5
6.9
3.9
525
247
Ill
498
241
32,on,898
8,540,007
2,217,835
22,427, 778
7. 857,551
4.0
23.6
4, 7
7. 5
11. 4
44
166
107
181
124
13,076, 768
3,633,440
I, 8IIO, 648
7, 118,653
5,064,571
8. 2
7. 2
8.6
11, 8
5.2
60
479
66
194
245
3,498,464
32,991,882
4,635,070
5,432,332
5,095,831
10. 4
7.0
14. 9
Ii. 2
12.5
39
1,913
132
361
221
2. 762,254
34,122,125
2,679, 195
3, 731, 115
2,114,596
825,077
7,927,044
1,595.965
4,062,069
413,451
7. 8
0.8
7, 2
3. 4
1.7
28.'i
1143
137
191
722
2,751,529
11, 8611, 574
2,503,020
848,052
5,080,093
5.2
11.6
189
611
61
124
311
11,656,994
17,558,574
I, 001, 363
I, 116,827
4, 8611, 140
10,8
17.1
8. I
14. 8
15, 3
7,384.983
4,656.474
2,071,393
3. 7
I. 3
1.0
2, 5
440
371
1,474
194
6,372,077
2,986,014
II, 926,576
899, 1138
10. 3
109
1311
297
58
11,860, 7~7
4,907,248
12, 019, 666
I, 315,695
9. 4
8.0
9. 2
13.9
I
22
I
7,999
184,634
4,006
220
1,092
45
II08
206
1, 09\l
222
228
10. 6
II. 2
IR. 0
4. 8
9, 2
9.5
260
2114
343
296
100.0
138,061
4. 4
100.0 ------- ------ -----
01
Amount
32
18
2
192
32
154
54
116
192
53
... -173
41
144
58
31
Per•
cent
---
4, 4
4. I
4.6
0. 7
2.0
41
332
62
117
Cost
2. 6 10,342 $135,009, 523
2,241,661
670,129
105, 767
1,107,393
2,647,495
171
5
5
182
Numhero(
proJ•
ects
8, i
3,068 $123, 960, 594
-2,174,860
13.5
29
846,932
9.1
30
2,334, 136
i. 2
211
15,0
1,844,876
40
14. 8
1,132,054
58
5.0
18.6
10.8
11.3
15.2
384
Miscellaneous
-- --
2,708,550
808,841
2,193,225
4,962,473
8,503, 11&1
Alaska .......................
------------- --- - -- Hawaii ......... ---- -------321,347
7. 6
JO
Virgin Islands ...
------ ··1··----- ... --------- ------A
---
8.6
8.8
5.6
17, 4
i.3
352
123
Sanitation and Health
Cost
10, 5 10.467 $408, 251, 358
4,203, 758
1,789,531
2,822,657
43,782,535
4,144,943
l,2/i8,970
266,161
252,458
11,438,364
937,999
Arkan.ss.s .....................
California ....................
Colorado........... . .........
Number or
projects
--
2.8 25,271 $4IIO, 874, 467
24
10
14
IIO
16
0
Goods
Cost
Amount
30 1937
60
2.'i6
441
215
I, 851,482
812, 2119
1, IIIIO, 116
9,747,582
2,734,842
2.9
-3,8
4,0
3.9
3.9
4.9
450
562,738
116, 769
1,463,894
1,431,294
2,397,580
1,0
2. 7
7. 2
3.3
4. 3
4. 9
3, 4
2.5
0.9
3.9
101
476
382
237
194
5.'15, 145
8,248,572
3,074, 789
1,620,139
1,342,005
3.3
2.6
2.1
3.4
2.0
3.6
2, 2
0.6
1.3
1.0
65
137
38
48
589
2,669,857
2,237,766
273,867
692,430
10,518,028
3.9
3.9
2.2
2. 4
4. 7
291
282
377
191
136
3,880,818
2,5n,665
2,467, 175
3,032, 8!14
611(), 195
2.5
2.2
7. 1
2.3
!OS
27
37
199
52
1,301,817
600,0llO
381,881
4,682,310
554,346
2.9
12.4
2.5
2.5
2. 7
1.6
10.0
4.0
2.4
6. 1
271
423
217
598
209
21,668, 128
2,049, 224
8!14, 247
7,001,672
1,883,154
2. 7
,5. 7
1.9
2. 7
2.3
2. 5
5. I
12.9
1.0
121
528
28
187
77
9n, 100
5,922,964
531,887
2,645, 110
792,707
2.9
1. 2
I. 7
14. I
4. 5
8.8
289
378
128
2. 546,217
(A)
0.6
7.8
4. 7
4. 2
2. 4
7. 1
1.7
60
I, 923, 752
2,807,679
8.9
343
1,075,801
286,001
2, II02, 348
619,138
3, 709, 175
1130, 751
438,014
1.0
6.0
o. 7
4. 6
131
IR,5
311
64
2,681,000
I, 576, !l2ll
I, 728,362
495,654
------------- -------
41
2.4
8.4
2.0
3. 7
2.5
4. 5
3.8
9.1
4, 3
2, 6
1.3
5.3
------------------------- ------------- ------- ------------25,716
5
0.6
3.3 ------- ------------- ------- -------- ------- -- ---------- ------- ------- ------- ----• --- . ---
Less than 0.05 percent.
Digitized by
Google
Digitized by
Google
INDEX
Accomplishments, physical, 10-12.
Administrative expenditures, 8, 9, 57.
Age of WPA workers, 48.
Aged, aid to. (See Old-age assistance.)
Agricultural Extension Service, youths employee! on project~
of, 68.
Agriculture, National Research Project studies of, iO, 73.
Air Commerce, Bureau of, 15.
Airport and other transportation projects, 10, 18, 19.
Works Progress Administration, 15.
See also Rochester municipal airport.
Alie11s, employment of, 48.
Allocations of ERA Act funds, 6-7, 55.
See also individual agencies.
Appropriation Acts:
Civilian Conservation Corps, 58.
Emergency Appropriation Act of 1935, 83.
1'ational Industrial Recovery Act, 58, 83.
PW A Extension Act of 1937, 3, 58.
See also Emergency Relief Appropriation Acts.
Appropriations for the Works Program, 6, 55.
Balances, u11obligated, 7, 56.
Belk11ap Mountain (N". H.) recreation center, 30-31.
Blind, aid to the, 31, 82.
Amounts extended, 76, 78-79, 80.
Recipients of, 77, 78, 80.
State plans for, 76.
Buildings projects. (See Public buildings projects.)
Carrie Tingley Hospital for Crippled Children, 21-24.
Categorical assistance. (See Blind, aid to the; Children, aid to
dependent; Old-age assistance.)
Census, Bureau of the, projects, 17.
Census of American Business, 1935, 17.
Children, aid to dependent, 3, 76, 82.
Amounts extended, 76, 79, 80.
Recipients of, 77, 78, 79, 80.
State plans for, 76.
Citizenship, in assignment to \\'PA projcets, 47-48.
Civilian Conservation Corps, 3.
Earnings of enrollees, 79.
Employment, 4, 6, 44, 46, 76.
Funds, 6, 7, 16, 58, 81.
\Vork, types of, 2, 9, 11, 16.
Civil Works Administration, 1, 81, 82.
Coast Guard, projects, 17.
Commodities, distribution of surplus, 3, 76.
Compensation, injury, 53-54.
Conservation projects, 9, 15, 16.
Accomplishments, physical, 10, 1 I.
Civilian Co11servation Corps, 9, 16.
Federal Emergency Relief Administration, 20.
·works Progress Admi11istration, 15.
Sponsors, 38.
\Vorkers, 50.
See al.,o Tampa s(•awall.
Construction projeds, IO, 15, 83.
Federal Emergc11ey Relief Administration, 20
Works l'roii:n•ss Admini,itration, IO, 15.
Disabling injury frequerH·y rates, 53.
~ponsors, 37, 39.
f"onstruction projects-Continued.
SP,e al.so Airport and other transportation; Highway, road,
and street; Park and other recreational facility; Public
buildi11gs; Hewer system and other utility projects.
Corps of Engineers. (See Engineers, Corps of.)
Cosponsors of WPA projects, 36-37.
Cotton farming, National Research Project report on mechanical cotton pickers, 73.
Cotton-textile industry, ~ational Research Project survey of, 74.
Co1111ties, as sponsors of WPA projects, 36, 38.
Drought:
Employment, 4, 41.
Farm Security Administration, .":,7.
FERA grants for relief, 20.
Earnings:
CCC enrollees, 79.
Xational Youth Administration, 64-65, 66, 68, 79.
Works Progress Administration, 50-51, -'>2, 79.
See also Security wage schedule.
East Stroudsburg (Pa.) reservoir, 32, 33-34.
Education, Office of, projects, 17.
Emergency Conservation Work. (See CiYilian Conservation
Corps.)
Emergency public works, distinguished from security programs,
82-83.
Enwrgency Relief Appropriation Acts of I 935, 1936, and 1937
and First Deficiency Appropriation Act of 1937:
Allocations, 6-- 7, 55---56, 58-59.
Authorization of PWA grants from re,·olving funds, 58.
Funds made aYailable, 6, 55.
Pro,,isions of, 1, 3, 47-48, 53.
Emerge11cy \\'ork Relief Program. \8l'C Federal Emergency
Relief Administration.)
Employees' Compe11sation Commissio11, 1 ·. 8., ,'>3, 54, 55.
Employment, 4, 41-46.
Aliens, 48.
Civilian Conservation Corps, 44, 4,1 1 76.
Financing of current, 7, 45---46.
Labor turnover, 43-44.
Xational Youth Administration, 63, 65, 76.
Net number receiving general relief and CWA and Works
Program employment, 5, 6, 78.
PPrsons certified as in need of relief, 46, 76.
Proportion of men and women, 43, 48.
Proportion pro,·ided on WPA projects, 42, 47.
l'nemployment, compared with, 6.
l'rban-rural distribution, 48.
Works Progress Administration, 4, 42-44, 4e.
See also Workers; i11dividual age11cies.
Employment Service, 1:. S., persons registered with, 6, 68.
Engineers, Corps of:
Allocatio11s, 59.
Employment, 46.
Projects, 11, 16, 17.
Entomology and Plant Quarantinf', Bureau of, projects, 10, 16.
Excmptio11s from relief requirement, 46.
Exemptions from i;ecurity wage schedule, 3, 49.
Expenditures, 7, 5ii-,'i9.
Public aid, 78-79.
l'lecurity programs, 81-83.
Ste al.~o Fund!!; ill(li\·idual agencies.
109
Digitized by
Google
110
Farm Credit Administration, ERA Act allocations, 55.
Farm families:
Aid to, 3, 4, 76, 79, 82.
NYA training program for youth of, 67-68.
See also Farm Security Administration.
Farm Security Administration:
Employment, 45, 46.
ERA Act funds:
Allocations, obligations, and expenditures, 7, 55, 57,
58-59.
Loans and grants, 4, 77, 78, 80, 82.
Projects, 10, 16, 17.
Rural rehabilitation program, 3, 4, 76, 77, 80, 82.
Farm-to-market and other secondary roads:
Federal Emergency Relief Administration, 20.
Works Progress Administration, 10, 13.
See also Highway, road, and street projects.
Federal arts project, WPA, 14.
Federal Committee on Apprentice Training, 68.
Federal Emergency Relief Administration, 1, 2, 82.
Emergency Work Relief Program, 19-20.
Funds, 6, 20, 55, 56, 59, 81, 82.
Federal Surplus Commodities Corporation, 3, 76.
Forest Service:
Employment, 46.
Projects, 10, 16.
Funds, 6-9, 55-59.
Security programs, 78-80, 81-83.
State and local, 7, 19, 20, 39, 58, 82, 83.
See also Allocations; Appropriations; Balances, unohligated;
Expenditures; individual agencies.
General relief, 1, 2, 4, 76.
Amounts extended, 79, 80.
FERA grants, 20.
Net number receiving, and CWA and Works Program
employment, 5, 6, 78.
Recipients, 4, 5, 76, 77, 78.
Goods projects, 19.
Federal Emergency Relief Administration, 20.
National Youth Administration, 66.
Works Progress Administration. 14, 15.
Distribution of products to needy families, 3, 10, 14, 76.
Number and cost, 14.
Sponsors, 38.
Workers, 48, 50, 51, 52.
See also Milwaukee sewing project.
Grade-crossing elimination, IO, 17.
See also Public Roads, Bureau of.
Grand Coulee Dam, 11, 16.
Grants. (See Blind, aid to the; Children, aid to dependent;
Farm Security Administration, ERA Act funds; Federal
Emer11:ency Relief Administration, funds; Old-a11:e assistance;
Public Works Administration, Non-Federal Division, loans
and grants.)
Greenbelt communities, 10, 17.
Highway, road, and strcl't projects, 9, 10, 17, 18, 19.
Federal Emergency Relief Administration, 20.
Public Roads, Bureau of, allocations, 9, 59.
Works Progress Administration, 13
Accomplishments, physical, 12.
Materials, supplies, and equipment, 62.
Sponsors, 37, 38.
Workers. 49, 50, 51.
See also Morgantown street project.
Home Economics, Bureau of, projects, 17.
Hours worked on WPA projects, 51-52.
Housing Division, Public Works Administration (See Public
Works Administration, Housing Division.)
Housing projects, 11, 16-17.
See also Public \\" orks Administration, Housing Division.
Indians, employment of, under Civilian Conservation Corps, 44.
Industrial changes, effects on labor markets and workers, National Research Project study of, 69, 70.
Injuries on WP A projects 1 53, 54.
Intemal Revenue, Bureau of, projects, 17.
Labor productivity, National Research Project study on changes
in, 69-74.
Labor Statistics, Bureau of, projects, 17.
Labor turnover, 43-44.
Effect on average monthly earnings, 80.
National Youth Administration, 65, 66.
'Works Progress Administration, 43-44.
Leather industry, National Research Project study of, 73, 74.
Loans. (See Farm Security Administration, loans and grants;
Public Works Administration, Non-Federal Division, loans
and grants.)
Local relief agencies. (See State and local relief agencies.)
Lost time, regulations regarding, 51-52.
Loudonville (Albany, X. Y.) reserrnir, 32-33.
Manufacture, Xational Research Project studies of, 70, 73-74.
Materials, tmpplics, and equipment, \\"PA, 60-62.
Federal expenditures, 8, 9, 57, 60.
Kinds of, 60-62.
Sponsors' expenditures, 8, 9, 39, 60, 61.
Milwaukee sewing project, 28-29.
Mining, Xational Research Project study of, 70, 71-72.
Morgantown (W. Va.) street project, 34-35.
Municipalities, as sponsors of WP A projects, 37.
National Industrial Recovery Act, funds made available for
emergency public works, 83.
National Park Service:
Employment, 46.
Projects, 11, 18.
National Research Project on Reemployment Opportunities and
Recent Changes in Industrial Techniques, 69-74.
National Youth Administration, 63-68.
Apprentice training, 68.
Funds, 8, 57, 63-64.
Job placement service, 68.
Student aid, 64-65.
Age limitations, 64.
Earnings, 64, 79.
Eligibility requirements, 64, 76.
Number of persons aided, 4, 46, 64--65, 76, 78.
Types of work, 65.
Vocational guidance, 68.
Work projects, 65-68.
Earnings, 65, 66, 79.
Eligibility for, 65, 76.
Employment, 4, 46, 6ti-67, 76, 77, 78.
Types of work, 66.
Vocational training, 67, 68.
Navy, Department of the, projects, 17, 18.
Nonconstruction projects, 15.
See also Goods projects; White collar projects.
Non-Federal Division, Public Works Administration.
(See Public Works Administration, Non-Federal Division.)
Nonlabor costs on WPA projects, 8-9, 39-40, 57-58, 60-62.
Old-a11:e assistance:
Amounts extended, 3, 76, 79, 82.
Recipients, 76, 78, 79, 80.
State plans, 76.
Park and other recreational facility projects, 19.
Civilian Conservation Corps, 1 I.
Federal Emergency Relief Admi11istration, 20.
National Youth Administration, 67.
Works Progress Administration, 10, 13-14, 38.
See also Belknap Mountain recreation center.
Digitized by
Google
INDBX
Philadelphia labor market, National Research Project studies
of, 70.
Productivity in selected industries, National Research Project
studies of, 70.
Projects, 2, 9-12, 13-20, 21-35, 64-68.
Accomplishments, physical, 10-12.
Applications, approval of, 40.
Factors determining operation, 40.
Individual project descriptions, 21-35, 67-68.
Sponsors of, 36-40.
See also Airport and other transportation; Conservation;
Construction; Goods; Highway, road, and street; Park
and other recreational facility; Public buildings; Sanitation and health; Sewer system and other utility; White
collar projects; individual agencies.
Public aid, 1-6, 75-80.
Amounts extended to recipients, 78-79.
Factors affecting average monthly benefits, 79-80.
Funds for security programs, 1933-37, 81-83.
Persons receiving, number of, 5-6, 76-78.
Types of, 1-4, 75-76.
See also Blind, aid t-0 the; Children, aid to dependent;
Employment; General relief; National Youth Administration; Old-age assistance.
Public buildings projects, 10, 16-17.
Federal Emergency Relief Administration, 20.
National Youth Administration, 66, 67.
Public Works Administration, 11, 17.
Works Progress Administration, 10, 13.
Materials, supplies, and equipment, 62.
Sponsors, 37-38, 39.
Workers, 49, 51, 52.
See also Carrie Tingley Hospital.
Public Roads, Bureau of:
Employment, 4, 45.
Exemptions from security wage schedule, 3.
Funds, 7, 9, 59, 83.
Projects, 10, 17.
Public utility projects. (See Sewer system and other utility
projects.)
Public Works Administration:
Employment, 4, 45, 46.
Exemptions from security wage schedule, 3.
Funds, 7, 8, 58, 83.
Housing Division:
Allocations, obligations, and expenditures, 58.
Employment, 45, 46.
Projects, 11, 17.
Non-Federal Division:
Allocations, obligations, and expenditures, 58.
Employment, 45.
Loans and grants, 3, 7, 58.
Projects, 9, 11, 16, 17.
Sponsors' funds, 58, 83.
Puerto Rico Reconstruction Administration, employment, 45, 46.
Quartermaster Corps:
Employment, 46.
Projects, 17.
Reclamation, Bureau of, projects, 11, 16.
Reconstruction Finance Corporation, authorized to make funds
available to States for emergcncy relief, 1.
Reemployment Opportunitit•s and Recent Changes in Industrial
Techniques, National HeMcarch Project on, 69-74.
Relief. (See Categorical ai,sistance; 1''unds; General relief;
Public aid; Workers, certified as in need of.)
Rents, expenditures for, on \\'PA projects, 8, 39, 57, 58, 62.
Resettlement Administration. (See Farm Security Administration.)
Rochester (N. Y.) municipal airport, 24-25.
111
Rural Electrification Administration, 3, 17.
Rural rehabilitation. (See Farm Security Administration.)
Safety provisions, on WP A projects, 52-53.
Sanitation and health projects, 10, 19.
Works Progress Administration, 15.
Sponsors, 37, 38.
Workers, 51.
Security programs, 1933-37, funds, 81-83.
Security wage schedule, 2-3, 49-51.
Sewer system and other utility projects, 10, 17.
Federal Emergency Relief Administration, 20.
Public Works Administration, 11.
Works Progress Administration 14.
Accomplishments, physical, 12.
Materials, supplies, and equipment, 62.
Sponsors, 37, 38, 39.
Workers, 53.
See also East Stroudsburg reservoir; Loudonville
reservoir.
Social Security programs, 3, 4, 76-80, 82.
Soil Conservation Service, projects, 10, 16.
Sponsors:
National Youth Administration, funds, 63-64.
Public Works Administration, 19, 58.
Works Progress Administration, 7, 8, 9, 19, 36-40, 60, 62.
State and local relief agencies, 1, 4, 76, 82-83.
States, as sponsors of WP A projects, 38.
Statistical studies and surveys, 17, 69-74.
Student aid. (See National Youth Administration.)
Sugar-beet industry, National Research Project report on, 73.
Tampa (Fla.) seawall, 26-27.
Technology, National Research Project studies in, 69-74.
Territorials, employment of, under Civilian Conservation
Corps, 44.
Texule industries, National Research Project surveys of, 70, 74.
Townships, as sponsors of WP A projects, 38.
Transportation, National Research Project studies of, 70.
Transportation facility projects. (See Airport and other transportation projects.)
Treasury, Department of the, projects, 17.
Turnover, labor. (See Labor turnover.)
Unemployment:
Comparison with Works Program employment, 6.
Estimates of, 1, 4-5.
And increasing productivity, National Research Project
study of, 71.
And relief, 4-6, 75.
Vocational guidance and job placement under National Youtt.
Administration, 68.
Vocational training under National Youth Administration, 67-68.
Wage rates, 2-3, 4~51.
War Department:
Employment, 46.
Projects, 17.
White collar projects, 10, 17, 19.
Federal Emergency Relief Administration, 19, 20.
National Youth Administration, 66, 67.
Works Progress Administration, 14.
Materials, supplies, and equipment, 62.
Sponsors, 37, 38.
W ork~rs, 48, 49, 50, 51.
Workers, 47-54.
Age of WPA workers certified as in need of relief, 48.
Aliens, as proportion of, 48.
Assignment of, 3, 43-44.
Certified as in need of relief, 3, 4, 6, 46, 47.
Earnings of, 8, 50-51, 52.
See also Civilian Conservation Corps; National Youth
Administration; Works Progress Administration.
Digitized by
Google
112
Workers-Con tinued.
Hours of work, 51-52.
Movement to private industry, 3, 43, 6.'i, 66.
Occupations, 47, 48--49.
Safety and compensation , 52-54.
Security and nonsecurity, 3, 49-50.
Separations, 43-44.
Skills, 47, 49--51.
rrban-rural distribution, 48.
Wage classes, 49-52.
White collar, 14, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51.
Women, 14, 43, 48.
Works Program, 1-12.
Agencies participating in, 1-2.
Characteristic s, 2.
Current scope, 3.
S ee also Employment; Funds; Projects.
Works Progress Administratio n:
Allocations, 7.
Earnings, 2-3, 49-52, 79.
Employment, 4, 42-44, 47-,'J4.
Expenditures , 8, 56-58, 82;
Administrativ e, 8, 57.
::.\Ionthly, per worker, 0, 58.
Work s Progrl'SS Administratio 11-Contim1e<l.
Expenditures -Continued.
Xonlabor, 57-58, 60-62.
Objects of, 8, 57.
Sponsors', 7, 8--9, 36-40, :18.
Funds, 57.
Project s, 9--12, 13-19, 21-35:
Accomplishm ents, physical, I 2.
Approval procedure, 40.
lujury compensation , 53-54 .
::\Iaterials, supplies, and equipment, 6(}-62.
Safrty provisions, 52-53.
Spo11sorship, 36-·40.
TyJ>es of, 10, 13-15.
See aiso Airport and other transportatio n; Conservation; Construction; Goods; Highway, road,
and street; Park and other recreational facility;
Public buildings; 8anitation and health; Sewer
system and other utility; Statistical studies and
surveys; \\' hite collar projects.
Yard s and Docks, Bureau of, employment, 46.
Youth. (See Civilian Conservation Corps; National Youth
Administratio n.)
Digitized by
Google
Digitized by
Google
Digitized by
Google
Digitized by
Google
Digitized by
Google