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Remote Deposit Capture for Consumers:
Is It Niche or Mainstream?
Jennifer R. Grier
Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta
Retail Payments Risk Forum
White Paper
December 2009

This paper provides an overview of remote deposit capture for consumers and examines
whether this service will be widely adopted by banks.

The author is a senior payments risk analyst with the Atlanta Fed’s Retail Payments Risk Forum.
She gratefully acknowledges Karen Adkins, Tony DaSilva, Richard Fraher, Brian Geisel, Forsetta
McCord, Edward McLaughlin, Bob Meara, Cynthia Merritt, Richard Oliver, Cindy Pyburn, Craig
Roy, Sherry Sitton, Clifford Stanford, George Warsel and Lee Wetherington for their insights and
perspectives during the research for this paper.
The views expressed herein are the author’s and not necessarily those of the Federal Reserve
Bank of Atlanta or the Federal Reserve System.

I.

Introduction
The Check Clearing for the 21st Century Act (Check 21) removed impediments to

check truncation1 and helped spur innovations in check processing such as remote deposit
capture. Remote deposit capture (RDC) is a service that allows bank customers to scan or
capture images of check deposits and present them electronically to the bank of first
deposit without having to physically deliver the paper check to the bank2. As promoted,
the benefits to the bank can include an expanded geographic footprint, increased deposit
growth, and reduced processing costs. In turn, the bank customer may benefit from
increased availability of funds and reduced transportation costs.
While the RDC market has generally consisted of large commercial customers
with established banking relationships, some banks have begun to offer the service to
small businesses and consumers. Recent innovations in RDC that have focused on
making the service more convenient and affordable for a broader market have
facilitated this expansion. For example, the cost of check scanners has been a
common stumbling block for small merchants interested in RDC, who are accustomed
to getting their hardware (e.g., credit card terminals) cheaply or at no cost.3 RDC
vendors have responded by adapting corporate capture applications to interface with
the widely available flatbed scanners that are typically used by small business owners
and consumers. Several RDC vendors have introduced moderately priced check
scanners (most under $400) that are primarily targeted to the small business client.4
Applications have also been developed that will allow a user to capture an image of
both sides of a check and transmit those images to a bank from a mobile device that
has a camera feature.

1

According to Reg CC (www.fdic.gov/regulations/laws/rules/6500-3210.html), the term truncate means
to remove an original check from the forward collection or return process and send to a recipient, in lieu
of such original check, a substitute check or, by agreement, information relating to the original check
(including data taken from the MICR line of the original check or an electronic image of the original
check), whether with or without the subsequent delivery of the original check (see Regulation CC
§ 229.2 [ddd]).
2
The term bank is used to include all financial institutions, including commercial banks, savings
institutions, and credit unions.
3
John Stewart, “The 10 Most Pressing Issues in E-Payments,” Digital Transactions, November 2008,
pp. 24–30.
4
Remotedepositcapture.com provides a matrix of leading check and document scanners in a downloadable
Excel worksheet at www.remotedepositcapture.com/toolbox/scanner.matrix.aspx.

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Consumer capture presents new opportunities for banks to gather deposits while
providing an appealing service to bank customers who are often driven by the need for
speed and convenience. The question is whether the benefits outweigh the risks of
extending RDC to consumers. Can banks mitigate their risk exposure by targeting the
product to a niche consumer segment?
This paper provides an overview of remote deposit capture for consumers and
examines whether this service will be widely adopted by banks.
II.

Consumer remote deposit capture
Consumer capture is a low-cost RDC solution aimed at consumers and micro

businesses5 with low check volume and occasional usage. Recent technological
advancements by RDC vendors have made it possible to support the less expensive and
widely available TWAIN6-compatible flatbed scanners that are typical for home use. The
interface has also been simplified: the user is able to submit deposits via a Web-based
application that is usually integrated with the bank’s existing online presence. This thinclient7 alternative eliminates the need for a costly investment in additional software and
hardware for both the customer and the bank.
Initial adoption by banks with trusted customer base. In December 2006,
USAA Federal Savings Bank was the first bank to offer consumer capture. Its
membership is primarily comprised of military personnel and their families, who are
often deployed far from the bank’s sole branch office in San Antonio, Texas. USAA’s
Deposit@HomeSM consumer capture service allows its customers to make deposits from
anywhere in the world using a scanner and an Internet connection.

5

The Association for Enterprise Opportunity defines microenterprise as a business with five or fewer
employees (see www.microenterpriseworks.org/).
6
TWAIN is the interface standard for the Windows and Macintosh operating systems that allows imaging
hardware devices (such as scanners and digital cameras) to communicate with image-processing software
(see www.twain.org).
7
“Thin client” is an information-technology term that describes the client software in a client-server
architecture network where the main processing occurs on a server. In the context of RDC applications, a
thick client resides on the end user’s personal computer while a thin client is run on a remote server that is
connected to the client’s computer over the Internet. Generally, the thick client offers more functionality,
such as being able to integrate with accounting and document-management systems. Corporate customers
with large check volumes typically use a thick-client product. The thin client is best suited for low-volume
users because it is less expensive to implement and support.

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Two years later, First Command Bank, another bank focused on military
customers and headquartered in Fort Worth, Texas, introduced a consumer capture
product called Deposits on Command™ that was designed to provide another self-service
channel to their remote customers and to better compete with industry peers (like USAA).
As of April 2009, First Command had 2,200 registered users averaging about 1,600
deposits per month.8
In August 2009, USAA took the lead again in consumer capture by launching
Deposit@MobileSM, a remote capture service for its mobile banking application for
Apple’s iPhone. In its first six weeks, a reported 270,000 members installed the updated
iPhone application, and approximately 40,000 of them used the software to deposit more
than 100,000 checks worth a total of $61 million.9
Will credit unions drive demand for product? Beyond USAA and First
Command, a relatively small number of banks have deployed consumer capture products,
with the majority being credit unions.10 In fact, credit unions have had the greatest growth
in consumer capture adoption and have potential to drive growth in the future.
Several factors make consumer capture an attractive product offering to credit
unions. First, credit unions typically have a small branch network, and often their
members are geographically dispersed across the country. To accommodate a remote
customer (member), credit unions have relied on automated teller machines (ATMs) and
mail-in deposits. With consumer capture, credit unions are able to provide an alternative
and perhaps more convenient way for customers to make deposits. Consumer capture has
helped to level the playing field and has allowed for some credit unions to better compete
with commercial banks that have large branch networks.
Second, the per-item processing costs of deposits for credit unions present a
compelling business case for consumer capture. Although all banks incur depositprocessing costs, credit unions have disproportionate costs related to receiving deposits
from remote customers who are unable to make deposits at a branch. Credit unions
8

Sherry Sitton, EVP, First Command Bank, “Consumer Remote Deposit Capture,” presented at the
RemoteDepositCapture.com and Bank Administration Institute (BAI) Remote Deposit Capture Summit,
Nashville, Tennessee, April 28, 2009.
9
Marian Raab, “Will Bank of America Propel Mobile Deposit to Mainstream?” American Banker,
October 6, 2009.
10
According to a 2009 vendor survey conducted by Celent, 100 banks and credit unions were either
offering or piloting consumer capture as of June 30, 2009.

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typically participate in a shared branching arrangement that allows their customers to
make transactions at other credit union facilities across the country. However, the perdeposit cost for shared branch networks can approach $3. The cost of foreign ATM and
mail-in deposits are also fairly high at $2.25 and $1.75 per deposit, respectively.11 In
comparison, recent estimates indicate direct costs of a bank transaction through a branch
or ATM to be $1.27 and $0.27, respectively.12
Third, credit unions may have less concern about fraud issues with consumer
capture because they have a “trusted” customer base. Most credit unions restrict their
membership to defined segments of the population, such as people who live, work,
worship, or attend school in a well-defined geographic area. However, this “trusted
circle” has not meant that credit unions have offered unrestricted access to the service to
their entire membership. Typically, credit unions offering consumer capture have
managed their risk by placing limits on who can use it (i.e., length of membership, credit
history, account relationship) and limits on deposit frequency and amounts. For example,
First Command requires a customer relationship of six months, and along with a deposit
account, the customer must have at least one of the bank’s credit, insurance, or
investment products.
Banks offering consumer capture typically make funds available according to the
same schedule as they would branch deposits. Most RDC systems allow the bank to set
funds availability by account and dollar amount so that holds can be placed, if deemed
appropriate for risk-management purposes. Some credit unions have chosen to give
immediate credit for consumer capture deposits. This choice may be attributed to the
“trusted relationship” with their members and the fact that they are offering the product to
customers with good account histories. However, industry experts have advised credit
unions that providing immediate funds availability is the same as extending a short-term
loan, in which case they should be underwriting these accounts in the same way as they
would an account for which automated clearinghouse origination is permitted.13
11

Bob Meara, “State of Remote Deposit Capture 2008: Sprint Becomes a Marathon,” Celent, October 15,
2008, p. 49.
12
Jayaram Kondabagil, Risk Management in Electronic Banking: Concepts and Best Practices (Hoboken,
N.J.: Wiley, 2007), p. 6.
13
Ed McLaughlin, executive director and editor, Remotedepositcapture.com, personal interview,
September 9, 2009.

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III.

Does consumer capture pose risk-management challenges to banks?
Generally, RDC presents risks to a bank by extending payments processing

outside its direct control, stepping out of the “trusted zone” of bank-to-bank payments
processing, where there are established policies, procedures, and internal controls.
Although the Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council (FFIEC) RDC Risk
Management Guidance14 broadly covers RDC performed at any customer location, issues
exist that may present particular concern with consumer customers.
Customer suitability. Essentially, RDC customers become an extension of the
bank by virtue of their direct access to the back office for payments processing. Banks
may implement a risk-management program that establishes qualifying criteria for all
customers or limits availability to a select group of customers. However, the potential
pool of customers for consumer capture will far outnumber that for commercial RDC.
Even a limited consumer customer base for a large bank could number into the hundreds
of thousands. One question is whether a bank will want to broaden their RDC risk that
widely.
Duplicate presentment. At least three possible scenarios exist for duplicate
presentment with consumer capture: (1) a paper check is converted into an electronic
image and submitted for clearing and then mistakenly resubmitted for deposit, (2) a
customer transmits an image to the bank and deposits the original check at the same bank,
and (3) a customer transmits an image to the bank and deposits the original check at a
different bank.
The bank’s RDC software typically will have duplicate-detection features to
identify items that have been presented multiple times. Also, the bank could process all
items captured through remote deposit through its existing deposit fraud filters.
Duplicate-detection software solutions are available to monitor incoming and outgoing
checks at a bank across all platforms, channels, and products.
With commercial RDC, banks have required certain visible markings be placed on
the paper checks that have been imaged and deposited to help reduce item duplication,

14

The FFIEC RDC Guidance is available at www.ffiec.gov/pdf/pr011409_rdc_guidance.pdf.

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such as restrictive endorsements and franking15. Similarly, some banks offering consumer
capture require a restrictive endorsement16 before the check is scanned. However, a
consumer capture customer using a flatbed scanner would not have the capability to frank
a check to indicate that it has been deposited. This situation is not necessarily contrary to
common practices with commercial RDC. Even though document franking is standard on
RDC scanners, some commercial customers opt to disable this feature because it can
prove problematic in those cases where there is a legitimate need to represent a check
(e.g., poor image quality).
Although sophisticated duplicate-detection software is available to detect
duplicate items within the same bank, no software is currently available to detect
duplicates across banks. For example, if a customer has a RDC relationship at Bank A
and an account at Bank B, the customer could make a deposit via RDC at Bank A and
then subsequently deposit the physical check in an account at Bank B. Alternatively, the
customer could have RDC relationships at multiple banks and carry out the same scenario
by both scanning images and presenting the physical checks. In each case, the bank
would not be able to detect the duplicate until it is presented at the paying bank where it
would be processed as a return item.
A possible exception where a cross-bank duplicate situation could be detected is if
all the banks involved used the same check-image exchange and archive service. One
benefit of a shared image archive is the ability to provide duplicate processing across
participating banks. The third-party vendor is able to provide “on-we” processing17 and
duplicate-detection services for all of its bank clients.
Fraud risk. Certain aspects of fraud may be elevated in an RDC environment for
both consumer and corporate customers. One such fraud risk is the presentment of a

15

Franking refers to printing “Electronically Presented,” “Processed,” or other similar language on the front
of the original check that has been scanned for conversion to an electronic image. The purpose is to indicate
that the paper check has been processed electronically and should not be deposited in physical form.
16
A restrictive endorsement is a signature placed on the back of the check with instructions to deposit to a
specific bank or account, such as “Jane Smith, Account #12345678.” This type of endorsement limits the
risk of fraud by restricting the deposit to the specific account indicated.
17
An “on-we” image-exchange network is a group of banks whose check images are aggregated by a
service provider for check clearing. The network participants transmit check images to the provider. Check
images drawn on participating banks (“on-we”) are exchanged and cleared. Items not drawn on network
participants are aggregated and sent to other intermediaries, such as the Federal Reserve, for clearing and
settlement.

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counterfeit or altered item, which can be more difficult to detect as a scanned image.
Many of the check security features, such as watermarking and microprinting in the
signature line, can be circumvented when the check is imaged.18 However, some vendors
offer various fraud-detection systems that can identify imaged counterfeit or forged
items. For example, some solutions automatically interrogate the face of the check for
inconsistencies with a legitimate check while others apply predictive analytics on
databases of check-writing and check-cashing histories to assess the potential fraud risk
for every deposit. The limitation is that many of these solutions work only for “on-us”
items or require exception processing that can entail a longer processing timeframe.
Banks have been selective in deploying consumer capture to their most trusted
customers,19 thereby limiting their exposure to fraudulent schemes. In addition to limiting
availability, imposing restrictive limits on deposit amounts and frequency can further
help to mitigate any potential losses.
IV.

Is it a niche business?
Conflicting views exist on the possible adoption of consumer capture for a broad

consumer market base. One perspective is that the potential fraud risk makes it unsuitable
for the everyday retail customer. Instead, a bank should restrict it to a subset of its
consumer portfolio.
One such segment would be customers with high net worth (e.g., private banking
customers) who are well-known to the bank. These customers typically have infrequent,
large dollar deposits that could be easily facilitated by consumer capture. In this case, the
bank provides another layer of convenience to a valued customer that may also make for
a more loyal banking relationship. Private banking customers are also accustomed to, and
often demand, a high-touch relationship with their banker. The relationship managers
typically have a strong connection and familiarity with their customers. Quite often these
customers are business executives who become familiar with RDC through their
company’s banking relationship and decide they would like the same service for their
personal accounts.
18
19

Karen Epper Hoffman, “The Changing Face of Check Fraud,” BAI Banking Strategies, September 11, 2009.
Meara, p. 39.

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Other examples of niche market segments are customers who are geographically
dispersed far from their bank’s limited branch network, such as military personnel or
credit union members. Theoretically, banks with a limited investment in brick and mortar
branches have more to gain from enhancing their Internet banking presence with
consumer capture functionality than those banks who have a large branch network.
Entrepreneurs and microbusiness owners are another niche segment. Many of
these small businesses fall below the threshold to qualify for a business account and other
related services, such as business RDC. As a result, they will often maintain a consumer
account for both personal and business purposes.
On the other hand, some industry observers feel that consumer capture is not any
riskier than business RDC and limiting availability to these kinds of niche markets is not
necessary.20 Furthermore, under this view, the electronic process of authenticating the
customer through the Internet can be more secure than a physical deposit in a branch
where the customer making the deposit is not verified. Typically, no customer
authentication takes place for a deposit at a physical branch, whereas online banking
portals usually require a log-in password or other form of customer authentication.
Despite some differing views, the balance of opinion seems to indicate that
consumer capture will not be ubiquitous and will remain a niche offering in the near
future. Most banks will offer this product to their highly valued customers. Those banks
that have a trusted consumer base, such as credit unions, will also offer this product.
VIII. Conclusion
Consumer capture has had limited adoption among banks; however, signs are
emerging of greater acceptance in the future. Recent technological developments have
made the hardware and software more affordable for low-volume users of remote deposit
capture. The simplified interface has also made the service more accessible to the average
consumer. The next generation of consumer capture that involves a mobile phone
application could potentially provide an even broader customer base of technically savvy
consumers who value the time savings of mobile banking.21 USAA’s mobile capture
20

David Peterson, “Why Deny Remote Deposit to Any Customer?” American Banker, August 5, 2009.
Susan Stellan, “Bank Will Allow Customers to Deposit Checks by iPhone,” New York Times, August 10,
2009, p. B4.

21

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service and reports that Bank of America is planning to test a mobile capture application
could also prompt other banks to enter the market as a defensive measure.22
Banks are abating concerns about fraud and risk by being selective in offering the
service. Commercial banks that offer the service do so only to their high net worth
customers or those who have an established credit relationship (e.g. credit card or
consumer loan) in good standing with the bank. Although credit unions have offered the
service more widely, they have also imposed restrictions on who qualifies and the types
of deposits that can be accepted.
Consumer capture does present an attractive way to gain cheaper deposits in a
challenging financial environment. In the past, many larger banks with an extensive
branch network may have been hesitant to offer the product widely because of the
potential fraud risk. However, Bank of America’s reported plans to test a consumer
capture service for the iPhone this year may prompt other larger banks to reconsider
entering the market. In the meantime, consumer capture will likely continue to be a niche
product among banks and credit unions until competitive pressures spur more rapid
adoption.

22

“How Mobile Could Revitalize RDC,” Digital Transactions, November 2009, pp. 6–12.

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