The full text on this page is automatically extracted from the file linked above and may contain errors and inconsistencies.
F'11
If. 7:
P-6
ll~ijJ;mm11i~~llil~))l1
3 1822 01961 8453
REEMPLOYMENT
OF PHILADELPHIA.
HOSIERY . WORKERS
AFTER SHUT-DOWNS
r
"'
oocUMEtHS co ..•_E.CTION
j ar UNlVERSITV UB.lf\RY
nc..
,
M f, SAN O\EGO
UNlVERS\1'( OF CP.L1!=GB,r,k•,
- •
1.A JOLrn, CAUFORNI~
M►i4M
WORK
PROGRAM
WORKS PROGRESS ADMINISTRATION
NATIONAL RESEARCH PROJECT AND
INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH DEPARTMENT
UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA
,_
[\iq,
7
EJQ Ly
(_;oogie
I
WPA NATIONAL RESEARCH PROJECT
Rep o rts i ssued t o date
General
G-1
G-3
Unempl oyment and Increasing Productivi ty (out of print )
The Research Program or the Nati onal Research Pro ject
Summary or Findings t o Date , Mar ch 1938
A-3
Selected References on Practices and Use or Lab er on Farms ( in t wo parts )
G-2
Studies in Types and Rates of Technolo gical Change
Manufactu re
M-1
Ind us trial Instruments and Changing Technol ogy
Mechanical Changes in the Cott on-Textile Ind ustry, 191 0 t o 1936 {Su««ary)
B-3 Mechanical Changes in the Woolen and Worsted Industries , 1910 t o 193e (S1.111111ary
}
B-2
B-5
Systems or Shop Management in the Cotton-Garm ent I ndustry (Su«sary J
Mi ning
E-1
E-3
E-5
E-6
Technol ogy and the Mineral Industries ( out of pr int )
Mechaniza tion Trends in Metal and Nonmeta l Mining as Indicated by Sales or
Undergr ound Loading EQ u ipment
Fuel E! !iciency in Cement Manufactur e , 1909-1935
Minera l Technol ogy and Output per Man St udies: Grade or Ore
Agric u lture
Changes in Farm Power and Equipmen t :
A-2 Mechanical Co t to n Pi cker
A-g
Tractors, Trucks , and Automob iles
Studies in Producti on, Producti vity, and Employme nt
Manufa ct ure
Pr oductivity and Empl oyment in Selected Industrie s:
N-1 Beet Sugar
N-2
B-1
B-4
Bri ck and Til e ( in press)
Lab or Productivi ty in the Leather I ndustry (Sum«ary )
E!!ects or Mechaniza ti on in Cigar Manu ractur e {S um111ary )
Mi n i ng
E-2
Small-Scal e Pl acer Mines as a Sourc e or Gold, Emp lo yment, and Livelihood in 1935
( out of print )
E- 4
Em ployment a nd Re la te d Stat i st i cs or Mi nes and Qua rri es, 193 5:
coal
(L i s t c on tinued on ins i de bac k c over)
D.;-1tirc.
Jy(.~oogle
WORKS PROGRESS ADMINISTRATION
F. C. HARRINGTON
Administrator
CORRINGTON GILL
Assistant Administrator
NATIONAL RESEARCH PROJECT
on
Reemployment Opportunities and Recent Changes
i~ Industrial Techniques
DAVID WEINTRAUB
Director
In cooperation with
INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH DEPARTMENT
WHARTON SCHOOL OF FINANCE AND COMMERCE
UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA
ANNE BEZANSON
Director
JOSEPH H. WILLITS
Director
Philadelphia Labor Market studies
Gladys L, Palmer, Economist in Charge
Digitized by
Google
PHILADELPHIA LABOR MARKET STUDIES
Members of Staff Who Worked on This Study
L. PALMER, Research Associate, Industrial Research Department, University of
Pennsylvania; Consultant, National Research Project, directing studies of this
section
GLADYS
JANETH. LEWIS, Statistician
HELEN L. KLOPFER, Associate Economist
MURRAY P. PFEFFERMAN, Associate Statistician
MARGARET W. BELL, Assistant Statistician
VIRGINIA F. SHRTOC~, Chief Statistical Clerk
HELEN HERRMANN, Research Economist in charge
of field work for Schedule N20
Digitized by
Google
REEMPLOYMENT OF PHILADELPHIA HOSmRY WORKERS
AFTER SHUT-DOWNS IN 1933-34
by
Gladys L, Palmer and Constance Williams
with the assistance of
Valda Noll
WORKS PROGRESS .ADMINISTRATION, NATIONAL RESEARCH PROJECT
In cooperation with
INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH DEPARTMENT, UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA
Report No, P-6
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
January 1939
•
Digitized by
Google
Digitized by
Goog Ie
CJ
ca·
;:.:
;;:;-
co
a.
.Q"
C)
0
~
r6"'
WPA- National
Resaarch
Projoct (Rine)
HOSIERY KNITTER
Th~ work of knitt E: rsi ~ full-fashiono.?d hosiery mills is skilled, requiring knowledgeofhow to make man{ adju s tments in the machinetomee t varying conditions. Here a knitter is replacing a broken needleone 51-gauge footer.•
THE WPA NATIONAL RESEARCH PROJECT
ON REEIIPLOYIIENT OPPORTUNITIES AND RECENT CHANGES
IN INDUSTRIAL TECHNIQUES
Under the author! ty granted by the President 1n the Executive Order Which created the Works Progress Adm1n1strat1on,
Administrator Harry L. Hopkins authorized the establishment
or a research program ror the purpose or collecting and analyzing data bearing on problems or employment, unemployment,
and re11er. Accordingly, the National Research Program was
established in October 1936under the supervision or Corrington
Gill, Assistant Adm1n1strator or the WPA, who appointed the
directors or the individual studies or projects.
The Project on Reemployment 0pportun1 ti es and Recent Changes
1n Industrial Techniques was organized 1n December 1936 to
in qui re, wt th the cooperat ton or Industry, labor, and governmental and private agencies, Into the extent or recent changes
1n industrial techniques and to evaluate the errects or these
changes on the volume or employment and unemployment. David
lfeintraub and Irving Kaplan, members or the research start
or the D1v1s1on or Research, Statistics, and Finance, were appointed, respectively, Director and Associate Director or the
ProJect. The task set ror them was to assemble andorgan1ze
the exlstlna data wnlch bear
on
the problem and to augment
these data by rield surveys and analyses.
To this end, many governmental agencies wh1charethe collectors and repositories or per~inent tnrormatton were invited to cooperate. The cooperating agencies or the United
States Government include the Department or Agriculture, the
Bureau or Mines or the Department or the Interior, the Bureau
or Labor Statistics or the Department or Labor, the Railroad
Retirement Board, the Social Secur1 ty Board, the Bureau or
Internal Revenue or the Department or the Treasury, the Department or Commerce, the Federal Trade Commission, and the
Tartrr Commission.
The rollowing private agencies Joined with the National
the Industrial Research Department or the 11n1verstty or Pennsylvania,
the National Bureau or Economic Research, Inc., the Employment Stab1l1Zat1on Research Institute or the University or
Minnesota, and the Agricultural Econom1 cs Depart.men ts 1n the
Agricultural Experiment Stations or ca11rorn1a, Ill1no1s,
Iowa, and New York.
Research Project 1n conducting special studies:
Digitized by
Google
WORKS PROGRESS ADMINISTRATION
WALKER-JOHNSON BUILDING
1714 NEW YORK AVENUE NW.
WASHINGTON, D, C,
F. C. HARRINGTON
ADMINISTHATOR
January 20J i939
Colonel F. C. Harrington
Works Progress Administrator
Sir:
The report transmitted herewith analyzes the employment and unemployment experience of a group of workers
in the full-fashioned hosiery industry of Philadelphia
who lost their jobs when three plants shut down. The
shut-downs occurred in !933-34. When the workers were
interviewed in i936, it was found that at least 70 percent
of the original group of i, 745 were st i 11 in Philadelphia.
Of the remainder, a few had died and others, mainly
women, had dropped out of the labor market.
Some had
found or were seeking work in some other industry, while
H.4 had migrated inorder to follow their trade inother
parts of the State or the country. The analysis presented in this report is confined to the first group,
that is, those workers who were either able toreestablish themselves in the industry after their mill had
closed or who remained in the industry's labor market
even though they hadnot yet succeeded in getting a new
job in the industry.
Unemployment, no matter what the immediate causeJ
is of course always ci severe blow to the individual
concerned.
Ordinarily, the blow is likely to be most
serious when the unemployment is caused by a permanent
plant shut-down. However, several factors combined to
make the employment prospects of Philadelphia hosiery
workers in !935-36 relatively favorable.
The gradual
recovery of the hosiery _industry after 1933 reached a
point in i935 when mills in Philadelphia were reported
to be operating as well as at any time in their history.
The shortening of the hours of work as a result of
Digitized by
Google
National Recovery Administration code regulations
served to increase the number of jobs available
industry. Thus, after the shut-down, the average
in the group studied was unemployed for less
months before getting another job.
ini933
in the
worker
than 5
Although 5 months of continuous unemployment was
no doubt a dishearteningly long period to many of the
workers involved and probably exhausted the resources
of many of them, it is relatively short when compared
with the average of more than 2 years of unemployment
of all unemployed men in the sample for the Philadelphia
Survey of Employment and Unemployment in i935 and the
average of almost it years of unemployment of all unemployed women. However, since only those workers who
remained in the local hosiery labor market were studied,
nothing is known about the duration of unemployment of
those who left it to seek work elsewhere. Moreover,
the general average conceals considerable differences
in unemployment as between individual groups of workers .
Men and women 50 years of age or over found greater
difficulty in getting work after the lay-offs than younger
workers. Men between the ages of 25 and 29 were unemployed longer than men from 30 to 49 years. About
one-fourth of all the workers found reemployment in
the industry within i month; slightly more than onefourth
remained unemployed 7
months
or
more;
almost
iO percent reported unemployment lasting i3 consecutive
months or more.
Industrial changes in the Philadelphia hosiery industry since i936 indicate that employment conditions
in subsequent years have been less favorable than at
It is therefore
the time of the shut-downs studied.
likely that with a larger labor reserve in the hosiery
labor market today unemployment among workers left behind by mills that shut down currently is more serious
tha.n that recorded in this report.
Respectfully yours,
c=:.. ...
7-r--~
Corrington Gill
Assistant Administrator
Digitized by
Google
CONT E NT S
Section
Page
PREFACE.
x111
I. INTRODUCTION
1
Selection of workers for study
Limitations of the data.
Plan of report • • • • •
5
7
9
II. SOCIAL AND OCCUPATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE
WORKERS STUDIED • • . . • • • • .
III. EMPLOYMENT EXPERIENCE AFTER LAY-OFF IN RELATION TO
OCCUPATION AND SEASON AND YEAR OF LAY-OFF •
Employment experience, 1926-35 • • •
Employment experience after lay-off in relation
to occupation • • • • • • • • • •
Employment experience after lay-off in relation
to season and year of lay-off . •
IV. EMPLOYMENT EXPERIENCE AFTER LAY-OFF IN RELATION TO
AGE AND PREVIOUS EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT
EXPERIENCE • • • • • • •
The relationshi~ of age to the rate of reabsorpt ion after lay-off. •
• • • •
The relationship of previous unemployment
experience to the rate of reabsorption after
lay-off . • • • • . • • • • • • • • •
The relationship of.work stability to the rate
of reabsorpt ion after lay-off
V. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS.
11
21
21
26
29
31
32
34
38
41
Appendix
A. TABLES • • . • • • • • • • , , , , . • • • , , , •
49
B. SCHEDULE, DEFINITIONS OF TERMS USED, AND EXPLANATION
OF SPECIAL EDITING.
91
Schedule • • •
Definitions of terms used.
Explanation of special editing of schedules from
Mills A and Bin regerd to employers.
92
93
98
CHARTS AND ILLµSTRATIONS
Figure
Hosiery Knitter • • • • • •
• • • •
,,,.ont ts piece
1,
Knitter "turning welts" to form top of stocking.
2
2.
Index of employment in the hosiery industry in
Pennsylvania, January 1926-December 1935 ••
3
ix
Digitized by
Google
CONTENTS
X
CHARTS AND ILLUSTRATIONS-Continue~
Figure
3.
Age distribution of workers in each occupation, 1936
12
4,
Percentage distribution of man-months after entering
labor market, by type of employment experience,
1926-35, and occupation • • • • • • • • • • , • •
16
5,
Legger on 51-gauge machine repairing broken thread. •
17
6.
Percentage distribution of workers in each occupation
by frequency of job separations, 1926-35 • •
19
Employment status, January 1926-December 1935,
by occupation. • . • • • • • • • • • •
22
Employment status, January 1926-December 1935,
by mill of lay-off •
• • • • • • •
23
Toppers "topping bars" for 51-gauge footer
25
Employment history of individual knitters and
knitters• helpers laid off in 1934,
January 1926-December 1935. • • • • •
37
Heel and toe of stocking being closed by looper. •
43
7.
8,
9,
10.
11.
APPENDIX TABLES
Table
1.
Index of employment in the hosiery industry in
Pennsylvania, January 1926-December 1935 ••
50
Workers on 1933 and 1934 check-off lists, workers
interviewed for study, and workers included in
study, by sex, occupation, and mill of lay-off
50
Mill of lay-off and occupation.
51
4,
Occupation, sex, and age by mill of lay-off.
52
5.
Nativity by age, sex, and occupation • • •
53
6,
Number of years of continuous residence in
Philadelphia by sex and nativity . • • •
54
Cumulative distribution of school grade completed
by sex and age • • .
• • • • • • • •
55
8.
Marital status by age, sex, and occupation
56
9,
Age of beginning work and year of entering labor
market, by occupation. • • • • • • • . •
58
Percentage distribution of man-months after entering labor market at specified type of employment
experience, 1926-35, by age, sex, and occupation.
59
Number of years employed at usual occupation,
by age and occupation. • • • • • • • • • • •
60
2.
7,
10.
11.
Digitized by
Google
xi
CONTENTS
APPENDIX TABLES-Continued
Table
12.
13.
14.
15.
Number of years employed at ·.1sual occupation for
workers unemployed 7 consecutive months or more
after lay-off, by occupati,:m, sex, and age
61
Cumulative distribution of the average length of
unemployment periods, 1926-35, by usual occupation, sex, and age . . . . . . . . . . . . .
62
Frequency of periods of unemployment, 1926-35, by
sex and occupation
.
63
Percentage of employment rep•:>rted as part-time,
. .
1926-35, by occupation
64
...
.
. . . . . .
.
.
16.
Length of service b-y mill of lay-off and occupation
65
17.
Length of service by mill of lay-off, sex, and age. •
66
18,
Cumulative distribution of average length of
service on each job at usual occupation, 1926-35,
by usual occupation. • • •
• • • • • . • • .
67
Length of service on longest job beginning before
1926, by occupation, sex, and age. . . .
68
Year of starting longest job which began before 1926,
by sex and occupation. • • • • . • . • . . •
69
Frequency of job separations, 1926-35, by occupation,
sex, and age •
70
Frequency of employer shifts, 1926-35, by occupation,
sex, and age • • • . • • • • • . • . • • . • •
71
Frequency of occupational and industrial shifts,
.
1926-35, by sex and occupation .
72
Employment status by months, 1926-35, of 324 knitters
and knitters' helpers.
.
73
25.
Employment status by months, 1926-35, of 144 toppers
73
26.
Employment status by months, 1926-35,
of 87 seamers
74
27.
Employment status by months, 1926-35,
of 63 loopers
74
28.
Employment status by months, 1926-35,
and examiners.
.
.
19.
20.
21.
22,
2324,
29.
30,
31.
.
.
...
of 55 menders
.
75
Employment status by months, 1926-35, of 345 workers
at Mill A.
.
..
75
Employment status by months, 1926-35, of 275 workers
at Mill B.
76
Employment status by months, 1926-35, of 53 workers
at Mill C.
76
. .
. .
.
. ..
.
.
.
.
. . .
... ..... ....
.
. .
....
. ... ... ... .. . ...... .
Digitized by
Google
xii
CONTENTS
APPENDIX TABLES-Contin~ed
Table
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
Page
Man-months of employment in hosiery and in other
industries, 1926-30 and 1931-35, by sex and
occupation. . • .
• ..•••
77
Employment status in month after lay-off, by sex
and occupation . •
78
Cumulative distribution of length of employment at
first job after lay-off for workers reporting
employment in month after lay-off, by sex and
occupation . . . • • . • •
78
Number of consecutive months of unemployment after
lay-off for workers unemployed in month after
lay-off, by sex and occupation • • • • • • • •
79
Cumulative distribution of time not seeking work
between lay-off and time of reentering labor market
for workers who left labor market in month after
lay-off and returned before May 1936, by occupation
BO
Employment status in month after lay-off, by sex
and mill of lay-off. • •
• • • • • •
BO
Employment status in month after lay-off, by year
of lay-off, sex, and occupation. • • •
81
Distribution of workers in each mill, by date of
lay-off. • . • • • • • .
• . . • • •
82
Number of consecutive months of unemployment after
lay-off for workers unemployed in month after
lay-off, by mill and year of lay-off. • •
82
Number of consecutive months of unemployment for
workers unemployed in month after lay-off, by
year of lay-off, sex, and occupation • • •
83
Percentage of time unemployed after entering the
labor market, 1926-30, by.age, sex, and occupation
84
Cumulative distribution of average length of unemployment periods, 1926-30, by occupation, sex,
and age.
85
Cumulative distribution of average-length of service
on each job at usual occupation, 1926-35, for
workers reporting lay-off from Mill A, by sex and
occupation
87
Frequency of job separations, 1926-30, by occupation,
sex, and age •
BB
Frequency of employer shifts, 1926-30, by occupation,
sex, and age • . • . . • . • • . . • • • • • • • •
89
Digitized by
Google
PREFACE
Other studies of employment and unemployment experience of
workers in this series of "Philadelphia Labor Market Studies"
were based on samples selected to represent the work force of
an occupation or an industry at the time of survey. In this
study of full-fashioned hosiery workers the sample represents
workers who, several years after the loss of jobs through shutdowns, were still in the industry at the time of a survey in
1936. The analysis centers about the reemployment experience
chiefly of those who sought or were able to find work again in
their usual industry and in the same city.
Aided by a recovery of the Philadelphia hosiery industry in
193q.-35 and by reduct ion in hours of work in response to National
Recovery Administration code regulations, most of those who found
jobs in the industry were unemployed for only a comparatively
short period. The average duration of unemployment following
the .shut-downswasbetween q. ands months. There were, however,
important differences in the rate of reabsorption of workers
attached to the several occupations studied. To a considerable
extent, these differences reflect trends in the occupational
composition of the industry I s work force due to technological
changes which made for a relative shortage of workers in some
occupations and an oversupply in others.
At the time of the study the average worker was 31 years of
age. The majority of the hosiery workers studied had entered
the industry during 1921-25, when it was expanding, and had spent
most of their working lives in it. The men averaged 12 years
of experience at their usual occupation and the women 10 years;
on the average they had worked 2 years at the mills from which
they were laid off. The occupations studied were either skilled
or semiskilled. All of the toppers, loopers, menders, and examiners were women, andall of the knitters and knitters' helpers
were men. The workers had all been union members at the time
of the shut-down. In one way or another, these characteristics
also had their influences on the rate at which the workers found
reemployment after the shut-downs, and the data in the report
were analyzed accordingly.
The report was prepared by Gladys L. Palmer and Constance
Williams, with the assistance of Valda Noll. The "Philadelphia
xiii
Digitized by
Google
PREFACE
xiv
Labor Market Studies" are conducted jointly by the National
Research Project and the Industrial Research Department of the
University of Pennsylvania and are under the direction of Dr.
Palmer. The canpleted manuscript was edited and prepared for
publication under the supervision of Edmund J. Stone.
Acknowledgment is gratefully made to the hosiery workers who
furnished information concerning their work experience. Local
and national officers of their union, the American Federation
of Hosiery Workers, have aided in tracing the workers who had
been employed in the shut-down mills and have provided other
useful information. Helpful advice and suggestions were also
received from national officers of the Full-Fashioned Hosiery
Manufacturers of Am~rica, Incorporated, and from Dr. George W.
Taylor, Impartial Chairman for the unionized section of the
full-fashioned hosiery industry. For making available some unpublished statistics on the hosiery industry, thanks are due to
the Division of Research and Statistics of the Philadelphia
Federal Reserve Baak.
DAVID WEINTRAUB
PHILADELPHIA
January 17, 1939
Digitized by
Google
SECTION I
INTRODUCTION
This study was undertaken for the purpose of analyzing the
reemployment experience of workers who had been laid off in the
shut-downs of three unionized full-fashioned hosiery mills in
Philadelphia in 1933 and 193~. The study was made several years
after the shut-downs took place, and only a limited number of
the original group could be located. The emphasis of this report
is therefore on differences in the employment and unemployment
experience of the workers studied, in relation to their occupation,
age, sex, and background experience. Although the technical
limitations of the material at hand did not permit generalizations
to be drawn about the group who could not be located for interview, the experience of those who could be located is believed
by experts in the industry to be typical of the experience of
all hosiery workers who experienced shut-downs in this area during
the years under review if they sought to reenter the industry.
Although there was unemployment in the Philadelphia fullfashioned hosiery industry throughout the years after 1929, it
was known that many of the workers who lost their jobs in the
early years of the depression were reabsorbed into the industry
relatively quickly. Others were out of a job for long periods,
and some of these workers eventually left the trade for other
types of work or dropped out of the labor market entirely. The
latter was known to be true espE!cially of women. Throughout
this period of surplus in the labor market there were, however,
also rumors of a shortage of labor in certain occupations of
the industry.
The immediate setting of the study is one of dislocation of
workers through financial reorganizations of business and migration of mills from Philadelphia to other areas. These dislocations took place during a period when there was a limited
expansion of employment opportunity as the result of the increased intensity of use of certain machine equipment following
a reduction of the hours of work under the National Industrial
Recovery Act. During most of the years after 1929, the unionized
section of the industry in Philadelphia maintained its relative
1
Digitized by
Google
HOSIERY WORKERS
2
position in the market although the wage rates of its workers
and the prices of full-fashioned hosiery were reduced,
The long-run setting of the study is one of rapid expansion
of the industry at relatively high wage, price, and profit levels
prior to 1930. Although no major changes took place for several
decades in the operations necessary to produce a full-fashioned
stocking, improvements were made in the speed of knitting machines, and changes were also made in the organization of certain
WPA - National
Roaearch
Project (Hine)
FIGURE 1.- KNITTER "TURNING WELTS " TO FORM TOP OF STOCKING
Full-fashioned hosearemade flatona knittin';l machine composedofa number
of sections or synchronized urrits, ea ch of which knits one stockin';l.
one
machineknitsthe legofthe stockingandanother knits the foot.
The fineness
of the fabric is determined by the number of needles per inch on the needle
bar, indicated by the "gauge" of the machine or stocking.
As the stocking
is knit, the fabri c is na rrowed to conform to the shape of the leg or foot.
operations. These affected the workers in some occupations more
than in others, The major operations involved in knitting fullfashioned hosieryandstudied inthisreport - knitting, topping,
looping, seaming, mending, and examining - are of a semiskilled
or skilled nature, Most of them require a specialized type of
experience or training for several months or years. The workers
therefore tend to remain attached to the labor market of this
industry when unemployed, and, in the case of union members,
they not only continue to seek work in this industry but they
seek work in the unionized section of the industry.
Digitized by
Google
INTRODUCTION
3
At the time that the shut-downs occurred, not all the mills
in the city were under contract with the local branch of the
American Federation of Hosiery Workers. However, by the time
the workers were interviewed, in 1936, the labor market was
'closed" in two senses. The local branch of the union had suc-:ceeded in organizing almost all the workers in the area, and,
in addition, under existing rules or customary arrangements a
maximum level of the ratio of workers to the machine equipment
of the local industry had been reached.
Plt ■ r ■
2.- INDEX OP BMPLDYMBNT IN TKE HDIIBRY INDUSTRY
IN PBNNSYLYANIA, JANUARY 192S•DBCBMBBR Ill&
IPUX NOS.
lhDEX NOS.
1923-2!!>=1
1923-25• 100
180
1110
I,~
r \
150
140
130
120
110
~I/\.
~J jv\J
j
'vi"'
150
/\(
)1'
V An
fA
I \ r
""
100
~,
,.. f\
I
130
I
120
V
110
N
100
V
90
140
V
90
80
80
70
70
110
110
1928
1927
Based on table 1
1928
1v2e
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
H.W.D.
Industrial Research Department University of Penn1ylvanla and
WPA - Nat Iona I Research Project
P-3D
Statistical data are not available to show trends in employment
in the unionized full-fashioned hosiery mills of Philadelphia.
T.he genenl trend of employment in the hosiery industry for the
State o! Pennsylvania !or the years o! interest to this study is
shown in the accompanying chart (figure 2) and in table 1. 1
Although the data represent employment in both seamless and fullfashioned hosiery mills in Pennsylvania, about 90 percent of
the reporting firms make full-fashioned hosiery, and about 25
percent of all reporting firms are located in Philadelphia,
1The chart and table are based on unpublished data compiled by the Department
or Research and Stat1st1cs or the Federal Reserve Bank or Ph1ladelphia. All
the tl!>les or this report may be round 1n appendix A.
Digitized by
Google
4
HOSIERY WORKERS
The different situations which led to the shut-downs of the
three mills selected for study are considered representative of
the effects of the depression in the Philadelphia full-fashioned
hosiery industry. One company went bankrupt largely because of
obsolete equipment, The second was reorganized, and eventually
most of its equipment was operated again under different managements. The third moved to a small town in Pennsylvania about
100 miles from Philadelphia,
The mill which was unable to compete with other firms, designated as Mill A, was the largest of the three mills studied.
In June 1933 this mill closed temporarily, but the machinery was
leased to another firm in September and was operated for another
10 months before the final closing in June 193q.. A few of the
workers of this mill are reported to have delayed seeking other
work after the second shut-down in the hope that the mill would
open again.
The closing of Mill B in December 1933 was precipitated by
the death of the owner and resulted in only a temporary cessation
in the use of the equipment. Within a month after acquiring the
property, the new owner leased two sect ions of the mi 11 to a
third manufacturer who carried on production for several months.
Many of the workers from the original mill were rehired. At
the end of this period the owner sold one section of the mill,
but a large number of workers from the original mill were again
rehired. The owner himself operated the best of the remaining
machinery. It was estimated by the shop chairman of this section
of the mill that 75 percent of the original workers who had been
employed on this machinery were reemployed, Another worker estimated that about half of the original workers were reemployed,
Mill C, the smallest of the three studied, moved to a small
city in the cent~al part of Pennsylvania in May 1933. This is
an example of a third type of business adjustment which has been
characteristic of the hosiery industry in Philadelphia. The
shop chairman of this mill stated that a few months before the
mill closed he had been called into conference with the manager
to discuss a wage cut. The manager showed the workers letters
from Pennsylvania towns outside of Philadelphia offering good
sites for his mill and told them that taxes and labor costs were
too high in Philadelphia. The workers refused to consider a
wage cut, and a few weeks before the machinery was moved they
were informed of the final decision of the management to leave
Philadelphia,
Digitized by
Google
INTRODUCTION
5
SELECTION DP WORKERS PDR STUDY
The three mills whose employees are the subject of this report
were selected in consultation with officers of Branch 1 of the
American Federation of Hosiery Workers and are considered to
have been representative of unionized full-fashioned hosiery mills
in Philadelphia in 1933 and 1934. All three had been established
in Philadelphia before 1926; all manufactured "gray goods" (unfinished hosiery) primarily and therefore had few or no workers
engaged in finishing processes; all had closed-shop agreements
with the union at the time of shut-down.
The names of 1,745 workers employed at the three mills prior
to the shut-downs in 1933 and 1934 were taken from the union
check-off lists of these firms, The check-off list of each mill
for several months preceding its shut-down was used, as well as
the last check-off list before the final closing of the mill,
The last check-off list received by the union from Mill A was
dated June 1934; from Mill B, December 1933; and from Mill C,
May 1933. The use of check-off lists for a period of time prior
to the closing of the mills resulted in the inclusion of some
workers whose lay-off was not directly due to the closing of
the mill, but their number was not large. According to the shop
chairman from Mill A, this mill ended the employment of its
workers with only about a week's notice. The shop chairman of
one department of Mill B stated that his section had been laid
off about a week earlier than another section. A knitter who
had been shop chairman a few months before the mill closed reported, however, that knitters making service-weight hosiery
had been laid off about a month earlier than workers on chiffon
hose, The shop chairman fromMill C reported that about 3 weeks
elapsed between the time of starting the movement of machinery
out of town and the final closing date of the mill,
When the studywasstarted in 1936, a Philadelphia address was
obtained from the union for 1,207 of the 1,745 persons noted in
the 1933 and 1934 check-off lists. Of the 538 workers for whom
no address was obtained, it was learned that 10 had died and that
114 had moved out of town and had transferred their membership
to other branches of the union ; 2 the union had ( in 1936 I no
2.rbe 114 persons wbo transterred tbeir union membership to other local brancbes
included 79 knitters, ~ toppers, 4 loopers, 6 seamers, and 6 menders and
examiners, 6 transterred to tbe seam1ess-bo&1er7 brancb in Philadelpbla, and 9
transterred •at large• or to scattered branches tbrougbout tbe countr,,
Tbe remainder became members or tbe tollowlng branches or tbe union near
Philadelphia: Camden, N, J., 33; Langhorne, Pa,, 30; Lansdale, Pa,, 10;
Willow Grove, Pa,, 6; Reading, Pa., 3; Washington, N. J,, 2; Paterson, N. J,,
a; Dover, N. J., 7: and Brookl,n, N, Y., 2.
Digitized by
Google
6
HOSIERY WORKERS
address for q.1q.. Since the majority of this latter group were
women, it is believed that many of them had dropped out of the
labor ma.rket.3
Some of the members for whom Philadelphia addresses were obtained, however, could not be contacted for interview, When
visits were made to the 1,207 workers for whom Philadelphia
addresses were found in 1936, it was discovered that 181 had
moved and left no address, 23 had moved but could not be located
at the new address, q.1 refused to give the information requested,
and 2q. could not be contacted, The number of workers for whom
complete schedules were secured was 938 or 53.8 percent of the
names obtained from the original check-off lists.
The records of 23 of the 938 persons interviewed were eliminated
for various technical reasons, chiefly because they concerned
workers in scattered occupations not considered in this study.
Although the names of the remaining 915 workers appeared on checkoff lists of the three mills within a few months of the closing
dates, only 673, or about three-fourths of the group, met the
technical limitations of the schedule used and reported employment
which lasted 1 month or longer during the years 1932-35 at their
respective mills.~
It is believed that a majority of the group who failed to report
employment lasting 1 month or more at the mills studied during
the years of the mill closings were members of spare-hand crews
with intermittent employment at these mills. Most full-fashioned
hosiery mills maintain a reserve labor force for "sick work"
(substitute work) or extra shifts, particularly in the occupations
of topping and knitting. Toppers work in teams of two or three
with a knitter. If any one drops out temporarily, his or her
place is filled from the spare-hand crew until the regular worker
returns. Toppers who have married and left the labor market as
regular workers frequently serve in this capacity.
The occupational distribution of the workers included in the
study is much the same as the occupational distribution of the
workers on the original check-off lists of the mills selected for
3 It should be noted that there was a higher percentage ot recovery tor men
than tor women throughout the process ot tracing names and addresses rrom
1932-36 check-oft lists to 1936 union address tiles and to the homes ot the
workers. This reflects one di tUcul ty in tracing the pay-roll names or women
workers, many ot Whom have married but may or may not .have corrected their
names and addresses on pay-roll and union lists.
~For purposes ot analysis in th1S study, the month and year or 1ay-ott reported
by the individual worker When interviewed was used rather than the date or
closing ot the mill as reported on check-ott 11sts or through other sources.
Digitized by
Google
INTRODUCTION
7
study. The only exception to this is that there is a smaller
proportion of toppers in the study than on the original lists
( table 2 I. This difference reflects their higher proportion
among intermittent workers.
The 673 persons included in the study had been employed as
regular workers in the three shut-down mills, and most of them
were either employed at their usual occupation or were looking for
work in May 1936, the control date used for this study. Only 51
were out of the labor market, and 31 were employed at some occupation other than their usual one. For the most part, these
31 jobs were not in the hosiery industry.
LIMITATIONS DP THE DATA
It is recognized that the group studied is weighted in favor of
those workers who, after the lay-offs in 1933 and 193q, sought
work or found jobs in union hosiery mills in Philadelphia and
maintained their contact with the union. To what extent the
experience of those who had left the union by 1936 differs from
that of those included in this study cannot be determined from
the available data. What is known is that the occupational
distribution of the group not found is approximately the same as
that of the group studied.
According to one officer of the Philadelphia branch of the
American Federation of Hosiery Workers, the number of workers
attached to the full-fashioned hosiery branches of the union did
not decrease in Philadelphia during the depression. On the other
hand, one of the workers from Mill C, when asked if he thought
the workers from this mill left the hosiery industry after the
shut-down, replied, "They started before that." Another union
officer was of the opinion that men who left the hosiery industry
during the depression tended to go into small businesses. Hosiery
workers often had small savings which they could invest in a
business. Thus, when they could not find a job in an industry
that was overcrowded, they went into a business that was overcrowded, and many who optimistically invested their small savings
lost them later, There is good reason to believe that many of the
women who dropped their contact with the union dropped out of the
labor market entirely. Since there is no way of tracing these
individuals, this study is limited to a consideration of workers
laid off in 1933 and 193q who continued to be union members and a
part of the full-fashioned hosiery labor market in Philadelphia in
Digitized by
Google
8
HOSIERY WORKERS
1936. The study does not claim to measure the volume or incidence
of unemployment for all hosiery workers in Philadelphia during
the years under review. On the contrary, its emphasis is on the
effect of occupational and age differences on the reemployment
experience of hosiery workers who had been employed as regular
workers and retained their union affiliations following lay-offs
which occurred betwee~ 1932 and 1935.
The effects of specific shop adjustments and of the season and
year of lay-off on employment experience after the lay-off have
been considered only briefly in this report. Had the workers
been grouped by mill and date of lay-off, the numbers would have
been so small that analysis by age or occupation and other experience characteristics would have been meaningless. Desirable
though it might have been, it was impossible to secure in the
Philadelphia full-fashioned hosiery industry a large group of
workers laid off from one mill or a group of mills who made
identical adjustments after shut-down within a fairly narrow
range of time.
The influence of union policy on the employment histories of
the workers studied should be noted. It acted chiefly through
the practice of sharing work in union mills. 5 Sharing work increases the similarity of the experience of individual workers
with respect to the total amount of unemployment as well as the
number of unemployment periods each worker reports. In mills
where this practice prevails, all workers are likely to experience
some unemployment when demand falls off, in contrast to mills
which do not share work but lay off some workers completely and
keep others more regularly. This practice affected the records
of most of the workers studied for the period of their attachment
to union-mill pay rolls in the earlier years under review but not
for unemployment periods immediately following the lay-offs or
for work periods in nonunion mills.
Some of the factors which are generally believed to be important
in determining the ability of unemployed full-fashioned hosiery
workers to find jobs could not be considered in this study. If
6 Tbe union rule is to share work •as tar as practicable.• As in all textile
industries, work can be shared more easily in some occupations than in others.
Two trade trends in the latter part ot the period studied adversely intluenced
union work-sharing policies. These were the growthotspecialized tinishing
plants outside or Philadelphia and the increase or commission knitting contracts in the Philadelphia area. The latter was important tor mills such as
the three studied because the contracts provided tor supplying silk in tU:ed
amounts and delivering specitied production in each week. The number ot
machines that could be assigned to an order was limited, thus restricting
the nei:ib1litY ot work assignments in the shop, particu1ar1y tor knitters
and toppers.
Digitized by
Google
INTRODUCTION
9
a hosiery worker is asked how he obtained his job, the chances
are that he will say, "A friend spoke for me." The location of
a worker's home and the knowledge of when mills are hiring may,
sometimes, account for one worker's getting a job when another
with equal ability or experience fails. In a unionized industry
the knowledge of job openings varies also with the extent to
which workers keep in touch with the union offices. In addition,
another element that undoubtedly plays a part in obtaining work
in any field is the energy expended in seeking work. No material
was obtained in this study in regard to the importance of friends,
the opportunity of learning that jobs are available, or the intensity of a person 1s drive in seeking work. To what extent these
less tangible factors affect the rate of reemployment of workers
after a lay-off cannot be measured. Only the social and occupational characteristics and experience factors which are capable of
being measured statistically are considered in this report.
Infonnat ion regarding the employment experience of this group of
workers during the decade 1926-35 and their social and occupational
characteristics was secured by visits to the homes of the workers
and was furnished by the workers themselves. They were asked to
report all periods of employment and unemployment lasting 1 month
or longer during the 10 years. 6 This limiting of work experience
to periods of 1 month or longer fails to reflect the full extent
of the intermittent character of employment, a condition which is
said by union officials to be fairly common in the full-fashioned
hosiery industry, Although faults of memory may also contribute
to inaccuracies in the dating of jobs and of employment periods,
it is believed that the schedules furnish useful measures of the
total time employed and unemployed in a given period, the average
length of periods of employment and unemployment, and the frequency
and character of job changes,
PLAN DP RBPDRT
The results of analyzing thework histories of the 673 workers
who reported being laid off between 1932 and 1935 from the three
full-fashioned hosiery mills selected for study are presented
in the four following sections. Section II serves to introduce
the workers. It describes their social and occupational characteristics and states in general how these traits vary between
6vor a copy or the schedule see appendix B.
Digitized by
Google
10
HOSIERY WORKERS
men and women and by occupation and age, In section III are
discussed the general trend of employment and unemployment during
the 10 years 1926-35 for workers from different occupations and
mills and the employment experience reported by the workers after
lay-off. Special emphasis is placed on the group of workers for
whom the unemployment period after lay-off was longest, Differences in the distribution of the workers who reported 7 consecutive
months or more of unemployment and of the total group with regard
to occupation, mill of lay-off, and season and year of lay-off
are discussed, In section IV are considered other social and
occupational characteristics of the workers who reported 7 consecutive months or more of unemployment and of the total group,
The attributes which appear to have been most important in affecting the rate at which workers were reemployed after lay-off
are stressed, and other characteristics are commented on briefly,
In section V the findings of the analysis are sunnnarized,
Digitized by
Google
SECTION II
SOCIAL AND OCCUPATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS
OF THE WORKERS STUDIED
Of the 673 full-fashioned hosiery workers from the three mills
selected for study, about one-half were laid off from Mill A,
two-fifths from Mill B, and less than one-tenth from Mill C
(table 3). Almost one-half of the groupwere men, either knitters
or knitters' helpers (the only occupation in which men were employed in these mills). Among the women, about two-fifths were
to1>pers, one-fourth were seamers, and the rest divided between
loopers and menders and examiners. 1
The age of these workers cannot be satisfactorily represented
by averages because of the narrow range of ages below the average
and the comparatively wide distribi:tion above it. Approximately
two-fifths of both knitters and knitters' helpers and toppers
were 25 to 29 years of age in 1936, and a fourth were 30 to 311years old. Somewhat smaller proportions of seamers and loopers
were between 25 and 29. Seamers were proportionately as well
represented as knitters and knitters' helpers and toppers in the
age group 30-311-, but there were fewer loopers. There were, moreover, only one-fifth of the menders and examiners between the ages
·or 25 and 311- (table 11-l.
The difference in age between the occupations is most noticeable
in comparing the proportions of workers under 25 years and the
proportions 11-5 years of age and over, None of the workers was
under 20. Of knittersandknitters' helpers only 6 percent were
under 25; of toppers. 13 percent; of seamers, 9 percent; of
loopers, 25 percent; and of menders and examiners, 13 percent
( table 11-). The low proportion of seamers and the high proportion
of loopers in this age group presents a striking contrast in the
occupations employing women. On the other hand, the proportion
of knitters who reported their age as 45 or over is 7 percent;
of toppers, only 11- percent; of seamers, 15 percent; of loopers,
1For a descripticn or the work ol' aiUerent occupations in the full-fashioned
hosiery industry see George w. Taylor, ~•ignificant Post-liar Changes in the
fuLL-fashioned Hosiery Industry, "R!lsearc3 Studies rv• (~hiladelph_la: University or Pennsylvania Press, 1929) and The fuil-Fashtoned Hostery Worker,
•Research Studies VIII" (Philadelphia: University or Pennsylvania Press,
1931); Ruth J. Woodrurr, The Hosiery Industry (Philadelphia: The WhiteWilliams Foundation cooperating with the Junior Employment Service, Board or
Puollc Education, Bulletin Serles No. 5, Apr. 1925),
11
Digitized by
Google
HOSIERY WORKERS
12
3,• ABE DISTRIBUTION OF WORKERS IN EACH OCCUPATION
Figur ■
1936
KNITTERS AND
KNITTERS' HELPERS
TOTAL
PERCENT
40
TOPPERS
PERCENT
40
30
30
20
20
10
10
0
0
I
1
1
I
I
I
20 25 30 35 40 0
40
I
t
I
50 55 80
SEAMERS
AG[
t
1
I
1
I
I
I
I
t
20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 IO
AGE
I
I
I
I
I
l
20 25 30 35 40 45
I
,0
I
t
55 80
MENDERS AND
EXAMINERS
LOOPERS
40
30
30
20
21)
10
10
0
0
H.W.D.
Based on table'+
Industrial Research Department Univer sit y
WP A -
". t
of
Pannaylvan1a
and
1 0 n. I R ••• ar Ch pr 0 j. Ct
P-31
8 percent; and of menders and examiners, 31 percent. The occupation most outstanding here is that of mending and examining.
Only six workers reported that they were 60 years of age or over,
Three were men, two64years of age and one 69; threewerewomen,
of whom two were menders, one 60 and one 70, and one a seamer,
67 years old. 2
2 ru11-rashionee1 hosiery workers rrom sim1lar occupations inclueleel in a stuely
maele in Ph11aelelphia by Dorothea Cle Schweinitz in 1930, were much younger
than this group. The meelian age or knitters was 27 .o years, or knitters•
helpers 19.3 years, or knitters anel knitters• helpers combineel 23.9 years
(the proportion o r knitters• helpers to knitters was much higher than in the
present stuely), or toppers 22.8 years, or seamers 22. 1 years, or loopers 22.0
years, and or menders and examiners 21.7. These rigures were computed rrom
Dorothea Cle Schweinitz, How Workers find Jobs (Philaelelphia: University or
Pennsylvania Press, 1932), p. 172,
It has n ot been possible to account completely ror ·this dirrerence. The
workers in this stuely were interviewed about 3 years arter their names appeareel on the check-arr lists or the m111s. Al though many or them were st111
employeel in the run-rashioned hosiery inelustry in Ph1laelelphia in 1936, they
were uneloubtedly associated in their later work with younger persons, and by
themselves coulel not be expecteel to report an age that woulel be representative or active Philadelphia hosiery workers. In the second place, the m1lls
by which these workers hael been employeel were 01<1 m1lls: some or the workers
had been with the same m111 ror many years. It is, therefore, likely that
even during the time the mills were operating, these employees were older
than workers or other ru11-rash1oneel hosiery mills.
Digitized by
Google
SOCIAL AND OCCUPATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS
13
All of the workers were white and seven-eighths were nativeborn. A large majority had lived in Philadelphia since birth 3
(tables 5 and 6). Some of the foreign-born workers had learned
the hosiery industry in Europe. One knitter, for example, had
been born in Germany and had learned knitting in a large hosiery
mill in that country. A year after the family had moved to
America he got a job through a friend at a hosiery mill here where
many Germans were employed. Another knitter had come from Poland
and had gone to a mill which was owned by a person his family "had
known in the old country." A third knitter, who had come to this
country from Poland when hewas 17, said that if it had not been
that a friend of the family with whom he boarded took him to work
in a hosiery mill, he would probably have gone back to Poland.
It was found that younger workers of both sexes reported slightly
more years of schooling than olderworkers. About two-thirds of
both the men and the women completed the eighth grade, and about
one-fifth went on to high school I table 7). One worker expressed
the attitude of many in the group when he said that he was "not.
so fond of school and glad enough to get out of it." One woman
said that her parents wanted her to go on in school and prepare
herself for office work, but at that time she couldn 1 t wait until
she went to work. Another worker reported that he had gone to
business school at night to study stenography and English but had
not stayed long after he had learned that he would start at $12. oo
a week and was not likely to make more than $25.00 a week.
Three-fourths of the men and almost two-thirds of the women
had been married l table 8). The proportion who were married among
the toppers and seamers was higher than among the loopers and
menders and examiners. The proportion of single knitters and
knitters' helpers, loopers, and menders and examiners decreased
with age, but the percentage of single toppers and seamers was
lower in the age group 30 to 44 years than among those under
30 years of age or those 45 years or over and lower among those
under 30 than among those 45 years and over. In each of the
age groups under 45 the proportion of single toppers and seamers
was less than that of loopers or menders and examiners, but among
the small group 45 years of age and over a higher proportion of
3 ey derinition •years in Philadelphia• included only time continuously in
Philadelphia prior to the interview. Absence trom the city or t year or
more was considered a break in continuous residence. Since all workers in
the study were on the check-orr lists in Philadelphia in 1933 and 1934, the
rew workers who reported short periods or res 1dence 1n the c1 ty had apparently
been away and returned to the city,
Digitized by
Google
14
HOSIERY WORKERS
toppers and seamers than of loopers or menders and examiners
were single.
These 673 full-fashioned hosiery workers represent a skilled
group of workers, who, for the most part, entered the hosiery
industry at the age of 15 and had little experience in any other
industry. (See table 9 for age of beginning work. I Complete
work histories which stated all employment and unemployment periods since entering the labor market, even before 1926, were
obtained for 6~~ of the total number of workers studied. About
so percent of the men and 67 percent of the women reported that
they had had no experience in other industries before entering
hosiery. Menders and examiners reported more experience and
loopers less experience in other industries before entering hosiery than did other women workers. Only 28 men and 12 women had
worked in three inaustries or more before entering the manufacture
of hosiery. Three-fifths of the men and almost four-fifths of
the women had had no experience in other industries after entering
the hosiery industry. Menders and examiners showed a larger proportion who had worked outside hosiery than other women workers.
The proportion of loopers who had worked in other industries
after entering hosiery was also higher than the proportions of
toppers or seamers. Only 11 men and 1 woman had worked in as
many as three industries after entering hosiery. These figures,
however, are influenced by the fact that only workers whose names
appeared in the hosiery-union office files in 1936 are included
in this study.
One young man, the youngest of four brothers, reported that his
father was night watchman in a hosiery mill and "as each boy
became old enough to work my father brought him to the mill."
A woman worker, who had begun work at the age of 11 in a haircloth mill, reported that when she was 13, her father said that
it was time she learned a trade. "There was no one else in the
family working in hosiery, but a hosiery mill was located in the
district, and he decided for me that I should go into a hosiery
mill." A large number of the workers replied in answer to the
question of how they got their first job that a friend had helped
them.
The years most commonly reported as years of entrance into
the labor market were between 1921 and 1925 (table 91. These
were years in which the hosiery industry expanded rapidly in
Philadelphia, and many of the workers reported that it was the
Digitized by
Google
SOCIAL AND OCCUPATIOIAL CHARACTBRISTICS
15
prospect of good pay that attracted them to the industry. One
man quit work in a shoe-manufacturing plant "to go into hosiery
because I had always heard that there was good money in it,"
A woman worker said that she had heard that "good" money was
paid in hosiery and had applied at a seamless mill, Since more
money could be earned in full-fashioned hosiery, she soon tried
a full-fashioned mill, There she was placed as an examiner, but
since she wanted a job as topper and there were no openings at
this mill, she looked further an<! had no trouble in finding a
topper's job, She explained, "In those days you could get jobs
easily."
In the 10-year period 1926-35 men reported more employment after
entering the labor market than women (table 10 and figure 41,
Time not employed was almost entirely time unemployed for men,
but for women it was partly time unemployed and partly time not
seeking work. In the women's occupations loopers and menders
and examiners spent more of the time after entering the labor
market on a job than seamers or toppers. They reported also
less of the time not working or seeking work than seamers or
toppers and also more unemployment , 4 The difference between
the proportion of toppers and seamers, on one hand, and loopers
and menders and examiners, on the other, who report time out
of the labor market is undoubtedly due to the higher proportion
of married women in the first twooccupations than in the latter
occupations.
In the years from 1926 to 1935 men under 30 spent more time
after entering the labor market on a job and less time seeking
work than any other age group ( table 10 l, Men 45 years of age
or over were employed the lowest proportion of time and unemployed the highest proportion, Women 45 years of age or over
were employed the highest proportion of time after entering the
labor market and women 30 to 44 years of age, the lowest, The
smallest proportion of time out of the labor market was reported
by women 45 years of age or over; the highest proportion, by
those 30 to 44 years old. The percentage of time unemployed
was about the same for women of all ages.
Reasons for leaving the labor market on the part of men were
usually sickness or strikes, Women, on the other hand, dropped
4 H percentages are based on time in the labor market excluding time not
seeking work, it is round that the dirrerences between men and women in the
proportions or time unemployed are less, and the proportion or time unemployed
is higher ror men than ror women.
Digitized by
Google
HOSIERY WORKERS
16
Pl1ar ■
ly
Typ ■
■f
4.• PIRCINTABI DJSTRIIUTJDN DP MAN-MONTHS
APTER BNTIRINB LABOR MARKBT
Bapl ■ ym■ at
Bxp ■ rl ■ a11,
D11ap1tl1 ■
1921•!5, •••
PERCENT
0
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
ALL WORKERS
KNITTERS AND
KNITTERS'HELPERS
TOPPERS
SEAMERS
LOOPERS
MENDERS AND
EXAMINERS
-
EMPLOYED
~
UNEMPLOYED
D
NOT SEEKING WORK
H.W.D.
Based on table 10
Industrial Re1e1rch Dep1rt ■ ent University of Pennsylvania and
WPA - Nat Iona I Research Project
,-32
out most frequently to have children or to nurse members of their
families who were ill.
The fact that women, more than men, tend to leave the labor
market for short periods probably explains the difference between
men and women in tl:le total years of service at the usual occupation. Men averaged about 12 years of work at their usual occupation and women about 10 years ( table 11). For knitters, however,
the total number of years at the usual occupation included time
spent as an apprentice or knitters' helper. 6 The number of years
reported at the usual occupation increased with age, and in all
age groups men reported somewhat longer service at their usual
occupation than women.
6 Time reported in the manuracture or seamless hosiery was not 1nclue1ed 1n
time at the usual occupation.
Digitized by
Google
SOCIAL AND OCCUPATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS
WPA - Nat iona I
Research
17
Project (Hine)
FIGURE 5.- LEGGER ON 51-GAUGE MACHINE REPAIRING BR OK EN THREAD
When a stocking drops off the needle s becaus e of a broken thread, the
knitter mu st r ep lace it.
Thi s is ca lled, in shop terminology, •topping a
pres s-off on.•
During the 10 years from 1926 to 1935 men averaged slightly
more and longer periods of unemployment than women I tables 13
and 1q.). This apparent inconsistency of men experiencing both
more emplo yment and more unemployment than women is due , as already noted , to the time women are temporarily out of the labor
market.
About half of the knitters and knitters' helpers and toppers
reported no part-time work during the 10-year period 6 I table 15).
Slightly fewer seamers and loopers and only about two-fifths
of the menders and examiners reported no part-time work. The
differences between the occupations for women are undoubtedly due
to the practice of knitters and toppers working together as a
team. Some of the women reported that at certain times they
6 se1r-·emt>loyment wa s not Included ln the computation o ! the rati os o! l)arttlme and !ull-tl me employment. The amou ;1t or self-empl oymen t was so small
that the errect or Its lnclusl on would be l)ractlcally negllglble. During
the 10 years only 11 workers reported any sel r-emt>loyment - 5 befo r e lay-or!
and e after lay-arr. The longest peri od or self-empl oym ent during the years
1926 to 1935 was 2¼ years , reported by one o! t h e knl tters who owned and
operated a retail cl gar store before he w,, rked at Mill A. The other knl tters
rep orted work as painter, milk dealer, coal dealer, lee dealer, house canvasser, machlnlst. bartender, restaurant owner and co ok, and huckster. or
road-stand owner; an o ther had been an Independent knitter o r sllk hose !or
7 months ln 1926.
Digitized by
Google
18
HOSIERY
WORKERS
preferred part-time work. One woman, for example, reported that
she had needed the time at home to care for her two children,
and another had wanted to nurse an ill husband, Only 3 percent
of the knitters and knitters' helpers and q percent of the toppers
reported part-time work for half or more of the time they were
employed during the 10 years, Of seamers, lll- percent reported
that at least half of their employment had been part-time; of
loopers, 8 percent; and of menders and examiners, 15 percent.
The hosiery workers with whom this report is concerned have
been, on the whole, fairly steady workers. Contrary to the opinion
usually held by persons familiar with the hosiery industry, women
appear to be more stable than men. This was true for length of
service at two of the three mills studied, and supporting evidence
was also found in the average length of service on each job at
the usual occupation in the years 1926 to 1935 , the length of the
longest job prior to 1926, and the number of job separations and
employer shifts between 1925 and 1936,
At Mills B and C women reported longer service at the mill
than men ( table 17), At Mill A the reverse relationship between
men and women was found. The median length of service at Mill A,
which was not necessarily continuous, was 28 months for men and
20 months for women.
Men from Mill A, however, reported longer
employment at the mill of lay-off than did men from Mills Band C.
Women from Mill C, on the other hand , reported much longer employment at the mill of lay-off than women from the other two mills.
Because their work is closely associated with that of knitters,
toppers resemble knitters in their work changes more closely than
workers in the other occupations filled by women. During the
years 1926 to 1935, 58 percent of the knitters and knitters'
helpers and 61l- percent of the toppers reported that their average
length of service on each job at the usual occupation was 13
months or more 7 (table 181. Higher proportions of the women in
other occupations reported similar averages for length of service
(70 percent of seamers, 78 percentofloopers, and 80 percent of
menders and examinersl. 8
The longest job held by toppers prior to 1926 was slightly
shorter than the longest job held by knitters and knitters'
7 For knl tters, tlme as apprentice was not Included as time
at the usual occupation ln computing the average length of service on each Job at the usual
occupat Ion.
6 For menders and examiners the usual occupation was considered
to be either
mending or examlnlng, and tlme employed at the other occupation was not Included
in tlme at the usual occupatlon.
Digitized by
Google
SOCIAL AND OCCUPATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS
19
helpers, but the latter was shorter than the longest job held
by seamers, loopers, and menders and examiners ( table 19 I. Fourfifths of the workers had their longest job in the full-fashioned
hosiery industry, and the majority of the rest, in another textile industry. Among both men and women a large majority of the
longest jobs began between 1921 and 1925 (table 201.
Men reported more job separations during the 10 years selected
for study than women, and toppers, more job separations than women
in the other occupations I table 21 and figure 6 I. Similar relationships were found among the occupations with respect to the
Figure&.• PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF WORKERS IN EACH
OCCUPATION BY FREOUENCY OF JOB SEPARATIONS, 1116•35
PERCENT
0
~
Z
~
~
~
N
~
N
N
~
ALL WORKERS .
KNITTERS AND
KNITTERS' HELPERS
TOPPERS
SEAMERS
..______._._-.........................
-
LOOPERS
MENDERS AND
EXAMINERS
D
20R UNDER
Based
on table 21
~
3 AND 4
-
7 OR OVER
M.W.
lndustrlal Research Depart•ent University of Pennsylvanla and
WPA - Nat Iona I Research Project
P-33
Digitized by
Google
20
HOSIERY WORKERS
number of employer shifts reported (table 22), Job separations
were defined as separations either to unemployment, to a period
of not seeking work, or to work for another employer, which might
or might not involve a change of occupation, industry, or both,
Among the hosiery workers in this study there were fewer occupational changes than employer shifts, and fewer industrial changes
than occupational shifts. The number of either occupational
shifts or industrial shifts reported was, in fact, almost negligible ltable 231, but employer shifts were fairly numerous as a
result of the rather high rate of plant reorganization among
the many small firms in the full-fashioned hosiery industry in
Philadelphia, Even in the boom period of the 1920 's changes
in ownership of small mills were common.
Younger workers, both men and women, reported more work changes
than older workers. The average length of service at the usual
occupation and the length of the longest job held before 1926
were shorter for younger workers (tables 11 and 191, but the
number of job separations and employer shifts was higher ( tables
.21 and 2.21. No consistent variations by age were found in the
average length of unemployment periods or in the length of service
at the mill of lay-off (tables 13 and 17),
Digitized by
Google
SECTION III
EMPLOYMENT EXPERIENCE AFTER LAY-OFF IN RELATION
TO OCCUPATION AND SEASON AND YEAR OF LAY-OFF
EMPLOYMENT EXPERIENCE, 192&-35
As background for considering the rate of reemployment after
the closing of the mills, a brief survey of the general employment
and unemployment experience in the- 10-year period selected for
special analysis is helpful. The number of workers wno reported
that they were employed, unemployed, or not seeking work in each
month during the years 1926 to 1935 is shown on figure 7 for the
occupational groups and on figure 8 for workers laid off from
each of the three mills 1 I tables 2q.-3il. Both charts show the
high proportion of workers who were employed between 1926 and 1929
and again in 1935. Of this group of workers who remained attached
to the full-fashioned hosiery industry in Philadelphia, almost as
large a proportion were employed toward the close of 1935 as at
any time in the previous 10 years. Both charts also show that
little time was reported in industries other than hosiery manufacturing.
For men the proportion of time employed in other
industries was approximately the same in the years from 1931 to
1935 as in the years from 1926to 1930 (6.1 percent compared with
5. 7 percent I. For each of the women's occupations. and part icularly for menders and examiners, the reverse re lat ions hip was
found. For toppers, 2 percent in the years from 1931 to 1935
compared with q. percent from 1926 to 1930; for seamers, 2 percent
compared with 3 percent; for loopers, 2 percent compared with 2
percent; and for menders and examiners, 2 percent compared with
5 percent. It may be seen fromthese figures that in both periods
men spent slightly more time in industries other than hosiery
than women did (table 32).
The trends in employment, unemployment, and time not seeking
work during the 10 years are strikingly similar in the separate
1 These charts cannot be assumed to represent the trend or employment and
uneaployment ror all workers in the full-fashioned hosiery Industry ln PhlladelPhla ln these years. They represent the employment u:perlence or a group
selected on the basis or shut-down experience ln 1933 and 1934 who were
attached to the hoslery-workers • union and labor market ln 1936. For example,
the proportion or unemployed to the total in this group ln Hay 1936 was 16
percent: that ror run-rashloned hosiery workers ln the general Philadelphia
Survey or E111ployment and unemployment sanple or the same date was 28 percent.
21
Digitized by
Google
Figura 7.- EMPLOYMENT STATUS, JANUARY 1926-DECEMBER 1935,
BY OCCUPATION
SEAMERS
7Nv ,~-
-
if
~
""•• -•••.,.,✓.,,
_,.-~w-~~~~f-.~~'/'~
Gt
~ -,
~
0>
....ll
Q_
• ~-.e:- -~:;. , _ ,,_ -..·W'"..---~~.~@!',p9,"~'~-·,
LOOPERS
~
~
~
J
-
r.
.
....ll
iL
MENDERS
~
AN D
EXA M INERS
....ll
iL
1926
1927
(928
-
EMPLOYED
IN HOSIE RY
-
CMPLO'l'ED
IN OTHER I NDU .S T R I IU
Based
INDUSTRY
on tables 2~-28
1929
1930
1931
1932
~
D
UNCMl"LO'l'EO
NOT M.[KIJltG
W()RI(
Industrial Research Department Univers i ty of Pennsylvania and
WPA - Nai t Iona I Re 1 a a rch
Proj•ct
P-}~
Digitized by
Google
Figure B.- EMPLOYMENT STATUS, JANUARY 1926-DECEMBER 1935,
BY MILL OF LAY-OFF
NUWIUI
OF ,0.IQNS
MILL B
IL
~
IL
IQIL
~
L
MILL C
,..,.,,.,......,...................- ~ ... , - -...~~ .....,,,
'I.
__o::
Based
7,.,.,
7
:
. . . . . . .. _
~A'_,;!;,_7'....... ,,....~ ~ ~ ? = i ~
~
-
...~ ~ . , .
~%'~J,:, --~
,
I
-
tW"-O'i'tD IN HO,IUIY INDUSTRY
~
UNCM"LOY[D
-
lWN.O'l'l.O IN OTMU, INOUaT"a llS
D
MOT MIKING WOfOl
on
tab 111
29-31
lndustrlal
H.W.O,
Research Department -
Uni v er i 1ty
of
WPA - Na t i o nal
Penn s y Ivan ta
and
Research Proje c i.
~-H
Digitized by
Google
24
HOSIERY WORKERS
occupations.
Each occupation is marked by two low points in
employment in the years 1933 and 1934: These drops are due to
the fact that both Mill A and Mill B, which are the two largest
mills, closed in 1933 and in 1934. Although Mill A was also
closed during the summer months of 1933, the shut-down which
forms the basis for this study occurred in June 1934. The last
check-off list used in obtaining the names of workers from Mill B
was dated December 1933, but some of the workers were rehired by
the new manager, who rented the mill for a period of several
months before a second period of lay-off began.
Knitters and knitters' helpers and toppers show shorter periods
when large pro_portions of them were unemployed than do loopers
and menders and examiners. This difference indicates roughly
that the average length of unemployment periods reported by individual knitters and knitters' helpers and toppers is shorter than
those reported by workers in other occupations. Fewer seamers and
toppers than other workers, on the whole, reported unemployment
throughout the 10 years. Topping and seaming are also the occupations in which the greatest number report periods out of the labor
market. During the years 1934 and 1935 the proportion of seamers
in the labor market appears to have decreased, whereas the proportion of toppers increased.
The relatively high rate of unemployment for loopers and menders
and examiners during the 10 years is explained, in part, by technological changes in these occupations. During the last half of the
1920 decade a chain cutter was introduced to take over the work
previously done by ravelers. Since ravelers worked close to loopers and could readily watch the looping process, they frequently
became loopers. As raveling work decreased, former ravelers
sought chances to learn looping, and, to some extent, increased
the supply of loopers in Philadelphia. Opportunities for examiners to secure work were reduced by the introduction of a
machine which increased the speed with which examining could be
done. During the years selected for study and covered in these
charts, mending and examining were also becoming separate occupations. Mending is slightly more skilled than examining and
is paid a higher wage rate. Thus labor costs can be cut by concentrating mending among certain workers and paying the higher
rate to fewer workers rather than allowing the same workers to
do both mending and examining. A change in the type of work
Digitized by
Google
EFFECT OF OCCUPATION AND DATE OF LAY-OFF
25
required during the years under review also affected the employment
experience of menders. Some displaced menders were unable to become adept in the "invisible" mending systems which developed ,
and were not reabsorbed into the industry.
The drop in demand for knitters as a result of the depression,
which is reflected in a higher pro:;,ortion of unemployed men in
1930 and 1931 than in earlier years, was modified in 1931 and 1932
after a double shift system for certain equipment had been accepted by the union. As the result of the migration of mills out
of the city, there was some decline, during 1934and 1935, in the
proportion of full-fashionedhosierymills which had been unionized, but the quantity of hosiery _produced by unionrnills approximately held its own. Union mills which had formerly operated with
a ratio of one footer to three leggers introduced two shifts for
the first time under the NRA hours regulations. 2 Other mills,
which had a ratio of one footer to two leggers, were already
working leggers on double shifts.
r
f
r
'
IU
WPA - Nati ona I Rosoarch
Project
(Rine)
FIGURE 9.- TOPPERS 'TOPPING BARS' FOR 51-GAUGE FOCTE?
Arter the leg or the stocking has been knit, it is re111ovee1 rro111 the legging
111ach1ne anCl sent to the topper, Two or three toppers place tne lo ops or
threads or the stocking leg on the neee11es or a bar rro111 which the leg w111
be transrerrea to the neee11es or a rooting machine.
2 A single shtrt or
48 hours haCl preva11ee1 ror the use or rooter equ1i,111ent
1n un1on 111ills unt11 July 1933.
At tnat time, a 35-nour sntrt was establisnee1 (changee1 to 36 hours ln 1936 ane1 37 2 hours in 1938), ano Oouble snl!ts
were per111ittee1.
Digitized by
Google
26
HOSIERY WORKERS
The low proportion of unemployment among toppers and seamet's
throughout the 10-year period is to be accounted for by the fact
that from time to time there have been shortages in these occupations. Even during the worst depression years there does
not appear to have been severe unemployment among women in these
occupations. These occupations are generally considered to require more skill than looping or mending and examining, al though
they do not require a longer learning period.
The lay-offs from Mill A in June in both 1933 and 193~ were
:followed by sharp drops in employment arising from the difficulty
of finding new jobs in hosiery in the sun,mer months. The lay-offs
from Mill B, which occurred in December and in the fall, were
followed by less severe unemployment because of the season and
because of a new management's taking over the mill. The more
rapid reemployment of workers from Mill A after the 1933 lay-offs
is explained by the high proportion of workers who were rehired
by this mill when it reopened in September. The employment of
workers from Mill A throughout the 10-year period was more irregular than the employment of workers from Mill Band seems·to
have been subject to wider seasonal fluctuations. Workers laid
off from Mill C were more steadily employed during the years
1926 to 1935 than workers from either Mill A or Mill B.
EMPLOYMENT EXPERIENCE AFTER LAY•DPF IN RELATION TD OCCUPATION
Tabular analysis of the employment experience of workers after
lay-off is necessary in order to judge more accurately whether
differences were the result of such factors as occupation, mill
of lay-off, and season and year of lay-off. Charts are unsatisfactory for showing these differences since they do not indicate
dates of lay-off, and the dates as reported by individual workers
range over the years 1932to 1935. An examination of the tables
dealing with the employment experience of workers after lay-off
shows, however, that in each occupation and for each mill the
average experience resembles closely that suggested by figures
sand 6. The charts serve less well to indicate the effect of
the season and year of lay-off on employment experience because
final shut-down unemployment has not been differentiated from
other unemployment.
In the group studied 76 percent of the men and 60 percent of the
women reported unemployment in the month after lay-off ( table 33 I.
Digitized by
Google
EFFECT OF OCCUPATION AND DATE OF LAY-OFF
27
The proportions of each group who secured employment in the
month after lay-off were. however, about the same !2~ percent
of the men and 25 percent of the women!. This does not necessarily mean that these workers were not unemployed in the month
after lay-off, but only that they were not unemployed 1 month or
longer, which was one of the conditions adopted in this study.
Less than 1 percent of the men and 16 percent of the women reported that they were not in the labor market in the month after
lay-off. If the group not seeking work in the month after lay-off
is !'iUbtracted from the total. it is found that 76 percent of
the men and 71 percent of the women remaining in the labor market
were unemployed during the month after lay-off.
In the women's occupations a larger proportion of the loopers
(73.0 percent) and the mendersand examiners 169.1 percent/ than
of the toppers (58.3 percent) and seamers (~6.o percent) were
unemployed in the month after lay-off ( table 33). These occupational differencesare similar to those in the amount of unemployment reported during the years 1926 to 1935. The proportions of
loopers and menders and examiners who found employment in less
than 1 month's time were somewhat less than thoseof toppers and
seamers (20.6 percent and .20.0 percent comparedwi th 25.0 percent
and° 31.0 percent). Fewer loopersand menders and examiners than
toppers and seamers did not seek work in the month after lay-off.
The average worker in this study, including those who were
employed as well as thosewho were unemployed in the month following lay-off, was out of a job~-~ months. For workers who were
unemployed in the month after lay-off. the average duration of
unemployment was 6.o months.
Of all the workers unemployed in the month after lay-off, 183
were unemployed for 7 consecutive months or more ( table 35 I .
Sixty were unemployed 13 consecutive months or more. Of these
60 workers, 23 were men and 37 were women.
The proportion of
women who were unemployed more than 1 year after lay-off was,
therefore, somewhat larger than the corresponding proportion of
men. Onlynineworkers reportednoemploymentbyMay 1936: these
included three knitters, two seamers, one looper, and three menders
and examiners. The workers wno were unemployed 7 consecutive
months or more after lay-off represented 28 percent of the total
number of men and 27 percent of the total number of women. If
the workers who did not seek work in the month after lay-off are
Digitized by
Google
28
HOSIERY WORKERS
subtracted from the total number of workers and if percentages
are figured on the basis of those in the labor market, the proportion of women unemployed 7 consecutive months or more after
lay-off increases more than that of men. The proportions become
28 percent for men and 32 percent for women. For the purposes of
this study, workers reporting 7 months or more of unemployment
after lay-off constitute a group used for comparative purposes
as the longest unemployed. Seven months is, however, a comparatively short period for depression unemployment in most industries,
and the fact that only slightly more than one-quarter of the
workers reported this long a period is evidence of the rapidity
with which the full-fashioned hosiery workers studied were reabsorbed after the lay-offs.
The women's occupations differed in the proportions of workers who reported many consecutive months of unemployment. The
differences again correspond, in general, to the employment experience of each occupation in the 10-year period as a whole.
Seven consecutive months or more of unemployment were experienced
by menders and examiners in the highest proportions 111-2 percent I;
loopers ranked second ( 35 percent I; seamers and toppers had
smaller proportions I 22 and 20 percent respectively I • Women
who reported 13 consecutive months or more of unemployment afoter
lay-off comprised 22 percent of the menders and examiners, 13
percent of the loopers, 12 percent of the seamers, and 5 percent
of the toppers.
Of the group of 163 workers who found a job in the month after
lay-off, 85 reported no unemployment up to May 1936. For threefifths of the group the first job obtained after lay-off lasted
7 months or more I table 311-I. About seven-eighths of the first
jobs after lay-off were in the hosiery industry. On the whole,
jobs in hosiery which followed the lay-off tended to be longer
than jobs in other industries, and jobs in other industries tended
to be followed by jobs in hosiery.
Fifty.,-four of the 56 workers who dropped out of the labor market
after lay-off were women: 211- toppers, 20 seamers, 11- loopers, and
6 menders and examiners. Twenty-seven of these workers had not
returned to the labor market by May 1936. All but .3 of the 29
workers who did return reported getting a job without a period
of unemployment. Of those who dropped out of the labor market,
the proportions who subsequently returned were about two-thirds
Digitized by
Google
EFFECT OF OCCUPATION AND DATE OF LAY-OFF
29
o! the toppers, one-halt o! the seamers and loopers, and none o!
the menders and examiners (table 36).
EMPLOYMENT EXPERIENCE APTER LAY-OPP IN RELATION TD
SEASON AND YEAR DP LAY-OPP
Both employment status in the month after lay-off and the number
of consecutive months of unemployment after lay-off were affected
by the mill of attachment and the date of lay-off. These two
factors are, moreover, closely related. At each mill the reported
dates of lay-off naturally tend to concentrate at the date the
mill officially closed. The largest numberof lay-o!fs reported
from Mill A in an.y 3-month interval occurred between April and
June 1934, from Mill B between October and December 1933, and
from _Mill C between April and June 1933 (table 39). The volume
of unemployment in the month after lay-off appears to be influenced more by the season of lay-off than by the year of lay-off
I table 38 l. Business conditions in the year of lay-off tend to
be more important in detennining the numberof consecutive months
of unemployment reported by individual workers. It is probably
misleading, however, to emphasize the date of lay-off as detennining the enployment experience after lay-off of the workers from
the different mills, for, as has alreadybeen stated,some workers
from Mill B were reemployed by a new manager at the same mill.
Some workers from Mill A, because they expected the mill to reopen, may not have sought work as intensively after lay-off as
workers from the other mills. It is not possible to state whether
or not the workers who were dropped from the mills in the years
1932 and 1933 were dismissed for reasons similar to those for which
workers were laid off in 1934. It may be that the workers who
left the mills in the earlier years did so of their own accord,
or it may have been that less efficient workers were laid off first.
In regard to employment experience in the month after lay-off,
larger proportions of men from Mills A and C than from Mill B
reported unemployment (table 37). A larger proportion of women
from Mill A than from Mill B dropped out of the labor market
in the month after lay-off, and the proportions of women from
Mill A who were working or seeking work were lower than the corresponding proportions of women from Mill B. 3 The small group of
3of the 81 workers from M1ll B who reported employment in the month after
lay-off, 38 ( 17 men and 19 women) gave as the name of thelr new employer
one or the managers known to 11ave operated 1 or more or tile plants whlch
had been part of Kill B.
Digitized by
Google
30
HOSIERY WORKERS
33 women from Mill C seems to have fared better than the women
from either Mill Aor Mill B. A higher proportion of them (10 in
number) than of women from the other two mills secured a job in
the month after lay-off. Eleven dropped out of the labor market
and only 1.2 reported unemployment.
Lay-offs which occurred in the years 193.2 and 1933 were more
frequently followed by 7 consecutive months or more of unemployment than lay-offs in 1934 (table 401. Comparisons in regard to
length of unemployment, on the basis of the workers who reported
unemployment in tile month after lay-off, reflect this tendency
more clearly than comparisons based on the total group of workers.
From ea.ch mill a larger proportion of those laid off in 193.2
than of those laid off in 1933 and 1934 reported 7 consecutive
months or moreof unemployment. The proportion was higher among
workers laid off in 1933 than among those laid off in 1934. Similar relationships were found in the proportions of knitters and
knitters' helpers and toppers who were unemployed 7 consecutive
months or more after lay-off ( table41 I. In the other occupational
groups the yearly relation is not consistent and the differences
are small.
Digitized by
Google
SECTION IV
EMPLOYMENT EXPERIENCE AFTER LAY-OFF IN RELATION
TO AGE AND PREVIOUS EMPLOYMENT
AND UNEMPLOYMENT EXPERIENCE
The influence of major economic factors on the employment
experience after lay-off of the full-fashioned hosiery workers
in this study has been discussed in section III. Important differences were found between occupations in the rate at which
workers were reabsorbed. &nployment experience after lay-of!
was also found to vary with tl_!e mill from which workers came
and particularly with the season and year in which the lay-off
occurred. Amore detailed comparison has been made for the relatively small group of 183 workers who reported 7 months or more
of unemployment after lay-off and the total group with respect
to the characteristics of the workers involved. As a result of
this comparison, additional differences were found in age, in
the percentage of workers reporting unemployment in previous
years, in the length of service reported at the mill of lay-off,
and, to a lesser extent, in the number of job separatio:1s and
employer shifts reported.
For the remaining social and occupational characteristics which
were described in section II, almost no significant 1 differences
between the workers longest unemployed after lay-off and the total
group were apparent. In each occupational group, for example,
the number of yearsof continuous residence in Philadelphia, the
number of school grades completed, and the marital status2 were
similar for workers who were unemployed 7 consecutive months
or more after lay-off and for the total group (tables 6, 7, 81.
No significant differences in the proportions of native-born
1A cUtterence between averages or percentages was considered to be slgnUicant
when lt was equal to or greater than twice the standard error ot this dUterence. In other words, when the probability ot obtain1ngan observed ditterence due to chance was less than 6 1n 100, the dUrerence was considered
s1gnU1cant.
2 s11ght dUterences 1n marl tal status by age were round between the total
group and those longest unemployed arter lay-ort, but the dUrerences are not
important. Among men 46 years or age or over who reported long continuous
unemployment atter lay-orr, the proportion ot single men 1111.a higher than 1n
the 30- to 44-year-old group. In the total group the proportion or single
workers was lower among men 46 years ot age or over than 1n el ther ot tne
younger groups. Women 46 years or age or over who reported 7 consecutive
months or more ot unemployment arter lay-orr had a smaller proportion single
than those 16 to 29 years, and in the total group women 46 years ot age or
over had a hlgher proportion single than either or the younger groups.
31
Digitized by
Google
32
HOSIERY WORIBRS
and foreign-born workers were found between the two groups except
for toppers. More of the toppers who experienced 7 months or
more of unemployment after lay-off than of the total group were
foreign-born !table 5 I. Workers longest unemployed after lay-off
were found to resemble closely the total group in regard also
to such points as the age of beginning work, the years most commonly reported for entering the labor market, total years employed
at the usual occupation, and the length and date of beginning
the longest job before 1926 !tables 9, 11, 19, 201. The points
at which the experience of hosiery workers after lay-off was
influenced by previous employment experience or other factors
will be discussed in this section.
THE RELATIONSHIP DF ASE TD THE RATE DF REABSDRPTIDN
AFTER LAY-OPP
Among men !knitters or knitters' helpers), unemployment lasting
7 consecutive months or more after lay-off was most commonly
reported by the youngest and the oldest and less frequently by
knitters of middle age. Of the men from 30 to 44 years of age,
slightly over a fifth were unemployed 7 consecutive months or
more after lay-off; of men 16 to 29 years of age and 45 years of
age or over, about a third we.re unemployed for a similar length
of time (table 4 I . However, if the comparisons are made on a
5-year break-down with respect to age rather than on the 15-year
break-down, it is found that the only age groups in which the
proportion of men longest unemployed after lay-off are unusually
high are the groups 25 to 29 and so years or over !table 4).
Moreover, 'lien 35 to 39 years of age had substantially smaller
proportions with 7 consecutive months or more of unemployment
after lay-off than men 30 to 34 and 40 to 44 years of age.
Three explanations may be offered for the differences in the
rate of reabsorption after lay-off for knitters of different
ages. Co:nments from the schedules tend to support the explanation
that full-fashioned hosiery manufacturers in Philadelphia in the
years of the shut-downs favored middle-aged knitters. A second
explanation, of which thedataobtained in the study do not permit
verification, is that men between the ages of 30 and 44 are more
likely than other men to have home responsibilities, and therefore, when they are unemployed, seek work with greater energy
· than younger or older men. A third possible explanation is that
the men of middle age keep in closer touch with the local union
Digitized by
Google
EFFBCT OF AGE AND PREVIOUS EXPERIBNCE
33
office, through it hear of job openings when they occur, and are
on hand to be recommended by the union for positions.
Of the eight men 45 years of age or over who were unemployed
7 consecutive.months or more after lay-off two reported no employment between the date of their lay-off and May 1936. They
were 64 and 69 years of age. Also in the group of eight were
two others over so. The influence of these four men raises the
percentage of men 45 years of age or over who reported long unemployment after lay-off. The knitter who was 69 years of age
said that he felt he would not get work any more because of his
inability to compete with younger men in production. Th·e knitter
who was 64 told of looking for work for some time and finally
obtaining a place on "a machine which everyone else had failed
to run . . . . . "Of course," he added, "I was unable to get
production on it just as the other workers had been." After
working on the machine for a week he was told that if his production did not come up he would be fired. He said that rather
than face a nervous break-down by trying to operate the machine.
he left the job. 3
The third man in the study who was not able to find work between
the date of lay-off and May 1936 was under 30 years of age: he
illustrates the difficulties of younger men in finding work. He
said that he had searched actively for work of any sort and had
been told by the union that he would be "kept in mind", but that
there were so many people with more years of experience than he
still waiting to be placed that it would be some time before he
could hope to be called. Another worker, who had many years of
experience in the hosiery industry, said in regard to opportunities for young workers in the industry, "The hosiery trade is
pretty well shot . . . . many of these young fellows who got
into the trade in 1927 and 1928 when it was still booming don't
stand much chance now. Most of their helping period took place
in that boom, but since then they are lucky if they get 'sick'
or substitute jobs. Machines are very scarce. " 4 Several of the
young knitters and helpers reported long periods of unemployment
without further comment. It maybe that they accepted unemployment as a matter of course. It is impossible to measure the
3 S ince tbi s employment did not last i month, it was not recorded on the
schedule. The account or bis Job di!!iculties was given in his comments to
the interviewer.
4 The phrase •machines are scarce• means that the chances or a knitter getting
an opportunity to operate a machine are few rather than that equipment ls
limited.
Digitized by
Google
34
HOSIERY
WORKERS
effect of this attitude, if it exists, on the energy with which
workers seek a job.
Among women, as well as among men, the age of so seems to mark
the time when it becomes more difficult for hosiery workers to
secure jobs. This is particularly striking in the occupations of
seaming and mending and examining in which women so years of age
or over were most frequently found. One seamer who wasso years
of age said with regard to employment opportunity in the hosiery
industry, "They won I t take you if they know you are 40." Another
seamer of 51 complained bitterly of "arbitrary discrimination
against the older but more capable women." The two seamers who
reported no employment between the date of lay-off and Mar 1936
were both over so years of age. Although women over so seem to
have difficulty in getting work, women 35 to 49 years of age
appear to have better success than those under 35. It may be
that women bet ween 35 and 49 keep each other better informed
in regard to job openings than do younger women, and also that
they are better known at the mills. Among toppers a larger proport ion of those 30 to 34 years of age were unemployed 7 consecutive months or more after lay-off than in any other 5-year
group 6 (table 4 I • Among loopers those under 35 years of age
reported a larger proportion with long consecutive periods of
unemployment after lay-off than did those35 to 49 years of age.
Two of the six women who did not find work between the date of
lay-off and May 1936 were under 30 - one was an examiner and the
other a looper.
THE RELATIONSHIP OF PREVIOUS UNEMPLOYMENT EXPERIENCE
TD THE RATE OF REABSDRPTIDN AFTER LAY-OFF
A significant relation between employment experience after
lay-off and the amount of unemployment before lay-off was found
for women between the ages of 30 and 44. The proportion of women
in this age group who reported 7 consecutive months or more of
unemployment after lay-off and who experienced some unemployment
during the years 1926 to 1930 was larger than the proportion
among women of all ages.
Differences for the other two age groups of women were not
significant. In general, the data on unemployment experienced
by women 45 years of age or over may be less reliable than that
6Tttere were no toppers 50 years or age or over 1n the stu~y.
Digitized by
Google
BFFECT OF AGB AND PREVIOUS EXPERIENCE
35
for younger women because of the small number in the group. Of
the total group of 41 women who were 45 years of age or over,
31 reported no unemployment during the years 1926 to 1930. For
ll}any in this group the period of steady work was much longer than
5 years. One reported steady work beginning in 1883, 1 beginning
in 1897, 6 others beginning before 1920, and 14 more before 1924.
In the youngest age group, differences in time in the labor market
affect any analysis of the relationship between employment experience before lay-off and after lay-off.
For men the group longest unemployed after lay-off did not
differ significantly from the total group in respect to the percentage who experienced some unemployment between 1926 and 1930.
A slightly smaller proportion of the group longest unemployed
than of the total group reported sone unemployment in this period.
Significant differences in the percentage of workers with no
unemployment experience between 1926 and 1930 were found for
women 30 to 44 years of age between workers longest unemployed
after lay-off and the total group. But when those who reported
7 consecutive months or more of unemployment after lay-off were
compared with the total group with respect to the proportion
of time they had been unemployed after entering the labor market
between 1926 and 1930, significant differences were not found
for any occupation or any group 6 ( table 42 I. The men who were
unemployed longest after lay-off reported slightly less unemployment during the years 1926 to 1930 than the total group of men.
The women longest unemployed after lay-off reported slightly more
unemployment after entering the labor market between 1926 and
1930 than the total group of women. This was also true of each
of the women's occupations. Menders and examiners in the age
group 16-29 were unemployed a larger proportion of the period
from 1926 to 1930 than any other group.
For both men and women the relation oft he employment experience
after lay-off to the proportion of time unemployed between 1926
and 1930 in the age group 45 or over was found to differ from
the relation found in the age groups 16 to 29 and 30 to 44. Among
men under45 years of age those longest unemployed after lay-off
6 Proportions are based on arithmetic averages o! months reported at each
type or employment. The number or months reported as not seeking work berore
entering the labor market was subtracted rrom the total number or months in
the 5-year veriod. Similar relat1 ons are round be tween those longest employed
a rter lay-arr and the total group i r percentages are based on time in the
labor market exclusive or all time not seeking work or ir they are based on
total time arter entering the labor market.
Digitized by
Google
36
HOSIERY WORKERS
reported slightly less unemployment in the first 5 years than
the total group. Among women under 45 years of age those longest
unemployed after lay-off reported slightly more unemployment in
the first 5 years than the total group. Among men 45 years of
. age or over the eight who were unemployed 7 consecutive months
or more after lay-off reported more unemployment in the years 1926
to 1930 than all men in this age group. Women 45 years of age or
over who were longest unemployed after lay-off, on the other hand,
reported less unemployment between 1926 and 1930 than all women
in this age group. Although the employment experience of men and
women 45 years of age or over presents an interesting contrast,
the differences do not stand the test of statistical significance.
Workers longest unemployed after lay-off were also compared
with the total group in terms of the average length of unemployment periods in the 5-year period 1926-30, but no significant
differences were found (table 43).
For certain measures of unemployment, experience int he 1 o-year
period 1926 to 1935 was used to compare workers with 7 consecutive
months or more of unemployment after lay-off and the total group.
Significant differences were found between the two groups for
certain ages and occupations in regard tot he percent age of workers
who reported the average length of unemployment periods between
1926 and 1935 to be over 1 year, but this is probably because
of the inclusion of the experience after lay-off in the 1926-35
period (table 13). No significant differences in the frequency
of unemployment periods or in the amount of part-time employment
experienced were found between workers longest unemployed after
lay-off and the total group (tables 14 and 15 l. These facts
undoubtedly reflect the influence of work-sharing practices in
the unionized mills in which the hosiery workers in this study
spent most of their time during the 10 years under consideration.
In order to test further the relation of unemployment experience prior to lay-off to the rate of reabsorpt ion after layoff, a special analysis was made for 154 knitters and knitters'
helpers who reported lay-off from all 3 mills in the year 1934.
By charting by months from 1926to 1935 the individual employment
histories of 38 knitters and knitters' helpers who reported 7
consecutive ,nonths or more of unemployment after lay-off and
of u6 who reported less than 7 months of unemployment, it was
possible to compare the unemployment experience of the two groups.
Digitized by
Google
Flgur1
10,• EMPLOYMENT HISTORY OF INDIVIDUAL KNITTERS
AND KNITTERS' HELPERS LAID OFF IN 1934
JANUARY 1926-DECEMBER 1935
(Rank ■ d
by total amount of un1mploym1nt)
KNITTERS ANO KNITTERS'
CONSECUTIVE MONTHS
HELPERS REPORTING LESS THAN SEVEN
OF UNEMPLOYMENT AFTER LAY-OFF
KNITTERS ANO KNITTERS' HELPERS REPORTING SEVEN OR MORE
CONSECUTIVE MONTHS OF UNEMPLOYMENT AFTER LAY -OFF
-
EMPLOYED
~UMMPLO'f'l:D
9astd on data
In flies of
Phlladtlphla Labor Market
Studies Se ction, WPA Natlonal Research Project
E] NOT
SEEKING WOlll:K 111.FOlll CNT[III.INO
CJ NOT KElllNG
lA90f' MAtlMT
WDllK ...nr.lll ENTu,-. LA&Oa MARMT
ll
Industri a l Re s e arch Oepartmont University of Pennsylvania and
WPA - Na t Iona I Res e arch Project
P-36
Digitized by
Google
38
HOSIERY WORKERS
The year 1934 was chosen as the period of lay-off for this analysis in order to secure as long a period as possible between 1930
and lay-off. Only for knitters and knitters' helpers were the
numbers meeting the necessary conditions sufficient to make this
comparison possible.
The years 1931 to 1933 are of special importance for this selected group of knitters and knitters' helpers laid off in 1934
( figure 10). Those who were longest unemployed after the lay-off
had substantially more unemployment from 1931 to 1933 than other
knitters ( 33 percent of the total man-months between 1931 and 1933
compared with .23percent). This difference is not statistically
significant, but it suggests that in one of the larger occupations
studied unemployment experience after the general lay-off in 1934
correlates more closely with unemployment experience during the
depression years before lay-off than with unemployment experience
in the prosperous years of 19.26 to 1930. This tendency would
undoubtedly have been more pronounced in an occupation with a
larger labor surplus, or if hosiery workers as a whole had been
reabsorbed less rapidly after lay-off.
THE RELATIONSHIP OF WORK STABILITY TD THE RATE OF
REABSDRPTION AFTER LAY-OFF
The time required for reabsorption of workers after lay-off
was found to vary directly with the length of previous employment
at the mill of lay-off. Among workers from Mill A, who furnished
the clearest evidence of this tendency, those who reported longest
service at the mill prior to its closing reported longest unemployment after lay-off 7 ( table 16). The employment experience
following lay-off of workers from Mill Bwas affected by the fact
that some of the workers were rehired by new managers who took
over the mill. The number of workers at Mill C was too small
to permit this analysis.
Two explanations may be offered for the fact that workers who
had been employed the longest by one mill were unemployed the
longest after a general lay-off. One is that long service at one
plant makes it difficult to adjust to looking for work elsewhere
or limits the chances of knowing employers or workers in other
mills who might assist in getting new work. Another possibility
7 Length or service at mill or lay-oU included all employment recorded at
this mill since the worker entered the labor market: the t1me was not necessarily continuous.
Digitized by
Google
EFFECT OF AGE AND PREVIOUS EXPERIENCE
39
is that workers who had been longest at the mill made the least
effort to look for jobs elsewhere because of the hope that the
mill from which they had been laid off would reopen. The fact
that a shut-down had occurred a year before and the mill bad
been rented by a new manager who continued operations may have
encouraged them to think the same thing might happen again.
Age and length of service at the mill of lay-off are closely
related, because only older workers can report long periods of
service at the mill; nevertheless the relationship just outlined
appears to be independent of age. Men 45 years of age or over
appear to have fared as well as men under 30 in the rate at which
they were reemployed after lay-off, and in three of the women's
occupations workers 45 years of age or over seem to have been
more quickly reemployed than workers 30 to 44 years of age. If
it may be assumed that all the workers from Hill A sought work
with equal energy, it may be said that long service at this mill
was a handicap in making the adj us tmen ts necessary in seeking
work after a general lay-off. Not only were the workers from
\fill A who were longest unemployed after lay-off employed at this
particular mill for long periods, but they also reported slightly
longer average lengths of service at each job at the usual occupation in the 10 years 1926 to 1935 than the total group of workers
from Mill A ( table 44).
Two other measures of work stability, namely, the numberofjob
separations and employer shifts reported, indicate less mobility
among workers with 7 consecutive months or more of unemployment
after lay-off than among the total group. These comparisons,
however, emphasize again the difficulties of analysis because
of the small size of the sample. Al though the differences in job
separations and employer shifts between workers longest unemployed
after lay-off and the total group appear to be consistent, they
are not large enough to be considered significant for most of
the small occupational and age groups in this study.
During the 10-year period 1926 to 1935 for the total groups
of both men and women, for men and women in all age groups, and
for women in each occupation except loopers the median number
of job separations reported by workers longest unemployed after
lay-off was less than for the total group I table 21 l. For the
prosperous 5-year period 1926 to 1930 fewer differences were
found between workers longest unemployed after lay-off and the
total group ( table 45). The median number of employer shifts
Digitized by
Google
40
HOSlERY WORKERS
reported in the 10 years by workers with 7 consecutive month~
or more of unemployment after lay-off was less than the average
reported by the total groups in the case of the total groups of
men and women, men and women in all age groups, and women in all
occupations (table 22). During the first s years the median
number of employer shifts reported by workers longest unemployed
after lay-off was also slightly less than for the total group in
the case both of the total men and of the total women l table ~6 l.
These differences are not statistically significant, but they
suggest that the hosiery workers who had stayed longest with
one plant and made the fewest job changes were reemployed less
quickly after lay:..off.
Digitized by
Google
SECTION V
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
The three shut-downs selected for study reflect different circumstances of business reorganization in the hosiery industry
during the depression. The largest mill studied did not operate
again following the shut-down in 1934, The second mill, on the
other hand, was reopened by new employers within a short time
after it had closed in December 1933, The machinery of the smallest of the three mills was moved out of Philadelphia after the
mill closed. The shut-downs took place from May 1933 to June
1934, although because of the spread of closing in departments
some workers were laid off in 1932 and one as late as 1935,
This was a period of gradual recovery in the full-fashioned
hosiery industry. By 1935, full-fashioned hosiery mills in
Philadelphia were reported to be operating as well as at any
time in their history. Experienced workers seeking jobs could
find work relatively quickly, and there were occasional rumors
of labor shortages in certain occupations, particularly topping
and seaming.
The 673 full-fashioned hosiery workers who were laid off from
the mills selected for study constitute a group of experienced
and skilled textile workers in Philadelphia. They are primarily
a group who were working or seeking work in union mills in
Philadelphia in 1936. Tlie majority of them were from 25 to 45
years of age, although this proportion varied somewhat by occupation. The average worker in the study, whether man or woman, was
31 years old in 1936, In the occupations employing women. seamers
and menders and examiners were older than toppers and loopers.
The men studied were knitters and knitters' helpers, All the
workers were white, and the vast majority were native-born. One
outstanding characteristic of the group was the high proportion
of married women, Over half of the women in the group were married, toppers having the highest proportion of married wo~en of
any occupation, Since married women tend to drop into and out of
the labor market to a greater degree than single women. thework
histories of women hosiery workers show considerable time out of
the labor market.
The hosiery workers studied had entered the industry, for the
most part, in the period between 1921 and 1925. Thesewere years
41
Digitized by
Google
HOSIERY WORKERS
42
in which the industry was expanding rapidly in Pniladelphia, and
when it had the reputation of paying high wages, The men averaged
12 years experience at knitting, and tne women averaged 10 years
at their usual occupations, Men reported more job separations
than women and women appeared to stay longer on a job or at a mill
than men, This is contrary to common opinion in the trade
concerning the work.stability of women as compared with men. 1
The group studied had made few occupational or industrial shifts
and had had 1i ttle experience outside the full-fashioned hosiery
industry, Younger workers averaged more job separations than
older workers. The hosiery workers studied had worked 2 years,
on the average, at the mills from which they were laid off between
19 32 and 1935.
The average worker in the study was unemployed less than s
months after the lay-offs, One-fourth of both the men and women
secured a job within 1 month's time. The proportion of men and
women who experienced 7 consecutive months or more of unemployment
after lay-off was slightly more than one-fourth of the number
in each group, Less than 10 percent of the workers reported
as many as 13 consecutive months or more of unemployment a!ter
lay-off. Approximately one-sixth of the women, chiefly toppers
and seamers, dropped out of the labor market after the closing
of the mills. Women who were the most quickly reemployed and
who had the smallest proportions with long unemployment were
toppers and seamers.
Although the average hosiery worker involved in these shutdowns was reabsorbed relatively quickly, there were important
differences in the rate of reabsorption for different groups of
the workers, The differences between the occupations reflect
differences in the long-time demand for labor in each of the
occupations. These in turn reflect the effects of changes in the
machine equipment of the local industry and the ratio of various
types of workers to that equipment, as well as customary practices
in the industry with regard to hours of work. Job opportunities
for toppers and knitters, and. to a limited extent, for workers
in the other occupations, were increased after the lay-offs by
1
.
It ls apparently necessary to diUerenttate the work expertence nr wo111en
who are a part or the regular labor force, typtcal or the 1roup Included tn
this study, and thOse who· constitute the •spare crews• working irregularly
and for short consecutive pertods or time, The latter were not Included 1n
this study unless th~y had worked 1 month or more consecutively at 1 or the
3 shut-down mills aurtng tne years under review, •Spare crews• are charactertzed by a high degree or labor turnover.
Digitized by
Google
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
43
the introduction of two-shift operation of legging machines following a shortening of the hours of work per shift in 1933. When
the employment experience of the workers studied is examined for
the 10 years 1926-35, the least unemployment during the period
is reported by toppers and seamers and the most unemployment by
loopers and menders and examiners. It is known that from time
to time during these 10 years advertisements appeared in hosierytrade and labor papers asking for toppers and seamers. These
occupations are reported to be more skilled and to reg_uire harder
work than the occupations of looping and mending and examining
WPA - Natlonal
Research Project (Hine)
FIGURE 11,- HEEL AND TOE OF STOCKING BEING CLOSED BY LOOPER
The stocking as it comes from the footing machine is a flat fabric shared
so that, when the ends are joined, it will conform to the shape of the eg
and foot. This requires two operations, seaming and looping. Here, the heel
and toe portions are being spliced by a looper who joins the fabric after
bringing Its loops into alignment,
Digitized by
Google
44
HOSIERY WORKERS
The difficulties of loopers and menders and examiners in securing work after the lay-offs were affected by technological changes
which had taken place in these occupations over a long period of
time. The number of persons seeking work as loopers was, to some
extent, increasedduring the lastofthe 1920 decade by the introduction of a machine which replaced ravelers. Raveling is closely
related to looping, andmany women who formerly had been ravelers
became loopers. The demand for workers in the occupations of
mending and examining has more recently been affected by a machine
which speeds up the work of examining, by the tendency to separate
the occupations of mending and examining, and by changes in the
work requirements for menders.
Lay-offs of hosiery workers which took place in 1932 and 1933
were more frequently followed by longer consecutive periods of
unemployment for individuals than lay-offs which occurred in 19 3q.
There is evidence that the volume of unemployment reported after
each of the shut-downs studied, however, was affected by the
season in which the mill closed as well as by the year. Factors
influencing the demand for labor in particular occupations in
the full-fashioned hosiery industry and the demand for labor in
general during specific periods of the depression-and-recovery
cycle undoubtedly had the greatest effects on the employment experience after the lay-offs, of the group studied.
In addition, certain aspects of the employment qualifications
or occupational characteristics of the unemployed labor supply
and their background experience also affected the rapidity with
which they were reemployed. The effect of such selective factors would have been more pronounced if the labor market of the
industry had been contracting rather than expanding after the
lay-offs occurred. The major results of the examination of the
relationship of various characteristics of the labor supply and
its previous experience to the rate of reabsorption after the
lay-offs may be summarized briefly.
Men and women so years of age or over were found to have greater
difficulty in getting work after the lay-offs than younger workers. ·For workers of these ages it seems likely that their working
ability may have been reduced, but even when in particular cases
this was not so, the attitude of the employers may have made it
difficult to secure a job. Men between the ages of 25 and 29
were, on the whole, unemployed for longer consecutive periods
after lay-off than were men 30 to q9 years. This may be because
Digitized by
Google
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
45
middle-aged men have more experience than younger men and are
preferred by employers, because middle-aged men have better contacts than younger men either through the hosiery union or through
friends who help them in getting work, or because they seek work
with more energy. There appears to be little difference in the
age groups of women under so who were most quickly reabsorbed and
of those who were longest unemployed, although those 35 to 49
years of age had somewhat better success in getting work than
those under 35.
The length of service at the mill of lay-off was found to bear
a definite relationship to the rate of reemployment for workers
from Mill A, the largest mill. At this mill, those with the
greatest number of years of service at the mill experienced the
longest unemployment after lay-off. This was true for both men
and women. The same relationship was not found at Mill B. but
the fact that many of the workers from this mill were reemployed
in the month after lay-off by the manager who took over the mill
when it shut down may account for this difference. At Mill A,
on the other hand, some of the workers may not have sought work
so eagerly as at the other mills because they expected the mill
to reopen. The number of workers from Mill C was too small to
allow separate analysis on this point.
_ Among women 30 to 44 years of age the proportion of those reporting 7 consecutive months or more of unemployment after lay-off
who had experienced some unemployment in the 5-year period from
1926 to 1930 was larger than it was among the total group of
women. On the whole, no significant differences between the
workers longest unemployed after lay-off and the total group were
found with regard to the proportion of unemployed time to total
time in the labor market in the prosperous years from 1926 to
1930 or to the average length of unemployment periods reported.
Although the average length of service at the mill of lay-off
for workers from the largest mill appears to vary with the time
required for reemployment after lay-off, other measures of the
mobility or stability of workers on the whole failed to show
significant differences between the workers who were longest
unemployed after lay-off and the total group. The number of job
separations and employer shifts experienced during the 10-year
period 1926-35, however, seems to be related to the rapidity of
reemployment after lay-off, but the differences between the two
groups are not large enough to be considered significant when
•
Digitized by
Google
46
HOSIERY WORKERS
the workers are classified by occupation and age, Othermeasures
which concern the stability of workers in their jobs which were
examined in relationship to the time required for reemployment
were the average length of service at each job at the usual
occupation in various periods and the frequency of periods of
unemployment reported, The small differences which were revealed
·by these comparisons, however, did not meet the test of statistical significance,
There is evidence, however, that the
hosiery workers who stayed longest with one mill, and perhaps
those who reported the fewest job changes, were unemployed longest
after the lay-offs.
The limiting conditions under which tnis study has been conducted are. of course, closely related to the conclusions which
have been reached. The number of workers laid off from the three
mills included in the study was not large enough to allow for a
separate analysis by occupation and age of groups of workers
from each mill reporting similar dates of lay-off. Some of the
differences which may have existed between workers who were the
last to be reabsorbed and the others were therefore not revealed.
The small size of the group is not, however, a condition that
could have been remedied in the full-fashioned hosiery industry
in Philadelphia., !or large enough mills do not exist to serve the
purpose, and if many mills are chosen, differences in the conditions of their shut-downs complicate the analysis. In addition.
many factors in securing employment, such as the influence of
friends, for which no satisfactory statistical measures are available but which nevertheless affect the reemployment of workers,
have not been studied. If the workers whose experience was considered had not been union members and followed the practice of
sharing work, greater differences might have been found in the
various measures of unemployment studied. Had the industry been
declining rather than rising, the effects of selecJi ve factors
in the labor market would have been much more pronounced.
This study illustrates the tenacity with which skilled textile
workers seek work in the labor market of the industry to which
they have usually been attached and also their sense of attachment to particularmills. A union hosiery worker considers that
he has a certain equity in a particular job in a particular mill
and may delay seeking work elsewhere if a shut-dbwn is accompanied
by rumors of reopening. The study also shows what success has
attended the efforts of the hosiery workers' union to equalize
Digitized by
Google
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
47
employment opportunity among its members. This effort is limited
by conditions largely outside its control, such as general trade
prosperity, fluctuations in the demand for labor in specific
occupations as the result of long- or short-tenn changes in the
ratio of \«)rkers to machine equipment, and the restrictions imposed by the highly specialized experience of its labor supply.
More recent changes which have occurred in the demand for workers in the general industrial market.of the hosiery industry in
Philadelphia indicate the presence in 1938 of a much larger labor
reserve than existed at the time of the three shut-downs studied.
As the labor reserve in a given market increases in size, selective factors in employment policy become more important. Even
though occupational differences in the employment opportunity
of hosiery workers remain relatively the same as in 1935, other
factors will increase in importance as the number of unemployed
workers mounts. Among these factors, the age and mobility of
the individuals will be of special significance.
Digitized by
Google
Digitized by
Google
APPENDIX A
TABLES
The data on which these tables (except tables 1 and 21 are
based refer only to the 673 workers who reported lay-offs from
the three mills during 1932-35 and whose work histories were
recorded in 1936, as described in the Introduction.
Data on age and years of residence are given as of the date
of interview, in the latter part of 1936.
For definitions of terms used in tables, see appendix B.
Digitized by
Google
HOSIERY WORKERS
50
Table 1.- l1IDBX OF l!JIPLOlllEll'l' Ill TllB HOSIERY INOOSTRY Ill PENNSYLVAWIA
JilUARY 1926-DBCPXBER 1935a
( 1923-25•100)
llonth
1932
1933
1934
1936
140.4 111.2 118.l
141.2 116.B 121.4
138.4 110.4 122.2
135.0 113.2 115.9
130.2 112.9 106.9
127.8 113.8 108.0
105.4
107.7
10608
105.3
106.8
110.1
108.4
124.4
128.2
129.7
125.8
123.6
140.7
1~3.6
146.0
146.8
141.2
138.8
73.5
73.5
120.0
126.8
127.5
120.9
118.1
113.6
117.4
131.2
136.9
139.3
135.5
139.2
143.0
147.1
147.4
148.5
1926
1927
1928
1929
January
February
llarch
April
llay
Juna
111.fi
111.6
111.5
110.1
109.5
109.9
117.7
115.0
116.0
117.0
120.1
116.5
120.9
123.l
125.6
123.2
120.4
118.4
126.7
132.6
136.5
138.0
138.9
139.4
July
August
September
October
llonmer
December
110.e
110.4
112.5
117.8
119.2
121.0
109.6 117.8 138.8 113.0
110.9 116.0 141.2 118.3
111.3 117.2 146.4 123.2
118.4 118.5 151.6 130.5
122.0 1i9.6 150.3 128.9
122.9 126.6 144.5 118.6
Anrage
1931
1930
106.9
109.2
107.4
111.0
125.4
127.6
91.4
99.0
107.3
114.6
116.5
114.9
113.0 116.5 120.6 140.3 128.8 114.3 111.3 107.l 124.7 143.0
-Unpubli■hed data obtained from the Department or Re■earch and Statistics or the
Federal Reserve Bank or Philadelphia.
Table 2.- WORKERS ON 1933 AND 1934 CHECK-OFF LISTS, WORKERS IMERVIEWED FOR STUDY,
AND WORKERS INCLUDED Ill STUDY, BY SEX. OCCUPATION, AND IIILL OF LAY-<lFF4
By Sex and Occupation
Wcmen
!!en:
Total
Group of
workers
knitters
and
knitters•
helpers
Total
Toppers
Seamer ■
llender ■
and
and
examiners
looper ■
Per- llum- Per- Num- Per- Num- Per- llum- Per- Num- Percent ber cent ber cent ber cent ber cent ber cent
Number
On check-orr
lietsb
1,722 100.0 758 44.0
Interviewed
for study
915 100.c 408 44.6
Included
673 100.0 324 48.l
in ■tudy
964
56.0
471
27.4
353 20.5
140
8.1
507 66.4 243
26.6
199 21.7
65
7.1
55
e.2
349 51.9
144 21.4 150
22.3
By 11111 or Lay-orr
Total
Group or
110rkers
11111 A
11111 C
Number
Percent
llumber
Percent
Number
Percent
Number
Percent
1,722
100.0
886
51.5
710
41.2
126
7.3
915
100.0
468
51.l
375
41.0
72
7.9
673
100.0
345
61.2
275
40.9
53
7.9
On check-oLt
list•
Interviewed
tor study
Incl,;.ded
in study
11111 B
aData obtained from union check-off lists and address files.
~xcludee 23 workers for reasons specified in the Introduction. They were distributed ae follows: 6 boarders, 9 finishers, 3 toppers (men), and 5 winders; l - •
in Mill A, 4 in Mill B, and 18 in Mill Co
Digitized by
Google
Table 3.- MILL OF LAY-OFF AND OCCUPATION
Total
Mill
Total workers
Mill A
Mill B
Mill C
0
(Q.
""
;::;·
Workers unemployed 7 consecutive months or
more after lay-o~f
Number
Percent
673
100.0
Men:
knitters
and
knitters'
helpers
Num- Perber cent
Women
Total
Toppers
Seamers
Num- Per-
Num- Per- Num- Per-
ber
cent
ber
cent
ber - cent
Loopers
ber
Percent
Ntn1-
Menders
and
eJi-:eminers
Num- Perber
cent
324
48.1
349
51.9
144
21.4
87
12.9
63
9.4
55
8.2
345 100.0 164
275 100.0 140
53 100.0
20
47.5
50.9
37.7
181
135
33
52.5
49.1
62.3
76
53
15
22.0
19.3
28.3
45
32
10
13.l
11.6
18.9
30
30
28
8.7
10.2
5
9.4
8.7
8.o
5.7
22
3
>
'O
'O
i::,:,
z
....I><t::l
>
183 100.0
90
49.2
93
50.8
29
15.e
19
10.4
22
12.0
23
12.6
100 100.0
79 100.0
4 100.0
47
42
47.0
53.2
25.0
53
37
3
53.0
46.8
75.0
10
19
0
10.0
24.0
14
5
14.0
6.3
13
7
2
13.0
8.9
50.0
16
6
1
16.0
7.6
25.0
(D
Cl.
~
C")
0
Mill A
14111 B
Mill C
l
-
0
-
a"""""'
(v
...
CJt
52
t:
•
k
i
ii
i
II
II
........
..... o ..
.. .........
I
HOSIERY WORKERS
00000
. . . . OP40
•oo• ... o
► 0
..... 0 .
•o..t ... o•
0 ...... 0 0
0 ... 0 0 0
0 0 ... 0 0
0000000
••00000
rtOOOO.,.O
••o..to
11-<•"··
11••···
:•11·~
ftNOOO
•o ... o ...
•n•oo
..... ooo
o••oo
00000
on•oooo
nooo .........
.. !N0 ... 0 ... 0
,..ioo ... ooo
.,~ooo..eo
0000000
........ 111n
!,1•••00
... ...... o ...
=
0 ... 0 0 0
:s ............
00000
.......... 0
...... o ...
~1-<••,.o
:s- ... " ... R"",, ... o
00000
·••::=••
=····r4
00000
111:s~- ....
.,, ..... o ...
► o••:s
! =~=:s:s
2
. . . o .......
;i-1•nn
.. ... a ......
:a·==··
!:su=:s
3":i:s••
:t••o ... R•:!t'°,.., ...
..... ooo
. . , ... 0 0
~o • ., ..... o
.
.............
.
••ooo
a•a:::m .. ,,
ao••···
~"""~• ...... o
~iu=:!I
!"U=:!I
;:••o..e
I!
0
Google
II
Uh ~nnn
~nni ;us=
II
1~===:1
...........
--g·"" :!I.,,,,, ..
........
!!1:s-=•~
.. ., .... !===·· .........
!: .........
~;:o.,., ~
E
.... iui=
a1 :!Ixi
.Uh
4U p===
.. u = ::1II◄ iusiJ
r
;;•~:s ...
IJ'>NOOO
=""~•o•
...........
......
....
m•t'>Or4
1'10000
0
:I
•111:s•
••ooo := ■ a••
.... =•., ..
Ii
==i~ ►
,~ .......
3
a :s3u1
..........
!
B§~U
a .. :SIi" ..
.
.. :S~""'
j
= :ii.a•::
1·
i
IJ j
II
J
1
i
.
I
J
"el i
j
I 1-i"'
i
J.
!j
i
l
.
JI
!
J
1
~
II ,.I
J
j
1-.
jE!(
-j ...
J
a = •&!1:0:
1
1i
::1:1
llt
Digitized by
Table 5.- IIATIVITY 11T AGE, SE.l, AND OCCUPAfIOII
...n,
lcnitter1
Total
and
lr:nitten•
helper,
Age 1D JeU'•
and natirlty
50-4t
ll&ti-n-born
Foreign-born
soe
45 or onr
ll&tin-born
ForeigD-born
CJ
cg:
N.
Worker• IIIINIJ)loyed 7 oOJI•
••olltiTe -th• or
•r• &tter lq-ol't
261
46
100.0
85.s
lf.7
157
lM
2ll
100.0
80
ll
96.2
••13
80
T9
l
100.0
98o7
1.s
52
2
100.0
95.7
6.S
16
M
l
100.0
86.2
14.8
158
'7
11
100.0
81.0
19.o
t2
as
4
100.0
90.6
906
100.0
100.0
..
ll5
11
2
100.0
114.6
lll6
M
90.S
9.7
U2
12
100.0
96.l
•• 9
169
lM
5
100.0
96.9
s.1
ltt
lS7
7
•• o
6ll
9008
9.2
88.s
11.7
100.0
96.o
100.0
T9
8
100.0
286
58
sos
291
12
87
91.7
s.s
-.
ltt
89.S
10.7
1s-21
... 1'9-born
Forelp..born
72
Peroct
100.0
100.0
601
ber
M9
ll2t
ll&ti-n-born
Foreip..born
-
11....
Per-t
100.0
673
Total 110rlmr1
Per....t
11.ber
oeat
100.0
85 ••
14.6
lt9
127
22
n
11911der•
and
ezud.ner•
ber
oat
Per-
ber
Per-t
ber
Hum-
ber
Iha-
·-
Per-
Looper ■
SeUMlr ■
Toppen
Total
llO
ber
Per-t
86
100.0
11
so.o
20.0
100.0
97.l
2.9
12
11
l
100.0
91.7
s.a
215
22
l
100.0
96.7
4.a
26
20
6
100-0
76.9
2llol
6
4
l
100.0
17
11
100-0
78.15
2a.11
~
L)
0
100-0
76.6
2s.,
25
15
8
100.0
615.2
:54.8
M
7
100.0
82.9
17.l
183
100.0
90
100.0
9ll
100.0
29
100.0
19
100.0
22
100.0
25
100.0
Tllo:S
20.1
18
l
91.7
s.s
20
2
90.9
9.1
21
2
91.ll
s.,
6
6
0
100.0
100.0
16
100.0
9Soll
a(v
ll&ti-n-born
Foreign-l>orn
l6S
20
89 01
10.9
81
9
90.0
10.0
82
11
88.2
11.s
25
6
l&-29
lati-n-bors
Poreip..born
88
100.0
96.5
'8
411
2
100.0
8'
96.!J
'°
58
2
15
lf
l
100.0
ss.s
4.2
100.0
95.0
11.0
lf
9
6
100.0
Moll
lll5o7
0
0
0
....
..
50-4t
B&tin-born
Foreip,-born
46 or onr
lati,...bors
Foreip..born
4
7ll
61
12
22
18
4
,.&
100-0
85.6
16.4
100.0
&1.8
18.2
St
30
4
8
6
s
100.0
88.2
11.a
100.0
ez.5
57.&
59
51
8
H
lll
l
l;a;I
z:
t::I
M
t9
15
6
6
0
is.,
ao.o
20.0
CD
a.
►
"d
"d
100.0
79.6
20.s
100.0
92.9
1.1
e.,
-
7
6
1
100-0
85.7
14oll
8
8
0
100.0
100.0
-
14
l
e
6
0
l
0
1
e.1
100.0
100.0
..
•
•
4
0
12
· 10
2
100.0
.,
100.0
7
0
-
II<
►
100.0
100.0
..
100.0
8S.s
18.7
100.0
100.0
-
01
~
.
01
Table 6e• NUMBER OF YEARS OF CONTINUOUS RESIDENCE Ilf PHILADELPHIA BY SEI AND NilIVITY
Number ot year,
Total
Num-
ber
Total worker,•
6 mo.-5 yr. 6 mo.
5 yr. 8 mo.-10 yr. 5 mo.
10 yr. 6 moe•l5 yr. 5 mo.
-16 yr. 6 mo.-20 yr. 6 mo.
20 yr. 6 mo. or over
Since birth
Worker, unemployed 7 con•
1ecutive month• or
more a1'ter lay-orrb
•
0
co·
;::;·
""
(D
a.
-5!
C")
0
~
(v
Nativeborn
Wcaen
Men
Total
Foreign-
born
Nati-nborn
Total
Foreignborn
Total
Native- ·
born
Foreignborn
Per- Null- Per- Nim- Per- Num- Per- Mum- Per- N.- Per- Mum- Per- Mum- Per- lflm- Percent
cent lber
cent ber cent ber cent ber cent ber cent ber cent ber
cent ber
669 100.0
597 100.0
72 100.0 322 100.0
16
2.4 10 1.7 8
7
16
2.7
23
3.4
26 3.8 15 2.5 10
3.0 5
23
3.t 18
7.5 44
89 13.3 46
493 73.7 493 82.6 0
8.3
9.7
13.9
1.0
61.1
-
10
16
3.1
4.7
284 100.0 38 100.0 1547 100.0 313 100.0 34 100.0
8
11
2.1
3.e
10 3.5
3.7 12 4.2
14 4.9
40 12.(
231 11.1 231 81.t
14
4.(
12
4
4
4
0
26
0
10.6
10.6
10.6
68.5
-
6
8
11
11
49
262
1.s 2
1.7
6 le6 3
2.3
6 1.6 6
3.2
6 1.9 6
3.2
31 9.9 18
Hel
'15.6 262 83.'1 0
"
6.9
8.8
17.8
H.7
63.0
-
::ti
-
0
Cf)
c,;,
!=ti
-<
•
0
!=ti
I":
I:>;!
181 100.0 161 100.0 20 100.0
89 100.0
10.0
1s.o
1s.o
5.0
ss.o
5
6.6
4 4.6
3 3.t
1 1.1
10 11.2
66 '14.2
2
2.s
4
6 3.S
6 mo.-6 yr. 6 1110.
2 1.2 3
6 2.8
6 yr. 6 mo.-10 yr. 6 mo.
3 1.9 3
3.3
6
10 yr. 6 1110.-16 yr. 5 mo.
4
2.s 1
5 2.8
15 yr. 6 mo.-20 yr. 6 mo.
8.7 11
14
25 13.8
20 yr. 6 mo. or over
134 74.0 lM 83.2 0
Since birth
•Exclude, 2 -n and 2 W01111n who did not report mnnber ot
year• or continuou1 re1idence in Philadelphia.
-
80 100.0
4
2
3
1
"
66
s.o
2.6
3.7
1.s
s.o
82.5
9 100.0
1
2
0
0
6
0
11.1
22.2
66.7
-
92 100.0
1
1
3
4
1.1
1.1
3.3
t.3
16 16.3
68 '13.9
81 100.0 11 100.0
0
0
0
---
3.7
l5
10 12.3
68 84.0
1
1
3
1
9.1
9.1
27.3
9.1
6
-16.t
0
'b&cclude1 1 aan and 1 woman who did not report mmber or
year1 or continuou1 re1idenoe in Philadelphia.
-
!=ti
Cf)
Table 7.- CUMULATIVE DISTRIBUTION OF SCHOOL GRADE COMPLETED BY SEX AND AGE
Women
llen
Age in years
Total
School grade
completed
16-29
Num-
ber
Total workers•
O or more
l or more
4 or more
7 or more
8 or more
9 or more
12 or more
0
t6"
N.
""
CD
a.
rr
'<
C")
0
a(v
323
322
318
282
225
77
5
Workers unemployed 7 con11ecutive months or
more after lay-ci'tb
O or more
l or more
4 or more
7 or more
8 or more
9 or more
12 or more
•Excludes l man and l
oompletede
WCllll.8Jl
Percent
Num-
ber
Percent
30..«
Num-
ber
Percent
100.0 143 100.0 157 100.0
99.7 143 100.0 157 100.0
98.l
98.5 143 100.0 154
82.2
87.3 U17
95.8 129
62.4
98
77.6
69.7 111
23
14.6
23.8
52
36.4
2
1.3
3
2.1
1.5
Age in years
Total
16-29
-15 or over
Num-
ber
23
22
21
16
16
2
0
Percent
100.0
95.7
91.3
69.6
69.6
8.7
-
Num-
ber
Per- Rumcent ber
3"8 100.0
348 100.0
M3
98.6
299
85.9
222
63.8
18.7
65
7
2.0
169
159
158
151
119
40
2
Percent
30-44
Num- Per-
-15 or over
llum-
ber
cent
ber
100.0 1"8
100.0 148
99.4 145
95.0 120
74.8
81
17
25.2
3
1.s
100.0
100.0
98.0
81.l
54. '7
11.s
2.0
41
41
40
28
22
8
2
Percent
100.0
100.0
97.6
68.3
53.7
19.5
"'1:1
"d
-1.9
I><
)>
ljlQ
z
~
......
►
89 100.0
88
98.9
86
96.6
74
83.1
55
61.8
23
26.8
2.2
2
47 100.0
47 100.0
47 100.0
44
93.6
33
10.z
18
38.3
2.1
l
34
100.0
100.0
33
97.l
27
79.4
19
55.9
14.7
5
2.9
l
34
who did not report school grade
8 100.0
87.S
7
75.0
6
s 37.5
37.5
3
0
0
--
93 100.0
93 100.0
92
98e9
83
89.2
68
62.4
16.l
16
s
3.2
40
40
40
37
27
8
0
100.0
100.0
100.0
92.5
67.5
20.0
-
39 100.0
39 100.0
38
97.-1
34
87.2
Zl
53.8
4
10.3
l
2.6
14
14
14
12
10
3
2
100.0
100.0
100.0
85.7
71.4
21.4:
14.3
~eludes l man who did not report school grade oompletede
1:.11
1:.11
Cl
Ol
Table 8.- MARITAL STATUS BY AGE. SEX• AND OCCUPATION
Women
liens
lcnitters
Total worker••
0
t0"
N.
""
(D
Cl.
~
CJ
knitters'
helpers
0
-
~
rv
Percc,nt
Percent
Number
Percent
NWD-
ber
672
100.0
324
100.0
348
100.0
lU
Num-
ber
Se11J11ers
and
examiners
Per- Numcent ber
100.0
Loopers
87
Per- Num•
cent ber
100.0
63
Per- Numcent ber
100.0
54
Percent
100.0
&:C
-
0
200
431
23
18
29.8
64.l
3.4
2.7
80
237
3
4
, 24.7
73.2
16-29
Single
Married
Widowed
Divorced
303
125
172
2
4
100.0
41.2
56.8
30-44
306
57
226
11
12
63
18
45 or over
Single
Married
Toppers
Total
Nwn•
ber
Single
Married
Widowed
Divorced
Single
Married
Widowed
Divorced
Menders
and
Total
Age in years and
marital status
33
42
92
29.1
63.9
2.s
4.2
30
51
6
0
34.5
58.6
6.9
26
29
4
4
41.3
46ol
6.3
6.3
22
22
6
4
32
10
22
0
0
100.0
31.3
68.7
35
17
16
0
2
100.0
48.6
45.7
12
6
100.0
26.2
61.9
11.9
23
8
11
2
2
100.0
26
34.8
•17.8
12
100.0
69o2
215.l
6
1
2
100.0
20.0
40.0
o.9
120
194
20
1.2
14
34.5
56.8
5.'7
4.0
144
67
75
2
0
100.0
46.6
52.l
1.4
159
100.0
80
58
36.6
26
97
0
4
61.0
-2.5
54
100.0
31.2
67.6
l
-
1.s
100.0
18.6
73.9
3.6
3.9
157
12
141
0
100.0
7• 7
89.8
149
46
85
11
8
100.0
30.2
57.0
7.4
5.4
58
l4
36
3
5
100.0
24.1
62ol
5.2
8.6
42
11
26
5
100.0
28.5
52.4
23
1
21
40
17
12
100.0
42.5
30.o
6
3
2
100.0
50.0
33.3
115
9
0.1
lo3
4
-
-2.5
100.0
4.15
91.3
4
6
·o
0
3
-
--
-s. 7
8.7
a.1
40.7
40.7
11.2
7.4
6
100.0
50.0
41.7
0
l
8.5
12
l
l
16
4
6
-
100.0
46.2
46.2
308
s.s
100.0
25.0
31.3
en
i ,:,
:ac
-<
=-:
0
:ac
;:,,:
tXl
:ac
en
WidCJll'ed
DiTOrced
Workers unemployed '7 consecutin months or
more af'ter lay-ott
Single
Married
Widowed
DiTOrced
16-29
Single
Married
lfidond
S0-44
Single
Married
Widond
0
Divorced
15.9
s.2
1
0
-
4.4
9
2
22.5
6.0
1
0
16.7
-
1
0
-
7.7
2
0
40.0
-
5
2
s1.2
12.s
182
100.0
90
100.0
92
100.0
29
100.0
19
100.0
22
100.0
22
100.0
57
114
7
4
31.3
62.6
3.9
2.2
22
65
2
1
24.5
'72.2
2.2
1.1
35
49
5
3
38.0
63.3
5.4
3.5
'7
21
0
l
24.1
72.4
8
9
2
0
42.1
47.4
10.5
9
12
l
40.9
54.6
4.5
11
so.o
7
2
2
31.8
9.1
9.1
88
37
49
2
100.0
42.0
55.7
2.s
48
100.0
39.6
56.2
4.2
40
18
22
0
100.0
45.0
55.o
15
100.0
26.'7
73.3
6
2
100.0
33.3
66.7
15
8
'7
0
100.0
53.3
46.7
4
19
27
2
100.0
100.0
73
14
55
2
2
100.0
19.2
75.4
2.7
100.0
5.9
91.2
39
12
24
2
l
100.0
30.8
61.5
5.1
2.s
3
10
0
1
100.0
28.6
67.1
14.3
6
1
100.0
16.'7
8s.s
2.1
34
2
31
0
1
21
6
10
3
2
100.0
2Be6
4'7.6
14.3
9.5
8
1
7
0
0
100.0
12.5
87.5
13
100.0
38.4
23.l
23.1
15.t-
0
0
0
0
0
10
2·
-2.9
-
4
11
0
14
(Q.
""
;::;·
(D
Cl.
~
C")
0
a"""""'
45 or over
Single
Married
Widowed
DiTOrced
--
5
3
5
2
-s.5
4
-
0
100.0
21.4
'7
2
'71.4
4
-1.2
----
l
0
6
•l
1
0
-
-
0
5
-
0
0
100.0
66.6
16.7
16. '7
l
0
0
l
0
-
-
-
100.0
100.0
-
4
0
0
--
12
6
5
1
0
100.0
6
l
2
l
2
100.0
16.7
33.S
16.7
33.3
so.o
41.'7
8.3
-
►
'd
'"C
c,;,
:z:
t::,
I<
►
•Excludes l woman who did not report marital status.
(v
01
'"'1
58
HOSIERY WORKERS
Table 9.- AGE OF BIDIHNING WORK AJID YEAR OF ENTERillG LABOR MARKET, BY OCCUPATIOll
Knitters
Age in years or year
of beginning work
Total
and
knitters•
helpers
Menders
Toppers
Seamers Loopers
and
examiners
Age of Begilmi.ng Work, by Occupation
Total workers
Leas than 11
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20 or over
673
324
144
87
63
55
l
6
12
l
l
0
l
4
l
0
0
3
10
38
13
11
6
0
2
0
2
l
l
34
18
6
0
0
l
0
0
2
3
7
15
6
9
5
3
l
Jledian age
ll'orkera unemployed 7 consecutiva months or
more after lay-off
Less than 11
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20 or over
38
27
6
l
l
l
14.9
14.9
15.l
14.8
14.8
15.2
183
90
29
19
22
23
l
2
3
14
73
41
l
l
l
5
38
23
16
0
0
0
0
0
1
4
4
0
0
l
0
15
4
2
0
l
0
5
4
3
5
0
4
0
0
0
0
0
15.5
64
,o
9
1
5
0
2
4
0
0
12
9
6
2
0
0
0
14.9
14.9
15.3
33
Jledian age
4
302
141
113
29
16
4
7
21
151
66
60
12
7
1
0
43
4
2
4
2
l
0
l
4
l
14.7
15.7
Year of Entering Labor Market, by Occupation
Total workers•
672
323
Before 1901
1901-5
1906-10
1911-15
1916-20
1921-25
1926-30
1931-35
28
30
66
78
130
234
100
6
7
13
32
40
66
123
42
0
182
Workers unslPloyed 7 conseoutive months or
more after lay-off
Before 1901
1901-5
1906-10
1911-15
1916-20
1921-25
1926-30
1931-35
12
9
17
10
40
64
29
1
144
87
63
55
3
3
6
5
15
31
61
23
2
9
2
8
12
17
26
12
1
10
17
19
0
14
7
6
7
4
3
89
29
19
22
23
3
0
0
5
0
l
l
l
3
10
12
3
0
2
3
5
3
0
3
5
6
2
3
2
1
l
4
7
3
21
38
13
0
4
3
7
4
8
0
2
0
3
7
9
0
•Eltcludea 1 man who did not report year of entering labor market.
Digitized by
Google
Table l0a• PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF KAH-MONTHS AFTER ENTERING LABOR MARKET AT SP~IFIED TYPE
OF EMPLOYMENT EXPERIENCE, 1926-35, BY AGE, SEX, AND OCCUPATION
Age in years a.nd
employment experience
N.
""
CD
a.
rr
'<
C")
0
a........
(v
Total
We.men
knitters'
helpen
Total
Toppers
Seamer&
Loopei-s
Menders
and
examinei-s
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Employed
Unemployed
Bot seeking work
80.1
12.9
1.0
84.0
14.3
1.1
76.5
11.4
12.1
73.7
10.6
15.7
76.6
so.a
14.6
14.5
4.7
77.3
15.8
6.9
16-29
Employed
Unemployed
Bot seeking work
100.0
81.4
12.5
6.1
100.0
84.8
13.3
1.9
100.0
78.2
11.1
10.1
100.0
78.2
10.4
11.4
100.0
76.5
9.4
14.1
100.0
81.7
14.9
3.4
100.0
71.3
19.5
9.2
30-44
Employed
Unemployed
Bot seeking work
100.0
78.5
13.0
8.5
100.0
83.8
14.5
1.7
100.0
72.9
11.3
15.8
100.0
67.1
10.5
22.4
100.0
75.2
e.1
16.7
100.0
78.5
15.l
6.4
100.0
11.0
15.6
7.4
45 or over
Employed
Unemployed
1'ot seeking work
100.0
80.7
14.9
4.4
100.0
79.2
19.0
1.a
100.0
81.5
12.6
5.9
100.0
81.7
15.0
3.3
100.0
80.6
10.2
9.2
100.0
85.0
10.0
5.0
100.0
81.1
Total workers
0
t6"
Men:
knitters
and
a.a
>
'"Cl
'"Cl
t"l
z
0
......
><
>
14e2
4.7
tl1
C0
60
HOSIERY WORKERS
Table llo- NUMBER OF ?EARS EYPLOYED AT USUAL OCCUPATIOI
BY AGE AND OCCUPATION
Women
lien:
Age in years and
n'Ulllber• or years employed
at usual occupation
Menders
Seam- Loop- and
era
era
examiners
673
324
349
144
87
63
56
11
4
8
64
29
11
0
11
61
52
11
6
2
0
6
27
15
mo•
4
1
30
132
106
40
21
13
6
l
0
3
33
27
mo.
0
7
104
107
48
33
16
6
3
1
11
mo.
IIIOo
mo•
l
37
236
213
88
11.0
llo9
10.1
303
144
169
l
l
23
Total workers
LeH than 6 months
6 110.-4 yr. 6 110.
4 yr. 6 lll>o• 9 yr. 6
9 yr. 6 moo•l4 yr. 6
111 yr. 6 1110.-19 yr. 6
19 yr. 6 moo-24 yr. 5
24 yr. 6 mo.-29 yr. 6
29 yr. 6 moo-34 yr. 5
34 yr. 6 moo or over
knitters
and
Total lmit- Total Toppers
ter11 1
helpera
moo
Median number or years
16-29
Leas than 6 months
6 moo•4 yr. 6 moe
11
12
7
l
l
6
2
l
0
10
7
2
l
0
9.6 11.0
9o4
11.6
80
32
36
12
0
2
23
7
0
l
7
22
4
41
0
10
46
25
9
0
2
0
4 yr. 6 moo• 9 yr. 6 mo.
9 yr. 6 1110.-14 yr. 5 ao.
182
90
0
7
88
49
Median number or years
708
8.2
706
7.9
7.7
1.1
#
306
157
149
68
42
23
26
7
48
113
81
48
8
1
0
15
66
47
31
8
l
l
8
18
l
5
6
7
l
7
33
68
34
17
0
0
4
5
7
5
5
0
0
13.9 1606
30
30-44
6 mo.-4
4 yr. 6
9 yro 6
14 yr. 6
19 yr. 6
24 yr. 6
29 yr. 6
yr. 5 mo.
110•• 9 yr.
lll>o•l4 yr.
moe-19 yr.
moo-24 yro
moo-29 yr.
moe•34 yr.
6 moo
6 moo
6 mo.
5 11100
6 moo
6 moo
Median number of years
46 or over
4
9
14
19
24
29
34
yr.
yr.
yr.
yr.
yr.
yr.
yr.
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
9
mo.-14
mo.-19
moo-24
moo-29
moo•34
moo or
1100•
yr. 6
yr. 6
yr. 6
yr. 6
yr. 6
yro 6
over
JllOo
aoo
mo.
11100
moo
1110.
Median number or years
94
15
27
11
11
4
4
4
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
1206
12.0
l3o0
14.4 12.1
64
23
41
6
13
6
17
6
10
7
6
21
10
4
l
3
l
2
8
1
0
0
l
2
2
0
2
2
0
0
7
l
l
0
0
l
l
2
2
5
6
2
2
3
5
7
6
4
13
6
l
26.3
2706
23.3
6
#
#
l
l
0
0
#
1606
~dian not calculated for fewer than 15 caeeao
Digitized by
Google
APPENDIX A
61
Table 12.• NUIIBER OF YEARS D4PLOYED AT USUAL OCCUPATION FOR WORIEBS
tnnlO'LOYED 7 CONSECUTIVE JIO'KTJIS OR JIORE AFTER LAY-OFF
BY OCCUPATION, SEX, .Alm AGE
By Oooupation
l!'n1tter1
Number of years -ployed
at ueial oooupation
Total workers
6
4
9
14
19
24
29
34
mo.-4
yr. 6
yr. 6
yr. 6
yr. 6
yr. 6
yr. 6
yr. 6
yr. 5 .,.
mo.- 9 yr. 5
mo.-14 yr. 5
mo.-19 yr. 5
mo.-24 yr. 5
mo.-29 yr. 5
mo.-34 yr. 5
mo. or over
mo.
mo.
mo.
mo.
mo.
mo.
Median number of years
Total
)lenders
and
and
knit- Toppers Seamers Loopers
.ter1 1
helpers
exam-
1ners
183
90
29
19
22
23
15
67
55
24
8
9
3
2
3
34
28
14
4
4
2
4
10
10
4
0
7
7
l
0
3
0
3
11
7
0
0
5
5
3
5
3
10.4
11.0
l
l
l
l
0
0
1
0
11.6
8.4
12.0
0
0
0
l
10.0
By Sex and Age
Jlen
Number of years -ployed
at usual oooupation
W01119n
Age 1n years
Total
Age in years
45
16-29
3<>-"
Total
or
45
16-29
30-44
or
over
40
39
14
8
4
8
14
9
4
0
0
0
0
3
3
1
22
10
0
0
0
0
0
9.9
7.3
12.4
over
Total workers
mo.-4 yr. 5 mo.
yr. 6 mo.- 9 yr. 5
yr. 6 mo.-14 yr. 5
yr. 6 mo.-19 yr. 5
yr. 6 mo.-24 yr. 5
yr. 6 mo.-29 yr. 5
yr. 6 mo.-34 yr. 5
34 yr. 6 mo. or over
6
4
9
14
19
24
29
.,.
mo.
mo.
mo.
mo.
IIOo
Kedian nuz:iber of years
90
48
34
8
93
3
0
4
13
13
3
0
0
0
1
l
3
2
12
33
27
10
4
5
l
3
30
15
0
0
0
0
0
11.0
8.1
14.7
34
28
14
4
4
2
0
0
l
l
*
l
.fwedian not calculated for r-er than 15 oases.
Digitized by
Google
l
0
5
l
l
*
0)
Table 130• CUIIULATl'iF. Dl~TRIBUTIOll OF Tl!B AVERAGE U'lfGTH OF U!IDIPLOYMb"liT PERlOr S, 1P28-35, BY USUAL OCCIIPATICIII, su. AJID AGE
t.:i
By Uaual Occupation
ln1ttera and
b!.1tter■ ' helper■
Total
lluaber or 110nthe
Peroent
ll•ber
Total
l
13
215
37
worker■
or ..,re
or ..,re
or llON
or inore
Worker■ un•ployed 7 conaeonthe
■ ontha or a,ore after lay-ort
1 or ■ore
13 or more
21! or •ore
Percent
ll1aber
llulllber
Percent
lluabtor
Percent
ll1aber
P.roent
bber
Percent
100.0
63
lOOoO
66
100.0
78.2
9o2
3o4
80
9
0
0
95.2
l4oll
411
11
zo.o
673
lOOoO
324
100.0
144
100.0
87
600
72
12
1
890?.
10o7
108
0.1
302
34
6
1
93o2
l0ol5
1.9
121
10
1
0
84o0
6oP
68
8
3
0
183
41
7
o.s
18
ll
o.,
-
29
5
0
lOOoO
20o0
3o3
90
100.0
22.4
308
By Sex and
-
19
15
2
100.0
17.2
-
100.0
22
1006
0
ot •ontha
0
(D
a.
-5!
C")
0
~
rv
Total
worker■
1 or r.ore
13 or ■ore
25 or 11ore
37 or r-ore
uneaployed 7 oon■ ecuthe
aontha or ■ore eJ'ter lay-cN'
1 or ■ore
l!I or 11ore
25 or ..,re
100.0
ll9ol
8.7
-
A&•
Percent !lumber
100.0
302
34
6
1
ssoz
1006
lo9
90
lOOoO
20o0
3.~
o.s
144
Percent lliaber
100.0
157
146
16
2
0
92o4
10.2
lo3
l
P3ol
9o7
2ol
Oo?
u
lCOoO
7
l
14.6
34
9
lOOoO
26o5
2.9
134
14
s
-
23
23
•
1
0
2ol
1
8
2
1
Ml
:,,::
tz:I
:::0::,
100.0
lOOoO
l?o4
4.!
-
Percent llumber
45 or oYer
30-44
16-29
Percent lliaber
Percent lhaber Percent
100.0
349
10000
159
100.0
149
10000
41
298
58
85••
10.11
lo?
158
15
1
0
86.8
9o4
Ooe
12f
16
2
0
83.2
lOol
loll
56
8
3
0
111.s
100.0
24o7
4.3
40
100.0
22.e
39
100.0
u.11
21.t
5
0
-
-
-
8708
-
7oS
Worbr■
18
3
Cl:!
:::0::,
:::0::,
Age in year•
Perce1,t llwnber Percent Niaber
100,0
.....
C
45 or ever
50-44
=
0
en
0
'l'otal
Total
324
306
-
23
9
2
100.0
1e.2
Age in yet.re
ll•ber
89.1
2
0
Wcaen
16-29
co·
N.
""
--
•
2&.s
Men
Number
llenden and
-1aen
1-per■
S-•r■
Toppen
10000
2500
12.s
93
23
4
11
0
-
100.0
20.e
l4
8
l
206
6
3
en
at PIRIODS
Table l<&,- 1'RIClUDCT
Number ot period•
Total
Of' UlllllPLCJ!IIII, 1926-311, BY SU ARD OCCOPA!'ICII
Man:
lmUhr• and
lmiUera•
belpera
Wcaen
Total
Toppers
a.-r•
M9
14'
87
S)
6'13
32"
77
1"0
1'79
es
M
l
2
60
80
23
27
H
133
77
6:5
102
3
"II
'"
20
II()
80
M
9
17
3
"2
10
II
II
5
"3
1
0
5
1
2
1
l
l
1
0
Total worlcera
None
6
7
8
9
10 or
29
■ore
lladian naber ot period•
All worker•
Workers report tug l or more perioda
es
~
8
21
1"
8
10
2
1
1
0
0
0
Loopera
~
"
16
19
u
3
3
0
3
0
1
0
Mander• and
ex-iura
1111
6
7
25
13
3
0
0
0
0
0
1
2,7
2.9
3.0
3.2
2 ••
2.'7
2.11
2.e
1.e
2.3
2.5
2.7
2.5
2,7
183
90
93
29
19
22
IS
17
IS
15
18
7
5
2
2
0
l<&
0
II
2
0
2
0
0
l
l
1'7
9
l
0
0
l
0
0
0
7
8
2
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
8
5
1
2
0
l
0
0
0
3.3
2,7
2.8
2.<&
2.11
>
"C
"C
to:!
:z:
'='
...:
>
0
tQ
;c;.
;;:;·
CD
Worlcer1 11D1mployed 7 oon1eoutin
-,ntha or more after lay-off
o..
IT
l
Sl
C")
2
3
58
'<
0
a"""""'rv
"II
6
7
8
9
10 or more
Madlen amber ot period•
"°23
9
5
"2
0
1
2.9
"5
24
.
"
2
12
'1
1
0
0
0
0
0
l
2.e
0)
~
HOSIERY WORKERS
64
Table 15.- PERCENTAGE OF DIPL0111EN'ra REPORTED AS PART-TDIE.
1926-35. BY OCCUPATION
Percentage or
employment reported
as part-time
Total
Knitters
llenders
and
and
knit- Toppers s - r s Loopers
IIDIII•
ters•
iners
helpers
Total worlcerab
667
323
141
86
62
55
None
0.1- 9.9
10.0- 19.9
20.0- 29.9
so.o- 39.9
40.0- 49.9
50.0- 59.9
60.0- 69.9
10.0- 79.9
eo.o. 89.9
90.0-100.0
308
126
92
48
152
71
23
24
9
7
1
3
2
0
38
15
12
3
3
3
2
2
1
3
4
26
10
8
8
21
8
9
5
4
3
1
0
2
0
1
2
1
1
0
1
2
31
21
12
11
3
6
9
70
39
23
14
15
3
4
2
0
1
l
0
4
lledian percentage
All workers
Worker• reporting l or
-re -nth, ot parttime -ployaumt
2.~
l.5
*
3.7
5.5
a.a
15.9
14.1
16.2
17.9
20.6
21.0
Workers =-ployed 7 con1eou•
tive months or 111Dre atter
lay-otrc
180
90
28
18
21
23
86
29
21
23
6
7
3
4
0
1
1
48
12
6
6
3
0
0
1
6
10
3
1
10
None
9.9
19.9
29.9
39.9
49.9
59.9
69.9
79.9
eo.o- 89.9
90.0-100.0
0.110.020.030.040.050.060.070.0-
lledian percentage
All workers
Workers reporting 1 or
more aonth11 ot parttime aployment
15
6
12
2
6
1
2
0
0
0
4
0
0
0
3
1
1
0
0
2
0
0
1
0
l
2
1
0
0
0
0
0
6
3
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
4
1.6
*
4.2
8.8
3.4
ll.7
18.8
21.3
14.2
18.3
25.0
19.9
-ZXolude1 self-employment.
°hExoludea 1 man and 6
part-time employment.
-en
who did not distinguish between tull-tiae and
°Excludes 3 wam.en who did not distinguilh between full-time and part-time
employment.
~edian not calculated tor re-r than 15 cases.
Digitized by
Google
Table 16 .. - tmVTil O}' Z!R'.' lCL P.T Ml!.!. CJ,' U.Y-OFP' MIC OCCl'FA.TIOl:
-
·-
·-
-------
ot aerT1e~
tn months
then o
6-11
12-23
24-35
36-71
'72 or o•er
v~ae
~!1
l~G
B3
59
45
67
16
7
10
9
-
7
16
ll
l
9
54,0
33
23.6
?8.0
u.o
43.7
,2
7
ll
12
"5
24
31
25
18
11
20.7
19.4
7
6
9
CD
Cl.
rr
N.el\tao n1111.ber of mntha
'<
C")
0
a,.......
(v
,,~111 C
ten than G
6-11
l~-23
24-35
36-71
7P. or oTer
Mad h11 nu'Tl.ber or month•
20.5
---- -+ -e---___!1- - --·4--- - -9
6
6
ll
2
4
3
37.4
2349
13
l
3
3
6
"'F.xcludea 18 workers trrra ~111 A, l6 rrom tAtll R, 11nd
length ot tioe at mill of hy-orr.
•
5
10
2
9
22.H
22.5
(cl
54,('
7
16
18.0
55.2
4J.l
,.
•n
~
2
3
3
16.9
21.0
5
2
3
23.9
25.~
19,&
3
3
3
•
3
•
1
~
0
l
0
0
0
5
l
3
3
l
3
,
from Mi 11 C who did not report
bEzcludes 7 workers from 1HU A. l':n1 4 trc:n '.\.!111 B who did not repo!"t laneth
npl?yed. at m1 ll of lay.. otf.
15
39
--
2
- - -- 0
I
4
0
l
0
2
0
l
0
0
I
0
l
0
I
•
5
75
12
13
20
9
\0
J\
- -- · · ·
9
. .. -- - - 1--·
0
3
2
2
l
3
l
9
•
45
5
17
9
3
0
----~- f - -
2~.9
9~--- -·
9
4
6
4
7
6
5
c-
s
B
0
0
6
6
2!._ -- ,- . 7
•
3
,
~
3
-- _____ 29
38
24
6
JO
1
64
78
...
•2
2
2
44
17
22
7
3
12
9
,2
43
62
45
35
32
lB
2
70
20
950
21
0
0
6
0
28,9
159
40
16
12
\9
23.9
:27
58
76
I
l~
4
2
2
-- ~ - - _!_~---
0
2
3
l
a
~,.o
~~
-:-
2
3
0
0
2
6
•n
2
B
1
l
l
7
- ·
>
"ti
"ti
c.:i::,
z
C,
',.
7
9
11
4
6
I
'
0
0
2
0
l
3
4
4
2
0
0
C,
2
l
l
0
l
?.
,.
0
2
I
I
----- ½-~
0
0
l
0
0
0
0
0
~
~
0
0
0
~
0
0
C
l
-
-
l
I
.....
><
>
J
,.
- ··---~ -
0
0
0
I
''
'•
0
0
1
C,J
J
•
l
C
~
I
0Medlen falls tn the tnteM'Pil "72 or oTer .. "
.iwedie.n not calculated tor rawer then l!l cases ..
ot tlme
end
ez"ID1oer■
4
7
39 .3
3
Loopf'ra
28
Ji .4
17.2
-.;
3
Seamer1
12
lS
15
9
13
19
13
13
10
15
23
A
Toppera
B6
11
19
~
knitters•
helpers
l 72
20
31
29
16
25
51
22.0
~3
•o
Total b
1,1
22.5
31
20
Median 01.1:11.her of months
·~
60
47
112
6-ll
12-23
24-35
36-71
72 or o••r
end
exMr.lner■
lU
71
J.eee than 6
J,oof•ra
:lear.irro
25
34
22
13
23
19
\02
lltll•A
0
634
103
]2'::.
Medien number of r.ionths
1:111 B
Leas then 6
6-ll
U-23
24-'15
36-71
72 or onr
Topper3
Mender■
knitters and
Menders
x.-11ttor~ rir.,1
lcnitter-:'
helrers
Totfll"
T~tal workers
co·
;::;·
""
Norkera unl'lr,ployed 7 conaecutlH month• or moN erter lay-orr
Tot11l •orkera
~'111 aid length
0)
"'
66
II
.!I
~
.i
II
I
I
11
,;
II'"
!
II
11 ..
sE
;:
I
5l
. .
.... P'f ....... 0
...
., t- 10 llO IO~
~
....... ... ..,
CIJl'J. ► NN
... o ... oom
..,
►~:::--••
IO N . N N =
0
"!
0
.;
0
HOSIERY WORKERS
..... 0 ....... 0 ...
0
..O ... OOOCI
0
NN ..... N ... N
N n . . Nl'IIO
........ o .. ►
0
;;:••► N•O
CIN-•NNN
... 0 0 ....
~
N
"l
.
..
.., ... 0
~io•alD•m
• 0 0 0 0 0 ..
.NIQO ... N4D
t•"H0•-'!1010
.
0
a
..
.
:i
.
"l
:!:
..~
~
.
~
S""•:::••• -:
=•,-l·NNID
smoc• ►-
··===~,
0000000
r400 ... 0 0 0
...... 0 0 0 0 ...
.,, ... 0 .... 0 0 ...
0000000
"'400 .... 0 0 0
0000000
... oo..cooo
... 0 0 0 0 0 ....
CIINr-lONNN
I
.
..
.
I
.
I
t:0
.. .
k
..
!
...'a ii
i.,
. ..
'a
0
1
J., ,i
t: l
... J
c; . .,
• ...l .•
u
t
0
;
. .. !i
;
:: e
.... • I
"'
I
l:
•
.... ! f
~
iii
...· ....... .
... .! !. =i
.
1 j
..;.- .. ~.
t
'II
It
I
l:
J
~
i ...;!. !.
. 1 ie I• I.
i =. ,. i
=r4110lON.II>
•o.-to.-t.,.,..
=........... . , "
.-10.-tOOOO
:ONtJ')N.,_G
2
«Ho••om ►
... ....
1
'?
~
...
"!
.
~ } l
¥i
.
.
. ..,.., .. ., . .
.. ...
=•Cll,...0 ►""'
:::IO,..NN0,-1
..... GNl'>IID1D
...........
Cl
...o
N.-4.-1 ..
_,,... ... c--o..,
...
0
.i
~
I.
~
~.
~
::
0
I
...
.
i .
.
. :::====:=
"l
5l
,.
1
2
. .
2
. ... ... .,, ........
N
.
.. ....:•
.: . . . . . . . Cl
COf010eC11Q
•NeCIOCII.,_
a:
. .. ..
•""""••m
CltONOOtl) ..
~
... Oli~NO
l?!...c
IN..,.
.... N
..
Jj
!
Google
g
E ja J
E
! !
U•===~=
i ::=3J»!:.1i~ l ::3"=1'1i!
;
iii
.
;2i=::n l
.., p f ~
:::~"'!:
◄ •.-1NIF!°
t 0
• t •
XI:!
ill
.i.
i .j
,.
m1n0t10IO ► C11
::: ...... 0 0 0 •
. .
.i:
"!
~
.;
...... ..
.:i ........... ....
.. .. .,,.., ........
.
:i
.:
=~:i2i:1:::. "!
IID.NNMIO
:::::::i
! ::u::.~11
1 = '12:l:!~i
II
=
:I
.i .
N
.... .
·,
s
!
•g
•
"!
.
.
r.
s
'"
.
.
l il
;i
=
I Jt
= ...... .,, . .... =.. ., ....... i .
i
=
.~ =••io.,..m:3 .
t
0
i
.!I
!
.
,E .
.I
...
..
.
~
I:
I:
i
i
.
.J !•===I=! k 2
5.&=:::lt! i
i...'
t
J
. ! -===::.=~ ~
=
• . :t::i~
.
.i =
.!I
Jt
.!I
l
J J .•
.2
'
t
=
...............
' ,.. .........
t
i•
i.
I
g
l
'.Ii
t....
..
1
i
Digitized by
Table 18.- CUMULATIVE DISTRIBUTION OF AVERAGE LENGTH OF SERVICE ON EACH JOB
AT USUAL OCCUPATION, 1926-35, BY USUAL OCCUPATION
Average length
or service
1n months
0
t6"
N.
""
CD
a.
O"
'<
.0
0
a........
(v
Total
1
13
25
37
49
61
73
85
97
109
workers
or more
or more
or more
or more
or more
or more
or more
or more
or more
or more
Workers unemployed 7 consecutive months or
more after la:y-ot't'
1 or more
13 or more
25 or more
37 or more
49 or more
61 or more
73 or more
85 or more
Total
Knitters and
knitters'
helpers
Toppers
Sel!lllers
Number
Percent
Number
Percent
Number
Percent
Num.-
673
435
149
46
16
8
8
5
1
1
100.0
64.6
22.1
6.8
2.4
1.2
1.2
0.7
0.1
0.1
324
189
47
16
3
1
1
1
0
0
100.0
58.3
H.5
4.9
0.9
0.3
0.3
0.3
144
92
23
4
2
1
100.0
63.9
16.0
2.a
1.4
0.7
0.7
87
61
-
0
0
0
-
183
117
100.0
63.9
24.0
7.1
3.8
1.1
1.1
1.1
90
100.0
53.3
8.9
29
18
100.0
62.1
13.8
4.4
0
0
0
0
44
13
7
2
2
2
48
8
4
2
0
0
0
2.2
-
-
l
4
0
---
ber
28
9
5
2
2
2
0
0
19
16
10
5
4
2
2
2
Loopers
Percent
Nu:n-
100.0
70.l
32.2
10.3
5.7
2.3
2.3
2.3
63
49
25
7
3
1
1
0
0
0
100.0
77.8
39.7
11.1
100.0
22
16
10
2
1
0
0
0
--
84.2
52.6
26.3
21.1
10.5
10.5
10.5
ber
Percent
'Menders and
exminers
Number
Percent
55
100.0
44
eo.o
--
26
10
3
3
3
2
1
1
47.3
18.2
5.5
5.5
5.5
3.6
1.8
1.8
100.0
72.7
45.5
9.1
4.5
23
19
12
2
0
100.0
82.6
52.2
8.7
4.8
1.6
1.6
---
0
0
0
---
>
~
~
~
z
0
.....
><
>
0:
-J
68
HOSIERY WORKERS
Table 19.- LENGTH OF SERVICE OH LONGEST JOB BEGINllING BEFORE 1926
BY OCCUPATION, SEX, AND AGE
By Oooupat1on
Knitters
lll&ber ot years
Total
llenders
and
knitter■'
Topper■
s-r ■
Looper•
and
Ulllldnera
helper■
Total workers
567
282
119
74
44
48
LoH than l
1- 4
5- 9
10-14
15-19
20-24
25 or owr
23
277
194
11
155
93
18
4
8
71
l
31
28
2
16
19
l
28
63
7
7
23
9
14
7
l
0
2
0
0
0
15
2
0
0
l
l
2
0
0
0
0
Median number ot years
4.8
4.4
3.9
6.5
6.2
806
unemployed 7 conmonths or
more after lay-oft
153
77
26
16
13
21
l
2
18
5
0
6
5
2
0
0
0
0
3
10
8
0
0
0
*
9.o
Worker ■
■eoutiw
3
. 74
52
19
2
LoH than l
1- 4
5- 9
10-14
15-19
20-24
25 or onr
Median Dllllber ot
year■
44
25
5
l
0
3
7
3
0
2
8.9
l
l
l
2
0
0
0
0
4.9
4.5
3.6
l
By Sex and Age
1'Clllllln
II.en
Age in yeers
Number ot years
Total
16-29 30-44
Age 1n years
45 or
Total
oirer
18-29
30-44
45 or
Oflr
Total workers
282
102
157
23
285
96
148
Less than l
11
155
93
18
0
68
76
12
0
1
12
l
3
0
l
1
0
0
0
52
70
25
1
0
0
0
0
0
12
122
101
45
3
0
2
12
69
l
11
86
5
0
0
0
0
0
17
19
2
0
2
lled1an mmber of years
4.4
2.9
5.7
9.6
5.4
3.1
6.6
10.e
Workers unemployed 7 con■eoutin months or
1110re after lay-oft
77
:55
34
8
76
23
39
14
l
l
0
44
26
5
31
3
13
18
3
0
0
2
14
6
0
16
15
0
4
2
2
30
27
14
l
8
l
l
0
l
l
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
4.5
3.2
6.3
*
6.2
3.9
6.3
1- 4
5- 9
10-14
15-19
20-24
25 or oirer
Lose than l
1- 4
5- 9
10-14
16-19
20-24
25 or over
lledian number ot years
4
0
lifed1an not oalculated tor twer than 15 oases.
6
Digitized by
14
41
0
l
Google
0
6
5
1
0
2
*
Table 20e• YEAR OF START:ING LONGEST JOB WHICH BEGAN BEFORE 1926, HY SEX AND OCCUPATION
Mena
knitters
and
lmitters'
helperi;
Total
Year of starting
longest job
0
;;:;·
""
(D
a.
cr
'<
C")
0
-
~
rv
Toppers
Se11J11ers
Loopers
Menders
and
examiners
ber
Percent
Number
Per•
cent
ber
Percent
NU111ber
Percent
ber
Percent
Num•
ber
Percent
Total workersa
562
100.0
281
100.0
118
100.0
73
100.0
43
100.0
47
100.0
Before 1901
1901-5
190.6-10
1911-15
1916-20
1921-25
6
8
29
30
88
401
1.1
1.4
5.2
5.3
15.7
71.3
3
1.0
l
0.1
1.1
4.1
1.7
4.3
19.5
72.9
43
9.6
17.8
58.9
0
1
3
3
6
30
1.0
1.0
13.9
69.S
1
l
6
1
14
24
2.1
2.1
77.6
1
1
2
5
23
86
0.8
2
12
14
32
218
153
100.0
77
100.0
26
100.0
16
100.0
13
100.0
21
100.0
4
2.6
2.6
5.9
2.6
13.7
72.6
2
2.6
1.3
5.2
1.3
6.5
83.l
0
0
0
1
2
l
1
6
6.2
12.6
6.3
6.3
37.5
31.2
0
0
l
0
l
l
l
3
1
4
11
4.8
Num-
co
Women
Workers ut18111ployed 7 consecutive months or
more af'ter lay-off
Before 1901
1901-5
1906-10
1911-15
1916-20
1921-25
4
9
"
21
111
l
4
1
5
64
4.3
5.0
11.4
Num-
l
6
20
o.a
--
-3.9
19.2
76.9
3
6
7
13
6
a.2
Nwn-
11 .
-2.:s
--
7.7
-7.7
84.6
>
~
"ti
tzl
12.a
:z
2.1
29.8
61.l
>
....I<t:,
4.8
14.3
f.8
19.0
52.3
•Excludes 2 women who did not report date of beginning longest job, and 1 man and 2 ll'Olllen who entered labor market
before 1926 but who had no employment before 1926.
0)
co
HOSIERY WORKERS
70
Table 21.• FREQUEIICY OF JOB SEPARATIO!IS, 1926•36, BY <X:CUPATIOII, SEX, AlllD AGI
By Oaoupation
Knitters
Nlllllber or
job separations
Total workers
l
3
5
7
9
11
13
15
17
19
or
or
or
or
or
or
or
or
or
or
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
more
lledian number of eep&ratlona
llenders
and
Total
knitters' Toppers
helpers
l
3
5
7
9
11
13
or
or
or
or
Looper•
and
examiners
673
S24
14.4.
87
63
55
85
12
49
17
5
1
1
l
21
80
109
69
27
11
4
l
1
l
21
33
18
10
4
l
0
0
0
0
11
32
12
7
l
0
0
0
0
0
20
26
8
l
l
l
0
0
0
0
5.3
s.1
5.6
4.4
4.3
3.6
220
186
114
43
n
27
10
4
1
0
0
0
--·
·-
Workers unemployed 7 consecu•
tin months or more after
lay-off
se.....,ra
183
90
29
19
22
23
2
4
6
32
68
3
12
4
3
23
10
3
l
4
10
11
2
l
l
0
8
6
8
8
28
27
16
9
l
l
1
0
0
0
4
0
0
0
9
12
l
0
0
l
0
5,7
5,2
3.7
4.4
3.5
46
or 10
or 12
or 14
lledian nllllber of separations
i
I
4,8
By Sex and Age
w......
lien
Number of
job aepe.ratione
Total workers
l
3
5
7
9
11
13
15
17
19
or
or
or
2
4
6
or 8
or 10
or 12
or 14
or 16
or 18
or 110re
lledian nwnb•r of separations
Workers unemployed 7 oonaeoutin 110nths or 110re after
la.y-off
1
3
5
7
9
11
13
or
or
or
or
or
or
or
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Median number of separations
Age in
Age in years
year ■
Total
16-29
30•44
45 or
over
Total
324
144
157
23
21
60
109
69
27
11
4
l
1
1
2
32
54
31
17
6
l
0
0
l
17
38
50
35
8
5
2
l
1
0
6,1
6.4
6.0
90
48
8
28
27
16
l
9
l
l
5.7
45 or
16-29
30-44
349
159
149
41
2
10
5
3
2
0
1
0
0
0
64
140
17
64
33
29
16
6
1
0
0
0
u
4
1
0
0
0
30
62
36
15
4
2
0
0
0
0
17
14
77
45
4.9
4,6
4.9
4.5
3.6
·34
8
93
40
39
14
1
3
1
l
2
0
0
24
40
19
7
l
2
0
6
21
10
15
B
9
l
6
9
8
9
l
l
0
5
0
0
0
2
l
2
0
8
4
2
0
0
0
0
5.8
6.6
*
,.2
4.4
4.3
16
18
6
6
0
#i.edian not oaloula.ted for tewer than 16 ca••••
Digitized by
Google
over
8
1
l
0
0
0
0
0
#
APPENDIX A
71
Table 22.- nEQUBIICT OP EMPlDTBR SHIFTS. 192111-35. BT OCCUPATIOV,, sn. Alm AOS
l!7
Oooup■. tioD
bitten
Wuaber of
-lo;rer ohitta
Total worlc•n
11011■
2
4
8
8
10
12
l or
Sor
5 or
7 or
9 or
11 or
lS or
16 or
17 or
All
144
8T
es
65
l
28
68
S6
15
4
l
l
0
0
s
l
28
27
T
0
0
0
0
0
0
6
28
18
7
0
l
0
0
0
.o
'
worker■
l or aore
■hif'tll
orul
exaaln•n
0
49
120
96
ST
11
8
s
0
2
4
Wo-n reporting
!Roper■
SH
0
2
ohitta
s-n
10
181
268
181
55
17
14
ot
llender■
Toppen
873
15
18
Median naber
orul
lcn1tter1 1
holpen
Total
ao
S5
16
s
l
0
0
0
0
,.s
4.9
4.6
s.e
s.2
2.8
,.s
•• 9
4.6
a.,
s.s
2.9
18S
90
29
19
22
ZS
l
9
8
0
lS
8
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
14
7
1
0
0
0
0
Worken llDnaploy-ed 7 oon■ eou'tin aontha or
aoN after lay-ott
lloDO
l or
Sor
5 or
Tor
9 or
11 or
lS or
,
2
2
es
8
8
10
12
14
87
S6
12
l
1
l
0
19
S6
26
8
l
1
l
0
8
lS
4
4
0
0
0
s.8
4.5
4.1
2.9
2.a
2.s
s.8
4.6
4,1
B,2
2.8
2.e
•
h41o.n nabor ot ehitte
All worlcon
Worlcon nport1ng
1 or more ■hitta
s
s
S,, Sex and Ago
Total work•n
·l
S
5
7
9
11
lll
15
lT
19
or
or
or
or
or
or
or
or
or
or
2
4
8
8
10
12
14
16
18
OTer
lledian ntaber ot ■ hitta
All worlcon
Worker■ reporting
l or ■on ■hirta
llork•N un-lo;red 7 oon•
■ eoutin aontba or
JION after lay-ott
llono
1 or 2
a or 4
& or 8
1 or 8
9 or 10
11 or 12
lS or 14
llediu nab•r or 1hitta
All ,ro-ro
Worker ■ reporting
1 or aore 1hitt1
fv.dian not oaloulat.d tor
·-
·-
llmber ot
-plo;rer oh1tta
Ago 111 ;re&N
Age 1n ;rear•
Total
Total
16•29
S0•44
t5 or
Offr
S24
144
167
2S
0
49
120
96
ST
11
0
18
52
19
2
s
l
0
l
0
0
2T
M
46
16
9
s
l
0
l
0
4.9
5.1
4.9
s.1
90
46
0
19
S5
26
8
1
l
l
0
8
17
17
5
0
0
l
4.5
4.9
4.5
#
s.1
s.s
s.s
4.6
4.9
4.5
#
s.1
s.,
s.a
8
s
0
2
0
r..er
48
46 or
16•29
So-44
S49
159
149
0
4
14
2
2
0
0
l
0
0
0
10
112
186
2
4
46
48
18
6
l
l
0
0
0
29
12
5
l
l
0
0
0
61
29
6
l
0
0
0
0
0
4.9
4.1
s.a
4.0
S,8
2.9
,.s
4.1
a.9
4.o
s.8
s.2
H
8
9S
40
S9
14
0
8
lS
8
s
l
l
0
0
s
5
0
0
0
0
0
2
l
17
15
0
18
1
9
s
l
0
0
0
0
86
.
S2
11
4
0
0
0
es
8
l
0
0
0
14
•
s
0
0
0
thin 15 oa■e ■ •
Digitized by
Google
OYer
41
•
18
12
T
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
#
#
72
HOSIERY WORKERS
Table 23.- FREQUENCY OF OCCUPATIONAL AHD INDUSTRIAL SHIFTS,
1926-35, BY SEX AND OCCUPATION
Women
liens
Jmitters
Number of shifts
Mend-
era
Total knit- Total Top- Seam- Loop- and
pers era era
examtera'
helpinera
era
and
Oooupe.tional Shifts
Total worbra
Hone
1
3
6
7
9
11
13
or 2
or 4
or 6
or 8
or 10
or 12
or 14
144
87
63
66
90
64
43
34
47
4
3
0
0
0
0
21
2
0
0
0
0
0
16
4
0
0
0
0
0
18
1
2
0
0
0
0
0.,8
o.s
0.1
0.1
o.s
2.2
2.2
2.1
2.3
2.2
673
324
349
371
210
62
21
4
3
1
1
140
108
61
16
4
3
1
1
231
102
11
6
0
0
0
0
o.9
1.4
2.4
2.7
Median number
All worbra
Worbra re•
porting
1 or more
shifts
lndu1trial Shifts
Total worbra
Hone
1
3
5
7
9
11
or
or
or
or
or
or
2
4
6
8
10
12
673
324
349
144
87
63
55
506
121
27
13
3
1
2
217
68
24
119
21
1
3
0
0
0
74
0
0
62
10
1
0
0
0
0
44
3
1
2
289
53
3
4
0
0
0
0.1
0.1
o.s
o.6
o.6
o.6
o.6
2.4
2.6
2.2
2.2
:/I=
:/I=
:/I=
9
12
1
0
0
10
0
1
0
0
0
Median number
All worbra
Worbra re•
porting
1 or more
shifts
i'Kedian not oaloulated for fewer than 15 oases.
Digitized by
Google
APPENDIX A
73
Table 24.• DIPLOYIIENT STATUS II? llc.THS, 1926-56, OF 524 ICNITTIIIIII 411P IIIIrTBRS' HBLPIIRS•
I
A
llcmth
IICDBAB~fl~
1928
1927
1926
1950
1929
J-mmary-----+-2-S_7_S6-·•--; ~~r2 2-~ 2~ --;r;;~2+-2-8S~l-7~-8-rl-5~-l+-2-9-2-rl-O~l-2~7~S+-25-7~-8-.-4_6_l~l-2a,zs 2 286 l4 7 15 2 291 7 16 7 4 268 9 U 1 14
8'0 M 10 S9 1 270 2S
1'eb2'11Al'J
7 15 1 286 9 16 7 8 260 ll U 1 10
6 I 2S 2 288 1S
24S ll6 7 38 0 270 ZS
llaroh
9 14 5 286 9 17 7 6 257 10 48 1 8
8 22 O 286 12
241 ST 9 57 0 275 25
.lpril
8 22 0 284 12 lS 12 S 2110 9 22 7 6 251 10 54 1 8
2U 55 12 ST I 0 1272 22
Ma;y
244 52 16 Sl I 1 272 2S 10 18 l 28S 12 15 10 4 277 8 28 5 6 ZSS 10 75 O 8
J\me
Jul;y
.lagu.t
September
Oatober
llcrrember
Deonber
I
Ma;y
June
July
.lagu8t
Septeaber
Ootober
NCINaber
Deoellber
10 88
9 68
9 6ll
10 66
12 64 1
15 82
2:54
229
2:54
252
2S2
211
~ g:
o: 112 . 219
0 18 ' HS
0 18 : 243
0 ·1e 241
olu 221
0 16 1197
8 4
8 2
1 1
7 l
1 o
~~
9 55
8 85
7 86
10 84
8 81
12 107
0 ·111 210
0 8 206
0 8 207
ol 9 190
0 1 8179
0 1 II lM
1936
19:54
5 247 lS 64
4 248 12 64
S 2'7 16 61
s 245 18 es
4 Hou 10
O 5 185 17,45
0
0
0
o
o
11 98
14 101
16 99
18 11s
21 120
22 lSS
0 i2761 19 28 0 I
O, 282 I19' 21 O,
0: 287 ! 19 16 0 I
o 282!11 ' 22 o j
0 ,269:17 34 o
Oi n67 !16 57 :o !
0I
0I
0
o;
ol
2
2
2
5
4
4
;n: g g!: i!: :n~ g[: i!! i: ~s: g1t::!1i:.: ,g!:
1
:
is Tt o 1 221 19 e1 o
11 62 o 12 1210
10 48 0 10 18'0 10 88 0 8 2M 15 45 0
9 47 o e i24110 88 o 1 211 11 40 o
10 s _1 ~ 0~11_!~2_1s~1_1~9_1~0~-'~2_6_e__,_1_2__,__s_2__,_o
zs9
268
1260
1246
272 6 M 2 10 224 8 80 0 12
272 7 52 2 11 251 9 i 72 o 12
282 1 24 1 10 :249 9 ;51 o s
282 7 24 1 10 . 256 10 i 60 o 9
278 6 s2 1 e ;249 11 155 o 9
2_6_1~s~4_2~1~9~i_24_s~-9~6_s~o~_e_
1
19SS
11152
19Sl
Janu&l'1
hbruar;y
Maroh
.lpril
I I
15 16 2 286 11 16
1S ' 18 ! 0 292 9 lS
11 •111 1 o 298 a 10
8
10 .16 1' 0 299 9
8
8 ;15 o soo 9
a I16 o 299 9 s
: 1 1! 274 19
ll2 18 26 1
Sl 14 26 1 276 19
2!> 9 2-1 1 1282 115
30 5 25 1; 1 , 282: 116
21 sj2sl 2 282 19
21 8 2s 2 2e2 19
247
255
261
265
267
264
g
2
2
1
1
5 1111 21 111 ol 1 !2e9 l6ju i. o i
2 218 24 Ill O 1 !297•18, 7 : 0 1
2 zes 21 selo 2 : soo 18 i 5 io ,
1
-~~~ ~'1o i 2 : 282 117 24 \o l
a.l denotes "eaplo;yed in bo■ier;y illlluetr:,"1 B, •-plo;yed in other illdu1triH"1 C, •,_..plo;ved"1
D, "Dot ■-ldng work before enteriag labor •rut•, E, •not Hekiag work after entering labor
aarut.•
Table 26,• J:IIPLOYJIEllf ST.lr1JS BY .at!IS, 1926•S6, 01' 144 TOPPERS•
.l
B
C
D
I
.l
B C
llonth
1928
J~
Feb......,.
Maroh
.lpril
Ma:,
June
Jv.17
.l>lguat
Septeaber
Oatober
111-1>er
Deoeaber
=1 :I:
96 8
96 8
97 8
99 : 8
I
I
2
1
1
2
100110 1 111 11& 1114
10sl 9 1 17 Hilla
107 9 0 16 12 116
108 7 l 16 12 116
109 5 1 16 1S 116
110 5 1 16 12 116
May
July
.lagu1t
September
Oatober
JOftlli>er
0.0..i..r
94
95
96
K
92
88
86
86
95
100
101
97
lS
12
15
lll
4 lll
4 :16
2
2
I
4
I
.l
II
~j1s ll 116 I
Z le 12 114 I
1 116 lS llS I
'
1 114 11 llZ
1 111 14 110
2112 14 l<M
I
s
4
4 10
S 10
4 10
6 10
4 10
8 10
s
4
4
S
4
4
6
6
4
4
4
S
4
4
'
s
I
s
s
I
10
10
10
10
10
10
lS
12
12
11
11
11
102
l<M
104
106
108
107
4
4
4
s
s
s
27
26
24
2S
21
22
87
BS
82
78
71
1
l
1
1
1
1
6 19 0 ll6
6 19 0 M
415 0 30
ll 15 0 28
ll 11 0 2T
2 18 0 ZT
21
21
21
20
21
22
57
0
60
0
100
112
114
106
0
0
0
0
"
19
21
98
91
z
2
2
ll
90
4
29
Be
I
IS
M
4
56
55
28
22
21
30
0
0
0
0
0
0
87
9S
99
99
90
s
2
5
I
2
20
26
ol
10
10
10
10
9
9
12 108
84
E A
B 1c
14 107
14 106
15 106
17 106
18 102
ZS 102
221101
22 108
22 107
21 106
21 104
1950
96i
19:54
1955
0 116 110
o iul1o7
o !u 108
0 ;11 106
0 :15 :104 ,
0 :21 : 97 1
0 ZS 105
0 z, 108
OH 109
0 ZS 108
0 24 102
0 24 66
0
0
0
0
0
1
26
22
21
25
21
57
o za 60
0 25 64
0 2l 80
14 0 18 98
12 0 18 111
21 0 18 110
1
1
2
2
2
s
eoo ,25 1 95
66 o !zsl
19 o j2s 100
24 0,201101 1
14 0,17 1101
1s 0[18j101
Sll
S6
ll6
SB
41
48
64
69
25
E
D
1
S 9 i21 102 : 2 10 ;4 !25
114 :4 128
2
3
4 9!211
S 9 121 97 2 ; 13 ,4 : 28
s
ll
2 912s 1101 . 2 10 ,4 127
2 e · 2s 1100 , z:io :4 :28
s
2 1 10 6 12, I: 95 .: 4 : 14, S ,SO
I
1 12 ,,261' 931! s 1sis iso
2 11 41241 99, S 111:5'28
2
e 4124 I1011 3 8:s!29
2
9 4122,lOSI ll 6 2:28
9425104 1 2 8' 2 "28
2
9 4 26 991 2 11i2lso
2
s
19SS
0
0
O
0
0
0
96
· --· - -- ·-·--B C
.l
1929
4
4
4
19S2
2 55
2 S6
1 52
1 sz
154
1 ll6
D E
C
1928
1927
2, 1-1J110
241-11110
24 1& ;111
24 l5 ' 11Z
ZS 151112
20 ! 15 112
l9Sl
J__,.,.
1'ebruar:,
Maroh
.lpril
i' D
;
941
3 12
S 11
S 9
S 11
2 lll
2117
i
2
2
2
2
2
2
18
21
15
10
8
12
ol1s
:1::
0 24
0 25
0 28
I
0
0
0
0
0
0
29
27
27
25
24
ZS
a.l denote• "employed in ho1ier;y indu1tr;y"; B, •-ployed ill other illlluotriH"J C, "uzln,plo;yed"J
D, •not ■Hlcillg work before en.teriDg labor arlmt", E, •not Heking work atter enterint; labor
aarUt.•
Digitized by
Google
HOSIERY WORKERS
74
Table 26.• Dll'LOnmlT STATUS BY IIOIITIIS, 1928-55, OF 87 SBAIIJ!llS~
A B
llonth
C
D
B
A B
1926
,1,muo.ry
February
llaroh
April
!lay
JUM
4
5
3
M 5
65 5
64
2
5
'
4
62
64
6'
a
a
5
' '
65
65 4
66 4
October , 86 4
65 4
IIOT-ber
65 6
Deoaber
July
Auguat
S•pt-bor
i
12
10
10
10
9
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
4
4
4
4
4
64
66
67
es
5
6
5
6
July
Auguot
S~pt-ber
October
Vo'ft!llber
Dec&ber
i 68
l
66
l
l
l
68
69
69
60
57
58
6&
68
70
68
1
l
2
2
1
1
1
l
D
B
'
6
6
4
4
a
''
5
5
5
5
68
5
6
6
5
5
4
5
5
4
6
6
7
7
7
7
8
7
l
H
l
l
14
13
15
15
15
68
68
68
M
60
68
0
0
0
0
0
0
15
15
12
12
12
12
57
59
61
65
66
65
6
6
66
66
68
89
71
s
8
7
8
7
9
8
4
9
8
5
89
69
69
71
72
72
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
9
10
2
l
1
2
2
2
5
''
5
8
2
2
5
8
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
12
12
15
14
15
14
82
61
57
0
0
0
0
0
0
15
15
16
16
16
16
56
40
58
5
6
1
l
1
15
14
10
6
4
6
l
l
l
6
6
5
8
1
1
1,
1
1
1
1
H
12
9
5
1
4
1
7
B
A 8
a
a
3
2
2
2
5
2
5
5
5
5
5
a a
5
5
a
2
l
1
68
55
48
M
66
60
C D
75
73
71
75
75
72
6
6
6
6
8
7
l
l
1
0
0
0
10 71
5 10 71
a 10 Tl
9 Tl
5
9 72
5
5 10 72
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
1
1
5 1
5 l
2 1
2 l
11
11
4
'
lZ
12
12
12
"
66
67
72
72
7'
72
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
5
3
2
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
6
6
57
57
60
58
69
59
,o
,,
0
0
0
48
so
5"
50
14
H
15
15
12
15
16
19
19
21
21
21
19
19
19
19
18
19
28
26
18
16
13
16
l
14
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
2
2
2
2
58
l
l
0
l
1
1
1
1
1
14
16
15
10
7
7
6
6
1
5"
17
16
15
15
12
12
8
14
l
56
14
0
0
13
13
1
1
l
1
1
l
1
1
1
52
30
1
1
1
1
1
1
19
17
16
17
18
18
51
5"
58
57
12
15
19
I
16 0
16 0
12 0
12 0
12 0
14 0
12
12
12
l!
15
12
D
1935
0
11 0
10 0
14 0
16 0
26 0
2
2
l
1
1
2
7
13
11
11
11
70
70
69
70
67
195'
61
62
64
69
57
46
C
1930
10
10
12
16
15
18
18
16
18
15
8
A B
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
11
I
1929
1955
11
l
2
5
75
72
72
75
72
72
1932
5
5
4
5
5
12
C D
A B
1928
4
86
87
8
1951
Juuary
February
llaroh
April
llay
June
C
1927
l
()
0
0
0
•A d•note ■ "employed 1n ho ■ iery 1.odu■try•i B. "-.ployed in other indu,trie■ "; c. "un•ployed"J D., "not
1eek1ng wort betore enterina; labor -rket"; E., "not aeeking wort art.er wtering labor -rtet. •
Toblo 27 •• l!MPLO'IIIEt!T STATIJS BY IIOl!THS, 1926-55, OF 65 LOOPERSa
Konth
A
B
D
C
B
A B
January
February
llaroh
April
40
40
'1
!lay
58
37
J1111•
JulT
Auguot
Septeaber
October
VoTaber
Deoam.ber
40
56
58
40
"
45
45
1
1
l
1
1
2
3
5
5
1
l
1
l
l
l
1
1
2
19
lS
18
18
18
17
l
17
16
15
14
14
1
l
l
2
2
14
2
2
2
s
45
45
""
1
l
1
l
46
l
48
1
6
47
5
4
65
1
l
l
1
5
5
5
5
s
5
5
t7
55
62
52
55
5"
56
5"
51
'6
0
0
0
0
0
0
.July
Auguot
Sept-bar
Ootober
IOTeaber
».Naber
48
47
60
65
58
0
0
0
0
62
0
0
6
''
4
8
11
11
11
10
8
9
11
E
5
4
s
5
5
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
5
62
4
65
55
4
49
'1
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
6
5
,1 1
'1 l
47 0
5
4
2
1
0
64
,e
,a
64
0
0
0
0
0
0
15
12
12
12
9
2
6
0
0
0
9
21
21
16
14
15
17
B
A B
6
4
50
4
52
52
3
5
2
2
6
6
6
6
4
5
5
5
5
5
8
s
61
50
8
5
7
6
0
0
0
0
56
5
1
54
55
55
65
5"
55
1
1
1
l
1
1
2
2
l
1
1
2
2
4
4
4
4
4
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
67
57
57
56
55
2
2
2
2
2
2
6S l
5" l
56 l
65 l
65 l
64 1
64
1
l
l
1
1
l
1938
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
30
0
1
1
1
0
0
24
2
28
2
59
5
3
5
1
40
'1
58
59
55
""
45
s. •-ployed
&A d.enote■ •eapl.,,.S !.n boaie27 iDdu■tJ'J'•J
••eldnc work betoN at•ring labor -.rtet" J
••
"not
l
1
1
l
1
2
0
0
0
1, 0
14 0
15 0
2
2
2
2
2
2
51
S6
S1
19
A B C
2
2
5
3
4
2
1
1
1
1
l
5
2
2
2
2
'
5
4
4
5
&6
50
'6
47
~
2
2
2
"
27
20
21
24
26
56
59
13
1
l
57
56
51
29
20
18
5
5
5
2
B
2
5
5
~
5
66
56
56
57
5
5
56
49
50
52
56
58
57
66
1
1
1
0
0
0
3
1
2
2
5
1
l
l
l
1
0
1
l
0
0
0
9
7
s
9
'
5
4
5
a
5
5
4
1
0
0
0
0
0
5
5
2
2
2
'
'
2
19S6
0
0
0
11 0
1, 0
30 0
1
2
2
2
1
l
D
1950
1
0
0
l
2
3
9
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
c,,
5
2
5
2
5
16
0
48
11
47
5
9
5 &8
'6
5 46
5
2
1
8
0
0
0
0
0
5
6
5
'8
61
l
5
51
61
48
42
'
5
'
so
l
l
1
1
0
11
12
9
0
0
0
5 0
4 0
6 0
6
6
5
4
4
4
5
6
6
6
7
9
•una.pl07N•1 D,, •not
work after atering labor aartet."
in other induatri•••a
•••ld.ng
B
1954
0
0
0
0
0
0
22
20
ZS
22
29
C D
1929
5
5
s
5
11
6
11
D
1928
4
4
2
5
2
10
10
1,
22
C
A B
1952
1951
.Juuary
February
llarch
April
!lay
J-
D
C
1927
1926
Digitized by
Google
75
APPENDIX A
Table 28,- IIIIPLO'IIIENT STATUS BT llO!fflll, 1928-3:1, OF l5l5 KIIIDEliS AIID ICWIINIRSa
B C
A
llontb
nil
1926
43
3
'1
'1
'1
'1
'1
"'
"
11.111
u
~
'2
,2
43
<13
43
2
2
2
2
3
3
laDUU'J'
Februlll'7
llarob
April
lla,Y
,_
S.P'•ber
October
lloT•ber
Deoanber
''
."'
laDUll1'7
Februar,
llarob
April
lla1
2
2
2
l
l
l
6
6
6
6
l5
l5
3
3
3
3
3
3
0
1
1
1
l
6
6
6
6
2
l
l
l
l
l
""'5
u
"
'
&
5
l5
8
3
3
3
3
3
3
. ~, :I
40
1u11
~
1110 3
11 91 3
l , 81 3
2
2
l 91 2
'1
43
S.pt-r
October
lloT•bar
43
Dec•ber
...
,3
'2
,2
40
'1
'1
,2
'2
,2
1931
43
,,.,..
l
6
6
3
3
3
3
3
3
A
2
3
3
2
l
l
l
l
0
0
0
0
u
'1
40
39
38
3:1
D I
B C
A
1927
3
3
3
3
3
3
0
0
0
"
3
2
2
l
l
2
2
''
'
"
'
l
l
1932
B
11
12
12
13
16
0
0
0
0
0
0
33 0
33 0
33 0
36 0
36 0
3lS 0
A
B C
l5
l5
l5
l5
l5
l5
3
3
3
,2
,2
3
3
,2
,2
l5
l5
l5
l5
5
l5
14
2
2
...
""
42
3
3
3
3
3
3
-·- ..--2 l
2 l
2 l
2 2
2 2
2 2
2
2
2
2
'2
'2
:s
i
3
3
4
3
3
4
""
•I
''
'
l
2
2
l5
l5
l5
l5
l5
l5
3
3
3
3
3
3
43
43
43
,3
43
'1
l
2
3
2
2
2
2
2
l5
l5
l5
l5
l5
l5
3
3
3
3
3
3
40
40
2
1
1
l
3
3
2
l
1
l
1
l
1933
34
33
31
:,0
28
26
19
19
29
37
40
37
ll5
16
18
19
21
0
0
0
0
0
l
22
31
0
0
0
0
0
0
D I
B C D I:
A
1929
1928
17
17
16
1'
u
D I
B C
:,0
21
13
10
13
l
l
3
3
3
' ' '
1 10
1 9
41 l 7
39 l B
:58 2 7
37 2 9
.
II
l
l
l
l
l
l
, 1 17 !
I
5 lBj
21 I
23 ·
4
27 1
2
2
2
2
2
41 l
,2 1
l
"8 2
"6 2
"6 2
l5
'
'•
2
''
'
P.l5
2
, 12
2
"3
'' '
'
3
6
7
7
7
7
"
"'
3
"'
39
"'•I ,2u
• '1
,1
19M
1934
--..-- --..---- r--- r - - r - 3l5 0 1,
0 16 0
37 0 12
0 12 0
36 0 12
9 0
0
3l5 0 13
9 0
0
34 0 14
0 10 0
0 2, 0 6 34 0 1' 0
4
4
4
6
7
9
8
8
7
l
l
"
'
'
:58
39
4
4
3
0
0
0
'1
•
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
39
40
I
l5
l5
3
2
2
35
5
:s
2
:sa
2
2
2
2
2
2
4
3
2
3
1
1
-
19:!0
l5
l5
0
0
o
0
2e ! l
"
l
32
0
6
31
28
26
20
21
I)
6
6
6
6
6
0
0
0
0
3l5
37
40
'1
,2
39
0 13
0 11
l 7
l 6
l l5
1 7
r
0
0
0
0
0
0
I
7
7
7
7
7
8
•A denotea "•plo:,ed in hosiery 1ndustey" ; B, •-ployed in other lnduetriea"; C1 •un-ployed.•;
D, "Dot Hekiag work betore enter1ag labor market"; I:, "not eeek1DC work atter uterine labor
market.•
Table 29,- IIIIPL0'!lmli'l' STA'I'U5 BY II0N'1'1!5, 1926-M, OF 3415 WORKXRS AT IIILL
llontb
A
I
I
Juuar,
!'ebruar,
llercb
April
lla,Y
lwut
1u11
.Aupa1;
S.pt•ber
October
NoT•ber
Dec•b•r
I
B J C D l!i
A
B C
1926
~,=~:!
68 17 2l53 22
·~
28 1 3• 67
229 12:
66
65
233 12' : 7 6,
2:14!26112 l54
17
16
17
17
19
2l54
2:57
2:59
2117
2:57
21
234! 27114 l51 19
2'1i 25 12 49 18
"8 17
46 17
~ 121 i 6 46 18
2:55 22 j 6 46 16
259
262
269
271
2?3
2?4
23
22
19
20
22
22
::1: ~
D I
~13_lc
1927
21
22
22
2'
r~_!Cl ~iL:_~L~ !
28
28
28
27
26
22
14
18
18
20
20
21
273
272
273
273
2'10
269
21
18
18
17
16
ll5
9
9
8
8
13
18
31 17 266
31 16 273
:,0 16 279
29 15 280
28 15 284
? 28 1, 284
1'
17 21 27
14 21 2l5
11 20 24
11 20 2'
B 19 24
9 18 2l5
16
16
17
16
17
18
ll5
14
11
10
7
12
11
10
10
9
-.
1931
Juu...,.
!'ebruar,
llarob
April
lla,Y
J'ww
2"6 : ll i '4
2. . :11 42
24' . 12 :.z
2,2 : 13 :43
236 13 46
21S !l4 66
1933
1932
2:!0 11! 6l5
42 234 11 64
66 138
l5 42 236 10 62
5 1<12 22l5 13 68
l5 '5 211 11 8'
l5 ' 47 181 13 114
2 36
23'
2M
2 3?
2 37
2 3lS
206
204
204
199
187
160
10 94
13 94
13 94
ll5 98
15 110
16 133
J!GliLi
1929
1928
9 45
10'"
8 42
8 40
10 39
13 33
1,.a
292 ' 10
279 1 9
2,, [11
274 110
270 1 9
263 1 7 ,
260
261
270
272
2?1
260
19:!0
9;;~ 7
11 117 30
11 17 32
11 117 33
ll5 17 M
28 13 M
1
10 j 40
2l5l5 9 33 ·10 38
2:57 10 Sl 10 37
2:57 9 33 10 36
2l51 , 9 38 10 37
232 : 11; !58 7 37
:
1
51 34 110 36 230
6 1 33 10 35 239
26l5
6 23 10 34 273
24 10 3l5 272
5 1 33 ~ ~ 263
"I""
;4T:f'"
5
'Ii
1934
33
32
32
31
31
2 34
2
2
2
2
2
u;' -;T;; I
284
284.
281
277 1
1,6
51 43
5 <13
Iii ,1
!lO
7 167
4
0 13
013
0 12
0 14
0 25
8 6:11
9 l54
8
8
9
B
33i
2l5
25
34
19M
239 12
2l54 11
261 12
262 10
249 9
243 7
6l5
l51
,3
44
M
l59
0129
0 , 29
0 129
0 , 29
0 '. 33
o i3&
206 116 ! 76 3"" 182 16 111 2 34 Bl 17 213 l 33 93 8 212 0 32 247 7 l5l5 o l36
J'ul1
208! 16 I 75 3 43 184 16 109 234 90 16 206 l 32 104 9 200 0 32 249 7 52 0 137
.Aucu•t
Sept.,.ber
23l5 14 ,l56 3 37 211 13 84 2 3l5 220 11 89 l 2, 151 13 U9 0 32 26l5 8 36 0;36
248il3!'5 2 37 221 12 74 2 36 267 9 !j() l 18 176 14 126 0 29 271 10 27
October
lloT•ber
o.J37
87 0 27 278 10 21 0
36
249~2i47 2 3l5 219 12 77 2 3:1 272 7 47 l 18 21?
2 36 209 11 88 2 3l5 267 l5 54 l 18 220 14 82 0 29 262 9 37 0 37
Dec•b•r
- .. - . -·-·.
-·- - - --- - :!37
8
A denotH ".,.plo7ed in boaier, indu•tr,"; B, "aplo79d in otber induatriH•; c, "wlaoplo,-11•:
D, "Dot -kine work bat ore enteriq; labor 118rket"; I, •not Hakine work art er enterine labor
market.•
1-21~
u
Digitized
by
Goog Ie
HOSIERY WORKERS
76
ao.-
Table
llonth
IIIPLODll!IT STA1'!JS BY IIOWTHS, 1926-35, OF 275 WORDIIS AT IIILL rl'
B C D I
A
A
Janua17
Februa17
lie.rah
April
...,.
JUD8
Jul.7
.bguat
S.pteaber
October
•~r
Deoal:ler
June
7 11 10 U 241
9 11 10 10 245
8 9 10 7244
7 8 10 7 246
9 8 10 7 246
9 9 10 6 245
4
4
4
5
5
5
II
6
7
5
7
8
19
111
19
18
17
17
zos
...,.
7
7
8
9
8
10
215
218
225
228
228
224
19
111
16
18
15
16
U
12
10
II
11
11
234
U5
241
HS
241
241
1932
0 10 187
0 10 178
9 171
0 9 182
0 7 161
0 7 148
201
4 47
2 46
2 42 0 ZS 22:5 0 43 0
207
209
198
3M
6 43
8 56
195
Jul;r
Auguet
198
S.ptaber 216
227
Ootober
23S
llonaber
224
Deoeaber
53
51
43
35
31
40
8
8
3
2
2
2
0 41
0 44
0 21 222
0 18 209
0 18 194
l 43
2 57
3 71
19
18
14
11
0 9
0 9
7
6
3
2
2
2
0
0
0
0
185
192
208
222
225
198
74
88
53
42
39
86
75
2
2
3
es
88
4 98
7 105
9 106
0 9 160 12
0 9 172 12
0 11 198 11
0 9 217 10
0 9 225 8
0 11 199 10
91
79
56
36
31
54
D I
B C
A
82M
7 246
8 24ll
7 242
9 240
9 237
5
ll
3
3
4
5
II
10
11
8 lll 232
8 12 2lll
8 12 236
8 11 2M
8 9 233
8 i 232
5
6
6
8
4
4
24
24
2S
24
10
10
10
10
9
9
12
14
18
ao
30
10
10
11
11
11
4 11
7
7
7
7
6
228
218
220
221
215
204
2 12 205
2 12 211
l 9 214
l 10 219
l 7 210
1 8 206
1934
0
0
0
0
0
0
11
12
U
11
12
12
181
181
184
181
168
143
0
0
0
0
0
0
12
12
12
12
11
12
144
152
174
199
232
231
B C D B
l9a0
1929
1933
208
0 21 224
0 26 221
B A
1928
6
6
6
4
4
5
21 9 28 10 226 l&
20 10 28 10 281 ll5
22 8 25 10 2ll3 ll5
21 9 25 11 2:55 12
20 9 24 13 2ll4 11
19 10 nu 2S5 11
II
7
5
4
4
8
D
B C
7 15 12 2M
5 16 11 2U
4H 11 245
SU 9 245
6 lS 11 245
6 12 11 242
207
209
210
209
209
210
1931
Jan11U7
Feb~
llarall
April
B C D B A
11127
1926
1 11
l 17
1 15
114
l 18
l 18
4 Sl
4 ll5
5M
4 35
5 38
5 47
46
42
llll
ll6
4
4
5
7
8
5
45
411
l
0
0
0
0
0
111
18
17
13
14
115
19315
13 68
12 81
14 104
0 12
0 11
0 12
0 us
014
0 14
2Sl
2SO
256
227
222
2111
U
14
U
13
13
19
19
14
21
27
u so
0
0
0
0
0
0
12
12
12
14
lS
13
14 103
14 95
14 7:5
16 47
14 17
14 19
0 14
014
0 14
0 lS
0 12
0 11
224
226
256
243
244
236
13
13
12
12
12
12
28
25
15
8
7
16
0
0
0
0
0
0
12
11
12
12
12
13
11
10
71
7S
u
66
aA 48DOte■ "cplo;red 1n holiery 1n4u1try•1 B, •-plo;red in other ind.uatriH•J c, •un•plo:,et1•1
Work before entering labor market• J E, "not seeking work atter entering labor
D, •not
•rtet.•
••elclng
Table lllo• IIIPLO'llll!IT STATUS BY IIO!ITKS, 1926-36, OF 63 WORIERS AT IIILL C"
A
IIO!lth
B
C D B A
B
1926
48
5
6
6
...,.
42
s
41
41
June
41
6
5
5
l
2
3
2
2
3
Jul;r
Augu1t
Septeaber
Ootober
41
42
42
4S
45
46
5
5
5
4
2
2
s 4
s 3
3 s
s 3
s 3
2 a
Janur:,
Februa17
llarch
April
43
W..-.-ber
Deceeber
3
3
l
0
0
& 0
5 0
4 0
0
0
0
0
0
0
47
47
46
46
46
47
1
48
48
48
47
47
47
2
2
2
l
3
3
1931
January
February
llarall
April
44
J .....
41
4S
44
44
40
Jul;r
Auguat
September
October
lloYalber
Deoal:ler
S7
38
41
46
46
45
lla;r
0
0
0
0
0
0
6
7
5
5
46
47
4S
43
5
4
"
1 10
l 9
0 6
0 3
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
6
40
43
ll
0
ll
2
2
2
2
2
42
6
46
4
46
4
5
46
44
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
l
B
C
1
l
l
1
1
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
0
0
1
1
1
0
47
47
47
47
46
46
3
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
l
1
2
2
2
1
l
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
45
46
47
48
48
48
2
1
1
1
1
1
3
3
2
1
1
l
4,
2
2
3
4
8
8
7
7
8
5
6
5
4
5
D
E A
l
1
l
1
l
1
0
0
0
0
2
2
l
1
l
1
l
l
2
B
1928
1932
0 s
0 5
0 5
0 4
0 ·4
l 8
0
C D E A
1927
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
6
2
2
2
2
4,
6
2
2
2
2
2
5
2
2
3
3
E
A
B
46
46
46
48
'7
48
47
46
2
2
2
4
4
4
3
46
46
48
46
46
42
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
3
2
2
0
1
1
0
0
0
7
4
2
1
1
1
8
5
5
8
11
16
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
--
l
1
l
1
2
l
l
1
l
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
l
l
l
1
2
1
0
0
0
0
0
4
4
6
4
6
6
39
41
0
0
0
0
0
0
8
8
8
8
4S
42
S9
39
38
29
28
31
ll7
S8
39
18
17
12
6
0
0
0
0
6
0
6
0
6
40
42
42
39
ll9
7
37
6
35 0
36 0
39 1
40 1
42 l
40 0
4,
5
5
8
9
9
9
8
0
l
l
l
0
0
5
2
2
6
8
8
10
9
6
3
l
4
C D
B
1930
l
1
1
1
1
l
4S
46
48
47
1934
40 l
42 2
41 2
38 2
36 l
Sl 0
0
0
1
l
l
0
D
1929
47
48
46
46
1933
0
0
0
0
0
0
C
~~
2
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
Ii
0
7
7
7
6
0
0
0
0
0
6
6
5
5
6
4
5
1935
0
0
0
0
0
0
8
8
8
8
8
9
9
9
0
l
1
l
0
0
1
0
l
l
ll
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
9
10
12
12
12
12
ll6 0
38 0
38 1
40 l
40 l
se 0
6
3
1
0
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
12
12
13
12
12
12
36
"4 4enotea "eaplo:,e4 1n holier:, 1nduatry•1 B, •,..plo,Y"d in other 1n4uatri•••1 C, •unsnplo:,e4•1
work before entering labor market•; B, •!lOt ■eeking work atter entering labor
D, •not
arbot.•
•••king
Digitized by
Google
Table 32.- MAN-MONTHS OF EMPLOYMENT IN HOSIERY AND IN OTHER INDUSTRIES.
1926-30 AND 1931-36• BY SEX AND OCCUPATION
Period and
industry
Total
months
Hum-
ber
1926-36
Percent
Men:
knitters
and
knitters'
helpers
Num-
ber
Percent
Women
Total
Num-
ber
Percent
Toppers
Nuni-
ber
Percent
Seamers
Num-
ber
Percent
Loopers
Number
Percent
Menders
and
examiners
Num-
ber
Percent
>
62,690 100.0 31,922 100.0 30,768 100.0 12,306 100.0
7,859 100.0
5.784 100.0 4.819 100.0
'"Ci
'"Ci
59,939
2,751
7,648
211
5,649
135
96.4
3.6
:z:
>
CZ:,
Hosiery
other
0
co·
N.
""
(D
Q.
~
C")
95.6 30.045
4.4 1,877
94.1 29.894
874
5.9
97.2 11,952
354
2.8
97.1
2.9
97.3
2.7
97.7
2.3
4,645
174
1926-30
Hosiery
other
33.668 100.0 17.094 100.0 16.574 100.0
32,106 95.4 16,118 94.3 15,988 96.5
976
5.7
586
3.5
1,562
4.6
6.559 100.0
6,325 96.4
234
3.6
4.267 100.0
4,132 96.8
135
3.2
3,086 100.0
3,011 97.6
75
2.4
2,662 100.0
2,520 94.7
142
5.3
1931-35
Hosiery
other
29,022 100.0 14,828 100.0 14,194 100.0
27,833 95.9 13,927 93.9 13,906 98.0
288
2.0
1,189
901
6.1
4.1
5,747 100.0
5,627 97.9
120
2.1
3,592 100.0
3,516 97.9
76
2.1
2,698 100.0
2,638 97.8
60
2.2
2,157 100.0
2,125 98.5
32
1.5
t:,
.....
I><
0
-
~
rv
-J
-J
--1
Table 33.- DPLOTIIEI'? STA7l!S II ll)lffH All'l'ER 1.A.T-OFF, BY SEX AllD OCCUPATIOI
01)
w-
Men,
knitter■
'
Totel
and
l!IRplc,y.ent 1tatu1
'lumber Percent
Total workers
Employed
Unemployed
Not 1eeking work
Topper■
knitters•
helpers
Total
lfumber Percent
!lumber Percent
llenden
and
Looper■
s-r•
exuuner■
lfumber Percent lumber Percent lllaber Percent Number Peroent
673
100.0
324
100.0
349
100.0
144
100.0
87
100.0
63
100.0
66
100.0
163
24.2
67.5
8.3
76
246
2
23.5
75.9
0.6
87
208
24.9
69.6
16.6
36
26.0
68.3
16.7
27
31.0
46.0
23.0
13
20.6
73.0
11
38
20.0
69.1
10.9
464
66
64
&4
24
'°
20
46
4
6.4
6
=
0
Cl)
1-4
l;l;I
::0
--<
LEIIGTH OF EKPLOnmNT AT FIRST JOB AFTER !AT-on
Table 34.- CtlllUIATIVE DISTRIBUTIOII
FOR WORKERS REPORTIJJG EIIPLOnmrT Ill IIOJITH AFTER IAY-OFF • BY SEX A.HD OCCUPA.TIOll
OF
Total
CJ
,,,N.
""
NIDllber ot months
w-
llena
knitter,
and
knitters•
helper,
Total
(D
Cl.
Number Percent
~
CJ
0
-
~
(v
l
4
7
10
13
26
37
or
or
or
or
or
or
or
more
more
-re
aore
more
aore
aore
163
132
100
90
72
32
7
100.0
81.0
lil.3
55.2
44.2
19.6
4.3
Number Percent
76
63
44
39
29
10
2
100.0
82.9
157.9
61.3
38.2
13.2
2.6
C
0
::0
p,:
lfuaber Peroat
87
69
56
151
t3
22
6
100.0
79.3
64.4
68.6
49.4
25.3
6.7
Topper,
l;l;I
Looper■
s-r•
::0
llelldera
and
Cl)
examiner■
lhmber Percent ll&ber PerOClt 'Riaber Peroent Niaber Peroent
36
26
20
18
15
7
3
100.0
72.2
55.6
60.0
41.7
19.4
8.3
27
26
20
17
15
10
2
100.0
96.3
7-&.l
63.0
56.8
37.0
7.4
13
8
8
8
6
3
0
100.0
61.5
61.5
61.5
"6.2
23.l
-
11
9
8
8
7
2
0
100.0
81.8
72.7
72.7
6308
18.2
-
Table 35.- HtlllBER OF CONSECUTIVE MONTHS OF UNEIIPLOYJIENT AFTER LAY-OFF FOR WORKERS UNEIIPLOYED
IH MOHrH AFTER LAY-OFF, BY SEX AND OCCUPATION
Women
Mena
knitter•
Total
Number of months
NUJIL•
ber
Total worker•
0
tQ
;c;.
;;:;·
CD
Q.
IT
'<
C")
0
a"""""'rv
246
100.0
1-6
1-3
4-6
271
126
145
59.7
21.8
:51.9
156
74
82
7 or more
7- 9
10-12
13-24
25-36
37 or more
183
93
30
47
40.3
20.5
6.6
10.4
2.4
0.4
90
53
14
19
4
0
Median number of months
11
2
6.o
Total
5.8
208
Topper•
100.0
84
Seaner•
100.0
Looper•
40
100.0
46
56.3
25.0
30.3
65
25
30
65.5
29.8
36.7
21
15
6
52.5
37.5
15.o
24
93
44.7
19.2
1.1
13.4
3.4
1.0
29
14
8
4
3
34.5
16.6
9.5
4.8
3.6
19
6
3
8
1
1
47.6
15.0
7.5
20.0
2.5
2.5
22
-
40
16
28
7
2
6.5
-
0
5.8
Per- Humcent ber
Per- Hum•
cent ber
63.4 115
52
30.l
33.3 63
36.6
21.6
5.7
7.7
1.6
and
examiners
Per- Numcent ber
Per• Numcent ber
Per- Humcent ber
Per• Humcent ber
454 100.0
Mender•
and
knitters'
helpers
6.8
100.0
9
15
11
3
6
2
0
6.9
Per-
cent
100.0
38
15
3
12
39.5
7.9
31.6
47.8 23
9
23.9
2
6.5
13.0 10
60.5
23.7
52.2
19.6
32.6
4.4
-
l
l
>
>,:j
'"Cl
t"l
:z:
0
......
><
►
5.3
26.3
2.6
2.6
8.&
oJ
co
Table 36.- CUWLATIVE DISTRIBUTION OF TDIB HOT SEEKIHG YORK BE'l'WBD LAY-OFF ARD TDIB OP BBDTERDJG LABOR MARKET
FOR WORKERS llHO LEFT LABOR IIARDT IN JIONTH AFTER LAY-OFF AID RfttJlUiKD
BEFCEE KAY 1936, BY OCCtlPilIOB
01)
0
Knitter,
Total
worker,
Number o~
and
IIODthl
1 or
4 or
7 or
10 or
13 or
25 or
more
more
more
more
more
more
Looper,
Seamer,
Topper■
knitters'
helper•
Number
Percent
lumber
Peroent
Number
Percent
Humber
Percent
liumber
Peroent
29
28
20
17
15
6
100.0
96.6
69.0
58.6
61.7
20.0
1
l
0
0
0
0
100.0
100.0
16
16
12
9
7
100.0
100.0
75.o
18.8
100.0
90.0
70.0
70.0
70.0
30.0
2
2
1
1
1
0
100.0
100.0
50.0
50.0
60.0
3
10
9
7
7
7
3
-
--
56.3
43.8
=
0
en
~
1,11;1
::-,
><
=-:
0
::-,
Table 37 .- EMPLOYMENT STATUS IN MONTH AFl'ER LAY-OFF, BY SEX AND MILL OF LAY-OFF
r,o,:
t:,;I
::-,
cg:
,:r
~
~
Em.ployment status
~......
rv
Total
ber
Percent
324
100.0
76
246
2
23.5
76.9
0.6
NW11-
C")
0
Women
Men
0
Total worbtr1
Employed
Unemployed
work
Not
•••king
Mill A
Rum-
ber
Per•
cent
164 100.0
28
136
1
17.1
82.3
o.s
en
Mill B
11111 C
Num- Per• Rum- Perber cent ber cent
140 100.0
-&3
96
1
so.7
68.6
0.1
20 100.0
6
16
0
26.0
75.0
-
Total
Per•
cent
11111 A
ber
Per•
cent
349 100.0
181
100.0
24.9
69.6
15.6
39
21.6
111
31
61.:S
RWll-
ber
87
208
64
Hum-
17.1
11111 B
.llill C
Num- Per• Num- Perber cent ber cent
136 100.0
38
85
12
28.1
63.0
8.9
33 100.0
10
12
11
so.s
36.4
33.3
Table 38.- E)!PLOYMENT STATUJ IN MONTH AFTER IAY-OFF, BY YEAR OF IAY-OFF,. SEX,. AND OCCUPATION
Year of lay-off
and employment etatus
in month after lay-oft
Mens
knitter,
and
knitters'
helper,
Total
Women
Total
Toppers
Se8Jner1
Hum- Per- Hum- Per- Num- Per- N\DII- Per- Numcent ber cent ber
cent ber
ber cent ber
Total worker,
0
t6"
N.
""
CD
'<
C")
0
a........
(v
100.0
324 100.0
349
100.0
144 100.0
87 100.0
27
40
20
31.0
46.0
23.0
100.0
18.3
63.4
18.3
28 100.0
6 21.4
18
64.3
4 14.3
11
100.0
36.4
36.4
27.2
1933
llmployed
Unemployed
Not seeking work
252 100.0 118 100.0 134 100.0
29.8
37
77
30.6
31.4 40
75
56.0
155
61.5
80
67.8
19 14.2
20
1
o.8
7.9
53 100.0
14 26.4
29
54.7
10 18.9
1934-35
Employed
Unemployed
Not seeking work
310 100.0 155 100.0 155 100.0
23.2
28
36
64
20.e
18.l
95
81.3
61.3
221
71.3 126
25
1
o.s 24 15.5
8.1
63 100.0
25.4
16
37
58.7
10 15.9
454
24.2
67.5
56
8.3
1932
Employed
Unemployed
Not eeeld.ng work
111
22
78
11
100.0
19.8
70.3
9.9
163
76
246
2-
23.5
75.9
o.s
51
100.0
21.6
40
78.4
0
11
-
87
208
54
24.9
59.6
15.5
60
11
38
11
36
84
24
4
4
3
Menders
and
examiners
Per• Num- Per- Numcent ber cent ber
25.0
58.3
16.7
Employed
Unemployed
Not eeeking work
a.
rr
673
Loopers
63
13
46
4
26
9
16
1
37
12
15
10
29
3
24
100.0
32.4
40.6
21.0
20.6
73.0
6.4
8 100.0
1
12.5
6
75.0
12.s
1
39 100.0
28.2
21
53.9
7
17.9
11
100.0
55
11
38
6
Percent
100.0
20.0
69.1
10.9
13 100.0
0
76.9
10
3 23.1
-
100.0
34.6
61.5
3.9
16 100.0
6 37.5
9 56.2
1
6.3
100.0
10.3
82.8
2
6.9
26 100.0
5 19.2
19
73.1
2
7.7
>
'"Cl
"'Cl
t;,:l
z
0
......
><
:,,.
....00
82
HOSIERY WORKERS
Table 39.- DISTRIBUTION OF WORKERS 1B EACH MILL, BY DATE OF LAY-OFF
Year and
quarter
of lay-off
Total worker•
1932
First
Second
Third
Fourth
1933
First
Second
Thir·i
Fourth
1934
First
Second
Third
Fourth
1935
First
Total
Mill A
llill B
14111 C
Number
Percent
Number
Percent
Number
Percent
Number
Percent
673
100.0
345
100.0
275
100.0
53
100.0
111
11
41
22
37
16.5
l.6
6.1
3.3
5.5
20
l
12
3
4
5.8
0.3
3.5
o.9
78
8
23
17
1.1
30
28.4
2.9
8.4
6.2
10.9
13
2
6
2
3
24.5
3.8
11.3
3.8
5.6
252
61
79
27
85
37.5
9.1
11.7
4.0
12.7
59
9
29
8
13
17.l
2.6
8.4
2.3
3.8
159
57.8
16.0
13.l
3.6
25.l
34
8
14
9
3
64.2
15.l
26.4
17.0
5.7
309
40
240
22
7
45.9
5.9
35.7
3.3
1.0
265
23
224
14
4
76.8
6.7
64.9
4.l
1.1
38
16
14
6
2
13.8
5.8
5.1
2.2
6
l
2
2
1
11.3
1.9
l
1
0.1
0.1
1
l
0.3
o.3
0
0
44
36
10
69
0.1
--
0
0
3.8
3.7
1.9
--
Table 40.- WMBER OF CONSECUTIVE MONTHS OF UNEMPLOTh!ENT AFTER LAY-OFF
FOR WORKERS UNEMPLOYED IN MONTH AFTER LAY-OFF
BY MILL AND YEAR OF LAY-OFF
Year or
lay-off and
number or
months
Total
14111 A
Mill B
Mill C
Number
Percent
Number
Percent
Number
Percent
Num-
ber
Percent
Total workers
454
100.0
246
100.0
181
100.0
27
100.0
1-6
7 or more
271
183
59.7
40.3
146
100
59.3
40.7
102
79
56.4
43.6
23
4
85.2
14.8
1932
1-6
7 or more
78
34
44
100.0
43.6
56.4
12
2
10
100.0
16.7
83.3
59
27
32
100.0
45.8
54.2
7
5
2
100.0
71.4
28.6
1933
1-6
7 or more
155
92
63
100.0
59.4
40.6
38
15
23
100.0
39.5
60.5
98
60
~8
100.0
61.2
38.8
19
17
2
100.0
89.5
10.s
1934-35
1-6
7 or more
221
145
76
100.0
65.6
34.4
196
129
67
100.0
65.8
24
15
9
100.0
62.5
37.5
1
l
0
100.0
100.0
34.2
Digitized by
-
Google
Table 41.- NUMBER OF CONSECUTIVE MONTHS OF 'lJN»lPLOYMENT FOR WORKERS UNEIIPLOYED IN MONTH .AFTER LAY-OFF
BY YEAR OF LAY-OFF• SEX• AND OCCUPATION
Year of
lay-off and
number of
months
Total
Women
Kens
knittera
and
lcnittera'
helper•
Hum-
Menders
Total
Seamer&
Toppers
Loopers
and
examiners
Number
Peroent
ber
Percent
ber
Total workers
454
100.0
246
100.0
208
100.0
84
100.0
40
100.0
46
100.0
38
100.0
1-6
7 or more
271
183
59.7
156
40.3
90
63.4
36.6
115
·93
66.3
44.7
56
29
65.5
34.5
21
19
52.5
47.5
24
22
52.2
47.8
15
23
39.5
60.5
1932
l-6
7 or more
78
34
100.0
43.6
56.4
40
38
17
21
100.0
44.7
55.3
18
7
11
100.0
38.9
61.1
4
100.0
100.0
6
2
10
4
6
100.0
17
23
100.0
42.5
57.5
1933
1-6
7 or more
156
92
63
100.0
59.4
100.0
63.7
36.3
75
41
34
100.0
54.7
45.3
29
18
11
100.0
62.1
37.9
21
10
40.6
80
51
29
1934-35
l-6
7 or more
Ul
145
76
100.0
66.6
34.4:
126
88
38
100.0
69.8
30.2
95
67
38
100.0
60.0
40.0
37
30
7
100.0
81.l
18.9
15
7
N1.1111-
Per- Numcent ber
Per- Rumoent ber
Per- Bumcent ber
Per- Hua•
oent ber
Peroent
>
'"O
'"O
c:,:i
z
t:,
.....
><
0
co
;=;.·
;::;(1)
a.
~
C")
0
~
~
(v
44
4
0
11
8
-
4
100.0
33.3
66.7
100.0
47.6
52.4
16
9
7
100.0
56.2
43.8
9
4
5
100.0
44.4
55.6
100.0
46.7
53.3
24:
13
100.0
64.2
46.8
19
7
12
100.0
36.8
63.2
11
>
40.0
so.o
Q)
c..:i
.
Cl)
Table 42.- PERCENTAGE OF TIME UNEMPLOYED AFTER ENTERING THE LABOR MARKET, 1926-30,
BY AGE, SEX, AND OCCUPATION
Peroentage of time unemployed by worbrs in respeotive occupational group
Total
All workers
16-29
30-44
45 or over
CJ
Workers unemployed 7 consecutive months or
more after lay-off
cg
N.
(I)
a.
~
C"')
0
~
(v
16-29
30-44
4.5 or onr
Women
Ken:
lcnitters
Age in years
llenders
and
Seamera
Loopers
and
knitters•
helpers
Total
Toppers
7.1
4.1
3.6
3.6
3.9
5.o
6.0
5.0
6.0
7.5
10.3
4.5
4.2
2.0
4.6
2.5
5.2
4.3
4.2
2.2
6.9
4.2
13.3
6.7
1.8
6.2
6.8
5.6
s.2
4.3
4.1
9.1
5.8
6.5
6.8
5.4
6.3
15.2
5.s
6.4
1.8
5.6
4.8
6.6
5.8
3.1
4.6
16.0
31.5
9.8
5.6
s.s
examiners
-
-
-
1.s
=
0
en
.....
tzl
:::0
>-<
c
0
:::0
:,.::
t=<l
:::0
en
Table 43.- CUIIULATIVB DIS'l'RIBUTIOB OF AVERAGE LENGTH OF lJIJ1DIPL()YIIBlff
PBRiom.
1928-aO.
BY OCCUPATION• SEX. AND AGE
By Occupation
Knitters
Length of
unemployment
in months
l
7
13
19
25
31
0
t6"
""
;::;·
(D
Cl.
~
C")
0
a"""""'
(v
or
or
or
or
or
or
more
1110re
more
1110re
more
JnOre
ll'orlmr• unemployed
7 conaecutive
1110Dtha or DION
after lay-off
l
7
13
19
26
31
or
or
or
or
or
or
more
more
more
D10re
more
more
Seaaera
Topper•
knitter•'
helper•
Looper•
and
examiner•
Percent
Hum-
ber
Per•
cent
ber
Percent
Hum-
ber
Percent
Num-
ber
Percent
Num-
ber
ber
Percent
673
100.0
324
100.0
144
100.0
87
100.0
63
100.0
55
100.0
262
87
38.9
12.9
5.3
2.1
49.7
17.3
5.9
2.6
0.3
42
12
7
3
0
0
29.2
14
6
4
2
2
l
16.l
5.7
22
8
2.3
2.3
1.1
23
6
2
0
0
0
36.5
9.6
3·.2
--
'
0.3
161
66
19
8
l
0
l
l
l
40.0
14.5
7.3
1.8
1.8
1.8
183
100.0
90
100.0
29
100.0
19
100.0
22
100.0
23
100.0
81
44.3
44
48.9
9
14.4
13
4
l
l
13
6
2
0
0
3
3
l
0
0
31.0
10.3
10.3
5
2
2
0
0
0
26e3
10.6
10.6
10
3
0
0
0
0
46.6
13.l
7.1
2.2
0.6
0.6
13
3
3
l
l
l
66.5
13.0
13.0
4.3
4.3
llum-
Total workers
Menders
and
Total
36
H,
4
2
u
o.6
-
6.6
2.2
--
8.3
4.9
2.1
--
3.4
--
4.6
--
Num-
13.6
---
>
""ti
""ti
li'O
z:
t:::,
I-<
I><
>
4.3
00
01
~
Table 43.• CUMULATIVE DISTRIBUTION OF AVERAGE LENGTH OF UNEMPLOYMENT PERIODS, 1926-30•
BT OCCUPATION, SEIC, AND AGI - Continued
0)
By Se:ic and Age
W0111en
Men
Length
ot
unemployment
in montha
Age in years
Total
Age in years
Total
16-29
45 or over
30-U
16-29
--
Num- Per-
Ihm-
ber
ber
cent
Percent
Hum-
ber
45 or over
30-ff
-----
~
Per- Mumcent ber
Percent
Nur.i-
ber
Percent
ber
Percent
Hum-I
159 100.0
149
100.0
41
44
Mum-
ber
Per•
cent
Hum-
Perber i cent
:::a
100.0
C/J
.....
--
Total workers
l or more
0
co·
N.
""
(D
a.
-5!
C")
0
~
rv
7
13
19
25
Sl
or
or
or
or
or
more
more
more
lllOre
more
lforkers unemployed
7 conaeoutiTe
montha or more
atter lay•otf
1
7
13
19
26
Sl
or
or
or
or
or
or
:more
more
more
more
more
more
100.0
324
144
100.0
157 100.0
23
100.0
349 100.0
0
t:r;J
::,c,
I 101
66
19
8
l
0
I
49.7
17.3
609
2.5
o.3
-
67
20
9
4
l
0
46.5
13.9
6.3
2.e
0.1
-
90
100.0
48
100.0
44
48.9
14.4
6.6
2.2
20
6
12.s
3
6.3
1
0
0
2.1
13
6
2
0
0
--
41.7
--
80
30
7
2
0
0
61.0
19.l
4.6
1.3
--
100.0· 34 ~-----·· ---
111
5
1
0
0
0
52.9
14.7
2.9
-
--
14
6
3
2
0
0
8
- ---6
2
1
1
0
0
60.9
26.1
13.0
B.7
--
100.0
L,...__ - ~--
75.0
26.0
12.5
12.5
--
101
31
17
6
3
2
93
28.9
8.9
47
14
29.6
4.9
9
5.7
8
1.7
5
2
2
3.1
1.3
1.3
l
1
0
o.s
o.6
100.0
40
100.0-
15
6
4
2
1
37.6
12.6
10.0
5.o
2.6
2.6
37
39.8
11
11.e
8
2
8.6
2.2
1.1
1.1
l
l
a.a
l
16
29.5
10.1
6.40.1
0.1
-
39 100.0
--- - ~
19
6
4
0
0
0
24.4
10
2 ! -&.9
0
0
0
0 I
----·
'8.7
12.8
10.s
--
-
---
I
14
100.0
3
21.4
7.1
l
0
0
0
0
---
>-<
=-:
0
::0
r;,,::
i:z,
::0
C/J
Table 44.- CUMULATIVE DISTRIBUTION OF AVERAGE LENGTH OF SERVICE ON EACH J"OB AT USU.AL OCCUPATION, 1926-35,
FOR WORKERS HEPORTING LA.Y-OYF FROM Mn.L A, BY SEX AND OCCUPATION
Total
Number of months
Men:
knitters
and
knitters'
helpers
Women
Totel
Toppers
Seamers
Num- Per• Num- Per- Num- Per- Num- Per- Num- Perber cent ber cent ber cent ber cent ber cent
0
Total workers
1 or more
13 or more
25 or more
37 or more
49 or more
61 or more
(D
Cl.
~
C")
0
a"""""'
(v
N\.lll-
ber
Menders
and
examiners
Per- Num- Percent ber cent
>
345 100.0 164 100.0 181 100.0
197
57.1
84 51.2 113
62.4
70
20.3
21
12.a 49
27.l
17
7
4.9
4.3 10
5.5
5
1.4
1
0.6
2.2
4
3
0.9
1
o.6
2
1.1
(Q.
""
;::;·
Loopers
Workers unemplo;yed 7 consecutive months or
more after lay-off
1 or more
100 100.0
13 or more
63
63.0
25
25 or more
25.0
37 or more
5
5.0
2
49 or more
2.0
61 or more
l
1.0
47
25
4
1
0
0
100.0
53.2
8.5
2.1
-
-
53 100.0
71.7
38
21
39.6
7.5
4
2
3.8
1.9
1
76 100.0
56.6
43
12 15.8
0
0
0
45 100.0
25 55.6
14
31.l
4
8~9
3
6.7
l
2.2
100.0
23
76.7
11
36.7
3.3'
1
0
0
30 100.0
22
73.3
12 40.0
5 16.7
1
3.3
1
3.3
10 100.0
4
40.0
1
10.0
0
0
0
14 100.0
12 85.7
7 50.0
2 14.3
2 14.3
7.1
1
13 100.0
9
69.2
5
38.5
16 100.0
13 81.3
8
50.0
2 12.5
0
0
-
--
30
--
0
0
0
--
--
t-c:J
t-c:J
[:%l
z
0
.....
><
>
a,
...,
HOSIERY WORKERS
88
Table He• P'REQllQICf OF JOB SEPARATIOIIS, 192M0, BY OCCUPATIOII, SEI, AJID AGE
By Oooupatian
ltnitten
lrlaber ot job Hparaticma
·- •
Total -n:•re
l or
Sor
II or
7 or
II or
2
Won:en unemplo7ed 7 oonaeoutive
or :aore &tter l ~ t t
-th•
l or
Sor
6 Ol'
7 or
II or
2
4
8
8
10
Jleclian number ~ Hp&ratiou
.ill -n:•n
Worker• nportiDg l or aore
aeparaticma
Meaden
ad
lcn1tt•re• Toppen
httlpere
8-n
Loopen
ud
-1Aen
871
SH
lM.
87
as
55
180
51
157
M
211
s
18
0
0
0
21
12
8
0
0
0
27
21
s
ss
87
•1
s
0
0
28
111
211
2.1
2.4
2.2
1.8
1.a
1.1
2.a
2.7
2.7
2.4
2.s
2.s
181
90
29
19
22
2S
so
85
SB
8
l
l
18
ts
22
7
l
l
5
18
8
0
0
0
10
7
2
0
0
0
8
9
5
0
0
0
10
l
l
0
0
2.0
2.4
2.s
o.9
2.a
2.7
2.6
f
1.a
I
""
•
8
8
10
lle4iu naber ~ aepara.ticma
.ill -n:ere
Won:•r• reporting l or more
Hpan.ticma
·-
Total
•
ts
•
l
0
0
11
1.2
f
By Sa and Age
lrlaber
~
·-
1'CJIIIC9J1
Age in :,,,an
job Hp&l'&ticma
Total
·16-29
... •
'Total -n:en
l or
Sor
5 or
7 or
ll_or
61
167
M
211
2
6
8
10
Won:•n maplopd 7 oanaeoutive
- t u or :aore &tter lq-ott
2
•
8
8
10
ot Hpvaticma
.ill -n:en
Worlcen reportiDg l or IION
2S
M9
159
H9
tl
u
u
4
15
109
167
69
S9
49
79
20
l
0
0
21
15
6
0
0
0
76
ss
lS
2
1
2 ••
2.7
2.2
2.1
2.7
2o9
2.1
2.s
2.,
90
48
M
8
9S
18
22
7
l
l
7
21
12
6
0
l
8
16
7
2
l
0
•
2.4
2.s
2.2
2.7
2.a
2.7
Keclian -b•r
aeparaticma
45 or
over
167
s
ti
~
lM.
67
47
12
2
2
4
llecl1aa mmber ot aep&l'&ticma
.ill -n:en
Won:en reporting 1 or :aore
Hp&raticma
Won•
l or
Sor
6 or
7 or
9 or
12•
~
Age in 7e&n
t6 or Total
18-29
over
•
0
0
0
'7S
' "
0
s
0
0
1.8
2.1
1.1
o.s
2o7
2.s
2.4
"°
19
H
0
M
u
"2
16
10
0
11
22
5
l
0
0
0
0
0
I
1.6
1.a
1.8
I
I
2 ••
2.1
2.s
I
l
s
0
0
0
16
1
0
fiaec11aa not oaloula.ted tor t_.r than 16 oa.aea.
Digitized by
Go?gle
9
4
l
0
0
0
APPENDIX A
89
Tabl• Mo• J'lmllUDCT r:Jl' mll'LOTER SHD'ftl, 19Ze-&O, BT OCC1JPUIC., SU,
.&Ill)
.Ila
By Oaoupat1alll
l[nittera
'.laber ot aplo:yer
·-
ahitt ■
Total -z!c•l'II
l or
I or
II or
'Tor
9 or
2
4
8
8
10
lledia number ot ehitt■
ill -rlc•l'II
Woz!cen reportillg l or
- " ehitt•
Won:en -played 'T oon■eoutin-■ or
..,re t.tt ■ r lq-ott
·1 or
I or
6 or
'Tor
9 or
2
4
6
8
10
Kedia mmb•r ot ehitte
ill -rlc■n
lforlcen reportillg l or
..,re
■hitt■
Total
and
Jltinul'II
and.
aa1Aen
lmitwra•
helpera
Toppen
67S
SU
ltt
87
6ll
&II
28'
ll06
89
11
l
I
107
15ll
ll9
SIi
'°8
24
10
l
ll
Ill
88
24
l
0
0
1.11
1,7
2.1
2.4
Loopen
s-ra
0
0
0
4
0
0
0
S2
20
I
0
0
0
1.8
1.1
0,9
0,9
2,4
2.2
2.2
2.2
60
183
90
29
19
22
ZS
83
74
24
1
0
1
87
ll6
lli
l
0
l
10
16
4
0
0
0
11
.,
12
.,
18
9
l
0
0
0
8
0
0
0
l
0
0
0
1.2
1.11
1,7
0,9
0.9
0,9
2.6
2,8
I
I
I
2,4
By Sn: Uld Age
w-
II•
1fab■ r
ot
.Age in ,eve
eploJ■ r ·ehitt■
Total
Total -rlc•n
Hon•
1 or
ll or
& or
'Tor
9 or
2
4
6
8
10
lledian number or ehitte
All -z!cen
Woz!c■n reporting l or
-r• ehitt■
18-29
llo-44
824
ltt
167
2ll
107
llill
"°74
150
211
10
1
ll
2
1
2
H
158
24
8
0
l
1,7
1,9
2.4
2,4
90
,a
H
8
1forlcen unemployed 7 ocm■eouthe IIOllth• or
·-
..,,.. aft•>' lq-c,1'1'
l or
Sor
& or
7 or
9 or
87
2
4
6
8
10
-"
ahitt■
i:A,-r■
Tobal
18-29
80-44
46 or
ll49
1119
149
41
11
11
l
0
0
0
1157
89
1
0
0
68
66
27
1
0
0
68
74
9
0
0
0
215
lS
ll
0
0
0
1.1
1.2
1.2
1,4
1.2
o.8
2.11
I
2.8
2.4
2.1
2.8
9ll
'°
so
1,
6
46
2
0
0
0
0
S8
9
0
0
0
22
18
0
0
0
lli
21
ll
0
0
0
9
4
l
0
0
0
-r
uz
17
20
10
0
0
l
14
14
l&
l
0
1
1,5
1,8
1.5
I
1.1
0.9
1.5
2.s
2.e
2.&
I
2.1
2.11
2.2
88
lledian maber or ehitt■
ill -rlc•n
Worlc•n reportillg l or
.Ago
46 or
&
l
0
0
&
illedia not oaloulat..S tor t - r tlum 11 ou.. ,
Digitized by
Google
OTOI'
I
I
Digitized by
Google
APPENDIX B
SCHEDULE, DEFINITIONS OF TERMS USED,
AND EXPLANATION OF SPECIAL EDITING
Digitized by
Google
•••m
..
,:_
.
II,
r-lATM
OICt
HI
[
---
I
PUCE Of II IITII
TUM U1 CI TT
. . . . I. . .
QltAOE
UHIII
ITA-
COIiPLETED
IIININI.
r•
•
•
C
UTAI.
•
I,
tt11na
I,
...
.....
IIUAI
,
..UAL IICCUPlftOI
•uat.
I
TR.IL 1-..,'"
J•rt
UU&ll Ulftnt
HRWIC( PU
INlm
At£1Ml Uta1M IF
&fltlCl PEI Hfitn:I
......
Cf.)
....•••
IYI.
"'
n
JO■ I Cit UNEW 1 0"1S£1ffl 11, HIE THAN ONE ICIITH'S OUltATtH
PUIOO
IHla-
,
CMAII.ICTll
0,
■ AIOI
NA• Ate UICATION Of E•lOt'[R
1111..Tlr
OOCUf'ATI ■
1••• 1. .
HPLOT ■ fl
Fat CtlAICE
0
co;ca.
HIITatT
:::0
IU'-1•"
N.
IT
'<
CJ
0
lo
lo
:::0
r;,o
,- -.->T UO U.-lltt.Cll'IE>T
~
t""
--<
C
0
C/l
CD
Q.
(v
C:
r;,o
:::0
:,,:
J■
...
a
=
tr.I
Cl
tr.I
FIRST JOI
LNC.llt
0
UPUTIUIT NIITOIT PIii Olt TD IIIC
...
=
,
•
•
I•
~
tllUUT
<•LOTIUT
STAT ..
I.SUIL I..OU8111Y
..., TUM lT
Ul'AL Kel#ITIOlllL
Him
THAL [~tftl
u,ua,1•
IOUl 111(
•11tt.ono
111 •
'
'
...
[
SCNCot.
TUii lfl u. I. A.
1· · - · "
.
.,
IIAII•
UL
co
I
Dl'II
.
T
u
,.
• - - • H ••l ■IITUflH IAfllML •IIUII , _ ,
Note.- The reverse of the schedule provides for continuing the 1926-36 work history.
APPENDIX B
93
DEPINITIDNS OP TERMS USED
Age: The person's age on his last birthday prior to the date
of the interview was recorded.
Place of Birth: The country of birth was recorded for foreignborn persons; the State of birth, for native-born persons; and
Philadelphia, for persons born in this city. The country of
birth was recorded according to the national boundary lines at
the time of the person's birth.
Years in City: The number of years in the city was defined as
the length in years of the most recent period of continuous residence in Philadelphia, disregarding absences of less than 1 year.
Years in the United States: The number of years in the United
States was defined as the number of years of residence in the
United States since the date of last entry into the country.
!This item was recorded for foreign-born persons only. I
School Grade Completed: The number of grades completed, which
led directly to a grammar-school certificate or a high-school
or college diploma, were counted as the school grade completed.
Returns for foreign-born workers were converted to the terms
in use in the present system in Philadelphia.
Age Leavinf School: The age on leaving school was defined as
the person's age on his last birthday prior to the date of his first
leaving school for a consecutive period of more than 1 year.
Afe Began Work: The age of beginning work was defined as the
person's age on his last birthday prior to the date of his beginning
.his first full-time job 1 after leaving school.
Date of Entering the Labor Narket: No specific question regarding the date of entering the labor market was asked, but
when there was sufficient information on the schedule, calculations were made to determine this date. However, when there was
a difference in the person's age between the time he had left school
and the time he began work and when there was no record of the
intervening period, the year in which he had left school was considered to be the date he entered the labor market.
Usual Occupation: The usual occupation was defined as the occupation which the person considered his usual or customary occupation. In cases of doubt, the occupation at which the person
had worked longest was considered his usual occupation. Of
1see below ror the der1n1t1on or rtrst Job.
Digitized by
Google
94
HOSIERY WORKERS
two work experiences of equal length, the more recent was considered the usual.
Usual Industry: The usual industry was defined as the industry in which the person was normally employed. If he had been
employed at his usual occupation in two or more industries, the
industry at which he had worked longest was considered the usual
one.
The number of years employed
the usual occupation was defined as the individual's estimate
the number of years he actually worked at what he considered
be his usual occupation. Years spent as a paid apprentice
helper were included but years spent as an unpaid apprentice
as a foreman were not included. 2
Years at the Usual Occuf,ation:
at
of
to
or
or
Present Employment Status: As of May 1, 1936 the individual
was classified as "employed" or "unemployed." 3
(al Employed persons were defined as those who had a job4 on
May 1, 1936. Employment was considered full-time or part-time,
according to the practice of the industry in May 1936.
(b I Unemployed persons were defined as those who did not have
a job on May 1, 1936 but were able and willing towork. Persons
employed on Government emergency work 'and persons temporarily
out of the labor market were included in this group.
Emergency work was used as an all-inclusive term to cover employment on work relief, Pub lie Works projects, or works Program
projects whether financed by the city, the State, the Federal
Emergency Relief Administration, the National Recovery Act of
1933, or the Emergency Relief Appropriation Act of 1935.
Persons who had been sick for less than a year but were not
permanently disabled were classified as temporarily out of the
labor market. 6
Job: A job was defined as continuous paid service at one
occupational assignment for one employer for 1 or more months.
2 For toppers, loopers, ~d knitters the time spent at the usual occupation in
seamless hosiery was not included as time spent at the usual occupation.
3 rn this study there was an additional classitication - •not seeking work.•
Host or the persons in thls group were not seeking work either because they
were occupied with household duties 1n their own home or because they were
permanently disabled,
4 see below tor the detlnition or a Job,
6women who were occupied with household duties and not seeking work on Hay 1,
1936 but who had reentered the labor market and were seeking work at the time
or the interview were c1ass1t1ed as temporarily out ot the labor market and
theretore have been included 1n the study.
Digitized by
Google
APPENDIX B
95
!Employment on emergency work did not constitute a job, since
emergency work employment was classified as unemployment.I
When persons were working on their own account for 1 or more
months, they were considered .to have jobs. Persons who had casual work, such as longshoremen, truck drive1s, and day workers,
were considered to have jobs if they worked at the occupation
for 1 or more months even thou~h the work was for more than one
employer. When persons were on sick leave or vacation with pay,
they were considered to have.jobs.
(al First
time paid .iob
tween school
out of school
as the first
The first job was defined as the first fullafter leaving school permanently. Summer jobs besessions and any jobs held while the individual was
for a period of only 1 year or less were not counted
job .
job:
.
(bl Longest job: The longest job was defined as the longest
,job beginning prior to 1926 for persons who had entered the lat.or
market before that time. For persons who had entered the labor
market duringorafter 1926, it was the longest job theyhadever
held. Of two jobs of equally long duration, the more recent one
was considered the longest job.
!cl Last job: The last job was defined as the last job beginning on or prior to May 1, 1936.
Periods of 1 or more months of unemployment or of time not seeking work between January 1926 and
the time of interview were recorded on the schedule.
Time Elapsed Between jobs:
Unemployment periods included any time during which the individua~ was employed on emergency work, as well as time during
which he did not have a job but was abl.e and willing to work.
Time not seeking work included periods during which the individual was out of the labor market because he was sick (and not
receiving pay), on strike, attending school, or retired and living
on income 6
In recording occupations, the kind of work done
on each job was state•i a:s exactly as possible. The occupations
were codPd according to an adaptation of Bulletin #3, Occupation Code, Works Progress Administration, National Research Project in cooperation with the Industrial Research Department of the
Occupation:
6ttuch or the time not seeking work. ror women was time during which they were
out or the labor mark.et because or household duties.
Digitized by
Google
96
HOSIERY WORKERS
University of Pennsylvania (mimeo., April 1936). Knitters and
knitters' helpers we_re coded separately, as were also menders
and examiners.
Persons who owned an establishment and also worked in it were
classified as owners. The term "factory laborer" was used only
for persons who fetch and carry materials to and from the production workers or clean up after them. The occupations of production workers or factory hands were classified in accordance
with the process or operation on which the workers were engaged.
Industry: In recording industries, the exact type of business
or product made was specified, and general terms were avoided
as much as possible. Industries were coded according to an adaptation o.f Bulletin #1+, Industry Code, Works Progress Administration, National Research Project in cooperation with the Industrial
Research Department of the University of. Pennsylvania (mimeo.,
April 1936 l, which does not separate seamless from full-fashioned
hosiery.
Reason for Change in Job: In entering the reason for leaving
a job, the exact statement of the respondent was recorded as
nearly as possible.
Character of Employment: Employment was classified either as
full-time or part-time according to the practice of the industry during the time for which the information was obtained. In
instances when employment with a firm had been both full-time
and part-time but the respondent could not recall the exact
dates of change, the character of employment was designated as
combined full-time and part-time employment. When persons were
working on their own account, the employment was classified as
"self-employment. 117
Both full- and part-time employment were further classified
as "regular", "casual", or "intermittent." Casual employment
was defined as work for one or more employers contracted for by
the hour or by the day, as in the case of "day workers" in domestic service or laborers at odd jobs or by the load handled,
as in the case of longshoremen and jobbing truck drivers. The
term "intermittent" was used to identify the employment of workers
who constitute a labor reserve in industries in which employment
is usually not of a casual nature. The work of "spare hands" and
7The amount or seH-employment was very small, so a was d1SU"1buted proportionately between tull-tlme and part-tlme employment 1n determ1n1ng the
average number or months or specltled types or employment experience, 1926-36.
Digitized by
Google
APPENDIX B
97
"contingent" crews on call for a particular employer or of extra
crews hiredtocomplete orders in the "rush" season was classified
as intermittent. Regular employment included all work, except
that of a casual or intermittent nature, arising from paid service
with one employer.
Time Employed at the Usual Occupation: The time employed at
the usual occupation from 1926 to 1935 included only the time
the person was employed at occupations which had been assigned
the same code number as that of the usual occupation.
Time Employed at Othe,- Than
the Usual Occupation: The time
employed at occupations other than the usual one included the
time the person was employed at all occupations which had been
assigned code numbers different from that of the usual occupation.
Time Employed in the Usual Industry: The time employed in the
usual industry from 1926 to 1935 included only the time the person was employed in industries which had been assigned the same
code number as that of the usual industry.
Time Employed in Othe,- Than the Usual Indust,-y: The time employed in industries other than the usual one included the time
the person was employed in all industries which had been assigned
code numbers different from that of the usual industry.
Ave,-age Length of Service pe,- job at the Usual Occupation: In
computing the average length of service per job at the usual
occupation, only employment between January 1926 and December
1935was included. (Thus, in the case of a job beginning in 1920
and ending in 1936, the average length was taken as 10 years. l
Only jobs assigned the same occupational code number as that of the
usual occupation were considered to be at the usual occupation.
Ave,-age Length of Unemployment Pe,-iods: In computing the average length of unemployment periods only unemployment between
January 1926 and December 1935 was included. Employment at emergency work was considered to be unemployment.
Sepa,-ations F,-om Jobs: Leaving one job to go to another, to
becom~ unemployed, orto experience a period of not seeking work
was counted as separation from a job. Because of the definition
of a job, a change from one occupation to another during continuous employment with one firm was counted as a .job separation.
On the other hand, a change in character of employment or in industry during continuous employment at one occupational assignment for one employer was not counted as a job separation.
Digitized by
Google
HOSIERY WORKERS
98
An employer shift was defined as a change
from one firm name to another, whether or not a period without
work intervened. A change in location of the plant alone was
not considered to be an employer shift; neither was a shift by
the worker from one plant to another plant operated by the same
firm. For casual work, "odd jobs" or "various employers" was
sometimes recorded instead of an employer's name. These entries
were treated as one employer, and the number of employer shifts
determined accordingly.
Emf>loyer Shifts:
The schedules of workers whose names appeared on the check-off
lists of Mill A and Mill B were edited in regard to the record
of work at these mills, and in some cases employer shifts were
added.
These changes were justified because changes in the
management at the mills ( as outlined in the Introduction! were
not always known to the workers. Even when they knew that the
mill had changed hands, workers who continued at the same plant
sometimes failed to report the transfer. They tended to refer
to the mill, for the whole period of employment covered by the
schedule, either by the name under which they first knew it or
by its most recent name.
An occupational shift was defined as a
change from one occupation to another, whether or not a period
without work intervened. These shifts were determined on the
basis of the occupational code numbers.
Occupational Shift:
Industrial Shift: An industrial shift was defined as a change
from one industry to another, whether or not a period without
work intervened. These shifts were determined on the basis of
the industrial code numbers. 8
EXPLANATION OP SPECIAL EDITINB DP SCHEDULES PROM
MILLS A AND B IN REBARD TD EMPLOYERS
Some of the schedules of workers whose names appear on the
check-off lists of Mills A and B were edited in regard to the
record of work at these mills, in order to try to increase the
consistency with which service at the mill of lay-off, date of
lay-off, and, in general, the record of employer shifts and job
separations had been recorded.
8 A change rrom seamless to
industry shUt.
ru11-rash1oned hosiery was not counted as an
Digitized by
Google
99
APPENDIX B
The editing of employer shifts shown on the :;;chedules was felt
to be justified since the changes in the management at the mills
(outlined in the "Introduction") were not always known to the
workers. Even when they knew that the mill had changed hands,
workers who continued at the same plant sometimes failed to report
the transfer. They tended to refer to the mill, for the whole
period of employment, either by the name by which they first knew
it or by its most recent name.
During the last 10 months of its existen<:e Mill A was operated
by a new manager. This was considered to be an employer shift.
On schedules where work at Mill A was shown both before July 1933
and after August 1933, but no change in empl.oyer noted, the record
was altered to indicate the shift, and, in cases where employment
at the mill extended over a period of a year, 2 months of unemployment, namely July and Au~ust 1933, were inserted.
Correction of the schedules for workers from Mi 11 B was more
difficult than that of those from Mill A. Mill B is known to
have closed in December 1933, Schedules which did not show work
at Mill B, but which did report before January 193q employment
at one of the mills which carried on production at this mill after
Mill B closed, were changed to show the work through December
1933 as work at Mill B. Schedules which showed both Mill Band
one of the employers who followed Mill B were corrected so that
work at Mill Bended before January 193q and employment in 193q
was recorded as work with a new employer, except when work at
Mill Bended with a general lay-off or shut-down before January
193q; in this ·case no change was made. Schedules which showed
only work at Mill B and none of the employers who followed Mill B
were allowed to remain unchanged if the work did not extend later
than November 193q. If work extended later than November 193q,
it was changed to show a shift of employers for work recorded
between January and November.
Work under themanager who began operations in Mill B early in
193qisknown to have ended in November 193q andthemill to have
been divided between two new employers. A record of employment by
the first of these new managers which, according to the schedules,
extended after November 193q or a record of work at Mill B shown
after November was changed to one of the two later employers
beginning in December 193q. In each case some record was found
on the schedule of one or the other of the later employers and
Digitized by
Google .
100
HOSIERY WORKERS
whichever name was found was used in making the change in December
193q.. Work with one of the two later employers shown prior to
December 193q. was changed to employment with the person who operated the mill between January and November.
Other changes in the number of employer shifts shown on Mill B
schedules were made for the years 1931 to 193a. During these
years Mill B bought two other mills. When employment at either
of these two mills was followed by employment at Mill B, no changes
were made in the dates of the employment. When employment at
these mills was shown in 193a, but no shift to Mill B indicated,
the record of employment was changed to show the shift as of
January 193a, or as near to this date as the employment records
allowed. Employment shown at these two mills, beginning in 1933,
was changed to employment at Mill B ( but was not subject. to further
changes in employer shifts as weretheoriginal Mill B records),
Digitized by
Google
Digitized by
Google
Digitized by
Google
WPA NATIONAL RESEARCH PROJECT
Reports issued to date
(Continued from inside front cover)
Studies in Production , Productiv ity, and Employmen t-Continued
Mining-con tinued
E-7
E-8
Technol ogy , Employme n t , and Out pu t per Man 1n Phospha t e-R oc k Mlnlng, 1880-1937
Changes 1n Te chn ol ogy and Laber Requiremen t s in t he Crushed-Ston e Indus t ry
( in press)
Agricultur e
Changes 1n Te chnol ogy and Lallor Requiremen ts 1n Crop Pr oduct ion :
A-i
Sugar Beets
A-4
Potatoes
A-5
Corn
A-7
Cott on
A-10 Wheat and Oats (in press)
A-6
A-8
Trends ln Size and Production or the Aggrega t e Farm Enterprise, 1909-36
Trends 1n Employment in Agriculture, 1909-36
Studies of Effects of Industrial Change on Labor Markets
P-1
Re ce nt Trends 1n Employment and Unemployment in Philadelphia
P-2
The Labor For ce or the Philadelphia Radle Industry 1n 1936
Empl oyment and Unempl oymen t in Phlladelphla 1n 1936 and 1937 (in two parts)
Te n Year s of Work Experi ence or Philadelphia Weavers and Loom Fixers
P-3
P-4
P-5
P-6
L-1
Ten Years or Work Ex perience or Philadelphia Hachlnlsts
Reempl oyment or Philadelphia Hosiery Workers A!ter Shut-downs ln 1933-34
Cigar Makers --Arter the Lay-Of!
R•quests for copies of these reports shou Id be addressed to:
Pub t teat tons sect ton, otv ts ton of tnfor111at ton
Works Progress Administrati on
Washington, o. c.
, ti
.J
@FedFRASER