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FEDERAL WOP.KS AGENCY
WOR.~ PROJECTS .ADMINISTRATICN
F-0r Rele as e to Morning Uewsnan ers
Tu.esdc,y , February 13, 1 94D £ ~
The follo.wing address was delivered by Floren ce Kerr ,
Assistant Commi ssioner, Work Proj e cts- .Administrati on , before
t h e Dis t rict of Columbia Branch of t he American Ass ociat ion
of Univ e r sity Wome n , a t 5 P . M. F ebruary 12 , 1940.
It. is fitting tod.2,y , on F ebrll.:'1ry 12th, to i nvoke t '.1 e m:1;..~0 ~-.t of
luneri c:..i.n ','·•'hose bi" rt'nd.<i.-,r
t he ;:,·reat
~· th1's i·s .
o
1·1 llC O 1 n
-"
Ab r cul3.ffi
one
W/J.S
Of
t i· lOS0
leaders whose s::,irit r a n ged far above the n.::i.rrow partisan c ontr oversies of
t:he tLnes in which he lived .
Eis humanity, his unde r standing and his
sympat h i 8 s were so broad t hu,t ha is t o t,s more thn.n a figure in our h,is t ory
books .
It can b e said of h im tha t he lived not for h is age nlono , but for
His s p irit , s nd o.nd t o l e r .'.'l.nt , humorous and wise , iufini tely
c.,11 ti;:10 .
His
c ol1r o..:;0ous o.nd ho;1eful , s eems to brood over our troubl ed world. to cl;.,y .
wor c1.s still have poYmr ov e r our minds .
So I nm go ing to tc,ke sor:1e of h is
words a s a kind of t ext. ·
The words tha t I am going to quote we r e jotte d do,-m in
n,
note-
b o(;)k n i ne ty-th r ee y ea rs a go , in 1847, wh en Linco ln wns a risi D,£; yount: W'nig
pol:i,ticio.n in Springfield, Illin, is ; and t hese particula r n otes wor e j:10.de
f or some s uoe ch on th e t o. riff . que sti on .
But in t ho ?:Jidst o f
0-
p r oso..i c argu-
men t , he turned abruptly to fi r st p ri nc i p l 0s , o.nd his uhr:,se s to ok on a
poe tic .'.l.nd almost Biblical dignity nnd simplicity .
"Exc ep t the ligh t o.nd t he aiI" o f heaven ,
11
ho wrot o ,
11 no
good
thing ho.s b ee n or co.n be en joy ed by us without hewing first co st l.:'..bor a 11
'Ane the r s en t ence tho..t I wn.nt to quote from th ese s c.mo not e s is
not so p o e tic , but i t is as deliberat ely imp ressiv e o.s Linco ln could mc.ke it .
11 Univorsal
idl one ss ,
11
ho wr• te , "would s peedily result in uni -
v e rs o.l r u in . "
Wh en he wrot e that, Lincoln was not think ing of u...~ivorso.l idlen css .'.1s ..i, Drosue ct t h~, t t he Ame ric an :peo'?l o wou.ld ever ha ve to fc.c e in
;J.Ctl.k1.lity .
I t was a pn.rt of
11
l ogico.l argument trot he wns Llc..~.::ing -
o. kind
of r oc7.ucti o o.d o.bsurdum.
It is not rrr; int e nti on to t ell o..go..in th o s t ory o f t hose d,'..rk depression y ears aft e r 1929 , when we seemed t o ·oo go inc so r apidl y c:.nd so fti.r
torro..rd uni v e:rsal idl e n Gss i1e r e in t he Uni tcd Stn t es o.s to bring us f a ce to
fo.ce ,nth the prospect of universal ruin.
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But I do m1:nt t o say thn.t I ho:)o we hc;vo not forgott e n rrh:1 t we
l earned. in tho so d;~r~:: yo.:crs •
And who.t rre · lcc..rnod wC1.s thn.t LincoL.1 ,-,c,s ri ght.
It w~,s o-ovious to us t hen that if rmy of us were to continue to enj oy tho g e o d
things of life, some nC1.y ho..d to be f ound to got our unemployed ksc:c to work •
.r'\.11 kino.s of eme r gency men.£,ures ,.,ere tc-.kcn . tow.::i.rd tho.t end .
On o of tho most
sicnific~mt o f th -: iso moC'.sur er, Wi::>,s that undorto.kcn jo i ntl~r 'by t~io i c dorc,l
c;ovorm.1ont end our communiti e s, of setting t ho c11ost n eedy of our 1.mci.1:Jloyod to
uork on ·[JUblic l_l roj octs .
The i rJIT.oclia t o offoct of t his vms t o rcvi vo ~J ri vn.to
And t h is p r ocess of. e c onomic rec ov :iry h.::i.s cont i mtccl , t :10w;h it
orr:,l oyacn t .
ho.s boon slower t hnn we a ll hc.d hop e d , and no t Yli thout one bo,c1 sot be.ck , in
1937 -
when our p r ospo ri ty h(:'.d i ncr on.sod to such an extent t ho..t •:re though t
rro coul d largely dispense uith tho ,'.:-ssisto.nco g iven by tho govo rrn,12nt through
our vc,rious pub lic uo r k p r ogr ::uns .
We f ound tho..t v:o vrore mist~cko~1 .
Ever sinc e t he wo.r sto.rt cd in ·Europe l o.st fr1,ll , m.'.1ny sections e f
tho A."J.o ric._:i...'1 public have h.'.1d L:1r ge oxpoctn.tions of n.n i !IlI'.lc:,, solJ i;1croo.sod
pros1Jori ty from vw.r orders C1.nd i nc r eased f o reign tro..de .
I clid n o t b olicvo in
t hose ;J ros:9octs l as t fall ; md a lthough I ho.vo r ejo iced in such 'buninoss oxp2.~1sio11 o..s hns occurred. in our domest i c :9 rocluction and trnde , I do not 'believe
i n t hose ::,:i ros pccts noYr e
nho 'boliovo t hat
\70
I cto not sho..ro the ovon-rooai ng co:i.fido!1co o f those
c&1 'build a n Am e ric an pro s no ri ty on tho mis eri e s of war•
t o r n Europe .
And I shnll not p r otencl tho.t I thinl:: r;o n r o go ing t o be n.b lo to
di s 11011se ni th
n,
l c.r go p r ogr 3.Irl of -oublic no rk f or tho unempl oyed in th o near
futur e .
Our e c onomic r eco v e r y is still fn r from c omp l ete .
I th i nk our
si t uc,tion cnn best be stat ed in such simpl e t on ,s ns t hose used by Abra.ham
Linco l n .
-.;Te
a ll )::no r: th.::i.t very l arge 11u..1Tibo1' s of t~10 Americc;n :,oo:;i l e s ti l l
l a c k nn:r op\iortuni t y t o u se t he ir hands , their skills and their tn1ining i n
r:o r :::
lor
Ho.gos .
And wo nlso knor: thc:.t ov e::.1 l nrgor rn.:un'b ors -
tho 1.mcj:1ployed,
tho hc.l f - om, l oyed .::i.nd th o ill- pai d -- l ack their full sho.,ro of t he good
thincs of life ,
·,10 knor, t hat
this si tun.tion c anno t be r cmoo.i ccl q_uickl y .
Ther e is r onson to b olicvo that it rrill tc,ko tucnty or thirty years to so l ve
tiw ,Jrobloms that mus t be so lved b e for e tho.,t s ituat i on cnn 'be o..l to:t od fundai:lc;.1t 2.ll~· •
Tho.t t C1.sk is 6 o ing to rGquir e o.. greo..t donl of 001.'.r :c!'.;O ,
2-
6 r on.t
dco.l of n isdom c,nd a great deal of pat i enc e .
And so I thinL r:c ought t o look ahead a li ttl o -- l oo::: beyond
our L..::!oo.int e p ro'bl c:ms of ,··10.Jrs o..na. r.1 0:'J1s our ~oo.l?
I vill sto.te my
0 1.m
n.nd as~;: ourscl vJs , r:ho.t is
vi c,;1s frc,21.l~l;? ,
I t;.1L ~c nc r:n1st l ook for-
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ward to opportunities of useful work fo r everybody, and a full s har e of
the 6 ood things of life for everybody.
In times past, that might have se emed too ideal, too Uto p ian
a goal to, b e discussed as a p ractical p ros pect .
But I think tnat there
exists today a plain p ractical r eason wh;7 wo m•.1.s t think of our A-:-i erican
future in such terms .
That reason, briefly, is ti1is - - t hat our modern
economic system ne eds our whole population as its custome rs,
It cannot
get along without our whole population as buyers a nd consumers of go ods.
It has broken down badly in the r ecent past "be ca.uso it was no t geared
successfully to bring in a large s ect t on of our population as customers .
We hav e only begun to deal with tha t ait~a tion.
Lot me urge you to got and r ead tno recent repo rt of Secretary
of Co1ru~e rce , Harry L. Hopkins, which deals mo re fully with thi s situation ,
and shows what private business can do to mee t it.
a p ro blem of p rivate business .
For it i s essentially
But ther e ar e ways of solving it.
And
far - sighted business men are·boginning to think out in p ract~ca l de t ai l
their own possible contributions to the solution of the p robl em .
You have asked me to talk to you about t he activities of the
Prof oss ioual and Servic e Projects of the Work Projects Admin ist ration ,
and I am always glad t o do that .
And on all occasions, when I di::;~us s
our program , I feel obliged to state and di s cus s also t ho general social
purpose of v1hich our efforts are a part.
I shall t ell you something n.bout our WP.A clinics and public
health nurses and household aides; about our WPA adult educati on a nd
nursery schools and r ecr 0n.ti on p roj ec ts ; abou t our WPA assist:,,nce to
traffi c surveys , municipal planning surv eys and university r es earch;
aoout our 'WPA sewing rooms and our school lunch p roj ects; about our "iTPA
orches tras and music clas ses , our WPA murals and a rt classes a nd our
other cul tural pro,j ect s .
Before I do so , I should like to talk a littl e about our
Am orican prob l ems of work and unemplo::mont in general.
And I foo l t ha t
on Lincoln 1 s birthday, and with the encouragomont of his example , I
ne ed make no further apo l ogy for dwelling upon first p ri nc i ples·.
Work is a c entra l fact in all civilizations, and in our
modern civilizati on it i s a very complex and. many-sided fact .
us nowadays work for ours elves to any_ ext ent .
Fc,.7 of
That is, we don't ordinarily
make and \·,ear our ov:n shoes , or dig and burn our own coal , or ev en rais e
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and eat our own food .
W::; find it more conv enient to ma.ko shoes f or o th e rs ,
Ever;rbody r,,o rks for evctry-
and l ot othors dig coa.l and raise f ood for us .
'body else .
And eve rybody is dependent upon overyoody e ls o in a thousand. ,7n.ys .
Back in the Middl -:J Ages they had an e cch)s iastical punishment of
Th,J
frightful severity rvhich v-as sometimes inflict od upo:i wicked kings .
guilty one rms oxpo ll od from tho s ocia l ardor , and everybody ,w,;3 forbidd.cn
to givo him food or fire .
It brought the proudest monnrch to his
knees in short order • . But t cda;y , unomp loym,3nt co ns titut es a kind of
grna.1.ml expuls i on from tho social o rde r .
Tho man TTho is out of a j ob
of
for a 1;:hile is shut out of tho v-:hole normal g ive-o.::1d-ti.1k o
our society .
He is no longe r d.oing .nhat ovor it r:as that he used to do for o th e rs
make shoes , d.i g coa l , or r aise foocl-crops .
And nobo dy i s doing for him
Yrhat evor~rbocly usei to do -- supp l y his needs , o.nd his family's no ocls .
The time c o!Tlos when ho is not welcome in th o groc o::; ry store , or in tho
coal yard.
He has been interdict e d from food a~d fire .
His childr en
hav on 1 t o.ny sho os to go to school in , so they dro p - out of school .
Tho
family has boon oxcomI'lunicatod from t he reg.1lar 1·!orld.
lfo,·,adays our communi tics try t o hnl t this prOC8SS or economic
and social disintegratio~ before it ga ts qui t e to the bitt e r end .
At
somo point of desperate need , the family is put on tho relief rolls; and
employo..ble h ,, ads of such rwedy fa1:1ilies are assigned to TTPA jobs .
for t hem a st op back i nto tho r eal rrorld .
It is
They c-'1n buy groceries agD.i n .
Th e childre;.1 can go t o s chool .
Thn.t bitter Victorian social critic ,
Carl yle , once co171p ln.i::-ied of th,J
II
cash- nc,xus C,3tr:e;_:~: mr.11 and 1:1an.
is a brighter side to t hat cash nexus , as r;c all lmo1:: .
docs restore a ,j ob less rmrker t o t ho coITl!:iuni t y .
him to hwnan fcllo 1··ship .
11
•r horo
And a V!?A che ck
'.:'ho co :n10r grocer aclmi ts
Tl:.c coal- mo..n is g lad t o soo hir:i .
Anc.1. that cash-nexus is just ns i m1)ortant to the cornor g r oce r
and t ho coal- man ns it is to the Y!PA worl:er .
Right here in the District
of Colunbia, since t he '!!!PA program h-.1s boon in ' operation , the E'; r o c ors ~'..nd
other food ;;1e rchc.'ln ts have sold about nine million dollar.s ,•orth of. f oocl
to WPA norkors .
This estimate is bas.::d on r.>ur
01·•n
VT?A ,m.go- fi fcJ.r cs , a:1ct ·
on stu.<iies of hon tho 10,7- incono g r oups 1·:hich ir.clc1d.e WPA ,mrkors sncnd
th e ir faz:iily i ncome .
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Thus . to a significant extent , our n eecies t j obl.ess w.;rk;. rs
r emain custo~ne rs of America n indust":'y and bus i ness .
And. A,11erican i:1cl.us try and busine ss felt t he l ack of
days it ,-ras not s o.
tho se customers .
3ac '·: i ::1 de!1r ess i o:1
v7:hen our jobless workers and despe r ate farr;ier s fell
over the econor.1ic precipice, t hey dragged American indus try and busin8ss
over vri t li n .em.
The fact is that we suppo rt e a ch other by c onsum ing the ~J roducts of ec.ch ot:i1e r 1 s labo r .
If the p roduc e rs of food and th e make r s of
clothi n:n: clo no t consume each other I s p roduct s , food ancl cl othing p il e u p
unus e c~ , r:l1ile th e p roduc ers of both go hungr~r and in r ags .
ITe are often
mo r e i;:ipc r a tive l :r n eeded by our economic system as c onsumors of g oods
than as p roducers of goods -
for we hrive wonderfuJ. mac 1ines tha t c an
produce food ancl clothing with the a.i d of f ewer hurna:.1 hanCl.s eve r y ye a r .
But we have no machines that can eat th e food th ey p l n.nt and r c o.:p , or
wear t l1e cloth th ey weave and s p in .
It still tru::es us human b eL,gs to
enjoy a ncL c onsu,:1e th e good things of life .
At :r>"r o sont our 0. conomic system c a n p r oduce goods nruch mor e
easily t hcu1 it c ::-..n find c ons1.uncrs :for thorn.
i7o have a l a rming ,; 1.1.r pL 1-s,-s
of whc ~~t and cotton , of butt or und flour , of suits and overco a t s from
time t o tii:·w .
To keep t h ese sur p luse s fro m
1:rc11'
-~,m ing th o marke t , tho
gove rnment r e c e ntly has b oo n buying th e m u p a nd distributing them to
peopl e on th o relief roll s .
The food- strimp syst em tha. t has b een t ri Dcl
out in seve r a l cities i s t he latest method of ge t t ing t hese surp l uses
CO n S1.'-'11e c)_•
This whole situa ti on is one which has e xi sted 0c1ly i n modern
and re cent t l:-:ies -- only s ince modern ma chinery h a s c once widely into ·clSe .
It is a s ituat ion so dif fe r e;.1t f r om vii10.t us ed to exist , in t he
11
scn rc ity
e c onorr.;,; 11 of f orme r t imes , tho,t many p eople still do n o t r ealiz e what
the situo,t io n i s .
11 parc:1.0.o:~e s
. 11
These disloc a ti ons of our economy were f irst calle d
It seeme d n contradiction in t e rms that p eop l e shou:i_ci r:;o
hungr;5r becnx!. se t11e:..--e
1, eeu
?.J,
f Tns
toa mucl1 iood , or go i11 r r..,gs 0000.use there
ovf'rnro 6_11ct :_on of clot:1::.;.1g .
~12,\1
Tr, e :, e par ndoxe s have b een l,,_ughecl
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a t s c or nfnlly , nnd wept over bi tte1·l:,r .
lJow b-usLiess ancl indus t r~r 1:1.,re
begi nnin~ to rcco;ni::s t hat a ll the peopl e
w:1J
never ;,.,,.,,Ye enougl1. of .·}1:·-
t h ing C•ii,stitute a v n.s t p otent i a l m..-:-,r ket , ,:-,nd. thnt Uie Dr oduct i on c,nd.
di s t:i.·it ;.1.•Gion of goods for th i s v3,s t mar ke t will p r ov i de e.:10ugh jo'bs to
make
00.1·
presen t :.1as:; unemp l oyment a n igh t mo.re of the rmst .
ment i n our c 2,:1aci t y f or mass- :nrocluc tior·. of ,;oor,~: , ,.;:i. tl101rc having as
of goocts , t:10,t •..' e n ow suf:: er f r om mans v.r:eP1plo;ymc~1t .
:;:t is not in the Uni te d St2.tes a l o~e foat this pro·ol em of
generr,l 1.me,.::,:'lo3;r:1ent exist s .
It has exi sted. i ncre2,si:1e:ly for more tl1a"1
a qu:,,r tor of o, c e n tur y a ll ov er that part of t he wo:dd in whi ch mocl.e:cn
industr J ~12,s been built u p .
rli despre2,cl a nd i n c reasin::s u 0.1er.1:pl oyment
exi stecl 'before t l10 l as t Worl d War , and. had much t o cl.o ,:ri t:1 b ri n~ing i'c
about .
Ua:.· has no t s olved. the_t p rob l em for o,ny i:.e.tion , i t has ttnl y
me_de th'.r:.gs wo r se a ll over t ho 1;1orl d.
T.hc situat i on t od,,,,y i s t h,~.t '.-:-:.::,r
i s b0 c or:t::.:,1s the chi ef em:ploye1· of m211:<i nd .
rro.r :1ns an unl i mttea. use
for everibocly -- f irs t in mn::n.JJ' actc.1.:!'.'ing the i mplcm,,.,nts of doc<..t h , 3,nd.
the n i n nsi1-g them .
01.1.r orrn n n,t i on has 1·c,je c tcd , r ~1,i I hope 2.:1d t r ust rr ill cont~:.mo
t o r e j e ct , th i s d.es:pc r o,te s011 ,tion of t he Ui'..CHplo:·:1cmt
◊-\J.r
b een
p r o"t1 l 0 □ •
I t :1c·,s
be:}. i ef , end I h o:9c i t ':rill c ont i ~mo to be our te2iof, th2,,t tl..,_c
pur poses of Pcc,c e c:-in p rov i clo ful l empl o:rmcnt for our h.c,:,1C:~s 2nd mi:.:ds 9
Bu t i f 1rc 1· 02,l J.~, beli eve this , t l1c11 uc
m11,; t
prove it .
Penc e C,"..nnot lo:1g
or suc ccssfu.l1;r com11cte ,,, i th iJcr i f Pc,,,co c annot offer t~1c full er.1;::,lo:c·,·,c:,.-c
t ho..t 170.r 2.lrr,'."'-ys offer s .
its
11
J'or 1fo,r i s [tn or,ml oyer that n1,.;v c :,_· t rurns cl.o;·m
!.Ion '.7.:'.n t oc\11 sign .
So rro mu s t de ci de th i s cr1.1 .estion -- d o 1·.·c r c~.tl J.y hn;vc fn.i t:1
Ponc e ?
~~n
Do ·.,o bel i eve t ho.t Ponce c,,n offer f 1-1.l l cm!}lo;naen t to our 1112.mi.o.l
l n.borc:?.· s , o,.'r s:ci.J 10.c. 17o r kcrs , our servi c o ,,o r kcrs , our profcssi onn.l !",i:cl
t e: chni c,"'1 ':ror]:ors , our t eo.ch:->rs o..nd music i a~s o.I1cl 'D['.i nt c r s and. r,,l l otter
cu l t ur::-,1 ·:1orl:0rs 7
An d i f v,c be l ievo i t, hon co..n
\'!C
iH, 1 1, to T.1 r ovo i t t rue ?
Abr;,J:am Linc ~l n thought tllo,t it rms t ho purnosc o.nd tho
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functi on o f democratic government -- of ou r own gov ernm en t -- to p ro mote
eq_uality of opportunity and betterment of the conditions of life for our
whole p opulati on~
tha t it s
11
He sole1nnly d e clar ed of our United Stat es g overnnw nt
l eading obj ect is" -- I quot e
11
to elevat e the c ondition of
men; to •lift artificial we i ghts · from all shoulders; to cl ear the paths
of l audab le pursu it for all ; to afford all a n unf e tt e r 0d start and a
fair chanc e in th e rac e of li fo .
11
If we hav e not abandoned that idea of th o democratic purpo se
of our gove rnm ent , then ,'.'O must be p r epared to
uso
and to ke ep on
using tho l t:'. rgc po ·re rs and r esourc es of our gove rnm e nt in h e l p ing to
1
solve this groa t p r obl em of un omp loymcnt, which still today d opr os sos
the co ndition of men, which still r es ts as an artifica.l and intol e rabl e weight Ul)On millions , which still blocks the paths of lRudab l e
purs u it for youth , a nd wh ich st ~ll denL;s to n groat part of our
p opulation a fair chanc e in tho race of lif e .
If it is t he
obli ga tion of our g ovc rrmwnt to help cr oat o full e conomic oppo rtunit y
in Am c ricn , then I think
must not bo dis cour ar:od "b e caus e comp l e t e
,·10
s ucc e s s has not y ot crowned our effo rt s .
The gr i m alt e r native to ful l
employm ent in tho constructive works of Peac e will ultima t e ly oo
h e r e as els ewh er e throughout th e i'!Orld -- full omp loym rmt in the
d es tructive works of War .
And tho cost s of our cons tructive effort s
in th e rro rks of Poace arc small indeed in compn r ison to . the infinit e
and trag ic cos ts of 17ar, ,..,,hich we Pill hav e to "b oar i f wo fnil or
falt er in our p r e s en t e fforts, as Europe befor e us has falter e d a nd
fail ed .
And so , t o m8 , tho q_uo sti on of a VTPA j ob for o.n un empl oyed
and destitute musician , cl e rk , teacher , nur se or dro.f t s mo.n is more tha n
a ques ti on of figures in tho budge t of a fiscal year .
It is a q_uest i on
of r·hn.t kind of civilizat i on n e hav e , ,·!hat kind of civilizati on ,··e Fant ,
,,!hat kind of civiliznti ·. n
to our childr en .
PG
.
are r:i ll i r..g to struggl e f o r and hand on
I f thi s i s indeed a dy i ng civiliz nt i on , if we hav e
no ho :;:-; c for the future , i !° i t i r; no t •7o rth rrhil e t o make any effo rt, then
what no are doing in our v.'"PA p roj e cts has no significance .
o oli ev e in the future, i f
1'7 0
But if no
ha v e faith in democracy , if we a r e no r k-
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ing tOgother in tho co!'lillon cn,usc of a better Ame rica , th e n our humblest
WPA projects u rc at once an act of faith and a p r.?.ctical c ontributi on
to tho causo th::i.t ~,e s e rve .
At first , seven years ago , in 1933, when , aft e r our ~ i~tntic
economic collapse, , the work of economic r ehnbili t o. tion r:as first m:i.d.ertaken 'o;y the Jfodero,l govo rruner:.t, human dir tr ess rms s o vo.s t and s o acute
that food , clothing and shelter had to be provid ed t o t ho suff orL:.g
millions of Am e rica , as to the victims of a cyclone or t o rnado.
that 1,7as n o t enough.
But
Wo::.~k had t o be p r ovided. for the,n , ~ nd only tho
Federal gover nment ,··as in a pos iti ,.m to provide 1.7ork.
Thc.-se ,.,ho r,cro
jobl ess and in need were for tho most part 1111skil l ed ,·,orkcrs ; and this
has boon truo ovcry s i nce .
The bulk of all ,.-.-erk- reli e f p rojects, under
the f/PA and previous similar agencies , has nec ossarily be e n such as
'1'7buld p rovide ':'!Ork to such vro rke r s .
And the:ro has be e n no lack of us o-
ful work in our communities for them to do .
They have c onstructed and
imp roved our r oads a.1 1 over t he na ti o11 , they have laid sm·•crs and
,., ator- mains , dug draina ge ditches , and created parks and p l aygrounds .
There lmvo n,h:2.ys been skilled 1.·rorkor s on th o reli e f rolls, to o , and
th ey have 1.',orkod for our communiti e s in cons tructing and imr) roving
schools , h os:p i tals and evory othe r k i n<l of n ooded :public buildings .
:But unemp l oyment and need i.:-:ere not confine d to manunl workers , nor to
men norkers .
All classes and k i nds of y;o rkors ,:o r e fou::id on tho
r e li ef rolls , and a l arge propor t ion of them rrerc , and still are ,
vrom on rro rlcors .
It is one of tho s:pec i al advo..ntagos of the WPA t;11::1e of i;rork
p ro gra1;1 , as compa r ed v.i th regular public r,orks , t hat it p rovid es emp loymont f or v101:10n .
ln a gren.t many need;r families it is a womar. nho is
th e broadvrin:1er .
WPA payrolls .
There are at this time about 300 ,000 r·omcn on the
Some ar e skilled , s or.ie are u nr.kill e d., sor:10 have had
p rof essional training , and some h ave hn.d no previ ous -r.ro rk experienc e
except as h ouseuives .
The Professional and Service Divi sion , r,hich
is unde r my charge , includes proje cts in p ractically ove r y field of
work open to r,omen -- :toalth, education , r ecr eation leadorshi p , library
ext ension work , r e searcl~, l aborat ory work , clerical work , art , music ,
and c ookiag.
Our t,~,o r.ost r: idespread p roj e cts enploying v:oDen arc
our scning roor:1s and our s chool lunch projects .
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Lo·~ rt.te sny that we dicl not invent the i don of serving sc1!ool
lunche s to nndor-no1.~rished cl:ildron .
It stnrt 0d, I boliovo , in tho
conservative State of Vermo!1t , or at least was 89.rly est2."blished. tl1e::e
as a n o:,:ro10..l commun ity service; the distinguished novelist and VerM0~1tei· ,
Dorothy Co..nfiela_ Fisher , has written about its Vermont beginnings·, ancl
I irnagL-1e t~1Lt she had a good deal to do with f;ettL1g it going there .
But it s ~,:::>,:.ng up spont aneously in a good many States during the
depression .
The schoo l teacheTs couldn•t bear it t o see hungry children
tryin{:; to stl'._dy , and the~, took it up with the Parent- '.re2.cl1.er Associations ,
who supy oi·tecL it as well as they coulcl until the 'JPA tool~ over the 0ror:: .
Now we 2,:..·e cl.oin 6 it in thousands of schools all over the country a:i.cl
are ex:0e-ctinc; to do it in thousand.s more .
It is som8th~_ng tnat ve17
much neec:_s to be clone .
I hope you
are, acquainted with some of our ;'lPA nur sery scl10ols .
They are unde1· the wing of eryert school authorities in the l ocaliti es
where t::1ey exist , and I can assure you tha.t th ey e,re as good nursery
schools e.s :ro-...1 can find anyY:here in this country .
17e do not have enough
of them to rc12J.:e an im:pressj_ve figure,· but each one is iL,portant as o..
11
demonstrc1.tion p r og:ram 11 in the locality .
Our nursery schools n e ed
various l:incls of ass istance t11at the school authorities mny not be o..blc
to gi vo ,
a,1c_
so vrn h[we Kiwanis Clubs 3.Ild B.otD.r;,r Clubs c.,:1d Lions Cll,bs
and Arneric2.n Leg i on Posts as co- s1)onsors , :n l,_;Js_:or~ to .he lp th :; school
in sone uc,~r-.
And every onc e in a while a comJni t tC',J of "'.:,u.s iness
comes arocnd. to see Y1h::.t it i s all about .
sight so onchc,nting ~as
8.
nursery scl"!. o ol .
!".Gil
Thero is p c:rho.--:is nc, humni-1
Tho c-or-:mi tte.:s usunll~' n ovo:..·
knew t}-ic_,t such a thing existed , and they are ch:1.rmod and thrilled , c..~1d
they go rn-,:-.,~- cl~•. zcd -- woncloring why thoy co.n I t
t hat for their own childr .:; n .
:i10.v ;.;
rru.rsory schools like
Well , th ey c~,n , ,,,hc novor they make u p
their mimls to it, n.nd some d:iy v,e wilJ h:-we them in e v ery community ,
not under the i".'PA but ri.s a po.rt of our r egul ar school s;;rst e m.
~'.10 c,,ro
just c.:.i. T.rying the torch , sho\7ing communities what they c0,n do , D.no_
providing sone socially useful vrnrk to u nemployed ·-,omen , in addition to
giv ing so::1e of the benefits of civilized life t o a limit ed rn.:m-oer of
children from relief homes .
There is no kind of l ocal health progre~ to which the WPA
doesn t •;; g ive some kind of assist c_nce that enlo.rges it s '.lsefulness -- o..nc1..
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10 I t
some of t:lc rrnrk th.-1.t v!e assist is of th e u tmel st import,'.'..nce to the communi tJ .
1:ie o,re cooperating with the United Stn.tes Health Service in the
first ..'.·,r ._c, _·• .t 11,"t1
, • · on,"'.l. effort t o conquer veneraa.1 d i seo,se .
On our own
account He h cwe VTFA nurses and heal th aides ma.:dng t l1eir rounds every
dey t o fo.mili c s in which their services c.re badly nee cle d .
At this :9oint I v10.nt to drnw y our o,t t e ntion to someth ing .
k .
.
None of ,.,
i s unnecesso.ry .
LtllS ~o r
it i s impero. ti vely required .
All of it is ur.eful , and s.ome of
It bring s b e nef it s that o.t :pr e s e nt
could be se cnred in no other \7ny .
A gr e o..t m::i.ny of our r:TPA Frof e ssim10.l
/:\.nd Se ryice p r ojects carry on a k ind of Y1ork t l-w.t ought to be conduct ocl
ns o. r e 6 nlo.1· public serv ic e by our communities .
;°le e..r o n ccustomod to thinking of inc reased Prosperity as meo.ninc,;
a r eturn of rTPA no r kers to :privo.te empl oyment .
i s worl: i n c on
2.
he got o.. c~10..nce .
An automobile me chanic uho
VlPA rond job would n o..tui•o.lly ret-arn to his factory job
l l
And the so.me th ing mcy in m,'.:'.ny i nstanc e s be true of the
people working on our VTPA Profcssion." 1 ;,.nd Service projects .
Some of tl10rn
Cc.me from shops and offices , nnd, \'!ill r c t u1·n ther e r,hen they ge t c. chc.nce .
Oth ers nill to.ke p riv,:,.te jobs in nhich th ey will continue to do th o so.mo
kind of rrorl: for better pny .
But still oth :c rs mew we ll b e tC\kon on o,s
r e gulo,r ml:.~1icipc.l or county emplo y e es .
This is c.l r co.,dy occurring to
some extent , o..nd it should occur incro:1.singl y 2..s ou r cornmuni tics D.r c
able to i n cr eo,se their budgets .
For incr oci,sing :::'rospcri ty will me 2.i1 ,
n o t o..n c.-bo,nci.onmont of o..11 the socioJ.ly us eful s c:,:vi c os tho,t r>.. r e no\7
being co::.1cl1-i_ct e d :J.nd n s sist od oy th o UPA , but
2,
gno.t i n. cr c ns e in o.11
those se1·vic c s , o.nd a correspondins incr onso in :::- c~~J.L:tr :9ubli c omn lo~·: 1c1-it .
I rrish to empho.sizo thi s f!,,ct , if onl y as n p rot e s t agC'..ii1s t
a l:i nd of h~rst oria nhich is unfortunatoly no·J r ather w~des:9r0:ad DJJ1ong
people nho ought to be more sens i b l e .
I mean th e vory 11illy n ot i on
thnt t.h 0re is some t hing vicious or 1-,rr ong a.bout public emp loyment, n s
if it n o r o o. sym9 tom of o, diseased economy .
Some :people tnl lc as if
full Prospc :ti ty uould meo.,n do i ng c.:.7ny vri th :oractically e very kind of
•
public ,ror:c tl1r1.t is b e ing conducted at present , with n fem t r 2..di tion.'.11
oxc o:9tio1:s , such n.s the pol ic e and the posto,l s;)rvi c os •
.AJ1d so I nnnt to say that tho kind of Prosperi t;r t o ,,,hich
we ho..ve th o righ t to lo ok fonmrd is not n kind tho..t per t ains exclusivoly
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to p rivc'.':c e inclust ry and bv..si::e ss ; it should be a ?rospe ~·ity the,t includes
the c o1nr,11.1Jl.i t 2° v,s a g overnmental v..ni t .
;·
Tl-1e city ~,nd the St::,,te c.o more
t h;,,n :~;ove 1·n t l1ei r citiz ens ; they :.i.lso sen·e t he ir citi zens .
'.1:'he~r
r e:prcsent so c ial c ooperation in t he TJrovisi on of \/hatever may b e
essent i a l to tl1ei r we l fare ~ the p rovision of pm·e water being an
exam:::ile of 01:.e k i nd of 'essenti a l publi c service , and echcc2.t i on an exa1:rpl e
of another :: i nd .
Heal th work is a v ery imcJorta..11.t kind of essential 1Jnolic
Ancl these s e rvices c annot 'oe p r ovi cl2J "by ou.r· Mm1;_cicJali ties
service .
on a starveli ng bas i s .
I r esent. t'.-.e :.de;.:. t l-,a t th ose wl10 ,-,o r k for a
An:l I t lc ;_ nl;: t]-,ere is almost
munici:t)ali t ~, are par as i t cs on the :,1ubl i c .
no kiml oi' i t:norance that is more disa::.t r ous in i ts so ci a l c onsequei:.c o s
t hAn t:10 iQ10ran c e which pric_e s its e lf on it s po lic;,.r of slashing nm..:1icipE.l
budgets c:,t tl~e 8X'.;e nso of :- mbli c heal th , educ-:1ti0n , recr ea tion , and ever~T
other civili zecl b enef it t o c.1hich the public i s ri c h tfull~r enti tL, d .
Tho publ ic work p r ogr nm of the WPA is ch,.,,r oct ,:, ristic of our
tr ansition e1·a .
All , or p ractica lly a ll, of the wo r k L.1at r:o ar a now
It v1ill not ncc c s snrily be
doi ng r!H1 no ocl to be done in th e futur o .
dono
o~T tho sar.10 k ind of :9ubl i c n.rcn c;r .
on a r oc;c·,l a r bas i s , with r cc,,l~r vr::i.gcs .
I hope most of it wi 11 be clone
But i t oucht to oo do n e b:' r.ono
moans , c,::.1cl I um sur e t hn.t it ui l l be don.::: .
No r e t urn of business
p rosper ity , hoTicvc r vo..s t , will diminish t ho no c d for c onservat i on wo rk
i n t his com1try .
Pros per ity in tlw futur e should mer-in t :·"::,,t -,-ro rrill clo
n ot l ess out rnore pl;_blic work in he.:i.ltl1 , r c cr o,<:>.tion r...nd uc1.c:.cation .
I a.m one of those people wh o loo:C: for,·1ard t o tho f i :,.al o..bso r :::ition
of t ho F?A r : co:'-:r :.1.m into tho p ' oo,tcr , mor e i nt,grc1.tcd , co rqrchonsivo
socfr,l 1n-oc;r::i..r.1 of t11 c co LU1trJ .
Om' idcn tit~r me,~' be lost , but our nor~;:
'.7 ill not ,.
'ilo ~1nvo learned t hnt in o.. time of e c onomic doT.' r css i on we can
find mo110y rr i t~1 which t o build schools Dnd teach il J.i t or c,tcs to r c.::,,c1.. c..nd
I t ,·ou.l cl oo o. fool ish k ind. of ?ros::,ori ty ti1.'.', t TTo..s too poo r to
wri t o .
li,:_,_cl now I '·'Ofl t t o spool: of some p r ojec t s which r c:pr oson t o.
kind of commmi t:r s e rvice no1:r in th i s c ountry , t:C.ouGh !lot unknm-m el sewhere L :
t ~10
rro rl c'c -- our cu.l tur:11 11r oj0cts .
Fe found that a mong th o
unc rnplozrccl n c ro m\.:..s ici n.1rn , o.rti st s , ,.-.Tit ,)1·s L1.nd [l.Cto r s •
F c d cr c~l ::1ro jccts t h:--.t put th e ir s:po ci d
We sot up
2-Ml i t i cs to use for tho uublic
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- 12 b c nofi t .
C,J~,r_;rcss l ast summer orcl orod t l10 clis c oi1ti::.1uD.nc c of our F cc1.. ur oJ_
th or-,trc \ll' ,,jc c t , imd requi r ed t h,-:>.t our othe r Cl'.l tu.r c.,l p roj e c ts h:we: t ·.: o
I c ont r ibv_t i on .
SU!)port of loc.:·,l sponsors
-
' t l· t ·::rts
mC;'.11 t t ,1:~.
'1'l
_111• S
110'7 U ~)
t o our St::.t0s c".nd. c ommuni t ics t o so.y \7hoth -:, r they ncant e:d. t:1c s c cul t c,·2.l
p r oj e cts t o ~o on .
f!h~\t no f i nd, I um gl ad to soy , i s t hat the :oeo:9le of t his
count r zr d o Han t ou r cultu r a l :proj ects t o go on .
i,fos t of our cul tura.l
:proj e c ts l1av e f ound s pon s or s i n alJ. St a t es , and a ll of t hem i n some
St a t es .,
To .me t h i s i s a very enc our aging s i f;n .
It rnoe.ns fr.E-1,t the
Ame ric;"n people r e cogniz e t hese cu ltu r a l benefi ts as among the 1::iu"blic
b e nefH s to w;:1ich they a r e ri gh t fully en titl ed .
I t me a ns t hat t hey
vi ew the e::.1j o:n:1ent of mus ic and of a rt n ot as 2.ri s t ocrat i c lu..'Cllri es
b e lo nci ng onl ~r t o t hose YTh o have t :1e p r iva t e meo.ns t o 1my fo r t hem
a t l u :·: m7 :9ric es , but as fru it s of civi liz a ti on t lw,t should be clemocrc1t i c,,_,ll:· sl10.r ed by al l .
It means t ha t t hey r egnr d a rti sts L;.nd
musici 2.11s 0,s so ci a lly u sef u l wo r lcer s .
It mean s thnt t hey r eje ct t he
vi ew th::-.t t ho only u sef u l wo r k a n ee dy mus ici a n
CM
pe r fo rm fo r t he
community is with n p ick 1:'..nd shov e l .
I ho:pe t o see t h e ti me whe n such cu ltural no r k rr ill b o clone
f or our co1:1,_·m ni t i cs on a r ot,'"lllc.,r bas i s , n t r egular s2.l c1ri es .
ri t vv
Pr osue
-
ought t o p r ovi de us not only with wo r k dcMocrQt::co,l ly l',v::-..ilnb l e t o c,l ). ,
but l'.l s o , in tl1e words of a 6 r eat p oe t ,
11
of joy i n rridc s t com.'!lona lt:r
spr ec,d . 11
Uc n r c do i ng whc., t vre con t o b ro o.don t ho pub lic r s opportun i ti cs
f or cul tur c , ,-:,.nd for th e enjo;rmcnt of cul tur a l p r or~r nr,1s .
One r osuJ_t of
ou r eff or ts is soo n in t he mor e gc!lc r a l use of s choo l buil d ings nncl
grounds by tlw c ommunity a f te r schoo l hour s .
The ·,IPA d i c1__ n ot ori ginntc
t he i d.co, thc,t t hose community f a cili t i es shoul d h2.,vo a \-ride r us e t h2.n
h as boo n customnr y i n t ho :pns t .
But our adult educati on ~ffojects have
-oee n i:,st :curnental i n se cur i ng such b r oade r use of s choo l buildi ngs c.ftcr
s chool hou rs ; a nd our r e cr eati on p roj e c ts hav e ha d a s i nilar effect
i n Il18] ;:i:-,_c; s chool gr ounds availa-o l e fo r c omrauni ty use af t e r s ch ool hours .
One of t~1e wa;r s in wh ich t his has. c ome about i s th i s .
School pr i n c ipal s
and sup e:•in.t e ndents who hav e been accus t ome d i n thA pas t to behave
towa.rcl sc1'.ool proper t y as t hou gh it v,e r e a t reasure and they we r e tl1e
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- 13 dragons set to gt:!'1.l'd it fror.1 pub lic trespass - - these s n1:1c s chool
officio.ls b ,Jcono r c spoLsible a.dvisc,rs ancl h dlpcrs in our aJult
0dl 1.cat i
on
a :rid r oc r •J[',ti on p roj ects ; a nd as suc l~ , t h ey have to help f i nd s uitabl e
r onns for t!10 use of adult ec'lucG.ti ·'.·n clnf",So~ , n.nd sui table g r 0unds for
r e cr cnti:.m pro j e ct.s .
Thoy look about anx i •ms l y , c.,nd. suu.de1; ly to tr.oir
. surp rb o tho~r find jus t the p l a ces th ey no " ct , right in t heir
buila_L~gs nnd on t he ir oun scho ol g r '.)1..md_s .
s cJ-J.()ol
0 1.~n
'.i:noy ,,ond.e r ,-,hy in th e '~:orlcl
nobody eve r t hough t of u~ing school :,w o~)e rty in t hi s vm.y b efor e , n.nd they
strive earnestly t o nake it nv,.,_ilabl c f o r such broad.er cor:n:mnity use .
1'.'hc n r:e
I r:1 ontion tl1is becmlSe I t'hir,k re nro a ll a little like t ha t .
join i n :10r: c or;1r:n.mity o.ctivities , vie change some of our forr.1er views
T~1is is t nJ ico.l o f the nm-;
about dm t s~10uld n,nd sh n,.ld nJt b e done .
era i n ~hich uc n r o liv i ng .
It t akes
ti □ c
fo r u s t o ori e n t ou r s3lves .
But r:o c1o u i sh t o he l p our cor.vm n i ti cs , and. re do learn more i)\' e r y y 3m•
about :1ei7 rrb.;;-s of he l p i ng t horn .
Anothe r special r esult of our ~o r k t ha t I u is ~ t o 1:1ontion
bus r cfc r onc o to ono f0nture of our r •:.!crca ti on p r o jects .
\'.'hen ,-.·e go
i n t o a co:.Em::.1i t y t o SGt u p a r e cr oati or. p roj e ct it i s n '.:l t only o:'.l
offici.:i.l Lwitntion , but on c ond. i ti on t hat our p r oje ct hns t h e t,uidance
of a r e creation c ouncil .
,·:i t h 35 , 000 nc,.ibors .
possiblJ'
D,
There are s a ne 5 , 000 of t hese c ounci ls in existence ,
About hnlf the :-1el7berr;h i p i s n11cl.e up o f 1-'.1.y people --
!YYLlsm·:ife , n labor r n:p r os on t ativo ,
D.
y outh r cp r esentf',tive .
Also
on the CQlli1cils are such t cchni c i::.ns n.s r ep r e s e nt ative s f r or:1 tl10 s ch0o l
b o c,..c .,,l. ca'· )
·,11·c;- p,.,
- 11-, n. .1~· •.
-'v>-'-'
, ,
_ u. l1·tv
"' c•"'.nd +he sor:io,l ag,.mci e s .
.. e .t
R.v~ Cr P~_,,t 1·r. ,11 l'-'.e1)~rt,.,,
t he
, .
_
; .1
v ,
• • •
v
•
Rc cr ont i on t ouche s ou r soc i a l and
Thurc i s a p rn,ctical roason for t his .
e c onoE,ic life at r:10.ny vital po i n t s , ".loar l y c.11 of v·hich [:.re in t inc:, tely c oncernoct 1.-:ith chilc:1.hood n nd youth .
It is still the Age of t he Child , nnfr I nos t h eartily b eli eve
in ctoing cvc r y t h in 6 poss i bl e f o r youth .
HovE:vo r , I feel thn t r P- cr oa ti on
l i ke educa ti un should beg in to r:·ake i tse lf a r onl po .,e r in it s se rvic e
1
t o o l de r gr oups .
We have r.1ade a start in t ha t cU r octi 0n , but
no t go:,e :1early far enough .
a l o1lg tl'lis li n0 .
The
ti □ o
PC
hi:',v o
i s gcar oct f or hi gh ncl:isve~icnt
Under o-i.::r p r esen t i noo r lox:s not only t he ur"n□":_, lo yc d ,
but raon ::md 'F.o,·.1cn ini th s t eady j c,Ds , have ouch l e i sur e wh ich c 01;.ld be
plensurably , often p r ofitnb l y , sp0nt .<-. t r e creation activities .
3vc r y
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Original from
NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY
NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY
4 - 2090
- 14 -
c ot1T,µ i1 ity r ocr .:-ctti on c ente r shou l ,i n o.kc p ro vis i o n for tho i n t e r ,:: sts o f o l clo r
peop le .
An cl the □any avocn.tions and hobbies n o,, op eE t o ad.ul ts ,:ho
li1co t o ,-!o r lt v:i th t r..e ir hands ar:d p l.:1:r,. ·p i t h th e i r brains , c c, ul cl , r'.n c~
shoul c1 bo , uD.clo a part of our r e creat i on p r og rnr.1 .
A c o,or.mni t :r t'> ·be heal t r.y has t o p r ov i de r eal b on efi ts fo r a.Li.
A:ll'1..
110 ,7
in c onclusi o,t I v•ant to say again l10,-: t J:1i s gron t F odo1·al
r o rk :,:J r o:;r an , the YTPA , fits i:"lt o our ho p es for n be t to r A1..1 c r ico.. .
I havo
nlr en~'..:· ex p r e s s ed r:iy be li e f t:-1n.t pr i va t e indus try in Am orica ca1.1 - t~ncl
□ust
-
gonr its e lf to 1w o cluc e and. clist:::· i ·o,1te it s r,00cls fo r th o 'mst
nci.r kot o f t l1oso uho n.t p r esen t do n0 t have e nou gh t o eat o r e1,:JLl:; h
t o i.-r oo..:t and nho l ive i n h cuses thn.t n.r o n ot fit to live i .'.1 .
But r:hat of t h o ot:ic r g o n d t hin)?;,; of l ife -- od.u cntLn ,
e nt h •.ls insn ov0kocl by our r::?A p r oj uc t s of this k i nd shoi.··s t im t t' :.o r ::
exists also o. vo.s t narlrnt , so to spGo.k , f •~ :-i.· n.ll t h orrn i;oo -:-1.s .
1
Frivtt t e
i nclu.str;:· ci.nd o:1terp r iso can h o,vo i t s i\111 s >n.r o in p r 0ducir.g cn·:l c'l_isb: ~.b 1.1t i n [; tlwn , but in so:-.1 c r 0spo ct s t iw y o.re o. co,.runi t ? r esJ:lons i o ili t~, and.
n p r ope r fi olcl f o r gov orrn1cr:.tn.l nicl ,
Viho.t
\7 0
nr ,; do i n i; n o,·• i s I ioL1tinc
t he r.rn:-r tOY!D-rd a be tt or civiliz o. ti on -- b e tt or be c o.us e it r·ill cL:st rii.)l1. te
i ts b oao fits
□ o re
~ i do l y .
And our V:I?A p r o j e cts of all k in,i.f., s ,·;C)U t o no a ,1 j_r1p ort;:, n t
our A0c rican b 0liuf in Peac e , ~~din t h e c ~pn ci ti os of n
~ c□ o cr~cy
to
profr~cc nnd d istrib~t e t ho good t h i n gs 0f li fe t o n.11 th 0 peo p l e .
J.W...!LJLJ..
1r117i•rrr
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Original from
NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY
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