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Perspectives on Working Women: A Databook U.S. Department of Labor Bureau of Labor Statistics October 1980 •AUTHWEar Missouri STATE W v^VERSITY LIBRARY Bulletin 2080 g£C 1 21960 Perspectives on Working Women: A Databook U.S. Department of Labor Ray Marshall, Secretary Bureau of Labor Statistics Janet L. Norwood, Commissioner October 1980 Bulletin 2080 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 Foreword Today, more than at any time in this century, women are firmly established members of our Nation’s work force. Many of their concerns are the same as those faced by working men, such as equitable wages, occupational choice, adequate retirement benefits, and the maintenance of a safe and healthy workplace. Nevertheless, the world of work remains inhospitable for large groups of women, including those who have children that they must raise and support on their own, and others who are held back by bias against women. During the 1970’s, the Bureau of Labor Statistics continued to be a primary source of information on the phenomenal upsurge in women’s labor market participation. The Bureau published many new reports and intro duced several new data series that improved the country’s ability to under stand and measure the dramatic changes. The new information is included in this databook, along with other subjects ranging from historical labor force and earnings trends to job safety. As the 1980’s progress, we shall continue to concentrate our efforts on monitoring trends and developments and producing statistics on women which are timely and informative. Janet L. Norwood Commissioner of Labor Statistics Preface This databook presents a wide array of information on the characteristics of working women in the United States and their changing socioeconomic status, especially during the 1970’s. An earlier version entitled U.S. Working Women: A Databook was published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics in 1977. The present databook is a major expansion of the earlier publication and contains new and more detailed statistics on women’s labor force participation. The great majority of the data are from the Current Population Survey, a household sample survey conducted monthly for the Bureau of Labor Statistics by the Bureau of the Census. Most of this information is published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics in a series of Special Labor Force Reports and in the monthly periodicals Employment and Earnings and the Monthly Labor Review. Part I provides information on the extraordinary increase in the labor force participation of women between 1950 and 1979, with special emphasis on trends during the 1970’s and some data from the first half of 1980. Part II looks at the strength of women’s attachment to the labor force by showing the number of weeks they worked or looked for work during an entire year. Part III focuses on working women’s marital, family, and child status, and Part IV reviews changes in women’s school enrollment and education. Part V examines the earnings and incomes of women and families. Part VI looks at data by race and Hispanic origin, and Part VII has additional information including data on such subjects as job tenure and moonlighting. Part VIII concludes with a glimpse of labor force and employment patterns at the outset of the 1980’s. Unless otherwise indicated, all data refer to the civilian noninstitutional v population 16 years and over. Because of rounding, sums of individual items in the tables may not equal totals. Sampling variability may be relatively large in cases where numbers are small. Small differences between estimates or percentages should be interpreted with caution. This databook was prepared in the Division of Labor Force Studies, Office of Current Employment Analysis. It was prepared by Howard Hayghe and Beverly L. Johnson under the general direction of Elizabeth Waldman. Loretta Profater, Barbara Nussear and Annie Wilder provided valuable support. Unless specifically identified as copyright, material in this publication is in the public domain and may, with appropriate credit, be reproduced without permission. Contents Part 1. Labor Force, Employment,and Unemployment Charts: Page 1. Labor force participation rates of women and men, annual averages, 1950-80 ................................................................. 2 2. Unemployment rates of women and men, annual averages, 1950-80 ............................................................................................... 2 Tables: Part il. Extent of Work Experience 1. Women in the labor force, annual averages, selected years, 1950-79, and January-June 1980 ....................................................... 3 2. Labor force participation rates of women and men, annual averages, 1950-79,and January-June 1980 ........................................ 3 3. Women in the labor force by age, annual averages, selected years, 1950-79,and January-June 1980.............................................. 4 4. Labor force participation rates of women by age, annual averages, selected years, 1950-79,and January-June 1980 ............... 4 5. Labor force participation rates of women 20 years and over by year of birth and age, annual averages, selected years, 1955-79 . . . 5 6. Employed and unemployed women, annual averages, 1950-79,and January-June 1980 ......................................................... 6 7. Unemployment rates of women and men, annual averages, 1950-79,and January-June 1980 ......................................................... 7 8. Unemployment rates of women and men by age, annual averages, 1970 and 1979 .................................................................... 8 9. Unemployed women and men by reason for unemployment, annual averages, 1970 and 1979 ....................................................... 8 10. Occupational distribution of employed women, annual averages, selected years, 1950-79 ..................................................... 9 11. Employment of women in selected occupations, 1950,. 1960, 1970, and 1979 .................................................................................. 10 12. Women employees on nonagricultural payrolls, selected industries, October, 1970 and 1979 ..................................................... 12 13. Self-employed women in nonagricultural industries by age, annual averages, 1970 and 1979 ....................................................... 13 14. Women and men not in the labor force by desire for job and reason for nonparticipation, annual averages, 1970 and 1979 .......... 13 15. Women not in the labor force by age, annual averages, selected years, 1950-79 ...................................................................... 14 Tables: 16. Work experience of women and men, 1960,1970, and 1978 ............ 16 17. Work experience of women and men by age, 1970 and 1978 .......... 17 VII 18. Part III. Marital and Family Status Part IV. School Enrollment and Education Women with unemployment in 1978 by number of weeks unemployed........................................ Page 19 19. Percent of women employed year round full time in each occupation, 1960, 1970, and 1978........................................................... 19 20. Women by work experience and reason for less than fullyear work, 1960,1970, and 1978 ............................................................. 20 Tables: 21. Women by labor force and marital status, selected years, 1950-79 ........ 22 22. Labor force participation rates of women by age and marital status, March 1979 ........................................................................ 23 23. Occupations of employed women by marital status, March, 1970 and 1979 ........................................................................................... 24 24. Work experience of married women, husband present, and never-married women, 1960,1970, and 1978 .......................................... 25 25. Birth rates and fertility rates by race, selected years, 1920-79 ................. 26 26. Labor force participation rates of married women, husband present, by presence and age of own children, 1950-79 ......................... 27 27. Women by marital and labor force status and presence and age of own children, March 1979 ............................................................. 28 28. Employed women by full- or part-time status, marital status, and presence and age of own children, March 1979 ................................ 29 29. Families by type, selected years, 1940-79 ................................................. 30 30. Number of own children by age of children, type of family, and labor force status of mother, March, 1970,1975, and 1979 ..................... 31 31. Number of own children by age of children, type of family, and employment status of parents, March 1979 ...................................... 32 32. Women maintaining families by age and marital status, March, 1960,1970, and 1979 .................................................................... 33 33. Labor force participation rates and unemployment rates of women maintaining families by age, March, 1970 and 1979 ................... 34 34. Labor force status of women and men maintaining families by presence and age of children under 18, March, 1970, and 1979............... 34 35. Labor force status of women maintaining families by marital status and presence of children, March 1979 .......................................... 35 36. Occupations of employed women maintaining families by marital status, March 1979 ........................................................................ 36 Tables: 37. School enrollment status of women and men 16 to 24 years old in the labor force, selected years, October, 1960-79 ................................ 38 38. School enrollment status of women and men 16 to 34 years old in the labor force by age, October, 1970 and 1979.................................... 39 39. Percent of recent high school graduates enrolled in college by sex, selected years, October, 1960-79 ..................................................... 39 viii 40. Employment status of women and men 16 to 34 years old Page enrolled in school by age and type of school, October 1979 ..................... 40 Part V. Earnings and Income 41. Employment status of women and men 16 to 24 years old, not enrolled in college, who were high school graduates or school dropouts in 1979, October 1979 ............................................................... 41 42. Employment status of women and men 16 to 24 years old, not enrolled in school, by years of school completed, October 1979 ............ 42 43. Educational attainment of women and men in the labor force, March, 1965-79 .............................................................................. 43 44. Labor force and marital status of women by years of school completed, March 1979 ............................................................................ 44 45. Occupational distribution of employed women by years of school completed, March 1979 ............................................................... 45 46. Women and men 25 years and over in the labor force by age and years of school completed, March 1979 .................................... 46 47. Percent of workers 25 years old and over with 12 years of education or more by sex and occupation group, March, 1970 and 1979 ................. 47 Tables: ix 48. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by sex, May, 1967-78 and second quarter, 1979-80 ................... 49 49. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by sex and occupation, annual averages, 1979 ......................... 49 50. Distribution of full-time wage and salary workers by usual weekly earnings and selected characteristics, annual averages, 1979 .............. 50 51. Distribution of families by usual weekly wage and salary earnings, type of family, and number of earners, annual averages, 1979................. 51 52. Median annual earnings of year-round full-time workers 14 years and over by sex, 1955-78................................................................. 52 53. Median annual earnings of women 14 years and over by weeks worked, 1978 ................................................................................ 52 54. Sources of income of women 14 years and over, 1978 ........................... 53 55. Married-couple families by number of earners and size of family, March 1979, and median family income in 1978 ...................................... 53 56. Married-couple families by number of earners in previous year and presence and number of own children under 18, March 1979 ............................................................................................... 54 57. Families maintained by women and men by number of earners and size of family, March 1979, and median family income in 1978........................................................................................................ 55 58. Families maintained by women and men by number of earners in previous year and presence and number of own children under 18, March 1979 .............................................................................. 56 59. Earnings of married women, husband present, as percent of family income in 1978, by selected characteristics of marriedcouple families, March 1979...................................................................... 57 Part VI. Race and Hispanic Origin 60. Earnings of women maintaining families as percent of family income in 1978 by selected characteristics, March 1979 ....................... 57 61. Women who work full time year round by median earnings in 1978, marital status, and educational attainment, March 1979 .............. 58 62. Median annual earnings of year-round full-time workers in 1978 by occupation of longest job, March 1979 ................................................. 59 63. Women 16 years old and over by poverty status, 1966-78 ....................... 59 64. Poverty status in 1978 of women and men by age and years of school completed, March 1979............................................................. 60 Tables: x 65. Labor force status of women and men by race, annual averages, 1955-79 ..................................................................................... 62 66. Labor force status of persons of Hispanic origin by sex, annual averages, 1973-79 ........................................................................ 64 67. Women and men in the population and labor force by age, race, and Hispanic origin, annual averages, 1979 .................................... 65 68. Employment status of white, black, and Hispanic persons by sex and marital status, March 1979 ......................................................... 66 69. Labor force status of women by race, Hispanic origin, marital status, and presence and age of children under 18, March 1979 ............ 68 70. Employment status of women and men of Hispanic origin, March, 1975 and 1979 .............................................................................. 70 71. Labor force status of women and men by educational attainment, race, and Hispanic origin, March 1979 ..................................................... 71 72. Labor force participation rates and unemployment rates of women and men by educational attainment, race, and Hispanic origin, March 1979 ..................................................................................... 72 73. Work experience of women and men by race and Hispanic origin, 1978 73 74. Occupational distribution of employed white, black, and Hispanic women and men, March, 1970 and 1979 ................................................ 74 75. Median annual earnings of women and men who worked year round, full time, by race and Hispanic origin, 1978 .............................................. 75 76. Median annual earnings of year-round full-time workers 14 years and over by sex, race, and Hispanic origin, 1975-78 ............................... 75 77. Earnings of married women, husband present, as percent of family income in 1978 by selected characteristics of married-couple familes, race,and Hispanic origin, March 1979 ........................................ 76 78. Number of women and men 16 years and over below poverty level and poverty rate by age, race, and Hispanic origin, 1975-78 ................... 77 79. White, black, and Hispanic families by type, March, 1975-79 ................... 78 80. Labor force status of women and men maintaining families by race and Hispanic origin, and presence and age of children under 18, March, 1975 and 1979 ............................................................................ 79 Part VII. Additional Characteristics Part VIII. The 1980’s 81. Labor force status of women maintaining families by race and Hispanic origin, marital status, and presence and age of children under 18, March 1979 80 82. Families by type and race, March 1979, and median family income in 1978 ......................................................................................... 82 83. Number of own children by age of children, race and Hispanic origin, type of family, and labor force status of mother, March 1979, and median family income in 1978 83 Tables: 84. Average hours worked by nonfarm wage and salary workers by sex and occupation, May 1979 ........................................................................ 87 85. Days usually worked by nonfarm wage and salary workers by sex and full- or part-time status, May 1979....................................................... 87 86. Shift worked by nonfarm wage and salary workers who usually work full time by sex and marital status, May 1979 88 87. Absence rates for full-time nonfarm wage and salary workers by sex and age, May 1978.................................................................................... 89 88. Overtime workers by usual hours, premium pay, sex, and marital status, May 1979 ....................................................................................... 90 89. Number and percent of full-time wage and salary workers who worked long weeks and received premium pay by selected characteristics, May 1979 ........................................................................ 91 90. Length of time on current job by sex, January 1978 .................................. 92 91. Occupational mobility of employed persons between January 1977 and January 1978 by age, sex, race, and Hispanic origin, January 1978 93 92. Multiple jobholding rates of employed women and men and main reason for working at more than one job, May 1979 ............................... 94 93. Membership of women in national unions and employee associations, selected years, 1960-78 ............................................................................ 94 94. Employment status of women by State, annual averages, 1978 ............... 95 95. Occupational distribution of employed women by State, annual averages, 1978 ......................................................................................... 96 96. Percent of employment and occupational injuries and illnesses among women workers by selected occupations, 1977 ........................... 98 97. Percent of employment and occupational injuries and illnesses among women workers, selected States, 1977 99 Tables: 98. Summary indicators on working women by selected characteristics, January-June 1980..................................................................................... 101 99. Family status of women by selected characteristics, January-June 1980 102 100. XI Employed women by occupation, race, and Hispanic origin, 6-month average, January-June 1980 ....................................................... 102 Labor Force, Employment, and Unemployment The extraordinary increase in women’s labor force activity that characterized the 1970’s continued unabated through practically all of 1979. Nearly 12 million more women were in the labor force in 1979 than in 1970; these women accounted for about 60 percent of the gain in the labor force. Areas of considerable change in the 1970’s which are bound to affect women’s labor force participation in the 1980’s include: • Age. Women 25 to 34 years old accounted for nearly half the increase in the number of female workers during the 1970’s. A remarkable 64 percent of all women 25 to 34 were working or looking for work in 1979, and the first half of 1980, including 54 percent of the mothers in this age group who had to juggle the responsibilities of home and child care with those of a job. The pattern of a more continuous work history for women in these ages may widen their career and advancement opportunities in the 1980’s. • Changing job mix. Although the majority (55 percent) of employed women began the 1980’s in traditional clerical and service occupations, a substantial number had made inroads into professional-technical jobs with higher status and earnings, e.g., doctors, lawyers and accountants. In 1970, 60 percent of all female profes sional-technical workers were in the more traditional areas of nursing and pre-college teaching; by 1979, this proportion had dropped to about 52 percent. • Unemployment. About 2.9 million women were unemployed in 1979, an increase of around a million since 1970. The unemployment rate for women, which had climbed from 5.9 percent in 1970 to a record high 9.3 percent at mid-decade, had dropped to 6.8 percent in 1979. As in past decades, unemployment rates generally remained higher for women than men, with the gap widening when business was buoyant and declining during sluggish periods, such as the first half of 1980. • Women not in the labor force. Women constitute about 7 of 10 persons outside the work force. For the most part, these women state that they do not want a job, reporting household responsibilities as the main reason they neither work nor look for work. How ever, as greater proportions of younger women enter the labor market, the women who do not work for pay outside their homes are increasingly older; in 1979, the median age of women not in the labor force was about 51 years, compared with a little more than 45 years at the beginning of the 1970’s. 100 - Chart 1. Labor force participation rates of women and men, annual averages, 1950-80 60- Percent of 20- 0I__________I__________I__________I__________I__________I__________I 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1January-June 1980 10- Chart 2. Unemployment rates of women and men, annual averages, 1950-80 2 - 0l _________ I_________ I_________ I_________ I_________ I_________ I 1950 1955 'January-June 1980 2 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 Table 1. Women in the labor force, annual averages, selected years, 1950-79, and JanuaryJune 1980 Table 2. Labor force participation rates of women and men, annual averages, 1950-79, and JanuaryJune 1980 (Numbers in thousands) Labor force Women Year Total, both sexes Number Percent of total 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1979 62,208 65,023 69,628 74,455 82,715 92,613 102,908 18,389 20,548 23,240 26,200 31,520 36,998 43,391 29.6 31.6 33.4 35.2 38.1 39.9 42.1 January-June 1980 103,884 44,126 42.5 Year Participation rate (Percent of population in labor force) Women Men 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 33.9 34.6 34.7 34.4 34.6 35.7 36.9 36.9 37.1 37.1 86.4 86.5 86.3 86.0 85.5 85.3 85.5 84.8 84.2 83.7 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 37.7 38.1 37.9 38.3 38.7 39.3 40.3 41.1 41.6 42.7 83.3 82.9 82.0 81.4 81.0 80.7 80.4 80.4 80.1 79.8 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 43.3 43.3 43.9 44.7 45.6 46.3 47.3 48.4 50.0 51.0 79.7 79.1 79.0 78.8 78.7 77.9 77.5 77.7 77.9 77.9 January-June 1980 51.2 77.2 3 Table 3. Women in the labor force by age, annual averages, selected years, 1950-79, and JanuaryJune 1980 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1979 JanuaryJune 1980 18,389 100.0 20,548 100.0 23,240 100.0 26,200 100.0 31,520 100.0 36,998 100.0 43,391 100.0 44,126 100.0 and 17 and 19 to 24 to 34 to 44 to 54 to 64 and over 3.3 6.0 14.5 -22.3 22.6 18.1 10.0 3.2 3.1 5.3 11.9 20.7 23.4 20.2 11.6 3.8 3.5 5.4 11.1 17.8 22.8 22.7 12.8 3.9 3.6 6.0 12.8 16.5 21.8 21.8 13.7 3.7 4.2 6.1 15.5 18.1 18.9 20.7 13.2 3.4 4.5 6.5 16.4 22.9 17.5 18.0 11.5 2.8 4.3 6.1 16.2 25.7 18.7 15.8 10.6 2.6 3.8 5.7 15.7 26.6 19.4 15.8 10.4 2.6 Median age 36.7 38.9 40.4 40.1 37.8 34.9 34.1 34.3 Age Total: Number (in thousands) Percent 16 18 20 25 35 45 55 65 Table 4. Labor force participation rates of women by age, annual averages, selected years, 1950-79, and JanuaryJune 1980 Participation rate (Percent of population in labor force) Age 1950 1960 1970 1979 JanuaryJune 1980 Total, 16 years and over 33.9 37.7 43.3 51.0 51.2 16 18 20 25 35 45 55 65 30.1 51.3 46.0 34.0 39.1 37.9 27.0 9.0 29.1 50.9 46.1 36.0 43.4 49.8 37.2 10.8 34.9 53.6 57.7 45.0 51.1 54.4 43.0 9.7 45.8 62.9 69.1 63.8 63.6 58.4 41.9 8.3 41.6 60.5 67.7 65.4 65.5 59.6 41.7 8.3 4 and 17 and 19 to 24 to 34 to 44 to 54 to 64 and over Table 5. Labor force participation rates of women 20 years and over by year of birth and age, annual averages, selected years, 1955-79 1965 1960 1955 Year of birth Age 1956-60 1951-55 1946-50 1941-45 1936-40 1931-35 1926-30 1921-25 1916-20 1911-15 1906-10 1901-05 1896-1901 1895 or before Rate 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70 and over 46.0 35.3 34.7 39.2 44.1 45.9 41.5 35.6 29.0 17.8 6.4 Age Rate 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70 and over 46.2 35.7 36.3 40.8 46.8 50.7 48.8 42.2 31.4 17.6 6.8 Age Rate 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70 and over 50.0 38.9 38.2 43.6 48.5 51.7 50.1 47.1 34.0 17.4 6.1 1979 1975 1970 Year of birth Age 1956-60 1951-55 1946-50 1941-45 1936-40 1931-35 1926-30 1921-25 1916-20 1911-15 1906-10 1901-05 1896-1901 1895 or before 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70 and over 5 Rate 57.8 45.2 44.7 49.2 52.9 55.0 53.8 49.0 36.1 17.3 5.7 Age Rate 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70 and over 64.1 57.0 51.7 54.9 56.8 55.9 53.3 47.9 33.3 14.5 4.8 Age Rate 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70 and over 69.1 65.7 61.8 63.4 63.9 60.4 56.5 48.7 33.9 15.3 4.7 Table 6. Employed and unemployed women, annual averages, 1950-79, and JanuaryJune 1980 (Numbers in thousands) Employed Unemployed Women Year < Total, both sexes Number Percent of total employed 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 58,918 59,961 60,250 61,179 60,109 62,170 63,799 64,071 63,036 64,630 17,340 18,181 18,568 18,749 18,490 19,551 20,419 20,714 20,613 21,164 29.4 30.3 30.8 30.6 30.8 31.4 32.0 32.3 32.7 32.7 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 65,778 65,746 66,702 67,762 69,305 71,088 72,895 74,372 75,920 77,902 21,874 22,090 22,525 23,105 23,831 24,748 25,976 26,892 27,807 29,084 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 78,627 79,120 81,702 84,409 85,936 84,783 87,485 90,546 94,373 96,945 January-June 1980 96,668 6 Total, both sexes — Women '— — 1 — Number Percent of total unemployed 3,288 2,055 1,883 1,834 3,532 2,852 2,750 2,859 4,602 3,740 1,049 834 698 632 1,188 998 1,039 1,018 1,504 1,320 31.9 40.6 37.1 34.5 33.6 35.0 37.8 35.6 32.7 35.3 33.3 33.6 33.8 34.1 34.4 34.8 35.6 36.2 36.6 37.3 3,852 4,714 3,911 4,070 3,786 3,366 2,875 2,975 2,817 2,831 1,366 1,717 1,488 1,598 1,581 1,452 1,324 1,468 1,397 1,428 35.5 36.4 38.0 39.3 41.8 43.1 46.1 49.3 49.6 50.4 29,667 29,875 31,072 32,446 33,417 33,553 35,095 36,685 38,882 40,446 37.7 37.8 38.0 38.4 38.9 39.6 40.1 40.5 41.2 41.7 4,088 4,993 4,840 4,304 5,076 7,830 7,288 6,855 6,047 5,963 1,853 2,217 2,205 2,064 2,408 3,445 3,320 3,267 2,996 2,945 45.3 44.4 45.6 48.0 47.4 44.0 45.6 47.7 49.5 49.4 40,990 42.4 7,216 3,136 43.5 Table 7. Unemployment rates of women and men, annual averages, 1950-79, and JanuaryJune 1980 Year Unemployment rate (Percent of labor force unemployed) Ratio of women’s unemployment rates to men’s Both sexes Women Men 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 5.3 3.3 3.0 2.9 5.5 4.4 4.1 4.3 6.8 5.5 5.7 4.4 3.6 3.3 6.0 4.9 4.8 4.7 6.8 5.9 5.1 2.8 2.8 2.8 5.3 4.2 3.8 4.1 6.8 5.3 1.1 1.6 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.1 1.0 1.1 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 5.5 6.7 5.5 5.7 5.2 4.5 3.8 3.8 3.6 3.5 5.9 7.2 6.2 6.5 6.2 5.5 4.8 5.2 4.8 4.7 5.4 6.4 5.2 5.2 4.6 4.0 3.2 3.1 2.9 2.8 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.7 1.7 1.7 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 4.9 5.9 5.6 4.9 5.6 8.5 7.7 7.0 6.0 5.8 5.9 6.9 6.6 6.0 6.7 9.3 8.6 8.2 7.2 6.8 4.4 5.3 4.9 4.1 4.8 7.9 7.0 6.2 5.2 5.1 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.5 1.4 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.3 January-June 1980 6.9 7.1 6.8 1.0 7 Table 8. Unemployment rates of women and men by age, annual averages, 1970 and 1979 Table 9. Unemployed women and men by reason for unemployment, annual averages, 1970 and 1979 Women Men Age 16 18 20 25 35 45 55 65 and 17 and 19 to 24 to 34 to 44 to 54 to 64 and over 1970 1979 1970 1979 17.4 14.4 7.9 5.7 4.4 3.5 2.7 3.1 18.3 15.0 9.6 6.4 4.6 3.9 3.2 3.3 16.9 13.4 8.4 3.4 2.4 2.4 2.8 3.3 17.9 14.2 8.6 4.2 2.9 2.7 2.7 2.8 Women Men Reason Total: Number (in thousands) Percent Lost last job Left last job Reentered labor force Looking for first job 8 1970 1979 1970 1979 1,853 100.0 2,945 100.0 2,235 100.0 3,018 100.0 33.0 14.4 37.5 15.0 32.0 15.0 37.6 15.4 53.0 12.6 23.8 10.0 53.4 13.7 21.6 11.4 Table 10. Occupational distribution of employed women, annual averages, selected years, 1950-79 Occupation Total: Number (in thousands) Percent Professional-technical Managerial-administrative, except farm Sales Clerical Craft Operatives, including transport Nonfarm laborers Service, except private household Private household Farm 'Data include 14- and 15-year olds. 9 19501 1960 1970 1979 17,340 21,874 29,667 40,446 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Women as percent of all workers in occupation, 1979 41.7 — 12.5 12.4 14.5 16.1 43.3 4.4 8.7 27.8 1.5 5.0 7.7 30.3 1.0 4.5 7.0 34.5 1.1 6.4 6.9 35.0 1.8 24.6 45.1 80.3 5.7 19.6 0.8 15.2 0.4 14.5 0.5 11.5 1.3 32.0 11.3 12.4 8.7 3.6 14.8 8.9 4.4 16.5 5.1 1.8 17.2 2.6 1.2 59.1 97.6 18.0 Table 11. Employment of women in selected occupations, 1950,1960,1970, and 1979 (Numbers in thousands) Number Women as percent of all _________________________________ Occupation workers inoccupation 1950 1960 1970 1979 1950 1960 1970 1979 1,946 56 6 7 12 394 2,746 77 8 7 16 567 4,576 180 20 13 25 814 6,519 344 40 62 46 1,184 40.1 14.9 1.2 4.1 6.5 97.8 38.0 16.4 0.9 3.3 6.8 97.6 40.0 25.3 1.6 4.7 8.9 97.4 43.3 32.9 2.9 12.4 10.7 96.8 837 28 21 50 1,196 36 44 82 1,937 139 49 229 2,207 172 199 470 74.5 22.8 20.6 40.3 71.6 21.3 12.8 34.2 70.4 28.3 14.5 30.1 70.8 31.6 16.1 37.8 672 13 6 93 780 28 61 141 1,061 55 75 109 2,586 196 136 224 13.8 11.7 9.4 27.1 14.4 12.2 17.7 24.0 16.6 17.6 20.8 33.7 24.6 31.6 30.2 35.4 35 68 51 135 24.6 28.2 24.1 39.8 Sales Sales representatives (including wholesale) Sales clerks, retail 1,314 1,646 2,143 2,779 34.5 36.6 39.4 45.1 37 1,175 70 1,384 76 1,465 162 1,671 5.2 48.9 7.3 53.7 7.2 64.8 12.4 70.7 Clerical Bank tellers Bookkeepers Cashiers Office machine operators Secretaries-typists Shipping-receiving clerks 4,273 28 556 187 116 1,494 19 6,263 88 764 367 225 1,917 24 10,150 216 1,274 692 414 3,686 59 14,152 458 1,740 1,298 677 4,681 103 62.3 45.2 77.7 81.7 81.1 94.6 14.3 67.5 69.3 83.4 78.4 73.8 96.7 8.6 73.6 86.1 82.1 84.0 73.5 96.6 14.3 80.3 92.9 91.1 87.9 74.9 98.6 21.3 236 4 21 35 14 14 16 5 252 3 25 35 17 24 8 6 518 11 49 58 32 42 22 10 737 16 49 101 61 94 12 12 3.1 0.4 1.2 11.8 12.2 32.6 19.8 8.3 2.9 0.4 1.1 11.0 15.9 46.2 20.0 10.0 4.9 1.3 2.0 14.8 29.4 58.3 31.4 16.4 5.7 1.3 1.4 22.2 43.6 72.9 34.3 21.4 Professional-technical Accountants Engineers Lawyers-judges Physicians-osteopaths Registered nurses Teachers, except college and university Teachers, college and university1 Technicians, excluding medical-dental Writers-artists-entertainers Managerial-administrative, except farm Bank officials-financial managers Buyers-purchasing agents Food service workers Sales managers-department heads; retail trade Craft Carpenters Mechanics, including automotive Printing Bakers Decorators and window dressers Tailors Upholsterers See footnote at end of table. 10 Table 11. Continued (Numbers in thousands) Women as percent of all Number workers In occupation _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ^ Occupation Operatives, except transport Assemblers Bottling and canning operatives Clothing ironers and pressers Dressmakers Laundry and dry cleaning operatives Sewers and stitchers Transport equipment operatives Bus drivers Service Private household Food service Health service Personal service Protective service ’ Includes college and university presidents in 1950. 1950 1960 1970 1979 1950 1960 1970 1979 2,995 N.A. N.A. N.A. 135 288 N.A. 3,252 267 N.A. N.A. 116 273 532 4,036 459 16 137 92 105 816 4,353 688 17 89 104 122 772 33.5 N.A. N.A. N.A. 97.1 67.7 N.A. 34.3 43.7 N.A. N.A. 96.7 71.3 94.0 38.4 48.7 34.0 74.9 94.8 62.9 93.8 39.9 53.4 37.8 76.7 95.4 65.9 95.3 22 4 41 18 134 68 294 163 1.0 2.6 1.7 9.8 4.5 28.5 8.1 45.5 3,228 1,321 839 249 221 11 4,418 1,586 1,379 488 326 28 5,944 1,132 1,913 1,047 778 59 8,011 1,062 2,943 1,643 1,369 124 57.3 94.9 61.6 74.6 49.7 2.0 62.8 96.6 70.0 81.5 57.9 4.1 60.5 96.9 68.8 88.0 66.5 6.2 62.4 97.6 68.4 90.4 77.3 8.8 N.A. = not available, 11 Table 12. Women employees on nonagricultural payrolls, selected industries, October, 1970 and 1979 Number of women (thousands) Industry Women as percent of total employed 1970 1979 1970 1979 Total nonagricultural industries 26,370 37,629 37.2 41.5 Private Mining Construction Manufacturing Durable goods Nondurable goods Food and kindred products Apparel and other textile products Transportation and public utilities Communications Telephone communications Radio and television broadcasting Trucking and warehousing School buses Wholesale and retail trade Wholesale trade Retail trade Food stores Eating and drinking places 20,866 37 189 5,392 2,209 3,183 496 1,095 962 560 514 32 98 N.A. 6,062 937 5,125 618 1,462 30,143 94 388 6,576 3,137 3,439 536 1,068 1,260 619 540 61 160 38 8,798 1,339 7,459 970 2,932 35.9 5.9 5.0 28.7 20.7 39.0 26.9 80.9 21.2 49.2 54.2 22.7 8.9 N.A. 40.1 23.3 46.1 35.4 55.8 40.2 9.6 7.8 31.2 24.6 41.2 30.3 81.1 24.0 46.9 51.2 31.1 11.4 46.3 43.3 25.6 49.5 42.0 56.8 1,921 666 551 234 6,303 643 615 458 357 2,521 1,709 5,504 700 1,149 N.A. 471 678 3,656 N.A. 2,586 1,070 2,932 1,058 739 343 10,094 608 1,267 576 551 4,163 2,929 7,486 871 1,610 335 703 572 5,005 425 3,383 1,197 52.5 63.5 53.1 35.0 54.2 65.7 36.2 46.9 50.3 81.0 41.1 43.2 26.3 41.8 N.A. 39.8 43.3 49.9 N.A. 61.9 34.0 58.5 70.7 60.5 36.0 58.4 67.9 43.2 51.1 55.0 81.5 47.1 47.5 31.6 45.5 60.2 47.6 38.0 52.9 79.7 64.2 32.6 Finance insurance and real estate Banking Insurance carriers Real estate Services Personal services Business services Educational services Flotels, motels, and tourist courts Health services Other services Government Federal State State hospitals State education Other State government Local Local government hospitals Local education Other local government N.A. = not available. 12 Table 13. Self-employed women in nonagricultural industries by age, annual averages, 1970 and 1979 (Numbers in thousands) 1970 Number of women Item Total employed women 29,067 Self-employed as percent of total employed 4.4 Total self-employed 16 20 25 35 45 55 65 to 19 to 24 to 34 to 44 to 54 to 64 years and over Median age (years) Table 14. Women and men not in the labor force by desire for job and reason for nonparticipation, annual averages, 1970 and 1979 1979 Percent distri bution Number of women Percent distri bution 39,793 — — 4.9 — — 1,288 100.0 1,939 100.0 22 69 215 248 322 273 138 1.7 5.4 16.7 19.3 25.0 21.2 10.7 34 103 484 452 415 299 152 1.8 5.3 25.0 23.3 21.4 15.4 7.8 47.8 — 42.7 — 1979 1970 Item Women Men Women Men Total not in labor force (thousands) 41,210 13,065 41,692 16,931 Do not want a job now (thousands) Percent 38,535 100.0 11,863 100.0 38,079 100.0 15,248 100.0 4.7 82.9 7.8 1.8 2.7 17.2 1.7 25.8 44.0 11.3 5.5 75.4 7.8 6.4 4.9 16.1 1.9 19.5 49.0 13.5 2,675 100.0 1,200 100.0 3,613 100.0 1,682 100.0 10.5 33.9 19.1 15.6 20.9 17.3 11.4 34.3 19.7 13.1 21.6 19.7 III or disabled Home responsibilities Going to school Retired Other reasons Want a job now (thousands) Percent III or disabled Home responsibilities Going to school Think cannot find job Other reasons 13 — 46.9 18.4 17.3 — 42.6 16.6 21.0 Table 15. Women not in the labor force by age, annual averages, selected years, 1950-79 (Numbers in thousands) Year Age Total, 16 years and over: Number (in thousands) Percent 16 to 24 16 to 19 20 to 24 25 to 34 35 to 44 45 to 54 55 to 64 65 and over Median age (years) 14 1950 1960 1970 1979 35,881 100.0 38,343 100.0 41,214 100.0 41,692 100.0 15.6 6.9 8.7 22.2 18.1 15.2 13.8 15.1 16.2 8.3 7.9 19.2 18.0 13.9 13.2 19.6 18.7 10.0 8.7 16.9 13.9 13.3 13.3 23.9 16.5 9.0 7.5 15.2 11.2 11.7 15.2 30.2 41.7 43.1 45.4 51.1 Part II Extent of Work Experience Today’s working women are not casual labor market participants. Considering the fact that the majority have household and child care responsibilities, their job continuity during a year — or work experience — is impressive. About 2 out of 3 working women were employed at least 40 weeks in 1978, and the majority of these women worked full time, or 35 hours or more per week. Of the nearly 8.2 million women who experienced unemployment during 1978, about 27 percent found jobs after a month or less. Only 6 percent remained jobless the entire year. 15 Table 16. Work experience of women and men, 1960, 1970, and 1978 Men Women Work experience I9601 1970 1978 I9601 1970 1978 65,176 100.0 73,657 100.0 84,686 100.0 59,208 100.0 65,296 100.0 76,070 100.0 46.9 53.1 52.5 47.5 57.1 42.9 84.5 15.5 84.1 15.9 81.4 18.6 30,585 100.0 38,704 100.0 48,373 100.0 50,033 100.0 54,919 100.0 61,917 100.0 Worked at full-time jobs2 40 to 52 weeks 50 to 52 weeks 27 to 39 weeks 1 to 26 weeks 67.6 44.6 36.9 6.9 16.0 67.8 47.3 40.7 6.2 14.3 67.8 50.2 43.7 5.7 12.0 86.9 73.5 63.9 5.6 7.7 87.6 74.0 66.1 5.2 8.4 87.9 74.0 66.3 5.0 9.0 Worked at part-time jobs3 40 to 52 weeks 50 to 52 weeks 27 to 39 weeks 1 to 26 weeks 32.4 13.2 10.0 3.4 15.8 32.1 13.5 10.0 4.0 14.6 32.2 14.9 10.9 4.5 12.7 13.1 5.7 4.5 1.3 6.1 12.4 5.6 4.4 1.4 5.3 12.1 5.5 4.0 1.5 5.1 Total: Number (in thousands) Percent Worked during the year Did not work during the year Worked during the year: Number Percent 'Data include 14- and 15-year olds. 2Usually worked 35 hours or more a week in a majority of weeks worked. 3Usually worked less than 35 hours a week in a majority of weeks worked, 16 Table 17. Work experience of women and men by age, 1970 and 1978 1970 Sex and work experience Total, 16 years and over 16 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 years and over 73,657 100.0 16,242 100.0 12,894 100.0 11,583 100.0 12,080 100.0 20,858 100.00 52.5 47.5 66.0 34.0 56.5 43.5 58.5 41.5 60.4 39.6 31.7 68.3 38,704 100.0 10,723 100.0 7,289 100.0 6,772 100.0 7,302 100.0 6,619 100.0 Worked at full-time jobs1 40 to 52 weeks 50 to 52 weeks 27 to 39 weeks 1 to 26 weeks 67.8 47.3 40.7 6.2 14.3 61.3 29.4 23.8 7.5 24.4 71.4 48.0 40.1 7.7 15.8 69.4 53.3 46.0 5.7 10.4 74.2 61.3 54.4 4.9 8.3 66.0 53.7 47.9 4.5 7.8 Worked at part-time jobs2 40 to 52 weeks 50 to 52 weeks 27 to 39 weeks 1 to 26 weeks 32.1 13.5 10.0 4.0 14.6 38.6 11.2 7.5 4.8 22.6 28.6 10.2 7.6 4.0 14.4 30.6 15.4 11.6 4.2 11.2 25.8 13.7 11.0 3.3 8.7 34.1 18.6 13.9 3.4 12.1 WOMEN Total: Number (in thousands) Percent Worked during the year Did not work during the year Worked during the year: Number Percent 1978 84,686 100.0 18,377 100.0 17,334 100.0 12,671 100.0 11,790 100.0 24,514 100.0 57.1 42.9 71.8 28.2 70.5 29.5 68.5 31.5 62.9 37.1 27.9 72.1 48,373 100.0 13,210 100.0 12,220 100.0 8,684 100.0 7,420 100.0 6,839 100.0 Worked at full-time jobs1 40 to 52 weeks 50 to 52 weeks 27 to 39 weeks 1 to 26 weeks 67.8 50.2 43.7 5.7 12.0 59.6 33.5 27.1 7.0 19.1 74.5 55.9 47.9 6.5 12.1 70.4 56.4 49.4 5.0 9.0 72.5 61.2 55.7 4.4 6.8 63.4 52.0 47.7 4.1 7.3 Worked at part-time jobs2 40 to 52 weeks 50 to 52 weeks 27 to 39 weeks 1 to 26 weeks 32.2 14.9 10.9 4.5 12.7 40.3 13.5 9.4 6.0 20.8 25.5 10.8 7.4 3.7 11.1 29.6 16.0 12.0 4.5 9.2 27.5 16.5 13.1 3.5 7.5 36.6 21.7 16.3 4.6 10.3 Total: Number (in thousands) Percent Worked during the year Did not work during the year Worked during the year: Number Percent See footnotes at end of table. 17 Table 17. Continued 1970 Sex and work experience Total, 16 years and over 16 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 years and over 65,296 100.0 14,662 100.0 11,982 100.0 10,713 100.0 11,113 100.0 16,827 100.00 84.1 15.9 79.9 20.1 97.0 3.0 97.5 2.5 95.6 4.4 62.6 37.4 54,919 100.0 11,702 100.0 11,624 100.0 10,441 100.0 10,621 100.0 10,532 100.0 Worked at full-time jobs1 40 to 52 weeks 50 to 52 weeks 27 to 39 weeks 1 to 26 weeks 87.6 74.0 66.1 5.2 8.4 63.8 33.7 27.1 6.7 23.4 96.8 86.4 76.1 5.5 5.0 98.1 90.5 83.0 4.4 3.1 97.6 90.1 82.5 4.2 3.1 83.0 72.0 65.1 4.8 6.2 Worked at part-time jobs2 40 to 52 weeks 50 to 52 weeks 27 to 39 weeks 1 to 26 weeks 12.4 5.6 4.4 1.4 5.3 36.1 14.6 11.3 4.0 17.5 3.2 1.7 1.3 0.5 1.0 1.9 1.0 0.9 0.2 0.6 2.4 1.2 1.0 0.3 0.8 17.0 9.1 7.2 1.8 6.1 MEN Total: Number (in thousands) Percent Worked during the year Did not work during the year Worked during the year: Number Percent 1978 Total: Number (in thousands) Percent Worked during the year Did not work during the year Worked during the year: Number Percent Worked at full-time jobs1 40 to 52 weeks 50 to 52 weeks 27 to 39 weeks 1 to 26 weeks Worked at part-time jobs2 40 to 52 weeks 50 to 52 weeks 27 to 39 weeks 1 to 26 weeks 'Usually worked 35 hours or more in a majority of weeks worked. 2Usually worked less than 35 hours in a majority of weeks worked. 18 76,070 100.0 17,636 100.0 16,391 100.0 11,734 100.0 11,017 100.0 19,292 100.0 81.4 18.6 82.2 17.8 96.2 3.8 96.1 3.9 92.7 7.3 52.7 47.3 61,917 100.0 14,501 100.0 15,767 100.0 11,274 100.0 10,215 100.0 10,159 100.0 87.9 74.0 66.3 5.0 9.0 12.1 5.5 4.0 1.5 5.1 69.6 41.0 32.7 7.1 21.5 30.5 11.7 8.5 3.7 15.1 95.3 84.4 74.9 5.1 5.7 4.7 2.7 1.9 0.7 1.3 97.1 90.2 82.5 3.8 3.1 2.9 1.7 1.1 0.6 0.6 97.1 89.3 83.1 3.9 3.9 2.9 1.6 1.2 0.3 1.0 83.3 71.6 66.0 4.2 7.5 16.7 9.4 6.9 1.8 5.5 Table 18. Women with unemployment in 1978 by number of weeks unemployed Number (thousands) Percent distribution Total working or looking for work 49,683 100.0 With no unemployment during year With unemployment during year 41,517 8,166 83.6 16.4 8,166 100.0 233 2.9 2,219 2,269 1,285 851 27.2 27.8 15.7 10.4 515 352 188 254 6.3 4.3 2.3 3.1 Duration of unemployment Total unemployed Year-round workers unemployed 1 or 2 weeks Part-year workers unemployed: 1 to 4 weeks 5 to 14 weeks 15 to 26 weeks 27 weeks or longer Did not work but looked for work: 1 to 4 weeks 5 to 14 weeks 15 to 26 weeks 27 weeks or longer Table 19. Percent of women employed year round full time in each occupation, 1960, 1970, and 1978 Occupation group Percent who worked year round full time I9601 1970 1978 All occupations 36.9 40.7 43.7 Professional-technical Managerial-administrative, except farm Sales Clerical Craft Operatives, including transport Nonfarm laborers Service, except private household Private household Farm 42.1 62.5 26.3 50.7 57.2 37.6 32.0 30.1 18.6 9.4 54.1 64.8 24.4 48.4 44.5 41.2 33.2 29.5 14.8 13.6 53.6 65.6 25.9 51.1 49.1 44.4 31.1 28.4 11.6 22.4 ’ Data include 14- and 15-year olds. 19 Table 20. Women by work experience and reason for less than full-year work, 1960, 1970, and 1978 Item I9601 1970 1978 65,186 73,657 84,686 14,344 16,241 34,591 933 33,658 19,611 19,093 34,953 1,049 33,904 26,387 21,986 36,313 1,310 35,003 Worked part year (percent) III or disabled Home responsibilities Going to school Unemployed2 Other reasons Retired 100.0 12.5 55.2 17.9 22.3 8.9 N.A. 100.0 8.1 48.6 21.1 15.2 6.9 1.3 100.0 6.2 44.7 21.3 17.7 10.0 1.1 Did not work: Looked for work (percent) III or disabled Home responsibilities Going to school Unable to find work Other reasons 100.0 3.0 19.7 11.5 62.1 3.8 100.0 5.8 33.6 21.1 34.7 4.8 100.0 4.3 36.0 14.7 42.2 2.8 100.0 5.2 80.1 12.0 .1 2.7 N.A. 100.0 10.3 73.8 8.5 .1 7.3 6.2 100.0 11.8 64.3 9.0 .3 14.6 4.8 Total: Number (thousands) Worked all year (50 to 52 weeks) Worked part year (1 to 49 weeks) Did not work at all Looked for work during year Did not look for work during year Did not look for work (percent) III or disabled Home responsibilities Going to school Think cannot find a job Other reasons Retired 'Data include 14- and 15-year olds. 2A total of 6,623,000 women working part year experienced some unemployment during 1978, of whom 3,899,000 reported 20 unemployment as the major reason for part-year work. N.A. = not available. Part III Marital and Family Status Responding to both the economy’s demand for additional workers and the sweeping social and demographic changes over the past several decades, the number of wives in the labor force has more than tripled. By March 1979, practically 50 percent of all wives were working or looking for work compared with 41 percent in 1970 and just 22 percent in 1950. Contributing strongly to this trend during the 1970’s was the growth in labor force participation of mothers with preschool children. The participation rate for wives with children under 6 increased from 30 percent in 1970 to 43 percent in 1979. As a result, the proportion of children with working mothers also rose, from 39 percent to more than 50 percent. The great majority of employed women— 75 percent— usually work full time (35 hours or more a week). Though the proportion working full time in 1979 varied by marital and family status, 63 percent of employed married women with children under age 3 worked full time. In recent years more and more women have been postponing marriage, and marital break-up has become more widespread. Conse quently, the number of never-married and divorced women in the labor force has risen rapidly. In 1979, about 1 of every 9 women in the work force— 5 million in all— was either a divorced, separated, widowed, or never-married woman maintaining her own family. 21 Table 21. Women by labor force and marital status, selected years, 1950-79 April 1950 March 1960 March 1970 March 1979 Total, 16 years and over 54,988 61,911 73,261 84,686 Never married Married, husband present Married, husband absent Divorced Widowed 9,305 35,574 2,001 1,373 6,735 9,603 40,176 2,362 1,707 8,063 13,141 45,055 2,730 2,695 9,640 17,564 48,239 3,075 5,359 10,450 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 16.9 64.7 3.6 2.5 12.2 15.5 64.9 3.8 2.8 13.0 17.9 61.5 3.7 3.7 13.2 20.7 57.0 3.6 6.3 12.3 15,560 21,329 31,233 42,971 4,304 7,682 933 4,233 12,244 1,224 1,222 2,406 6,965 18,377 1,422 1,927 2,542 11,006 23,832 1,808 3,967 2,358 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 27.7 49.4 6.0 19.8 57.4 5.7 5.7 11.3 22.3 58.8 4.6 6.2 8.1 25.6 55.5 4.2 9.2 5.5 Item POPULATION Number (thousands) Percent distribution Total Never married Married, husband present Married, husband absent Divorced Widowed LABOR FORCE Number (thousands) Total Never married Married, husband present Married, husband absent Divorced Widowed *2,641 Percent distribution Total Never married Married, husband present Married, husband absent Divorced Widowed *17.0 LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION RATE Total 28.3 34.5 42.6 50.7 Never married Married, husband present Married, husband absent Divorced Widowed 46.3 21.6 46.6 44.1 30.5 51.8 71.6 29.8 53.0 40.8 52.1 71.5 26.4 62.7 49.4 58.8 74.0 22.6 *Data for divorced and widowed not available separately. 22 *32.6 Table 22. Labor force participation rates of women by age and marital status, March 1979 Participation rate (Percent of population in labor force) Age All women Never married Married, husband present Married, husband absent Divorced Widowed Total, 16 years and over 50.7 62.7 49.4 58.8 74.0 22.6 16 to 19 20 to 24 25 to 34 35 to 44 45 to 54 55 to 64 65 and over 50.9 68.7 63.5 63.6 58.6 42.7 8.7 50.7 74.6 83.2 77.1 74.0 61.1 14.9 51.2 61.2 57.0 60.3 54.5 37.4 7.9 54.1 64.3 65.5 63.2 62.1 48.3 16.0 (D 85.8 81.7 82.7 78.8 64.9 17.1 (D (D 54.4 52.9 66.0 49.0 7.8 ’ Rate not shown where base is less than 75,000. 23 Table 23. Occupations of employed women by marital status, March, 1970 and 1979 Never married Occupation Total, all occupations: Number (in thousands) Percent Professional-technical Managerial-administrative, except farm Sales Clerical Craft Operatives, including transport Nonfarm laborers Service Private household All other service Farm Professional-technical Managerial-administrative, except farm Sales Clerical Craft Operatives, including transport Nonfarm laborers Service Private household All other service Farm 24 Married, husband absent 1970 1979 1970 1979 1970 1979 6,490 100.0 9,940 100.0 17,665 100.0 22,620 100.0 1,339 100.0 1,631 100.0 17.6 2.5 6.6 41.2 0.6 8.5 0.5 21.8 7.3 14.7 0.4 16.5 4.3 7.8 36.3 1.5 8.3 1.4 23.0 3.3 19.7 0.8 15.5 4.6 7.1 33.6 1.3 16.4 0.3 19.4 3.5 15.9 1.8 17.7 6.7 6.5 35.8 1.8 11.8 1.1 17.5 2.0 15.5 1.2 8.6 2.0 3.9 26.7 1.0 20.1 0.7 36.2 10.1 26.1 0.7 13.6 4.4 4.8 30.9 2.2 14.2 1.3 28.4 5.3 23.1 0.2 Divorced Total, all occupations: Number (in thousands) Percent Married, husband present Widowed 1970 1979 1970 1979 1,825 100.0 3,723 100.0 2,475 100.0 2,235 100.0 12.7 5.5 4.5 34.7 0.9 15.8 0.5 25.2 5.5 19.7 0.2 14.9 8.4 5.0 36.5 1.9 12.6 1.2 19.2 1.9 17.3 0.3 9.9 7.4 7.7 23.2 1.1 15.4 0.6 32.8 12.7 20.1 1.9 9.2 8.3 7.5 27.7 1.9 14.1 0.4 29.8 7.0 22.8 1.2 Table 24. Work experience of married women, husband present, and never-married women, 1960, 1970, and 1978 (Numbers in thousands) Marital status and work experience I9601 1970 1978 Married women, husband present, total 40,652 45,560 48,239 Worked during year: Number Percent 17,625 43.4 23,052 50.6 27,242 56.5 100.0 65.7 N.A. 33.0 N.A. 16.9 34.3 N.A. N.A. 100.0 68.4 47.3 40.3 6.9 14.2 31.6 14.5 17.1 100.0 67.5 50.5 43.4 6.0 11.0 32.5 16.1 16.4 Never-married women, total 12,522 13,350 17,564 Worked during year: Number Percent 7,225 57.7 8,910 66.7 12,429 70.8 Worked during year Full time2 40 to 52 weeks 50 to 52 weeks 27 to 39 weeks 1 to 26 weeks Part time3 40 to 52 weeks 1 to 39 weeks 100.0 65.5 N.A. 38.6 N.A. 16.7 34.5 N.A. N.A. 100.0 60.3 38.4 33.6 4.5 17.5 39.7 12.6 27.0 100.0 61.6 41.1 36.2 5.4 15.2 38.4 14.1 24.2 Worked during year Full time2 40 to 52 weeks 50 to 52 weeks 27 to 39 weeks 1 to 26 weeks Part time3 40 to 52 weeks 1 to 39 weeks 'Data include 14- and 15-year olds. 2Usually worked 35 hours or more in a majority of weeks worked. 3Usually worked less than 35 hours in a majority of weeks worked. N.A. = not available. 25 Table 25. Birth rates and fertility rates by race, selected years, 1920-79 Birth rate1 Year Fertility rate2 Total White Black and other races Total White Black and other races 1920 1925 1930 1935 1940 1945 1950 1955 1957 1960 1965 27.7 25.1 21.3 18.7 19.4 20.4 24.1 25.0 25.3 23.7 19.4 26.9 24.1 20.6 17.9 18.6 19.7 23.0 23.8 24.0 22.7 18.3 35.0 34.2 27.5 25.8 26.7 26.5 33.3 34.7 35.3 32.1 27.6 117.9 106.6 89.2 77.2 72.9 85.9 106.2 118.5 122.9 118.0 96.6 115.4 103.3 87.1 74.5 77.1 83.4 102.3 113.8 117.7 113.2 91.4 137.5 134.0 105.9 98.4 102.4 106.0 137.3 155.3 163.0 153.6 133.9 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978p 19793 18.4 17.2 15.6 14.9 14.9 14.8 14.8 15.4 15.3 15.8 17.4 16.2 14.6 13.9 14.0 13.8 13.8 14.4 N.A. N.A. 25.1 24.7 22.9 21.9 21.4 21.2 21.1 21.9 N.A. N.A. 87.9 81.8 73.4 69.2 68.4 66.7 65.8 67.8 66.4 66.4 84.1 77.5 69.2 65.3 64.7 63.0 62.2 64.0 N.A. N.A. 113.0 109.5 100.3 94.3 91.0 89.3 87.6 89.9 N.A. N.A. p = provisional ’ Births per 1,000 population. 2Births per 1,000 women aged 15 to 44 years. 3Twelve months ending with December 1979. 26 N.A. = not available. Table 26. Labor force participation rates of married women, husband present, by presence and age of own children, 1950-79 Participation rate (Percent of population in labor force) Total With no children under 18 years 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 23.8 25.2 25.3 26.3 26.6 27.7 29.0 29.6 30.2 30.9 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 Year1 „ , Total 6 to 17 years, „„„ none younger Under 6 years 30.3 31.0 30.9 31.2 31.6 32.7 35.3 35.6 35.4 35.2 18.4 20.5 20.7 22.4 22.7 24.0 24.5 25.3 26.5 27.9 28.3 30.3 31.1 32.2 33.2 34.7 36.4 36.6 37.6 39.8 11.9 14.0 13.9 15.5 14.9 16.2 15.9 17.0 18.2 18.7 30.5 32.7 32.7 33.7 34.4 34.7 35.4 36.8 38.3 39.6 34.7 37.3 36.1 37.4 37.8 38.3 38.4 38.9 40.1 41.0 27.6 29.6 30.3 31.2 32.0 32.2 33.2 35.3 36.9 38.6 39.0 41.7 41.8 41.5 43.0 42.7 43.7 45.0 46.9 48.6 18.6 20.0 21.3 22.5 22.7 23.3 24.2 26.5 27.6 28.5 40.8 40.8 41.5 42.2 43.0 44.4 45.0 46.6 47.6 49.4 42.2 42.1 42.7 42.8 43.0 43.9 43.8 44.9 44.7 46.7 39.7 39.7 40.5 41.7 43.1 44.9 46.1 48.2 50.2 51.9 49.2 49.4 50.2 50.1 51.2 52.3 53.7 55.6 57.2 59.1 30.3 29.6 30.1 32.7 34.4 36.6 37.4 39.3 41.6 43.2 'Data were collected in April of 1951-55 and March of all other years. NOTE: Children are defined as "own" children of the women and include nevermarried sons and daughters, stepchildren, and adopted children. Excluded are other 27 With children under 18 years related children such as grandchildren, nieces, nephews, and cousins, and unrelated children. Table 27. Women by marital and labor force status and presence and age of own children, March 1979 (Numbers in thousands) With children under 18 years Marital and labor force status Total With no children under 18 years Total 14 to 17 years, none younger 6 to 13 years 3 to 5 years, none younger Under 3 years 6 to 17 years only Under 6 years Worqen, total In labor force Labor force participation rate Unemployment rate 84,686 42,971 50.7 6.6 54,204 26,355 48.6 6.1 30,482 16,616 54.5 7.3 5,392 3,288 61.0 4.7 11,772 7,281 61.9 6.1 5,312 2,775 52.2 8.2 8,006 3,272 40.9 11.6 Never married In labor force Labor force participation rate Unemployment rate 17,564 11,006 62.7 9.7 16,651 10,513 63.1 9.2 913 493 54.0 20.7 21 10 0) — 279 180 64.5 20.0 228 121 53.0 17.2 385 182 47.2 25.0 Married, husband present In labor force Labor force participation rate Unemployment rate 48,239 23,832 49.4 5.1 23,474 10,974 46.7 3.7 24,765 12,858 51.9 6.2 4,333 2,534 58.5 3.9 9,323 5,529 59.3 5.3 4,227 2,089 49.4 7.2 6,883 2,706 39.3 9.5 Married, husband absent In labor force Labor force participation rate Unemployment rate 3,075 1,808 58.8 9.8 1,396 807 57.8 6.3 1,679 1,001 59.6 12.6 235 145 61.7 5.7 674 447 66.3 9.8 355 212 59.5 12.1 414 197 47.5 24.7 Widowed In labor force Labor force participation rate Unemployment rate 10,450 2,358 22.6 5.2 9,756 2,015 20.7 4.6 694 344 49.5 9.0 305 164 53.6 10.9 300 148 49.3 5.2 66 27 0) (D 23 6 0) (D Divorced In labor force Labor force participation rate Unemployment rate 5,359 3,967 74.0 6.1 2,928 2,047 69.9 4.8 2,431 1,920 79.0 7.6 498 435 87.4 6.4 1,196 977 81.7 6.6 436 327 74.9 8.4 300 181 60.3 14.0 ’ Rate not shown where base is less than 75,000. See note on table 26. 28 Table 28. Employed women by full- or part-time status, marital status, and presence and age of own children, March 1979 (Numbers in thousands) With children under 18 years Item Total, employed women Worked full time Worked part time Total With no children under 18 years 6 to 17 years only Under 6 years Total 14 to 17 years, none younger 6 to 13 years 3 to 5 years, none younger Under 3 years 40,150 28,805 11,346 24,741 17,994 6,746 15,409 10,810 4,599 3,135 2,339 796 6,834 4,793 2,041 2,548 1,786 762 2,892 1,891 1,001 9,940 6,562 3,379 9,549 6,252 3,297 391 309 82 10 9 1 144 120 24 100 87 13 136 94 43 Married, husband present, total Worked full time Worked part time 22,620 16,066 6,555 10,564 8,070 2,494 12,056 7,995 4,061 2,435 1,743 692 5,234 3,441 1,793 1,939 1,275 664 2,448 1,536 913 Married, husband absent, total Worked full time Worked part time 1,631 1,361 270 757 638 119 875 723 151 137 114 22 404 330 73 186 153 33 148 125 23 Divorced, total Worked full time Worked part time 3,723 3,292 432 1,949 1,734 214 1,775 1,557 217 407 367 40 913 801 112 299 256 43 156 133 23 Widowed, total Worked full time Worked part time 2,235 1,525 710 1,922 1,299 623 313 225 88 146 106 40 140 101 39 24 15 9 3 3 — Never married, total Worked full time Worked part time NOTE: Full-time workers are those who usually work 35 or more hours per week; part-time workers are those who usually work 1 to 34 hours per week. See note on table 26. 29 Table 29. Families by type, selected years, 1940-79 (Numbers in thousands) Other families3 Year1 All families Marriedcouple families2 Maintained by women Maintained by men2 Total As percent of all families 1940 1947 32,166 35,794 26,971 31,211 1,579 1,186 3,616 3,397 11.2 9.5 1950 1955 1960 1965 39,303 41,951 45,062 47,836 34,440 36,378 39,293 41,649 1,184 1,339 1,275 1,181 3,679 4,234 4,494 5,006 9.4 10.1 10.0 10.5 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 51,227 51,947 53,280 54,361 55,041 44,415 44,735 45,743 46,308 46,810 1,239 1,262 1,353 1,453 1,433 5,573 5,950 6,184 6,600 6,798 10.9 11.5 11.6 12.1 12.4 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 55,699 56,244 56,709 57,215 57,804 47,069 47,318 47,497 47,385 47,692 1,400 1,444 1,499 1,594 1,654 7,230 7,482 7,713 8,236 8,458 13.0 13.3 13.6 14.4 14.6 'Data were collected in April of 1940, 1947, and 1955 and March of all other years. includes men in Armed Forces living off post or with their families on post. 30 3Never-married, widowed, divorced or separated persons, Table 30. Number of own children by age of children, type of family, and labor force status of mother, March, 1970, 1975, and 1979 (Numbers in thousands) Children under 18 years Children 6 to 17 years Children under 6 years Item 1970 1975 1979 1970 1975 1979 1970 1975 1979 Total children Mother in labor force Mother not in labor force 65,755 25,554 39,550 62,770 27,650 34,332 58,537 30,105 27,503 46,149 19,954 25,627 44,636 21,138 22,800 41,556 22,940 17,849 19,606 5,590 13,923 18,134 6,512 11,532 16,981 7,166 9,654 Children in married-couple families Mother in labor force Mother not in labor force 58,399 21,982 36,417 52,813 22,637 30,176 47,786 24,063 23,724 40,479 17,035 23,444 37,081 17,206 19,875 33,347 18,161 15,186 17,920 4,947 12,973 15,732 5,431 10,302 14,439 5,902 8,538 Children in families maintained by women1 Mother in labor force Mother not in labor force 6,695 3,562 3,133 9,168 5,013 4,155 9,822 6,043 3,779 5,102 2,919 2,183 6,856 3,931 2,925 7,442 4,779 2,663 1,593 643 950 2,312 1,081 1,230 2,380 1,264 1,116 Children in families maintained by men1 661 788 929 568 699 768 93 90 161 ’Widowed; divorced; married, spouse absent; and never-married persons. NOTE: Children are defined as “ own” children of the family and include nevermarried sons and daughters, stepchildren, and adopted children. Excluded are other 31 related children such as grandchildren, nieces, nephews, and cousins, and unrelated children. Table 31. Number of own children by age of children, type of family, and employment status of parents, March 1979 (Numbers in thousands) Children under 18 years Children 6 to 17 years Item Total Under 6 years Total 14 to 17 years 6 to 13 years 58,537 30,105 27,875 2,230 27,503 41,556 22,940 21,457 1,483 17,849 15,188 8,738 8,246 492 6,083 26,368 14,201 13,210 991 11,766 16,981 7,166 6,419 747 9,654 Total Mother in labor force Employed Unemployed Mother not in labor force 47,786 24,063 22,533 1,530 23,724 33,347 18,161 17,166 995 15,186 12,009 6,892 6,569 323 5,117 21,338 11,269 10,597 672 10,069 14,439 5,902 5,367 535 8,538 Father in civilian labor force Mother in labor force Employed Unemployed Mother not in labor force 44,926 22,851 21,445 1,406 22,075 31,256 17,238 16,313 925 14,018 11,106 6,499 6,201 298 4,607 20,150 10,739 10,112 626 9,411 13,670 5,614 5,132 482 8,057 Father employed Mother in labor force Employed Unemployed Mother not in labor force 43,389 22,083 20,809 1,274 21,306 30,275 16,691 15,841 850 13,584 10,776 6,286 6,016 269 4,490 19,500 10,405 9,825 581 9,094 13,114 5,392 4,968 424 7,722 Father unemployed Mother in labor force Employed Unemployed Mother not in labor force 1,537 768 636 132 769 981 547 472 75 434 330 213 184 29 117 651 333 287 46 317 556 222 164 57 335 Father not in labor force Mother in labor force Employed Unemployed Mother not in labor force 1,944 769 698 71 1,175 1,563 633 586 47 930 771 314 299 15 457 791 319 287 32 472 381 136 112 24 245 Father in Armed Forces Mother in labor force Employed Unemployed Mother not in labor force 916 442 390 52 474 528 290 267 23 238 131 79 69 10 53 396 211 198 13 185 388 152 123 29 236 ALL CHILDREN Total Mother in labor force Employed Unemployed Mother not in labor force CHILDREN IN MARRIEDCOUPLE FAMILIES See footnote at end of table. 32 Table 31. Continued. (Numbers in thousands) Children under 18 years Children 6 to 17 years Item Total Under 6 years Total 14 to 17 years 6 to 13 years 9,822 6,043 5,343 700 3,779 7,442 4,779 4,291 488 2,663 2,812 1,846 1,677 169 966 4,629 2,932 2,613 319 1,697 2,380 1,264 1,052 212 1,116 929 768 366 401 161 CHILDREN IN OTHER FAMILIES In families maintained by women1 Mother in labor force Employed Unemployed Mother not in labor force In families maintained by men1 'Widowed; divorced; married, spouse absent; and never-married persons. See note on table 30. Table 32. Women maintaining families by age and marital status, March, 1960, 1970, and 1979 Percent distribution Number (thousands) Age and marital status I9601 1970 1979 I9601 1970 1979 4,494 180 620 921 948 782 1,043 5,573 437 919 1,075 1,115 917 1,115 8,458 795 2,131 1,852 1,522 964 1,193 100.0 4.0 13.8 20.5 21.1 17.4 23.2 100.0 7.8 16.5 19.3 20.0 16.4 20.0 100.0 9.4 25.2 21.9 18.0 11.4 14.1 50.5 48.2 42.0 — — — 4,494 521 980 750 2,243 5,573 610 1,324 1,258 2,389 8,458 1,412 1,768 2,808 2,470 100.0 11.6 21.8 16.7 49.9 100.0 10.9 23.7 22.5 42.8 100.0 16.7 20.9 33.2 29.2 AGE Total, 16 years and over Under 25 25 to 34 35 to 44 45 to 54 55 to 64 65 and over Median age MARITAL STATUS Total, women maintaining families Never married Married, husband absent Divorced Widowed 'Data include 14- and 15-year olds. 33 Table 33. Labor force participation rates and unemployment rates of women maintaining families by age, March, 1970 and 1979 1970 1979 Age Labor force participation rate Unemployment rate Labor force participation rate Unemployment rate Total, 16 years and over 52.9 5.6 59.5 8.4 16 25 35 45 55 65 51.6 60.9 67.1 70.4 58.5 11.1 10.8 6.6 6.7 4.6 3.2 2.4 60.4 70.0 71.8 70.9 54.1 11.5 21.6 9.5 7.5 4.2 5.4 4.3 to 24 to 34 to 44 to 54 to 64 and over Table 34. Labor force status of women and men maintaining families, by presence and age of children under 18, March, 1970 and 1979 (Numbers in thousands) March 1979 March 1970 Population Labor force Labor force participation rate Population Labor force Labor force participation rate Women maintaining families With children under 18 years With children 6-17 years only With children under 6 years With no children under 18 5,573 2,924 1,813 1,111 2,649 2,950 1,736 1,215 521 1,214 52.9 59.4 67.0 46.9 45.8 8,456 5,288 3,362 1,926 3,168 5,033 3,486 2,406 1,080 1,547 59.5 65.9 71.6 56.1 48.8 Men1 maintaining families With children under 18 years With children 6-17 years only With children 6 years With no children under 18 1,239 333 262 71 906 893 304 237 67 589 72.1 91.3 90.5 (2) 65.0 1,654 569 435 134 1,085 1,218 496 375 121 722 74.2 87.1 86.2 90.3 66.5 Presence and age of children 'Population includes a few male members of the Armed Forces living off post or with their families on post. 2Rate not shown where base is less than 75,000. See note on table 30. 34 Table 35. Labor force status of women maintaining families by marital status and presence of children, March 1979 (Numbers in thousands) Women maintaining families, total Labor force status Never married Married, husband absent Divorced Widowed Total Population Labor force Labor force participation rate Unemployment rate 8,458 5,033 59.5 8.4 1,412 827 58.6 13.8 1,768 1,071 60.6 10.6 2,808 2,202 78.4 6.7 2,470 934 37.8 5.5 3,170 1,547 48.8 3.7 514 342 66.5 3.5 296 182 61.5 4.4 573 428 74.7 3.5 1,786 595 33.3 3.9 5,288 3,486 65.9 10.5 902 485 53.8 21.0 1,473 889 60.4 11.9 2,234 1,773 79.4 7.4 679 338 49.8 8.0 With no children under 18 Population Labor force Labor force participation rate Unemployment rate With children under 18 Population Labor force Labor force participation rate Unemployment rate See note on table 30. 35 Table 36. Occupations of employed women maintaining families by marital status, March 1979 Occupation Total Never married Married, husband absent Total employed: Number (in thousands) Percent 4,608 100.0 713 100.0 958 100.0 2,055 100.0 883 100.0 13.1 6.6 4.6 34.1 2.1 14.3 0.4 1.2 23.3 2.9 20.4 0.3 11.8 5.8 2.6 35.4 2.4 15.5 0.3 1.4 24.1 3.5 20.6 0.7 13.3 4.3 5.3 29.4 2.2 14.0 0.3 1.3 29.6 5.0 24.6 0.3 14.6 7.6 5.0 37.2 2.2 13.0 0.6 1.6 18.1 0.8 17.3 0.1 10.3 7.3 4.7 30.7 1.3 16.7 0.2 0.1 28.0 5.2 22.8 0.6 Professional-technical Managerial-administrative, except farm Sales Clerical Craft Operatives, except transport Transport equipment operatives Nonfarm laborers Service, total Private household All other service Farm 36 Divorced Widowed Part IV School Enrollment and Education School enrollment status and years of school completed by women are directly related to labor force activity. That is , on average, the more years of school completed, the higher the labor force participation rate. In 1979, for example, labor force rates were higher for young women who recently completed high school than for those who had dropped out of school — 79 percent and 55 percent, respectively. Also, the unemployment rate of school dropouts, at 31 percent, was about double the rate for high school graduates. In 1979, about 40 percent of the women and 45 percent of the men 16 to 24 years old were enrolled in school. Moreover, of women and men who had graduated from high school in the previous year, similar proportions were enrolled in college. Also, on average, working women had completed about the same number of years of school as men — 12.6 years in 1979. The proportion of working women 25 years old and over with a college education was 17 percent in 1979 compared with 23 percent for the men. This difference is partly due to the fact that women were somewhat less likely to continue on to college; the education of 45 percent of working women in this age group stopped with high school graduation compared with 35 percent for the men. 37 Table 37. School enrollment status of women and men 16 to 24 years old in the labor force, selected years, October, 1960-79 (Numbers in thousands) Women Enrolled in school Men Not enrolled in school Enrolled in school Not enrolled in school Year Labor force Labor force participation rate Labor force Labor force participation rate Labor force Labor force participation rate Labor force Labor force participation rate 883 1,452 2,354 3,130 3,538 26.0 28.9 38.0 43.5 47.8 3,765 4,602 5,881 6,956 7,889 50.2 54.1 60.0 65.9 71.6 1,591 2,515 3,181 3,598 3,803 36.4 39.8 42.9 44.5 48.4 5,097 5,504 6,288 8,149 9,110 95.0 94.1 91.9 92.2 92.5 October of: 1960 1965 1970 1975 1979 38 Table 38. School enrollment status of women and men 16 to 34 years old in the labor force by age, October, 1970 and 1979 (Numbers in thousands) Not enrolled in school Enrolled in school 1979 1970 1979 1970 Sex and age Labor force Labor force participation rate Labor force Labor force participation rate Labor force Labor force participation rate Labor force Labor force participation rate Women, 16 to 34 years 2,630 39.4 4,509 51.3 11,430 51.7 18,467 67.6 16 to 19 20 to 24 25 to 34 1,700 654 276 34.8 50.5 57.5 2,367 1,172 971 44.3 56.9 70.1 1,521 4,360 5,549 59.8 60.0 45.2 2,019 5,869 10,578 70.3 72.0 64.9 Men, 16 to 34 years 3,993 47.5 4,947 53.5 16,875 95.4 23,987 95.3 16 to 19 20 to 24 25 to 34 2,125 1,056 812 39.7 51.2 81.6 2,516 1,286 1,144 44.7 57.7 82.4 1,580 4,708 10,587 84.7 94.6 97.6 2,201 6,910 14,877 87.1 94.4 97.1 Table 39. Percent of recent high school graduates enrolled in college by sex, selected years, October, 1960-79 Percent high school graduates Year Women Men 38 45 49 49 49 48 54 57 55 53 51 50 October of: 1960 1965 1970 1975 1978 1979 39 Table 40. Employment status of women and men 16 to 34 years old enrolled in school by age and type of school, October 1979 (Numbers in thousands) Labor force Sex and type of school Population Unemployed Total Employed Total Percent of labor force WOMEN Total enrolled in school 16 to 34 years old 8,788 4,510 4,018 492 10.9 Elementary or high school 16 and 17 years 18 and 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 3,804 3,340 316 82 66 1,672 1,464 141 38 29 1,378 1,211 109 33 25 294 253 32 5 4 17.6 17.3 22.7 (D 0) College, full-time2 16 to 19 years 20 to 24 years 20 and 21 years 22 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 3,368 1,544 1,460 980 480 364 1,466 643 669 438 231 154 1,323 574 612 396 216 137 143 70 55 41 14 18 9.8 10.9 8.2 9.4 6.1 11.7 College, part-time 16 to 19 years 20 to 24 years 20 and 21 years 22 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 1,616 140 519 181 338 957 1,372 118 465 156 309 789 1,317 112 441 141 300 764 55 7 24 15 9 24 4.0 5.9 5.2 9.6 2.9 3.0 Total enrolled in school 16 to 34 years old 9,249 4,946 4,413 535 10.8 Elementary or high school 16 and 17 years 18 and 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 4,265 3,638 533 62 32 2,014 1,672 268 45 29 1,692 1,410 218 40 24 322 262 50 5 5 16.0 15.7 18.7 0) (D College, full-time2 16 to 19 years 20 to 24 years 20 and 21 years 22 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 3,633 1,337 1,738 1,046 692 558 1,632 468 827 457 370 337 1,451 405 723 407 316 323 183 63 106 51 55 14 11.2 13.5 12.8 11.2 14.9 4.2 College, part-time 16 to 19 years 20 to 24 years 20 and 21 years 22 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 1,351 123 430 146 284 798 1,300 107 414 137 277 779 1,270 103 398 131 267 769 30 4 16 6 10 10 2.3 3.7 3.9 4.4 3.6 1.3 MEN 'Rate not shown where base is less than 75,000. 2Students attending 12 hours or more of college classes during the average school 40 week were classified as full-time students. Table 41. Employment status of women and men 16 to 24 years old, not enrolled in college, who were high school graduates or school dropouts in 1979, October 1979 (Numbers in thousands) Labor force Sex and school status Unemployed Population Total Percent of population Employed T . . Tota Percent of labor force Not in labor force 1,096 841 76.7 658 183 21.8 255 High school graduates School dropouts 870 226 716 125 82.3 55.3 580 78 136 47 19.0 37.6 154 101 Men, total 967 856 88.5 729 127 14.8 111 High school graduates School dropouts 731 236 672 184 91.9 78.0 579 150 93 34 13.8 18.5 59 52 Women, total 41 Table 42. Employment status of women and men 16 to 24 years old, not enrolled in school, by years of school completed, October 1979 (Numbers in thousands) Labor force Sex and last year of school completed Unemployed Population Total Employed Total Percent of labor force WOMEN 11,022 7,889 6,914 975 12.4 School dropouts, total Completed 8 years of school or less Completed 1 to 3 years of high school 2,614 514 2,073 1,264 213 1,051 952 166 786 312 47 265 24.7 22.1 25.2 High school graduates: Graduated from high school Completed 4 years of high school only Completed 1 or more years of college Completed 1 to 3 years of college Completed 4 years or more college 8,407 5,935 2,472 1,652 820 6,625 4,472 2,153 1,387 766 5,962 3,944 2,018 1,288 730 663 528 135 99 36 10.0 11.8 6.3 7.1 4.7 Total not enrolled in school 9,848 9,112 8,250 862 9.5 School dropouts, total Completed 8 years of school or less Completed 1 to 3 years of high school 2,650 650 2,000 2,248 500 1,748 1,892 419 1,473 356 81 275 15.8 16.2 15.7 High school graduates: Graduated from high school Completed 4 years of high school only Completed 1 or more years of college Completed 1 to 3 years of college Completed 4 years or more college 7,197 5,159 2,038 1,365 673 6,863 4,910 1,953 1,296 657 6,359 4,516 1,843 1,221 622 504 394 110 75 35 7.3 8.0 5.6 5.8 5.3 Total not enrolled in school MEN 42 Table 43. Educational attainment of women and men in the labor force, March, 1965-79 Total 4 years of high school only 1 to 3 years of college 4 years or more of college Median years of school completed Number (thousands) Percent Less than 4 years of high school1 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 24,871 25,662 26,647 27,846 28,891 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 37.7 36.2 35.4 33.6 32.2 41.9 43.0 42.9 43.7 45.0 10.4 11.0 11.8 12.3 12.4 10.0 9.9 9.9 10.5 10.4 12.3 12.3 12.3 12.4 12.4 1970 1971 19722 1973 1974 30,064 30,478 32,933 33,905 35,321 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 30.6 29.3 30.8 29.2 27.8 45.5 45.4 44.7 45.2 44.2 13.2 13.9 13.2 13.8 15.2 10.7 11.4 11.4 12.0 12.8 12.4 12.5 12.4 12.5 12.5 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 36,496 37,817 39,374 40,971 42,971 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 26.6 25.5 24.8 23.3 22.7 44.8 44.6 44.6 44.6 44.6 15.3 15.9 16.3 17.1 17.8 13.2 14.0 14.4 14.3 14.9 12.5 12.6 12.6 12.6 12.6 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 46,258 46,356 46,571 47,255 47,862 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 45.1 43.8 42.2 40.6 38.9 32.0 32.6 32.9 33.8 34.4 10.5 10.7 11.7 12.2 12.6 12.4 12.8 13.2 13.6 13.9 12.2 12.2 12.2 12.3 12.3 1970 1971 19722 1973 1974 48,891 49,439 52,477 53,420 54,312 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 37.3 35.4 36.2 34.1 32.7 35.1 35.7 35.0 35.8 36.0 13.5 14.0 13.8 14.5 14.9 14.2 14.9 15.0 15.6 16.4 12.4 12.4 12.4 12.4 12.5 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 54,577 55,246 56,392 57,466 58,608 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 30.9 29.3 29.0 28.2 26.4 36.3 36.5 36.0 36.0 36.7 15.5 16.0 16.4 17.0 17.3 17.3 18.2 18.7 18.8 19.6 12.5 12.6 12.6 12.6 12.6 Year WOMEN MEN ’ Includes persons reporting no school year completed. beginning in 1972 data relate to persons 16 and over; in prior years, data relate to persons 18 and over. 43 Table 44. Labor force and marital status of women by years of school completed, March 1979 (Numbers in thousands) 8 years or less (including none) 1 to 3 years 4 years 1 to 3 years 12,597 2,922 23.2 9.2 16,163 6,826 42.2 12.7 33,565 19,157 57.1 6.1 12,805 7,653 59.8 4.3 9,555 6,413 67.1 3.0 Never married, total In labor force Labor force participation rate Unemployment rate 1,139 361 31.7 N.A. 5,529 2,563 46.4 N.A. 5,424 4,083 75.3 N.A. 3,375 2,249 66.6 N.A. 2,097 1,750 83.4 N.A. Married, husband present, total In labor force Labor force participation rate Unemployment rate 5,965 1,617 27.1 N.A. 7,072 2,882 40.7 N.A. 21,996 11,512 52.3 5.0 7,155 4,001 55.9 3.3 6,051 3,821 63.1 2.7 Married, husband absent, total In labor force Labor force participation rate Unemployment rate 600 201 33.6 N.A. 764 361 47.2 N.A. 1,158 819 70.8 N.A. 357 262 73.3 N.A. 197 165 83.9 N.A. Divorced, total In labor force Labor force participation rate Unemployment rate 591 248 41.9 N.A. 952 574 60.2 N.A. 2,209 1,786 80.9 N.A. 1,009 847 83.9 N.A. 598 512 85.7 N.A. Widowed, total In labor force Labor force participation rate Unemployment rate 4,302 495 11.5 N.A. 1,847 447 24.2 N.A. 2,779 956 34.4 N.A. 909 295 32.4 N.A. 613 165 27.0 N.A. Item Women, total In labor force Labor force participation rate Unemployment rate N.A. = not available. 44 High school College 4 years or more Table 45. Occupational distribution of employed women by years of school completed, March 1979 Occupation Less than 4 years of high school 4 years of high school only 1 to 3 years of college 4 years or more of college Total employed: Number (in thousands) Percent 8,609 100.0 17,992 100.0 7,326 100.0 6,223 100.0 1.8 2.9 6.9 17.2 2.6 24.3 0.8 2.1 31.4 8.1 1.8 Professional-technical Managerial-administrative, except farm Sales Clerical Craft Operatives, except transport Transport equipment operatives Nonfarm laborers Service, except private household Private household Farm 45 5.9 6.1 7.1 46.8 1.8 10.5 \ 0.7 1.3 17.2 1.7 0.9 18.7 7.8 7.8 45.3 1.4 2.8 0.6 0.5 13.5 1.1 0.6 64.8 9.5 4.1 15.6/ 0.8 0.9 0.1 0.3 3.3 0.2 0.4 Table 46. Women and men 25 years and over in the labor force by age and years of school completed, March 1979 Total, 25 years and over 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 years and over 31,810 100.0 11,007 100.0 8,061 100.0 6,907 100.0 5,835 100.0 8.4 3.1 5.8 11.0 18.7 High school: 1 to 3 years 4 years 12.5 44.8 9.0 42.1 13.2 48.0 14.8 47.0 15.4 42.9 College: 1 to 3 years 4 years or more 16.9 17.4 21.7 24.1 15.5 17.3 14.1 13.1 12.8 10.2 45,934 100.0 15,581 100.0 11,256 100.0 10,095 100.0 9,002 100.0 Elementary school: 8 years or less 12.1 4.9 9.2 15.8 23.7 High school: 1 to 3 years 4 years 12.1 35.3 8.6 35.3 11.9 37.6 15.8 35.0 14.4 32.9 College: 1 to 3 years 4 years or more 17.1 23.4 23.1 28.1 16.4 24.8 12.5 20.9 12.7 16.3 Sex and years of school completed WOMEN Total in labor force: Number (thousands) Percent Elementary school: 8 years or less MEN Total in labor force: Number (thousands) Percent 46 Table 47. Percent of workers 25 years old and over with 12 years of education or more by sex and occupation group, March, 1970 and 1979 Item Total employed, 25 years and over (in thousands) Percent with 4 years of high school only Percent with 1 year of college or more 1970 1979 1970 1979 1970 1979 13,748 4,493 4,798 208 19,858 4,485 5,630 310 45.7 29.9 30.4 26.0 45.6 43.4 43.6 44.2 35.1 3.7 6.2 8.7 46.7 8.4 14.9 21.3 16,863 19,167 2,994 1,869 20,434 18,829 3,210 1,681 28.4 33.2 30.1 26.1 24.8 45.8 39.5 35.8 53.6 7.9 11.1 8.9 67.5 17.4 24.5 17.3 WOMEN White-collar workers Blue-collar workers Service workers Farmers and farm workers MEN White-collar workers Blue-collar workers Service workers Farmers and farm workers 47 Part V Earnings and Income At the beginning of the 1980’s, working women were in the same relative earnings position compared with men as at the outset of the 1970’s. Women working full time averaged about $6 for every $10 earned by men. Although earnings parity with men was nearly achieved in some newer fields such as computer science, most women were still at the lower end of the pay scale. In March 1979, both husband and wife were earners in 51 percent of married-couple families. Median income of these families was about $23,000 in 1978 compared with a little more than $17,000 for families where only the husband worked. Even though their earnings were relatively low, working wives contributed about a quarter of the family income in 1978. This proportion varied depending on the extent of their work experience. The proportion was 38 percent for wives working all year, full time, but only 11 percent for those working just part time or 26 weeks or less full time. The income of about 10.1 million women for all of 1978 was not sufficient to lift them above the poverty level. These women were typically school dropouts (61 percent) and a large proportion (35 percent) were at least 55 years of age. 48 Table 48. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by sex, May, 1967-78 and second quarter, 1979-80 Usual weekly earnings Year In current dollars In 1967 dollars Women’s earnings as percent of men’s Women Men Women Men $ 78 86 94 100 106 116 124 137 145 156 166 $125 142 151 162 168 188 204 221 234 253 272 $78 79 81 83 85 88 85 86 86 86 85 $125 130 131 134 135 143 140 138 138 139 140 62 61 62 62 63 62 61 62 62 62 61 19791 2nd quarter 183 295 85 137 62 1980: 2nd quarter 200 317 81 129 63 May of: 1967 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 'Data for 2nd quarter 1979 and later are not strictly comparable with previous years. Table 49. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by sex and occupation, annual averages, 1979 Usual weekly earnings Occupation Professional-technical Managerial-administrative, except farm Sales Clerical Craft Operatives, except transport Transport equipment operatives Nonfarm laborers Service Farm 49 Women’s earnings as percent of men’s Women Men $263 $372 71 235 159 183 188 159 186 159 139 130 399 311 287 310 253 277 213 208 163 59 51 64 61 63 67 75 67 80 Table 50. Distribution of full-time wage and salary workers by usual weekly earnings and selected characteristics, annual averages, 1979 Percent idistribution of weekly earnings Item Total (thousands) Under $149 $150 to 199 $200 to 249 $250 to 299 $300 to 349 $350 to 399 $400 or more Median earnings AGE Women, 16 years and over 16 to 24 25 and over 27,138 6,284 20,854 30.9 47.5 25.9 26.0 29.4 24.9 18.7 13.8 20.2 10.7 5.5 12.2 6.4 2.1 7.7 3.0 1.0 3.6 4.4 .8 5.4 $186 153 197 Men, 16 years and over 16 to 24 25 and over 43,790 8,304 35,487 9.4 25.3 5.6 11.9 23.8 9.1 15.7 21.2 14.5 13.2 11.9 13.5 14.3 8.3 15.7 9.8 4.1 11.2 25.7 5.4 30.5 298 201 322 14,357 3,591 30,799 988 28.8 29.0 4.7 9.5 26.5 25.5 8.9 13.2 19.7 19.9 14.7 16.1 11.2 10.9 13.7 12.5 6.6 7.0 15.7 15.5 3.0 3.6 11.4 9.5 4.2 4.1 30.8 23.7 189 190 324 294 5,125 6,157 24.4 11.5 23.5 14.3 20.3 17.0 12.9 14.6 8.0 13.8 4.0 8.5 6.8 20.2 204 274 Women: White Black Hispanic origin 23,230 3,312 1,324 30.1 37.5 46.2 26.2 24.9 25.7 19.0 17.0 13.5 10.9 8.7 7.1 6.5 5.6 4.1 3.0 2.9 1.6 4.4 3.5 1.9 187 174 156 Men: White Black Hispanic origin 38,970 4,107 2,411 8.3 19.2 18.3 11.2 17.8 20.8 15.4 19.5 20.2 13.3 13.3 11.9 14.6 11.4 11.5 10.2 6.8 5.8 27.2 12.2 11.5 306 233 226 FAMILY STATUS Wives Women who maintain families Husbands Men who maintain families Women not in families Men not in families RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN 50 Table 51. Distribution of families by usual weekly wage and salary earnings, type of family, and number of earners, annual averages, 1979 Percent distribution of family earnings Number of families (thousands) Type of family and number of wage and salary earners Under $100 $100 $200 $300 $400 $500 $600 to to to to to to 299 399 499 599 799 199 $800 or more usual weekly earnings 40,267 4.2 13.1 17.3 19.6 16.2 11.7 11.6 6.6 $377 33,656 3.0 9.3 15.9 20.4 17.8 13.1 13.1 7.5 407 1 earner Husband Wife Other family member 14,695 12,369 1,743 583 6.5 3.5 22.9 20.3 18.9 13.8 46.3 44.8 25.1 25.9 21.1 20.8 22.6 25.4 7.1 9.1 12.9 15.0 1.5 3.3 6.8 8.0 .6 1.0 4.5 5.2 .4 .6 2.8 3.2 .1 .1 297 322 151 161 2 or more earners Husband and wife Husband and other family member(s) Wife and other family member(s) Other family members only 18,962 15,867 2,593 361 141 .3 .2 .3 2.3 3.0 1.9 1.4 2.2 15.6 10.9 8.7 8.3 7.9 25.3 30.9 18.6 18.8 16.4 24.9 23.5 21.6 22.0 19.9 18.6 11.8 17.9 18.2 18.4 6.6 9.0 19.8 19.9 21.3 5.5 7.6 11.3 11.2 13.6 1.3 3.2 494 496 517 324 320 5,375 11.2 35.8 25.7 13.9 6.6 3.2 2.5 1.1 209 1 earner Householder1 Other family member 3,753 2,853 899 15.4 13.6 21.1 46.6 47.6 43.5 25.1 26.5 20.6 8.7 9.0 7.9 2.4 2.0 3.6 1.0 .7 1.8 .4 .3 .8 .4 .2 .7 171 174 159 2 or more earners 1,622 1.4 10.9 27.3 25.9 16.3 8.4 7.3 2.6 336 1,236 5.0 17.3 19.8 22.5 13.7 9.9 7.5 4.4 329 1 earner 789 7.7 25.4 24.7 21.8 10.2 5.3 2.8 2.0 265 2 or more earners 448 .2 2.9 11.0 23.7 19.8 18.0 15.8 8.5 459 Total families with earners Married-couple families Families maintained by women Families maintained by men 0 'Householder refers to the woman maintaining the family. 51 Table 52. Median annual earnings of year-round full-time workers 14 years and over by sex, 1955-78 Annual earnings Year Women Men Women’s earnings as percent of men’s 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 $2,719 2,827 3,008 3,102 3,193 $4,252 4,466 4,713 4,927 5,209 63.9 63.3 63.8 63.0 61.3 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 3,293 3,351 3,446 3,561 3,690 5,417 5,644 5,794 5,978 6,195 60.8 59.4 59.5 59.6 59.6 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 3,823 3,973 4,150 4,457 4,977 6,375 6,848 7,182 7,664 8,227 60.0 58.0 57.8 58.2 60.5 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 5,323 5,593 5,903 6,335 6,970 8,966 9,399 10,202 11,186 11,889 59.4 59.5 57.9 56.6 58.6 1975 1976 1977 1978 7,504 8,099 8,618 9,350 12,758 13,455 14,626 15,730 58.8 60.2 58.9 59.4 Annual earnings Women’s earnings as percent of men’s $5,249 43.3 Worked at full-time jobs 50 to 52 weeks 27 to 49 weeks 26 weeks or less 7,464 9,350 5,534 1,622 55.0 59.4 61.2 71.4 Worked at part-time jobs 50 to 52 weeks 27 to 49 weeks 26 weeks or less 1,635 3,423 2,338 714 100.0 103.9 87.3 99.0 NOTE: Data for 1955 to 1966 are for wage and salary workers only and exclude selfemployed persons. Table 53. Median annual earnings of women 14 years and over by weeks worked, 1978 Work experience Total who worked at any time in 1978 52 Table 54. Sources of income of women 14 years and over, 1978 Number of women (thousands) Type of income Total 71,864 Wage or salary income Nonfarm self-employment income Farm self-employment income Property income Social security and railroad retirement income Other retirement income Supplemental security income Public assistance or welfare income Veterans’ and unemployment benefits and workers’ compensation Other income 46,574 2,573 452 31,909 16,994 3,457 2,262 3,516 3,514 4,556 NOTE: Because some women receive income from more than one source, the sum of the individual components is greater than the total. Table 55. Married-couple families by number of earners and size of family, March 1979, and median family income in 1978 (Number of families in thousands) Size of family 2 persons 3 persons 4 persons 5 persons 6 persons 7 or more Median family income 19781 47,689 17,554 10,313 10,694 5,431 2,245 1,453 $19,400 No earners One earner Husband only Wife only Other relative only 5,102 14,179 12,201 1,476 502 4,441 5,405 4,309 1,096 — 371 2,908 2,367 196 346 147 3,333 3,163 91 80 70 1,618 1,525 56 37 37 601 553 29 20 37 313 284 10 20 7,900 16,400 17,200 11,200 13,200 Two earners Husband and wife only Husband and other relative, only Husband is nonearner 21,528 18,669 7,709 7,709 5,528 4,274 5,079 4,272 2,113 1,667 744 539 354 207 21,200 20,900 2,414 445 — 1,046 208 663 143 395 51 183 22 126 21 23,900 17,700 Three earners or more Husband and wife earners Husband an earner, wife nonearner Husband is nonearner 6,881 5,573 — 1,505 1,505 2,135 1,722 1,629 1,255 863 614 749 477 30,000 29,900 376 37 326 48 223 26 248 23 30,600 27,400 Number of earners Total Total married-couple families 1,172 135 ’ Income rounded to nearest $100. 53 — — — — — — Table 56. Married-couple families by number of earners in previous year and presence and number of own children under 18, March 1979 (Numbers in thousands) Presence and number of own children under age 18 Number of earners Total None 1 2 3 4 5 6 or more Total married-couple families 47,689 23,178 9,202 9,136 4,067 1,437 448 222 No earners One earner Husband only Wife only Other relative only 5,102 14,179 12,201 1,476 502 4,708 6,344 4,770 1,183 391 163 2,369 2,171 141 57 119 3,178 3,075 79 24 54 1,513 1,452 48 14 35 515 486 19 10 12 189 181 6 1 12 71 67 Two earners Husband and wife only Husband and other relative, only Husband is nonearner 21,528 18,669 2,414 445 9,551 8,122 1,128 301 4,831 4,165 579 87 4,565 4,186 348 31 1,796 1,571 207 18 585 472 109 4 138 112 23 3 61 41 20 1 6,881 5,573 1,172 135 2,575 2,136 363 76 1,839 1,460 352 28 1,274 1,038 217 19 705 576 125 4 302 219 75 7 109 86 21 2 77 58 19 — Three earners or more Husband and wife earners Husband an earner, wife nonearner Husband is nonearner NOTE: Children are defined as "o w n” children of the family and include nevermarried sons and daughters, stepchildren, and adopted children. Excluded are other related children such as grandchildren, nieces, nephews, and cousins, and unrelated children 54 — 5 Table 57. Families maintained by women and men by number of earners and size of family, March 1979, and median family income in 1978 (Numbers in thousands) 2 persons 3 persons 4 persons 5 persons 6 or more Median family income 19781 8,453 3,901 2,287 1,209 596 460 $ 8,500 No earners One earner Householder3 only Other relative only 1,961 4,112 3,187 925 904 2,140 1,624 516 490 1,160 988 172 318 455 362 94 153 222 145 77 96 135 68 67 4,100 8,300 8,100 9,400 Two earners or more Householder3 and other relative Householder3 is nonearner 2,380 2,116 264 857 857 — 637 529 108 435 370 65 222 182 40 229 177 51 15,600 15,600 15,800 1,653 188 746 594 152 1,024 145 488 381 106 376 24 173 148 25 132 8 56 46 10 61 7 18 15 3 60 3 10 3 7 $16,000 6,200 13,900 14,100 13,000 719 677 43 391 391 — 179 160 19 68 58 11 35 31 5 46 37 9 22,200 22,400 (4) Size of family Type of family and number of earners Total Maintained by women, total1 Maintained by men, total1 No earners One earner Householder3 only Other relative only Two earners or more Householder3 and other relative Householder3 is nonearner ’ Income rounded to nearest $100. includes only divorced, separated, widowed or never-married persons. householder refers to the woman or man maintaining the family. 'Median not shown where number of families is less than 75,000. 55 Table 58. Families maintained by women and men by number of earners in previous year and presence and number of own children under 18, March 1979 (Numbers in thousands) Presence and number of own children under age 18 Type of family and number of earners Total None 1 2 3 4 5 or more Maintained by women, total1 8,453 3,167 2,358 1,701 782 293 152 No earners One earner Householder2 only Other relative only 1,961 4,112 3,187 925 641 1,159 459 700 473 1,406 1,337 69 448 972 909 62 234 393 341 51 111 124 97 27 53 59 43 16 Two earners or more Householder2 and other relative Householder2 is nonearner 2,380 2,116 264 1,366 1,199 168 479 437 42 282 262 19 155 143 12 58 48 9 41 27 14 Maintained by men, total1 No earners One earner Householder2 only Other relative only 1,653 188 746 594 152 1,085 134 382 239 143 316 37 195 191 4 168 12 119 115 5 64 1 37 37 — 15 3 10 10 — 719 677 43 569 530 39 85 82 2 37 37 — 25 25 — 2 2 — Two earners or more Householder2 and other relative Householder2 is nonearner includes only divorced, separated, widowed, or never-married persons, householder refers to the woman or man maintaining the family. See note on table 56. 56 4 — 3 2 1 2 1 1 Table 59. Earnings of married women, husband present, as percent of family income in 1978, by selected characteristics of married-couple families, March 1979 Characteristic 26,074 26.1 Age of husband: Under 25 years 25 to 44 years 45 years and over 2,240 13,373 10,461 30.0 26.0 25.5 Wife worked 50 to 52 weeks full time 11,455 37.6 Family income: Under $10,000 $10,000 to $14,999 $15,000 to $19,999 $20,000 to $24,999 $25,000 and over 463 1,067 1,873 2,203 5,849 63.6 49.8 42.3 38.6 33.4 Median family income $25,346 Median family income Wife worked 1 to 26 weeks full time or 1 to 52 weeks part time Median family income Median percent of family income accounted for by earnings of wife Total, wives with earnings Wife worked 27 to 49 weeks full time Table 60. Earnings of women maintaining families as percent of family income in 1978 by selected characteristics, March 1979 Number of wives (thousands) Characteristic 3,472 $20,181 11,147 $19,184 Number of women (thousands) — 29.6 — 11.1 — Median percent of family income accounted for by earnings of woman Total, women with earnings maintaining families 5,273 67.8 Age of householder1: Under 25 years 25 to 44 years 45 years and over 507 2,924 1,842 71.4 76.9 52.3 Householder1 worked 50 to 52 weeks full time 2,943 77.0 Family income: Under $5,000 $5,000 to $9,999 $10,000 to $14,999 $15,000 and over 75 806 864 1,199 85.1 84.1 79.5 61.6 Median family income $13,219 Householder1 worked 27 to 49 weeks full time Median family income Householder1 worked 1 to 26 weeks full time or 1 to 52 weeks part time Median family income 'Householder refers to the woman maintaining the family. 57 712 $ 8,848 1,618 $ 5,746 — 74.5 — 35.4 — Table 61. Women who work full time year round by median earnings in 1978, marital status, and educational attainment, March 1979 Education Total Never married Married, husband present Separated Widowed Divorced Number of women (thousands) Total who worked 50 to 52 weeks full time 21,125 4,495 11,823 3,339 10,227 391 2,072 1,880 5,894 3,815 2,259 1,485 934 664 433 1,965 1,282 803 Less than 12 years of high school 12 years of high school only College: 1-3 years 4 years 5 years or more - 948 1,264 2,595 213 484 389 573 465 1,205 144 64 44 197 59 46 575 189 160 Median earnings Total $ 9,294 $ 9,201 $ 9,219 $ 9,023 $ 8,981 $10,119 7,142 8,805 6,507 8,268 7,045 8,797 6,805 8,987 7,516 9,252 7,757 9,708 9,796 11,560 14,697 9,537 11,107 14,663 9,519 11,595 14,408 10,182 (D (1) 10,553 (D (D 11,099 13,029 16,318 Less than 12 years of high school 12 years of high school only College: 1-3 years 4 years 5 years or more 'Median not shown where base is less than 75,000. 58 Table 62. Median annual earnings of year-round full-time workers in 1978 by occupation of longest job, March 1979 Number employed year round, full time (thousands) Occupation Total with earnings Professional-technical Managerial-administrative, except farm Sales Clerical Craft Operatives, except transport Transport equipment operatives Nonfarm laborers Service Farm Table 63. Women 16 years old and over by poverty status, 1966-78 Annual earnings, 1978 Women’s earnings as percent of men’s Women Men Women Men 20,914 41,036 $ 9,350 $15,730 59 3,977 1,836 880 8,311 390 2,479 52 199 2,699 91 7,121 7,128 2,456 2,561 8,768 4,483 2,344 1,873 2,821 1,480 12,647 10,689 7,644 9,158 9,584 7,995 8,364 7,452 6,832 2,360 19,729 19,633 16,839 15,289 15,776 13,470 14,071 12,031 11,057 7,948 64 54 45 60 61 59 59 62 62 30 (Numbers in thousands) Below poverty level Year 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 59 Population 68,597 69,833 71,041 72,367 73,666 75,503 76,812 78,110 79,452 80,834 82,059 83,374 84,686 Number Percent of population 10,585 10,714 9,645 9,550 9,947 10,172 9,724 9,096 9,371 10,060 10,034 9,897 10,053 15.4 15.3 13.6 13.2 13.5 13.5 12.7 11.6 11.8 12.4 12.2 11.9 11.9 Table 64. Poverty status in 1978 of women and men by age and years of school completed, March 1979 Total, 16 years and over 16 and 17 years 18 to 21 years 22 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 years and over Total (thousands) 84,686 4,057 8,365 23,289 12,671 11,790 10,887 13,627 Total in poverty: Number (thousands) Percent 10,053 100.0 586 100.0 1,233 100.0 2,561 100.0 1,204 100.0 993 100.0 1,194 100.0 2,282 100.0 32.1 28.7 26.8 12.4 15.4 80.5 4.1 — 6.6 39.2 36.6 17.7 13.8 28.9 35.1 22.1 24.8 29.9 31.6 13.4 39.4 24.0 30.0 6.6 46.9 18.0 26.8 8.3 63.6 16.3 14.2 5.8 76,894 4,178 8,010 22,438 11,940 11,036 9,744 9,548 5,631 100.0 531 100.0 803 100.0 1,374 100.0 656 100.0 646 100.0 671 100.0 951 100.0 34.5 26.6 21.6 17.2 25.2 73.4 1.1 — 10.1 37.9 32.3 19.7 15.5 21.7 29.2 33.6 30.3 23.6 24.7 21.3 42.1 19.5 25.9 12.5 53.9 17.3 18.0 10.9 71.9 11.7 10.6 5.7 Sex and years of school completed WOMEN Elementary school: 8 years or less (includes none completed) High school: 1 to 3 years 4 years College: 1 year or more MEN Total (thousands) Total in poverty: Number (thousands) Percent Elementary school: 8 years or less (includes none completed) High school: 1 to 3 years 4 years College: 1 year or more 60 Part VI Race and Hispanic Origin The social and cultural diversity among the various racial and ethnic groups is reflected in the labor market experience of women. Historically, black women have been more likely to work than whites. However, during the 1970's the labor force participation rate for white women grew much more rapidly than for black women so that by the close of the decade there was little difference between their overall participation rates (about 51 and 54 percent, respectively, for white and black women). Although the participation rate for Hispanic women was somewhat lower than for either blacks or whites, it has also advanced, reaching 47 percent in 1979. The proportion of black women in white-collar work increased sharply over the decade, as many of the younger, better educated women found jobs in clerical occupations. Over the same period, the proportion of blacks in private household occupations — an area where many black women have historically found employment — declined dramatically. Black and Hispanic mothers who were maintaining families (no husband present) were considerably less likely than white mothers to be in the labor force. Thus, not surprisingly, the incidence of poverty was far greater among such black and Hispanic families than among white families. In 1978, about 60 percent of the black and Hispanic families maintained by women with children were living below the poverty level com pared with only 34 percent of white families. 61 Table 65. Labor force status of women and men by race, annual averages, 1955-79 (Numbers in thousands) Women Labor force participation rate Population Year Unemployment rate White Black and other White Black and other White Black and other 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 51,803 52,372 52,997 53,645 54,393 5,772 5,857 5,952 6,047 6,144 34.5 35.7 35.7 35.8 36.0 46.1 47.3 47.2 48.0 47.7 4.3 4.2 4.3 6.2 5.3 8.4 8.9 7.3 10.8 9.4 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 55,215 55,994 56,660 57,672 58,665 6,369 6,489 6,663 6,823 6,972 36.5 36.9 36.7 37.2 37.5 48.2 48.3 48.0 48.1 48.5 5.3 6.5 5.5 5.8 5.5 9.4 11.8 11.0 11.2 10.6 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 59,601 60,503 61,492 62,513 63,564 7,130 7,292 7,477 7,666 7,873 38.1 39.2 40.1 40.7 41.8 48.6 49.3 49.5 49.3 49.8 5.0 4.3 4.6 4.3 4.2 9.2 8.6 9.1 8.3 7.8 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 64,624 65,697 67,138 68,090 69,064 8,110 8,345 8,730 9,102 9,445 42.6 42.6 43.2 44.1 45.2 49.5 49.2 48.7 49.1 49.1 5.4 6.3 5.9 5.3 6.1 9.3 10.8 11.3 10.5 10.7 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 70,115 71,147 72,117 73,118 74,120 9,750 10,056 10,345 10,646 10,963 45.9 46.9 48.1 49.5 50.6 49.2 50.2 50.9 53.3 53.5 8.6 7.9 7.3 6.2 5.9 14.0 13.6 14.0 13.1 12.3 62 Table 65. Continued (Num bers in thousands) Men Population Year Labor force participation rate Unemployment rate White Black and other White Black and other White Black and other 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 47,077 47,604 48,122 48,747 49,410 5,034 5,120 5,194 5,287 5,384 85.4 85.6 84.8 84.3 83.8 85.0 85.1 84.3 84.0 83.4 3.7 3.4 3.6 6.1 4.6 8.8 7.9 8.3 13.8 11.5 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 50,067 50,610 51,055 52,033 52,869 5,595 5,677 5,777 5,888 5,978 83.4 83.0 82.1 81.5 81.1 83.0 82.2 80.8 80.2 80.0 4.8 5.7 4.6 4.7 4.1 10.7 12.8 10.9 10.5 8.9 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 53,683 54,063 54,608 55,435 56,349 6,101 6,200 6,298 6,413 6,549 80.8 80.6 80.7 80.4 80.2 79.6 79.0 78.5 77.6 76.9 3.6 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.5 7.4 6.3 6.0 5.6 5.3 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 57,488 58,762 60,221 61,213 62,311 6,773 6,973 7,237 7,532 7,779 80.0 79.6 79.6 79.5 79.4 76.5 74.9 73.7 73.8 73.3 4.0 4.9 4.5 3.7 4.3 7.3 9.1 8.9 7.6 9.1 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 63,386 64,422 65,478 66,462 67,494 8,017 8,279 8,486 8,714 8,955 78.7 78.4 78.5 78.6 78.6 71.5 70.7 71.0 72.0 71.9 7.2 6.4 5.5 4.5 4.4 13.7 12.7 12.4 10.9 10.3 63 Table 66. Labor force status of persons of Hispanic origin by sex, annual averages, 1973-79 Sex and year Population (thousands) Labor force participation rate Unemployment rate 3,159 3,364 3,557 3,650 3,783 4,023 4,138 40.9 42.3 43.1 44.0 44.1 46.5 47.4 9.0 9.4 13.6 12.9 11.8 11.3 10.4 2,838 3,060 3,132 3,193 3,373 3,616 3,764 81.5 81.7 80.7 79.6 80.7 81.0 81.3 6.7 7.3 11.4 10.7 8.9 7.6 6.9 WOMEN 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 MEN 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 64 Table 67. Women and men in the population and labor force by age, race, and Hispanic origin, annual averages, 1979 Black White Hispanic origin Age Women Men Women Men Women Men POPULATION Total: Number (thousands) Percent 16 to 24 16 to 19 20 to 24 25 to 34 35 to 44 45 to 54 55 to 64 65 and over 74,120 100.0 67,494 100.0 9,392 100.0 7,634 100.0 4,138 100.0 3,764 100.0 20.9 9.3 11.6 20.2 14.9 13.9 13.2 16.8 22.5 10.3 12.2 21.6 15.5 14.4 13.1 12.8 26.6 12.2 14.4 22.0 15.6 13.1 10.5 12.3 28.1 14.0 14.1 21.4 15.1 13.8 10.8 10.7 28.3 12.7 15.6 25.8 18.2 12.3 8.2 7.2 30.0 14.3 15.7 25.1 17.8 12.9 7.7 6.4 37,528 100.0 53,074 100.0 4,984 100.0 5,446 100.0 1,960 100.0 3,059 100.0 26.8 10.6 16.2 25.1 18.6 15.9 10.9 2.7 22.1 8.5 13.6 26.4 19.1 16.9 12.3 3.3 24.1 8.5 16.6 29.1 19.9 14.7 8.7 2.5 24.5 8.5 16.0 27.3 19.1 16.4 9.8 2.9 31.0 11.7 19.3 28.6 20.7 12.9 6.0 0.8 27.5 10.0 17.5 29.1 20.6 14.3 6.8 1.8 LABOR FORCE Total: Number (thousands) Percent 16 to 24 16 to 19 20 to 24 25 to 34 35 to 44 45 to 54 55 to 64 65 and over 65 Table 68. Employment status of white, black and Hispanic persons, by sex and marital status, March 1979 (Numbers in thousands) Women Race, Hispanic origin, and employment status Total Never married Married, husband present Married, husband absent Widowed Divorced WHITE Population Labor force Labor force participation rate Employed Unemployed Unemployment rate 73,812 37,210 50.4 35,025 2,185 5.9 14,261 9,296 65.2 8,554 742 8.0 44,087 21,391 48.5 20,353 1,038 4.9 1,928 1,136 58.9 1,031 105 9.2 9,021 1,988 22.0 1,889 99 5.0 4,515 3,400 75.3 3,198 202 5.9 9,319 4,899 52.6 4,321 578 11.8 2,962 1,502 50.7 1,195 307 20.4 3,213 1,920 59.7 1,778 142 7.4 1,074 632 58.9 564 69 10.9 1,288 322 25.0 301 21 6.5 782 523 66.8 483 40 7.7 3,926 1,859 47.4 1,677 183 9.8 897 502 56.0 436 66 13.1 2,220 1,028 46.3 946 82 8.0 291 117 40.4 103 15 12.5 261 58 22.2 51 7 (D 256 154 60.2 140 14 9.0 BLACK Population Labor force Labor force participation rate Employed Unemployed Unemployment rate HISPANIC Population Labor force Labor force participation rate Employed Unemployed Unemployment rate See footnote at end of table. 66 Table 68. Continued (Numbers in thousands) Men Race, Hispanic origin, and employment status Total Never married Married, wife present Married, wife absent Widowed Divorced 67,188 52,297 77.8 49,674 2,622 5.0 17,708 12,874 72.7 11,535 1,339 10.4 43,549 35,474 81.5 34,419 1,055 3.0 1,434 1,134 79.1 1,073 62 5.4 1,595 439 27.5 427 12 2.7 2,900 2,375 81.9 2,2.21 154 6.5 7,475 5,246 70.2 4,549 696 13.3 2,848 1,760 61.8 1,337 423 24.0 3,230 2,585 80.0 2,422 163 6.3 586 405 69.0 341 64 15.7 310 116 37.6 105 11 9.4 501 379 75.8 344 35 9.3 3,617 2,936 81.1 2,704 232 7.9 1,120 786 70.1 673 113 14.3 2,120 1,852 87.4 1,751 101 5.4 187 162 86.7 149 13 8.1 56 22 0) 22 — — 134 114 84.9 109 5 4.8 WHITE Population Labor force Labor force participation rate Employed Unemployed Unemployment rate BLACK Population Labor force Labor force participation rate Employed Unemployed Unemployment rate HISPANIC Population Labor force Labor force participation rate Employed Unemployed Unemployment rate 'Rate not shown where base is less than 75,000. \ 67 Table 69. Labor force status of women by race, Hispanic origin, marital status, and presence and age of children under 18, March 1979 White Civilian labor force (thousands) Labor force participation rate Unemploy ment rate 37,210 50.4 5.9 Never married With no own children With children under 18 With children 6-17 only With children under 6 9,296 9,122 174 52 121 65.2 65.4 57.3 (D 55.3 8.0 7.9 12.6 (D 14.9 Married, husband present With no own children With children under 18 With children 6-17 only With children under 6 21,391 10,097 11,294 7,178 4,116 48.5 46.3 50.7 58.1 41.5 4.9 3.7 5.9 4.7 8.1 Married, husband absent With no own children With children under 18 With children 6-17 only With children under 6 1,136 532 603 353 250 58.9 57.9 59.8 66.3 52.5 9.2 5.6 12.4 8.1 18.5 Widowed With no own children With children under 18 With children 6-17 only With children under 6 1,988 1,725 263 241 22 22.0 20.2 53.1 55.2 0) 5.0 4.2 9.8 9.0 18.7 Divorced With no own children With children under 18 With children 6-17 only With children under 6 3,400 1,781 1,619 1,192 427 75.3 70.4 81.6 85.3 72.9 5.9 5.0 6.9 6.0 9.5 Marital and family status Women, total See footnote at end of table. 68 Table 69. Continued Black Hispanic origin Civilian labor force (thousands) Labor force participation rate Unemploy ment rate Civilian labor force (thousands) Labor force participation rate Unemploy ment rate Women, total 4,899 52.6 11.8 1,859 47.4 9.8 Never married With no own children With children under 18 With children 6-17 only With children under 6 1,502 1,191 311 135 176 50.7 50.3 52.4 63.3 46.3 20.4 19.1 25.7 24.0 27.0 502 469 33 10 23 56.0 58.6 34.0 (D d) 13.1 13.0 (D (D (D Married, husband present With no own children With children under 18 With children 6-17 only With children under 6 1,920 695 1,225 715 510 59.7 51.6 65.6 70.3 60.1 7.4 4.2 9.2 7.2 11.9 1,028 358 669 344 326 46.3 49.2 44.9 52.8 38.7 8.0 7.6 8.1 6.4 10.0 Married, husband absent With no own children With children under 18 With children 6-17 only With children under 6 632 258 374 229 146 58.9 58.5 59.1 62.9 53.9 10.9 7.2 13.4 10.2 18.3 117 49 69 34 34 40.4 d) (D (D (D 12.5 0) (D d) (D Widowed With no own children With children under 18 With children 6-17 only With children under 6 322 252 70 60 10 25.0 22.8 38.8 39.7 (D 6.5 6.7 (D (D (D 58 43 15 9 6 22.2 19.0 (D 0) (D (D (D (D 0) — Divorced With no own children With children under 18 With children 6-17 only With children under 6 523 243 279 207 72 66.8 65.9 67.7 74.4 53.8 7.7 3.4 11.4 9.7 d) 154 71 83 59 24 60.2 55.3 65.2 71.2 (D 9.0 d) 9.4 (D (D Marital and family status 1Rate not shown where base is less than 75,000. See note on table 26. 69 Table 70. Employment status of women and men of Hispanic origin, March,1975 and 1979 (Numbers in thousands) 1975 Sex and employment status 1979 _ . . To,al MexicanAmerican Puerto Rican 0,her _ . To,al MexicanAmerican Puerto Rican 0,her 1,478 42.3 1,298 180 12.2 2,015 835 42.1 735 99 11.9 1,146 184 33.5 157 27 14.6 365 460 47.7 406 54 11.7 504 1,859 47.4 1,677 183 9.8 2,066 1,077 48.1 962 115 10.7 1,163 196 33.4 173 23 11.9 390 586 53.3 542 44 7.5 514 2,542 79.6 2,209 333 13.1 651 1,547 81.0 1,358 189 12.2 363 310 74.0 250 60 19.3 109 685 79.3 601 84 12.3 178 2,936 81.1 2,704 232 7.9 682 1,853 83.1 1,724 130 7.0 378 318 73.1 272 46 14.3 117 765 80.3 708 57 7.4 187 WOMEN Labor force Labor force participation rate Employed Unemployed Unemployment rate Not in labor force MEN Labor force Labor force participation rate Employed Unemployed Unemployment rate Not in labor force 70 Table 71Labor force status of women and men by educational attainment, race, and Hispanic origin, March 1979 Black White Sex and years of school completed Hispanic origin Population ^ rbc° r Population Labor Population £bor 73,812 100.0 37,210 100.0 9,319 100.0 4,899 100.0 3,926 100.0 1,859 100.0 Elementary: Less than 8 years1 8 years High school: 1 to 3 years 4 years College: 1 to 3 years 4 years or more 6.8 7.2 18.1 40.8 15.4 11.7 2.8 3.3 15.1 45.6 17.8 15.4 14.1 7.4 27.7 31.4 13.0 6.4 7.0 5.0 22.2 38.6 17.4 9.8 28.9 7.5 20.6 29.1 9.4 4.5 19.7 5.5 17.9 37.4 12.9 6.6 Median school years completed 12.4 12.6 12.0 12.4 11.0 12.2 67,187 100.0 52,297 100.0 7,475 100.0 5,246 100.0 3,618 100.0 2,936 100.0 Elementary: Less than 8 years1 8 years High school: 1 to 3 years 4 years College: 1 to 3 years 4 years or more 7.0 7.5 17.5 33.4 16.8 17.8 4.4 5.2 15.3 36.8 17.7 20.6 18.9 6.7 26.7 29.4 11.8 6.5 12.4 5.5 23.6 36.5 13.8 8.1 27.6 8.0 22.4 24.2 11.8 6.0 26.3 7.3 19.6 27.1 12.9 6.8 Median school years completed 12.5 12.7 11.7 12.2 10.9 11.5 WOMEN Total: Number (in thousands) Percent MEN Total: Number (in thousands) Percent 'Includes persons reporting no school years completed. 71 Table 72. Labor force participation rates and unemployment rates of women and men by educational attainment, race,and Hispanic origin, March 1979 Black White Sex and years of school completed Hispanic origin Labor force participation rate Unemploy ment rate Labor force participation rate Unemploy ment rate Labor force participation rate Unemploy ment rate Total 50.4 5.9 52.6 11.8 47.4 9.8 Elementary: Less than 8 years1 8 years High school: 1 to 3 years 4 years College: 1 to 3 years 4 years or more 20.8 22.9 42.2 56.3 58.4 66.0 8.8 9.3 11.7 5.4 3.7 2.9 25.9 36.0 42.2 64.5 70.3 81.2 5.7 10.4 18.0 12.0 8.5 4.1 32.2 35.0 41.0 60.9 64.8 70.2 4.7 8.4 14.7 10.0 5.6 5.3 Total 77.8 5.0 70.2 13.3 81.1 7.9 Elementary: Less than 8 years1 8 years High school: 1 to 3 years 4 years College: 1 to 3 years 4 years or more 48.9 53.9 67.7 86.0 81.8 90.3 6.5 6.8 10.4 4.7 4.0 1.7 46.1 57.2 62.1 87.2 82.0 88.2 10.3 8.3 21.0 13.6 9.1 4.2 77.3 74.8 70.8 91.1 88.6 91.3 6.0 8.3 14.5 6.7 7.0 2.5 WOMEN MEN 'Includes persons reporting no school years completed. 72 Table 73. Work experience of women and men by race and Hispanic origin, 1978 Men Women Work experience White Black Hispanic origin White Black Hispanic origin 73,812 100.0 9,319 100.0 3,926 100.0 67,187 100.0 7,475 100.0 3,618 100.0 57.2 42.8 56.1 43.9 53.1 46.9 82.4 17.6 72.6 27.4 83.1 16.9 42,226 100.0 5,229 100.0 2,083 100.0 55,378 100.0 5,426 100.0 3,008 100.0 Worked at full-time jobs1 40 to 52 weeks 50 to 52 weeks 27 to 39 weeks 1 to 26 weeks 66.8 49.6 43.0 5.6 11.6 74.9 54.0 47.8 6.6 14.3 74.5 49.4 41.4 6.9 18.3 88.1 74.9 67.2 4.7 8.5 86.2 65.0 57.1 8.0 13.1 89.2 71.2 62.4 6.4 11.4 Worked at part time jobs2 40 to 52 weeks 50 to 52 weeks 27 to 39 weeks 1 to 26 weeks 33.2 15.4 11.2 4.8 13.1 25.1 11.7 9.0 2.8 10.6 25.5 10.0 8.1 3.9 11.5 11.9 5.6 4.1 1.5 4.7 13.8 4.9 3.4 1.2 7.7 10.8 4.5 3.5 1.5 4.9 Total: Number (thousands) Percent Worked during year Did not work during year Worked during year: Number (thousands) Percent 'Usually worked in a majority of 2Usually worked in a majority of 35 hours or more a week weeks worked. less than 35 hours a week weeks worked. 73 Table 74. Occupational distribution of employed white, black, and Hispanic women and men, March, 1970 and 1979 Women Men Occupation 1970 1979 1970 1979 25,967 100.0 35,025 100.0 43,798 100.0 49,674 100.0 15.6 4.8 7.3 36.1 1.1 14.5 0.4 18.8 3.7 15.1 1.5 16.9 6.7 7.2 36.3 1.8 10.7 1.1 18.3 2.1 16.2 1.0 14.8 15.5 6.1 7.4 20.6 18.8 5.6 6.0 0.1 6.0 5.1 16.2 15.2 6.5 5.9 21.5 17.1 6.1 7.9 0.1 7.8 3.8 3,407 100.0 4,321 100.0 4,273 100.0 4,549 100.0 10.0 1.4 2.5 18.9 0.7 16.7 0.9 48.4 19.4 29.0 0.5 12.7 3.0 2.8 28.8 1.3 14.4 1.7 34.8 8.0 26.8 0.5 5.7 4.1 1.5 8.3 14.4 30.2 19.2 11.9 0.2 11.6 4.6 8.7 5.6 2.0 7.1 17.5 25.6 13.5 16.7 0.1 16.6 3.3 1,019 100.0 1,677 100.0 1,874 100.0 2,704 100.0 8.1 2.1 5.4 28.5 2.3 27.5 1.4 22.9 4.6 18.3 2.1 7.5 3.7 5.3 31.7 2.1 25.2 1.1 21.8 2.6 19.2 1.5 7.5 5.4 4.0 7.5 20.4 26.9 10.4 11.9 0.1 11.8 6.0 7.7 5.5 3.3 6.3 20.9 25.6 11.6 13.5 0.1 13.4 4.7 WHITE Total: Number (thousands) Percent Professional-technical Managerial-administrative, except farm Sales Clerical Craft Operatives, including transport Nonfarm laborers Service Private household workers All other service Farm BLACK Total: Number (thousands) Percent Professional-technical Managerial-administrative, except farm Sales Clerical Craft Operatives, including transport Nonfarm laborers Service Private household workers All other service Farm HISPANIC ORIGIN Total: Number (thousands) Percent Professional-technical Managerial-administrative, except farm Sales Clerical Craft Operatives, including transport Nonfarm laborers Service Private household workers All other service Farm 74 Table 75. Median annual earnings of women and men who worked year round, full time, by race and Hispanic origin, 1978 White Sex and earnings Black Hispanic origin WOMEN Worked year round full time in 19781: Number (thousands) Percent 17,257 100.0 2,466 100.0 837 100.0 1.0 5.6 47.7 32.3 12.1 1.4 0.6 9.7 50.8 26.7 11.7 0.5 1.2 9.7 57.1 24.3 6.9 0.5 $ 9,540 $ 8,837 $8,115 33,127 100.0 3,019 100.0 1,757 100.0 0.5 1.7 14.6 24.9 41.4 16.8 0.9 4.2 30.4 28.0 31.5 4.9 0.6 3.5 33.5 29.8 27.8 4.9 $16,184 $12,498 $11,841 Under $2,0002 $2,000 to $4,999 $5,000 to $9,999 $10,000 to $14,999 $15,000 to $24,999 $25,000 or more Median annual earnings, 1978 MEN Worked year round full time in 19781: Number (thousands) Percent Under $2,0002 $2,000 to $4,999 $5,000 to $9,999 $10,000 to $14,999 $15,000 to $24,999 $25,000 or more Median annual earnings, 1978 'The survey was conducted in March 1979 and counted persons 16 years and over as of the survey date who worked 50 to 52 weeks in 1978, usually full time (35 hours or more per week). Table 76. Median annual earnings of year-round full-time workers 14 years and over by sex, race, and Hispanic origin, 1975-78 includes workers with no earnings or a loss. Annual earnings Women Men Women’s earnings as percent of men’s $7,737 8,376 8,870 9,732 $13,233 14,272 15,378 16,360 58.5 58.7 57.7 59.5 $7,392 7,831 8,290 9,020 $ 9,848 10,222 10,602 12,530 75.1 76.6 78.2 72.0 $6,577 7,129 7,599 8,331 $ 9,588 10,422 10,935 11,943 68.6 68.4 69.5 69.8 year WHITE 1975 1976 1977 1978 BLACK 1975 1976 1977 1978 HISPANIC 1975 1976 1977 1978 75 Table 77. Earnings of married women, husband present, as percent of family income in 1978 by selected characteristics of married-couple families, race,and Hispanic origin, March 1979 Characteristic Number of wives (thousands) Median percent of family income accounted for by earnings of wife WHITE Total, wives with earnings 25,508 25.3 Wife worked 50 to 52 weeks full time 10,107 37.2 Family income: Under $10,000 $10,000 to $14,999 $15,000 to $19,999 $20,000 to $24,999 $25,000 and over 390 899 1,626 1,954 5,238 62.3 50.4 42.0 38.6 33.0 Median family income $25,593 Wife worked 27 to 49 weeks full time Median family income Wife worked 1 to 26 weeks full time or 1 to 52 weeks part time Median family income 3,085 $20,427 — 29.0 — 10,316 10.7 $19,630 — BLACK Total, wives with earnings 2,078 33.2 Wife worked 50 to 52 weeks full time 1,085 41.3 Family income: Under $10,000 $10,000 to $14,999 $15,000 to $19,999 $20,000 to $24,999 $25,000 and over 57 147 209 216 455 Median family income $22,977 Wife worked 27 to 49 weeks full time Median family income Wife worked 1 to 26 weeks full time or 1 to 52 weeks part time Median family income 324 $18,180 670 $13,470 1 48.4 43.9 38.8 37.7 — 34.2 — 15.9 — HISPANIC ORIGIN 1,103 28.1 443 39.9 Family income: Under $10,000 $10,000 to $14,999 $15,000 to $19,999 $20,000 to $24,999 $25,000 and over 26 70 103 87 157 1 1 Median family income $21,285 Total, wives with earnings Wife worked 50 to 52 weeks full time Wife worked 27 to 49 weeks full time Median family income Wife worked 1 to 26 weeks full time or 1 to 52 weeks part time Median family income 'Median not shown where base is less than 75,000. 76 183 $17,300 477 $14,524 41.7 40.4 33.7 — 31.8 — 14.0 — Table 78. Number of women and men 16 years and over below poverty level and poverty rate by age, race, and Hispanic origin, 1975-78 (Numbers in thousands) Black White Sex and year Hispanic Number Percent of total Number Percent of total Number Percent of total 7,201 7,026 6,864 6,990 10.2 9.8 9.4 9.5 2,667 2,781 2,850 2,859 31.4 31.3 31.3 30.7 N.A. 872 870 822 N.A. 23.7 21.9 20.9 4,378 4,118 4,147 4,079 7.0 6.2 6.2 6.0 1,417 1,440 1,429 1,387 21.1 19.6 19.1 18.3 N.A. 588 553 542 N.A. 18.0 15.5 14.9 WOMEN 1975 1976 1977 1978 MEN 1975 1976 1977 1978 N.A. = not available. 77 Table 79. White, black,and Hispanic families by type, March ,1975-79 (Numbers in thousands) Other families2 Race, Hispanic origin,and year All families Marriedcouple Maintained families1 by men1 Maintained by women Total As percent of all families WHITE 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 49,440 49,873 50,083 50,529 50,911 43,050 43,311 43,397 43,423 43,637 1,182 1,182 1,219 1,278 1,356 5,208 5,380 5,467 5,828 5,918 10.5 10.8 10.9 11.5 11.6 5,491 5,585 5,804 5,806 5,907 3,357 3,352 3,407 3,260 3,244 200 229 246 269 273 1,934 2,004 2,151 2,277 2,390 35.2 35.9 37.1 39.2 40.5 2,475 2,499 2,583 2,764 2,741 1,926 1,896 1,978 2,104 2,089 87 81 88 99 110 462 522 517 561 542 18.7 20.9 20.0 20.3 19.8 BLACK 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 HISPANIC 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1includes men in Armed Forces living off post or with their families on post. Maintained by never-married, widowed, divorced, or separated persons. 78 Table 80. Labor force status of women and men maintaining families by race and Hispanic origin, and presence and age of own children under 18, March ,1975 and 1979 (Numbers in thousands) 1979 1975 Race, Hispanic origin, and presence and age of children Population Labor force Labor force participation rate Population Labor force Labor force participation rate Women maintaining families With children under 18 With children 6-17 only With children under 6 With no children under 18 5,208 2,972 1,851 1,122 2,236 2,896 1,866 1,265 601 1,030 55.6 62.8 68.3 53.6 46.1 5,918 3,511 2,357 1,154 2,408 3,661 2,481 1,773 709 1,180 61.9 70.7 75.2 61.4 49.0 Men1 maintaining families With children under 18 With no children under 18 1,182 348 835 879 305 574 74.9 87.6 68.7 1,355 444 911 1,007 393 614 75.0 88.5 67.4 Women maintaining families With children under 18 With children 6-17 only With children under 6 With no children under 18 1,934 1,378 761 618 555 988 740 464 276 248 51.1 53.7 61.0 44.7 44.7 2,390 1,684 954 730 706 1,283 951 598 353 332 53.7 56.5 62.7 48.4 47.0 Men1 maintaining families With children under 18 With no children under 18 200 69 131 142 54 88 71.3 (2) 67.2 272 116 156 193 96 97 71.3 82.8 62.2 Women maintaining families With children under 18 With children 6-17 only With children under 6 With no children under 18 462 352 182 170 110 201 147 85 62 54 43.5 41.8 46.7 36.5 49.1 542 410 210 200 132 251 181 108 73 70 46.3 44.1 51.4 36.5 53.0 Men1 maintaining families With children under 18 With no children under 18 87 26 61 63 18 45 73.4 (2) (2) 110 36 73 88 31 57 80.0 (2) (2) WHITE BLACK HISPANIC ’ Population includes a few male members of the Armed Forces living off post or with their families on post. 2Rate not shown where base is less than 75,000. NOTE: Children are defined as “ own” children of the family. Included are nevermarried sons, daughters, step children and adopted children. Excluded are other related children, such as grandchildren, 79 nieces, nephews, cousins, and unrelated children. Table 81. Labor force status of women maintaining families by race and Hispanic origin, marital status, and presence and age of children under 18, March 1979 (Numbers in thousands) Race, Hispanic origin, and labor force status Women maintaining families, total Never married Married, husband absent Divorced Widowed 5,918 3,661 61.9 7.0 681 418 61.4 7.2 1,049 635 60.5 11.2 2,297 1,865 81.2 5.9 1,891 743 39.3 5.8 2,408 1,180 49.0 3.6 383 247 64.5 3.2 145 85 58.6 4.7 474 363 76.6 2.8 1,406 485 34.5 4.1 3,511 2,481 70.7 8.5 298 171 57.4 12.9 904 550 60.8 12.4 1,823 1,502 82.4 6.7 485 258 53.2 8.5 2,390 1,283 53.7 12.9 705 390 55.3 21.3 687 417 60.7 9.6 474 313 66.0 11.2 523 163 31.2 4.3 706 333 47.2 4.5 118 84 71.2 3.6 147 95 64.6 4.2 93 61 65.6 (1) 348 93 26.7 3.2 1,684 951 56.5 15.8 588 307 52.2 26.1 540 322 59.6 11.5 381 252 66.1 11.9 174 70 40.2 (1) WHITE Population, total Labor force Labor force participation rate Unemployment rate With no children under 18 Population Labor force Labor force participation rate Unemployment rate With children under 18 Population Labor force Labor force participation rate Unemployment rate BLACK Population, total Labor force Labor force participation rate Unemployment rate With no children under 18 Population Labor force Labor force participation rate Unemployment rate With children under 18 Population Labor force Labor force participation rate Unemployment rate See footnote at end of table. 80 Table 81. Continued (Numbers in thousands) Women maintaining families, total Race, Hispanic origin , and labor force status Never married Married, husband absent Divorced Widowed HISPANIC Population, total Labor force Labor force participation rate Unemployment rate 542 251 46.3 12.4 126 60 47.6 (D 194 74 38.1 (1) 137 87 63.5 9.2 86 30 34.9 (1) 132 70 53.0 (D 29 27 0) (D 24 14 (D d) 28 15 d) (D 52 15 0) d) 410 181 44.1 13.8 97 33 34.0 (D 170 61 35.9 (D 109 72 66.1 0) 34 15 (1) (D With no children under 18 Population Labor force Labor force participation rate Unemployment rate With children under 18 Population Labor force Labor force participation rate Unemployment rate 'Rate not shown where base is less than 75,000. See note on table 80. 81 Table 82. Families by type and race, March 1979, and median family income in 1978 Number of families (thousands) Type of family Median family income, 1978 Total White Black Total White Black All families 57,804 50,910 5,906 $17,640 $18,368 $10,879 Married-couple families Wife in paid labor force1 Wife not in paid labor force 47,692 23,005 24,686 43,636 20,624 23,012 3,244 1,934 1,310 19,340 22,109 16,156 19,638 22,372 16,533 15,913 19,073 11,180 8,468 1,655 5,918 1,355 2,390 272 8,537 15,966 9,911 16,914 5,888 12,080 Other families: Maintained by women Maintained by men 'Persons 14 years and over are classified in the paid labor force if they were employed as wage and salary workers or self-employed workers during the survey week (in March 1979) or were looking for work at the time and had last worked as wage and salary or self-employed workers. 82 Table 83. Number of own children by age of children, race and Hispanic origin, type of family, and labor force status of mother, March 1979, and median family income in 1978 Children under 18 years Item White Black Hispanic Number of children (thousands) Total children Mother in labor force Mother not in labor force 49,557 25,122 23,712 7,764 4,360 3,219 4,194 1,743 2,378 Children in married-couple families Mother in labor force Mother not in labor force 42,809 21,095 21,714 3,947 2,425 1,522 3,261 1,414 1,847 6,025 4,027 1,999 3,632 1,935 1,697 860 329 531 723 185 72 Children in families maintained by women Mother in labor force Mother not in labor force Children in families maintained by men Median family income, 1978 Total children Mother in labor force Mother not in labor force Children in married-couple families Mother in labor force Mother not in labor force Children in families maintained by women Mother in labor force Mother not in labor force Children in families maintained by men See footnote at end of table. 83 $19,213 20,542 17,991 $ 9,793 12,983 6,613 $12,171 15,395 10,174 20,680 22,438 18,950 16,726 19,575 11,854 14,390 17,152 12,240 7,606 9,705 4,722 5,082 6,932 4,055 7,330 7,965 4,427 16,344 11,318 (1) Table 83. Continued Children 6 to 17 years nem White Black Hispanic Number of children (thousands) Total children Mother in labor force Mother not in labor force 35,114 19,192 15,312 5,619 3,297 2,183 2,725 1,204 1,461 Children in married-couple families Mother in labor force Mother not in labor force 29,860 15,979 13,881 2,797 1,790 1,007 2,076 968 1,108 4,645 3,213 1,432 2,684 1,508 1,177 589 235 353 610 138 60 Children in families maintained by women Mother in labor force Mother not in labor force Children in families maintained by men Median family income, 1978 Total children Mother in labor force Mother not in labor force $20,389 21,606 19,003 $10,229 13,367 7,026 $12,871 16,106 10,508 Children in married-couple families Mother in labor force Mother not in labor force 22,102 23,632 20,129 17,472 20,650 11,799 15,351 17,945 12,785 Children in families maintained by women Mother in labor force Mother not in labor force 8,718 10,607 5,155 5,620 7,286 4,500 5,423 7,838 4,699 Children in families maintained by men 17,671 11,586 See footnote at end of table. 84 (D Table 83. Continued Children under 6 years Item White Black Hispanic Number of children (thousands) Total children Mother in labor force Mother not in labor force 14,443 5,929 8,400 2,145 1,063 1,035 1,469 540 917 Children in married-couple families Mother in labor force Mother not in labor force 12,949 5,116 7,833 1,151 636 515 1,186 446 740 1,381 813 567 948 427 520 272 94 178 114 47 12 Children in families maintained by women Mother in labor force Mother not in labor force Children in families maintained by men Median family income, 1978 Total children Mother in labor force Mother not in labor force Children in married-couple families Mother in labor force Mother not in labor force Children in families maintained by women Mother in labor force Mother not in labor force $ 8,472 11,881 5,995 $11,137 13,747 9,523 17,910 19,088 17,116 15,274 17,114 11,971 12,741 15,550 11,508 4,951 7,039 3,839 3,806 5,399 3,253 4,205 5,364 4,037 0) (1) 11,823 Children in families maintained by men 2Median not shown where base is less than 75,000. See note on table 80. $16,854 17,632 16,380 85 Part VII Additional Characteristics Data in this section go beyond the overview provided by measures of labor force participation and unemployment to give a better insight on working women. For example, women work fewer hours than men, but when they work overtime, they are more likely to receive premium pay. And although women are still less likely than men to hold second jobs, the proportion of “ moonlighters” among women nearly doubled during the 1970’s. 86 Table 84. Average hours worked by nonfarm wage and salary workers by sex and occupation, May 1979 All schedules Sex and occupation Full-time schedules Number of workers (thousands) Average weekly hours Number of workers (thousands) Average weekly hours 23,232 6,017 2,045 2,105 13,065 5,296 636 4,184 476 6,925 35.5 36.9 40.6 29.7 34.9 36.7 38.5 37.0 32.6 29.3 16,446 4,482 1,727 1,003 9,235 3,952 508 3,171 274 3,184 40.3 41.3 42.9 40.0 39.3 39.7 41.3 39.5 39.0 39.8 19,748 7,511 6,294 2,746 3,197 23,000 10,248 8,903 3,850 4,417 43.7 43.4 47.1 42.5 38.8 40.7 41.8 41.8 35.1 36.7 17,666 6,771 5,976 2,328 2,591 19,274 9,045 7,649 2,579 3,030 45.4 44.7 47.7 45.6 41.9 43.0 43.1 43.7 41.1 43.8 WOMEN White collar, total Professional-technical Managerial Sales Clerical Blue collar, total Craft Operatives Nonfarm laborers Service MEN White collar, total Professional-technical Managerial Sales Clerical Blue collar, total Craft Operatives Nonfarm laborers Service Table 85. Days usually worked by nonfarm wage and salary workers by sex and full- or part-time status, May 1979 Usually worked full time Days usually worked Days worked Usually worked part time Total Women Men Women Men Women Men 82,109 100.0 35,207 100.0 46,902 100.0 25,245 100.0 42,467 100.0 9,962 100.0 4,435 100.0 Less than five days Three days or less Four days Four and a half days Five days or more Five days Five and a half days Six days Seven days 11.9 7.2 4.1 .5 88.1 75.3 3.0 8.1 1.7 18.2 11.5 5.9 .8 81.8 75.3 1.3 4.3 .9 7.1 4.0 2.8 .3 92.9 75.3 4.2 11.0 2.4 2.2 .2 1.2 .8 97.8 90.4 1.7 4.7 1.0 2.2 .4 1.4 .3 97.8 79.4 4.6 11.4 2.4 58.7 40.3 17.7 .7 41.3 37.2 .3 3.2 .5 54.2 38.2 15.4 .5 45.8 36.1 .7 7.1 2.1 Average (mean) days 4.90 4.70 5.04 5.06 5.16 3.80 3.93 Total reporting days (in thousands) Percent 87 Table 86. Shift worked by nonfarm wage and salary workers who usually work full time by sex and marital status, May 1979 Total reporting (thousands) Total Day Evening Night Other Women, total Married, husband present Never married Other marital status 22,277 12,199 5,234 4,844 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 87.4 89.2 85.5 85.0 7.0 5.7 8.7 8.5 2.5 2.5 2.3 3.1 3.0 2.6 3.6 3.4 Men, total Married, wife present Never married Other marital status 38,273 28,320 7,082 2,871 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 81.7 82.5 79.4 78.9 8.8 7.8 11.8 10.2 4.0 3.9 3.8 5.1 5.6 5.7 4.9 5.9 Sex and marital status 88 Percent distribution Table 87. Absence rates for full time nonfarm wage and salary workers by sex and age, May 1978 Sex and age Incidence rate (percent of workers absent) Number of woiKers (thousands) Inactivity rate (percent of aggregate time lost) _ . . To,al Illness and injury Miscellaneous reasons _ . . Total Illness and injury Miscellaneous reasons 22,689 1,114 4,009 6,482 4,341 3,899 2,531 314 8.6 12.3 8.7 8.9 8.0 7.5 8.9 7.5 6.1 6.7 5.0 5.3 4.8 4.9 5.6 4.5 3.5 6.2 3.8 3.1 3.2 2.6 3.2 3.0 4.3 5.4 4.0 4.5 4.2 3.8 5.0 5.9 2.8 2.7 2.2 2.7 2.9 2.8 3.6 3.5 1.6 2.7 1.7 1.8 1.3 1.0 1.4 2.4 37,464 1,415 5,262 11,117 7,638 6,999 4,554 478 5.8 7.3 6.9 4.9 4.5 5.0 5.8 7.3 3.4 3.9 4.7 2.8 2.9 3.7 4.1 4.7 1.9 3.4 2.8 2.1 1.6 1.3 1.7 2.6 3.1 3.5 3.6 2.6 2.8 3.0 4.0 4.3 2.1 2.0 2.0 1.5 1.9 2.5 3.0 3.5 1.0 1.4 1.5 1.1 .9 .5 .9 .8 WOMEN Total, 16 years and over 16 to 19 20 to 24 25 to 34 35 to 44 45 to 54 55 to 64 65 and over MEN Total, 16 years and over 16 to 19 20 to 24 25 to 34 35 to 44 45 to 54 55 to 64 65 and over 89 Table 88. Overtime workers by usual hours, premium pay, sex, and marital status, May 1979 Usually worked 41 hours Total Percent Sex and marital status Number (thousands) Percent Received premium pay Did not receive premium pay Number (thousands) Received premium pay Did not receive premium pay Women, total 3,986 45.3 54.6 2,182 29.9 70.1 Married husband present Never married Separated Widowed and divorced 2,059 944 197 789 45.9 43.2 45.7 46.1 54.0 56.8 54.3 53.9 1,135 514 104 430 30.0 29.4 29.8 30.5 70.0 70.6 70.2 69.5 Men, total 14,778 41.9 58.1 10,713 32.7 67.3 Married wife present Never married Separated Widowed and divorced 11,300 2,283 365 830 40.6 46.6 47.7 44.5 59.4 53.4 52.3 55.5 8,249 1,595 260 609 31.1 38.6 40.0 35.3 68.9 61.4 60.0 64.7 Usually worked less than 41 hours Percent Number (thousands) Received premium pay Did not receive premium pay 1,805 64.0 36.0 924 429 93 359 65.7 59.7 63.4 64.9 34.3 40.3 36.6 35.1 Men, total 4,066 66.2 33.8 Married wife present Never married Separated Widowed and divorced 3,052 688 105 221 56.2 65.0 66.7 69.7 33.8 35.0 33.3 30.3 Women, total Married husband present Never married Separated Widowed and divorced 90 Table 89. Number and percent of full-time wage and salary workers who worked long weeks and received premium pay by selected characteristics, May 1979 Worked 41 hours or more Characteristic Number (thousands) Percent of full-time workers Received premium pay Number (thousands) Percent of those who worked 41 hours or more WOMEN 3,986 15.0 1,807 45.3 Age: 16 to 19 20 to 24 25 to 54 55 and over 134 701 2,708 443 11.0 15.1 15.6 13.6 78 408 1,163 159 58.2 58.2 42.9 35.9 Race: White Black and other 3,616 371 15.9 9.6 1,621 186 44.8 50.1 Marital status: Never married Married, spouse present Other1 944 2,059 985 15.1 14.2 17.1 408 947 453 43.2 46.0 46.0 Union status: Union2 Other 711 3,276 11.3 16.2 354 1,453 49.8 44.4 MEN 14,778 32.7 6,191 41.9 Age: 16 to 19 20 to 24 25 to 54 55 and over 420 1,994 10,666 1,696 24.5 31.6 34.4 27.6 244 1,127 4,254 565 58.1 56.5 39.9 33.3 Race: White Black and other 13,761 1,017 34.2 20.7 5,642 549 41.0 54.0 Marital status: Never married Married, spouse present Other1 2,283 11,300 1,195 25.8 34.5 33.2 1,063 4,585 543 46.6 40.6 45.4 Union status: Union2 Other 3,674 11,105 23.5 37.6 2,674 3,518 72.8 31.7 'Includes separated, divorced and widowed persons. 2Data include workers who either are members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union, or whose job is covered by a union or employee association contract, 91 Table 90. Length of time on current job by sex, January 1978 (Percent distribution) Length of time on job Total 1 year or less Over 1 to 2 years Over 2 to 5 years Over 5 to 10 years Over 10 to 20 years Over 20 years Median number of years on current job 92 Women Men 100.0 100.0 32.5 13.6 21.8 16.4 10.9 4.7 25.2 10.4 19.0 16.9 15.7 12.9 2.6 years 4.5 years Table 91. Occupational mobility of employed persons between January 1977 and January 1978 by age, sex, race, and Hispanic origin, January 1978 Characteristic Status in January 1977 Total employed in January 1978 Occupational mobility rate1 Number Percent Sarna occupation uinerem occupation Unemployed Not in labor force 35,447 100.0 74.1 9.8 4.4 11.8 11.7 1,613 5,535 9,438 7,021 6,457 4,285 1,098 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 33.4 58.4 70.4 77.7 85.9 90.1 89.5 23.0 17.1 11.8 8.0 4.6 3.4 2.3 8.5 7.2 4.8 3.5 3.5 1.7 .9 35.1 17.4 13.0 10.8 5.9 4.8 7.4 40.8 22.6 14.4 9.3 5.1 3.6 2.5 30,897 3,886 1.445 100.0 100.0 100.0 73.6 78.4 69.2 10.3 6.3 9.1 4.0 6.4 6.5 12.1 8.8 15.2 12.2 7.5 11.6 Total, 18 years old and over, not in school 51,117 100.0 80.9 10.5 4.5 4.1 11.5 18 20 25 35 45 55 65 and 19 to 24 to 34 to 44 to 54 to 64 and over 1,782 6,415 14,140 10,473 9,838 6,702 1,767 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 33.5 57.5 78.1 87.7 91.5 92.5 90.8 26.4 21.9 14.3 7.7 4.3 3.3 1.8 11.1 9.9 4.8 3.2 2.9 2.2 1.9 29.0 10.7 2.8 1.4 1.3 2.1 5.5 44.1 27.8 15.5 8.1 4.5 3.4 2.0 White Black Hispanic origin 45,944 4,371 2,384 100.0 100.0 100.0 81.2 77.8 77.8 10.7 9.2 10.9 4.1 8.7 6.2 4.0 4.4 5.1 11.6 10.6 12.2 WOMEN Total, 18 years old and over, not in school 18 and 19 20 to 24 25 to 34 35 to 44 45 to 54 55 to 64 65 and over White Black Hispanic origin MEN ’ Percent of persons employed in both January 1977 and January 1978 who had a different occupation in January 1978 than in January 1977. 93 Table 92. Multiple jobholding rates of employed women and men and main reason for working at more than one job, May 1979 Item Women Men Number of persons with more than one job (thousands) 1,407 3,317 Multiple jobholders as percent of total employed 3.5 5.9 100.0 100.0 34.3 7.7 5.9 7.1 6.4 9.6 16.0 13.0 28.8 6.3 11.0 8.8 5.6 7.8 19.1 12.6 MAIN REASON FOR WORKING AT MORE THAN ONE JOB All reasons: Percent Meet regular expenses Pay off debts Save for the future Get experience Help friend or relative Buy something special Enjoy the work Other reasons Table 93. Membership of women in national unions and employee associations, selected years, 1960-78 Year Number of women members (thousands) Percent of total membership 5,398 5,736 6,038 6,438 6,696 23.9 24.9 25.0 26.7 27.5 3,304 3,272 3,413 3,689 3,940 4,282 4,524 4,600 4,648 5,106 18.3 18.6 19.0 19.3 19.5 20.7 21.7 21.3 22.0 23.5 Unions and associations: 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 Unions: 1960 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 94 Table 94. Employment status of women, by State, annual averages, 1978 (Numbers in thousands) State Civilian noninstitutional population Civilian labor force Number Unemployed Participation rate unpiuyeu " Number Rate Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas Cal fornia Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine 1,408 125 874 852 8,549 994 1,215 224 273 3,471 1,935 312 314 4,318 2,036 1,105 909 1,323 1,459 410 630 78 408 396 4,464 535 647 112 164 1,581 1,008 179 163 2,203 1,067 583 499 628 629 193 44.7 62.4 46.7 46.5 52.2 53.8 53.3 50.0 60.1 45.5 52.1 57.4 51.9 51.0 52.4 52.8 54.9 47.5 43.1 47.1 576 70 383 363 4,108 499 604 102 152 1,455 934 165 152 2,047 988 559 480 584 572 179 54 7 25 33 357 35 43 11 12 127 74 14 10 156 79 25 19 43 57 13 8.5 9.0 6.1 8.3 8.0 6.6 6.7 9.5 7.5 8.0 7.3 7.6 6.4 7.1 7.4 4.2 3.7 6.9 9.1 6.8 Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire 1,601 2,296 3,461 1,490 896 1,911 282 607 235 327 856 1,219 1,699 829 422 968 145 342 134 181 53.5 53.1 49.1 55.6 47.1 50.7 51.4 56.3 57.0 55.4 797 1,141 1,553 790 377 907 134 330 126 172 60 79 146 40 45 61 10 11 7 8 7.0 6.5 8.6 4.8 10.7 6.3 7.3 3.3 5.6 4.6 New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota 2,902 440 7,132 2,132 234 4,152 1,111 920 4,713 373 1,089 256 1,435 215 3,283 1,184 112 2,030 524 483 2,122 184 575 135 49.4 48.9 46.0 55.5 47.9 48.9 47.2 52.5 45.0 49.3 52.8 52.7 1,312 200 3,014 1,116 106 1,905 500 450 1,952 173 532 130 123 15 268 68 6 126 24 32 170 11 44 5 8.6 6.8 8.2 5.8 5.1 6.2 4.6 6.7 8.0 5.9 7.6 4.0 Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming 1,699 4,776 446 183 1,940 1,420 712 1,781 149 818 2,441 212 102 1,047 722 252 967 82 48.1 51.1 47.5 55.7 54.0 50.8 35.4 54.3 55.0 758 2,284 203 94 976 665 232 906 78 59 156 9 7 71 57 20 61 3 7.3 6.4 4.2 7.1 6.7 7.9 7.9 6.3 4.2 95 Table 95. Occupational distribution of employed women by State, annual averages, 1978 (Percent distribution) White-collar workers State Total Professional and technical Managers and admin istrators except farm Sales workers Clerical workers Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia 59.6 71.7 68.4 52.8 69.2 66.6 68.1 67.5 74.3 64.3 61.3 14.8 19.0 16.6 12.1 15.7 14.0 19.4 16.6 21.6 12.4 15.2 6.5 7.8 6.2 6.2 8.2 8.2 5.2 6.8 5.7 7.2 5.5 6.2 6.7 9.1 6.3 7.6 8.2 8.4 6.7 3.6 8.3 5.3 32.1 38.1 36.5 28.3 37.7 36.3 35.1 37.4 43.4 36.5 35.2 Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland 64.0 62.5 65.8 54.3 55.5 60.0 57.1 67.2 56.0 72.6 14.1 14.8 16.3 13.8 15.0 14.2 15.3 17.0 16.8 19.3 6.6 5.4 6.1 4.4 4.3 5.8 3.9 7.0 6.1 5.7 8.2 8.8 6.6 6.1 6.5 6.7 6.6 7.5 5.6 6.7 35.1 33.4 36.8 30.0 29.7 33.3 31.2 35.7 27.4 40.9 Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey 64.6 60.5 61.8 50.7 60.7 62.2 59.9 60.3 60.4 66.9 18.7 14.3 15.9 12.7 16.1 14.2 15.1 12.8 13.9 18.0 4.7 5.1 6.6 5.5 5.7 7.8 6.1 7.4 5.4 5.8 6.0 6.7 7.8 5.7 7.1 8.7 7.6 7.0 6.9 6.8 35.1 34.4 31.6 26.7 31.8 31.5 31.1 33.1 34.2 36.3 New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina 67.3 68.3 50.7 58.4 62.3 65.4 62.7 60.7 53.5 54.4 17.6 17.9 13.5 15.0 15.6 14.9 13.2 15.1 14.5 12.5 6.9 6.1 5.1 6.1 5.4 6.5 7.0 5.3 4.0 4.2 8.1 6.2 4.1 6.2 7.8 8.2 7.9 6.7 5.6 5.7 34.8 38.1 28.0 31.0 33.5 35.9 34.5 33.6 29.3 31.9 South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming 55.2 51.5 65.3 63.2 61.9 64.8 66.1 61.9 59.4 61.6 15.1 13.5 15.2 15.9 18.5 17.1 16.6 15.4 14.5 12.9 5.0 4.5 6.2 6.0 6.1 6.7 7.4 6.3 5.9 6.9 7.7 5.7 7.1 5.9 8.0 6.0 7.1 4.9 7.4 8.2 27.4 27.7 36.7 35.3 29.3 35.0 35.1 35.2 31.6 33.7 See footnote at end of table. 96 Table 95. Continued. (Percent distribution) Blue-collar workers State Total Craft Operatives, and except kindred transport workers Service Farm Nonfarm workers workers laborers 1.5 3.0 1.0 2.1 1.2 1.4 1.3 1.1 (1) 1.1 1.6 22.8 20.6 20.8 21.6 17.9 21.6 17.0 19.7 21.7 22.0 19.3 (D (1) (1) 2.7 (1) 1.5 (1) 1.1 (1) 1.7 1.0 (D 1.0 1.4 1.1 23.0 22.4 19.3 21.7 27.3 23.8 22.7 23.8 23.3 18.2 3.3 2.5 (1) 2.1 4.3 3.3 3.2 (1) 1.1 (1) 14.1 10.9 8.1 22.2 10.7 2.7 9.0 3.0 17.2 12.5 1.0 1.5 1.0 1.0 1.4 1.7 1.0 1.0 1.3 (1) 17.8 23.9 24.7 21.8 23.0 26.3 23.2 31.9 17.2 17.9 (1) 1.0 2.3 1.4 2.2 5.3 4.1 1.5 1.1 (1) 1.8 1.5 2.1 1.7 1.8 2.7 1.6 1.8 2.0 1.7 5.0 10.1 26.5 3.8 11.1 6.2 6.2 13.5 24.6 21.4 1.5 (1) 1.4 1.0 1.3 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.0 1.5 21.2 18.2 16.9 29.3 22.0 22.0 24.9 21.3 18.2 19.7 1.7 (1) 1.8 5.6 0) 1.9 2.0 0) (1) (1) 2.5 2.7 2.0 1.3 2.0 1.4 1.8 1.4 2.2 2.1 6.3 22.3 7.9 11.9 9.5 10.5 6.2 10.5 10.8 4.8 1.0 1.2 1.6 1.1 1.2 1.6 2.5 1.0 1.0 1.3 26.6 21.1 21.5 21.0 22.4 19.5 20.5 23.7 22.1 25.0 7.8 (1) Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia 16.8 7.6 10.5 22.9 12.0 10.3 14.4 11.8 4.0 12.0 18.4 1.8 1.2 1.8 2.6 1.8 2.0 1.3 2.2 (D 1.7 2.3 12.8 2.7 7.1 17.9 8.5 6.2 11.7 6.8 2.6 8.2 14.1 Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland 9.7 12.6 14.3 21.8 13.0 12.9 16.9 8.4 19.5 8.4 1.5 3.3 1.7 2.4 2.1 1.9 2.1 1.5 1.3 1.4 6.6 7.1 10.5 17.0 8.8 8.4 13.4 4.9 16.7 5.0 Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey 17.5 14.7 11.2 26.1 14.1 6.2 12.8 6.2 21.3 15.1 1.6 1.5 1.5 2.0 1.6 1.6 2.3 1.4 2.4 1.2 New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina 9.7 13.0 30.6 6.8 14.9 10.7 10.5 17.2 28.2 25.1 South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming 10.5 26.6 12.0 14.7 12.9 14.5 11.5 13.5 14.7 8.6 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.2 1.6 (D 'Less than 500 persons employed or less than 1.0 percent of total employed. 97 1.2 1.1 2.8 1.2 1.9 (1) 3.9 4.8 Table 96. Percent of employment and occupational injuries and illnesses among women workers by selected occupations, 1977 Female employment as percent of total employment Occupation Total 40.5 Professional, technical and kindred workers Registered nurses Teachers, except college and university Elementary school teachers Secondary school teachers Managers and administrators, except farm Restaurant, bar managers Sales managers and department heads, retail trade Occupational injuries and illnesses Total number Percent accounted for by women 1,250,284 21.1 42.6 96.7 70.9 84.2 51.2 43,738 6,564 10,216 3,804 3,558 49.3 94.8 62.3 76.3 45.7 22.3 34.7 33,915 3,416 22.3 41.8 36.2 5,242 26.2 Salesworkers Sales clerks, retail trade 43.3 70.4 22,430 2,516 42.3 60.0 Clerical and kindred workers Bookkeepers Cashiers Teachers aides Typists 78.9 90.0 87.0 93.4 96.3 56,474 2,133 5,393 2,257 1,964 55.3 85.9 77.7 87.0 94.1 5.0 230,306 3.0 Operatives, except transport Assemblers Meat cutters, butchers, manufacturing Packers, wrappers, except retail Sewers and stitchers 39.6 50.3 35.2 63.6 95.2 255,123 31,312 9,007 10,322 4,412 22.5 37.9 15.5 54.9 90.6 Transport equipment operatives Bus drivers 6.8 42.2 87,328 5,366 4.7 34.6 9.4 237,161 9.6 Service workers, except private household Cleaners and charwomen Janitors and sextons Cooks Food counter and fountain workers Waiters/waitresses Housekeepers 58.3 96.1 15.4 56.3 85.7 90.4 64.6 175,556 7,412 26,064 17,815 3,449 10,704 2,517 46.0 41.5 15.5 44.3 78.3 90.3 73.4 Private household workers 97.0 469 86.6 6.4 517 2.5 29.4 17.0 20,838 19,800 11.9 12.4 Craft and kindred workers Laborers, except farm Farmers and farm managers Farm laborers and foremen Farm laborers, wage workers 98 Table 97. Percent of employment and occupational injuries and illnesses among women workers, selected States, 1977 State .. . . . Female emDlovment as percent of total employment Injuries and illnesses 1 Tota, number Percent thousands) female workers Total 40.6 1,250,284 21.1 Alaska California Colorado Connecticut1 Hawaii Idaho Indiana Iowa Kentucky Maine Maryland Michigan Minnesota Missouri Montana Nebraska New Jersey New Mexico Oregon South Dakota Tennessee Utah Vermont Virgin Islands Wisconsin Wyoming 41.8 41.1 40.4 42.2 44.5 39.0 40.2 40.0 39.8 40.5 40.8 38.6 39.9 42.4 36.8 41.4 40.7 40.9 39.9 39.4 41.6 38.6 40.3 N.A. 40.5 37.6 8,841 327,868 33,954 11,441 36,603 38,290 38,398 18,510 51,015 43,828 30,551 70,537 50,802 128,590 32,281 35,249 84,753 4,046 43,777 17,397 25,649 20,491 17,952 1,531 60,626 17,304 14.9 22.5 19.9 17.4 22.5 17.9 21.8 19.8 18.9 21.0 20.7 23.0 25.0 20.4 18.0 20.6 21.8 15.4 21.0 21.4 19.9 16.6 21.6 18.0 21.5 10.3 1ln 1977, Connecticut provided injury and illness information only for manufacturing industries, excluding boat building and repair. N.A. = not available. 99 Part VIII The 1980’s The United States has begun the 1980’s facing several severe economic problems including inflation, recession, and uncertainty concerning the supply and price of energy.The economic climate which supported the strong labor force growth of women in the 1970’s is changing and already there are indications that the growth in women’s labor force participation may be slowing, perhaps temporarily. Between March 1979 and March 1980, the number of women in the labor force grew by about a million, but their labor force participation rate rose by only three-tenths of a percentage point. Over the same period, the proportion of black women in the labor force actually fell slightly as did the proportion of youth 16 to 24 years old. The labor market experience of women in the 1980’s bears close watching for it may differ considerably from their experience in the past. 100 Table 98. Summary indicators on working women by selected characteristics, January-June 1980 (Numbers in thousands; data are seasonally adjusted unless otherwise indicated) Janaury 1980 February 1980 March 1980 April 1980 May 1980 June 1980 85,847 44,352 85,952 44,246 86,054 44,052 86,154 44,381 86,258 44,663 86,373 44,416 51.7 54.6 69.1 63.6 23.1 51.5 53.6 68.4 63.8 23.0 51.2 52.6 67.5 63.7 22.6 51.5 51.9 68.8 64.1 22.9 51.8 54.1 69.0 64.0 22.9 51.4 52.6 68.4 64.0 22.8 51.4 53.3 51.2 52.8 51.0 52.2 51.3 52.3 51.4 53.7 51.1 52.5 41,318 3,743 6,375 25,632 5,568 41,221 3,617 6,368 25,677 5,559 41,054 3,551 6,301 25,704 5,488 41,156 3,553 6,330 25,746 5,532 41,165 3,598 6,281 25,732 5,554 41,079 3,547 6,266 25,720 5,546 3,034 731 695 1,410 198 3,025 765 636 1,454 169 2,997 737 616 1,481 164 3,225 689 719 1,626 191 3,498 819 810 1,664 205 3,337 739 759 1,678 161 6.8 16.3 9.8 5.2 3.4 6.8 17.6 9.1 5.4 3.0 6.8 17.3 9.0 5.5 2.9 7.3 16.3 10.2 6.0 3.4 7.8 18.7 11.6 6.1 3.6 7.5 17.3 10.8 6.1 2.8 White, 16 years and over Black, 16 years and over 6.0 12.6 6.1 12.4 5.9 13.5 6.4 13.8 6.9 14.7 6.7 13.9 White, 16 to 19 years Black, 16 to 19 years 13.8 39.1 14.5 43.0 14.8 39.5 14.5 35.4 16.7 42.0 14.6 39.2 70.8 71.4 71.0 71.5 71.2 70.8 71.0 73.7 70.4 78.6 72.3 80.6 9.7 9.8 10.2 10.9 10.0 8.8 Characteristic Population and labor force Civilian noninstitutional population Civilian labor force Labor force participation rates Women 16 and over 16 to 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 54 years 55 years and over White Black Employment status Employed women, 16 years and over 16 to 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 54 years 55 years and over Unemployed women, 16 years and over 16 to 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 54 years 55 years and over Unemployment rates Women 16 years and over 16 to 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 54 years 55 years and over Full-time workers (not seasonally adjusted) Percent of employed women working full time Percent of unemployed women looking for full-time work Duration of unemployment (not seasonally adjusted) Average (mean) number of weeks unemployed women have been looking for work 101 Table 99. Family status of women by selected characteristics, January-June 1980 (Numbers in thousands) January 1980 February 1980 March 1980 April 1980 May 1980 June 1980 71,956 71,939 71,943 71,950 71,890 71,910 8,701 59.6 9.0 8,696 58.6 8.9 8,551 59.2 8.7 8,686 58.9 8.6 8,696 58.6 7.7 8,744 58.0 8.3 Married women, husband present: Population Labor force participation rate Unemployment rate 48,301 50.1 5.3 48,347 50.4 5.4 48,377 50.3 4.9 48,210 50.2 5.0 48,151 49.9 5.1 48,103 48.9 5.7 All other women in families: Population Labor force participation rate Unemployment rate 14,954 51.7 12.4 14,896 51.2 12.3 15,015 50.9 12.0 15,054 50.9 11.3 15,043 52.6 14.1 15,063 58.8 16.1 Characteristic Total women 16 years and over in families Women maintaining families, no husband present: Population Labor force participation rate Unemployment rate Table 100. Employed women by occupation, race, and Hispanic origin, 6-month average, January-June 1980 Total White Black and other Hispanic 40,990 100.0 35,833 100.0 5,158 100.0 1,834 100.0 White-collar workers Professional-technical Managerial-administrative, except farm Sales Clerical 65.6 16.9 67.7 17.3 50.6 14.8 49.7 8.9 6.8 6.6 35.2 7.3 7.1 36.0 3.5 2.9 29.4 4.8 4.9 31.1 Blue-collar workers Craft Operatives, except transport Transport equipment operatives Nonfarm laborers 13.8 1.8 10.1 .7 1.3 13.3 1.8 ' 9.5 .7 '1.2 17.4 1.3 14.1 .6 1.4 28.4 2.2 24.0 .3 1.7 Service workers Private household Other service 19.5 2.5 17.1 17.8 1.8 16.0 31.4 6.7 24.7 20.2 4.4 15.8 1.1 1.1 .6 1.7 Occupation Total: Number (in thousands) Percent Farm 102 Sources of Data Part 1. Tables: 1-9 BLS, Handbook of Labor Statistics, 1978, January 1980. 10 Bureau of the Census, Current Population Reports, 1950 and I960, and BLS, Employment and Earnings, January 1971 and January 1980. 11 Bureau of the Census, Census of Population “ Characteristics of the Population” , Part I, 1950 and 1960, and BLS, Employment and Earnings, January 1971 and January 1980. 12 BLS, Employment and Earnings, United States, 1909-78, and BLS, Employment and Earnings, January 1980. 13 BLS, Employment and Earnings, January 1971 and January 1980. 14, 15 BLS, unpublished CPS data and Employment and Earnings, January 1980. Part II. 16-20 BLS, unpublished data (1960), Special Labor Force Report 141, Work Experience of the Population in 1970, and unpublished CPS data on Work Experience in 1978. Part III. 21 Bureau of the Census, Census of Population 1950; P-E No. 1A, “ Employment and Personal Characteristics,” and P-E No. 20, “ Marital Status” (labor force adjusted for ages 16 and over). BLS, Special Labor Force Report 13 (population and labor force adjusted for ages 16 and over); Special Labor Force Report 130 and U.S. Department of Labor, news release 79-747, October 31, 1979. and Employment and Earnings, 22 - 24 BLS, unpublished March 1979 Marital and Family data. 25 Bureau of the Census, Historical Statistics of the United States. Colonial Times to 1970, Bicentennial Edition. For 1970 and later see, U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, National Center for Health Statistics (HRA) 77-1120, Advance Report, Final Natality Statistics 1975, and U.S. Department of Health,Education and Welfare, National Center for Health Statistics, PHS 79-1120, Vol. 27, No. 13, Births, Marriages, Divorces and Deaths for 1978. 26 Bureau of the Census, Current Population Reports, Series P-20, No. 282, “ Households and Families by Type: March 1975, Advance Report” and BLS, Special Labor Force Reports 13, 64, 130, 144, 153, 164, 173, 183, 206, 216, and 219 and unpublished March 1979 Marital and Family data. 27 BLS, U.S. Department of Labor news release 79-747, October 31, 1979. 28 BLS, unpublished March 1979 Marital and Family CPS data. 29 Special Labor Force Report No. 192, Women Who Head Families and BLS, unpublished 1978 and 1979 Marital and Family CPS data. 30 - 33 BLS, unpublished CPS Marital and Family data. 34 BLS, U.S. Department of Labor news release 79-747, October 31, 1979. 35, 36 BLS, unpublished CPS Marital and Family data. 103 Part IV. Tables: 37 - 42 BLS, unpublished CPS School-Age Youth data. 43 - 46 BLS, unpublished CPS Educational Attainment data. Part V. 47 BLS, U.S. Department of Labor news release, 80-87, February 14, 1980. 48 49 BLS, U.S. Department of Labor news release, 80-188, March 27, 1980 and BLS, unpublished CPS Earnings data. 50, 51 BLS, unpublished CPS Earnings data. 52 - 54 Bureau of the Census, Current Population Reports, Series P-60, “ Consumer Income". 55- 61 BLS, unpublished Marital and Family CPS data. 62 - 64 Bureau of the Census, Current Population Reports, Series P-60, “ Consumer Income” . Part VI. 65 BLS, Handbook of Labor Statistics, 1978 - and Employment and Earnings, January 1980. 66, 67 BLS, unpublished CPS annual average data. 68 - 70 BLS, unpublished CPS Marital and Family data. 71, 72 BLS, unpublished CPS Educational Attainment data. 73 BLS, unpublished CPS Work Experience data. 74 BLS, unpublished CPS Marital and Family data. (1970 data for Hispanics — Bureau of the Census, Census of the Population, 1970, PC(2)-1C, “ Persons of Spanish Origin” . 75 BLS, unpublished CPS Marital andFamily data. 76 Bureau of the Census, Current Population Reports, Series P-60, “ Consumer Income” . 77 BLS, unpublished CPS Marital and Family data. 78 Bureau of the Census, Current Population Reports, Series P-60, “ Consumer Income” . 79 - 81 BLS, unpublished Marital and Family CPS data. 82 Bureau of the Census, Current Population Reports, Series P-60, “ Consumer Income” . 83 BLS, unpublished CPS Marital and Family data. 104 Part VII Tables: 84 BLS, Monthly Labor Review, March 1980, “ Recent Trends in Worktime.” 85 BLS, unpublished CPS Days Worked data. 86 BLS, unpublished CPS Shift Worked data. 87 BLS, unpublished CPS Absence from Work data. 88, 89 Part VIII. BLS, unpublished CPS Long Hours and Premium Pay data. 90 BLS, unpublished CPS Job Tenure data. 91 BLS, U.S. Department of Labor news release 79-91, February 5, 1979. 92 BLS, unpublished CPS Multiple Jobholding data. 93 BLS, Directory of National Unions & Employee Associations, 1979 94, 95 BLS, Geographic Profile of Employment and Unemployment: States, 1978, Metropolitan Areas, 1977-78, Report 571. 96, 97 BLS, Office of Occupational Safety & Health, Division of Record Requirements and Information. 98, 99 BLS, Employment in Perspective: Working Women, 1st and 2nd Q 1980. 100 BLS, Employment and Earnings, January-June 1980. 105 * U. S. 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