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1 v SpC 74 1929-55 •• 1 « L ■ , SPECIAL COLLECTIONS N I' • m $- Im i > 4 W |t : ■ A Supplement to the S um y o f C urrent Mustuess UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE EC0N0MI BUREAU OF ^ r f ' s gJ,LD\Na T 1401 K N.W. on?30 WASHINGTON, D- III: : Sooner than . _ te&Tg of ^ kk% of Business Economics . H i cs of ° F business Co eC° ■q %: -J 43 O FFICE OF BUSINESS ECO NOMICS U. S. D E P A R T M E N T OF C O M M E R C E SI NCLAI R O F F I C E OF B U S I N E S S M. U. S. G O V E R N M E N T Secretary E C O N O M I C S JOSEPH P R I N T I N G WE E K S , MEEHAN, O F F I C E Di r ec t or W A S H I N G T O N 1 9 5 6 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office Washington 25, D. C. - Price $1.50 Contents PAGE PART I. The State Income Distribution and Its Changing Pattern...................... The Current State Income Picture........................................................... Regional Trends in Personal Income........................................................ Trends in Total Income................................................................... Shifts over the Prewar and Later Periods.......................................... The Postwar Record............................................................................. Trends in Per Capita Income.............................................................. Disposable Personal Income....................................................................... PART II. A General View of the Estimates......................................................... Nature of State Personal Income.............................................................. Derivation of the Estimates........................................................................ Place in Income Research....................................................................... PART III. Definitions and Terms.......................................................................... Concept of State Personal Income............................................................ Income Components.................................................................................... PART IV. Sources and Methods of Estimation................................................... Introduction Section: 1. Wage and Salary Disbursements................................................... “Covered” Wages and Salaries, 1938-55............................... Development of Estimates by Industry,1929-55.................... Farms..................................................................................... Mining................................. Contract Construction......................................................... Manufacturing..................................................................... Wholesale and Retail Trade.............................................. Finance, Insurance, and Real Estate................................ Transportation..................................................................... Communications and Public Utilities............................... Services.................................................................................. Government.......................................................................... Other Industries................................................................... Adjustments for Residence................................................. 2. Proprietors’ Income......................................................................... Income of Professional Practitioners........................................ Business Income.......................................................................... Farm Income.............................................................................. 3. Property Income.............................................................................. Monetary Property Income...................................................... Imputed Property Income........................................................ 4. Other Components........................................................................... Other Labor Income................................................................. Transfer Payments...................................................................... Personal Contributions for Social Insurance.......................... PART V. Statistical Section.............................................................................. List of Tables................................................................................................ Note on Regional Classification................................................................. 1 1 6 8 16 17 23 29 49 49 51 55 57 57 60 66 71 72 75 76 77 78 78 80 80 82 86 87 93 99 100 103 104 106 117 123 123 126 128 128 131 136 139 139 139 III Foreword The comprehensive information on the State distribution of income presented in this volume affords a measure of regional economic progress and market expansion in the United States. The real output of the Nation has more than doubled over the past quarter of a century, and on a per capita basis it has increased by three-fifths. Understanding of the forces behind this vast growth, and of the benefits de riving from it, is enhanced by analysis of its regional aspects. The income series set forth in this volume provide an annual economic record for each State over the long span since 1929. This record consists of both overall figures on total and per capita personal income and the detailed sources of income by type and by industry. Special estimates of disposable per sonal income are furnished to facilitate analysis of the impact of personal taxes on the State distribution of purchasing power. Brought into focus by our summary review of this body of data are the patterns of economic develop ment in the various States and regions. The changes in the geographic distribution of income which are portrayed have featured substantially varying rates of market growth, as well as pervasive shifts in in dustrial structure. Accompanying the general rise in the standard of living has been a considerable narrowing of relative differentials in area per capita incomes. This volume is also intended to fill the widespread need for description of the official State income series. We believe that the summary discussion of the concept, statistical derivation, and reliability of the State income estimates provided in Part II will prove of interest and value to all users, and may be found a sufficient guide for many. The detailed explanations in Parts III and IV permit a more thorough evaluation of the nature and adequacy of the State income totals and of the component series. In addition, it is our expectation that this comprehensive record of methodology will be helpful to specialists engaged in related types of statistical research. The State income estimates detailed here for the first time represent a complete revision of OBE’s State income payments series initiated in the late 1930’s, and are the outgrowth of a major project that extended over a period of years. The result has been a significant improvement in the statistical basis of the State figures. The new personal income measures embody a thorough reworking of the statistics back to 1929—a task marking the incorporation of many additional data sources and improved esti mating techniques. The 78 tables contained in the statistical section (Part V) of this bulletin represent a more precise and detailed picture of State income flows than has heretofore been available. In preparing these State economic measures, the Office of Business Economics has had the assistance of both public and private agencies. We wish to express our appreciation for their help and coopera tion. Partial acknowledgment is made in the accompanying statement, which also details the contribu tions of the individual members of our staff. September 1956 IV Director, Office of Business Economics. Acknow ledgm ents This study was made under the direction of Charles F. Schwartz, Assistant Chief of the National Income Division. Mr. Schwartz supervised the statistical procedures and wrote the text of the report. In preparing the description of sources and methods (Part IV), he was assisted principally by Robert E. Graham, Jr. Mr. Graham was responsible for the preparation of most of the estimates. These included wage and salary disbursements, other labor income, property income (in large part), transfer payments, and per sonal contributions for social insurance. Organizing the entire set of State estimates for the statistical section of the report was also his responsibility. Besides Mr. Schwartz and Mr. Graham, numerous other members of the National Income Division participated in the heavy volume of statistical work. Special acknowledgment is made to Lawrence Grose and Selma F. Goldsmith. Mr. Grose had the primary role in developing the State estimates of nonfarm (business and professional) proprietors’ income, and he also rendered valuable aid in connec tion with the property income segment. Mrs. Goldsmith was in charge of the National Income Division’s work on the State farm income series that was prepared jointly with the Agricultural Economics Divi sion of the Agricultural Marketing Service. Other members of the National Income Division staff who helped prepare the many component series of the State income totals include Herman I. Liebling, Charles J. Libera, James M. Lazard, and Edwin J. Coleman. Acknowledgment for their assistance is extended also to the following who were engaged at various times on this project: Ronald M. Gardner, Mrs. Jeanne S. Goodman, Rondal C. Blankenship, William M. Burke, Mrs. Jeanne L. Ratliffe, Joseph Rosenthal, and Mrs. Lillian P. Barnes. Particular credit is due Mrs. Mae B. Rothery for her contribution as statistical assistant in the prepara tion of the estimates. While the State income measures contained in this report are the result of the effort, experience, and cooperation of Office of Business Economics personnel, they are founded ultimately on the statistical work of Government agencies in general, and of private agencies as well. These provide the basic data, including a considerable volume of special information, that are needed to construct the State income totals and the industrial and type-of-payment breakdowns. As will be evident from the description of source materials in Part IV of this report, the agencies from which we secured the primary data are numerous. Particularly noteworthy among them are the Agricultural Marketing Service, Bureau of the Census, Bureau of Employment Security, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Civil Service Commission, Department of Defense, Internal Revenue Service, Social Security Administration, and Veterans Administration. The statistical programs and continuing co operative assistance of these Federal agencies have been of fundamental importance in the development of the official State income work. Regional M ap of the United States (Frontispiece) PART I The State Income Distribution A n d Its Changing Pattern E c o n o m ic growth of the States and regions of the United States over the past quarter of a century is measured and re viewed in this report. Estimates of the personal income, both total and per capita, received by the residents of each State from all sources are pro vided on an annual basis for the period since 1929. These basic measures are supported by an extensive array of information for each State on the sources of income by type and by industry. The State figures conform to the United States personal income measure included in the official national income and product accounts maintained by the Office of Business Economics. Per sonal income is a major purchasing power guide featured in national income statistics and, together with the gross national product and national income, is widely used for business and economic analysis. The income statistics presented in Part V of this volume thus afford a long-term quantitative description of economic develop ments in each State that can be related directly to those on the national scene. The ensuing review of these voluminous statistics focuses on highlights—on significant aspects of the current State income distribution and of the changes since 1929. Provision of numerous tables of percentage data for the individual States and regions—at the end of this chapter—facilitates extended further analysis. The Current State Income Picture the 1953—54 business readjustment, the United States economy moved to new high ground in 1955. Expansion of the individual income flow was a feature of this development. In terms of calendar year totals, personal income in the con tinental United States rose slightly from 1953 to 1954, despite the dip in national output. In 1955, it increased $19 billion, or 7 percent, to a record total of $303 billion. All industrial seg ments contributed to this expansion except farming, where in come was moderately lower than in 1954 because of a further downdrift in farm prices and general stability of farmers’ pro duction costs. A fter In 1955, new highs in personal income were established in every region and in 43 States and the District of Columbia. In the 5 States where income was still somewhat below that received in 1954 or an earlier postwar year, the situation was traceable to a reduced volume of farm income. Aggregate income from nonfarm sources in 1955 was at an all-time high throughout the Nation. The figures on per capita personal income—total income divided by total population—also show that economic conditions in 1955 were generally the best on record, though the District of Columbia and 11 States fell short of earlier highs. In most of 1 2 A SUPPLEMENT TO THE SURVEY OF CURRENT BUSINESS these States, farm income last year was markedly below a previous postwar peak. For the country as a whole, per capita personal income in 1955 amounted to $1,847—3% percent above the pre vious record of $1,788 attained in 1953. DISTRIBUTION OF INCOME AND POPULATION The personal income data for 1955 reveal directly the current dimensions of geographic markets for consumer goods and services. Table I, intended as a “handy-reference” tabulation of geo graphic income changes since 1929, includes columns that show for 1955 the percentage of national personal income received by each State and region and the percentage relationship between its per capita income and that of the Nation. Also, the per centage distribution of population by States and regions in 1955 is given in table VIII. These three series of percentage data are assembled below for the various regions and for the 9 States having the largest total incomes. regional income totals; and the 5 Rocky Mountain States, though embracing a huge land area, receive only a little over 2 percent of the Nation’s income. Second, the geographic distribution of total income in the United States reflects primarily the distribution of population, but differentials in per capita income are wide. By regions, per capita income is 19 percent above the national average in the Far West and 30 percent below it in the Southeast. On a State basis, of course, the spread in average income levels is much greater. As compared with the United States figure of $1,847, per capita personal income in 1955 varied from $2,513 in Delaware to $946 in Mississippi. In addition to Delaware, others in the top rank—with per capita incomes ranging from 22 to 35 per cent above the national average—included Connecticut, Nevada, District of Columbia, New Jersey, California, New York and Illinois. In 10 of the 12 Southeastern States, as well as in North Dakota and South Dakota, average incomes in 1955 were about 25-50 percent below the countrywide average. The 1955 per capita incomes of the States and regions are shown in the facing table, together with the estimates for that year of total personal income and total population. These figures are taken from summary tables 1-3 in the Statistical Section, Part V.1 P ercent of Per capita total P ercent of incom e as a personal total percent of incom e population national average New E ngland : Massachusetts M ideast: New York Pennsylvania New Jersey G reat L akes: Illinois-.. _ Ohio. Michigan _ Plains Southeast . Southw est: California 5. 85 113 25. 62 22. 05 116 23. 01 20. 45 113 11. 95 6. 83 4. 06 _ _ ......... Texas- Rocky M ountain Far W est: 6. 62 3. 29 6. 91 6. 08 5. 15 9. 75 6. 63 3. 24 5. 66 5. 44 4. 46 114 123 103 125 122 112 116 8. 06 15. 26 6. 65 9. 03 21.83 7. 76 5. 32 87 2. 16 12. 62 2. 37 10. 64 91 119 4. 66 ......... . __ -.. 2. 91 9. 70 7. 89 89 70 86 123 The figures bring out 2 broad features of the geographic dis tribution of income in this country. First, they are a forceful reminder that, irrespective of past and current differentials in relative income movements, the indi vidual States and regions vary substantially in volume of total income. The 9 States included in the listing together receive 59 percent of the Nation’s personal income. (By contrast, the 9 States with the smallest incomes receive less than 2}i percent.) Also to be noted, the Mideast and Great Lakes areas together account for approximately one-half of all personal income; Massachusetts, Texas, and California dominate their respective SOURCES OF PERSONAL INCOME In further development of this summary view of the presentday economies of the States and regions, this section describes the main sources of their personal income flows. Broad Industrial Breakdown Of key significance is a breakdown of personal income showing the amounts received by residents of the States from farming, government, and private nonfarm industry. Table 63 of Part V provides this breakdown for 6 selected years of the period since 1929. The data for 1955 are shown in percentage form, in table II of this Part, with the income from each of these broad industrial sectors expressed as a percent of each State’s total personal income. Immediately obvious from the table is the extremely wide variation in the percentage of income received from farming (comprising the net income of farm proprietors, wages—net of employee contributions under the OASI program—and “other” labor income). As compared with 5 percent nationally, the range by States is from 1 percent in several of the Mideastern 1. It may be noted that the regional grouping of States employed in this study is new. (See Note on Regional Classification of States, p. 139.) Development of much of the text in terms of regional data—with a singling out of major inter-State deviations from the regional pattern— is largely a matter of convenient summarization, or generalization. But it reflects partly the consideration that the income records of these broader areas of the United States have an interest and significance of their own. In addition to the States, OBE’s geographic income work covers the Territory of Hawaii. (See Part V.) Economic developments in the Territory were discussed in a separate report, Income of Hawaii (described on p. 49). For that reason, Hawaii does not come within the scope of the present review, although insofar as possible the statistical tables that accompany the text include Territorial data for comparative purposes. PERSONAL INCOME, BY STATES, SINCE 192 9 and New England States to about 30 percent in North Dakota, with the proportion running as high as one-fifth in South Dakota, Mississippi, Arkansas, and Montana. Somewhat surprising, perhaps, are that in 10 of the 16 Southeastern and Southwestern States farming accounts for only 3-8 percent of all personal income T o ta l P e rs o n a l In co m e , P e r C a p it a P e rs o n a l In co m e , a n d P o p u la tio n , 1 9 5 5 Total personal income (millions of dollars) Continental United States New England . Maine . _ New Hampshire Vermont _ Massachusetts _ Rhode IslandConnecticut M ideast _ _ . _ ........ New York___ „ - ___ ____ New Jersey. Pennsylvania Delaware Maryland________ District of Columbia G reat Lakes . _ ................. Michigan Ohio _ . Indiana Illinois Wisconsin __ Plains Minnesota........... Iowa Missouri _ North Dakota South Dakota, _ Nebraska Kansas Southeast „ ............... Virginia _ _ _ West Virginia Kentucky Tennessee North Carolina South Carolina ..... Georgia _ __ Florida Alabama Mississippi Louisiana Arkansas Southw est_________________ ______ Oklahoma ..................._ Texas _. ............. New Mexico _ _ Arizona__ Rocky M ountain Montana Idaho . . Wyoming Colorado Utah _ _ _ ...................... Far W est Washington, Oregon Nevada California Territory of Hawaii Population (thousands) 303, 391 20, 075 1, 847 2, 087 164, 303 9, 619 77,718 2, 145 36, 234 69, 832 2, 078 33, 603 24, 439 1, 443 958 568 10, 010 1, 599 5, 497 36, 255 12, 304 20, 724 980 5, 463 1, 992 15, 632 18, 442 8, 201 20, 988 6, 569 1, 593 1, 732 1, 535 2, 097 1, 957 2, 499 2, 263 2, 311 1, 902 2, 513 1, 991 2, 324 2, 134 2, 062 1, 894 2, 257 1, 774 906 553 370 4, 773 817 2, 200 16, 021 5, 324 10, 898 390 2, 744 857 7, 326 8, 945 4, 329 9, 301 3, 702 5, 394 4, 213 7, 560 882 850 2, 147 3, 393 1, 647 1, 691 1, 577 1, 800 1, 372 1, 245 1, 540 1, 647 14, 842 46, 313 1, 291 35, 861 5, 494 2, 555 3, 728 4, 288 5, 371 2, 557 4, 882 5, 923 3, 674 2, 018 3, 910 1, 913 1, 535 1, 288 1, 238 1, 256 1, 236 1, 108 1, 333 1, 654 1, 181 946 1, 333 1, 062 3, 190 2, 671 4, 201 643 683 1, 394 2, 060 3, 579 1, 984 3, 011 3, 414 4, 344 2, 308 3, 662 3, 580 3, n o 2, 133 2, 934 1, 802 20, 166 1,581 12, 758 6, 569 1, 686 3, 897 38, 279 2, 189 17, 488 3, 328 14, 116 1, 134 1, 588 1, 160 895 547 2, 729 1, 238 5, 179 3, 090 572 29, 438 ______ Per capita personal income (dollars) 946 1, 506 1, 614 1, 430 1, 577 1, 844 1, 462 1, 753 1, 764 1, 553 1, 987 1, 834 2, 434 2, 271 1, 720 2, 210 8, 748 793 1, 007 629 612 312 1, 547 797 2, 607 1, 685 235 12, 961 650 3 and that the percentage is only 5 in California, the Nation’s largest agricultural State in point of total volume of farm income. “Government income disbursements” in the continental United States in 1955 formed 17 percent of personal income. Such disbursements cover the total income—wages and salaries (net of employee contributions for social insurance), “other” labor income, interest, and transfer payments—flowing to residents of the States from Federal and State and local government agencies. Only payments made directly to persons, it should be emphasized, are included in the measure. It does not include government purchases from business; the personal income arising from such purchases is covered, of course, in the private income flows. Income paid out by State and local government agencies in 1955—$19 billion in the country as a whole—amounted to 5^7 percent of all income in the large majority of States. Therefore, Federal Government payments, which totaled $32 billion, mainly account for geographic differentials in the proportion of personal income received from government. These, in turn, stem primarily from the location of national defense installations, as reflected in payroll disbursements to military personnel on duty and to civilian employees of the defense agencies. The remainder of Federal Government disbursements to residents of the States is distributed throughout the country rather uniformly in relation to total income. Apart from the special case of the District of Columbia, where the Government accounts directly for two-fifths of all personal income, Federal disbursements bulk largest in Virginia, Mary land, New Mexico, and Rhode Island, and run generally well above average in the southern and western regions. Nationally, 78 percent of personal income in 1955 was dis bursed by private nonfarm industries. The considerable variation around this average—from 87 percent in Connecticut to 52 percent in North Dakota—reflects chiefly the widely differing importance of farming as a source of personal income throughout the country. Civilian Income By Industries The breakdown of personal income just reviewed—farm, government, and private nonfarm—is as far as one can go in cross-classifying total personal income by State and industrial source. The private nonfarm income totals by States cannot be subdivided by industry mainly because of the lack of information on the industrial sources of dividends and interest. Available statistical data provide the basis for estimating the total amounts of dividends and interest received by residents of the States, but they do not show the industries from which these receipts origi nated.2 Although only a broad industrial breakdown of the complete total of personal income is possible, this report provides two other 2. Actually, this statistical lack pertains to all private industries, including agriculture. The farm income data in table II fall short of being a complete measure of all personal income attributable to farming since they do not cover individuals’ receipts of farm interest and dividends. However, this understatement of farm income (and consequent overstatement of “ private nonfarm income” , which was obtained by subtracting government income dis bursements and farm income from total personal income) is relatively small. 4 A SUPPLEMENT TO THE SURVEY OF CURRENT BUSINESS bodies of data which focus on industrial income patterns by geographic areas. One consists of estimates of wage and salary disbursements. These are shown in tables 4-62 (Part V) for each State and region for all years 1929-55, separately for 11 industrial divisions and for 19 component “2-digit” groups. And supplementary data on wages and salaries in approximately 20 individual types of manufacturing industries are given in tables 71-78 for 8 years of the 1939-55 period. In addition to these figures on wages and salaries by industry, the report contains State estimates of “industrial sources of civilian income received by persons for participation in current produc tion.” These are shown for a series of years in tables 64-70 (Part V). The 1955 estimates, which are expressed in percent age form in table IV, will be examined now as part of this crosssectional view of current State income flows. It remains to explain briefly the nature of this civilian income measure. Except for military disbursements, it covers the com bined total of wages and salaries, other labor income, and proprietors’ income. Unlike the other types of personal income (property returns and transfer payments), these three flows can be characterized very largely as the earnings received by indi viduals, both employees and self-employed, for their efforts in current production. With “civilian income” making up fourfifths of the Nation’s total personal income in 1955, the data in table IV afford a comprehensive and meaningful picture of the industrial structures of the State and regional economies. The major fact revealed by examination of this table is that farming, mining, and manufacturing account for the bulk of geographic variations in the industrial composition of total civilian earnings. This fact, in turn, encompasses two others: (a) Despite their widely differing importance individually, these 3 industries together account for roughly similar proportions of total civilian earnings in most areas; and (b) the proportions of aggregate civilian income by States and regions derived from the other industrial divisions enumerated in table IV—singly as well as in combination—are, on the whole, fairly uniform. Four-way grouping of industries In amplification of this broad characterization of the industrial source patterns of civilian earnings by geographic areas, the fol lowing condensation of table IV may prove helpful. It shows for the United States and each of the 8 regions the percentage of total civilian earnings in 1955 received from 4 groups of indus tries: commodity producing, distributive, service, and govern ment. In addition to farming, mining, and manufacturing, the commodity-producing group includes contract construction and “other” (the latter comprised largely of agricultural services, forestry, and fisheries). The distributive industries consist of wholesale and retail trade, transportation, and communications and public utilities. The service category comprises the services industry proper and finance, insurance, and real estate. Finally, the “government” column in the text table that follows combines the data shown in table IV for Federal civilian and State and local. In the commodity-producing industries, the percentages vary from 40 to 49 in 6 of the regions, in relation to 45)( nationally, and show a range from 39 in the Rocky Mountain area to 54 in the Great Fakes. By States, the range is of course wider, but not substantially so. For 34 States the commodity-producing per centages are within the 39-54 percent regional spread; and 7 other States fall outside of it by only a percentage point or two. Principal exceptions to pattern are the District of Columbia, where the Federal Government is the dominant source of income, and Florida and Nevada, where the below-average importance of the commodity-producing sector (about 30 percent) reflects mainly an unusual emphasis upon trade and service activities geared to tourists. On balance, the extent of geographic uniformity in the relative importance of the commodity-producing group of industries (see chart) is fairly rough, but is none the less significant. It stands in sharp contrast to the individually heterogeneous roles of farming, mining, and manufacturing within the commodity-producing segment, as depicted in table IV. A rather impressive degree of similarity is found among the regions in the proportion of individuals’ civilian earnings derived from distributive and service industries. In 41 States the pro portion accounted for by the distributive group alone amounts to 25-33 percent, which is the approximate regional variation and compares with 28}( percent for the country as a whole. For the service industries, which contribute 15}i percent of the civilian in come total on a national basis, 34 States fall within the regional range of 13-18 percent, with an additional 9 States having a figure of 11 or 12 percent. P e rc e n t o f to t a l c iv ilia n e a rn in g s, 1 9 5 5 C om m od D istrib ity-produc u tive in ing indus dustries tries Service in G overn dustries m en t Continental United States 45. 6 28. 3 15.5 10.5 New England Mideast Great Lakes . _ __ Plains_________ Southeast-___. Southwest _ Rocky Mountain Far West___ _ 48. 9 42. 3 53. 8 44. 0 44. 9 40. 7 38. 9 40. 4 25. 0 28. 6 25. 8 32. 4 28. 3 32. 1 32. 4 29. 0 16. 5 18. 1 12. 7 14. 1 14. 5 15. 6 14. 5 17. 7 9. 6 10. 9 7. 8 9. 5 12. 2 11. 7 14. 3 12. 9 By regions, government employees receive from 8 to 14 percent of all civilian earnings. A percentage within this range obtains in 39 of the States. The earnings of State and local government employees, it may be added, amount to 5-8 percent of civilian income in all States. The earnings of Federal employees are appreciably less uniform in this regard. They comprise 2-6 percent of civilian income in 39 States, with the percentage running as high as 15 in Virginia and 11-12 in Maryland and Utah. Key features of regional economies We may recapitulate briefly. As evidenced by the breakdown of individuals’ civilian earnings in 1955, the industrial structures of the various States and regions exhibit general correspondence in the relative importance of commodity production and dis 5 PERSONAL INCOME, BT STATES, SINCE 1929 tributive, service, and government activities.3 Within the com modity-producing sector of these economies, however, widely varying emphasis is placed upon farming, mining, and manu facturing. That this connotes a high degree of geographic specialization in commodity production is further attested to by study of the State payroll data in Part V for major types of manufactures and mining, and of the Agriculture Department’s State breakdowns of farmers’ cash receipts by detailed types of commodities.4 It is believed that these two broad features—commodityproduction specialization on the one hand, and generally similar importance of distributive and service (including government) pursuits on the other—provide a significant view of the geographic economies of the United States. They depict these economies as highly interdependent, linked to each other by a complex net work of commodity and service flows. Further, they support a general view of the United States as a single “national economy” comprised of complementary, interrelated regional economies— rather than as a “weighted average” of separate regional econo mies having a high degree of independence and passing through individually distinct stages of economic structure (as delineated above by the 4-way grouping of industries).5 Bearing significantly on this point, it is to be noted that the profound economic changes of the past quarter of a century— featuring a vast growth in real national output and shifts in its composition—have had relatively little impact on geographic differences in the broad industrial source patterns of income. In 1929, as well as in 1955, both specialized commodity-produc tion and distributive and service activities were of roughly similar importance throughout the country. This fact emerges from analysis of table IX which provides data on civilian earn ings for 1929 correlative to those in table IV for 1955. Table IX is presented in connection with the subsequent review of long term trends in the geographic income distribution; the implica tions of this table for the present discussion will be amplified in that review. These features of regional income patterns in the United States— specialized commodity production and similar emphasis upon distribution and service—are attributable to numerous factors. Among them are the location and character of natural resources, mobility of labor and capital funds, common institutions and laws, and access to broader regional and national markets made possible by the absence of trade barriers and highly developed systems of transportation and communication. The close economic inter-link of geographic areas in this coun try is demonstrated not only by tables IV and IX, but by an in 3. This “ correspondence” is basically somewhat greater than that outlined above. This is because the data for a single year reflect transient factors,, such as the erraticalness of farm income changes. 4. The State farm income estimates from which the percentages in table IV were computed are not available by type of commodity. This is chiefly because of the absence of a commodity breakdown of farmers’ production expenses, which enter importantly into the calculation of these net income estimates. However, the gross figures on cash receipts from crops and live stock are suitable for the purpose indicated. 5. Given the wide variations in per capita income levels among the States and regions, it follows that geographic differences in economic status, or development, in the United States do not reflect differences in industrial structure—as such structure has been defined and measured here. This point, of course, is not addressed to the question of the geographic re lation between per capita income and the detailed composition of industry (including farm ing). teresting tally of year-to-year changes in personal income by States since 1929. This shows that in every year in which the change in personal income (either total or per capita) on a national basis has been appreciable the direction of change has been the same in all or a very large majority of the individual States. It would seem to be clearly indicated that the major stimulus of economic forces in the United States is national rather than geographic in scope and origin. Distribution of Personal Income by Type In addition to the industrial sources of personal income by States, the source patterns in terms of type of income merit attention. Relative Importance of Commodity Producing Industries by Regions, 1955 Percent of total civilian earnings REGION 0 25 50 FROM COMMODITY | 75 100 FROM ALL OTHER New England Mideast Great Lakes Plains Southeast Southwest Rocky Mountain il I Far West 1 I d lls i U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, OFFICE OF BUSINESS ECONOMICS. 5 6 -3 8 -2 | 6 A SUPPLEMENT TO THE SURVEY OF CURRENT BUSINESS The percentage distribution of personal income by type in 1955 for each State and region is shown in table III. These percent ages are based on estimates provided in tables 4-62 (Part V). By way of brief definition of the principal types of personal income, it may be noted that wage and salary disbursements are a comprehensive measure covering employees of government (including military), farms, and private households as well as of industrial and commercial establishments, and are measured before deduction of individuals’ contributions to the various programs of social insurance; proprietors'' income measures the net earnings of the self-employed, including farmers, independent professional practitioners, and proprietors of nonfarm business establishments; property income consists of dividends, interest, and the net rental income of persons; and transfer paym ents comprise disbursements made to individuals not in return for current productive services, such as old-age benefits, unemployment benefits, direct relief, and veterans’ pensions and benefits. Of primary significance are the appreciably different propor tions which wages and salaries and proprietors’ incomes form of all personal income in various parts of the country. Wages and salaries—which together with transfer payments are received by groups which in general exhibit a relatively high ratio of spending out of current income—make up 73-75 percent of the personal income total in Virginia, Michigan, Maryland, and Ohio, as against 46 percent in North Dakota and 51-54 percent in South Dakota, Iowa, and Mississippi. In these and other States, a generally converse pattern is found for proprietors’ income, which as a proportion of total income tends to be relatively high (low) in areas where wages and salaries are relatively low (high). These type-of-income relationships mirror geographic differ ences in the industrial composition of income. Of greatest influence are the comparative roles of farming and manufac turing. The bulk of personal income received from farming consists of proprietors’ income; from manufacturing, wages and salaries. Therefore, as reflected in table III, an unusually high ratio of proprietors’ income distinguishes the income composition of agricultural areas, whereas wages and salaries tend to make up a relatively high proportion of total income in industrial areas. Numerous special influences, however, are operative. For instance, the high ratio of wages and salaries in Virginia—the highest in the country in 1955—stems from the concentration in the State of Federal government personnel at defense installations. Because of this, wage and salary disbursements—as against transfer payments and other types of flows—comprise an especial ly large share of government income paid out in Virginia, and this serves to raise the weight of such disbursements in total personal income. In Nevada, on the other hand, wages and salaries are of comparatively large magnitude mainly because the State’s important service industries are predominately cor porate in legal form of organization. Within these industries, payrolls (versus, principally, proprietors’ income) comprise a very large proportion of total earnings accruing to residents of the State. Along with wages and salaries and proprietors’ income, prop erty income is one of the three largest types of personal income. This category, as already mentioned, consists of dividends, interest, and rental income. Property income does not form a substantially varying propor tion of personal income in the several regions and in most States. This generalization must be amended, however, by specific note of the unusually high ratio of property income in Delaware (20 percent) and the District of Columbia (16 percent), as well as the comparative lowness of this ratio in Mississippi, Alabama, and several other Southeastern States (8 to 9 percent). Regional Trends In Personal Income P r o b a b l y the most important aspect of interpreting changes in the geographic distribution of income is to distinguish trends from other influences responsible for the changes. Unfortunately, this is not a simple, unequivocally clear-cut matter. Prior to a discussion of regional income trends, it will be necessary to explain at least briefly the concept and statistical derivation of the particular trend measures that are presented here. The main purpose of trend analysis is to furnish a guide to the future through study of the past. “Trend” is a long-term con cept; it connotes secular growth or decline. Regularity and persistency are associated with the idea of a trend, whereas frequent and sudden changes are quite inconsistent with it. Trend analysis, then, involves the attempt to isolate the basic long-term tendency in the past movements of a statistical series to aid in judging the general course it .might be expected to follow in the future. Regional income-trend measures should not reflect either irregular, random factors or changes resulting from movements of the business cycle. These are not long-term elements in the income flow. Numerous examples can be cited of irregular, random factors affecting the geographic income distribution. A few are de mobilization of the armed forces, reconversion of industry from war production, State government bonuses to war veterans, sharp fluctuations in farm prices and output, and temporary shifts in the general demand situation. The short-run income PERSONAL INCOME, BT STATES, SINCE 1929 changes stemming from such factors are not, in general, of trend significance. It is also clear that comparisons involving different stages of prosperity, depression, and recovery cannot serve the purpose of trend analysis. Changes in the regional distribution of income from 1929 to 1933 or from 1933 to 1955 are not measures of trend and cannot be used validly in assessing the probable pattern of future long-run developments. Rather, they reflect mainly the volatility of income in areas affected most directly by the wide cyclical swings in durable goods manufactures and in farm prices, and the relative stability of income in areas where there is little agriculture and where nondurable goods manufactures and other “sluggish” sources of income are comparatively important. Changes in the geographic distribution of income between differ ent points of the business cycle are largely measures of geographic differences in cyclical sensitivity, stemming from the divergent characteristics of the various regional economies. The basic trends of relative growth or decline are obscured. Measurement of Regional Income Trends Following this statement of general definition, the next question concerns the method of measuring income trends for the States and regions. Such trends, it is to be noted at the outset, are developed in terms of the differing tendencies of the States and regions to receive an increased or decreased percentage share of total personal income in the Nation. The trend considered here is, therefore, the trend relative to that of the United States as a whole, which is accepted as the standard of reference or common denominator. The national trend, it must be borne in mind, is one of strong growth. This is evident from the well-known fact that the real volume of gross national product has expanded at an average rate of about 3 percent per year since 1929. Over the same span, personal income—after allowance for the increase in consumer prices—has considerably more than doubled in the aggregate and advanced by two-thirds on a per capita basis. All States and regions have shared in these impressive gains— some proportionately more than others. A downtrend relative to the Nation, therefore, simply means less-than-average per centage growth; it does not signify a declining trend in the abso lute sense. The approach in trend measurement which has been followed entails the use of “current-dollar” estimates of personal income, reflecting changes in the general level of prices as well as in “real” income. It therefore depends for its maximum usefulness and relevance on the assumption of generally similar long-run price changes in all States and regions. This assumption, as will be shown presently, is a reasonably good one. The procedure of measuring geographic income trends relative to the national trend which has been adopted in this report may be termed the “selected-years” method. In accordance with the criteria already established, trend computations by this method are based on years which (1) refer to approximately comparable points on the business cycle, (2) cover a long period of time, and (3) are free from serious distortions of irregular, 7 random influences. The years chosen for this purpose are the average for 1927-29 and for 1953-55. The actual measurement involves simply a comparison of each area’s percent of total personal income in these two periods—an increased or decreased percentage signifying, of course, an up ward or downward income trend relative to the Nation’s. In table V, the column on “percent change in relative position, 1927-29 to 1953-55” measures the trend in total income, relative to the United States, for individual States and regions. This was obtained by computing the percent increase or decrease from 1927-29 to 1953-55 in the percentage of the Nation’s total income received by each of the States and regions. Alternatively, this trend measure can be computed from the column of data (also in table V) on “personal income in 1953-55 as percent of 1927-29” . The procedure would be to divide the State and regional percentages by the United States percentage and then subtract 100 from each of the resulting indexes. At this point, two aspects of the proposed method of trend measurement—one specific, the other general—require elabora tion. 1. Three-year averages (1927-29 and 1953-55) were adopted as the basis of computation so as to reduce the effects of irregu larities or abnormalities that might stem from the use of single years. The fact that the official State income estimates begin with 1929 presented a problem in this regard. The figures for 1930 and 1931, years of cyclical decline, would not be appropriate for use in measuring trends. Therefore, special State estimates of personal income in 1927 and 1928, as shown in table V, were prepared for this purpose. The adequacy of statistical sources on income by States falls off considerably prior to 1929. It was possible, however, to obtain basic data permitting the preparation of independent State distributions, by more or less the usual procedure, of income components comprising three-fifths of personal income on a national basis. For the remainder, the national totals for each of numerous components were allocated by Slates for 1927 and 1928 according to the distribution in 1929. Statistically, the State income estimates for 1927 and 1928 are rated as satisfactory for purpose of the 3-year averages. The principal reason is that the components for which it was possible to prepare independent State distributions included both farm income and manufacturing wages and salaries. It is an observed fact that these two elements usually account for the bulk of annual changes in income by States, with farm income being particularly volatile. Conversely, the State distributions of many of the components for which it was necessary to hold the 1929 pattern constant change slowly from year to year. 2. Although the reasons for use of the “selected years” method have been indicated, they might be amplified by brief explanation of why a formal statistical procedure was not adopted involving correlation of the annual income of each area against the income of the Nation and time. This explanation runs mainly in terms of the character of the period under review—encompassing the precipitous fall from the prosperity of 1929 into the deep depres sion of the early 1930’s; the subsequent recovery, interrupted by the sharp though brief recession of 1938, but then continuing through the remaining prewar years; the period of World War II; reconversion and the postwar boom, with attendant infla tionary strains; the mild business recession of 1949; the rapid 8 A SUPPLEMENT TO THE SURVEY OF CURRENT BUSINESS recovery of 1950, merging in the latter half of that year into the period of hostilities in Korea; and the most recent years of generally unprecedented peacetime prosperity. Taken together, these widely diverse events or conditions would not appear to furnish an adequate frame of reference for measurement of geographic income trends—unless, perchance, it can be demon strated that their specific, and often varying, short-run effects on the State income distribution somehow “averaged out” so as not to obscure the underlying relative trends.6 If annual State estimates were available for a very long period of years so as to permit study of the geographic income effects of business cycle behavior, it would be possible, at least in principle, to separate statistically the trend element of personal income in each region. But, given the inability of employing an annual series in this manner, resort is had to the “selected years” method of gauging the relative income trends by areas. rate or whether it was curvilinear in pattern. This warns against a mechanical projection of the past rate of growth or decline into the future—on the assumption that it is straightline in nature. It is, of course, inadvisable under any circumstances to project a past trend without recourse to further economic analysis and the exercise of personal judgment. The trend measures will be subjected to several types of analysis to test their validity. These will include an attempt, on a limited scale, to evaluate the trend significance of changes in the regional income distribution w ith in (as against over) the period covered by the estimates. This does relatively little, however, to overcome the just-mentioned lack of knowledge regarding the shape of the measured trends. Limitations of the method This method, it is to be noted, has several limitations. One involves the necessary assumption that for the years selected as the basis of comparison all areas were on the same stage of the business cycle as the Nation. Another limitation stems from the fact that there is no certainty that these years are wholly appropriate from the standpoint of minimization of random or erratic factors. The particular relevance of this consideration for determining the income trends of agricultural areas will become apparent. A further characteristic of this income trend measure is that it refers to a comparison of cyclical peaks and hence tends to give greater weight to the trend of cyclically variable income sources than would a measure based on an average position in the business cycle. It is easy to exaggerate the importance of these limitations; but because of them, as well as the very nature of the task of trend measurement and analysis, precision should not be attached to the proposed trend measures. These measures, it is believed, are valid as indicators of the direction and general magnitude of trends in the geographic income distribution. As such they are valuable regional economic data. Before this part of the discussion is closed, a principal charac teristic—really an additional limitation—of this method of measuring geographic income trends should be noted. A com parison of each area’s share of the Nation’s income in 1953-55 with what it was in 1927-29 yields simply a measure of the change in the area’s relative position over this period. It is thereby known that relative growth or decline occurred, but the com parison itself tells nothing about the course of its development— whether the growth or decline proceeded at an even, straight-line 6. I t seems unlikely, however, th at such demonstration can be made on an extensive scale. For example, because of the exceptionally strong upsurge of farm income from its 1933 trough to its 1948 peak, the line of average relationship between State and national personal income over the 1929-55 period tends to have too steep a slope for States in which farming contributes a relatively large share of total income (with the converse tendency applying to predominately non-agricultural States). I t is “too steep” because a State’s above-average income rise from 1933 to 1948 that was due essentially to the cyclical upsweep of farm income should not in fluence a relationship intended as an aid for projecting the State’s total personal income to full-employment years. Another difficulty of correlation analysis in this specific application may be noted. For some States the plotted observations between State and national personal income for the depression and/or World War II years are not scattered randomly about the line of average relationship, but clearly reflect the special, or differential, influences of the depression and war on the income flows of these States. Such lack of “randomness” limits the attem pt to find meaningful time patterns in the deviations, or residuals, from the line of average relationship. TRENDS IN TOTAL INCOME Changes in the geographic distribution of income in the United States over the past quarter of a century have been substantial. Pronounced trends are clearly evident. As already noted, the State and regional trends in total personal income are shown in table V, in the column, “percent change in relative position, 1927-29 to 1953-55”. This column shows for each State and region the extent of the gain or decline, relative to the Nation, in total income over this long period. For the regions, the measured trends include sizable relative declines in New England and the Mideast and large relative gains in the Far West, Southwest, and Southeast. A moderate uptrend is evidenced for the Rocky Mountain area; a moderate downtrend for the Plains States. The Great Lakes region tended to receive an approximately constant share of the Nation’s income. The accompanying chart portrays this relative shift in the distribution of personal income from the Northeast (New England and Mideast) to the South and West. From 1927-29 to 1953-55, the share of all income received in the Northeast declined onefifth, from 40 percent to 32 percent. The proportion of the national total accounted for by the four southern and western regions increased one-third, from 27 percent to 36 percent. The share of the North Central area (Great Lakes and Plains) changed little—from 32 percent to 31 percent. Also shown in a chart on page 10 are the percentage increases in total personal income for the United States and each of the 8 regions over the period under review. As compared with the nation-wide increase of 255 percent in the dollar volume of per sonal income between 1927-29 and 1953-55, there were expan sions of 418 percent in the Far West, 363 percent in the South west, 360 percent in the Southeast, and 285 percent in the Rocky Mountain States. The combined rate for these four regions of the South and West, 373 percent, was twice as large as the approximate 185 percent increase in personal income recorded for each of the New England and Mideast regions. It is also instructive to view the regional shifts in terms of absolute increases in income. Total personal income received in the South and West averaged $106 billion during the years 1953-55, as compared with $22 billion in the 1927-29 period. 9 PERSONAL INCOME, BY STATES, SINCE 1929 Though starting from a lower income base, this expansion con siderably outstripped that in New England and the Mideast— from $33 billion to $94 billion. As will become evident from the later discussion, there are numerous parallels between New England and the Mideast in respect to their relatively declining trends of personal income. However, the most fundamental characteristic they have in common is simply their comparative economic maturity. The declining relative income positions of New England and the Mideast reflect in large measure the industrial, commercial, and Distribution of Personal Income Percent of U. S. Total 100 80 • — North Central South and West 40 • — 20 Northeast Pattern by States The foregoing is a general picture of regional trends in personal income. It is desirable to test their validity, or significance, for use as guides to the future. One step that can be taken is to determine the pervasiveness of the regional trends among the States. Is there a tendency for the individual State trends, of which the regional trends are composed, to be uniform in direc tion? Or are the regional trends merely a conglomerate averag ing of differing State trends? Of course, the trends for individual States are of interest in their own right, apart from the check they afford on developments in the broader areas. With reference again to table V, it is seen that all of the New England States sustained reduced shares of the Nation’s total income between 1927-29 and 1953-55. In the Mideast the trend of income in 2 of the States—Maryland and Delaware— ran counter to the region’s relative decline. All of the 12 South eastern States except West Virginia and Arkansas improved their relative positions over this interval. Improvement occurred also in each of the Southwestern States except Oklahoma and in all 4 States of the Far West. Consistency of State pattern is found also for the 2 regions in which the long-term shifts in relative income position were moderate. All of the Plains States received smaller percentages of national personal income in 1953-55 than in 1927—29. Each of the Rocky Mountain States except Montana received a higher share. In summary, of the 44 States comprising the regions with declining or rising relative income trends, all but 6 are shown to have trends in the same direction as the trend for the particular region in which they are located. Of the 5 Great Lakes States— the “no-trend” region—sizable (and roughly counterbalancing) trends are in evidence for Indiana, Michigan, and Illinois; relatively small changes for Ohio and Wisconsin. In view of the appreciable heterogeneity characterizing the States comprising the regional classification—and this must characterize any regional classification of States—the degree of uniformity of pattern is striking. It is surely one which attests to the pervasiveness of the regional trends in personal income. 0 1927-29 1953-55 Personal Income - Millions of Dollars REGION 1927-29 avg. 1953-55 avg. U. S. TOTAL 81,827 290,426 NORTH CENTRAL SOUTH and WEST NORTHEAST 26,564 22,398 32,865 90,734 105,944 93,748 U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, OFFICE OF BUSINESS ECONOMICS. population growth of the newer and less developed parts of the country. Any tapering in this rate of growth would make the forces underlying the shift in the distribution of income towards the South and West less strong in the future than they were in the past. And it is to be emphasized that New England and the Mideast still account for one-third of the Nation’s personal income and are principal centers of population and production. Changes in Real Income Next to be considered is the extent to which the regional trend measures presented here reflect relative shifts in “real” income— that is, in personal income after allowance for differential changes by regions in the prices paid by consumers for goods and services. This inquiry can be answered with the aid of price indexes com piled by Abner Hurwitz and Carlyle P. Stallings of the U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. In a paper, “Interregional Differentials in Per Capita Real Income Change”, prepared for the June 1955 regional income meeting sponsored by the Conference on Research in Income and Wealth of the National Bureau of Economic Research, Hurwitz and Stallings presented and described annual price indexes for each State, covering the years 1929-53. These were generally comparable in scope to the BLS Consumer Price Index which is 10 A SUPPLEMENT TO THE SURVEY OF CURRENT BUSINESS issued monthly for the United States as a whole.7 Prior to this important contribution, it was not possible to take comprehensive account of price changes in evaluating geographic income developments. For the purpose of this bulletin, Hurwitz and Stallings extended their indexes on a regional basis back to 1927 and forward to 1955. To avoid excessive computational effort not likely to affect the results appreciably, the computed regional indexes for 1929 and 1953 were projected by means of data for selected States having the principal weight in these indexes. Shown here in the text tabulation are the data on income and price changes affording a direct comparison of regional trends in current-dollar personal income and real personal income. Sources of Regional Trends Another appraisal of the measured trends in total income which can be made is to study their sources. Did the relative income growth in a particular region reflect increased population and larger-than-average expansion in nearly all industrial sources of income, or was it concentrated mainly in one segment of the economy? This and other such relevant questions can be answered by this type of analysis. Regional Gains in Personal Income | Percent increase, 1927-29 to 1953-55 1953-55 as percent of 1927-29 United States New England _ Mideast . Great Lakes Plains _. SoutheastSouthwest_____ _ Rocky M ountain___ Far West __ - - - - __ . _ - - Percent change in relative position Personal income Con sumer prices Real personal income Personal income 355 157 282 286 348 324 460 463 385 518 156 153 158 162 157 159 164 161 226 181 187 220 200 293 291 234 322 -2 1 -1 9 -2 -9 + 29 + 30 + 8 + 46 0 100 200 300 400 1 Real personal income -2 0 -1 7 -3 -1 2 +30 + 29 +3 + 42 The personal income data are taken from table V. The real income figures, in the third and fifth columns, are parallel com putations based on deflation of personal income by the consumer price indexes. These indexes show that changes over the 1927-55 span in the overall average of prices paid by consumers were remarkably similar in the 8 broad regions of the country. As a concomitant, the pattern of regional trends in real income was not very different from that already reviewed in terms of the published current dollar estimates. It is evident that the measured trends in personal income for the individual States are also indicative of relative shifts in real income. For even on a State basis, long-term consumer price increases (based on comparison of the 1929 and 1953 data in the Hurwitz-Stallings paper) have differed relatively little from the national average. This fact, it may be noted in passing, is additional significant evidence of the close interrelatedness of the geographic economies as constituent parts of the national economy. Unfortunately, there is still a lack of comprehensive informa tion on differences in consumer price levels from State to State. It is not possible, therefore, to adjust the published State esti mates of per capita income for any single year so as to reveal the underlying differentials in real income. 7. This paper will be included in the published proceedings of the meeting which are now in press—Vol. X X I of Studies in Income and Wealth, National Bureau of Economic Research, New York. U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, OFFICE OF BUSINESS ECONOMICS. 5 6 -3 8 -4 The knowledge to be gained from it is particularly valuable for use in conjunction with one’s judgments as to the probable course of future economic developments, both nationally and for particular regions. And it should be emphasized that the infor mation on past regional income trends, while useful and valuable, 11 PERSONAL INCOME, BY STATES, SINCE 192 9 should be supplemented by personal judgments as to the bearing of possible future developments on the regional economies. For example, it is important for this purpose to have a considered opinion as to the future long-term role of agriculture in the Nation’s income flow, and even to evaluate its implications for the several regions. If agricultural developments have served to “hold down” a region’s past trend (relative to the Nation) in total income, that trend would be modified or discarded if there was good reason to believe that the long-term prospects for the region’s agriculture were favorable. Sources of the regional trends in total income can be analyzed with the aid of the same types of tabular material as used in the earlier cross-sectional view of State personal income in 1955. This material, it will be recalled, covers broad industrial sources of total personal income, industrial sources of civilian income received by persons for participation in current production, and the composition of personal income by type. The analysis can be made more detailed through use of the additional payroll breakdowns given in Part V. Tables VI and VII constitute the principal statistical basis for the summary appraisal to be undertaken here. They show percentage distributions by States and regions for each of num erous components of personal income. The distributions in table VI—covering farm income, nonfarm income, government income disbursements, and private nonfarm income—refer to the periods 1927-29 and 1953-55, thereby providing an exact tie-in with the trend measures of total personal income. How ever, the distributions for private nonfarm industries in table VII are given for 1929 and 1955, since single-year comparisons were deemed generally sufficient for measuring the relative long-term shifts by States and regions in these industrial in come flows. Following, then, is a digest of the main facts about the roles of farming, government, manufacturing, population, and other factors in the long-term geographic changes in personal income. There is sufficient independence among these factors to make their separate study of significance, but it must be realized that to some extent they are mutually interacting and that they have different degrees of primacy as determinants of total income. Income from farming and government Nationally, farm income amounted to an average of $7 billion per year in 1927-29 and $15 billion in 1953-55. This increase, percentagewise, was much less than that which occurred in other income sources, so that farm income declined from 8}( per cent to 5 percent of total personal income. (For full perspective however, it should be added that the number of persons engaged in farming declined markedly over this span, and that average incomes earned in farming rose by a considerably larger pro portion than those in nonfarm pursuits.) Comparison of the distributions of the Nation’s farm income in the 1927-29 and 1953-55 periods shows that an increased share accrued to the Far West, approximately similar shares to the Great Lakes and Southeast, and decreased shares to the other 5 regions. The net result was a sizable relative shift of farm income to the Far Western States. World War II and its aftermath of expanded national defense activity have resulted in the considerably greater influence of 3 7 5 1 1 5 0 — 5 7 -------- 2 government on the flow of personal income. The dollar volume of income paid out directly to persons by Federal, State, and local governments averaged $48 billion in the years 1953-55, or 16 percent of all personal income—as compared with figures of $6 billion and 7 percent for 1927-29. Over the period 1927-55, the percentage shares of all govern ment income disbursements in the Nation received by New England and the Mideast declined, whereas increased shares accrued to the Southeast, Southwest, Rocky Mountain area, and Far West. In each of these regions, the change in the share of government income disbursements was in the same direction as the change in the share of total personal income. The best, and most direct, way of gauging the geographic effects of income changes in farming and government is to com pare the relative trends in nonfarm income and private nonfarm income (table VI) with those in total personal income (table V). Such comparison can aid materially in interpreting and evalu ating the State and regional trends in total personal income. A specific value of this stems from the circumstance that one cannot be certain about the validity of using the periods 1927-29 and 1953-55 as reference points for measuring long-term re gional shifts in farm income—essentially because of the marked volatility of this income source. It may also be added that non farm measures of geographic income growth (such as those pro vided in table VI) have an independent usefulness for market research. The data by regions for the trend measures of total income, nonfarm income, and private nonfarm income are given here. P e rc e n t ch a n g e in r e la tiv e p o s itio n , 1 9 2 7 - 2 9 to 1 9 5 3 —5 5 Personal income Nonfarm income -2 1 -1 9 -2 -9 + 29 + 30 +8 + 46 -2 3 -2 2 -3 -2 + 39 + 46 + 18 + 46 Private nonfarm income -2 2 -2 1 +1 -1 + 32 + 41 + 13 + 42 The tabulation requires careful interpretation. It takes account not only of changes in the relative distributions of farm income and government income disbursements, as recorded in table VI, but also of the differing weights, or importance, of these 2 com ponent flows in the personal incomes of the Nation and of the several regions. The 3 trend measures for New England and the Mideast are generally similar. This similarity does not mean that farming and government did not contribute to, or help account for, the relative declines of total income in these regions. Rather, it means that the contributions of these 2 sources were not differentially large but, on balance, were of about the same proportionate magnitudes as those stemming from private nonfarm income. On the other hand, it is found that developments in farming served to dampen the relative growth of total income in the 12 A SUPPLEMENT TO THE SURVEY OF CURRENT BUSINESS Plains, Southeast, Southwest, and Rocky Nfountain regions; and that governmental flows were comparatively more important than private disbursements in contributing to the relative up trends of personal income in the 4 southern and western areas of the Nation. Still, the principal conclusion to which this text tabulation leads is that farming and government fall far short of accounting fully for the regional shifts in total income since 1927-29. In the case of the Plains States, they (mainly farming) “explain” fully the region’s moderate relative decline in total income. And the appreciably better showing by the Southwest and Rocky Mountain regions in terms of the two nonfarm measures is note worthy. But, except for the Plains States, these measures do not change basically the picture of regional income trends delineated by the data on total personal income. Attention is therefore turned to table VII, containing per centage distributions by major industrial division of the income received by individuals from private nonfarm sources for their participation in current production. For each of the several industries shown in the table, it may be noted again, this measure covers wages and salaries, other labor income, and proprietors’ income. Manufacturing The manufacturing industry is of obvious and basic importance in conditioning both short-term and long-term changes in the regional distribution of income. The pattern of regional changes from 1929 to 1955 in individuals’ earnings in manufacturing was much the same as that in total personal income. New England and the Mideast accounted for declining shares of all manufacturing income, and the South east, Southwest, and Far West accounted for increasing shares. The share of the industrially important Great Lakes region— currently, 33 percent—was little changed. New England and the Mideast place unusually large emphasis upon manufacturing as a source of income. In these regions, however, percentage increases in manufacturing income since 1929 have been markedly below the country-wide average. They have been smaller than those in all other regions—as portrayed in the chart on private nonfarm earnings—and have averaged little more than two-fifths as large as the combined rate of expansion registered by the Far West, Southeast, and South west. The combined share of individuals’ earnings in manu facturing received in New England and the Mideast declined from 45 percent in 1929 to 36 percent in 1955. The substantial progress in industrialization by the Far West, Southeast, and Southwest has been a key factor in their large relative gains in total personal income. The percentage of the Nation’s manufacturing income disbursed in these three regions rose from 16}( percent in 1929 to 25 percent in 1955—an increase, in relative terms, of one-half. But, despite this progress, the Far West, Southeast, and Southwest are by no means “industrialized.” Of the 20 States comprising these regions, in only 2—North Carolina and South Carolina—was income from manufacturing as important a source of civilian earnings in 1955 as in the country at large (see table IV). Trade and service income After manufacturing, wholesale and retail trade is the largest industrial source of earnings for the Nation’s employed labor force. Ranking next are the service industries. These embrace a wide variety of establishments and activities—such as medical, legal, engineering, and other professional services; amusements and recreation, including motion pictures; various types of serv ices to business; personal services; domestic services; hotels; and charitable, welfare, and relief organizations. Income from trade and from the services also exhibited a regional pattern of relative shifts from 1929 to 1955 very similar to that in total personal income. For both industrial divisions, there were declines in the percentages of the national total re ceived in New England and the Mideast and gains in the South east, Southwest, Rocky Mountain, and Far West areas. The shares of the Great Lakes and Plains were reduced moderately over this period. There was a strong tendency for individual States to follow the regional pattern. Most of the New England and Mideastern States sustained reduced shares of trade and service income from 1929 to 1955; and practically all of the 25 southern and western States received larger shares. The few exceptions to pattern occurred in the same States where the relative trend in total income ran counter to the regional trend. Other industries Regional shifts from 1929 to 1955 in the remaining industria sources of personal income listed in table VII can be summarized briefly. The picture which emerges upon study of the distribu tions for the 5 industries is fairly uniform, and similar in general outline to that already described for manufacturing, trade, and the services. For each of the industries—mining; contract construction; finance, insurance, and real estate; transportation; and communi cations and public utilities—New England and the Mideast re ceived lower percentages of total individual earnings in 1955 than in 1929, and the Southeast, Southwest, and Far West received higher percentages. In rough accord with its moderate rela tive uptrend in total income, the Rocky Mountain area accounted for similar or larger percentages in 1955 as compared with 1929. For the Plains States, the record for the 5 industries as a whole was one of little relative trend; for the Great Lakes, moderate but consistent declines are evidenced. Such over-all uniformity between trends in total personal income and in the volume of individual earnings in these 5 industries prevailed on a State as well as regional basis. Table VII should be examined, however, for the many specific features which this generalization cannot reveal. Included among them are the very sharp drop in the percentage of the Nation’s mining income received in Pennsylvania, which accounts for practically all mining activity in the northeastern States; the outstanding expansions in mining (mainly crude petroleum and natural gas) which occurred in Texas and Louisiana; the unusual magnitude of the geographic shifts in contract construction, the four southern and western regions obtaining 40 percent of total individual earnings in this industry in 1955 as against 23 percent in 1929; 13 PERSONAL INCOME, BY STATES, SINCE 192 9 and the dominance of Illinois in the reductions of the Great Lakes percentages noted above.8 The foregoing summary is incomplete. To have assayed the precise roles of each of the various industries in contributing to the measured regional trends in total personal income would have unduly lengthened and complicated the analysis, and would not have altered the principal fact to which it points: That these trends derived from a broad array of industrial sources. The regional shifts in income from these sources were substantially similar, as to direction, to the regional shifts in 8. W ith regard to these reductions, there is the broader point that from 1929 to 1955 the Great Lakes region sustained reduced shares of individuals’ earnings in all industries except manufacturing. T hat the region’s share of total personal income also has not declined (except negligibly) is thus due to its record in manufacturing. For the country as a whole, income from manufacturing has expanded at a much larger rate than nonmanufacturing income; the Great Lakes States are more industrialized than any other region; and their long-term industrial advance has fully matched that of the Nation. total income. It therefore follows that the regional trends in personal income have considerable underlying strength. Property income This investigation into the sources of the regional trends in personal income turns now to property income. It might first be noted that the other major types of personal income—wage and salary disbursements, other labor income, proprietors’ income, and transfer payments—can furnish little fresh evidence on the subject. This is so for 2 reasons: (1) The review of long-term regional shifts in income by industry encompassed all of these categories, and (2) industrial develop ments have a strong influence on changes in types of income. As might be expected, therefore, wages and salaries, other labor income, proprietors’ income, and transfer payments reveal Percent Increase in Private Nonfarm Earnings by Regions, 1929 to 1955 REGION TOTAL MANUFACTURING TRADE and SERVICE United States Far West Southwest Southeast Rocky Mountain Great Lakes Plains Mideast New England PERCENT INCREASE U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, OFFICE OF BUSINESS ECONOMICS. ALL OTHER 14 A SUPPLEMENT TO THE SURVEY OF CURRENT BUSINESS changes in geographic distribution from 1929 to 1955 that, on the whole, are well in line with those observed for total personal income and its major industrial sources. It is worth while, however, to look briefly at the shifts in property income over the period. These have not come within purview except for the fact that government income disbursements include government interest payments, a relatively minor element both of these disbursements and of property income. Following are the percentages of total property income received in the several regions in 1929 and 1955. fore, for the Far West’s outstanding long-term advance in total income since 1929 is the large growth in its population. Variations in population change since 1929 have been sub stantially wider on a State than regional basis, as shown by table VIII. Noteworthy are the large increases in Delaware, Mary land, Michigan, and New Mexico; the actual declines (though P e rc e n t o f U n ite d S ta te s p r o p e r t y in co m e 1929 United States New England Mideast _ Great Lakes Plains . _ Southeast _ Southwest, Rocky Mountain . Far West ________ 100.0 9. 7 40 2 21. 3 fi 4 7 8 3 9 1. 3 9. 3 Population Growth by Regions 1955 100.0 8. 1 ?.Q 6 21 0 8 2 12 3 fi 2 2. 0 12. 6 Percent increase, 1929 to 1955 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 As is readily evident, property income flows likewise contributed to the long-term regional shifts in personal income. All 32 States of the Plains, Southeast, Southwest, Rocky Mountain,and Far West regions received higher percentages of total property income in 1955 than in 1929. In the other 3 regions, State changes in property income shares were featured by strong declines in Massachusetts, New York, Pennsylvania, and Illinois, and by a sizable'gain in Indiana. Population Changes in population and in total income necessarily are interacting. This summary of factors underlying the regional trends in total income concludes with a brief examination of the changes in total population. From 1929 to 1955 the population of the continental United States rose 35 percent. In the Mideast, Southeast, Great Lakes, Southwest, and Rocky Mountain States the increase in popula tion ranged from 28 to 44 percent. (See chart.) It would not appear that in these 5 regions differences in population growth were a primary influence on the relative trends in total income. Such generalization is much less applicable to New England, where the population increase was 18 percent. In the Plains States, total population was 12 percent higher in 1955 than in 1929. Relative to the nationwide population ad vance of one-third, this moderate rise must be viewed as a factor dampening the region’s relative growth in total personal income. Nevertheless, there probably is a less direct relationship between changes in population and changes in total income in the Plains States than in any other region. In this agricultural area, farm prices and crop yields have a crucial influence on changes in total personal income. In the Far West, population was a highly dynamic factor in the trend of total income. From 1929 to 1955, the population of this region more than doubled. A major and obvious reason, there- 1 U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, OFFICE OF BUSINESS ECONOMICS. 5 6 -3 8 -5 not appreciable) in the 2 Dakotas, Arkansas, and Oklahoma; and the top-ranking expansions (134-161 percent) in Arizona, Florida, California, and Nevada. In all of these cases, the direc tion of population change relative to the Nation accorded with the relative trend in total personal income. 15 PERSONAL INCOME, BY STATES, SINCE 1929 Regional Industrial Structures: 1 9 2 9 and 1955 Following the summary of long-run regional shifts in personal income and their underlying sources, analysis will next be made of the industrial compositions of regional incomes in 1929 and 1955. This inquiry concerns the effects which the myriad economic developments over this long span had on the industrial structures of the several regional economies. The study can be based effectively on a comparison of tables II and IV—showing, respectively, the industrial source patterns of total personal income and total civilian earnings by States and regions in 1955—with correlative tables IX and XII, for 1929. Nationally, 3 of the main shifts in the industrial composition of personal income over the period included a decrease in farm income and increases in Federal Government disbursements and income from manufacturing. Farm income declined as a percentage of total income from 1929 to 1955 in each of the regions and in practically all States. For many of the major agricultural areas, the reduction was steep and ranks as a quite significant development of the period. The Southeast and Southwest presently receive about 8 percent of their personal income from farming, as against 19 percent in 1929; in the Plains States, the proportion is down from 21 to 11 percent. And, of course, for some individual States of these regions, as well as of the Rocky Mountain area, the drop in relative importance of farm income was of even larger magnitude. Tables II and XII record also the sharply increased role of the Federal Government as a source of income in all States and regions. Direct disbursements from this source formed 2 % percent of the Nation’s personal income in 1929; 10% percent in 1955. The advance was largest in the southern and western regions. Shifts in the importance of manufacturing as a source of geo graphic incomes can be measured in the framework of civilian earnings (tables IV and IX). Advancing on a national basis from 26 to 31 percent of total civilian earnings, income from manufacturing comprised a larger share of such earnings in 1955 than in 1929 in every region and in all but 5 States (none of them industrial except Rhode Island). In relative terms, the increases in manufacturing as a source of income to the civilian labor force were generally largest outside the 3 northern industrial regions— New England, Mideast, the Great Lakes—but the change in pattern was neither pervasive nor of sweeping magnitude. It will be noticed in this connection that the share of civilian income contributed by manufacturing in the Great Lakes States rose from 34 percent to 43 percent. Industrial composition of civilian earnings Having looked briefly at the altered geographic roles of farm ing, the Federal Government, and manufacturing, we may con sider next how the broad industrial sources of civilian earnings— commodity production, distribution, service, and government—• have changed by regions since 1929. Shown in the text table are regional data for that year, comparable to those for 1955 given earlier. Immediately apparent in these 1929 data is the same sort of over-all similarity among the regions that was found for 1955. That is, commodity production, distribution, service, and govern ment in 1929 each accounted for roughly similar proportions of total civilian earnings in the several regions. Further, compari son of the text tables for the 2 years shows that, with allowance for shifts on a national basis (in services and government), each of the broad industrial segments was of generally similar im portance by regions in 1955 as in 1929. P e rc e n t o f to ta l c iv ilia n e a rn in g s, 1 9 2 9 Commod Distribu ity produc tive in dustries ing indus tries United States New England Mideast. . . Great Lakes _ Plains Southeast Southwest . . . Rocky Mountain Far W est... - - - - - .. . ----- 45.2 48. 0 41. 3 49. 0 45. 4 49. 7 46. 4 44. 3 37. 3 29. 0 25. 5 29. 4 28. 1 31. 7 26. 7 30. 9 31. 7 32. 0 Service in Govern dustries ment 18. 8 19. 7 22. 1 16. 4 15. 8 16. 4 15. 7 15. 1 22. 5 7. 1 6. 8 7. 2 6. 4 7. 1 7. 2 7. 0 9. 0 8. 1 Such similarity holds to a significant degree on a State basis. Thus, in a large majority of States (40) the shares of total civilian earnings contributed by the distributive industries differed by 3 percentage points or less in 1929 and 1955; and in all but 2 States the difference was 4 points or less. For the large commodityproducing sector, 39 States came within a 7-percentage point variation in the two years. The geographically scattered States in which the change was larger all exhibit the same feature a sharp decline in the relative importance of farming only partly offset by increases in other commodity producing industries.9 Abstracting, then, from national changes, the regions and States exhibit appreciable uniformity for both 1929 and 1955 in the broad industrial sources of their civilian earnings. This uniformity held over the 26-year period despite divergent rela tive shifts in incomes from farming and manufacturing, 2 indus tries of rather discrete geographic importance, and despite mark edly differing rates of growth by States and regions in total per sonal income, total earnings of the civilian labor force, and incomes earned in individual industries. There is no easy explanation of the maintenance of this geo graphic symmetry in the broad industrial source patterns of income. And the avenues by which it was accomplished are not the same in individual areas, differing as widely as they do in specific compositional features, particularly within the commod ity-producing sector. However, there were 2 developments that partake of a general explanation. 1. There was a rough parallelism in the relative movements (expansions) of incomes in most industries on a national basis. 2. Within this framework, there was a strong tendency, as will be recalled from the trend analysis, for the States and regions to score above-average or below-average gains in nearly all indus trial sources of income. Further, in each area these industry 9. The variations in the broad industrial source patterns between 1929 and 1955 were most marked in agricultural States. These variations are reduced when farm income is recorded in the compositional tables in terms of 3-year averages in order to obtain a stabler basis for measuring the relative magnitude of this volatile income flow. 16 A SUPPLEMENT TO THE SURVEY OF CURRENT BUSINESS shifts, by and large, were generally proportionate to each other. Therefore, most areas exhibited the same direction of change in the relative importance of an income source. By way of example, tables IV and IX show that from 1929 to 1955 incomes from the 4 major commodity-producing industries tended to increase or decrease as a percentage of civilian income in all regions. The moderate declines in the importance of contract construction in New England and the Mideast are noteworthy exceptions to a general pattern that characterized the distributive, service, and government categories as well. A valid objection to these 2 related points can be raised, to the effect that they represent merely a statistical explanation, or statement of the “mechanics,” of the maintenance of broad uniformity in regional industrial structures from 1929 to 1955. A more basic explanation, however, might be attempted by returning to an observation made earlier—that the United States would appear to have a single national economy comprised of interrelated regional economies. It is believed that a view of these economies as being closely linked to each other, deriving their basic economic stimulus from nationwide forces, and under going patterns of industrial change which are not separate and unique, but which are geared to those of the Nation, constitutes a substantive explanation of the present-day similarity in the broad industrial structures of the regions and of the existence of such similarity at least as far back as the late 1920’s. This characterization of the relation between the national and regional economies of the United States is not, of course, at variance with 2 well-known facts: that the regions can, and do, exhibit differing overall rates of economic growth, as this study clearly reveals; and that the national economy can, and does, derive strength from the effective utilization and development of human and material resources in the several regions. For if the basic stimulus, or climate, of economic forces in the United States is national in scope, economic growth in the country as a whole must perforce reflect the character of regional responses to it. SHIFTS OVER THE PREWAR AND LATER PERIODS Thus far, measures of regional trends in personal income have been presented, and their validity and significance analyzed through certain tests. These showed that, with changes in the average prices paid by consumers generally similar throughout the Nation, the regional trends in current-dollar income over the period from 1927—29 to 1953—55 adequately reflect relative shifts in real income as well; that the regional trends exhibit a very good degree of “pervasiveness,” in the sense that there has been a strong tendency for the direction of trends in individual States to correspond with that for the particular region in which they are located; and that the measured trends for the several regions stemmed from above-average or below-average expansion in nearly all sources of income. Still another type of analysis is required. This involves an attempt to gauge the “continuity” of the measured trends. For these trends show only that relative income growth or decline occurred in a region between the 2 selected reference points (the averages for 1927-29 and 1953-55); they provide no information on the within-period course of this growth or decline. This characteristic of the method of trend determination used was noted earlier, and it is emphasized again here.10 We would also underscore the earlier caution against projecting the meas ured trends, without recourse to supplementary analysis and personal judgment, on the easy assumption that the relative trends are straight-line in nature. Such analysis and judgment, it is suggested, should be based in part on a study of trend con tinuity, or of the “trend significance” of changes in the regional income distribution within the 1927—55 period. This is a most difficult matter. As will become apparent, the problem is not so much one of deriving measurements as it is to ferret out inferences. In the study of trend continuity, at least 2 approaches might prove fruitful. One is to divide the period at 1940 or 1941 in order to see whether the measured long-term trends developed and prevailed over both the prewar span and over the war and postwar intervals. The other is to focus analysis on the postwar changes in the regional income distribution, for the purpose of judging whether they seem to be in conformity with the long-run shifts. These additional lines of inquiry are pursued in this and the immediately following section. Use of 1940 and 1941 as reference points I t is not wholly valid to use either 1940 or 1941 as a reference point for regional income trend comparisons. The year 1940 was considerably less prosperous than the terminal three-year periods on which the trend computations were based. About 8 million persons were unemployed in 1940, or about 15 percent of the civilian labor force. Unemployment declined to 5% million in 1941, but still averaged 10 percent of the civilian labor force. In addition—and this may not be a significant limita tion—the effects of sharply rising armament expenditures are clearly imprinted on the 1941 regional income flows. Despite the degree of invalidity in employing the 1940 and 1941 regional estimates in trend analysis, the advantages other wise probably justify bending, if not breaking, the rule about restricting the comparisons to comparable points on the business cycle. It is obviously of first-rate importance to compare the performances of the several regions over the prewar period of prosperity, depression, and recovery and over the subsequent period embracing war, readjustment, and the extended postwar span of high-level economic activity. More confidence can be placed in the measured trends if it is found that they were the product of developments over each of these two fundamentally different periods. Determination of trend continuity will be based on whether the percent of national personal income received by a region in 1940-41 was between its percentage shares in 1927—29 and 1953-55. Stated alternatively, continuity will be adjudged 10. As indicated by the prior discussion, thr limitation stems really from the economic heterogeneity of the period under review. There would appear to be no other method which permits the valid measurement of regional trend curves. PERSONAL INCOME, BY STATES, SINCE 192 9 present whenever a region’s income change was better than average or below average in both periods. This criterion is not a rigid one, and it has questionable signifi cance when an area’s relative income changes are on the margin of qualifying. However, as a general proposition, it would not be warranted to attach precise significance to differences in the rate of regional income growth or decline, relative to the Nation, over the 2 periods. This is primarily because 1940 and 1941 were years of underemployment. Changes in regional income shares Comparison of the percentage shares of the Nation’s personal income received by each of the regions in 1940-41 with those in 1927-29 and 1953-55 reveals substantial continuity of relative trend. (See table V.) New England, the Mideast, and the Plains States had relatively declining movements in both the prewar and later periods. Successively larger income shares over these periods accrued to the Southeast, Southwest, Far West, and Rocky Mountain regions. Further, the large Great Lakes area received about the same share of all personal income in 1940-41 as in the terminal years. The limitations attaching to the use of 1940-41 as a reference point probably are increased when comparisons are made on a State basis. But it may be noted that trend continuity is ex hibited for 31 of the States. In these States, the percentages of national personal income received in 1940-41 fell between the percentages for the terminal years, thereby indicating the same direction of relative income change over both the prewar and sub sequent periods. In 3 States—Ohio, Mississippi, and Arkansas— the deviations were not large enough to affect general con clusions. And the inconsistency observed for 3 other States— South Dakota, Idaho, and Wyoming—is “suspect” as to its trend significance because it stemmed from the volatile farm element of their income flows. The District of Columbia and 11 States (Maine, Connecticut, Rhode Island, Delaware, Nebraska, Kansas, West Virginia, Kentucky, Oklahoma, Colorado, and Utah) furnish clear excep tions to the general tendency. In these cases, as shown by the data in table V, the relative growth or decline of personal income over the whole span from 1927-29 to 1953-55 did not stem from both of the periods within it. The record of the District of Columbia furnishes a useful, though extreme, example of the inadvisability of using the measured long-term change in a State’s or region’s income share for projection into the future without some consideration of developments occurring within the period. From 1927-29 to 1940-41, total personal income expanded by nearly 50 percent in the District of Columbia whereas it was up only 7 percent in the country as a whole. But after 1940-41 the District’s rate of income rise was only half the national average. This irregularity stemmed from the uneven rate of growth of the Federal estab lishment, the comparative stability of its rates of pay, and the faster expansion of the Maryland and Virginia residential areas not encompassed within the boundaries of the District of Colum bia. (The incomes of persons working in the District of Columbia but residing in Maryland and Virginia are assigned to those States.) 17 THE POSTWAR RECORD It has been stressed that trend is a long-term concept and that to measure regional income trends it is necessary to compare data for years which are approximately “comparable” and span a sufficiently long period of time. The desire thereby is to minimize the chance of rapid, short-run developments obscuring the picture. Nevertheless, trends can change direction because of the interjection of new elements or the withdrawal of old ones; and it is useful to appraise short-term alterations in the regional distribution of income in terms of their trend significance. Such an appraisal may spot developing strengths or weaknesses in the regional income flows, and it serves as a continuing check on the validity of the long-term observations as guides to the nature of future changes in the regional distribution of income. It will be appreciated that it is difficult to analyze the trend element of short-term regional income changes. Such an analysis is particularly difficult to make for periods in which the business cycle is running its course, but it may be somewhat promising when applied to periods of full employment, as has characterized the postwar years as a whole. The general method to be followed is one of “partial analysis”— abstracting or eliminating from the total income flows those components which are known to be most directly influenced by short-run, random factors and then subjecting to detailed study the patterns of change indicated by those components which are presumed to be relatively free from the direct influence of such factors. The procedure becomes hypothetical and meaningless, however, if the portion of income which must be eliminated from consideration is large. For, though not discernible, the trend element which this portion contains is eliminated, and the basis for drawing significant conclusions is thereby reduced. Further more, the remaining portion of income assumed to have trend significance includes the indirect effects of the portion directly affected by the irregular, random factors. The postwar period is a short one for the purpose of studying regional income trends. In addition, while it has been “uni form” as to the generally prevailing low level of unemployment, the period has been marked by sharp oscillations in the character and intensity of national demand that have had differing, and changing, impacts on the regional income flows. As seen in the shifting relative composition of gross national product, these oscillations have occurred variously in Federal Government pur chases, consumer expenditures for durable goods, inventory in vestment, business plant and equipment outlays, and residential building. The changing tempo and composition of these and other direct markets for the Nation’s output of goods and services may have considerably differential effects on short-run regional income movements. This is chiefly because of the geographic specialization in commodity production noted earlier. Apart from this overriding factor of rapid shifts in the national demand situation, various specific influences of a more random nature can also tend to mask, or at least blur, the trend aspects of regional income flows over short periods. Such influences are obviously present in farm income and in government income disbursements, but of course affect other components of the in come stream as well. 18 A SUPPLEMENT TO THE SURVEY OF CURRENT BUSINESS These general observations have been made for a two-fold purpose: (1) To stress the need for care and detailed study in interpreting the trend significance of short-run geographic income changes; and (2) to suggest that this inherently difficult task be approached with a considerable measure of skepticism, to the effect that the longer-run record not be discarded, or even sub stantially modified, unless the evidence in the short-run picture seems abundantly clear. Criteria of postwar review In the review of the postwar data that follows, certain criteria, or “ground rules,” have been adopted. 1. Because the various special influences at work affected different regions at different times, it has been thought advisable to study the general course of income change through the whole period, rather than to rely on selected reference points, such as 1946 and 1955.11 Table X shows by States and regions the percentage shares of United States personal income received in all years 1946-55. Conclusions about the basic course of regional income change in the postwar period may tend to be invalid to the extent that they are shaped by data for the early years. Since the stimulus to income growth during World War II varied markedly by regions, and since the return to peacetime conditions was ac companied by a drastic, though relatively quick, shift in com position of the personal income flow, the regional data for the earlier period may have a special element of “noncomparability” for the purpose of trend study. This is known to be so in such specific aspects as the demobilization of the armed forces and the reconversion of manufacturing industries, but it may also obtain in a more basic sense that is impossible to abstract from in the personal income statistics. This point will receive additional attention presently. 2. For the purpose of trying to gauge at least roughly the extent to which the movements of the annual percentage shares of total personal income were affected by special factors—thus limiting their relevance as indicators of trend—a key emphasis has been placed on estimates of private nonfarm income (table XI). This measure is of particular significance for evaluating short-run changes in regional economic activity. It eliminates from total income the direct effects of temporary, random elements reflected in the farm and governmental income flows—such as the vagaries of weather, crop damage from pests and insects, sharp variations in farm prices, disbursement of veterans’ bonuses, and demobili zation or relocation of military personnel. Elements of this sort often obscure income changes in the large private nonfarm sector and render total income an inappropriate indicator of the more basic short-term developments in the State and regional econo mies. But, apart from the geographic erraticalness of farm income on a year-to-year basis, there is a more general reason for giving some priority to a nonfarm measure in studying the postwar period. Over this period, farm income had a strong, though irregular, downward movement. This exerted a differential influence on 11. S u c h special influences, of course, affected the formal trend measures. However, they were minimized by use of three-year averages and, pragmatically, can probably be overlooked for areas in which the measured trend is sizable. However, they are one of the reasons why the recorded direction of past relative trend may not be valid when the magnitude involved is small. regional incomes which, generally speaking, must be accorded a limited degree of trend significance. Farm income formed about 9}i percent of national personal income in 1946-48, when farm prices were exceptionally high and foreign demand was at a peak because of conditions carrying over from the war, and it then dropped to a little less than 5 percent of total income by 1955. This decline, of course, was at a much steeper rate than the historical one since 1929, when farm income was 8% percent of personal income. 3. The private nonfarm income flows by regions must be sub jected to component analysis. This is to test whether a region’s above-average or below-average rise in this income aggregate was broadly based or whether it perhaps derived from a particular demand situation that was favorable or unfavorable to the region’s industrial structure. Since the regional private nonfarm economies differ most as to composition of manufactures, it is especially necessary to study the patterns of postwar income change for individual types of manufacturing industries. This can be done from the data in tables 75-78, Part V. (Note that, because of changes in the system of industrial classification, the figures for 1946 are not comparable with those for later years.) It is the general view here to accord probable trend significance to a region’s postwar relative gain or decline in private non farm income if it derived from a wide array of industrial sources and, by the same token, to discount or question in this regard a gain or decline that was evidently attributable to the area’s income composition. Whether or not analysts may agree with this view in specific instances is less important than recog nition of the necessity to identify the sources of a region’s short term income change and then make explicit assumptions, or decisions, regarding their probable meaning for the longer run. To search out the trend meaning of short-run geographic income movements requires the processing and careful analysis of State income information in at least the detail published in this report, and of collateral data as well. A study of such scale is much beyond the present scope. However, the overall ap proach of employing series on private nonfarm income and its major industrial sources to test in summary fashion the observa tions based on total income yields considerable relevant knowl edge. It is sufficient in this instance to provide seemingly clear conclusions for most of the regions about the direction of relative income trends in the postwar years. The main facts underlying this generalization are summarized below for the individual regions. New England New England income has expanded substantially in the postwar period, though at a rate less than that for the country as a whole. Connecticut is the only New England State in which personal income growth over the whole span from 1946 to 1955 bettered the nationwide average. (See table X.) This occurred on the strength of the State’s showing during the years 1950-53. A significant factor was the pickup in Connecticut’s important heavy-goods manufacturing industries resulting from the Korean conflict. The percentage share of private nonfarm income received in New England (table XI) decreased more over the postwar period 19 PERSONAL INCOME, BY STATES, SINCE 192 9 than its share of personal income. The main factor in this regard was the small percentage of total income derived in the area from farming. Because of this, the nationwide downward “pull” which farm income exerted on aggregate income in the 1946-55 period was comparatively slight in New England. Incomes paid out in nearly all private nonfarm industries ad vanced in the region at rates below the national average during the postwar years, both from 1946 to 1955 and from 1948 to 1955. Most significant was the record for manufacturing, which con tributes a higher percentage of personal income in New England than in any other area except the Great Lakes. The share of the Nation’s factory payrolls accounted for by New England dropped from 10.3 percent in 1946 to 8.2 percent in 1955. In all 6 States of the region, the relative growth of manufactures was less than the national average. From 1948 to 1955—the portion of the postwar period for which detailed, comparable statistics are available—the per centage of total factory payrolls disbursed in New England declined in 16 of 21 major types of manufactures and held stable in 2 others. The 3 industries in which relative gains occurred formed one-tenth of the region’s manufacturing payroll total in 1948. In summary, the basic income record of New England in the postwar period has been one of continued growth at a pace below the nationwide rate. There would .appear to be general con formity with the long-term trend since 1927-29. Mideast The Mideastern States form one of the largest concentrated markets in the world. Comparatively small geographically, the region accounts for less than 4 percent of the Nation’s continental land area but 22 percent of its population and 26 percent of its personal income. Aggregate individual incomes in the Mideast showed an expan sion from $47 billion in 1946 to $78 billion in 1955. This was moderately below average on a percentage basis. In this highly diverse area, all industrial sources of the nonfarm income flow expanded over the postwar years, though in almost every case at a lesser rate than the United States average. Within manufactur ing, the region showed above-average expansion (1948-55) in 2 of the 21 major industries—these 2 contributing 8 percent of the region’s total volume of factory payrolls in 1948. Changes in total income and its components indicate that, in relative terms, economic growth over the 1946-55 period was below average in New York, Pennsylvania, and District of Colum bia and above average in Delaware. These developments accord ed with the direction of the trends since 1927-29. For Maryland and New Jersey, basic (private nonfarm) income growth in the postwar period has not differed markedly from the nationwide rate. Some relative improvement, however, is indicated for both States, particularly if the analysis is based on the period 1948-55. Maryland, it will be recalled, has experi enced a sizable relative uptrend in total income since 1927-29 (although showing only a modest uptrend after 1940-41), whereas New Jersey’s share of national personal income over the long run has declined moderately. The similarity of the postwar income records of the Mideast and New England regions is striking—particularly in view of the close parallel in their measured long-term trends. Listed below are comparative percentage increases from 1946 to 1955 in total income and several of its major categories. Personal income------------------------------------------Private nonfarm income-------------------------------Manufacturing payrolls--------------------------------Trade payrolls--------------------------------------------Service payrolls_____________________________ Contract construction payrolls----------------------Transportation payrolls--------------------------------- Mid east New Eng land 65 69 72 77 85 155 38 63 66 58 74 92 147 26 Other regions 77 94 119 94 93 180 50 For all these income series except payrolls in the service in dustries, the percentage increases scored by the Mideast and New England, while large in absolute terms, were below those in each of the other 6 regions. In this connection, however, the dominance of Massachusetts and of New York and Pennsylvania in their respective regional totals should be borne in mind. And again for perspective, attention is called to the large share of all personal income accounted for by these 2 populous, high average-income regions of the northeastern section of the country. Great Lakes The Great Lakes region has shown a long-run tendency to receive a constant share (about 23 percent) of the Nation’s per sonal income. This was evident from the formal trend measure, based on changes between 1927-29 and 1953-55, as well as from the continuity check afforded by the 1940-41 data. De velopments in the postwar years do not seem inconsistent with this general finding, but to some degree it is a matter of how one interprets the figures. As may be seen from table X, the Great Lakes’ share of per sonal income rose rather appreciably— 5% percent—from 1946 to 1955. However, almost all this rise occurred from 1946 to 1948, and there was no evident tendency of change over the next 7 years. It is a reasonable conjecture, but something that actually cannot be demonstrated, that the proportion of income received in the Great Lakes region in 1946 was “abnormally” low because of incomplete reconversion of its important hardgoods ipanufacturing industries to a peacetime footing (with the effect on the area of labor management disputes an addi tional contributing factor). Therefore, the considerably aboveaverage advances in factory payrolls and total income that were registered by the Great Lakes region from 1946 to 1948 may have reflected in part a recovery from reconversion lows in the heavy industries, rather than a change to be included in at tempting to gauge the basic postwar trend. The following tabulation of percentage increases from 1948 to 1955 attests more specifically to the generally “average” nature of the Great Lakes’ income experience in the postwar period. 20 A SUPPLEMENT TO THE SURVEY OF CURRENT BUSINESS The pattern is corroborated by the similarity of Great Lakes and national changes in most other major industries, as well as by the absence of a postwar tendency for the region to register above-average or below-average payroll gains in a preponder ance of the various types of manufactures. Personal income_____________ Private nonfarm income_____ Manufacturing payrolls_____ Trade payrolls______________ Service payrolls_____________ Contract construction payrolls Transportation payrolls_____ Great Lakes United States 47 53 57 45 46 50 55 45 59 83 29 57 69 29 It is worth noting again that for the Great Lakes States, the most industrial of the regions, maintenance of pace with the Nation’s manufacturing advance has been the key element in their long-term income record. The region accounted for 32 or 33 percent of all factory payrolls in each of the years 1929, 1941, 1948, and 1955. For the individual Great Lakes States, the 1948-55 data on personal income and its components indicate better-than-average economic advances in Michigan and Ohio, a less-than-average advance in Illinois, and slight change in relative position for Wisconsin. The record is less consistent for Indiana. That State’s share of personal income was stable from 1948 to 1955, but it seems preferable to be guided by the evidence of moderate uptrend afforded by the comparative State and national move ments in private nonfarm income and its industrial elements. For none of the Great Lakes States was the postwar performance at marked variance with the long-term trend, except perhaps for the lesser rate of advance in Indiana. Plains The percentage of national personal income received in the Plains States has traced a pronounced, though irregular, down ward course in the postwar period. (See table X.) Both features of the region’s postwar income flow—its declining movement relative to the Nation and its sharp fluctuations within the period—stemmed from agriculture. The Plains States are the most agricultural area in the Nation, and so were affected most by the upsurge of farm income in the early postwar years and its steep decline thereafter. In addition, agri culture, a naturally volatile source of income, has exhibited greater fluctuations in the Plains States than elsewhere. In the postwar period, this reflected the sharply varying fortunes of wheat, corn, and meat animals, the region’s principal com modities; but it was also due in part to the circumstance that relatively “fixed” expenses—such as depreciation, interest, taxes, and rent—constitute a markedly higher proportion of gross farm income in the Plains region than in the country as a whole. As may be seen from table X, the course of income change dur ing the postwar years varied significantly among the individual Plains States. Again, the central factor was farm income—its differing relative importance and commodity composition within the area. A measure of income flowing to persons from nonfarm sources—such as private nonfarm income in table XI—provides much perspective on postwar economic developments in the Plains States. The picture is at sharp variance with the region’s lagging advances in total income. As a percentage of the na tional total, private nonfarm income in the Plains area has increased somewhat over the whole period since 1946, but, more significantly, has tended to level out since 1948. Substantial conformity to this pattern is found among the several States of the region. Moreover, data on comparative payroll changes by industry further attest that since 1948 the pace of private non farm activity in the Plains States has at least matched the nation wide rate. Quite obviously, there is no really satisfactory way of gauging the relative income trend of the Plains States over the postwar span. But it is believed that a nonfarm income measure offers a substantially better means for judging the basic situation than does total income. It is significant that the region’s postwar tendency to receive an approximately constant share of all private nonfarm income was in close agreement with the trend based on observations for 1927-29 and 1953-55. Because of this sym metry, the postwar record alone would not seem to indicate any major reason for altering the historical finding that the basic relative trend of total personal income in the Plains States is one of moderate decline relative to the Nation. As a postscript of interest, the considerable lack of correspond ence between farm and nonfarm income changes in the Plains States during the postwar years was not a unique circumstance. Such variance, particularly in the short run, has been recorded often in the State income statistics. In part, it may reflect a pattern of consumer spending by farmers that is considerably more even than their flow of current net income. But it must also be due to the fact that the nonfarm economies of the States are oriented mainly to the larger regional and national markets. In such a situation, total demand for a State’s ndnfarm production is affected in limited degree by the sharp fluctuations that often characterize its output and income from farming. Southeast In the Southeast, an area of sizable relative uptrend over the long run, personal incomes in the postwar period have advanced at rates close to the national average. From 1946 to 1955, total income went up a little more than 70 percent both in the Nation and the Southeast. For 1948-55, the recorded per centage increases are 46 and 48, respectively. In this 12-State area, only Florida, Louisiana, Georgia, and Virginia registered advances over either period that exceeded the national mark by a significant margin. The picture is somewhat altered, but not substantially so, when at tention is turned to the estimates of total private nonfarm income. The Southeast’s rise of 90 percent in private nonfarm income from 1946 to 1955 compares with 84 percent nationally. For the period 1948-55, the differential in the increases for the two areas was even smaller. It is thus found that government income dis bursements and farm income (actually the latter, upon specific analysis) accounted in only minor degree for the region’s postwar deviation from long-run tendency to receive a markedly rising share of national personal income. 21 PERSONAL INCOME, BY STATES, SINCE 1929 A fuller explanation, however, derives from examination of the components of private nonfarm income. First to be noted is that from 1946 to 1955 the Southeast registered payroll advances that exceeded the nationwide average in 5 of the 8 major industry divisions within the private nonfarm sector, and equaled it in another. Its lags in the remaining 2 industries—transportation and mining—were not quantitatively important. Of next significance is the Southeast’s postwar record in manu facturing. As measured by comparative percentage increases in total factory payrolls, it was moderately better than the Nation’s from 1946 to 1955 and only slightly so from 1948 to 1955. Yet, over the latter period increases in factory payrolls in the Southeast surpassed the country-wide average in 17 of the 21 principal industries and matched it in 2 others. The industries in which advances were below the national rate comprise a little over onetenth of total factory payrolls in the Southeast. The evidence therefore indicates that the composition, or industrial structure, of the Southeast’s private nonfarm economy has been relatively “unfavorable” to income expansion in the postwar period. For with payroll increases better than average in the large majority of individual industries, advances in private nonfarm income as a whole have little more than matched those for the country as a whole. Of key import in this connection is the internal composition of the region’s manufactures. This is evident from a hypothetical test, utilizing data for the 21 principal types of manufactures. It shows that a combination of national composition and South eastern percentage increases would have yielded a rise in total factory payrolls from 1948 to 1955 substantially larger than that which actually occurred in the region. (Conversely, had rates of increase by individual industries in the Southeast only equaled the national average, its relative increase in total factory payrolls would have fallen considerably short of the national figure, and of the increase actually experienced in the region.) In summary, comparative income composition, or structure of industry, would appear to be at least a partial explanation of why Southeastern income expansion in the postwar period has not markedly bettered the national rate, in line with historical tendency. On the weight assigned to this factor as against the region’s continuing above-average growth rates in most individual industries will depend in large measure the trend significance that is accorded the Southeast’s postwar income record. More specifically, the postulation of a cessation or substantial tapering in the region’s long-term uptrend in total personal income would seem to imply as a central assumption that the general demand situation for manufactured products that was comparatively unfavorable for the Southeast in the recent period will continue indefinitely to restrain over-all manufacturing expansion in the region. Southwest The income of the Southwest amounted to $20 billion in 1955—about 6}i percent of the United States total, with Texas accounting for 4% percent, Oklahoma a little over one percent, and Arizona and New Mexico combined somewhat less than one percent. The Southwestern States comprise an area of strong relative growth which has been extended in the postwar years. The main facts concerning their postwar relative gains may be listed as follows. 1. The Southwest’s percentage increase in total income has been the largest of any region since 1946, and the second largest— next to the Far West’s—since 1948. 2. The relative improvement shown by the Southwest has been even sharper on the basis of private nonfarm income, which, for reasons already indicated, is preferred to total income as an overall yardstick of “basic” regional progress in the postwar period. The dollar volume of private nonfarm income in the South west went up 111 percent from 1946 to 1955, as compared with 84 percent for the Nation. Comparable increases from 1948 to 1955 were 62 percent and 50 percent. The expansion in the Southwest was top-ranking among the regions in both periods. 3. Incomes from all major industrial sources expanded in the Southwest from 1946 to 1955 at rates surpassing the countrywide average. This was true of individuals’ earnings in every private nonfarm industry as well as government income disbursements and farm income. Percentage gains in manufacturing, trade, finance, transportation, and communications and public utilities exceeded those in any other region. 4. The Southwest’s industrial progress has proceeded on a broad scale in the postwar period. Of the 20 major types of manufactures present in the area, payrolls in 19 rose by more than the national average from 1948 to 1955. Similar analysis of the postwar income data for the individual Southwestern States also shows a generally impressive degree of consistency with the long-term relative trends based on the 1927-29 and 1953-55 observations. In a word, the relative postwar growth indicated for Texas is strong; for Arizona and New Mexico, exceptional.12 Oklahoma’s record cannot be so easily categorized but is none the less interesting. Oklahoma, it may be recalled, is one of the States which furnished an exception to the general pattern of trend continuity over the prewar and later periods. Whereas the share of the Nation’s income received by the State declined from 1927-29 to 1953-55, it rose slightly between 1940-41 and 1953-55. In the postwar years, as shown in table X, its share of personal income has tended downward, though not by much. However, the more relevant information on private nonfarm income—both total and supporting detail—indicates that Oklahoma’s income record in the postwar period has been somewhat better than average. Rocky Mountain The sparsely populated Rocky Mountain States cover 17 percent of the Nation’s land area and account for just over 2 percent of its total income. In 1955, the region received $6% billion of the $303-billion national total of personal income. The postwar income expansion of the Rocky Mountain area has had a significant parallel to that of the Plains States. This 12 Postwar population growth in Arizona and New Mexico—as well as in Nevada and Florida—has been top ranking and far above the national rate. 22 A SUPPLEMENT TO THE SURVEY OF CURRENT BUSINESS pertains to the impact of developments in farming. In the im portantly agricultural Rocky Mountain region, farm income changes served in unusual degree to dampen the growth of total income from 1946 to 1955 and to render its course within the period an irregular one. For this region also, it is especially advisable to employ a nonfarm income measure as the framework for assessing its “basic” postwar performance in relation to that of the Nation. Total personal income in the Rocky Mountain States advanced at rates similar to the country-wide average both from 1946 to 1955 and from 1948 to 1955. On the other hand, the region’s relative growth as measured by private nonfarm income was larger than that of the Nation. The percentage share of all private nonfarm income received in the Rocky Mountain States rose considerably from 1946 to 1955, as shown in table XI. Most of this improvement occurred in the first 2 years of the period. Since 1948 the proportion of total private nonfarm income accounted for by the Rocky Mountain region has risen model ately. This movement appears in line with the comparable growth of the area from 1927-29 to 1953-55. Over this long span, as noted earlier, the region’s share of total personal income increased by about one-tenth. The moderately larger-than-average postwar growth of the Rocky Mountain region indicated by total private nonfarm income is corroborated by examination of the component indus trial detail. In almost all industries within the private nonfarm segment, the 1948-55 percentage increases in payrolls registered by the Rocky Mountain States exceeded those on a national basis, though usually not by a wide margin. The Rocky Mountain area is the least industrialized of the regions. (See table IV). However, its growth of manufactures in the postwar period is noteworthy. Total factory payrolls in the region expanded from $381 million in 1948 to $655 million in 1955, a rise of 72 percent as compared with 55 percent on a national basis. In this region, relative increases exceeded the national mark in 14 types of manufactures, matched it in 5 others, and fell short in only one. As measured by private nonfarm income, relative income growth in the Rocky Mountain region during the postwar years thus appears in conformity with the historical trend. In 2 of the Rocky Mountain States, however, there are apparent devi ations from trend that are roughly offsetting in the regional total. Relative to that of the Nation, the expansion of private nonfarm income in Colorado has proceeded at a pace consider ably stronger in the postwar period than over the long run (from 1927-29 to 1953-55). And Idaho’s percentage share of private nonfarm income has been approximately stable during the post war years, whereas it shows a very marked rise (one-third) since 1927-29. It is to be further noted that Colorado’s income showing has been much stronger over the whole span since 1940-41 than it was in the prewar years, whereas the opposite is true of Idaho. These differential movements are recorded in table V. Far West The 4 States of the Far West had a combined personal income of $38 billion in 1955, or 12}( percent of the national total. California alone accounted for more than three-fourths of the region’s income. The Far West, which has shown strong relative growth over the long run, increased its share of national personal income only moderately from 1946 to 1955. Aggregate income in the region advanced 79 percent over the period, compared with 73 percent for the Nation. These figures, however, probably do not provide an appro priate basis for evaluating the recent-period “trend” performance of the Far West. For the region’s income showing over the whole postwar period included a marked lag from 1946 to 1948, when its share of the national total declined appreciably. (See table X.) In the subsequent 7-year period from 1948 to 1955 the share of income received by the Far West rose steadily, and relative expansion in the region was markedly larger than that for the country as a whole. The private nonfarm income data (total and components) support the foregoing picture of the Far West economy: belowaverage expansion in the earlier postwar years followed by resumption of a distinctly sharper-than-average growth rate extending into the current period. These data also show that the Far West’s pickup was not pervasive throughout its economy until after 1950. Whereas the region’s percentage share of national personal income turned upward after 1948, its share of private nonfarm income continued to decline (though slightly) through 1950. A number of industries in the Far West—trade, services, transportation, and communications and public utilities—did not resume above-average gains in total payrolls until after 1950. Manufacturing, on the other hand, exerted an early “ lead” influence. The percentage of the Nation’s factory payrolls accounted for by the Far West declined in 1947, was stable in 1948, and increased almost every year thereafter. Of the 21 major types of manufactures, the percent of national payrolls disbursed in the Far West in 1955 was higher than in 1948 in all but one very small industry. In dollar volume, total manufac turing wages and salaries in the Far West doubled from 1948 to 1955—almost twice the national rate of expansion. The following tabulation of percent increases in personal income and private nonfarm income summarizes the divergent over-all records of the Far West in the early and subsequent postwar years. Private nonfarm income Personal income 1946 to 1948 to 1948 to 1950 to 1948_________________________ 1955_________________________ 1950_________________________ 1955_________________________ Far West United States Far West h 18 46 9 35 18 61 9 49 61 11 45 United States 23 50 9 38 These measures, taken together, depict an income growth for the Far West that was the least of any region from 1946 to 1948, about average from 1948 to 1950, and distinctly top-ranking from 1950 to 1955. For the period 1948-55 as a whole, the record of the Far West is on an approximate par with that 23 PERSONAL INCOME, BY STATES, SINCE 1929 TRENDS IN PER CAPITA INCOME of the Southwest, where total personal income advanced 56 percent and private nonfarm income 62 percent. Unlike total income, per capita income makes adjustment for In thus “discarding” for this purpose the Far West’s below- geographic average income gains in 1947 and 1948, it is perhaps sufficient change. differences in size of population and population merely to note the contrary tendency of relative growth which prevailed generally over the subsequent 7-year period. However, two 'non-trend” factors that affected the region in those early postwar years might be noted briefly. First, the Far West’s lag from 1946 to 1948 was due in part but only in part—to the influence of an unfavorable income composition. This had to do mainly with the fact that the types of manufacturing and agricultural activities that expanded most Regional Gains in on a national basis are of relatively lesser importance in the Per Capita Personal Income Far West. The second “factor” is really a conjecture. It rests on the P e rce n t in c re a s e , 1927-29 to 1953-55 observation that the stimulus to income growth provided by 0 Government spending during World War II was greater in the Far West than in any other section of the country. Accordingly, the share of total personal income received by the Far West contracted in 1945 and 1946 simply because the drastic cutback in such spending had a relatively large impact on the region. The further contractions that occurred in 1947 and 1948 may have reflected, in a more general sense, a continuation of the process of readjustment, or transition, from war to peace. Whether or not this was the case is not possible to say. This is because the “mechanics” of the forces that were at work to adjust the region’s vastly expanded economy and population base fully to peacetime pursuits are not mirrored overtly in the personal income statistics. Any review, however brief, of postwar income movements in the Far West would be incomplete without notice of the sig nificantly differing experience of its individual States. In California and Nevada, where population has been rising rapidly, relative increases in personal income have been out standing. Nevada, one of the lowest-ranking States in total income, scored an 82 percent rise from 1950 to 1955 which was the largest in the country. California’s 50 percent expansion in aggregate personal income was fourth largest among all States. On the other hand, the percentage of the Nation’s personal income received in Washington has been approximately stable since 1948, and that received in Oregon has declined. Both States, it will be recalled, scored sizable increases in the long-term trend measures. They made markedly above-average showings in the prewar period and experienced income upsweeps during the war that, in relative terms, ranked Washington first and Oregon third among all States. Evaluation of the trend meaning of postwar income changes in Washington and Oregon should give a primary emphasis to developments in manufacturing. In contrast to past relative uptrends, factory payrolls increased a little more than the national average in Washington from 1948 to 1955; somewhat less than average in Oregon. In both States, especially Oregon, the lumber industry makes up a large proportion of all manu facturing. Nationally, payrolls in this industry have lagged far behind general income expansion in the postwar period, increasing Table XIII shows per capita income by States and regions for little since 1951. The 2 States have maintained their shares of 1927-29 and 1953-55 expressed as percentages of the national all lumber manufacturing, but the heavy weight which it has average. The column on “percent change in relative position” in their industrial structures has been one factor serving to limit measures for each State and region the trend in per capita intheir increases in total factory payrolls (and personal income). 100 200 U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, OFFICE OF BUSINESS ECONOMICS. 300 5 6 -3 8 -7 24 A SUPPLEMENT TO THE SURVEY OF CURRENT BUSINESS come, relative to the national trend, over the interval spanned by these 3-year periods. The method of computation is explained in the footnote. The trend measure of per capita income is directly comparable to that of total income. The relative trend of per capita income is similar in direction to that of total income for 6 of the regions. These include New England and the Mideast, where the long-term income rise on both an aggregate and per capita basis has been considerably below average; the Southeast, Southwest, and Rocky Mountain States, where the rise has been better than average; and the Great Lakes, an area in which income growth, according to both meas ures, has closely paralleled the national rate. As may be surmised from the discussion of population changes, the 2 main differences between the regional trends in per capita income and total income relate to the Far West and the Plains. The Far West, where population more than doubled from 192729 to 1953-55, as against the increase of one-third for the country as a whole, experienced the largest relative gain in total income of any region; but its rise in per capita income, as shown in the chart on the preceding page, was less than the national average. The Plains States, which had a population rise of only 11 percent over this long period, ranked sixth among the regions in respect to percentage growth in total income, but third as to percentage growth in per capita income. In terms of the trend measures, the share of total personal income received by the Plains States declined 9 percent, whereas the region scored an 11 percent improvement, relative to the Nation, in per capita income. As to direction, the relative trends in per capita income show a high degree of “pervasiveness” among the States. 1. Relative declines in per capita income occurred in 11 of the 12 New England and Mideastern States—in all but Maryland, where the long-term percentage growth in average income matched that for the country as a whole. It is to be noted, how ever, that the recorded declines for Maine, Delaware, and Pennsylvania were 5 percent or less. 2. In the Far West, the other region in which the rise of per capita income has been below average, the regional record is dominated by California. The long-term growth of per capita income in Nevada, Washington, and Oregon has not differed appreciably from the national average. 3. In conformity with the regional pattern, all 23 Southeastern, Southwestern, and Plains States experienced relative increases in per capita income exceeding the national average—although the increase in West Virginia was nominal. 4. The relative improvement in average income level realized by the Rocky Mountain States from 1927-29 to 1953-55 was small. Per capita income in the region increased 177 percent over this period, compared with 165 percent for the Nation. There was general similarity of experience within the region, since the variation in increases among the 5 Rocky Mountain States was from 187 percent in Idaho to 166 percent in Wyoming. 5. Three of the 5 Great Lakes States—the “no-trend” region— registered percentage increases in per capita income from 1927— 29 to 1953-55 differing little from the average for all States. Illinois, where the relative trend was downward, and Indiana, which realized a substantial relative improvement in its per capita income level, must be rated as exceptions to pattern among the Great Lakes States. Reduction in per capita differentials Despite this substantial concurrence between the regions and their constituent States as to direction of relative trend in per capita income, a case can be made that the relationship is not one of “geography”, so to speak, but rather of the level of income. For there has been a pronounced tendency for areas of com paratively low per capita incomes to achieve relative gains, and for the high per capita areas to register increases of below-average proportion. The net result has been a significant narrowing over the past quarter of a century in the relative differences in averageincome levels among the States and regions. The chart on page 25 shows clearly the convergence of regional differentials which has taken place since the 1927-29 period. The percentage by which per capita income exceeded the national average dropped in New England from 24 in 1927-29 to 11 in 1953-55, and in the Mideast from 39 to 16. The margin of the Far West’s per capita income above the national average also was reduced appreciably, from 30 percent to 19 percent. On the other hand, the 4 regions with the lowest average income levels showed improvement in relation to the national average over the 1927-55 period. In the Southeast, average income rose from 52 to 69 percent of that for the country as a whole. The Southwest raised its per capita income from 69 percent of the national average in 1927-29 to 86 percent of it in 1953-55. In both the Plains and Rocky Mountain areas, where per capita incomes are still somewhat below the national mark, the gap has been cut—from 18 percent to 9 percent in the former case and from 11 percent to 8 percent in the latter. In both terminal periods, the per capita income of the Great Lakes region was 13 percent above the United States average. On a State basis, the lessening of relative differences in average income levels is evident to a striking degree. Of the 33 States that had per capita incomes below the national average in the 1927-29 period, 30 scored relative advances—though of widely varying magnitude—exceeding that for the country as a whole. The 3 exceptions are Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont. Conversely, 14 States and the District of Columbia had per capita incomes higher than the Nation’s during the years 1927-29, and 10 of these registered gains into the 1953-55 period falling short of the overall average. Exceptions to pattern are Mary land, Michigan, Ohio, Nevada, and Washington. In these States, as shown in table XIII, the improvement in “relative position” was 5 percent or less. The per capita income of one State—Wyoming—was the same as the national average in both of the reference periods. The net effect of these counter-movements was that from 1927-29 to 1953-55 the overall per capita income of the 33 “low income” States advanced from 52 percent to 69 percent of the comparable average for the 15 “high income” States. The com posite per capita income of the low income group expanded from $462 to $1,464, or 217 percent. For the high income States, per capita income amounted to $895 in 1927-29 and $2,112 in 1953-55—a rise of 136 percent. It will be observed that the absolute increase for this group was appreciably larger than that recorded for the States with below-average per capita incomes. PERSONAL INCOME, BT STATES, SINCE 1929 Despite this relative narrowing of geographic disparity in per capita income, the differences were so broad in 1927-29 that the general ranking of the States was not substantially changed by 1953-55. In the earlier period, 10 States had distinctively the Relative Differences Among Regions in Per Capita Personal Income 25 Changes Within the Period Relative trends in per capita income have been presented for the regions and substantial conformity of pattern has been found for the individual State trends—using direction of relative change as the criterion. Another test to which these regional trends can be subjected is to study their development within the period from 1927-29 to 1953-55. First to be considered is the extent of “continuity” that is found when the period is divided at 1940-41. Test of continuity Analogous to the approach that was followed in discussing the trends in total personal income, the standard to be applied is whether the regional per capita relatives (regional per capita incomes expressed as a percent of national per capita income) for 1940-41 fell between the comparable relatives for 1927-29 and 1953-55. With reference to table X III, it may be seen that 5 of the 8 regions meet this test of continuity. Over both the prewar and later periods, per capita income as a percent of the national average declined in the Mideast region, showed relative im provement in the Southeast and Southwest (though nominal over the prewar span in the latter), changed little in the Rocky Mountain States, and was stable in the Great Lakes area. The New England, Plains, and Far West regions, on the other hand, each registered a change in average income relative to the Nation that was not the same in direction over both periods. Of the States, 28 showed continuity while for 20 and the Dis trict of Columbia the 1940-41 per capita income relatives were out of line with those for 1927-29 and 1953-55. The foregoing comparisons suggest a probably significant, though not marked, degree of similarity in the direction of rel ative per capita income changes by States and regions over the 2 periods under review. Over the prewar period, it will be noted, the changes in per capita relatives for many areas were rather small. There was, however, some evident tendency to wards reduction in average income differentials. Numerous low income States (especially in the South) improved their per capita incomes in relation to the Nation. On the other hand, decreases in the per capita relatives of the high income States were substantial only in New York and Illinois. Collateral evidence is afforded by statistical measures of the relative differences in State per capita incomes in 1927-29, 1940-41, and 1953-55. As shown by the coefficient of varia tion, relative dispersion in the State per capita income array was reduced by nearly 40 percent from 1927—29 to 1953—55. Of this reduction, approximately one-seventh occurred in the prewar period.13 highest per capita incomes. By 1953-55, 9 were still in the top rank. And of the 16 States clustered at the lower end of the per capita income array in 1927-29, 14 were among the 16 States receiving the lowest per capita incomes during the years 1953-55. 13. In deriving the coefficients of variation underlying this computation, deviations were measured from the mean State per capita income (the sum of the individual State per capita incomes divided by 49). Alternatively, the deviations can be measured from the actual United States per capita income and weighted by population. The reduction in dispersion over the whole span from 1927-29 to 1953-55 is about the same according to both methods of computation. The latter method, however, shows a larger reduction in dispersion in the prewar period than does the former, chiefly because of the increased weights of New York and Illinois. 26 A SUPPLEMENT TO THE SURVEY OF CURRENT BUSINESS War and postwar changes Following the generally small shifts which occurred over the prewar period, the per capita income relatives for most regions underwent sharp changes during the war years 1942-44. Further, the regional differentials obtaining in 1944 were carried over with only moderate alteration into the postwar period and since then have tended to remain relatively stable in most regions. The following text table may serve to summarize the discussion to this point. R e g io n a l as p e rc e n t o f n a tio n a l p e r c a p it a in co m e New England-_ Mideast __ _ _ _ . _ Great Lakes. ... Plains.. __ __ __ Southeast____ __ __ Southwest __ . _ _ _ Rocky Mountain ______ Far West___________ _ _____ 1927-29 1940-41 1944 1946 1953-55 124 139 113 82 52 69 89 130 126 130 113 82 59 70 90 134 no no in 120 110 88 68 85 92 130 121 108 93 68 81 96 127 116 113 91 69 86 92 119 The relatives for 1944 and 1953-55 are seen to be generally similar. Significant exception to pattern is afforded only by the Far West. Moreover, the similarity hold:; to a marked degree by States. In the regions—all but the Far West—in which the 1944 and 1953-55 differentials were similar, differences of 5 percent or less are found for 31 of the 45 States. Of the other 14 States, 12 fell within a 10 percent range. Also, in 12 of these 14 States agriculture is of above-average importance as a source of income. The relevance of this latter fact stems from the wide swings in farm income, particularly on a State basis, that have characterized the past decade. Trend Considerations We return now to the purpose for which the foregoing review was undertaken: to see what light changes in regional per capita incomes w ith in the period from 1927-29 to 1953-55 cast on the validity of the trend measures based on relative shifts over the whole period. Since the within-period changes do not show a marked degree of regularity conforming with the long-term trend measures, they obviously do not furnish a prim a fa c ie case for adducing that these measures are a useful general guide to the probable nature of future developments. In fact, if the changes that occurred within the period are taken literally they lead to the possible view that, in the main, the sizable shifts in regional per capita income over the long span since 1927-29 were “caused by” World War II. Such a view would lean on the observation that the bulk of the recorded long-term shifts actually happened during the war years, and that the shifts over the prewar and postwar periods were comparatively small. It is to be noted that this sort of interpretation would require explanation as to why the changes in regional per capita income differentials which occurred during the war were not reversed thereafter. There is, however, another possible thesis, and one to which we are inclined. This holds that the within-period changes in regional per capita income relatives reviewed above were too affected by cyclical and other non-trend factors to afford more than a limited test of the long-term measures. The general reasoning on which this thesis is based will be summarized. Per capita relatives for 1940-41 The war-period reduction in average income differentials among the regions was an acceleration of developments during the prewar years of progress towards economic recovery. Since recovery was still incomplete by 1940-41, the differentials for those years were not the ones which would have obtained under conditions of full employment. It can be inferred—though not demonstrated statistically—that the differentials under such conditions would have been more similar to those which were established by 1944. According to this thesis, therefore, the war itself was not a “unique” factor in the narrowing of regional per capita income differentials. Rather, the war-period influence stemmed from the upsurge of the economy to full employment. This upsurge had varying regional effects which, as indicated above, extended and sharpened the evolving cyclical pattern of the prewar years. This is recorded in the accompanying 8-panel chart which traces the ratio of each region’s per capita income to the national average for all years since 1929. In brief, the ratio of regional to national per capita income in both New England and in the Mideast rose sharply from 1929 to 1933, tended downward through 1940-41 as economic con ditions improved, and then dropped during the war. A gener ally contrary pattern is found in the low income regions. In relation to the national average, their per capita incomes de clined during some phase of the depression, moved upward (though irregularly) during the remaining prewar years, and rose sharply in the war years. Study of the 1929-44 movements of per capita income relatives on a State basis contributes to the above inference that differences in the geographic relatives for 1940-41 were somewhat larger than those which would have prevailed under full employment. If this inference is valid, it would limit the significance of the 1940—41 continuity test of the long-term trend measures of per capita income.14 Postwar period The next question concerns the trend meaning of the changes in regional per capita income relatives over the postwar period— or, rather, the meaning of the substantial absence of such changes. Since the recent comparative stability in these relatives is at variance with the considerable narrowing recorded in the long term trend measures, the problem becomes one of trying to decide which of the 2 broad patterns offers the better guide to the future. 14 This discussion, of course, also bears on the significance of the 1940-41 continuity check that was made in connection with the estimates of total personal income. It suggests that the test would have shown a greater degree of continuity had 1940 and 1941 been more pros perous years. As it was, the relative shifts in total income over the prewar and later periods showed somewhat more symmetry than was found for per capita income. This is attributa ble to population shifts—to their generally good correspondence over the two periods. 3 7 5 1 1 5 O — 57 3 28 A SUPPLEMENT TO THE SURVEY OF CURRENT BUSINESS Unfortunately, there can be no certain answer. For, as stressed earlier, the long-term trend measures merely record the degree of relative income growth or decline which occurred in each State or region from 1927-29 to 1953-55; they do not reveal the shape, or within-period course, of this trend growth. And there is no other method of approach by which this basic limitation can be overcome. With knowledge on the matter so imperfect, it cannot be argued at all assuredly that the recent stability in geographic per capita income relatives is not of greater significance for the future than the trend measures themselves. However, a few cautionary or counter suggestions can be offered. They stem essentially from a common consideration: the shortness of the postwar period as a basis for gauging the long-term trend. First, it has been pointed out that several special, or “non trend”, influences affected regional changes in total personal income during the postwar period. They were briefly described and assessed for each of the regions. Their impact on per capita income cannot be measured, for lack of knowledge regarding the interaction, or interrelation, between income and population changes. However, these special influences which were opera tive on total income are nevertheless quite relevant to an evalu ation of the postwar stability in regional per capita income differentials, and the attempt should be made to take account of them at least qualitatively. For instance, the postwar decline in farm income was singled out as a principal development serving to obscure the basic income trends. This development dampened relative income growth in several of the low income regions, and had a contrary, relatively favorable, effect on the total income shares of New England and the Mideast. Another example is afforded by the postwar record of manu facturing expansion in the Southeast. This record, it was pointed out, is more favorable as to growth rates in individual types of manufactures than in manufacturing as a whole. The interpre tation placed upon this feature affects that of the postwar stability in the Southeast’s per capita income relative. Regarding the trend significance of the postwar pattern of regional per capita incomes, there is another aspect that warrants consideration. It stems from the character of developments in the prewar and war periods. Broadly speaking, regional per capita income differentials widened and then narrowed as under lying secular forces in the national economy were first checked by depression, gradually relaxed during the prewar recovery, and then unleashed in the upsurge of the economy to full employment during the war. In view of these sweeping shifts, it seems relevant to conjecture whether the reduction in regional differen tials that had taken place by 1944 might have happened somewhat sooner than would have been the case under conditions of gener ally full employment. If so—if the reduction in regional income differentials under such conditions would have come more gradually—then the stability of these differentials over the post war period has restricted meaning as a reflection of the basic trend. Such reasoning, or speculation, in turn has implications for the regional distribution of total income. For it suggests that the distribution in the earlier postwar years might similarly have been somewhat affected by the character of developments in the prior period—by the differing regional impact of the steep for ward momentum of the economy through the war. The “effect” under consideration is more basic than that stemming from the irregularity of specific income flows, such as military disburse ments, which can be abstracted from through component analysis. Rather, it is of the type alluded to in the discussion of postwar income changes in the Far West. The point is important from the standpoint of short-period income trend analysis, and merits brief amplification. In the earlier discussion, it was stated that “partial”, or com ponent, analysis was the general approach to be followed in studying the trend meaning of income shifts over short, fullemployment periods. The idea was that such an approach could abstract from temporary effects and reveal the general tendency of relative growth or decline in underlying elements of the region’s income stream. However, this method of analysis would be inadequate to the extent that, in a quite basic sense, regional income growth relative to the Nation proceeds at an uneven, or varying, rate around the regional long-term trend, whether this trend be straight-line or curvilinear. Under this seemingly credible condition, the various regions would not be on a common “trend-footing” at any particular point of time, and to accord trend significance to their comparative rates of increase in the components of personal income over short periods would, in varying degree, be invalid. To the extent that this notion has merit, it suggests an added caution in basing regional income trends—whether for total income or per capita income—on study of the shortrun. Unfor tunately, however, the notion would be extremely difficult to test empirically, mainly because of the comparative brevity and heterogeneity of the period for which State income estimates are available. In all likelihood, any appreciable knowledge along this line must await the vantage point of long-term perspective after the period of years covered by the State estimates has lengthened. Need for research Reduction in average income differentials is one of the most fundamental regional developments of the past quarter of a century. The foregoing review of its timing within the period has not uncovered a sufficiently regular pattern of development to warrant any considerable basis for judgment of the probable future course. Especially in view of this fact, additional research is needed. This, regrettably, cannot include component analysis of per capita income, such as is possible in the case of total income. For the State estimates of per capita income are available only as a “single figure”, without any breakdown. In the main, this stems from the nature of the per capita income concept; in part, however, it reflects a statistical lack. For instance, the avail ability of separate estimates by States of the per capita incomes of the farm and nonfarm populations likely would aid in the evaluation of shifts in total per capita income. Under the circumstance, it becomes necessary to adopt a variegated approach in the endeavor to ascertain the main causes, or factors, underlying the reduction in geographic 29 PERSONAL INCOME, BY STATES, SINCE 192 9 average income differentials, with the idea that these might aid in understanding the basic trend. The approach should include analysis of State changes in population and its elements—such as migration versus natural increase, size and composition of the labor force, and age distribution. It should also encompass— and quite importantly—study of relative movements by State and industry in the average earnings of employed persons. Further, income compositional analysis is likely to prove of some relevance in this connection. For instance, what can be gauged about the “contribution” of the disproportionate fall of property income in New England and the Mideast to the relative declines of per capita income in these areas? Valuable work on the relation of State population character istics and per capita income has been going forward in the universities and elsewhere, although it is tied substantially to the availability of decennial population censuses. Com paratively less has been done with regard to movements in average earnings by States. Analyses along that line require extensive and difficult statistical efforts to prepare the necessary estimates. Disposable Personal Income OBE national estimates of “disposable personal income” are widely used in market analysis. These estimates, obtained by deducting from personal income direct personal taxes and certain other (“nontax”) payments to government, provide the best available measure of consumer purchasing power derived from current incomes. Because of statistical difficulties—in the main, several non comparabilities between the State estimates of personal income and the available State data on taxes—it has not proved feasible to develop an annual series on disposable personal income by States. However, study has shown that, with the aid of special and unpublished tax data from the Internal Revenue Service, these difficulties can be overcome to the extent of permitting the development and presentation of disposable income figures by States on a selected-years basis. In tables XIV and XV are presented the first official estimates of disposable personal income by States, covering 5 years of the period 1929-53. Despite the inability to derive series by which to trace precisely the State-by-State relationship of taxes to income annually, these tables afford a broad and reasonably reliable basis for appraising the recent and historical impact of personal taxes on the State distribution of purchasing power. As might be expected, the distribution of disposable income, as compared with that of personal income, generally assigns larger shares to the regions where per capita income is relatively low and smaller shares to the regions where per capita income is relatively high. In 1929, as well as 1940, personal taxes (and related payments) absorbed only about 3 percent of personal income nationally, and the regional distributions of disposable income and personal income were very similar. Larger differences between the two distributions are found in 1946, 1950, and 1953, when rates of income taxation (particularly Federal) had increased sharply and, quite generally, individuals had moved into higher income brackets. DISTRIBUTIONS OF PERSONAL AND DISPOSABLE INCOME The differences between the 2 distributions in these latter years, however, should not be exaggerated. For each of 7 regions in 1953, the percentage share of the Nation’s disposable income received differed by 1 percent or less from the share of personal income received. In the remaining region, the Southeast, the share of disposable income received (15.74 per cent) varied by only 3 percent from the share of personal income (15.25 percent). T he Table XIV shows percentage distributions by States and regions of continental United States disposable personal income in 1929, 1940, 1946, 1950, and 1953. Comparable distributions of personal income are given in table I. To facilitate comparison, the two sets of figures for 1929, 1946, and 1953 are given below for the several regions. Percent of continental United States Personal income 1929 New England___________ 8. 32 Mideast 32. 06 Great L a k es__ 23. 61 Plains___ _____________ 8. 87 Southeast . _ 11. 67 4. 97 Southwest _ Rocky Mountain 1. 88 Far West.- __________ _ 8. 62 Disposable income 1946 1953 1929 1946 6. 99 26. 79 21. 82 8. 74 15. 34 6. 02 2. 11 12. 19 6. 60 25. 65 23. 23 8. 17 15. 25 6. 60 2. 17 12. 33 8. 31 31. 76 23. 65 8. 93 11. 78 5. 02 1. 89 8. 66 6. 93 26. 25 21. 82 8. 89 15. 80 6. 12 2. 15 12. 04 1953 6. 59 25. 26 23. 09 8. 26 15. 74 6. 67 2. 18 12. 21 30 A SUPPLEMENT TO THE SURVEY OF CURRENT BUSINESS These regional figures “ average out” variations that, generally speaking, are only moderately wider on a State basis. In as many as 33 States, the proportions of the Nation’s disposable in come and personal income received in 1953 differed by 2 percent or less; in 39 States, by 3 percent or less. The States in which differences were largest are Delaware and Nevada (whose shares of disposable income were 11 percent and 7 percent, respectively, lower than those of personal income) and Mississippi (where the share of disposable income received was 6 percent higher than that of personal income). As might be deduced from the fact that the regional distribu tions of disposable income and personal income were quite similar in 1929 and did not differ appreciably in 1953, the long term relative shifts indicated by the 2 measures are much the same. The following per capita relatives show this at a glance. Percent of continental United Stofes per capita income Personal income 1929 New E n g la n d - ________ _ __ _. M ideast__ _____ _ __________ G reat L akes__ _____________ Plains_________ _________ S outheast. _ ____ __ Southw est__________ _____ ______ R ocky M ountain_____ __ F ar W est______ __ ___________ 125 138 114 81 52 67 85 129 1953 no 116 115 90 69 85 94 119 Disposable personal income 1929 124 137 114 82 53 68 85 130 1953 no 114 114 91 71 86 94 118 From the foregoing, it may be concluded that personal taxes have only moderate effect on the regional (and State) distri bution of purchasing power as measured by the OBE estimates of personal income. But, to avoid possible misinterpretation, 2 aspects of this similarity in the relative geographic distributions of personal income and disposable income should be noted. 2. The foregoing finding of “similarity” between disposable income and personal income is based on a comparison of the relationships shown for these two measures between each area and the United States. For any particular area, however, the long-run percentage changes in personal income and disposable income differ markedly, just as they do for the country as a whole. This is brought out in the following regional summary. 1953 as percent of 1929 Personal Disposable personal income income C ontinental U nited S tates New England Mideast ______ . Great Lakes______ ______ Plains, -Southeast - - . Southwest-- _ _________ Rocky Mountain-- - - ________ _ . Far W est.___ - - - ______ _ 331 298 262 26 4 325 30 5 236 23 7 291 27 7 43 2 43 9 38 2 47 2 39 9 39 7 34 5 421 The 2 indexes for each region show a considerable spread. However, in each case it is similar, percentagewise, to that for the United States. Or, to state the matter in alternative fashion, the relative differences between the regions and the Nation in the disposable income indexes are much the same as those in the personal income indexes. We thus arrive at the point indicated by the earlier discussion—that the long-run relative shifts among the regions in disposable income do not differ significantly from those in personal income. REGIONAL GROWTH IN PURCHASING POWER The accompanying 4-panel chart serves to summarize and ex tend the discussion of regional differences in the growth rates of Distribution of personal taxes personal income and disposable income. Covering the whole 1. The similarity just noted should not be taken to reflect a period from 1929 to 1955, the chart depicts first the regional close correspondence between the relative distributions of per expansions in personal income and then traces the varying regional sonal income and personal tax payments. Residents of the impact of the increases which occurred in taxes, consumer prices, Mideast for example received 25.6 percent of the country’s and population. personal income in 1953 but paid 28.4 percent of all personal Nationally, direct personal taxes and related payments to the taxes. For the Southeast the comparable figures are 15.2 per Federal, State, and local governments absorbed 12 percent of cent and 11.7 percent. In relative terms, and in the present personal income in 1955, as compared with the 3 percent for frame of reference, the differences between these percentages for 1929 noted earlier. In addition, monetary inflation—chiefly the the 2 regions are appreciable. result of World War II and its aftermath—cut deeply into the That the relative distributions of personal income and dis rise of individuals’ purchasing power. The overall average of posable income are similar whereas timóse of personal income and prices paid by consumers was about three-fifths higher in 1955 personal taxes are markedly less so is attributable, of course, to than in 1929. With allowances for the increases in taxes and the moderate “weight” of taxes in this context. In 1953, per prices, disposable personal income is found to have doubled in sonal taxes absorbed \2 % percent of personal income in the real terms from 1929 to 1955. United States. Even significant variations around this nation Further to be considered is that the Nation’s population in wide average could—and did—result in a regional distribution creased by 35 percent over the interval. Even so, the expansion of income after taxes that in relative terms differed only mod of real disposable income per capita was of very impressive mag erately from the before-tax distribution. nitude—about one-half. Regional Market Growth 1955 as percent of 1929 1955 as percent of 1929 600 T U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, OFFICE OF BUSINESS ECONOMICS. 600 T 56-38-10 32 A SUPPLEMENT TO THE SURVEY OF CURRENT BUSINESS These facts evidence for the Nation strong economic growth and substantial improvement in the general living standard since 1929. As shown in the chart, regional variations from the national record have been of sizable magnitude. Of par ticular significance and interest are those relating to real dis posable income per capita. As compared with the rise of onehalf nationally, the regional gains in this key measure of individ uals’ purchasing power varied from 30 percent in the Mideast to 105 percent in the Southeast. The tabulation below is of interest. It brings out the highly significant fact that regional changes in taxes and prices over Per capita income 1955 as percent of 1929 Personal income Real dis posable income C ontinental U nited States 263 151 New England_____ _____- - - _ M ideast__ __ , Great Lakes_______ . .................... Plains Southeast______________ ______ Southwest__ _____ , ____, , Rocky Mountain, Far West___ _ , 238 220 259 288 351 334 283 241 138 130 148 162 205 190 156 133 Percent change in relative position Personal income Real dis posable income -1 0 -1 6 -1 10 35 28 7 -8 -8 -1 4 -2 7 35 25 3 -1 2 the past quarter of a century have had relatively little effect on the differential changes shown by the current dollar figures on per capita personal income. TECHNICAL NOTE ON PERSONAL TAXES A few technical aspects of the State estimates of personal tax and nontax payments are discussed briefly in this concluding section. Definitions As estimated here by States, personal tax and nontax payments are comparable in definition to the series included in the national income and product accounts. They differ slightly in geographic scope, however. Paralleling the treatment accorded personal income, the personal tax estimates exclude payments made by Federal civilian and military personnel stationed outside the continental United States limits. The amounts of these pay ments are relatively quite small, and subject to a large percentage of error in estimation. Personal tax and nontax payments consist of (1) the personal taxes levied against individuals, their income, and their property that are not deductible as expenses of business; and (2) other (“nontax”) payments to general government by individuals in their personal capacity. The latter include payments for such special services as are rendered within the framework of general government activity. They exclude, however, purchases from government enterprises. Tax refunds are deducted from tax payments as of the time of refund. The list of personal taxes includes such items as Federal, State, and local income taxes, estate and gift taxes, motor vehicle licenses, poll taxes, and miscellaneous licenses and permits. Since, as in the national accounts, owner-occupied houses are classified in the business sector, the property taxes levied on them are counted as indirect business taxes, not personal taxes. Nontax payments to the Federal, State, and local governments are numerous and varied. They cover such payments as public hospital charges and student tuition fees, fines and penalties, and donations. Sources of Data For the Federal segment of personal tax and nontax payments, State breakdowns of the national totals for 1929 and 1940 were estimated almost wholly from IRS data. By far the largest item is income taxes, which were based on liabilities as reported in Statistics o f Income for 1928 and 1939 (payments having been made in March of 1929 and 1940). The figures checked closely with the State distribution of income taxes as compiled from IRS reports of actual collections made by the various district offices in 1929 and 1940. The statistical basis for estimating income tax payments to the Federal government by residents of the States is less satis factory for the war and postwar periods. The major problems encountered stem from the inauguration of the system of tax withholding, which has rendered both the Statistics o f Income liability figures and the collection figures somewhat unsuitable for the purpose. With regard to the collection figures, the withholding segment represents the amounts withheld by business establishments from the pay of employees and paid into each of the IRS offices. Since it is the usual practice for multi-unit firms to file a con solidated, or combined, report, State of filing may differ, and clearly does in some cases, from the State of residence of the employee from whose pay the taxes were withheld. Study has shown that the State distribution of withheld taxes as given in the IRS calendar-year collections tabulation is not appropriate for inclusion in a measure of personal tax payments by residents of the States. Also largely because of changes in Federal tax payment pro cedure associated with the system of withholding, the tax liabil ities of individuals (and fiduciaries) as reported for a given year in Statistics o f Income cannot be taken as a measure of actual pay ments during the year. The major adjustments required of reported liability figures include the addition of the difference between refunds in the next following year and given year, sub traction of the difference between final settlements paid in the next and given years, subtraction of the difference between declarations paid in the next and given years, the addition of back taxes paid in the given year, and the addition of tax credits in the next following year. PERSONAL INCOME, BY STATES, SINCE 1929 Quite briefly—and passing over problems relating to the hand ling of taxes paid by military personnel; the combining of data for the District of Columbia and Alaska with those for certain States in either the liability or collection figures; and the in clusion of old-age and survivors’ insurance (FICA) contributions by employees, employers, and self-employed in the collections tabulations beginning with 1951—the methodology of estimating Federal income tax payments by States for 1946, 1950, and 1953 was as follows. The IRS provided for 1949 a special sample tabulation show ing by States withheld taxes as reported by employees on their individual tax returns, and included in the published Sta tistics o f Income figures for that year. A State distribution of withheld taxes for 1949 based on this sample was extrapolated to 1946 and to 1950 by our State estimates of total wage and salary dis bursements exclusive of farm wages, domestic servants’ wages, and military disbursements. For both years, the distribution of non-withheld Federal individual income taxes was based directly on amounts reported in the IRS collections statistics. For 1953, the Federal income tax estimates by States were pre pared by adjusting the published liability figures for that year—the latest for which such figures are now obtainable—to the continental United States total. Because of either the unavailability of data from the IRS or the prohibitively large task that would have been entailed in their compilation, it was not possible to make all of the adjustments of the liability data called for in principle, as outlined above. The estimates obtained by this method, it may be noted, checked reasonably well, though not precisely, with two alternative distributions. One was prepared in the same manner as summarized above for 1946 and 1950. The other was derived as the sum of separate distributions for (1) withheld taxes, obtained by extrapolating the 1949 sample-based figures by means of withholdings reported in the collections figures (lagged by one quarter so as to reflect better the period of pay ment by employees and adjusted to exclude OASI contribu tions), and (2) non-withheld taxes, based on the reported collec tions figures (after exclusion of OASI contributions by the selfemployed). In short, the effort was made for all years to allocate Federal tax payments to the State of reporting, or filing, to the IRS by the individual. It is a necessary working assumption that such filing reflects the individual’s State of “residence”, and that this 33 in turn is consistent with the residence basis of the personal in come estimates (as discussed in Part III). Doubtless, however, there are some irregularities in this regard, statistical and other wise, that impair comparability between the estimates of personal tax payments (and disposable income) and those of personal income. The State estimates of personal tax and nontax payments to State and local governments were prepared for each of the 5 years as the sum of separate distributions for a number of indi vidual categories. Basic data used were obtained mostly from the Governments Division of the Bureau of the Census. The chief limitation of the State and local series related to the absence of reliable information on the geographic distribution of personal nontax payments. This was of some consequence in the earlier years (1929 and 1940), when these nontax payments alone comprised more than one-third of total personal tax and nontax payments (Federal and State and local combined). One other more or less “technical” aspect of the personal tax estimates should be noted. This has to do with their relationship to personal income. In the discussion above, a connection was noted between the percentage of personal income in an area paid in taxes and the area’s relative level of per capita income. Of course, the matter is far more complex, as close examination of the estimates will indicate. For one thing, differences among areas in the dis tribution of income by size are far more relevant in this regard than the differences in their mean (per capita) incomes. Also, numerous items of the personal income flow are not taxable, such as certain types of imputed income and the large bulk of transfer payments, and these vary geographically in relative importance. Essentially for both of these reasons (size and “taxability” of income), much of farm income is not reportable for tax purposes. Because of the volatility of farm income, changes in personal income and in personal tax payments (apart from other in fluences) can differ significantly in the short run. These and other factors, including differences in the size and composition of families, make the geographic relationship between level of per capita income and percent of personal in come absorbed by personal taxes an imprecise one. In addition, there is the special circumstance that the State and local govern ments rely to a quite varying degree on direct taxation of incomes as a source of tax revenue. 34 A SUPPLEMENT TO THE SURVEY OF CURRENT BUSINESS Table I. Changes in Total and Per C apita Personal Total income State and region Continental United States New England. _ _ . Maine.. New Hampshire. Vermont. Massachusetts Rhode Island . . . Connecticut Mideast New York___ New Jersey. Pennsylvania Delaware. Maryland _ District of Columbia Great Lakes Michigan O hio___ Indiana Illinois___ Wisconsin . . . Plains.. Minnesota Iowa _ Missouri North Dakota South Dakota Nebraska Kansas _ Southeast . Virginia. ___ West Virginia Kentucky.. Tennessee . _ North Carolina. _ South Carolina Georgia. .. Florida Alabama. Mississippi Louisiana. . Arkansas. Southwest____ Oklahoma.. Texas New Mexico Arizona. Rocky Mountain Montana . Idaho Wyoming Colorado Utah Far West _ Washington Oregon Nevada California . Territory of Hawaii 1. Computed from data in tables 1 and 2, Part V. Percent of continental United States Percent increase 1929 to 1955 1940 to 1955 1946 to 1955 1950 to 1955 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 254 286 73 35 8. 32 . 56 . 38 . 26 4. 51 . 69 1. 92 32. 06 16. 47 4. 33 8. 79 . 28 1. 47 . 72 23. 61 4. 44 6. 04 2. 30 8. 50 2. 33 8.87 1. 80 1. 06 2. 66 . 30 . 34 . 95 1. 16 11. 67 1. 23 . 93 1. 19 1. 15 1. 22 . 55 1. 18 . 88 1. 00 . 67 1. 01 . 66 4. 97 1. 26 3. 21 . 20 . 30 1. 88 . 36 . 26 . 18 . 75 . 33 8. 62 1. 36 . 75 . 09 6. 42 182 201 198 152 159 168 235 183 157 231 175 308 334 224 245 311 256 316 188 228 222 250 197 232 249 195 165 240 364 421 222 265 337 413 444 381 687 329 254 352 239 374 209 413 563 525 307 272 298 262 325 336 418 344 378 624 435 214 225 236 209 196 199 251 225 210 258 223 263 317 147 292 333 300 332 252 278 275 268 231 281 294 270 271 345 346 334 229 308 331 359 338 361 503 359 326 354 282 393 284 409 470 540 311 265 270 260 342 360 393 350 356 478 404 63 55 69 57 58 50 82 65 60 79 65 113 87 32 82 102 87 86 68 72 59 68 41 70 48 33 48 69 72 65 52 67 63 68 72 78 111 70 61 86 45 91 66 91 123 137 77 77 50 61 91 77 79 61 65 130 83 32 33 37 27 28 24 42 31 29 41 26 42 45 12 38 45 43 37 31 30 23 29 11 33 13 7 10 28 35 37 16 32 30 31 37 39 63 38 27 33 24 38 32 36 42 62 31 21 18 15 41 39 45 30 26 82 50 285 32 37 8. 15 6. 99 . 57 . 53 . 36 . 32 . 23 . 21 4. 32 3. 60 . 68 . 61 1. 99 1. 72 30. 50 26. 79 14. 92 12. 93 4. 37 3. 92 8. 17 7. 16 . 34 . 26 1. 67 1. 66 1. 03 . 86 22. 69 21. 82 4. 60 4. 41 5. 86 5. 61 2. 42 2. 52 7. 59 7. 10 2. 22 2. 18 8. 30 8.74 1. 87 1. 83 1. 62 1. 69 2. 52 2. 54 . 29 . 34 . 29 . 36 . 74 . 82 . 97 1. 16 13.23 15. 34 1. 62 1. 90 . 99 . 96 1. 16 1. 27 1. 27 1. 50 1. 49 1. 82 . 74 . 84 1. 35 1. 56 1. 25 1. 60 1. 02 1. 23 . 60 . 71 1. 10 1. 20 . 64 . 75 5.21 6. 02 1. 10 1. 14 3. 54 4. 21 . 25 . 29 . 32 . 38 2. 03 2. 11 . 40 . 37 . 31 . 34 . 19 . 19 . 79 . 81 . 34 . 40 9. 89 12. 19 1. 47 1. 83 . 86 1. 07 . 13 . 14 7. 43 9. 15 . 31 ■Al 6. 73 . 48 . 31 . 20 3. 45 . 57 1. 72 26. 36 12. 43 3. 86 7. 30 . 31 1. 67 . 79 22.51 4. 79 5. 72 2. 66 7. 10 2. 24 8. 80 1. 86 1. 68 2. 53 . 35 . 35 . 86 1. 17 15. 17 1. 78 . 98 1. 26 1. 46 1. 82 . 83 1. 56 1. 61 1. 18 . 71 1. 30 . 68 6. 50 1. 11 4. 61 . 35 . 43 2. 23 . 42 . 34 . 21 . 86 . 40 11. 70 1. 77 1. 09 . 14 8. 70 . 31 6. 60 . 46 . 30 . 19 3. 30 . 54 1. 81 25.65 11. 75 4. 03 7. 11 . 31 1. 78 . 67 23. 23 5. 13 6. 11 2. 83 6. 95 2. 21 8. 17 1. 78 1. 45 2. 47 . 27 . 31 . 74 1. 15 15.25 1. 84 . 90 1. 29 1. 43 1. 73 . 90 1. 58 1. 78 1. 18 . 67 1. 31 . 64 6.60 1. 12 4. 60 . 37 . 51 2. 17 . 39 . 31 . 19 . 88 . 40 12. 33 1. 72 1. 04 . 16 9. 41 . 31 6.62 . 48 . 32 . 19 3. 29 . 53 1. 81 25. 62 11. 95 4. 06 6. 83 . 32 1. 80 . 66 23. 01 5. 15 6. 08 2. 70 6. 91 2. 17 8. 06 1. 78 1. 39 2. 49 . 29 . 28 . 71 1. 12 15. 26 1. 81 . 84 1. 23 1. 41 1. 77 . 84 1. 61 1. 95 1. 21 . 67 1. 29 . 63 6. 65 1. 10 4. 66 . 37 . 52 2. 16 . 38 . 29 . 18 . 90 . 41 12. 62 1. 71 1. 02 . 19 9. 70 . 31 35 PERSONAL INCOME, BY STATES, SINCE 192 9 Income, by States and Regions, Selected Years, 7929-55 1 Per capita income Percent increase Percent of national average 1955 1953 I960 1946 1940 1929 1929 to 1955 1940 to 1955 48 24 176 51 28 172 42 34 51 49 64 52 38 22 54 25 100 100 100 100 100 163 125 127 no 109 no 113 138 165 151 145 130 125 143 205 199 203 167 163 173 138 133 118 116 116 120 165 132 110 145 111 181 114 113 111 87 136 97 81 85 82 89 53 59 84 76 88 97 85 132 125 154 89 92 85 112 108 126 121 80 88 79 111 no 128 146 138 109 169 120 197 135 122 102 123 105 135 126 120 105 144 107 147 112 108 111 114 112 93 127 93 81 88 84 88 59 60 74 72 106 105 96 123 97 93 94 97 95 84 87 92 89 113 108 102 123 98 94 94 97 97 85 81 98 92 81 88 81 no 106 135 86 94 83 114 106 135 120 124 106 139 111 125 123 125 103 136 108 126 115 113 119 114 107 122 99 90 92 86 96 69 74 88 92 95 148 145 147 156 83 159 116 112 103 122 96 169 164 209 136 160 89 188 92 85 97 74 67 83 89 183 173 187 266 199 161 208 1950 to 1955 210 100 85 98 89 130 124 146 1946 to 1955 160 181 194 150 180 99 212 214 210 242 199 220 241 221 215 244 292 247 251 287 43 51 45 50 45 58 62 57 59 48 47 41 44 31 52 31 15 34 48 34 32 30 26 19 31 20 29 21 17 25 6 27 28 25 24 21 17 21 9 25 9 3 5 20 62 66 56 54 48 38 50 74 46 41 59 43 78 68 54 57 55 52 57 86 47 37 61 43 79 74 65 69 69 61 68 91 60 48 66 58 82 73 64 67 68 59 68 86 58 49 73 54 83 71 68 68 65 63 70 87 60 49 72 55 83 70 67 68 67 60 72 90 64 51 72 57 253 179 217 233 270 310 281 217 265 232 221 248 251 276 229 216 287 271 277 261 292 222 319 334 267 315 55 40 53 47 44 45 58 45 59 56 61 46 52 28 67 70 81 86 85 86 234 278 57 23 52 65 68 58 84 85 58 63 73 63 84 89 68 75 82 73 87 96 68 76 90 78 87 96 69 82 87 78 90 94 70 82 87 77 85 91 232 238 251 167 183 85 72 96 91 80 96 78 102 92 82 102 94 107 96 88 108 86 109 97 86 100 83 104 97 85 100 79 95 96 84 210 191 159 177 178 129 132 127 120 119 119 141 107 97 125 142 111 105 147 141 97 112 112 137 132 105 112 107 130 124 94 no 101 132 123 108 99 132 123 97 93 165 169 177 128 304 274 281 217 218 224 215 188 223 219 179 60 57 58 46 41 33 20 23 22 18 15 14 44 25 31 48 42 8 22 21 38 22 194 178 170 42 31 42 37 198 31 200 26 18 29 26 22 26 31 28 36 30 22 32 19 14 26 23 36 A SUPPLEMENT TO THE SURVEY OF CURRENT BUSINESS Table II.—Percent Distribution of Personal Income by Broad Industrial Sources for Each State and Region, 1955 State and region Total Farm personal income1 income Continental United States. 1 0 0 .0 N ew E ngland____________ 1 0 0 .0 M a in e_______ New Hampshire___ Vermont. Massachusetts Rhode Island Connecticut_______ 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 0 0 0 0 0 0 M id east . . . 1 0 0 .0 G reat L akes 1 0 0 .0 P lain s 1 0 0 .0 New York________ New Jersey _ Pennsylvania D elaw are.____ Maryland_________ District of Columbia. Michigan__ _____ Ohio. ___ Indiana _ _. Illinois __ __ Wisconsin_________ . _ _. Minnesota________ Iowa Missouri__ North Dakota . South Dakota. Nebraska_________ Kansas. __ Sou th east Virginia. West Virginia. Kentucky__ ______ Tennessee_________ North Carolina . South Carolina. _ _ Georgia . . Florida Alabama__________ Mississippi________ Louisiana_________ Arkansas__________ Sou th w est __ ____ Oklahoma . . . . Texas___ __ New Mexico. _ Arizona_________ R ocky M ou ntain______ Montana__________ Idaho.. . . . . Wyoming_________ Colorado ______ Utah_____________ Far W est _ Washington.. Oregon _ Nevada California_________ Territory of Hawaii _ 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 .0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 1 0 0 .0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 1 0 0 .0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 Private nonfarm income3 State and region Wage and Total salary disburse ments Other labor in come Less: Em Pro Trans ployee prie Prop fer contri tors’ erty pay butions income income ments for social insur ance Total Federal State and local 4 .7 1 6 .8 1 0 .5 6 .3 7 8 .5 C ontinental U. S _____ 100.0 6 8 .5 2. 3 1 2 .9 1 2 .3 5. 8 1 .7 1 .7 1 6 .2 10. 1 6. 1 82. 1 N ew E ngland_________ 100.0 6 9 .3 2. 2 8 .4 15. 1 6. 6 1.6 100. 0 70. 6 2. 5 8.8 100.0 7 1 .5 100. 0 6 0 .3 7. 2. 8. . 1 9 6 8 .6 1. 5 19. 16. 16. 17. 22. 11. 1 .1 1 5 .9 1. 1. 1. 2. 1. 0 0 4 9 6 14. 13. 14. 11. 24. 45. 0 6 5 5 0 2 8 5 4 6 2 2 13. 11. 10. 10. 16. 6. 1 1 0 8 2 1 8 .8 4. 2. 8. 7. 12. 9. 7. 6. 9. 21. 6. 20. 7 8 5 4 6 2 9 5 6 9 0 8 7. 1 5. 6. 7. 11. 7 9 1 4 9 .6 20. 16. 10. 4. 5. 2 1 1 7 4 5 .0 100. 0 9. 2 5. 6. 3. 4. 6 4 5 8 14. 15. 14. 16. 22. 19. 19. 8 3 6 5 6 1 2 2 1 .3 31. 15. 20. 18. 18. 21. 21. 21. 22. 20. 19. 20. 3 3 7 4 2 9 2 1 0 5 4 3 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 62. 54. 64. 46. 51. 58. 62. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 74. 69. 65. 66. 65. 68. 68. 62. 66. 53. 66. 55. 100. 100. 100. 100. 0 0 0 0 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 0 0 0 0 0 100. 100. 100. 100. 6 .5 7 3 .0 S ou th w est. 100. 0 7 .7 6 9 .4 R ocky M ountain_____ 100.0 14. 12. 19. 14. 10. 10. 12. 14. 15. 2 6 3 4 0 5 1 8 8 6. 5. 5. 5. 6. 0 2 9 3 9 0 3 0 1 1 3 6 .5 6. 6. 5. 7. 8. 7. 6. 9 8 5 0 5 2 7 6 .5 5. 6. 5. 6. 6. 6. 6. 7. 6. 7. 9. 6. 8. 5. 7. 7. 6. 7. 7. 8. 7. 4 0 6 2 1 2 1 1 8 3 6 3 3 8 8 9 8 4 9 2 7 84. 85. 84. 85. 74. 54. 86. 85. 82. 84. 80. 75. 68. 78. 52. 57. 68. 73. 64. 81. 70. 74. 69. 68. 70. 72. 68. 57. 74. 58. 71. 74. 65. 66. 63. 66. 70. 72. 71. 2 4 2 5 1 9 1 0 6 0 1 1 3 1 5 3 6 1 0 9 8 2 3 9 9 4 4 6 6 9 8 6 7 3 0 0 0 3 1 1 1 .7 7 .7 7 5 .6 38. 6 SO. 2 8. 4 52. 2 6 2 6 2 0 0 0 0 0 Sou th east 9 3 1 2 1 7 1 0 2 2 8 0 7. 5. 4. 4. 4. 4. 19 .4 22. 16. 18. 19. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 6 9 .9 1 4 .8 25. 9. 15. 12. 12. 15. 15. 14. 15. 13. 9. 14. 1 3 .3 8 9 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 P lains 9 5 1 5 1 9 5 2 1 .0 16. 17. 20. 23. 23. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 7 2 .6 7. 8. 9. 9. 14. 11. 12. 7 5 0 6 8 1 3 .4 5 4 1 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 G reat L ak es. __ - 5. 7. 7. 7. 6. 1 9 .9 22. 18. 27. 22. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 8 4 .2 9 .6 2 4 2 0 1 3 7 Maine _ _ _ New Hampshire__ Vermont. . Massachusetts.- . . Rhode Island Connecticut______ 5 .4 16.1 10. 16. 7. 31. 20. 12. 7. 0 5 1 7 1 9 5 8 7 4 4 M id east 1 1 .3 12. 12. 12. 12. 13. 73. 80. 74. 81. 77. 87. 83. 0 8 3 5 3 3 2 7 .0 9 4 3 4 8 9 5 5 7 8 1 5 .9 7. 8. 9. 7. 19. 41. 1 2 .4 1. 2. 5. 3. 6. 5. 5. 6. 6. 5. 5. 1 0 .0 3 .3 1 0 0 .0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 Government income dis bursements * Table III.— Percent Distribution of Personal Income by Type of Income for Each State and Region, 1955 1 14. 9. 12. 11. 7 1 1 4 For footnotes, see table 63, P art V. N ote—Detail will not necessarily add to totals because of rounding. 7. 7. 6. 7. 9 1 5 8 71. 77. 78. 76. 8 5 0 0 New York________ New Jersey Pennsylvania. _ Delaware Maryland_________ Dist-. of Columbia M ichigan.. ___ Ohio__ ________ _ Indiana Illinois . ___ Wisconsin________ Minnesota________ Iowa Missouri__________ North Dakota. South Dakota Nebraska_________ Kansas . . Virginia West Virginia Kentucky_________ Tennessee________ North Carolina___ South Carolina____ Georgia Florida Alabama_________ Mississippi________ Louisiana_________ Arkansas_________ Oklahoma. _ Texas New Mexico _. . ____ Arizona Montana_________ Idaho . _ Wyoming_________ Colorado Utah_____________ Far W est Washington Oregon Nevada California________ Territory of Hawaii __ 64. 66. 63. 69. 71. 71. 69. 72. 70. 66. 73. 70. 73. 72. 70. 70. 66. 3 5 2 4 0 0 1. 1. 1. 2. 2. 2. 5 15. 7 12. 8 9 10. 9 15. 6 9 15. 1 13. 9 3 7. 2 15. 4 3 7. 1 14. 5 3 8. 2 15. 4 2. 2. 2. 2. 2. 1. 3 7 9 7 0 2 15. 12. 13. 20. 12. 15. 5 2 2 0 5 9 3. 2. 3. 2. 2. 3 9. 6 10. 9 9. 9 11. 0 13. 1 9. 4 11. 2 12. 4 15. 1 12. 0 3 8 4 0 5 2 4 0 1 6 3 1. 1. 2. 1. 1. 1. 1. 8 5 0 2 2 4 9 6 5 4 5 7 6 1 1 5 9 4 5 1. 4. 2. 2. 1. 1. 1. 1. 2. 1. 2. 1. 7 7 5 1 6 7 6 3 2 5 7 8 2. 2. 1. 1. 3 3 9 6 6 5 8 7 5 0 8 5 8 8 6 4 9 4 4 3 6 1. 1. 1. 1. 2. 1. 7 8 8 7 1 5 1 4 .2 5. 7 2. 8 11. 1 11.2 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 2. 2. 8 8 7 7 2 0 9 4. 9 1 .5 5. 9 1.6 6 5 .7 2. 2 6 3 .9 1. 9 1. 8 3 1 0 0 8 1. 2. 1. 2. 7 6 6 3 0 0 0 0 6 8 .2 67. 8 64. 5 72. 4 68. 6 1. 1. 1. 2. 9 8 7 0 100. 0 75. 2 100.0 56. 61. 66. 65. 69. 9 9 6 2 0 2 4 2 0 4 1. 7 21. 1 100.0 66.2 2. 0 62. 65. 69. 67. 9. 9. 8. 8. 9. 7. 2. 0 2. 9 19. 26. 16. 38. 30. 22. 19. 3 8 4 7 8 9 2 1 7 .0 11. 9. 16. 16. 20. 16. 16. 16. 18. 30. 14. 26. 12. 5 12. 13. 12. 10. 12. 13. 12. 0 1 6 1 0 2 5 9 .9 4 9. 6 9 9. 9 5 9. 8 6 9. 7 6 8. 4 3 9. 2 7 9. 1 3 14. 9 1 8. 0 6 8. 0 7 10. 1 1 9. 6 7. 6. 7. 7. 7. 4. 5. 5. 6. 3. 5. 8. 4. 4. 4. 4. 5. 5 1 3 6 0 5 7 9 8 7 4 6. 5. 6. 5. 6. 5. 5. 0 7 2 4 6 5 7 4. 7. 7. 7. 5. 6. 6. 7. 7. 7. 7. 8. 9 8 6 0 4 0 2 0 1 7 7 5 6. 7 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 4 6 5 5 5 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 6 4 5 2 8 7 7 2. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 3 8 7 8 6 7 7 6 9 8 6 6 1. 1. 1. 1. 8 5 8 9 1. 8 1 6 .5 1 1 .5 5. 7 1. 6 1 8 .2 1 1 .5 6. 4 1 .9 13 .5 1 2 .3 6. 0 16. 16. 14. 17. 27. 23. 16. 14. 13. 13. 17. 12. 13. 6 12. 0 5 11. 7 5 10. 1 3 9. 8 4 2 6 9 9 8 4 9 1 10. 9. 11. 13. 10. 11. 11. 10. 12. 5 4 7 1 4 5 8 8 5 8. 9 10. 4 1. Computed from data in tables 4 to 62, P art V. N ote .—Detail will not necessarily add to totals because of rounding. 8. 5. 5. 6. 0 1 7 0 5. 6. 5. 7. 6. 7 5 1 1 1 6. 6. 3. 5. 7 2 8 9 4- 8 1. 1. 2. 1. 2. 6 9 2 8 4 1 .9 1. 1. 1. 2. 8 9 9 0 2. 0 37 PERSONAL INCOME, BY STATES, SINCE 192 9 Tabic IV .— Percent Distribution by Industry of Civilian Income Received by Persons in Each State and Region for Participation in Current Production, 1955 1 Contract Mining construc M anu facturing tion Wholesale and retail trade Finance, insurance, and real estate Communi Trans cations and Services public portation utilities Federal Govern ment State and local govern ment Other Total Farms Continental United States. _ 1 0 0 .0 S. 9 1 .7 6 .4 3 1 .3 2 0 .1 4 .3 5 .5 2 .7 1 1 .2 4 .0 6 .5 0 .3 100. 0 2 .2 100. 0 9. 2 100. 0 3. 8 100. 0 10. 9 100. 0 1. 0 .9 100. 0 100. 0 1. 8 100. 0 1 .4 100. 0 1. 2 100. 0 1. 2 100. 0 1. 8 100. 0 3. 8 100. 0 2. 0 100. 0 .2 .1 1. 1 .2 .1 .1 .9 .2 .2 2. 8 (2) .3 .2 6 .0 4 .8 3 .6 2 .9 1 1 .7 3 .2 6 .3 .5 1. 2 Territory of H aw aii _______ 5 .3 4. 2 4. 4 3. 1 3. 7 5. 0 1. 4 6. 0 6. 2 6. 7 7. 0 6. 0 5. 4 34. 1 30. 1 41. 3 40. 5 44. 9 27. 6 3. 5 2 0 .0 22. 5 18. 2 17. 7 15. 8 18. 6 17. 8 7. 0 4. 2 3. 6 3. 7 4. 2 4. 1 5. 3 5. 5 6. 2 4. 5 5. 9 4. 2 3. 3 2. 9 2. 8 1. 8 2. 7 2. 9 3 .0 1 2 .8 14. 7 11. 7 10. 2 9. 6 12. 2 18. 2 4 .5 2. 9 2. 4 3. 5 1. 9 12. 2 40. 6 6 .4 .8 .7 .8 .8 1. 0 .4 6 .1 4 2 .7 49. 7 44. 5 44. 0 36. 3 39. 1 1 8 .4 17. 0 17. 4 18. 0 20. 3 19. 2 3 .4 5. 0 2 .4 9 .3 2. 1 5 .6 1. 3 6 .9 2 1 .6 22. 7 4 .0 2 .7 1 0 .1 2 .9 6 .6 5. 9 6. 6 5. 4 6. 1 6. 0 8. 3 5. 1 7. 0 5. 4 6. 8 6. 2 7. 6 2. 0 .4 .6 1. 3 1. 5 .6 3. 4 11. 0 6. 1 1. 5 3. 4 19. 6 10. 8 5. 9 .9 8. 9 .3 15. 3 .2 11. 6 9. 9 .4 8. 8 .7 11. 6 2. 3 26. 6 1. 1 7. 4 6. 9 26. 2 2. 0 3 .0 5. 9 4. 5 7. 0 6. 5 5. 3 5. 6 6. 0 10. 4 5. 1 4. 3 6. 6 4. 7 9 .0 7 .2 7 .4 1 0 0 .0 1 1 .9 5. 6 8 .0 100.0 6 .3 .9 7 .6 100. 0 13. 0 6 .3 6. 7 7. 3 8. 8 9. 6 7. 4 10. 0 8. 7 6. 6 9. 3 8. 5 14. 2 6. 4 6. 0 7. 0 7. 8 9. 0 8. 6 100. 0 24. 2 7. 7 100. 0 19. 3 3. 1 100. 0 12. 3 11. 0 100. 0 6. 2 3. 5 100. 0 6. 6 7. 0 7. 1 7. 7 4. 3 6. 0 9. 3 11. 3 12. 3 12. 6 10. 5 11. 2 4. 9 6. 6 5. 7 8. 7 8. 1 3. 9 12. 3 20. 1 8. 9 36. 5 25. 3 15. 3 9. 8 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 2. 8 3. 1 2. 7 3. 2 3. 1 2. 5 .3 .3 6. 6 .9 .1 7. 5 5. 9 12. 8 7. 7 5. 9 21. 7 21. 4 27. 3 3. 1 6. 8 14. 1 22. 1 2 4 .2 21. 7 22. 7 22. 6 23. 0 25. 6 24. 9 22. 0 2 0 .2 7 .0 2. 4 8. 5 2. 2 9. 1 2. 3 7. 5 2. 7 10. 9 2. 4 9. 0 1. 4 2. 7 2. 1 2. 4 1. 6 5 .5 6 .7 5 .0 6 .7 3. 7 5 .6 2 .5 1 0 .8 10. 4 7. 9 10. 0 10. 9 9. 4 9. 0 10. 5 15. 9 9. 9 9. 3 12. 6 9. 5 14. 7 1. 9 4. 0 5. 4 2. 7 4. 6 5. 7 4. 4 7. 1 4. 0 3. 1 4. 2 4. 6 3. 9 2. 8 4. 9 20. 1 2. 8 3. 7 2. 8 3. 1 3. 4 4. 4 4. 0 4 .8 2. 5 3. 9 2. 6 1. 8 1. 9 2. 0 2. 6 2. 6 2. 3 2. 4 3. 2 3. 0 6. 2 5. 2 ô. 3 5. 4 6. 6 7. 3 7. 2 4. 9 7. 1 8. 4 8. 0 7. 1 2. 5 10. 4 2. 6 9. 1 3. 0 10. 7 2. 4 8. 7 2. 5 9. 9 2. 5 10. 5 3. 0 9. 7 6. 7 7. 0 6. 6 5. 5 4. 4 3. 0 5. 5 6. 0 5. 0 3. 7 7. 1 5. 4 7. 6 5. 6 5. 1 4. 9 5. 8 4. 3 2. 2 2. 2 3. 0 3. 2 5. 6 4. 2 3. 5 7. 1 5. 3 7. 3 6. 7 4. 1 8. 4 8. 3 4. 1 2. 4 2. 9 3. 6 3. 1 3. 5 4. 3 5. 9 3. 6 2. 8 3. 8 2. 8 4.3 3. 8 4. 5 3. 6 3. 9 10. 9 3. 3 5. 4 5. 3 6. 1 4. 3 4. 3 3. 5 4. 4 2. 5 3. 4 5. 0 3. 2 19. 9 21. 2 16. 0 27. 6 18. 8 25. 7 20. 7 29. 5 19. 0 31. 9 18. 4 35. 2 21. 9 26. 9 10. 9 25. 4 18. 5 27. 6 20. 5 17. 8 19. 6 O 20. 8 17. 6 18. 0 22. 7 16. 8 22. 9 15. 4 23. 2 18. 3 19. 4 10. 2 19. 5 11. 4 1 3 .3 21.6 10. 1 18. 2 20. 5 14. 8 17. 7 8. 5 14. 6 24. 9 20. 6 14. 8 20.8 2 5 .0 24. 9 21. 1 22. 8 27. 3 20. 0 5. 3 20. 6 25. 1 1. For definition, and dollar amounts on which these computations are based, see table 70, P art V. 2. Less than .05 of one percent. N o t e :— D etail will not necessarily add to totals because of rounding. 2. 6 3. 2 2. 9 4. 6 3. 2 5. 6 6. 5 5. 7 5. 6 6. 1 6. 5 6. 6 5. 9 8. 3 6. 7 7. 0 8. 3 5. 9 5. 4 6. 6 5. 7 4. 5 3. 4 3. 0 3. 9 3. 6 3 .2 1 1 .3 7 .8 3 .0 2. 6 9. 3 2. 8 11. 0 2. 7 10. 3 3. 5 12. 2 2. 9 9. 3 1 0 .8 3. 5 3. 9 4. 9 7. 2 11. 3 6 .7 7. 6 6. 5 6. 7 7. 0 5. 2 5 .5 2. 4 2. 9 2. 6 2. 8 2 .7 1 2 .9 10. 5 11. 3 26. 4 13. 2 4 .8 8 .1 5. 2 3. 0 12. 3 6. 2 8. 5 7. 0 12. 8 6. 9 7. 2 10. 8 11. 2 12. 4 12. 7 6. 7 4. 2 9. 0 5. 5 6. 4 3. 4 5. 1 4. 7 id. 3 7. 1 6. 2 8. 8 8. 5 7. 1 7. 4 8. 7 7. 5 7. 7 8. 2 7. 5 7. 2 8. 2 10. 0 .3 .4 .5 .4 .5 ^ Or CO tO tO tO W 5 .6 4. 6 3. 5 5. 4 3. 8 3. 2 2. 8 tO tO tO tO h-* to 2. 9 3. 5 3. 3 5. 2 4. 5 5. 2 to rf* CO CO 1 3 .9 19. 6 17. 4 19. 4 19. 6 19. 0 16. 4 (2)' tO tO h- 2. 2 2. 9 6. 2 4. 0 8. 1 1 8 .5 G ì G ì rf*- fcO 00 Cn tO 03 h-* tO h - 4 .0 32. 9 39. 2 30. 6 37. 6 41. 9 46. 3 W CN tO CnC O 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 3 9 .9 H* 1 0 0 .0 7. 2 7. 1 4. 0 5. 7 5. 4 6. 4 (2)' H-H-M h- New England--------------------M aine_________________ New H am pshire_______ V erm ont_____________ M assachusetts________ R hode Islan d --------------C onnecticut___________ M ideast___________________ New Y ork_____________ New Jersey____________ Pennsylvania__________ D elaw are______________ M aryland________ - — D istrict of C olum bia__ G reat L akes_______________ M ichigan------- ------------Ohio_______ ___________ In d ian a_______________ Illinois________________ W isconsin_____________ P lains_____________________ M innesota_____________ Iow a__________________ M issouri______________ N orth D ak o ta------------South D akota_________ N ebraska______ K ansas________ Southeast__________ Virginia_______ W est Virginia. . K entuck y_____ Tennessee_____ N orth Carolina. South Carolina. Georgia_______ Florida________ A labam a______ M ississippi-----Louisiana_____ A rkansas--------Southw est_________ O klahom a_____ Texas_________ New M exico__ A rizona.:______ Rocky M ountain___________ M ontana_____________ Idaho_________________ W yom ing_____________ C olorado_____________ U tah_________________ Far W est__________________ W ashington__________ Oregon_______________ N evada______________ C alifornia____________ ^ cn Ol State and region 38 A SUPPLEMENT TO THE SURVEY OF CURRENT BUSINESS Table V .— Relative Trends in Total Personal Income, by States and Regions Percent of continental United States State and region 1927-29 1940-41 i Personal income in 1953-55 as percent 1953-55 of 1927-29 Percent change in position, 1927-29 to 1953-55 2 Amount (millions of dollars) 1927 1928 78, 764 81, 056 N ew E ngland. 282 - 2 1 6, 553 6, 752 6 .6 1 Maine__ __ . 56 . 56 . 46 New Hampshire. . 38 . 36 . 31 Vermont. . 27 . 23 . 19 Massachusetts. _ 4. 52 4. 22 3. 30 Rhode Island__ . 69 . 70 . 54 Connecticut___ 1. 91 2. 04 1. 81 295 293 252 260 275 336 31. 84 29. 69 25. 66 286 M id east New York 16. 16 14. 28 11. 90 New Jersey____ 4. 40 4. 31 4. 06 Pennsylvania__ 8. 83 8. 06 6. 95 Delaware _. . 27 . 34 . 32 Maryland. 1. 46 1. 71 1. 79 Dist. of C o l__ . 72 . 99 . 66 G reat Lakes Michigan Ohio. . . Indiana Illinois_______ Wisconsin P lains Minnesota _. Iowa . Missouri _ North Dakota. _ South Dakota. _ Nebraska Kansas S ou th east. Virginia West Virginia. _ Kentucky____ Tennessee_____ North Carolina. South Carolina. G eorgia.____ Florida Alabama MississippiLouisiana. _ Arkansas_____ Southw est 23. 45 22. 87 2 3 .0 2 4. 43 5. 98 2. 29 8. 45 2. 31 4. 66 5. 94 2. 54 7. 52 2. 21 8. 28 1. 80 1. 60 2. 55 . 31 . 30 . 73 1. 00 - 1 9 24, 940 25, 759 261 -2 6 12, 500 13, 071 327 - 8 3, 480 3; 609 279 -2 1 7, 039 7, 113 409 15 208 223 436 23 1, 148 1, 166 327 - 8 565 577 348 - 2 18, 278 19, 053 5. 09 6. 08 2. 74 6. 94 2. 18 8. 22 1. 79 1. 47 2. 48 . 28 . 30 . 74 1. 15 351 315 328 274 307 282 337 11.73 13. 69 15. 20 - 1 1, 441 1, 474 -1 1 1, 262 1, 380 - 7 2, 107 2, 203 -2 3 326 303 -1 3 322 247 -2 1 792 700 - 5 955 1, 031 460 29 9 ,4 1 0 9, 407 9 .0 1 1. 81 1. 65 2. 68 . 36 . 35 . 94 1. 22 1. 25 . 96 1. 18 1. 13 1. 27 . 55 1. 18 . 92 1. 01 . 64 . 99 . 66 1. 72 . 98 1. 16 1. 31 1. 55 . 78 1. 38 1. 26 1. 08 . 66 1. 14 . 67 1. 83 . 86 1. 26 1. 42 1. 75 . 86 1. 58 1. 87 1. 18 . 66 1. 31 . 63 5. 09 5. 20 6. 64 324 463 Far W est 518 8. 55 10. 13 12. 48 1. 35 1. 56 1. 72 . 77 . 90 1. 02 . 10 . 12 . 18 6. 33 7. 55 9. 55 3, 463 4, 667 1, 791 6, 554 1, 803 3, 599 4, 830 1, 851 6; 905 T 868 - 9 7, 205 7, 338 518 46 1, 011 1, 003 320 -1 0 791 767 380 7 913 952 447 26 878 909 487 37 1, 045 1, 031 552 56 452 436 474 34 953 933 722 103 760 745 414 17 822 797 366 3 494 499 466 31 772 801 340 - 4 519 534 Oklahoma 1. 30 1. 06 1. 11 Texas 3. 30 3. 57 4. 64 New Mexico___ . 20 . 25 . 37 A rizona.__ __ . 29 . 32 . 52 R ocky M ou ntain. _ 2. 00 2. 03 2. 16 Montana.. _ _. . 42 . 40 . 38 Idaho . 28 . 31 . 30 Wyoming _ . 18 . 20 . 19 Colorado _. . 78 . 77 . 89 Utah. . 34 . 34 . 40 Washington___ Oregon. Nevada.. California . -1 7 448 444 -1 8 300 304 -2 9 212 216 -2 7 3, 554 3, 676 -2 3 542 560 - 5 1, 497 1, 552 408 15 361 2 424 20 291 -1 8 335 - 5 30 4, 054 4, 188 302 - 1 5 1, 055 1, 063 499 41 2, 625 2, 723 676 90 150 162 629 77 224 240 385 326 386 363 404 424 452 474 658 535 8 1, 658 1, 630 -8 9 2 14 19 364 234 144 650 266 346 224 154 625 281 46 6, 666 6, 929 27 1, 053 1, 106 34 614 622 72 83 86 51 4, 927 5, 118 1. This distribution is provided for convenience in checking “ trend continuity" (see p. 16). 2. Obtained by computing the percent increase or decrease from 1927-29 to 1953-65 in the percentage of total income in the continental United States received by each State and region. To avoid appreciable rounding errors for the smallest States, the computations were based on percentages carried to three places beyond the decimal, rather than on the figures shown in this table. Alternatively, this measure can be computed from the column of data showing ‘Personal income in 1953-55 as percent of 1927-29." The percentage for each State and region should be divided by the United States percentage and 100 subtracted from each of the result ing indexes. 3. These are special estimates prepared in connection with trend measures provided in this table (see p. 7). N o t e —Detail will not necessarily add to totals because of rounding. Farm income State and region 355 8. 11 Percent ot continental United States 3 C ontinental U nited S t a te s ,. 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 8. 32 Tabic V I.— 1 Nonfarm income 1927-29 1953-55 1927-29 1953-55 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 N ew E ngland____________ _ 2.54 . 64 . 21 . 46 . 65 . 08 . 50 2.21 . 51 . 19 . 33 . 56 . 07 . 55 8. 87 . 55 . 39 . 25 4. 88 . 75 2. 04 6. 86 . 46 . 32 . 18 3. 46 . 56 1. 88 M ideast 7. 74 6. 53 34. 12 26. 72 16. 66 C ontinental U nited States Maine.. . . . New Hampshire . ______ Vermont__ Massachusetts Rhode Island _ Connecticut. New York New Jersey _. Pennsylvania Delaware Maryland District of Columbia G reat Lakes 3. 19 . 81 2. 73 . 19 . 82 2. 56 . 93 2. 15 . 20 . 68 17. 39 4. 74 9. 41 . 28 1. 52 . 78 12. 42 4. 23 7. 21 . 32 1. 85 . 70 2. 53 Michigan_____ . . . Ohio 3. 51 Indiana 2. 67 Illinois 4. 49 Wisconsin 3. 46 22. 77 P lains . Minnesota 3. 55 Iowa 5. 19 Missouri . 3. 33 2. 01 North Dakota. . South Dakota 1. 76 Nebraska 3. 36 Kansas. . . _ 3. 57 17. 39 24. 09 23. 33 20. 86 7 .7 1 7. 52 Southeast 24. 79 2 5 .9 4 10. 50 14. 60 Southw est 1 2 .0 5 9. 95 4. 43 6. 46 R ocky M ou ntain. . 4 .7 6 4. 36 1.7 4 2. 04 Far W est 8. 69 12. 76 8. 54 12. 46 Virginia West Virginia Kentucky Tennessee. . . . . North Carolina . . South Carolina. Georgia. _ Florida.. . . . _ . . . . . . Alabama Mississippi.. . . Louisiana . . Arkansas ___ Oklahoma Texas New Mexico Arizona __ __ Montana Idaho Wyoming Colorado U tah Washington Oregon „ . Nevada California 2. 18 . 88 2. 40 2. 31 3. 29 1. 41 2. 53 . 98 2. 33 2. 56 1. 70 2. 22 2. 89 8. 07 . 60 . 49 1. 27 1. 10 . 50 1. 31 . 58 — . . 1. 84 1. 17 . 16 5. 52 2. 21 3. 42 3. 35 5. 10 3. 30 3. 88 6. 02 3. 31 1. 43 1. 54 2. 52 2. 16 1. 74 . 54 2. 34 2. 12 4. 29 1. 42 2. 42 2. 38 2. 00 2. 61 1. 68 2. 40 1. 51 6. 49 . 56 1. 39 1. 49 1. 02 . 36 1. 02 . 46 2. 08 1. 36 . 13 9. 19 4. 61 6. 21 2. 25 8. 82 2. 20 1. 65 1. 32 2. 62 . 20 . 22 . 71 . 99 1. 16 . 97 1. 06 1. 02 1. 08 . 47 1. 05 . 91 . 88 . 45 . 93 . 51 1. 15 2. 85 . 16 . 27 . 34 . 20 . 15 . 73 . 32 1. 31 . 73 . 09 6. 41 5. 25 6. 23 2. 70 7. 04 2. 12 1. 68 1. 21 2. 44 . 21 . 23 . 65 1. 10 1. 83 . 88 1. 20 1. 38 1. 61 . 83 1. 53 1. 84 1. 13 . 55 1. 28 . 53 1. 08 4. 54 . 36 . 47 . 32 . 26 . 18 . 88 . 40 1. 70 1. 01 . 18 9. 57 1-3. For definition of farm income, government income disbursements, and private non farm income, see table 63, Part V. 39 PERSONAL INCOME, BY STATES, SINCE 1929 Relative Trends in Nonfarm Income and Private Nonfarm Income, by States and Regions Percent of continental United States (Continued) 1927-29 State and local Federal 1953-55 1927-29 1953-55 1927-29 1927-29 1953-55 Nonfarm Private non- 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 368 330 7. 86 6. 37 7. 45 6. 27 8. 05 6. 55 8. 95 6. 96 285 257 31. 00 14. 58 3 91 7. 39 18 L 95 2. 99 21. 47 4 28 5 52 2 34 7. 03 2. 30 9. 59 1. 94 1 74 2. 73 35 38 1 06 1. 39 13. 02 2. 02 . 78 1. 24 1. 20 1. 24 . 63 1. 28 1. 16 1. 00 . 61 1. 14 . 71 . 53 . 32 18 3. 50 . 70 1. 15 24. 02 10. 41 3. 27 5. 76 21 2. 58 1. 79 16. 94 3. 61 4. 47 2. 04 5. 16 1. 66 7. 65 1. 55 1. 25 2. 15 29 . 37 . 77 1. 27 19. 56 3. 52 . 77 1. 54 1. 53 1. 92 1. 14 2. 04 2. 40 1. 56 . 85 1. 53 . 77 . 83 . 66 . 39 3. 56 . 99 1. 03 30. 37 10. 42 2. 53 6. 36 . 15 3. 20 7. 71 17. 62 2. 61 4. 82 2. 55 5. 77 1. 87 10. 27 1. 62 1. 82 2. 92 . 37 . 49 1. 13 1. 92 15. 94 3. 63 . 84 1. 52 1. 30 1. 13 . 84 1. 55 1. 43 . 94 . 83 1. 03 . 89 . 57 . 34 . 17 3. 39 . 82 . 98 24. 16 8. 78 3. 27 6. 03 . 20 3. 28 2. 60 15. 06 2. 74 4. 23 1. 84 4. 91 1. 33 7 .1 6 1. 28 1. 07 2. 11 . 26 . 37 . 75 1. 32 2 1 .7 5 4. 69 . 73 1. 80 1. 61 2. 02 1. 30 2. 31 2. 55 1. 74 . 87 1. 28 . 84 . 50 . 37 . 20 4. 80 . 59 1. 59 31. 33 16. 71 4. 61 7. 93 . 19 1. 31 . 58 23. 46 5. 14 5. 88 2. 24 7. 68 2. 52 9. 23 2. 10 1. 69 2. 64 . 33 . 33 1. 02 1. 12 11. 52 1. 20 . 75 1. 11 1. 14 1. 30 . 52 1. 14 1. 03 1. 02 . 50 1. 20 . 61 Private non farm income Nonfarm income 1953-55 100. 00 . 61 . 47 27 4. 38 . 73 1. 40 Percent change in relative position, 1927-29 to 1953-55 4 Private nonfarm income 3 Government income disbursements 2 Total 1953-55 as percent of 1927-29 . 46 . 29 . 20 3. 68 . 49 1. 43 2 3 .8 1 13. 18 3. 29 5. 31 . 22 1. 40 . 42 20. 13 5. 08 4. 89 2. 37 5. 58 2. 21 8. 48 2. 00 1. 56 2. 21 . 33 . 37 . 80 1. 20 15. 85 1. 55 . 85 1. 10 1. 40 1. 74 . 86 1. 58 2. 14 1. 24 . 80 1. 94 . 65 . 55 . 39 . 25 4. 93 . 75 2. 10 34. 39 17. 63 4. 81 9. 58 . 29 1. 48 . 60 24. 31 4. 63 6. 27 2. 24 8. 97 2. 19 7. 55 1. 63 1. 28 2. 61 . 19 . 20 . 68 .96 10. 29 1. 09 . 98 1. 04 1. 00 1. 07 . 46 1. 03 . 89 . 87 . 44 . 91 . 49 . 45 . 32 . 18 3. 45 . 53 2. 03 27. 29 12. 84 4. 43 7. 51 . 35 1. 69 . 47 24. 68 309 298 269 260 276 339 288 263 328 282 421 449 327 357 -2 3 262 -8 -2 2 -21 -2 9 -11 -2 3 15 240 304 259 393 378 258 22 -11 335 -3 14 5. 59 6. 60 2. 84 7. 43 2. 22 419 369 442 294 355 398 347 418 273 334 7 .4 9 3/4 339 342 387 399 336 407 359 346 310 316 342 535 302 365 -2 435 1. 70 1. 21 2. 50 . 20 . 20 . 62 1. 06 13. 56 512 327 1. 48 . 90 1. 13 1. 35 1. 54 . 76 1. 43 1. 73 1. 04 . 49 1. 23 . 48 580 336 417 501 547 647 536 742 472 444 510 385 447 304 357 445 477 550 455 638 394 363 448 323 464 (5) -22 -1 8 -1 8 -2 6 -3 0 -2 9 -3 -1 6 -1 9 -2 7 -2 9 -2 5 271 271 243 231 234 320 20 -2 0 -4 2 -2 7 -8 -22 19 15 -2 2 1 21 5 27 -1 7 1 -1 5 -4 4 1 -9 -8 -7 5 9 -9 -6 10 11 39 32 58 -9 13 36 49 76 45 101 28 21 39 4 46 35 -8 8 35 44 66 38 93 19 10 36 -2 41 5. 06 7. 90 1. 48 5. 15 . 61 . 66 1. 35 3. 24 . 49 . 59 1. 48 5. 64 . 70 . 67 1. 15 3. 04 . 27 . 30 6. 93 1. 48 4. 32 . 47 . 65 4. 38 1. 15 2. 82 . 14 . 26 6. 15 1. 00 4. 41 . 31 . 43 537 2. 43 2. 74 2. 93 2. 78 2. 17 2 .6 8 1 .6 8 1 .9 0 . 31 . 25 . 17 . 81 . 36 551 483 427 444 469 318 434 373 378 383 374 -5 31 16 21 27 18 -4 31 13 15 16 9. 56 14. 81 9. 75 14. 35 9. 48 15. 57 8. 45 1 1 .9 7 537 468 46 42 1. 22 3. 11 34 . 39 . 54 . 31 . 22 1. 02 . 35 1. 74 . 94 . 13 6. 76 . 39 . 32 . 23 1. 22 . 59 2. 36 . 98 . 21 11. 26 5. 67 . 78 . 39 . 35 1. 06 . 35 1. 97 . 94 . 19 6. 64 8. 48 . 36 . 30 . 24 1. 25 . 63 2. 47 . 85 . 22 10. 82 4. 76 . 41 . 26 . 16 . 99 . 35 1. 62 . 94 . 10 6. 82 . 43 . 36 . 22 1. 16 . 51 2. 19 1. 20 . 18 12. 00 4. These trend measures parallel those for total personal income shown in table V; see footnote 2 to that table for method of computation. 5. Less than .5 of one percent. . 32 . 19 . 15 . 71 . 31 1. 27 . 71 . 09 6. 38 1. 57 1. 01 . 17 9. 22 347 587 846 632 434 480 508 736 550 289 515 720 539 407 469 662 477 -6 59 130 72 30 38 99 49 N o t e .— D etail will not necessarily add to totals because of rounding. -1 3 56 118 63 13 23 42 100 44 40 A SUPPLEMENT TO THE SURVEY OF CURRENT BUSINESS Table VII.— Percent Distributions of Individuals' Earnings State and region All private non-farm industries M ining C ontract construction M anufacturing 1929 1955 1929 1955 1929 1955 1929 1955 C ontinental United S ta te s. 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 N ew E ngland________ 8.66 . 53 . 40 . 25 4. 73 . 74 2. 03 32. 84 16. 49 4. 76 9. 48 . 23 1. 37 . 51 25. 57 4. 75 6. 80 2. 52 9. 20 2. 29 7, 82 1. 69 1. 30 2. 74 . 20 . 21 . 68 1. 00 10. 65 1. 12 1. 07 1. 05 1. 07 1. 13 . 49 1. 09 . 80 . 92 . 47 . 93 . 51 4. 45 1. 16 2. 85 . 15 . 29 1.76 . 35 . 21 . 16 . 69 . 34 8. 26 1. 38 . 77 . 10 6. 02 6. 69 . 44 . 31 . 17 3. 30 . 50 1. 97 26.67 12. 44 4. 49 7. 36 . 32 1. 67 . 39 25. 38 5. 91 6. 76 2. 98 7. 50 2. 23 7. 40 1. 70 1. 18 2. 48 . 19 . 20 . 61 1. 04 13.81 1. 49 . 92 1. 14 1. 38 1. 62 . 76 1. 49 1. 67 1. 11 . 50 1. 25 . 47 6. 16 . 99 4. 41 . 31 . 45 1.91 . 31 . 25 . 16 . 81 . 38 11. 98 1. 55 1. 01 . 19 9. 23 .82 . 06 . 13 . 31 . 13 (2) . 19 30. 30 1. 07 . 63 28. 29 (2) . 31 .65 . 05 . 02 . 12 . 31 . 02 . 12 13. 84 1. 55 . 58 11. 42 (2) . 29 13. 17 2. 38 2. 89 1. 88 5. 71 . 31 5. 58 1. 51 . 63 1. 13 . 13 . 25 . 06 1. 88 20. 58 1. 13 9. 85 4. 39 . 75 . 13 . 13 . 13 . 25 2. 32 (2) . 63 . 88 16. 62 8. 03 5. 58 . 75 2. 26 7. 15 1. 94 . 50 1. 38 1. 69 1. 63 5. 77 . 38 . 13 . 75 4. 52 11. 10 2. 13 2. 83 1. 40 4. 26 . 48 6. 31 2. 13 . 34 . 92 . 24 . 24 . 27 2. 18 26. 49 1. 57 10. 09 4. 21 . 80 . 34 . 12 . 39 . 73 1. 72 . 46 5. 32 . 75 27. 87 6. 27 17. 80 1. 81 1. 98 7. 11 1. 81 . 56 1. 19 1. 79 1. 77 6. 63 . 31 . 19 . 75 5. 37 9. 18 . 65 . 63 . 41 4. 31 . 63 2. 56 34. 77 17. 44 6. 78 8. 09 . 33 1. 50 . 63 26. 27 5. 61 6. 35 2. 15 9. 40 2. 75 7. 14 1. 47 1. 31 2. 59 . 16 . 16 . 54 . 90 8. 15 . 84 . 63 . 93 1. 01 . 82 . 35 . 65 . 65 . 82 . 35 . 60 . 49 4. 85 1. 04 3. 41 . 14 . 27 1.25 . 25 . 14 . 11 . 49 . 27 8. 39 1. 28 . 60 . 05 6. 46 5. 97 . 52 . 34 . 11 2. 78 . 41 1. 81 22. 50 9. 13 4. 25 6. 11 . 41 2. 23 . 37 22. 83 5. 03 6. 51 2. 44 6. 76 2. 09 8. 78 2. 37 1. 13 2. 74 . 26 . 29 . 68 1. 30 14. 85 1. 60 . 61 1. 30 1. 47 1. 49 . 73 1. 49 2. 91 1. 00 . 45 1. 34 . 46 7. 56 1. 10 5. 18 . 50 . 78 2. 70 . 37 . 34 . 22 1. 20 . 57 14. 82 1. 96 . 96 . 38 11. 51 11. 44 . 60 . 57 . 28 5. 98 1. 19 2. 83 33. 94 15. 74 5. 88 10. 67 . 33 1. 20 . 13 31.88 6. 72 9. 24 3. 42 9. 51 2. 98 5.14 1. 18 . 82 2. 21 . 04 . 06 . 33 . 49 8. 77 . 89 . 80 . 68 . 93 1. 39 . 55 . 93 . 42 . 81 . 36 . 72 . 31 1.94 . 45 1. 37 . 02 . 10 .92 . 17 . 15 . 05 . 36 . 18 5. 97 1. 29 . 71 . 01 3. 95 8. 10 . 48 . 38 . 18 3. 76 . 64 2. 66 27. 66 11. 33 5. 44 8. 85 . 43 1. 54 . 07 32. 70 8. 67 8. 98 4. 04 8. 23 2. 78 5. 56 1. 26 . 96 2. 17 . 03 . 06 . 32 . 77 11. 65 1. 17 . 76 . 98 1. 36 1. 83 . 92 1. 37 . 62 1. 10 . 38 . 81 . 35 3.48 . 52 2. 66 . 12 . 19 .91 . 13 . 14 . 05 . 39 . 20 9. 93 1. 32 . 91 . 03 7. 67 Maine_________ New HampshireVermont_______ Massachusetts- _. Rhode Island___ Connecticut____ M id e a st.__________________ New York__________ New Jersey_________ Pennsylvania_______ Delaware___________ Maryland__________ District of Columbia- G reat L a k e s.._ Michigan.. Ohio_____ Indiana__ Illinois___ Wisconsin. Piains_____________ Minnesota____ Iowa______:___ Missouri______ North Dakota. _ South Dakota. . Nebraska_____ Kansas________ Southeast_________ Virginia_______ West Virginia... Kentucky_____ Tennessee_____ North Carolina. South Carolina. Georgia_______ Florida________ Alabama______ Mississippi____ Louisiana_____ Arkansas______ Southwest_________ Oklahoma_____ Texas________ New México___ Arizona_______ Rocky Mountain___ Montana______ Idaho_________ Wyoming_____ Colorado______ Utah_________ Far West__________ Washington___ Oregon________ Nevada_______ California_____ 1 1. For definition, and dollar am ounts on w hich these com putations are based, see tables 64 and 70, P art V. 2. L ess than 0.05 of one percent. 41 PERSONAL INCOME, BY STATES, SINCE 192 9 in Private Nonfarm Industries, by States and Regions, 1929 and 1955 1 100. 00 100. 00 7. 56 . 52 . 27 . 22 4. 50 . 57 1. 47 5. 85 30. 17 25. 34 16. 33 3. 63 8. 23 . 15 1. 27 . 56 23. 91 4. 13 5. 78 2. 10 9. 74 2. 16 . 45 . 26 . 18 3. 05 . 45 1. 47 13. 18 3. 75 6. 03 . 23 1. 62 . 53 2 1 .9 9 4. 62 5. 48 2. 57 7. 19 2. 13 2. 00 2 .3 1 . 38 . 26 . 15 . 87 . 34 9 .4 7 1. 58 . 87 . 08 6. 94 . 36 . 31 . 16 1. 05 . 43 12. 90 1. 74 1. 18 . 19 9. 79 4. 10 7. 83 39. 32 3 1 .2 9 28. 65 25. 73 35. 94 . 35 . 21 . 16 4. 61 . 53 2. 48 24. 95 5. 07 7. 22 . 21 1. 33 . 53 21. 14 3. 63 4. 80 1. 71 9. 36 1. 65 18. 99 4. 06 5. 70 . 25 1. 71 . 58 1 9 .0 2 3. 30 4. 62 1. 94 7. 50 1. 66 1. 65 1. 17 2. 77 . 19 . 19 . 80 . 80 . 99 . 48 . 72 . 80 . 85 . 32 . 96 1. 04 . 56 . 32 . 96 . 40 3. 97 1. 04 2. 67 . 08 . 19 1 .4 4 . 21 . 13 . 05 . 75 . 29 9. 81 1. 23 . 64 . 05 7. 89 1. 79 1. 12 2. 54 . 18 . 22 . 81 . 81 1. 63 . 47 . 79 1. 20 1. 28 . 66 1. 58 2. 43 1. 04 . 44 1. 12 . 41 6. 44 . 92 4. 74 . 30 . 47 1 .8 7 . 25 . 22 . 14 . 87 . 39 13. 73 1. 76 . 93 . 12 10. 91 N o t e .— D etail will not necessarily add to totals because of rounding. » 28. 97 5. 23 . 31 . 25 . 14 3. 76 . 50 2. 18 1 3 .0 6 1. 20 5. 27 . 35 . 50 33. 22 7 .1 4 8. 40 1. 43 3. 68 . 18 . 31 27. 95 8 .3 4 1 5 .1 8 7. 32 6 .6 3 100 . 00 10.91 5. 60 8 .3 1 100. 00 7 .4 7 1. 70 . 69 1. 12 1. 49 1. 70 . 76 1. 74 2. 26 1. 14 . 69 1. 34 . 55 6 .8 0 100. 00 7 .5 7 1. 16 . 73 . 98 1. 16 1. 11 . 48 1. 23 . 93 . 91 . 63 . 95 . 65 100. 00 100. 00 9. 11 1. 96 1. 59 2. 79 . 35 . 35 . 87 1. 20 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 10. 39 2. 18 1. 72 3. 40 . 36 . 40 . 99 1. 34 1929 1955 1955 1929 1955 1929 Services Communications and public utilities Transportation Finance, insurance, and real estate Wholesale and retail trade . 38 . 19 . 18 2. 14 . 28 . 93 . 48 . 22 . 22 2. 94 . 34 I. 03 11. 34 4. 09 7. 73 . 24 1. 87 . 46 12. 76 3. 87 9. 40 . 26 1. 85 . 52 II. 2. 38 1. 91 3. 36 . 34 . 26 1. 11 1. 87 1 4 .2 3 1. 83 1. 31 1. 85 1. 45 . 91 . 48 1. 37 . 95 1. 19 . 68 1. 43 . 77 5. 88 23 19. 84 2. 12 10. 28 7. 70 8. 03 8. 24 7. 26 15. 33 9 .6 9 13. 72 12. 26 14. 47 2. 33 1. 35 3. 30 . 37 . 21 1. 08 1. 64 1. 67 1. 28 2. 70 . 19 . 19 . 77 . 90 1. 42 1. 45 1. 42 . 45 1. 59 1. 93 1. 12 . 46 1. 67 . 61 7. 30 4. 81 3. 04 1. 87 . 97 . 20 5. 92 22. 79 1. 03 1. 41 . 83 . 77 . 90 . 39 1. 28 . 77 . 77 . 26 . 90 . 39 2. 10 1. 10 2. 74 8. 96 . 15. 36 4. 29 6. 20 . 25 1. 89 . 97 21. 43 4. 13 . 32 . 32 . 60 . 30 . 36 . 95 . 54 18. 24 4. 52 7. 31 20 1. 76 1. 19 . 38 . 30 . 20 3. 51 . 45 1. 79 4. 84 5. 08 2. 37 6. 99 1. 93 1. 04 5. 47 . 37 . 43 1. 11 14. 06 4. 30 7. 02 . 19 1. 74 . 64 . 53 . 38 . 21 4. 81 . 59 1. 80 21 . 21 3. 30 6. 16 2. 77 7. 88 1. 72 2. 72 6. 60 2. 88 9. 02 1. 87 21. 37 4. 43 8. 09 . 13 1. 16 . 77 . 46 . 34 . 18 3. 64 . 55 1. 63 4. 49 5. 71 1. 99 8. 47 21. 82 2 3 .0 9 . 51 . 32 . 19 4. 30 . 71 1. 80 . 60 . 39 . 42 1. 07 . 55 1 2 .4 0 1. 96 1. 27 . 24 8. 92 1. 16 3. 27 . 13 . 26 2. 31 . 51 . 32 . 13 . 83 . 51 8. 92 1. 35 . 90 . 13 6. 55 1. 65 1. 34 2. 69 . 27 . 25 . 64 1. 20 3. 57 5. 60 1. 89 8. 55 1. 82 1. 73 1. 47 2. 83 . 23 . 26 . 77 . 95 68 1. 28 . 69 1. 06 1. 28 1. 24 . 62 1. 46 1. 35 . 97 . 55 1. 21 . 54 7. 47 4 .6 0 1. 54 1. 22 1. 11 . 96 1. 23 . 61 1. 50 1. 72 1. 05 . 59 1. 48 . 4. 15 5. 09 1. 92 6. 89 1. 78 1. 68 1. 14 2. 37 . 24 . 24 . 65 . 94 1. 59 . 61 1. 06 1. 40 1. 51 . 66 1. 49 2. 54 1 10 . 56 1. 44 . 52 . 6. 52 68 1. 02 3. 08 . 19 . 32 4. 53 . 39 . 59 2. 39 1 .7 3 2. 06 1. 31 4. 97 . 50 . . 37 . 31 . 18 1. 08 . 45 12. 44 1. 42 1. 10 . 18 9. 74 . 31 21 . 14 . 79 . 28 . 10 . 21 1. 27 . 83 . 13 7. 98 1. 01 . 33 . 30 . 17 . 92 . 35 14. 27 1. 55 1. 04 . 45 11. 23 42 A SUPPLEMENT TO THE SURVEY OF CURRENT BUSINESS Table V III. S tate and región C ontinental United S tates N ew England Maine_ New Hampshire, _ Vermont- _ Massachusetts _ _ Rhode Island.. Connecticut- _ M id east . New York . New Jersey Pennsylvania Delaware Maryland „ District of Columbia G reat L akes Michigan Ohio Indiana Illinois Wisconsin. P lain s- _ Minnesota Iowa _ ____ M issouri- ____ North Dakota South Dakota Nebraska Kansas Sou th east Virginia West Virginia Kentucky. Tennessee North Carolina South Carolina Georgia Florida - _ Alabama MississippiLouisiana Arkansas _ Sou th w est Oklahoma . TexasNew México, Arizona R ocky M ountain Montana Idaho Wyoming- Colorado Utah Far W est . Washington OregonNevada California _ Territory of Hawaii 1. Computed from data in table 3, Part V. Changes in Population, by Stales and Regions, Selected Years, 1929-55 Percent of continental U nited States 1929 1940 100. 00 100. 00 1950 6. 68 . 65 . 38 . 29 3. 47 . 56 1. 31 37 3. 27 . . OO 23. 18 10. 00 3. 28 7. 98 19 1. 33 . 40 7. 50 A. O . 52 10. 89 2. 11 2. 02 2. 97 . 55 . 57 1. 13 1 53 22. 30 1. 41 2. 14 2. 14 2. 57 1. 43 2. 38 1 19 2. 17 1. 64 1. 71 1. 52 7. 38 9 AH 11 . 49 . 49 35 8 25 15 17 5 .8 5 18 4 8 . 55 . 34 . 23 2. 91 . 50 1. 34 14 18 3 13 19 38 22. 05 28 . oZ 32 33 12 65 69 77 20. 45 33 49 40 o« 1. 32 1. 58 -1 4 -2 2 4 9 7 19 11 16 7 11 5 2 14 13 43 6 19 28 10 45 49 24 26 11 16 6 19 29 17 14 3 19 18 10 30 23 —4 8 10 4 22 16 6 10 Z. Zo 9« 03 12 2 10 4 13 5 O. DO 1. 10 . Oí 24 9 16 —5 —i i 10 8 3 5 —5 —7 —4 —4 oZ 48 16 di 39 33 Zo 148 lo 7 41 —3 12 12 11 10 13 14 9 7 33 8 9 14 6 42 oZ 9 17 8 12 13 16 11 14 7 2 6 4 4 5 7 12 13 6 32 4 5 16 22 21 17 87 9 —2 24 -8 21 5 3 13 14 12 11 47 8 0 14 —2 6 9 9 11 17 19 13 45 7 3 16 0 9 —1 2 3 7 9 6 27 1 —2 9 —6 30 17 21 12 lo4 12 lo ZU 0 13 7 o7 17 4U oo 57 10. 64 115 22 /o lo4 Zo Z0 39. 18 1Z 9 15 14 12 10 6 7 7 4 4 —3 2 1 8 5 21 29 51 . y4 . 4y 4. 54 14 5 11 0 7 6 15 —5 oo 4y lüz lo i 32 9 12 8 5 3 15 18 O. 1Z . O «7 . oy 8 8 4 9 9 18 25 19 17 14 17 1. 65 2. 28 10 12 2 11 14 29 21 15 15 11 10 1 AZ 9 1 fi 1. ZO 14 V 38 29 26 18 18 2. 22 2. 71 1. 44 /II 1.A «767 . 40 7 5 1 2 5 7 11 5 6 4 7 2. 18 1. 45 9 17 9 53 35 34 22 26 4. 46 5. 44 Z. oo . 85 99 QZ 2. 23 1.' 28 . 78 . 07 100. 00 1. Zo 1. 95 4. 73 . 34 . 35 6 67 1929 to 1955 1929 to 1940 1940 to 1955 1940 to 1950 1946 to 1955 1950 to 1955 1. oo z. oo . oy 9 »7 7 . 43 . 37 . 18 . 83 4? Zo 4 OI O. 9 Qft 9 1955 9. 75 3. 24 6. 63 . 24 1. 67 2 0 .6 8 3. 94 5. 44 2. 65 6. 25 2. 41 P ercent change 4 22 41 63 0 13 16 33 25 11 Zo oí 44 13 lo 18 26 22 20 23 29 25 77 49 29 19 oo 41 5o zo oz oo 1U 45 15 0 12 17 108 8o 43 6 3 7 16 15 N o t e —Detail will not necessarily add to totals because of rounding. * 43 PERSONAL INCOME, BY STATES, SINCE 192 9 Table IX .— Percent Distribution by Industry of Civilian Income Received by Persons in Each State and Region for Participation in Current Production, 19291 Total State and region Continental United States------------ 100.0 100.0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100.0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100.0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100.0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100.0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100.0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100.0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100.0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 New Hampshire. Commu Wholesale Finance, Contract construc Manufac and retail insurance, Transpor nications Services tation ind public and real trade turing tion utilities estate Farms Mining 11.1 2.4 5. 6 25.7 3.8 14. 7 6. 1 18. 9 1. 8 1. 6 3. 1 2 .9 2. 3 2. 2 3. 5 10. 0 7. 3 .3 .3 .8 2. 9 .1 (2) .3 2 .5 .2 .4 8. 1 (2) .6 7 .8 5. 7 6. 6 12. 4 6. 2 16. 0 25.6 20. 8 34. 2 12. 8 43. 5 47. 6 38. 5 27. 1 23.6 19. 4 9. 6 25. 5 23. 3 24. 9 27. 2 24. 1 11. 4 25. 2 44. 0 20. 6 36. 8 23.7 22. 2 24. 2 33. 1 17. 1 20.7 17. 9 34. 5 25. 6 17. 4 16. 5 11.3 13. 2 14. 6 12. 1 10. 3 1.3 1. 3 1. 1 1. 8 1. 6 .3 1.4 1. 9 .8 1. 0 .9 1. 6 .1 3. 7 4 .0 2. 1 23. 5 8. 4 1. 5 .2 .5 .2 .7 5. 1 (2) 1. 4 2. 9 7 .7 14. 6 4. 0 8. 1 17. 1 8 .6 11. 8 4. 1 17. 1 5. 3 11. 0 1.7 .6 .4 18. 2 1. 8 6.5 6. 6 9. 3 8. 6 5. 7 5. 4 7. 9 6 .5 6. 6 8. 9 5. 3 8. 0 6. 3 5. 3 6. 1 7. 1 5. 6 4. 8 6. 2 6. 4 4 .2 4. 3 4. 1 5. 2 2. 7 2. 4 3. 0 4. 1 3 .6 3. 6 3. 4 4. 1 4. 5 3. 4 3. 2 2. 8 4. 3 4. 1 2. 6 3. 1 3. 8 5 .2 4. 3 5. 7 3. 4 4. 7 3.5 3. 4 2. 5 3. 1 3. 6 4. 2 5 .6 5. 0 4. 1 3. 0 6. 0 37.2 18. 1 28. 0 17. 7 38. 9 13. 8 26. 9 15. 4 36. 1 20. 0 46. 6 16. 6 40. 2 15. 4 29. 3 19. 1 27. 4 20. 9 35. 5 16. 1 32. 1 18. 2 36. 7 12. 0 23. 0 18. 0 5. 1 15. 9 33.7 18. 6 38. 8 17. 5 37. 4 17. 2 34. 8 15. 7 28. 6 21. 5 31. 6 16. 8 13.9 20.6 15. 8 21. 3 11. 7 18. 1 20. 4 23. 0 3. 1 20. 2 3. 9 19. 3 8. 2 18. 2 10. 3 20. 6 17.8 16. 3 17. 5 16. 8 20. 0 13. 5 13. 8 14. 6 19. 0 17. 5 26. 4 15. 4 22. 9 14. 7 18. 1 17. 6 12. 7 20. 8 18. 7 15. 5 12. 2 15. 6 17. 2 16. 6 10. 9 16. 7 9.5 20.1 8. 6 20. 3 10. 4 20. 6 2. 7 14. 9 8. 1 18. 0 11.6 18.6 10. 7 17. 9 13. 2 16. 2 6. 2 14. 0 12. 1 21. 3 13. 1 17. 8 18.3 21.3 22. 9 20. 7 22. 4 20. 0 3. 0 15. 2 16. 8 21. 7 1. For definition, and dollar amounts on which these computations are based, see table 64, Part V. N o t e —Detail will not necessarily add 375115 0 - 57- 4 to totals because of rounding. 18.9 Federal State and Govern local ment govern ment Other 5.7 7 .7 2 .4 13.0 1.6 5.4 0 .3 6.0 3. 6 3. 2 3. 4 6. 2 4. 7 7. 8 7 .6 9. 7 6. 8 4. 8 5. 3 5. 7 4. 6 5.0 4. 7 4. 3 3. 9 6. 3 3. 9 4. 6 4. 9 3. 7 5. 7 3. 1 2. 8 4. 5 3. 7 3.8 4. 3 2. 7 3. 3 3. 6 3. 6 3. 0 4. 2 7. 1 2. 9 2. 4 5. 1 3. 1 4. 3 4. 5 4. 5 2. 0 3. 3 4. 1 3. 1 2. 5 1. 6 5. 5 4. 7 6.7 4. 9 4. 5 3. 0 7. 5 5. 1 6. 6 4. 5 6. 3 5. 3 4. 0 4. 4 7 .4 6. 6 7. 0 8. 5 8. 7 10. 6 6. 0 7. 3 4. 7 8. 0 8. 8 8. 1 5. 9 9. 1 9. 5 8. 1 9. 3 7. 6 5. 1 8. 3 11. 6 8. 6 10. 8 9. 9 11. 2 8. 9 5. 2 6. 0 8. 0 8. 7 8. 2 6. 8 10. 2 8. 2 8 .6 6. 4 9. 4 10. 8 7. 6 10.4 11. 5 7. 6 14. 0 9. 5 11. 4 8 .2 9. 9 9. 2 15. 2 7. 5 2 .4 2. 2 2. 0 1. 7 2. 4 2. 6 2. 4 2 .9 3. 4 2. 5 2. 3 1. 3 2. 1 2. 8 2 .2 2. 4 2. 1 1. 9 2. 4 2. 1 1.9 2. 1 1. 7 2. 3 1. 3 1. 2 1. 8 1. 7 1.8 1. 9 3. 3 1. 6 1. 5 1. 6 1. 5 2. 3 2. 2 1. 6 .8 2. 0 1. 3 2 .2 2. 1 2. 3 1. 4 1. 9 2 .7 3. 1 2. 5 1. 6 2. 6 3. 4 2.5 2. 2 2. 6 3. 0 2. 6 13.7 12. 5 13. 0 10. 3 14. 7 11. 7 12. 9 14.5 16. 1 13. 8 11. 1 11. 3 17. 2 23. 3 11.5 10. 4 11. 5 9. 7 13. 0 9. 8 11.3 11. 6 10. 6 13. 2 9. 0 8. 7 9. 8 10. 0 12.6 12. 8 8. 8 10. 9 13. 2 12. 0 13. 2 14. 4 20. 8 11. 4 9. 4 14. 6 9. 6 11.4 10. 0 11. 9 10. 8 12. 8 11. 1 9. 9 9. 1 9. 3 13. 2 10. 2 15.8 11. 4 13. 3 16. 7 17. 2 1.4 1. 9 2. 8 1. 7 1. 3 2. 1 .7 1.9 1. 1 .7 1. 2 1. 3 3. 7 32. 5 1.0 .8 .9 1. 0 1. 1 1. 2 1.6 1. 4 1. 3 1. 5 2. 7 2. 4 1. 8 1. 6 2. 1 4. 3 1. 2 1. 6 1. 7 1. 5 2. 5 2. 0 2. 2 1. 8 2. 4 2. 1 2. 1 1.8 1. 6 1. 5 5. 4 3. 8 3.0 5. 0 3. 0 3. 1 2. 4 2. 1 1.7 2. 3 2. 1 4. 5 1. 4 5 .4 4. 7 5. 7 4. 0 6. 1 4. 7 4. 6 5 .3 5. 5 6. 0 4. 9 4. 7 5. 0 4. 4 5.4 6. 5 5. 2 5. 1 5. 0 5. 9 5 .6 6. 1 5. 4 5. 4 5. 8 4. 7 5. 8 5. 2 5. 1 5. 2 4. 2 4. 9 5. 2 5. 4 4. 7 4. 9 6. 9 5. 1 3. 4 6. 2 4. 0 5. 1 4. 9 5. 1 6. 8 5. 2 5 .9 5. 7 4. 6 4. 7 7. 1 5. 5 6 .5 6. 4 6. 5 6. 1 6. 5 .3 1. 1 (2) .3 .2 .3 .1 .1 .3 .1 .7 .6 2. Less than .05 of 1 percent. .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 .2 .o (2) (2) .7 (2)' .2 .1 1. 4 2. 4 .9 .6 .4 .6 .3 .0 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) .5 .5 .4 (2) .6 44 A SUPPLEMENT TO THE SURVEY OF CURRENT BUSINESS Table X. P ercen t D istribution o f P ersonal Incom e b y Sta tes and Regions, 1946—5 5 1 Percent of continental United States State and region 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 Continental United States 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 New England___________ Maine_____________ New Hampshire____ Vermont___________ Massachusetts_____ Rhode Island______ Connecticut________ Mideast________________ New York_________ New Jersey________ Pennsylvania_______ Delaware__________ Maryland__________ District of Columbia Great Lakes____________ Michigan__________ Ohio_______________ Indiana____________ Illinois_____________ Wisconsin_________ Plains_________________ Minnesota_________ Iowa______________ Missouri___________ North Dakota_____ South Dakota______ Nebraska__________ Kansas____________ Southeast______________ Virginia___________ West Virginia______ Kentucky__________ Tennessee_________ North Carolina____ South Carolina_____ Georgia___________ Florida____________ Alabama__________ Mississippi_________ Louisiana__________ Arkansas_______ __ Southwest_____________ Oklahoma_________ Texas_____________ New Mexico_______ Arizona.____ _____ Rocky Mountain_______ Montana__________ Idaho_____________ Wyoming__________ Colorado__________ Utah______________ Far West______________ Washington_______ Oregon____________ Nevada___________ California_________ Territory of Hawaii_____ 6. 99 6. 89 6. 72 6 .7 3 6. 73 6. 65 1. Computed from data in table 1, Part V. 1955 . 53 . 32 . 21 3. 60 . 61 1. 72 . 52 . 33 . 21 3. 47 . 60 1. 76 . 52 . 32 . 20 3. 41 . 57 1. 70 . 52 . 32 . 20 3. 44 . 57 1. 68 . 48 . 31 . 20 3. 45 . 57 1. 72 . 47 . 31 . 20 3. 36 . 56 1. 75 6. 58 . 48 . 30 . 19 3. 29 . 55 1. 77 6. 60 . 46 . 30 . 19 3. 30 . 54 1. 81 6. 62 . 46 . 31 . 19 3. 32 . 53 1. 81 6. 62 26. 79 26. 49 26. 17 26. 54 26. 36 25. 75 25. 56 25. 65 2 5 .7 3 25. 62 22. 90 22. 35 2 2 .5 1 22. 60 23. 23 8. 17 12. 93 3. 92 7. 16 . 26 1. 66 . 86 1. 83 1. 69 2. 54 . 34 . 36 . 82 1. 16 12. 69 3. 84 7. 28 . 26 1. 61 . 81 22. 47 4. 67 5. 75 2. 60 7. 23 2. 22 8. 84 1. 86 1. 58 2. 48 . 44 . 39 . 83 1. 26 15. 34 15. 03 15. 06 15. 07 15. 17 6. 02 6. 50 21. 82 4. 41 5. 61 2. 52 7. 10 2. 18 8. 74 1. 90 . 96 1. 27 1. 50 1. 82 . 84 1. 56 1. 60 1. 23 . 71 1. 20 . 75 1. 73 1. 02 1. 26 1. 47 1. 78 . 82 1. 53 1. 54 1. 24 . 74 1. 20 . 70 12. 56 3. 80 7. 17 . 27 1. 60 . 77 4. 62 5. 89 2. 69 7. 46 2. 24 9. 28 1. 94 1. 90 2. 57 . 39 . 43 . 89 1. 16 1. 72 1. 05 1. 31 1. 45 1. 75 . 85 1. 49 1. 47 1. 23 . 75 1. 25 . 74 12. 73 3. 86 7. 19 . 29 1. 65 . 82 4. 63 5. 71 2. 63 7. 13 2. 25 8.71 1. 85 1. 66 2. 53 . 33 . 34 . 83 1. 17 1. 76 1. 00 1. 28 1. 46 1. 75 . 83 1. 51 1. 56 1. 18 . 68 1. 36 . 70 12. 43 3. 86 7. 30 . 31 1. 67 . 79 4. 79 5. 72 2. 66 7. 10 2. 24 11. 92 3. 94 7. 13 . 30 1. 71 . 75 22. 76 4. 78 5. 89 2. 75 7. 03 2. 31 8. 80 8. 59 8. 50 1. 78 1. 59 2. 48 . 28 . 30 . 81 1. 26 1. 78 1. 45 2. 47 . 27 . 31 . 74 1. 15 12. 00 4. 08 6. 90 . 31 1. 78 . 66 22. 84 4. 98 6. 05 2. 68 6. 95 2. 18 8. 43 1. 82 1. 56 2. 47 . 27 . 32 . 79 1. 20 15. 37 15. 44 15. 25 15. 08 6. 75 6. 60 6. 68 1. 86 1. 68 2. 53 . 35 . 35 . 86 1. 17 1. 78 . 98 1. 26 1. 46 1. 82 . 83 1. 56 1. 61 1. 18 . 71 1. 30 . 68 1. 14 4. 21 . 29 . 38 6 .2 5 1. 15 4. 40 . 30 . 40 6. 23 6 .7 2 1. 18 4. 76 . 35 . 43 1. 11 4. 61 . 35 . 43 2. 11 2. 23 2. 19 2 .2 1 2. 23 . 37 . 34 . 19 . 81 . 40 12. 19 1. 83 1. 07 . 14 9. 15 • 41 . 41 . 35 . 20 . 87 . 40 11.80 1. 76 1. 10 . 14 8. 80 . 38 1. 14 4. 37 . 31 . 41 . 42 . 34 . 20 . 85 . 38 1 1 .4 5 1. 74 1. 09 . 13 8. 49 . 35 . 39 . 34 . 21 . 87 . 40 11. 67 1. 77 1. 09 . 13 8. 68 . 33 . 42 . 34 . 21 . 86 . 40 11. 70 1. 77 1. 09 . 14 8. 70 . 31 1. 83 1. 61 2. 48 . 32 . 37 . 81 1. 17 1. 87 . 96 1. 31 1. 44 1. 82 . 90 1. 60 1. 61 1. 20 . 69 1. 28 . 69 6. 64 1. 11 4. 67 . 37 . 49 2. 28 . 42 . 34 . 22 . 89 . 41 11. 96 1. 74 1. 09 . 15 8. 98 . 31 11. 78 3. 98 7. 03 . 30 1. 75 . 72 4. 80 5. 91 2. 71 6. 91 2. 27 1. 91 . 94 1. 31 1. 41 1. 77 . 92 1. 61 1. 69 1. 20 . 69 1. 32 . 67 1. 14 4. 72 . 37 . 52 2. 26 . 40 . 34 . 20 . 91 . 41 12.31 1. 74 1. 08 . 16 9. 33 . S3 11. 75 4. 03 7. 11 . 31 1. 78 . 67 5. 13 6. 11 2. 83 6. 95 2. 21 1. 84 . 90 1. 29 1. 43 1. 73 . 90 1. 58 1. 78 1. 18 . 67 1. 31 . 64 1. 12 4. 60 . 37 . 51 2. 17 . 39 . 31 . 19 . 88 . 40 12. 33 1. 72 1. 04 . 16 9. 41 . 31 . 48 . 32 . 19 3. 29 . 53 1. 81 11. 95 4. 06 6. 83 . 32 1. 80 . 66 2 3 .0 1 5. 15 6. 08 2. 70 6. 91 2. 17 8. 06 1. 78 1. 39 2. 49 . 29 . 28 . 71 1. 12 15. 26 1. 11 4. 67 . 38 . 52 1. 81 . 84 1. 23 1. 41 1. 77 . 84 1. 61 1. 95 1. 21 . 67 1. 29 . 63 6. 65 1. 10 4. 66 . 37 . 52 2. 15 2. 16 12. 47 12. 62 1. 82 . 85 1. 26 1. 42 1. 74 . 84 1. 55 1. 88 1. 14 . 64 1. 31 . 63 . 38 . 30 . 19 . 88 . 40 1. 74 1. 02 . 18 9. 53 . 31 . 38 . 29 . 18 . 90 . 41 1. 71 1. 02 . 19 9. 70 . 31 45 PE R SO N A L IN C O M E , B Y ST A T E S, S IN C E 1 9 2 9 Tabic X I.— Percent Distribution of Private Nonfarm Income by States and Regions, 1946-55 1 Percent of continental United States State and region 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 7. 67 7. 50 7. 36 7. 15 7. 23 7. 15 7. 03 6. 96 7. 00 6. 92 27. 37 27. 43 27. 09 24. 97 24. 38 2 4 .7 0 7. 4© 5. 45 6. 54 2. 76 7. 42 7. 46 7. 56 7. 45 . 53 . 34 . 20 3. 94 . 64 2. 01 29. 57 14. 65 4. 40 7. 95 . 30 1. 66 . 62 G reat L ak es ----------------------------------------------------------------- 1955 1946 23. 46 4. 6. 2. 7. 2. 85 19 57 71 14 7 .2 1 1. 64 1. 22 2. 44 . 18 . 20 . 61 . 91 13. 19 1. 47 1. 01 1. 05 1. 35 1. 50 . 68 1. 43 1. 47 1. 07 . 52 1. 12 . 51 . 51 . 34 . 20 3. 81 . 63 2. 01 29. 11 14. 17 4. 34 8. 07 . 30 1. 65 . 58 24. 07 5. 6. 2. 7. 2. 04 33 69 83 19 7. 26 1. 65 1. 24 2. 46 . 18 . 20 . 61 . 91 13. 34 1. 47 1. 10 1. 10 1. 33 1. 54 . 70 1. 40 1. 46 1. 09 . 50 1. 14 . 50 . 48 . 33 . 19 3. 70 . 60 1. 94 . 50 . 33 . 20 3. 65 . 59 1. 88 . 51 . 34 . 20 3. 74 . 62 1. 96 28. 70 13. 87 4. 30 8. 03 . 30 1. 63 . 56 24. 22 28. 72 13. 99 4. 31 2 8 .4 1 7. 88 . 33 1. 64 . 58 13. 67 4. 31 7. 88 . 34 1. 65 . 57 23. 91 24. 27 5. 6. 2. 7. 2. 5. 08 6. 36 2. 74 7. 81 2. 23 06 20 71 68 25 5. 32 6. 26 2. 79 7. 62 2. 28 7 .5 3 7. 62 7. 39 1. 72 1. 29 2. 48 . 21 . 22 . 64 . 98 1. 71 1. 31 2. 51 . 22 . 23 . 65 . 99 1. 68 1. 28 2. 45 . 20 . 22 . 62 . 94 13. 54 13. 47 13. 48 1. 47 1. 05 1. 13 1. 36 1. 60 . 74 1. 42 1. 49 1. 07 . 50 1. 21 . 51 1. 49 1. 07 1. 12 1. 33 1. 55 . 73 1. 40 1. 45 1. 07 . 50 1. 24 . 51 1. 47 1. 15 1. 14 1. 32 1. 55 . 73 1. 40 1. 45 1. 09 . 49 1. 18 . 50 . 47 . 32 . 19 3. 59 . 58 2. 01 27. 94 13. 11 4. 42 7. 89 . 33 1. 66 . 52 24. 50 5. 30 6. 52 2. 86 7. 53 2. 30 7. 51 1. 69 1. 27 2. 46 . 20 . 21 . 64 1. 05 13. 55 1. 50 1. 04 1. 15 1. 35 1. 58 . 75 1. 42 1. 49 1. 07 . 50 1. 19 . 51 . 46 . 31 . 19 3. 48 . 56 2. 03 4-^ 32 . 18 Q A7 . 53 2. 04 . O1 2 7 .5 1 i ** no 4. 46 7. 45 . 34 1 7n . 47 7. 74 . 34 1. 67 . 50 24. 33 5. 6. 2. 7. 2. 5. 67 28 50 85 44 27 7. 55 1. 68 1. 24 2. 50 12. 83 4. 42 7. 33 . 35 1. 70 . 46 5. 6. 2. 7. 2. 65 58 85 40 21 . 20 . 21 1. 70 1. 21 2. 48 . 19 . 20 . 62 1. 04 13. 53 13. 54 13. 60 1. 15 1. 35 1. 53 . 80 1. 40 1. 63 1. 03 1. 12 1. 23 . 49 1. Zi) 1 79 1 91 z!• oU . 21 . 63 1. 09 1. U/ 13.71 1. 4© 1. 52 . 99 1. 16 1. 34 1. 57 . 81 1. 46 1. 56 1. 07 . 49 1. 22 . 52 . 45 . 32 . 18 3. 44 . 52 2. 02 1 4-7 1. 53 1. 48 . 88 1. 11 1. 34 1. 56 . 74 1. 45 1. 80 1. 06 . 49 1. 23 . 47 5. 39 5. 44 5. 72 5. 92 5. 88 5. 98 6 .2 1 6. 08 6 .1 9 6. 18 1.7 4 1.7 7 1 .8 3 1 .9 2 1 .9 0 1.9 1 1. 94 1 .8 8 1 .9 0 1 .9 1 . 79 . 36 . 31 . 25 . 17 . 81 . 36 11.74 12.01 12. 15 . 95 3. 86 . 24 . 34 . 28 . 25 . 16 . 71 . 34 1 1 .7 8 1. 61 1. 06 . 14 8. 96 . 26 . 93 3. 91 . 24 . 35 . 29 . 26 . 17 . 72 . 34 11. 52 1. 59 1. 09 . 14 8. 70 . 28 1 1 .2 3 11.29 11. 30 . 25 . 32 . 27 . 18 . 77 . 36 . 33 . 28 . 19 . 76 . 36 . 31 . 26 . 18 . 74 . 35 1. 63 1. 09 . 13 8. 46 . 99 4. 24 . 29 . 35 1. 02 4. 26 . 28 . 36 . 97 4. 12 . 26 . 36 t 1. 58 1. 09 . 13 8. 44 1. 62 1. 09 . 13 8. 45 . 23 1. For definition of private nonfarm income, as well as dollar totals for 1946, 1950, and 1955, see table 63, Part V. 1 .2 1 . 97 4. 34 . 30 . 38 . 31 . 27 . 17 . 80 . 36 11. 45 1. 60 1. 09 . 14 8. 63 . 22 . 99 4. 37 1. 00 4. 49 . 31 . 42 . 31 . 32 . 27 . 17 . 82 . 36 11.71 1. 55 1. 02 . 16 9. 01 1. 58 1. 06 . 15 8. 92 1. 01 . 17 . 21 . 21 . 22 1 1. 00 4. 42 . 31 . 44 . 31 . 25 . 16 . 83 . 37 1. 1. . 9. 56 01 19 39 . 21 ' NoTE.-D etail will not necessarily add to totals because of rounarn*. 46 A SUPPLEMENT TO THE SURVEY OF CURRENT BUSINESS Table X II.— Percent Distribution of Personal Income by Broad Industrial Sources for Each State and Region, 1929 Total Farm personal in income come1 State and region C ontinental United States New England___________ Maine_____________ New Ham pshire..... Vermont___________ Massachusetts______ Rhode Island_______ Connecticut________ Mideast________________ New York__________ New Jersey_________ Pennsylvania_______ Delaware__________ Maryland__________ District of ColumbiaGreat Lakes____________ Michigan__________ Ohio_______________ Indiana____________ Illinois_____________ Wisconsin__________ Plains__________________ Minnesota_________ Iowa_______________ Missouri___________ North Dakota______ South Dakota______ Nebraska__________ Kansas____________ Southeast______________ Virginia____________ West Virginia______ Kentucky__________ Tennessee__________ North Carolina_____ South Carolina_____ Georgia____________ Florida____________ Alabama___________ Mississippi_________ Louisiana___________ Arkansas___________ Southwest______________ Oklahoma__________ Texas______________ New Mexico________ Arizona_____________ Rocky Mountain________ Montana___________ Idaho______________ Wyoming___________ Colorado___________ Utah____________ ... Far West_______________ Washington_________ Oregon_____________ Nevada_____________ California___________ Government income Private disbursements 2 farm in Total Federa State and come* local 8 .5 7. 1 2 .4 100. 0 2 .7 100. 0 1 1 .1 100. 0 4. 7 100. 0 14. 7 100. 0 1. 3 100. 0 1. 2 . 100. 0 2. 3 6. 7 2. 1 . 100. 0 . . . . . 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 . 100. 0 . 100. 0 2 .0 1. 1. 2. 6. 5. 6 6 6 3 1 100. 0 6. 1 100. 0 4. 4 100. 0 5. 3 100. 0 10. 4 100. 0 4. 7 100. 0 12. 7 7. 8. 7. 6. 7. 5. 7 7 2 9 4 2 3. 4. 3. 1. 3. 1. 8 4 .4 4 .6 9 0 .6 4. 4. 3. 5. 4. 3. 2 7 6 0 0 9 6 .9 3 4 9 6 3 8 2. 3 1. 5 1. 4 1. 7 1. 3 5. 2 25. 9 4. 5. 4. 3. 4. 3. 6 .5 1 .8 4 .7 6. 6. 5. 4. 9. 29. 4 .6 8 0 2 3 1 9 81. 86. 78. 91. 91. 92. 2 6 2 8 4 6 9 1 .1 92. 92. 91. 89. 85. 70. 1 0 4 2 6 2 8 7 .4 1. 4 1. 9 2. 6 1. 6 1. 9 5. 4. 4. 4. 5. 0 4 3 3 0 8 9 7 .7 7. 6 7. 4 7. 3 8. 3 8. 0 7. 9 8. 4 2 .8 4 .9 1 0 0 .0 19 .6 7 .8 3 .2 7. 0 2. 1 3. 0 2. 7 2. 2 3. 6 3. 1 3. 9 2. 2 3. 0 2. 4 3. 2 4. 6 3. 8 4. 4 4. 7 5. 0 4. 5 4. 5 5. 6 4. 8 3. 5 5. 5 4. 4 72. 8 86. 0 71. 9 73. 0 71. 7 68. 7 71. 9 82. 2 71. 5 54. 9 75. 3 61. 2 1 0 0 .0 19. 1 7 .2 2 .7 4 .5 7 3 .6 1 0 0 .0 1 7 .0 9 .2 100.0 7 .9 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 .0 17. 28. 10. 38. 42. 31. 21. 6. 6. 7. 5. 7. 15. 7 11. 6 8. 1 5. 9 20. 7 7. 4 19. 6 7. 4 21. 1 7. 2 23. 2 8. 1 20. 5 7. 6 8. 4 9. 5 21. 5 7. 0 38. 6 6. 5 16. 7 7. 9 31. 2 7. 6 18. 19. 28. 14. 15. 30. 21. 13. 13. 0 6. 9 4 6. 8 7 12. 2 2 9. 4 1 10. 5 2 8. 5 9 8. 6 7 9. 6 7 7. 4 8 .4 0 10. 7 9. 0 0 12. 1 8. 8 0 10. 1 10. 2 0 7. 4 7. 5 2. 2. 2. 3. 3. 2. 3. 2. 2. 5. 4. 1 6 6 2 5 8 9 6 4 8 7 3 .7 5. 3. 4. 3. 2. 1 6 6 4 5 2 .7 3. 4 2. 9 5. 1 2. 5 N ote .—Detail will not necessarily add to totals because of rounding For footnotes, see table 63, P art V. 5 0 6 9 4 3 4 .7 9 5 2 9 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 Table X III.— Relative Trends in Per Capita Personal Income, by States and Regions 5. 4. 4. 5. 4. 5. 4. 5 6 6 3 1 5 8 7 1 5 1 5 4. 6 4. 4. 6. 4. 3 4 4 7 88. 88. 82. 89. 80. 8 2 4 4 3 7 1 .3 75. 64. 82. 53. 50. 60. 69. 3 2 5 4 0 3 7 7 2 .5 75. 73. 59. 76. 1 7 1 4 5 .5 7 3 .8 5 .2 8 3 .7 5. 4. 4. 6. 4. 5. 5. 5. 5. 4 9 0 2 9 6 9 1 0 74. 61. 69. 76. 78. 80. 79. 79. 85. 4 3 5 6 9 3 1 7 1 State and región Percent of continental United States 1 1927-29 C ontinental U nited S ta te s .. N ew E ngland. Maine. New Hampshire. Vermont. Massachusetts.. Rhode Island. Connecticut . M ideast New York New Jersey.. Pennsylvania Delaware _ Maryland District, of Columbia__ G reat Lakes Michigan. O hio__ Indiana Illinois . . Wisconsin. . . . P lains Minnesota Iowa Missouri _ North Dakota South Dakota Nebraska Kansas Southeast Virginia ._ West Virginia Kentucky ___ __ Tennessee . . . North Carolina__ South Carolina . Georgia Florida.. . Alabama . Mississippi. Louisiana Arkansas. . Southw est 100 124 1940-41 2 100 126 1953-55 100 ni Per capita Percent income in change in 1953-55 as relative percent position, of 1927-29 1927-29 to 1953- 55 * 265 238 87 98 86 128 127 157 83 91 82 111 106 135 261 249 242 229 230 24 5 —2 —6 —9 — 14 — 14 -8 139 130 116 222 193 24 7 25 2 25 7 26 7 184 — 17 -2 7 -7 —5 —4 1 -3 1 265 0 167 134 109 142 109 180 142 136 108 163 121 181 122 125 104 137 110 125 113 113 113 114 109 86 135 95 115 114 97 126 93 116 112 104 122 97 27 0 27 2 321 241 271 2 3 21 -1 0 2 82 82 91 293 11 85 81 90 65 61 82 79 87 84 89 66 63 75 74 92 89 97 70 72 88 92 289 289 286 28 6 313 283 30 8 52 59 69 350 62 68 55 52 50 38 49 77 46 39 58 43 80 69 54 59 57 53 58 85 50 40 62 45 83 70 68 68 66 61 70 89 61 49 73 56 69 70 86 32 3 33 2 36 3 281 R ocky M o u n ta in ___ __ 89 90 95 75 100 93 81 98 80 106 91 83 92 99 81 100 96 85 277 130 134 119 242 117 111 141 141 110 100 133 123 33 25 82 88 78 89 105 99 129 143 8 18 7 16 329 61 73 64 86 Washington. Oregon. __ Nevada _ . California 8 34 3 24 31 32 61 43 16 33 26 26 30 67 70 57 84 Far W est. 8 10 35 6 27 2 326 347 35 3 42 2 379 304 352 338 33 2 34 7 Oklahoma . Texas_____ New México Arizona _. _ Montana Idaho.. . Wyoming Colorado Utah_______ — 10 85 97 90 129 123 146 279 287 26 6 275 27 8 27 6 269 27 3 228 22 26 37 6 3 4 8 0 3 5 -8 5 1 3 -1 4 1. Based on per capita income estimates computed by summing personal income for the specified years and dividing by population totals for the corresponding years. 2. These relatives are provided for convenience in checking “trend continuity“ (see p. 25). 3. Obtained by computing the percent increase or decrease "from 1927-29 to 1953-55 in the per centage that each State’s and region's per capita income is of the national per capita income. Alternatively, this measure can be computed from the column of data showing “ Per capita income in 19511-55 as percent of 1927-29.“ The percentage for each State and region should be divided by the United States’ percentage and 100 subtracted from each of the resulting indexes. 47 PERSONAL INCOME, BY STATES, SINCE 192 9 Table XIV .— D isposable Personal Incom e, b y S ta tes a n d Regions, S e le c te d Y ea rs, 1 9 2 9 -5 3 Percent of continental United States Amount (millions of dollars) State and region 1929 Continental United States New England___________ Maine_____________ New Hampshire____ Vermont___________ Massachusetts______ Rhode Island_______ Connecticut________ Mideast________________ New York_________ New Jersey________ Pennsylvania______ Delaware__________ Maryland_________ District of Columbia Great Lakes___________ Michigan__________ Ohio______________ Indiana___________ Illinois____________ Wisconsin_________ Plains_________________ Minnesota_________ Iowa______________ Missouri___________ North Dakota-------South Dakota-------Nebraska__________ Kansas____________ Southeast______________ Virginia___________ West Virginia--------Kentucky__________ Tennessee_________ North Carolina____ South Carolina____ Georgia___________ Florida___________ Alabama__________ Mississippi________ Louisiana-------------Arkansas__________ Southwest_____________ Oklahoma_________ Texas_____________ New Mexico_______ Arizona___________ Rocky Mountain_______ Montana__________ Idaho_____________ Wyoming_________ Colorado__________ Utah______________ Far West______________ Washington_______ Oregon___________ Nevada___________ California_________ Territory of Hawaii____ 1940 1946 1950 1953 1929 1940 1946 1950 1953 83, 020 6, 901 75, 924 157,003 Î04, 729 247, 752 6, 169 10, 874 13, 769 16, 306 432 275 178 3, 261 515 1, 508 859 515 333 5, 562 951 2, 654 1, 012 644 416 6, 996 1, 170 3, 531 1, 165 756 487 8, 096 1, 359 4, 443 100. 00 8. 31 100. 00 8. 13 100. 00 6. 93 100.00 6. 72 100. 00 6. 59 26, 361 22, 952 4 1 ,2 4 6 53, 327 62, 559 3 1 .7 6 30. 23 2 6 .2 5 26. 05 25. 26 19, 636 17, 310 34, 245 46, 020 57, 194 23. 65 22. 79 21. 82 22. 48 23. 09 7, 402 6, 336 13, 950 18, 192 20, 485 8. 93 8. 35 8 .8 9 8 .8 9 8. 26 9, 785 10, 094 24, 826 31, 722 39, 001 1 1 .7 8 13. 29 15. 80 15. 50 15. 74 4, 169 6 .6 7 467 315 220 3, 724 577 1, 598 13, 381 3, 593 7, 332 222 1, 230 603 3, 673 5, 037 1, 934 7, 050 1, 942 1, 494 1, 385 2, 221 247 281 797 977 1, 032 782 1, 000 963 1, 021 462 998 727 839 561 848 552 11, 142 3, 325 6, 199 232 1, 265 789 3, 502 4, 475 1, 854 5, 804 1, 675 1, 422 1, 236 1, 928 218 224 564 744 1, 232 758 893 970 1, 134 572 1, 031 937 782 464 834 487 19, 645 24, 938 28, 371 6, 129 7, 899 9, 968 11, 213 14, 991 17, 584 695 565 383 2, 554 3, 335 4, 303 1,322 1, 599 1, 638 6, 938 8, 822 3, 998 11, 039 3, 448 2, 898 2, 737 4, 045 545 595 1, 307 1, 823 3, 080 1, 558 2, 060 2, 428 2, 971 1, 387 2, 508 2, 517 1, 994 1, 181 1, 910 1, 232 9, 776 12, 540 11, 711 15, 023 5, 515 7, 132 14, 438 17, 059 4, 580 5, 440 3, 787 3, 494 5, 233 718 742 1, 803 2, 415 3, 699 2, 057 2, 612 3, 056 3, 832 1, 749 3, 255 3, 329 2, 471 1, 511 2, 706 1, 445 4, 439 3, 668 6, 148 694 807 1, 868 2, 861 4, 639 2, 313 3, 260 3, 664 4, 435 2, 331 4, 052 4, 496 3, 037 1, 764 3, 343 1, 667 . 56 . 38 . 26 4. 49 . 70 1. 92 16. 12 4. 33 8. 83 . 27 1. 48 . 73 4. 42 6. 07 2. 33 8. 49 2. 34 1. 80 1. 67 2. 68 . 30 . 34 . 96 1. 18 1. 24 . 94 1. 20 1. 16 1. 23 . 56 1. 20 . 88 1. 01 . 68 1. 02 . 66 . 57 . 36 . 23 4. 30 . 68 1. 99 14. 67 4. 38 8. 16 . 31 1. 67 1. 04 4. 61 5. 89 2. 44 7. 64 2. 21 1. 87 1. 63 2. 54 . 29 . 30 . 74 . 98 1. 62 1. 00 1. 18 1. 28 1. 49 . 75 1. 36 1. 23 1. 03 . 61 1. 10 . 64 . 55 . 33 . 21 3. 54 . 61 1. 69 12. 50 3. 90 7. 14 . 24 1. 63 . 84 4. 42 5. 62 2. 55 7. 03 2. 20 1. 85 1. 74 2. 58 . 35 . 38 . 83 1. 16 1. 96 . 99 1. 31 1. 55 1. 89 . 88 1. 60 1. 60 1. 27 . 75 1. 2 2 . 78 . 49 . 31 . 20 3. 43 . 57 1. 72 12. 18 3. 86 7. 32 . 28 1. 63 . 78 4. 78 5. 72 2. 69 7. 05 2. 24 1. 85 1. 71 2. 56 . 35 . 36 . 88 1. 18 1. 81 1. 00 1. 28 1. 49 1. 87 . 85 1. 59 1. 63 1. 21 . 74 1. 32 . 71 . 47 . 31 . 20 3. 27 . 55 1. 79 11. 46 4. 02 7. 10 . 28 1. 74 . 66 5. 06 6. 06 2. 88 6. 89 2. 20 1. 79 1. 48 2. 48 . 28 . 33 . 75 1. 15 1. 87 . 93 1. 32 1. 48 1. 79 . 94 1. 64 1. 81 1. 23 . 71 1. 35 . 67 1, 056 2, 699 167 247 3, 985 844 2, 708 193 240 9, 588 13, 388 16, 532 5. 02 5. 25 6. 12 6 .5 4 1 ,5 7 5 1 ,5 5 2 3, 364 4, 584 5, 433 1 .8 9 2. 04 2. 15 2. 23 . 43 . 34 . 21 . 85 . 40 1. 13 4. 64 . 38 . 52 2. 18 . 39 . 32 . 19 . 87 . 41 7, 191 7, 526 18, 910 23, 727 30, 242 8. 66 9. 92 12. 04 11. 59 12.21 305 219 148 625 278 1, 138 627 77 5, 349 311 236 148 595 262 1, 124 658 95 5, 649 239 1, 831 6, 688 464 605 601 543 309 1, 268 643 2, 882 1, 666 209 14, 153 639 2, 293 9, 459 736 900 884 694 435 1, 744 827 2, 811 11, 499 937 1, 285 975 790 479 2, 167 1, 022 3, 631 4, 277 2, 205 2, 537 382 276 17, 615 23, 046 783 622 1. 27 3. 25 . 20 . 30 . 37 . 26 . 18 . 75 . 33 1. 37 . 76 . 09 6. 44 1. 11 3. 57 . 25 . 32 . 41 . 31 . 19 . 78 . 35 48 . 87 . 13 7. 44 . 31 1. 1. 17 4. 26 . 30 . 39 . 38 . 35 . 20 . 81 . 41 1. 84 1. 06 . 13 9. 01 .41 12 4. 62 . 36 . 44 1. 1. 77 1. 08 . 13 8. 61 . SO 1. 73 1. 02 . 15 9. 31 . 32 48 A SUPPLEMENT TO THE SURVEY OF CURRENT BUSINESS Table X V. P er C a p ita D isposable P ersonal Incom e, b y Sta tes a n d Regions, S e le c te d Y ea rs, 1 9 2 9 -5 3 Amount >(dollars) State and region 1929 Continental United States New England_________ Maine___________ New Hampshire....... Vermont_________ Massachusetts_____ Rhode Island_____ Connecticut______ Mideast_____________ New York________ New Jersey_______ Pennsylvania______ Delaware_________ Maryland________ District of Columbia Great Lakes__________ Michigan_________ Ohio_____________ Indiana__________ Illinois___________ Wisconsin________ Plains_______________ Minnesota________ Iowa____________ Missouri_________ North Dakota_____ South Dakota_____ Nebraska_________ Kansas___________ Southeast____________ Virginia__________ West Virginia_____ Kentucky________ Tennessee________ North Carolina____ South Carolina____ Georgia__________ Florida___________ Alabama_________ Mississippi________ Louisiana_________ Arkansas_________ Southwest____________ Oklahoma________ Texas____________ New Mexico______ Arizona__________ Rocky Mountain_______ Montana_________ Idaho____________ Wyoming_________ Colorado_________ Utah____________ Far West____________ Washington_______ Oregon___________ Nevada__________ California________ Territory of Hawaii_____ 1940 Percent of continental United States 1946 1950 1953 1929 1940 1946 1950 1953 682 575 1, 116 1, 354 1, 565 100 100 100 100 100 849 586 675 613 881 844 1, 003 730 509 559 490 755 716 883 1, 221 1,477 1, 106 1, 211 1, 101 1, 491 1,494 1, 745 1 ,7 1 6 1, 306 1, 382 1, 295 1, 703 1, 665 2, 100 124 127 109 109 110 934 757 1, 320 1, 579 1,789 137 132 118 117 114 114 113 108 111 114 82 82 95 95 91 1, 099 901 754 941 759 1, 248 1 1. Computed from data in table XIV, P art I and table 3, Part V. 1, 029 1, 040 974 1, 226 1, 204 1, 389 766 760 600 927 662 828 796 626 862 688 1, 143 648 659 646 540 734 533 1, 205 1, 181 1, 174 1, 080 1, 352 1, 088 1 ,5 0 6 1,783 558 1 ,2 9 0 1,422 780 1, 462 1, 360 1, 135 1, 277 1, 147 1, 480 581 563 613 366 407 580 523 469 510 487 509 341 349 429 416 1, 058 360 333 782 1, 059 1, 109 1, 076 956 1, 012 1, 041 1, 011 1, 674 1, 627 1, 425 1, 766 1, 411 1, 981 1, 524 1, 466 1, 397 1, 650 1,328 1, 834 1, 943 1, 652 1, 969 1, 699 1, 936 1, 831 1, 763 1, 709 1, 895 1, 541 86 99 90 129 124 147 161 132 111 138 111 183 112 111 88 136 97 89 97 85 131 125 154 144 138 109 150 120 199 115 112 94 128 93 92 93 87 110 108 124 131 122 102 114 103 133 106 105 97 121 97 1, 264 1, 331 1, 323 1, 158 1, 135 1, 358 1, 256 1, 447 1, 379 1, 511 1, 105 1, 219 1, 399 1, 444 85 83 90 54 60 85 77 89 85 89 59 61 75 72 95 99 96 86 91 93 91 426 455 384 370 326 266 344 503 317 281 407 298 453 397 312 330 317 301 331 489 275 213 352 249 914 852 747 789 797 713 771 1, 018 686 570 752 683 1, 123 1, 023 883 925 942 825 942 1, 181 806 693 1, 003 756 936 1, 113 53 58 70 464 407 912 1, 174 1 ,3 5 3 68 71 82 581 515 1, 082 85 90 445 468 398 574 582 490 664 620 547 885 732 662 856 967 363 421 363 481 557 452 592 527 475 761 646 606 841 813 561 859 929 826 979 1, 034 1, 221 1, 073 1, 192 1, 316 1, 161 1, 095 1, 103 1, 057 1, 037 1, 132 1, 388 982 816 1, 164 910 1, 298 1, 369 1, 238 1, 436 62 67 56 54 48 39 50 74 46 41 60 44 65 69 58 84 79 69 54 57 55 52 58 85 48 37 61 43 63 73 63 84 82 76 67 71 71 64 69 91 61 51 67 61 77 83 74 88 82 89 81 110 110 129 124 120 105 130 104 146 113 108 103 122 98 93 98 98 86 84 100 93 69 83 76 65 68 70 61 70 87 60 51 74 56 87 76 90 79 88 83 88 83 109 106 134 117 124 106 126 109 124 117 113 109 121 98 92 88 97 71 78 89 92 71 84 74 70 70 68 66 72 89 63 52 74 58 86 83 87 79 92 1, 169 1, 067 1, 221 1, 060 1, 008 1, 306 1,483 1, 172 1, 495 1, 306 1, 190 1, 475 1, 593 1, 330 1, 629 1, 509 1, 366 85 72 97 91 80 97 79 103 92 83 105 96 109 95 90 110 87 110 96 88 102 85 104 96 87 1, 399 1,614 1, 522 1, 441 1, 704 1, 659 1, 841 1, 727 1, 566 1, 949 1, 899 130 132 125 119 118 1, 166 1, 267 1,532 98 10 4 n 98 1, 253 1, 241 1, 441 1, 455 107 97 126 142 112 105 146 141 97 112 111 129 130 96 112 106 126 123 94 110 100 125 121 PART II A G eneral V ie w of the Estimates N a t io n a l income studies began in the Department of Com merce in 1932. Official figures on income in the various States were first published in 1939, covering the years 1929-37. The preparation of State income estimates, released annually through the S C B , has since been a continuing function of the Department. These estimates cover, most im portantly, total income and per capita income, but include also information on types of income and industrial sources of income. Until recently, the State series provided a measure of “in come payments to individuals.” This was replaced by estimates of “State personal income” presented in summary form in the September 1955 S . These new estimates, the outgrowth of a major project that extended over a period of years, incor porated modifications in definition and a thorough reworking of the statistics back to 1929. The results are a counterpart to the advance in national income and product statistics that culminated in the revisions presented in the 1954 edition of N a tion a l Income. (See description on the back cover). Income estimates by Sta tes serve a wide range of uses. Business establishments use them as essential data for market analysis. State government agencies, to an increasing degree, employ them in the estimation of tax revenues and the formulation of taxation and fiscal policies. Within the Federal Government, the State figures are used in two principal ways: for research underlying administrative decisions and policy recommenda tions, and as a basis for the allocation of Federal grants-in-aid. More generally, since the estimates furnish an economic record for the States that is both current and long term, both summary and detailed, they are employed by organizations and individual researchers in the analysis of a variety of economic problems. Still another, though intermediate, use of the official State income data is important. Numerous organizations, particularly university bureaus of business research and State government departments, but also private research and marketing agencies, employ them as a framework in making annual estimates of income by counties and other local areas or monthly or quarterly urvey of urrent urvey usiness estimates on a State basis. This particular use of the State figures will be amplified later in this general review. Income of the Territories The statistical information available in Washington that relates to incomes in Hawaii and Alaska is less satisfactory than that for the 48 States and the District of Columbia. To bring the Territories within the purview of the official regional income work, it is necessary to make special studies drawing on basic data available in the Territories themselves. So far, this has been done in the case of Hawaii. The Hawaiian estimates, as shown in the tables of this report, span the period since 1939. They are based on a comprehensive Study, Income o f H a w a ii, published as a supplement to the S C B in late 1953. 1 urvey of urrent usiness NATURE OF STATE PERSONAL INCOME State personal income is the current income received by resi dents of the States from all sources. It is measured before deduc tion of income and other direct personal taxes, but after deduc tion of individuals’ contributions to social security, government retirement, and other social insurance programs. While cash income makes up the overwhelming bulk of the total more than 95 percent on a national basis—personal income also includes several types of nonmonetary income, or income in kind, in order to improve the scope of the estimates and thereby make the basis of comparison by States more meaningful.1 1. Undertaken at the request of the Territory, the Hawaiian income study provides an annual series on personal income for the period 1939-52, supplemented by estimates of disposable income, employment, average annual earnings of employees, and total output. The study also includes a description of the sources and methods underlying the estimates. Figures for 1953-55 extending the tables for 1939-52 are available on request. Incom e o f H a w a ii is available from the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C., or from Department of Commerce Field Offices, at 55 cents a copy. 49 50 A SUPPLEMENT TO THE SURVEY OF CURRENT BUSINESS Personal income, as we believe worth stressing, is a comprehen sive economic measure—the most comprehensive available on a State basis. It covers the income received by residents of each State from business establishments, Federal and State and local governments, households and institutions, and foreign countries. All forms of income flowing to persons from these sources are included—wages and salaries, various types of supplementary earnings termed “other labor income,” the net incomes of owners of unincorporated businesses (including farms), net rental income, dividends, interest, and government and business “transfer payments” (consisting in general of disbursements to individuals for which no services are rendered currently, such as unemployment benefits, relief, and veterans’ pensions). Each of these various types of income is measured on a State basis as the summation of separately estimated components. For example, wages and salaries and proprietors’ income are esti mated by individual industries; transfer payments, by the numerous individual types of disbursements comprising this category. Total personal income for each State is thus built up from an extensive array of component detail. Per capita income is derived by dividing this total by the State’s midyear population as reported by the Bureau of the Census. Character of Data Sources The State estimates of personal income are constructed from a wide variety of statistical information. This consists very largely of compilations by government agencies, although data are drawn from numerous private sources as well. A large body of economic information on the States is collected by government in the interests of business and other broad user groups. The periodic industrial and population censuses are predominant in this category. Also included is the statistical work of the Department of Agriculture providing for data collec tion and estimation of farm income on a State basis. Of vital importance as a statistical source of State income meas ures are the data that become available from governmental agencies as a byproduct of their administrative functions. A major example is the tabulations of wages and salaries in “cover ed” industries prepared by the various State unemployment insurance commissions from employer reports and then trans mitted to Washington for summarization by the Labor Depart ment’s Bureau of Employment Security. Another example is afforded by compilations of the Internal Revenue Service of the total amounts of various types of income reported by individuals in each State on Federal income tax returns. The list of such byproduct data available from government could be lengthened indefinitely—including, as it does, the diverse records relevant to personal income measurement that are maintained by Federal and State and local agencies for the administration of specific programs or the conduct of general functions. Data on economic activities in the States are thus not collected in the framework of a coordinated statistical program designed for income measurement. For the most part, reported statistical information is not directly or wholly suitable for this purpose and must be processed to adjust for differences in definition and to fill gaps in coverage. State income measurement therefore becomes a twofold task: Assembling data from a multiplicity of sources and then adapting them, through estimation, in a stepby-step buildup of aggregate income from component flows. Because the procedure is based wholly upon use of statistical data compiled for other purposes, it is quite economical and in expensive. Moreover, unlike any conceivable alternative, it permitted the construction of time series, State by State, on an annual basis back to 1929.2 General Statistical Approach Following, in brief, are a few main aspects of our statistical approach in State income work. Reliance on business and government records In large degree, personal income by States is estimated from records showing business and government disbursements to in dividuals. Relatively little use is made of records based op individuals’ reporting of their income. Measuring personal income at the point of disbursement rather than receipt is the more reliable approach, since business and government records are generally superior to those of individuals. Use of allocation method A central aspect of State income procedure consists of using the OBE national estimates of personal income as a “frame of reference.” By this is meant that the State estimates for each income component are fully adjusted to, and represent break downs, or allocations, of an independently derived national total. This procedure, which makes for comprehensiveness and greater accuracy in the State income measure, has been followed be cause most components of personal income can be estimated at least somewhat better on a national than a State basis. For each such component, the basic data available by States are not “matching” in some respect; they may differ in definition, may be incomplete, or may have a relevance that is (more or less) indirect. In measuring a particular type of income disbursement by States, the allocation of a national total is, of course, less satis factory than basing the estimates on direct, comprehensive data. But while it has been necessary in preparing the State estimates to make frequent use of allocation, it has played little or no part in certain important instances. These include payrolls in the broad segment of industry covered by social security legislation for the period since 1938, civilian payrolls of the Federal Govern ment for years since 1949, most types of government transfer payments, and the numerous industries for which Federal cen suses or comparably satisfactory sources provided payroll data for one or more years of the 1929-39 period. In these and other cases, the basic data available by States are of high quality, and there is no essential difference in accuracy between the State and national series. Use of the allocation procedure has been necessary in preparing the State estimates of farm proprietors’ income (to a large de 2. Source materials available for the pre-1929 period are significantly less adequate. Special estimates of State personal income for the years 1927-28 were prepared for purpose of the long-term trend analysis in Part I. PERSONAL INCOME, BY STATES, SINCE 1929 gree), nonfarm proprietors’ income, dividends, interest, rental income, other labor income, and quite a few minor components of wages and salaries and transfer payments. To derive each of these income flows by States, the national estimate is viewed as an essential datum. The amounts recorded for the States are obtained, in effect, by multiplying the relevant national total by percentages computed from State data deemed most appropriate. As an example, certain types of Government disbursements to veterans are allocated by States on the basis of the geographic distribution of the veteran population. Detailed procedure of estimation As already made evident, the statistical approach adopted in State income work is a quite detailed one. Several hundred series of separate estimates went into the derivation of the recently developed personal income totals. The chief purpose of such detailed effort has been to take ad vantage of all available sources of information, and thus to minimize errors that would stem from the estimation of broad components on the basis of data differing in scope or internal composition. Moreover, this type of approach brings into play the potent factor of “offsetting errors.” The tendency for errors in underlying components to compensate in the totals is a phe nomenon observed repeatedly in the field of national income when a detailed, careful statistical procedure is followed. Of interest and significance in this regard is the comparison of the new and improved State personal income estimates with the State income payments series which they replaced. As noted in the September 1955 S article (pp. 17-18), the overall differences shown by the two sets of figures were moderate. This general similarity, however, reflected an offsetting of some sizable differences in type-of-income and industrial detail. Much of the worksheet detail included in State personal in come, it will be recognized, is not sufficiently reliable to warrant separate analysis. Nevertheless, the detailed statistical approach employed has the additional advantage of yielding a considerable amount of useful information on State income by type and by industry. urvey Uniform sources and methods Another general aspect of the State income work to be under scored is the utilization of uniform sources and methods. Every effort is made to achieve estimates for the States which will be on a comparable basis, free from the errors that would result if the data and procedures used varied from State to State. This regard for uniformity also means that precautions are taken to secure comparability of methods for different time periods, with the aim of minimizing the influence of statistical biases on esti mated changes in the State income distribution. DERIVATION OF THE ESTIMATES In order to afford a more definite view of the statistical deriva tion and reliability of the State income series, there follows a summary of the sources and methods underlying each of the 51 main elements of personal income. This discussion serves also to convey information on matters of definition, as it brings out salient features of scope and content of the personal income measure and its various component flows. Wage and Salary Disbursements These disbursements, in line with the concept of personal in come, are measured before individuals’ payment of withheld or other types of direct personal taxes. They are also measured before deductions for social security contributions. Although thus included in wage and salary disbursements, employee con tributions under the various social insurance programs are not part of the personal income total. They are excluded by means of the explicit deduction, discussed below, that is made for “per sonal contributions for social insurance.” Estimates for period since 1938 As already noted, the estimates of wages and salaries by States are built up from separate series for numerous individual in dustries. By far the most important source of statistical infor mation for the period since 1938 has been the tabulations of wages and salaries paid under the State unemployment insurance (UI) programs, which cover virtually the whole of industrial and commercial employment. The area of the economy not covered in any substantial degree by these programs and there fore estimated independently—consists mainly of government, railroads, agriculture, private households, hospitals, and re ligious organizations. Industries for which the State estimates are based principally— almost wholly—on UI data account for three-fourths of total payrolls nationally. This fact is of key significance for the reason that the payroll data yielded as a byproduct of the administra tion of the State unemployment insurance laws are of excellent quality. The reporting systems that have developed under the State laws approach the ideal for income estimation. They have the advantages of comprehensiveness and of regular, compulsory reporting. Further, the possibility of omissions and accounting errors is minimal because of the requirement that every firm maintain a list of employees and their wages individually. Of course, many of the State laws do not cover employees of the smallest-sized firms; but the estimation entailed in filling this kind of gap, as well as in making certain other necessary adjust ments of the UI data, can be carried out satisfactorily and is rather unimportant quantitatively. More specifically, the UI data have been supplemented by special tabulations of the Bureau of Old-Age and Survivors Insurance furnishing data on wages in the small-sized firms covered under OASI legislation but excluded from unemployment insurance coverage by the varying size-of-firm provisions of the State laws. Such com bined use of UI and OASI data yields complete measures of “covered” industry payrolls in the various States. Like the industries based on social security figures, payrolls of Federal civilian agencies can be estimated very reliably on a State basis. For this important segment, the current estimates also rest on annual data from comprehensive accounting rec 52 A SUPPLEMENT TO THE SURVEY OF CURRENT BUSINESS ords—those maintained by the individual agencies and assembled for our purpose by the Civil Service Commission. Census-type data become available periodically for State and local governments and farming, and directly relevant samples can be used to gauge the movements on a State basis for other years. The American Hospital Association collects compre hensive annual data by States on the cash payroll of nongovern mental hospitals, although information on the value of main tenance furnished employees is limited. For railroads, it has been possible to develop a quite adequate series of estimates on the basis of data from the Association of American Railroads, Interstate Commerce Commission, and Census of Population. As compared with the foregoing categories, a distinctly lower order of reliability must be attached to the State payroll estimates for private households, religious organizations, and private edu cational services. As for the military payroll series, there is the significant limitation that records of actual military disburse ments are not maintained on a State basis. However, the availability of detailed information on the State-of-duty station of personnel in every branch of the service, together with some data on the geographic flow of allotments to military dependents, provides an adequate basis for allocating the independent na tional totals for this series. Wages and salaries account for two-thirds of personal income nationally. As will be apparent from the foregoing brief sum mary, the current statistical basis for estimating these disburse ments by States is generally excellent. For industries making up over nine-tenths of the national total, the source materials available for estimation can be rated as highly reliable or quite satisfactory. And for a sizable element of the remaining in dustries the estimates are by no means weak. Unemployment insurance payroll data, as already indicated, have been available for every year since 1938. For that long period, therefore, there is a strong underpinning to the State estimates of wages and salaries. Comprehensive annual payroll data did not become available for Federal Government civilian agencies, however, until 1949 or for hospitals until 1945. While the basis of estimation for these two groups prior to those years is adequate, the scale of reliability of the State wage and salary series for the period 1939-48 is accordingly somewhat less than that which has prevailed for the past few years. Estimates for 1929-37 period The situation is altered appreciably when consideration is turned to the 1929-37 period. In part, this is because the esti mates for government, railroads, hospitals, farming, private households, and the other “noncovered” industries are, generally speaking, somewhat less firm. But the main issue is the lack of any counterpart to the comprehensive wage data for the broad area of the economy covered in the subsequent period by State unemployment insurance programs. It was therefore necessary to resort to diverse sources in order to make estimates for “covered” industries prior to 1938. Most important were the various censuses of industry and business. These provided coverage of manufacturing, retail trade, wholesale trade, mining, contract construction, a number of the service groups, and parts of transportation and of finance, insurance, and real estate. For the industry groups for which censuses furnished one or more benchmarks, estimates for other years were derived for the most part by extending these bench marks on the basis of sample payroll data collected by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. For a summary appraisal of the State wage and salary esti mates for the 1929-37 period, it is necessary to weigh a number of factors. These include the somewhat lesser adequacy of series for the “noncovered” segment, the substantial body of census data for “covered” industries, the availability of payroll indexes for extending these data to other years, and the detailed effort—with varying success—made to assemble relevant data from government and private sources for activities not subject to census enumeration. Analysis of these factors leads to the con clusion that the State-by-State record of wage and salary dis bursements constructed for the 1929-37 period is a satisfactory one, although appreciably less accurate than that for the later period. Further, the estimates of total wage and salary disburse ments for those years probably benefit from the presumed tendency of errors in the industrial detail to be offsetting. The estimates for individual industries for 1929-37 differ markedly in statistical adequacy—much more so than is the case for later years—and this fact should be considered carefully in the use made of the individual State tables on wages and salaries shown in Part V. Adjustments to residence basis There is one final point about the State wage and salary estimates that bears mention. In conformity with the personal income concept, these estimates are designed to measure dis bursements to employees residing in each State. The reader may have observed, however, that the wage and salary estimates are constructed in large degree from business establishment records (notably the UI data) that reflect the State where em ployees work, which is not always necessarily where they live. For a number of States, special adjustments are introduced to convert the establishment-based estimates fully to an employeeresidence basis. These adjustments, which are quantitatively minor except for the District of Columbia, are made from a variety of specific information. But for most States the estimates incorporating employers’ records are assumed to furnish a close approximation to the desired concept. While this assumption cannot be tested in a wholly satisfactory way, the degree of error which it causes in State personal income is believed to be very small. Other Labor Income This category consists of supplementary types of labor income paid out or accruing in the current period. These comprise employer contributions to private pension, health, and welfare funds; compensation for injuries; pay of military reservists; and a number of other minor items. Other labor income is a relatively small component of personal income. It formed less than 1 percent of the national total in the 1929-45 period. In the postwar years it has increased to a little 53 PERSONAL INCOME, BY STATES, SINCE 192 9 over 2 percent of all personal income. This increase reflects the growth of employer contributions to private pension, health, and welfare funds. Such contributions now comprise three-fourths of other labor income. Inclusion of the employer contributions item in personal in come stems from the treatment accorded private pension and related funds in the national statistics. For present purposes, the essential fact is that these funds, as well as other types of “quasi individuals,” are classified as persons and their income counted in personal income. In the State series, employer contributions to private pension, health, and welfare funds are estimated by allocating the national total (separately by industries) on the basis of payrolls. This procedure is tantamount to regarding the “funds,” State by State, as synonymous with the employees on whose behalf the employer contributions are made. For the period since 1939, the State estimates of compensation for injuries consist very largely of annual compilations supplied by the Social Security Administration. These cover benefits paid to workers (and their dependents or survivors) insured under State and, in part, Federal accident compensation laws, and are derived from reports of the Spectator Co., State insurance funds, and State accident compensation commissions. The estimates for years prior to 1939 were prepared by the National Income Division by methods similar to those followed for the later period. Basic data for making State estimates of the remaining small items of other labor income are not very satisfactory except for the National Guard element of military reserve pay. Proprietors’ Income Proprietors’ income is probably the most difficult area of income measurement. Deficiencies of basic data have limited the accuracy of the estimates on a national basis, although there has been notable improvement in this regard over the past decade. The State breakdowns of proprietors’ income have been strengthened markedly in the new State income series. They may be discussed under three headings: Farms, professional services, and business. The source materials and methods used for these segments differ widely. Farms State estimates of the net income of farm proprietors are equal to (and derived statistically as) the gross income of farmers minus their total expenses of production. Gross income covers the following separately estimated items: (1) Cash receipts from farm marketings of crops and livestock, (2) payments to farmers under the Government’s soil conservation and related programs, (3) the value of food and fuel produced and consumed on farms, (4) the gross rental value of farm dwellings, and (5) the value (positive or negative) of the change in inventories of crops and livestock. The expenses of farm production are estimated on a State basis for approximately 45 separate items. These are summed and deducted from total gross income to derive the net figure that is entered as an explicit component of each State’s personal income. In short, based on data from the Census of Agriculture and from a crop and livestock reporting system and numerous other statistical sources developed in the Department of Agriculture, the statistical procedure entails the preparation of the numerous individual items required for an income-andexpense statement covering all farms in each State. This report incorporates a special series of farm income esti mates by States for all years since 1929. Prepared jointly by the National Income Division and the Agricultural Economics Division of the Agricultural Marketing Service, this series repre sents a distinct improvement over the figures hitherto available. Professional services The professional services segment of proprietors’ income covers the net income of self-employed physicians, dentists, lawyers, accountants, and other types of independent professional practi tioners. State distributions of total income in each of the various professions are prepared as the product of (1) number and (2) average net income of persons engaged in independent practice. Basic data on the former item are obtained from the decennial Census of Population and records of the professional associations. For average net income, principal reliance is placed on data collected in the National Income Division’s periodic question naire surveys and in the Census of Population. Business For the large “business” segment of proprietors’ income, first approximations of annual totals by States are derived as the summation of separate estimates for about 50 industries. These estimates are prepared through distributions, or allocations, of independent national totals. Of necessity, the distributions are developed in very large degree from information not fully or directly relevant to noncorporate business net income, such as sales, number of proprietors, value added, and payrolls. Also for lack of data, it is frequently necessary to assume that (within the detailed industry framework adopted) relationships found to prevail nationally are also valid State by State. For this broad area of nonfarm self-employment, which has been covered by the OASI law since 1951, it has been possible to adjust the preliminary, sum-of-industry estimates to special benchmark information provided by the Bureau of Old-Age and Survivors Insurance. This information consists of sample data by States showing for 1951 and 1952 the total and average net incomes from self-employment of persons covered by old-age and survivors insurance. On the whole, the adjustments required to bring the sum-ofindustry totals into line with the 1951-52 OASI data were rather moderate. None the less, these data mark a significant step for ward in the work. They provide the first comprehensive check on the results of estimating State proprietors’ income on the basis of indirect data and procedures, and they point toward an im portant new data source for the future. Property Income This category consists of rental income of persons, dividends, and personal interest income. National estimates are distributed by States largely on the basis of tabulations by the Internal 54 A SUPPLEMENT TO THE SURVEY OF CURRENT BUSINESS Revenue Service of the amounts of these items reported by in dividuals on Federal income-tax returns. There are, however, several important exceptions to this gen eral procedure. Estimated from different source materials are distributions of Federal interest payments to individuals (from State data on Series E and other bond holdings); the imputed interest paid to individuals by financial intermediaries (based for life insurance companies on life insurance-in-force statistics published in the Spectator Co.’s Insurance Yearbook , and for banks on banking payrolls and deposits); and the imputed net rental return to owner-occupants of nonfarm dwellings (based on the market value of owner-occupied dwellings as computed from the Census of Housing). The property income estimates have a lower order of reliability than most other types of State income flows. This generaliza tion applies particularly to rental income and interest, which together, however, comprise currently only 9 percent of national personal income. Transfer Payments Preparation of the series on transfer payments by States is essentially a task of detailed data collection. About 45 different types of payments make up the overall total, and some of them represent a summation of finer detail. For items comprising the large bulk of total transfer payments, amounts received by residents of the various States can be speci fied from actual disbursement data available from the fiscal records of the administering government agencies. In general, this category includes benefits disbursed from federally admin istered social insurance funds, most types of veterans’ pensions and benefits paid out by the Federal Government, direct relief payments in the various States, and State government bonus payments to veterans. For a number of other transfer items (including certain types of payments to veterans), the available data by States afford a satisfactory basis for allocation of national totals. Transfer pay ments for which the statistical basis is weak (including, notably, those in the “business” category) comprise only a trivial fraction of total personal income. Personal Contributions for Social Insurance These contributions are deducted from the income flows listed above to arrive at total personal income. They comprise pay ments by individuals under various types of government-admin istered programs, the largest of which are old-age and survivors insurance and public employee retirement systems. Personal contributions for social insurance can be estimated rather accurately by States. For a few of the programs, actual contributions data by States are available from Federal agencies. For the remainder the general procedure is to allocate national totals to the States on the basis of payrolls in the relevant category of employment. Industrial Sources of Personal Income Frequent requests are received for breakdowns of State per sonal income by industrial source. Since this type of informa tion is clearly very valuable for regional economic research, it is worth noting the extent to which such requests can be met, and actually have been in this bulletin. Available statistical data do not permit an industrial break down of the complete total of personal income received in the various States. Wages and salaries and the income of proprietors, it is true, are estimated by detailed industry. But the other types of income are derived from basic data which show industrial sources for only certain components. To cite two contrasting examples: (1) The IRS tabulations on which the State distri bution of dividends is based show only total dividends as reported on tax returns, and there is no way of knowing from what specific industries individuals residing in each State received them; and (2) government transfer payments, by their very nature, can be assigned wholly to the “Government” industry and, with some additional effort, classified as between the Federal and State and local segments. Against this general background of the basic data situation, the tabular material on State personal income by industry that is presented in this bulletin (Part V) may be described briefly. This material follows summary tables showing total personal income, per capita personal income, and population for each State annually from 1929 to 1955. I S T .—For all years 1929-55, there is a table for each State (and region) which shows a breakdown of personal income by major sources. These include wage and salary disbursements classified by industry, proprietors’ income subdivided into farm and nonfarm, and totals for each of the other main types of personal income. An industrial breakdown of nonfarm proprietors’ income is not provided in view of its questionable validity for separate analytical use, particularly with regard to year-to-year changes. 3 B I S .—The statistical section of this bulletin also includes a table (No. 63) showing for selected years since 1929 the amount of personal income received in each State directly from farming, government (separately for Federal and for State and local), and private nonfarm pursuits. Separate focus on these three sectors has been found essential for analysis of both the composition and movement of total personal income by States and regions. E P E P .—For selected years since 1929, tables 64-70 provide an industrial distribution for each State of a large segment of the income received by civilians: the combined total of wage and salary disbursements, other labor income, and proprietors’ income. (As already in dicated, an industry breakdown of other labor income is not available from the basic State data; some special estimation was required for this purpose.) ndividual road tate ables ndustrial arnings of ersons ectors n g a g e d in roduction 3. Such a limitation, because of the presumed tendency for errors in the industrial detail to be offsetting, applies with much less force to the nonfarm total. Relevant in this regard is the check against the 1951-52 OASI data noted above—the good measure of agreement found between the sum-ofindustry estimates and these direct, overall data. 55 PERSONAL INCOME, BY STATES, SINCE 1929 Unlike property returns and transfer payments, these three flows can be characterized very largely as earnings received by individuals (both employees and self-employed) for their efforts in current production. It follows, therefore, that the data in tables 64-70 afford a comprehensive picture of the industrial structures of the various State economies, both currently and with regard to shifts over the past quarter of a century. These tables are restricted to civilian earnings because, as explained in Part III, military payrolls are not measured by States on the same basis as payrolls in civilian industries. The military component of wage and salary disbursements is not a measure of the earnings of personnel stationed in the various States. The main fact in this connection is that, through a system of payroll allotments, the Government withholds a portion of the earnings of military personnel and disburses it directly to their dependents. M P T I .— The large manufacturing industry is of obvious and basic importance in conditioning both short-term and long-term changes in the State distribution of income. Additional specific information on its role in the various States is provided by tables 71-78. They show separately for 20 types of manufactures payrolls disbursed in each State for selected years of the period since 1939. (Prep aration of comparable estimates for the earlier period is pre cluded, unfortunately, by the statistical difficulties described in Part IV). anufacturing ayrolls by ype of Concluding remarks on methods ndustry The foregoing review of State income methods has necessarily omitted many points of detail. But we trust it may have con veyed two related facts. 1. With the help and cooperation principally of other Federal agencies, effort has been expended over many years to utilize and process available information on income in the States, with the objective of insuring maximum accuracy in the final estimates. Such accuracy has been promoted particularly by the new esti mates of State personal income. 2. We feel sure that these estimates, within reasonable limits, constitute a reliable measure of income differentials among the various States. This overall appraisal, together with the support ing information given above, may be found a sufficient guide for most actual uses of the estimates. But in many cases it should be supplemented by study of the detailed explanations of definitions and procedures given in Parts III and IV. This will make for more intelligent and effective use of the estimates, especially with regard to the breakdowns by type of income and industrial source. While the factor of reliability has been taken into account in selecting the breakdowns to be published, these often differ in statistical adequacy. This varies significantly among the com ponents of State personal income and seldom has been uniform for any particular one over the long span since 1929. In addi tion, the various components, or breakdowns, that have been provided all conform to precise definitions. Knowledge of these and independent appraisal of statistical methodology can best serve to channel the estimates into uses warranted by their nature and degree of accuracy and to forestall misapplications. PLACE IN INCOME RESEARCH It is helpful for some purposes to know how the State personal income series is related to other work in the general field of in come research. This is a very large subject, yet a few observa tions can be made here that may serve to broaden perspective on the State estimates and thus contribute to their usefulness. Place in national income statistics The State estimates of personal income are an integral part of the official United States national income statistics. These statistics, spanning in general the period since 1929, may be viewed as consisting of 3 broad types. M N O .— For the purpose of record ing the overall performance of the national economy, two meas ures of total output are distinguished and featured. “Gross national product” measures the Nation’s output of goods and services in terms of its market value; “national income’ depicts this output in terms of the factor costs of producing it—the ag gregate earnings of labor and property which arise from current production. While these two comprehensive measures are very similar, they lend themselves to analytical breakdowns, as noted presently, that throw light on different aspects of the economy. N A .—In order to afford a significant quanti tative description of the economic structure and process, it has been found illuminating to divide the economy into sectors and to summarize their income and expenditure flows in a series of “accounts.” Four broad sectors have been established con sumers, business, government, and rest of the world in respect to its transactions with the United States. Both in general and for the purpose of this report, special in terest attaches to the large consumer sector. Its activities are recorded in the personal income and expenditure account. On the right side of this account are shown the various categories of consumer receipts—wages and salaries, the income of proprietors of unincorporated establishments, rental income, dividends, etc.—which add up to the total income of persons. “Personal income” is a third major aggregate featured in national income statistics, generally coordinate for economic analysis with the gross national product and the national income. The left side of the personal income and expenditure account shows the disposition of total personal income into outlays for personal consumption and taxes and for savings. Personal in come after deduction of personal taxes is known as “disposable personal income.” This is another important aggregate finding widespread use. It is the best available measure of consumer purchasing power derived from current incomes. S S E .—The national output meas ures and the system of accounts represent summary aspects of national income statistics. Another aspect, however, is also important—the supporting series of estimates forming break downs and supplementations of the income and product aggre gates and their principal components. Included in this large and varied category are such statistics as commodity and service delineations of the major components of gross national product; easures of ational upporting ational utput ccounts eries o f stimates 56 A SUPPLEMENT TO THE SURVEY OF CURRENT BUSINESS estimates of gross national product in constant prices showing changes in the real volume of national output; breakdowns of national income by types of earnings, by industrial origin, and by legal form of organization; and estimates for individual in dustries of employment, average annual earnings per employee, number of persons engaged in production, and corporate sales. The State estimates of personal income, representing a break down of a principal income aggregate and an elaboration of the consumer sector of the economy, are also part of this “support ing” classification of national income statistics. This is the proper view of the work, even though the State series—like the OBE distributions of personal income by size—represents a sub stantial body of data that are published separately from the main national income statistics and, in large measure, have special groups of users. The fact that only personal income is estimated by States is due very largely to limitations imposed by available statistical data. The establishment on a State basis of anything resembling our national income accounts would involve an impossible task of tracing income and product flows across geographic bound aries. Such an extension of the national accounts would also pose difficult problems of conceptual meaning. That it was possible in the special Hawaiian income study (see footnote 1) to go somewhat beyond the estimates of personal income—such as deriving the Hawaiian counterparts of national income and gross national product—was attributable mainly to a uniquely favorable data situation for the Territory. County income work The Office of Business Economics does not prepare income estimates for counties or other types of local areas. To compile income series for the more than 3,000 counties in the Nation would require a very large increase in personnel. Moreover, it would be costly to provide for and assemble here in Washington the basic data that would be needed in such a project. Although the statistical problems and data limitations are con siderable, it is a demonstrated feasibility for county income work to be done at the State level—by an agency such as a bureau of business research or a State government department. This type of agency is in a good position to assemble data for its State, to explore local sources of information, and to carry out the very detailed analytical work required. County income studies are being made in an increasing number of States. The method generally followed is to secure total income as the sum of separately estimated components derived through allocations of OBE State-wide totals on the basis of the most relevant available data. The method is thus similar to, or an extension of, the one we follow in breaking down the national totals by States. The Office of Business Economics has given cooperation in such county studies. This has been done mainly by supplying the detail on a particular State’s income required for the allocation procedure, as well as general advice on methodology based on our experience in regional work. Relation to national personal income State personal income thus conforms to the United States personal income series included in the OBE national income and product accounts. Statistically, there is full agreement, since the State series (as already noted) is tied to the national esti mates by using them as a statistical framework in preparing State breakdowns of personal income by detailed components. Conceptually, the State and national series differ in only one respect. This pertains to the exclusion from the State series of income disbursed by the Federal Government to its civilian and military personnel outside the continental United States. At tainment of such statistical and conceptual correspondence—a product of the State personal income project—facilitates many analyses requiring the joint use of OBE’s regional and national data. The definitional difference in respect to income disbursed over seas by the Federal Government affects several of the main components of State personal income: wage and salary disburse ments, transfer payments, and personal contributions for social insurance. The United States totals for the other components— other labor income, proprietors’ income, and property income— are identical in scope and magnitude to those shown in the national income reports. Current estimates by States The State estimates of personal income are prepared on an annual basis only. From the standpoint of both personnel and available data, it is not feasible for us to make monthly or quarter ly estimates by States. Analogous to the county work, the best method of estimating a State’s income on a monthly or quarterly basis is through the summation of components representing an extension of the detail underlying the State personal income totals. While there is considerable interest in such current estimates, the amount of work actually being done would not appear to be so widespread as in the case of the county breakdowns, probably because of the greater deficiencies in basic data. One other point in this connection might be noted. The State income estimates are published for the immediately pre ceding year in August. While an advance in this schedule would, of course, be desirable, it has been precluded by the timing of the availability of basic data. The detailed national income and product statistics are published in the July S C B , and the State breakdowns of personal income follow a month later. urvey of urrent usiness PART III Definitions and Terms T h IS part of the study explains the conceptual basis of the State income estimates. Treatment of the subject is consider ably more detailed than that provided in Part II. The discussion deals first with the principal characteristics of the overall concept of State personal income. It then proceeds to separate consideration of the definitions of wages and salaries, proprietors’ income, and the various other types of income mak ing up the total. Also included in this latter section is a dis cussion of per capita personal income. CONCEPT OF STATE PERSONAL INCOME State personal income is the current income received by resi dents of the States from all sources, inclusive of transfers from government and business but exclusive of transfers among persons. For purpose of the present conceptual discussion, much of the ground can be covered simply by amplifying the elements of this formal, single-sentence definition. First, however, it is well to take note of two major aspects of the personal income concept: 1. It is a before-tax measure. Personal income is defined gross of income taxes, other personal taxes, and various types of socalled “nontax payments” made by individuals to the Federal, State, and local governments. 2. Allowance is made for nonmonetary income, or income re ceived in kind rather than cash. At present, this makes up about 4 percent of personal income for the country as a whole, although there is considerable variation in this regard by States. Definition of “ residents” Of primary importance in the definition of State personal in come is the meaning of “residents.” For this delimits the econ omies of the various States in terms of the personal income measure. As defined, residents include principally individuals. Also covered are nonprofit institutions, private trust funds, and private pension, health, and welfare funds. Nonprofit institutions, in turn, include religious organizations, social and athletic clubs, labor organizations, nonprofit schools and hospitals, charitable and welfare organizations, and other private nonprofit agencies furnishing services to individuals. The meaning of the term “resident individuals” is largely selfevident. However, several aspects of our use of it should be noted. To begin with, residents are defined to include the military personnel stationed in each State, together with members of their families who are with them. Also included, similarly, are all Federal civilian employees working in each of the States, even though many of these individuals might not consider the State where they are employed as their permanent residence. By the same token, members of the Armed Forces and Federal civilian employees who are located away from their State of usual resi dence are not counted as residents of that State in the measure ment of personal income. Indeed, if they are located overseas they are excluded altogether. Exclusion of income disbursed by the Federal Government to its personnel stationed outside the continental limits constitutes the only difference in definition between the State series and the United States personal income measure carried regularly in OBE’s national income and product accounts. While these cases appertaining to Federal personnel are perhaps most important, they serve to illustrate a general principle:. That “resident individuals” is defined in terms of physical residence. It is not based on usual, or permanent, or legal residence which for a geographic area of the Nation is economically less meaningful, not provided in available data, and, in fact, not really measurable. In short, individuals actually residing in a State, civilian and military personnel alike, are covered by the personal income measure; those living elsewhere, even though normally residents of the State, are not regarded as such during their absence. 57 A SUPPLEMENT TO THE SURVEY OP CURRENT BUSINESS Of course, this generalization does not mean that the personal income estimates for a particular State include the incomes of tourists or others in temporary stay; these are not counted as residents of that State. As noted, recipients of personal income are defined to include, in addition to resident individuals, nonprofit institutions and private trust, pension, health, and welfare funds. Though not individuals per se, these entities may be regarded as “quasimdividuals” since they either function to serve individuals directly or are established in their behalf. And as they are non profit in character, they are clearly distinguishable from busi ness enterprises. These institutions and funds account for only a minor part of total personal income, and their treatment in the estimates is somewhat complex. Further discussion of them is postponed to the end of this section, until after the main features of the State personal income concept have been considered. Comprehensiveness of coverage As specified in the definition, personal income includes receipts from all sources.” This phrase signifies the comprehensiveness of the measure. This is so fundamental to an understanding of the concept of personal income as to warrant special emphasis. The concept covers the income received by residents of each State from business, government, households and institutions, and foreign countries. All forms of income flowing to person^ from these sources are included—wages and salaries; various types of supplementary earnings termed “other labor income” ; the net incomes of proprietors of unincorporated businesses; net rental income; dividends; interest; and government and business “transfer payments,” consisting of disbursements to individuals for which no services are rendered currently and of payments to nonprofit institutions. The wage and salary component of each State’s personal in come comprises payments made in every branch of private in dustry manufacturing, public utilities, trade, services, farming, and so forth—and by the Federal, State, and local governments, including military disbursements received in the State. Similar ly, the proprietors’ income category measures the net business earnings of farm operators, of professional persons in independent practice, and of noncorporate business establishments in all other types of pursuits. The inclusion, in addition to wages and salaries and proprietors’ income, of returns on property and of numerous other types of disbursements by government and business furnishes a complete measure of the personal income flow in each of the States. All in all, the personal income series is the most comprehensive available record of differences among States in economic structure and change. A measure of current receipts Personal income measures “the current income received * * * inclusive of transfers from government and business.” This means that it covers income actually received 1 during a calendar 1. The term “actual income receipts” is not synonymous in meaning with cash receipts. As noted, personal income includes nonmonetary income as well as income received in cash. Also in this connection, it should be re called that personal income is measured before deduction of income and other direct personal taxes. year by residents of each of the States. This criterion of actual income receipts during the current period may be distinguished in two ways from that of earnings accruing in Production. 1. Of the total earnings arising from current production, personal income includes only that part—though by far the preponderant part which is actually disbursed to individuals and to the private nonprofit entities termed “quasi-individuals.” This generalization can best be explained by reference to the specific treatment accorded the several components of personal income, as discussed in the next section. In the meantime, it may be helpful to note that wages and salaries are recorded in terms of amounts disbursed, not earned; that only the portion of corporate earnings which is paid out in the current year as dividends is included in personal income; and that contributions for social insurance which are made by individuals and by em ployers on their behalf are excluded as not constituting personal receipts in the current period. 2. In accord with its basic definition as a measure of receipts, personal income also includes incomes not accruing from current production. These are government and business transfer pay ments and the interest paid to persons by government. Government transfers include old-age and survivors insurance benefits, unemployment insurance benefits, direct relief pay ments, military pensions and benefits, government pension pay ments, and numerous other types of governmental disburse ments not representing remuneration for current productive services. Similarly, business transfers (a minor category) com prise distributions to persons of business production other than in the form of earnings. Examples are corporate gifts to non profit institutions, cash prizes, and consumer bad debts. Government interest payments are not formally classified as transfer payments, but the rationale for their exclusion from the measures of output is similar. Though clearly an element of personal income, they are not viewed as representing a return for current productive services. Particularly with regard to the large Federal component, Government interest is subject to changes reflecting the financing of war and other current ex penses rather than the services of Government-owned “produc tive” property. It is not felt, for instance, that the large rise in Government interest since the prewar period has represented a corresponding contribution by Government to the value of output. Transfers among persons excluded As noted in the definition, personal income is measured “ex clusive of transfers among persons.” Whereas government and business transfer payments are additions to the income received by persons, transfers among persons are canceling. A clear ex ample is a gift from one individual to another. Other examples are afforded by transactions between individuals and the non profit institutions and private funds classified as persons—such as individuals’ gifts to churches and charitable organizations, an nuities paid through pension funds to individuals, and the income distributed to individuals by fiduciaries. These transactions also cancel, in the “consolidation” of the institutions and funds with individuals in the personal sector. PERSONAL INCOME, BY STATES, SINCE 1929 Not all transactions among persons, however, can be ignored in defining personal income. Those which represent purchases of services rendered by factors of production—such as hiring labor and paying interest—must be counted. As examples, the wages paid by housewives to domestic servants and by churches and other private nonprofit institutions are included in personal in come along with other payroll disbursements. This treatment of nontransfer transactions among persons has been adopted to maintain a complete record of productive activity. Otherwise, the remuneration of labor and capital services within the personal sector would be omitted from personal income (and from the national measures of total output as well). The foregoing explanation of “transfers among persons” is, in essence, the one given in the 1954 N a tion a l Income supplement (p. 50) in connection with the estimates of national personal income. But, it is recognized, question might be raised regard ing interpersonal transfers that cut across State lines. Such transfers, it might be argued, do not “cancel” within the States involved and should be taken account of in personal income. Statistically, this matter is “settled” by the lack of data on such transactions; it would not be possible to take account of them in measuring State personal income. But were it desired to do so, it should be noted, quite difficult problems of concept would arise. These would include the classification of the myriad types of interpersonal flows as between (1 ) capital transfers (which would be excluded), and (2) current transactions (which would involve the geographic redistribution of income) ,2 In addition, it would have to be decided whether the second category of transactions should (a) be counted in the incomes of both the donor and re cipient areas or (b) netted from the former and entered only in the latter. By the first alternative, income is “duplicated,” with the extent of duplication depending on the number of transac tions occurring (which would vary with the number of geographic areas being measured). The second alternative, which would avoid such “grossing” of transactions, would appear, on balance, to be preferable, but nonetheless would have some limitations for analysis. Treatment of “ quasi-individuals” As already stated, private nonprofit institutions, private pen sion and related funds, and private trust funds are counted as “residents” in defining State personal income. It remains to ex plain how the income of these entities, termed “quasi-individu als,” is handled in the State series. For nonprofit institutions, the matter is relatively simple. Such institutions receive property income (dividends, interest, and net rent), as well as transfer payments from government and business. In the State series, the income of nonprofit institutions 59 is allocated geographically according to their location, or “resi dence,” although the statistical basis for doing this is rather weak. With regard to the private pension, health, and welfare funds, the bulk of their income consists of employer contributions. In the State series, such contributions are assigned according to the State of residence of the employees on whose behalf they are made. That is, the State of “residence” of such funds is regarded as synonymous with the residence of the employee beneficiaries.3 Any treatment revolving around the State of “location” of the funds would be nebulous in concept and, it is believed, less meaningful than the one which has been adopted. The remaining category of quasi-individuals consists of various types of trust funds, or fiduciaries. In the case of these entities, too, income receipts (dividends, interest, and net rent) are as signed by States according to the residence of the beneficiaries of the funds. The underlying consideration is the same as for pri vate pension, health, and welfare funds. We may summarize briefly. In the national income accounts, the various entities we have termed “quasi-individuals” are classi fied as persons and their income (other than that received from real individuals) counted in personal income. In the State esti mates, the income of nonprofit institutions is allocated according to their geographic location; income of the various types of pri vate funds is allocated according to the residence of beneficiaries— with the “funds” regarded, State by State, as synonymous with the individuals on whose behalf the income of the funds is re ceived. Given this treatment of the funds, all personal income except that received by private nonprofit institutions (a very small item) is assigned by States according to the residence of indi viduals. In the national income accounts, the classification of these institutions and funds as “persons” is a meaningful treatment. The only plausible alternative to classifying them in the personal sector of the economy would have been to establish a separate sector for them—by which treatment a record of the income re ceipts, expenditures, and saving of real individuals would have emerged. Though a desirable elaboration, this was not done in view of the added statistical difficulty and complexity entailed and the generally minor role of these institutions and funds in the aggregate flows. By this alternative treatment of classifying quasi-individuals in a separate sector, estimates for the States of the income received by individuals would differ from the present personal income series mainly in the following respects: (1) The property income receipts (dividends, interest, and net rent) of these quasi-indi viduals would not be included; (2) government (and business) payments to nonprofit institutions would not be included; and (3) payments to individuals by private pension, health, and wel fare funds would be substituted for employer contributions to these funds, and the contributions of individuals to the funds would be deducted. With reference to item (3), employer con tributions would no longer be paid to “persons,” nor would the payments from the funds to individuals or the contributions by individuals to the funds be canceling transactions within the personal sector. 2. In a system of accounts for the States, the neglect of interpersonal transfers in measuring income (as in the present series) would require that such transactions be handled through personal consumption expenditures. The net outflow of these transfers from each State would be recorded in its consumer expenditure total. This treatment, it may be added, would parallel that which is followed in the national accounts, where the inter national balance of gifts among persons is entered in consumer expenditures, not in personal income. As may be seen from the N ational Income reports (table 30, line 100), the personal consumption expenditure series includes 3. Statistically, employer contributions to the private pension and similar an item termed “personal cash remittances to foreign countries less personal funds are estimated by allocating the national total (by detailed industry) cash remittances to the United States by foreigners.” on the basis of payrolls. 375115 0 — 57------ 5 60 A SUPPLEMENT TO THE SURVEY OF CURRENT BUSINESS Satisfactory data for estimating all these items of difference are not available. But it is clearly evident that a set of figures by States showing the income received by individuals would look very much the same as the present personal income series. This generalization is based mainly on the fact that for the country as a whole total income of individuals differs from personal income by a very small percentage. Also, the various items of difference between individual and personal income listed above are widely distributed by States; none of them is “discrete” geographically. INCOME COMPONENTS The preceding discussion has covered the general meaning of State personal income—chiefly by reference to the definition of “persons” and to such cardinal characteristics of the income ag gregate as its comprehensiveness of coverage and its measurement of actual receipts on a before-tax basis. However, personal in come is the sum of its parts; and some of them have specialized aspects which, while meaningful, require explanation for a clearcut definition of the total. The present section, which focuses on the type-of-income components, therefore serves to throw addi tional light on the meaning and content of the personal income total. For perspective, it should be observed that the bulk of this total is “straightforward.” Once it is recognized that personal income is a before-tax measure, and perhaps also that it includes the in come receipts of private nonprofit institutions and funds as well as of individuals, it is found to comprise items whose meaning and content, generally speaking, are those accorded in common usage. Such items include cash disbursements of wages and salaries, the various types of supplementary labor income, net incomes of proprietors of unincorporated businesses (except for the inventory adjustment to be noted), monetary rental income, dividends, monetary interest receipts, and nearly all types of transfer payments. These various flows currently comprise well over nine-tenths of personal income for the country as a whole. Making up the remainder of the total are items which do not have so commonplace a meaning. They are more technical, ranging from the moderately unusual to the extremely complex. These components include (1) wages and salaries paid in kind, rather than in cash; (2) the net rental value of owner-occupied houses; (3) the net value of food and fuel produced and con sumed on farms; (4) “imputed” interest received by persons from financial intermediaries; (5) the “inventory valuation adjust ment” element of nonfarm proprietors’ income; and (6) a few business and government transfers. The first four of these items are the result of “imputation.” In the national income accounts, this is a process by which allowance is made for nonmonetary income and product flows by recasting the accounts as they would appear if the flows had taken monetary form. This difficult gen eralization may become clearer from the discussion that follows, which, however, deals with the subject in summary form. For a full discussion of the theory and treatment of imputations, the 1954 N a tio n a l Income supplement to the S u r v e y of C urrent B usiness should be consulted. Wage and Salary Disbursements Wage and salary disbursements consist of the monetary re muneration of employees commonly regarded as wages and salaries, inclusive of executives’ compensation, commissions, tips, and bonuses, and of the value of payments in kind which repre sent income to the recipient. They are measured before deduc tions for social security contributions, union dues, or other pur poses. All disbursements in the current period are covered, in cluding any payments retroactive to past periods. That is, retroactive wages are counted when paid, rather than when earned.4 The contributions made by employees under the various social insurance programs, although counted in wage and salary dis bursements, are not part of the personal income total. They are excluded by means of the deduction, discussed presently, which is made for “personal contributions for social insurance.” The wage and salary series is a complete measure. For the private sector of each State’s economy, it covers employees not only of all nonfarm business establishments but also of farms, pri vate households, hospitals, and private educational, social serv ice, and nonprofit institutions. Also, all government employees are covered by the measure, including those of the State govern ments, local governments, and Federal Government (both civilian and military). The national totals of wage and salary disbursements contained in State personal income are somewhat lower than the series shown in table 3 of the national income report in the July 1956 S C B . The reason is that the State esti mates exclude disbursements made by the Federal Government to its civilian and military personnel stationed outside the con tinental United States. u r v e y of urrent usiness Military payroll For all industrial components except the military, wage and salary disbursements represent gross earnings of employees with out deductions of any kind. The military component, however, differs significantly in concept from a measure of the gross earn ings of military personnel stationed in each State. Military disbursements by States are derived as the sum of two separate flows: (1) The gross earnings of military personnel sta tioned in each State less the amounts withheld by the Govern ment and sent to their dependents or other individuals in the form of voluntary allotments of pay or benefits under the Govern ment’s family allowance or dependency assistance programs; and (2) allowances and allotments received by individuals resident in the State. The second item covers amounts withheld from the 4. While the timing, of wages when paid is a clear conceptual feature of personal income measurement, the difference between wages earned and wages paid has been negligible in most years. This difference, for the coun try as a whole, is shown in the N ational Income reports (table 4, line 16) by the item labeled “excess of wage accruals over disbursements.” PERSONAL INCOME, BY STATES, SINCE 1929 pay of military personnel wherever stationed—in the same State, other States, or overseas. A noteworthy aspect of this item is that it represents an element—the only one—of wage and salary disbursements not received by individuals in an employee status. In brief, the military payroll component of State personal in come represents, for each year, that part of the national total of military gross pay which is disbursed to residents of the various States. Wages in kind The wage and salary estimates for the various States include allowances for the food, clothing, and lodging paid in kind to em ployees which represent income to them. The concept of valua tion is cost to the employer. Market value to the employee would be a preferable concept for some purposes, although it is more elusive and less subject to quantitative determination. As might be supposed, this area of wage imputation is rather imprecise and involves a number of difficult decisions which can be settled in only pragmatic fashion. For instance, the imputa tion is confined to food, clothing, and lodging because other types of perquisites, such as medical and recreational services, are generally less important and cannot be estimated satisfactorily from available data. It is frequently difficult, moreover, to de termine whether or not a particular type of payment in kind clearly represents an addition to cash wages and salaries. Payments in kind are a significant element of military wages. Here are included the cost value of the food and clothing pro vided enlisted personnel as part of their total pay and allowances. The clothing imputation is confined to “standard” issues, not including clothing and equipment designed for use on special duties or under unusual conditions. As to other industrial segments of the State estimates, wages in kind (comprising either food or food plus lodging) are of some significance in eating and drinking places, farming, private households (domestic servants), water transportation, hotels, and hospitals. They are quite minor, however, in other areas of pri vate employment and in the government sector, apart from the military.5 By reference to national income accounting, it may be of inter est to note, the imputation of wages depicts the accounts as though the payments in kind had taken the form of cash flows. In the simple case of food furnished restaurant employees, the impu tation assumes that the employer, instead of furnishing his em ployees with free food, pays them corresponding amounts of wages and that the employees in turn use them to buy the items previously purchased by the employer. Employees’ wages and business sales to consumers (recorded in personal consumption expenditures) are raised by equivalent amounts. Omission of the imputation would understate the measures of personal in 5. Although the point is statistical rather than definitional, it may be noted here that a breakdown of total wages and salaries by States as between payments in cash and in kind is not available from our records. This is because such a breakdown is not provided in the basic payroll data for industries covered by social security legislation. That is, the value of income in kind is covered in the payroll tabulations relating to both the State unemployment insurance systems and old-age and survivors insurance, but is not reported separately by employers. 61 come, personal consumption expenditures, and total output. It would understate also the real earnings of employees receiving food relative to those paid wholly on a cash basis. Other Labor Income This category is identical with “other labor income” as shown in table 3 of the July 1956 national income report. It consists of supplementary types of labor income paid out or accruing in the current period. These comprise employer contributions under private pension, health and welfare, and group insurance plans; compensation for injuries; pay of military reservists; directors’ fees; and several other minor items. The pay of members of the military Reserve, consisting of compensation for inactive duty training under the various Reserve programs, is classified in other labor income rather than in wages and salaries because Reserve duty normally takes up only a small part of the individual’s working time. Employer contributions to private pension and related funds have expanded greatly in the postwar period and now account for three fourths of other labor income nationally. It will be recalled from the earlier discussion that such funds are classified as persons in the national accounts and their income included in personal income; that in the State series the “residence” of such funds is taken to be the same as the residence of the employees on whose behalf the employer contributions are made; and that this treat ment is carried out statistically by allocating to the States the national total of employer contributions, industry by industry, on the basis of payrolls. Proprietors' Income Proprietors’ income measures the net business earnings of owners of unincorporated enterprises, consisting almost entirely of sole proprietorships and partnerships but including also pro ducers’ cooperatives and other numerically minor forms of non corporate business. Farmers, independent professional prac titioners (such as physicians, dentists, and lawyers), entrepreneurs in nonfarm business, and others in a self-employment status are covered by the proprietors’ income measure. This measure contains the net income of unincorporated real estate businesses, including that derived from the rental of prop erty; it excludes the rental income of individual landlords who are not engaged primarily in the operation of a real estate busi ness. Dividend and interest receipts are omitted from proprie tors’ income, as those are counted as being received by the pro prietors in their personal rather than business capacity. Finally to be noted is that capital gains and losses are excluded, and no deduction is made for depletion (a minor item for noncorporate business). The net income of noncorporate businesses is viewed as ac cruing to the proprietors in their personal capacity, and thus is counted in personal income in its entirety. A conceivable al ternative would have been to count only that part of the net in come which was withdrawn for personal use, and to omit from 62 A SUPPLEMENT TO THE SURVEY OF CURRENT BUSINESS personal income the element (plus or minus) of unincorporated business saving. However, this distinction is tenuous in prin ciple and cannot be carried out at all satisfactorily in statistical practice. Farm income The key characteristic of proprietors’ income as a measure of business earnings is well-illustrated by the agricultural com ponent. This is equal to (and derived statistically as) the gross income of farmers minus their total expenses of production. Gross income covers (1) cash receipts from farm marketings of crops and livestock, (2) payments to farmers under the Govern ment soil conservation and related programs, (3) the value of food and fuel produced and consumed on farms, (4) the gross rental value of farm dwellings, and (5) the value (positive or nega tive) of the change in inventories of crops and livestock. The last three of these items require explanation to bring out how the farm proprietors’ income series (a) allows for the inclusion of in come in kind, and (b ) measures net income from current produc tion, not net receipts. Item (3) is an imputation by which farmers are viewed, in effect, as selling food and fuel to themselves as consumers. The estimated quantities of the various products consumed on the farm are valued in terms of the actual selling prices received by farmers for those particular types of products. (For some pur poses, particularly those related to “welfare” comparisons, valu ation at retail prices might be preferable.) The expenses asso ciated with the production of food and fuel consumed on farms are merged unidentifiably with other costs deducted from farmers’ gross income to obtain their net income. That is, an element of farm proprietors’ income consists of income in kind in the form of net income derived from the production of food and fuel con sumed on farms, but this element cannot be specified statistically because data on the costs of such production are not available separately from costs of farm output produced for the market. Item (4) of gross income listed above—the gross rental value of farm dwellings—also is an imputation. It is defined as (a) the net return on dwelling investment as calculated from the esti mated value of farm dwellings and the average interest rate on farm mortgage loans, plus (b) the portion of total farm expenses estimated to be allocable to the upkeep of dwellings. Element (a), of course, represents directly income in kind—the net (rental) value of services received by farmers from their dwellings. At this point, it might be observed that farm proprietors’ in come includes all farm net rents, whether in cash or in kind, re ceived by individuals living on farms. In conformity with De partment of Agriculture treatment, all such income is regarded as deriving from, or incident to, the business of farming. Hence, it is included in personal income under the heading of proprie tors’ income rather than under the heading of rental income of persons. Item (5) of gross farm income—the current value of the physi cal change in farmers’ inventories of crops and livestock—is in cluded because a measure of current income, not of net receipts, is desired. It has a general counterpart in nonfarm proprietors’ income, the definition of which calls for cost of goods sold—not just purchases—to be deducted from total receipts to arrive at net net income. One difference, however, should be noted—that inventory changes are valued at selling prices in farm proprietors’ income but at cost prices in nonfarm proprietors’ income. This means that the farm series assigns net profit (or loss) on inventory goods when they are “produced” ; the nonfarm series, when they are sold. While each treatment has certain merit—and it can be argued that the one used for farming is the more appropriate for income measurement—uniformity on this score between the farm and nonfarm series is precluded by statistical considerations. Based on numerous past inquiries, it seems advisable to stress, even at the expense of repetition, that the State estimates of farm proprietors’ income differ in a number of ways from the Agricul ture Department’s regularly published, widely used series on cash receipts from farm marketings. Two of the most important differences may be listed: 1. Proprietors’ income is measured net of production expenses; cash receipts, before deduction of such expense. The estimates of cash receipts enter directly into the computation of farm pro prietors’ income—as the largest of five items of farmers’ gross in come from which expenses are deducted. 2. Proprietors’ income includes allowance for the change in farm inventories so as to measure income from current production. In large part because of this, it tends to be more volatile than the series on cash receipts from farm marketings. As is often the case when the value of farm production declines, cash receipts may be bolstered through a drawing down of inventory stocks accumu lated in the past period. Large difference in movement may also occur whenever a sizable portion of the year’s production is not sold in that year but is carried over into inventories. Nonfarm proprietors’ income For the country as a whole, nonfarm proprietors’ income is identical with the “business and professional” category of table 1 in the July 1956 S C B . This category, in turn, is shown to be comprised of two items: “Income of un incorporated enterprises” and “inventory valuation adjustment.” The former item consists wholly of monetary earnings. These accord closely in definition with net business profit (gross re ceipts from business or profession less expense of doing business) as reported by individuals and partnerships on their Federal in come tax returns. Under business accounting practices generally followed in re porting for tax purposes, inventories are charged to cost of sales in terms of original, not current, costs. The effect of these prac tices is to include in business profit an element of inventory gain (or loss) due solely to price change, and therefore akin to capital gain (or loss). This is not suitable for national income purposes, which require a measure of business profits accruing from current production. Such a measure is obtained by adding to profits de rived from tax-return tabulations an “inventory valuation adjust ment.” As described fully in the 1954 N a tion a l Income supple ment, this adjustment represents the difference between the cur rent replacement cost of inventories charged to cost of sales and their reported “book” value, which, as indicated, usually reflects prior-period costs. No such valuation adjustment, it will be evident, is required in the case of farm inventories since the farm income estimates are not based on tax-return information and are computed directly so as to exclude inventory profit. urvey of urrent usiness 63 PERSONAL INCOME, BY STATES, SINCE 192 9 While it is convenient and informative to describe the concept of nonfarm proprietors’ income in terms of reported “book” profits plus an adjustment to eliminate inventory profit or loss, it should be noted that these two elements are not measured sep arately on a State basis. As will be evident from the subsequent discussion of sources and methods, national totals of nonfarm pro prietors’ income are distributed among the States on the basis of statistical information which does not permit the separate estima tion of book profits and inventory valuation adjustment. Property Income The State estimates of property income consist of rental income of persons, dividends, and personal interest income. The defini tions of these three components are discussed below. Rental income of persons The rental component of personal income includes (1) mone tary earnings of persons (except professional real estate operators) from the rental of real property, as well as from royalties on patents, copyrights, and rights to natural resources; and (2) the imputed net rental returns to owner-occupants of nonfarm dwellings. M E .—Monetary rents and royalties are de fined on a net basis. Like proprietors’ income, they represent the residual difference between gross receipts and expenses (including depreciation). The net rent of individuals engaged primarily in the real estate business is not included but, along with rentals received by partnerships, is classified in proprietors’ income. I R .—This is an element of income in kind measur ing the net income accruing to nonfarm residents in their capacity as homeowners. The item is defined as the gross rental value of owner-occupied nonfarm houses less the actual expenses (includ ing depreciation) incurred in home ownership. Gross rental value is reckoned in terms of the gross return which the individual homeowner could have realized by offering his home for rent. As noted earlier, the similar imputation for farm dwellings is in cluded in the series on farm proprietors’ income. Allowance for this type of income in kind affords comparable treatment of rented and owner-occupied houses in the income estimates. It makes the total invariant to a mere shift from one type of housing to the other—that is, to a change in the relative importance of tenant versus owner-occupied housing. In the national accounts, owner-occupied houses are classified in the business sector of the economy, and are viewed as selling their services to the individual as a homeowner. The formal treatment is thus analogous to that of tenant-occupied housing or of any other type of business enterprise in which the net income or profit is calculated as the residual between gross receipts and expenses. For the individual States, it may be noted at this point, the actual estimates of net rental value of owner-occupied nonfarm housing were not made via this residual process—that is, by sub tracting homeowners’ expenses from the amounts which they theoretically could have obtained by offering their houses for onetary mputed arnings ent rent. Instead, it was necessary to derive the estimates by the indirect procedure of allocating to each State a percentage of the national total based on market value of owner-occupied dwellings as computed from the decennial Census of Housing. Dividends This component measures cash dividend disbursements by cor porations organized for profit (whether domestic or foreign) to persons resident in the various States. “Dividends” paid by savings and loan associations and other mutual financial institu tions are not included; these are classified in personal interest income. Personal interest income “Personal interest income” measures the total interest, mone tary and imputed, accruing to residents of the States. The monetary part covers interest received from foreign as well as domestic sources. Both private and government disburse ments are included. The imputed interest component is defined in general as the excess of property income received by financial intermediaries from funds entrusted to them by persons over property income actually returned in monetary form by these intermediaries to persons. A portion of imputed interest is numerically equal to the value of financial services received by persons without ex plicit payment; the remainder represents property income with held by life-insurance companies and mutual financial inter mediaries on the account of persons. By way of amplifying the foregoing formal definition, it should first be noted that imputed interest represents one element of the system devised in the national income and product series to ac count for the transactions of financial intermediaries such as banks, life-insurance companies, and saving and loan associa tions. Much of this subject, unfortunately, is complex; and the full significance of the interest imputations cannot be realized in isolation—that is, apart from the other income and product items affected by the system of imputations. Nevertheless, and despite the fact that the interest imputations represent a comparatively small and not-too-satisfactorily estimated part of State personal income, a brief explanation of their basic rationale may prove helpful. I I P B .—This element of personal interest income measures the value of services—such as checking, banking, and investment services—which are rendered to persons by banks (including trust companies) without the assessment of specific charges. Such services represent a real element of income and production. They may be regarded as interest income in kind, closely analogous to wages in kind. This type of interest income would not, by a processing of the records of monetary banking transactions, enter the scope of national income measurement. This is because the banks do not charge for the services in question but, instead, finance their cost by retaining part of the property income earned on funds en trusted to them by persons. That is, banks furnish services di rectly to the suppliers of funds instead of paying them interest and recovering the cost of the services through explicit charges. mputed nterest aid b y anks 64 A SUPPLEMENT TO THE SURVEY OF CURRENT BUSINESS In brief, the treatment accorded banking in the national ac counts is to depict them as if the banks had disbursed all of their property income receipts and then charged for the services rendered. Two imputations, measuring the cost value of the services and equal by definition, are added to the banks’ mone tary transactions: (1) Imputed interest paid (property income re ceived minus interest paid on deposits), and (2) imputed service charge receipts (total operating expenses of the banks, including profits, less monetary service charges). With the underlying real flows made explicit by these imputations, the resulting measures of income and production originating in banking are far more realistic. The recording of monetary transactions alone would involve substantial and obvious understatement. A further major step in the imputation process is the tracing of the imputed income and production flows throughout the econ omy. Imputed interest paid by banks, together with the cor responding imputed service charges, are apportioned by sector and by industry according to ownership of bank deposits. To the extent that persons receive the imputed interest and pay the imputed service charges, the income and product totals are raised. Imputed interest receipts of persons are reflected directly in the net interest component of national income and in the per sonal interest component of personal income; and service charges imputed to persons are entered as a final product purchase in the consumption expenditure component of gross national product. On the other hand, imputed transactions among businesses (as measured by the share of all deposits held) do not represent factor incomes or final products, and cancel as intermediate transactions within the business sector. The industry distribution of national income is affected by these intrabusiness flows, but not the totals of national income, personal income, or gross national product. It must be noted again that this treatment of banks—for which the foregoing is a highly condensed statement—is the one under lying the national estimates. No such elaborate treatment is actually followed in the State estimates, although the conceptual framework is the same. Instead, imputed interest paid by banks to residents of the States is estimated simply by an allocation of the national total based on relevant statistical data. The value of “free” banking services received by persons in each State is assumed to be proportionate to the State’s volume of banking business as measured by information on deposits and bank pay rolls. Im p u t e d In t e r e s t P a i d by L ife -In s u r a n c e C o m p a n i e s .— In addition to the value of financial services received by persons without explicit payment, the imputed interest component of personal income includes the property income withheld to the account of persons by life-insurance companies, as well as by mutual financial intermediaries such as savings and loan associ ations and credit unions. Such property income (dividends, interest, and net rents) is treated as though disbursed in the cur rent period. In the national accounts, this treatment entails the imputation of an interest payment for life insurance and an interest receipt for persons. Further imputation stems from the fact that lifeinsurance companies are regarded as explicitly charging policy holders for the expense of handling life insurance. Accordingly, the operating expenses of the companies are included in the per sonal consumption expenditure component of the gross national product. In the treatment of life-insurance companies, death claims and premium payments are ignored. These are regarded as capital transfers rather than current transactions. With respect to personal saving, it may be noted, our treatment yields the same saving total that would be obtained by combining, on a consolidated basis, the accounts of both policyholders and life-insurance companies. The life-insurance element of personal saving represents the increase in the companies’ reserves. Insofar as the personal income, national income, and interest totals are concerned, the effect of the imputation process is the same as though life-insurance companies were viewed as associ ations or “aggregates” of individuals. By this view, the property income receipts and operating expenses of life insurance com panies would be classified in the personal sector and death claims and premiums would cancel as transfers among persons. It has been necessary to employ an indirect procedure in the State estimates to approximate the direct measure of imputed life-insurance interest called for in concept. Life-insurance inter est accruing to residents in each State has been estimated simply as the product of the national estimates of imputed life-insurance interest and the percentage of life-insurance holdings accounted for annually by the State. Transfer Payments The transfer payments category comprises, in general, receipts of persons from government and business (other than govern ment interest) for which no services are rendered currently. Government transfers consist of Federal, State, and local gov ernment payments to (1) individuals not in return for current services and (2) private nonprofit institutions such as hospitals and charitable and welfare organizations. Under the first cate gory are included such items as old-age and survivors benefits, unemployment benefits, pensions under public employee retire ment systems, direct relief, and pension, disability, and related payments to former members of the Military Establishment. Business transfers consist of distributions of business output to persons for which no services are received. Included under this heading are such items as individuals’ bad debts to business, cor porate gifts to private nonprofit institutions, cash prizes, and per sonal injury payments by business other than to employees. The United States totals of transfer payments included in the State and national estimates of personal income differ slightly in most years. This is because the State figures exclude disburse ments—for example, of the NSLI special dividend—made to military personnel stationed outside the continental limits. Personal Contributions for Social Insurance Contributions made by individuals under the various social insurance programs are excluded from personal income by PERSONAL INCOME, BY STATES, SINCE 1929 handling them as an explicit deduction item. Payments by both employees and self-employed are included in the series. The employee portion covers contributions for old-age and sur vivors insurance, State unemployment insurance, railroad retire ment insurance, cash sickness compensation, and Federal and State and local public employee retirement systems, as well as premium payments for Government life insurance. Contribu tions of the self-employed relate to old-age and survivors insur ance. They were first made in 1952, under amendments extend ing coverage of the OASI system as of January 1, 1951. In very large measure, contributions of employees are withheld from pay roll; those by self-employed individuals are paid annually with their returns on Federal income taxes. The personal contributions item in State personal income is the same as that which enters the national accounts except for an overseas adjustment for contributions made by Federal employees. In addition to individuals’ contributions for social insurance, State personal income excludes the contributions made on behalf of employees by their employers. Employee and employer con tributions, though viewed as part of the total earnings of em ployees, are not actually received by them in the current period. In United States national income accounting, they are recorded as receipts of social insurance funds in the government sector. The contributions made by self-employed persons are treated in the same way—that is, as direct receipts of the government sector—even though paid by them out of current income. Like employee contributions to most programs of social insur ance, taxes on wages and salaries are withheld at source under 65 the laws of the Federal Government and of some State and local governments. However, the amounts of such taxes are counted as part of personal income—as though first received by the em ployee and then paid to government. This is in line with the overall definition of personal income as a before-tax measure. Admittedly, the difference in treatment accorded withheld taxes and social insurance contributions is somewhat arbitrary. Per Capita Personal Income The State estimates of per capita income are derived by division of total personal income by total population. The per capita measure is particularly useful for geographic and temporal com parisons of average income on an annual basis. In general, the population data used in computing per capita personal income by States are the midyear estimates of the Bureau of the Census (excluding Federal civilian and military personnel stationed outside the continental United States). For the years 1941-47, however, population by States was measured as the sum of (1) civilian population as represented by Census midyear estimates and (2) military personnel as compiled by the National Income Division from monthly or quarterly infor mation furnished by the several military services. For the latter, a monthly or quarterly average was used for those years because it tended to differ appreciably from a single midyear observation. Such an average, it should be added, is employed in estimating the military component of State personal income. PART IV Sources and M ethods or Estimation INTRODUCTION T h e statistical basis of the State personal income series was discussed in Part II, A General View of the Estimates. It was brought out there that the estimates are constructed from a wide variety of statistical information not designed primarily for in come measurement; that this information consists mainly of tabu lations from business and government records showing disburse ments to individuals; that the OBE national estimates of personal income are used as a statistical “frame of reference” in which in come totals for the country as a whole are “allocated” among the States on the basis of the best available data; that a detailed pro cedure of estimation is followed in order to maximize reliability and to obtain analytically useful information by States on income by type and by industry; and that uniform sources and methods are utilized for all States. In addition, Part II provided a brief description of the methodology employed in making the State estimates. This part of the bulletin furnishes a detailed explanation of our methodology. It is organized by type of income into 4 sections— wage and salary disbursements, proprietors’ income, property income, and other components (“other labor income,” transfer payments, and personal contributions for social insurance). The aim here as in the case of Part III, Definitions and Terms is to impart detailed factual information about the esti mates that will contribute to their understanding and usefulness. Within this general aim, 3 subsidiary purposes might be listed: 1. To afford users an independent, detailed basis for judging reliability of the estimates; 2. To provide the opportunity of gaining increased knowledge of the estimates to those who analyze the income flows or general economies of the States and regions; to those who employ the annual State income figures as a framework in preparing current monthly or quarterly State estimates, in making income break downs by counties or other local areas, or in forecasting the tax 66 revenues of State governments; and to those who make various other technical uses of the State income series; and 3. To furnish information about data sources and statistical procedures that might prove helpful to persons engaged in related technical work. The second and third purposes are perhaps self-evident. The first, however, regarding the assessment of reliability, requires discussion. Assessing reliability of the estimates The first question about any series of economic statistics relates to its reliability. The State income series is no exception, con sisting as it does of “estimates” which are subject to error. It must be recognized at the outset that the errors present in the State income estimates are not subject to quantitative meas urement. As evident from even the brief description of method ology given in Part II, the estimates incorporate a great deal of basic data which may be presumed from their general character istics to be “reliable,” but for which the degree of accuracy can not be specified in exact terms. Beyond such data, the area of uncertainty widens. For they are buttressed by countless other data of differing quality, scope, and relevance; and resort must also be had to assumptions and indirect procedures in the attempt to overcome the gaps or deficiencies in the statistical source ma terials available for State income estimation. To compound the difficulty, really the impossibility, of establishing the error factor quantitatively, the amount and quality of basic income data— and hence the extent of reliance on indirect information and pro cedures—have varied considerably throughout the period since 1929, and have not had uniform effects on the State income totals because of differences in their composition. It is to be stressed, too, that to know the degree of probable error in individual figures would not be sufficient. More often than not, the concern would be with the error in relationships among the figures, particularly overtime. PERSONAL INCOME, BY STATES, SINCE 192 9 Perhaps enough has been said to show that the many source materials and procedures utilized in the State income estimates are not of such nature as to permit calculations of error. How ever, two interrelated points on this general subject might be added: 1. No other approach to State income work that we can con ceive of would make feasible the assessment of error mathe matically. Suppose, for instance, that the State income totals were derived wholly from samples.1 Quantitative expression of “probable error” would then be possible. In itself, this would involve an estimate—for lack of knowledge of the true income universe and its composition—and, more important, would not cover errors due to faulty reporting of information by respondents, negligence on the part of enumerators, etc. The errors stemming from such sources may in practice be larger than those which are attributable to sampling itself. Moreover, they are most diffi cult to determine and hardly ever can be quantified. 2. The inability to measure error in the State income estimates is not, of course, a limitation confined to this work. It applies generally in the field of national income and, indeed, encompasses the entire range of economic statistics.12 If, then, the probable errors in the State income estimates are not subject to quantitative determination, how are they to be assessed? The answer to this has numerous facets, but the central point is that such an assessment becomes a matter of qualitative judgment. The user must study the estimates and then decide for himself whether they are sufficiently reliable for the purpose he has in mind. The question immediately suggested concerns the nature of such a study. In very large degree, it must be an analytical ap praisal of the data and procedures underlying the estimates. As already mentioned, the prime purpose of the methodological de scription that follows is to provide the basis for such an appraisal. Since the State income estimates embody a very detailed and often complex statistical effort, we have had to omit many of the minor steps. The endeavor, in general, has been to give informa tion portraying the essential basis of the estimates—to focus on those aspects bearing most directly on accuracy—and often we have coupled this with our own judgment as to the adequacy of the particular series being described. It is felt that such an orien tation of the notes on methodology will best serve the purpose of judging reliability without working to the significant detriment of those technicians who may be more interested in a quite detailed statement of data and procedures than in the factor of reliability itself. For as a practical matter, the details which have gone unrecorded probably would be of limited interest and value even to such technicians. To evaluate precisely the reliability of the State income esti mates on any extensive scale would be an admittedly difficult task. Numerous factors, to some extent overlapping, would have to be considered. Important among them would be the nature of the basic statistical sources (government and business 1. Actually, the bulk of these totals is based on aggregate information not subject to sampling error. 2. See the discussion of reliability in the 1954 N ational Income supplement, pp. 62-67. See also the article by Prof. Morris A. Copeland, “ Statistics and Objective Economics,” in the September 1955 Jo u rn a l o f the American Statistical Association. 67 records being superior to those of individuals) ; the character and quantity of the data incorporated into the estimates; the degree and adequacy of estimation entailed, including the appropriate ness of the various “allocators” of national totals; and, indeed, the accuracy of the national totals themselves. The task would be complicated by the fact that over the period since 1929 the sources and methods used have not remained the same. The various components of State personal income are a time-period admixture of sources and methods of varying type and quality. However, analysis of reliability on such an ambitious, overall scale is seldom, if ever, called for. With respect to most specific uses of the State estimates, reasonably careful study of the relevant descriptions of methodology and concept will give a clear indica tion as to whether the estimates are suitable by their nature and degree of accuracy for the intended use. This type of situation obtains, it is believed, for 2 principal reasons. First, statistics in regional income work—in fact, in the social sciences generally— seldom require, or command, a rigorous specification of probable error. Second, studies in these fields do not depend for their validity and usefulness on statistics having a high degree of exactitude. Given these sources of “flexibility” to the analyst, as well as the general adequacy of the State income estimates themselves, study of the technical basis of the estimates is likely to lead to rather definite conclusions. In some cases, perhaps most, it will be judged that the estimates can be employed in the manner in tended. In others, it will be seen that the estimates have certain characteristics or limitations for the purpose that require a modi fication in the plan of investigation, or a different or more cau tious interpretation of results, or a dropping of the proposed plan altogether. In addition to study of the sources and methods, some insight into the reliability of the State estimates can be obtained by analysis of the record of revisions. Here, however, interpretation may be difficult. Frequent and sizable revisions of an income component are positive evidence of lack of reliability. They are a warning to use that particular series with caution, although the stricture may apply only to recent-period estimates based on preliminary data. Absence of revisions, however, does not necessarily connote re liability; it may simply mean that there is no basis for making them. In similar fashion, a small revision is not indicative of the degree of error present unless it is seen that fully adequate data have replaced the preliminary data. Other variants of these situations are possible, but the fact remains that careful evaluation of the record of revisions over a period of time can be a useful aid in gauging reliability. Industrial classification Two other matters, quite unrelated, must be taken up before attention is turned to the description of methodology. These have to do with the system of industrial classification used in the State series and with the procedures of “interpolation” and “extrapolation” that are employed so widely in the estimates. The statistical tables in Part V show breakdowns by industry of total wage and salary disbursements, total earnings of civilians engaged in current production, and total wages and salaries paid 68 A SUPPLEMENT TO THE SURVEY OF CURRENT BUSINESS out in manufacturing. The industries listed in these tables have a precise content. In the basic data utilized in the estimates, the individual business establishments located in the various States have been coded according to their principal activity into specific Exhibit 1 minor industrial groups, and these in turn have been classified into larger groups, such as those shown in the tables of this report. The system of industrial classification used in the State esti mates is defined in E x h ib it 7. It follows closely the Standard Industrial Classification for State Personal Income 1 A. MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES Industrial division or industry 2 Manufacturing........................................................... Food and kindred products................................ Tobacco manufactures........................................ Textile-mill products........................................... Apparel and other finished fabric products. . . . Lumber and timber basic products................... Furniture and finished lumber products........... Paper and allied products................................... Printing, publishing, and allied industries........ Chemicals and allied products.......................... Products of petroleum and coal......................... Rubber products.................................................. Leather and leather products............................. Stone, clay, and glass products.......................... Iron and steel and their products, including ordnance. Nonferrous metals and their products............... Machinery, except electrical............................... Electrical machinery............................................ Transportation equipment, except automo biles. Automobiles and automobile equipment.......... Miscellaneous manufacturing............................. Industrial content in term s of the Standard Industrial Classification, 1942 edition (basis for the 1929-46 State personal incom e series) 19 to 39. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 19 and 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. Industrial division or industry > M anufacturing............................................................... Food and kindred products................................... Tobacco manufactures............................................ Textile-mill products............................................... Apparel and other finished fabric products. . . . Lumber and wood products, except furniture. . Furniture and fixtures............................................. Paper and allied products..................................... Printing, publishing, and allied products.......... Chemicals and allied products............................ Products of petroleum and coal........................... Rubber products...................................................... Leather and leather products............................... Stone, clay, and glass products............................ Primary metal industries........................................ Fabricated metal products, including ordnance. Machinery, except electrical................................. Electrical machinery............................................... Transportation equipment, except automo biles. Automobiles and automobile equipm ent........... Instruments................................................................ Miscellaneous manufacturing............................... Indu strial con ten t in term s of the Standard Indu strial C lassification, 1945 ed itio n (basis for th e post-1946 S tate personal incom e series) 19 to 39. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 19 and 34. 35. 36. 37 (exc. 371). 371. 38. 39. B. NONMANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES Industrial division or industry 2 F arm s..................................... M in in g ...................................... Anthracite mining...................................... Bituminous and other soft coal mining Crude petroleum and natural gas............. Mining and quarrying, except fuel........... Contract con stru ction .......................... W holesale and retail tra d e.................... F inance, insurance, and real esta te. Banking and other finance............................ Insurance and real estate.......................... T ransportation................................ Industrial content in terms of the Standard Industrial Classification, 1942 edition (basis for 1929-55 State personal income series) 01 to 06. 10 to 14. 11. 12. 13. 10 and 14. 16 and 17. 40 to 61 and 88. 62 to 70 (exc. 707). 62 to 67. 68 to 70 (exc. 707). 72 to 80. Railroads......................................... 72. Highway freight and warehousing..................... 75 and 79. Other transportation............................. 73-74, 76-78, and 80. Industrial division or industry 2 Industrial content in terms of the Standard Industrial Classification, 1942 edition (basis for 1929-55 State personal income series) 81 to 83. Telephone, telegraph, and other communica- 81. tions. 82 and 83. 84 to 96 (exc. 8 8 ) , and 707. Hotels and other lodging places......................... 84. Business and repair services................................ 87 (exc. 874), 89, 942, and 707. Amusement and recreation................................. 90 and 91. 92, 93, 95, 96, 941, 949, and 874. 97. Federal, military................................................... 07 to 09.3 o* re/ er the code numbers in the Standard Industrial Classification Manual. (Government Printing Office, 1942 and 1945 editions.) 4establishments operated by government agencies or corporations are classified in the Government industrial division, regardless of their classification in the Standard Industrial Classification Code. 3. In addition to industrial content indicated by code numbers, also includes “ Rest of the world“ industry. 69 PERSONAL INCOME, BY STATES, SINCE 192 9 Industrial Classification Code, which is published by the Office of Statistical Standards of the Bureau of the Budget and recom mended for use by all agencies classifying data industrially. For nonmanufacturing industries, the State income estimates for all years are based upon the 1942 edition of the Code.3 For manufacturing, the estimates through 1946 are also based upon the 1942 edition; the later estimates, upon the 1945 edition of the Code. For the manufacturing division as a whole, the element of non comparability occasioned by the shift from the 1942 Code to the 1945 Code is trivial. For all practical purposes, the estimates of total manufacturing wages and salaries by States shown for 1947-55 can be taken as comparable in industrial content to those for 1929-46. Within the manufacturing division, however, com parability has been affected markedly. The 1945 edition of the Code (which was adopted by the State unemployment insurance agencies as well as by Federal statistical agencies generally) in corporated extensive changes into the classification of manufac turing establishments by type of industry. A few of the industry classifications in the 1942 Code were abolished and replaced with new ones, and a number of classifications for which the nomen clature was kept the same, or nearly so, were altered in content. It has not been possible to reconcile statistically the State data on payrolls by type of manufacturing reported under the 1942 and 1945 Codes. Accordingly, the estimates for 1939, 1941, 1943, and 1946 given in this report (tables 71-74) accord with the 1942 classification scheme, whereas those for 1948, 1950, 1953, and 1955 (tables 75-78) follow the 1945 scheme. Interpolation and extrapolation The estimation process in State income work is sometimes com, plex. The statistical procedures by which it is accomplishedhowever, are usually quite simple. This is true of the procedures of “interpolation” and “extrapolation” ; but because they are used so extensively in the work, and with rather special applica tions, it is important that their meaning be made clear. In most instances, statistical information by States on a par ticular type of income flow is better for some years than for others. After such “benchmark” information has been incorporated into the estimates, there is the problem of obtaining estimates for other years on a statistically comparable basis. Quite generally, “interpolation” and “extrapolation” are the terms given to pro cedures by which benchmark State distributions for individual components are extended to other years. A few examples may serve to clarify this generalization. In the simplest and least satisfactory case, let us assume that census-type information has provided State distributions of wages and salaries disbursed in a certain industry for years 1 and 4, and that no relevant data are available for years 2 and 3. The pro cedure that is likely to be followed, particularly if the relative State distributions for years 1 and 4 are found to be similar, is that of “straight-line interpolation.” 3. Changes in the classification for the nonmanufacturing industries were made in the 1949 edition of the Standard Industrial Classification Code. They are in general insignificant at the level of detail shown in the State income classification and are not incorporated into the present report. It may be noted that the State unemployment insurance wage data—the principal statistical source for the State income estimates—are not reported on the new basis. The initial situation is shown below, in which the benchmarks for years 1 and 4, together with national totals for years 2 and 3, are available. State A B 1 2 3 40 45 58 10 12 18 c ___ T o ta l..................................... 4 16 16 30 62 Next, the percentage distributions by States are calculated for years 1 and 4. These percentages are then interpolated along a straight line to obtain comparable distributions for years 2 and 3. State A ............................................... B ................................................ C ............................................... T o ta l .................................. 1 25.00 30.00 45.00 2 3 4 25.27 25.54 28.60 27.21 46.13 47.25 25.81 25.81 48.38 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 Finally, the percentages for 2 and 3 are multiplied by the na tional totals for those years yielding, with the benchmarks for 1 and 4, the complete series of estimates.4 State 1 A ............................................... B ................................................ C ............................................... 10 12 18 T o ta l.................................. 40 2 3 4 11 13 21 15 16 27 16 16 30 45 58 62 Another case of interpolation can be illustrated by expanding the above example. Let us assume the availability of benchmarks for years 1 and 4, national totals for years 2 and 3, and sample indexes on payrolls for the industry in question for all four years. Based on year 5 as 100, the indexes may be as follows: State A ............................................... B ................................................ G ............................................... 1 55 67 50 2 3 64 71 58 4 84 89 80 90 95 98 The first step in the interpolation procedure is to divide the estimates for years 1 and 4 (as given in the first illustration) by the sample indexes for those years. The two quotients will be the same if there is no bias in the sample indexes, that is, if the 4. In the actual State estimates, this interpolation method was often dis regarded in favor of a short-cut procedure giving approximately similar results. This procedure involves straight-line interpolation of the absolute State figures instead of the percentage distributions. It gives identical results to the method outlined above only when the national totals for the terminal, or benchmark, years are the same. In the illustration used above, application of the “absolute” instead of “relative” procedure would be as follows: State A____________________ B ............................................ C......................................... T otal____________________________ Adjustment to national totals gives State B C Total 1 2 10 12 18 12 13 22 5 14 15 26 4 16 16 30 40 47 55 62 estimates: 2 12 12 21 5 15 16 27 i 10 12 18 40 45 58 62 1 16 16 30 As may be seen, these results are similar to those obtained above despite the 55 percent increase in the national totals over the 3-year period. 70 A SUPPLEMENT TO THE SURVEY OF CURRENT BUSINESS indexes give the same relative movement from year 1 to year 4 as shown by the benchmark estimates. Where the quotients are not the same for a State, the arithmetic difference between them (the amount of bias or error) is spread evenly over the period. In this case, the differences are divided into thirds, on the assump tion that the biases developed in an even, cumulative fashion over the years 2, 3, and 4. State 1 2 3 4 A ............................................... 0.1818 0.1805 0.1792 0.1778 B ......................................................... 1791 .1755 .1720 .1684 C .......................................................... 3600 .3420 .3241 .3061 Next, the percentages computed for years 2 and 3 are multiplied by the sample indexes for those years. State 2 3 A .................................................................................. B................................................................................... C .................................................................................. 12 12 20 15 15 26 T o ta l................................................................. 44 56 Finally, the figures just obtained must be adjusted to the na tional totals for years 2 and 3. The results, along with the initial benchmarks, are as follows: State A ___ ..................................... B ......... ..................................... C ___ ...................................... 10 12 18 2 12 12 21 3 16 15 27 4 16 16 30 T otal............................ 40 45 58 62 1 To illustrate extrapolation, we may take up the procedure that would be used for extending the year 4 benchmark estimates to year 5 by means of the sample wage indexes. The indexes for years 4 and 5, together with ratios, are shown below: State A ................................ B................................. C ................................ 4 90 95 98 5 100 100 100 5-r4 1. I ll 1.053 1.020 The ratios in the last column are next multiplied by the year 4 estimates, and the preliminary results so derived are adjusted to the national total for year 5, which we may assume to be 67. A .................................... B..................................... C .................................... 16 16 30 Ratios x4 18 17 31 T o ta l................ 62 66 State 4 Adjust ment to national total 18 17 32 67 We may sum up briefly. Whenever, in the methodological notes that follow, the statement is made that estimates for certain years were obtained by straight-line interpolation, it is meant that the relative State distribution—or, the percentage share of the national total accounted for by each State—was assumed to change by even amounts between the benchmark years in ques tion. Also, when the notes state that estimates were obtained by interpolating benchmark figures by certain specified data, the procedure is basically one in which such data were used to deter mine changes in the relative State distribution between the bench mark years, with the relative biases or errors shown by the data (based on comparison with the benchmark figures) assumed to develop in straight-line, cumulative fashion over the period. Finally, extrapolation involves the same notion as interpolation with the exception that allowance for bias or error is not possible because of the absence of a terminal benchmark. Changes in the relative State distribution beyond the benchmark year are assumed to be reflected by the data specified. Percent changes in those data are applied to the benchmark estimates, and the re sults adjusted to independent national totals. This last point is worth stressing; when the State estimates are extrapolated or interpolated by a related series of data the procedure always in volves the correction of preliminary results to the independent national estimates. PART IY « Section 1 ^^age and S alary Disbursements W AGES and salaries have constituted, in round numbers, 60 to 70 percent of the national flow of personal income in the long span of years since 1929. While the proportion has varied signifi cantly by areas, wages and salaries consistently have formed a large part, if not the bulk, of total personal income received in each of the States. For the period since 1938, the statistical derivation of this cen tral element of State personal income has benefited tremendously by the availability of payroll tabulations for industries covered by the various State unemployment insurance laws. Principally, though not solely, because of these UI tabulations, the quality of the State wage and salary totals has improved to the point where it can be rated as generally excellent. Prior to 1938, the State wage and salary series have a lesser degree of reliability chiefly because of the absence of a comprehensive body of information comparable to the UI data. Fortunately, however, the task of constructing a record of wages and salaries by States for this earlier period could be carried out satisfactorily by reason of the availability of periodic censuses for the main industries, and of Bureau of Labor Statistics sample wage indexes as well. The detailed description of sources and methods that follows serves as documentation of the summary appraisal of the State wage and salary estimates given immediately above and, more fully, in the “General View” chapter. In addition, it provides information on the reliability, methodology, and other charac teristics of the estimates for the numerous specific industries underlying the overall wage and salary totals. There is first an explanation of the general method of esti mating wages and salaries by States in the broad segment of the economy for which UI tabulations have constituted the principal statistical source for all years since 1938. Attention is then di rected to the data and procedures used in developing estimates for individual industries. For those industries based mainly on UI data from 1938 on, the fact that they are “covered” (and therefore estimated according to the general method already given) is noted, and the description is limited to the estimates for 1929-37. For other industries, however, the description covers the whole period 1929-55. (See E xh ib it 1 for a breakdown of total wages and salaries in 1938 and 1950 between (a) the segment based on UI data, and (b) industries not covered by the State laws and therefore estimated separately.) For some States, the general procedure of estimation yields wage and salary totals that require special adjustment in order to qualify as measures of disbursements to residents. This prob lem arises from the fact that UI, Census, and other establishmentreported statistics reflect the State where wages and salaries are paid out, and not necessarily where the employees live. A note at the end of the methodological discussion describes the adjust ments that have been introduced for specific States so as to con vert the establishment-based estimates fully to an employeeresidence basis, in line with the concept of personal income. Exhibit 1.— Wage and Salary Disbursements in the Continental United States, by "C overed " and "Noncovered" Industries, 1938 and 1950 1 1950 1938 Item Millions of dollars Percent of Millions of dollars total Percent of total In dustries covered principally by UI la w s.................................................. 29, 228 In dustries not co v ered ...................... 13, 623 6 8 .2 108,392 3 1 .8 36, 700 7 4 .7 25. 3 9. 2 10,409 9. 7 10,368 4. 6 5,202 2. 3 2,724 2. 4 2, 668 7. 2 7. 1 3. 6 1. 9 1. 8 1,972 1,473 1,010 556 300 18 1. 4 100. 0 145,092 1 0 0 .0 Federal Government.................... 3, 942 State and local governments. . . 4, 156 Railroads......................................... 1, 962 977 Farm s............................................... Private households........................ 1, 023 Medical and other health serv464 ices................................................. Nonprofit membership organi 506 zations, n. e. c ............................ 318 Educational services, n. e. c . . . . 174 W ater transportation................... Agricultural services, forestry, 100 and fisheries................................ 1 Rest of the w orld.......................... Total w age and salary disb u rsem en ts.......................... 42, 851 1. 1 1. 2 .7 .4 .2 .0 1. 0 . 7 .4 .2 .0 1. This classification is based on the degree of coverage furnished by UI data for individual industries. A part of the covered industry total consists of payrolls not derived from UI data; and, in turn, a portion of the payrolls estimated for certain of the industries listed as not covered is based on UI figures. 71 72 A SUPPLEMENT TO THE SURVEY OF CURRENT BUSINESS ^Covered” W a g e s and Salaries, T h e State estimates of wages and salaries for the portion of the economy covered by State unemployment insurance laws have been prepared annually since 1938 for about 35 separate major industries. With reference to E xh ib it 3, p. 76, these consist of the 5 major types of mining; contract construction; manufacturing; wholesale and retail trade; the six “2-digit” groups under finance, insurance, and real estate; 6 transportation groups (all but rail roads and water transportation, both of which are “noncovered”); the 4 industry groups in the communications and public utilities division; and 9 “covered” types of services, comprising all those shown in the exhibit with the exceptions of private households, medical and other health services, educational services, and non profit membership organizations. While for manufacturing, estimates for only the division as a whole have been prepared on a regular, annual basis, special 2digit breakdowns were made for 8 selected years since 1939, in order to throw light on the major regional shifts in the structure of manufacturing over the World War II and postwar periods. These State payroll data by types of manufactures are shown in tables 71-78, Part V. The methodology of preparing State payroll estimates for the individual covered industries was closely similar. Therefore, description will be facilitated, and minor detail avoided, by focusing on the underlying general procedure. This can be done with the aid of E x h ib it 2, which lists the major steps involved with respect to data for covered industries as a whole. Ul PAYROLL DATA The most significant fact revealed by the exhibit is that in the State personal income series reported UI data directly account for nearly all of the estimated total of wages and salaries in cov ered industries—93 percent for the country as a whole in 1950. Only a small proportion of the total consists of supplementations of the UI data so as to achieve completeness of coverage. Over the wide area of the economy covered by the UI laws, all business establishments—except those exempted in some States mainly because of too few employees—are required to submit reports to the appropriate State agency showing the number of their employees as of the middle of each month and their total payroll and taxable payroll for each quarter of the year. Tax able pay (with minor exceptions) has consistently represented in each State the first $3,000 earned by an employee during the calendar year. 1938-55 Each State unemployment insurance agency prepares statistica summaries of these employer reports, including classifications by very detailed (4-digit) industry groups for the State as a whole and on a broader industry basis for local areas within the State. After each quarter, the agency forwards its State tabulations of payrolls and employment for 3-digit industries to the Bureau of Employment Security of the U. S. Department of Labor, which then checks and edits the reports and makes summary tabulations for all States and Territories. That Bureau is the immediate source of the UI data entering into the national and State income estimates. Exhibit 2 .— D eriva tion o f W a g es a n d S a la ries in Industries B a sed P rin cip a lly on U I D a ta , 1 9 5 0 Item UI all-industry to ta l1 A dditions to UI Industry data: Wages of small firms excluded from UI coverage................ Amounts unclassified by industry in UI data and in OASI small-firm d ata............................................................................ Adjustment to independent national to tal.............................. Other 2.............................................................................................. Total Billions of dollars 101.0 5. a .2 .2 1. 2 108.4 1 . Excludes Alaska and Hawaii; wages not classified by industry; industries for which UI coverage is slight or substantially incomplete: farms, agricultural and similar service estab lishments, forestry, fishing, medical and other health services, educational institutions and agencies, nonprofit membership organizations, private households, and governmental estab lishments; and water transportation, for which difficulties of geographic classification have necessitated a limited and special use of UI data in the State estimates. 2. Includes principally the payrolls of Federal credit unions, Federal Reserve banks, national banks and State member banks in New Jersey, railroad carrier affiliates, electric rail ways, and office solicitors in insurance. Also includes employées' tips. The UI payroll data include not only cash payments, but also the value of income in kind furnished employees. Under the State laws “reasonable cash value” to the employee is generally the basis of valuation; and a schedule of minimum values, which is revised periodically, is stipulated. From the standpoint of our State estimates, the inclusion of income in kind as well as cash payrolls is desirable, although it is likely that the monetary value placed on this type of income is only roughly equivalent to cur rent cost to the employer, the basis of evaluation called for in con cept. Income in kind is not shown separately from cash wages in the basic UI records. The first year for which all the individual State unemployment insurance agencies made complete reports on payroll and em ployment (to the then Social Security Board) was 1939. Only a few States compiled such statistics in 1937. All States submitted reports in 1938, but the one for Pennsylvania did not provide a breakdown by industry of total covered payroll and employment. In our State estimates of wages and salaries, use of the 1938 UI PERSONAL INCOME, BY STATES, SINCE 192 9 data was also limited to some degree by the fact that a few of the industry classifications in that year differed from those used sub sequently by the State agencies in coding their business estab lishment reports. Relatively few adjustments have been necessary to place the reported UI payroll data on the industrial classification basis em ployed in the State income series. These were facilitated in some instances by the availability of 3-digit industry figures beginning with 1942. Special mention might be made, however, of two adjustments required of the basic UI data for 1938 and 1939. 1. For those years, only taxable payrolls were reported for New York. These were converted, industry by industry, to esti mates of total payroll on the basis of total-to-taxable relationships shown for the State in 1940. 2. Central offices of manufacturing firms in 1938 and 1939 were classified in the UI data in the finance industry, under “holding companies,” instead of in manufacturing, as in later years. To obtain State estimates for central offices of manufacturing firms so as to transfer them to the manufacturing industry, the main procedure consisted of (a ) allocating by States estimated holding company payrolls in 1938 and 1939 by means of the data reported for 1940, and (b) deducting the resulting distributions for 1938 and 1939 from the State figures reported for “holding companies.” Errors in this adj-ustment, it will be recognized, affect only the manufacturing and finance industries in the State estimates, and not total wage and salary disbursements or total personal income. ADDITIONS MADE TO UI DATA The UI industry data reported by the Bureau of Employment Security must be supplemented in several ways for the purpose of deriving a complete measure of covered wages and salaries for the State personal income series. Most obvious and important is the necessity of allowing for the payroll of small firms excluded from coverage by the differing size-of-firm provisions of the State laws. Payroll of small firms The State unemployment insurance laws vary in coverage from employers having one or more to 8 or more employees.1 Those establishments employing less than the requisite number of em ployees for mandatory UI coverage are referred to hereafter as “small firms.” Employers of firms too small for inclusion in the UI programs are nonetheless covered under the old-age and survivors insurance law, the scope of which is not conditioned, or affected, by the 1. There has been a pronounced tendency for the coverage of the State laws in this regard to become more inclusive. In 1938, coverage in 27 States was restricted to establishments with 8 or more employees, and only 9 States covered establishments with one or more employees; by 1955, the 8-or-more category had been reduced to 22 States, and the number of oneor-more States increased to 14. Further, the coverage of many of the State laws became more inclusive by reason of a 1954 amendment to the Federal Unemployment Tax Act, effective January 1, 1956; the maximum exclusion in any State is establishments with fewer than 4 employees. 73 size-of-firm factor. Under the OASI program, however, em ployers’ quarterly reports are required to show only taxable pay roll—not total and taxable—as in the case of reporting under the UI programs. Through statistical analysis of employers’ reports for old-age and survivors insurance, it is possible to derive direct measures of the taxable payroll of firms with too few employees to be cov ered by the UI laws. Such payroll data have been tabulated by the Bureau of Old-Age and Survivors Insurance on a 2-digit industry basis for each State, in special studies covering the third quarters of 1940 and 1943 and the first quarters of 1945-49, and 1951.2 For those years, the State distributions indicated by these re ported quarterly figures have been used to allocate the national estimate of calendar year payrolls (taxable and nontaxable com bined) of small firms in each industry.3 Comparable distribu tions, on an individual industry basis, were obtained for inter vening years by straight-line interpolation; for 1938 and 1939, the 1940 distribution was used; and for 1952-55 the 1951 distribu tion was extrapolated by “covered” payrolls. In making these extensions of the reported quarterly data to other years, it was necessary to adjust for any changes in the State laws with respect to size-of-firm coverage provisions. This was done mainly on the basis of detailed data from the 1943 smallfirm tabulations. Instead of the usual tabulation showing only the taxable payroll of those firms with too few employees to be covered by UI, the 1943 study gave a distribution of taxable payrolls for all firms, by size of firm as measured by number of employees. From these detailed data, it is possible to calculate for any State the taxable payroll omitted from UI in 1943 under any specific coverage provision regarding number of employees. Relationships based on such calculations for 1943 have provided the principal basis for estimating the effect of size-of-firm changes for a specific State and industry in years for which small firm data were not available. The adjustment of reported UI industry data to allow for the payroll of small firms excluded from UI coverage thus cannot be 2. These studies show the taxable payroll (and employment) of firms “presumed” not to be covered under UI laws by reason of size-of-firm pro visions. In certain instances, however, these laws make coverage dependent on a firm’s having a specified number of employees (or total payroll) for so many weeks’ duration. It was not possible in these special OASI studies to take account of exemptions of firms in business intermittently or for short periods, or of the opposite bias caused by the permission granted in some States for firms exempt under specific provisions to obtain voluntary cover age. In Minnesota, size of community is an additional factor defining coverage of the UI law, but estimates of the importance of this were provided in connection with the quarterly small-firm studies for recent years. 3. In essence, the derivation of the national estimates used in this alloca tion procedure consisted of (a ) obtaining for all covered industries combined the taxable payroll of small firms excluded from UI coverage as the difference between taxable payrolls reported under the OASI and UI programs; (5) raising this small-firm taxable payroll to an estimate of small-firm total payroll through use of ratios developed in part from a special study made in the Social Security Administration; and (c) allocating the total derived in step b among the industries on the basis of the quarterly taxable payroll studies for small firms noted above. For 1940 and 1943, the “blow-up from taxable to total payroll entailed in step b was roughly 5 percent; for the later years it was quite small, since practically all payroll in the first quarter of a year is taxable. Only the amount in excess of $3,000 received by an employee in the first quarter is nontaxable. 74 A SUPPLEMENT TO THE SURVEY OF CURRENT BUSINESS made precisely. Yet, because a great deal of direct information (on taxable payroll) is available by State and industry for esti mating the amounts involved, and because these form a relatively small part of the overall total in covered industries, the adjustment cannot cause appreciable error in the State estimates of wage and salary disbursements.4 At present, a matter of some concern is that the latest “small-firm” study relates to 1951. Amounts unclassified by industries Both the UI tabulations and the OASI small-firm data regu larly show minor amounts of payroll which have not been as signed to any industry. Since the industrial classification scheme followed in the national and State income estimates admits of no “unclassified” category, it is necessary to adopt some convention, necessarily arbitrary, to allocate such unclassified payroll among the industry groups. The procedure for doing this in the State series so as to achieve conformity with the independent national estimates is rather complex and need not be detailed here. It is sufficient to note that this particular adjustment of the reported UI industry data is quite small—$200 million, or one-fifth of 1 percent, on a national basis in 1950—and that it cannot introduce error into the State payroll totals since only the apportionment by industry of amounts reported for particular States is involved. Adjustment to national totals Thus far, the procedure for estimating covered payrolls by State and industry has consisted of adding to figures reported under UI laws estimates of (a) the payroll of small firms (based on OASI data) excluded from UI coverage, and (b) amounts un classified by industry. The next step entails simply a percentage adjustment of these added State totals to an independent national estimate for each industry. This adjustment is always quite small. For all covered industries combined, it amounted to only $200 million in 1950. Although negligible, this adjustment of the State social security figures to independent United States totals requires explanation. For it points up basic procedural comparisons between estimation of “covered” payrolls in the national and State income series. As described in the 1954 N a tion a l Income supplement, the na tional estimates of wages and salaries for industries under the Social Security Act have been prepared by first deriving an over all controlling total and then breaking this down by industry. In brief, the controlling total has been obtained as the sum of taxable earnings 5reported under OASI, nontaxable earnings re 4. As may be seen from E x h ib it 2 , the payroll of small firms amounts to about 5 percent of total wages and salaries in covered employment. By industry, the proportion is very small in manufacturing, mining, finance, communications and public utilities, and most types of transportation. It is highest (15-25 percent) in retail trade, insurance agents and combination offices, real estate, and certain of the service industries. 5. Since 1951, taxable earnings under the OASI program (now $4,200) have no longer coincided with those under the UI laws ($3,000), and coverage of OASI has been expanded to include some groups not covered under the UI programs. The Bureau of Old-Age and Survivors Insurance, however, furnishes a special estimate of what the OASI taxable wage total for the year would have been in terms of the 1950 coverage provisions—thus permitting extension of the basic procedure summarized above. This special estimate is derived from sample data which serve, in effect, to adjust reported taxable wages for the year to a 1950 coverage basis. ported under UI, and estimates, based on social security data, of nontaxable earnings in covered employment not reported under UI. The degree of estimation involved has been slight. Em ployer-reported data made up more than 99 percent of the total in 1950. The method used to derive an all-industry total of covered wages and salaries cannot be followed satisfactorily for the sepa rate industries. This is chiefly because the old-age and sur vivors insurance data have not until recently been collected or tabulated on an establishment (as distinct from company) basis. Instead, a provisional industry series is obtained by adding to payrolls reported under the UI programs an estimate of the pay roll of small firms covered by OASI but not UI (based on the special quarterly studies noted above). The summation of such direct industry estimates yields a payroll aggregate which differs from the overall controlling total by a very small percentage. Adjustment to this total is accomplished by allocating the amount of the discrepancy among the industries in proportion to the esti mated payroll not covered by the UI programs. From the foregoing, it will be evident that the general method of preparing State payroll estimates for the “covered” sector of the economy parallels that employed in making individual in dustry estimates for this sector on a national basis. Both series represent, in essence, total payroll reported under UI laws plus the estimated payroll of small firms not covered under these laws but under the OASI program. As compared with this method of combining UI and OASI data, the independent controlling total developed for national income purposes follows the approach of taking the total taxable payroll under OASI and adding to it nontaxable payrolls reported under the UI programs. This latter approach is slightly preferable. It could not be used to establish corresponding controlling totals for the State series for several reasons. The OASI taxable payroll data have not been available by States on a regular annual basis, but gen erally only for one quarter of certain years. Also, they are based on samples, rather than on complete tabulations as in the case of the UI data. Finally, for all except recent years the payrolls of many multiunit firms (those with two or more separate establish ments) are classified in the OASI statistics in the State in which the firms’ headquarters are located, and not according to the location of the individual establishments. Other additions to UI industry data Once the “adjustment to independent national total” (as indi cated in E xh ib it 2) has been made, there remains only the task of allowing for certain elements in the State income definition of “covered” industry payrolls which are outside the scope of the State unemployment insurance laws. These laws, for instance, exempt Federally chartered credit unions (except in California beginning in 1955), which in the State income estimates are defined as part of the Finance, n. e. c. industry. Annual data by States on the payroll of these organi zations are obtained from the Bureau of Federal Credit Unions and added to the Ul-based State distribution for finance, n. e. c. Similarly, special adjustment must be made for Federal Re serve Banks, which are excluded from UI coverage. The neces sary payroll data by States are obtained from the Federal Re serve Board in Washington and included in the Banking industry. PERSONAL INCOME, BY STATES, SINCE 192 9 Another supplementation of the UI banking data should be noted. New Jersey laws exclude from mandatory UI coverage employees in national banks and in State banks that are members of the Federal Reserve System. Estimates of the amounts so ex cluded are based essentially on the relationship between firstquarter OASI and UI taxable wages reported for the banking industry in New Jersey. The OASI program, of course, covers all employees in the industry. UI payroll data for the industry Local railways and bus lines fall short of complete coverage through omission of electric rail ways. A State series on the payrolls of electric railways is con structed from Interstate Commerce Commission data on the annual payroll of each company. In nearly all cases the payroll of a particular company can be assigned to a single State. In the few cases in which operations are interstate, the payrolls of execu tive, clerical, and administrative personnel are assigned to the State in which company headquarters is located, and the re mainder of the payroll is allocated in accordance with miles of track in each State. For the industry Services allied to transportation, payrolls of carrier affiliates subject to the Railroad Retirement Act (roughly 10 percent of the industry total) must be added to the Ul-based estimates. This is done from information furnished by the Rail road Retirement Board on the taxable payroll of each carrier affiliate for every other year beginning with 1944. The State totals calculated from these detailed company data have been used to distribute the national total of carrier-affiliate payrolls. Estimates for other years of the period since 1938 were obtained through interpolation or extrapolation by payrolls of class I railroads. 75 Insurance solicitors on a commission basis are excluded from coverage of the State unemployment insurance laws. State data on their earnings are limited to the 1935 Census of Insurance, which showed the number of such persons together with data per mitting the computation of their average income. The resulting State distribution for 1935 has been extrapolated to all other years by estimates of “covered” payrolls in the insurance indus try. In 1950, the commissions of office solicitors accounted for 15 percent of the total payroll of insurance carriers on a national basis. Employees’ tips are a final addition made to payroll data re ported by the UI agencies. Tips are treated as “not covered” since it is believed that the extent of actual coverage under the unemployment insurance laws is small. In most States’ regula tions, tips are considered wages only if the employee renders to the employer an accounting of the tips. To the extent that tips are covered, however, they tend to offset any exclusions of in come in kind, which is treated as being completely covered in the UI payroll data. Tips in covered industries are estimated at $0.7 billion for 1950, and are included in the payroll estimates for retail eating and drinking places, taxicabs, hotels, personal services, and athletic and social clubs (classified in “amusement and recrea tion, except motion pictures”). Very little information is avail able by States on either the total amount of tips or rate of tipping in any of these industries. The general method of estimation was to apply the same ratio of tips to either sales or payrolls in the particular industry for the States as calculated for the country as a whole. The national estimates of tips, it may be noted, are quite weak. Development of Estimates by Ind u stry, 1 9 2 9 - 5 5 remainder of this section describes the State wage and salary estimates by industry. The industries are taken up in the same order in which they appear in the individual State tables in Part V. E xh ib it 3 should prove helpful in this discussion. It shows for the continental United States wage and salary disbursements by industry for 1929, 1938, and 1950. The magnitudes involved in each of the industry series over a long span can thus be readily observed. Breakdowns additional to those in tables 4-62 (Part V) are provided, in order to show the principal content of the industry groups and to aid in evaluating the methodology. The State estimates for most of the industries, it will be seen, were built up from still finer industry detail so as to make maximum use of available data. As previously indicated, the descriptions that follow reflect the broad dichotomy of basic data sources between (1) State unem ployment insurance payroll tabulations and (2) the varied types T he 375115 0 — 57 ------6 of other available information. Because the method of utilizing UI data has just been summarized, it is necessary only to explain how the 1938 State estimates for the “covered” industries were extended back to 1929. The descriptions for “ noncovered” industries, of course, relate to the entire period of the estimates. Federal censuses of industry and business were the main sources of statistical information in the earlier (pre-UI) period, although numerous other sources were utilized as well. For quite a few industries for which it was possible to establish benchmark State distributions from Census or similar data, payroll indexes com piled by the Bureau of Labor Statistics were used for interpolation and extrapolation. The BLS indexes were based upon monthly reports of a repre sentative sample of firms received directly or through cooperating State government agencies. In a few instances, the indexes in corporated data from trade associations. Wherever possible, the sample indexes were adjusted by the Bureau of Labor Statistics 76 A SUPPLEMENT TO THE SURVEY OF CURRENT BUSINESS to levels indicated by Census results. A convenient summary of the statistical basis of the indexes is provided in the 1951 B usiness Statistics supplement to the S u r v e y o f C u r r e n t B u s in e s s . In cluded there is a reference to BLS bulletin 610, “Revised Indexes of Factory Employment and Payrolls, 1919-1933.” Together with several mimeographed releases issued later, this bulletin provides a detailed description of the construction and coverage of the indexes for the large manufacturing industry in the 1930’s. The BLS sample data were available on a State basis beginning with 1932, but only by regions (the Census Bureau’s 9 geo graphic divisions) for 1929-31. The basic compilations provided by the Bureau of Labor Statistics consisted of percent changes from month to month. By individual States or regions, these were converted by the National Income Division into chain rela tives and averaged so as to obtain annual indexes. Exhibit 3. FARMS The State estimates of farm wages were prepared by the Agri cultural Economics Division of the Agricultural Marketing Service. They cover both cash payments to hired workers and the cost value of income in kind (“ perquisites”) furnished them by employers. The methodology used will be indicated briefly. Cash wages paid to farm laborers in each State are reported in the Census of Agriculture. For the period covered by the State personal income series, censuses have provided such infor mation for 1929, 1939, 1944, 1949, and 1954. Estimates of cash wages for other years were obtained by interpolating and extrapo lating these census benchmarks on the basis of an annual series on the total “wage bill.” For each State, this was computed from sample data on employment of hired farm workers and wage Wage and Salary Disbursements in the Continental United States, by Industry, 1929, 1938, 1950 [Millions of dollars] 1929 AH industries, total. F a rm s. M ining Anthracite.......................................... Bituminous and other soft coal. . . Crude petroleum and natural gas Mining and quarrying, except fuel Metal mining..................................... Nonmetallic mining and quarrying Contract con struction............................. M an u factu rin g.......................................... W holesale and retail tra d e................ F inance, insurance, and real estate 1938 50,319 42,851 145,092 1, 287 977 2, 724 1, 515 1 101 3, 158 261 609 321 324 200 124 2, 484 16,092 9 ,3 1 9 2, 918 , 117 437 333 214 138 76 4 ,7 1 9 3, 179 Railroads............................................................... 3, 226 1, 962 Highway freight transportation and ware housing ....................................................... 327 393 Other transportation............................................ 1, 166 824 Local railways and bus lines....................... 482 313 Services allied to transportation................. 245 148 Pipeline transportation................................. 48 45 Air transportation (common carriers). . . . 5 29 Highway passenger transportation, n. e. c . 173 115 W ater transportation..................................... 213 174 C om m unications and public u tilities . . Telephone, telegraph, and other communic a tio n .................................................... Telephone, telegraph, and related services................................................... Radio broadcasting and television.......... Electric, gas, and other public utilities............ Utilities: Electric and gas............................ Local utilities and public services, n. e. c . . 233 1, 291 969 665 346 S e rv ic es............................. 319 1, 259 7, 913 11,837 49, 393 8, 009 27, 322 2, 323 5, 806 Banking and other finance................................ 1, 406 954 Banking........................................................... 758 555 Security and commodity brokers, dealers, and exchanges............................................ 406 191 Finance, n. e. c ............................................. 242 208 Insurance and real estate.................................... 1,512 1,369 Insurance carriers.......................................... 812 731 Insurance agents and combination offices. 237 220 Real estate............................................. 463 418 Transportation 1950 2, 178 1, 403 300 475 3, 628 1, 923 616 1,089 9 ,8 1 1 1929 1938 1, 520 1 ,4 4 3 4, 214 750 740 10 770 739 31 678 632 46 765 740 25 2, 272 2, 023 249 1, 942 1 , 882 60 5 ,5 1 7 4, 524 13, 656 Hotels and other lodging places...................... 425 353 Personal services and private households......... 2, 468 1, 634 Personal services........................................... 611 752 Private households....................................... 1,716 1,023 Business and repair services................................ 464 485 Business services, n. e. c ................................ 357 395 Miscellaneous repair services and hand trades........................................................ 107 90 Amusement and recreation................................. 539 630 Motion pictures ................................................................... 332 308 Amusement and recreation, except motion pictures .......................................................................... 322 207 Professional, social, and related services ............. 1, 530 1, 513 Legal ......................................................................................... 135 124 Medical and other health services............. 397 464 Engineering and other professional services, n. e. c .................................................... 63 81 Educational services, n. e. c ........................ 318 294 Commercial and trade schools and employment agencies ......................................................... 27 33 Nonprofit membership organizations, n. e. c ............................................................. 506 601 5, 202 2, 001 G o v ern m en t .................................................................. 2, 608 530 Federal Government ................................................................... 517 Civilian ............................................................................................ 116 M ilitary ............................................................................................ 323 State and local governments .............................................. 556 O ther in d u stries 1.................................................................................. 1. Consist of agricultural and similar service establishments, forestry, fisheries, and “rest of the world.” 1950 946 4, 490 1, 822 2, 668 1, 689 1, 338 351 1, 256 653 603 5, 275 260 1, 972 427 1,010 133 1,473 4, 833 8 ,0 9 8 20, 777 1, 289 3, 942 10, 409 1,064 3, 677 6, 583 225 265 3, 826 3, 544 4,156 10, 368 115 101 318 PERSONAL INCOME, BY STATES, SINCE 1929 rates, furnished monthly or quarterly to the Department of Agri culture by crop reporters. The employment data were adjusted to Census of Agriculture enumerations. These were provided in the 1935 census, it may be noted, even though cash wages were not. Payments in kind to hired laborers—about one-sixth of total farm wages nationally—are estimated separately for (1) board and/or lodging and (2) other perquisites, principally farm food products. Benchmark estimates for 1945 for each category were derived from a special enumerative survey for that year. The survey provided perquisite cost totals for four broad regions, and these were distributed among States within each region on the basis of information from the 1950 Census of Agriculture. This consisted of the number of farms in each State that reported the furnishing of perquisites, weighted by the average number of workers per farm receiving them. For perquisites in the form of board and/or lodging, another State benchmark was available for 1919 from census enumera tions. The estimates of that item for 1929-44 and 1946 forward represent interpolations between 1919 and 1945 and extrapola tions of the latter on the basis of State indexes derived by multi plying estimated numbers of workers receiving board and lodging by average values of board and lodging. These series were de veloped from data supplied by crop reporters in quarterly mail surveys. The average values were derived as the difference be tween State average rates of pay including and excluding board and lodging. An earlier State benchmark for “other” perquisites was de rived for 1925 by breaking down, on the basis of employment, re gional cost data collected in a sample survey. Annual estimates for 1926-44 were first made on a regional basis. The regional totals for 1925 and 1945 were interpolated by indexes of the value of perquisites, obtained for each region as the product of an index of hired workers and an index of prices of selected farm products usually furnished as perquisites. State estimates for 1926-44 were then secured by interpolating the benchmarks by the State indexes used for the interpolation of the board and lodging series, and then adjusting the resulting State figures to the regional totals. The 1945 State estimates of “other” perquisites were extended to 1955 by these same indexes, with adjustments to in dependently estimated national totals. MINING The estimates of wages and salaries in mining for the period 1938-55 were derived principally from State unemployment in surance data, in the manner described above for “covered” in dustries generally. For the earlier years, estimates prepared from Census, Bureau of Labor Statistics, and Bureau of Mines data were used to extend the Ul-based series back to 1929. Prior to explanation of the earlier-period methodology, it is to be noted that Census enumerations furnished substantial, though not complete, coverage of mining for 1929, 1935, and 1939. The 1929 and 1939 data were collected in the (then) decennial cen 77 suses of mineral industries. The 1935 census was a special survey taken as part of the Census of Business for that year, in collabora tion with the U. S. Bureau of Mines. Anthracite coal The anthracite wage and salary series as published in the na tional income reports is assigned wholly to Pennsylvania. Pay rolls in this industry, separately for wages and salaries, were re ported in the 1929, 1935, and 1939 censuses. The wage figures were interpolated by BLS indexes; the salary figures, by annual salary data from the Pennsylvania Bureau of Statistics Report on Productive Industries. The sum of wages and salaries so derived was adjusted to the 1939 estimate based on social security data.® Crude petroleum and natural gas This industry was not covered by the 1929 Census of Mines and Quarries. Wages, separately for those engaged in contract and noncontract work, were reported in the 1939 census. The 1935 census collected wage data only for noncontract employees, rep resenting about two-thirds of all wage earners in the industry. Contract wages for 1935 were estimated by States on the basis of the 1939 relationships of contract to noncontract wages. The 1939 Ul-based payroll estimates by States were then ex tended to 1935 by these wage totals, as salary data in the 2 cen suses were incomplete in unknown degree. BLS wage indexes for this industry provided the basis for interpolating between 1935 and 1938 (the latter also based on UI data), and for extending the 1935 estimates back to 1932. Estimates for 1929-31 were de rived by further extrapolation by means of value of production data from the Bureau of Mines. Other types of mining For other mining, provisional payroll estimates by States were derived from Census and BLS data, separately for bituminous, metals, and nonmetallic mining and quarrying. The last 2 groups—comprising “mining and quarrying, except fuel”—were summed. The series for “bituminous coal” and for “mining and quarrying, except fuel” were used to extrapolate the 1939 Ulbased estimates to 1929—35, and then to interpolate between the resulting estimates for 1935 and those for 1938 based on social security data. The method of deriving the provisional estimates was the same for each of the 3 groups. Wages as reported in the 1929, 1935, and 1939 censuses were interpolated by BLS indexes. A special procedure was necessary for the 1930-34 interpolation owing to the unavailability of these indexes on a State basis prior to 1932. First, regional “control” totals were derived for the years 1930—34 through interpolation of the 1929 and 1935 census figures by the BLS indexes. Next, the 1935 wage figures by States were extended to 1932 by the BLS sample data and adjusted to the regional totals. Finally, State wage estimates for 1930 and 1931 were derived by using the regional series as interpolators—the same series being applied to all States of a particular region.6 6. As already indicated, 1938 UI data are available for Pennsylvania only in the aggregate, not by industry. 78 A SUPPLEMENT TO THE SURVEY OF CURRENT BUSINESS Salaries by States were also taken for 1929, 1935, and 1939 from Census reports. For other years, distributions of national totals were obtained by straight-line interpolation of these 3 benchmarks. CONTRACT CONSTRUCTION The State payroll series for contract construction since 1938 has been based on data and procedures described in the preceding section for industries covered under the State unemployment insurance laws. For the earlier period, however, the contract construction esti mates are rather weak. Federal censuses in this field were taken for 1929, 1935, and 1939, but only the last represented an attempt at a complete canvass. Moreover, both the national and State series for the period are impaired by the lack of BLS (or other) sample payroll data for interpolation of benchmark estimates developed from the 3 censuses. In the preparation of provisional estimates to link with the UI-based series for the later period, State distributions were first derived from payroll data reported in the censuses. They were then subjected to special adjustment by reason of the fact that the data were classified by States according to the location of the reporting firms’ “home offices,” rather than according to where the work was performed. Census-based distributions The unadjusted payroll data for 1939 were taken directly from the Census of Construction for that year.7 The data in the 1929 census, however, were incomplete because only those establish ments with a volume of business of at least $25,000 for the year were required to report. Payroll data for smaller firms were col lected in that census more or less as a byproduct. They were not incorporated into our estimates since little confidence could be placed in the assumption that the considerable undercoverage in this segment evident on a national basis was of similar degree from State to State. Instead, the unadjusted State distribution for 1929 was derived by raising the reported payrolls for large firms (the $25,000-and-over category) to estimated full coverage through application of the ratio of total payrolls to large-firm payrolls in each State as shown by the 1939 census. The Census of Construction for 1935 canvassed “only those establishments which had a recognizable place of business,” and reporting was on a voluntary basis. The scope of this census thus differed to an unknown degree—both nationally and for indi vidual States—from that for 1929. A link between the 2 cen suses, however, was provided in the 1935 census through infor mation on the 1929 and 1935 payrolls of those establishments which reported to both censuses. This information—consisting of State-by-State payroll changes for a large “sample” of identical firms—was used to extend the 1929 State distribution of contract construction payrolls to 1935. The 3 census-based distributions of contract construction wages and salaries required adjustment, as noted above. This was ac complished by applying to the unadjusted payroll for each State the ratio of value of construction performed in the State to the value of construction performed by firms with home offices in the State. The 2 sets of value data were obtained for 1929, 1935, and 1939 from the census reports. About 15 percent of the total value of contract work shown on a national basis in each of the censuses was performed in States other than those where the home offices of reporting construction firms were located. By States, however, the proportions varied widely in magnitude and in numerous instances showed consid erable change over the period. Since the three censuses differed in completeness of coverage, the application of adjustment factors based on them was a matter of concern. The only effective alter native, however, was to omit the adjustment altogether, and to use the unadjusted figures for extrapolation. This, of course, would have implied the assumption that for each State the ratio of payrolls on the desired basis to those estimated from the cen suses was the same in 1929 and 1935 as in 1939. The decision to use the adjusted series was based simply on the ground that, upon analysis, they appeared more plausible than the unadjusted ones. In general, the payroll changes they indicated were less erratic. Derivation of final estimates The adjusted census-based estimates were then used to extrapo late to 1935 and 1929 the UI-based figures for 1939. Finally, the resulting estimates for 1929 and 1935, together with those derived from UI data for 1938, were interpolated by a series on the value of contract construction by States in order to obtain estimates for 1930-34 and 1936-37. The value-of-construction series was derived as the sum of sep arate estimates by States for each of 3 types of construction: resi dential, public works and utility, and other nonresidential. Series on contracts awarded were established by integrating F. W. Dodge Corporation, Engineering News-Record, BLS, Census, and other data; and to each of them lag factors, or timing pat terns, were applied so as to convert contracts awarded to meas ures of construction activity. Compiled in the late 1930’s when the official State income work was being started, these estimates reflect a detailed and careful statistical analysis. They also re flect, however, the admittedly serious difficulties that must at tend any effort—then or now—to estimate annual construction values by States for that earlier period. MANUFACTURING Manufacturing—by far the largest industry in the national economy—is fortunately the most reliable component of esti mated wage and salary disbursements by States over the whole period since 1929. Beginning with 1938, the unemployment in surance payroll data have provided an excellent statistical source. 7. In the use of data from this and the other construction censuses, the (See section, “ ‘Covered’ Wages and Salaries, 1938-55”). For small subgroup “builders” was eliminated. This is included by the Nat ional Income Division in the real estate industry. the earlier period, the State manufacturing estimates are less pre 79 PERSONAL INCOME, BY STATES, SINCE 1929 cise, though none the less of generally good quality because of the availability of a great deal of basic information from Federal censuses and sample wage studies. Summary of procedure The estimates of manufacturing wages and salaries for 1929-37 may be described, in general terms, as obtaining from a 2-step procedure. 1. A provisional series of State estimates for all years 1929-39 was prepared from Census of Manufactures data for odd-num bered years with interpolations by BLS sample material for the intervening years. The biennial censuses gave a full reporting on wages of production workers, but estimation was required to fill gaps in the basic salary data. 2. To bring these provisional estimates into statistical conform ity with the UI-based series for the subsequent period, they were adjusted by the relationship shown for each State between the UI-based and provisional estimates for 1939. Stated differently, the 1939 UI-based estimates were extrapolated to 1929-37 by the provisional, census-based series. Instead of linking the provisional figures to the UI-based series at 1939, there was the alternative of making the link at 1938— that is, simply extrapolating the UI-based estimates for 1938 back to 1929 by the provisional series. This alternative was not fol lowed because the State-by-State relationship between the UIbased and provisional estimates for 1938 was regarded as weaker than the comparable relationship for 1939. The reasoning was two-fold: (1) UI payroll data for 1938, the first year of full re porting under the State laws, probably are not quite so complete or well classified industrially as those for 1939; and (2) the pro visional estimates for 1938 are based upon interpolations of census data, rather than an actual census for that year. It is recognized that the procedure adopted might raise ques tion about the formal comparability of the 1937 and 1938 State estimates of manufacturing payrolls. This is because of the absence of a direct link, or overlap, between the two—the former being based on an extrapolation from 1939 by census data, and the latter on an extrapolation from 1939 by UI data. However, examination of the estimates—partly in light of the 1937-38 provisional series—indicated any such noncomparability to be minor. Extrapolating series Attention is now turned to the derivation of the provisional estimates for 1929-39 that were used for extrapolation. These were obtained for each year as the sum of 5 separate series: wages of production workers, salaries of clerical and administrative employees, pay of corporate officers, salaries of central adminis trative office personnel, and salaries of distribution employees.8 1. W P W .—This is by far the largest element of factory payrolls, comprising over two-thirds of the total on a national basis in 1939. Basic data were obtained for oddnumbered years directly from the biennial Census of Manufac ages o f r o d u c t io n orkers 8. The derivation of these series on a national basis—which provided the framework for the State distribution—is described in an article by Edward F. Denison in the June 1945 S urv ey of C u r r en t B usiness. tures, with necessary minor adjustments for differences in indus trial classification. For 1939, payrolls shown in the census under the “construction” and “all other” categories were included with reported wages. Interpolations by BLS sample wage indexes provided estimates for 1934, 1936, and 1938. Census values for 1933 were extended by BLS indexes to 1932—the earliest year for which these indexes were available on a State basis and then adjusted to regional totals derived by interpolating the 1931 and 1933 censuses by BLS regional indexes. The wage estimates for 1930 were based on interpolation by BLS regional indexes, each State being interpolated by the index for the region in which it is located. 2. S C A E .— Data on this component—forming about one-sixth of total factory payrolls in the prewar period were reported in the Census of Manufactures for 1929, 1933, 1935, and 1937. Esti mates for 1930-32 and 1934 were made by interpolating census data by production worker wages. BLS sample data on the pay of clerical workers were used to interpolate between 1935 and 1937 and to extrapolate to 1938 and 1939. a l a r ie s of l e r ic a l and d m in is t r a t iv e m ployees 3. P ay C O .—State distributions of this salary item were provided by the Census of Manufactures for 1929, 1935, 1937, and 1939. Distributions for other years of the period were obtained by straight-line interpolation. This seemed valid in view of the considerable similarity that charac terized the census-based distributions. of 4 . S a l a r ie s o rpo ra te of C f f ic e r s entral A d m in is t r a t io n O f f ic e P erso n n el. Data on this minor element of factory payrolls were reported in the 1937 Census of Manufactures. The relative State distri bution computed for that year was applied to the national esti mates for all other years of the 1929-39 period. 5. S D E .—Base-year data by States were obtained for 1939 by subtracting estimated clerical and administrative salaries (2, above) from the combined total of “salaries” and “distribution” reported in the 1939 Census of Manufactures. The resulting figures were extrapolated back to 1929 by the clerical and administrative salary series. The nature of this fifth category of manufacturing wages and salaries calls for explanation. In brief, the comparability of data reported by the Census of Manufactures for 1939 with those reported for earlier years is a matter of some question. As dis cussed in the June 1945 S , this stems from the fact that the 1939 census was the first to call for information relating to all employees in manufacturing establishments, including those en gaged wholly or chiefly in distribution, construction, and other nonmanufacturing activities. It cannot be known to what extent such employees were covered in earlier censuses. The estimates prepared for the official national income series imply the follow ing: (1) “Construction” and “other” employees shown sepa rately in the 1939 census were included with wage earners in earlier censuses; and (2) some portion of “distribution employees in the 1939 census (with a total pay in that year of about $250 million) also came within the scope of prior censuses. As a corollary of this second assumption, a substantial element of a l a r ie s of is t r ib u t io n urvey m plo y ees 80 A SUPPLEMENT TO THE SURVEY OF CURRENT BUSINESS “distribution” payrolls reported in the 1939 census—roughly $800 million—is treated as not having been included previously. It is this additional element first incorporated into the Census of Manufactures for 1939 which comprises item 5, above. Part V of this report includes tables (Nos. 71-78) which show for selected years since 1939 State estimates of manufacturing payrolls for about 20 separate industries. Unfortunately, it was not feasible to prepare such a breakdown for the prior period. The principal reason was that the basic census data on wages and salaries are not summarized on a major group (2-digit) basis by States in the 1929-39 biennial reports. To have made such a summarization of the several-hundred industry detail on wages and on salaries given in the census reports would have been a task of prohibitive magnitude, and one complicated by difficulties imposed by the disclosure rule. WHOLESALE AND RETAIL TRADE State payroll estimates for trade have been derived annually since 1938 from social security (principally UI) data. Since the method of utilizing social security data already has been de scribed in connection with the estimates for “covered” industries, attention is turned directly to the 1929-37 estimates. The first step in estimating trade payrolls by States for this earlier period was to prepare separate series for retail and wholesale trade from the 1929, 1933, 1935, and 1939 censuses. N For this purpose, the basic census data required but little adjust ment. It was necessary to allow for the small differences among the censuses in industrial classification; to fill by estimation a few minor gaps in basic data (mainly the payroll of central adminis trative offices of retail chains) ; and to add the estimated value of meals furnished employees of eating and drinking establish ments (based on the State distributions of full-time equivalent employment of these establishments, as derived from the census reports). Next, the 4 benchmarks were interpolated—separately for retail trade and wholesale trade—by BLS sample indexes to de rive provisional series for the full period 1929-39. As noted pre viously, these indexes are available prior to 1932 only by regions, not by States. Regional payroll totals were derived for 1930-32 through interpolation of the 1929 and 1933 census data by the BLS indexes. The 1933 census data were then extended to 1932 by the available State indexes and adjusted to the regional totals obtained by interpolation. To secure estimates for 1930 and 1931, each State was interpolated by the series for the region in which it is located. The provisional estimates for retail trade and wholesale trade were combined into a single series. This was used to extrapolate the 1939 Ul-based trade estimates to 1929-35, and then to inter polate between 1935 and 1938 (the latter also based on UI data) to secure estimates for 1936 and 1937. For reasons discussed in the description of manufacturing wages and salaries, this method was preferred to that of simply linking the census-based series to the later-period estimates at 1938. FINANCE, INSURANCE, AND REAL ESTATE Employees of business establishments classified in the finance, insurance, and real estate industry are almost wholly covered by social security legislation. Tabulations of data reported by em ployers under such legislation—principally under the State UI laws—have provided the basis of the State estimates for this in dustry over a long period. (See section above, “ ‘Covered’ Wages and Salaries, 1938-55”.) The procedure for estimating the earlier (1929-37) period was lengthy and complex. Cutting through this procedure, which is detailed below, it may be helpful to list the main types of statistical information incorporated into the estimates. For banking, the situation was quite favorable in that a sub stantial amount of payroll information by States was available from Federal and State banking agencies. For the 2 insurance groups—“insurance carriers” and “insur ance agents and combination offices”—State payroll distributions were obtained for 1935 from Census reports. Relevant data (on management expenses and premiums received) were available for extending these distributions to other years of the period. Together, banking and insurance accounted for well over threefifths of national payrolls in the finance, insurance, and real estate division. Information by States for making the 1929-37 payroll estimates for the other parts of this division was sparse. For both the brokerage and the finance, n. e. c. groups, such information was limited to census coverage in 1935. For real estate, no adequate payroll data by States were obtainable for any year prior to 1938. Unsatisfactory as this situation was, its effect on the State income series was considerably mitigated by the availability of labor force data by States from the 1930 Census of Population. The use of these data was responsible for the complexity of method noted above. Banking In the earlier period there was considerable change in coverage of the individual State unemployment insurance laws relating to the banking industry. Accordingly, UI data were not used to estimate wages and salaries in banking by States until 1943. The State estimates for the years 1929-42 were obtained as the sum of 8 separate components. Banking payrolls for 1943 de rived as the sum of these components showed only minor differ ences from the State totals for that year based on UI data. Fol lowing is the procedure used to build up banking payrolls by States in the 1929-42 period. N B .—Data on wages and salaries paid by na tional banks were taken directly from annual reports of the Comptroller of the Currency. a t io n a l anks S M B .—The Federal Reserve Board in Wash ington furnished special tabulations of State payrolls for State banks that were members of the Federal Reserve System. S N I C B . —Data were obtained from the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation for the years 1935-42. For prior years, the 1935 figures, inclusive of un insured (see below) as well as insured banks, were extrapolated tate em ber anks tate onm em ber nsured o m m e r c ia l anks PERSONAL INCOME, BY STATES, SINCE 192 9 to 1929 by a series representing the product of deposits of State nonmember banks and the estimated ratio of payrolls to deposits of such banks. This ratio was computed by extending 1935 data, State by State, on the basis of the similar ratio for State member banks. As in the case of State member bank payrolls, the Federal Reserve Board provided the necessary data on deposits of both member and nonmember banks. F R B .—Payrolls for these banks were fur nished for all years by the Federal Reserve Board. M S B .—Data for this component were ob tained from the various State banking commissions. The above 5 components, it may be seen, were based very largely on information reported by Federal or State banking agencies. Estimation was involved only in the case of State non member banks (one-fourth of the total) for the years 1929-34. Throughout the 1929-42 period, these 5 types of banking ac counted for well over 90 percent of total banking payrolls. The derivation of estimates for the other, minor types of bank ing may be noted briefly. For uninsured State banks, a State distribution for 1935 was computed from Census of Banking and FDIC data and extrapolated forward to 1942 by a series repre senting the product of number of uninsured State banks and average salary per insured State bank. As mentioned above, uninsured State banks were included with insured banks in the extrapolation from 1935 to 1929. The payroll of insolvent banks was estimated separately for State member banks, State non member banks, and national banks. This was done partly on the basis of reported payroll data and partly from collateral in formation for such banks. The estimates for banking, not elsewhere classified were based on UI tabulations for 1942. The data for that year were extra polated back to 1929 by payrolls in all other banking. ederal utual eserve a v in g s anks anks Brokerage and Finance, n. e. c. The 1930 Census of Population provides data by States on the total number of “gainful workers” in “banking and brokerage.” In terms of the National Income Division industrial classification, this Census group covers banking; security and commodity brokers, dealers and exchanges; and finance, n. e. c. The deci sion to utilize these labor force data required the estimation in combined fashion of wages and salaries and proprietors’ income in the 3 industries.9 The principal feature of the procedure adopted was the preparation of benchmark, controlling totals for 1929 through extrapolation from 1939 on the basis of Census labor force data. 1929 B .—By States, combined totals of wages and salaries and proprietors’ income in banking, brokerage, and finance, n. e. c. in 1939 were extended to 1929 by changes in the labor force in this group of industries.10 The resulting State figures were adjusted proportionately to the appropriate national total. enchm arks 9. As will become apparent, however, wages and salaries in banking entered only partly into the procedure. This component was estimated separately, in the manner just described. 10. To approximate the 1930 definition, the 1940 census data in this cal culation covered “total experienced persons in the labor force” (including those seeking work as well as those employed). 81 The 1939 State totals used in this projection required estima tion of proprietors’ income in each of the 3 industries. It will be recalled that payrolls in brokerage and in finance, n. e. c. were derived principally from UI data, and that banking payrolls were estimated as the sum of eight components based largely on data reported by Federal and State banking agencies. The 1939 State distribution of proprietors’ income in each of these industries was obtained by multiplying number of proprie tors by employees’ average earnings.11 The 1940 Census of Population reported combined totals for proprietors (employers and own-account workers) in “banking and other finance.” These were subdivided into the 3 component industriesbrokerage; finance, n. e. c.; and banking—on the basis of the relative distribution within each State as computed from data on the number of proprietors given in the 1935 Census of Banks and the 1935 Census of Financial Institutions Other Than Banks. These data, it may be noted, fell substantially short of the esti mated national totals of proprietors in these industries. With the State controlling totals for 1929 so established, the next step was to break them down into banking payrolls; broker age payrolls; finance, n. e. c. payrolls; brokerage proprietors’ income; and finance, n. e. c. (including banking) proprietors’ income. This entailed (1) preparing separate, independent estimates for the 5 component series, (2) adjusting them to the controlling total for each State, and (3) adjusting the resulting State figures for each of the series to the independent national estimate for that series. The figures derived from step 3 approxi mated the State controlling totals very closely, thus obviating the need for further, successive adjustments. With reference to step 1 above, banking payrolls for 1929 were taken directly from the estimates for that industry. Brokerage payrolls were obtained by distributing the 1929 national total according to brokerage data reported in the 1935 Census of Financial Institutions Other Than Banks. Wages and salaries in finance, n. e. c. were estimated by extrapolating census-based figures for 1935 by banking payrolls. For brokerage and for finance, n. e. c. (including banks), proprietors’ income in 1929 was based simply on the relative distribution computed for 1939. 1935 B .—In addition to the 1929 and 1939 distri butions of payrolls and proprietors’ income in brokerage and in finance, n. e. c., benchmark estimates of payrolls in these indus tries were derived for 1935. These were based, as indicated above, on data reported in the 1935 Census of Financial Institu tions Other Than Banks. E O Y .—The relative State distributions of brokerage wages and salaries in 1929, 1935, and 1938 (based on UI data) were straight-line interpolated to secure distributions (of national totals) in intervening years. Payrolls in finance, n. e. c. for 1929, 1935, and 1939 were interpolated by wages and salaries in banking.1112 Straight-line interpolation between 1929 and 1939 was employed for proprietors’ income in both the brokerage and the finance, n. e. c. (including banking) industries. enchm arks s t im a t e s f o r ther ears 11. Banking, a trivial item in proprietors’ income, was included with finance, n. e. c. in this and subsequent steps of the procedure. 12. Ul-based estimates are not available for finance, n. e. c. for 1938 because of classification difficulties in the reported data. 82 A SUPPLEMENT TO THE SURVEY OF CURRENT BUSINESS company reports published in the Spectator Co. Insurance Yearbook. Home office wages and salaries were extrapolated by data on The 1930 Census of Population shows for each State the total management expenses; wages and salaries of branch, depart number of “gainful workers” (including both wage and salary mental, managerial, agency and brokerage offices, by data workers and self-employed) for “insurance and real estate”. In on premiums receivedandfrom each State. Payrolls of insurance order to utilize this basic information, wages and salaries and agents and combination offices, in similar fashion, were secured proprietors’ income in the insurance carriers, insurance agents through extrapolation of 1935 census-based estimates by means and combination offices, and real estate industries were estimated of premiums received. Real estate payrolls for 1929 were for the period 1929-37 in an interrelated statistical procedure. estimated by extrapolation from 1939 on the basis of payrolls in The procedure adopted paralleled that just described under the contract construction industry. Contract construction pay brokerage and finance, n. e. c. The first principal step was to rolls were also used to extrapolate real estate proprietors’ income establish for each State a 1929 benchmark, or controlling, total 1939 to 1929. Finally, proprietors’ income for insurance of wages and salaries plus proprietors’ income for the 3 industry from agents and combination offices was obtained by extrapolation groups combined. This was done by projecting comparable 1939 from 1939 by premiums received. totals to 1929 on the basis of Census of Population labor force data, Following derivation of State estimates for the 5 series ad and then adjusting the State figures to the relevant independent justed to the the 1929 controlling totals, it was necessary to prepare national estimate.13 estimates for other of the period by means of interpolation. The State totals for 1939 used in the projection were obtained For all 5 series, the years same were employed for this purpose as by adding to payrolls in (a) insurance carriers, (b ) insurance had been used in makingdata the 1929 preliminary estimates. For agents and combination offices, and (c) real estate—all derived payrolls of insurance carriers, estimates prepared by extrapolating from social security data—estimates of proprietors’ income in ( b) 1935 census data on the basis of management expenses and and (c). These latter estimates were made by allocating national premium receipts were used to interpolate the 1929, 1935, and totals on the basis of the product of number of proprietors and 1938 (UI-based) estimates. For payrolls of insurance average annual earnings of employees in the industry. With and combination offices, interpolations of estimates for theagents same regard to number of proprietors, the 1940 Census of Population 3 years were based on premium receipts, as was the interpolation reported combined totals for “insurance and real estate,” and of 1929 and 1939 proprietors’ income in this industry. The these were broken down on the basis of occupational data given State estimates of contract construction payrolls were used to in the census.14* interpolate between 1929 and 1938 for wages and salaries in real The next step in procedure was to prepare a 5-way breakdown, estate, and between 1929 and 1939 for proprietors’ income in by States, of the 1929 controlling totals. Separate, preliminary real estate. estimates were prepared for payrolls of (a) insurance carriers, It will be seen, then, that the use of census labor-force data to (b) insurance agents and combination offices, and (c) real estate, estimate controlling totals for 1929 was the central element of and for proprietors’ income in (b) and (c). For each State, these the lengthy procedure for insurance and real estate summarized 5 items were adjusted so as to equal the controlling total. The It was adopted with some reservation because of its resulting State figures for each of the 5 series were then adjusted above. inability account of differences by States in 1929-39 proportionately to the 1929 national estimate for that series. movementsto oftakeaverage earnings in these industries. However, Further, successive adjustments of this sort were unnecessary since the control-total distribution for 1929 appeared, upon analysis, for each State the sum of the 5 items so derived was found to more plausible than the “built-up” distribution obtained by agree very closely with the controlling total. summing the 5 separate series. Also, in connection with these The methods of obtaining the 1929 estimates prior to adjust estimates as well as those described above brokerage and ment to the controlling totals may be noted briefly. For wages finance, n. e. c., which incorporate a similarforlabor-force extra and salaries of insurance carriers, a State distribution for 1935 polation, it is worth recalling that per capita income differentials derived from the Census of Insurance for that year was extra by States did not change markedly from 1929 to 1939. polated to 1929 in 2 parts, utilizing data tabulated from individual Insurance and real estate 13. Two aspects of this projection, though not important in the results, may be noted. For comparability with the 1930 definition, the census data used for 1940 covered “total experienced persons in the labor force” (in cluding those seeking work as well as those employed). Also, the 1940 data reported for real estate were first reduced by 22 percent in each State before inclusion in the insurance-real estate total. This latter step was undertaken because the scope, or definition, of the real estate industry in the 1940 Census of Population was 22 percent greater than that in the 1930 census. (See the Census Bureaus 1940 population report on Comparative Occupation Sta tistics for the U. S., 1870-1940, p. 83.) 14. The data used referred to “insurance agents and brokers” and “real estate agents and brokers” under the category of “clerical, sales, and kindred workers. The estimated national totals of proprietors in insurance agents and combination offices and in real estate were first distributed by States on the basis of the occupational data, and the resulting figures for each State were then adjusted to the reported census number of “employers and ownaccount workers” for “insurance and real estate.” TRANSPORTATION The mining, construction, manufacturing, trade, and finance groups just reviewed have been estimated principally from UI data for the period since 1938, according to the general method already summarized. The transportation group, however, con tains 2 industries, railroads and water, that fall into the “noncovered” category—that is, have been based mainly on informa tion other than UI tabulations.16 15. Railroads were covered only briefly under the State UI laws; water transportation activities were not brought within the full scope of these laws until the early postwar period, and certain characteristics of geographic classification have limited the usefulness of the postwar tabulations for our purposes. PERSONAL INCOME, BY STATES, SINCE 192 9 In the discussion below, therefore, the methodology for the railroad industry is described for the whole period since 1929. The next transportation component shown in the State tables (Part V)—highway freight transportation and warehousing—is a “covered” industry, so the discussion here relates only to the method of extending the 1938 Ul-based figures back to 1929. Finally, the “other transportation” category in our tables con sists of water transportation, which is described for the full period 1929-55, and of 5 “covered” industries (local railways and bus lines, services allied to transportation, pipelines, air transpor tation, and highway passenger transportation), for which the extrapolations from 1938 to 1929 are explained. The State transportation payroll totals are generally reliable for the period since 1938, as only the relatively small water transportation series is subject to marked error. For the earlier period, the railroad series—about two-thirds of the transportation total on a national basis—is satisfactory, but the remaining ele ments are founded on little direct information. 83 pations in each State. Requisite data on number of employees by occupation were available from the 1930 Census of Population. Average pay in each occupation was based on Interstate Com merce Commission regional data, with all States of a region assigned the same figure. Regional variations within the various occupations, it may be noted, were generally quite small. The 1938 State distribution for the industry as a whole was based largely upon unemployment insurance payroll data.17 For 3 States for which UI data were not available—Alabama, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin—estimates from the interpolating series (described below) were used instead. Interpolating series For purposes of interpolation and extrapolation, a payroll series was derived for the years 1929-55 as the sum of separate estimates for class I railroads, class II railroads, class III railroads, switch ing and terminal companies, sleeping car and other passenger services (Pullman Co.), and railway express service (Railway Express Agency). Class I railroads, as already noted, account for nine-tenths of total railroad wages and salaries. State payroll (and employ Railroads ment) totals for these roads were provided for 1937 and 1940 by State estimates of railroad wages and salaries were prepared the Association of American Railroads. These data were col for 1930, 1938, 1940, and 1949 from Census of Population, State lected in special, direct questionnaire surveys of all class I carriers. unemployment insurance, and Association of American Railroads The basis of classification by State was “pay-points,” a reasonably data. Other years were estimated by interpolating and extra good approximation to State of employees’ residence. polating these benchmarks by a series derived as the sum of 6 The AAR also furnished State employment breakdowns for separate components. The basic information for preparing this 1945, 1947, 1951, and 1953. To them were applied estimates series—consisting mainly of Interstate Commerce Commission of average earnings, and the resulting distributions used to and AAR data—permitted the computation of a number of allocate independent national totals of wages and salaries paid satisfactory distributions for class I railroads, which account for out by class I railroads. Average earnings were estimated by about 90 percent of total payrolls in the industry. extending the 1940 State averages (as computed from AAR The railroad component of the State wage and salary series figures) on the basis of data assembled from ICC reports. The may be regarded as reliable, despite the involved method of ICC payroll and employment data referred to an 8-district estimation. Several factors underlie this evaluation: The basic classification, and all States within a district were given the statistical data are good; the relative State distribution of railroad district rate of change. payrolls is rather stable; and the annual series which was con To secure State estimates of class I railroad payrolls for other structed for interpolation and extrapolation showed movements years of the 1929-55 period, the distributions for 1937, 1940, corresponding closely to those of the benchmark estimates. 1945, 1947, 1951, and 1953 were interpolated and extrapolated by means of series developed by allocating annually the total Benchmark estimates payroll of each railroad among the States in which it operates. National totals of railroad wages and salaries for 1930, 1940, The procedure used in compiling these series, which were based and 1949 were distributed by States according to the product of wholly on ICC data, consisted of 3 steps. number of employees and estimated average earnings. Data on 1. For 1938 and 1945, there was computed for each class I number of employees were taken from the Census of Population.16 railroad a percentage State distribution of its total employee Average earnings by States in 1949 were derived from the 1950 compensation. Reported executive payroll, one-half of profes Census of Population through calculation of arithmetic means sional and clerical worker payroll, and one-half of maintenancefrom data showing the distribution of railroad employees by of-equipment payroll all were assigned to the headquarters State. total-income size classes. The averages used for 1940 covered The remainder of the company’s payroll was allocated among employees of class I railroads. They were computed from data States on the basis of miles of track operated. provided by the Association of American Railroads on the basis 2. The State percentage distribution of each company s payroll of carriers’ direct reports. For 1930, the earnings figures were in 1938 was applied to its annual payroll for all years 1929-45. derived as weighted averages for employees in 13 railroad occu- Summation of the distributions for individual railroads yielded 16. For 1930, “gainfully employed” persons (adjusted to include employees 17. The State UI laws covered railroad employees through the first half in steam railroad repair shops, as based on the Census of Manufactures) of 1939. Since then the unemployment insurance program for this industry were used in lieu of “private wage and salary workers.” For railroads the 2 has been administered by the Railroad Retirement Board. concepts are almost identical. 84 A SUPPLEMENT TO THE SURVEY OF CURRENT BUSINESS State totals which, as indicated above, were used to interpolate and extrapolate the 1937, 1940, and 1945 estimates. 3. In similar manner, the annual payrolls of individual carriers in the period 1945-55 were allocated by States according to the 1945 percentage distributions. When summed by States, the resulting data became the basis for interpolation and extrapola tion of the 1945, 1947, 1951, and 1953 class I distributions. ICG payroll data were obtained on an individual company basis for class II and III railroads and for switching and terminal companies for most years beginning with 1936. In the great majority of cases a company’s total payroll could be assigned to a single State. Location of general office and track mileage were used for allocation in instances of interstate operation. For the period 1929—35, for which ICC data are not available, the 1936 State estimates for these 3 components were extended by payrolls of class I roads, with adjustment each year to independent national totals. Payrolls of the Pullman Co. (exclusive of general office pay) in 1945 and 1947 were distributed by States by the product of employment (furnished by the company) and the average earn ings of employees of class I roads. These distributions were interpolated and extrapolated by class I payrolls. For all years, the reported general office payroll of the Pullman Co., available from ICC records, was assigned to Illinois. The Railway Express Agency provided State distributions of its wages and employment for 1938 and employment for 1945 and 1947. Average wages in 1938 were extended to the latter years by employee earnings in trucking and warehousing for hire (computed from UI reports supplemented by OASI data for small firms). The product of reported employment and estimated average wages was used to distribute national totals of Railway Express Co. payrolls in 1945 and 1947. The 1938, 1945, and 1947 distributions were interpolated and extrapolated by the class I component. Transportation Other Than Railroads Highway freight transportation and warehousing The Ul-based estimates for 1938 were extrapolated to 1929 by the sum of separately estimated series for highway freight trans portation and for warehousing. The former accounted for ninetenths of the 1938 estimate of $393 million shown in Exhibit 3. For highway freight transportation, a 1935 State distribution was obtained from the Census of Motor Trucking for Hire. The payroll data reported by States formed about two-thirds of the estimated national total, which incorporated additional infor mation in the census report regarding trucking-for-hire firms not covered by the field canvass. The 1935 State estimates were extrapolated to the years 1930 and 1940 on the basis of number of nonfarm trucks. The 1930 distribution was used for 1929, and the remaining years of the period 1929-38 were filled in by straight-line interpolation. It should be noted that trucks for hire form a relatively small proportion of the total number of trucks. The elimination of farm trucks (Census of Agriculture) from total truck registrations (Bureau of Public Roads) was intended to improve the extra polation in this regard. In preparation of the series on public warehousing payrolls by States, data were taken for 1935 and 1939 from the Census of Service Establishments.18* Estimates for 1936-38 were made by straight-line interpolation, and the relative distribution for 1935 was assumed applicable to 1929-34. Local railways and buslines Estimates for this industry for 1929-37 were derived by extra polation of the 1938 Ul-based figures by the combined payrolls of (1) electric railways and subsidiary and successor buslines (about 90 percent of the total), and (2) independent local bus lines. Benchmark distributions were available for item (1) from the Census of Electrical Industries for 1927, 1932, and 1937. To extend the census figures to other years, payroll data (in either aggregate or sample index form) were obtained from State gov ernment reports for Pennsylvania and Massachusetts (1929-38) and New York and Illinois (1932—38). Together, these 4 States accounted for over half of the national total. The total exclusive of them was allocated by distributions obtained from straight-line interpolation of the census data (the 1937 census distribution being applied also to 1938). For local independent buslines, a distribution of wages and salaries by Census regions was available for 1935 from the Census of Motor Bus Transportation. The regional totals were appor tioned by States on the basis of population. The resulting State estimates were used to allocate national totals for other years of the 1929-38 period. Services allied to transportation This series was prepared for 1929-37 as the sum of separate estimates for stevedoring and for other services allied to trans portation. The 1939 Census of Service Establishments gave stevedoring payrolls for States accounting for about 80 percent of the national figure. The total for the omitted States was distributed among them by the product of the number and average earnings of stevedores in 1940, based on the Census of Population. The resulting 1939 estimates were extrapolated to the year 1929 by the stevedoring labor force as reported in the 1930 and 1940 Census of Population. Estimates for 1932 and 1936 were derived by interpolating between the census-based benchmarks by data on water transportation tonnage from the A n n ua l Report o f the C hief o f Engineers o f the U . S . A rm y. Other years of the 1929-39 period were interpolated on a straight-line basis. Payrolls by States for services allied to transportation except stevedoring were obtained for 1939 by subtracting stevedoring wages and salaries from Ul-based estimates for the industry as a whole. This residual series was extended to 1929 by the sum of payrolls in all other transportation industries, and adjusted each year to the national total. It is to be noted, as a minor point of procedure, that the residual series might have been calculated for 1938 instead of 18. The 1933 Census of Service Establishments also covered public warehousing. However, data were not provided for cold storage ware houses (over one-fourth of the total nationally), and State data for the remainder did not appear comparable with those for 1935 and 1939. PERSONAL INCOME, BY STATES, SINCE 1929 1939. This was not done because the latter, on two counts, furnished a better basis for extrapolation. The UI data probably are somewhat more reliable for 1939 and, in addition, the census-based estimates for stevedoring referred to that year. Pipeline transportation The remaining “covered” transportation industries, which are shown separately in the national income series, are pipeline transportation, air transportation (common carriers), and high way passenger transportation, n. e. c. In State personal income, this breakdown has not been maintained for the years since 1938. It was introduced into the 1929-37 estimates chiefly to take account of what little State data were available in this area. Benchmark distributions of wages and salaries in pipeline transportation were prepared for 1931, 1937, and 1941. The 1941 estimates were found to conform closely with unpublished 1942 UI data for this 3-digit industry. From Interstate Commerce Commission reports, payrolls in 1931, 1937, and 1941 were tabulated on an individual company basis for 2 groups of employees: “General officers and general office employees” and “all other.” For each company, the first was assigned to the headquarters State, and the latter was allo cated according to the company’s miles of pipeline in each State.20 The minor element of pipeline payrolls accounted for by com panies not required to report to the ICC was allocated by States in each of the 3 years by Bureau of Mines data on the combined pipeline mileage of those companies. For 1929, the payroll distribution of companies reporting to ICC was obtained by apportioning the reported total payroll of each company according to its State breakdown in 1931. The distribution for companies not reporting to the ICC was assumed to be the same as in 1931. The State breakdown of pipeline payrolls in 1930 was based on an averaging of the relative distributions for 1929 and 1931. For all years 1932-38, general office payrolls of companies reporting to the ICC (about one-eighth of total pipeline payrolls) were de rived in the same way as for the benchmark years. Other wages and salaries in this period were estimated by straight-line interpo lation. 85 number of private wage and salary workers in the air transporta tion industry reported in the 1940 Census of Population. Highway passenger transportation, n. e. c. This component includes taxicabs, bus lines other than city and suburban, and companies primarily engaged in furnishing miscellaneous highway transportation. The State estimates for pipelines and air transportation for 1938 were summed and then deducted from the Ul-based figures for “other transportation” to obtain highway passenger transportation, n. e. c. as a residual for separate extrapolation. With payroll data by States lacking, this residual series was extended to 1929 on the basis of the States total population. Water transportation The State estimates of wages and salaries in water transporta tion rest to a large extent on social security data. However, this industry has not been classified as “covered” in the description of methodology, for 2 reasons. First, the use made of UI and OASI payroll data on water transportation necessarily has been quite different from that in “covered” industries, for which re ported UI figures directly account for the very large bulk of the final estimate. As a second, related point, the extent of estima tion—and of possible error—entailed in the water transportation series is appreciably greater. A brief explanation of the scope of social security data for water transportation is in order. Although the State laws have varied in respect to coverage of the industry,.it may be stated as a general proposition that until mid-1946 they referred to shore employ ees and excluded employees on vessels. Since that time, coverage in the States has been extended to vessel employees, but these have been covered according to the State in which the company s controlling office is located. The resulting central-office report ing of vessel payrolls, which cannot be identified separately, strongly limits the usefulness of UI figures in preparing a mean ingful State distribution of water transportation payrolls.21 OASI State data for this industry omit altogether deep-sea and coast wise vessel payrolls—about one-fourth of the national total in the recent period—and are available, on the basis of a special, un published tabulation, for only the first quarter of 1951.22 Air transportation ( common carriers) E 1940.—For 1940, a State distribution of water The 1929-38 national totals for this industry (only $5-$29 mil transportation payrolls was prepared as the product of (1) num lion annually) were allocated among States by payrolls derived ber and (2) average earnings of employees. The first was taken as the product of (1) average UI wages for 1942, and (2) the from the 1940 Census of Population and covered all private wage and salary workers in the industry. The latter figures, referring 19. In the UI classification, the 3 industries listed above comprise major to shore employees only, were computed from UI (supplemented group 43, “other transportation, except water transportation.” While for s t im a t e s f o r such a 2-digit group the processing and supplementation of UI data de scribed in the section, “ ‘Covered’ Wages and Salaries, 1938-55,” can be carried out readily, the preparation of estimates in finer detail is handicapped by the unavailability on a 3-digit basis of (a) UI data prior to 1942, and (A) the special OASI tabulations for small firms not covered by UI laws. These data are also unavailable on a national basis, but the lack is less crucial for estimation purposes. 20. The pipeline mileage data were taken for 1931 from the Report on Pipelines, H. Rept. 2192, 72d Cong., 2d sess., 1933; for 1937, from Statistics of Oil Pipelines, 1921-37, ICC statement No. 396, dated 1939; and for 1941, from a report by the Subcommittee on Pipeline Transportation of the American Railroad Association, May 1, 1944. 21. For detailed discussion of this general problem, see the article, “Meas urement of Employment in Water Transportation Industry,” in the October 1954 issue of the BLS Monthly Labor Review. The article includes description of a special study in New York State of the reporting of vessel employment in ocean-borne foreign trade and coastwise and intercoastal trade. On the basis of company reports analyzed, only a little over half of vessel employees covered by the New York unemployment insurance law were located in the State; the rest were scattered among 20 other States. 22. The published OASI State data for water transportation, covering the first quarter of selected years since 1945, were not suitable for our purpose because of certain characteristics of geographic classification. 86 A SUPPLEMENT TO THE SURVEY OF CURRENT BUSINESS by small-firm OASI) wage and employment data relating to the third quarter of 1940. This 1940 distribution was split into the two components: (a) Vessel payrolls in deep sea and coastwise trade, and (b) all other, consisting of the pay of employees on shore installations and on vessels in Great Lakes and inland water shipping. The first com ponent was obtained by subtracting, for coastal States, Ul-based estimates (covering shore employment) from the census-based totals. The residual series for these States compared satisfac torily with independent estimates of deep sea and coastwise “onship” payrolls provided by the U. S. Maritime Commission. E 1951.—The vessel component of the 1940 State distribution was extrapolated to 1941 by tonnage passing through ports. The resulting 1941 distribution was held constant in 1942, for lack of tonnage data inclusive of military shipments. The 1942 estimates were then extrapolated to 1951 by UI pay roll figures for “services auxiliary to water transportation.” The general rationale was that such figures, consisting predominately of stevedoring payrolls, would furnish a rough index of activity in coastal States. Wages and salaries of all other employees in 1951—consisting of those on vessels in Great Lakes and inland water shipping as well as on shore installations—were derived by “blowing up” the OASI first-quarter data by the relationship for each State between UI full-year and first-quarter figures. s t im a t e s f o r E 1941-50 1952-55.—The 1951 State distri bution of water transportation payrolls was extended to other years in the 1947-55 period by estimates derived from UI data (supplemented by OASI for small firms). Although these data were not satisfactory as an allocator because, as noted, they reflected State of “controlling office” for vessel payrolls, they were assumed to be adequate for the purpose of indicating rela tive movement. For the years 1941-46, the 1940 and 1947 distributions were interpolated by estimates derived from separate series for “vessel” and other payrolls. The former was the one used to extend vessel payrolls from 1940 to 1951. The latter was derived by extrapolating the 1940 “shore” distribution to 1944 by UI data for water transportation (adjusted to include small firms), and then extending the 1944 estimates to 1947 by similar data for the UI group, “services auxiliary to water transportation.” Payrolls for this industry were utilized, in lieu of those for water transpor tation, because the latter were affected extensively in the 1945-47 period by changes in the State laws to cover vessel employment. s t im a t e s f o r and E 1929-39.—The 1940 estimates of vessel payrolls in deep sea and coastwise trade were extrapolated to 1938 by changes in tonnage handled in coastal States. The other segmcnt about four-fifths of the total nationally—was extrapolated from 1940 to 1938 by UI payrolls in water transportation. The 1938 State estimates for the industry as a whole were then extra polated to the years 1936, 1932, and 1929 by tonnage data, covering inland water transportation as well as deep sea, coastal, and Great Lakes. Estimates for other years were made by straight-line interpolation. The tonnage series was based on data reported for 1929, 1932, 1936, and 1938-40 in the A nnual s t im a t e s f o r Report o f the C h ief o f Engineers o f the U . S. A rm y. COMMUNICATIONS AND PUBLIC UTILITIES The estimates of wages and salaries for Communications and public utilities were obtained as the sum of separate series for 4 industries. These consist of 2 communications groups (telephone, telegraph, and related services; and radio broadcasting and tele vision) and of 2 public utility groups (utilities—electric and gas; and local utilities and public services, n. e. c.). For 1938-55, the estimates were derived from social security records—see description above for “covered wages and salaries”— and are highly reliable. For the 1929-37 period, the communi cations and public utility series is less accurate but may be viewed as satisfactory. The large telephone and telegraph component was developed almost wholly by analysis of individual company payroll data; the quality of the equally large electric and gas component depends importantly on the presumed general validity of using sales of electric energy to depict relative payroll shifts by States; and the other 2 components, while statistically weak, formed only 3-5 percent of communications and public utility payrolls in that earlier period. Telephone, telegraph, and related services Compilations of payroll data by States for the telephone and telegraph industry were not available for any of the years 1929-37. The 1932 and 1937 Census of Electrical Industries: Telephones and Telegraphs, it may be noted, furnished very little payroll information on a State basis. Nevertheless, it was possible to develop a payroll extrapolator for the 1938 Ul-based estimates which accounted for nine-tenths of the telephone and telegraph industry on a national basis. This extrapolating series was comprised of separate estimates for the Bell System and for wire and radio telegraph services. Omitted from the series were the non-Bell companies as well as miscellaneous types of communication services such as ticker tape and telephoto. A special tabulation of Bell System payrolls by States was furnished by the American Telephone & Telegraph Co. for 1938. These data were extrapolated back to 1929 by a series compiled as the summation, State by State, of estimates for individual companies in the system. Payroll totals for each of the Bell companies were obtained from the AT&T for the years 1929-32 and from reports of the Interstate Commerce Commission and Federal Communications Commission for 1933-38. For some companies the payroll could be assigned to a single State. But for most, it was necessary to take account of interstate operations. This was done by distributing the payroll total among the States served by the company on the basis of operating cost data obtained from FCC reports for all years of the 1929-38 period. State distributions for the other components of the extrapolating series—wire and radio telegraph services—were based largely on reports to the National Income Division by individual companies. These included the Western Union Co., which alone accounted for more than two-thirds of the total in the 1929-37 period. Radio broadcasting and television Radio broadcasting and television is a 3-digit industry, for which separate payroll data by States are not available from the Bureau of Employment Security prior to 1942. 87 PERSONAL INCOME, BY STATES, SINCE 1929 For the pre-1942 period, estimates were first prepared for 1939— 41. Regional totals for these years were obtained by extrapola tion from 1942 on the basis of payroll data published by the Fed eral Communications Commission in its annual report. State figures for 1939-41 obtained by straight-line interpolation be tween a census-based distribution for 1935 (noted below) and the 1942 UI estimates were adjusted to conform with these regional totals. The 1935 State estimates of wages and salaries in this industry were based very largely on the Census of Radio Broadcasting for that year. To the reported census data, covering commercial broadcasting stations, were added estimated “network” payrolls, for which the census reported only a national total. Estimates for 1936-38 were obtained by straight-line interpola tion of the 1935 and 1939 distributions. For the years 1929-34, when the national total amounted to only $10-$>25 million a year, the 1935 payroll distribution was held constant. Utilities: Electric and gas The State estimates of wages and salaries in this industry for the period 1929-37 were derived as the sum of series for (a) manu factured and natural gas, and (b) electric light and power. For category (a), the American Gas Association furnished na tional payroll totals for all years of the period and a breakdown by States for 1938. The association also made available State employment data for the years 1934-38. These were used to extend the 1938 payroll figures, with adjustment to the national total each year. For the years 1929-33, total payrolls for manu factured and natural gas were distributed by States on the basis of the 1934 pattern. Payroll data for the electric light and power industry were not collected by States in the 1927, 1932, or 1937 Census of Electric Industries. It was necessary to rely on an indirect measure of State payroll changes prior to 1938. The 1938 State payroll figures for manufactured and natural gas were deducted from the Ul-based series on Utilities: electric and gas for that year to obtain a benchmark for electric light and power alone, which comprised more than two-thirds of the elec tric and gas total nationally. These estimates were extended year-by-year back to 1929 (with adjustment to national payroll totals) on the basis of data on sales of electric energy. The extra polating series used for this purpose was the Edison Electric Insti tute figures on “kilowatt-hour sales to ultimate consumers,” after adjustment by detailed information reported by the Federal Power Commission to exclude public agencies such as municipal plants. Sales of electric energy are believed to furnish a reasonably satisfactory method for estimating changes in the State distribu tion of wages and salaries in the electric light and power industry. It was first observed that the State distributions of payrolls and sales of electric energy were similar in the base year 1938. More significant, however, was a test of trend. When the 1938 State payrolls for electric light and power were extrapolated to 1942 and 1947 by sales of electric energy, the resulting distribu tions were found to be not significantly different from those com puted directly from State unemployment insurance payroll records. Local utilities and public services, n. e. c. Wages and salaries in this industry totaled $22-$31 million nationally in the 1929-37 period. In view of the relatively small amounts involved and the lack of direct data by States, the na tional total for each of the years 1929-37 was allocated by States according to the percentage distribution of the 1938 Ul-based estimate. SERVICES Thirteen major components of the services industry are listed in E xh ib it 3. In the State series, 9 of these have been estimated for each year since 1938 on the principal basis of State unemploy ment insurance payroll data, according to the general method already explained. The other four—private households, medical and other health services, educational services, and nonprofit membership organizations—have been estimated primarily or wholly from other sources for the entire period since 1929. The services industry has constituted one of the most trouble some areas in estimating wage and salary disbursements by States. In the period since 1938, industrial components esti mated from UI data have formed somewhat less than half of the services total on a national basis.23 This is smaller than the pro portion obtaining for almost any other private industry. In the 1929-37 period, a large segment of the service industries subse quently covered under UI laws was subjected to periodic census enumeration; but a detailed, difficult procedure was required to incorporate these and other relevant (often piecemeal) data into the estimates. Because of the very detailed effort that has characterized the estimation of service industry payrolls by States—essentially for “covered” payrolls prior to 1938 and “noncovered” payrolls throughout the period—there is reason to believe that errors stem ming from the comparatively lesser adequacy of comprehensive annual payroll information for this industry have been minimized. Also to be considered, the services embrace a wide range of hetero geneous activities, in which overall payrolls are comparatively stable and shift rather slowly in relative distribution by States. The service wage and salary estimates by States are significantly less reliable for the 1929-37 period. The 9 industries for which UI tabulations have provided a sound statistical basis for the years since 1938 could be estimated much less precisely in the earlier period. As a secondary factor, estimates for the 4 non covered” industries are also less firm for the earlier years. In accordance with the general plan of exposition, the methodo logical description of the Services division which follows explains the derivation of the “covered” industries for the years 1929-37 and of the “noncovered” industries for 1929-55. 23. The proportion is increased to about three-fifths when account is taken of the fact that UI data have entered partly into the estimation of medical and other health services and of nonprofit membership organizations, n. e. c., both of which are, in the main, “noncovered.” 88 A SUPPLEMENT TO THE SURVEY OF CURRENT BUSINESS estimates, based largely on census payroll data, in each of 20 types of personal service establishments. Interpolations for Basic data by States on the cash payrolls of hotels and other other years were prepared separately for the 6 principal groups. lodging places were provided by the Census of Business for 1929, Censuses State data on payrolls in personal services 1933, 1935, and 1939. Data for year-round hotels were available included theproviding Census of Power Laundries (1929, 1931, 1933, and for all 4 years, although the reported figures for 1929 required a 1935), which for 1929 and 1931 also covered rug cleaning estab moderate upward adjustment (based on 1933 census data) to lishments; the Census of Cleaning and Dyeing Establishments cover hotels with less than 25 guest rooms. Coverage of seasonal (1929 and 1931); the Census of Cleaning, Dyeing, and Rug Clean hotels, as noted in the census reports, was incomplete in each of ing Establishments (1933 and 1935); the Census of American these years; and tourist courts were not canvassed in 1929. Business (1933); and the Census of Service Establishments However, the estimation entailed in remedying these gaps in and 1939). From these censuses, it was possible to tabulate(1935 di volved relatively small amounts. rectly State data which accounted for a very high proportion To cash payrolls for 1929, 1933, 1935, and 1939 were added estimated total personal service payrolls in 1933, 1935, and 1939.of estimates of the value of board and of lodging received by hotel For 1929, however, census reports yielded only 50 percent of the employees. State distributions for these two items of income in personal service total; for 1931, 40 percent.26* kind were prepared for 1935 and 1939 from census information State estimates of wages and salaries in 1929 and 1931 in those on the numbers of employees in each State receiving board and industries for which census data were not available were derived lodging, together with estimates (derived from 1935-36 data in in heterogeneous fashion. the 1933 State pattern was the National Resources Committee Report, Consumer Expenditures assumed to be applicable toForthesome, earlier years. For others, the in the U nited States ) of the annual values of board and of lodging 1933 estimates were extended to 1929 and by reference to per person received by domestic servants.24 The 1935 distribu changes in some indirectly related series 1931 such tions were extrapolated to 1933 and 1929 on the basis of cash deaths (for funeral directors’ payrolls), or payrollsas inpopulation, a related payrolls. type of personal service. In 2 minor instances, use was made of Straight-line interpolations of these estimates of wages and occupational data from the 1930 and 1940 Census of Population salaries (cash and in kind) for 1929, 1933, and 1935 were used to extend a 1939 benchmark to 1929. to derive figures for 1930-32 and 1934. The same procedure As indicated above, the State estimates of personal services for was also followed for 1936-38 with one important exception. For intercensal years were derived by interpolating the benchmarks 7 large States, accounting for almost three-fifths of the national for each of the 6 major groups. For the laundry and the cleaning, payroll in hotels, BLS wage indexes were available and used for dyeing, and pressing groups, which accounted for approximately this purpose. half of personal service payrolls in the 1929-39 period, the interpo The resulting estimates of hotel payrolls by States for 1929-39 lations were based on BLS indexes, which were available by were employed for extrapolation in the same manner as noted States back to 1932 and onwage a regional for 1929-31. For the above for trade. That is, they provided the basis for extrapolating other groups, less relevant interpolatorsbasis were used or resort was the 1939 estimates to the period 1929—35 and then for inter had to straight-line interpolation. polating between 1935 and 1938. Hotels and other lodging places Personal services Private households The estimates used to extend the 1938 Ul-based State figures on personal service payrolls back to 1929 were the sum of separate series for (1) power laundries and rug cleaning; (2) cleaning, dyeing, and pressing; (3) funeral directors, embalmers, and crematories; (4) barber shops; (5) beauty parlors; and (6) mis cellaneous personal services such as baths and masseurs, shoerepair shops, photographic studios, etc.25 These 6 series were derived for 1929, 1931, 1933, 1935, and 1939 from benchmark The State series on payrolls of private households incorporates benchmark distributions for 1929, 1939, and 1949, all based largely on earnings and/or employment data collected in the decennial Census of Population. Indirect and less satisfactory allocators were prepared for 1933 and 1935. For all 5 years, cash wages and the value of board furnished domestic servants were estimated separately. Other years of the 1929-55 period were derived by interpolating and extrapolating total payrolls (cash and in kind) by the State estimates of wages and salaries for t'he personal services industry. The 1940 and 1950 Census of Population provided the number of private household employees by States. The data used re ferred to all persons engaged in domestic service, including “em ployers and own-account workers” as well as “wage or salary workers” since the National Income Division draws no distinc tion between the 2 groups in this industry. To obtain allocators of 24. The census reports gave by States the number of hotel employees re ceiving one, two, or three meals a day for one week in each of the years 1935 and 1939. These data were converted to an equivalent number receiving full board by adding one-third of those receiving one meal a day, two-thirds of those receiving two meals a day, and the total number receiving three meals a day. For both 1935 and 1939, the number of hotel employees who received lodging was published by States for one week of the year. With respect to the 1935—36 figures on annual values of board and of lodging, State estimates were developed from local-area data shown in the National Resources Committee report. (See notes on “private households.”) 25. This extension was made in the manner just referred to for hotels: (1) The 1939 Ul-based figures were extrapolated by the provisional series to the years 1929-35; and (2) estimates for 1936 and 1937 were secured by using the provisional series to interpolate between the resulting 1935 figures and the 1938 Ul-based figures. 26. The disparity between these 2 percentages reflects the omission of salaries from the schedules of the 1931 Census of Power Laundries and the 1931 Census of Cleaning and Dyeing Establishments. By States, salaries in 1931 could be filled in with reasonable accuracy by interpolating reported salaries in 1929 and 1933 by wages. PERSONAL INCOME, BY STATES, SINCE 1929 the 1939 and 1949 national totals of domestic servants’ cash pay roll, employment by States was multiplied by estimates of aver age earnings per employee. These estimates were computed from population census data for each State showing the frequency distribution of domestic servants by detailed size-of-income classes (wage and salary income for 1939 and total income for 1949).27 The 1930 Census of Population did not report directly com parable figures on employment in private households. However, an approximation was afforded by census data (mostly unpub lished) on the number of persons in each State engaged in specific domestic service occupations. These included chauffeurs, cooks, housekeepers, laundresses, nurses (not trained), and all other domestic servants. The product of these employment totals and estimated average earnings—extrapolated from 1939 by the average wages paid hotel employees, as based on the Census of Hotels—furnished an allocator of domestic servants’ cash wages in 1929. The distributions for 1933 and 1935 were also obtained as the product of employment and average cash wages per employee. Private household employment by States was estimated for 1933 and 1935 by interpolating the 1930 and 1940 census data by total population. Average cash wages of domestic servants in those years were obtained by extrapolating the census-based figures for 1939 by average wages paid hotel employees. As indicated above, the value of board furnished domestic servants was added to these State distributions of cash payroll. For the years 1929, 1933, 1935, and 1939, a single allocator was used. The 1939 estimates so derived were extrapolated to 1949 by total cash wages. The allocator for the 1929-39 period was derived as the product of (1) number of domestic service employees receiving board and (2) the estimated average annual value of board furnished a domestic servant. Data for (1) were obtained by multiplying the number of employees in 1930 by the estimated proportion receiving the equivalent of full board. This proportion, State by State, was based on sample data collected from employment agencies in a survey made by the National Income Division for the year 1936. Estimates for (2) were derived from 1935-36 data of the National Resources Committee report, Consumer E xpendi tures in the U nited States. The study covered selected cities and other types of localities in 30 States. The data, mostly unpub lished, were used to establish relative levels by States in the value of board furnished domestic servants, based on a standard budget. In utilizing these local-area data for the purpose, judgmental decisions were necessarily an important factor. As noted in the introductory summary, wages and salaries in personal services were used to interpolate and extrapolate the 89 estimates of private household payrolls (cash and in kind) for 1929, 1933, 1935, 1939, and 1949. Tests showed the personal services series to be a satisfactory index of changes in the relative State distribution of domestic service payrolls from one censusbased benchmark to the next. Business services, n. e. c. Wages and salaries in the business services industry were esti mated for 1933 and 1935 by extrapolating 1939 UI-based figures by data tabulated from the Census of Business for 1933, 1935, and 1939. These consisted of total payrolls in 8 specific types of business services.28 Extrapolation back to 1929 and interpolations between 1933, 1935, and 1938 were based on wages and salaries in trade. The groups for which data were taken from the 1933, 1935, and 1939 censuses accounted for somewhat more than one-third of total payrolls in business services. It was not possible to obtain a more comprehensive index for this purpose because the censuses differed in their coverage of business services and in the extent of component detail shown by States. Miscellaneous repair services and hand trades The 1939 State estimates of wages and salaries paid out by the miscellaneous repair services and hand trades industry were pro jected to 1935 on the basis of payroll data from the Census of Business for those years. The data taken for this purpose com prised the categories of “other repair services (except automobile, apparel and shoes)” and “custom industries”—with minor ad justments on the basis of reported figures to exclude items not classified in this industry in the State personal income series. In each year the census aggregate accounted for three-fourths of the estimated national total. The estimates for 1935 so derived were extrapolated to 1929 by the payroll series for trade. This series was also used to inter polate between the 1935 distribution and that for 1938 based on social security figures. The Census of Business for 1933, as well as for 1935 and 1939, collected data by States on the miscellaneous repair services in dustry. However, the 1933 data were substantially less complete; and, because of classification differences, the 1933 and 1935 census data could not be put on a comparable basis for the purpose of deriving an extrapolating series. Motion pictures Motion picture payrolls for the pre-UI period were prepared as the sum of separate series for (1) motion picture production, 27. A significant limitation regarding the 1949 estimates should be noted. and (2) motion picture theaters and service industries. (1) State distributions for motion picture production were For the country as a whole, the level of private household employment in 1950 indicated by the Census Bureau’s Current Population Survey—as incor based for odd-numbered years of the period 1929-39 (except porated in the national income estimates—is about one-third higher than 1931) on payrolls in the biennial Census of Manufactures. that shown by the decennial Census of Population. For areas where labor force classification is difficult, such as domestic service, the Current Population Survey is believed to yield more reliable results. (See 1954 National Income supplement, p. 71.) Since the Survey is available only on a national basis, it was necessary to use the Census of Population in our State series and to make a proportional adjustment of the reported State data to the national estimate. 28. These included advertising agencies; adjustment and credit bureaus and collection agencies; billboard advertising agencies; dental laboratories; duplicating, addressing, mailing-list, and stenographic services; window cleaning services; photofinishing laboratories; and blueprinting and photo static services. 90 A SUPPLEMENT TO THE SURVEY OF CURRENT BUSINESS Distributions for even-numbered years were filled in by straightProfessional, Social, and Related Services line interpolation.29 (2) Wages and salaries by States for motion picture theaters and service industries were obtained for 1939 by subtracting Legal services production payrolls from the UI-based figures for the industry as were 2 principal steps in estimating wages and salaries a whole. This benchmark was extrapolated to 1929-35 by a in There the legal services industry for the years 1929-37. combined series for motion picture theaters and film exchanges.30 1. Regional control totals were first established. For the 9 The same series was also used to interpolate between 1935 and geographic divisions in the Census Bureau classification, payrolls 1938, the latter obtained by deducting production payrolls from in 1938, as estimated from social security data, were extended to the totals based on UI data. In the preparation of this “combined series,” payrolls for motion 1929 by the product of number of employees and average annual picture theaters were obtained for 1933, 1935, and 1939 from the earnings of employees, and then adjusted to the independent na tional estimates. Number of employees was derived by extrapo Census of Service Establishments. Other years were estimated lation security based figures by means of the estimated by modifying the census distributions according to information numberofofsocial lawyers major independent practice. (See the sec on the number of either theaters or theater seats in each State tion on Proprietors’in income.) The average earnings series was reported by F ilm D a ily Yearbook. based on National Income Division surveys (de For film exchanges, a relatively minor component, payrolls scribed in the April 1938 and August questionnaire 1943 Survey of C urrent reported in the 1939 Census of Wholesale Trade were projected B u s i n e s s ) , which provided data for most years of the period to 1929 largely on the basis of film exchange sales, also from F ilm 1929-38. D a ily Yearbook. 2. The 1938 State payroll estimates were projected to 1929 by the Division’s series on total income of proprietors in this industry. Resulting State figures were adjusted year-by-vear to the regional Amusement and recreation, except motion pictures totals secured in step 1. An extrapolating series for amusements and recreation (except motion pictures) was prepared for the years 1929-39 as the sum M edical and other health services (except hospitals) of estimates for legitimate theaters; bowling alleys and billiard parlors; baseball, golf, and other sports; race tracks; and miscel The nonhospital portion of this industry for the period since laneous amusements. This series was used to extend the UI- 1938 has been derived from social security (principally UI) data. based estimates to 1929-37 in the same manner as described for The procedure for estimating medical and other health services several other industries, including trade and hotels. The years (except hospitals) for 1929-37 paralleled that used for the legal 1929-35 were obtained by extrapolation from 1939; the years services industry. First, regional totals were derived by extrapo 1936-37, by interpolation between the resulting 1935 figures and lating 1938 UI-based estimates by the product of (1) number of the 1938 UI-based figures. physicians in major independent practice, and (2) average pay National estimates for the 5 groups for 1933, 1935, and 1939 roll per physician. Series (1) was computed in connection with were allocated by States by data obtained from the Census of the estimates of proprietors’ income, and is described in that Places of Amusements for those years. For other years of the section. Average payroll per physician was based on data col period, with payroll information lacking, estimates for the indi lected in National Income Division questionnaire surveys sum vidual series were filled in either by reference to the census distri marized in the April 1938 and October 1943 S u r v e y o f C u r r e n t butions (straight-line interpolation) or by extending them on the B u s i n e s s . With regard to this regional extrapolation, it should be basis of such indirect data (by States) as professional baseball at noted that physicians’ payrolls comprised about three-fourths of tendance, number of bowling leagues, and value of race track the national total for the medical services industry exclusive of purses. hospitals. The 1929-37 estimates for this industry are rather weak. In Following the derivation of regional totals, the individual State addition to the fact that direct payroll information is wholly lack estimates for 1938 were extended year-by-year back to 1929 ac ing except for that provided in censuses, the census data them cording to the relative changes shown by proprietors’ income in selves were subject to the difficulties of enumeration and classifi the medical services industry. The resulting figures were then cation that are present in this area. corrected to agree with the regional totals, which in turn had been adjusted to the independent national estimate for this 29. For 1934, 1936, and 1938, this procedure was equivalent to interpo component. lating each State by payrolls in California (from the Labor Market Bulletin of the California Division of Labor Statistics and Law Enforcement). The California series, making up over 90 percent of the total, was used for Hospitals interpolation in the national estimates of motion picture production payrolls for these years. State estimates of wages and salaries of privately controlled 30. Use of 1939, instead of 1938, as a base for extrapolation is explained hospitals are prepared separately for payments in cash and in in the notes on several industries, e. g., those on “services allied to trans kind. Comprehensive data on cash payrolls, making up 75-80 portation.” percent of the total nationally, are available for all years begin- PERSONAL INCOME, BY STATES, SINCE 192 9 ning with 1945 from the American Hospital Association, and for 1935 from the Census of Hospitals for that year. Information by States on the value of maintenance furnished employees is limited to that provided in the 1935 census. Data presented in the American Hospital Directory (called H ospitals in recent years) have supplied the basis for an accurate State distribution of hospital cash payrolls for every year begin ning with 1945. The AHA data are obtained directly from the hospitals in an annual questionnaire survey. In the AHA classification, “geneial and special short-term hospitals” account for about 95 percent of the total cash payroll of private hospitals. Each year the number of short-term hospitals is shown by States in the AHA report, together with such items as “average daily patient census” and “average payroll cost per patient-day.” These data permit the ready computation of a State distribution of wages and salaries. The same types of information are reported also for “long-term” hospitals, but cannot be used for our purposes because they include government as well as private hospitals. Payrolls of private long-term hospitals were therefore estimated directly from detailed information provided in the AHA reports for individual hospitals in each State. Cash payrolls in 1935 were derived from unpublished data collected by the U. S. Public Health Service in conducting the 1935 Business Census of Hospitals. The Public Health Service also furnished unpublished sample information for one month permitting the computation of State ratios of the value of main tenance to total cash payroll. In the absence of additional in formation of this type, value of maintenance by States has been estimated for all years since 1929 by applying these 1935 ratios to cash wages and salaries (with adjustment of the resulting figures to the independent national estimate for this item). Cash payrolls for other years of the period—1929-34 and 193644—were estimated through interpolation and extrapolation on the basis of AMA State data on the number of patients in regis tered nongovernmental hospitals. Nonregistered hospitals, it may be added, account for an extremely small fraction of the total. It was possible to make a rough check of the hospital estimates for 1940. This was done by multiplying the number of private wage and salary workers in the medical services industry reported in the 1940 Census of Population by the average annual earnings of employees in this industry covered by social security laws, and then subtracting the nonhospital segment of the industry as computed from UI-OASI data. This residual State series agreed satisfactorily with the estimates based on interpolation by number of patients. The principal limitation of this check stemmed from the fact that the scope of the UI-OASI average earnings data with respect to hospitals was restricted to proprietary hospitals plus the appreciable, though substantially incomplete, portion of private nonprofit hospitals electing voluntary coverage under the UI laws. Commercial and trade schools and employment agencies This payroll item is quite small, amounting to only $15—$33 million a year on a national basis in the 1929-37 period. State 375115 0 — 5 7 ------ - 7 91 distributions for this period were based on materials from a number of sources. These included the U. S. Office of Education (number of teachers and administrative employees of commercial schools, 1929 and 1933); the National Home Study Council (employment in correspondence schools, 1933); the National Income Division (special questionnaire surveys on total employ ment and employee average earnings of commercial and corre spondence schools, 1929-37); and the Census of Business (payrolls of employment agencies, 1935 and 1939). Private educational services, n. e. c. The only comprehensive data by States relating to wage and salary disbursements in private education are those contained in the 1940 and 1950 Census of Population. From this source, State distributions of cash payroll were prepared for the 2 years. To these were added rough estimates of pay in kind received by teachers in Catholic schools. Estimates for private educational services for other years of the 1929-55 period were derived by interpolating and extra polating the 1940 and 1950 benchmark distributions by a series derived as the sum of (1) higher education, (2) elementary edu cation, (3) secondary education, and (4) a remaining miscel laneous category of agencies (as measured in the 1939-55 period by payrolls reported for social security purposes). Components (2) and (3) were estimated separately for Catholic and other private schools. Cash payrolls in 1940 and 1950 were derived by allocating national totals by the product of number of wage and salary workers in private education in each State (reported in the popu lation census) and the estimated average income of all persons employed in the industry (self-employed as well as wage earners). The State estimates of average income were computed for 1950 from census data showing the frequency distribution of persons by size of total income. They were extended to 1940 by the change in average salaries of “teachers” and “college presidents, professors and instructors,” as computed by States from occupa tional data in the 1940 and 1950 census. The components of the series used to project the 1940 and 1950 benchmarks were pieced together from fragmentary and gen erally inadequate data. The method will be indicated briefly. For higher education, which comprises the bulk of private educational service payrolls, State estimates were prepared for 1930, 1940, and 1950 from information collected by the Office of Education in connection with its biennial surveys. This infor mation consisted of unpublished data for individual schools, with considerable estimation required in deriving aggregates by States. To obtain estimates for other years, the 1930, 1940, and 1950 State distributions were interpolated and extrapolated on the basis of employment. For the 1929-39 period, this consisted of State data from the Office of Education on the number of faculty in private higher education. For the later period, the Bureau of Labor Statistics furnished an employment series that covered nonteaching staff as well as faculty. State distributions for the elementary and secondary school components of the series used to project the 1940 and 1950 benchmarks were prepared generally as the product of employ ment and average pay. For years since 1943, employment data 92 A SUPPLEMENT TO THE SURVEY OF CURRENT BUSINESS have been obtained from the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Prior to that, estimates were prepared from data on number of teachers in Catholic schools furnished biennially by the National Catholic Welfare Conference, and on teachers in nonparochial schools available for scattered years from the Office of Education. Direct information by States on average salaries paid in private elementary and secondary schools is limited to that for Catholic schools in 1929-35 obtained in a special survey of Catholic dioceses made by the National Income Division. Beyond that, it has been generally assumed in preparing the private education series that average salary differentials in public elementary and secondary schools are applicable in a general way to private schools. In addition, some use for this purpose has been made of average salaries by States computed for the portion of the industry covered by the State unemployment insurance laws. The minor segment of private education (presently around 10 percent) coming under the UI laws has been estimated since 1939 according to the general method for “covered” industries. For the earlier period, employment by States was assumed con stant, and th'e State pattern of average pay was varied in accord ance with averages computed for public schools. Engineering and other professional services, n. e. c. Wages and salaries paid in this industry rose from $63 million in 1938 to about $900 million in 1955. The State estimates for this period were based on social security, principally UI, data. The engineering and other professional services industry in the 1929-37 period was one of the smallest (payrolls varying from $34 million to $84 million). In view of this fact, and the paucity of basic data, the State estimates were made by distributing the 1929-37 national totals in accordance with the 1938 pattern. Nonprofit membership organizations, n. e. c. The State payroll estimates for the nonprofit membership organizations industry were pieced together from diverse infor mation, and entailed a complex method. The series is lacking in precision throughout, particularly for the period prior to 1939. The estimates for 1949 were developed very largely from em ployment and income data reported in the 1950 Census of Popu lation. For all other years, they were derived as the sum of separate series for (a) religious organizations, (A) welfare and relief organizations, and (<r) nonprofit membership organizations covered under the social security (including railroad retirement) programs. Each of these phases of the work—the 1949 bench mark and the 3 component annual series—is described below. B e n c h m a r k D i s t r i b u t i o n f o r 1949.—Information provided in the 1950 Census of Population permitted the calculation of a State distribution of the cash pay of employees in the nonprofit membership organizations industry. To this were added esti mates (described below) of the value of income in kind received by employees of religious organizations. The cash payroll distribution was prepared as the product of number of private wage and salary workers (taken directly from the census) and estimated average (mean) income in 1949. The latter factor was computed State by State from data showing number employed in the industry classified by size of income. Although the resulting averages referred to all employed persons, this limitation was doubtless minor since the categories other than private wage and salary workers made up only 7 percent of the total for the country as a whole. Another limitation, also pre sumably minor, was the necessity of assuming that State differ entials in average total income reflected differentials in average wages and salaries. R e l i g i o u s O r g a n i z a t i o n s . —As already indicated, the wages and salaries of religious organizations (45 percent of the total for the industry as a whole in 1950) cover both cash pay and income in kind. Benchmark estimates of cash wages and salaries were prepared for 1926 and 1936 from the Census of Religious Bodies for those years. The 1936 census provided direct data by States that required only minor adjustment for nonreporting churches. The 1926 distribution was secured by extrapolating the 1936 data, separately for Catholic and other, by current expenditures (adjusted for nonreporting churches) shown in the 2 censuses. Benchmark distributions of cash pay were prepared also for 1939 and 1949 (the latter a first approximation subsequently ad justed as described in the next paragraph), separately for clergy men and other employees. Number of clergymen by States is re ported in the 1940 and 1950 Census of Population. This was multiplied by average (mean) income computed for each State from census data on the frequency distribution of number of clergymen by detailed size-of-income classes. Cash pay of em ployees other than clergymen—nearly two-fifths of the cash total nationally—was based on State-by-State relationships computed from the 1936 Census of Religious Bodies. The adjustment of the 1949 distribution of the cash pay of re ligious organizations stemmed from a procedure to break down the 1949 benchmark State estimates for the nonprofit membership organizations industry as a whole into separate estimates for re ligious organizations, welfare and relief agencies, and organiza tions covered under the social security laws. In making this ad justment, the first step was to deduct from the total-industry estimates the 1949 distribution of “covered” wages and salaries based on UI, OASI, and Railroad Retirement Board data, as explained below. The residual represented the payrolls of re ligious organizations and welfare and relief agencies combined. For each State, it was subdivided into these 2 components on the basis of preliminary, independent estimates. The religious or ganizations component for 1949 was estimated as described above. The other was obtained by extrapolation from 1939 by payroll changes in “covered” nonprofit organizations, with adjustment of the State figures, of course, to the 1949 national estimate for welfare and relief agencies. Bearing significantly on the reliabil ity of the whole procedure was the fact that there was fairly good agreement between the sum of these preliminary distributions and the one secured as a residual. Next, the benchmark distributions of religious organization cash payrolls for 1926, 1936, and 1939 were interpolated to ob tain State estimates for 1929-35 and 1937-38. The interpola tions were based on number of clergymen in each State, sepa 93 PERSONAL INCOME, BY STATES, SINCE 192 9 rately for Catholic and other organizations.31 For purpose of the interpolation between 1936 and 1939, it was necessary to split 1939 total cash payrolls between Catholic and other. This was done for each State on the basis of extrapolations from 1936 by number of clergymen. For 1929-39 and 1949, income in kind was estimated separately by States and added to cash wages and salaries. The rental value of parsonages was assumed to be 10 percent of their value, as re ported in the 1926 and 1936 Census of Religious Bodies. These distributions were interpolated and extrapolated by the cash pay roll series to derive estimates for 1929-35, 1937-39, and 1949. The value of board received by Catholic clergymen was allocated by States for 1929-39 and 1949 according to the number of Catholic clergymen. On a national basis, these 2 items of pay in kind have averaged about 15 percent of all wages and salaries disbursed by religious organizations. At this stage, then, State estimates of total religious payroll (cash and in kind) were available for 1929-39 and 1949. To secure estimates for 1940-48 and 1950-55, the 1939 and 1949 estimates were interpolated and extrapolated by total civilian population by States. W e l f a r e a n d R e l i e f O r g a n i z a t i o n s . —Such agencies account for about one-tenth of the total wages and salaries of nonprofit membership organizations. Data for preparing State break downs of this payroll item are sparse. A benchmark distribution was derived for 1935 from data re ported in the Census of Nonprofit Organizations, Office Buildings, and Miscellaneous. These data included “welfare and relief organizations,” YMCA, YWCA, Boy Scouts, Girl Scouts, Boys’ Clubs, and Girls’ Clubs. Another State distribution was prepared for 1939 as the product of (1) employment, derived by extrapolating 1935 census-based figures by changes in population, and (2) average earnings, com puted from data for “social and welfare workers” collected in the 1940 Census of Population. These data showed a frequency dis tribution of number of social and welfare workers by detailed wage-and-salary classes. They covered government as well as private workers. A third State allocation of wages and salaries paid out by wel fare and relief agencies was made for 1949. As just described in connection with religious organizations, it was part of a procedure to obtain at least rough weights, by States, for the 3 components of total payrolls in the nonprofit organizations industry. The State estimates for welfare and relief agencies derived for 1935, 1939, and 1949 were extended to other years by indirect measures. For the period 1929-39, the interpolating and extra polating series was the States’ total population; for the later period, the series used for this purpose was payrolls of “covered” nonprofit organizations, the description of which follows. “ C o v e r e d ” N o n p r o f i t M e m b e r s h i p O r g a n i z a t i o n s . —Payroll estimates by States of nonprofit organizations covered under the 31. Number of Catholic clergymen is from the Official Catholic Directory. For other clergy, an index was prepared from the published data available for specific denominations. These included Northern Baptist, Southern Baptist, Congregational-Christian, Methodist, Episcopal, and Protestant Episcopal, and comprised about half the total on a national basis. social security and railroad retirement programs have been pre pared annually for the period since 1938. On a national basis, such payrolls formed 45 percent of the total for nonprofit mem bership organizations in 1950. State UI data vary somewhat in coverage of nonprofit organi zations. Comparison of UI payrolls (adjusted to include small firms) with OASI payrolls has provided a means of measuring such organizations uniformly on a Social Security Act coverage basis. For those States in which OASI data differed from (were higher than) UI data, the latter were adjusted upward on the basis of payroll comparisons available for 1938 and the first quarters of 1945-49 and 1951. Nonprofit associations covered by the Railroad Retirement Act but not by the UI and OASI laws have been estimated separately. For the period beginning with 1944, this component has been allocated by States according to the taxable payrolls of such associations. These were compiled from detailed information secured biennially from the Railroad Retirement Board, showing the name, location, and taxable payroll of each association. Estimates for 1938-43 were obtained by extrapolating the 1944 figures by railroad payrolls. The portion of the nonprofit membership organization industry covered by social security and railroad retirement laws was esti mated for the years 1929-37 simply by extrapolating the 1938 estimates by changes in total population by States. The 1935 Census of Nonprofit Organizations, Office Buildings, and Miscellaneous provided State payroll data, by type of organization, comprising about two-thirds of the estimated national total. But since the degree of coverage for individual States was not known and evidently was not uniform, the census data could not be used in the estimates. GOVERNMENT Wage and salary disbursements by all levels of American gov ernment to residents of the States totaled $33 billion in 1955. This figure directly accounted for 16 percent of total payrolls in the Nation. It formed 11 percent of all personal income. This was approximately double the 1929 percentage, chiefly because of the expansion in national defense expenditures over the period. Obviously, the adequacy of the government payroll component has considerable bearing on the quality of the State personal income estimates. Payments to civilian employees comprised nearly all of total government payrolls in the prewar period, around one-half during the war years, and about three-fourths in the recent period. The statistical basis for estimating these payments since 1929 has been generally quite good, despite variations within the period in the relative accuracy of the Federal and State and local segments. Apart from dependency allotments, for which some direct State data have been available, military payroll disbursements have been estimated by allocation of national totals on the basis of the number of personnel stationed in each State. While the 94 A SUPPLEMENT TO THE SURVEY OF CURRENT BUSINESS lack of payroll data by States is a significant limitation, the basis of allocation in this case is reasonably satisfactory. More over, in order to limit the effects of this data lack, the allocation procedure has been carried through in a detailed fashion (for the individual armed services, separately for officers and enlisted men). Exhibit 4 .— G overn m en t W age a n d S a la ry Di$bursements, and 19SS 1929, 1940, [Millions of dollars] 1955 1929 1940 F ed eral G overn m en t............................................... 1 ,2 8 9 3, 904 17, 239 Civilian, except work relief........................ Military......................................................... 1,064 225 1, 884 441 1, 579 9, 744 7, 495 S tate and local govern m en ts.............................. 3 ,5 4 4 4, 354 15, 972 Public education........................................... Nonschool, except work relief.................... 1, 563 1, 981 1,772 2, 572 10 6, 905 9, 067 Total govern m en t...................................... 4, 833 8 ,2 5 8 33, 211 As described below, the State estimates of government wages and salaries were prepared for each of the components shown for selected years in E x h ib it 4. Federal Civilian Except Work-Relief State estimates of wages and salaries paid to civilian employees of the Federal Government are estimated separately for the execu tive, legislative, and judicial branches. The last 2 account for only a small fraction of the Government’s civilian payrolls. For all executive agencies except the Post Office, State payroll distributions were derived for 1937-39, 1941, and 1949-55 on the basis of wage and salary data collected from each agency by the U. S. Civil Service Commission. Estimates for 1940 and 1942-48 were filled in by interpolation of the benchmark figures by State employment data. For years prior to 1937, the State payroll esti mates represent the 1937 geographic distribution modified to reflect changes in the agency composition of the Federal civil executive payroll. Wages and salaries paid to employees of the Post Office Depart ment were derived for the entire period 1929-55 from published State data in annual reports of the Postmaster General, as supple mented principally by special tabulations furnished by the Post Office Department. As noted earlier, Federal payroll disbursements to citizens of the continental United States employed abroad in a civilian capacity are excluded from State personal income. In national personal income a separate estimate is made of this item and, con sequently, it can be excluded from the State series without esti mation. Civil executive (excluding Post Office) This section is organized into time periods for which the sources and methods used in preparing the estimates are homogeneous. 1949-55.—Wages and salaries received by civilian employees of the Federal civil executive service have been estimated for years since 1949 from State payroll tabulations prepared by the various independent agencies and departments. These tabulations are collected by the Civil Service Commission and transmitted to the National Income Division. Summarization of the agency reports provides an accurate State distribution of Federal civil executive payrolls. For the most part, these reports are tabulations of civilian pay rolls according to the amounts shown on Federal income tax with holding reports (W-2’s). The payroll figures cover disburse ments during the calendar year and are classified by State of residence of the employees as indicated on the W-2’s. In certain instances the agencies compile their State payrolls from aggregate disbursement records rather than from compilations of W-2’s. This method is used only where the disbursing office is located a substantial distance from State boundaries, so that it can be as sumed that employees paid from that office reside within the State. 1937-39 a n d 1941.—Wage and salary disbursements by States in December of each year 1936—39 and in June 1941 were re ported to the Civil Service Commission by individual agencies of the civil executive service. The June 1941 summary data by States were used to allocate continental United States payrolls (excluding Post Office) in calendar year 1941, while the similar totals for 1937, 1938, and 1939 were allocated by the sum of suc cessive December distributions. 1940 a n d 1942-48.—Estimates for the years between the 1949 W-2 benchmark and the earlier distributions were derived by interpolation on the basis of employment by State in the Federal civil executive service (excluding the Post Office). The interpo lating series was prepared as the sum of separate estimates for the Army, Navy, Veterans’ Administration, and all other agencies combined. These estimates were made by allocating continental United States payrolls on the basis of employment. For the Army and Navy, the State employment distributions were com puted from quarterly or monthly data. In the other instances, a distribution for a single month was used to represent the year.32 The estimates for 1940 and 1942-48 obtained by this interpola tion procedure are fairly reliable. This belief stems from the fact that the “overlap” State distributions for 1939, 1941, and 1949 that were developed for the interpolation agreed satisfactorily with those based on the agencies’ payroll records. 1929-36.—The 1937 State figures (excluding the Post Office) were extrapolated to 1929 by a series built up from separate esti mates for individual agencies. Although account was taken of available agency payroll data in preparing the extrapolating series, these were rather scanty. The estimates comprising this series were based mainly on the State payroll distributions re ported for December 1937 to the Civil Service Commission. That is, national totals of wages and salaries for the individual agencies actually functioning in those prior years were allocated 32. A significant exception to this general method can be noted for the Washington metropolitan area, for which an annual record of Federal civil executive payroll disbursements was available from the Civil Service Com mission for the years 1941-48. As explained in the concluding note on “residence adjustments”, it was necessary to break down the area totals into amounts received by residents of the District of Columbia, Maryland and Virginia. PERSONAL INCOME, BY STATES, SINCE 102 9 by States according to the pattern shown for December 1937. The December 1936 data (noted above) could not be used for this purpose as they were not available for individual agencies. Post Office Department As mentioned earlier, State estimates of wage and salary dis bursements by the Post Office Department are based largely on data published in annual reports of that agency. For the period 1929-38, State tabulations on a fiscal-year basis were made of (1) compensation of postmasters, (2) pay for city delivery service, and (3) payments to rural carriers. The third item included expenditures for nonwage items. These were eliminated by reducing payments to rural carriers in the States by a constant proportion, based on information provided by the Post Office Department. To these items were added State estimates of wage and salary disbursements to special delivery messengers, railway clerks, and postal inspectors. These were derived from unpublished, frag mentary information furnished by the Post Office Department and the Comptroller General of the United States. The several wage and salary series were summed and successive fiscal years averaged to obtain calendar year State distributions, which were used to allocate national totals for the years 1929 to 1938. For the period 1939 forward, the same general procedure was followed as for earlier years. However, the content of the summary distributing series was changed somewhat in light of the available data situation. Comparison of estimates for 1939 prepared by both methods indicated that the distributing series used for 1929-38 was directly comparable to that used for later years; consequently, no “linking-on”, or adjustment of one series to the other, was necessary. The Post Office Department has accounted for a large, though generally diminishing, proportion of payrolls in the Federal civil executive service. With reference to E xh ib it 4, this proportion was 54 percent in 1929, 33 percent in 1940, and 22 percent in 1955. In assessing the State estimates of Post Office payrolls, it should be noted that the figures used in the allocating series represent to a very large degree reported wage and salary disbursements. This reliability was perhaps of most significance for the years 1929-36. It was for that period that the Post Office segment of Federal civil executive payrolls was relatively the largest, and the remaining segment statistically weak. 95 dependents residing within each State, regardless of the geo graphic station of the allottor. Disbursements made to either military personnel or their dependents located outside the con tinental United States are thus excluded from the State estimates. The allocation of military payroll by States requires special breakdowns for the country as a whole of the military series included in the national income accounts. The national series, as derived from data furnished by the various armed services, measure the gross earnings (without deductions of any kind) of military personnel stationed both in this country and abroad. The breakdowns involved, prepared separately for the Army, Navy, Air Force, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard, are as follows: (1) Allotments received by military dependents residing within the continental United States; (2) allotments received by military dependents residing abroad; (3) military net pay received abroad—the gross earnings of personnel stationed outside the continental United States less allotments sent to their dependents; and (4) military net pay received by members of the armed forces located in the continental United States. Items (1) and (4) are included in State personal income, while items (2) and (3) are excluded. For the period 1929-41, the State allocation of military dis bursements was not made separately for net pay and allotments. The total gross pay included in the national accounts was di vided between (1) the continental United States and (2) abroad according to the proportions of personnel so stationed, and the resulting estimates for (1) were distributed by States also accord ing to the location of personnel. While the procedure ignored dependency allotments, it should be noted that these were quite small and that dependents of military personnel generally resided on or near the station of the serviceman. Derivation of the continental United States totals of military payroll disbursements is described below, separately for the vari ous items involved. After that, attention is turned to the method of breaking down these totals by States. Allotments to dependents National totals of allotments of pay to dependents were ob tained from each of the armed services on an annual basis begin ning with calendar year 1942. In some instances, the reported annual figures included savings bonds, insurance, or other items not related to dependency. Such nondependency allot ments were eliminated, usually on the basis of periodic special data provided by the services. The adjustments involved amounts ranging from a negligible proportion to a maximum Military of 10 percent of total dependency allotments. For the years 1942-45, the national totals of dependency allot State military payroll disbursements for years since 1942 are the sum of: (1) Total military pay (cash and in kind) earned by ments were allocated into the portion received in the continental personnel stationed within each State less amounts withheld by United States and that received abroad on the basis of Army the Government and disbursed to their dependents in the form data for 1944 and 1945. Since 1952, the division has been re of allotments of pay33; and (2) allotments received by military ported by the Army and Navy and estimated for other services on the basis of relationships derived from these reported figures. 33. In addition to regular types of voluntary allotments to dependents, Estimates for 1946-51 were derived by interpolation of the 1945 this item includes both the servicemen’s and Government’s contributions to and 1952 breakdowns. During the war years the portion of “family allowance” payments made to dependents of enlisted men under the Serviceman’s Dependents Allowance Act which operated from late dependency allotments allocated overseas was less than 2 percent; currently, it is somewhat less than 5 percent. 1942 until late 1949. 96 A SUPPLEMENT TO THE SURVEY OF CURRENT BUSINESS Military net pay received overseas Direct data on military net pay received abroad (or on de pendency allotments made by persons stationed abroad) are not available. Therefore, the amount of overseas net pay had to be estimated for all years from 1942 forward. The basic data available from service records on overseas pay ments to personnel refer to cash expenditures after all deductions (both for allotments of pay regardless of type and, since 1949, the portion of pay withheld as Federal income taxes).34 Given this data situation, there were 2 statistical problems: (1) To fill in by estimation gaps in reported figures on overseas cash payroll expenditures, so as to obtain an annual series for each service covering the 1942-55 period, and (2) to adjust this series to our concept by adding back estimated deductions not going to indi viduals, as well as the withheld income taxes. (1) Following is a brief description of the basic data on cash payroll expenditures overseas (net of deductions and taxes) that were available for the years 1942-55 from the various armed services, and of the procedure used to fill in gaps by estimation. N a v y .—Fiscal year totals of cash expenditures to personnel on ships and at individual overseas stations are published annually by the Department of the Navy. These totals were translated to a calendar year basis by means of quarterly data on number of personnel stationed on ships or abroad. The resulting calendar year totals for “overseas” expenditures were adjusted to r elude the estimated cash expenditures going to Navy personnel on ships assigned to continental United States ports. In line with the population concept adopted a few years ago by the Bureau of the Census, the personnel on such ships are not treated as being stationed outside the continental limits, but instead are classified as “residents” for purposes of the State per sonal income series. The adjustment of expenditures noted above was made accord ing to the proportion that personnel assigned to ships in con tinental United States ports formed of all personnel stationed on ships and at overseas stations. The number of personnel on ships in continental United States ports has been available from Navy reports since 1951. For prior years it was estimated by extending the 1951 figure on the basis of total personnel on ships and at overseas stations. The estimates made in this manner for 1942-45 were reduced one-half, rather arbitrarily, to take account of war time conditions. The error in total naval payroll disbursements occasioned by the lack of data before 1951 on number of persons on ships in United States ports is probably small except for the war years. For the 1944 and 1945 national totals, the range of error on this score might be as much as two or three hundred million dollars. A r m y .—Total cash expenditures to Army personnel outside the continental limits were provided by the Department of the Army for the period from June 1943 to June 1946 and for 1953 and subsequent years. Similar aggregates for other years of the 1942-52 period were derived as the product of the reported num ber of personnel stationed abroad and estimated average cash expenditures per man. The latter factor represented an interpo lation and extrapolation of Army overseas averages (computed for 1943-46 and 1953) by estimates utilizing Navy relationships. These estimates were made by multiplying average cash expendi tures per man for the Army as a whole by the ratio of overseas to servicewide averages for the Navy. A i r F o r c e .—For 1953 and subsequent years, cash personnel expenditures overseas were reported by the Department of the Air Force. The total for 1953 was extended to 1952 by the prod uct of the reported number of Air Force personnel stationed abroad and estimates of their average pay. These estimates were derived on the basis of Navy relationships, in the manner just de scribed for the Army. Prior to 1952, military payroll disburse ments of the Air Force were estimated with those of the Army. M a r i n e C o r p s . —Data on cash expenditures to personnel abroad are not available for the Marines. The totals for 1942-55 were obtained, therefore, as the product of the number of Marines stationed abroad and estimated expenditures per man. The lat ter average was derived by applying Army overseas-to-total rela tionships to the average cash expenditures per man computed from data reported for the entire Marine Corps. C o a s t G u a r d . —The Headquarters of this service provided data on annual cash expenditures per man to its military per sonnel stationed in Hawaii. These figures were assumed to be representative of average personnel expenditures at all overseas stations, and were multiplied by total overseas strength to obtain aggregate cash expenditures overseas. In this connection, it is to be noted that, except for the war years, the bulk of Coast Guard overseas strength has been located in Hawaii. (2) As indicated above, the estimates for 1942-55 of cash ex penditures to overseas personnel required upward adjustment in order to add back nondependency allotments and withheld in come taxes. A separate adjustment factor, generally varying from one-tenth to one-fifth, was calculated for each service on the basis of relationships derived from reported data covering all personnel in the service, not just those stationed abroad. The basic assumption in this connection may be noted: that, while the proportion of total pay allotted to dependents varies consid erably with respect to location of the allottor (overseas versus United States), any variation on this score in the proportion of total pay formed by nondependency allotments is small. Military net cash pay in United States Military net cash pay received by personnel stationed within the continental United States was obtained for the years 1942-55 by subtracting from cash payroll disbursements as included in the national accounts (1) estimated total allotments to dependents (wherever residing) and (2) estimated net cash pay received by personnel stationed abroad. 34. In addition to allotments to dependents, allotments may be made Pay in kind for purposes such as (1) purchase of life insurance (Government and commercial) and war or savings bonds; (2) repayments of loans made by Finally, the allocation of military payroll disbursements by Government agencies, the Red Cross, and military relief societies; and (3) States requires that pay in kind (the value of food and of clothing deposits in savings accounts (Government and commercial). PERSONAL INCOME, BY STATES, SINCE 1929 97 services during the war years, the allotment data reported by the Army were used to allocate total dependency allotments by States for the years 1942-45. For 1953, the Marine Corps made available data on dependency allotments according to State of residence of the recipient. Analysis showed that this distribution was closely similar to a State distributions of military disbursements simple average of the percentage distributions of (1) Marine Separate State allocations for the individual services were made strength by State of duty station, and (2) the civilian population. of continental United States totals of (1) cash pay, (2) pay in This correlation reflected the fact that during peacetime many kind, and (3) allotments received by dependents of military dependents accompany military personnel to their duty stations, personnel. Item (1) was net of dependency allotments for the so that the State pattern of allotment receipts is influenced strongly years 1942-45, and gross of such allotments for the prior period. by the location of military strength. Item (3), therefore, was distributed separately beginning with For the years 1949-55, total allotments to military dependents 1942. in the continental United States were accordingly allocated among the States by the sum of percentage distributions of total C a s h P a y . —The cash pay received by military personnel was strength and civilian population. allocated geographically in accordance with the number of military Estimates for 1946 were derived by extrapolation from 1945 by persons assigned to duty stations within each State. Strength changes the civilian population by States. For 1947 and 1948, distributions by State of station were provided by each service. estimatesinwere first prepared by 2 methods. The 1946 figures For the years prior to World War II, the data referred to June 30 were extrapolated 1947 and 1948 by changes in the civilian of each year. For later years, quarterly or monthly distributions population, and theto 1949 estimates were extrapolated to those were averaged to obtain an annual series. In most instances, years by the combined percentage of civilian popu strength data were provided separately for officers and enlisted lation and military strength. Thedistributions 1947 allotment was men. These data were combined for use in allocation by weight distributed by an average of the 2 estimates, with thetotalformer ing the two categories in accordance with the national average weighted twice and the latter once. For 1948, the allotment total gross pay of officers and of enlisted men. An exception to the preceding general statement must be noted was allocated by an equally weighted average of the 2 estimates. As will be evident, the following assumptions underlay the pro for the Navy and Marine Corps, for which strength data by State cedures for 1946-55: That the wartime geographic pattern of de of station were not available prior to 1940. Accordingly, the pendency allotments continued in effect in 1946; that the peace 1940 State distribution of cash pay for the Navy and Marine time pattern (as evidenced by Marine Corps data for 1953) be Corps combined was extended to 1929 by an annual State series came fully established by 1949; and that there was a progressive on Naval (including Marine Corps) expenditures for pay and shiftover from one pattern to the other during 1947 and 1948. allowances. This series was compiled from Navy publications The State estimates of military dependency allotments may be showing pay and allowance expenditures annually at individual disbursing stations. It could not be used directly in the estimates generally satisfactory despite the paucity of basic data. The allot as the Navy definition of pay and allowances differed from our ment totals were really sizable only during 1944-45 ($6-$7 bil definition of military payroll disbursements. Furthermore, the lion), and the reported Army data for that period provided a Naval disbursing centers were not always restricted by State probably good basis of allocation. For the latter postwar years, boundaries. However, neither of these factors was considered the Marine Corps data, though a thin “sample” of the total mili serious enough to disqualify the expenditure series as an extra- tary, confirmed both “expert opinion” and our own a priori as sumption that the geographic distribution of dependency allot polator. ments reflected in mixed fashion the location of the civilian popu P a y i n K i n d . —Continental United States totals of pay in kind lation and of military strength. for each service were allocated in accordance with the number of enlisted men stationed in each State. In the case of the Navy and Legislative and Judicial Marine Corps, the 1940 State distribution of pay in kind was The bulk of the Federal legislative payroll has been allocated extended to the years 1929-39 by the estimates of cash pay to the Washington, D. C., area, the remainder to the various described above. States. The division, though rough, has been based upon sep arate treatment of the aggregate pay of Members of the Congress, D e p e n d e n c y A l l o t m e n t s . —Information by States on the amounts of allotments received by dependents of military per aggregate allowances to them for clerical and administrative sonnel is rather sparse. The Department of the Army provided staff, and the total pay of all other congressional employees. The portion of total legislative payroll assigned to the Wash State distributions of dependency allotments received from Army personnel for the period from 1943 through mid-1945, based on ington metropolitan area has been distributed among the District mailing addresses recorded in a sampling of allotment checks. of Columbia, Maryland, and Virginia on the basis of residence in Upon examination, these distributions were found to show a good these areas as compiled from the Congressional D irectory. The por correlation with distributions of the civilian population and of tion assigned outside the Washington metropolitan area has been the residence of Army military personnel. Since all sections of the distributed by States in accordance with the “apportionment of country were represented about proportionately in the several congressional representation” in 1930, 1940, and 1950. Each of furnished enlisted personnel) received by persons overseas be estimated and eliminated from the national totals. This break down of the latter estimates was based for each service on the percentages of men (enlisted men in most cases) serving overseas and in the United States. 98 A SUPPLEMENT TO THE SURVEY OF CURRENT BUSINESS these three apportionment series was used for those years in which it was applicable in determining congressional representation. For the judicial branch of the Federal Government, payroll data by States were reported for 1938 by the Civil Service Com mission and for 1954 by the Administrative Office of U. S. Courts. The relative State patterns shown by these data were used for all other years as well. Nationally, the Federal judicial payroll has amounted to a maximum of only $21 million. Federal Work-Relief Federal work-relief payrolls cover the period 1933-43. Listed below are the individual programs, the years in which each oper ated, and payrolls in 1938, the year in which Federal work-relief was largest. Frogram Civilian Conservation Corps...................... Works Projects Administration.................. National Youth Administration: Student work program......................... Out-of-school work program............... Civil Works Administration....................... Other Federal agencies............................... _ In operation 1933-42 1935-43 1935-43 1936-42 1933-34 1935-41 T o ta l................................................................................ 1938 payrolls (millions) $230 1,751 20 41 0 68 2, 110 State data on wages and salaries paid under each program except “other Federal agencies” were obtained for 1938-43 from various issues of the Social Security B ulletin or Social Security Year book, published by the then Social Security Board. National totals for “other Federal agencies” were allocated by States on the basis of combined data for the other work-relief programs. For years prior to 1938, State payroll data for the Civilian Con servation Corps, Works Projects Administration, and Civil Works Administration were obtained from published materials or from special tabulations provided by the Works Projects Ad ministration. In the absence of such information on the 2 pro grams of the National Youth Administration, the 1938 State pay rolls of each were used to allocate national totals for the earlier years. As is evident, State estimates of Federal work-relief wages and salaries are solidly based on data collected as administrative by products by the agencies charged with responsibility for the pro grams. The degree of estimation required was small. State and Local Governments Wages and salaries disbursed by State and local governments were estimated separately for (1) public education, (2) nonschool functions, and (3) work-relief. State estimates for the first 2 components during the 1929-39 period were taken from a special study made by the Department of Labor. Work-relief earnings, confined largely to the period 1933-35, were reported in the statistics of the Federal Emergency Relief Administration, which was the Federal agency responsible for the financing of programs administered by State and local governments. Hence, the estimates of State and local govern ment payrolls for 1929-39 have a firm statistical basis. The State and local government estimates for 1940-55, which are adequate, were based mainly on data of the Bureau of the Census. These data were derived from samples covering usually one or two months of the year, with occasional full-year reporting of public education payrolls. Public education 1929-39.—State estimates of public education payrolls for the earlier years are those prepared from the State, county, and municipal survey conducted by the Department of Labor and published by the Department in E m ploym ent and Payrolls in State and Local Governments, 1929-39. This survey collected data from all State governments and from a comprehensive sample of local governmental units. 1940-45.—State estimates for the years 1940-45 were derived by interpolating the 1939 figures and a 1946 benchmark distribu tion (described below) by a series constructed from school-year expenditures for public education published by the U. S. Office of Education. The interpolating series was comprised of 2 components: ele mentary and secondary education and higher education. Esti mates were prepared for even-numbered years of the period 1938-46, and the intervening years were filled in by straight-line interpolation. Wages and salaries paid in public elementary and secondary schools in 1938, 1942, 1944, and 1946 were compiled from Office of Education data published in the B iennial Survey o f E ducation. For all States, total salaries of the instructional staff, comprising about 85 percent of all wages and salaries in public elementary and secondary education, were available. For most States, wages and salaries paid other employee groups could also be obtained from the biennial survey. For others, some estimation was required because wages and salaries for numerically minor groups were combined with nonsalary expenditures. Payrolls in public elementary and secondary schools in 1940 were obtained by interpolating the 1938 and 1942 State distributions by in structional staff salaries, the only payroll data shown in the biennial survey covering 1940. For purpose of the 1939-46 interpolating series, wages and salaries in public higher education by States were estimated by projecting a 1938 distribution by instructional staff salaries reported in the biennial survey for even-numbered years from 1938 to 1946. The 1938 State distribution which served as a bench mark was derived from a special wage and salary schedule col lected for the National Income Division by the Office of Educa tion in conjunction with its regular biennial survey. 1946-55.—Beginning with 1946, the Bureau of the Census has collected State data on State and local government payrolls for public education in one or more months of each year with the exception of 1951. For both 1949 and 1950, the census survey covered total payrolls for the entire school year. A benchmark distribution of State and local government school payrolls in 1946 was derived by allocating the national total for that year by the sum of census figures reported for April, June, and October of 1946 and January of 1947. Comparable State estimates for 1949 were made by distributing the national total for that year by the combined data for school years 1949 and 1950 reported by the Census Bureau. PERSONAL INCOME, BY STATES, SINCE 1929 State estimates of public education payrolls for 1947-48, 1950, and 1952-55 were developed by interpolating and extrapolating the 1946 and 1949 distributions by a State series based on the Census Bureau’s monthly samples—covering April and October in 1946 and 1947 and October in subsequent years. In the absence of data for 1951, estimates were derived by straight-line interpolation of the 1950 and 1952 distributions. Nonschool (excluding work-relief) Nonschool payrolls of State and local governments for the period 1929-39 were taken from the Department of Labor study noted above. For years since 1940, this component is based on sample data collected by the Bureau of the Census. The 1941 national estimate of State and local nonschool wages and salaries was allocated by States according to the combined total of census-reported payrolls in this category for January of 1941 and 1942. Census data provided the basis of allocations for 1946 and 1947 also. For the former, the sum of figures for April, July, and October of 1946 and January of 1947 was used. The 1947 allocation was based on data for January, April, and Octo ber of that year. State estimates of nonschool payrolls for 1940 resulted from interpolation of the 1939 and 1941 benchmarks by a series pieced together from State, city, and minor civil division payroll data collected bv the Bureau of the Census and collateral information gathered by the National Income Division through a mail survey. Estimates for 1944 and 1945 were obtained by extending the 1946 distribution by Census Bureau figures on payrolls in April of each year 1944 to 1946. Straight-line interpolation between 1941 and 1944 yielded estimates for 1942 and 1943. State estimates of nonschool payrolls for 1948 and subsequent years were derived by extrapolating the 1947 State distribution by census data. These were collected for October of each year except 1951. For that year, the distributions estimated for 1950 and 1952 were averaged. 99 “Work relief” disbursements were estimated for (1) relief work ers, and (2) nonrelief workers employed on work relief projects. State data for the first component were shown by months from July 1933 to December 1935 in the FERA report. These pro vided annual State totals for 1934 and 1935. The July 1933 State figures were used to allocate the national total of relief workers’ earnings in the first 6 months of 1933; and the December 1935 figures were assumed to represent the pattern for 1936-42 during which period the total amount disbursed was only $44 million. Earnings of nonrelief workers on the “work-relief” projects— $210 million in 1935—were obtained for 1934 from the Division of Statistics of the Works Projects Administration, and for 1935 from the FERA F in a l S ta tistica l R eport. The national total for 1933 (the program began in July of that year) was allocated by the 1934 State data; the totals for 1936-38, when the program fell off sharply, by the 1935 data. The emergency education program was in operation during 1933-35. The FERA report provided figures on employee earn ings by States (inclusive of a minor amount of nonwage pay ments) for 1934 and 1935 combined. To derive allocators for these 2 years, these individual State totals were broken down on the basis of employment, also provided in that report. An allo cator of this item for 1933 was obtained as the product of employ ment in that year and average earnings computed for 1934 and 1935. State estimates of work relief paid out under the college student aid program (1934 and 1935) were prepared in the same manner as for the emergency education program. National totals of transient relief earnings were allocated by States in accordance with the distribution of total obligations in curred by the program over its 5-year period of operation (1933 37). The obligations data were published in the FERA report. The payroll totals for this program ranged from $5 million to $40 million a year. Work-relief State and local government work-relief in the period 1933-42 covered programs financed under the Federal Emergency Relief Administration, or successors to those programs. The estimates of amounts disbursed to persons employed were based directly on payroll information published in the F in a l S tatistical R eport o f the Federal Em ergency R e lie f A dm inistration, except for the WPA data referred to below on earnings of nonrelief workers on relief proj ects. Because State data for the pre-FERA period, 1930-32, were practically nonexistent and because the amounts involved were small, ranging from $4 million to $92 million, the 1933 State distribution of total work-relief earnings under State and local government programs was used to allocate the national totals for those earlier years. Separate State estimates of work-relief were made for each of the State and local government programs listed below. Program Work relief.................................................................................. Emergency education................................................................ College student aid.................................................................... Transient relief...................................... Earnings disbursed in 1935 (millions) 725 19 7 40 OTHER INDUSTRIES This last category of wages and salaries consists of four in dustries: Agricultural and similar service establishments, For estry, Fisheries, and Rest of the world. These industries are quite small, and the data for estimating their State distributions not very satisfactory. Together, they totaled only $318 million in 1950, or one-fifth of 1 percent of all wage and salary disbursements in the Nation. The agricultural services item comprises about half of this mis cellaneous category. Social security data—UI supplemented by OASI for small firms not covered by the State laws—have been used to distribute agricultural service payrolls by States beginning with 1943. These data have accounted for roughly two-thirds of the estimated total payroll in the industry. Estimates for other years are extrapolations based on miscellaneous farm production expenses, as calculated in connection with the State estimates of net income of farm proprietors. 100 A SUPPLEMENT TO THE SURVEY OP CURRENT BUSINESS For the forestry and fisheries industries, State allocations of national totals were computed for 1939 and 1949 from various census data. These were not suitable for our purpose in several respects, and considerable estimation was required. The 1939 and 1949 forestry and fishery benchmarks were de rived as the product of (a) number of private wage and salary workers (from the Census of Population), and (b ) estimated average earnings. The latter factor was not comparable in scope to the employment figures. For 1939, it was necessary to com pute it from data in the Census of Population showing by States the distribution of persons by size of wage and salary income in selected occupations (such as “fishermen and oystermen”), sup plemented by payrolls and employment for turpentine and rosin production (the largest segment of forestry) from the 1937 and 1939 Census of Manufactures. For 1949, the average earnings differentials by States for forestry and fisheries were computed from Census of Population data which referred to the distribution of all persons employed in these industries (not just private wage and salary workers) by size of their total income. The State distributions obtained for 1939 and 1949 were ex tended to other years by a variety of information, mostly indirect. The principal data (by States) used for interpolation and extra polation referred to the production of turpentine and rosin, from the Bureau of the Census and from the Bureau of Agricultural Chemistry and Engineering qf the Department of Agriculture; and the annual value of the catch, from the Bureau of Fisheries of the Department of Interior. The “rest of the world” component of wages and salaries repre* sents payments received by United States residents in this country from international organizations (such as U. N.) and foreign governments. The item is trivial in magnitude, varying from $1 million to $25 million per year since 1929. Geographically, the bulk of “rest of the world” payrolls is as signed to New York and the District of Columbia, as based partly on reported information and partly on informal estimates. The remainder is allocated by States according to the number of employees at consulates, reported by the Department of State. ADJUSTMENTS FOR RESIDENCE The State estimates of wages and salaries are derived largely from tabulations of reports by business establishments. The basic data are thus classified geographically according to the State in which employees work. For most States, as already noted in Part II, the estimates incorporating these data are taken as a numerically equivalent measure to wages and salaries re ceived by residents. Adjustments were made, however, for 14 States and the District of Columbia to convert the initial estimates fully to a “where received” basis. In relation to total personal income, these adjustments were of minor magnitude except for the District of Columbia. In some instances, the “residence adjustments” affected only a particular industrial category of wages and salaries, such as government or contract construction. More often, however, the adjustments were made initially for private industry payrolls as a whole. For purpose of tables 4-70, in the absence of data on commuters’ earnings by industry the total adjustment in such cases was allocated proportionately among the industries. More specifically, the amount of private wages and salaries transferred from the State “where paid” to the State “where received” was distributed industrially according to the pattern of private wages and salaries in the former State. Tables 71-78, which show State and regional breakdowns of manufacturing wages and salaries for approximately 20 types of manufactures, do not incorporate such residence adjustments. Partly because the strain imposed by lack of data was considered too great, and also because these tables are intended primarily for studying the structure, or composition, of manufacturing located in the various States rather than the source patterns of their personal income, the data in-these latter tables are recorded for all States on a “where paid” basis. The residence adjustments for the 15 areas are not at all precise. The statistical data obtainable for the purpose generally were of a piecemeal variety and, as indicated, not available by industry. District of Columbia, Maryland, and Virginia Adjustments for the District of Columbia, Maryland, and Virginia were made because of employee commuting in the Washington metropolitan area. Separate treatment was accorded payrolls of private industry and of government. P r i v a t e . —Currently, about two-fifths of private payroll dis bursements in the District of Columbia is transferred to Mary land and Virginia. In 1929, the comparable figure was onetenth. These adjustments represent the estimated amounts re ceived by residents of Maryland and Virginia employed in the District of Columbia less amounts received by residents of the District employed in either of the 2 adjoining States. The key information for estimating these transfers consisted of special, unpublished data for 1947 furnished by the Bureau of the Census. These were collected by Census in a sample survey conducted for the (then) National Capital Park and Planning Commission. The survey data showed the wages and salaries received in 1947 by private employees in the Washington metropolitan area classi fied according to both place of work and place of residence. From this information, 1947 wage and salary earnings were com puted for 5 groups: Persons working in the District of Columbia and living in (1) the District of Columbia, (2) Maryland, and (3) Virginia; and persons living in the District of Columbia and working in (4) Maryland and (5) Virginia. Items 1-3 were of the same scope as the National Income Division estimate of pri vate industry payrolls disbursed in the District of Columbia. Items 4 and 5 represented earnings included in our similar private industry estimates for Maryland and Virginia. These latter items were substantially smaller than items 2 and 3. Percentages computed from the census survey data were used to adjust our 1947 estimates of private wages and salaries in the District of Columbia, Maryland, and Virginia to an employee- PERSONAL INCOME, BY STATES, SINCE 1929 residence basis.356*3 To compute these percentages, the amounts assignable to residents of the District of Columbia (the sum of items 1, 4, and 5), to residents of Maryland (2 minus 4), and to residents of Virginia (3 minus 5), were each expressed as a per centage of total private payroll disbursements in the District (the sum of items 1, 2, and 3). Next, the three-way percentage breakdown of private payroll disbursements in the District of Columbia in 1947 was extrapo lated to 1940 and to 1950 by a series showing the percentage of all private industry employees in the Washington area living in the District of Columbia, Maryland, and Virginia in 1940, 1947, and 1950. The 1940 and 1950 distributions were computed from the Census of Population, while that for 1947 was derived from the census sample survey. These benchmark residence adjustments—the percentages of private wage and salary disbursements in the District of Colum bia assignable to the District, Maryland, and Virginia—were ex tended to other years of the 1929-55 period by the metropolitan area percentage distributions of Federal civilian payrolls described below. F e d e r a l C i v i l i a n . —As noted above under “Government”, civilian payrolls of the Federal civil executive service have been estimated for the District of Columbia (and the States) since 1949 from W-2 (income tax) tabulations, which classify employees by residence. From 1929 to 1948, however, the basic data required first the estimation of disbursements by Federal agencies in the Washington metropolitan area, and then the allocation of these area totals to residents of Washington, D. C., Maryland, and Virginia.39 Benchmark estimates for this allocation were prepared for 1949 from tabulations of the W-2 reports of agencies located in the Washington metropolitan area. Estimates for 1930 and 1940 were derived largely from the Census of Population. The num ber of government civilian employees living in the District of Columbia and in the surrounding Maryland and Virginia coun ties as shown in the census were adjusted to exclude State and local government employees, by means of unpublished data pro vided by the Census Bureau. The census-based employment dis tributions were weighted in accordance with rough estimates of average salaries in 1940 earned in the District of Columbia by residents of the District, Maryland, and Virginia. These aver ages were based upon a sampling of the District of Columbia City Directory. The directory provided the name, residence address, and position classification of Federal employees. Distributions of Federal civilian payrolls within the Washington metropolitan area were obtained for 1929 and 1931-39 by inter polating and extrapolating the 1930 and 1940 benchmarks by total population. As population estimates were available for the 35. Strictly speaking, the aggregate adjusted was private wages and salaries exclusive of a few relatively minor components, such as private households and private educational services, that were estimated directly on a residence basis. 36. In 1929, the payroll of Federal civil executive agencies in the Wash ington metropolitan area totaled $144 million. Of this, $122 million was assigned to the District of Columbia, $12 million to Maryland, and $10 million to Virginia. For 1948, the comparable 4 figures (in millions) were 724, 484, 115, and 125. 101 District of Columbia (from the Census Bureau) and for the Mary land and Virginia areas combined (from the Washington Board of Trade), a two-way breakdown of the area was first made. The amount allocated to the suburbs was then apportioned be tween Maryland and Virginia by straight-line interpolation of the 1930 and 1940 percentages. Distributions of Federal civilian payrolls in the Washington metropolitan area for the years 1941-48 were derived by inter polation of the 1940 and 1949 figures by annual estimates of the school populations of the District of Columbia and of the Mary land and Virginia portions of the area. These estimates were furnished by the Bureau of the Census. M i l i t a r y . —Military net pay is estimated in the first instance for personnel assigned to duty installations in an area roughly coterminous with the Washington metropolitan area. The total is then distributed, according to residence of personnel, to the District of Columbia and to the adjacent areas of Maryland and Virginia. It may be noted that the second portion of military payroll disbursements—allotments to military dependents—is estimated directly on a “where received” basis and requires no adjustment. Distributions of military personnel in the Washington metro politan area by place of residence were derived for 1940 and 1950 from the Census of Population. The distributions were adjusted in rough fashion to exclude personnel living in the area but stationed at posts not included in the military definition of the Washington area. The adjustment was based on a comparison of military strength as reported in the census data and by the Department of Defense. The adjusted military personnel distri butions for 1940 and 1950 were extended to other years of the 1929-55 period on the basis of changes in the relative distribution of Federal civilian payrolls in the Washington metropolitan area. L o c a l G o v e r n m e n t . —For the period since 1951, the Washing ton, D. C., municipal government has furnished tabulations of its payroll disbursements based on W-2 reports. These give a breakdown of the Government’s total payroll into amounts re ceived by residents of the District of Columbia, Maryland, and Virginia. For years prior to 1951, however, it was necessary to estimate such a breakdown. It was obtained for 1940 from a sample drawn from the City Government Directory; for other years, it was derived by interpolating and extrapolating the 1951 and 1940 distributions by those for Federal civilian payrolls. Kentucky, Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois Transfers of private payrolls from Ohio to Kentucky and from Kentucky to Indiana and Illinois are necessary in order to adjust wage and salary disbursements in those States fully to a “where received” basis. Estimates of the amounts involved are based on data for 1947 and 1950-54 furnished by the Bureau of Business Research of the University of Kentucky. These estimates were made by the Bureau in connection with its program of county income estimation. In general, they were based on sample surveys of firms located in counties affected by the commuting of workers across State lines. 102 A SUPPLEMENT TO THE SURVEY OF CURRENT BUSINESS New York, New Jersey, and Connecticut A portion of private-industry wages and salaries disbursed in New York State is transferred to New Jersey and Connecticut to take account of commuting. Currently, the adjustment amounts to 2% percent of New York’s total income, 3 percent of Connecticut’s income, and 6 percent in the case of New Jersey. The adjustments for the period since 1940 were estimated largely from two sets of data: (1) Annual figures for 1949-54 from the New York State Department of Taxation and Finance, showing the number of taxable and nontaxable returns and the average net income of taxable returns filed in New York by residents of New Jersey and Connecticut; and (2) data for selected years from the Port of New York Authority, showing for “a typical day” in each year the number of commuters entering New York City from New Jersey and going from New York City into New Jersey. For earlier years (1929-48 in the case of Con necticut and 1929-39 in the case of New Jersey), the amounts of wages and salaries transferred from New York were assumed to represent constant proportions of that State’s total private payroll. New Hampshire, Maine, and Massachusetts For these three States no general residence adjustment is made. However, prior to 1949 (when W-2 data became available) wages and salaries paid civilian employees of Naval installations at Portsmouth, New Hampshire, were assigned entirely to the State of New Hampshire in the initial estimates. The W-2 data for recent years show that a sizable portion of these payrolls is re ceived by residents of Maine, with a small amount going to employees living in Massachusetts. With no such information available for earlier years, the W-2 allocation of civilian payrolls at the Portsmouth Naval Base was held constant back to 1929 with respect to the share received by residents of Maine. For Massachusetts, a similar procedure was followed back through 1946, at which point the adjustment for that State was eliminated. South Carolina and Georgia For the years 1952 and 1953, part of the payrolls disbursed by contract construction establishments in South Carolina was transferred from that State to Georgia. This adjustment, based wholly on indirect evidence, was made to take account of the fact that many workers employed in the construction of the Savannah River atomic energy installation commuted from Georgia. The transfers in the 2 years amounted to 1-2 percent of total income in South Carolina, and less than 1 percent in Georgia. PART IV • Section 2 Proprietors' Income M e a s u r e m e n t of proprietors’ income is considerably more difficult (and less accurate) than that of wages and salaries. Esti mators of these two types of personal income are confronted with basic data situations that differ significantly. As brought out in the preceding review, a substantial volume of direct information was available for making the State estimates of wages and salaries. This consisted very largely of tabulations from business and government records of employers’ disburse ments to their employees. These tabulations were both a result of general-purpose statistical collections (such as the various censuses of industry and business) and a byproduct of administra tive programs (principally the State unemployment insurance payroll figures). No comparable body of income data exists for the 9}i million proprietors of unincorporated business enterprises. Censuses rarely have collected statistics on noncorporate business incomes, although providing much information relevant to its estimation. The main possible “byproduct” source is the tabulation of busi ness incomes reported by individuals with their returns of Federal income taxes, either directly for income tax purposes or (since 1951) in connection with coverage under the old-age and sur vivors insurance program. This source has yielded some very valuable data, but for purpose of the State estimates these are presently confined to the incomes of nonfarm proprietors (except professional practitioners) for the years 1951 and 1952. As a result of this comparative data situation, considerably more estimation was required to develop the State series of proprietors’ income than of wages and salaries. This took the form, neces sarily, of placing heavy reliance on indirect methods and data— piecing together and adjusting various types of information from numerous sources. An additional factor contributing to the lesser reliability of the proprietors’ income series is the fact that by its very nature a net profit figure—the residual difference be tween gross business receipts and expenses (including an allow ance for depreciation)—is susceptible to more error, eithei in re porting or in estimation, than is a specific transaction like the payment of wages and salaries. The proprietors’ income estimates represent the area of greatest improvement in the new State income series. The estimates were thoroughly reworked back to 1929. Statistical procedures were carefully reviewed and usually revised, and a considerable amount of new information was incorporated. A feature of the work was the development of a completely revised series by States on the net income of farmers. The figures on proprietors’ income, particularly for the latter part of the period, are believed to furnish a fairly good approxi mation of the comparative importance of noncorporate business income in the various State income totals. This approximation is likely better when averaged over a period of a few years than when measured on a year-to-year basis. The accuracy with which the State estimates of proprietors’ income depict annual movements is clearly questionable in the case of the nonfarm component. Very little direct information on nonfarm entrepreneurial income by States has been available on a year-to-year basis. The procedure generally followed is to modify a benchmark distribution of proprietors’ income in a par ticular industry by State payroll changes in that industry; that is, the benchmark estimates are projected according to percentage changes in payrolls, and the resulting State figures adjusted pro portionately to our independent national estimate of proprietors’ income in the industry. It may therefore be said, with some over simplification, that differences among States in industry-weighted payroll indexes are taken to indicate year-to-year changes in the relative State distribution of total nonfarm proprietors’ income. This type of index is almost certainly too “sluggish” for the pur pose—because proprietors’ income is typically more erratic, or volatile, than payrolls—but, based on such checks as we have been able to make, it works out fairly well over a period of years. The State estimates of farm proprietors’ income, on the other hand, may be somewhat too erratic. This surmise, which has not been susceptible to test, is based mainly on the residual nature of the farm income calculation. For each State, net farm income is derived statistically as the difference between two large aggre gates, gross income and production expenses. Even moderate 103 104 A SUPPLEMENT TO THE SURVEY OE CURRENT BUSINESS estimating errors in these aggregates could entail significant errors in net income. To the extent that such errors are present, they should be random in occurrence, and not lead to persistent geographic biases. The State farm income estimates are, in point of fact, quite volatile. In itself, this observed volatility cannot be adduced as evidence of statistical error. For net farm income on a geographic basis is plainly subject to wide short-term changes. Weather conditions, price fluctuations, and other factors often cause sharp variations in farm income nationally; because American agricul ture is so specialized geographically, these factors must have larger impact on the income from farm production in specific areas. Exhibit 1.—Proprietors' Income 1929 1939 14, 759 11, 610 968 4 317 1, 911 635 571 289 416 1, 625 551 553 209 312 3, 819 Retail trade and automobile services........ 6,2, 880 584 Contract construction............................ 1, 130 Services (except professional)..................... 1,069 Hotels and other lodging places.......... 123 Personal services............................................... 493 Business services, n. e. c. (except accountants)......................................................... 92 Miscellaneous repair services and hand trades...................................................... 192 Amusement and recreation................ 98 Commercial and trade schools and employment agencies................................ 9 Educational services, n. e. c ...................... 62 Wholesale trade...................................................... 409 Manufacturing........................................................... 577 Finance, insurance, and real estate........... 762 Transportation............................................................ 220 Mining.......................................................................... 55 Agricultural services, forestry, and fisheries............................................................................... 65 Communications and public utilities........... 9 5, 668 2, 619 643 871 91 396 107 17, 612 157 80 6 34 440 372 346 249 60 61 563 203 25 62 1, 357 1,294 775 602 250 235 29 All in du stries, to ta l ......................... F a rm s.......................................... P rofession al se r v ic e s........................... Physicians................................................... Lawyers............................................... Dentists.................................................... Other............................................... B u sin e ss................................................... The income of professional practitioners—11 percent of total proprietors’ income in 1949—is estimated on a national basis by multiplying the number of persons engaged in independent prac tice in each profession by their average net income. This method, adopted at an early stage of the official national income work, takes advantage of the basic data on the number of practitioners from enumerations of the decennial Census of Population (and of the records of professional associations permitting extension of the census data to other years). The dearth of requisite information on income, however, led the National Income Division to under take periodically the collection of data on average net incomes of independent practitioners in the several professions. The results of these studies have been reported in the S u r v e y o f C u r r e n t B u s in e s s . [Millions of dollars] Industry INCOME OF PROFESSIONAL PRACTITIONERS 5, 1949 7 34, 149 1, 509 987 492 831 8, 305 2, 565 2, 200 192 923 232 The statistical approach and methods adopted in income esti mation are primarily a function of the character of available data. The force of this general proposition is clearly illustrated by the State estimates of proprietors’ income. Three broad segments of the estimates may be differentiated with respect to source ma terials and methods used: Income of professional practitioners, “business” income (the nonfarm total except for professional service income), and farm income. (See E xh ib it /.) The sources and methods employed for each of these segments have been summarized briefly in the “General View” part of the bul letin, and are set forth in some detail in the following pages. The same general method was followed in the State series— with the distribution of total income in each profession obtained as the product of the number and average net income of inde pendent practitioners in the various States. A limiting factor, however, was the lesser availability of average income data on a geographic basis. The survey samples underlying the National Income Division studies usually were not large enough to yield satisfactory data for all individual States. Of the other studies drawn upon, the principal one was Income fro m Independent Profes sional Practice, by Milton Friedman and Simon Kuznets. This study, also based on information collected in National Income Division questionnaire surveys, presented geographic averageincome data on a regional basis only, covering some or all of the years 1929-36 for the several professions analyzed. Incorporation of the geographic data on average net income available from National Income Division surveys and other sources still left numerous gaps. In the case of the major pro fessions, these were filled by extending the sample figures to other years by reference to the relative movements in State per capita income payments. The professional services component of proprietors’ income for each State is the sum of separately estimated series for physicians (including surgeons); lawyers; dentists; accountants; private-duty trained nurses; engineers and architects; osteopathic physicians; veterinarians; chiropractors, chiropodists, and miscellaneous curative and healing services; and the various other types of pro fessional practitioners not covered in the above listing. Of these various professions, by far the largest are physicians, lawyers, and dentists. These three groups accounted for fourfifths of professional service income in 1949. The following descriptions of proprietors’ income in the several professions cover the methodology through the year (within the 1947-50 period) for which the latest benchmark information is available by States. Estimates for subsequent years were made by extrapolating the latest benchmark distribution by such State measures as total private nonfarm income (in the case of physi cians), payrolls in the corresponding industry (for lawyers and for engineers and architects), and number of persons in the profession (for dentists). For most of the small professions, national totals in recent years were allocated among the States according to the pattern shown by the latest benchmark. PERSONAL INCOME, BY STATES, SINCE 192 9 Physicians State data on the number of self-employed physicians were ob tained for 1940 and 1950 from the Census of Population. The 1940 figures were extended to 1930 by census enumerations of all employed physicians (salaried as well as self-employed), and the results adjusted to the 1930 national estimate of the number self-employed. Through interpolation and extrapolation of these census bench marks by means of data from the Am erican M edical D irectory of the American Medical Association, estimates of the number of selfemployed physicians by States were next prepared for 1929, 1931, 1934, 1936, 1938, 1942, and 1948. The AMA data referred to the “number of living physicians” (including those not in prac tice). Estimates for other years of the 1929-50 period were de rived either by straight-line interpolation or (for 1943-47) by interpolation on the basis of State changes in the civilian popula tion. The State figures for all years, of course, were made to conform with the National Income Division’s estimates of the total number of self-employed physicians in the country. In the estimation of independent (self-employed) physicians’ average net income by States, questionnaire survey data from four studies were utilized: 1. Milton Friedman and Simon Kuznets, Income fro m Inde pendent Professional Practice, National Bureau of Economic Re search, 1945—regional data, 1929-36. 2. Edward F. Denison and Alvin Slater, “Income in Selected Professions, Part 4, Medical Service”, S u r v e y o f C u r r e n t B u s i n e s s , October 1943—data by regions and for 18 States, 1941. 3. M ed ica l Economics (September 1948 issue)—regional and State data, 1947.1 4. William Weinfeld, “Income of Physicians, 1929-49,” S u r v e y o f C u r r e n t B u s i n e s s , July 1951—regional and State data, 1949. The Friedman-Kuznets, Weinfeld, and Denison-Slater reports analyzed data collected in questionnaire surveys by the National Income Division. While other such surveys of physicians have been made by the Division, these were the only ones where the sample was adequate (and tabulations were made) to provide data on a geographic basis. The data from these four studies were incorporated directly into the State income estimates. They were also used in a regression analysis (in conjunction with the National Income Division’s former series on per capita income payments) to develop esti mates of physicians’ average net income by States and regions for all years 1929-49. By individual regions in the Census Bureau’s nine-way grouping of States, regressions were set up between per capita income and average net income per independent physician, and a straight line was fitted to express the relationship for each of 2 periods: 1929-32 and 1933-49. These regression lines were employed in 2 related analyses. 1. For each region, annual observations for 1936-49 read from the 1933-49 regression lines were used to interpolate the survey 1. These data were based on a sample excluding physicians aged 65 and over. For use in the State income series, they were adjusted to cover such physicians on the basis of the 1947 estimated average net income of all physicians 65 and over and the percent of such persons to the total in each State shown for 1949 by the Weinfeld study (see item 4). 105 data for 1936, 1941, 1947, and 1949, in order to obtain a com plete series on physicians’ average net income. Regional esti mates of total net income for all years 1929-49 were then derived by multiplying average net income by number of independent physicians, and adjusting the results to the National Income Division’s national figures. 2. On the assumption that the regional relationship over time between average net income of independent physicians and per capita income was applicable to the States within a given region, first approximations of average net income were secured for each State for each year of the 1929-49 period by reading from the appropriate regression line the value indicated by per capita income payments for the State. Through a procedure of inter polation and extrapolation that was straightforward, though detailed, these approximations were then adjusted to the available survey data by States for 1941, 1947, and 1949; and all State figures on the product of number of physicians and average net income were in turn brought into conformity with the controlling totals established for the 9 regions. Lawyers The method of estimating by States the total net income of lawyers in independent practice was similar to that for physicians. National totals for the years 1929-47 were allocated by States according to the product of (1) number of lawyers in independent practice (derived from Census and professional association fig ures), and (2) average net income (from questionnaire surveys, with extensions to other years based on regressions against per capita income). State figures on the number of self-employed lawyers were taken for 1940 and 1950 from the Census of Population. They were derived for 1930 by multiplying the number of all lawyers re ported for each State in the 1930 census by the ratio of selfemployed to all lawyers computed for 1940, and then adjusting the results to the estimated national total. State distributions of the number of self-employed lawyers were prepared also for 1945 and 1948. These were obtained by adjusting American Bar Association counts of the number of all lawyers (based on Martindale-Hubbell Law Directory listings) according to the State-by-State relationship between Census and ABA data for 1950. To obtain State estimates of the number of self-employed lawyers for other years of the 1929-48 period, the distributions for 1930, 1940, 1945, and 1948 were interpolated and extrapolated by changes in State population (total for 1929-40; civilian population thereafter). Data on lawyers’ average net incomes were available on a regional basis for 1929, 1932-36, 1941, and 1947; on a State basis, for 1941 (19 States) and 1947. The 1932-36 figures were from the Friedman-Kuznets volume already cited, Income fro m Independent Professional Practice. The 1941 and 1947 data were taken from National Income Division studies.2 The regional 2. These were published in the S urvey of C u rren t B usiness : Edward F. Denison, “Income in Selected Professions. Part 2, Legal Service, August 1943; and William Weinfeld, “Income of Lawyers, 1929-48,” August 1949. A later National Income Division study of the legal profession, covering incomes through 1954, is being processed for publication in the S u r v e y . 106 A SUPPLEMENT TO THE SURVEY OF CURRENT BUSINESS estimates used for 1929 were derived from data given by Lloyd K. Garrison and others in T h e Economics o f the L egal P rofession ,3 For each region, 2 regressions between average net income of lawyers and per capita income payments were established—for 1929-33 and 1934-47. From these relationships, the estimates of per capita income payments were used to specify preliminary annual approximations to lawyers’ average net incomes by States and regions for the whole period 1929-47. These were then corrected to the available survey data, so as to derive, in con junction with the figures on number of lawyers, distributions of the total net income of lawyers in independent practice estimated for the country as a whole. Dentists Distributions by States of the number of self-employed dentists were prepared for 1930, 1940, and 1950 from the Census of Pop ulation. The 1930 census data on total number of dentists were converted to estimates of those self-employed by means of indi vidual State relationships computed for 1940. The 1950 census data by States, it may be added, referred to male self-employed dentists only, but these accounted for 97 percent of the total on a national basis. The 1950 census-based distribution was extrapolated to 1947 by State data on the number of all living dentists (excluding those employed by the Federal Government) obtained from the American Dental Association. Estimates for 1929-47 other than the years 1930, 1940, and 1947 were secured by interpolation and extrapolation by changes in the States’ population. The State figures for all years, of course, were adjusted to independently estimated national totals. Questionnaire surveys provided regional or State data on the average net income of dentists for a few years of the period 192948.4 As in the case of the physicians and lawyers series, these survey data were interpolated and extrapolated by approxima tions derived from regressions between dentists’ average net in come and per capita income payments. There was, however, one significant difference in methodology for the dental series. The estimates of average net income de rived from survey data (as extended by the regression analysis to cover the whole period) were adjusted State by State to the aver age income of dentists in 1949 computed from the Census of Population. The census showed for each State a classification of employed male dentists by size of total income. The averages 3. These estimates represent extrapolations of the 1933 Friedman-Kuznets data. Figures were given in The Economics of the Legal Profession for 1929, 1933, and 1936, but were less comparable to the National Income Division survey data than the Friedman-Kuznets averages. 4. The study by Friedman and Kuznets, Incomefrom Independent Professional Practice, gave regional data for 1929-34 on the mean net income of members of the American Dental Association. Results of the other surveys were reported by the National Income Division in the S urv ey op C u r r en t B usi ness : Herman Lasken, “Incomes of Dentists and Osteopathic Physicians,” April 1939—data by regions and for 19 States, 1937; Edward F. Denison, “Incomes in Selected Professions. Part 5, Dentistry,” April 1944—data by regions, 1941; and William Weinfeld, “Income of Dentists, 1929-48,” January 1950—data by regions and States, 1948. The State and regional figures shown in these last 3 studies covered the average incomes of all dentists, including salaried persons as well as those in major independent practice. (means) computed from these frequency distributions thus had the disadvantage, from our standpoint, of covering salaried as well as self-employed dentists. This was not viewed as serious since salaried personnel made up only 12 percent of the total. (The proportion for physicians and lawyers was much higher). Moreover, this characteristic of the census data did not differenti ate them from the National Income Division’s questionnaire sur vey averages, which also, as indicated, covered all employed dentists. The census figures did, however, refer to the total in come of dentists, not just that derived from professional work. This limitation also was not considered very important for the purpose at hand, and was outweighed by the general advantage of incorporating the comprehensive census information into the estimates. For the period 1929-49, the product of these State series on the number and average income of dentists provided the basis for allocating national estimates of the total net income of dentists from independent practice. The 1949 estimates were extrapo lated to later years, as already noted, by State data on the number of dentists provided by the American Dental Association. Other professional services For the remaining group of professions, State distributions of the number of practitioners were derived for one or more of the years 1930,1940, and 1950 from the Census of Population. Addi tional distributions were also possible in some instances (private duty nurses, veterinarians, and osteopaths) on the basis of State figures secured from professional associations or other sources. Average income data for these smaller professions were sparse on a geographic basis. National Income Division surveys pro vided State or regional coverage of accountants (1929-32), osteo paths (1937), private duty nurses (1941), and veterinarians (1941). Similar data were available for private duty nurses from the American Nurses Association (1937 and 1935) and the Bureau of Labor Statistics (1946). In addition, rough measures of aver age income differentials by States for accountants and for engi neers and architects were calculated for 1949 from income data in the Census of Population. BUSINESS INCOME On a national basis, information for estimating the “business” segment of proprietors’ income—one-half of the total in 1949—has been generally inadequate, although showing marked im provement in the past decade. For the period since 1939, national estimates of the income of business proprietors rest on two principal bodies of data: (a) Internal Revenue Service tabulations for a number of years of in comes reported on Federal tax returns; and (h) Census Bureau enumerations of noncorporate business sales or number of pro prietors, which (after certain adjustments) provided universe measures on an industry basis by which to raise the IRS data to PERSONAL INCOME, BY STATES, SINCE 1929 full coverage.6 As summarized in the 1954 N a tion a l Income sup plement, the estimation required to integrate the IRS and Census information and to overcome the gaps in basic data was most difficult. However, it could be carried through with rela tive accuracy beginning with 1945, when the available IRS tabu lations achieved very substantial coverage by reason of the com paratively low income exemptions and the high level of business activity. For the period 1929-38, the information relating directly to proprietors’ incomes in the business area was sparse. The methods of making the national estimates for this period necessarily relied to a very large extent on indirect measures. The preparation of series for a substantial number of individual industries (about 65) provided a basis for utilizing available detailed information and for taking account of shifts in the importance of industrial com ponents within the business total. 107 of proprietors’ income in that industry. Use of payrolls, how ever, was precluded for industries, such as manufacturing, in which the noncorporate form of organization is relatively un important. For all years 1929-55, the State totals of business proprietors’ income constructed from these individual industry allocations were adjusted to benchmark aggregates for 1951-52 based on incomes reported by self-employed persons covered by old-age and survivors insurance. The tabulations of these incomes, provided by the Bureau of Old-Age and Survivors Insurance, constituted the first comprehensive direct information on entre preneurial earnings by States. The main characteristics of this information and the method of utilizing it in the State estimates are described in the section immediately following. A second section then summarizes the methodology of preparing the industry estimates by States for the whole period since 1929. General approach in State series By States, separate estimates of the total net income of business proprietors were prepared for all years of the period for about 50 industries. The situation with regard to statistical data was much the same as that encountered in the national estimates for the period 1929-38. Information on noncorporate business income itself was almost wholly lacking, and it was necessary to employ indirect methods of estimation.6 Industry by industry, the general procedure was to allocate national totals among the States on the basis of the available data deemed to indicate best the relative State distribution of proprietors’ income. The types of data utilized in developing the allocators included sales, payrolls, number of proprietors, average earnings of employees, and variants or combinations of these and other measures. As such noncorporate information was available only periodi cally—usually from the industrial and population censuses—the procedure entailed the establishment of benchmark distributions and their extension to other years (through interpolation and extrapolation) by means of some series of annual data. For the most part, payrolls were used for this purpose; that is, changes in the relative State distribution of total payrolls in a particular industry were taken to reflect changes in the relative distribution 5. The IRS data utilized in the estimates we»e tabulated from unaudited tax returns and were hence subject to a bias of understatement. This was allowed for in the estimates by means of a special IRS audit study covering the year 1949. To the extent based on tax return data, the estimates were adjusted industry by industry according to the results shown by this study. The necessity of using a single adjustment factor for all years was unfortunate, but nonetheless represented a substantial improvement over the situation when no systematic basis was available for any period to allow for the understatement of income reported in compilations of unaudited tax returns. 6. The various IRS tabulations used in the national estimates for the period since 1939 were not available on a State basis. In the State tables of Statistics of Income, self-employed earnings of individuals are included in an “all other” category that can be derived by subtracting wages and salaries, dividends, and interest from “adjusted gross income.” This residual covers not only nonfarm entrepreneurial earnings, but also farm income (which forms an incomplete and varying proportion by States), rental income, capital gains and losses, and various miscellaneous items. Because of these and other factors, our efforts to make use of the IRS data in the State esti mates of nonfarm proprietors’ income were not successful. 3 7 5 1 1 5 0 — 5 7 -------- 8 19 5 1 -5 2 Benchmarks The Bureau of Old-Age and Survivors Insurance furnished for the years 1951 and 1952 several statistical tables by States relating to the income and number of self-employed persons covered by the OASI program. Following is a listing and description of this State material. 1. T h e number and taxable income o j self-em ployed persons covered by old-age and survivors insurance. —These data were compiled in the Bureau from OASI reports filed by self-employed persons in conjunction with their Federal income tax returns. The reports were classified by State according to the location of the Internal Revenue districts in which they were filed. In line with the coverage provisions of the OASI program, only persons who had $400 or more self-employment net earnings were included in these figures.7 Taxable income, in general, referred to the first $3,600 earned by such persons. However, in the case of a self-employed person who also had taxable wages as an employee it represented the difference between $3,600 and the amount of such wages. As measures of the OASI self-employment “universe,’ these compilations of number of persons and taxable income could not be taken as complete. They were based on a 100 percent count of self-employment reports processed at the Bureau of Old-Age and Survivors Insurance.8 However, some reports filed in the various Internal Revenue districts had not been received in the Bureau or edited at the time erf the tabulation cutoff dates. In addition, it seemed probable that for 1951 and 1952, the first years of operation of the OASI self-employment program, not all eligible persons would have filed for coverage. 7. In definition, such earnings accorded with business income as reported for Federal income tax purposes, with net profit derived as the difference between gross receipts and “expenses of doing business.” 8. There was some duplication in the figures of number of persons, which, as pointed out by the Bureau, actually referred to the number of reports processed. In some cases, more than one report was processed for a single person, as when the initial report was found to be in error and was returned for correction. The taxable income figures, however, were precise accounting totals unaffected by this duplication. 108 A SUPPLEMENT TO THE SURVEY OF CURRENT BUSINESS 2. E stim ates o f the total net earnings fro m self-employment o f persons covered by old-age and survivors insurance. —These estimates were in part on IRS data for proximate years. As evidenced by these estimated totals, the OASI tabulations—item (2), above—were derived from two basic sources. The first was the tabulations of moderately low in both 1951 and 1952. taxable incomes in 1951 and 1952 based on self-employment On a State basis, a yardstick to gauge completeness of the OASI schedules processed at the Bureau of Old-Age and Survivors tabulations was obtained from estimates of the number of selfInsurance. The second consisted of one percent samples for employed persons in the OASI universe. These were made, in each year showing by States corresponding amounts of total net the main, by extending 1950 Census of Population counts for income and taxable income of self-employed persons covered by this universe by the number of business firms in operation by the OASI program.9 From the latter source, the Bureau com States, as estimated by the Office of Business Economics and puted ratios, one for each State, of total net income to taxable reported in the November 1955 S u r v e y o f C u r r e n t B u s i n e s s . income. These ratios were used as multipliers to raise the com The resulting figures for 1951 and 1952 on the number of persons plete State tabulations of taxable income to estimates of total in the area of OASI self-employment coverage were not, of income. The estimates thus showed for each State the total net course, precise. earnings in 1951 and 1952 of persons included in the tabulations Separately by States for 1951 and 1952, the number of persons described under (1) above. reported by OASI—from item (1), above—was subtracted from With the income totals the Bureau also furnished estimated co the census-based series to obtain the number of persons in the efficients of variation. For 34 States, these fell in the 3-7 percent OASI universe not included in the OASI tabulations.11 The range. For 3 States, the coefficients were 2 percent; for 7 other estimated income in this universe that was not reported by States, 8-10 percent. The coefficients for the remaining (small OASI—the IRS-based estimates minus the totals in (2), above— est) States were 11 percent (in 3 cases) and 17-18 percent (in 2 was then allocated among the States in two alternative ways: cases).10* (a) By assigning the nonreported proprietors in each State the 3. E stim ates o f the average (mean) net earnings fr o m self-em ploym ent same (national average) amount of income; and (b) by assigning o f persons covered by old-age and survivors insurance.—The Bureau them average incomes reflecting the State differentials for pro derived these averages from its one-percent sample of self-employ prietors included in the OASI tabulations—total income in item ment accounts. Like the other sets of information, they were (2) divided by number of persons in (1). Each of these distribu provided on a State basis for both 1951 and 1952. tions was then added to the OASI reported income totals, yield As explained presently, the procedure adopted to incorporate ing two series of State estimates for 1951 and 1952 of the OASI the OASI statistics into the State estimates entailed use of the universe. figures on number of persons described under (1). These figures, These series, in turn, were adjusted upward, proportionately, as noted, included some duplication. The one-percent sample to the National Income Division totals for 1951 and 1952 of pro averages, it was felt, could provide a rough gauge of the extent prietors’ income in the “business” segment. This adjustment, of differential error by States that might stem from this duplica which was sizable, involved chiefly an allowance for understate tion—through comparison, State by State, of these averages with ment of income in reporting by individuals. Such understate similar averages based on total net earnings and the tabulated ment, as already noted, was measured in the national estimates figures on number of persons. by means of the IRS 1949 audit study. By the procedure of ad justment followed in these State figures, such understatement was assumed to be proportionately the same in all States. Method of utilizing O A SI data Next, 2 other distributions of the National Income Division To use the OASI statistical material in the estimates, it wa<j “business” income totals for 1951 and 1952 were obtained. One first necessary to obtain a measure of its completeness. represented simply an allocation of these totals by the figures as From various tabulations by the Internal Revenue Service, reported by OASI—(1), above—without adjustment for pro national estimates were prepared for 1951 and 1952 of the in prietors not covered by these figures. The other was derived as comes reported for Federal income tax purposes by self-employed the product of the census-based State estimates of number of pro persons in pursuits covered by the old-age and survivors insurance prietors and the one-percent sample figures on average earnings program. The estimates were made by adjusting the totals of supplied by the Bureau of Old-Age and Survivors Insurance— business incomes reported by individuals to exclude (a) the income item (3), above. of farmers, (b) the income of professional persons, and (c) positive At this stage, 4 State distributions of business proprietors’ in incomes less than S400 or actual losses of the remaining group of come were available for 1951 and 1952 for comparison with the persons in types of employment covered by OASI. The adjust National Income Division estimates for those years obtained as ments were fairly rough because of the necessity of basing them the summation of individual industry allocations (described be low). To recapitulate, these distributions (each adjusted to 9. The data on total net income of self-employed persons were compiled same national total) were as follows: (a) OASI income totals from Federal income tax returns filed in the various Internal Revenue adjusted to include nonreported proprietors by assigning them Service districts. 10. These coefficients of variation indicated that the chances were 2 out the same average income in each State; (b) OASI income totals of 3 that the sample-based totals differed by less than the specified percent adjusted to include nonreported proprietors by basing their ages from the totals that would have been obtained through a complete tabulation of net income. Similarly, the chances were about 19 out of 20 that the differences between the sample and a complete count were less than twice the percentages given above. 11. This residual also reflected the extent to which State of filing by pro prietors (in the OASI data) differed from State of residence (in the census data). PERSONAL INCOME, BY STATES, SINCE 1929 average income differentials by States on those shown for selfemployed persons included in the OASI tabulations; (c) OASI income totals with no special adjustment for nonreported in come—as furnished directly by the Bureau; and (d ) census-based estimates of number of proprietors weighted by the OSAI sample data on average self-employment earnings. Comparison of the distributions For each State, the income figure in each of these four distribu tions was expressed as a percentage of the National Income Division estimate (based on the industry allocations) separately for 1951 and 1952 and for the average of the 2 years. Several clear-cut findings emerged from the ensuing analysis. 1. Distributions (a) and (b ), overall, showed decidedly better agreement with the National Income Division estimates than did (c ). This was not unexpected, since these two distributions were statistically superior by reasqn of the allowance made for the in come of nonreported proprietors. Such allowance, while mod erate on a national scale, was of varying and sometimes sizable importance in the individual States. 2. Distributions (a) and (b) also agreed more with our estimates than did (d ). This, too, seemed plausible. Distribution (d ), it is true, provided coverage of nonreported proprietors through the census-based estimates of the number of self-employed per sons; but such proprietors, of course, were not included in the OASI sample data on average self-employment earnings. 3. With allowance for the limitations of (c) and id ) just noted, the 4 distributions constructed from OASI or OASI-Census data gave a consistently uniform picture of the degree of “error” in the National Income Division sum-of-industry estimates. For States in which the percentage of nonreported proprietors was about equal to the national average, distributions (a ), ( b ), and (c ) were essentially the same statistically. Hence, the devia tions from our estimates which they showed were similar. Of significance, however, was the fact that id ) exhibited good con formity with these three distributions. This was taken to indi cate, in a general way, that distributions (a) and (b ) were not distorted by the duplication in number of persons referred to above. On the other hand, for States in which nonreported proprietors were of differential importance (either more or less than the national average) the percentage relationships to our estimates shown by (a) and (b) tended to be uniform. Those shown by distributions (c) and (d) varied in opposite direction—usually by similar amounts. Again, there was consistency of pattern. An example or two may be helpful in this connection. For Illinois, the nonreported income adjustment was of small (less than average) importance. In terms of income for 1951 and 1952 combined, the figures for Illinois in the four distribu tions showed the following percentage relationships to our esti mates for the State: 107, 107, 113, and 100. The 113 figure was based on the allocation of our national estimates by the OASI reported State totals. It was judged to be too high because Illinois was relatively well reported in these totals. On the other hand, the figure of 100 seemed clearly too low. This was because the OASI sample average-earnings data yielded a figure rela tively too low for Illinois. This bias stemmed from the fact that the proprietors not accounted for in these data had lower-than- 109 average incomes whose inclusion would have lowered the averages for other States (and the Nation) relative to Illinois. The ad justments made for nonreported persons corrected for such biases, and 107 was taken as the appropriate measure—meaning that the National Income Division’s sum-of-industry estimates for Illinois were regarded as 7 percent too low. Another illustration is afforded by Oklahoma. Here, the esti mated number of proprietors not included in the OASI data was considerably more than average. The 4 percentages corre sponding to those given above were 96, 95, 83, and 109. The figure of 83 was adjudged too low because of the exclusion of an undue proportion of proprietors from the OASI income tabula tion. The percentage of 109, on the other hand, had an upward bias because the OASI average earnings data for Oklahoma gave too little weight to nonreported persons with below-average incomes. 4. While comparison of the four distributions with the Divi sion’s estimates was made principally in terms of figures for 1951 and 1952 combined (averaged), it also covered the 2 years individually. The purpose was to ascertain whether the 1951-52 relationships represented an averaging of markedly different, erratic results—stemming from either sampling variability in the OASI tabulations or errors in our estimates, or both—or whether they were broadly similar for the 2 years separately. The latter proved to be the case in the large majority of States. Adjustment of the Division's estimates From this analysis, it was evident that the OASI income data furnished a consistent, meaningful basis for adjusting the National Income Division sum-of-industry estimates. This adjustment (subject to qualifications below) was based on distribution (a) the one in which the estimated income not included in the OASI totals was allocated among the States by the estimated number of proprietors not covered by these totals. Overall, however, there was little choice between this distribution and (b), in which the nonreported proprietors were assigned differential average in comes by States corresponding to those of proprietors covered by the OASI totals. Adjustment of the Division’s sum-of-industry estimates was based on the combined figures for 1951 and 1952. To have ad justed for the 2 years separately would have meant accepting the income changes from 1951 to 1952 indicated by the OASI State data (as modified). The sampling variability in these changes— in the differences between the 1951 and 1952 OASI totals was about 1.4 times as large as that in the absolute totals for either year. Moreover, it seemed likely that both the OASI data and the National Income Division estimates might furnish a stabler, generally more reliable basis for extrapolation when taken as a 2-year average than for 1951 and 1952 singly. For 41 States and the District of Columbia, the 1951-52 average relationship between distribution (a) and the National Income Division estimates was used as a basis for adjusting the latter for all years 1929-55. For these 42 areas, that is, the Division’s estimates were raised or lowered in all years according to the percentage obtaining for 1951 and 1952 combined. Some varia tion in method was followed in the other 7 (generally small) States, in which the OASI data for one of the 2 years appeared 110 A SUPPLEMENT TO THE SURVEY OF CURRENT BUSINESS to be affected by sampling variability. For these States, a per centage correction was based on that obtaining in either 1951 or 1952, instead of an average of the two. It should be added, however, that in every case the percentages used differed by only a few points from those indicated by the 2-year averages.12 It will be of interest to indicate the degree of adjustment that was made in the Division’s State estimates. For 21 States, the correction was 5 percent or less; for 20 States, it was between 5 and 10 percent; for 2 States, between 10 and 15 percent; 4 States, between 15 and 20 percent; and in 2 States it was more than 20 percent (21 percent and 26 percent). All 8 States in which the adjustment exceeded 10 percent are small. Although sampling variability was relatively large in these States, there seemed more reason to regard the spread between the OASI and National Income Division figures as reflecting primarily errors in the latter. Essentially, this was because of the consistency shown by the OASI data for the 2 years. It has been noted earlier (in the “General View” part) that the 1951-52 estimates developed from OASI data constituted the first comprehensive check on the results of estimating business proprietors’ income from indirect data and methods. Until this check was provided, appraisal of the reliability of the Division’s estimates for this segment could amount to little more than pro fessional speculation. In the main, the results of this 1951-52 benchmark analysis were reassuring. When one considers the extent of estimation involved in the various stages of the work—in connection with both the Division’s sum-of-industry estimates and the State dis tributions based on the OASI and Census data—it is perhaps somewhat remarkable that the extent of difference turned out to be 10 percent or less in as many as 41 States. While such a dif ference is not small, it must be recalled that business proprietors’ income is probably the most difficult area of personal income esti mation, and that standards of accuracy are necessarily pitched lower than for such components as wages and salaries and transfer payments. Finally to be noted is that the “errors” in our esti mates of business proprietors’ income as evidenced by the OASI benchmarks amounted in every State to only a small fraction of personal income. Preparation of Industry Estimates The Division’s national estimates of business proprietors’ in come were allocated by States for about 50 industry subgroups, although many of these are small. Such a framework was adopted for the twofold purpose of incorporating available detailed infor mation and for taking account of the geographic effects of changes in the industrial composition of business proprietors’ income nationally. This section summarizes the data sources and statistical pro cedures used in preparing the State estimates for retail trade, con tract construction, services (except professional service), whole- sale trade, manufacturing, and finance, insurance, and real estate. These broad industry groups have accounted for about 94 percent of business proprietors’ income on a national basis. It was explained in the discussion just preceding that the sumof-industry totals for 1929-55 were adjusted State by State to 1951-52 benchmark estimates prepared largely from data fur nished by the Bureau of Old-Age and Survivors Insurance. How ever, it was then necessary, for the purpose of tables 64-70 (Part V), to obtain an industrial breakdown of these adjusted State totals for a number of years. This was done simply by distrib uting them proportionately by industry according to the pattern of the original industry estimates. When the resulting State esti mates for each industry were summed, the totals in all cases differed very little—by only a few million dollars at most—from the national estimates. This close agreement reflected, of course, the generally moderate extent to which the benchmark and sumof-industry State estimates differed for 1951-52. Retail trade (including automobile services) In the industry-by-industry buildup of the “business” segment of proprietors’ income by States, by far the greatest effort was expended on the estimates for retail trade. For this industry, as may be seen from E xh ib it 7, forms almost half of the business total. With varying degrees of primacy, or independence, benchmark distributions were prepared for 1939, 1948, and 1929, as well as for 1933 and 1935. The feature common to these years is the availability of sales data from the Census of Business. Estimates for all other years were then made by interpolation and extrapo lation on the basis of retail trade payrolls. The description that follows is organized according to these broad steps in procedure. Benchmark estimates, 1939 The State distribution of retail proprietors’ income for 1939 was obtained as the summation of estimates for 12 separate lines of retail trade.13* For each, the method consisted of multiplying, State by State, sales by a “profit ratio” (ratio of net income to sales), and then adjusting the resulting State figures to an inde pendently estimated national total. The 1939 Census of Retail Trade reported for each State non corporate sales in total, but not by line of trade (type of store). To derive such a breakdown, the national total of noncorporate sales for each line of trade—such as food stores, drug stores, apparel stores, eating and drinking places, and filling stations— was distributed among States by the reported sales of independent stores in that line. Independent stores, as a general proposition, are mostly noncorporate and account for the bulk of noncorporate retail sales. The resulting State estimates for the dozen lines were summed and then adjusted to the reported noncorporate sales total for each State. When these adjusted State figures were added by line of trade, agreement with reported national totals was extremely close—thus indicating that the figures were satis factory to use as weights for combining profit ratios. 13. In this and following sections of the summary there is no discussion of the preparation and inclusion of separate estimates for newsboys and for 12. After the Division’s sum-of-industry estimates of business proprietors’ seamstresses not in establishments. These two items comprise less than 3 income were multiplied by these percentages for each State for all years percent of retail proprietors’ income. The income of newsboys was allocated 1929—55, the resulting added-State totals were adjusted proportionately to by States on the basis of total net paid circulation of newspapers (from the Division’s national estimates. This adjustment for every year was Editor and Publisher); that of seamstresses, by the number of such persons as extremely small. shown in the 1940 Census of Population. PERSONAL INCOME, BY STATES, SINCE 1929 With regard to profit ratios, it already has been noted that direct profit information for noncorporate industries is almost wholly lacking on a State basis. For 1939, we attempted to fill this gap in retail trade by estimation. In brief, the method was (1) to derive average gross receipts per proprietor in each State by line of trade, and then (2) to estimate the corresponding profit ratio by means of the relationship prevailing nationally between average receipts and profit ratio, both classified by size-of-receipts classes, in each line of retail trade. Within each line, variations in profit ratios by States were thus assumed to be a function of size of business as measured by average receipts. It is an observed fact that profit ratios in retail trade tend to vary inversely with size of business. Concerning the use of average receipts to measure such variations on a State basis, it is to be noted that the relation ships nationally between average receipts and profit ratios in the various lines of retail trade were of good quality. 1. The computation of average receipts per proprietor by State and line of trade was straightforward. The sales estimates described above were simply divided by the number of active proprietors reported for each line in the 1939 census. 2. The calculations by receipts-size classes of profit ratios and average receipts per return in each line of trade were based mainly on Internal Revenue Service tabulations of data reported for 1939 on the business schedule of individual income tax returns and on the mandatory informational returns filed by partnerships. The sole proprietorship (individual) returns gave for each industry, including a breakdown for retail trade, the receipts and net income of firms classified by gross receipts (sales) classes. It was necessary to supplement or adjust these tabula tions so as to take account of the many small firms not filing tax returns in 1939.14 Total receipts, net income, and number of returns were shown in the 1939 IRS tabulations for retail partnerships by line of trade, but not by size classes. For purpose of the State income work, size-class distributions for total receipts and net income were estimated for the desired lines of retail trade (and automobile services) by application of relationships derived from IRS part nership tabulations for 1945. Specifically, the relative distribu tion (Lorenz curve) of gross receipts for each retail group in 1945 was applied to 1939; also, the cumulated percentages of net in come classified below given cumulated percentages of gross receipts in the 1945 distribution were assumed to hold in the earlier year. Following the preparation of this underlying statistical ma terial, profit ratios and average receipts (sales) per return in each line of trade were computed for 5 size-of-receipts classes for sole proprietorships and partnerships combined. By States for each of the 12 lines of trade, the census-based figures on average sales per proprietor were used to specify a profit ratio by reference to the IRS-based graphic relationship for the United States between average receipts per return and profit ratios distributed by the 5 Ill sales-size classes.15 The sum of net income estimates (sales times graphically determined profit ratios) was adjusted in each line of trade to the national total. The final State estimates for 1939 were then summed from the line-of-trade detail. Benchmark estimates, 1948 The “profit-ratio” method developed for the 1939 estimates was utilized also for 1948—with the exception that it was carried out for total retail trade, not by individual lines.16 A preliminary State distribution was obtained as the product of census-reported noncorporate sales and estimated profit ratios. To obtain these ratios, the first step was to develop from 1947 IRS tabulations of individual and partnership returns the relationship between average receipts per return and profit ratios by receipts-size classes.17 This pattern was then translated to a State basis by means of average sales per proprietor as computed by States from Census of Business data. The quality of these estimates—and their comparability with the 1939 distribution—was in question by reason of the fact that the procedure, as noted, was not carried out by separate lines of trade. To test this, estimates were prepared on an aggregate retail trade basis for 1939 to compare with those built up from line-of-trade detail. Interestingly enough, the results were quite close in most States. The final estimates for 1948 were obtained by adjusting the preliminary distribution on the basis of the rela tionship between the “detailed” and “aggregate distributions for 1939. Benchmark estimates, 1929 Estimates developed by a different method were used to extra polate the 1939 distribution of retail proprietors’ income to 1929. Termed the “payroll-ratio” method, it was based wholly on Census of Business data. The “profit-ratio” method could not be used for 1929, when tax coverage was low because of the larger income tax exemptions then prevailing. The payroll-ratio method rests on the assumption that the ratio of payroll plus net income to sales in noncorporate retail trade is the same in all States. The execution of the method to derive the estimates for 1929 and 1939 that were used for extrapolation required the following steps: (1) The national total of retail pro prietors’ income plus noncorporate payroll (the latter from the census) was allocated by States according to noncorporate sales, (2) noncorporate payroll as reported in the census was deducted for each State; and (3) the resulting State figures were used to distribute the national estimate of retail proprietors income. 15. Tests indicated that even significant error in the partnership distribu tions of sales, net income, and number of returns—derived as noted above from 1945 relationships-—would have relatively small effect on the results based on the overall noncorporate ratios in each line. 16. The Census of Service Establishments for 1948 did not show non corporate sales for the automobile services group. These were included in the State noncorporate sales totals for the larger category of “personal, 14. This supplementation was made in connection with the 1939 estimate business, and repair services.” For purpose of this benchmark, sales foi of retail proprietors’ income for the national income series. As explained in the automobile services group in 1948 were estimated, State by State, ac the 1954 National Income supplement (pp. 79-80), it was based essentially on cording to the percentage of the larger aggregate which they formed in 1939. 17. The 1947 tabulations gave distributions by size-of-receipts classes only comparison of 1939 census and IRS sales figures, as well as relationships between small and large-firm profit ratios in the 1945 IRS tabulations, for retail trade in the aggregate, thus precluding the application of the method by line of trade as in 1939. coverage of which was virtually complete. 112 A SUPPLEMENT TO THE SURVEY OF CURRENT BUSINESS This method of estimating, in effect, profit ratios in noncorpo rate retail trade by States was an application of a relationship de veloped in work on proprietors’ income in the national estimates. By use of Census Bureau and Internal Revenue Service materials for sole proprietorships in the nonprofessional service industries for 1939, it was found that the ratio of payroll plus profit to re ceipts tended to be constant throughout the receipts-size distribu tion. The tendency of the profit ratio to decline as the size of firm increased was just offset by the tendency for the ratio of pay roll to receipts to rise. This relationship, thus reflecting the vary ing proportion of labor performed by paid employees as against proprietors and their families, was assumed to be valid with respect to noncorporate retail trade in a geographic application. Because differences in the relative importance of payroll ex pense are quite probably a key factor in profit-ratio differences in noncorporate retail trade, the State estimates derived by the payroll-ratio method were regarded favorably. Consideration was given to utilizing the method for preparing the 1929, 1939, and 1948 benchmark distributions, rather than restricting its use to the extrapolation from 1939 to 1929. The results which it yielded for 1939, it may be added, were similar to those obtained by the detailed profit-ratio method. Benchmark estimates, 1933 and 1935 The Census of Business for 1933 and 1935 did not give a legalform breakdown of retail sales by States. In the absence of non corporate sales data, State estimates for 1933 and 1935 were ob tained by an interpolation process. The series employed for this purpose was the sum of provisional net income estimates by indi vidual lines of trade. These were obtained by using total sales from the census to project 1939 proprietors’ income by line of trade to 1935, 1933, and 1929. Interpolation of benchmarks Estimates of retail proprietors’ income for all vears other than 1929, 1933, 1935, 1939, and 1948 were obtained by interpolation and extrapolation by total payrolls in the industry. For this pur pose, it was necessary to prepare retail payroll estimates by States (from social security data) for the period 1939-55. As described in the section on Wage and Salary Disbursements, retail and wholesale trade payrolls were estimated separately for 1929-39, from the several censuses and sample indexes of the Bureau of Labor Statistics. For the period 1939-55, the requisite wage and salary estimates for retail trade were derived from State unemployment insurance tabulations, supplemented by OASI data on the wages of small firms not covered by the LTI laws. The social security figures do not provide a complete retail-wholesale breakdown, as the various groups for which data are shown include (group 52), “wholesale and retail trade combined, not elsewhere classified.” 18 This miscellaneous category was included with retail trade in the payroll series developed for interpolation and extrapolation of retail proprietors’ income. To prepare estimates of retail proprietors’ income for nonbench mark years, the practical choice was between interpolation and extrapolation by retail payrolls or straight-line interpolation of the benchmark relative distributions (plus holding the 1948 dis tribution constant through 1955). Other than payrolls, no body of annual retail data is available on a State basis. There is objection in principle, of course, to using payrolls alto gether to measure changes in the relative State distribution of proprietors’ income. Apart from this, their use for such purpose in retail trade is open to question by reason of the fact that noncorporate firms account for only two-fifths of total wages and salaries in the industry. When tested, however, the payroll series was found to depict fairly satisfactorily the relative geo graphic shifts in proprietors’ income from one census to the next. For instance, State estimates obtained by extrapolating 1939 proprietors’ income to 1948 by total retail payrolls gave a significantly better “fit” against the 1948 benchmark figures than did estimates obtained by allocating the 1948 national total according to the 1939 relative distribution. Contract construction The contract construction industry proved the most trouble some in preparing State estimates of business proprietors’ income. The difficulties of estimation encountered in this area reflected the necessity of utilizing data that were rather unsuitable for the purpose. The contract construction series incorporates four basic distri butions—for 1929, 1935, 1939, and 1949. The first three were derived mainly from the Census of Construction; the last, from income data collected in the 1950 Census of Population. To ob tain estimates for other years of the period 1929-55, the bench mark distributions were interpolated and extrapolated by the State series on wages and salaries in contract construction. 1939 benchmark distribution The State estimates for 1939 were prepared separately for two groups of proprietors: Those who had establishments and those who were own-account workers (such as carpenters and painters) operating from their own homes. The establishment portion of construction proprietors’ income in 1939 was allocated among the States by the product of (a) the value of work performed by noncorporate establishments, and (b ) the estimated ratio of net income to value of work. Item (a) was reported in the census; item (b) was based on census data per mitting only a rough measure of the noncorporate ratio desired. To obtain this measure, the first step was to derive a gross profit (inclusive of certain operating expenses) for each State, separately for establishments with value of work of less than 825,000 and of $25,000 or more. It was calculated by subtracting wages and salaries and the costs of materials and equipment from the value of work performed. These items, as shown in the census, covered both corporate and noncorporate firms. Next, these “gross profit” figures were divided by the value-ofwork totals reported for the 2 categories of firms in each State. Finally, the resulting gross profit ra nos were combined (weighted) 18. It consists of (a) all lumber and building-materials dealers, and (A) es by value of work figures in the attempt to secure a single ratio for tablishments whose business is about equally divided between wholesale each State approximately representative of noncorporate firms. and retail trade. Value of work for this purpose was taken as reported for the un- PERSONAL INCOME, BY STATES, SINCE 192 9 der-$25,000 group. But for the $25,000-and-over group, the noncorporate share of total value of work was estimated for each State according to the ratio of noncorporate establishments to all establishments. The 1939 census reported the number of pro prietors and firm members in establishments with a value of work performed of $25,000 or more, and this was converted to the number of unincorporated establishments on the basis of the re lationship for each State shown by the 1929 Census of Construc tion. Statistically rough as these 1939 estimates were, they checked out reasonably well against an alternative distribution. This was derived, separately for general contractors and special trade contractors, by multiplying total noncorporate receipts (value of work performed) in each State by a profit ratio. This latter figure was obtained by using average receipts per active pro prietor to specify a ratio from the national relationship between profit ratios and receipts, both grouped by size-of-receipts classes. The method paralleled that used in the 1939 estimates for retail trade. In the case of construction, its principal limitation was that the profit ratios on a national basis (as computed from the 1RS 1939 S ta tistics o f Income) covered only sole proprietorships, not partnerships. The nonestablishment part of construction proprietors’ income in 1939—about two-fifths of the total—was distributed by States according to the estimated numbers of such own-account workers. In line with the procedure followed in the national estimates, labor force data in the 1940 Census of Population were used to establish on a State basis the total number of employees and proprietors in contract construction. Subtraction of employees in the industry (as estimated from social security data by a method paralleling that used for contract construction wages and salaries) yielded the number of proprietors, whether in establish ments or own-account workers. From this total was then de ducted the number of proprietors reported in the 1939 Census of Construction, to secure by States the estimated number of ownaccount proprietors working out of their homes. While the allocation of this “own-account” category of con struction income by number of proprietors was not satisfactory, there was almost no information by States relating to their average net incomes. The fragmentary data available on a national basis indicated a figure of around $600, substantially lower than the average earnings of either proprietors in establish ments or of employees. 1929 benchmark distribution The 1939 State distribution of proprietors’ income in contract construction (both establishment and own-account) was extended to 1929 by census data on value of work performed in establish ments with a volume of $25,000 and over. The results were ad justed proportionately to the estimated national total. The 1929 Census of Construction did not provide a breakdown of the value data by legal form of organization. Also, as noted in the description of construction wages and salaries, the census for that year did not make a systematic canvass of firms doing a business volume less than $25,000. 1935 benchmark distribution The State estimates of construction proprietors’ income pre pared for 1935 were averaged from two distributions—one 113 representing an extrapolation from 1929, the other an extra polation from 1939. The distributions showed markedly different results for some States; and neither set of figures, overall, seemed clearly preferable. The 1929 estimates of proprietors’ income were extrapolated to 1935 by the value of work performed by establishments reporting in both the 1929 and 1935 construction censuses. These value data, though not relating to noncorporate establish ments alone, provided a link between the two censuses. The extrapolation from 1939 to 1935 was also based on census data relating to value of work performed. However, it was carried out separately for special trade contractors and general contractors. State estimates of the incomes for these groups of proprietors, it will be recalled, were available for 1939 from the alternative, or “check,” distribution constructed from census noncorporate value data and profit ratios derived from the re gression analysis. By States, the 1939 income of special trade contractors was extended to 1935 by the value of work performed by such con tractors (corporate and noncorporate) as shown in the two censuses. Similarly, the 1939 income of general contractors was extended to 1935 by census data on value of work performed, except that data for “heavy” contractors (who are predominantly corporate) were excluded. The estimated incomes of proprietors in the two categories in 1935 and 1939 were added for each State, and the totals were used as indexes to extrapolate total construction proprietors’ income (including own-account work ers) from 1939 to 1935. The results, as usual, were corrected proportionately to the independently estimated national total. 1949 benchmark distribution Since the latest construction census was taken for 1939, we turned to the 1950 Census of Population (covering incomes in 1949) to obtain a postwar benchmark for construction proprie tors’ income. The statistical problems encountered were differ ent from those in the three previous benchmarks, but here, too, were sufficiently formidable to preclude the derivation of a re liable State distribution. The 1950 population census provided data by States on the number of employed persons in the construction industry classi fied by income brackets (according to the size of total income in 1949). For each State, an average (mean) income was com puted from these data. The number of persons in each bracket, separately for males and females, was multiplied by the estimated mean income of that bracket for the country as a whole—a figure which, in most cases, was similar to the mid-point. The results for each State were summed across all brackets and divided by the total number of income recipients. The resulting State averages were multiplied by the total num ber of employed persons—employees and proprietors combined— reported as of April 1950 in the population census. From these State totals were then deducted the estimated wages and salaries received by employees (both private industry and government). The State payroll distribution used for this purpose was derived from the product of wage and salary employment as of April 1950 and average annual earnings of contract construction employees for the year 1949. Employment was obtained separately for 114 A SUPPLEMENT TO THE SURVEY OF CURRENT BUSINESS government workers as reported in the population census and private workers as estimated from social security tabulations (unemployment insurance figures adjusted on the basis of firstquarter 1949 OASI data to cover small firms excluded by the State laws). The 1949 employee average earnings by States were also based on social security figures. These averages, cov ering only contract (private) employees, were used to indicate State differentials in the average pay of government employees as well because of the absence of data for the latter. Nationally, government employees were about one-eighth of the total. Deduction from the census income totals of payrolls so derived yielded measures by States of the total income of contract con struction proprietors, both in establishments and operating from their own homes. The figures were adjusted to the 1949 national estimate of proprietors’ income for the industry. Another distribution, based largely on population census data and a variant of the one just described, was also computed. Again, payrolls were deducted from census income totals. There were, however, two main differences in method. First, the in come totals used in this instance were those calculated directly from the frequency distribution data. They showed the amounts of income received by the construction industry labor force during the year 1949. In most States but not all, they were quite similar to the totals obtained by multiplying the April 1950 labor force by average incomes in 1949. Second, the payrolls deducted for private employees were the National Income Division 1949 esti mates for the contract construction industry. Here, too, the difference was between a State distribution for the year as a whole and one reflecting the April 1950 pattern of employment. For government employees, however, no such annual measure was available, and the one used represented the product of census figures on April 1950 employment and the 1949 average annual earnings of private employees based on social security data. The State distributions resulting from the foregoing procedures had 2 principal limitations. First was the residual nature of the calculations. Payrolls of almost $7.5 billion nationally were de ducted from census-based income totals amounting to about $10 billion, with the estimates for these two measures derived largely from independent sources of data. Second, these residual State distributions of proprietors’ income had no statistical link with past benchmarks, thus raising the question of temporal compara bility. For check purposes, therefore, two additional distributions were derived. One represented an extrapolation from 1939 by State estimates of construction activity, as prepared by the Commerce Department’s Building Materials and Construction Division. The other was obtained by extrapolation from 1939 by the State series on wages and salaries in the contract construction industry. Figures by States on contract construction proprietors’ income in 1949 were selected after a comparative analysis of these 4 dis tributions. For 32 States and the District of Columbia, they were based on the “preferred” method (the first one described). For 10 States, the census-based variant distribution yielded figures that seemed most reasonable. For the remaining 6 States, the figures used were averages of those shown in 2 or more of the distributions. Such a judgmental approach in the industry esti mates of business proprietors’ income—in the sense of selecting the figures for individual States from alternative distributions— was followed only in this instance. As already mentioned, the benchmark distributions of con struction proprietors’ income for 1929, 1935, 1939, and 1949 were interpolated and extrapolated by total wages and salaries paid out in the industry. Such a procedure assumes that changes in the relative State distribution of proprietors’ income, subject to periodic benchmark checks, are proportional to those in pay rolls. The validity of this assumption, in turn, depends heavily on another assumption—that changes in the State distribution of total wages and salaries in an industry are indicative of those for noncorporate firms alone. Where this is not the case—where corporations cause the relative payroll shifts by States—the method becomes inappropriate. This source of error is not believed to be generally important in the State proprietors’ income series. It could be allowed for only in scattered instances where there was some specific knowl edge. Two such instances occurred in the construction proprie tors’ income series. Extrapolation from 1949 by total payrolls in the contract construction industry led to results for Kentucky and South Carolina for the years 1951-53 which were known to be badly out of line. This was because the construction pay rolls of those States in this period were heavily affected by atomic energy projects in which noncorporate firms participated to a relatively minor and indirect extent. The 1950 and 1954 esti mates for Kentucky and South Carolina based on the usual method were interpolated along a straight line to secure corrected approximations for the years 1951-53. Services ( nonprofessional) Proprietors’ income in the services (other than professional) was estimated by States for the following industry groups: hotels and other lodging places, personal services, business services, miscellaneous repair services and hand trades, amusement and recreation, commercial trade schools and employment agencies, and educational services. The methodology for the first five of these, accounting for almost all of the total (see E x h ib it 7), is summarized here. Hotels and other lodging places This component was estimated separately for establishments and boarding and lodging houses. For both 1939 and 1948, proprietors’ income in the establish ment portion of the industry was allocated by States according to the “payroll-ratio” method, as described for retail trade. Data used were from the Census of Business. The necessary figures on noncorporate payrolls and receipts were reported for hotels, and all tourist courts (in the absence of legal-form break downs of payrolls and receipts) were treated as noncorporate. The 1939 estimates were extrapolated to the years 1935, 1933, and 1929 by total receipts (corporate and noncorporate) from the censuses for those years. For 1929, receipts of hotels and tourist courts were estimated by extrapolating the reported data for 1933 by receipts in hotels with 25 rooms or more. Proprietors’ income by States for other years of the period 1929-39 was estimated by straight-line interpolation of the census-based distributions. For the later period, the 1939 and 1948 bench marks were interpolated and extrapolated by the State series on wages and salaries of hotels and other lodging places. PERSONAL INCOME, BY STATES, SINCE 192 9 For the relatively minor nonestablishment segment, income in 1939 was distributed by States according to the number of propri etors. These were obtained by subtracting the number of propri etors in hotels and tourist courts (Census of Service Establishments) from the total number of self-employed persons in hotels and other lodging places (Census of Population). For 1929 and 1930, national totals were distributed by the number of boarding and lodging housekeepers given in the 1930 Census of Population. Estimates for 1931-38 were derived by straight-line interpolation; for 1940 and subsequent years, by holding the 1939 relative dis tribution constant. Personal, business, and repair services The principal benchmarks for personal services, business serv ices (except accountants), and miscellaneous repair services and hand trades were prepared for the census years 1939 and 1948. Proprietors’ incomes in these industries for 1939 were allocated by States in considerable detail. Two principal methods were employed. Based on State payroll and receipts data from the 1939 Census of Service Establishments, the payroll-ratio method (see descrip tion under retail trade) was used for a number of the larger subgroups. Where corporations were important (as for cleaning and dyeing plants and power laundries), these data were avail able separately for unincorporated establishments in the census report. Where breakdowns by legal form of organization were not provided (notably for an “all other” personal services cate gory), the payroll and receipts data shown for all establishments were employed in the method, on the likelihood that corporations were too small a proportion to distort it appreciably. For other subgroups, such as funeral and burial service and photographic studios, proprietors’ incomes in 1939 were dis tributed by the product of number of proprietors and average annual earnings of full-time employees in the industry. The State figures on number of proprietors were taken from the 1940 Population Census or the 1939 Service Census; employee earnings were computed from payroll and employment data in the latter. On a State basis, the 1948 Census of Business showed noncorpo rate payrolls and receipts for personal, business, and repair services combined. After adjustment (by 1939 relationships) to eliminate automobile repair services, which are included with retail trade in our industry classification, these payroll and receipt totals were used in the payroll-ratio method to establish a distri bution of proprietors’ income. Another distribution approxi mately comparable in scope and statistical derivation was then prepared for 1939. These provided the basis for extrapolating from 1939 to 1948 the State proprietors’ income totals for per sonal, business, and repair services that had been built up from the subgroup detail. For the period prior to 1939, separate series were prepared for personal services, business services, and miscellaneous repair services and hand trades. The 1939 State estimates for each of these industries were extrapolated to 1935 and to 1933 by data from the service censuses for those years. For personal services, comprehensive and closely comparable series on total receipts were available for the purpose. The extrapolations for business services (number of proprietors weighted by average earnings of employees) and for miscellaneous repair services and hand 115 trades (total receipts) were based on the limited number of indi vidual categories for which data were reported by States in all three censuses. To obtain estimates for 1929-32, the national totals of proprietors’ incomes in each of the three industries were distributed by States in accordance with the pattern for 1933. Straight-line interpolation was followed to obtain distributions for 1934 and 1936-38. Proprietors’ incomes in personal, business, and repair services in the 1940-55 period were derived for the three industries com bined. The 1940-47 figures represent interpolations of the census-based benchmarks on the basis of total wages and salaries in the industries. Pending the availability of later census infor mation, the relative distribution for 1948 was used for the later years. Amusement and recreation The income of proprietors in the amusement and recreation (except motion picture production) industry in 1939 and 1948 was also allocated among the States by the payroll-ratio method. The censuses for those years gave figures on noncorporate payrolls and receipts. The 1939 estimates were extended to 1935 and 1933 by total receipts as shown in the service censuses, and the results adjusted proportionately to national totals. The 1933 relative State dis tribution was used for 1929-32; and the distributions for 1934 and 1936-38 were derived by straight-line interpolation. To obtain estimates for the later period, the 1939 and 1948 benchmarks were interpolated and extrapolated by payrolls. For all States except California, wages and salaries as estimated for the amusement and recreation industry as a whole were used for this purpose. For California, however, the totals were ad justed (on the basis of UI data) to exclude motion picture pro duction. Inclusion of this sizable industry, which is almost wholly corporate and, of course, concentrated in California, would have seriously affected the State distributions in some years. The very minor amount of noncorporate business income aris ing in motion picture production was allocated mainly on the basis of number of proprietors by States shown in the 1939 Census of Service Establishments. About nine-tenths of the total is re ceived in California. Wholesale trade As in the case of retail trade, basic State distributions of pro prietors’ income in wholesale trade were prepared for the census years 1929, 1933, 1935, 1939, and 1948. The benchmark esti mates for wholesale trade differed significantly in procedure, however, and are less adequate. Moreover, it was not found desirable to use payrolls for interpolation and extrapolation. The discussion that follows deals with wholesale trade apart from the separate estimation and addition of patronage refunds and stock dividends paid by farmers’ cooperatives. These ac count for about 8 percent of the total. State distributions were based on Department of Agriculture data on the volume of business of farmers’ marketing and purchasing associations. After experimentation with several procedures yielding rather dissimilar estimates, national totals of wholesale trade proprie- 116 A SUPPLEMENT TO THE SURVEY OF CURRENT BUSINESS tors’ income for 1929, 1939, and 1948 were allocated by States by the sum of 2 factors: (1) The product of number of proprie tors and average earnings of noncorporate-firm employees and (2) total noncorporate wages. This allocation, based wholly on Census of Wholesale Trade data, is equivalent to, and perhaps can better be viewed as, the number of persons engaged in non corporate wholesale trade weighted by average earnings of non corporate employees. The more conventional procedure would have been to base the allocation on the product of number of proprietors and average earnings of noncorporate employees. The modification intro duced here—the inclusion of number of noncorporate employ ees—was for the purpose of making rough allowance for State differences in average size of establishment. Wholesale trade is quite heterogeneous in regard to the size factor—as between, for example, most types of agents and brokers, on the one hand, and the large-scale operations of many limited-function and service wholesalers on the other. The foregoing procedure could not be followed for 1933 and 1935 as Census reports for those years did not provide State data on payrolls and employment by legal form of organization. In stead, estimates were obtained by interpolating between 1929 and 1939 by distributions based on the product of number of pro prietors and average earnings of all wholesale employees (both corporate and noncorporate). To secure estimates for other years of the 1929-48 period, the relative distributions for census years were interpolated along a straight line. For 1949-55, the 1948 distribution was held constant. The above procedure for wholesale trade differed from that for retail trade in two principal ways: 1. Census noncorporate sales data could not be used in the estimation for wholesale trade. The Census definition of whole sale sales calls for the total “dollar volume of business” handled by wholesalers—not, in the principal case of agents and brokers, the commissions from which net income is derived. As a conse quence, the ratio of net income to census-based sales differs widely by types of operation (limited-function and service whole salers, agents and brokers, assemblers, etc.). If a breakdown of wholesale proprietors’ income by type of operation were available nationally, attempt to circumvent this problem might have been made through the approach of preparing separate State distribu tions for various types of wholesale trade. Even so, this would have been difficult at best as sales data reported on income tax returns to the Internal Revenue Service are on the basis of com missions received, not total business volume handled. 2. Unlike the procedure for retail trade, payrolls were rejected for interpolation and extrapolation of the census-based distribu tions of wholesale proprietors’ income. On a national basis, non corporate firms account for only about one-sixth of total payrolls in wholesale trade. Despite the substantial limitation on a priori grounds, the adequacy of payrolls as an index of relative changes in wholesale proprietors’ income by States was tested. It was found specifically that payroll extrapolation from one census benchmark to the next gave somewhat less satisfactory results than simply holding the earlier distribution constant. Apart from payrolls, no statistical series for wholesale trade is available annually on a State basis. Manufacturing Proprietors’ income in manufacturing was allocated by States for 1929 and 1939 according to the value added by manufacture by proprietorships and partnerships, as shown in the Census of Manufactures. Similar data were not reported in any other manufacturing census of the 1929-39 period or in the 1947 census. Estimates for 1930-38 are interpolations of the 1929 and 1939 distributions. The series used for this purpose was the summa tion of separate estimates for the twenty “2-digit” manufacturing industries. These estimates were obtained by distributing the national total of proprietors’ income for each industry in each year by the number of “employers and own account workers” by States reported in the 1940 Census of Population. It was neces sary to classify and regroup the labor force data from 38 to 20 industries. Estimates for 1940 and subsequent years are extrapolations of the 1939 distribution for total manufacturing. The procedure may be outlined as follows: 1. For the years 1949—55, the national estimate of proprietors’ income in each 2-digit manufacturing industry was allocated by States according to the number of self-employed workers shown in the 1950 Census of Population. 2. The percentage distributions of proprietors’ income in each industry for 1939 and 1949 as based on the labor force allocations were straight-line interpolated.19 3. The 1940-48 national estimates of proprietors’ income in each industry were distributed by these percentages. 4. The State figures by detailed industry groups for 1939-55 were combined into an all-manufacturing series. This was used to project forward the 1939 benchmark estimates, with adjustment each year to the independent national total of manufacturing proprietors’ income. The State estimates of proprietors’ income in manufacturing are obviously not very satisfactory. They are to be viewed merely as orders of magnitude. With regard to the 1929 and 1939 distributions, it should be recalled that “value added” is a much grosser, or more inclusive, concept than proprietors’ income. For this reason, as well as the fact that data were not available for making the value-added allocation by individual industries, consideration was given to using for 1939 the estimates based on the 20-industry allocations by labor force data. However, the State figures on average income per proprietor implied by the latter series appeared less plausible—more erratic—than those based on the value-added distribution. This is perhaps not surprising. The number of manufacturing proprietors in the Census of Population (which includes proprietors in the miscellaneous services and hand trades industry) is more than twice as large as that reported in the Census of Manufactures, which is the classification basis used in our estimates.20* Distributions based on the Census of Population 19. The labor force data in the two censuses were affected by a change in the industrial classification system used for manufacturing (see the intro duction to Part IV). For the interpolations, therefore, certain of the twodigit industry groups were combined so as to minimize this noncomparability. 20. State data on number of proprietors are not reported in the Census of Manufactures on a 2-digit basis, but rather for several hundred detailed industries. Their summarization into 2-digit totals would have been a prohibitive task. PERSONAL INCOME, BY STATES, SINCE 192 9 thus must assume not only that average net income is the same by States within each industry, but also that the overstatement of number of proprietors is proportionately the same. The procedure followed to interpolate and extrapolate the 1929 and 1939 benchmark distributions was unique with the manufacturing series.21 Finance, insurance, and real estate The procedure of deriving proprietors’ income in finance, insurance, and real estate for the 1929-39 period was summarized in connection with the wage and salary estimates for this industry. For the later period, 2 benchmark distributions were obtained for 1950—one for insurance and real estate; the other for banking, brokerage, and finance, n. e. c. For each of these groups, the allocation by States was based on the product of number of selfemployed persons (from the Census of Population) and average earnings of employees (computed from social security data). Estimates for other years of the 1939-55 period were secured by interpolation and extrapolation of the 1939 and 1950 bench marks by wages and salaries. Banking, it should be noted, was not included in either the average earnings calculations or the wage and salary series used for the banking, brokerage, and finance, n. e. c. group. This was because banking accounts for a negligible amount of pro prietors’ income, but for the predominant part of payrolls in this group. FARM INCOME The State series on farm proprietors’ income is derived from a combined annual income-expense statement covering the gross income from farming and production expenses of all farm operators in each State. Net farm income is calculated by sub tracting the sum of production expenses from total gross farm income. Included in gross farm income are some 150 different items of cash receipts from farm marketings, almost half that number of items of home consumption of food and fuel, an estimated rental value of farm dwellings, various payments to farmers in connec tion with the Government’s farm programs, and an adjustment for the value of change over the year in inventories of some two dozen types of crops and livestock on farms. Farmers’ production expenses in each State are developed for about 45 different cate gories. The present net farm income series was prepared jointly by the National Income Division and the Agricultural Economics Division of the Agricultural Marketing Service. It represents 21. Payrolls in manufacturing, as noted earlier, were not employed for interpolation and extrapolation because of the very small proportion—only 5 percent for manufacturing as a whole—accounted for by noncorporate firms. The use of detailed State figures from the Census of Population to weight the 2-digit national estimates was for the purpose of measuring geo graphic shifts in manufacturing proprietors’ income due to changes in the relative importance of individual types of manufactures. 117 the first systematic, detailed estimation of farmers’ net income by States on an annual basis for the whole period since 1929. As such, it is a distinct improvement over the farm income figures contained in the former State income payments estimates, par ticularly for the pre-1939 years. Both definitionally and statistically, the State estimates of farm proprietors’ income conform with the United States totals for this component included in the national income accounts. These totals, as shown in table 1 of the July 1956 S C B , incorporate the Agricultural Economics Division’s latest estimates for 1952-55; revisions for earlier years will be included in the next edition of the N a tio n a l Income sup plement. The estimates included in this report for the income of farm proprietors correspond to the Agricultural Economics Division series on “total net income of farm operators from farming, includ ing Government payments.” Excluded is the income received by farmers and their families from nonfarm sources. Such income is covered in wage and salary disbursements, transfer payments, and the various other types of personal income. Though a segment of proprietors’ income, the net farm income series covers farms owned and operated by corporations as well as by self-employed operators. Inclusion of corporations, of course, is not appropriate for a personal income measure. There are two related points to be observed, however. 1. Department of Agriculture data cover all farms, without showing a breakdown by legal form of organization. It was not possible to estimate separately (and exclude) the net income of farm corporations. 2. In all probability, the proportion of total farm income ac counted for by corporations is small in every State (and negli gible in most). As evidenced by the latest available tabulations of the Internal Revenue Service, the net profit of farm corpora tions in the country as a whole averaged less than $100 million a year in the period 1950-52. This amount represented only two-thirds of 1 percent of all net farm income. Census data for 1950 on farm land owned and operated by corporations indicate that this $100 million was scattered widely by States.22 urvey urrent of u s in e s s Considerations of reliability As has been noted, net farm income by States is estimated by detailed procedures in which separate attention is focused on the individual components of gross income and expenses of operation. This permits most effective use of the vast array of State data on production, marketings, inventories, prices, and costs collected by the Department of Agriculture in a variety of regular and special surveys, or by the Bureau of the Census in the quinquen nial Census of Agriculture. In general, the State estimates of total gross farm income are regarded as reasonably accurate. Adequate recurrent informa 22. Either nationally or by States, corporations’ relative share of a “gross” measure such as ownership of land or value of sales cannot be taken to indicate their relative share of net farm income. Overall, the ratio of net to gross farm income for corporations is only around one-tenth as large as the similar ratio for self-employed farmers. This wide difference is attribu table chiefly to the greater importance of farm labor expense for corporations. The net income accruing to independent farmers includes a large element ol labor return for work performed by themselves and their families. 118 A SUPPLEMENT TO THE SURVEY OP CURRENT BUSINESS tion on volume and prices is available for the major items of crops and livestock. With regard to the noncommodity elements of gross farm income, the figures on Government payments are administratively reported, and hence accurate, whereas the esti mates of imputed rental value of farm dwellings are rather weak. The basic data on production expenses are much less complete. For some items, census or sample survey data make possible fairly reliable State series. Included among these are livestock pur chases, cash wages to hired labor, purchases of fertilizer and lime, property taxes, farm mortgage interest, some of the miscellaneous operating expenses, and, for census years, purchases of feed. For other types of production expense, however, it is necessary to develop State allocations of national totals on the basis of related data f°r example, depreciation of buildings and machinery is distributed by States proportionately to the estimated values of the stock of these capital items on farms. Although some of the allocators are sufficiently relevant to yield reasonably good approximations to State expenditures, the items comprising this latter category of production expenses vary widely in statistical adequacy. Net farm income, as the statistical residual between gross in come and production expenses, is subject to greater percentage error than the aggregates from which it is derived. Errors in these large aggregates may yield State net income estimates that are somewhat too erratic, and it is probable that the figures are more reliable for an average of several years than for a single year. This statistical aspect, however, should be viewed in conjunction with a fact noted earlier—that farm income on a geographic basis is by nature erratic, because the State distribution for any par ticular year reflects temporary factors. The State estimates of farm proprietors’ income for the most recent year are always tentative, since the statistical data available at the time of their preparation are preliminary. As new data from Department of Agriculture current surveys become avail able, various components of gross income and production ex penses are adjusted. The consequent revisions in the State esti mates of net farm income are sometimes sizable. Similarly, benchmark data obtained from the Census of Agriculture result in periodic revisions of the component series for several years back. Apart from these qualifications relating to partial reliance on preliminary data, the farm income estimates for the recent period are more reliable than those for prior years. The Agricultural Economics Division recently has devoted considerable resources to the preparation of annual State estimates of net farm income beginning with 1949—a project which extended its past work on a State basis principally through the development of new and im proved distributions of production expenses. For purpose of this personal income study, preparation of special net income esti mates for the period 1929-48 was undertaken by the National Income Division in cooperation with the Agricultural Economics Division, which provided the basic State material on the compo nents of gross farm income, State distributions for a number of items of production expense, and national totals for other expense items. Within the period 1929-48, it should be added, the statisti cal basis of the estimates for the later years is somewhat more ade quate than that for the 1930’s. A summary of the procedures used in developing State estimates of net farm income will appear in a Statistical H andbook now in preparation by the U. S. Department of Agriculture. Consid erable information of this kind, particularly for the commodity items of gross farm income, was provided in an earlier Agriculture Department publication, T he A gricultural E stim ating and Reporting Services o f the U nited States D epartm ent o f A griculture (Miscellaneous Publication No. 703), Washington, 1949. The description of methodology given here is therefore limited to brief compass. Gross Farm Income As shown in E x h ib it 2, gross farm income comprises 5 major categories: cash receipts from farm marketings, value of home consumption, gross rental value of farm homes, Government pay ments, and value of change in farm inventories. Government payments are reported in terms of the actual disbursements made to farmers. For each of the other categories, national totals are derived by the Department of Agriculture as the sum of separate State estimates. Cash receipts from farm marketings Farmers’ cash receipts from marketings, as has been noted, are estimated annually for each State for detailed items of crops, livestock, and livestock products. Cash receipts from marketings of livestock and livestock prod ucts are obtained by States by multiplying quantities sold by average prices. For major groups of meat animals, for example, the volume of live animals marketed by farmers and ranchers (based primarily on reports from stockyard companies, packers, State sanitary boards, and railroads) and meat sold from animals slaughtered on farms and ranches in each State (estimated from the Census of Agriculture and from annual sample data obtained by mailed inquiries to livestock producers) are multiplied by State prices. These prices are derived as annual averages of monthly prices received by farmers weighted by monthly sales. For most major crops, cash receipts in each State are estimated monthly by multiplying estimated quantities sold by the average prices received by farmers, and the results are summed for the appropriate months to obtain calendar year cash receipts. Monthly quantities sold are derived by apportioning estimated total crop-year production according to sample information on production and disposition supplied by crop reporters. Crop-year production is estimated as acreage harvested times average yield per acre. To obtain acreage and yield figures, benchmarks derived from the Census of Agriculture and several annual State assessors’ censuses are extended by sample data on acreage and yield changes indicated by a sample in excess of 200,000 reporting farmers at the present time. The changes re ported currently are adjusted on the basis of past relationships between the sample data and the benchmarks. Disposition of each farm product for the year covers the respec tive quantities sold, consumed by the farm family, used for feed and seed, or added to inventory. It is generally based on per centages computed from annual mail reports filed by a selected sample of producers. For most field and vegetable crops, the percentages are applied to production estimates, and the results PERSONAL INCOME, BY STATES, SINCE 192 9 for quantity sold are generally reconciled with totals based on annual reports by producers accounting in many cases for the bulk of the commercial movement. Reports from processors, handlers, or sanitary inspectors provide such good coverage of certain other major crops and livestock products that firm esti mates of marketings can be based directly on these. Cotton be longs to this class because of reports made by substantially all ginners. Meat animals are another example, as indicated above. The estimated yearly quantities of commodity sales are dis tributed by months on the basis of special surveys of dealers who buy directly from farmers, data on rail shipments, receipts at principal markets, and, for a few items, on information received directly from farmers. Exhibit 2.— Derivation of Net Income of Farm Proprietors, 1949 Cash receipts from farm marketings..................................... Meat animals........................................................ 8. 3 Dairy products...................................................... 3. 8 Poultry and eggs.................................................. 3. 1 Cotton.................................................................... 2. 6 Food grains........................................................... 2.3 Feed crops............................................................. 2.3 Other marketings................................................. 5.5 Value of home consumption.................................................. Gross rental value of farm homes......................................... Government payments........................................................... Value of change in farm inventories.................................... 30. 9 27.9 2.2 1.5 -2 —.9 L E S S : P R O D U C T IO N E X P E N S E S ............................................................ 18.2 Depreciation..................................................................... 3. 6 Feed purchased................................................................ 3.0 Hired labor....................................................................... 2.9 Operation of motor vehicles........................................... 1.7 Livestock purchased........................................................ L 6 Net rents and Government payments to nonfarm landlords. 1.1 Fertilizer and lime.................................................................. -9 Taxes......................................................................................... -8 Farm mortgage interest.......................................................... -2 Other................................................................................. 2. 4 E Q U A L S : N E T IN C O M E O F F A R M P R O P R IE T O R S ............. by farmers for the sale of similar products. Unlike cash receipts, the value of home consumption is estimated for the year as a whole, rather than by months. Quantity and price data are available from the sources mentioned above under cash receipts. Value of home consumption is a gross figure. The costs of pro ducing the home-consumed items are included in the various categories of total production expense subtracted from gross in come to derive net farm income. Data are not available to de termine the portions of the several expense items that are allocable to home consumption. Thus, although it is the net rather than the gross value of home consumption that is included in net farm income, it is not possible to determine the magnitude of home consumption on a net basis. Gross rental value of farm homes [Billions of dollars] G R O S S F A R M IN C O M E .................................................................................... 119 12. 7 Monthly price data for crop and livestock items are collected from approximately 10,000 voluntary price reporters, including buyers and handlers of farm products, some local bankers, wellinformed farmers, and other persons with knowledge of farm product prices. Much of the basic price information is collected through mail questionnaires and is reviewed in the light of data from other sources. Nonrecourse loans to farmers made or guaranteed by the Com modity Credit Corporation, net of current redemptions, are con sidered cash receipts from farm marketings. Generally speaking, the value of loans is added to cash receipts, and the value of re demptions subtracted, month by month as they occur. Value of home consumption For individual States, the quantities of each of the various items of food and fuel consumed by farm families on the farm on which they are produced are multiplied by the average prices received This component of gross income covers housing on owner- and tenant-occupied farms. It is derived for each State by (1) cal culating a return on dwelling investment from the estimated value of farm dwellings and the average rate of interest on farm mortgage loans, and (2) adding to this computed net value the portion of total farm expenses estimated to be allocable to the upkeep of dwellings. The basic State estimates of total value of dwellings are prepared from Census of Agriculture data, with only the 1930 census reporting separate data on dwellings as distinguished from other structures. Value relationships are used to derive the proportions of the various expense items allo cated to dwellings in each State. Rent paid by tenants on farm dwellings is counted as part of the production expenses which are deducted from gross income to arrive at net income. The rental value of tenant-occupied dwellings is included in gross income so as to offset that deduc tion, and thereby obtain a net income figure measured before payment of house rent. For owner-occupied homes, the rental value series is on a gross basis (that is, includes estimated expenses connected with the dwelling) to offset the inclusion of dwelling expenses in the various items of production expense. Thus, the net farm income that is finally derived includes, for owner-occupied dwellings, only the net rental value because dwelling expenses included on the gross income and expense sides of the farm account are canceling. Government payments Payments made to farmers by the Federal Government for their participation in farm programs are reported for each State from the fiscal records of the Commodity Stabilization Service. As noted above, nonrecourse loans made or guaranteed by the Commodity Credit Corporation are included with cash receipts from farm marketings. Change in farm inventories The value of the change in farm inventories is measured as the difference between physical quantities of crops and livestock on farms at the beginning and end of the year in each State, multiplied by State average prices for the year. Separate esti mates are derived for 7 classes of livestock and poultry and for 19 crops. 120 A SUPPLEMENT TO THE SURVEY OF CURRENT BUSINESS Benchmark data on the number of each class of livestock on farms are obtained every 5 years from the Census of Agriculture. These census enumerations are adjusted, where necessary, to obtain complete coverage. Estimates of year-to-year changes in the number of livestock on farms are prepared from surveys made each December. The rate of sampling varies among States, depending largely on the needs of the individual States for livestock data. In general, a sample of 3,000 to 6,000 farms is considered satisfactory for a principal livestock-producing State. Special surveys (especially in States where the size of farm varies greatly); records of market ings, slaughterings, and rail shipments; livestock tax assessment data; and State farm censuses are used for checking the inventory estimates derived from the basic survey data. Estimates of year-end farm inventories of crops are prepared by one of two methods. For major grain crops, farm stocks are estimated quarterly. These estimates are based upon the results of mail surveys covering about 80,000 farmers, from which the usable response is approximately 30 percent. Each respondent reports the production of each crop grown on his farm and the quantity on hand at the survey date. For individual crops, the reported stocks on farms are expressed as percentages of total production for these farms, separately for each State. These percentages are applied to the estimated total State production of each crop to yield quarterly figures on farm stocks. Studies made in 1948 substantiated the validity of this method. The estimates of year-end inventories of crops derived in this manner do not include crops which farmers own but may have placed in commercial storage located off their farms. The mag nitudes involved are not known, but are believed not to be large. Also, for certain crops a part of the estimated stocks on farms may have been used to secure a Commodity Credit Corporation loan. As the proceeds of such loans are included in gross farm income, it is necessary to deduct the quantity of these crops under loan from farm inventories in order to avoid double counting. The adjustment is made on the basis of reported data on Commodity Credit Corporation loans and redemptions. For cotton and tobacco and 8 relatively minor crops, inventory changes are calculated in terms of inventories “held for ultimate sale.” Crops held for use as feed or seed on farms where grown are excluded. To estimate the quantity of each crop still remain ing to be sold on January 1 of each year, the amount of the pre vious year’s production of the crop actually sold through Decem ber is subtracted from the total amount to be sold. For these crops, differences in the change in quantities held for sale and in total stocks on farms are minor. The prices used to value the change in physical quantities of livestock and crops are average State prices received by farmers. For livestock, prices are obtained as a simple average of the values (replacement costs) per head as of January 1 of the given year and January 1 of the following year, as reported by farmers in sample surveys. For crops, the prices used represent the 12month average of farmers’ selling prices for each particular crop. Before development of the new State farm income series, it was the practice to value physical changes in farm inventories in terms of year-end prices. In connection with the State work, however, it was found that materially different results obtained for some years when the inventory changes were valued at annual average prices. Since the purpose of the inventory change item is to exclude sales out of inventory when inventories on farms decline, and to add income in excess of cash receipts when inventories on farms increase, average prices are preferable to year-end prices for valuing this item. Accordingly, the former expedient of using year-end prices as an approximation of average prices was discarded, and the entire inventory series was reworked by States on the latter basis. For the years 1929-51, however, State estimates of net farm in come inclusive of the revised inventory figures are adjusted to national totals in which the inventory component is valued at year-end prices. As part of a major revision of its farm income series for the United States back to 1910, the Department of Agri culture last year incorporated the revised estimates of inventory change. (See the F arm Income Situation, No. 155, October 31, 1955). Farm income in the national accounts, as already noted, conforms with the Agriculture Department’s previous series for the period 1929-51. Production Expenses Among the largest of the categories of farm production expense are depreciation, purchased feed, hired labor, purchase of live stock, fertilizer and lime, property taxes, and net rent paid to nonfarm landlords. In magnitude, these items ranged from $0.8 billion to $3.6 billion in 1949. (See E xh ib it 2.) Together, they accounted for 85 percent of total production expenses in that year. In the following discussion of procedures for these major cate gories of production expense, attention is limited to the 1929-49 period for both depreciation and the cost of operating motor ve hicles. As explained below, treatment of these items is somewhat different in the later-period State estimates of the Agricultural Economics Division. Purchased feed Farmers’ expenditures for purchased feed were taken from the Census of Agriculture for the years 1929, 1939, 1944, 1949, and 1954. State estimates for other years were obtained by interpo lation and extrapolation on the basis of cash receipts from live stock and livestock products, with adjustment of the State figures to the independently computed United States totals. When the cash receipts series was tested by using it to extrapolate feed ex penditures from one census year to the next, it was found to give fairly satisfactory results as compared with amounts reported in the Census of Agriculture. Depreciation Depreciation in the farm sector is based on replacement cost rather than original cost. It is estimated separately for farm dwellings and other farm buildings, automobiles, trucks, tractors, and other farm machinery. For the individual categories, United States annual depreciation charges were distributed among States on the basis of estimated values of each category of building or equipment. For farm buildings, State values were reported in the Census of PERSONAL INCOME, BY STATES, SINCE 192 9 Agriculture for 1930 and 1940. The 1940 census figures were projected to 1949 by estimates derived largely from sample value data supplied by crop reporters. State estimates for years prior to 1940 were obtained by multiplying (1) annual values of land and buildings in each State by (2) State ratios of the value of buildings to the value of land and buildings. To secure series (1), census figures for 1930 and 1940 were interpolated by annual values of land and buildings based on crop reporter data. Straight-line interpolation for each State between 1930 and 1940 ratios derived from the Census of Agriculture yielded series (2). State distributions of the estimated values of automobiles, trucks, and tractors on farms were derived for 1930, 1940, 1945, and 1950 from Census of Agriculture data on numbers of each type of vehicle on farms, the age distribution of autos and trucks, and the type, age, and horsepower of tractors. State values for other farm machinery were estimated for 1930, 1940, and 1945 by subtracting the estimated values of the appropriate motor vehicles from Census of Agriculture data on value of machinery on farms. Since value of machinery on farms was not reported in the 1950 Census of Agriculture, it was necessary to resort to other sources for estimating the State distribution in that year. The increase in the value of farm machinery in the United States between 1945 and 1950 (including tractors, but excluding autos and trucks) was distributed by States on the basis of State estimates of farmers’ expenditures for machinery in 1948. These estimates were derived from State data on sales of farm equip ment from the 1948 Census of Business (which combined data for tractors with sales of other farm machinery). By States, the dollar increases from 1945 to 1950 in values of farm machinery were added to the 1945 values of farm machinery plus tractors, and 1950 values of tractors were subtracted from the results to obtain the desired State values of farm machinery in 1950. For intercensal years, State values of autos, trucks, tractors, and other machinery on farms were estimated by straight-line inter polation between the census-based benchmarks. The State estimates of net farm income for 1950-55, as based on the Agricultural Economics Division series, reflects a revised treatment of capital expenditures and depreciation charges. As explained in T h e Farm Income Situation of October 31, 1955, expenditures on repairs and parts which previously were included in capital expenditures subject to depreciation are now classified as current expenses. Together with items covered by the former category of “cost of operating motor vehicles,” these expenditures are shown in a new category (“repairs and operation of capital items”) in the Agricultural Economics Division national estimates back to 1910 and in its State estimates beginning with 1949. This factor, together with several improvements in estimating proce dures, has resulted in a sizable reduction in the estimated United States totals of depreciation charges that are distributed by States. However, the reduction in depreciation is largely offset by the inclusion of repairs and parts among operating expenses. The State estimates of net farm income for 1929-49 that are presented here were developed on the basis of the earlier treat ment of farm depreciation and repairs. However, this and other revisions subsequently introduced by the Agricultural Economics Division altered the State net income estimates very little. For 1949, the correspondence between the two sets of figures on net farm income was quite close in virtually all States. 121 Hired labor The estimates of wages paid to hired farm laborers are described in the section on Wage and Salary Disbursements. In addition to wages (including both cash payments and the value of perquisites), the production expense category for hired labor includes since 1951 the contributions to old-age and survivors insurance paid by employers on behalf of their em ployees. The national total for each year, as based on data from the Bureau of Old-Age and Survivors Insurance, was distributed among States according to taxable farm wages in 1951. The amounts involved are minor. Since the same figures on farm wages that enter into production expenses are also included as an income item in wage and salary disbursements, errors of estimation in farm wages are canceling in both “farm income” (the sum of farm proprietors’ income, wages, and other labor income) and in total personal income. Livestock purchases Farmers’ expenditures for livestock cover purchases from all sources outside the State and from public stockyards within the State. Consistent with this treatment, the estimates of cash receipts from livestock do not include direct sales among farmers in the same State. Cost of inshipments to each State of meat animals for feeding and stocking constitutes the major component of livestock pur chases. Estimates of the number of such livestock are made from inspection records of State veterinarians, inspections by the Department of Agriculture at 66 public stockyards, and data derived from truck and railway movements of livestock. Esti mates of the weight and price of the livestock purchased are ob tained from records of transactions at 5 important stocker and feeder markets, which handle more than one-half of the trans actions. Fertilizer and lime Farmers’ expenditures for fertilizer and lime by States were estimated separately for commercial fertilizer, the cost of fertilizer purchased from the Government, and liming materials. For commercial fertilizer, estimates for each of 12 States (ac counting for almost half the national total) were prepared for the years 1940-50 by the Agricultural Research Service, U. S. De partment of Agriculture. These were computed as the product of the quantity of each type of fertilizer and the corresponding average price. Quantity and price data for the years 1940-43 were taken from studies conducted in the individual States. For 1944-50, quantities sold in each State were obtained mainly from Department of Agriculture surveys of virtually all fertilizer manu facturers. Prices for this latter period were from A gricultural Prices (USDA), as supplemented by data from several other sources. For the other 36 States, estimated fertilizer purchases in 1950 were prepared by the Agricultural Economics Division by the same method as that used for the 12 States. The 1950 figures for all States were extrapolated forward to 1955, and those for the 36 States back to 1944, on the basis of total plant nutrients sold in each State. Plant nutrients were computed by the Agricultural 122 A SUPPLEMENT TO THE SURVEY OF CURRENT BUSINESS Research Service by conversion of survey data on the quantities of the various types of fertilizer sold annually in each State. Estimates of commercial fertilizer purchases for all States from 1929 to 1939, and for the 36 States from 1940 to 1943, were de rived by allocating national totals according to the product of fertilizer tonnage sold in each State and average price per ton. Tonnage was taken as reported by the National Fertilizer Asso ciation; State differentials in average prices were based on compu tations from the 1930 and 1940 Census of Agriculture. Estimated costs of fertilizer purchased from the Tennessee Val ley Authority by farmers in each State were derived by allocating national totals by State data (largely on tonnage shipped) sup plied by the TVA. Farm purchases of liming materials were estimated by States as the product of quantities purchased and average prices paid. Amounts purchased by States were reported by the National Agricultural Limestone Institute, while State prices were those contained in A gricultural Prices. Cost of operating motor vehicles This item covers fuel and oil, tires and tubes, registration fees, and insurance for operating trucks, tractors and automobiles. In the case of automobiles, 40 percent of the total cost of operation is charged to production. State expenditures for gas and oil for motor vehicle operation were available from the Census of Agriculture for 1939 and 1949. They were estimated for 1929 and 1944 by distributing United States totals among States principally on the basis of numbers of vehicles on farms reported in the Census of Agriculture for these years. The estimates for intercensal years were derived by straight-line interpolation. These State figures were then ad justed proportionately to the national estimates of total cost of operation to allow for other operation costs. Taxes on farm property Farm property taxes are derived separately for those levied on farm real estate and on farm personal property. Real estate taxes in each State are developed from Census of Agriculture data, supplemented by annual reports from a sample of county tax officials who list the acreage and real estate taxes for a representative group of farms in their taxing jurisdiction for the current and preceding year. These reports are used to estimate annual changes in tax per acre in each State, which are then mul tiplied by land-in-farms acreage to obtain the total tax levied in the State. Personal property taxes are derived by multiplying the assessed values of farm personalty by applicable tax rates. Assessed values are determined from State reports of the assessed values of various classes of personal property; tax rates are based in large part on the rates reported in rural districts of the various States. The estimates are checked against State personal property taxes reported in the Census erf Agriculture. Net rents to nonfarm landlords Rental flows within the farm sector do not appear in E x h ib it 2 because it is a consolidated statement in which intrabusiness flows cancel. Net rents earned by farmer landlords become merged with the net income of farm operators and are not isolated statisti cally. However, rents paid to landlords not living on farms must be recorded as flowing out of the farm sector. Only net rents are shown explicitly. The difference between them and the gross rents actually paid consists of costs that are included among the various items of production expense. Net rents paid to nonfarm landlords are derived statistically as the difference between gross rents paid to them and their share of farm expenses. Gross rent paid to landlords by States is the sum of crop share, livestock share, and cash rents (inclusive of rents paid for tenantoccupied farm dwellings). It is estimated by the Production Economics Research Branch of the Department of Agriculture. To derive the gross values of crop and livestock share rents, annual production (based on census and crop reporter statistics) is first apportioned between owner-operated and leased farms (according to census relationships for each State); and the land lords’ share of the latter is determined from a special survey of 15,000 landlords for the year 1936, supplemented by information collected in a similar survey for 1948 and by figures from a number of individual State studies. Cash rents in each State are estimated as the product of total acreage rented for cash and average cash rent per acre. The series on total acreage is ob tained from census reports, with straight-line interpolation for intercensal years. Average cash rents per acre were computed from data in the Census of Agriculture for 1930, 1940, and 1950. Figures for noncensal years are obtained by interpolation and extrapolation of the benchmark averages by data on average cash rents submitted by State crop reporters in April of each year. To estimate landlords’ expenses, the total for each production expense item is first allocated between rented and owner-operated farms, generally by use of acreage or property value ratios derived from the Census of Agriculture with straight-line interpolation for intervening years. The landlords’ share of production expenses on rented farms is then determined (separately for the various items) for each State from the 1936 survey of farm landlords. Net rent received by all landlords is allocated between that received by farmer landlords (which is ignored) and that going to nonfarm landlords on the basis of total acreage in farms rented to tenants by farm and nonfarm landlords. These State ratios were developed from information collected in the 1936 survey. Net rent to nonfarm landlords includes the Government pay ments made to them. Government payments are divided into the part received by landlords and that received by operators in accordance with the percentage that the acreage of crops pro duced on rented land is of the acreage of all crops produced. The landlords’ share of Government payments is then further divided into that going to farm and nonfarm landlords, on the basis of the relative proportions of farm land owned by each. PART IV Section 3 Property Income ROPERTY income consists of dividends, rental income of persons, and personal interest income. It amounted to $37 bil lion in 1955, or one-eighth of all personal income in the Nation. By States, direct and comprehensive data on personal receipts of property income are lacking. Nor is it possible from available source materials to employ the method utilized in the national series of measuring such receipts as the difference between amounts paid and received by relevant payer groups. Because this method is complex and subject to the characteristic limitation of residual estimation—in which errors in the minuend and sub trahend can be markedly compounded in the remainder—it is quite exacting in its data requirements. For States or other geo graphic areas, these would include a heavy premium on informa tion regarding balance-of-payments flows. Under these limiting circumstances, the property income com ponent of State personal income was derived by the relatively simple allocation method. This involved distributing the various types of property income by States according to the pattern Exhibit 1 .— M a jo r Com ponents o f P ro p erty Income [Millions of dollars] Item 1929 M onetary property in co m e.................................................... 13, 976 20, 544 Private............................................................................ Dividends................................................................. Interest..................................................................... Rents........................................................................ Government interest..................................................... 13, 566 5, 813 4, 788 2, 965 410 18, 265 9, 207 3, 964 5, 094 2, 279 Im puted property in co m e...................................................... 4, 690 7, 764 Interest........................................................................... 2, 230 Life insurance carriers....................................... 806 Mutual savings banks............................................ 133 Commercial banks................................................. 924 Other financial intermediaries............................. 367 Rental value of owner-occupied nonfarm dwellings. . 2, 460 4, 385 2,017 292 1, 509 567 3, 379 Property incom e, to ta l.............................................. 375115 0 — 57------ 9 18, 666 1950 28, 308 shown by statistical data assumed to be most appropriate. Use of national totals as a frame of reference was necessary either be cause the direct property income data by States were incomplete and required upward adjustment or because only indirect infor mation was available. These 2 aspects of available source materials made for diffi culties and limitations that will be readily evident from the dis cussion of methodology that follows. In addition, they indicated the advisability of adopting a detailed method of estimation. For when allocation must be used, a more detailed procedure tends to improve statistical weighting and, hence, to minimize error. This is because it permits a better matching of the incomplete or indirect data used for allocation and the income flows to be allocated. As may be judged by the foregoing, the property income esti mates have a lower order of reliability than most other compo nents of State personal income. They are subject to appreciable percentage error in both general level and year-to-year movement. E x h ib it 1 shows a breakdown of property income in 1929 and 1950 for the country as a whole. It indicates the components for which separate estimates were prepared on a State basis. These components are discussed under two main headings: Monetary and imputed. Dividends are included wholly in the former cate gory, whereas rental income and personal interest income are comprised of both monetary and imputed items. MONETARY PROPERTY INCOME Dividends, monetary rents, and monetary interest totaled $20.5 billion in 1950. Of this amount, $18.3 billion was disbursed through the private economy; $2.3 billion consisted of interest accruing to persons from government. 123 124 A SUPPLEMENT TO THE SURVEY OF CURRENT BUSINESS The State estimates of monetary property income received from private sources are grounded principally on Federal income tax data. Estimates of government interest received by persons are dependent on the same data source for the prewar years, but for the subsequent period mainly on the geographic distribution of Government bond holdings. Private Monetary Property Income The very large bulk of all private monetary property income included in personal income is received by individuals. A minor proportion consists of the property income received by private trusts, estates, and other such “fiduciaries” . Still another fraction accrues to nonprofit institutions and certain other types of “quasi-individuals” other than fiduciaries. The individual and fiduciary segments—separately for divi dends, interest, and rents—were estimated for the States by allocating national totals according to information reported on Federal income tax returns. Derivation of these estimates is described below. The methodology underlying the estimates of dividends and interest received by quasi-individuals except fiduciaries can be restricted to the twofold generalization that they involve relatively small amounts and stem from allocations based on indirect and unsatisfactory information. 1RS data— general characteristics The tabulations of Federal income tax returns used for allocat ing property income receipts of individuals and of fiduciaries were taken from annual issues of Statistics o f Income, P art 7, or were made available by thè Internal Revenue Service in unpublished form. The major limitation of the tabulations in this use was that they fell short of our national estimates. By the method followed, they were assumed to be incomplete in the same proportion for each State as for the country as a whole. For dividends this in completeness was on the order of 10 percent; for monetary rental income and private monetary interest, however, it was as much as one-half or more. In addition, considerable estimation (sum marized below) was entailed in utilizing the tax-return tabula tions, either to fill gaps in the reported information or to adjust it to the basis desired for our purpose. Of further note is that the income tax figures appeared to be affected by sampling variability, particularly for the earlier period. Upon examination of the year-to-year changes by States in dividends, monetary rental income, and private monetary interest as estimated from 1RS data, the large and erratic fluctua tions observed for some of the smaller States were judged to reflect sampling variability. A “smoothing” procedure was adopted by which some of the annual changes were blunted. This procedure was necessarily judgmental. It was based mainly on examination of a State’s share of the national total for several years inclusive of those for which the percentage change appeared out of line. The “smoothing” required for dividends was gen erally inconsequential. For the rent and interest components based on 1RS data, the adjustments were larger and moçe fre quent. Individuals The allocation by States of individuals’ receipts of dividends, monetary rental income, and private monetary interest for the years 1929-37 required adjustment of the IRS data reported for those years. For each of these three types of property flows, the data showed the combined income of individuals and fiduciaries. The latter element—somewhat less than 10 percent of the total in each case—was included according to the State in which the fiduciary filed. This was not appropriate for our purpose, since the concept of personal income calls for classification of fiduciary income according to the State of residence of the beneficiary. Principally on the basis of IRS data, national totals of rents, dividends, and interest received by fiduciaries and reported on tax returns were estimated for the years 1929-37. The estimates for each type of income were allocated by States according to the total income from all sources reported by fiduciaries in 1938, the first year for which fiduciary income (classified by State of filing) was tabulated separately from receipts of individuals. The State estimates resulting from this allocation were then deducted from the reported IRS tabulations of dividends, interest, and rents, so as to obtain the estimated amounts reported on tax returns by individuals. For the years 1938-42, tax returns of individuals were tabulated separately from those of fiduciaries by the Internal Revenue Service. The amounts of dividends, rents, and private interest reported by individuals could be used directly in the allocation procedure. Subsequent to 1942, the major problem encountered was that the Internal Revenue Service no longer showed separate data by States on rental income received by individuals. Given this lack, the 1942 State estimates of monetary rental income (in clusive of the fiduciary component) based on IRS data were extrapolated to 1955 in accordance with the changes by States in nonagricultural personal income (excluding rents). That this measure may furnish a roughly satisfactory index of geographic shifts in rental income was indicated by comparison of the State distribution of monetary rental income in 1939 with one obtained by extrapolating the 1929 IRS-based estimates to 1939 by the nonfarm personal income totals. Estimation problems of a lesser sort were occasioned by the fact that the Internal Revenue Service did not compile dividends and interest by States for 1943 and showed them combined for 1944 and 1945. First, approximations of IRS State totals of dividends and interest combined for 1943 were obtained by straight-line interpolation between comparable IRS figures for 1942 and 1944. Next, the IRS State figures on dividends and on interest for 1942 and 1946 were interpolated by dividends and interest combined for 1942-46 (with the resulting dividend and interest figures for each State adjusted to the combined total, as estimated for 1943 and reported for 1944 and 1945). This pro cedure yielded IRS-based figures for 1943-45 which were then employed in the usual way to allocate National Income Division national estimates of dividends and of private monetary interest received by individuals. For all years since 1943, it should be added, the IRS State fig ures on interest received by individuals have required special adjustment for use in the allocation of private monetary interest. PERSONAL INCOME, BY STATES, SINCE 192 9 This stems from the fact that in the IRS data taxable government interest has been merged with interest received from private sources. Government interest included in these data was esti mated, and deducted, on the basis of State relationships between government and private interest as reported for 1942. In that year, taxable Government interest amounted to $135 million, or less than 5 percent of all interest reported on individual income tax returns. At this point, it may be noted that the State tabulations of Fed eral income tax returns become available with a three-year lag. At present, the latest IRS figures on dividends and interest refer to 1953. For each item, the relative State distribution obtaining in 1953 was used also for 1954 and 1955. Fiduciaries National estimates of dividends, interest, and net rent received by fiduciaries were pieced together from various IRS information. For the years 1929-42, these estimates were allocated among States by Statistics o j Income data on “income from fiduciaries” as reported by individuals on Federal income tax returns. By this procedure, the relatively small amount of income retained by fiduciaries was allocated by States in the same proportion as in come disbursed by fiduciaries. Also, the procedure involved the assumption that the several types of property income received by fiduciaries had the same geographic distribution. Errors on this score, necessarily, were approximately offsetting in the State estimates of total property income.1 Figures on the income received by individuals from fiduciaries have not been tabulated on a State basis by the Internal Revenue Service since 1942. Therefore, the 1942 fiduciary components of dividends and interest were extrapolated to later years by the State estimates of dividends and private monetary interest re ceived by individuals. In the case of monetary rental income, as noted, the fiduciary element was included in the extrapolation from 1942 by nonagricultural personal income. Government Interest Until recent years, government interest accounted for a gen erally rising proportion of the total interest received by persons.12 1. During the years 1929-35, the dividend income reported by individuals on tax returns included dividends disbursed through fiduciaries as well as those received directly from corporations. Therefore, the 1RS State figures (after removal of estimated dividends reported by fiduciaries, as noted above) were used to distribute the National Income Division national estimates of dividends received by individuals inclusive of amounts disbursed through fiduciaries. In the 1929-35 period, therefore, only a small portion of dividends—those not distributed—had to be allocated by States in accord ance with “income from fiduciaries.” 2. Attention may be called to the difference between the government interest component of personal interest income and “net interest paid by government” as shown in the National Income reports (table 4). The latter series includes payments made to business as well as to persons. For pur poses of the State income work, estimates of government interest paid to business (based principally on amounts reported by corporations to the Internal Revenue Service on Federal income tax returns) were deducted from net interest paid by government to derive national totals of government interest paid to persons. 125 In 1929, it was 5 percent of personal interest income; in 1950, 20 percent. All of this increase occurred in the Federal segment. For the years 1932-39, we secured from the IRS Source B ook (unpublished volumes supplementing Statistics o f Income) figures by States showing the amount of government interest reported on Federal income tax returns by individuals with net incomes of $5,000 or more. The 1932 distribution was held constant for 1929-31. To this segment of government interest was added the accrued interest going to depositors of the Postal Savings System. This was derived by allocating the national totals by the cumu lative Postal Savings deposits in each State annually. These two items accounted for a large, though somewhat irregular, propor tion of estimated government interest in the 1929-39 period. The remainder was allocated among States by population. Government interest by States in 1940 was estimated separately for the Federal and State and local governments. The procedure was the same as that employed for 1929-39, wherein data from the Treasury Source B ook were supplemented by estimates of the amounts not reported on Federal tax returns. Federal Government interest paid to persons was distributed by States in 1941 according to the 1940 pattern; for subsequent years, it was estimated in the manner described below. For State and local governments, statistical data on interest payments by States are lacking for the period after 1940. Therefore, this component was derived for 1941-55 simply by allocating the estimated national total for each year on the basis of the estimates for 1940. While this procedure was unsatisfactory, State and local governments have accounted for only a minor fraction of total government interest since the war period. Federal Government interest Federal Government interest payments to persons by States during the period 1942-55 were estimated essentially on the basis of holdings of Series E bonds, which accounted for the bulk of such payments. All of the State data used in the estimates were furnished by the Treasury Department. For the years 1942-45, the national estimates of Federal interest payments to persons were distributed among the States according to their proportionate shares of cumulative sales of E-bonds. Redemptions during this period were of relatively minor magni tude. For 1946-55, an allocation of the national totals based on Series E bonds outstanding was used. These were obtained by subtracting from cumulative sales of Series E bonds through the end of each year the cumulative redemptions of Series A.-E bonds. State data on redemptions of E bonds alone were not obtainable, but the A-D Series were too small to have an appreciable effect on the allocation. While broadly reasonable, use of bondholdings data to allocate Federal Government interest paid to persons has limitations. One is the implied assumption of the same effective interest rate for each State as for the Nation. Another limitation is that the data do not adjust for the effects of migration, since both sales and redemptions are recorded in the State in which they occur. However, it is to be noted that in the Treasury’s geographic dis tribution the sales of E bonds to military personnel were allocated by place of residence prior to 1947 and were left unallocated 126 A SUPPLEMENT TO THE SURVEY OF CURRENT BUSINESS thereafter. Because of the turnover of such personnel, particularly during wartime, these procedures were preferable for our pur poses to allocating the military sales by State of duty station. IMPUTED PROPERTY INCOME As noted, imputations are included in both the interest and rental components of property income. Imputed interest flows to persons arise from the activities of banks, life-insurance carriers, savings and loan associations, credit unions, and other types of financial intermediaries. How ever, banks and life-insurance carriers are by far the most im portant, together accounting (in roughly equal proportion) for about 90 percent of the imputed interest total. In the case of rental income of persons, the imputation measures the net rental value of owner-occupied nonfarm dwellings, which alone forms around one-half of all imputed property income. The similar imputation for farm dwellings is included in farm proprietors’ income. Imputed Interest State estimates of imputed interest were derived by separate allocation of 4 series: (1) Property income withheld by life insur ance companies on the account of policyholders; (2) property income withheld by mutual savings banks on the account of depositors; (3) value of financial services received by persons from commercial banks without explicit payment; and (4) value of financial services received by persons from savings and loan associations, credit unions, and other such financial intermediaries. Life insurance Imputed interest paid to persons by life-insurance carriers totaled $2 billion in 1950, or almost half of all imputed interest. National totals of this component were allocated in proportion to the amount of life-insurance in force in each State at year end. Figures on insurance in force were obtained from the relevant annual “Life Insurance” volume of the Spectator Insurance Yearbook. They represent compilations made by the Spectator Company from reports of individual companies. Ordinary, group, and industrial life insurance policies are included. Though indirect, life insurance holdings are probably a satisfactory measure of the geographic distribution of imputed interest paid by lifeinsurance carriers. Mutual savings banks Property income accruing to persons from mutual savings banks—a minor portion of imputed interest—was distributed by State figures on total deposits in these banks. Deposit data for the years 1929-40 were taken from annual reports of the Comp troller of the Currency. For subsequent years, comparable information was published by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation in that agency’s annual reports. Commercial banks Imputed interest paid to persons by commercial banks was allocated by States for the years 1945 and 1946 according to unpublished information on personal deposits in such banks furnished by the Federal Reserve Board. These deposits covered individuals, trusts, and private nonprofit organizations. For the subsequent period, similar deposit data were available by Federal Reserve districts, not by States. With States grouped as nearly as possible into Federal Reserve districts, regional esti mates of imputed interest paid by commercial banks in 1946 were extrapolated to 1955 by the FRB data on personal bank deposits by Federal Reserve districts. To obtain State estimates for the same period, the figures for 1946 were extended by banking pay rolls and adjusted each year to the regional totals derived from deposit data. The banking payroll series also provided the basis for extrapolating the 1945 State estimates of imputed bank inter est to 1929. Data on bank deposits and payrolls were thus assumed to depict the State distribution of imputed interest paid by commercial banks. These data—particularly those on deposits—would ap pear to be broadly suitable for the purpose. The payroll data, which were used for extrapolation of the benchmark distributions based on deposits, have the principal limitation of reflecting ac tivity with respect to government and business as well as to per sons. The deposit series excludes the influence of government and (to a very large extent) of business, but, as compared with payrolls, has the disadvantage of not reflecting geographic differ ences in the cost of providing services. Other financial intermediaries The remaining types of imputed interest flows to persons, as indicated, are relatively minor. Imputed interest paid by savings and loan associations was dis tributed by total assets of such associations in each State. Asset data were obtained from publications of the Home Loan Bank Board ( Trends in the Saving and Loan F ield ) and the U. S. Building and Loan League (B u ild in g and L oan A n n als). Imputed interest flows of Federal credit unions were estimated directly. In conformity with the concept of the national series, they were measured as income from investments and interest on loans less dividends paid. The requisite income and dividend data by States were taken from the annual report, Federal Credit U nions: Report o f O perations, issued by the Bureau of Federal Credit Unions of the Social Security Administration. This series of esti mates was then raised, on the basis of loans outstanding at yearend, to cover State-chartered credit unions. Imputed interest arising from various other types of financial intermediaries—ranging from $100 million to $300 million annu ally—was allocated among States by wages and salaries paid in the finance, n. e. c. industry. Imputed Rental Income In the national estimates of imputed rental income, space-rental value of owner-occupied nonfarm dwellings is imputed at the PERSONAL INCOME, BY STATES, SINCE 1929 rental market price of the shelter provided, and the actual costs of home ownership are deducted to determine the net rental value. The estimates are the product of detailed statistical analysis. It was not feasible to attempt this by States. Instead, an indirect, shortcut procedure was adopted. Its main element was the preparation of benchmark estimates for 1930, 1940, and 1950. National estimates of net rental value were allo cated by States according to the market value of owner-occupied nonfarm homes computed from Census of Housing reports. Basic to this procedure is the assumption that the market value data reflect the same rate of capitalization of net return for each State as for the country as a whole. For 1930, the market value of owner-occupied nonfarm houses was estimated from Census of Housing data showing the number of owner-occupied nonfarm units classified by detailed size-ofvalue classes. For each State, total value was obtained as the summation of the products of number of units and average value for each size class. For classes other than “$20,000 and over,” the midpoint value of each was generally taken to represent the average. The average value of dwellings in the $20,000-and-over group was computed for the United States by means of a formula which projected the shape of the distribution curve, and this figure was used for all States. 127 For the year 1940, the average (mean) value of all owneroccupied nonfarm homes in each State was reported directly in the census. To obtain total market value, these averages were multiplied by the number of dwellings shown for each State.3 The Census of Housing for 1950 also reported mean value data by States. However, these referred to owner-occupied, onedwelling unit structures without business. They were adjusted by means of relationships from the 1940 census to reflect the value of the owner’s quarters in multiunit dwellings and in dwellings with businesses attached. These adjustments were quite minor. For other years of the 1929-55 period, State estimates of the net rental value of owner-occupied nonfarm dwellings were derived by interpolating and extrapolating the census-based benchmarks by estimates of total nonfarm personal income (excluding rents). While nonfarm personal income has obvious incongruities for this purpose, pragmatically it appeared adequate. When it was tested by extrapolating the 1930 estimates to 1940, and the 1940 estimates to 1950, the resulting figures were similar to the 1940 and 1950 benchmarks. 3. Census figures on number of dwellings for 1940 (and 1950) included urban-farm as well as nonfarm units. From the standpoint of the State estimates, this limitation was statistically unimportant. PART IV • Section 4 O th er Components T h is concluding section of the description of methodology covers 3 components of State personal income: Other labor in come, Transfer payments, and Personal contributions for social insurance. The last is a “negative” component since the con tributions made by individuals under social security and similar programs are excluded from personal income, by handling them as a separate deduction item. These 3 income flows are substantially smaller than those dis cussed in the preceding sections of Part IV. In relation to the continental United States personal income of $303 billion in 1955, other labor income amounted to $7 billion, or somewhat over 2 percent; transfer payments totaled $17 billion; and the deduction for social insurance contributions came to $5 billion. In income work, there would appear to be at least a rough inverse correlation between the size of a component flow and the laboriousness of estimating it. The 3 components discussed in this section contribute to this observed relationship, as they require a statistical effort out of proportion to their magnitude. This requirement, of course, stems from the nature of available data. To derive the annual figures for each State, other labor income is estimated for about 10 items, with one of them—employer contributions under private pension and related plans—necessi tating a buildup by detailed industry. The transfer payment totals are constructed from separate series for the approximately 45 different types of disbursements made by the Federal Govern ment, State and local governments, and business organizations. In similar fashion, the State figures on personal contributions for social insurance derive from the summation of estimates for each of the various programs to which individuals contribute. The methodology for other labor income, transfer payments, and personal contributions for social insurance is outlined in terms of the individual items that enter into the estimation of these components. O th er Lab or Income W h i l e other labor income is still relatively small, it has increased strongly since World War II, chiefly because of the rapid growth in private pension and related programs. Employer contribu tions under such programs amounted to $5.3 billion in 1955, or about three-fourths of the other labor income total. Compensation for injuries and pay of military reservists ac counted for practically all of the remainder. E x h ib it 1 sum marizes the substantial changes in the level and composition of other labor income that have occurred since 1929. The reliability of the State estimates of other labor income thus depends very largely on the employer contributions item, de128 scribed immediately below. Basic data for estimating compen sation for injuries and military reserve pay (in part) have been satisfactory. Data on the other components have been generally inadequate, but only small amounts are involved. Employer Contributions This component consists of contributions by employers to private programs providing pensions, health and welfare bene fits, and group insurance protection. PERSONAL INCOME, BY STATES, SINCE 192 9 As explained in Part III, these contributions have been meas ured on a State basis according to the residence of employees for whom they have been made. That is, the geographic breakdown of this item is intended to reflect the amounts contributed by employers in the current year on behalf of individuals residing in each of the States. While such a concept is clear and meaningful, statistical data by which to implement it are lacking. Nationally, tabulations by the Internal Revenue Service of corporate income-tax returns are the principal source of information on employer contributions to private pension and related plans. Tabulations of such cor porate information on a State basis are not available. But even if they were, they would be of limited value for our purpose. This is because multi-unit corporations usually report to the Internal Revenue Service on a company wide basis, instead of filing separate income statements for their various establishments. Since these establishments are often located in States other than that of the company’s principal office, a geographic classification of pension contributions on the latter basis could not be taken to reflect the residence of employees. Given this lack of direct data, employer contributions under private pension and related plans have been estimated in the State series by allocating national totals on the basis of payrolls. Because the ratio of employer contributions to wages and salaries differs widely by industries on a national basis, this allocation has been carried out in considerable industry detail. Exhibit 1.— Other Labor Income in the Continental United States [Millions of dollars] Item 1929 1940 1946 Employer contributions to private pen sion and welfare funds........................... Compensation for injuries........................ Pay of military reservists.......................... Other 1........................................................ 169 278 34 80 282 1, 231 278 495 61 27 66 138 O ther labor incom e, to ta l.......... 561 687 1, 891 1955 5, 277 1,037 460 222 6, 996 129 types of manufacturing, bituminous coal mining, anthracite coal mining, crude petroleum and natural gas (beginning in 1952), banking, railroads, transportation other than railroads, telephone and telegraph services, electric and gas utilities, and all other industries combined. The residual “all other” category was comprised mainly of wholesale and retail trade, and was allo cated by payrolls in that industry. State estimates were derived also for 1940 by distributing national totals by wages and salaries in the industries listed above. For all other years, 1929-39 and 1941-45, the principal variation in procedure related to manufacturing. For that industry, employer contributions were first allocated by payrolls for the division as a whole. The resulting estimates were then used to interpolate between the manufacturing figures for 1940 and 1946 derived from allocations for 20 separate groups, and to extrapolate from 1940 back to 1929. The above procedure for estimating employer pension (and related) contributions by States was adopted after comparison of the totals obtained by using various combinations of industries in the allocation. Most significant were the tests with regard to manufacturing. It was found that for the postwar years a detailed allocation of contributions in manufacturing made for an increasingly marked difference (and presumably improve ment) in the overall employer contribution series by States. This reflected the substantial and growing importance of manu facturing in the contributions total, the significant variation in the ratio of contributions to payrolls by types of manufacturing industries, and the wide dispersion of these industries geographi cally. With respect to the interpolation and extrapolation pro cedure described above, it should be noted that the relative differences by States between the two allocations for manufac turing (summary and detailed) in 1940 and 1946 were, generally speaking, both similar and moderate. Compensation for Injuries Procedure of estimation This component, for years since 1939, is based almost wholly on estimates prepared by the Social Security Administration. These estimates cover the benefits paid to workers (and their dependents or survivors) insured under State accident compen sation laws, as well as payments to certain employees of private industry under Federal compensation jurisdiction.1 The Social Security Administration’s series is described with respect to both content and derivation in the March 1954 Social Security B ulletin. In general, the series consists of insurance losses paid by private insurance carriers (compiled from data in the Spectator Company’s annual Insurance Yearbook, Casualty, Surety and M iscellaneous Volum e ), State fund disbursements (from reports of the funds), payments by self-insured employers (based on in formation reported by the State accident compensation commis sions), and payments to private employees under Federal juris diction (from the Spectator Co. Yearbook). For the years 1946-55, national estimates of employer contri butions to private pension and related plans were allocated separately by States for the following industries: 20 individual 1. Longshoremen, harbor workers, and related groups of employees are in this category. Benefits are paid through insurance provided by private employers, with the Government (Bureau of Employees’ Compensation of the Department of Labor) acting as supervisor. 1 . Qonsists of directors' fees, Government payments to enemy prisoners of war, Federal contributions to group life insurance, merchant marine war-risk life and injury claims, com pensation of prison inmates, marriage fees to justices of the peace, and jury and witness fees. The statistical reliability of the pension contribution estimates by States thus depends on (1) the validity of assuming that within a given industry the ratio of contributions to wages and salaries is the same in all States; and (2) the extent to which errors in the individual industry components by States are offsetting in the employer contribution totals. The assumption embodied in (1) would appear to be reasonable in a general way, but there is practically no empirical evidence with which to check it. With regard to (2), the errors in the individual components will be random, and therefore will tend to cancel, unless a rather uniform regional bias by industries is involved in the assumption that employer contributions are proportional to payrolls. 130 A SUPPLEMENT TO THE SURVEY OF CURRENT BUSINESS The National Income Division carried this series back, State by State, to the years 1929-38 by using methods as nearly similar to those followed for later years as data would permit. However, the data were not so complete and more estimation was required. The Social Security Administration figures do not cover the relatively small amounts of court-awarded benefits received by (1) railroad and (2) maritime workers, or (3) payments made to employees of the Federal Government. Items (1) and (2) were estimated by States by allocating national totals according to wages and salaries in the railroad and water transportation in dustries. Item (3) was reported for fiscal year 1949 by the Bureau of Employees’ Compensation in the March 1950 Safety B ulletin. These figures were used to distribute the 1949 calendar year total, and this benchmark distribution was extrapolated to other years by the State estimates of Federal civilian payrolls. D ’ F .—This series is estimated separately for pay ments made in banking (about one-fourth of the total) and in other industries. The banking component for the years 1936-55 was based on data of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, Federal Reserve Board, and the Comptroller of the Currency. For 1929-35, directors’ fees paid by national banks were obtained by extrapolation of the 1936 national bank figures by the more inclusive item of “other expenses” shown in the Comptroller’s reports for those years; and fees paid by State banks were secured by extrapolation from 1936 by an annual series on the number of State banks reported in the Federal Reserve B ulletin. No direct data were available by States for directors’ fees out side of banking. Rough estimates were made by distributing national totals by payrolls in the relevant industries. ir e c t o r s ees G P E P W .—This series measures payments made to enemy prisoners of war who were working for the Federal Government during 1943-46. Na tional totals were distributed by State listings of the number of enemy prisoners of war supplied by the Department of Defense. overnm ent Pay of Military Reservists Total payments to members of the military reserve, consisting of compensation (cash pay and value of income in kind) for in active duty under the various reserve programs, averaged around $40 million annually in the prewar period, were extremely small during the war, and have increased sharply in the postwar period to about $400 million annually. By States, estimates were prepared separately for the Army National Guard, Air National Guard, and all other reserve units. The first 2 components, accounting for roughly two-fifths of the national total, were distributed by States on the basis of personnel expenditure data for these programs shown in the A n n ua l Report of the Secretary of the Treasury. The third component of military reserve pay covers a variety of programs operative for all or part of the period since 1929. Na tional totals for the period 1929-40 were distributed by States on the basis of data obtained from the several branches of the armed services. These data, however, included both reserve pay and retirement pay. Since they were used to distribute military retire ment pay (a component of transfer payments) as well as military reserve pay, the errors in these two series would tend to offset and not affect total income. For 1941-55, data by States for this remaining category of military reserve pay were not available, and estimates were made by extrapolating the 1940 totals by civilian population by States. Other Items The remaining items amounted to only 2 percent of the other labor income total in recent years. Over the entire period of the estimates, only directors’ fees, payments to enemy prisoners of war (covering 1943-46), and Federal contributions to group insurance (1954-55) have attained any appreciable magnitude. The other items have always been negligible in amount. aym ents to nem y r is o n e r s of ar F C G I .—These are contributions made by the Federal Government to cover part of the cost of a group life-insurance plan for its civilian employees. The plan became effective in the fall of 1954. Since the amount contributed by the Government varies with the salary of employ ees, and practically all of them are covered by the plan, the na tional totals for 1954 and 1955 were allocated to the States on the basis of Federal civilian payrolls. ederal M erchant o n t r ib u t io n s M a r in e W to a r - R is k roup L if e n su ra n ce and I n ju r y C l a i m s .— This component covers payments in the 1942-46 period by the War Shipping Administration to injured merchant seamen and the survivors of seamen lost as a result of enemy action. With direct data lacking, the national totals were distributed by States according to payrolls in the water transportation industry. C P I .—This series measures the earnings of inmates of civil prisons. Information is limited to the years 1932 and 1940, for which benchmark distributions were computed from data on the number of productively employed prisoners by States published in the Bureau of Labor Statistics bulletins, Prison Labor in the U nited States (Nos. 595 and 698). o m p e n s a t io n of r is o n nm ates M F P J P .—State distri butions of this small item were based on the number of marriages reported by the National Office of Vital Statistics. a r r ia g e ees a id t o u s t ic e s o f t h e eace J W F .—National estimates were allocated by States on the basis of the number of crimes in urban areas re ported by the Federal Bureau of Investigation in the annual pub lication, U niform Crim e Reports o f the U nited States. ury and it n e s s ees 131 PERSONAL INCOME, BY STATES, SINCE 192 9 Transfer Payments F or the postwar years, when transfer payments formed 5-7 percent of total personal income, the estimates are highly reliable. Disbursement data (from the fiscal records of the administering government agencies) were available by States for components comprising about four-fifths of the total. An additional onetenth of the total was based on data which may be regarded as satisfactory. Business transfer payments are predominant in the remaining group of components for which the basic data were deficient. Primarily because business transfers were relatively more im portant, the State estimates of total transfer payments for the war and prewar periods are somewhat less accurate. However, transfer payments then comprised, on the average, a much smaller proportion of the total personal income flow. The transfer payment totals by States, as noted, were compiled from estimates for about 45 different types of payments. Method ology is outlined below, separately for the 3 major categories: Federal Government, State and local governments, and business. E x h ib it 2 presents a convenient summary of transfer payments for selected years since 1929. The overall totals shown there for 1946 and 1952 are slightly lower than those in table 36 of the national income reports. The reason is that, beginning with 1942, disbursements made under several programs to military personnel overseas have been excluded from the State income series. FEDERAL GOVERNMENT Benefits from social insurance funds O -A S I B .—Data on re tirement and survivorship benefits disbursed by States under the Federal old-age and survivors insurance program are reported by the Social Security Administration. They represent the sum of separate estimates of (1) monthly benefit payments, and (2) lump-sum death benefits. The former are obtained by dis tributing annual totals by States, separately for 7 types of bene fits, according to disbursements in successive Decembers. State distributions of the latter component are based on 10 percent sample tabulations. ld ge and u r v iv o r s n su ra n ce e n e f it s S U I B .—Data on benefits paid out by the various State unemployment insurance agencies were reported for the years 1937-55 by the Bureau of Employ ment Security, U. S. Department of Labor. For each State, the figures required 2 adjustments for our purposes: (1) The subtrac tion of payments made to persons residing in other States, and (2) the addition of payments made by other unemployment insurance agencies to residents of that State. These adjustments of reported disbursements to a residence basis could be made satisfactorily. Reported data were available for the first adjustment for practically all years of the period. They were available for the second adjustment for 1940-42 and 1946. The adjustment was estimated for other years largely on the basis of reported annual data on the number of “continued claims” made by residents of each State against the unemploy ment insurance agencies of other States. R B .—Five types of benefits—retirement, sur vivor, unemployment, cash sickness, and maternity—are paid out under the Railroad Retirement Act and the Railroad Unem ployment Insurance Act. State data on these benefits, as reported by the Railroad Retirement Board, are obtained from the Social Security Administration. F C P .—This component includes pay ments made to, or on behalf of, former employees of the Federal Government covered by the civil service retirement and disability fund and by special contributory and noncontributory retirement systems.2 The estimates were made in three parts: (1) Retire ment annuities, (2) survivor annuities, and (3) lump-sum death benefits and refunds of contributions. (1) Distributions of retirement annuities by States were pre pared for 1929, 1930, 1939, 1948, 1950, 1952, and 1955. The estimates for other years of the period were derived by straightline interpolation. Benchmark State estimates for 1939, 1950, 1952, and 1955 were obtained by allocating the national totals for those years by payments during one month as tabulated by the Civil Service Commission. The 1939 figures were extrapolated to 1930 and 1929 by State data on the number of annuitants (from the Civil Service Commission’s retirement report for 1930 and from the tate n em ploy m en t a il r o a d ederal nsurance e n e f it s e n e f it s iv il ia n e n s io n s 2. For lack of data, payments made under these special systems (a small fraction of the total) were distributed by States according to payments from the civil service fund. 132 A SUPPLEMENT TO THE SURVEY OF CURRENT BUSINESS Interior Department’s A n n ua l Report o f the Commissioner o f Pensions for 1929). A distribution was derived for 1948 by interpolation of the 1939 and 1950 benchmarks by data on number of annui tants. The data for 1939 and 1950 were from the Civil Service Commission, and for 1948 from a special tabulation by the Treasury Department of the number of annuity checks mailed in December of that year. (2) Survivor annuities, first payable in 1948 under amend ments to the Civil Service Retirement Act, were also estimated for 1950, 1952, and 1955 on the basis of tabulations reported by the Civil Service Commission. Intervening years were obtained by straight-line interpolation; and the 1950 State data were used to distribute the minor amounts disbursed in 1948 and 1949. (3) No information is available on the geographic distribution of lump-sum death benefits or refunds of contributions. These payments were distributed in combination on the basis of the State estimates of Federal civilian payrolls. This third component of the Federal civilian pension series is relatively unsatisfactory. It formed the major part of the series during the 1944-47 period, when refunds were sizable because of turnover and reduction in war agency employment, but has dwindled to about one-fourth of it in recent years. G L I B .— This series comprises (1) death benefits paid under the National Service Life Insurance Act to survivors of World War II and Korean veterans; (2) death benefits paid from the Government life insurance fund to sur vivors of World War I veterans, and (3) special dividends dis bursed to World War II veterans holding NSLI policies. (1) State data on NSLI death benefits are published on a fiscal year basis in the annual reports of the Veterans Adminis tration. Averages of these State data for successive fiscal years were used to allocate the national totals. (2) No data are available for geographic areas on death bene fits disbursed by the Government life insurance fund. For 1936, 1940, and 1950, the national totals were allocated by State esti mates from the Veterans Administration of the World War I veteran population. The 1936 distribution was used also for 1929-35; the 1950 distribution, for 1951-55. The State esti mates for 1937-39 and 1941-49 were secured by straight-line interpolation. (3) A. special dividend to World War II veterans holding NSLI policies was paid in 1950 ($2% billion); other, though smaller, dividends were paid in succeeding years. The State series was developed from separate estimates for civilian and military holders of these policies. For 1950, the estimated portion of the dividend paid to veterans in civilian life was distributed by State data on the World War II veteran population (published in the June 1951 V A Statistical Sum m ary ), based on mailing addresses contained in a 12% percent sample of applications for the 1950 dividend. The 1950 distri bution was extrapolated to later years by changes in civilian population by States. The military portion of NSLI dividends, adjusted to exclude amounts disbursed outside the continental United States, was allocated each year on the basis of the Stateof-duty station of the Armed Forces. overnm ent if e nsu ra n ce e n e f it s Military pension and retirement payments This category is comprised of 2 series: Veterans’ pensions and compensation and military retirement pay. V ’ P C .—This item consists primarily of compensation of veterans for disability and payments to their survivors, including “servicemen’s indemnity payments” to survivors of veterans who were in the armed services on or after June 27, 1950. Also included are subsistence allowances paid to disabled veterans for vocational training (1945-55). Calendar year totals for this series (separately for veterans’ com pensation, indemnity payments, and subsistence allowances) were allocated on the basis of averages of fiscal year disbursements by States. These State data have been reported for all years since 1932 by the Veterans Administration. Comparable data for fiscal years 1929 and 1930 were available from the Interior De partment’s A n n ua l R eport o f the Commissioner o f Pensions, leaving only 1931 to be filled in by interpolation. eterans e n s io n s and o m p e n s a t io n M R P .—As previously noted in the de scription of “Other labor income,” this component was allocated for the years 1929-40 by State data supplied by the armed serv ices covering the pay of military reservists as well as military re tirement. While this allocator was thus suitable for neither mili tary reserve pay nor military retirement pay, the errors in the 2 series should be approximately offsetting. The 1940 estimates of military retirement pay were extrapolated to later years by changes in the civilian population by States. il it a r y e t ir e m e n t ay Adjusted compensation benefits This series covers benefits under the World War Veterans Ad justed Compensation Act of May 19, 1924, as amended, and un der the Adjusted Compensation Payment Act ofJanuary 27, 1936. For the period 1929-36, it represents very largely net loans to veterans on the security of their adjusted service certificates from the U. S. Government life-insurance fund and the adjusted service certificate fund; for the subsequent period, it consists almost en tirely of cash redemptions by veterans of their adjusted service bonds. Adjusted compensation benefits, which were of sizable magni tude only in 1931 (SI billion) and 1936 ($1.4 billion), were allo cated by States according to the veteran population of World War I. Methodology was the same as for the second component of Government life-insurance benefits, described above. Mustering-out and terminal leave pay M P .—This covers payments made to veterans at time of discharge, with amounts (maximum $300) depending on length of service and whether it was overseas or in the United States. Disbursements were heaviest, of course, in 1945-47, when they totaled roughly $1 to $2 billion annually. Benchmark distributions of mustering-out payments were pre pared for 1947 and 1950 from data on the State of residence of World War II veterans. The veteran population data were from the Bureau of the Census for 1947; from the Veterans Adminis tration for 1950 (see above). The 1947 distribution was used u s t e r in g o u t ay 133 PERSONAL INCOME, BY STATES, SINCE 1929 also for the years 1944-46. The State estimates of mustering-out payments for 1948 and 1949 are interpolations between 1947 and 1950. The 1950 distribution was extrapolated to 1955 by civilian population by States. Exhibit 2.— Transfer Payments in the Continental United States [Millions of dollarsi 1929 1936 1940 1946 1952 T r a n s fe r p a y m e n ts , to ta l ............................... 1, 496 3, 520 3, 114 11,307 1 3,148 691 2, 064 1, 421 9, n o 8, 844 F ederal G overn m en t.................... B enefits from social insur835 2, 348 4, 755 44 95 ance fu n d s .............................. Old-age and survivors State unemployment inFederal civilian pensions. Government life-insurance benefits................. 18 26 1 60 34 35 378 2, 177 992 518 1, 094 518 134 199 328 349 73 328 740 75 443 433 476 1, 693 Veterans’ pensions and compensation. / ........... Military retirement pay. . 415 28 391 42 423 1, 582 2,231 337 53 111 2, 568 18 0 2, 068 453 Mustering-out payments. 2, 017 51 417 36 V eteran s’ a llo w a n ces............ 2, 780 646 1, 467 252 1, 010 51 3 595 48 203 1, 640 422 3, 135 93 1, 430 28 Unemployment allowSelf-employment allowInterest payments on O ther Federal G overnm ent transfers 1................ State and local g o v er n m e n ts. .. Benefits from social insurance funds..................................... Government pensions. . . . Cash sickness compensaDirect relief............................. Veterans’ aid and bonuses. . . Other State and local transfers 2............................... e r m in a l eave 111 218 72 72 71 23 52 106 862 82 1, 262 543 260 500 255 43 5 635 1,013 1, 177 2, 297 195 20 132 25 71 100 66 65 137 137 163 163 B u sin e ss.............................................. 587 594 431 557 1, 169 Corporate gifts to nonprofit institutions........................... Consumer bad debts.............. Other business transfers 3. . . . 32 452 103 30 461 103 38 287 106 214 193 150 399 398 372 1. Consist of direct relief, military and naval insurance payments, profits of P X ’s and ships’ stores, payments under the Panama Canal Construction Annuity Act, enemy alien assistance payments, civilian war assistance payments, payments to United States military and civilian prisoners of war, Atomic Energy Commission fellowships, and payments to nonprofit insti tutions. 2. Consist of payments for the care of children in private foster homes and of payments to private nonprofit institutions. 3. Consist of cash prizes, uncovered thefts from business of cash and capital assets, and personal injury payments from business other than to employees. e n e f it s Veterans’ allowances This category of payments to veterans comprises 5 separate series, as outlined below. U A .—These are unemployment ben efits paid to World War II veterans under the GI bill and to those eligible under the Veterans Readjustment Assistance Act of 1952. Disbursements by States under both programs, as reported in the Social Security B u lletin, were tabulated by the Bureau of Em ployment Security, Department of Labor, which is the adminis tering agency for the 1952 act. No adjustment for inter-State payments was required, as in the case of State unemploymentinsurance benefits, since the data measured directly payments to residents. S -E A .— Beginning in 1944 and end ing in 1951, these payments were made under the GI bill to veterans of World War II with net earnings from self-employment of less than $100 a month. Payments amounted to $100 a month less net earnings for a maximum period of approximately 10% months. Disbursements by States were reported by the Veterans Ad ministration. S A .—This category of veterans’ allow ances covers cash subsistence payments for schooling under the GI bill and educational allowances under the Veterans Read justment Assistance Act of 1952. Payments by States on a fiscal year basis were reported by the Veterans Administration. Averages of these data for pairs of fiscal years were used to distribute the national totals. I P V ’ L .— These are pay ments made by the Veterans Administration to cover the first year’s interest, at a maximum rate of 4 percent, on the guaranteed portion (up to $4,000) of veterans’ loans under the GI bill. Beginning with 1949, the Veterans Administration has pub lished fiscal year disbursement data by States. For other fiscal years back through 1946, when the program started, interest payments by States were estimated by extrapolating the fiscal 1949 figures by the annual amounts of guaranteed and insured veterans’ loans, calculated from cumulative totals appearing in the A nnual Report o f the A dm inistrator o f Veterans A ffairs. The n em ploy m en t M ilitary pension and retirem en t p a y m en ts............. A djusted com pensation b en efits.................................. M u sterin g-ou t and term i- T L B .—These benefits were originally issued to eligible veterans of World War II in the form of nonnegotiable bonds of $50 denomination, with any odd amounts paid in cash, for leave earned but not taken while in military service. By a subsequent Act of Congress, veterans were per mitted to cash their bonds at any time from September 2, 1947 to maturity. This series, covering the period 1946-55, includes only cash disbursements, most of which occurred in the last 4 months of 1947. The Treasury Department furnished a tabulation by States of the value of terminal leave bonds cashed during the period Sep tember 1947-February 1948. This tabulation was used to dis tribute the national totals of terminal leave benefits for the years 1946-48. Beyond 1948, the distribution was modified according to changes in civilian population by States. elf llow ances m plo y m en t u b s is t e n c e n terest llow ances llow ances aym ents on eterans oans 134 A SUPPLEMENT TO THE SURVEY OF CURRENT BUSINESS resulting series was converted to an approximate calendar year basis through the averaging of figures for successive fiscal years, and then adjusted to the national totals. action. In recent years they have consisted of death and dis ability compensation benefits to civilians interned in the Pacific area during World War II. Requisite data by States were available from the Social Security Administration. Other Federal Government transfers Numerous other types of transfer payments have been made by the Federal Government over the period since 1929. The principal data used in their estimation by States will be indicated. D R .—Payments under federally administered relief programs consisted of Farm Security Administration cash sub sistence grants to farmers (1935—42) and of the value of free stamps issued under the surplus food program (1939-43) and the cotton-stamp program (1940-42). Data by States for nearly all years of the programs were avail able from the Department of Agriculture for farmers’ subsistence grants ($36 million in peak year 1937) and for the food-stamp plan (amounting to a high of $109 million in 1941). The na tional totals for the cotton-stamp program—totaling only $24 million in the 3-year period—were allocated by the Agriculture Department’s State estimates of farmers’ cash receipts from cotton marketings. ir e c t e l ie f M N I P .—These are pay ments on matured term policies provided by the Government in World War I and not converted to Government life-insurance policies. Disbursements amounted to $60—$110 million annually from 1929 to 1938, diminishing to a few million dollars a year in the recent period. Data by States, on a fiscal year basis, were available from the Veterans Administration for almost all years (annually since 1932). il it a r y and aval nsurance aym ents P PX ’ S ’ S .—This unusual item, covering the period since 1941, enters personal income because such profits are returned to enlisted servicemen in the form of various types of benefits. The national totals for this series (adjusted to exclude overseas amounts) were allocated, separately for the Army and Navy, by number of enlisted personnel stationed in the various States. r o f it s P of aym ents s U and nder th e P h ip s anama tores C anal C o n s t r u c t io n A n n u it y —These represent annuities paid to certain United States citizens (or their survivors) who participated in the construction of the Panama Canal during the 1904-14 period. The act be came effective in 1944. The State distribution of this minor item was based on infor mation supplied by the Civil Service Commission, which ad ministers the act. A ct. E A A P .—These were paid to enemy aliens (or their dependents) who were interned in relocation camps during World War II. Data by States, covering the years 1942-46, were supplied by the Social Security Administration. C W A P .—These payments pro vided emergency assistance during 1942-48 to meet need, such as repatriation of civilians from war areas, resulting from enemy nem y iv il ia n l ie n ar s s is t a n c e s s is t a n c e aym ents aym ents P aym ents to U n it e d States M il it a r y a n d C iv il ia n P r is o n —These are payments, beginning in 1950, made by the Foreign Claims Settlement Commission (formerly the War Claims Commission) to members of the armed services held as prisoners of war and to certain American civilians interned by, or in hiding from, the Japanese during World War II. Payments by States were obtained from publications of the Foreign Claims Settlement Commission. ers of W ar . A E C F .—This category con sists of fellowships, beginning in 1949, granted for research on atomic energy. The State distributions of the minor amounts in volved were based on reports of the Atomic Energy Commission giving State of school selected by the fellows. t o m ic nergy o m m is s io n e l l o w s h ip s P N I .—This category of Fed eral Government transfer payments was estimated in 5 parts: Payments to private nonprofit educational institutions for (1) special wartime training programs and for research and develop ment, (2) tuition, supplies, and equipment for veterans under the GI bill, and (3) nurses’ training; and payments to private non profit hospitals for (4) hospital construction under grants by the U. S. Public Health Service and (5) cases handled under the emergency maternity and infant-care program of the war and early postwar periods. Item (1) has amounted to $150-$200 million annually in the recent period, averaged about $60 million a year during 1943-50, and was of inconsequential magnitude in the prewar period. It was distributed by States on the basis of Office of Education bi ennial data on the current income of privately controlled institu tions (other than for veterans’ education) received from the Fed eral Government. These data were roughly satisfactory for the purpose. The State distribution of item (2) was also based on Office of Education data. These referred to the income from veterans’ education under the GI bill of privately controlled institutions of higher learning. The third item—nurses’ training—was allocated by State pay ment figures published by the Treasury Department for fiscal years 1943-47. The data had the defect, for our purpose, of cov ering all schools—not just private nonprofit—but the amounts in volved in this series were small. Requisite State data for the fourth item, covering the period since 1947, were supplied by the Public Health Service. Payments to private nonprofit hospitals under the EMIC pro gram, averaging about $30 million annually in the 1943-48 period, were distributed by State data from the Children’s Bureau of the Social Security Administration. These data were not very appropriate for this allocation, as they covered total pay ments made under the program—to all hospitals, public and private, and to physicians. aym ents to o n p r o f it n s t it u t io n s 135 PERSONAL INCOME, BY STATES, SINCE 192 9 STATE AND LOCAL GOVERNMENTS Benefits from social insurance funds G P .—This series, which has risen sharply to a current level of about $700 million annually, is reasonably accurate, particularly for the period since 1941. It is founded on special studies conducted by the Social Security Administration and on estimates prepared by the National Income Division from the substantial amount of State and local government retirement data available in published annual reports of the Bureau of the Census.3 State estimates for this item were prepared by the Social Se curity Administration for the fiscal years 1941, 1942, 1943, 1944, and 1947. The 1941-43 estimates were reported in Scope o f Pro tection U nder State and Local Government Retirem ent System s; those for 1944 and 1947 are unpublished. Estimates for fiscal years 1945 and 1946 were obtained by straight-line interpolation. Subsequent to 1947, estimates were derived primarily from the Census Bureau’s annual financial reports of State and local gov ernments. These provided data on pension payments by State governments and by cities with population of 250,000 or more in 1948-50 and of 25,000 or more beginning in 1951. The portion unreported by the Census since 1951 has represented only 5 per cent of the national total of State and local government pensions, and was distributed by States proportionately to the reported figures. For the years 1948-50, the unreported portion—about 15 percent of total benefits—was estimated by straight-line inter polation between data for 1947 (from the Social Security Ad ministration study) and for 1951 (based on census figures for cities of 25,000-250,000 as adjusted upward to cover the smaller cities as well as counties). Bureau of the Census reports also provided the basis for esti mates that were used to extrapolate the Social Security Adminis tration figures for 1941 back to 1929. Retirement payments by State governments were published by the Census Bureau for the years 1929-31 and 1937-41; data for missing years were filled in by straight-line interpolation. Payments for individual cities of 30,000 population or more were available for 1929-31, and were extrapolated forward by compilations of the amounts reported annually for cities with population of 100,000 or over. Payments by cities of less than 30,000 and by counties—a small portion of the total—were omitted from the extrapolating series. C S C .—These are weekly cash benefits from State-administered programs to insured workers unemployed because of non-work-connected illness or accident. Initiated in Rhode Island in 1943, this type of program is currently in effect also in California, New Jersey, and New York. Data on payments by States were obtained from the Social Security Administration. overnm ent e n s io n s ance, aid to dependent children, aid to the blind, and, for recent years, aid to the permanently and totally disabled) and (2) gen eral assistance. Based on reports from State government agencies, the amounts of special assistance disbursed by States were obtained for the years 1936-55 from the Bureau of Public Assistance of the Social Security Administration. For the years 1933-35, when sta tistical information was incomplete, State distributions for old-age assistance and aid to the blind were based on data in the Septem ber 1935, August 1936, and October 1936 issues of the M o n th ly Labor R eview ; for aid to dependent children, on data in the April 1939 Social Security B ulletin. State data on general assistance payments were published for 1933-35 in the F iscal Report o f the Federal Emergency R e lie f A d m inistration. They were obtained for 1936 and the first quarter of 1937 from a supplement to General R e lie f Statistics fo r the F ifteenM o n th Period Ja n u a ry 1936 through M a rch 1937 (WPA, 1938). Thereafter, general assistance payments by States were compiled and reported by the Bureau of Public Assistance. For the period 1929-32, the national totals of State and local government direct relief, which are rough estimates based on the available partial data, were allocated by States according to the combined total of special and general assistance payments in 1933. For this use, the 1933 distribution was adjusted to exclude States in which, during one or more of the 4 years, relief programs were not in effect. Veterans1 aid and bonuses A V .—This category (not including State bonuses to World War II veterans) amounted to $29 million in 1929, when pensions paid in the Southern States to veterans of the Con federacy were the major item, and about $11 million in recent years. The distribution by States could be estimated satisfac torily from detailed expenditure data published by the Bureau of the Census in its financial reports of State and city governments. id t o eterans V ’ B (W W II).—Figures on bonuses to veterans of World War II were secured directly from the indi vidual State governments making such disbursements. eterans o n u ses orld ar Other State and local transfers The remaining items of State and local government transfers consist of payments for the care of children in private foster homes and payments to private nonprofit institutions. Except for recent years, they are statistically unsatisfactory. The available data by States for these 2 components are limited to those contained in the 1952-55 fiscal year reports of the Children’s Bureau, Selected C hild W elfare Expenditures by State and Direct relief Local P ublic W elfare Agencies. Figures contained in these reports, This series covers cash payments to individuals under programs supplemented by unpublished information from the Children’s providing (1) special types of public assistance (old-age assist Bureau, provided State distributions of public payments for the care of foster children to (1) private family homes, and (2) private 3. Both the Social Security Administration estimates and (for the most supervisory agencies. The latter item accounts for a large portion part) the Census Bureau data were on a fiscal year basis, and required averag of all State and local government payments to nonprofit institu ing for successive fiscal years to obtain State distributions of the calendar tions. year national totals. ash ic k n e s s o m p e n s a t io n 136 A SUPPLEMENT TO THE SURVEY OF CURRENT BUSINESS BUSINESS TRANSFER PAYMENTS Business transfer payments comprise, for the most part, tech nical and unusual items whose inclusion in personal income is nevertheless required to effect a reconciliation of intersector flows in national income accounting. All of them represent pay ments, or distributions of product, to persons by the business system not in the form of earnings for participation in production. As indicated below, the State estimates of business transfer payments were derived through allocation of national totals on the basis of indirect data; and this weakness is compounded by the inadequacy of most of the national totals themselves. C G N I .—National to tals were allocated by States according to the estimated wages and salaries paid by nonprofit institutions. o rporate if t s to o n p r o f it n s t it u t io n s C B D .—Estimates were derived for 1929, 1935, 1939, and 1948 by distributing national totals for those years on the basis of retail sales by States reported in the Census of Busi ness. Estimates for other years were secured by interpolation and extrapolation of these benchmarks by trade payrolls. o n su m er ad ebts O B T .—The remaining components of business transfers are cash prizes, unrecovered thefts from business of cash and capital assets, and personal injury payments from business other than to employees. They were allocated in com bination by the State estimates of payrolls plus proprietors’ in come in private nonfarm industries. These estimates were used as a rough, though the best available, measure of State differen tials in the volume of business activity. ther u s in e s s ra nsfers Personal Contributions for Social Insurance P contributions for social insurance have increased very substantially over the past quarter of a century. In 1929, such contributions amounted to $140 million; in 1955, to approxi mately $5 billion. In the former year, there were 3 types of programs in effect; currently, there are 7—an expansion which had occurred largely, however, by 1937 with the establishment of the old-age and survivors insurance and related social security systems. Employees contribute to all 7 of these programs and, in the case of the OASI program, contributions have been made in the past few years also by the self-employed. (See E x h ib it 3 .) From the standpoint of reliability, the sources and methods of estimating personal contributions for social insurance by States can be summarized quickly. It is clear from this summary that the figures, while not precise, are quite satisfactory. 1. Direct and comprehensive data on individuals’ contribu tions were available for the self-employed portion of OASI, State unemployment insurance, and cash sickness compensation funds. These 3 components account for around 7 percent of the total. 2. For employee contributions to the OASI program, reliable figures were obtainable through allocation of the national total by close estimates of the taxable payrolls on which the contribu tions were levied. Similar reliability attaches to the estimates of the amounts contributed by employees to State and local govern ment retirement systems. For this latter series, particularly for recent years, the available data on employee contributions have been of such scope as to require only minor adjustment or estima erso n a l tion. Employee contributions to OASI make up about half of all personal contributions for social insurance; State and local employee contributions, one-seventh. 3. The estimates for 2 other programs—Federal civilian em ployee retirement systems and railroad retirement insurance— were derived by allocation of the national figures on the basis of the relevant State payroll series. Such an allocation is not apt to be markedly in error. Together, these 2 programs account for one-sixth of the total. 4. The remainder of personal contributions for social insur ance—about one-tenth of the national total currently—consists of premiums paid for Government life insurance. As may be judged from the description below, the State estimates of this component are subject to considerable error. Old-Age and Survivors Insurance Employee contributions by States for old-age and survivors insurance were derived by distributing the national totals of such contributions by estimated taxable payrolls under the program. Procedurally, of course, this was the same as multiplying taxable payrolls in each State by the contribution rate. Measures of OASI taxable payrolls by States were obtained for the years 1940-50 as the sum of (1) taxable payrolls under the PERSONAL INCOME, BT STATES, SINCE 1929 137 OASI contributions by self-employed persons were effective State unemployment insurance programs, as reported by the on 1951 earnings but not paid until 1952, with their returns on Bureau of Employment Security of the Department of Labor; and Federal income taxes. Data, by States on contributions by the (2) estimated taxable payrolls of firms covered by OASI but not self-employed were supplied by the Bureau of Old-Age and Sur by the State programs chiefly because of the varying size-of-firm vivors Insurance, based on collections made in the various In exclusion provisions of the latter. The second component only ternal Revenue Service districts. about 4 percent of the total—was estimated from “small firm” data for selected years provided in special tabulations of the Bu reau of Old-Age and Survivors Insurance. These data were utilized in preparation of the wage and salary estimates. (See UI and Cash Sickness Compensation Program description of “Covered” Wages and Salaries* 1938—55.) Taxable payroll totals under the State UI programs were not Under the State unemployment insurance laws, employees available for years prior to 1940. The 1940 estimates, therefore, were extended to 4937—39 on the basis of total taxable payrolls have contributed in only a few States—at present, two. The by States reported by the Bureau of Old-Age and Survivors In data on amounts contributed by States were obtained from the surance. These OASI data, while reasonably satisfactory in this Social Security Administration. use, could not be employed directly (without adjustment to the Contributions by employees to cash sickness compensation 1940 estimates) because the payroll of multiunit firms was classi funds, also confined to a few States, were likewise reported on a fied in the State in which the firm’s headquarters were located, State basis by the Social Security Administration. and not according to the location of individual establishments. For years subsequent to 1950, taxable earnings under the OASI program (raised to $3,600 in 1951 and $4,200 in 1955) no longer coincided with those under the UI laws ($3,000); and coverage Railroad Retirement of OASI was extended to some groups not covered by UI. Em ployee contributions to OASI for the years 1951—55 were distrib Data on neither employee contributions nor taxable payrolls uted by States separately for 2 groups of employees: “regular were available by States for the railroad retirement insurance (those covered under terms of the law through 1950) and spe program. Amounts contributed by employees for the country cial” (those brought under coverage by amendments effective as a whole were therefore allocated by the State estimates of in 1951). wage and salary disbursements in the railroad industry.4 Since For the “regular” group of employees, national totals of contri all employees in the industry are covered by railroad retirement butions for 1951-55 were distributed by States according to the insurance, this procedure was in error only to the extent that same method followed for the prior period. Analysis of national the ratio of taxable to total payrolls differs by States. data indicated that UI taxable payrolls (adjusted to include small firms) were reasonably satisfactory for this purpose. For the “special” group of employees, accounting for 6 percent of OASI taxable payrolls, contributions in all years 1951-55 were Federal Civilian Retirement Systems distributed according to the pattern shown by data reported for The total amounts contributed by employees to Federal civilian retirement systems were adjusted to eliminate estimated contri Exhibit 3.— Personal Contributions for Social Insurance in the Continental United States butions by employees stationed outside the continental limits. This small adjustment was based on the relationship between [Millions of dollars] continental United States and total payrolls of the Federal civilian 1952 1946 1929 1940 executive service. The resulting estimates were then distributed among the States by the Federal civil executive payroll series. P erson al contributions, to ta l........... 139 656 1, 904 3, 721 The contributions made by employees to Federal civilian re Employee contributions..................................... 139 656 1, 904 3, 515 tirement systems are based on the employee’s total pay; that is, 687 1,776 329 the ratio of total to “taxable” pay is 100 percent. However, not 14 44 44 State unemployment insurance................ all Federal civilian employees are covered by these systems (prin 52 48 Cash sickness-compensation funds........... 319 163 67 cipally the civil service retirement and disability system). Use of 414 255 50 Federal civilian retirement systems......... 29 the civil executive payroll estimates to allocate employee contri 520 190 State and local retirement systems.......... 47 112 420 517 54 butions was thus subject to error to the extent that the proportion Government life insurance. . . .................. 63 of coverage varies by States. This source of error is not likely, in 206 Self-employed persons’ contributions............. general, to be large. the first quarter of 1953 in County Business Patterns (joint publication of the Departments of Commerce and of Health, Education, and Welfare). 4. The allocator should have included also the payrolls of electric railways and railroad carrier affiliates, since employees of these small segments are covered under the railroad retirement program. A test indicated, however, that such inclusion would be an unwarranted refinement. 138 A SUPPLEMENT TO THE SURVEY OF CURRENT BUSINESS State and Local Retirement Systems The methodology of estimating employee contributions to State and local government retirement systems was similar to that described (under Transfer Payments) for the pension payments made by these systems. In brief, benchmark data by States of this component of per sonal contributions for social insurance were taken for the fiscal years 1941-43 from the Social Security Administration study, Scope o f Protection Under State and Local Government Retirem ent Sys tems, and were furnished by that agency also for fiscal year 1944. For succeeding years, Bureau of the Census reports provided em ployee contribution data for State governments on a regular an nual basis, for cities with population of 250,000 and over for 194550, and for cities with population of 25,000 and over beginning with 1951. The small unreported amounts for 1951-55 were dis tributed by States according to the reported figures. State esti mates of the unreported segment for 1945-50 were obtained by straight-line interpolation of that category for 1944 and 1951. To derive the final State series used to distribute the 1941-55 na tional totals of State and local employee contributions, fiscal year data were converted to an approximate calendar year bàsis by averaging. The 1941 estimates based on Social Security Administration figures were extrapolated to 1929-40 by a series constructed from Bureau of the Census data. This series, accounting for about 95 percent of State and local employee retirement contributions, was prepared as the sum of contributions by employees of (1) State governments and (2) city governments of 100,000 or more population. The latter component was available from Census Bureau reports for all years 1929-41. The State government seg ment was reported for 1929-31 and 1937-41, and estimates for missing years were made by straight-line interpolation. Government Life Insurance Contributions for Government life insurance are the sum of premiums paid by holders of (1) United States Government lifeinsurance policies (World War I) and (2) national service lifeinsurance policies (World War II and current). For both series, the national totals were first subdivided into premiums paid by military and by civilian policy holders, on the basis of information from the Veterans Administration. The military segments were then adjusted to eliminate estimated pay ments made by personnel stationed overseas. This was done on the basis of the relationship between the continental United States and total military payroll. The continental United States estimates of premiums paid by persons in military service to the Government life-insurance and NSLI funds were allocated together, according to the State-ofduty station of all military personnel. Payments by civilians to the Government life-insurance fund— a rather small item—were distributed among the States by esti mates of the World War I veteran population for 1936, 1940, and 1950 obtained from the Veterans Administration. The 1929-35 totals were distributed by the 1936 pattern; the 1951-55 totals, by the 1950 pattern. Relative distributions for other years were secured by straight-line interpolation. Premiums paid by persons in civilian life to the NSLI Fund were allocated by States according to estimates of the veteran population of World War II. As noted in the description of mustering-out pay under “Transfer Payments,” such estimates were available for 1947 from the Census Bureau and for 1950 from the Veterans Administration. The 1947 and 1950 dis tributions of premium payments were extended to other years of the 1942-55 period by using civilian population by States for interpolation and extrapolation. P AR T V STATISTICAL SECTION IN C O M E A N D P O P U L A T IO N — S U M M A R Y T A B L E S TABLE 1. Personal Income, by States and Regions, 1929-55................................................................................................................................................................................... 2. Per Capita Income, by States and Regions, 1929-55.............................................................................................................................................................................. 3. Population, by States and Regions, 1929-55.............................................................................................................................................................................................. PAGE 140 142 144 P E R S O N A L IN C O M E B Y M A J O R S O U R C E S , 1929-55 TABLE 4. CONTINENTALUNITED STATES................................................ * PAGE 146 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. NEW ENGLAND............................................................................. Maine.................................................................................................. New Hampshire................................................................................. Vermont............................................................................................. Massachusetts..................................................................................... Rhode Island..................................................................................... Connecticut....................................................................................... MIDEAST........................................................................................... New York........................................................................................... New Jersey......................................................................................... Pennsylvania...................................................................................... Delaware............................................................................................. Maryland............................................................................................ District of Columbia......................................................................... 146 148 148 150 150 152 152 154 154 156 156 158 158 160 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. GREAT LAKES................................................................................. Michigan............................................................................................ Ohio.................................................................................................... Indiana............................................................................................... Illinois................................................................................................. Wisconsin............................................................................................ 0 160 162 162 164 164 166 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. PLAINS............................................................................................... Minnesota........................................................................................... Iowa.................................................................................................... Missouri.............................................................................................. North Dakota..................................................................................... South Dakota..................................................................................... Nebraska............................................................................................. Kansas................................................................................................. 166 168 168 170 170 172 172 174 TABLE 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. SOUTHEAST..................................................................................... Virginia............................................................................................... West Virginia..................................................................................... Kentucky............................................................................................ Tennessee............................................................................................ North Carolina.................................................................................. South Carolina................................................................................... Georgia................................................................................................ Florida............................................................................................... Alabama............................................................................................. Mississippi........................................................................................... Louisiana............................. Arkansas.............................................................................................. SOUTHWEST..................................................................................... Oklahoma........................................................................................... Texas................................................................................................... New Mexico....................................................................................... Arizona............................................................................................... ROCKY MOUNTAIN..................................................................... Montana............................................................................................. Idaho.................................................................................................. Wyoming............................................................................................ Colorado............................................................................................. Utah.................................................................................................... FAR WEST........................................................................................ Washington........................................................................................ Oregon................................................................................................ Nevada............................................................................................... California............................................................................................ Hawaii................................................................................................ PAGE 174 176 176 178 178 180 180 182 182 184 184 186 186 188 188 190 190 192 192 194 194 196 198 198 198 200 200 202 202 204 S P E C IA L T A B L E S O N IN C O M E B Y IN D U S T R IA L S O U R C E 63. Broad Industrial Sources of Personal Income, by States and Regions, Selected Years, 1929-55.................................................................................... 205-6 64-70. Industrial Sources of Civilian Income Received by Persons for Participation in Current Production, by States and Regions, Selected Years, 1929-55............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 207-13 71-78. Wages and Salaries in Manufacturing Industries, by States and Regions, Selected Years, 1939-55.............................................................................. 214-29 N ote on regional classification . — The regional classification of States used in this bulletin is new. It was prepared by a Department of Com merce working group, and has been proposed to the Office of Statistical Standards, Bureau of the Budget, as a uniform system for the reporting of economic and social data. A copy of the report made by this group is available on request. The regional groupings were based primarily on homogeneity of the 375115 0 — 57------ 10 States as studied from 3 standpoints: 1, income characteristics (the industrial and type-of-payment composition of total income, the level of per capita income, and the long-term trend of income) ; 2, industrial composition of the employed labor force in 1950 (which served as a check upon the income composition analysis); and 3 , “noneconomic” characteristics of the States (based on selected statistical series reflecting demographic, racial or ethnic, cultural, and social factors). 139 140 A SUPPLEMENT TO THE SURVEY OF CURRENT BUSINESS [Millions of dollars] Lin State and region 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 T a b le 1934 1935 i C ontinental U nited S ta tes. 85, 661 76, 780 65, 597 50, 022 47, 122 53, 482 60, 104 2 N ew E n g la n d ____ _ 3 4 5 6 7 8 Maine .. New Hampshire Vermont _ . Massachusetts__ Rhode Island _____ Connecticut- _ _ 9 M id east _________ 10 New York.. __ 11 New Jersey_____ 12 Pennsylvania__ 13 Delaware _ _ 14 Maryland 15 District of Columbia16 G reat L ak es______ 17 Michigan _____ 18 Ohio - __ 19 Indiana 20 Illinois ________ 21 Wisconsin _ __ __ 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 P lains _______ Minnesota. __ Iowa ______ Missouri___ North Dakota-. __ South Dakota . _ Nebraska ___ _ Kansas. ______ S ou th east___ ____ . Virginia. ___ ____ West Virginia Kentucky _ . . Tennessee.. __ . North Carolina. ___ South Carolina Georgia . . __ Florida.. _ __ Alabama _ _ _ Mississippi _ Louisiana __________ Arkansas __ Southw est - . Oklahoma__Texas __________ New Mexico.. - ___ Arizona-- __ R ocky M o u n ta in .. ______ Montana Idaho__ Wyoming ___ . . Colorado Utah Far W est. _ . . 7, 125 6, 588 5, 881 4 699 4 ,4 1 3 4, 836 5, 152 1936 1937 1938 68, 363 73, 803 68, 433 5, 799 6, 015 5, 530 1 — P erso n a l In co m e, b y 1939 1940 1941 72, 753 78, 522 95, 953 5, 940 6, 398 7 ,7 5 4 «no 460 479 396 307 342 358 420 425 396 417 444 533 322 302 263 200 229 238 258 272 259 274 285 347 1 90 225 205 168 121 132 146 165 170 161 172 184 219 3, 862 3 588 3 259 2 650 2, 442 2, 652 2, 804 3, 127 3, 204 2, 954 3, 162 3, 385 3, 970 596 ’ 540 14«5 390 379 402 433 502 465 500 534 685 1, 641 1 403 1 310 1 017 964 1, 079 1, 173 1, 484 345 1, 442 1, 295 1, 415 1, 566 2 , 000 27, 465 25, 580 22, 14, 105 3 714 7 531 240 1, 260 615 11 379 3* 071 5* 846 186 1 060 ' 604 13 186 3 495 6 ’ 904 1203 1, 176 616 146 16, 019 17, 726 18, 992 21, 654 22, 730 21, 188 22, 347 23, 949 27, 850 8 «/IQ 8 , 322 9, 070 669 10, 914 11, 339 10, 708 11, 152 11, 713 13, 209 2 440 2 , 172 2, 364 9,2, 565 2, 910 2, 869 3, 100 433 4, 085 4, 122 4, 721 5, 049 5, 850 3,6 , 068 207 5, 593 5, 933 3,6 , 417 7, 646 144 140 157 174 215 236 201 241 270 315 858 787 891 943 1, 076 1, 164 1, 118 1, 186 1, 309 1, 674 539 476 523 592 689 716 699 735 807 921 20, 235 17, 328 14, 431 10 501 9, 737 1 1 ,544 13, 378 15, 394 17, 109 15, 060 16, 428 17,818 22, 084 3, 803 3 186 2 593 1 882 1, 668 2, 167 2, 554 3, 014 3, 389 2, 891 3, 215 3 , 610 4, 522 5, 178 4, 472 3, 804 2, 716 2 , 631 3, 087 3, 523 4, 060 4, 432 3, 863 4, 265 4, 606 5| 765 1, 973 1, 681 1, 431 1, 022 982 1, 184 1, 397 1, 608 1, 838 1, 605 1, 767 1, 898 2, 526 7, 280 6 , 235 5, 187 3, 780 3, 434 4, 484 5, 112 5, 743 5, 116 566 5, 964 7' 153 2, 001 1, 754 1, 416 L 101 1, 022 3,1, 945 161 1, 420 1, 600 1, 707 1, 585 5,1, 615 li 740 2 ; 118 7, 584 6, 802 5, 633 4, 252 3, 781 4, 156 5, 468 5, 588 6, 415 5, 926 6, 165 6, 515 7, 934 1, 539 1, 423 1, 198 961 832 964 1, 214 1, 285 1, 469 1, 359 1, 432 1, 467 1, 678 1, 419 1, 255 988 735 633 673 1, 052 971 1, 270 1, 136 1, 183 1, 272 1, 511 2, 275 2, 073 1, 838 1, 379 1, 276 1, 394 1, 602 1, 778 1, 928 1, 809 1, 914 1, 982 2' 463 253 208 124 119 98 119 178 152 209 180 202 224 321 288 248 166 130 89 122 202 160 209 205 219 230 288 811 713 568 424 382 352 552 529 548 533 521 578 697 999 882 751 504 471 532 668 713 782 704 694 762 976 9, 990 8, 558 7, 503 5, 655 5, 777 1, 054 794 1, 020 982 1, 046 470 1, 015 753 856 570 866 564 7, 559 933 712 853 850 929 421 897 683 705 407 753 415 899 623 766 732 789 358 750 589 589 346 676 386 6, 835 691 450 563 534 603 275 584 478 427 252 514 284 696 456 554 560 678 305 602 440 440 266 493 287 780 551 624 667 809 360 712 537 550 339 573 333 870 604 720 728 894 399 789 592 584 361 638 380 4, 254 3, 648 3, 069 2, 303 2 ,2 7 6 2, 573 2, 961 8, 708 9, 450 1, 081 8, 861 3, 360 3 ,8 1 0 3, 684 3, 820 4, 090 4, 988 9, 525 10, 387 13, 493 985 1 , 022 1, 127 1, 267 1, 729 703 754 678 723 ' 777 933 803 930 819 855 914 1, 118 836 918 841 886 995 986 1, 088 1, 018 1, 111 1, 171 1,1, 290 533 451 482 456 511 584 769 895 946 897 967 1, 060 1, 350 726 813 801 892 982 1, 211 679 723 677 704 801 1, 089 461 459 426 444 474 ' 684 731 786 790 834 861 1, 123 452 470 436 471 501 664 1, 077 884 718 516 530 590 699 749 861 797 805 867 982 2, 752 2, 399 2, 044 1, 561 1, 524 1, 720 1, 950 2, 247 2, 548 2, 498 2 , 600 2, 776 3, 459 171 142 125 92 94 112 136 163 178 171 184 199 238 254 223 182 134 128 151 176 201 223 218 231 248 309 1, 614 1, 485 1, 179 932 1, 031 312 225 151 642 284 888 1, 248 271 222 132 603 257 1, 453 207 168 109 501 194 1 ,4 6 6 182 124 86 380 160 1, 441 1, 494 1,598 162 106 84 380 156 1, 941 197 179 94 397 164 260 189 116 477 206 264 228 130 586 245 284 212 146 586 238 284 216 136 564 241 294 226 145 578 251 318 242 152 617 269 388 298 195 728 332 5, 755 4, 444 4, 231 4, 781 5, 346 7, 034 7, 767 9, 909 7, 394 1, 166 6, 791 6, 407 6, 808 6, 743 Washington ___ 1, 043 851 638 601 707 797 939 1, 008 995 1, 058 1, 152 1, 562 Oregon_________ 647 593 496 373 355 432 464 568 591 580 629 677 897 Nevada . . . 79 76 61 52 48 52 65 83 77 80 90 99 119 California . _ ___ 5, 502 5, 079 4, 347 3, 381 3, 227 3, 590 4, 020 4, 817 5, 132 5, 088 5, 257 5, 839 7, 331 Territory of Hawaii _____ 218 216 3¿ 1 141 PERSONAL INCOME, BY STATES, SINCE 192 9 States and Regions, 1929-55 [Millions of dollars] 1947 1946 1952 1951 1950 1949 1948 1953 1954 1955 Line 1942 1943 1944 1945 122, 417 148, 409 160,118 164, 549 9, 522 10, 892 11,274 1 1 ,3 7 2 12, 286 13, 026 13, 949 13, 829 15, 180 16, 809 17, 725 18, 697 2, 547 876 440 293 5 392 1 028 2, 857 878 482 293 5 671 1, 067 2, 883 856 513 319 5, 823 Ï, 067 2, 794 933 567 362 6, 342 1, 066 3, 016 982 615 389 6, 581 1, 126 3, 333 1, 079 660 420 7, 072 1, 191 3, 527 1, 061 663 414 7, 066 1, 173 3, 452 1, 087 699 448 7, 799 1, 287 3, 860 1, 187 779 502 8, 505 1, 410 4, 426 1, 297 817 522 8, 855 1, 471 4, 763 1, 298 862 542 9, 333 1, 545 5, 117 3 3 ,1 7 2 38, 906 42, 113 43, 472 47, 066 50, 093 54, 271 54, 505 59, 448 65, 140 1, 154 17 752 0 024 1iV 078 404 2 709 1 ' 339 19 483 6’ 520 11, 470 424 2, 870 1, 346 20, 599 6, 558 llj 641 431 2, 829 1, 414 163 31, 681 33, 265 34, 175 36, 255 22, 712 23, 997 26, 060 26, 144 28, 054 30,9, 968 10, 708 11, 411 11, 619 12, 304 8, 699 6, 886 7, 268 7, 876 14,7, 930 771 16, 477 18, 038 18, 922 20, 145 19, 646 20, 724 12 ; 576 13, 756 14, 876 980 891 812 876 754 689 599 550 500 460 463 755 4, 323 4, 716 5, 028 5, 079 5,1, 992 2, 924 3, 046 3, 309 3, 384 3,1, 774 1, 894 1, 943 1, 887 1, 871 li 508 1, 526 1, 600 1, 677 27, 227 32, 748 34, 901 35,511 38, 332 42, 488 47, 505 45, 924 7 166 3 209 8 367 2, 673 7 269 R 041 3 899 9?772 3; 167 7, 570 9, 160 4, 116 10,743 3, 312 7, 215 9| 326 4, 271 11, 188 3; 511 12, 103 12, 902 14, 516 14, 172 15, 632 7, 743 8, 832 9, 579 9, 522 10, 803 891 14, 892 15, 908 17, 316 17, 221 18, 442 9, 853 10, 880 12, 227 11, 736 12,6, 006 6, 951 7, 285 8, 012 7, 619 8, 201 4, 419 4, 925 5, 581 5, 398 786 20, 988 12 ; 487 13, 647 15, 472 14, 654 15, 984 17, 777 18, 579 19, 669 19, 3, 830 4, 204 4, 646 4, 614 5, 060 5, 834 6, 094 6, 248 6, 212 6, 569 10, 566 12, 352 13,014 13, 780 15, 341 16, 726 19, 239 17, 896 19, 854 21, 733 22, 859 23, 168 23, 991 24, 439 22 2 404 321 3 ’ 553 506 479 1 226 1, 863 2, 519 2, 258 3, 814 535 534 1, 302 2, 052 2, 788 2, 460 3; 984 ' 549 600 1, 407 li 992 3, 213 2, 978 4, 459 ' 596 637 1, 446 2, 012 3, 511 2, 986 4, 695 836 739 1, 574 2, 385 4, 028 3, 934 5, 321 802 888 1, 851 2, 415 3, 810 3, 403 5, 219 678 690 1, 699 2, 397 4, 184 3, 799 5, 705 781 793 1, 949 2, 643 4, 624 4, 072 6, 306 804 932 2, 045 2, 950 4, 796 4, 272 6, 660 755 815 2, 179 3, 382 5, 049 4, 110 7, 000 771 881 2, 106 3, 251 5, 169 4, 449 7, 066 760 901 2, 236 3, 410 5, 394 4, 213 7, 560 882 850 2, 147 3, 393 18, 456 22, 856 25, 478 26, 380 26, 965 28, 416 31, 233 30, 943 3 4 ,1 9 3 38, 900 41, 528 43, 153 42, 927 46, 313 2 590 l ’ 123 l ’ 498 1’ 040 2 002 1’ 089 1’ 830 1’ 085 1’ 520 1970 1 508 934 2, 945 1, 285 1 854 2 108 2 515 1, 262 2, 354 2, 459 1 880 1, 191 2, 008 995 3, 269 l', 404 1, 986 2, 464 2, 779 1, 412 2, 638 2' 770 2, 058 l| 329 2, 179 I', 190 3, 375 1, 519 2, 067 2, 592 2, 892 1, 428 2, 724 2, 895 2, 161 li 304 2, 153 li 270 3, 336 1, 683 2, 235 2, 634 3, 198 i; 484 2, 744 2, 813 2, 162 li 254 2, 106 1, 316 3, 278 1, 936 2, 383 2, 776 3, 372 1, 554 2, 890 2, 903 2, 337 1, 395 2, 272 1, 320 3, 565 2, 176 2, 719 3, 006 3, 620 1, 755 3, 088 3, 053 2, 542 1, 564 2, 601 1, 544 3, 626 2, 050 2, 624 2, 992 3, 596 1, 700 3, 098 3, 210 2, 429 1, 391 2, 789 1, 438 4, 024 2, 203 2, 834 3, 288 4, 108 1, 869 3, 510 3, 632 2, 659 1, 590 2, 937 1, 539 4, 737 2, 439 3, 318 3, 633 4, 613 2, 284 4, 046 4, 077 3, 030 1, 740 3, 248 1, 735 5, 130 2, 540 3, 524 3, 796 4, 768 2, 468 4, 337 4, 543 3, 223 1, 862 3, 540 1, 797 5, 220 2, 547 3, 644 4, 050 4, 885 2, 543 4, 460 5, 041 3, 344 1, 889 3, 721 1, 809 5, 193 2, 419 3, 594 4, 038 4 ,9 5 9 2, 391 4, 418 5, 342 3, 239 1,811 3, 742 1, 781 5, 494 2, 555 3, 728 4, 288 5, 371 2, 55 l 4, 882 5, 923 3, 674 2, 018 3, 910 1, 913 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 7, 007 9, 226 1 0,160 10, 272 10, 578 1 1 ,8 2 2 1 2 ,9 1 9 13, 816 14, 666 16, 794 18, 172 18, 670 19, 022 4 1 290 822 319 476 1 706 6, 464 404 652 7, 1, 940 123 ' 457 640 7, 1, 958 169 491 654 2, 000 7; 400 ' 509 669 2, 166 8, 332 575 749 2, 359 9, 054 649 857 2, 432 2, 514 2, 806 3, 060 3, 161 3, 159 3, 328 14, 116 9, 778 10, 375 11, 826 12, 712 13, 013 1.»,1, 300 077 1, 134 935 1, 005 1, 051 717 798 979 1, 227 1, 395 1, 441 1, 486 1, 588 889 2, 665 3, 222 3, 247 3, 405 3, 718 4, 209 4, 545 4, 552 5 ,0 1 0 5, 770 6, 091 6, 158 6, 136 6, 569 467 435 235 1, 010 518 545 501 281 1, 185 710 550 555 295 1, 195 ' 652 568 546 302 1, 317 ' 672 657 595 339 1, 429 698 772 653 381 1, 654 749 865 706 418 1, 760 796 791 706 440 1, 794 821 957 757 474 1, 930 892 1, 050 849 552 2, 284 1, 035 1, 066 916 543 2, 468 1, 098 1, 093 883 547 2, 492 1, 143 1, 074 861 536 2, 519 1, 146 1, 160 895 547 2, 729 1, 238 13, 802 18, 207 19, 931 20, 357 2 1 ,4 1 5 22, 297 23, 753 23, 987 26, 378 30, 257 33, 125 34, 921 35, 520 38, 279 2, 291 1 286 215 10, 010 2, 979 1 720 227 13, 281 3, 282 li 767 229 14, 653 3, 190 I', 740 233 15, 194 612 778 40Q ft«9 1* 5Q 048 1 K4. 2 254 ^ R19 2 119 2 014 3 097 ’ 381 443 1 910 1, 502 2 1, 028 1, 009 175, 701 189, 077 207,414 205,452 225,473 252,960 169,050 183, 140 ¡84, 747 103, 391 50, 744 57, 557 68, 782 60, 768 72, 612 65, 761 18, 860 20, 075 1, 304 1, 443 894 958 568 536 9, 448 10, 010 1, 522 1, 599 5, 156 5 ,4 9 7 73, 281 65, 010 7 7 ,7 1 8 69, 832 20, 166 4, 694 4, 883 4, 963 5, 179 3, 208 3, 331 3, 609 3, 641 3, 986 2,4, 414 748 2, 914 2, 934 2, 903 3, 090 li 874 2, 071 2, 261 2, 235 2, 451 572 506 462 428 314 369 276 273 258 249 16, 084 16, 637 17, 610 17, 835 19, 627 22, 726 25, 089 26, 642 27, 148 29, 438 719 721 725 685 689 796 864 889 886 946 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 142 A SUPPLEMENT TO THE SURVEY OF CURRENT BUSINESS Table 2.—Per Capita Personal [Dollars] State and region Line 1929 i C ontinental U nited S ta tes. 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 703 624 529 401 375 423 472 534 573 527 556 595 719 876 806 718 572 535 583 616 691 715 656 704 757 903 Maine. _ _____ . 601 New Hampshire . . 690 Vermont 627 Massachusetts 913 Rhode Island 871 Connecticut 1, 029 575 648 569 844 787 926 491 560 468 767 712 805 379 430 360 622 576 621 374 419 339 570 561 587 413 477 370 616 596 654 428 495 409 646 639 704 500 536 462 718 706 804 505 565 478 735 723 859 470 534 452 677 670 769 493 559 480 727 713 834 523 626 579 707 507 629 784 902 743 921 917 1, 142 973 890 762 588 543 598 637 723 757 701 738 790 New York 1, 159 1, 043 886 681 New Jersey _ 931 859 745 592 Pennsylvania 775 716 602 451 Delaware _ . . 1, 017 849 769 588 Maryland 777 719 640 511 District of Columbia__ 1, 273 1, 262 1, 198 1, 051 634 529 421 565 465 900 684 578 482 628 521 921 723 810 792 839 825 870 995 750 628 713 700 751 822 960 517 599 634 562 599 648 771 690 850 782 929 916 1, 004 1, 141 617 664 545 633 712 661 873 974 1, 095 1, 162 1, 096 1, 117 1, 170 1, 205 N ew England _ _______ M id east G reat L ak es. _ ._ 803 684 568 411 380 449 518 593 656 574 621 667 817 793 781 612 957 682 659 671 519 816 595 540 568 439 675 474 394 404 311 489 364 349 390 297 442 336 452 457 357 508 380 528 519 419 575 463 616 597 480 652 519 682 651 545 731 553 572 565 474 650 512 624 619 519 705 517 679 665 553 754 554 827 829 726 895 675 572 510 419 315 279 306 401 411 474 439 456 483 597 598 577 628 375 417 590 535 552 507 569 305 358 517 468 458 398 495 182 239 410 399 363 295 368 176 188 306 268 311 254 338 145 129 276 251 358 268 368 177 179 255 285 447 417 422 266 300 401 357 470 387 468 229 240 390 381 535 508 508 319 319 409 421 494 455 478 278 316 402 382 517 469 506 314 340 395 380 526 501 524 350 359 439 426 617 607 646 522 470 548 552 368 313 273 204 207 242 266 304 327 302 319 343 435 435 462 391 377 334 270 350 521 324 285 415 305 384 411 325 325 293 241 308 464 266 203 358 223 368 358 289 275 248 204 256 395 222 174 318 209 282 258 210 197 187 157 199 314 161 126 239 155 283 260 205 204 207 174 204 284 165 131 226 155 314 311 229 240 245 205 240 339 205 165 260 177 345 337 262 260 269 226 267 367 215 175 286 201 386 389 290 300 295 253 301 440 248 222 325 239 417 416 334 328 321 267 311 476 262 220 348 247 387 371 292 298 296 249 290 452 243 200 346 226 422 387 303 308 316 273 310 486 250 205 357 242 466 407 320 339 328 307 340 513 282 218 363 256 581 495 392 433 426 392 424 597 375 313 449 338 474 401 334 250 245 276 314 354 399 384 394 418 506 _ . . 454 478 407 591 368 411 333 514 299 346 287 424 .216 262 209 315 222 253 209 300 247 284 243 353 293 318 286 406 317 363 333 454 369 408 354 492 343 396 333 468 345 409 352 477 373 432 375 497 434 524 471 628 _ _ 596 538 422 331 314 362 435 500 499 487 500 531 654 595 503 677 637 559 503 497 584 580 505 383 370 476 474 378 337 270 374 356 309 299 228 365 355 300 361 378 403 369 314 473 393 489 442 392 477 461 542 538 465 513 418 601 531 450 514 421 553 507 450 530 434 585 516 462 570 464 608 546 487 715 594 783 648 603 910 816 680 520 490 546 600 703 727 708 726 785 966 750 683 878 995 665 620 826 889 538 513 649 746 403 384 542 574 378 363 500 541 439 439 531 592 489 464 650 651 568 554 822 760 600 564 748 786 586 544 762 764 617 582 841 775 662 871 623 838 975 876 840 1, 009 525 577 Michigan Ohio Indiana Illinois. _ . . . . Wisconsin __ P lains Minnesota Iowa Missouri North Dakota. South Dakota Nebraska Kansas Southeast Virginia _ West Virginia Kentucky . Tennessee.. North Carolina South Carolina Georgia . . . Florida . Alabama Mississippi Louisiana. . Arkansas . __ __ _____ . . _. _. Southw est Oklahoma T exas New Mexico. Arizona R ocky M ou n tain . . Montana Idaho Wyoming. Colorado... Utah Far W est . Washington Oregon . Nevada California 916 . . . . __ 7^9 PERSONAL INCOME, BY STATES, SINCE 1929 and Regions, 1929-55 [Dollars] 1949 1950 1951 1952 1, 420 1, 382 1, 491 1, 649 1 ,7 2 7 1 1 ,4 3 8 1, 511 1,474 1, 628 1, 831 1 ,9 1 7 2 1, 117 1, 145 1, 058 1, 398 1, 349 1, 578 1, 150 1, 208 1, 099 1, 434 1, 436 1, 693 1, 229 1, 269 1, 170 1, 513 1, 513 1, 751 1, 175 1, 244 1, 122 1, 490 1, 464 1, 699 1, 188 1, 314 1, 185 1, 662 1, 644 1, 908 1, 326 1, 473 1, 335 1, 850 1, 810 2, 206 1, 452 1, 530 1, 403 1, 919 1, 855 2, 334 3 4 5 6 7 1 ,4 9 2 1, 507 1, 553 1 ,6 4 6 1,621 1,761 1, 912 1,995 9 1, 536 1, 563 li 240 li 483 li 331 1, 561 1, 644 1, 591 1, 268 1, 507 1, 318 1, 635 1, 691 1, 529 1, 273 1, 533 1, 313 1, 689 1, 715 1, 570 1, 348 1, 634 1, 350 1, 748 1, 798 1, 650 1, 446 1, 763 1, 457 1, 905 1,756 1, 622 1, 422 1, 896 1, 453 2, 078 1, 883 1, 792 1, 566 2, 153 1, 588 2, 198 2, 087 2, 113 1, 790 2, 360 1, 892 2, 347 1 ,2 3 7 1, 316 1 ,3 4 6 1, 349 1,457 1, 592 1 ,5 1 4 1, 661 2, 001 1, 995 1, 733 2, 257 1, 770 2, 313 1, 869 1, 939 1, 347 1, 259 1, 132 l', 258 li 053 1, 387 1, 322 1, 198 li 392 li 115 1, 319 1, 349 1, 248 1, 470 1, 186 1, 454 1, 412 1, 303 1, 636 1, 294 1, 542 1, 552 1, 440 1, 809 1, 402 1, 504 1, 472 1, 364 : 1, 690 1, 361 1, 684 1, 614 1, 521 1, 827 1, 467 1, 855 1, 870 1, 688 2, 030 1, 694 1, 932 1, 958 1, 758 2, 085 1, 751 20 21 967 1 ,0 4 6 1, 112 1, 318 1, 311 1, 193 1, 530 1, 209 1, 164 1,244 1,414 1, 292 1, 408 1, 529 1, 604 22 935 995 962 927 816 993 1, 034 998 984 1, 073 1, 002 950 1, 072 li 164 1, 100 1, 069 1, 134 1, 009 1, 047 1, 163 1, 159 1, 174 1, 207 1, 186 1, 046 1, 083 1, 151 1, 116 1, 256 1, 190 1, 221 1, 446 1, 232 1, 243 1, 288 1, 404 1, 547 1, 384 1, 383 1, 451 1, 463 1, 276 1, 298 1, 320 1, 344 1, 136 1, 094 1, 305 1, 245 1, 397 1, 447 1, 443 1, 260 1, 213 1, 468 1, 374 1, 533 1, 551 1, 562 1, 320 1, 414 1, 549 1, 512 719 814 856 849 883 968 943 1, 009 1, 128 1, 578 1, 617 1, 664 1, 222 1, 239 1, 652 1, 716 839 738 689 717 691 639 725 985 651 528 784 541 898 822 759 856 765 724 835 1, 090 735 627 879 672 946 890 794 902 821 743 882 1, 151 780 627 892 722 990 921 811 856 858 763 844 1, 137 744 605 829 729 1, 002 1, 029 850 876 894 779 884 1, 143 794 662 881 719 1, 112 1, 146 965 935 943 879 948 1, 184 856 753 1, 002 846 1, 101 1, 062 921 925 919 838 932 1, 203 810 667 1, 059 780 1, 222 1, 095 958 995 1, 009 881 1, 016 1, 288 867 729 1, 089 805 1, 474 1, 274 1, 191 1, 136 1, 149 1, 111 1, 208 1, 466 1, 045 851 1, 250 967 1, 173 1 ,2 4 6 1, 286 1, 394 1, 215 1, 116 1, 081 1, 114 1, 043 1, 145 1, 380 989 792 1, 176 908 1 ,4 1 5 1, 497 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 1947 1943 1944 1945 1946 1,102 1 ,1 9 4 1,234 1 ,2 4 9 1, 316 1 ,2 7 6 1 ,3 1 3 1, 336 1 ,3 7 9 1, 087 967 902 1, 261 1, 184 1, 590 1, 091 1, 048 ' 930 1, 300 li 261 li 601 1, 067 1, 106 li 013 li 351 1, 267 1, 568 1 ,3 0 7 1, 432 1, 379 432 i; 133 i; 438 lj 292 li 508 1948 1, 194 892 1,010 1, 030 1 ,0 0 6 1, 100 774 931 758 986 944 1, 038 869 1, 036 967 1, 051 926 1, 107 939 1, 028 906 1, 083 1, 015 1, 128 988 1, 149 1, 129 1, 187 1, 075 1, 242 1, 155 1, 283 1, 113 1, 245 1, 133 1, 340 1, 163 1, 297 1, 285 1, 447 1, 297 1, 551 1, 398 1, 519 1, 364 1, 647 1 ,0 7 2 1 ,0 9 5 1 168 1, 195 1,324 1, 387 1, 346 1,428 1, 647 1 ,7 0 3 1, 128 1, 004 li 142 li 030 li 132 1, 168 1, 080 1, 229 1, 063 1, 058 1, 191 1, 114 1, 258 1, 183 , 128 1 1, 278 1, 169 1, 340 1, 195 1, 094 1, 457 1, 251 1, 488 1, 338 1, 178 1, 596 1, 281 1, 554 1, 394 1, 219 1, 390 1, 239 1, 588 1, 385 1, 224 1, 606 1, 279 1, 629 1, 446 1, 283 1, 768 1, 446 1, 890 1, 732 1, 456 1, 780 1, 568 1, 841 1, 804 1, 502 1 ,5 1 4 1, 557 1, 535 1 ,5 8 5 1 ,6 3 3 1, 711 1, 687 1 ,7 9 5 1, 984 2, 078 1, 473 li 401 1, 493 1, 540 1, 535 1, 415 1, 477 1, 582 1, 425 1, 381 1, 585 1, 580 1, 395 1, 396 1, 717 1, 654 1, 497 1, 518 1, 732 1, 678 1, 600 1, 609 1, 750 1, 750 1, 587 1, 562 1, 758 1, 725 1, 671 1, 602 1, 938 1, 848 1, 816 1, 751 2, 171 2, 051 1, 912 1, 824 2, 339 2, 144 1, 186 1, 239 1, 328 1, 312 1, 384 1, 411 1, 354 1, 403 1, 586 1, 721 , 8 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 144 A SUPPLEMENT TO THE SURVEY OF CURRENT BUSINESS Table 3.—Population, by [Thousands] Line State and region 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 C ontinental U nited S ta te s_ s. 121,77C 123,077 124,040 124,841 125,575 126,374 127,25( 128,052 128,825 123,825 130,880 131,954 133,417 N ew E ngland. Maine_________ New Hampshire. Vermont_______ Massachusetts__ Rhode Island___ Connecticut____ M id east10 11 12 New York__ New Jersey. _ Pennsylvania. Delaware____ Maryland___ 13 14 15 16 G reat L ak es. 17 Michigan. 18 Ohio_____ 19 Indiana__ 20 Illinois__ 21 Wisconsin. 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 P lain s. Minnesota____ Iowa_________ Missouri_____ North Dakota. South Dakota. Nebraska_____ Kansas_______ Sou th east- Virgin ia_______ West Virginia... Kentucky_____ Tennessee_____ North Carolina. South Carolina. Georgia_______ Florida________ Alabama______ Mississippi____ Louisiana______ Arkansas______ S ou th w est. Oklahoma__ Texas______ ,New Mexico. Arizona____ R ocky M ou ntain. Montana.. Idaho____ Wyoming. Colorado. _ Utah____ Far W est. Washington. Oregon_____ Nevada____ California__ Territory of Hawaii_ . 8, 130 8, 175 8, 193 8, 220 8,254 8, 296 8, 361 8, 391 8, 409 8, 427 8, 438 8, 449 8, 586 797 800 807 815 821 829 836 840 842 843 846 849 852 467 466 470 474 477 480 481 481 481 485 490 492 491 360 359 358 357 357 357 356 356 358 363 348 . 4, 229 4, 250 4, 248 4, 259 4, 282 4, 305 4, 343 4, 357 355 4, 365 4, 347 4, 318 4, 400 684 686 681 677 675 675 678 686 4, 358 694 694 701 719 744 1, 594 1, 613 1, 628 1, 637 1, 642 1, 650 1, 666 1, 672 1, 678 1, 684 1, 696 1, 708 1, 751 . 28, 223 28, 727 29, 078 29, 321 29, 488 29, 665 29, 823 29, 959 30, 013 30, 225 30, 287 30, 325 30, 400 . 12, 171 12, 647 4, 068 . 9, 723 9, 649 236 239 . 1, 621 1, 636 483 488 12, 848 4, 120 9, 707 242 1, 657 504 13, 001 4, 120 9, 764 245 1, 678 513 13, 126 4, 107 9, 784 248 1, 694 529 13, 253 4, 089 9, 795 250 1, 710 568 13, 375 4, 085 9, 774 252 1, 729 608 13, 481 4, 084 9, 767 253 1, 745 629 13, 511 4, 088 9, 790 254 1, 754 616 13, 512 4, 100 9; 952 257 1, 766 638 13, 523 4 , 129 9, 901 263 1, 793 658 4, 838 6, 787 3, 332 7, 797 3, 070 4, 889 6, 801 3, 348 7, 840 3, 082 4, 968 6, 809 3, 374 7, 857 3, 088 5, 056 6, 837 3, 386 7, 866 3, 098 5, 156 5, 315 6, 8 8 6 6, 929 5,6, 468 958 3, 403 3, 433 2, 734 2, 509 3, 801 664 666 1, 358 1, 869 2, 746 2, 498 3, 794 655 656 1, 339 1, 856 2, 752 2, 494 3, 781 647 649 1, 326 1, 842 2, 771 2, 520 3, 783 644 645 1, 318 1, 824 2, 790 2, 537 3, 786 640 641 1, 316 L 788 2, 719 2, 491 3, 815 615 613 1, 272 1, 767 2, 975 1, 885 2, 851 2, 976 3, 596 1, 963 3, 186 2, 028 2, 902 2, 188 2, 500 1, 966 13, 456 4, 175 9 ’ 896 ' 269 1, 839 ' 690 13, 270 4, 255 9, 918 276 1, 917 764 . 25, 187 25, 332 25, 428 25, 535 25, 632 25, 694 25, 824 25, 960 26, 096 26, 243 23, 456 26, 725 27, 042 . _ _ . . 4, 795 6, 626 3, 226 7, 606 2, 934 4, 834 6, 662 3, 242 7, 644 2, 950 4, 798 6, 694 3, 257 7, 687 2, 990 4, 780 6, 717 3, 281 7, 736 3, 021 4, 780 6, 740 3, 304 7, 768 3, 040 4, 798 6, 751 3, 319 7, 772 3, 054 3, 481 7, 890 7, 905 7, 995 3, 121 3, 143 3, 140 . 13, 260 13, 335 13, 446 13,518 13, 567 13, 593 13, 630 13, 601 13, 544 13, 491 13, 505 13, 498 13, 292 . 2, 572 2, 576 . 2, 460 2, 475 . 3, 622 3, 646 674 682 690 693 1, 375 1, 380 1, 867 1, 883 2, 614 2, 482 3, 711 680 694 1, 384 1, 881 2, 646 2, 489 3, 746 676 692 1, 386 1, 883 2, 673 2, 495 3, 773 674 690 1, 385 1, 877 2, 695 2, 510 3, 784 672 682 1, 382 1, 868 2, 717 2, 524 3, 798 670 674 1, 375 1, 872 27, 152 27, 312 27, 463 27, 665 27, 903 28, 190 28, 418 28, 628 28, 923 29, 350 29, 843 30, 277 2,425 1, 717 2, 606 2, 604 3, 133 1, 739 2, 903 1, 445 2, 644 1, 998 2, 086 1, 852 2, 427 1, 733 2, 623 2, 619 3, 167 1, 745 2, 910 1, 471 2, 647 2, 006 2, 105 1, 859 2, 445 1, 740 2, 652 2, 657 3, 184 1, 753 2, 924 1, 493 2, 649 1, 994 2, 124 1, 848 2, 452 1, 747 2, 676 2, 711 3, 227 1, 748 2, 935 1, 521 2, 653 2, 004 2, 155 1, 836 2, 460 1, 752 2, 698 2, 747 3, 268 1, 752 2, 950 1, 552 2, 661 2, 031 2, 178 1, 854 2, 485 1, 771 2, 722 2, 784 3, 304 1, 760 2, 964 1, 585 2, 685 2, 050 2, 202 1, 878 2, 520 1, 794 2, 748 2, 798 3, 323 1, 769 2, 955 1, 613 2, 719 2, 061 2, 228 1, 890 2, 552 1, 808 2, 768 2, 791 3, 346 1, 781 2, 978 1, 651 2, 743 2, 072 2, 246 1, 892 8, 984 9, 106 9, 175 9, 222 9, 281 2, 590 1, 813 2, 784 2, 795 3, 385 1, 802 3, 037 1, 709 2, 762 2, 086 2, 257 1, 903 2, 638 1, 828 2, 800 2, 821 3, 440 1, 834 3, 091 1, 771 2, 787 2. 127 2, 285 1, 928 2, 670 1, 868 2, 825 2, 874 3; 514 1, 872 3, 120 li 836 2, 814 2, 168 2, 334 1, 948 2, 720 1, 907 2, 859 2, 935 3; 574 1, 902 3, 119 1, 915 2, 845 2, 176 2, 370 1, 955 9, 333 9,418 9, 489 9, 540 9, 604 9, 700 9, 780 9, 858 2, 958 2, 987 3, 012 2, 969 2, 372 2, 401 2, 403 2, 394 2, 392 2, 391 2, 386 2, 334 2, 324 2, 333 2, 325 2, 262 5, 762 5, 844 5, 907 5, 961 6, 014 6, 053 6, 123 6,2, 365 192 6, 250 6, 301 6; 360 6, 425 6, 599 420 427 436 441 449 461 475 489 503 513 523 505 531 430 434 429 426 426 434 428 443 453 466 484 492 499 2, 710 2, 761 2,792 2, 812 2, 826 2, 848 2, 872 2, 906 2, 937 524 539 540 540 541 545 550 554 554 552 555 558 543 447 447 454 459 464 473 481 495 507 513 521 522 502 223 226 229 230 230 233 237 240 243 246 248 250 249 1, 008 1, 040 1, 056 1, 066 1, 071 1, 075 1, 078 1, 090 1, 104 1, 112 1, 120 1, 130 1, 124 508 509 513 517 520 522 526 527 529 535 552 551 543 8, 123 8, 327 8, 465 8, 546 8, 629 8, 753 8, 905 9, 120 9, 360 9, 526 9, 688 9,889 110, 254 1, 555 1, 568 1, 581 1, 584 1, 592 1, 610 1, 629 1, 653 1, 681 1, 698 1, 715 1, 740 1, 793 947 956 966 972 978 985 1, 001 1, 025 1, 048 1, 067 1, 081 1, 086 1, 070 90 92 94 96 96 98 100 101 103 105 107 113 122 5, 531 5, 711 5, 824 5, 894 5, 963 6, 060 6, 175 6, 341 6, 528 6, 656 6, 785 6, 950 7, 269 1; fcj01“ ? 68 members of the Armed Forces stationed In each State. For all years except 1941-47, State figures are the midyear estimates of the Bureau of the Census; for 1941-47 415 455 (1939-55 for Hawaii), figures are the sum of (1) civilian population as measured by midyear estimates of the Bureau of the Census, and (2) military personnel as derived from monthly 145 PERSONAL INCOME, BY STATES, SINCE 192 9 States and Regions, 1929 -55 1 [Thousands] 1943 1944 1945 134, 670 134, 697 134, 075 133, 387 8, 627 8, 534 8, 588 8, 1947 1946 1942 515 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 Line 140, 638 143, 665 146, 093 148, 665 151, 234 153, 384 155, 761 158, 313 161, 191 164, 303 1 2 3 8, 909 9, 059 9, 232 9, 379 9, 323 9, 182 9, 247 9, 501 9, 639 9, 619 802 464 315 4, 310 842 1, 782 835 495 342 4, 536 790 1, 911 854 509 354 4, 589 784 1, 969 878 520 359 4, 674 787 2, 014 903 533 369 4, 741 801 2, 032 915 532 378 4, 692 783 2, 023 895 529 376 4, 597 779 2, 006 893 534 372 4, 614 793 2, 041 892 547 376 4, 754 816 2, 116 ' 901 552 374 4, 828 807 2, 177 906 553 370 4, 773 817 2, 200 30, 177 1 ,7 9 7 29, 767 805 460 315 4, 361 846 1, 801 29, 405 2 9,131 31, 239 32, 257 32, 981 33, 623 33, 766 34, 072 34, 482 34, 976 35, 726 36, 234 134 010 3]4 Q 714 1281 2 012 ' 846 12 871 4 20fi 9 ’ 424 281 2 097 888 12, 683 4 171 9, 247 ' 286 2, 156 ' 862 12, 532 4, 122 9Ì 180 ' 286 2, 146 865 897 15, 074 15, 178 15, 468 15, 828 16,6, 021 13, 434 13, 993 14, 497 14, 892 14,4, 855 324 5, 068 5, 131 5, 218 4Ì 505 4, 628 4, 774 4, 889 10, 523 10,4, 996 407 10, 571 10, 646 10, 856 10, 898 10, 390 9, 880 10, 201 10, 287 390 369 344 353 334 320 312 316 306 300 2, 442 2, 493 2, 532 2, 606 2, 744 2, 227 2, 256 2, 271 2, 329 2, 364 857 849 846 828 819 807 807 840 873 893 27, 158 26, 478 26, 511 26, 379 28, 425 29, 153 29, 832 30, 324 30, 550 30, 801 31, 335 32, 075 32, 942 33, 603 ft 552 ft’ Q70 Z ft! ft 8* 0ft4 3, 066 5, 396 6 866 3, 444 7, 765 3, 007 5, 459 6, 928 3, 435 7, 718 2i 971 5, 468 6, 915 3, 423 7, 612 2, 961 5, 874 7, 516 3, 703 8, 164 3, 168 6, 075 7, 705 3, 779 8, 344 3, 250 6, 213 7, 876 3, 877 8, 552 3, 314 6, 332 7, 973 3, 958 8, 670 3, 391 6, 415 7, 986 3, 949 8, 751 3, 449 6, 523 7, 962 4, 118 8, 755 3, 443 6, 678 8, 123 4, 143 8, 910 3, 481 6, 848 8, 522 4, 173 9, 002 3, 530 7, 076 8, 844 4, 241 9, 151 3, 631) 7, 326 8, 945 4, 329 9, 301 3, 702 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 13, 126 12, 768 12, 446 12, 394 13, 180 13, 446 13, 604 13, 850 14, 100 1 4,218 14, 249 14, 401 14, 612 14, 842 22 2, 662 2* 441 3* 829 ’ ftR3 597 1 245 1, 769 2 572 2, 332 3, 694 546 587 1, 235 1, 802 2, 523 2Ì 294 3Ì 556 ' 534 562 1, 214 li 763 2, 534 2, 301 3, 513 ' 544 573 1, 210 li 719 2, 737 2, 467 3, 759 570 588 1, 256 1, 803 2, 796 2, 509 3, 846 578 600 1, 266 1, 851 2, 868 2, 543 3, 844 580 612 1, 265 1, 892 2, 935 2, 578 3, 882 597 631 1, 302 1, 925 2, 995 2, 626 3, 954 620 654 1, 328 1, 923 3, 017 2, 625 4, 037 609 659 1, 320 1, 951 3, 039 2, 642 4, 002 618 658 1, 319 1, 971 3, 068 2, 659 4, 068 628 662 1, 335 1, 981 3, 131 2, 666 4, 124 636 673 1, 359 2, 023 3, 190 2, 671 4, 201 Ö43 683 1, 3y4 2, 060 31, 595 31, 778 31, 296 30, 820 31, 751 32, 169 32, 275 32, 803 33, 887 34, 488 34, 793 032 35, 260 35, 861 3, 311 1 832 2, 809 2 ,9 5 3 3, 590 2, 017 3, 215 2, 190 2, 950 2, 204 2, 541 li 983 3, 510 lj 741 2, 690 2, 939 3, 641 974 3', 245 2, 497 2 , 887 2, 255 2, 560 l', 839 3, 642 1, 708 2i 616 2, 877 3, 632 li 950 3, 161 2, 542 2, 799 2i 119 2, 479 li 771 3, 566 1, 707 2, 604 2, 875 3, 523 li 921 3, 089 2, 515 2, 770 2, 079 2i 413 1, 758 3, 371 1, 828 2, 757 3i 077 3, 727 1, 944 3, 251 2, 473 2, 906 2, 072 2, 540 1, 805 3, 273 1, 882 2, 802 3, 168 3, 772 1, 996 3, 271 2, 539 2, 944 2, 108 2, 579 1, 835 3, 207 1, 899 2, 817 3, 216 3, 837 1, 996 3, 259 2, 578 2, 969 2, 076 2, 596 1, 825 3, 292 1, 930 2, 849 3, 236 3, 911 2, 029 3, 325 2, 668 3, 000 2, 085 2, 634 1, 844 3, 293 2, 011 2, 959 3, 304 4, 070 2, 121 3, 454 2, 819 3, 067 2, 180 2, 697 1, 912 3, 397 2, 008 2, 972 3, 360 4, 141 2, 189 3, 534 2, 955 3, 063 2, 196 2, 762 1, 911 3, 480 1, 993 2, 960 3, 342 4, 148 2, 221 3, 590 3, 098 3, 083 2,' 187 2, 833 1, 858 3, 524 1, 993 2, 976 3, 323 4, 194 2, 247 3, 579 3, 239 3, 094 2, 161 2, 871 1, 831 3, 501 1, 99 i 2 ,9 9 4 3, 364 4, 226 2, 266 3, 63Û 3, 389 3, 073 2, 131 2, 888 1, 807 3, 579 1, 984 3, 011 3, 414 4, 344 2, 308 3, 662 3, 580 3, 110 2, 133 2, 934 1, 802 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 10, 036 10, 341 061 9, 968 10, 510 10, 751 1 1,009 086 11,404 11, 871 12, 140 12, 215 12, 347 12, 758 2, 228 6, 770 508 530 2, 203 6Ì 944 ' 533 661 2, 056 6i 861 ' 526 618 2, 025 6, 822 530 591 2, 131 7, 199 562 618 2, 133 7, 384 582 652 2, 089 7, 626 604 690 2, 105 7, 623 644 714 2, 218 7, 745 686 755 2, 184 8, 175 721 791 2, 189 8, 367 737 847 2, 166 8, 397 757 895 2, 186 8, 462 769 930 2, 210 8, 748 793 1, 007 2, 966 3, 006 2, 965 2 ,9 1 6 3, 110 3 ,1 8 0 3, 278 3, 382 3, 509 3, 503 3, 577 3, 684 3, 769 3, 897 521 481 249 1, 133 ' 582 483 499 246 1, 151 627 471 514 240 1, 124 ' 616 477 490 240 1, 113 596 514 509 253 1, 196 638 530 522 256 1, 236 636 542 551 269 1, 263 653 569 570 277 1, 295 671 596 592 291 1, 335 695 10, 985 12, 025 12, 803 13, 264 13, 514 13, 650 13, 880 14, 219 14, 697 1, 904 l', 128 ' 139 7, 814 2, 022 1, 228 ' 152 8, 623 2, 138 1, 249 155 9, 261 2, 238 li 260 147 9, 619 2, 300 1, 342 145 9, 727 563 656 830 760 548 £38 482 345 4 38^ 778 1, 798 806 4fi1 325 4 277 ’ RfiR 10, or quarterly information supplied by the military services. N o t e —Detail will not necessarily add to totals because of rounding. 11, 2, 225 2, 255 2, 294 2, 385 1, 364 1, 405 1, 431 1, 530 162 156 157 149 9, 912 10, 064 10, 337 10, 620 521 514 506 491 35 , 629 619 612 594 599 612 594 598 584 587 312 298 294 295 292 1, 319 1, 368 1, 436 1, 492 1, 547 797 762 748 731 711 15, 252 15, 938 16, 426 16, 895 17, 488 2, 431 2, 455 2, 477 2, 527 2, 607 1, 569 1, 598 1, 620 1, 648 1, 685 212 235 196 183 170 11, 082 11, 702 12, 133 12, 508 12, 961 502 502 511 520 550 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 Source: U. S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census; and U. S. Department of Defense. 146 A SUPPLEMENT TO THE SURVEY OF CURRENT BUSINESS Table 4 — CONTINENTAL UNITED STATES: Line Item 1929 Personal income______ ____________________ 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 76,780 65,597 50,022 47,122 53,482 60,104 68,363 73,803 68,433 72,753 Farms_______________________ Mining__________ _____ ____ Anthracite________________ Bituminous and other soft coal mining Crude petroleum and natural g a s _________ Mining and-quarrying, except fu e l________________ 39,015 903 993 205 380 223 185 30,376 659 683 151 259 168 105 28,905 609 36,582 770 969 140 424 257 148 41,798 864 1,133 138 504 287 204 45,985 988 1,305 136 550 333 286 42,851 977 132 279 177 98 33,610 672 911 159 388 240 124 117 437 333 214 45,806 988 1,137 124 456 315 242 Contract construction__________ Manufacturing___________________________ Wholesale and retail trade__ Finance, insurance, and real estate____________ Banking and other finance___________ Insurance and real estate__ 2, 484 16,092 9,319 2,918 1, 406 1,512 2,085 13, 850 8 , 711 2,742 1, 269 1,473 1, 477 823 7, 678 5, 911 2,092 985 1,107 611 7,827 5,290 1,896 899 997 759 9,643 6,119 1, 988 911 1,077 889 10,829 6,631 2,058 902 1,156 1,300 12, 410 7,234 2,236 987 1,249 1,383 14, 571 8,175 2,406 1,033 1,373 1, 259 11, 837 8,009 2,323 954 1,369 1, 546 13,585 8 , 386 2,379 947 1, 432 4, 719 3,226 327 1,166 4, 237 2,849 316 1,072 3, 531 2,334 289 908 2,656 Highway freight and warehousing___________________ Other transportation____________ .. . 257 711 2,455 1, 560 252 643 2,660 1,689 280 691 2, 884 1,831 321 732 3,237 2,058 356 823 3, 549 2; 219 3,179 1,962 2,091 923 824 897 Communications and public utilities___________ Telephone, telegraph, and other communications______ Electric, gas, and other public utilities.................. 1,520 750 770 1, 543 754 789 1,408 680 728 1,191 574 617 1,059 ' 498 561 1,139 532 607 1,193 '545 648 1, 294 702 771 765 774 Services____ _____ _______ Hotels and other lodging places_______ Personal services and private households Business and repair services Amusement and recreation___________ Professional, social, and related services 5,517 425 2,468 464 630 1,530 5, 253 407 2 , 210 473 609 1, 554 4, 585 341 1,789 405 560 1,490 3, 735 256 1,358 342 429 1,350 3,348 217 1,188 315 385 1,243 3, 666 270 1,347 369 424 1,256 3,881 287 1,437 404 459 1, 294 4, 264 313 1,592 468 513 1,378 4, 688 4, 524 4, 721 1 , 820 1, 634 1, 746 1, 448 1,513 1,546 Governm ent...___ ________ Federal, civilian____________________ Federal, m ilitary__________ ________ State and local________ 4,833 1,064 225 3,544 5,049 5,153 227 3, 722 4, 864 1,041 4,198 221 7,743 3, 773 242 3, 728 7,370 3' 186 259 3, 925 8,098 3, 677 265 4,156 8,062 3,559 3, 612 5, 980 1, 883 195 3,902 6,392 1,973 3, 822 5,049 1,302 194 3,553 Other industries................... ........ 115 110 104 84 75 73 86 83 112 101 104 Other labor income_______________________ _ 561 551 510 451 409 443 479 572 593 595 627 14,759 5, 968 8,791 18,666 1,496 139 11,540 4,130 7,410 17,217 1,533 144 8 ,734 5,316 1, 932 3,384 11,853 2,170 149 5,599 2,433 3,166 10,239 2,116 149 7,010 2,446 4,564 10,380 2,194 154 10,387 5, 036 5,351 10,416 2,400 159 10,482 3,952 6,530 12,691 5, 618 7,073 12,678 2,418 563 11,128 4,335 6,793 11,575 2,834 551 11,610 4,317 7; 293 12,339 2,963 593 Nonfarm_______ __________ Property income____ ____________ ... Transfer payments__________________________ L e ss: Personal contributions for social in su ra n c e ______ 1,1 00 10 , 810 7,584 2,467 1,126 1,341 1,1 10 221 3,153 5, 581 14,772 2,714 148 1 ,6 88 211 686 7 81 Item Personal income. 1929 ._ __ . . . Wage and salary disbursements 1_____________ _ Farms________________ . Mining___________________ Bituminous and other soft coal mining Crude petroleum and natural gas_____ Mining and quarrying, except fuel__ _______ ... 1930 4,836 5,152 5,799 6,015 5,530 5,940 8 2,990 35 5 3,258 38 5 3,574 43 3,881 48 3,543 49 3,825 49 12 10 8 5 4 5 5 6 6 5 5 235 1, 859 752 251 98 153 208 1,576 716 242 91 150 161 1,322 632 228 84 143 96 930 518 194 74 82 1,113 526 188 73 114 83 1, 252 563 188 71 116 116 1, 372 598 120 120 122 1,583 660 209 81 128 98 1, 256 654 120 62 984 464 180 75 105 102 195 154 77 139 69 68 55 48 149 73 25 51 158 76 29 53 173 82 31 59 186 87 35 64 175 83 33 58 183 22 12 10 21 22 23 24 25 26 Services___ ___________ Hotels and other lodging places________ Personal services and private households. Business and repair services Amusement and recreation Professional, social, and related services 27 28 29 30 Government____ ___ Federal, civilian_____________ Federal, military_____ State and local___________ 31 Other industries___________ 38 L e ss: Personal contributions for social insurance For footnotes, see table 4. . ... 6 6 « 121 Transfer payments__________________________ 1939 2,641 34 4 120 37 1938 4,413 Communications and public utilities Telephone, telegraph, and other communications______ Electric, gas, and other public utilities_____________ . Property income____________________________ 1937 4,699 18 19 36 1936 2,758 40 5 225 Farm _____________ Nonfarm______________ 1935 5,881 247 133 29 84 Proprietors’ incdme__________________ 1934 3,518 51 Transportation....................... Railroads_______________ Highway freight and warehousing_______ ____ _______ Other transportation__ 33 34 35 1933 6,588 14 15 16 17 Other labor income_____ . . . 1932 4,013 61 13 32 2 Less than $500,000. 4,406 62 10 11 12 20 1931 4,220 7,125 Contract construction_____________ Manufacturing_______________ Wholesale and retail trade _. . Finance, insurance, and real estate . Banking and other finance ______ Insurance and real estate.. 9 3,520 177 1,101 Table 5.— N EW ENGLAND: Personal [Millions of dollars] Line 12,166 ' 489 1 For explanation of industrial classification, see p. ; 68 see also section on ‘Adjustments for Residence” , pp. 100-2. N O T E S F O R T A B L E S 4-62. 6 1939 46,083 1,176 1,327 252 506 293 276 Proprietors’ income____________________________ 3 4 5 1938 50,319 1, 287 1, 515 261 609 321 324 _ Transportation_______________ 1 1937 85,661 Wage and salary disbursements L _ . _ . . . 2 1936 120 28 77 25 22 200 78 201 76 125 1, 471 678 209 76 133 86 35 61 56 64 116 54 62 101 91 42 49 96 45 51 100 107 49 58 116 54 62 116 56 60 114 56 58 484 35 240 26 44 139 457 34 214 27 43 140 404 29 173 24 40 138 333 132 301 19 118 324 23 132 336 24 138 29 129 27 119 29 118 121 360 25 151 24 32 127 393 28 172 25 34 134 375 28 151 25 30 140 388 28 160 27 30 143 373 70 392 72 16 303 16 295 376 83 15 278 467 282 384 72 18 294 379 22 526 126 14 386 592 264 16 312 551 219 17 314 605 257 18 330 598 246 18 333 11 12 10 7 6 6 8 8 10 9 10 40 41 38 34 30 31 35 40 41 41 44 758 133 625 664 134 530 498 84 414 322 60 261 321 79 242 402 71 331 477 99 379 558 112 445 575 108 467 533 92 441 566 95 472 1,815 1,761 1,628 1,415 1,247 1,258 1,224 1,373 1,382 1,211 1,316 117 120 210 180 185 167 190 250 235 10 11 11 11 12 53 48 46 55 64 47 53 22 21 68 11 20 21 120 12 334 46 55 22 31 170 12 269 13 147 PERSONAL INCOME, BY STATES, SINCE 1929 Personal Income by Major Sources, 1929-55 _________ iMillions of dollars] 1954 1955 283,140 284,747 303,391 1 194,529 2, 778 3,718 183 1,206 1,374 955 192,961 2,693 3,393 142 916 1,431 904 207,693 2,716 3,656 120 993 1,548 995 2 3 4 4a 5 6 7 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 78,522 95,953 122,417 148,409 160,118 164,549 175,701 189,077 207,414 205,452 225,473 252,960 269,050 145,092 2,724 3,158 233 1,291 969 665 168,413 2,920 3,584 237 1,425 1,131 791 182,251 2,790 3,643 224 1,256 1,292 871 Line 49,656 1,031 1, 287 118 542 336 291 61,763 1,254 1, 540 135 678 363 364 81,012 1,642 1, 769 156 823 355 435 102,505 2, 039 1, 983 178 918 407 480 111, 132 2, 213 2,197 202 1, 052 515 428 110,567 2, 308 2,173 196 1,020 569 388 109,576 2, 553 2, 368 237 1,065 623 443 121,357 2, 819 2, 920 250 1,378 742 550 133,793 3, 029 3, 340 277 1, 529 914 620 133,005 2, 855 2, 931 223 1,166 929 613 1, 709 15, 584 9, 020 2, 453 968 1, 485 2,900 21, 714 10, 384 2, 598 1,009 1, 589 4, 670 30, 922 10, 971 2, 713 1,033 1, 680 3, 919 40, 883 11, 893 2, 835 1, 074 1, 761 2,888 42, 913 12, 971 2, 988 1,140 1, 848 2,951 38, 229 14, 665 3, 269 1, 284 1, 985 4,412 36, 476 19, 560 4, 097 1, 570 2, 527 5,834 42, 500 22, 871 4, 502 1, 703 2, 799 7, 093 46, 459 25, 298 5, 031 1,864 3,167 6, 939 43, 860 25, 629 5,251 1,961 3, 290 7,913 49,393 27,322 5,806 2,178 3,628 9,785 58, 232 29,982 6,358 2,433 3,925 10, 656 62,918 31,773 6,887 2,679 4,208 11,031 69, 773 33,468 7,406 2,899 4, 507 11,149 65,948 34, 299 8,045 3,187 4,858 11,962 72,132 36,759 8,811 3, 520 5,291 8 9 10 11 12 13 3, 639 2,211 498 930 4, 255 2, 609 613 1,033 5,261 3, 291 738 1, 232 6,352 3, 759 848 1, 745 7,754 4,593 926 2» 235 7,913 4,414 1,013 2, 486 8,509 4, 778 1,211 2, 520 9,007 4, 947 1,412 2, 648 9, 654 5, 352 1,617 2,685 9, 350 5,045 1,698 2, 607 9,811 5,202 2,001 2, 608 11,199 5,916 2,303 2,980 11,808 6,061 2, 556 3,191 12,261 6,010 2,882 3,369 11,668 5,480 2,933 3,255 12,368 5,628 3,324 3,416 14 15 16 17 1, 543 719 824 1,681 802 879 1, 778 885 893 1,884 1,000 884 1,980 1,075 905 2,195 1,225 970 2,854 1, 652 1,202 3, 286 1,828 1,458 3, 809 2,123 1, 686 4, 036 2, 219 1, 817 4,214 2, 272 1,942 4,649 2, 522 2,127 5,122 2,802 2,320 5, 605 3,086 2,519 5,881 3, 243 2,638 6, 246 3,487 2,759 18 19 20 5, 026 387 1,907 515 577 1,640 5, 453 414 2, 009 595 632 1,803 6,249 443 2,374 631 681 2,120 7,040 523 2, 644 740 741 2, 392 7, 942 611 3, 035 863 835 2,598 8,743 672 3, 417 959 924 2, 771 10, 208 822 3, 709 1,223 1,188 3, 266 11, 495 887 4, 055 1,406 1, 245 3, 902 12, 393 928 4,157 1, 569 1, 249 4, 490 12, 782 932 4,187 1, 574 1,251 4, 838 13,656 946 4,490 1,689 1,256 5,275 14,942 1,004 4, 765 1,970 1,301 5,902 16,084 1,067 4,890 2, 230 1,352 6, 545 17,048 1,115 5,096 2, 408 1,379 7,050 17,730 1,125 5,029 2,517 1,450 7, 609 19, 407 1,166 5,579 2,809 1, 558 8,295 21 22 23 24 25 26 8, 258 3, 463 441 4,354 9,863 3, 778 1,604 4, 481 14, 879 5,142 5,172 4, 565 23, 503 7,548 11,177 4, 778 27, 084 7,697 14, 339 5, 048 27, 906 7,402 15, 019 5, 485 18, 288 6,201 5, 758 6,329 15, 843 5, 497 2, 821 7, 525 17, 383 5, 724 2, 882 8,777 19, 071 6,228 3,140 9,703 20, 777 6,583 3,826 10,368 26, 404 8,481 6,574 11,349 30,178 9, 576 8,064 12, 538 31,043 9,4.7 7,935 13, 621 31, 741 9,170 7,707 14,864 33, 211 9, 744 7,495 15,972 27 28 29 30 106 121 158 174 202 215 251 280 304 301 318 358 392 398 414 425 31 3,021 3,823 4,786 5,316 5,994 6,253 6,9% 32 39,171 13,263 25,908 33,162 14,199 3,915 38,363 12,487 25,876 35,422 16,302 4,553 39,019 11,680 27,339 37,355 17,516 5,188 33 34 35 36 37 38 687 720 860 1,082 28,187 23,907 13,010 17,401 11,364 10, 008 6, 504 4, 568 16, 823 13, 899 10, 897 8,442 15,379 14,644 13,756 12,709 2,945 3,137 3,113 3,114 1,688 1,140 798 656 N ote .—Detail will not necessarily add to totals 1,526 29,565 11, 525 18, 040 16,237 3,549 1,892 1,799 30,835 11,824 19, 011 17,193 6,080 1,925 1,891 2,334 2,713 35,265 13, 944 21, 321 19,568 11,307 1,904 34,433 14, 485 19, 948 21,243 11,770 2,063 38,389 16, 740 21, 649 23,396 11,261 2,139 34,149 12, 718 21, 431 25,100 12,38( 2,208 36,140 13, 285 22,855 28,308 14,969 2,858 40,809 16,018 24, 791 29,811 12,491 3,353 40, 852 15,120 25, 732 31,203 13,148 3,721 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 12,286 13,026 16,809 17,725 18,697 18,860 20,075 13,174 114 20 (2) 2 13,093 110 22 (2) 2 13,910 113 25 (2) 2 22 because of rounding. Income by M ajor Sources, 1929-55 6,398 7,754 1944 1943 1942 1941 1940 9,522 10,892 1945 11,274 11,372 13,949 13,829 15,180 Line 8 8,011 86 7 (2) (2) 7 8,276 94 8 (2) (2) 7 8,053 102 8 (2) 1 7 8,192 106 11 (2) 1 10 8,931 116 13 (2) 1 12 9,663 112 14 (2) 1 13 9,367 129 15 (2) 1 14 10,239 119 16 (2) 1 14 11,771 130 19 (2) 1 17 12,387 115 18 (2) 2 17 303 3, 406 867 237 79 158 211 4,133 889 247 84 163 164 4, 075 933 255 87 168 177 3, 661 1,028 270 97 173 294 3,740 1,332 330 115 215 363 4,189 1, 519 362 122 240 415 4, 469 1, 657 399 133 266 416 3,998 1, 672 418 137 281 476 4, 519 1,781 455 152 303 562 5,331 1,933 498 167 331 581 5, 556 1,968 527 178 349 588 6,016 2,074 560 189 371 632 5, 582 2,183 612 209 402 724 5,908 2,316 657 228 429 492 197 165 130 496 198 172 126 504 190 186 128 14 15 16 17 20 4,146 52 5 1 5,313 62 7 1 6,815 74 8 1 5 7 147 1, 672 721 223 79 144 223 2, 436 834 238 81 157 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 189 90 37 62 218 104 47 67 260 128 56 76 304 143 60 100 358 175 63 120 365 167 69 129 399 186 85 128 399 184 95 120 408 196 104 107 390 181 105 104 416 177 123 115 452 193 139 120 472 202 148 122 120 56 63 128 61 67 135 66 69 142 72 70 146 75 71 165 90 75 212 121 91 243 137 106 276 157 119 276 152 124 281 151 130 302 164 138 331 180 151 360 199 161 390 219 171 424 244 180 409 30 166 30 31 153 435 31 172 35 33 163 488 34 195 42 35 182 506 37 194 44 34 197 551 42 212 48 36 213 588 46 230 48 38 225 677 55 247 60 50 265 775 58 277 66 54 320 840 58 276 74 56 376 869 58 274 75 55 406 919 57 292 81 56 432 993 60 307 95 56 476 1,061 63 304 105 56 534 1,127 65 315 110 57 581 1,193 68 317 117 59 633 1,304 66 356 130 61 691 21 596 232 30 334 720 272 112 336 1,021 393 294 334 1,469 554 576 340 1,675 550 774 350 1,666 453 836 376 1, 061 320 319 422 918 270 144 504 1,035 288 154 593 1,148 312 175 661 1,222 319 195 708 1,509 420 338 751 1,712 490 410 813 1,777 479 418 880 1,826 472 418 936 1,889 490 404 994 27 28 29 30 11 12 16 17 19 24 31 33 38 35 37 41 44 46 47 46 254 324 354 399 414 442 18 19 22 23 24 25 26 48 51 63 77 106 124 138 165 192 202 630 83 547 800 110 690 1,026 175 851 1,217 228 989 1,243 196 1,047 1,314 227 1,087 1,468 264 1, 204 1,362 248 1,113 1,476 280 1,196 1,461 262 1,199 1,492 221 1,271 1,605 255 1,350 1,670 296 1,374 1,635 263 1,372 1,576 177 1,399 1,696 234 1, 462 33 34 35 1,368 1,420 1,472 1,478 1,503 1,536 1,710 1,794 1,954 1,998 2,338 2,391 2,580 2,658 2,842 3,030 36 941 1,040 936 969 1,079 1,231 1,328 37 140 185 217 237 250 295 331 38 255 50 235 64 233 88 225 115 1 275 129 473 127 907 128 908 134 802 139 148 A SUPPLEMENT TO THE SURVEY OF CURRENT BUSINESS T a b le ¿ —M AIN E: Personal [Millions of dollars]__________ Line 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Item 1929 1930 1931 Personal income W are and salary disbursements ■ 1932 1934 342 358 420 425 396 417 215 7 252 9 1 235 8 1 1 1 r 235 8 1 250 1 202 6 1 15 8 75 41 5 53 35 8 (0 18 19 20 Communications and public utilities 1 elephone, telegraph, and other communications Electric, gas, and other public utilities 21 22 23 24 25 26 Services... Hotels and other lodging places Personal services and private households Business and repair services. Amusement and recreation Professional, social, and related services 27 28 29 30 Government_____ Federal, civilian____ Federal, military. State and local.. 1 1 18 25 8 1 16 Other industries___ 1 1 1 36 Property income______ 37 Transfer payments________ Farm ______ Nonfarm__ 4 4 14 10 12 9 1 2 13 9 1 3 14 10 1 3 16 11 2 3 17 12 2 3 16 11 2 3 16 11 7 3 4 7 3 4 8 3 4 8 4 5 8 4 5 8 4 4 21 4 8 1 2 7 22 4 8 1 2 7 24 4 10 1 2 7 26 5 11 2 8 24 5 10 1 2 8 24 4 10 1 2 7 32 11 1 20 35 11 2 22 38 18 2 18 36 14 2 20 39 17 2 21 41 17 2 22 1 4 3 8 4 5 12 1 1 8 7 20 19 8 1 1 7 1 1 26 19 1 Fo footnotes, see table 4, p. 146. 1 1 38 18 9 1929 1930 Personal income.. 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Wage and salary disbursem ents1_____ F arm s........... .......................................... Mining....... ........................... Bituminous and other soft coal mining.. Crude petroleum and natural gas_____ Mining and quarrying, except fuel____ 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 3 3 3 46 19 27 46 14 32 71 34 37 69 29 40 61 22 38 65 24 40 82 89 88 80 83 23 15 20 19 1 1 1 1 3 1939 200 229 238 258 272 259 274 123 3 1 124 3 149 3 « 145 3 1 « 155 3 1 171 4 1 162 4 1 174 4 1 « 1 « 18 3 6 Government........ ............................................ Federal, civilian............................. ~ ~..................... Federal, m ilitary_____ _________........................... State and local_______________ 1938 204 20 3 7 (!) 1937 166 4 1 20 4 8 (!> 1936 263 6 2 4 27 28 29 30 22 1935 189 4 1 6 2 4 Services........................................................ Hotels and other lodging places____________ Personal services and private households____ . . . Business and repair services______ Amusement and recreation_______________” Professional, social, and related services.___ ____ 21 1934 302 6 2 4 23 24 25 26 20 1933 8 6 1 1 Communications and public utilities....................... Telephone, telegraph, and other communications. Electric, gas, and other public utilities.................. 18 19 1932 9 8 1 1 10 8 1 3 2 I Table 7.— N EW HAMPSHIRE: Personal 1 Transportation____________________ Railroads__ ________ __________ Highway freight and warehousing Other transportation........ ........... . 3 14 6 45 16 5 2 3 2 4 1 5 79 1 13 10 11 12 8 92 44 9 13 11 70 20 5 2 3 14 15 16 17 9 7 79 43 9 4 5 15 1 18 92 23 6 95 44 9 4 5 78 18 80 22 6 2 4 Contract construction___________ Manufacturing_________________ Wholesale and retail trade________ Finance, insurance, and real estate.. Banking and other finance____ Insurance and real estate_____ 7 84 40 9 4 4 15 1 1931 6 78 37 8 4 4 2 J Line « m . 4 8 4 L e ss: Personal contributions for social insurance .... 18 1 " ..... (3) 4 73 35 8 4 4 5 1 4 61 31 8 Other labor income.. Proprietors’ income 38 45 « ..... ""m " T ransportation............. Railroads_______ Highway freight and warehousing Other transportation 33 34 35 1939 174 5 14 15 16 17 32 1938 307 Contract construction.. Manufacturing__ Wholesale and retail trade Finance, insurance, and real estate Banking and other finance Insurance and real estate 31 1937 176 6 1 8 9 10 11 12 13 13 1 1936 309 1 10 1935 396 266 .................. Farm s......... ____ _ Mining____ _____ Bituminous and other soft coal mining Crude petroleum and natural gas____ M ining and quarrying, except fuel___________________ 1933 6 2 7 23 7 2 14 23 7 2 14 « 2 7 1 1 1 i 3 50 16 4 2 2 4 60 18 4 2 3 4 62 20 4 2 3 5 61 21 4 2 3 5 72 23 5 2 3 5 62 24 5 2 3 69 24 6 2 3 5 4 1 6 5 1 1 6 5 1 1 6 5 1 1 6 5 1 1 6 5 1 1 5 2 3 4 2 3 4 2 3 5 2 3 5 2 3 6 2 4 6 2 4 6 2 4 15 2 5 14 2 5 16 3 5 16 3 5 17 3 6 19 3 7 17 3 6 18 3 6 6 5 « « 23 8 2 14 1 1 6 « (>) 22 7 2 13 2 6 « 24 8 1 14 2 6 « 29 10 1 18 2 6 t!) 28 10 1 17 2 6 <!) 32 16 1 15 2 6 (!> 31 13 2 16 1 6 6 1 « (*) 33 15 2 16 2 7 34 15 1 17 31 Other industries.. 32 Other labor income... 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 33 34 35 Proprietors’ income... 44 10 34 44 14 30 29 7 22 19 6 13 19 7 12 25 6 19 32 10 22 35 10 25 35 9 25 35 10 25 35 9 26 Farm __________ Nonfarm_______ c!) « « (!) « « « « (*> (>) « 36 Property income............................................................ 66 61 57 52 47 49 47 52 56 49 55 37 Transfer payments_______________ ____________________ 7 7 10 9 8 8 10 14 10 12 11 38 L e ss: Personal contributions for social insurance.. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 For footnotes, see table 4, p. 146. 2 2 149 PERSONAL INCOME, BY STATES, SINCE 1929 Income by Major Sources, 1929—55 982 1,079 1,061 1,087 1,187 1,297 1,298 1,304 1,443 1 565 26 1 625 28 1 677 25 644 26 674 22 774 24 2 823 21 2 861 22 1 880 21 1 928 21 2 p) 2 3 4 5 6 1 1 ............... (2) 1 1 1 36 351 134 22 9 13 42 356 140 23 10 13 54 334 144 26 11 14 56 354 153 27 12 15 8 9 10 11 12 13 7 8 9 26 265 113 17 7 10 11 40 334 126 21 9 12 36 24 6 6 36 23 6 6 36 23 7 6 39 25 8 6 43 27 9 7 43 26 10 7 44 26 11 7 46 26 13 7 14 15 16 17 29 16 13 18 19 20 22 239 87 13 11 240 66 11 5 6 11 290 60 10 5 6 21 303 58 10 4 6 20 237 54 10 4 6 16 143 51 10 4 5 7 101 46 9 4 5 1/ine 1955 933 (2) (2) p> p) p) — p) p> p) p) p) p) p) (2) m « p> 569 26 603 22 594 20 470 15 339 12 266 10 856 878 876 712 533 444 1954 1953 1952 1951 1950 1949 1948 1947 1946 1945 1944 1943 1942 1941 1940 [Millions of dollars] 33 295 112 16 31 269 102 15 26 290 118 19 16 10 2 3 18 12 2 4 22 14 2 5 25 16 3 7 34 19 3 13 37 20 3 15 36 22 4 10 32 20 5 6 8 4 5 9 4 5 9 4 5 10 5 5 10 5 5 12 6 6 16 8 7 18 10 8 20 10 9 20 10 10 20 10 10 21 11 10 23 12 11 25 13 12 28 15 37 5 17 2 2 11 41 6 17 2 2 13 47 6 20 2 3 16 49 6 19 3 3 18 50 6 19 3 3 20 51 5 20 2 3 21 55 6 20 3 3 24 58 6 21 3 3 25 61 6 21 3 3 28 66 6 20 4 3 33 71 6 22 4 3 36 21 22 23 24 25 26 128 42 33 53 143 40 43 59 158 38 54 65 164 47 50 68 27 28 29 30 13 25 5 11 1 2 7 27 5 11 2 2 8 31 5 13 3 2 9 33 5 13 3 2 10 36 5 16 2 2 11 44 19 2 23 51 23 5 23 71 30 16 26 112 40 42 29 126 38 56 33 126 33 59 35 81 26 18 36 79 23 8 47 84 25 10 49 86 26 12 47 86 28 8 51 108 35 22 51 1 1 2 2 3 4 4 5 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 31 1 3 10 12 202 22 22 32 3 20 69 24 46 87 20 4 5 7 8 8 84 23 61 123 46 77 157 63 94 150 56 94 145 49 96 185 75 110 92 101 109 105 106 116 36 8 8 7 5 4 3 22 18 19 18 347 285 409 182 105 89 113 111 122 229 103 122 189 64 125 153 22 131 227 82 145 33 34 35 116 136 147 154 156 166 161 174 184 36 74 77 85 97 107 37 16 18 18 22 25 38 67 69 62 71 8 10 10 10 82 13 446 229 4 1 277 6 1 306 7 1 1 1 1 Ì 482 513 567 615 342 7 1 348 9 1 367 9 1 408 10 1 1 1 1 1 ___ _______ _______ — 660 663 447 10 1 427 10 1 1 1 — — _______ — 699 450 11 1 779 525 11 1 817 557 9 1 Line 1955 1954 1953 1952 1951 1950 1949 1948 1947 1946 1945 1944 181 4 1 p> 17 176 [Millions of dollars] 1943 1942 1941 14 198 90 108 171 Income by M ajor Sources, 1929-55 1940 12 19 862 894 958 1 576 9 1 594 7 1 637 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 --------- ---- ..... r 1 1 1 21 244 72 15 5 10 22 252 78 16 6 11 22 263 82 18 6 12 33 255 86 20 7 13 41 278 92 21 8 14 8 9 10 11 12 13 1 7 73 26 6 2 4 11 100 29 6 2 4 8 124 28 7 2 4 6 133 28 6 2 4 5 138 30 6 2 4 6 142 34 7 3 4 14 174 46 9 3 6 18 196 54 10 4 6 20 210 62 12 4 8 20 188 62 12 4 8 19 212 66 14 5 9 7 5 1 1 8 6 1 1 10 8 2 1 12 9 2 2 15 10 2 2 15 10 3 2 17 11 4 2 17 11 4 3 19 12 4 3 17 11 4 2 18 11 5 2 20 12 6 2 22 12 6 4 22 12 7 4 22 11 7 4 23 11 8 4 14 15 16 17 6 2 4 6 3 4 7 3 4 7 3 4 7 3 4 8 4 4 11 6 5 14 7 6 15 8 7 14 7 7 14 7 7 16 8 8 17 9 8 18 9 8 20 11 9 21 12 10 18 19 20 19 3 7 20 3 7 21 2 7 1 2 10 23 3 8 1 2 10 25 3 9 1 30 35 38 38 40 10 1 11 1 11 11 1 12 1 44 5 12 47 5 13 2 8 20 2 8 1 2 8 11 12 15 17 18 20 3 22 3 24 49 5 13 2 3 26 54 5 13 2 3 30 58 6 15 2 3 32 21 22 23 24 25 26 44 22 5 17 66 36 13 17 84 49 18 16 109 59 34 16 100 44 39 17 56 22 14 20 52 18 9 24 59 20 9 30 62 20 11 31 56 17 7 32 82 34 12 36 92 36 16 40 92 33 16 44 96 33 17 46 94 32 16 46 27 28 29 30 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 31 8 10 12 14 15 17 18 32 99 25 74 96 18 78 104 21 83 33 34 35 2 7 p) 33 14 2 17 p> p) p) 2 2 2 3 4 5 5 7 8 36 6 31 50 10 40 64 17 46 72 21 51 69 16 52 75 19 56 80 16 64 79 18 61 83 17 67 84 19 65 81 15 67 92 21 71 94 20 74 55 57 58 59 59 68 80 86 90 103 113 114 115 130 140 149 36 46 49 54 61 66 37 11 12 12 15 17 38 12 2 12 11 11 14 3 4 4 6 24 6 41 6 42 6 39 7 47 7 53 8 150 A SUPPLEMENT TO THE SURVEY OF CURRENT BUSINESS Tabic 8.—VERMONT: Personal Line Item 1929 Personal income.. 1930 1931 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 225 205 168 129 121 132 146 165 170 161 172 129 7 5 116 7 4 96 5 3 75 5 2 71 4 2 79 5 2 88 6 2 98 6 2 104 6 3 98 7 2 104 7 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 3 5 30 16 2 2 3 17 14 4 2 2 2 18 12 4 2 2 3 20 13 4 2 2 3 25 14 4 2 2 3 30 15 4 2 2 3 34 16 4 2 2 3 26 16 4 2 2 31 17 4 2 3 8 7 1 7 6 1 6 5 1 6 6 1 7 6 1 7 6 1 8 6 1 7 6 1 7 6 1 Wage and salary disbursem ents1__________ IIIIIIIIIIIIII Farms................................ Mining............................. ........... Bituminous and other soft coal mining__ Crude petroleum and natural gas_______ Mining and quarrying, except fuel______ Contract construction___________ Manufacturing_________________ Wholesale and retail trade_______I Finance, insurance, and real estate.. Banking and other finance____ Insurance and real estate_____ Transportation____________________ Railroads................................ I " I I I Highway freight and warehousing. Other transportation...... ................ 1932 (2) (2) (!> « (!) « « « (!) ..... n — ...... (2) Communications and public utilities.......................... . Telephone, telegraph, and other communications Electric, gas, and other public utilities__________ 2 1 1 3 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 3 1 1 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 2 2 Services________________ Hotels and other lodging places______________ Personal services and private households____II” ! Business and repair services_____ ____ _________ Amusement and recreation___________________ Professional, social, and related services_______ II! 3 2 2 11 1 4 9 1 3 8 1 3 9 1 4 10 1 4 10 1 4 11 2 4 11 2 4 11 2 4 (2) (2) (2) 1 4 IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII! IIIIII Government___________ Federal, civilian..................... Federal, military........................................ State and local_________________ (2) 1 4 11 3 1 6 « « (2) 11 3 1 7 3 1 4 12 4 1 7 14 5 1 8 (2) 1 4 (2) 1 4 16 6 1 9 (2) 18 9 1 8 1 4 (2) 1 4 16 7 1 8 (2) 18 8 1 9 1 4 18 8 1 9 Other industries_____ _____ Other labor income.. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Proprietors’ income.. 30 16 14 19 11 8 20 12 8 24 13 12 30 17 13 33 18 15 35 19 16 31 16 15 34 18 16 Property income_________________________________________ 34 28 24 23 22 25 25 26 27 Transfer payments______________________________________ 8 6 6 5 5 9 6 6 7 1 1 1 Farm................... Nonfarm______ L e s s : Personal contributions for social insurance.. (2) (2) « ra (!) (2) « « For footnotes, see table 4, p. 146. Table 9 .—MASSACHUSETTS: Line Item 1929 Personal income.. 2 3 4 5 6 7 Wage and salary disbursem ents1. . .......... ....... IIIIIIIIIIIIIIII Farm s........................... ................... . M in in g ....______________ Bituminous and other soft coal mining.. Crude petroleum and natural gas_____ Mining and quarrying, except fuel____ 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 Personal 1939 3,862 3,588 3,259 2,650 2,442 2,652 2,804 3,127 3,204 2,954 3,162 2,388 21 2 2,192 21 2 1,948 18 1 1,549 14 1 1,453 12 1 1,630 11 1 1,771 12 1 1,937 13 1 2,077 15 1 1,912 15 1 2,052 16 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 13 Contract construction___________ Manufacturing_________________ Wholesale and retail trade________ Finance, insurance, and real estate.. Banking and other finance...... . Insurance and real estate_____ 101 967 459 136 62 73 93 830 436 129 57 72 84 705 383 122 52 70 54 506 311 108 45 62 33 514 278 98 46 52 46 562 314 104 45 59 44 630 332 101 44 57 64 687 348 109 48 61 67 784 382 114 50 65 48 630 384 109 46 63 57 728 400 114 46 68 14 15 16 17 Transportation......... ........... Railroads_____________________ Highway freight and warehousing.. Other transportation______ _____ 140 67 19 54 128 59 18 50 111 50 16 45 89 37 14 38 81 33 14 33 86 36 16 35 91 36 18 37 99 39 19 40 106 41 21 44 100 39 20 41 107 42 22 43 18 19 Communications and public utilities...____ _______ Telephone, telegraph, and other communications. Electric, gas, and other public utilities___ _____ 66 34 32 66 34 32 62 33 30 54 28 26 49 25 24 52 27 25 54 27 27 57 30 28 61 32 29 61 33 29 60 33 28 IIIIII11 8 9 10 11 12 20 21 23 24 25 26 Services.......................... Hotels and other lodging places________ Personal services and private households_____ II! Business and repair services__________ Amusement and recreation__________ Professional, social, and related services________I. 280 16 140 16 27 81 263 15 125 17 27 79 231 13 101 14 25 78 190 10 77 13 18 72 171 8 68 12 17 66 180 10 75 13 17 66 187 11 78 13 18 68 198 11 84 14 18 71 214 12 94 15 19 74 206 12 82 16 18 78 213 13 86 16 17 81 27 28 29 30 Government.................... ...... .................... Federal, civilian_____________ Federal, military............................. I ""I................... State and local__________ 210 36 6 169 219 36 6 176 225 37 6 183 217 34 5 178 213 42 5 166 270 64 4 203 316 67 5 244 357 160 5 191 327 134 6 188 354 154 6 195 349 147 6 196 22 IIIIIIIIIII! 31 Other industries.. 6 6 5 4 3 3 4 4 6 5 6 32 Other labor income... 23 23 22 20 18 18 20 22 22 23 24 33 34 35 Proprietors’ income.. 380 29 351 321 25 296 257 20 237 168 16 152 160 21 140 202 16 186 240 31 208 268 25 242 276 25 251 256 24 232 268 20 249 36 Property income_________________________________________ 1,015 991 918 813 704 711 680 755 749 649 703 37 Transfer payments________________________________ 62 66 120 107 114 100 102 154 112 143 139 38 Le ss: Personal contributions for social insurance.. 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 32 28 24 Farm .................... Nonfarm_______ For footnotes, see table 4, p. 146. 6 151 PERSONAL INCOME, BY STATES, SINCE 192 9 Income by Major Sources, 7929-55 184 219 112 7 2 132 8 2 261 156 10 2 -- ............ 2 293 293 183 12 2 185 13 2 -- -- 2~ 319 rMillions of dollars] 362 198 14 2 214 16 2 .............2 ............ 2 420 389 244 17 2 ......... ~ 2 ....... 414 502 448 1954 1953 1952 1951 1950 1949 1948 1947 1946 1945 1944 1943 1942 1941 1940 __________ 522 Line 1955 542 536 568 1 357 21 4 346 19 4 359 18 5 276 19 3 317 21 4 ...... ...... 4 5 2 3 4 5 6 7 11 88 43 8 3 5 12 100 45 9 1 5 11 126 48 9 4 5 11 131 51 10 4 6 12 142 54 11 5 6 12 125 55 11 5 6 14 130 56 13 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 261 17 3 257 21 3 ’"Y .............3’ 335 20 3 ... ... 3 4 36 18 4 2 2 4 50 20 4 2 2 3 69 19 5 2 3 81 18 5 2 3 85 19 5 2 3 3 80 22 5 2 3 7 86 30 6 3 3 94 37 7 3 4 11 100 41 8 3 4 8 6 1 8 7 1 1 9 8 1 1 10 8 1 1 13 10 2 1 13 10 2 1 16 12 2 2 16 12 2 2 17 13 2 2 17 12 2 2 17 12 3 2 19 14 3 2 21 15 4 2 22 16 4 2 22 15 5 2 21 14 5 2 14 15 16 17 3 2 2 4 2 2 4 2 2 4 2 2 4 2 2 5 2 2 6 3 3 8 4 4 8 4 4 8 4 4 8 4 4 9 5 4 9 5 4 10 6 5 11 6 5 12 6 5 18 19 20 12 2 5 12 2 4 1 1 5 14 2 5 1 1 6 15 2 5 1 1 6 15 2 6 1 1 6 16 2 6 (2) i 24 3 9 1 7 18 3 7 1 1 7 11 25 3 9 1 1 12 26 3 9 1 1 12 28 3 10 1 1 14 31 3 10 1 1 16 33 3 11 1 1 17 35 3 11 1 2 18 37 4 10 1 1 20 40 4 11 1 2 22 21 22 23 24 25 26 28 6 11 11 37 8 14 14 27 9 4 14 28 9 2 17 30 9 2 19 32 10 2 20 34 11 2 21 39 11 5 23 44 12 7 25 46 12 7 27 49 12 8 29 50 14 6 30 27 28 29 30 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 31 5 5 6 8 8 10 10 11 32 64 24 41 72 29 43 87 42 46 85 38 47 80 32 48 76 29 47 86 31 55 33 34 35 36 (2) (2) 1 4 20 7 3 9 18 8 1 9 (2) w m (*) 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 1 34 8 15 10 22 7 6 9 33 15 18 44 21 24 61 33 28 68 37 32 62 31 31 68 35 33 78 38 39 75 35 39 78 36 42 32 36 37 36 36 41 46 45 55 63 67 69 70 70 74 79 24 28 32 27 30 33 38 42 37 4 4 5 6 7 7 9 10 38 7929-55 Incom e b y M a jo r Sources, 3,385 2,189 16 1 1 3,970 2,732 18 2 2 [Millions of dollars] 1944 1943 1942 1941 1940 4,711 3,401 22 3 (2) 3 4 3 2 2 2 2 1 1 25 24 14 9 7 6 7 7 5,392 3,988 25 3 (2) (2) 3 5,671 4,173 26 3 (2) (?) 1946 1945 3 5,823 4,153 26 4 (2) 1 3 6,342 4,244 28 5 (2) 1 4 6,581 4,544 31 6 (2) 1 5 7,072 4,937 30 6 (2) 1 5 7,066 7,799 8,505 4,872 37 7 5,309 37 8 1 5 1 6 5,995 40 9 (2) 1 7 (2) (2) Line 1955 1954 1953 1952 1951 1950 1949 1948 1947 8,855 9,333 9,448 10,010 1 6,224 38 9 (2) 6,570 36 10 (2) 6,553 35 10 (2) 6,949 36 12 2 3 4 5 6 8 8 (2) 9 206 1,954 946 224 81 143 242 2,170 1, 007 244 89 155 276 2,496 1,0"4 267 98 169 276 2,556 1,071 2:0 104 176 279 2,758 1,125 296 103 187 285 2,586 1,196 323 119 204 335 2,734 1, 264 348 130 218 8 9 10 11 12 13 78 800 420 124 47 77 97 1,123 490 133 48 85 127 1, 518 512 126 46 80 88 1, 877 521 132 50 82 78 1, 870 547 139 53 86 90 1,745 603 144 56 88 146 1, 804 772 180 70 110 176 1,992 869 196 74 122 204 2,135 938 216 79 136 110 45 22 43 126 52 27 46 146 65 32 50 174 73 34 67 202 88 36 77 205 83 40 82 224 92 49 83 220 89 53 77 216 97 58 62 206 88 58 60 227 86 68 72 243 93 76 74 251 98 80 74 262 96 88 78 262 95 93 74 264 91 98 74 14 15 16 17 64 32 32 68 35 33 70 37 34 73 39 34 74 41 34 86 49 37 109 65 44 125 72 52 143 84 58 143 82 61 145 81 64 156 87 69 173 97 76 189 109 80 204 120 85 226 136 90 18 19 20 224 14 87 18 16 88 236 15 89 21 18 93 268 16 102 26 19 105 270 18 99 24 18 111 294 21 108 27 20 119 315 23 117 29 21 125 368 28 126 37 28 150 415 29 141 41 30 175 454 29 139 45 31 208 475 30 139 46 31 229 502 30 149 51 31 241 539 32 156 59 31 261 573 33 151 64 30 295 605 35 156 66 30 318 642 36 160 72 30 345 701 34 181 79 31 377 21 22 23 24 25 26 346 140 12 194 432 168 72 192 599 246 166 186 814 353 276 185 928 339 402 186 919 280 437 202 587 192 166 229 493 157 66 271 570 166 73 330 652 182 85 385 705 188 104 413 859 246 182 431 971 300 212 460 984 288 205 491 982 276 191 514 1,003 279 182 542 27 28 29 30 7 7 10 10 12 16 20 20 24 22 23 26 27 27 28 26 31 108 131 164 179 201 206 227 32 724 66 658 712 58 654 713 66 647 703 43 660 717 40 677 33 34 35 1,201 1,312 1,350 1,444 1,542 36 532 548 625 690 742 37 111 119 126 148 167 38 26 27 31 38 52 62 71 87 101 306 19 288 375 28 346 472 45 427 554 60 495 580 50 530 623 66 557 677 70 607 609 63 546 655 70 585 655 64 591 682 53 629 737 726 712 736 776 790 868 914 993 983 1,191 153 26 142 32 139 44 131 56 155 65 261 65 546 65 496 68 457 70 521 73 581 95 152 A SUPPLEMENT TO THE SURVEY OF CURRENT BUSINESS Tabic 10—RHODE ISLAND: Personal [Millions of dollars] Lint Item 1929 1930 Personal Income__________ 2 C 4 5 6 7 « « 14 15 16 17 Transportation________ Railroads_____________ Highway freight and warehousing.. Other transportation___ . 16 6 18 19 20 Communications and public utilities Telephone, telegraph, and other communications Electric, gas, and other public utilities. .. 10 4 21 22 23 24 25 26 Services.............. ...... Hotels and other lodging places_______ Personal services and private households Business and repair services_________ 27 28 29 30 Government_________ Federal, civilian____________ Federal, military____ State and local___________ 31 Other industries______ Proprietors’ income _______ ____ (9 « 1935 433 484 236 258 2 (2) 286 2 (!) 312 4 105 34 13 6 6 112 40 8 9 3 2 9 3 5 8 3 8 3 5 38 6 9 10 10 6 7 19 16 1 13 23 1 10 3 10 25 1 10 2 10 10 10 9 36 34 9 21 9 3 22 3 1 1 1 45 38 41 35 36 Property income________ 37 Transfer payments _____ ____ 152 146 139 8 15 38 L e ss: Personal contributions for social insurance 1 1 465 500 307 331 2 8 11 4 3 5 10 4 2 4 11 4 3 4 9 3 6 10 4 6 10 4 6 10 4 6 29 2 12 2 3 10 31 2 14 2 3 11 29 1 12 2 2 11 29 1 13 2 2 11 53 25 4 23 51 22 5 23 58 27 5 26 55 25 6 24 9 6 27 1 11 3 9 10 42 13 23 26 45 15 3 1 1 (9 10 147 52 14 6 9 10 3 2 5 3 « (>j— 9 3 2 4 26 19 3 502 8 122 51 14 6 10 137 47 14 6 8 11 1939 (!)— 7 129 45 12 5 7 8 155 53 14 6 8 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 3 3 4 25 30 22 26 35 3 32 36 3 34 35 2 32 38 2 36 3 Farm _______ Nonfarm____ 2 09 1938 337 2 (9 (!) 5 7 2 20 1937 402 (T)"" 6 35 1936 378 (2) 10 16 6 10 10 1934 (9 ~ 15 Professional, social, and related services 33 34 35 39« (*) Contract construction. M anufacturing..___ ______ Wholesale and retail trade__ Finance, insurance, and real estate Banking and other finance______ Insurance and real estate.. Other labor incom e... 1933 346 8 9 10 11 12 13 32 1932 54( Wage and salary disbursem ents1____ Farms______________ Mining_____________ Bituminous and other soft coal mining____________ Crude petroleum and natural gas... Mining and quarrying, except fuel.......... .................... . 1931 108 105 115 118 104 113 11 10 11 21 14 22 20 1 1 1 1 6 7 1 For footnotes, see table 4, p. 146. Table 11.— CONNECTICUT: [Millions of dollars] Line Item 1929 1930 1 1,641 1,493 2 3 4 5 6 7 1,031 15 918 Farms____________ Mining________ . Bituminous and other soft coal mining Crude petroleum and natural gas______ . Mining and quarrying, except fuel 1931 788 1933 1,017 ** 1 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1,079 1,173 1,345 1,442 1,295 1,415 677 749 10 837 11 1 940 12 1 829 12 1 915 12 1 1 1 1 1 1 92 53 15 38 18 286 105 55 16 40 19 329 115 58 15 42 26 373 127 61 17 44 30 441 142 63 17 46 27 337 136 60 44 35 404 ito 62 17 46 31 16 6 9 34 18 9 14 4 8 29 15 5 8 10 38 20 8 11 36 19 8 9 37 19 7 10 23 10 13 20 9 12 22 9 12 23 10 14 25 10 15 28 11 16 27 12 15 27 12 15 88 92 32 82 4 36 92 26 42 37 40 8 31 27 4 30 5 6 27 75 29 5 6 30 6 28 7 29 8 31 33 34 72 8 4 60 67 8 3 56 65 11 2 51 80 18 2 60 86 17 2 67 95 36 2 57 91 28 2 60 102 36 2 64 101 33 3 65 Contract construction__________ . Manufacturing______________ Wholesale and retail trade______ Finance, insurance, and real estate . Banking and other finance. Insurance and real estate 70 465 148 78 20 58 14 15 16 17 Transportation_______________ Railroads_____________ Highway freight and warehousing Other transportation........ ............. 49 27 16 15 12 18 19 20 Communications and public utilities 28 Electric, gas, and other public utilities 17 28 12 16 26 11 15 21 22 23 24 25 26 Services__________________ Hotels and other lodging places_______ Personal services and private households . Business and repair services______ Amusement and recreation__ Professional, social, and related services 107 102 54 48 90 6 39 31 8 32 27 28 29 30 Government____________ Federal, civilian_____________ Federal, military___ State and local____________ 67 8 4 55 70 8 4 58 58 380 141 77 20 57 1934 583 8 1 8 9 10 11 12 13 31 1932 Personal 43 126 72 18 54 57 42 23 Other industries______________ 32 Other labor income__ 9 9 8 7 6 7 7 9 9 10 10 33 34 35 Proprietors’ income________ 148 22 126 131 25 106 102 19 83 66 15 51 65 17 48 81 15 66 100 23 77 116 22 94 124 23 101 116 18 98 126 21 104 36 Property income_________________ 434 416 378 313 280 287 289 337 346 303 335 37 Transfer payments __________ 21 22 37 32 32 30 30 48 33 46 39 38 --ess: Personal contributions for social insurance 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 10 8 10 Farm _____________ Nonfarm__________ For footnotes, see table 4, p. 146. 153 PERSONAL INCOME, BY STATES, SINCE 192 9 Income by Major Sources, 1929-55 484 353 3 2 1 (2) ................. .................. Ì m 1 32 420 128 28 10 18 33 368 128 29 10 19 38 424 138 33 11 21 46 468 150 36 12 23 47 482 154 38 13 25 47 502 161 40 14 26 49 440 164 42 15 27 52 466 175 46 17 29 8 9 10 11 12 13 26 8 8 10 28 8 9 11 26 8 9 10 28 8 10 10 31 9 12 10 32 9 13 10 34 9 14 11 33 9 14 10 34 8 15 10 14 15 16 17 22 11 11 26 14 12 25 12 13 25 11 14 26 12 14 29 13 16 31 14 17 32 16 17 34 17 17 18 19 20 m m 1 26 365 72 18 6 11 23 332 78 19 7 12 24 352 101 22 8 15 29 390 115 25 9 16 21 8 22 7 25 8 7 10 11 17 6 19 6 5 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 13 15 ............. 2 3 4 5 6 1 1 14 5 1 1,135 3 1 1 1 12 4 1,599 1,075 2 1 1 (2) 44 359 68 17 6 11 1,522 1,069 3 1 (2) 80 299 66 17 1,545 1,120 3 1 1,009 3 1 — 39 231 63 16 6 10 1,471 892 3 1 748 3 1 14 158 54 15 6 9 1,410 Line 799 3 1 810 3 1 800 3 842 2 1 781 3 1 666 3 1 826 3 1,287 1,173 1,191 1,126 1,066 1,067 1,067 1,028 882 685 534 1955 1954 1953 1952 1951 1950 1949 1948 1947 1946 1945 1944 1943 1942 1941 1940 ___________ pillions ofdollars] « 1 .............Ï" 6 7 12 5 7 8 13 6 7 8 19 10 10 30 2 13 2 2 10 32 2 14 3 3 11 37 2 16 3 3 13 40 3 16 4 3 14 46 3 17 7 4 15 47 3 18 5 4 16 52 4 20 5 5 19 61 4 22 5 5 24 64 3 22 6 5 28 64 4 22 6 5 28 67 3 24 6 5 29 71 3 24 7 5 32 74 3 24 7 5 36 83 3 24 8 5 43 82 3 23 8 5 42 88 3 26 9 6 45 21 22 23 24 25 26 57 22 10 25 73 28 18 26 134 50 59 26 244 72 146 26 263 79 157 27 260 60 172 28 148 40 76 32 109 32 39 38 112 33 37 42 120 36 42 42 133 36 51 46 175 48 77 50 206 53 99 55 217 54 102 60 225 55 104 66 233 59 105 70 27 28 29 30 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 31 14 15 17 18 22 26 29 32 32 36 32 105 9 95 103 9 94 109 8 101 118 10 108 119 11 108 118 11 107 112 8 104 114 7 106 33 34 35 4 4 7 6 13 11 44 2 42 63 4 60 85 5 80 95 6 88 103 6 97 101 7 94 105 7 98 96 8 88 117 126 119 118 124 132 141 153 164 170 181 190 186 205 218 232 36 79 98 81 101 105 93 94 97 115 116 37 21 18 18 17 21 25 26 27 30 33 38 24 25 22 15 10 7 45 28 20 20 19 23 Income b y M a jo r Sources, 1 9 2 9 -5 5 1,566 2,000 2,547 2,857 2,883 2,794 3,016 3,333 1955 1954 1953 1952 1951 1950 1949 1948 1947 1946 1945 1944 1943 1942 1941 1940 Line 3,527 3,452 3,860 4,426 4,763 5,117 5,156 5,497 1 2,499 28 2 2,369 32 2 2,638 28 3 3,152 30 3 3,378 23 3 3,690 24 4 3,644 25 4 3,901 28 5 (!) (s) 3 3 3 4 (!) 2 <*) 2 3 4 5 6 1,045 13 2 1,399 17 1 1,844 20 2 2,131 21 1 2,147 23 1 1,990 24 1 2,054 24 2 2,330 27 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 2 2 38 504 156 65 17 48 56 790 180 69 18 51 64 1,159 187 73 19 55 50 1,380 196 76 19 56 42 1,327 205 77 19 58 45 1,124 225 84 24 60 80 1,086 295 99 25 74 98 1,247 342 110 27 83 115 1,309 374 120 29 90 120 1,135 380 127 31 96 138 1,324 408 136 35 102 169 1, 664 454 150 39 112 188 1,783 481 161 42 119 186 1,996 513 173 46 127 199 1,843 538 190 52 138 227 1,946 576 202 56 146 8 9 10 11 12 13 38 19 9 10 44 23 11 10 54 28 13 13 63 31 14 17 73 39 15 19 72 37 16 20 81 41 19 21 88 44 22 22 92 43 25 24 88 38 26 24 89 37 30 22 100 41 35 25 103 41 37 26 109 40 41 28 113 41 42 29 116 40 47 30 14 15 16 17 28 13 16 30 14 16 32 16 17 35 18 18 37 19 18 40 21 19 51 29 22 57 33 24 64 36 28 66 36 29 68 38 31 75 42 33 80 44 36 88 48 40 94 51 43 102 57 46 18 19 20 100 5 44 8 8 35 108 6 46 9 8 38 119 7 52 10 9 42 126 8 53 10 9 47 138 8 59 11 9 52 149 9 63 11 9 56 168 12 67 14 12 64 193 12 75 15 12 79 209 12 75 17 13 92 216 11 75 18 13 99 230 11 78 20 13 108 253 12 83 24 14 120 276 12 85 28 14 136 294 13 90 29 14 148 312 13 90 30 16 163 344 13 100 35 17 178 21 22 23 24 25 26 99 29 4 66 101 24 8 69 129 25 34 70 181 31 77 72 220 30 114 76 224 29 115 80 163 32 40 91 158 31 20 106 181 34 23 123 197 38 24 135 208 39 24 145 247 46 40 161 272 47 44 180 295 52 45 199 316 56 44 216 344 60 45 239 27 28 29 30 2 3 3 3 4 3 5 6 6 6 7 7 8 9 9 10 31 36 43 48 50 72 96 106 122 126 129 32 353 58 294 356 57 299 371 51 319 402 56 346 430 61 370 436 65 371 435 57 378 449 53 396 33 34 35 — 12 13 18 22 30 33 2 4 4 141 18 123 183 24 159 220 28 193 271 42 229 279 37 242 302 51 251 343 57 286 332 58 274 340 382 446 419 403 399 458 480 517 532 632 662 731 742 793 844 36 151 178 139 173 187 164 171 185 230 255 37 25 28 29 29 41 49 55 59 72 80 38 39 u 37 14 38 18 37 22 48 23 92 22 154 A SUPPLEMENT TO THE SURVEY OF CURRENT BUSINESS Tabic 12. [Millions of dollars] Line 1 Item Personal income . ____ __ 2 Wage and salary disbursements !... 3 Farms_____________ 4 Mining____________ 4a Anthracite_____ . 5 Bituminous and other soft coal mining 6 Crude petroleum and natural gas .. 7 Mining" and quarrying, except fuel. . 1929 1930 27,465 16,325 15,348 465 261 155 17 32 126 15 31 92 16 19 585 3,822 2, 436 1,018 460 557 332 8 9 10 11 12 13 Contract construction Manufacturing_____________ Wholesale and retail trade________ Finance, insurance, and real estate Banking and other finance... Insurance and real estate 926 5,398 2, 903 1,184 578 606 817 4,877 2,760 1,126 515 610 14 15 16 17 Transportation____________ Railroads_______________ Highway freight and warehousing Other transportation . 1,361 808 107 446 717 103 421 18 19 20 Communications and public utilities Telephone, telegraph, and other communications _ Electric, gas, and other public utilities. 548 284 264 21 22 23 24 25 26 Services____________ Hotels and other lodging places________ Personal services and private households Business and repair services__ Amusement and recreation Professional, social, and related services 27 28 29 30 Government_______ _. Federal, civilian__________ Federal, m ilitary... State and local_________ 31 Other industries__________ 1933 17,236 16,019 10,217 97 232 9,573 86 217 132 65 10 10 207 2, 642 1,684 809 400 409 741 61 11 2,690 1,859 868 1,056 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 17,726 18,992 21,654 22,730 21,188 22,347 10,887 90 289 159 103 15 12 11,742 96 278 140 109 15 14 13,383 107 302 138 128 16 20 14,518 122 325 136 144 16 29 13,533 127 261 117 110 15 19 14,392 124 278 124 119 14 21 214 3,179 1,961 823 399 270 3,514 2,121 852 386 466 414 3, 972 2, 286 938 424 513 439 4,576 2,556 1,007 441 566 387 3, 872 2, 523 965 397 568 493 4, 360 2, 632 984 388 596 798 428 946 507 109 330 1,025 542 122 362 887 453 116 320 984 507 128 349 84 293 81 267 281 846 450 100 295 565 292 273 521 271 251 4^0 235 215 399 203 196 421 209 212 435 212 223 467 230 238 513 252 260 514 255 258 518 261 257 1,897 154 809 206 210 519 146 731 213 198 534 120 597 185 178 521 1, 320 1,192 461 154 407 478 447 1,304 93 458 172 125 453 1,380 103 487 190 133 466 1,503 112 533 213 155 490 1,628 127 602 215 172 513 1, 561 125 535 210 156 534 1,620 129 568 222 160 541 1, 470 372 61 1,037 1, 546 387 65 1,094 1,621 1,576 1,587 62 1,167 1,156 1,152 1,799 547 50 1, 201 1,937 630 56 1, 252 2, 436 1, 243 59 1,135 2,310 1,063 61 1,187 2, 420 1,100 61 1,259 2, 383 1,041 64 1, 279 16 16 10 12 12 16 15 16 186 189 177 153 138 143 156 185 196 201 211 2,563 336 2,227 1,979 1,170 1,182 1,537 216 1,322 1,901 356 1, 545 2,188 314 1,873 2,369 380 1,989 2,217 314 1,903 2,304 285 2,019 4,479 4,406 4,931 5,080 4,490 4,698 743 853 1,038 750 935 944 63 66 70 184 186 203 Other labor income________ 33 34 35 Proprietors’ income________ 3,065 403 2,662 36 Property income________________________ 7,509 37 Transfer payments.. 38 Le ss: Personal contributions for social insurance Farm _________ Nonfarm__________ 1932 94 365 32 _ 1931 MIDEAST: Personal . 437 449 745 55 58 61 62 63 Table 1 3.— N EW YORK: Personal Line 2 3 4 5 6 7 Item 1929 1930 1931 Personal incom e... _____ .. 14,105 13,186 11,379 8,849 8,322 Wage and salary disbursem ents1________ Mining________________________ Bituminous and other soft coal mining Crude petroleum and natural gas... Mining and quarrying, except fuel. . 7,973 58 14 (2) 6 8 7,594 65 13 (2) 5 8 6,550 51 11 (2) 5 6 5,061 38 7 (2) 3 4 4,772 32 6 (2) 3 4 4 7 11 7 7 476 2,459 1,580 761 398 364 442 2,263 1,498 714 343 371 319 1,795 1,319 641 303 338 143 1,214 1,002 537 270 267 96 1,195 896 509 270 238 99 1,415 1,065 514 266 248 126 1,562 1,160 529 254 276 188 1,713 1,235 587 283 304 200 1,921 1,366 629 294 335 198 1,735 1,352 607 261 346 264 1,874 1,419 616 254 362 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 9,070 9,669 10,914 11,339 10,708 11,152 5,352 35 8 (2) 5,779 36 8 (2) 6,470 39 10 (2) 6,927 45 14 (2) 6,625 50 9 (2) 6,959 49 10 (2) 13 Contract construction_________ Manufacturing_______ ____ _____ Wholesale and retail trade____ Finance, insurance, and real estate___ Banking and other finance........ Insurance and real estate_____ 14 15 16 17 Transportation________ . Railroads__________________ Highway freight and warehousing___ Other transportation____________ 602 276 53 273 551 241 51 259 481 209 46 227 380 155 40 184 354 144 39 171 370 151 42 177 392 161 47 184 432 178 468 189 415 165 452 174 204 222 196 215 18 19 Communications and public utilities.. . Telephone, telegraph, and other communications. Electric, gas, and other public utilities.......... 325 181 144 334 186 148 306 172 134 260 148 112 231 128 102 243 133 110 249 135 114 267 146 121 293 133 131 127 1,036 96 383 154 132 273 1,004 90 352 160 123 279 879 74 289 137 107 272 730 53 225 113 88 250 660 43 199 105 78 235 727 59 226 125 79 238 775 67 244 135 83 246 848 911 868 908 267 151 98 258 300 149 107 271 265 144 96 280 284 153 102 284 654 111 16 527 703 115 18 570 743 115 16 612 746 108 16 622 789 129 14 645 872 195 14 663 937 234 16 687 1,147 523 17 606 1,075 417 19 640 1,092 393 20 678 1,069 362 22 685 8 9 10 11 12 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Services______________________ Hotels and other lodging places__ Personal services and private households . Business and repair services. _. . . . Amusement and recreation.. Professional, social, and related services... Government_________ Federal, m ilitary___ State and local_____ Other industries___ 291 6 6 6 5 4 4 4 4 6 6 6 96 98 94 81 73 73 81 94 98 104 108 Proprietors’ income. _ 1,613 163 1,450 1,365 160 1,205 1,023 114 910 606 82 524 616 87 528 800 81 720 983 142 842 1,123 118 1,004 1,201 149 1,052 1,135 120 1,014 1,169 104 1,066 4,226 3,928 3,373 2,810 2,561 2,506 2,453 2,736 2,812 2,457 2,538 227 235 374 326 337 375 412 532 394 479 474 30 33 35 36 37 37 38 41 92 90 97 32 Other labor income____ 33 34 35 36 Property income_______ 37 Transfer payments___________ 38 L e ss: Personal contributions for social insurance . For footnotes, see table 4, p. 146, 155 PERSONAL INCOME, BY STATES, SINCE 1929 Income by Major Sources, 1929-55 [Millions of dollars] 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 23,949 27,850 33,172 38,906 42,113 43,472 47,066 50,093 54,271 54,505 59,448 65,140 68,782 72,612 73,281 77,718 1 15,629 130 323 118 158 17 29 18,807 155 388 135 195 19 39 23,279 193 451 156 228 21 46 28,164 235 491 178 247 21 46 30,526 245 546 202 278 22 45 30,600 257 524 196 260 23 45 31,635 292 589 237 272 26 54 34,832 314 692 250 348 27 67 37,943 309 747 277 363 30 75 37,519 295 604 223 280 26 74 40,347 299 648 233 309 26 81 45,848 320 711 237 348 28 98 48,849 308 651 224 292 31 103 51,924 303 635 183 307 31 114 51,566 294 498 142 218 28 110 54,886 280 493 120 231 25 117 2 3 4 4a 5 6 7 534 5, 064 2,814 1, 002 390 612 690 6, 985 3,186 1,039 393 644 991 9,500 3, 292 1,093 409 684 840 12,095 3, 481 1,134 432 702 650 12, 639 3,744 1,175 457 718 688 11, 647 4,199 1,274 516 758 1,121 11, 528 5,573 1, 559 628 930 1,456 12,997 6,510 1,686 664 1, 022 1,733 14, 065 7,144 1,850 707 1,141 1, 755 13, 246 7, 260 1,902 726 1,176 2,047 14, 484 7,656 2,060 792 1,268 2,391 16,830 8, 244 2,220 873 1,348 2,430 18,038 8, 558 2, 358 942 1,416 2,539 19, 778 9,006 2, 478 981 1, 496 2,645 18, 712 9,296 2, 666 1,083 1,583 2,852 19,866 9, 853 2,903 1, 210 1,693 8 9 10 11 12 13 1,064 561 143 360 1,233 668 171 394 1,483 824 199 460 1.808 936 226 646 2,210 1,097 240 873 2,200 1,032 265 903 2,327 1,123 320 883 2, 443 1,168 370 905 2,601 1,248 414 939 2, 476 1,135 429 912 2,585 1,185 491 910 2,941 1,335 556 1,050 3,058 1, 331 598 1,128 3, 204 1, 316 673 1,215 3,020 1,157 695 1,168 3, 203 1,198 773 1,231 14 15 16 17 534 261 273 569 283 286 588 304 285 620 340 280 645 360 285 705 404 301 874 513 361 986 566 420 1,117 650 466 1,175 683 491 1, 220 697 523 1,338 770 568 1, 465 854 611 1,582 931 652 1,659 974 685 1,749 1,032 717 18 19 20 1,736 141 629 224 168 574 1, 832 150 639 260 178 605 2,023 156 727 257 193 691 2,204 183 762 309 204 748 2, 470 207 862 366 230 805 2,695 227 955 402 254 855 3,107 284 1,043 485 314 980 3, 500 311 1,159 546 333 1,150 3, 771 324 1,194 609 338 1, 308 3, 903 323 1, 222 618 336 1, 403 4,169 327 1,309 672 342 1, 518 4, 509 338 1,366 762 352 1,692 4,764 352 1, 363 849 354 1,846 5,046 369 1,427 911 373 1,966 5,284 379 1, 420 966 392 2,127 5, 739 354 1,594 1,072 416 2,303 21 22 23 24 25 26 2, 413 1, 011 72 1,330 2,709 1,156 201 1, 353 3, 639 1,633 652 1, 353 5,222 2,280 1, 556 1,386 6,168 2, 285 2, 449 1,432 6,377 2,174 2, 704 1,500 4, 616 1,869 1,064 1,683 4,193 1,667 526 2, 001 4, 547 1,739 515 2, 292 4, 844 1,884 481 2,479 5,116 1, 940 537 2,638 6, 271 2,484 925 2,862 7,139 2, 782 1,195 3,162 7,273 2, 726 1,166 3,381 7, 408 2,598 1,148 3,663 7,861 2,785 1.108 3,968 27 28 29 30 1955 Line 17 21 28 34 36 36 51 55 59 60 63 71 81 79 83 87 31 232 244 285 336 458 536 588 723 827 924 1,126 1,400 1,533 1,710 1,758 1,912 32 2,656 307 2,348 3,307 390 2,917 4,247 580 3, 667 5,127 660 4, 467 5,510 707 4,804 5,808 733 5,075 6,337 871 5,466 5,698 769 4, 930 6,144 882 5,262 6,021 756 5,265 6,375 743 5,632 6,922 928 5,994 7,022 908 6,114 6,914 824 6,091 6,720 666 6,054 6,846 612 6, 234 33 34 35 4,723 4,856 4,839 4,940 5,185 5,462 6,093 6,569 7,065 7,564 8,498 8,818 9,186 9,688 10,369 11,057 36 930 894 858 773 910 1,547 2,923 2,841 2,891 3,088 3,905 3,077 3,216 3,451 4,112 4,415 37 220 261 336 435 475 482 511 571 595 612 802 924 1,024 1,074 1,244 1,397 38 Income by M ajor Sources, 1929-55 1940 1941 1942 11,713 13,209 7,349 52 16 1 4 12 8,515 65 20 1 3 16 245 2,051 1,539 626 254 372 [Millions of dollars] 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 15,206 17,752 19,483 20,599 22,712 23,997 26,060 26,144 28,054 30,163 31,681 10,177 76 24 1 4 20 12,346 91 24 1 4 19 13,619 100 24 1 4 18 14,070 108 26 1 5 20 14,990 125 29 1 6 22 16,399 130 36 1 6 29 17,779 128 42 1 7 34 17,685 113 41 « 7 34 18,841 116 42 (!) 6 35 20,806 127 51 1 7 44 22,050 123 55 1 8 47 276 2,764 1,727 639 253 386 410 3,739 1,752 676 263 414 302 4,852 1,861 707 281 426 258 5,105 2,055 746 304 442 290 4,930 2,333 819 349 469 486 5,086 3,112 1,000 428 572 646 5,516 3,638 1,075 449 626 754 5,899 3,980 1,165 470 695 771 5,607 4,012 1,191 478 713 886 6,069 4,194 1,285 520 765 969 6,826 4,425 1,373 573 800 944 7, 321 4,509 1,447 616 832 459 186 68 205 515 217 78 220 602 263 87 252 754 301 99 354 942 362 107 473 968 352 122 495 1,048 380 147 521 1,087 389 169 529 1,147 416 182 549 1,085 380 184 521 1,105 384 201 520 1,241 422 219 600 288 162 126 299 172 127 306 180 125 324 202 122 337 215 122 S68 239 129 450 295 155 508 328 180 569 374 196 592 387 205 622 404 218 982 94 315 161 108 304 1,031 99 313 187 115 317 1,092 103 346 174 124 346 1,209 122 360 213 134 380 1,385 135 412 259 155 424 1,523 147 463 285 173 455 1,752 182 510 336 211 513 1,955 199 567 377 222 591 2,101 206 592 414 220 669 2,161 205 612 421 217 706 1,084 330 24 730 1,174 361 53 759 1,492 535 203 754 2,212 787 661 764 2,657 818 1,059 780 2,695 763 1,112 820 1,885 622 338 925 1,786 516 152 1,118 1,970 523 143 1,304 2,087 562 124 1,400 1951 1952 1954 1955 33,265 34,175 36,255 1 23,378 117 61 p) 7 53 23,806 110 57 p) 6 50 25,226 104 58 p) 6 52 2 3 4 5 6 7 1,002 8,006 4, 725 1, 505 633 872 1,118 7,786 4, 905 1, 621 696 925 1,196 8,125 5,204 1, 778 786 992 8 9 10 11 12 13 1,298 425 232 640 1,362 408 260 695 1, 306 372 272 663 1,388 378 297 713 14 15 16 17 681 445 236 751 496 254 796 530 266 836 558 278 880 594 286 18 19 20 2,304 209 667 440 225 764 2, 483 214 687 492 232 857 2,604 223 671 539 231 940 2,749 234 700 576 244 996 2,878 238 704 615 256 1,065 3, 111 220 783 681 273 1,154 21 22 23 24 25 26 2,188 574 131 1,484 2,600 730 257 1,613 2,965 846 334 1,785 3,021 827 332 1,861 3,152 788 346 2,018 3,344 836 312 2,196 27 28 29 30 1953 Line 6 7 9 10 11 10 18 23 24 26 28 30 33 34 36 37 31 117 122 139 162 215 258 293 343 391 440 500 604 655 722 760 821 32 1,353 120 1,232 1,632 148 1,484 2,089 250 1,840 2,529 265 2,264 2,778 290 2,488 2,957 293 2,664 3,135 345 2, 790 2,740 292 2,448 2,929 351 2,578 2,856 277 2,579 3,046 298 2,748 3,246 364 2,881 3,269 382 2,886 3,177 319 2,858 3,112 264 2,848 3,247 254 2,992 33 34 35 2,520 2,587 2,489 2,516 2,635 2,805 3,189 3,436 3,693 3,970 4,370 4,479 4,667 4,882 5,240 5,615 36 481 471 453 385 441 718 1,323 1,326 1,528 1,472 1,671 1,453 1,513 1,609 1,845 2,001 37 107 118 142 187 205 208 218 247 260 279 374 425 472 502 588 654 38 375115 0 — 57 ■ 11 156 A SUPPLEMENT TO THE SURVEY OF CURRENT BUSINESS Table 14.—NEW JERSEY: Personal S ------- Line Item 1929 Personal income.. Wage and salary disbursements 1__________________ Farm s............................................ ............. . Mining....... ....................... .............................. Bituminous and other soft coal mining. Crude petroleum and natural gas_____ Mining and quarrying, except fuel____ 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 3,714 3,495 3,071 2,440 2,172 2,364 2,565 2,910 3,068 2,869 3,100 2,372 2,214 1,900 1,505 1,352 1,530 1,647 1,880 2,063 1,935 2,103 9 10 20 6 18 3 14 3 12 3 14 4 16 5 19 7 20 5 . . . . . 6 ---- ------(z) 9 10 6 3 3 3 4 5 7 Contract construction___________ Manufacturing_________________ Wholesale and retail trade................ Finance, insurance, and real estate. Banking and other finance____ Insurance and real estate_____ 179 956 345 140 53 87 141 864 334 136 51 85 106 685 302 126 45 81 60 519 234 109 41 68 41 474 216 99 38 61 42 577 246 102 39 63 51 642 261 105 38 67 82 720 285 114 41 73 77 832 323 122 44 78 57 724 328 117 40 77 845 334 120 39 81 Transportation____________________ Railroads............... ............. ........... Highway freight and warehousing. Other transportation....................... 185 108 24 53 172 100 23 49 143 80 21 42 110 58 18 34 100 52 18 30 107 56 19 32 112 57 22 34 120 59 23 37 126 60 26 40 116 56 24 36 128 65 25 38 Communications and public utilities______________ Telephone, telegraph, and other communications. Electric, gas, and other public utilities_________ 68 33 36 71 33 38 68 31 36 59 28 32 53 24 29 56 25 31 58 25 32 62 27 35 69 30 38 69 30 39 70 31 40 Services.............. .............................................................. Hotels and other lodging places_______________ Personal services and private households. ............ Business and repair services__________________ Amusement and recreation___________________ Professional, social, and related services________ 264 24 134 19 23 64 252 22 122 20 22 67 222 18 100 18 19 67 183 13 77 15 16 62 162 10 68 14 14 57 176 12 74 17 15 57 185 12 77 20 16 59 199 13 84 22 18 61 217 15 94 23 20 64 208 15 85 24 18 67 216 15 90 25 18 68 Government............................................J....................... Federal, civilian........................................ ” ” 12111 Federal, m ilita ry ........... ......................................... State and local________________________ 198 20 11 166 204 21 10 173 218 21 10 187 207 20 9 178 188 27 6 154 209 47 5 157 212 46 6 161 275 114 6 154 267 98 6 164 288 114 5 169 290 103 5 182 6 Other industries.. 4 4 4 3 2 2 2 3 3 3 Other labor income. _ 24 25 22 20 17 18 19 23 25 27 27 Proprietors’ incom e... 406 336 263 162 159 200 242 288 299 283 38 261 36 247 296 Farm __________ Nonfarm_______ 35 370 33 303 30 234 22 141 31 128 2 25 175 40 202 38 250 32 264 Property income....................... .................................... 869 876 802 684 572 531 562 604 622 574 Transfer payments......................................................... 49 50 90 75 78 91 102 121 80 83 98 L e ss: Personal contributions for social insurance. 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 22 32 35 612 For footnotes, see table 4, p. 146. Table 15.— PENNSYLVANIA: Personal [Millions of dollars] Line 1 2 3 4a 5 6 7 Item Personal income_____ ___________ 1929 ... Wage and salary disbursem ents1....... ........................ Farm s_____________ ________ ________________ Mining_____________________ ____ Anthracite............. ........... ........ ............. Bituminous and other soft coal mining ____ __ Crude petroleum and natural gas_______ Mining and quarrying, except fuel___ 8 9 10 11 12 13 Contract construction___________________ Manufacturing_______________________ Wholesale and retail trade__________________ Finance, insurance, and real estate______ .. Banking and other finance............ . Insurance and real estate______ 14 15 16 17 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 7,531 6,904 5,846 4,406 4,122 4,721 5,049 5,850 6,207 5,593 5,933 4,751 4,355 3,593 2,728 2,595 3,044 3,254 25 275 159 101 11 4 27 264 140 107 12 5 3,829 4,197 3,708 3,953 109 12 6 117 11 7 41 437 261 152 11 13 40 398 252 124 10 12 32 313 205 90 10 8 25 221 151 60 6 4 24 207 132 64 8 3 31 285 138 126 13 8 36 301 136 142 13 10 35 244 34 259 207 1,721 796 220 105 115 179 1,502 750 212 98 114 116 1,131 652 188 88 100 67 801 483 163 77 85 43 816 441 147 72 75 48 1,004 502 152 73 79 61 1,108 538 156 72 84 94 1,307 592 170 77 93 104 1,545 671 183 80 104 88 1,169 645 177 75 103 102 1,360 '666 182 74 109 Transportation___________________ Railroads_______________________ . Highway freight and warehousing______ Other transportation_____________ 450 347 22 81 406 310 21 75 337 253 20 64 241 175 18 48 220 160 18 43 247 181 20 47 262 189 23 50 303 220 25 58 331 238 28 64 272 186 27 59 308 215 30 63 18 19 20 Communications and public utilities__________ Telephone, telegraph, and other communications............ Electric, gas, and other public utilities_____ . .. 124 55 69 129 58 71 119 54 65 102 46 56 90 39 51 95 39 56 98 38 60 105 41 64 114 45 69 114 46 68 117 48 70 21 22 23 24 25 26 Services________________________ . Hotels and other lodging places_____________ Personal services and private households_____ Business and repair services______________ Amusement and recreation__________ Professional, social, and related services........ 409 24 194 23 38 130 389 23 170 23 37 135 342 20 137 20 35 130 277 15 105 16 23 118 250 13 92 15 21 109 272 15 103 20 23 in 284 16 107 24 25 113 308 17 116 28 28 119 338 19 132 29 33 124 328 19 119 28 31 130 333 . 19 125 30 28 131 27 28 29 30 Government___________________ Federal, civilian_________ Federal, m ilitary_______ State and local___________________ 342 66 3 273 348 68 3 276 361 68 3 289 346 64 4 277 354 75 4 276 420 116 4 300 452 127 5 320 631 329 5 296 572 263 5 303 632 300 6 327 588 257 6 325 31 Other industries____________________ 32 Other labor income________________________ 33 34 35 Proprietors’ income___________ _____ 36 Property income________________________________ 37 Transfer paym ents... __________________________ 38 L e ss: Personal contributions for social insurance___________ Farm ___ ___________ Nonfarm______ ___ For footnotes, see table 4 , p. 146. 3 3 3 3 2 2 3 3 4 3 3 54 53 48 40 37 41 44 52 57 54 57 794 659 512 288 295 393 506 609 156 639 116 543 114 398 59 230 88 207 82 312 571 640 583 138 368 120 451 148 493 117 466 112 497 1,821 1,723 1,490 1,179 1,011 1,043 982 1,117 1,151 998 1,066 122 124 214 182 195 213 276 294 212 297 299 11 10 11 11 11 12 12 13 51 46 51 1941 1940 1942 157 PERSONAL INCOME, BY STATES, SINCE 192 9 Income by Major Sources, 1929-55 ____________________ [Millions of dollars]___________ ___________ 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 Line 3,433 4,085 5,048 6,024 6,520 6,558 6,886 7,268 7,876 7,930 8,699 9,968 10,708 11,411 11,619 12,304 1 2,387 21 7 2,951 24 8 3,800 32 10 c!) 10 4,841 43 10 (2) p) 10 4,877 47 11 m « 11 5,282 51 13 « (») 13 5,758 53 14 (2> (2) 14 5,682 49 14 (2> « 14 6,151 48 16 (2> (2) 16 7,260 51 20 (2) « 20 7,833 49 21 (2) (2) 20 8,380 49 23 (2) (2) 22 8,419 51 21 (2) (2) 21 2 (2) 4,991 39 10 (2) (2) 10 8,918 50 « 4,627 38 10 « (2) 10 7 8 (2) (2) 22 7 87 1,029 365 125 40 85 122 1,413 420 131 41 90 190 1,977 431 137 44 93 135 2,562 447 138 43 95 121 2,688 478 142 43 99 119 2,365 527 151 46 104 200 2, 224 692 181 55 126 246 2,484 814 203 61 141 300 2, 666 900 224 68 156 299 2,500 932 233 72 161 338 2, 775 990 253 78 176 443 3,305 1,107 279 86 193 437 3,5*3 l' 178 294 93 201 454 3,867 1,254 312 99 213 490 3,698 1,323 '340 114 226 1, 410 368 128 240 13 156 78 28 50 184 90 34 59 227 111 40 76 281 118 45 119 354 138 47 169 353 127 51 175 357 149 63 145 349 149 74 127 365 162 82 121 356 152 86 118 376 155 100 120 445 176 118 150 470 177 128 165 486 169 146 170 474 159 152 163 509 160 174 176 14 15 16 17 74 32 42 80 35 44 81 38 44 87 43 44 90 45 45 101 53 48 126 71 54 141 80 62 165 94 71 182 106 76 180 98 82 200 108 92 217 118 98 238 133 106 253 138 115 269 146 123 18 19 20 226 16 97 22 20 72 243 16 105 26 20 76 274 16 120 32 22 83 294 16 124 39 23 91 324 21 135 45 26 98 348 23 148 48 27 102 406 34 162 56 34 119 463 38 182 66 37 140 499 38 186 78 37 159 511 38 190 75 37 171 548 37 193 97 36 186 623 38 206 122 38 219 659 39 209 139 38 235 701 40 217 147 41 256 740 41 216 155 44 283 815 40 239 181 48 308 21 22 23 24 25 26 295 96 14 184 322 95 42 185 437 130 123 184 630 214 228 188 740 213 333 194 818 209 408 201 626 162 238 226 511 127 130 254 562 131 136 295 595 146 123 327 618 152 116 350 778 200 194 384 913 242 246 426 985 260 246 479 1,016 246 248 523 1,020 246 203 567 30 3 3 4 5 5 6 7 7 9 9 9 11 12 12 13 13 31 32 36 47 57 81 93 94 118 132 146 178 238 272 301 316 333 32 346 30 315 453 42 411 584 63 521 708 86 622 750 77 673 799 93 706 884 110 773 812 94 718 890 103 787 893 98 796 959 97 862 1,073 128 945 1,093 113 980 1,116 123 994 1,089 83 1,006 1,131 72 1,059 33 34 35 613 598 584 627 680 699 730 801 887 932 1,084 1,155 1,256 1,318 1,421 1,507 36 96 96 99 88 107 215 396 355 312 363 440 375 407 455 560 623 37 40 50 66 83 89 88 94 99 102 87 114 134 153 160 186 208 38 Incom e b y M a jo r Sources, 1 9 2 9 -5 5 [Millions of dollars] 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 Line 6,417 7,646 9,151 10,678 11,470 11,641 12,576 13,756 14,876 14,771 16,477 18,038 18,922 20,145 19,646 20,724 1 4,356 35 295 118 5,371 40 353 135 190 6,582 53 410 156 222 17 14 7,853 65 450 178 241 17 14 8,446 66 506 202 273 17 14 8,283 71 482 196 254 18 14 8,419 83 541 237 266 20 18 9,644 91 633 250 341 20 21 10,597 86 680 277 357 22 23 10,254 93 541 223 276 19 21 11,115 92 582 233 306 19 24 12,840 97 632 237 345 21 29 13,578 95 567 224 290 23 29 14,549 96 544 183 305 24 32 13,774 91 410 142 216 21 31 14,676 2 229 18 34 4a 5 6 7 246 3,668 835 208 84 125 176 3,874 856 204 83 120 190 3,519 954 217 92 125 301 3,466 1,267 266 110 156 381 4,167 1,482 286 116 170 464 4,602 1,639 323 128 195 469 4.272 1,675 335 131 204 550 4, 687 1,786 363 145 217 674 5, 556 1,957 397 159 238 731 5,880 2,058 429 172 257 761 6, 517 2,175 458 180 277 722 5,902 2,198 490 198 292 6,356 2,31Î ' 524 214 310 9 10 11 12 13 12 124 1,639 165 2.319 115 227 3,020 801 197 79 118 341 407 288 45 74 494 355. 54 85 578 399 62 117 681 465 66 150 650 430 71 149 688 463 85 140 754 497 98 159 819 528 115 177 777 472 122 183 835 506 146 183 952 581 169 202 980 573 182 225 1, 023 578 204 240 926 487 206 232 984 518 232 234 14 15 16 17 127 139 144 56 88 149 62 87 155 65 90 167 72 95 214 98 116 240 105 135 274 122 152 288 128 160 301 133 168 330 148 182 359 162 197 398 183 215 414 191 224 440 204 235 18 19 20 354 369 21 440 159 37 31 190 460 26 166 41 32 195 488 29 185 46 34 194 529 35 203 50 36 205 617 43 226 66 46 237 714 48 251 75 51 290 777 53 258 83 56 327 821 53 260 88 57 363 872 54 276 96 57 389 936 56 288 105 56 430 997 59 294 121 57 467 1,052 63 311 132 58 488 1, 099 64 306 137 62 530 1,188 63 348 143 63 572 21 22 23 24 25 26 792 372 100 320 1,188 526 329 333 1,434 526 559 350 1,496 479 649 367 968 364 202 402 885 322 94 469 924 332 83 508 974 360 72 542 1,035 374 81 581 1, 296 512 162 622 1, 467 577 212 678 1,511 565 194 751 1,505 542 162 801 1,602 576 167 859 27 28 29 30 31 75 27 149 579 626 7 30 3 4 4 5 6 7 9 10 10 11 11 13 15 16 16 18 61 66 75 90 123 142 157 208 243 271 362 452 589 556 542 601 32 692 875 146 1,131 193 938 1,367 230 1,137 1,436 252 1,184 1,501 257 1,244 1,689 300 1,389 1,564 282 1,282 1,699 316 1,383 1,640 270 1,370 1,711 253 1, 458 1,881 316 1,566 1,908 296 1, 612 1,871 270 1,601 1,794 231 1,563 1,748 213 1, 535 33 34 35 1,086 1,150 1,221 1,254 1,316 1,377 1,524 1,630 1,717 1,830 2,098 2,195 2,261 2,443 2,589 2,741 36 275 249 226 217 257 449 912 861 774 934 1,400 914 954 1,003 1,268 1,313 37 53 65 82 103 109 110 125 150 154 158 209 242 267 278 320 355 38 158 A SUPPLEMENT TO THE SURVEY OF CURRENT BUSINESS Table 16.— D ELA W A R E: Personal [Millions of dollars] Item Line 1929 1 Personal income __________________________________ 2 Wage and salary disbursements 1_______________________________________ 3 4 5 6 7 1930 240 124 Farms______________________________________________ Mining_____________________________________________ Bituminous and other soft coal mining---------------------- 0 Mining and quarrying, except fuel_________________ . 0 203 111 6 1932 1931 186 99 3 0 0 144 79 3 0 1933 0 140 76 3 0 1934 0 157 84 2 0 3 m 0 1936 1935 0 174 89 215 106 3 (2) 1937 0 236 121 (2) 0 1939 201 110 4 3 (2) 1938 4 (2) 0 0 241 122 4 (2) 0 7 8 9 in 11 12 13 Contract construction_________________________________ Manufacturing_______________________________________ Wholesale and retail trade_____________________________ Finance, insurance, and real estate--------------------------------Banking and other finance------- ---------------------------- Insurance and real estate___________________________ 9 54 13 6 3 3 7 48 12 6 3 3 6 40 11 6 3 3 6 28 9 5 3 2 5 28 8 5 2 2 5 32 10 5 2 2 4 34 11 5 2 2 6 40 13 6 3 3 6 48 16 6 3 3 4 40 16 6 3 3 46 17 6 3 3 14 15 16 17 T ransp o rtatio n_____________________ ______ _________ Railroads___________________________________ ____Highway freight and warehousing----------------------------Other transportation______________________________ 12 9 1 3 12 8 1 3 10 7 1 3 8 5 1 3 8 4 1 3 9 6 1 3 10 6 1 3 12 7 1 4 14 8 1 5 11 7 1 4 12 7 1 4 18 19 20 Communications and public utilities-----------------------------Telephone, telegraph, and other communications--------Electric, gas, and other public utilities----------------------- 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 Services_____________________________________________ Hotels and other lodging places-------------------------------Personal services and private households-------------------Business and repair services------------------------------------Amusement and recreation----- -------------------------------Professional, social, and related services---------------------- 27 28 29 30 Government________________________________________ Federal, civilian---------------------- ------------------------- Federal, m ilitary_________________________________ State and local...................................................................... 31 Other industries_______________________________ _____ 13 0 7 2 1 3 6 2 1 3 8 2 0 0 5 1 7 1 32 Other labor income____________________________________ . . . ----------- - 1 33 34 35 Proprietors’ income____ ____________________________________ ___ Farm _______________________________________________ Nonfarm____________________________________________ 24 9 15 7 12 36 Property income _________________________________ _______ 88 37 Transfer payments_______________________________________ 3 38 L e ss: Personal contributions for social insurance _____ . . . ----- 9 0 4 1 1 3 1 3 9 2 1 7 0 0 10 12 0 10 2 1 8 8 o 0 8 1 4 1 1 1 o 9 3 4 1 1 3 10 2 10 2 0 9 2 0 1 19 1 1 1 0 8 0 0 9 0 0 1 14 10 4 6 1 11 6 8 18 9 10 68 64 49 48 54 3 5 4 5 4 17 7 0 0 0 5 6 0 0 1929 1930 3 13 4 1 8 13 4 1 8 0 12 0 6 1 1 4 1932 1933 15 5 1 9 0 0 9 12 10 13 1 24 1 23 62 81 , 88 64 90 4 6 4 4 5 1 1 1 0 1934 6 1 1 4 15 5 1 9 0 1935 1936 1937 9 14 11 12 Table 17.—M ARYLAN D : 1931 13 0 1 24 [Millions of dollars] Item 1 1 21 1 For footnotes, see table 4, p. 146. Line 12 0 6 1 1 3 0 1 11 1 5 1 1 1 1 1 1 10 0 11 3 1 8 8 0 5 1 1 3 1 Personal 1939 1938 1 Personal income____________ - - - ------------- -------- -------- 1,260 1,176 1,060 858 787 891 943 1,076 1,164 1,118 1,186 2 3 4 5 6 7 Wage and salary disbursements 1------------------------ --------------- - 720 25 4 3 684 607 497 470 532 573 651 726 686 758 21 3 2 18 2 8 9 10 11 12 13 Contract construction________________________________ Manufacturing---------- ------------------------------------------ -----Wholesale and retail trade-------------------------------------------Finance, insurance, and real estate--------------------------------Banking and other finance___ _______________ ____ -Insurance and real estate------- --------------------------------- 37 187 111 41 16 25 30 176 106 41 16 25 21 148 97 39 15 24 17 108 81 36 14 22 12 112 78 32 12 20 14 134 87 36 14 22 17 148 92 38 14 24 25 172 99 39 14 24 29 209 113 41 14 26 26 184 111 37 13 24 31 215 121 39 13 26 14 15 16 17 Transportation______________________________________ Railroads________________________________________ Highway freight and warehousing----------------------------Other transportation______________________________ 89 57 4 28 80 50 4 26 66 40 4 22 49 28 4 17 44 25 4 15 50 29 4 17 54 31 5 18 62 36 6 20 68 39 7 23 58 32 67 38 8 18 19 20 Communications and public utilities____________________ Telephone, telegraph, and other communications--------Electric, gas, and other public utilities.- ------------------- 18 8 10 18 8 10 17 8 10 16 7 9 14 6 8 16 17 10 22 9 13 22 9 13 23 10 10 19 8 11 21 22 23 24 25 26 Services____________________________________________ Hotels and other lodging places_____________________ Personal services and private households-------------------Business and repair services______________ ______ — Amusement and recreation_________________________ Professional, social, and related services---------------------- 108 5 58 8 14 24 102 4 51 8 13 26 90 3 41 7 12 26 73 3 31 68 2 30 7 6 22 70 3 31 5 23 75 3 34 8 6 24 84 3 39 8 7 26 80 4 34 9 7 28 84 4 10 24 65 2 26 6 8 22 27 28 29 30 Government_________________________________________ Federal, civilian............ ........ .............. .............................. Federal, m ilitary_______________________ _________ State and local______ ____________________________ 99 32 23 44 105 33 24 48 106 35 21 50 100 32 18 50 98 33 16 49 111 44 18 50 117 49 19 50 137 69 20 47 136 66 21 50 145 71 156 31 Other industries_____________________________________ 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 8 8 7 6 6 6 7 8 9 9 10 170 68 130 146 136 146 Farms______________________________________________ Mining__________________ __________- ............................... Bituminous and other soft coal mining----------------------Mining*and quarrying, except fuel___________________ 0 2 0 0 14 1 1 0 0 7 32 Other labor income_______________________________________________________ 33 34 35 Proprietors’ income______ 64 40 130 128 18 110 114 Nonfarm____________________________________________ 32 82 12 52 36 Property income________________________________ _________________________ 345 339 300 37 Transfer payments---------------- ------ -------- ------------ ------- 19 20 36 38 L e ss: Personal contributions for social insurance -------------------- 3 4 3 ____________________ ___________ - - ---- For footnotes, see table 4, p. 146. - 14 2 2 13 1 1 0 16 2 2 7 7 19 3 2 2 0 0 7 18 3 2 1 1 0 17 3 2 18 7 (2) 1 19 21 53 7 56 91 108 19 49 22 69 28 80 29 100 35 112 28 108 28 118 265 218 229 224 242 261 252 244 28 28 35 34 48 33 43 40 3 3 3 3 4 11 9 10 Income by Major Sources, 1929-5S 270 142 4 1 _____________________ [Millions of dollars]_____ ________________ 1944 1943 1942 1941 1940 159 PERSONAL INCOME, BY STATES, SINCE 192 9 1945 1948 1947 1946 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 Line 315 356 404 424 431 460 500 550 599 689 754 812 876 891 980 1 176 215 264 283 8 270 273 311 343 363 415 486 537 582 585 654 8 6 (2) (2> « (2> « « (!) (2) « t2) « 2 3 4 « <2) (2) (2) (2) « (») <2) t2) « (2> (2) (2) (2) v2) c2) « (2) « 6 7 5 6 6 6 7 10 8 9 8 9 9 5 1 <?) « 1 1 « « 10 60 18 7 3 4 9 82 22 7 4 4 14 107 22 8 4 4 12 140 23 8 4 5 8 143 25 9 4 5 7 123 27 9 4 5 15 125 36 11 5 6 18 143 43 12 6 7 19 158 47 14 6 8 24 169 50 14 6 8 32 195 55 16 7 9 36 232 61 18 8' 10 38 264 67 19 8 10 39 288 74 20 9 11 41 273 77 22 10 12 53 309 85 24 10 13 8 9 10 11 12 13 12 7 1 4 14 9 1 4 17 12 1 4 18 14 2 2 20 16 2 3 23 15 2 7 24 16 2 6 30 17 3 11 36 17 4 15 32 15 4 14 34 17 4 13 38 19 5 14 36 19 5 12 39 20 6 12 35 16 7 12 32 12 8 12 14 15 16 17 2 1 1 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 2 2 3 2 2 4 2 2 4 2 2 5 3 3 6 3 3 6 3 3 7 3 4 8 4 4 9 5 4 10 6 5 12 6 5 12 7 6 18 19 20 13 1 6 1 1 4 15 1 7 1 1 4 17 1 8 1 1 6 17 1 8 1 1 6 20 2 10 1 1 6 22 2 11 2 1 6 25 2 12 2 2 8 28 2 13 2 2 9 29 2 13 3 2 9 32 2 14 3 2 11 34 2 15 3 2 12 38 2 16 3 2 14 41 ? 17 4 2 15 45 2 19 5 3 16 48 2 18 6 3 19 54 2 21 6 3 22 21 22 23 15 5 1 9 17 5 3 10 23 5 8 9 34 8 18 10 46 8 29 10 50 9 30 11 26 7 6 12 24 6 2 15 26 6 2 18 28 7 2 19 34 9 4 22 46 9 11 25 53 10 13 30 58 11 15 32 68 12 22 34 76 14 26 36 27 28 29 30 « - 5 24 25 26 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 31 2 2 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 10 12 16 19 21 22 26 32 27 33 34 35 « « « « « 37 53 52 63 65 59 70 73 76 84 84 85 80 80 14 23 48 10 17 22 27 21 32 17 35 26 36 23 42 19 40 27 43 28 45 27 49 30 54 26 58 26 60 18 61 19 62 95 96 87 83 83 86 100 107 117 138 166 154 157 169 181 196 36 5 5 5 5 6 11 20 19 17 20 26 21 24 27 33 35 37 1 2 2 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 6 7 8 8 10 12 38 Incom e b y M a jo r Sources, 1 9 2 9 -5 5 _____________________________________________________________________ [Millions of dollars] 1942 1941 1940 1944 1943 1945 1946 1948 1947 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 Line 1,309 1,674 2,254 2,709 2,870 2,829 2,924 3,046 3,309 3,384 3,755 4,323 4,716 5,028 5,079 5,463 1 842 1,140 1,642 2,036 2,153 2,070 1,997 2,115 2,328 2,347 2,603 3,096 3,446 3,685 3,679 4,017 29 6 4 31 8 5 35 9 6 36 10 6 33 8 3 (2) « 8 2 3 4 5 6 7 40 263 129 41 12 29 88 383 159 45 13 32 114 635 179 47 14 33 115 845 194 47 14 32 67 801 210 48 15 32 61 680 231 52 17 35 88 594 308 67 21 46 127 648 364 75 23 52 154 700 398 85 26 59 146 656 407 89 27 62 184 715 438 101 31 70 217 866 488 110 35 76 230 943 534 123 40 83 236 1,055 571 135 46 89 230 1,009 587 144 50 94 265 1,112 631 156 54 102 9 10 11 12 13 76 42 8 26 88 51 10 26 109 66 13 30 138 82 15 40 169 90 14 65 164 83 16 64 164 88 19 57 179 93 22 63 186 98 26 62 178 88 28 61 188 95 33 59 216 108 39 69 225 110 43 72 240 114 49 77 227 100 51 76 238 107 56 75 14 15 16 17 26 10 16 30 12 18 33 15 18 36 17 18 38 18 19 42 22 20 51 26 25 61 31 31 70 36 34 73 37 36 76 37 39 84 42 42 92 48 45 102 54 48 105 56 49 109 56 52 18 19 20 86 4 42 5 7 28 96 4 46 6 8 32 116 5 58 7 9 37 125 7 60 8 9 41 141 7 69 9 10 46 153 8 75 10 10 49 175 10 80 15 14 57 202 10 89 17 16 70 220 11 88 19 16 85 227 11 90 19 17 91 254 12 97 23 17 105 268 13 105 25 17 108 292 14 109 30 18 120 323 16 117 33 20 137 342 17 116 36 21 152 378 16 134 41 22 165 21 22 23 24 25 26 156 83 17 56 223 110 57 56 374 161 154 59 493 222 207 64 635 228 337 70 646 225 351 71 503 218 202 83 408 210 94 105 463 244 95 124 523 276 105 142 597 304 140 153 794 396 230 169 955 451 312 191 972 465 304 203 982 458 297 228 1,074 519 307 247 27 28 29 30 18 4 3 m 1 21 6 3 2 32 6 4 27 6 4 2 « 2 32 7 4 « 2 (2> 2 (2) 3 « 4 t2) 4 (s) 4 35 8 2 f*) 5 33 8 2 36 8 2 « 6 c2) 6 33 9 ] 33 8 2 « 6 « 7 m 33 10 2 8 2 2 3 4 5 6 7 7 7 7 8 10 12 11 11 12 31 11 11 15 19 26 30 29 35 39 42 57 72 81 92 99 108 32 169 227 294 352 372 427 445 493 517 515 498 494 69 376 90 403 90 427 55 439 33 34 35 30 139 40 187 53 241 58 294 367 400 430 64 303 431 70 302 94 337 83 317 85 345 84 343 86 429 70 429 256 269 286 295 309 317 344 378 415 446 496 548 562 601 641 482 36 41 42 42 42 53 90 162 156 139 166 210 179 180 216 255 274 37 10 14 24 34 43 44 40 38 41 44 57 66 71 81 93 111 88 160 A SUPPLEMENT TO THE SURVEY OF CURRENT BUSINESS Table 18.— DISTRICT O F CO LUM BIA: [Millions of dollars] Line Item Personal income.. Wage and salary disbursements 1................ ........... Farm s_____________________ Mining_______ ______________ Bituminous and other soft coal mining.. Crude petroleum and natural gas.......... Mining and quarrying, except fuel____ 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 615 616 604 539 476 523 592 689 716 699 735 383 390 383 347 308 344 400 447 483 470 498 ................ ................ Contract construction___________ Manufacturing___ ______________ Wholesale and retail trade................ Finance, insurance, and real estate. Banking and other finance........ Insurance and real estate_____ 18 21 58 16 5 12 18 24 58 17 5 12 17 22 56 18 5 13 14 21 49 19 5 14 12 16 44 18 4 14 7 17 51 15 5 10 11 20 59 18 5 13 17 20 62 21 6 15 23 21 69 26 6 19 14 19 72 21 6 15 19 20 74 21 5 16 Transportation___ __________ ____ Railroads_____________________ Highway freight and warehousing. Other transportation....................... 23 11 4 8 21 10 3 8 19 9 3 7 15 6 3 6 14 6 3 5 15 6 3 6 16 7 3 6 17 7 3 7 19 8 3 8 17 7 3 7 17 8 2 6 Communications and public utilities............................ . Telephone, telegraph, and other communications. Electric, gas, and other public utilities_________ 12 6 5 12 7 5 11 6 5 11 6 5 9 5 4 10 6 5 11 6 5 12 6 6 13 7 6 14 7 6 14 8 7 Services............................................................................... Hotels and other lodging places________________ Personal services and private households________ Business and repair services__________________ Amusement and recreation____ _______________ Professional, social, and related services_________ 66 5 32 2 3 24 63 6 28 2 3 24 58 5 24 2 3 24 49 4 19 2 2 22 46 4 18 2 3 21 52 5 21 2 3 22 57 5 24 3 3 22 64 5 27 3 3 25 67 6 29 4 4 24 65 5 26 4 4 26 66 6 27 4 4 26 Government___________________________________ Federal, civilian___________________________ Federal, m ilitary....... .................. ............................. State and local______________________________ 168 141 8 19 177 148 9 20 182 151 9 21 168 138 10 21 148 118 8 21 176 144 9 23 207 172 10 26 233 202 9 22 247 216 9 22 248 217 9 22 266 234 9 23 Other industries.. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Other labor income. _ 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 6 6 6 8 Proprietors’ income. _ 57 55 50 38 34 38 44 55 59 56 60 57 55 50 38 34 38 44 55 59 56 60 Property income.............................................................. 159 154 145 131 113 116 123 149 148 146 148 Transfer payments........................................................ . 17 17 28 23 22 26 26 38 28 29 30 L e ss: Personal contributions for social insurance.. 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 8 8 9 F arm __________ Nonfarm_______ (j) « For footnotes, see table 4, p. 146. Table 19.— GREAT LAKES: Personal [Millions of dollars] Line 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Item Personal income__________________ Wage and salary disbursements1_________________ Farms____ ______________ . Mining____________ Bituminous and other soft coal mining.......... Crude petroleum and natural gas______ Mining and quarrying, except fuel. .. 1929 1930 1931 1932 20,235 17,328 14,431 10,501 12,747 11,010 9,002 166 162 98 18 46 128 121 75 15 32 6,808 189 196 122 19 56 92 76 51 10 15 1934 1935 9,737 11,544 13,378 15,394 17,109 15,060 16,428 6,499 7,882 8,710 11,397 10,054 91 106 75 12 20 131 134 92 16 26 146 145 92 17 35 145 121 71 17 31 11,010 86 84 58 11 14 111 113 81 13 19 10,130 1933 1936 1937 1938 1939 144 136 74 25 37 8 9 10 11 12 13 Contract construction..___ _______ Manufacturing.......................... Wholesale and retail trade___________ Finance, insurance, and real estate___ Banking and other finance__________ . Insurance and real estate____ 648 5, 204 2, 267 624 307 317 474 4,133 2,034 568 278 290 306 3,126 1,728 498 240 258 161 2.173 1,336 425 214 212 115 2,251 1,170 357 166 191 178 2,983 1,365 399 174 225 216 3,473 1,488 420 175 245 316 4,074 1,616 455 190 264 349 4,932 1,850 501 201 300 270 3,644 1,746 468 185 283 336 4, 328 1,893 475 184 291 14 15 16 17 Transportation._____ _____________ Railroads____________ Highway freight and warehousing__________ Other transportation___________ 1,088 786 86 216 961 682 84 195 793 558 74 161 584 398 65 122 545 373 62 110 594 407 68 120 650 445 76 128 734 508 84 142 793 541 94 158 706 472 90 144 770 503 111 156 18 19 20 Communications and public utilities___ Telephone, telegraph, and other communications______ Electric, gas, and other public utilities__ 348 164 184 346 163 183 306 141 165 254 115 138 223 97 126 245 106 139 257 108 149 281 116 165 315 134 181 310 136 174 318 140 178 21 22 23 24 25 26 Services______________ ____ Hotels and other lodging places_______ Personal services and private households......................... Business and repair services___________ Amusement and recreation_______ Professional, social, and related services........ . 1,141 88 462 105 132 354 1,074 85 412 103 125 350 924 71 331 85 108 329 744 53 246 71 79 294 661 45 210 64 70 269 717 54 238 76 77 273 753 55 256 82 78 281 832 61 282 102 82 304 919 69 318 116 96 320 890 70 285 117 84 334 938 71 314 118 92 342 27 28 29 30 Government_________ Federal, civilian_______________ Federal, m ilitary............................ State and local____________ 1,029 157 13 859 1,080 161 13 906 1,061 161 14 886 951 152 13 785 998 226 13 759 1,196 340 9 846 1,221 322 10 888 1,550 714 12 824 1,436 555 13 868 1,741 800 13 927 1,660 713 14 932 31 Other industries___________ 32 Other labor income______ _____ 33 34 35 Proprietors’ income__________ 36 Property income__________________ 37 Transfer paym ents... .. 38 L e ss: Personal contributions for social insurance Farm _______ Nonfarm______ For footnotes, see table 4, p. 146. 12 11 12 10 8 8 9 9 12 12 13 137 125 113 98 90 101 110 134 138 132 140 3,044 2,362 1,917 707 1,210 1,104 2,415 731 1,631 3,984 3,506 351 352 26 26 1,054 1,990 1,070 1,414 2,243 2,304 403 666 433 981 1,090 1,153 2,176 2,808 374 730 771 1,405 1,256 1,552 855 1,449 842 1,572 2,826 2,034 1,624 1,698 1,808 2,238 2,380 2,098 2,362 600 482 482 478 535 747 509 584 625 26 26 27 28 29 31 124 112 124 1942 1941 1940 807 921 1,154 1,339 1,346 1,414 1,508 1,526 1950 1949 1948 1947 1946 1945 1944 1943 161 PERSONAL INCOME, BY STATES, SINCE 192 9 Personal Income by Major Sources, 1929-55 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 Line 1,600 1,677 1,774 1,894 1,943 1,887 1,871 1,992 1 1,221 1,360 1,406 1,348 1,304 1,394 2 3 4 5 6 7 552 654 862 1,037 1,034 1,067 1,079 1,081 1,134 1,187 28 22 83 22 30 23 102 25 37 24 106 27 28 28 121 26 20 29 120 25 17 19 21 20 19 21 30 127 27 7 20 30 34 158 34 9 25 39 39 169 36 10 26 43 40 180 39 10 29 46 42 183 40 11 29 56 42 193 43 12 31 54 44 207 44 12 32 49 46 212 46 13 33 47 46 208 48 14 33 44 44 206 50 16 34 47 47 213 53 17 36 8 9 10 11 12 13 20 10 2 7 25 13 3 9 35 18 4 14 39 22 3 14 43 26 3 13 41 25 4 12 46 27 4 15 44 24 5 15 47 27 5 15 48 27 5 16 48 28 6 15 49 28 6 14 50 28 6 15 53 26 7 21 54 24 6 23 53 24 7 22 14 15 16 17 16 8 7 18 11 8 22 14 8 22 15 7 21 15 7 23 16 7 28 20 9 31 20 10 32 22 11 34 22 11 34 21 12 36 23 13 37 24 12 38 25 13 39 25 14 40 25 15 18 19 20 75 78 85 32 5 4 28 32 6 5 28 36 5 5 30 100 12 43 6 5 34 112 13 50 7 c 37 120 14 54 7 6 39 132 14 55 10 6 47 138 14 56 11 6 51 145 14 56 12 6 57 151 14 56 12 6 62 156 14 61 14 6 62 162 15 63 15 6 64 171 16 63 16 6 69 176 15 63 18 6 74 178 17 59 18 6 78 192 14 68 20 7 83 21 22 23 24 25 26 306 16 26 429 65 26 664 523 114 28 655 493 133 29 673 489 153 30 608 497 77 34 580 486 53 41 602 503 55 43 638 533 56 49 643 528 65 50 757 636 71 50 787 655 79 52 727 598 74 55 684 553 73 59 744 594 88 63 27 252 9 23 29 30 2 4 7 9 8 7 9 6 6 6 6 6 9 6 6 6 31 6 7 8 9 11 13 15 15 16 16 17 18 19 23 32 118 121 122 133 123 127 132 138 145 150 150 148 147 122 133 123 Ì27 132 138 145 Ì5Ò 150 148 147 33 34 35 10 6 69 83 " 118 121 156 171 165 162 179 206 217 236 248 283 288 283 275 296 316 36 32 34 37 46 64 110 124 121 134 157 135 140 142 152 170 37 19 25 25 28 30 32 34 39 41 51 53 45 48 58 38 83~ 69 152 100 32 8 ~ W 11 Incom e b f M a jo r Sources, 1 9 2 9 -5 5 [Millions of dollars] 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 17,818 22,084 27,227 32,748 34,901 12,039 14,942 180 189 100 41 53 18,648 219 223 122 36 65 23,400 263 258 141 39 76 1954 1955 65,761 65,010 69,832 1 45,718 319 49,958 312 2 3 83 149 161 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 35,511 38,332 42,488 47,505 45,924 50,744 57,557 60,768 Line 25,143 284 277 165 41 71 24,476 289 280 167 43 69 25,130 325 298 177 48 73 28,947 339 360 219 55 85 32,137 383 403 247 64 92 31,389 363 350 192 64 96 34,716 336 391 213 68 110 40,274 361 421 219 74 128 43,139 339 400 187 76 137 47,227 331 413 174 80 159 961 11,352 4, 229 782 289 493 1,241 13,724 4,966 858 317 541 1,527 15,021 5, 584 966 351 615 1,496 14,074 5, 594 1,005 370 635 1,644 16,180 5,988 1,102 406 695 2,119 19,034 6,620 1, 217 454 762 2,349 20,358 6,960 1,324 506 819 2,503 23,156 7,426 1,432 556 876 2,623 21,035 2,791 23, 608 8 9 1,561 613 948 1,688 664 1,025 11 12 13 2,064 488 189 299 599 7 060 2,378 519 200 319 821 9, 598 2,520 539 202 337 708 12, 793 2i 697 560 205 355 540 13,490 2,878 584 217 367 602 11,829 3,199 637 241 396 818 522 134 162 970 617 170 183 1,155 752 195 208 1,321 '842 222 256 1,557 1,036 238 284 1,586 1,000 259 327 1,788 1,110 307 371 1,958 1,186 376 396 2,085 1,282 436 367 2,020 1,200 461 358 2,170 1,243 565 362 2, 467 1, 416 651 400 2, 555 1,422 711 422 2,667 1, 414 818 435 2, 481 2,688 14 794 406 927 16 339 150 190 372 168 203 392 185 206 408 207 201 431 224 207 472 248 224 619 348 271 712 383 329 825 446 379 873 458 415 911 464 447 991 507 483 1,084 554 530 1,193 616 577 1,245 1,326 18 606 645 20 2,176 148 682 309 186 850 2,405 158 712 352 212 972 2,448 158 711 344 218 1,017 2,625 160 762 366 219 1,118 2,898 171 822 419 218 1,268 3,137 181 847 476 222 1,412 3,370 189 897 517 230 1, 536 3,519 188 887 536 239 1, 669 3,818 203 965 588 247 1,815 21 22 23 24 25 26 2, 584 728 262 1,594 2,904 755 269 1,880 3,131 830 252 2,049 3,331 876 301 2,154 4,103 1,113 609 2,381 4, 583 1,233 702 2,598 4, 687 1,225 637 2,826 4,923 1, 204 601 3,118 5,155 1,259 600 3,296 27 28 29 30 354 995 73 340 124 96 362 1,076 79 353 141 103 400 1,216 83 407 149 110 466 1,345 94 444 168 114 526 1,496 106 499 187 125 578 1,647 117 559 212 134 624 1,914 137 619 265 169 723 1,585 606 23 956 1,584 550 74 960 1,947 628 336 982 3,028 900 1,094 1,035 3,584 895 1,589 1,100 3,912 879 1,822 1,211 2,835 802 640 1,392 13 15 18 19 23 24 27 31 34 34 38 44 49 50 52 56 31 440 565 650 723 1,029 1,295 1,412 1,624 1,648 1,961 32 7,896 3,393 4, 504 6,683 2, 256 4,426 6,948 2,245 4,703 8,054 2,908 5,146 8,057 2, 720 5,336 7,954 2, 514 5,440 7,888 ' 2,436 7,746 2,024 33 34 155 168 197 252 360 416 2,619 799 1,820 3,626 1,296 2,331 4,803 1,894 2,909 5,528 2,042 3; 486 5,579 1,897 3,682 6,107 2,252 3,855 6,904 2,566 4,338 6,593 2, 500 4,093 2,489 2,881 3,104 3,232 3,398 3,550 4,066 4,469 4,974 5,334 6,052 6,334 6,479 7,031 7,477 7,844 36 2,252 2,599 2,280 2,441 2,727 3,220 3,390 37 457 601 681 760 801 941 1,067 38 660 640 694 624 733 1,280 2,158 2,345 2,295 143 173 218 287 313 318 366 430 448 162 A SUPPLEMENT TO THE SURVEY OF CURRENT BUSINESS Table StO.—MICHIGAN: Personal [Millions of dollars] Line Item 1929 Personal Income. 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 3,803 3,186 2,593 1,882 1,668 2,167 2,554 3,014 3,389 2,891 3,215 2 Wage and salary disbursements1........................... 3 Farm s....................... ............................ .......... 4 Mining.............................................................. 5 Bituminous and other soft coal mining. 6 Crude petroleum and natural gas_____ 7 Mining and quarrying, except fuel____ 2,393 2,029 1,628 1,269 1,155 1,545 1,769 2,060 2,416 1,987 2,254 8 139 1,101 382 107 56 51 100 854 343 98 52 46 60 634 294 85 47 38 25 504 230 66 37 29 128 88 18 22 111 76 17 19 90 62 15 14 27 35 1 2 32 26 30 1 2 27 19 19 1 2 16 14 10 1 2 7 14 9 1 2 6 15 12 2 9 19 12 2 2 8 20 475 185 53 28 26 38 723 234 60 29 31 50 884 258 64 29 35 71 1,011 294 75 34 41 76 1,257 356 84 37 48 57 843 313 80 35 45 64 1,070 344 79 34 45 67 45 12 10 63 42 12 9 67 45 12 10 75 50 14 11 84 56 15 13 91 59 17 14 80 52 16 12 91 55 22 14 1 22 18 2 3 13 25 24 2 4 18 23 21 1 4 15 24 24 4 18 13 Contract construction______ _____ Manufacturing____ _____________ Wholesale and retail trade________ Finance insurance, and real estate. Banking and other finance____ Insurance and real estate_____ 14 15 16 17 Transportation______ _____________ Railroads......................................... Highway freight and warehousing. Other transportation. ..................... 18 19 Communications and public utilities............................. Telephone, telegraph, and other communications. Electric, gas, and other public utilities.......... ......... 69 29 40 68 28 40 57 23 35 48 19 29 40 14 26 45 15 30 48 16 33 56 18 38 63 21 42 60 21 38 60 22 39 Services......................................................... ........... ......... Hotels and other lodging places________________ Personal services and private households________ Business and repair services_____ _____________ Amusement and recreation............................ ......... Professional, social, and related services.................. 188 16 82 15 18 57 174 14 72 15 16 57 148 12 56 13 14 54 117 8 40 11 11 48 101 6 32 9 10 44 117 8 39 12 14 44 127 8 44 15 13 47 144 9 48 20 14 52 164 10 54 26 18 56 158 11 49 25 14 59 170 11 56 26 17 60 27 28 29 Government....................................................................... Federal, civilian___________________________ ” Federal, m ilitary...................... ................................. State and local.____________________ 216 24 2 190 223 24 2 196 218 191 186 23 2 161 192 37 2 152 232 58 2 172 230 50 2 178 284 106 3 176 273 80 3 191 349 149 2 197 327 125 3 198 31 Other industries.. 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 32 Other labor incom e... 22 20 17 15 14 16 18 22 24 23 24 33 34 35 Proprietors* income. 505 413 320 118 296 105 214 188 187 243 357 391 453 402 412 9 10 11 12 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 F arm .................... Nonfarm_______ 139 365 24 2 63 125 78 109 69 174 150 208 130 261 154 298 132 270 126 286 36 Property incom e............................................................. 828 668 529 329 229 286 324 417 439 365 422 37 Transfer payments_____________________________________ 59 59 104 84 87 80 88 128 81 134 124 38 L e ss: Personal contributions for social insurance.. 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 24 20 22 For footnotes, see table 4, p. 146. Table 21.— O H IO : [Millions of dollars] Line 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Item 1929 Personal income_________________________________________ Wage and salary disbursem ents1_____ ________________ Farm s_________________________________ Mining___________________________________ Bituminous and other soft coal mining_____ Crude petroleum and natural gas____ _____ Mining and quarrying, except fuel.. _______________ 8 9 10 11 12 13 Contract construction__________________ Manufacturing__________________________ Wholesale and retail trade___ _________________ . Finance, insurance, and real estate______ ___ Banking and other finance____ ___________________ Insurance and real estate___________________ 14 15 16 17 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 P ersonal 1939 1938 5,178 4,472 3,804 2,716 2,631 3,087 3,523 4,060 4,432 3,863 4,265 3,370 2,921 2,386 1,769 1,771 2,115 2,325 18 24 14 7 3 19 34 22 7 5 20 36 23 7 6 2,717 3,008 2,593 27 39 27 7 5 30 43 31 6 6 30 31 20 5 6 2,871 36 44 25 11 8 34 37 21 11 5 27 30 15 10 5 18 18 10 6 2 30 33 21 5 7 149 1,512 543 138 64 74 124 1,189 494 132 61 71 82 892 429 120 56 65 40 588 342 99 46 53 28 662 308 90 42 48 40 840 364 97 44 53 48 973 392 102 44 58 72 1,149 424 107 47 60 86 1,358 472 118 50 68 62 968 442 108 46 62 80 1,183 482 110 46 64 Transportation_______________________ _____________ Railroads_____________________________ Highway freight and warehousing___________________ Other transportation_____________________________ 311 226 24 61 275 197 23 54 225 160 20 44 164 113 17 33 153 106 17 30 167 117 18 32 180 125 20 35 204 142 22 40 220 151 25 44 187 126 23 38 208 138 29 41 18 19 20 Communications and public utilities____________________ Telephone, telegraph, and other communications______ Electric, gas, and other public utilities______________ 87 41 46 83 39 44 74 34 40 62 27 34 55 22 32 60 25 36 64 25 39 70 27 43 78 32 46 76 33 43 77 33 44 21 22 23 24 25 26 Services____________________________ _______________ Hotels and other lodging places_____________________ Personal services and private households_____________ Business and repair services________________________ Amusement and recreation_________________________ Professional, social, and related services..___ _________ 291 19 120 25 37 91 276 18 107 25 36 91 241 16 86 21 32 87 197 12 65 18 23 78 176 11 55 17 20 73 188 13 62 20 20 73 195 13 67 20 20 75 212 14 74 24 22 80 230 16 83 24 24 83 218 16 74 23 21 86 234 16 81 24 23 89 27 28 29 30 Government___ ___________ ______________________ . . . Federal, civilian__________________________________ Federal, m ilitary____________________ _____________ State and local_____________________ ______________ 256 38 2 216 274 39 2 233 262 39 2 221 238 37 2 200 254 56 2 196 303 85 2 215 312 84 2 226 410 206 3 201 369 151 3 214 466 237 3 225 431 204 3 224 31 Other industries______________________________________ 32 Other labor income________________ ___________________ 33 34 35 Proprietors’ income_____________________________________________ . . . 36 Property income___________________________________________________________ 37 Transfer payments______________________________________________ 38 L e ss: Personal contributions for social insurance____________ _______ . Farm ___________________________________ Nonfarm___________________________________________ For footnotes, see table 4, p. 146. 4 4 4 3 3 2 3 3 .4 4 4 43 40 38 33 31 32 35 41 43 41 42 752 565 520 134 431 195 326 275 287 379 559 546 648 567 600 239 513 81 194 107 180 115 264 251 307 922 855 707 516 422 436 451 559 626 553 617 98 98 159 130 126 132 160 204 140 140 168 6 6 7 7 7 7 8 8 33 30 34 174 371 241 407 192 375 188 412 Income by Major Sources, 1929—55 3,610 4,522 3,307 88 37 51 47 122 29 14 66 36 19 64 72 1949 1948 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 Line 7,269 7,570 7,215 7,743 8,832 9,579 9,522 10,803 12,103 12,902 14,516 14,172 15,632 1 4,245 5,565 5,724 5,138 5,271 6,187 6,884 6,813 7,738 8,822 9,542 10,881 10,398 11,535 « « 10 71 56 84 1 9 74 2 3 4 5 6 7 54 42 60 45 63 48 60 59 65 70 64 72 61 89 57 81 34 39 1 5 34 44 45 1 6 38 46 40 1 6 33 45 40 1 7 32 52 35 1 7 27 130 2,595 490 91 37 54 131 3,601 540 92 34 58 95 3,617 581 96 36 59 110 2,853 640 104 41 63 192 2,738 836 130 49 80 227 3,347 993 139 53 86 287 3,674 1,110 159 60 99 265 3.576 1,087 163 63 100 319 4, 200 1,186 181 70 111 406 4, 750 1,327 202 81 121 463 5,091 1,386 220 90 130 517 6,092 1,509 241 101 140 564 5,423 1,545 265 113 152 584 6.222 1, 665 288 124 164 9 10 11 12 13 137 76 39 22 156 83 44 29 183 101 46 36 189 97 51 40 223 109 66 48 253 123 78 52 286 136 93 56 277 126 99 53 308 131 124 54 345 148 138 59 357 147 147 63 389 145 177 67 362 134 167 61 406 141 202 63 14 15 16 17 81 39 42 87 42 44 93 46 47 128 68 60 147 73 74 171 87 83 188 94 94 200 93 107 219 102 117 240 112 128 265 129 135 276 133 144 303 146 157 18 19 20 26 1,864 1947 1946 1945 1944 5,812 1 20 _______________________ [Millions of dollars]___________________ • 1943 1942 1941 1940 163 PERSONAL INCOME, BY STATES, SINCE 192 9 (») 8 34 « 9 36 10 38 11 48 « 11 59 « 10 62 « 10 79 (s) 8 41 44 76 34 43 184 12 61 29 19 64' 210 13 66 35 21 75 248 14 76 38 24 97 281 17 85 39 26 115 310 19 97 40 27 127 337 21 111 45 28 132 385 25 126 57 34 144 436 26 141 64 37 168 480 28 146 73 42 191 477 28 143 66 44 195 521 28 155 73 45 221 597 30 169 84. 45 270 671 31 174 98 46 323 720 32 188 107 48 345 743 32 188 110 50 363 812 33 203 125 52 399 21 22 23 24 25 26 309 104 4 201 340 ^1 22 226 399 101 61 237 590 138 195 257 665 134 251 281 723 121 291 311 548 104 86 357 543 100 47 396 608 108 40 460 664 122 38 603 699 130 49 520 836 158 94 583 971 189 121 661 990 176 106 709 1,074 173 99 802 1,108 186 97 826 27 28 29 30 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 5 6 5 5 6 7 7 8 31 139 246 296 310 374 371 518 32 1,226 1,432 1,452 1,471 1,411 1,494 33 34 35 30 27 77 70 48 36 85 110 124 7 478 609 848 960 1,042 1,088 1,237 1,195 1,335 1,197 145 334 170 438 284 565 267 693 306 736 326 762 367 870 367 827 425 910 316 881 272 955 446 500 588 648 664 676 749 834 919 1,002 1,188 1,221 1,236 1,412 1,496 1,568 36 408 462 530 468 513 541 690 734 37 91 125 137 151 162 192 218 38 116 112 28 141 109 296 64 60 46 36 133 474 72 60 Incom e b y M a jo r Sources, 1 9 2 9 -5 5 1941 1940 4,606 1942 5,765 86 91 356 1,096 329 1,141 263 1,143 245 1,250 [Millions of dollars] 1945 1944 1943 7,166 593 380 1,052 8,641 9,160 1946 9,326 9,853 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 10,880 12,227 11,736 12,891 14,892 15,908 17,316 1954 1955 Line 17,221 18,442 1 13,375 2 3 4 5 6 4,974 6,718 6,538 6,552 7,551 8,314 8,000 8,852 10,604 11,382 12,593 12,187 42 55 37 7 11 6,270 36 48 31 7 10 51 64 46 7 11 52 64 46 8 10 59 74 51 10 14 63 93 64 12 16 69 99 70 13 17 70 83 55 11 17 66 91 62 10 19 69 98 68 12 19 62 96 61 13 22 66 97 59 14 24 60 87 49 14 24 61 96 54 15 26 88 1,383 529 112 47 65 169 1,966 592 119 50 69 196 2,716 625 123 50 73 190 3,580 672 129 51 78 144 3,734 702 135 54 81 144 3,329 787 149 58 90 254 3,098 1,043 182 69 112 334 3,718 1,218 200 76 124 399 4,056 1,368 221 83 138 388 3,705 1,383 231 88 142 420 4, 255 1,482 254 97 157 579 5, 262 1,637 281 108 173 624 5, 633 1, 742 310 121 189 676 6,365 1, 892 339 132 207 785 5,782 1,937 368 145 223 788 6,502 2,087 400 158 243 9 10 11 12 13 226 148 34 44 272 176 43 52 326 218 50 58 380 247 59 74 448 297 66 85 449 282 66 101 492 310 72 110 546 343 88 115 597 371 101 124 562 336 106 121 604 350 133 121 701 406 160 135 731 409 178 144 775 406 212 157 689 347 205 137 762 371 237 154 14 15 16 17 81 35 46 88 38 50 93 42 51 98 48 50 103 51 52 112 57 56 142 76 66 164 82 82 194 96 97 203 99 104 212 103 108 235 117 118 259 131 128 287 146 141 299 150 149 316 160 156 18 19 20 246 17 90 24 23 92 266 19 93 27 25 102 307 21 110 30 27 119 340 24 120 35 27 134 378 26 134 41 30 147 414 29 149 46 33 158 476 32 161 57 41 185 530 34 177 66 47 206 579 36 184 76 53 230 583 36 182 77 55 233 628 36 194 82 54 262 697 39 211 97 55 294 759 42 219 112 57 329 829 44 239 127 60 359 872 44 238 126 62 402 949 47 264 137 65 436 21 22 23 24 25 26 396 160 3 232 390 145 6 238 486 184 58 244 766 293 216 256 952 279 401 272 1,031 268 465 298 724 243 144 337 678 230 61 386 721 230 59 432 781 258 50 472 828 281 48 498 1,031 384 105 542 1,152 409 145 598 1, 251 404 148 699 1,291 400 142 749 1,397 417 167 812 27 28 29 30 4 4 6 6 7 7 8 10 11 11 12 14 16 16 17 18 31 202 277 361 403 458 469 541 32 1,790 1,904 1,900 1,964 1,827 33 34 35 3,130 32 35 21 5 8 46 641 164 477 653 175 38 3,950 50 873 274 599 772 167 47 60 1,144 408 735 877 170 59 49 59 40 7 12 74 101 117 121 154 180 7 8 1,306 1,288 1,448 1,588 1,515 1,784 1,558 1,602 357 931 476 972 483 1,105 461 1,054 631 1,153 421 1,138 401 1,201 467 1,324 521 1,383 477 1, 424 904 939 984 1,131 1,218 1,377 1,468 1,602 1,725 1,777 1,875 1,994 2,087 600 652 715 873 910 37 188 209 226 266 298 38 413 893 164 77 194 81 320 83 556 95 560 118 695 123 634 126 720 163 512 1,451 386 1,442 36 164 A SUPPLEMENT TO THE SURVEY OF CURRENT BUSINESS Table 22.—INDIANA: Personal [Millions of dollars] Line Item 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 Personal income______________________________ 1,973 1,681 1,431 1,022 982 1,184 1,397 1,608 1,838 1,605 1,767 Wage and salary disbursem ents1_____________________ Farm s.......... .................................................................... Mining....... ......................... ............................ I i n i l l l l ! Bituminous and other soft coal mining________ Crude petroleum and natural gas_____________ Mining and quarrying, except fuel_____________ 1,261 1,082 884 658 652 11 12 10 11 12 10 800 881 1,055 1,190 1,039 1,157 Contract construction............................. ....................... Manufacturing________________________________ Wholesale and retail trade.................. ................... ........ Finance, insurance, and real estate_______________ Banking and other finance.................. .................... Insurance and real estate____________________ 52 560 182 52 23 28 38 444 163 50 22 28 25 335 140 43 18 25 14 221 109 35 15 20 Transportation________________________________ Railroads................................................................... Highway freight and warehousing_____________ Other transportation............................................... 136 107 8 21 120 93 8 19 99 76 7 15 Communications and public utilities____ _________ Telephone, telegraph, and other communications. Electric, gas, and other public utilities_________ 31 14 16 31 14 16 Services.......................... _................................................. Hotels and other lodging places._____ _________ Personal services and private households_______ Business and repair services______ ___________ Amusement and recreation___________________ Professional, social, and related services________ 93 7 42 5 8 31 Government............................................... .................... Federal, civilian______ _________ _______ _____ Federal, m ilitary___________________________ State and local_____________________________ 24 29 22 1 6 20 23 18 1 4 17 18 14 11 15 13 2 15 16 14 1 1 3 19 17 12 1 4 10 245 97 30 12 17 16 327 116 32 13 19 18 373 127 33 14 19 28 459 144 36 15 21 30 555 168 39 16 23 28 403 162 38 15 23 38 495 171 41 16 24 71 53 6 11 65 49 6 10 71 54 7 10 77 58 8 11 87 67 9 11 93 72 10 12 79 59 9 11 88 66 12 11 28 12 15 22 10 12 19 ' 8 11 21 9 12 22 9 13 25 9 15 29 11 18 28 11 17 29 11 18 87 6 38 5 8 31 75 5 30 4 7 29 61 4 22 3 5 26 54 3 19 3 4 24 60 4 22 4 6 24 65 4 24 5 7 25 72 5 27 6 8 27 79 5 31 6 9 28 76 6 29 6 7 29 79 6 30 6 8 30 102 17 1 84 106 17 1 88 105 17 1 87 101 16 1 84 107 25 131 38 1 92 136 38 1 96 170 84 2 84 158 68 2 89 190 89 2 99 180 78 2 100 Other industries____ _______ ___________________ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Other labor incom e......... ...................................................... 12 11 12 10 9 10 11 14 14 14 15 Proprietors’ income................................................................ Farm _____ _______ ___ ________________________ Nonfarm................................. .......................... .............. 381 292 257 141 142 65 76 74 68 195 320 282 329 132 150 398 303 197 123 234 165 147 156 157 173 Property income...... ........ .................................................. . 273 250 205 157 129 134 137 176 192 184 203 Transfer payments________ ______ ______ __________ 50 48 77 59 54 48 52 84 56 77 76 Less: Personal contributions for social insurance_______ 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 13 11 13 180 201 ra 125 168 4 131 126 m 2 (s) 2 1 80 (2> 90 105 17 18 15 1 2 20 18 14 1 3 19 15 12 (2) For footnotes, see table 4, p. 146. Table 23.— IL L IN O IS : [Millions of dollarsl Line 1 Item 1929 Personal income________________ ___________ .. _. 1930 1931 ‘ 1932 1934 1933 1935 1936 1937 1938 Personal 1939 7,280 6,235 ,5,187 3,780 3,434 3,945 4,484 5,112 5,743 5,116 5,566 4,561 3,950 3,253 48 68 58 4 6 36 52 45 3 4 2,448 2,296 2,915 32 3,356 3,748 2 47 42 3 2 34 56 48 5 3 40 55 45 6 4 3,475 3,722 22 37 33 2 2 2,686 7 Wage and salary disbursem ents1___ ____________________ Farm s______________________ ________ ___ ___ Mining____________________________________________ Bituminous and other soft coal mining_______________ Crude petroleum and natural gas____________________ Mining and quarrying, except fuel___________________ 40 51 38 8 4 41 59 40 15 8 9 10 11 12 13 Contract construction____ ____________________________ Manufacturing__________________________________ Wholesale and retail trade____________________________ Finance, insurance, and real estate______________________ Banking and other finance____ _____________ Insurance and real estate____ ______________________ 243 1,544 972 281 140 140 149 1,264 859 243 122 122 98 977 707 209 101 108 56 669 524 190 99 91 43 670 469 155 71 84 66 844 527 178 73 105 75 944 575 186 73 113 109 1,113 608 200 79 121 124 1,346 687 221 82 140 98 1,090 670 205 74 131 117 1,208 734 208 73 135 14 15 16 17 Transportation______ _______________________________ Railroads___ _____________________________ Highway freight and warehousing___________________ Other transportation_________________________ 426 302 32 92 377 260 31 86 316 215 28 73 236 154 25 58 222 146 24 53 243 160 26 57 267 178 28 60 302 205 31 66 328 219 35 74 304 199 34 71 321 204 40 77 18 19 20 Communications and public utilities_____ Telephone, telegraph, and other communications______ Electric, gas, and other public utilities______________ 129' 05 64 130 65 65 117 58 59 98 48 50 87 42 44 94 46 48 98 48 50 104 51 54 117 58 59 117 59 58 121 61 60 21 22 23 24 25 26 Services... ________________ _________ Hotels and other lodging places__________________ Personal services and private households___________ Business and repair services____________________ ____ Amusement and recreation___________ ____________ Professional, social, and related services............................ 477 40 182 56 62 137 450 38 164 54 59 135 385 32 133 43 49 128 309 25 100 35 36 113 275 21 86 32 31 104 292 25 95 35 32 104 303 25 102 37 32 107 334 28 in 47 32 115 368 31 122 54 39 121 361 31 109 59 35 127 375 31 120 57 38 129 27 28 29 30 Government_________________ Federal, civilian__________________________________ Federal, m ilitary_________________ State and local_____ 343 60 7 277 359 61 7 291 351 61 8 282 302 57 9 237 313 74 7 231 374 116 3 255 385 110 4 271 493 235 4 254 457 192 4 260 536 242 5 289 532 232 6 294 2 3 4 5 6 31 Other industries_____________ 32 Other labor income________________ . . . 33 34 35 Proprietors’ income_________ ____ 36 Property income______________________ _______ _____ 37 Transfer pay ments____________ ____________ 38 L e ss: Personal contributions for social insurance____ Farm ___________________ Nonfarm__________________ For footnotes, see table 4, p. 146. .. 57 84 74 5 5 27 34 30 2 24 44 39 3 2 5 4 4 4 3 3 2 3 3 4 4 4 46 42 36 31 28 33 36 43 44 42 45 993 752 315 690 639 198 410 110 254 74 240 419 770 194 558 608 364 287 706 1,581 1,391 1,106 791 108 110 193 155 10 10 9 9 944 704 175 464 432 512 220 484 242 528 681 842 879 767 881 174 243 171 167 191 11 12 42 40 43 88 331 304 386 644 655 162 163 10 11 Income by Major Sources, 1929-55 _______________________[Millions of dollars]_______________________ 1944 1943 1942 1941 1940 165 PERSONAL INCOME, BY STATES, SINCE 192 9 1946 1945 1949 1948 1947 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 Line 1,898 2,526 3,209 3,899 4,116 4,271 4,419 4,925 5,581 5,398 6,006 6,951 7,285 8,012 7,619 8,201 1 1,279 1,681 2,150 2,740 2,938 2,876 3,291 3,695 3,631 4,087 5,806 38 37 31 2 5 48 58 40 6 13 5,246 36 31 24 2 5 53 52 36 5 12 5,636 29 28 21 2 6 55 61 47 4 11 5,135 24 23 17 2 5 48 53 40 3 10 4,801 22 19 13 2 4 41 38 30 2 6 2,830 47 49 26 8 15 2 3 4 5 6 7 37 584 190 41 16 25 98 846 225 44 18 26 134 1,151 245 46 18 28 99 1,566 270 47 18 29 67 1,637 295 50 20 30 84 1,410 337 55 22 33 109 1,293 450 69 27 42 148 1,618 528 77 30 46 183 1,794 603 89 36 53 161 1,703 612 93 38 55 182 2,003 666 104 42 61 246 2,362 748 118 49 69 96 70 14 11 119 88 18 13 150 111 22 17 173 127 25 21 206 154 26 25 206 148 28 31 226 159 35 32 245 168 44 34 270 181 53 36 257 164 57 36 285 179 70 36 32 12 20 36 14 22 38 16 22 40 18 22 42 20 22 46 22 24 61 31 29 75 37 37 84 42 42 93 45 48 86 6 34 6 8 32 97 6 37 8 9 37 112 7 45 7 10 42 124 9 51 8 11 46 139 10 58 9 12 52 158 11 65 12 13 57 186 13 71 16 18 68 213 13 78 19 18 84 236 14 82 22 21 98 173 66 2 104 169 61 5 104 215 67 42 106 352 88 150 114 425 88 214 122 498 99 262 138 341 82 96 162 282 72 23 187 315 79 21 215 1 1 1 1 2 2 3 4 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 7 31 52 69 78 90 131 169 185 216 214 249 32 948 1,144 938 1,136 1,047 1,132 1,112 1,076 630 514 436 502 959 481 466 426 621 503 629 33 34 35 51 42 31 2 8 54 63 42 7 15 50 55 35 7 13 48 54 32 8 13 50 46 26 8 13 275 2, 512 799 130 65 75 270 2, 897 848 142 62 80 244 2, 539 858 157 68 89 304 2, 906 908 171 73 98 8 9 10 11 12 13 320 204 79 37 326 202 87 37 342 207 97 38 311 185 93 34 338 196 108 34 14 15 16 17 99 48 51 110 53 57 122 59 63 131 64 67 138 68 70 148 72 76 18 19 20 242 14 81 21 21 105 259 14 88 23 21 113 285 15 96 28 20 126 306 16 100 30 21 140 318 16 104 30 21 146 331 16 100 32 21 162 356 17 107 35 22 175 21 22 23 24 25 26 360 89 19 251 378 91 30 257 490 114 102 274 552 159 98 296 579 155 102 322 564 150 61 353 570 149 50 372 27 28 29 30 17 19 23 31 45 52 320 512 700 774 738 873 941 242 270 365 335 379 395 322 416 434 439 451 490 222 260 284 316 346 364 395 430 490 540 604 644 688 728 766 801 36 145 246 238 226 251 295 282 322 396 390 396 37 38 44 50 51 51 70 81 91 96 109 127 38 122 199 76 74 78 73 83 16 20 26 34 35 Incom e b y M a jo r Sources, 1 9 2 9 -5 5 1940 1942 1941 5,964 7,153 542 594 492 620 9,772 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 10,743 11,188 12,487 13,647 15,472 14,654 15,984 17,777 18,579 19,669 1954 1955 19,786 20,988 1 13,828 14,868 2 7,638 7,758 8,244 9,310 10,307 10,040 10,832 12,317 13,120 13,979 77 129 87 26 16 81 131 90 26 15 88 139 94 29 16 97 163 115 32 16 110 187 130 38 19 98 156 101 38 18 90 171 112 41 18 96 175 110 44 21 89 161 90 46 25 83 155 82 48 26 84 143 67 51 24 236 2,989 990 246 84 163 178 3,363 1,054 255 89 166 196 3,171 1,154 277 100 177 315 3,204 1,530 338 120 219 418 3,799 1,788 369 131 238 516 4,112 2,008 416 143 273 530 3,802 2,000 432 148 284 552 4,244 2, 099 468 161 306 682 4, 898 2, 299 510 177 333 775 5,243 2, 400 549 195 354 815 5,812 2, 516 586 212 373 461 296 68 97 522 330 76 116 612 413 78 120 630 404 91 135 717 452 106 160 768 466 131 170 768 496 150 122 759 479 159 121 800 487 190 123 906 549 220 136 940 556 240 144 141 74 68 149 79 70 151 85 66 159 92 67 175 101 74 230 142 88 259 156 103 296 178 118 302 178 125 314 179 134 336 193 144 394 32 127 60 39 136 414 33 129 65 41 146 446 34 143 66 40 163 485 36 151 75 41 182 541 43 168 87 45 198 601 46 188 98 48 220 708 56 210 121 61 259 812 61 230 142 68 311 908 66 243 160 78 362 929 66 247 157 79 380 986 67 263 164 81 411 526 210 13 303 516 194 41 282 654 229 142 283 1,007 326 390 291 1,262 342 617 303 1,335 337 668 330 967 316 273 378 829 271 116 442 977 279 136 562 1,021 298 130 593 1, 096 308 154 634 6 8 7 8 9 10 10 12 13 15 15 394 442 3,992 41 71 43 22 6 4,726 5,669 50 82 51 24 8 62 95 63 22 10 138 1,349 789 216 76 140 208 1,795 901 228 80 148 282 2, 327 950 235 81 155 334 207 48 79 384 241 60 84 130 66 64 5 5 6 50 53 60 822 1,153 1,448 208 615 379 774 493 955 924 1,057 1,022 224 218 236 48 55 69 391 686 [Millions of dollars] 1943 8,367 426 533 6,824 74 117 76 24 16 77 1,706 572 1,134 1,040 216 91 112 1,731 526 1,205 1,119 249 107 132 144 1,825 2,157 560 1,266 748 1,410 1,181 1,381 400 110 683 122 Line 83 151 66 58 27 3 4 810 5, 435 2, 567 638 234 404 862 5,948 2, 739' 686 252 434 8 960 553 267 140 923 518 265 141 977 521 307 149 15 16 17 364 206 158 400 225 176 416 234 182 439 246 193 20 1,065 71 279 185 79 451 1,126 76 285 206 78 482 1,206 79 294 221 81 530 1,262 78 290 234 85 575 1,370 88 314 256 88 624 21 1,336 384 238 714 1,458 441 273 744 1,431 409 240 782 1,534 405 258 871 1, 596 420 248 928 27 28 29 30 16 17 31 458 498 32 5 6 7 9 10 11 12 13 14 18 19 22 23 24 25 26 209 227 288 359 1,986 2,617 2,062 2,511 2,388 2,390 2,353 676 1,310 1,169 1,448 707 1,499 894 1, 618 2,483 642 1,420 2,206 621 1,732 33 34 35 1,554 1,701 1,776 2,040 2,095 2,114 2,311 2,471 2,598 36 705 702 792 930 994 37 209 234 242 290 323 38 183 750 136 780 142 693 144 804 186 821 1,662 721 1,667 735 1, 655 166 A SUPPLEMENT TO THE SURVEY OF CURRENT BUSINESS Table 24.—'WISCONSIN: Personal [Millions of dollars! Line Item 1929 1931 1930 1932 1933 1934 1935 1937 1936 1938 1939 1 Personal income ___________________________________ 2,001 1,754 1,416 1,101 1,022 1,161 1,420 1,600 1,707 1,585 1,615 2 Wage and salary disbursements 1_______________ ______ ____________ 1,163 1,026 852 664 46 5 38 4 30 3 625 735 819 942 1,036 959 1,005 3 4 5 6 7 Farms______________________________________________ Mining____________________ ________________________ Bituminous and other soft coal mining_______________ Crude petroleum and natural gas____________________ Mining and quarrying, except fuel_____________ ____ 21 2 20 1 22 2 25 2 32 4 31 3 32 3 31 3 5 4 3 2 1 2 2 3 4 3 3 13 Contract construction________________________ _______ Manufacturing_______________________________________ Wholesale and retail tr a d e ____________________________ Finance, insurance, and real estate____________________ . Banking and other finance___ _____ ________________ Insurance and real estate_____ ________ ____________ 65 487 188 46 23 24 63 383 175 45 21 24 41 286 158 41 19 22 25 192 132 35 16 19 14 199 110 29 13 16 20 249 124 32 14 18 25 298 136 34 15 20 36 342 146 36 16 21 33 416 166 38 16 22 26 340 159 36 15 21 36 371 164 37 15 22 14 15 16 17 Transportation____________________ _________________ Railroads___ ____________________________________ Highway freight and warehousing___________________ Other transportation______________________________ 87 64 4 19 78 56 5 17 62 44 4 14 46 32 4 10 43 29 4 9 46 31 5 10 51 34 6 11 57 38 7 12 61 40 8 13 56 37 8 11 61 40 9 12 18 19 Communications and public utilities___________ ________ Telephone, telegraph, and other communications______ Electric, gas, and other public utilities_______________ 32 15 17 34 16 18 30 14 16 25 12 13 22 10 12 24 10 14 24 11 14 26 11 15 29 12 17 29 12 17 30 12 17 23 24 25 26 21 22 Services_____________________________________ _______ Hotels and other lodging places_____________________ Personal services and private households____________ Business and repair services________________________ Amusement and recreation_________________________ Professional, social, and related services______________ 92 8 35 4 7 37 87 7 32 5 7 36 74 6 26 4 7 32 61 4 19 4 5 29 54 4 16 3 4 27 60 5 19 4 5 27 64 5 21 5 5 29 70 6 23 5 6 31 78 6 27 5 7 32 77 7 25 5 6 34 80 7 27 5 7 35 27 28 29 30 Government_______________ ___________________ _____ Federal, civilian__________________________________ Federal, m i l i t a r y . ___ ___________________________ State and local___________________________________ 112 19 1 92 118 19 1 98 125 20 1 104 156 44 112 158 39 1 118 192 83 1 108 179 65 1 113 31 Other industries___ __________________________________ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 32 Other labor income___________ ___ _____________________________________ 13 12 10 10 9 10 11 13 14 13 14 33 34 35 Proprietors’ income________________________________ _________ ___________ 412 340 212 136 178 318 318 366 3U4 78 134 69 69 71 107 188 129 160 158 195 170 328 161 179 56 81 138 207 205 164 164 130 173 36 Property income__________________ ________________________________ _____ 379 342 280 241 200 188 215 243 243 230 238 37 Transfer payments___________________________ _________________ _________ 37 38 66 53 53 54 61 87 61 67 66 38 L e s s : Personal contributions for social insurance___________________ 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 12 12 12 8 9 10 11 12 20 Farm __________________________ _____ ________ ______ Nonfarm_______________________________________ ____ 123 19 « 104 132 33 « 99 « 191 75 200 82 « 117 w 116 For footnotes, see table 4, p. 146. Table 25.— PLAINS: Personal [Millions of dollars] Line 1929 Item 1930 1931 1932 1934 1933 1935 1936 1939 1938 1937 _________________________ 7,584 6,802 5,633 4,252 3,781 4,156 5,468 5,588 6,415 5,926 6,165 2 3 4 5 6 7 Wage and salary disbursements i________________________ - - - ________ Farm s______________________________________________ Mining_______________________ ______________________ Bituminous and other soft coal mining----------------------Crude petroleum and natural gas____________________ Mining and quarrying, except fuel___________________ 3,998 272 84 21 16 47 3,768 236 77 20 16 41 3,277 179 56 16 11 29 2,607 129 44 17 9 17 2,381 112 42 16 10 17 2,719 114 47 13 14 20 2,903 142 52 15 16 22 3,240 145 60 14 17 30 3,476 161 78 14 21 43 3,369 159 59 11 19 27 3,471 159 59 10 16 33 8 9 10 11 12 13 Contract construction_____ __________________________ Manufacturing_______________________________________ Wholesale and retail trade_____ _______________________ Finance, insurance, and real estate----------- ---------------------Banking and other finance___ ______________________ Insurance and real estate___________________________ 160 825 925 221 114 107 161 767 860 213 105 108 124 626 778 195 94 101 75 477 600 168 81 86 53 444 532 140 64 75 58 535 600 144 67 77 71 563 637 152 69 83 96 637 686 160 73 87 94 720 757 168 76 90 98 629 747 166 71 95 117 692 758 172 72 100 14 15 16 17 Transportation_______________________________________ Railroads________________________________________ Highway freight and warehousing___________________ Other transportation______________________________ 523 422 23 78 464 370 22 71 379 298 21 60 285 220 19 46 262 204 19 40 284 219 22 43 313 242 25 45 348 270 29 49 379 292 33 54 346 265 32 49 352 267 36 18 19 20 Communications and public utilities-----------------------------Telephone, telegraph, and other communications___. . . Electric, gas, and other public utilities ------- 116 62 53 121 63 58 111 56 54 94 48 46 82 42 40 89 45 43 95 47 47 100 50 50 109 55 54 112 56 56 114 57 21 22 23 24 25 26 Services_____________________________________________ Hotels and other lodging places--------- ----------------------Personal services and private households_____________ Business and repair services________________________ Amusement and recreation--------- ------ ---------------------Professional, social, and related services------ --------------- 409 29 165 30 46 139 393 28 149 30 46 139 347 24 122 27 41 133 280 19 92 22 26 120 250 17 81 20 23 107 269 20 92 22 27 108 275 20 96 22 26 111 301 22 105 26 29 116 330 25 123 27 34 120 318 26 ill 28 29 125 326 27 28 29 30 Federal, civilian______________ ___________________ Federal, m ilitary_________________________________ State and local______________________________ _____ 452 98 11 344 466 100 10 356 472 101 10 361 448 96 9 343 457 129 9 319 573 190 10 374 595 186 10 399 701 351 12 338 673 303 12 358 729 343 12 374 713 325 12 1 Personal income____ . . _ 31 Other industries------------- ------- -------- ------ -------------------- 10 10 10 8 8 5 6 6 9 8 9 32 Other labor income_______________________________________________________ 43 42 39 36 34 38 38 44 43 42 44 1,731 953 778 1,080 555 233 321 554 86 467 1,882 1,191 691 1,599 1,120 549 1,169 522 648 1,532 474 607 647 288 359 1,668 Nonfarm......... .........................................................- -- -- A’........ 2,198 1,321 877 673 715 36 Property income___________________ ______________________________________ 1,187 1,104 954 757 632 661 661 776 801 764 817 37 Transfer payments___________________________ ____ _____________ ______ 170 168 293 215 190 196 208 369 252 256 273 38 L e s s : Personal contributions for social insurance ----------- --------- 11 11 11 11 10 11 11 39 38 40 33 34 35 For footnotes, see table 4, p. 146. h Income by Major Sources, 1929-SS 2,118 1,740 1,068 2,673 1,278 1,610 w « (2) 1949 1948 1947 1946 1945 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 Line 3,167 3,312 3,511 3,830 4,204 4,646 4,614 5,060 5,834 6,094 6,248 6,212 6,569 1 2,001 2,124 2,165 2,233 2,608 2,937 2,905 3,207 3,731 3,959 4,138 4,059 4,375 (2) (2) 2 3 4 5 6 7 62 5 51 4 41 4 33 3 1944 1943 1942 1941 1940 167 PERSONAL INCOME, BY STATES, SINCE 1929 __________ [Millions of dollars] 71 6 71 6 75 8 78 9 88 10 79 11 71 12 77 14 74 16 73 18 68 17 65 18 (2) 4 5 6 6 8 9 10 31 428 175 38 15 22 37 590 198 40 16 24 78 808 210 43 17 26 51 1,058 223 45 17 27 55 1,138 246 49 18 31 69 1,066 279 53 20 32 91 1,019 370 64 24 40 115 1,242 439 73 27 46 142 1,384 496 82 30 51 151 1,289 512 86 32 54 171 1,478 555 96 36 60 206 1, 762 610 106 40 66 212 1,879 633 115 44 71 224 1,989 660 124 49 75 218 1,856 678 134 53 81 252 2.030 720 143 57 87 8 9 10 11 12 13 61 39 10 12 73 46 13 14 82 51 16 14 90 55 18 17 109 71 20 17 111 69 23 20 131 80 28 22 145 86 34 25 164 97 39 28 164 96 40 28 173 96 48 29 195 109 54 32 201 108 60 34 202 103 65 33 196 98 65 33 205 98 74 33 14 15 16 17 32 13 18 34 14 20 36 16 20 37 17 20 39 18 21 45 22 24 58 30 28 67 35 33 80 41 39 86 42 44 87 41 46 91 42 49 99 46 53 110 52 58 115 54 62 120 56 64 18 19 20 85 7 28 6 7 37 90 7 28 7 8 40 102 7 33 8 9 45 114 8 38 9 10 49 127 9 43 10 11 54 137 10 46 11 12 59 158 12 51 14 15 67 184 13 56 18 17 80 203 14 58 21 18 92 216 15 57 23 19 103 231 14 62 24 19 111 254 16 68 25 19 126 274 17 70 29 20 139 298 18 72 33 20 156 311 18 72 34 20 167 331 19 77 36 20 180 21 22 23 24 25 26 182 66 115 169 58 1 110 194 49 34 111 313 54 143 116 281 53 106 123 325 55 136 134 255 57 41 157 252 55 15 183 283 59 14 210 306 63 13 230 329 66 19 244 411 74 68 269 450 85 66 299 435 81 40 314 460 76 41 344 483 86 38 359 27 28 29 30 1 2 2 3 3 4 3 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 6 6 31 122 133 136 156 32 1,170 1,064 1,012 995 -- ............3 (2) 15 22 18 16 32 37 66 59 50 40 86 110 357 479 927 955 1,184 161 196 230 249 344 319 410 371 386 394 456 416 517 463 515 435 537 479 441 486 440 515 626 558 596 574 484 580 434 577 381 614 33 34 35 244 292 333 324 330 345 410 434 488 549 618 649 664 705 751 789 36 252 283 338 356 37 74 75 85 101 38 663 73 872 118 981 200 950 203 1,016 187 212 44 41 40 33 28 26 25 19 15 13 780 63 68 68 69 782 251 226 65 58 Incom e b y M a jo r Sources, 19 29 -5 5 1941 1940 6,515 7,934 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 10,566 12,352 13,014 13,780 15,341 16,726 19,239 17,896 19,854 21,733 22,859 Line 1954 1955 23,168 23,991 24,439 1 13,884 13,983 14,741 1953 1952 1942 4,225 5,366 7,299 7,549 7,513 8,503 175 63 10 17 36 221 76 12 18 46 290 89 13 19 56 352 103 15 23 66 362 101 15 27 59 334 96 13 27 55 369 107 12 30 64 418 132 15 36 82 447 154 16 45 92 393 154 14 46 92 372 164 15 51 98 372 198 15 62 121 346 222 14 72 136 335 250 12 77 161 316 225 10 79 136 297 240 10 84 146 2 3 4 5 6 7 107 748 781 176 74 102 248 966 868 186 80 106 363 1,510 899 197 84 113 256 2,091 975 206 88 118 166 2,257 1,077 216 93 123 196 2,089 1,233 235 101 134 327 1,836 1,655 290 121 170 447 2,196 1,966 319 130 188 550 2,425 2,221 362 145 217 546 2,424 2,276 388 156 232 625 2,692 2,434 434 175 259 760 3,248 2,674 474 196 278 795 3,661 2,814 518 218 300 802 4,016 2,886 567 248 320 890 3,850 964 4,046 8 9 609 266 343 654 283 371 11 12 13 356 265 40 51 412 309 48 55 519 392 57 70 604 451 66 87 733 557 72 103 733 541 80 112 809 576 98 135 877 608 118 151 967 666 138 162 978 663 152 163 1,016 674 178 164 1,152 772 203 178 1, 212 799 222 191 1, 256 800 254 201 1, 202 740 265 197 1, 243 749 292 202 14 15 16 17 120 59 61 128 64 64 132 69 64 141 77 64 146 80 66 166 94 72 220 129 91 250 139 110 297 164 133 318 171 147 339 178 162 372 197 175 408 216 192 448 240 208 473 250 223 498 262 236 18 19 20 337 26 120 29 30 132 355 26 121 32 31 145 413 28 142 34 33 176 458 32 160 40 34 192 512 38 181 45 39 209 563 43 202 48 44 226 667 50 226 62 55 273 759 54 244 75 61 325 854 57 257 87 67 385 908 58 258 88 69 434 982 60 277 93 70 482 1,064 63 294 106 72 529 1,146 66 304 120 76 579 1, 207 67 316 127 76 622 1, 252 67 309 127 78 672 1,361 76 334 140 81 729 21 22 23 24 25 26 707 312 9 386 754 294 65 395 941 294 249 398 1,502 375 713 414 1,714 386 894 435 1,891 401 1,005 485 1,218 381 272 565 1,126 368 104 655 1,260 387 118 756 1,369 412 129 827 1,472 438 142 891 1,774 506 297 970 1,968 525 372 1,070 2,093 546 410 1,138 2,201 547 433 1,221 2,316 580 426 1,310 27 28 29 30 9 10 12 13 15 14 15 14 14 15 18 20 23 23 24 26 31 340 380 405 426 32 6,079 5,306 5,683 5,159 33 3, b5u 2,429 2,431 2,453 ¿699 35 2,522 2,710 2,916 3,048 36 1,178 1,341 1,447 37 289 337 382 38 3,579 46 47 1,789 2,494 995 794 1,470 1,024 861 283 43 927 291 49 55 3,849 2,576 1,272 1,076 286 67 6,701 71 4,253 2,771 1,482 1,148 277 97 101 122 4,162 4,354 2,604 1,558 2,690 1,664 1,233 326 107 1,333 536 113 124 5,297 3,359 1,938 1,541 986 120 151 5,517 3,656 1,861 1,694 1,001 142 9,551 179 6,848 4,788 2,060 1,896 916 151 9,768 201 4,944 2,894 2,050 2,085 1,059 161 10,547 242 5,739 3, 564 2,175 2,292 1,238 204 12,108 300 6,103 3, 757 2,346 2,430 1,032 240 13,112 1,083 376 168 A SUPPLEMENT TO THE SURVEY OF CURRENT BUSINESS Table 26.—MINNESOTA: Personal Line 1 2 3 4 5 6 Item 1929 1930 Personal income_______ 1,423 Wage and salary disbursements 1 Farm s__________ Mining__________ Bituminous and other soft coal mining Crude petroleum and natural gas 1931 1932 1,198 871 1 8 9 10 11 12 13 Contract construction.. Manufacturing............. .......... Wholesale and retail trade____ Finance, insurance, and real estate Banking and other finance....... Insurance and real estate. . . 14 15 16 17 Transportation______ Railroads...................... Highway freight and warehousing Other transportation.............. 18 19 20 Communications and public utilities___ Telephone, telegraph, and other communications Electric, gas, and other public utilities.. 25 12 13 21 22 23 24 25 26 Services___________ •___ Hotels and other lodging places_____ Personal services and private households Business and repair services... Amusement and recreation Professional, social, and related services 8 35 5 10 32 27 28 29 30 Government............. Federal, civilian. Federal, m ilitary____ State and local.. ___ 31 Other in d u stries___ 32 Other labor income______ 202 49 26 23 1933 <*> 181 12 13 8 32 7 27 io 3l 9 30 1 79 77 Proprietors’ income_____ 36 Property income________________ 37 Transfer payments___________ 38 L e s s : Personal contributions for social insurance 382 Farm ____________ Nonfarm_______ 964 1,214 1,285 1,469 1,359 1,432 677 767 842 813 845 22 5 w 24 7 (2) 26 9 (2) 30 14 m « 33 12 (2) 33 14 « 5 5 7 9 14 24 12 14 12 104 131 33 16 17 12 124 148 34 17 17 15 136 164 35 17 18 20 153 178 37 18 19 23 176 198 41 19 22 25 148 198 41 18 23 31 163 204 43 18 24 63 48 57 43 63 48 10 6 8 6 9 68 51 7 9 75 57 8 10 83 63 9 11 75 57 9 9 78 59 9 10 20 10 11 18 8 19 9 10 21 11 22 10 12 24 11 12 25 12 13 25 12 13 65 5 58 62 20 5 71 6 24 6 8 27 79 7 28 6 9 29 78 18 25 7 8 31 82 8 26 7 8 32 165 80 2 83 158 66 2 90 175 78 2 96 170 72 2 96 28 6 25 25 64 6 21 5 7 26 18 98 25 130 41 137 40 71 1 139 100 7 88 96 2 2 3 3 3 10 10 11 10 10 11 129 328 241 379 306 328 168 36 64 248 144 154 152 184 183 169 29 43 51 51 86 64 70 73 3 3 3 10 10 10 3 3 3 * or lootnotes, see table 4, p. 146. 34 94 214 114 103 137 231 149 159 146 168 160 184 --- ----------------------------- -------- — ------------------------------------------------- Table 27.—IO W A : [Millions of dollars] Line 35 24 20 117 146 40 20 20 1 _ 1939 625 3 33 34 35 1938 538 7 13 14 1937 832 1 At « 1936 961 (2) 151 1935 602 25 5 « 1934 Item Personal income.. Wageand salary disbursem ents1.......................... Farm s............ ............. .................................... Mining_______ _______________ _______ _ Bituminous and other soft coal mining. Crude petroleum and natural gas Mining and quarrying, except fuel......... 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 Personal 1939 1,419 1,255 988 735 633 673 1,052 971 1,270 1,136 1,183 664 629 549 428 382 433 471 523 558 551 573 42 6 5 42 6 4 57 10 8 51 9 7 39 7 6 28 6 5 24 5 4 26 6 5 38 8 7 39 8 7 42 8 6 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 28 131 143 36 19 17 32 121 134 34 16 18 23 98 124 33 16 16 12 71 97 26 12 14 8 66 82 20 9 11 12 80 90 22 9 13 15 87 94 24 10 14 20 100 103 25 11 14 18 115 116 25 10 14 20 106 118 25 10 15 24 118 121 26 10 16 Transportation__________ _______ Railroads_____ ________ _______ Highway freight and warehousing. Other transportation....................... 88 79 2 7 76 67 2 7 63 55 2 46 39 2 5 42 36 2 4 45 38 2 5 49 42 3 5 56 47 3 5 58 48 4 6 52 43 4 5 53 42 5 5 Communications and public utilities............................ Telephone, telegraph, and other communications Electric, gas, and other public utilities.................. . 19 10 8 21 11 10 19 10 10 16 8 8 14 7 7 15 8 7 17 8 8 17 8 9 19 9 10 19 9 10 19 9 10 Services......................................................................... Hotels and other lodging places______________ Personal services and private households________ Business and repair services............. Amusement and recreation___________________ Professional, social, and related services_________ 71 4 30 5 7 25 67 4 27 5 7 24 59 3 22 4 6 23 48 3 16 4 4 21 42 2 14 3 4 19 45 3 17 4 4 18 47 2 18 4 4 19 50 3 19 4 4 20 55 3 22 4 5 21 54 4 20 4 5 22 56 4 21 4 5 22 Government......................................... Federal, civilian______________ Federal, m ilitary...................... ............... ................. State and local___________ ____ _ 80 15 1 64 82 16 1 66 77 15 78 21 1 56 90 30 1 59 92 26 1 64 103 42 1 60 101 37 1 63 108 43 1 64 108 40 1 66 Other industries.. 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 Other labor incom e.. 7 7 6 6 5 6 6 7 6 6 7 Proprietors’ incom e.. 511 399 347 164 250 149 225 145 117 100 439 256 547 Property income.............. ....... .......................................... 207 190 155 120 97 105 105 Transfer payments........................................................... 33 32 55 39 33 31 33 L e ss: Personal contributions for social insurance.. 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Contract construction..................... Manufacturing___ ____ __________ Wholesale and retail trade________ Finance, insurance, and real estate. Banking and other finance........ Insurance and real estate_____ Farm .................... Nonfarm______ For footnotes, see table 4, p. 146. 6 84 16 « 68 111 114 « 62 80 65 60 57 13 86 334 105 416 422 416 132 286 130 280 142 120 123 123 139 67 41 44 49 2 6 6 6 134 122 Income by Major Sources, 1929-55 __________________[Millions of dollars]___________________ 1950 1949 1948 1947 1946 1945 1944 1943 1942 1941 1940 169 PERSONAL INCOME, BY STATES, SINCE 1929 1952 1951 1953 1954 1955 Line 2,119 2,404 2,519 2,788 3,213 3,511 4,028 3,810 4,184 4,624 4,796 5,049 5,169 5, 394 1 1,142 29 1,371 60 36 (2) (2) 36 1,480 64 32 « (») 32 1,570 63 33 (J) (!) 33 1,693 67 31 (!) « 31 1,956 72 42 (!) « 42 2,186 78 51 m (!) 51 2,218 76 49 (2) (J) 48 2,423 70 56 « (!) 56 2,716 68 72 (!) (!) 71 2,924 61 78 m (!) 78 3,144 58 104 « « 104 3,182 56 78 « («) 78 3,371 53 84 (>) « 84 2 3 4 5 0 7 349 216 46 20 26 32 482 232 48 21 27 35 508 250 50 22 28 42 493 283 55 25 30 78 456 382 69 30 39 103 538 458 77 33 44 124 582 514 87 36 50 121 571 518 92 39 53 145 639 561 103 44 59 175 742 612 112 50 62 182 821 640 122 54 67 191 899 668 136 62 74 216 873 682 148 66 82 254 915 726 160 70 89 8 9 10 11 12 13 12 12 16 124 93 14 17 150 115 15 20 151 111 17 23 176 126 21 29 197 138 26 34 220 151 29 40 222 152 30 40 232 154 36 43 262 176 40 46 278 187 44 47 292 191 50 50 280 179 52 48 289 181 58 50 14 15 16 17 14 14 27 14 13 28 14 14 29 15 14 33 17 16 45 26 19 52 28 24 62 33 29 65 34 32 69 35 34 74 39 35 82 43 39 91 47 43 97 50 48 10? 52 50 18 19 20 81 7 83 7 26 36 91 7 28 8 8 40 99 7 31 9 8 44 111 8 35 10 9 50 122 9 39 10 10 54 148 12 44 14 13 66 171 13 48 17 14 79 196 14 52 21 15 95 212 14 51 21 15 112 235 14 54 22 16 129 243 15 56 26 16 131 261 16 56 30 16 143 280 16 59 33 16 155 294 17 59 31 18 170 322 20 66 35 18 184 21 22 23 24 25 26 96 165 62 4 99 168 52 18 98 224 49 75 100 247 46 97 104 292 54 122 115 236 65 36 135 240 66 13 162 269 69 14 187 288 72 13 203 307 75 13 218 350 81 31 238 393 91 38 254 417 89 38 290 451 92 41 318 459 97 39 323 27 28 29 30 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 6 6 7 7 7 8 31 26 28 36 42 47 56 67 74 84 91 98 32 982 587 394 1,233 803 430 921 493 427 963 501 463 1,163 675 488 1,099 601 498 1,058 554 504 1,063 549 514 1,041 496 545 33 34 35 1,678 1,467 841 31 17 (2) (2) 17 27 173 198 43 19 25 23 25 (2) (2) 112 79 60 8 11 7 8 33 163 29 23 (2) (2) 22 16 13 12 12 169 448 241 208 678 424 254 729 433 297 704 385 319 808 467 340 968 560 408 198 208 228 239 257 284 331 353 398 431 492 509 528 573 615 646 36 76 122 220 218 205 232 300 222 234 257 295 325 37 19 21 28 34 37 39 49 54 63 67 77 88 38 351 72 76 77 12 12 66 18 15 Income by M ajor Sources, 7929-55 1942 1941 1940 1,272 1,511 [Millions of dollars] 1944 1943 2,014 2,321 1946 1945 2,258 2,460 1947 2,978 2,986 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 3,403 3,799 4,072 4,272 4,110 4,449 4,213 1 1,610 86 9 3 1,954 78 9 3 « 6 2,058 72 12 3 (!) 9 2,131 73 11 2 m 8 2,142 68 11 2 « 9 2,285 67 12 2 « 10 2 3 4 5 6 7 1949 1948 3,934 Line 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 5 6 1,724 78 9 4 c!) 5 22 130 126 27 11 16 48 164 139 29 12 18 39 239 143 31 12 19 26 312 152 32 13 19 24 336 168 34 14 19 29 318 194 36 16 21 55 310 263 44 18 26 78 387 319 50 20 29 96 437 371 57 23 34 91 436 377 61 25 36 103 479 406 68 28 40 113 592 444 74 31 43 112 632 454 81 34 47 112 664 458 87 38 49 117 635 470 92 40 52 124 700 491 98 42 56 8 9 10 11 12 13 52 41 6 6 60 47 7 6 72 57 9 7 81 63 10 8 101 80 11 9 102 79 12 11 115 88 14 13 126 94 17 15 136 101 20 15 137 98 22 16 138 95 26 17 151 104 29 18 155 107 30 18 153 103 33 17 149 98 35 17 151 98 37 16 14 15 16 17 20 10 10 21 11 11 22 11 11 23 12 10 24 13 11 27 15 12 37 22 16 42 23 19 49 27 22 52 28 24 58 30 28 63 33 30 70 36 33 75 40 36 80 41 39 84 43 40 18 19 20 58 4 22 4 5 23 61 4 22 4 5 25 66 4 25 5 5 28 73 4 27 5 5 31 81 5 31 5 6 34 90 6 35 6 6 37 107 7 40 8 8 44 123 8 42 10 10 54 138 8 44 12 10 64 147 9 44 12 11 71 155 9 48 12 11 75 168 9 50 14 11 84 176 9 51 15 12 89 181 9 52 15 11 94 189 9 51 16 12 102 204 10 54 17 12 111 21 22 23 24 25 26 109 40 1 68 110 38 1 71 122 34 15 72 202 37 89 76 231 40 111 80 270 44 136 90 178 42 32 104 173 40 13 120 195 44 10 141 212 47 9 156 228 51 8 170 257 53 20 185 289 60 26 203 312 74 27 212 326 72 28 226 349 76 26 246 27 28 29 30 2 2 3 3 4 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 5 5 6 6 31 13 16 18 23 28 32 39 48 53 58 61 64 32 1,472 1,031 441 1,560 1,112 448 1,274 829 445 1,527 1,082 445 1,131 625 506 33 34 35 599 47 6 4 694 54 6 4 811 68 7 5 995 84 7 5 1,087 78 7 5 1,152 76 7 4 1,204 84 6 3 1,398 90 7 4 1,581 91 9 4 7 7 8 10 478 321 157 610 408 201 962 724 238 1,075 800 275 896 608 288 958 647 311 1,307 941 366 1,105 753 352 1,834 1,438 396 1,167 776 391 1,429 Î, 016 414 146 158 193 206 217 251 300 317 362 412 440 463 462 494 533 552 36 152 207 200 173 184 200 239 240 37 23 24 32 38 46 46 53 59 38 50 50 48 47 58 97 166 164 7 8 9 12 13 14 17 21 170 A SUPPLEMENT TO THE SURVEY OF CURRENT BUSINESS Table 28.—MISSOURI: Personal [Millions of dollars!_______________ Line 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Item 1929 1930 1931 Personal income ______ Wage and salary disbursements Farm s______________ Mining.................... Bituminous and other soft coal mining Crude petroleum and natural gas Mining and quarrying, except fuel___ (2) Contract construction. __ Manufacturing_____ Wholesale and retail trad e.. Finance, insurance, and real estate Banking and other finance Insurance and real estate 14 15 16 17 Transportation_______ Railroads________ Highway freight and warehousingOther transportation . . . 32 18 19 20 Communications and public utilities Telephone, telegraph, and other communications Electric, gas, and other public utilities . 21 22 23 24 25 26 Services__________ . Hotels and other lodging places. . Personal services and private households Business and repair services.. Amusement and recreation Professional, social, and related services 27 28 29 30 Government........... Federal, civilian____ Federal, m ilitary___ State and local____ 31 Other industries___ Other labor income_____ 33 34 35 Proprietors’ income__________ 36 Property income____ _____________ 37 Transfer paym ents... 38 L e s s : Personal contributions for social insurance 1,394 1,602 1,778 1,928 1,809 1,914 893 947 1,074 1,153 1,107 1,154 15 14 10 6 (2) 13 8 4 (2) (2) 0 4 17 9 4 0 3 19 11 4 0 5 20 9 3 0 7 21 10 3 0 6 7 18 194 183 54 23 31 16 229 211 53 23 30 21 246 219 58 23 34 30 280 235 61 25 35 30 313 258 64 27 37 29 269 252 62 25 37 34 300 258 64 25 39 86 60 87 60 9 18 96 66 10 20 106 72 12 22 117 79 14 24 108 73 13 22 112 75 16 21 81 8 19 81 57 8 17 41 22 20 41 21 21 38 19 19 32 16 17 29 14 15 30 15 16 32 15 16 33 16 17 36 18 18 37 19 18 38 19 19 10 57 14 20 43 10 51 14 21 44 125 8 43 13 98 88 6 28 10 96 7 32 10 12 35 96 7 34 10 10 36 106 8 38 11 11 38 115 9 43 12 14 38 110 9 39 12 11 39 112 9 41 13 10 40 90 149 48 1 101 155 50 1 104 196 99 1 96 186 86 1 100 208 103 1 104 203 99 1 103 1 2 2 2 2 2 11 12 12 14 14 14 14 194 203 353 318 422 360 217 205 163 196 393 32 10 10 38 42 28 1 1 35 123 33 1 96 13 75 49 3 88 107 _ 48 3 3 For footnotes, see table 4, p. 146. 56 3 : 60 144 1929 1930 124 194 188 165 185 208 234 230 278 288 279 296 55 62 97 62 61 70 3 12 12 13 3 ------ -----------------------------------------------— ----------------------------------------------- Table 29.—NORTH D AKO TA: Personal [Millions of dollars] 1 16 7 4 24 200 200 61 27 33 471 Item 1939 796 264 Line 1938 100 8 14 ____ . 1937 1,276 34 127 28 Farm .......... Nonfarm................ 1936 851 44 263 329 80 38 42 1935 1,379 (2) 10 1934 1,084 5 (2) 11 1933 1,838 18 8 9 10 11 12 13 32 1932 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 Personal income................................................... ...... 253 208 124 119 98 119 178 152 209 180 202 2 Wage and salary disbursements ............ ........................ 3 Farms........................ ............ ......... ............................. 4 Mining.............................................................. 5 Bituminous and other soft coal mining________ 6 Crude petroleum and natural gas_____________ 7 Mining and quarrying, except fuel____________ 137 123 101 82 20 1 1 14 1 1 74 87 95 11 1 1 16 1 1 104 108 109 110 8 39 1 1 0 32 1 1 0 « Contract construction.................................................... Manufacturing___ ____________ ________ Wholesale and retail trade______________________ Finance, insurance, and real estate_______________ Banking and other finance___ _______________ Insurance and real estate____________________ 4 6 31 6 4 2 Transportation.......... ...... ........ .................................... Railroads...................................... ........ .................. Highway freight and warehousing_________ Other transportation........... .................................... 16 14 1 1 Communications and public utilities................ ........... Telephone, telegraph, and other communications. Electric, gas, and other public utilities_____ ____ 3 23 24 25 26 Services............................................................................. Hotels and other lodging places______ _________ Personal services and private households_______ Business and repair services......... ........... ...... ........ Amusement and recreation...................................... Professional, social, and related services................ 13 1 5 1 5 12 1 4 1 1 5 27 28 29 30 Government..................................................................... Federal, civ ilian ........................................ Federal, m ilitary................................ ................... " State and local______________ ________ 0 18 6 18 6 31 Other industries.................................................. « 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 32 Other labor income______________ __________ ________ 33 34 35 Proprietors’ income_______________ Farm.............................................. I.. Nonfarm............................. .......................... I” . I « 28 5 3 2 6 25 4 3 1 14 13 11 10 9 8 1 (!) 3 2 1 2 1 w w 2 5 19 3 2 1 2 7 2 12 « 3 13 « « 1 m « « 1 5 21 3 8 7 9 8 « « 2 1 1 2 10 1 4 8 1 3 7 1 2 1 « « 19 6 12 « 4 18 6 « 12 « 1 1 1 54 -1 1 12 -2 8 17 4 2 10 « « 19 8 « 11 « 1 32 22 « « « 11 10 1 « 17 1 1 0 2 , 20 1 1 0 6 23 3 2 1 3 6 23 3 2 1 3 5 23 3 2 1 12 11 1 11 10 1 11 10 1 0 0 0 1 1 3 1 1 3 1 2 3 2 2 3 2 2 3 8 1 3 8 1 3 9 1 3 1 9 1 4 1 1 9 1 3 1 1 4 4 1 4 1 4 4 9 1 3 1 1 4 27 12 27 12 35 24 32 20 32 20 « 14 « 1 « 1 10 9 1 2 16 1 1 0 2 5 22 3 2 1 « 3 1 1 12 1 1 « 1 5 20 3 2 1 t2) (2) 84 57 27 « 1 4 17 3 2 1 3 2 2 4 « 12 1 1 « 15 (>) 0 11 0 0 12 0 0 13 2 2 31 18 0 13 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 56 39 16 15 68 42 -5 20 47 20 22 20 64 -8 9 -9 14 43 21 36 Property incom e............................ .............. ......................... 26 25 23 17 16 13 15 16 18 15 16 37 Transfer paym ents............... . i . . . ................... 5 5 10 8 7 12 11 16 16 14 12 38 Less: Personal contributions for social insurance....... ........ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 For footnotes, see table 4. p. 146. « « « [Millions of dollars! 1944 1943 1942 1941 1940 171 PERSONAL INCOME, BY STATES, SINCE 1929 Income by Major Sources, 1929-55 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 Line 1,982 2,463 3,097 3,553 3,814 3,984 4,459 4,695 5,321 5,219 5,705 6,306 6,660 7,000 7,066 7,560 1 1,210 26 12 3 (2) 8 1,500 30 14 4 (?) 10 1,869 39 19 4 2,445 48 20 5 2,543 47 14 4 « 10 2,542 57 21 4 15 2,260 44 22 5 « 17 16 2,831 70 28 5 1 23 3,129 72 28 6 1 22 3,173 61 30 6 1 23 3,449 68 28 6 1 22 3,975 66 32 6 1 25 4,327 63 35 5 1 29 4,610 63 33 4 1 28 4,580 55 33 4 1 28 4,871 54 34 4 1 29 2 3 4 5 6 7 64 819 343 79 32 47 50 857 379 81 32 49 63 826 432 88 35 53 104 747 573 108 42 66 138 882 668 117 44 72 159 981 734 132 49 84 152 973 752 141 51 89 177 1,078 797 154 57 98 223 1,244 875 168 64 104 240 1,415 933 183 72 111 233 1,603 961 196 78 118 269 1,495 970 210 85 124 307 1, 577 1,025 227 93 134 8 9 10 11 12 13 0 0 15 9 0 32 323 274 66 26 40 118 422 311 69 28 41 115 620 316 75 30 45 116 75 18 22 132 87 21 24 170 114 25 31 202 133 27 42 241 161 30 50 241 153 33 54 261 160 41 60 273 162 49 62 301 178 57 65 302 174 64 65 319 182 75 63 361 208 85 68 382 214 92 76 401 214 107 80 381 194 108 78 398 196 121 81 14 15 16 17 41 20 21 44 22 22 46 24 22 50 28 22 51 29 22 58 34 24 74 44 30 84 47 37 99 56 43 108 60 48 114 61 53 125 68 57 137 75 62 149 82 67 157 85 72 167 88 79 18 19 20 118 9 43 13 11 42 127 10 44 14 12 48 148 11 54 14 13 57 164 13 59 16 14 63 181 15 66 18 16 67 197 16 73 20 17 70 236 19 81 27 22 88 261 20 87 32 23 99 286 21 90 36 25 113 302 21 90 37 26 128 325 22 96 40 26 141 356 22 102 46 27 159 388 23 106 53 29 177 406 24 110 54 29 189 417 24 108 55 28 203 452 26 116 60 29 221 21 22 23 24 25 26 200 95 1 104 229 88 39 102 317 93 123 101 469 124 244 101 534 121 310 102 572 131 330 112 356 133 94 129 307 133 26 148 331 138 24 168 350 145 18 187 385 151 34 200 522 184 115 223 545 167 127 251 559 172 131 255 589 172 143 274 622 180 141 302 27 28 29 30 2 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 6 6 6 6 31 35 44 44 52 60 68 83 102 116 133 138 148 32 1,108 548 560 972 440 531 1,274 700 574 1,070 498 572 1,153 548 605 1,227 570 657 1,175 486 689 1,114 427 687 1,113 419 694 1,241 490 751 33 34 35 15 16 19 23 395 160 235 564 243 320 776 410 367 833 408 425 856 404 453 842 358 484 303 319 372 386 412 428 480 550 594 624 697 735 771 847 904 952 36 74 80 82 84 98 162 323 335 310 333 387 342 354 385 433 465 37 14 16 22 32 34 35 38 45 47 49 63 75 83 88 102 117 38 Incom e b y M a jo r Sources, 1 9 2 9 -5 5 1941 1940 224 117 25 1 1 0 0 0 1942 321 0 0 130 32 1 1 1944 1943 381 0 [Millions of dollars] 506 150 45 2 1 535 184 55 2 2 0 0 « 1945 549 195 57 2 2 0 0 1946 1947 596 201 42 2 2 0 0 1950 678 305 57 3 2 259 52 2 2 0 0 1949 802 836 221 42 2 2 0 0 0 0 1948 327 37 3 2 0 0 0 0 804 781 310 40 3 2 1952 1951 1954 1953 755 Line 771 760 882 1 406 32 10 2 8 406 29 9 2 6 2 3 4 5 6 7 354 37 4 2 1 374 32 8 2 5 1 388 32 10 2 7 1 0 1955 0 0 2 6 24 4 2 1 3 6 28 4 2 2 3 7 29 4 2 2 3 9 31 4 2 2 3 10 36 4 2 2 4 11 40 5 3 2 8 12 54 6 3 3 12 14 67 6 3 3 21 16 80 7 4 4 24 17 85 8 4 4 27 17 89 9 5 5 30 18 95 10 5 5 33 20 100 11 6 5 32 20 102 13 7 6 42 21 106 14 7 7 30 22 109 15 8 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 11 10 1 13 11 1 15 14 1 1 18 16 2 1 22 20 2 1 22 19 2 1 25 22 2 1 28 24 2 2 33 28 2 2 35 30 3 2 36 31 3 2 42 36 4 2 44 38 4 2 45 37 5 3 44 36 6 3 45 36 6 3 14 15 16 17 3 2 2 4 2 2 3 2 2 4 2 2 4 2 2 4 2 2 6 3 3 7 4 3 10 6 4 11 5 6 12 6 6 12 6 6 13 6 7 14 7 7 15 8 7 16 8 8 18 19 20 10 1 3 1 1 4 10 1 3 1 1 5 12 1 4 1 1 6 13 1 4 1 1 7 15 1 5 1 1 7 17 1 5 1 1 8 20 2 6 1 1 10 22 2 6 1 2 11 24 2 6 1 2 13 28 2 7 1 2 16 30 2 7 1 2 18 34 2 8 1 2 20 38 3 8 2 2 24 42 2 9 2 2 27 44 3 9 2 2 28 47 3 10 2 2 30 21 22 23 24 25 26 30 16 30 12 3 15 45 10 18 17 42 12 11 19 55 13 19 23 47 14 5 28 48 15 2 31 54 17 2 34 59 19 2 39 67 24 2 41 72 23 6 43 76 24 7 45 78 23 7 48 79 23 7 49 84 24 7 53 27 28 29 30 32 18 13 « 0 0 14 « 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 31 0 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 4 6 6 7 7 8 8 10 11 32 77 52 25 160 129 31 201 163 38 289 243 46 298 249 49 295 242 53 299 234 65 495 432 62 407 334 73 252 178 74 336 258 78 336 254 82 268 183 84 263 179 84 224 138 86 341 244 97 33 34 35 20 22 21 25 31 34 42 47 56 66 70 76 74 78 86 89 36 11 10 9 9 11 19 33 36 33 49 48 38 40 42 44 48 37 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 4 5 6 7 9 10 11 38 375115 0 — 57------ 12 8 9 172 A SUPPLEMENT TO THE SURVEY OF CURRENT BUSINESS Table 30. SOUTH DAKOTA: Personal [Millions of dollars!___________ Line 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Item 1929 1930 1931 Personal income______ _ Farm s________ . . . Mining_______________ Bituminous and other soft coal mining Crude petroleum and natural gas__________ Mining and quarrying, except fuel________ ” ” "” "” 11 8 9 10 11 12 13 Contract construction____ M anufacturing.......... Wholesale and retail trade___ Finance, insurance, and real estate Banking and other finance.. Insurance and real estate.. 14 15 16 17 Transportation___ Railroads_________ Highway freight and warehousing. Other transportation_____ 18 19 20 Communications and public utilities Telephone, telegraph, and other communications Electric, gas, and other public utilities 21 22 23 24 25 26 Services..................... Hotels and other lodging places Personal services and private households Business and repair services.._ Amusement and recreation Professional, social, and related services 27 28 29 30 Government_____ Federal, civilian__ Federal, m ilitary ._ State and local______ 31 Other industries______ 166 102 123 Wage and salary disbursem ents1 1932 1 1 3 3 130 82 (2) 5 1 3 2 1 1 « (2) 1 1 5 1 6 12 (2) 32 Other labor incom e. _ . 33 34 35 Proprietors’ income____ 36 Property income_____ 37 Transfer payments__________ 38 L e s s : Personal contributions for social insurance 1 131 F arm ______ Nonfarm______ 1 2 2 7 20 3 2 1 3 7 22 3 2 2 3 8 22 3 2 2 3 9 21 3 2 2 3 10 22 4 2 2 5 6 5 7 6 1 8 7 1 8 7 1 7 6 1 7 6 1 9 1 8 1 m m 3 2 2 3 2 2 8 1 8 9 1 3 1 9 1 3 9 1 3 9 1 3 1 2 1 1 40 (2) Item 1929 1930 Personal income............. 811 2 3 4 5 Wage and salary disbursements 1. .. 358 Farm s____________ Mining____ ______ Bituminous and other soft coal mining Crude petroleum and natural gas Mining and quarrying, except fuel 12 (!) —16 16 15 16 16 18 8 8 8 20 1 1 (2) 1 63 1 77 18 16 1 20 40 23 19 17 1 1 15 15 1 1 4 36 20 1 1 66 43 23 -2 21 (2> 37 21 (2) 1 19 -21 10 1 4 35 21 1 14 1 80 62 18 (2) Table 31 — NEBRASKA: 14 15 16 17 Transportation___ Railroads_____ Highway freight and warehousing. .. Other transportation... 18 19 20 Communications and public utilities, _ Telephone, telegraph, and other communications Electric, gas, and other public utilities 12 8 21 22 23 24 25 26 Services__________ Hotels and other lodging places. Personal services and private households Business and repair services... Amusement and recreation. Professional, social, and related services 15 14 27 28 29 30 Government___ Federal, civilian___ Federal, m ilitary _ State and local___ 38 11 52 82 24 12 12 53 24 14 1 Proprietors’ income. 311 122 Transfer payments.. 38 Less : Personal contributions for social insurance 77 24 12 12 44 70 20 11 32 55 1937 12 8 13 1939 552 529 548 533 521 251 263 287 296 291 295 14 1 (2) 1 0 17 1 10 36 54 16 18 16 1 (2) 1 1 « 10 36 59 9 38 63 17 1 10 33 55 16 9 7 10 28 23 33 27 9 6 3 10 6 3 8 16 15 1 8 36 61 17 7 11 38 62 17 7 7 10 10 10 37 31 41 34 37 31 38 31 10 6 4 11 7 4 11 7 11 7 4 26 28 27 28 9 10 9 9 2 11 3 2 2 2 4 11 8 6 5 3 23 .3 13 1938 352 49 9 1936 220 13 1 1935 382 11 12 8 1 2 10 7 1 11 10 8 1 2 10 1 « 33 34 35 Property income . 1 « Other labor income. 36 346 1934 Personal 4 12 12 32 37 1933 6 . Farm _____ Non farm___ 1932 1 Contract construction____ Manufacturing_________ Wholesale and retail trade. Finance, insurance, and real estate Banking and other finance . Insurance and real estate. Other industries__ 1931 1 8 9 10 11 12 13 For footnotes, see table 4, p. 146. 1 4 ------------- —---------------------------- — ----------------------------- —----------------------------------- 1 31 (2) 36 24 (2) [Millions of dollars] Line 1 34 13 1 21 15 (2) 1 « 3 2 2 1 1 (2) 3 1 1 1 24 m (2) 3 1 1 1 94 * or footnotes, see table 4, p. 146. (s) 6 2 (2) 23 10 1 « (2) 2 8 18 3 1 32 .. 2 6 16 3 1 « 10 5 (2) 5 1 1 (2) 219 5 « (2) 1 12 205 108 9 5 (2) 1939 5 5 19 209 107 8 5 « 1938 5 1 1 1 1 5 160 103 98 9 5 « 1937 4 m m 1 1 1936 202 6 5 (2) 2 6 22 8 1935 122 97 7 4 m 8 « 1934 89 77 8 4 (s) 32 (2) 1933 17 1 (!) (2) (2> (2> 0 (2) 16 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 173 PERSONAL INCOME, BY STATES, SINCE 1929 Income by Major Sources, 1929-55 443 288 230 112 10 6 (2) (*> 6 m 160 20 5 124 15 6 <*) (2) (2) 6 Line 600 637 739 888 690 793 932 815 881 901 850 1 202 24 212 28 240 25 225 28 266 34 6 (!) « 6 316 42 6 325 35 7 342 31 8 375 32 8 413 28 10 (2) « 10 426 26 10 7 398 28 8 (») t2) 8 2 3 4 5 6 7 m m 3 « « 2 (>) (>) 3 5 5 54 41 35 30 2 3 3 3 16 13 16 13 19 15 7 8 10 434 21 10 00 « 10 15 27 66 8 4 4 22 32 79 8 4 4 24 32 83 9 5 4 27 33 87 11 6 5 29 36 95 12 6 5 30 40 99 13 7 6 31 40 97 15 8' 7 32 41 101 16 9 7 31 44 106 17 9 8 8 9 10 11 12 13 22 16 3 2 20 15 4 2 19 13 4 2 21 15 4 2 21 14 5 2 22 14 5 2 22 13 6 2 22 13 6 2 14 15 16 17 « « « « 6 m m « « 8 7 1 10 8 12 9 1 1 1 1 2 21 16 3 2 3 2 2 4 2 2 4 2 2 4 2 2 4 2 2 5 3 2 7 4 2 8 5 3 10 6 4 11 6 5 11 6 5 12 6 6 13 7 6 14 7 7 15 7 7 15 8 8 18 19 20 9 1 3 10 1 3 1 1 5 12 1 4 14 15 17 20 25 6 1 6 1 29 2 8 2 2 15 31 2 8 2 2 17 36 2 9 2 2 21 37 2 9 2 2 22 40 2 9 2 2 24 42 2 10 2 2 26 45 2 9 2 2 29 48 2 10 2 3 31 21 22 23 24 25 26 64 20 7 37 71 22 9 40 80 25 12 43 93 30 19 45 107 32 27 48 113 33 28 52 119 34 30 55 119 38 24 57 27 28 29 30 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 31 6 6 7 7 8 9 10 32 6 5 1 m (2) (2) 1955 534 12 15 27 4 2 2 3 12 26 4 2 2 3 10 23 4 2 2 1954 1953 479 m 5 1952 1951 1950 1949 1948 1947 1946 1945 1944 1943 1942 1941 1940 ______ [Millions of dollars] 1 5 7 7 8 10 50 17 15 17 87 22 46 19 82 23 39 21 104 23 58 23 54 19 7 28 56 19 6 32 1 1 1 1 1 1 « « 5 1 5 1 (2) 36 18 1 17 36 19 1 16 6 7 1 2 13 « 1 1 1 1 2 2 3 4 5 84 57 28 129 96 33 246 201 46 235 184 51 278 222 57 306 245 62 330 258 72 384 314 71 482 398 83 256 172 84 329 241 88 440 348 92 295 200 95 338 242 96 333 237 97 262 150 112 33 34 35 21 23 27 33 34 36 48 53 59 66 71 79 83 90 98 102 36 35 36 31 42 50 40 41 43 46 56 37 4 4 5 5 6 8 9 10 12 15 38 5 4 4 2 1 1 20 12 11 11 12 12 ______________________ [Millions of dollars] Incom e b y M a jo r Sources, 1 9 2 9 -5 5 697 578 (2) 1 1,226 (2) 1 1,302 (2) 1 1,407 (2) 1 1,446 (2) 1 (2) 1 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 Line 1,574 1,851 1,699 1,949 2,045 2,179 2,106 2,236 2,147 1 730 48 1 816 50 2 844 46 2 909 44 3 1,040 47 4 1,111 44 6 1,161 42 6 1,194 41 7 1,258 37 10 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 6 4 2 3 4 5 6 7 655 43 1 723 39 1 692 39 1 614 36 1 459 29 1 332 20 1 299 16 1 (2) 1 1,010 1949 1948 1947 1946 1945 1944 1943 1942 1941 1940 (2) 1 (2) 10 39 64 17 7 10 12 47 72 19 7 12 47 78 78 20 8 12 39 126 85 21 8 13 20 143 95 23 9 14 20 131 111 25 10 15 30 102 150 30 12 19 39 126 178 34 12 21 51 133 202 38 14 25 55 134 208 42 15 27 58 148 225 47 16 31 66 180 248 52 19 33 67 205 257 56 20 36 73 221 260 64 25 39 80 219 267 68 26 42 79 231 276 72 28 45 8 9 10 11 12 13 37 29 3 5 45 36 4 5 58 48 5 5 70 58 6 6 85 71 6 8 84 69 7 8 84 66 8 9 90 69 10 10 98 73 12 12 102 76 13 12 108 79 16 12 125 91 21 13 130 94 22 13 133 93 26 14 129 86 28 15 131 87 30 14 14 15 16 17 11 7 4 10 7 3 11 8 3 12 9 3 13 10 4 15 11 4 19 15 5 20 16 4 22 17 5 24 18 6 25 19 6 29 21 7 32 24 9 36 26 10 38 28 10 40 29 11 18 19 20 29 2 10 2 2 12 30 2 10 2 3 13 41 3 12 3 3 21 42 3 13 4 3 18 48 4 15 5 3 21 53 5 18 5 4 22 60 5 20 5 4 26 69 5 21 6 5 32 78 6 22 7 6 36 82 6 23 7 6 40 90 6 25 7 6 46 98 6 27 8 6 50 103 7 27 9 6 54 106 7 28 10 7 56 111 7 27 11 7 59 121 8 30 12 8 64 21 23 23 24 25 26 75 37 2 37 75 35 3 37 97 41 18 38 180 62 77 40 223 67 113 44 245 66 130 48 134 49 26 58 123 44 12 67 140 46 13 81 148 49 13 86 160 50 15 94 190 64 24 101 209 68 31 110 217 68 32 118 231 69 39 124 258 71 48 138 27 28 29 30 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 31 « (s) to « ' 4 4 4 6 9 12 11 12 14 15 18 22 24 27 29 31 32 180 106 74 258 169 90 430 303 127 487 340 148 470 317 154 517 353 163 568 382 185 598 423 175 779 583 196 568 373 195 723 515 208 684 460 225 743 511 233 606 373 233 667 432 235 492 228 264 33 34 35 73 80 98 105 116 124 143 162 182 209 219 235 238 247 272 284 36 25 26 25 24 28 46 82 86 74 78 98 86 88 93 106 118 37 4 4 6 10 13 14 12 13 14 15 19 23 26 27 31 36 38 174 A SUPPLEMENT TO THE SURVEY OF CURRENT BUSINESS Table 32.—KANSAS: Personal Line Item 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1 Personal income ___________ 999 471 532 668 713 782 704 2 694 Wage and salary disbursements 1__________ 500 293 332 352 383 411 390 385 3 4 5 6 7 Farm s________________________ Mining_______________ __ Bituminous and other soft coal mining Crude petroleum and natural gas____ Mining and quarrying, except fuel -._ 19 17 27 16 16 Contract construction_________ Manufacturing___ ____________ Wholesale and retail trade____________ Finance, insurance, and real estate_____ Banking and other finance_____ Insurance and real estate________ 14 15 16 17 Transportation__________________ Railroads______ ______ Highway freight and warehousing_______ Other transportation_______________ 73 14 12 18 19 20 Communications and public utilities_____ Telephone, telegraph, and other communications Electric, gas, and other public utilities... 13 7 6 14 21 22 23 24 25 26 Services________________ Hotels and other lodging places... Personal services and private households... Business and repair services_______ Amusement and recreation. _ Professional, social, and related services...... 43 18 2 16 13 2 10 16 16 15 13 27 28 29 13 14 30 Government_________ Federal, civilian________ Federal, m ilitary_________ State and local_________ 42 44 31 Other industries_____________ 1 1 32 Other labor income_______________ 33 Proprietors’ income_____________ 34 35 F arm ____________ Nonfarm_______ 18 77 106 21 13 8 Property income______________________ 37 Transfer payments_________________________ 38 L e ss: Personal contributions for social insurance 14 3 19 46 96 21 12 8 8 5 53 60 13 8 5 50 64 14 8 6 6 43 46 37 10 5 22 23 2 17 4 5 307 251 136 115 158 132 30 29 20 25 2 19 3 11 56 73 14 8 7 12 58 69 14 8 7 51 42 56 46 2 8 61 50 2 9 54 44 2 8 55 45 2 8 10 5 11 5 6 12 13 6 7 14 6 7 14 6 25 26 27 29 33 8 1 10 10 1 11 13 31 2 12 12 12 12 3 13 2 13 31 2 12 2 2 13 77 85 24 49 56 92 46 5 42 88 40 5 44 91 40 4 46 91 38 4 48 1 1 6 6 5 6 187 242 190 143 180 97 94 95 1 190 34 44 1 18 22 2 16 4 10 63 77 15 8 6 8 6 22 28 3 21 4 11 56 68 14 8 6 55 13 8 5 79 21 22 3 16 6 174 132 36 10 2 8 9 10 11 12 13 20 20 210 134 76 97 90 7 76 78 91 100 95 95 22 24 47 28 28 33 1 1 1 1 For footnotes, see table 4, p. 146. Table 33.— S O U T H E A S T : Line Item Personal income_______________________ Wage and salary disbursements 1 ____________ Farm s___________________ M ining_________________ Bituminous and other soft coal mining Crude petroleum and natural gas._ Mining and quarrying, except fuel-. Contract construction..___ ______ 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 Personal 1939 9,990 8,558 7,503 5,655 5,777 6,835 7,559 8,708 9,450 8,861 9,525 5,479 5,048 4,258 3,356 3,408 4,065 4,376 5,003 5,495 5,250 172 277 214 37 26 5,725 179 332 267 36 29 174 319 255 29 35 159 273 216 26 31 126 208 161 24 23 100 134 106 16 12 102 146 116 16 14 124 213 173 23 17 138 236 191 25 20 159 293 239 29 25 182 291 224 37 30 183 1,405 929 247 113 134 163 1,247 861 227 98 129 104 970 747 199 83 117 58 726 596 161 70 91 55 816 560 147 63 85 93 1,000 667 168 68 100 95 1,079 712 175 70 106 132 1,237 779 185 78 109 154 1,425 888 199 83 116 149 1,225 882 194 81 113 194 1,419 932 203 82 121 Transportation____________ Railroads_________ Highway freight and warehousing___ Other transportation___ 674 559 26 89 609 502 26 81 506 414 24 67 372 299 21 52 350 280 22 48 374 297 24 53 404 319 29 56 450 352 33 66 493 378 39 77 451 344 40 68 490 369 44 77 Communications and public u tilitie s... Telephone, telegraph, and other communications Electric, gas, and other public utilities_______ 148 68 80 148 66 82 134 57 78 112 46 66 100 40 61 109 45 65 116 46 70 130 51 78 148 60 88 149 60 90 156 63 93 Services. ________ Hotels and other lodging places___ Personal services and private households .. Business and repair services_____ Amusement and recreation _ Professional, social, and related services__ 719 40 438 32 51 159 667 38 383 32 49 165 562 32 303 27 45 154 445 25 226 23 31 139 396 21 199 23 26 125 442 28 230 26 31 128 469 30 248 28 33 131 520 32 277 32 39 139 581 36 323 33 42 146 552 36 291 32 39 154 587 37 317 34 41 157 Government. _ Federal, civilian_____ Federal, m ilitary.. .. State and lo cal... . 642 172 54 416 661 177 55 429 675 179 54 442 630 170 52 407 713 228 49 436 852 333 53 466 926 351 62 512 1,091 576 69 444 1,063 505 78 480 1,169 579 79 510 1,244 629 83 531 Wholesale and retail trade_______ Finance, insurance, and real estate___ Banking and other finance____ Insurance and real estate___ Other industries__ Other labor Incom e.. Proprietors’ income F arm ___ Nonfarm___ Property income____ Transfer payments_____ Le ss: Personal contributions for social insurance For footnotes, see table 4, p. 146. 38 33 28 24 22 23 25 24 33 28 28 56 57 53 48 45 51 52 63 65 66 70 2,816 1,925 1,646 1,595 2,138 873 385 991 604 2,019 2,274 994 652 1,259 2,554 1,045 880 1,027 2,202 1,785 1,031 1,326 693 1,289 850 1,620 934 1,294 908 1,284 989 1,461 1,342 1,151 937 814 866 875 1,041 1,132 1,092 1,201 193 205 411 303 267 274 255 481 273 316 326 17 17 17 17 16 17 17 19 69 66 72 624 403 175 PERSONAL INCOME, BY STATES, SINCE 192 9 Income by M a jo r Sources, 1 929-55 1,502 1,863 1946 1945 1944 1943 1942 1941 1940 [Millions of dollars] 2,397 2,415 2,385 2,012 1,992 2,052 1949 1948 1947 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 2,643 2,950 3,382 3,251 3,410 3,393 1 1,373 44 58 3 48 7 1,694 44 70 4 58 8 1,919 45 76 3 63 9 2,038 39 76 3 65 8 2,052 40 76 2 66 8 2,115 36 80 2 70 9 2 3 4 5 6 7 Line 762 976 402 20 22 2 17 3 500 30 25 3 18 4 775 40 26 3 19 4 1,075 48 32 3 23 7 1,188 49 36 1,118 42 37 972 48 40 1,064 53 45 1,218 56 55 27 7 27 6 30 8 35 7 44 6 1,287 49 55 3 45 6 11 67 72 15 8 7 24 96 82 16 8 7 97 201 90 17 9 8 86 324 101 18 9 8 30 384 114 19 10 8 33 291 132 21 11 10 42 186 179 27 13 14 60 222 210 28 14 15 76 244 242 32 15 17 79 262 253 36 17 19 89 298 270 41 19 22 124 435 304 47 22 25 132 528 331 52 25 28 129 569 340 57 30 27 134 565 346 61 32 30 139 558 362 64 33 31 8 9 10 11 12 13 54 44 3 6 63 52 4 8 82 68 5 10 96 78 6 12 118 98 118 97 129 99 142 106 157 118 159 118 14 14 21 26 25 25 163 120 18 25 191 143 20 29 203 147 24 32 210 147 28 34 193 134 30 34 206 137 33 35 14 15 16 17 45 20 25 48 21 27 51 21 29 58 25 33 61 25 36 68 30 38 71 32 40 74 33 41 18 19 20 140 6 46 10 9 69 150 6 43 11 9 75 153 6 46 11 10 80 166 8 49 12 10 88 21 22 23 24 25 26 16 6 10 18 7 10 19 8 11 20 10 11 21 10 11 24 12 12 31 15 16 37 16 20 32 2 12 2 2 14 35 2 13 2 3 15 44 2 17 3 3 19 54 3 20 4 3 23 60 3 24 5 4 24 66 75 88 103 104 111 27 30 33 34 35 5 25 6 29 6 37 7 48 8 50 38 8 8 53 127 6 42 9 8 63 93 38 4 51 110 37 17 56 158 44 56 58 295 69 165 61 355 77 213 65 354 70 210 74 213 59 71 83 178 51 32 95 207 53 48 107 242 59 66 117 246 62 58 126 291 72 83 136 349 84 116 149 398 87 147 164 406 86 145 175 427 95 141 191 27 28 29 30 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 31 8 12 18 20 17 20 24 27 34 46 56 62 66 3 1 65 32 839 532 307 711 404 306 806 485 321 781 419 362 938 556 382 653 270 383 756 373 383 652 226 425 33 34 35 245 276 304 333 367 381 408 423 36 177 195 37 50 57 38 6 6 224 118 107 325 185 140 555 352 203 605 363 242 659 420 239 629 378 251 717 435 282 982 706 275 100 116 136 154 167 175 197 213 35 36 38 6 5 Incom e by M a jo r S lu rces, 19 2 9 - 5 5 128 126 111 119 22 21 20 18 21 22 19 10 70 42 36 154 28 132 36 142 41 159 43 IMillions of dollars) 1955 43,153 42,927 46,313 1 27,363 600 1,008 705 168 135 28,738 608 985 656 185 144 28,513 603 859 509 206 143 30,641 617 957 565 239 153 2 3 4 5 6 7 1,542 6,624 4,116 767 277 489 1,901 7,094 4,504 857 314 543 1,927 7,755 4,715 945 352 593 1,715 7,610 4,819 1,045 388 657 1,721 8, 461 5,213 1,157 428 729 8 9 10 11 12 13 1,498 903 232 363 1,735 1,043 267 425 1,833 1,069 310 455 1,869 1,039 355 475 1,793 952 373 468 1,899 968 437 494 14 15 16 17 524 268 258 563 282 281 636 320 315 707 361 346 771 394 377 819 422 397 858 455 403 18 19 20 1,808 117 894 132 121 543 1,867 118 897 133 127 592 2,020 124 971 141 131 653 2,215 138 1,043 162 137 735 2,400 147 1,038 194 144 827 2,528 154 1,114 219 147 895 2, 587 157 1,081 232 148 969 2,861 174 1,192 273 152 1,069 21 22 23 24 25 26 3,048 1,066 869 1,113 3,316 1,108 914 1, 294 3,655 1,205 987 1,463 4,112 1,303 5,563 1,660 6,377 1,896 6,553 1,944 1,586 1,741 1^937 2,098 6,581 1,890 2,400 2,291 6,815 2,023 2,317 2,470 27 28 29 30 65 69 66 67 76 81 81 82 82 31 835 936 32 7,867 3,465 4,402 33 34 35 36 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 10,387 13,493 18,456 22,856 25,478 26,380 26,965 28,416 31,233 30,943 34,193 38,900 41,528 6,346 192 337 263 39 35 8,476 223 428 335 45 48 12,031 290 516 410 45 60 15,712 353 583 458 51 73 17,492 389 667 529 72 65 17,611 424 660 513 82 65 15,977 485 710 544 89 77 17,255 540 930 727 108 95 19,181 616 1,062 832 125 106 19,115 571 850 618 129 103 21,113 556 936 696 132 109 24,952 620 1,058 784 148 127 252 1,581 1,006 217 87 130 557 2,157 1, 207 240 96 146 962 2,981 1,302 253 96 157 760 3,833 1,441 268 99 169 520 4, 215 1,632 304 107 197 507 4,025 1,883 340 120 220 622 4,033 2,537 432 149 283 851 4,800 3,009 492 169 322 1,030 5, 362 3,345 567 193 375 1,018 5,071 3,443 605 211 394 1,152 5,796 3,723 688 243 446 537 400 51 86 633 463 64 107 821 596 82 142 999 674 93 232 1, 226 821 113 293 1,268 789 119 360 1,348 864 129 356 1,404 888 147 368 1,508 960 174 374 1,443 877 193 373 166 68 97 191 82 109 212 94 117 229 110 119 240 122 118 266 140 125 350 193 157 412 217 195 497 256 242 642 42 357 33 44 165 737 47 401 41 51 196 898 51 498 48 54 245 1,055 58 591 56 58 290 1,196 71 684 66 70 305 1,336 83 778 75 79 322 1,502 107 809 102 101 382 1,705 114 886 122 110 473 1,387 668 165 554 2,071 790 700 581 3,755 1,081 2,074 601 6,147 1,619 3,882 647 7,050 1,624 4, 722 704 6,846 1,496 4,567 781 3,895 1,212 1,773 910 61 28 30 39 45 77 81 96 124 2,441 1, 277 1,165 3,261 1,659 1, 602 4,480 2,423 2,057 1,239 1,382 1,621 5,172 2, 725 2, 446 1,778 361 400 416 404 80 106 186 334 52 181 5,748 3, 111 2,637 1,916 522 382 56 230 5,911 3,113 . 2,798 2,036 969 378 238 6,690 3, 544 3,146 2,354 2,033 326 Line 1954 1940 302 374 413 521 630 695 786 6,515 3,521 2,994 7,213 3,952 3, 261 6,386 3,140 3,246 6,729 3,463 3,814 4,018 4’, 072 7,043 2,986 4,056 2,531 2,829 3,060 3,459 3,660 3,884 4,096 4,379 4,604 2,864 3,087 37 708 823 38 2,146 333 1,979 342 2,324 353 2,828 457 7,849 2,352 545 7,744 2,430 487 7,619 2,528 614 176 A SUPPLEMENT TO THE SURVEY OF CURRENT BUSINESS Table 34.—VIRGINIA: Personal Line 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Item 1929 1930 1931 Personal income__________ 1932 899 Wage and salary disbursements i. 636 Farm s________ Mining_____ . Bituminous and other soft coal mining Crude petroleum and natural gas____________ 14 12 23 22 19 . . . . . 52 42 50 40 3 7 54 43 3 8 59 47 4 8 65 51 4 10 72 56 5 11 67 53 5 10 74 57 6 11 13 5 8 12 4 13 5 8 13 5 8 14 6 9 16 6 10 17 7 11 18 7 11 52 47 3 23 52 4 26 3 16 3 16 54 4 27 2 4 17 60 4 31 3 4 18 67 5 36 3 5 19 63 5 32 3 4 20 69 5 36 3 5 21 113 41 27 44 135 56 31 49 150 61 32 57 172 83 34 55 179 81 38 61 189 86 40 63 206 98 42 65 37 27 44 Other industries................. 6 19 3 17 29 109 38 27 44 . 4 161 87 45 3 4 4 5 4 6 6 6 6 7 7 8 8 8 9 123 126 175 174 219 188 201 83 41 67 59 106 69 92 83 127 92 95 93 100 101 106 117 111 132 142 131 142 28 25 24 24 49 27 31 32 3 3 3 3 3 '—----------------------------------------- — ------------------------------------------------- Table 35 .— W E S T [Millions of dollars] Line 22 21 19 69 56 3 Government............. Federal, civilian______ Federal, m ilitary____ State and local_____ b or footnotes, see table 4, p. 146. 24 20 16 9 13 27 28 29 30 3 21 17 14 10 34 3 3 20 15 13 30 160 117 29 9 20 8 Farm _________ Nonfarm______ 16 14 21 133 106 28 10 17 41 3 5 20 L e ss: Personal contributions for social insurance 14 9 19 158 105 28 11 17 46 3 38 753 15 9 14 139 93 25 10 15 Services__________ Hotels and other lodging places__ Personal services and private households Business and repair services. Amusement and recreation Professional, social, and related services Transfer payments___________ 673 11 123 86 23 9 14 21 22 23 24 25 26 37 1,127 694 9 111 81 22 9 14 9 Property income_____________ 1,022 626 6 92 71 20 8 12 10 36 1,081 558 7 92 72 17 Proprietors’ income___________ 985 510 13 16 6 10 33 34 35 870 439 4 Communications and public utilities Telephone, telegraph, and other communications Electric, gas, and other public utilities Other labor income____ 780 447 3 18 19 20 32 1939 696 2 70 31 1938 2 Transportation________ Railroads_______ Highway freight and warehousing. Other transportation___ 19 1937 2 14 15 16 17 13 1936 2 Contract construction . Manufacturing_____ Wholesale and retail trade.. Finance, insurance, and real estate Banking and other finance____ Insurance and real e s ta te ... 66 1935 3 8 9 10 11 12 13 104 30 11 19 1934 691 10 16 1933 Item 1929 Personal income.............. Wage and salary disbursem ents1______ Farm s...................................................... ....... Mining_______________ ______ Bituminous and other soft coal mining Crude petroleum and natural gas. _. Mining and quarrying, except fuel................. . . " 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 V IR G IN IA : Personal 1937 1938 1939 794 712 623 450 456 551 604 703 754 678 723 538 488 404 301 315 397 427 495 542 474 5 143 134 7 2 6 161 152 8 1 5 127 120 7 (>) 514 8 154 140 11 3 7 129 117 9 3 6