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Occupational Wage Survey GREENVILLE, SOUTH CAROLINA APRIL 1961 Bulletin No. 1285-63 UNITED STA TES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR Arthur J. Goldberg, Secretory BUREAU O F LA B O R S T A T IS T IC S Ewon Clogue, Commissioner Occupational Wage Survey GREENVILLE, SOUTH CAROLINA A P R IL 1961 Bulletin No. 1285-63 June 1961 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR Arthur J. Goldberg, Secretary BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS Ewan Clague, Commissioner For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, W ashington 25, D.C. Price 2 0 cents Contents Preface P age The C om m u n ity W age S u rv ey P r o g r a m T h is r e p o r t w as p r e p a r e d in the B u r e a u 's re g io n a l o ffic e in A tlan ta, G a. , by D onald M . C r u s e , under the d ir e c tio n o f L ou is B . W oytych , A s s is ta n t R e g io n a l D ir e c to r fo r W ages and In du stria l R e la tio n s . 1 3 T a b le s : 1. 2. A: E s ta b lis h m e n ts and w o r k e r s w ithin sc o p e o f su r v e y ___________ P e r c e n ts o f in c r e a s e in stan dard w eek ly s a la r ie s and s tra ig h t-tim e h o u rly ea rn in g s fo r s e le c t e d occu p a tio n a l g rou ps _____________________________________________________________ O ccu p a tion a l e a r n in g s :* A - 1. O ffic e o c c u p a tio n s _______________________________ A - 2 . P r o fe s s io n a l and te c h n ic a l o c c u p a t io n s _______ A - 3 . M ain ten an ce and p ow erp la n t o c c u p a t io n s _____ A - 4 . C u stod ia l and m a te r ia l m ov em en t occu p a tio n s A pp endix: O ccu p a tion a l d e s c r ip tio n s ____________________________________ * N O TE : S im ila r tabu lation s are a v a ila b le in the G r e e n v ille , S .C . , a r e a r e p o r t fo r M ay I9 60, w hich a ls o in clu d es data on e sta b lis h m e n t p r a c t ic e s and su p p lem en ta ry w age p r o v is io n s . A d ir e c t o r y in d ica tin g date o f study and the p r ic e o f this r e p o r t , as w ell as the r e p o r ts fo r oth er m a jo r a r e a s , is a v a ila b le upon r e q u e st. C u rren t r e p o r ts on o c cu p a tio n a l e a rn in g s and s u p p lem en ta ry w age p r a c t ic e s in the G re e n v ille a r e a are a lso a v a ila b le fo r syn th etic te x tile s (A ugust I9 6 0 ), and cotton te x tile s (A ugust I9 60). 2 2 m m vo The B u reau o f L a b o r S ta tistics r e g u la r ly con d u cts a rea w id e w age su r v e y s in a n u m ber o f im p orta n t in d u stria l c e n t e r s . The stu d ie s, m ade fr o m late fa ll to e a r ly s p rin g , rela te to o c cu p a tio n a l ea rn in g s and r e la te d su p p lem en ta ry b e n e fit s . A p r e lim in a ry r e p o r t is a v a ila b le on c o m p le tio n o f the study in ea ch a r e a , u su a lly in the m onth fo llo w in g the p a y r o ll p e r io d stu d ied. T h is b u lletin p r o v id e s additional data n ot in clu d ed in the e a r lie r r e p o r t . A c o n s o lid a te d a n a ly tica l b u lle tin su m m a rizin g the r e s u lts o f a ll o f the y e a r 's s u r v e y s is is s u e d a fter c o m p le tio n o f the fin a l a r e a b u lletin fo r the c u r r e n t round o f s u r v e y s . In trod u ction ________________________________________________________________ W age tren ds fo r s e le c t e d o c cu p a tio n a l g r o u p s _______ -___________________ 7 Occupational W age Survey—Greenville, S.C. Introduction This area is one of several important industrial centers in which the U. S. Department of Labor's Bureau of Labor Statistics conducts surveys of occupational earnings and related wage benefits on an area basis. The bulletin presents current occupational employment and earnings information obtained largely by mail from the establishments visited by Bureau field economists in the last previous survey for occu pations reported in that earlier study. Personal visits were made to nonrespondents and to those respondents reporting unusual changes since the previous survey. In each area, data are obtained from representative establish ments within six broad industry divisions: Manufacturing; transpor tation, 1 communication, and other public utilities; wholesale trade; re tail trade; finance, insurance, and real estate; and services. Major industry groups excluded from these studies are government operations and the construction and extractive industries. Establishments having fewer than a prescribed number of workers are omitted also because they furnish insufficient employment in the occupations studied to war rant inclusion. Wherever possible, separate tabulations are provided for each of the broad industry divisions. These surveys are conducted on a sample basis because of the unnecessary cost involved in surveying all establishments. To obtain appropriate accuracy at minimum cost, a greater proportion of large than of small establishments is studied. In combining the data, how ever, all establishments are given their appropriate weight. Estimates based on the establishments studied are presented, therefore, as re lating to all establishments in the industry grouping and area, ex cept for those below the minimum size studied. Occupations and Earnings The occupations selected for study are common to a variety of manufacturing and nonmanufacturing industries. Occupational clas sification is based on a uniform set of job descriptions designed to 1 Railroads, formerly excluded from the scope of these studies, were included in all of the areas studied since July 1959, except Balti more (September 1959 and December I960), Buffalo (October 1959), Cleveland (September 1959), and Seattle (August 1959). take account of interestablishment variation in duties within the same job. (See appendix for listing of these descriptions. ) Earnings data are presented (in the A -series tables) for the following types of occupa tions: (a) Office clerical; (b) professional and technical; (c) mainte nance and powerplant; and (d) custodial and material movement. Occupational employment and earnings data are shown for full-time workers, i. e. , those hired to work a regular weekly sched ule in the given occupational classification. Earnings data exclude premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. Nonproduction bonuses are excluded also, but cost-ofliving bonuses and incentive earnings are included. Where weekly hours are reported, as for office clerical occupations, reference is to the work schedules (rounded to the nearest half hour) for which straight-time salaries are paid; average weekly earnings for these occupations have been rounded to the nearest half dollar. Average earnings of men and women are presented separately for selected occupations in which both sexes are commonly employed. Differences in pay levels of men and women in these occupations are largely due to (l) differences in the distribution of the sexes among industries and establishments; (2) differences in specific duties per formed, although the occupations are appropriately classified within the same survey job description; and (3) differences in length of serv ice or merit review when individual salaries are adjusted on this basis. Longer average service of men would result in higher average pay when both sexes are employed within the same rate range. Job descriptions used in classifying employees in these surveys are usu ally more generalized than those used in individual establishments to allow for minor differences among establishments in specific duties performed. Occupational employment estimates represent the total in all establishments within the scope of the study and not the number actu ally surveyed. Because of differences in occupational structure among establishments, the estimates of occupational employment obtained from the sample of establishments studied serve only to indicate the relative importance of the jobs studied. These differences in occu pational structure do not materially affect the accuracy of the earn ings data. 2 T a b le 1. E s ta b lis h m e n t s and w o r k e r s w ith in sc o p e of su rv e y and n u m b e r stu d ied in G r e e n v ille , by m a jo r in d u stry d iv is io n , 2 A p r il 1961 N u m b e r of e s t a b lis h m e n ts In d u stry d iv is io n A ll d iv is io n s _________________________________ W ith in sc o p e of study 3 W o r k e r s in e s t a b lis h m e n ts Studied W ith in s c o p e of study Studied ______________________________ 128 75 35 , 6 0 0 28, 540 M a n u fa c tu rin g _______________________________________________________________ N o n m a n u fa c tu rin g __________________________________________________________ T r a n sp o r ta tio n , c o m m u n ic a tio n , and other p u b lic u tilit ie s 4 _______ ______________________________________________ W h o le s a le tra d e 5 __ !___________________________________________________ R e ta il tra d e 5 ____________________________________________________________ F in a n c e , in su r a n c e , and r e a l e s t a t e 5 ___________________________ S e r v ic e s 5> 6 ____________________________________________________________ 75 53 42 33 28, 800 6 , 80 0 2 3 , 05 0 5, 49 0 14 4 19 4 12 10 2 11 4 6 1, 8 0 0 200 2, 7 0 0 1, 00 0 1, 10 0 1, 51 0 120 2, 23 0 1, 00 0 63 0 1 Th e G r e e n v ille Stan d ard M e tr o p o lita n S ta t is t ic a l A r e a (G r e e n v ille C ou n ty ). Th e "w o r k e r s w ith in sc o p e of stvidy" e s t im a t e s show n in this ta b le p r o v id e a r e a so n a b ly a c c u r a te d e s c r ip t io n of the s iz e and c o m p o s itio n o f the la b o r f o r c e in clu d ed in the s u r v e y . The e s t im a t e s a r e not in tend ed , h o w e v e r , to s e r v e as a b a s is of c o m p a r is o n w ith oth e r a r e a e m p lo y m e n t in d e x e s to m e a s u r e e m p lo y m e n t tre n d s o r le v e ls s in c e (1) p lann in g of w age s u r v e y s r e q u ir e s the u se of e s ta b lis h m e n t data c o m p ile d c o n s id e r a b ly in ad van ce of the p a y r o ll p e r io d stu d ied , and (2) s m a l l e s t a b lis h m e n ts a re ex clu d ed f r o m the sc o p e of the su r v e y . 2 The 19 57 r e v is e d e d ition o f the Stan d ard In d u str ia l C la s s if ic a t io n M an u al w a s u sed in c la s s if y in g e s t a b lis h m e n ts by in d u str y d iv is io n . M a jo r ch an ges f r o m the e a r l i e r e d ition (u se d in the B u r e a u 's la b o r m a r k e t w age s u r v e y s cond ucted p r io r to July 1958) a r e the t r a n s f e r o f m ilk p a s t e u r i z a tio n p lan ts and r e a d y -m ix e d c o n c r e te e s t a b lis h m e n ts f r o m tra d e (w h o le s a le o r r e ta il) to m a n u fa c tu r in g , and the t r a n s f e r of r a d io and t e le v is io n b r o a d c a stin g f r o m s e r v i c e s to the tra n sp o r ta tio n , c o m m u n ic a tio n , and oth e r p u b lic u tilit ie s d iv is io n . 3 In c lu d es a ll e s t a b lis h m e n ts w ith to ta l e m p lo y m e n t at or ab ove the m in i m u m -s i z e lim ita t io n ( 5 0 e m p lo y e e s ). A l l o u tle ts (w ith in the a r e a ) of c o m p a n ie s in su ch in d u s tr ie s a s tra d e , fin a n c e, au to r e p a ir s e r v ic e , and m o t io n -p ic t u r e th e a te r s a r e c o n s id e r e d as 1 e s t a b lis h m e n t. 4 T a x ic a b s and s e r v i c e s in c id e n ta l to w a te r t r a n sp o r ta tio n w e r e ex clu d e d . 5 T h is in d u str y d iv is io n is r e p r e s e n t e d in e s t im a t e s fo r " a l l i n d u s t r ie s " and "n o n m a n u fa c t u r in g " in the S e r ie s A t a b le s . S e p a r a te p r e se n ta tio n of data f o r th is d iv is io n is n ot m a d e f o r one o r m o r e o f the fo llo w in g r e a s o n s : (1 ) E m p lo y m e n t in the d iv is io n i s to o s m a l l to p r o v id e enough data to m e r it s e p a r a te stud y, (2) the s a m p le w a s not d e sig n e d in itia lly to p e r m it se p a r a te p r e se n ta tio n , (3) r e s p o n s e w a s in s u ffic ie n t or in adeq uate to p e r m it s e p a r a t e p r e se n ta tio n , (4) t h e r e is p o s s ib ility of d is c l o s u r e of in d iv id u a l e s ta b lis h m e n t d ata. 6 H o t e ls ; p e r s o n a l s e r v i c e s ; b u s in e s s s e r v i c e s ; a u to m o b ile r e p a ir s h o p s ; m o tio n p ic t u r e s ; n o n p ro fit m e m b e r s h ip o r g a n iz a t io n s ; and e n g in e e r in g and a r c h it e c tu r a l s e r v i c e s . T a b le 2 . P e r c e n t s o f in c r e a s e in sta n d a rd w e e k ly s a la r ie s and s t r a ig h t -t im e h o u r ly ea rn in g s fo r s e le c te d o c cu p a tio n a l grou p s in G r e e n v ille , S . C . , M a y I 9 6 0 to A p r il 1961 O c c u p a tio n a l g rou p s A ll in d u str ie s M a n u fa c tu rin g O ffic e c le r i c a l (w o m e n )----------------------In d u str ia l N u r s e s _______________________ S k ille d m a in te n a n c e ( m e n ) ___________ U n s k ille d p lant (m en ) _________________ 2 .0 2. 1 1. 5 1. 9 3. 7 2. 1 1 .8 1 .4 3 Wage Trends for Selected Occupational Groups P r e s e n te d in ta ble 2 a r e p e r c e n ts o f change in s a la r ie s o f w om en o ffic e c l e r i c a l w o r k e r s and in d u s tr ia l n u r s e s , and in a v e r a g e e a rn in g s o f s e le c t e d plant w o r k e r g ro u p s. F o r o ffic e c l e r i c a l w o r k e r s and in d u str ia l n u r s e s , the p e r cen ts o f change r e la te to a v e r a g e w e e k ly s a la r ie s f o r n o r m a l h ou rs o f w o rk , that is , the stan dard w ork sch e d u le f o r w h ich s t r a ig h t -tim e s a la r ie s a r e p a id . F o r plant w o r k e r g ro u p s , th ey m e a s u r e ch a n ges in s t r a ig h t -tim e h o u r ly e a rn in g s, ex clu d in g p r e m iu m pa y f o r o v e r tim e and f o r w o rk pn w eek en d s, h o lid a y s , and la te s h ifts . The p e r cen ta g es a r e b a s e d on data f o r s e le c t e d k e y o c cu p a tio n s and in clu d e m o s t o f the n u m e r ic a lly im p orta n t jo b s w ithin e a c h g rou p . The o f fic e c l e r i c a l data a r e b a se d on w om en in the fo llo w in g 18 jo b s : B i lle r s , m a ch in e (b illin g m a ch in e ); b o o k k e e p in g -m a ch in e o p e r a t o r s , c la s s A and B ; C o m p to m e te r o p e r a t o r s ; c le r k s , f ile , c la s s A and B ; c le r k s , o r d e r ; c le r k s , p a y r o ll; k eyp u n ch o p e r a t o r s ; o f f ic e g ir l s ; s e c r e t a r ie s ; s t e n o g r a p h e r s , g e n e r a l; sw itch b o a rd o p e r a t o r s ; s w itch b o a rd o p e r a t o r r e c e p t io n is t s ; ta b u la tin g -m a ch in e o p e r a t o r s ; t r a n s c r ib in g -m a c h in e o p e r a t o r s , g e n e r a l; and ty p is ts , c la s s A and B . The in d u str ia l n u rse data a r e b a s e d on w om en in d u stria l n u r s e s . M en in the fo llo w in g 10 s k ille d m a in ten a n ce jo b s and 3 u n s k ille d jo b s w e re in clu d ed in the plant w o r k e r data: S k illed — c a r p e n t e r s ; e le c t r ic ia n s ; m a c h in is ts ; m e c h a n ic s ; m e c h a n ic s , a u tom otiv e; m illw r ig h ts ; p a in t e r s ; p ip e fit t e r s ; s h e e t-m e ta l w o r k e r s ; and to o l and d ie m a k e r s ; u n s k ille d — ja n it o r s , p o r t e r s , and c le a n e r s ; la b o r e r s , m a te r ia l han dlin g; and w atch m en . A v e r a g e w eek ly s a la r ie s o r a v e r a g e h o u r ly e a rn in g s w e re com p u ted f o r e a ch o f the s e le c t e d o c cu p a tio n s . The a v e r a g e s a l a r ie s o r h o u r ly ea rn in g s w e r e then m u ltip lie d by the a v e r a g e e m p lo y m en t in the jo b du ring the m onths in d ica te d in the title o f ta ble 2. T h e s e w eig h ted e a rn in g s f o r in d iv id u a l o c cu p a tio n s w e r e then tota led to ob ta in an a g g re g a te f o r e a c h o c cu p a tio n a l g rou p . F in a lly , the ra tio o f th ese g rou p a g g re g a te s f o r the on e y e a r to the a g g re g a te f o r the o th e r y e a r w as com p u ted and the d iffe r e n c e b etw een the r e s u lt and 100 is the p e r c e n t o f ch a n ge fr o m the on e p e r io d to the o th e r . The p e r c e n t o f change m e a s u r e s , p r in c ip a lly , the e ffe c t s o f (1) g e n e r a l s a la r y and w age ch a n g e s; (2) m e r it o r o th e r in c r e a s e s in p a y r e c e iv e d b y in d iv id u a l w o r k e r s w h ile in the sa m e jo b ; and (3) ch a n g es in the la b o r f o r c e su ch as la b o r tu r n o v e r , f o r c e e x p a n s io n s , f o r c e r e d u c tio n s , and ch a n g es in the p r o p o r t io n s o f w o r k e r s e m p lo y e d b y e sta b lis h m e n ts w ith d iffe r e n t p a y le v e ls . Changes in the la b o r f o r c e can c a u se in c r e a s e s o r .d e c r e a s e s in the o c cu p a tio n a l a v e r a g e s w ithout a ctu a l w age ch a n g e s. F o r e x a m p le , a f o r c e ex p a n sion m igh t in c r e a s e the p r o p o r t io n o f lo w e r p a id w o r k e r s in a s p e c ifi c o c cu p a tio n and r e s u lt in a d r o p in the a v e r a g e , w h e re a s a r e d u ctio n in the p r o p o r t io n o f lo w e r p a id w o r k e r s w ould have the o p p o s ite e ffe c t . The m o v e m e n t o f a h ig h -p a y in g e sta b lis h m e n t out o f an a r e a cou ld ca u se the a v e r a g e ea rn in g s to d r o p , ev en though no change in ra tes o c c u r r e d in o th e r a r e a e sta b lis h m e n ts . The u se o f con stan t e m p lo y m e n t w eigh ts e lim in a te s the e ffe c t s o f ch a n ges in the p r o p o r t io n o f w o r k e r s r e p r e s e n t e d in e a c h jo b in clu d ed in the data. N o r a r e the p e r c e n ts o f change in flu e n ce d by ch a n ges in stan dard w o rk sc h e d u le s o r in p r e m iu m p a y f o r o v e r t im e , s in c e they a r e b a s e d on pa y f o r s t r a ig h t -tim e h o u r s . In dexes f o r the p e r io d 1953 to I960 f o r w o r k e r s in 20 m a jo r la b o r m a rk e ts w ill a p p ea r in B L S B u ll. 1 2 6 5 -6 2 , W ages and R ela ted B e n e fits , 60 L a b o r M a r k e ts, W in ter 1 9 5 9 -6 0 . 4 A* Occupational Earnings Table A-l. Office Occupations (A verage stra igh t-tim e weekly hours and earnings for selected occupations studied on an area b asis by industry division, G reen ville, S. C. , A p ril 1961) Number of workers Sex, occupation, and industry division Average NUMBER OF WORKERS RECEIVING STRAIGHT-TIME WEEKLY EARNINGS OF— Weekly Weekly. hours 1 earnings* (Standard) (Standard) $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 35. 00 40. 00 45. 00 50. 00 55. 00 60. 00 65. 00 70. 00 75. 00 80. 00 85. 00 9 0 .0 0 95. 00 100. 00 and and ■ ■ “ under 40. 00 45. 00 50. 00 55. 00 60. 00 65. 00 70. 00 75. 00 80. 00 85. 00 90. 00 95. 00 100. 00 over Men C lerk s, accounting, c la ss A 16 39. 0 $92. 50 - - - - - - - 3 - 1 3 - 5 24 C lerk s, order 20 3 8 .5 87. 50 _ _ _ _ _ _ 1 5 3 1 3 1 _ 18 3 9 .0 76. 00 _ _ _ _ _ 5 _ 5 _ .5 1 _ 2 36 _ 39 32 4 0 .0 40. 0 57. 50 56. 50 _ 2 2 10 9 9 5 6 6 2 2 3 3 4 4 _ _ _ 2 _ _ - _ 1 1 Tabulating-m achine op erators, c la ss B _____ _____ __ W om en B ille r s, m achine (billing machine) Manufacturing __ _ ___ B ille r s , m achine (bookkeeping machine) _______________ Nonmanufacturing ______________________________________ 25 21 4 1 .0 4 1 .0 53. 00 52. 00 5 5 1 l 6 6 3 1 3 3 1 1 5 3 - - 1 1 Bookkeeping-m achine op erators, c la ss B ______ _____ Manufacturing _____ ___ __ __ __ __ ________ __ Nonmanufacturing ________________________ _____ __ __ 62 l6 46 40. 0 40 . 0 40. 0 55. 50 64. 50 52. 50 2 2 6 6 24 2 22 15 2 13 5 4 1 1 1 - - 26 22 3 9 .5 40 . 0 70. 50 72. 00 - _ - - 4 3 2 2 2 - 6 5 6 6 2 2 65 42 23 40 . 0 40. 0 40. 5 54. 00 54. 00 54. 50 11 3 8 9 8 1 22 20 2 6 1 5 5 4 1 7 3 4 1 1 40. 0 50. 50 2 13 5 2 - - 2 2 2 1 1 24 _ 3 3 1 1 6 4 2 C lerk s, accounting, c la ss A Manufacturing _ _ _ ■_ _ _ 43 46. 50 4 7 .5 0 45. 50 _ - 16 7 9 16 ------1 ----10 10 9 1 - 1 1 _ ----- 2 2 ----21 4 0 .0 40. 0 3 9 .5 - _ - 23 19 4 0 .5 40 . 0 56. 00 5$. 00 2 2 1 1 3 3 90 73 17 40 . 0 4 0 .0 40. 0 2 _ - 8 7 58. 50 59. 00 56. 50 13 n — i _ _ - Keypunch operators __________ _________________________ Manufacturing ___________________________________________ 71 36 39. 0 40 . 0 53. 00 55. 00 _ _ - - _ _ - S ecretaries _ ______ __ ___ Manufacturing ___________________________________________ Nonmanufacturing ____________ _____ __ __ __ __ __ 167 69 98 3 9 .0 40 . 0 3 8 .5 72. 00 -76. 00 69. 00 Stenographers, general ___________________________________ Manufacturing _________ ________ ___________ _____ Nonmanufacturing ______________________________________ 103 60 43 40 . 0 40 . 0 3 9 .5 18 4 1 .5 ____ _____ ____________ __ C lerk s, accounting, c la ss B _____________________________ Manufacturing ___ ____________ _____ _____ __ __ Nonmanufacturing _ _ _ _ _ C lerk s, file , c la ss A C lerk s, file , c la ss B Manufacturing __ Nonmanufacturing C lerk s, order Manufacturing ___ ________________ _____ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _____ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ C lerk s, p ayroll Manufacturing ________________________ Nonmanufacturing _ Switchboard operators ________ ____________ ___ ____ __ __ _____ __ __ __ _____ __ __ 1 4 — 3— l _ - _ - _ - 3 z— 1 5 1 4 7 6 2 2 19 7 12 18 6 12 25 13 12 25 7 18 25 17 8 8 8 - 5 2 3 64. 00 63. 50 ' 65. 00 - 4 1 3 8 1 7 25 12 13 33 25 8 9 8 1 12 10 2 3 1 2 2 2 49. 50 3 3 6 1 3 1 - - 2 2 - _ - . . - 2 2 - - Tabulating-m achine operators, c la ss C __ _. __ __ __ _ _ _ _ 2 2 2 T yp ists, c la ss B ________ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ Manufacturing Nonmanufacturing ______________________________________ - 18 4 14 66. 50 — . _ - 21 13 59. 00 57. 00 _ _ _ _ 10 2 8 3 9 .5 39. 5 _ _ 18 4 3 9 .5 _ _ _ 1 1 _ 3 3 15 Typ ists, c la ss A _ _ Nonmanufacturing _ _ 3 3 11 6 23 ____________ _ _ _ - - 3 3 19 4 0 .0 56. 00 22 39. 0 53. 50 n 19 — 39. 0 3 9 .0 61. 00 5$. 50 92 30 62 3 8 .5 40 . 0 38. 0 49. 50 54. 00 47. 50 _ 27 - 4 23 _ - _ 1 _ _ _ 4 3 1 2 6 5 6 _ _ _ _ _ _ 6 6 3 3 2 _ _ _ _ _ - 1 1 8 8 2 2 3 3 22 11 11 9 7 7 6 1 2 _ - _ _ _ - - 1 _ - _ - - - - 1 Standard hours refle ct the workweek for which em ployees receive their regular stra igh t-tim e sa la r ie s and the earnings correspond to these w eekly hours. 2 W ork ers w ere distributed as follow s; 1 at $ 100 to $ 105; 1 at $ 105 to $ 110; 2 at $ 115 to $ 120. 3 W ork ers w ere distributed as fo llo w s; 2 at $ 1 0 0 to $ 1 0 5 ; 2 at $ 110 to $ 1 1 5 ; 2 at $ 1 1 5 to $ 120. _ _ _ 2 - _ - 6 4 4 2 2 _ •2 _ 9 6 - 1 1 3 - - 9 7 - 26 ----- 1 ----24 3 . 3 3 _ — 1 1 . 2 1 - 2 1 _ - _ _ _ _ n 2 __ _____ Tran scrib in g-m achin e op erators, general 7 3 4 15 20 — r§— ~ T 4 ----- " 2 1 _ - _ _ - Tabulating - machine op erators, c la ss B 33 6 6 21 14 7 _ _ 9 9 1 1 Switchboard o p erator-recep tion ists ____________________ Manufacturing ___ _______ __ __ __ „ __ __ __ __ __ __ - _ - _ _ - _ _ - _ - 5 Table A-2. Professional and Technical Occupatbns (A verage stra igh t-tim e weekly hours and earnings for selected occupations studied on an area basis by industry division, G reenville, S. C . , A p ril 1961) 1 Standard hours reflect the workweek for which em ployees receive their regular straight-tim e salarie s and the earnings correspond to these weekly hours. Table A-3. Maintenance and Powerplant Occupations (A verage straight-tim e hourly earnings for men in selected occupations studied on an area basis by industry division, Greenville, S. C. , A p ril 1961) NUM BER OF WORKERS RECEIVING STRAIGHT-TIME HOURLY EARNINGS OF— Occupation and industry division Number of workers Average hourly earnings --------------------.......... ............................. E lectrician s, maintenance -------------------Manufacturing _____________________ 53 47 $ 1 .7 0 1 .6 9 80 79 1 .8 9 1 .8 9 Engineers, stationary -----------------------------------------Manufacturing _________________________________ 26 21 F irem en , stationary boiler --------------------------------Manufacturing --------------------------------------------------- C arpenters, maintenance Manufacturing ............ $ 1 10 *1 .2 0 $ 1. 30 $ 1.4 0 Vso 1. 20 1 .3 0 1 .4 0 1. 50 1 .6 0 V 1 /0 0 and under 1. 10 * 1 .6 0 $ 1 . 70 1 .7 0 1 .8 0 $ 1 .8 0 $ 1 . 90 1. 90 2. 00 $ 2. 00 $2. 10 $2. 20 $2. 30 $2. 40 $ 2. 50 *2. 60 , 2. 10 2. 20 2. 30 2. 40 2. 50 2. 60 2. 70 9 9 12 12 22 16 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 18 17 16 16 30 30 8 8 . 6 4 5 5 2 2 3 3 _ _ - _ 1 1 _ _ . _ _ - - - - - - - 3 3 _ - . - . - . - _ - _ - 2. 00 2. 02 _ _ - _ - _ - - 1 1 51 45 1. 27 1. 32 26 - 6 6 15 15 14 14 10 10 1 _ - . - H elpers, trades, maintenance __________________ Manufacturing --------------------------------------------------- 70 68 1. 37 1. 37 1 1 16 15 9 8 6 6 25 25 4 4 M achinists, maintenance ------------------------------------Manufacturing --------------------------------------------------- 97 97 1. 88 1. 88 . - . - 18 18 36 36 27 27 7 7 5 5 2. 21 2. 30 2. 22 2 - - 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 9 6 6 2 2 2 _ - 145 144 2. 02 2. 02 _ 3 3 51 42 23 . _ - M echanics, automotive (maintenance) -------------Nonmanufacturing -------------------------------------------Public utilities 3 ----------------------------------------- 9 9 _ _ _ _ - - _ - - 2 2 5 5 11 11 25 25 28 28 20 20 12 12 _ 13 13 M echanics, maintenance Manufacturing ------------------------------------- _ _ - ------------------------------O ilers ------------------------------------------Manufacturing --------- ------ --------------P ainters, maintenance --------------------- ---Manufacturing ------------------------------- 129 129 1 .3 3 1. 33 - - 47 47 74 74 7 7 1 1 23 20 1. 56 1. 55 - - 1 1 1 7 5 P lum bers, maintenance ---------------------- --------------Manufacturing --------------------------------------------------- 15 15 1.71 _ . _ 1.7 1 - 1 1 Excludes prem ium pay for overtim e and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. Includes 2 w orkers at $ 0 . 80 to $ 0 . 90 and 1 worker at $ 0 . 90 to $ 1. Transportation, communication, and other public u tilities. _ - - - - - 8 6 _ - _ - _ - 8 8 1 1 1. 1 7 5 1 1 _ 1 1 3 3 • _ - - 1 1 - 4 4 _ - _ - 2 1 _ _ 3 3 . - - _ _ - . _ - 1 _ _ . - 2 2 2 20 20 1 7 7 4 4 _ - _ - _ - _ _ - _ _ . _ - 1 1 _ _ . - _ $ 2. 70 and over _ 1 1 _ _ - 8 8 8 . _ - . - 2 1 4 4 1 1 11 11 _ - _ - _ . _ _ _ _ - - - - 1 1 6 Table A-4. Custodial and Material Movement Occupations (A verage straight-tim e hourly earnings for selected occupations studied on an area basis by industry division, G reenville, S . C . , A p ril 1961) NUMBER OF WORKERS RECEIVING STRAIGHT-TIME HOURLY EARNINGS OF— $ 1. 10 $ 1 .2 0 1 .0 0 1. 10 1. 20 57 30 27 5 30 $1 . 50 1 .3 0 1 .4 0 1 .6 0 85 75 10 1 187 179 8 5 61 52 9 6 7 7 - 32 28 12 9 3 3 _ 57 32 25 - 122 122 - 156 156 - 4 4 - 21 17 432 350 82 19 $1. 19 1 .2 2 1 .0 4 1. 27 3 3 - 6 6 - 8 8 Janitors, p orters, and clean ers (women) _____ Manufacturing _________________________________ 54 40 1 .0 0 1 .0 6 4 - 3 - _ - - L ab orers, m aterial handling -----------------------------Manufacturing -------------------------------------------------Nonmanufacturing _____________________________ Public u tilities 3 ----------------------------------------- 396 327 69 31 1. 28 1. 19 1 .6 9 2. 33 _ - _ - _ - . - _ - - - - - - Order fille r s _____ _________________________________ Manufacturing _________________________________ 104 69 1 .4 0 1.3 3 _ _ _ _ _ - - - - - 15 14 P ackers, shipping ________________________________ Manufacturing --------------------------------------------------- 89 86 1 .3 9 1 .4 0 _ _ _ . _ - • 1 - - Receiving clerk s Manufacturing _________________________________ _________________________________ 29 20 1. 54 1 .4 9 _ _ _ _ _ - - - - - - Shipping clerk s ----------------------------------------------------Manufacturing _________________________________ 18 16 1 .6 2 1 .6 6 _ _ _ _ _ _ - - - " - Shipping and receiving clerk s ----------------------------Manufacturing --------------------------------------------------- 36 36 1 .6 8 1. 68 _ _ _ _ _ - - - - - - Truckdrivers 4 ------------------------------------------------------Manufacturing --------------------------------------------------Nonmanufacturing -------------------------------------------Public utilities 3 ----------------------------------------- 185 82 103 68 1 .6 6 1 .3 0 1 .9 5 2. 07 _ - _ - “ “ _ - 2 2 - _ - 40 7 33 24 Tru ck d rivers, medium (lV z to and including 4 tons) -------------------------------------------Manufacturing ______________________________ Nonmanufacturing --------------------------------------- 109 59 50 1. 33 1 .2 4 1 .4 4 _ - _ - - - - - - - 44 37 31 2. 42 2. 56 2. 67 T ru ck d rivers, heavy (over 4 tons, other than tra iler type) _____________________ 22 1 .9 4 - T ru ck ers, power (forklift) _______________________ Manufacturing ---------- ---------- ----------------------------- 53 43 1 .4 3 1. 28 . - Watchmen ___________________________ ____________ Manufacturing --------------------------------------------------Nonmanufacturing _____________________________ 133 115 18 1. 23 1 .2 6 1. 03 _ - 1 2 3 4 5 6 “ 4 4 - " - . ' Y 60 1 .7 0 6 3 3 1 4 4 - _ _ - 5 3 2 1 10 6 10 8 5 3 4 - 12 10 4 4 38 38 9 9 _ _ - 4 4 2 1 _ 2 - - _ _ Y 70 1 .8 0 Y 80 Y 90 1 .9 0 $ 2. 00 $ 2. 10 $ 2. 20 $2. 30 $2. 40 $2. 50 $2. 60 2. 00 2. 10 2. 20 2. 30 2. 40 2. 50 2. 60 2. 70 - - - _ - _ - - - - - - - _ _ _ _ _ _ - - - 1 1 1 _ _ _ _ _ - - - - - - - - - - - - 22' 1 1 - 1 1 - _ - . - _ - _ - _ - _ - _ - - - - - 22 22 22 - - 4 4 35 17 - - 15 15 5 5 4 4 6 6 4 2 1 12 7 “ - _ _ - - 6 6 4 4 3 3 _ - 3 3 - _ 2 2 4 4 6 6 9 9 3 3 _ - 6 6 - 17 13 4 “ 31 30 1 - 12 12 " 13 13 - 1 1 - _ - 2 2 - 12 4 8 33 3 30 16 12 4 30 29 1 12 12 - 2 2 - - - - - 3 - - - - " 9 13 2 1 1 - _ - - 6 6 6 _ _ . _ . - - - - - - - _ _ _ _ . . - 1 1 - - - - - - - _ _ _ _ _ «•- _ _ _ . - - - - - - - _ _ _ . _ - - - - - - - _ _ _ _ _ _ - 6 6 - - - - - _ “ _ “ 1 1 - 6 6 4 _ - _ - _ - - - 5 48 48 40 5 5 - _ - - 4 _ - _ - _ - 4 7 3 - - - - - - 33 33 31 - - - 7 - - 6 66 - - - 1 1 - - 1 1 - 8 - - 2 - - - 1 2 6 6 22 22 1 1 1 1 6 6 2 2 7 - . . . . . - - - - - - - - - 19 16 3 43 42 1 20 20 “ 19 19 1 1 3 3 " _ - _ - _ - - _ - _ - _ - . - “ 2 2 _ " _ - " “ - - . . - - - - 5 5 5 5 3 . - 3 3 3 15 14 1 - Data lim ited to men w orkers except where otherw ise indicated. Excludes prem ium pay for overtim e and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. Transportation, communication, and other public u tilities. Includes all d rivers regard less of size and type of truck operated. Includes 6 w orkers at $ 2. 70 to $ 2. 80. A ll w orkers were at $ 2. 70 to $ 2. 80. Y tfc. O o O' $ 1 .0 0 Janitors, p orters, and cleaners (men) ------------Manufacturing _________________________________ Nonmanufacturing _____________________________ Public utilitie s 3 ----------------------------------------- T ru ck d rivers, heavy (over 4 tons, tra iler type) _________________________________ Nonmanufacturing _________________________ DnWiV iitilitioo ^ 3 3 $ 0. 90 tn o o 00 Average $ $ , hourly 0. 70 Under 0. 60 earnings 2 and $ under 0. 60 .8 0 _J 0 _ «o°' Occupation1 and industry division Number of 'workers ~ ■ - . 3 " 7 Appendix*. Occupational Descriptions The primary purpose of preparing job descriptions for the B ureaus wage surveys is to a ssist its field staff in classifyin g into appropriate occupations workers who are employed under a variety of payroll titles and different work arrangements from establishment to establishment and from area to area. This is essential in order to permit the grouping of occupational wage rates representing comparable job content. Because of this emphasis on interestablishment and interarea comparability of occupational content, the Bureau’ s job descriptions may differ significantly from those in use in individual establishments or those prepared for other purposes in applying these job descriptions, the Bureau's field economists are instructed to exclude working supervisors, apprentices, learners, beginners, trainees, handicapped workers, part-time, temporary, and probationary workers. O F F I C E B I L L E R , MACHINE BO O KKEEPIN G -M A CH IN E O P E R A T O R Prepares statements, b ills, and invoices on a machine other than an ordinary or electromatic typewriter. May also keep records as to billings or shipping charges or perform other clerica l work inciden tal to billing operations. For wage study purposes, billers, machine, are cla ssified by type of machine, as follow s: Operates a bookkeeping machine (Remington Rand, Elliott Fisher, Sundstrand, Burroughs, National Cash Register, with or with out a typewriter keyboard) to keep a record of business transactions. Biller , machine (billing machine)— U ses a specia l billing ma chine (Moon Hopkins, Elliott Fisher, Burroughs, e tc ., which are combination typing and adding machines) to prepare bills and in voices from customers* purchase orders, internally prepared orders, shipping memorandums, etc. Usually involves application of prede termined discounts and shipping charges and entry o f necessary extensions, which may or may not be computed on the billing ma chine, and totals which are automatically accumulated by machine. The operation usually involves a large number of carton cop ies of the bill being prepared and is often done on a fanfold machine. Biller , machine (bookkeeping machine)— Uses a bookkeeping machine (Sundstrand, Elliott Fisher, Remington Rand, e tc., which may or may not have typewriter keyboard) to prepare customers* bills as part of the accounts receivable operation. Generally in volves the simultaneous entry of figures on customers* ledger record. The machine automatically accumulates figures on a num ber of vertical columns and computes and usually prints auto matically the debit or credit balances. Does not involve a knowl edge of bookkeeping. Works from uniform and standard types of sales and credit slips. Class A — Keeps a set of records requiring a knowledge of and experience in basic bookkeeping principles and familiarity with the structure of the particular accounting system used. Deter mines proper records and distribution of debit and credit items to be used in each phase of the work. May prepare consolidated re ports, balance sheets, and other records by hand. Class B — Keeps a record of one or more phases or section s of a set of records usually requiring little knowledge of basic bookkeeping. Phases or sections include accounts payable, pay roll, customers* accounts (not including a simple type of billing described under biller, machine), cost distribution, expense d is tribution, inventory control, etc. May check or a ssist in prep aration of trial balances and prepare control sheets for the a c counting department. C L E R K , ACCOUNTING Class A — Under general direction of a bookkeeper or a c countant, has responsibility for keeping one or more sections of a complete set of books or records relating to one phase of an e s tablishment’ s business transactions. Work involves posting and 8 CLERK, ACCOUNTING— Continued balancing subsidiary ledger or ledgers such as accounts receiv able or accounts payable; examining and coding invoices or vouch ers with proper accounting distribution; requires judgment and ex perience in making proper assignations and allocations. May assist in preparing, adjusting, and closin g journal entries; may direct cla ss B accounting clerks. Class B — Under supervision, performs one or more routine accounting operations such as posting simple journal vouchers, accounts payable vouchers, entering vouchers in voucher registers; reconciling bank accounts; posting subsidiary ledgers controlled by general ledgers. This job does not require a knowledge of accounting and bookkeeping principles but is found in o ffice s in which the more routine accounting work is subdivided on a func tional basis among several workers. CLERK, PAYROLL Computes wages o f company employees and enters the n eces sary data on the payroll sheets. Duties involve: Calculating workers* earnings based on time or production records; posting calculated data on payroll sheet, showing information such as worker’ s name, working days, time, rate, deductions for insurance, and total wages due. May make out paychecks and a ssist paymaster in making up and distrib uting pay envelopes. May use a calculating machine. COMPTOMETER OPERATOR Primary duty is to operate a Comptometer to perform mathe matical computations. This job is not to be confused with that of statistical or other type of clerk, which may involve frequent use of a Comptometer but, in which, use of this machine is incidental to performance of other duties. DUPLICATING-MACHINE OPERATOR (MIMEOGRAPH OR DITTO) CLERK, FILE Class A — R esponsible for maintaining an established filing system. C lassifies and indexes correspondence or other material; may also file this material. May keep records of various types in conjunction with files or supervise others in filing and locating material in the file s. May perform incidental clerical duties. Class B — Performs routine filing, usually of material that has already been cla ssified , or locates or a ssists in locating ma terial in the files. May perform incidental clerica l duties. CLERK, ORDER R eceives customers’ orders for material or merchandise by mail, phone, or personally. Duties involve any combination o f the following: Quoting prices to customers; making out an order sheet listing the items to make up the order; checking prices and quantities of items on order sheet; distributing order sheets to respective de partments to be filled. May check with credit department to deter mine credit rating of customer, acknowledge receipt o f orders from customers, follow up orders to see that they have been filled , keep file of orders received, and check shipping invoices with original orders. Under general supervision and with no supervisory respon sib ilities, reproduces multiple copies of typewritten or handwritten matter, using a Mimeograph or Ditto machine. Makes necessary adjust ments such as for ink and paper feed counter and cylinder speed. Is not required to prepare stencil or Ditto master. May keep file of used stencils or Ditto masters. May sort, collate, and staple completed material. KEYPUNCH OPERATOR Under general supervision and with no supervisory responsi bilities, records accounting and statistical data on tabulating cards by punching a series of holes in the cards in a specified sequence, using an alphabetical or a numerical keypunch machine, following written information on records. May duplicate cards by using the duplicating device attached to machine. May keep files of punch cards. May verify own work or work of others. OFFICE BOY OR GIRL Performs various routine duties such as running errands, operating minor office machines such as sealers or mailers, opening and distributing mail, and other minor clerical work. 9 SECRETARY SWITCHBOARD OPERATOR-RECEPTIONIST Performs secretarial and clerical duties for a superior in an administrative or executive position. Duties include making appoint ments for superior; receiving people coming into o ffice ; answering and making phone ca lls ; handling personal and important or confidental mail, and writing routine correspondence on own initiative; taking dictation (where transcribing machine is not used) either in shorthand or by Stenotype or similar machine, and transcribing dictation or therecorded information reproduced on a transcribing machine. May pre pare special reports or memorandums for information of superior. In addition to performing duties of operator, on a single tion or monitor-type switchboard, acts as receptionist and may type or perform routine clerical work as part of regular duties. typing or clerical work may take the major part of this worker's while at switchboard. TABULATING-MACHINE STENOGRAPHER, GENERAL Primary duty is to take dictation from one or more persons, either in shorthand or by Stenotype or similar machine, involving a normal routine vocabulary, and to transcribe this dictation on a type writer. May also type from written copy. May also set up and keep files in order, keep simple records, etc. Does not include transcribingmachine work (see transcribing-machine operator). posi also This time OPERATOR Operates machine that automatically analyzes and translates information punched in groups of tabulating cards and prints trans lated data on forms or accounting records; sets or adjusts machine; does simple wiring of plugboards according to established practice or diagrams; places cards to be tabulated in feed magazine and starts machine. May file cards after they are tabulated. May, in addition, operate auxiliary machines. TRANSCRIBING-MACHINE OPERATOR, GENERAL STENOGRAPHER, TECHNICAL Primary duty is to take dictation from one or more persons, either in shorthand or by Stenotype or similar machine, involving a varied technical or specialized vocabulary such as in legal briefs or reports on scien tific research and to transcribe this dictation on a typewriter. May also type from written copy. May also set up and keep files in order, keep simple records, etc. Does not include transcribing• Primary duty is to transcribe dictation involving a normal routine vocabulary from transcribing-machine records. May a lso type from written copy and do simple clerical work. Workers transcribing dictation involving a varied technical or specialized vocabulary such as legal briefs or reports on scien tific research are not included. A worker who takes dictation in shorthand or* by Stenotype or similar machine is classified as a stenographer, general. machine work. SWITCHBOARD OPERATOR TYPIST Operates a single- or multiple-position telephone switchboard. Duties involve handling incoming, outgoing, and intraplant or office calls. May record toll calls and take m essages. May give information to persons who ca ll inf or occasionally take telephone orders. For workers who also act as receptionists see switchboard operator-receptionist. Uses a typewriter to make copies of various material or to make out bills after calculations have been made by another person. May do clerical work involving little special training, such as keeping simple records, filing records and reports or sorting and distributing incoming mail. 10 TYPIST— Continued TYPIST— Continued Class A — Performs one or more o f the following: Typing ma terial in final form from very rough and involved draft; copying from plain or corrected copy in which there is a frequent and varied use of technical and unusual words or from foreign-language copy; combining material from several sources, or planning layout of complicated statistical tables to maintain uniformity and balance in spacing; typing tables from rough draft in final form. May type routine form letters, varying details to suit circumstances. Class B— Performs one or more o f the following: Typing from relatively clear or typed drafts; routine typing of forms, insurance p o licie s, e tc., setting up simple standard tabulations, or copying more complex tables already set up and spaced properly. P R O F E S S IO N A L AND T E C H N IC A L DRAFTSMAN, JUNIOR (Assistant draftsman) Draws to sca le units or parts of drawings prepared by drafts man or others for engineering, construction, or manufacturing purposes. Uses various types of drafting tools as required. May prepare drawings from simple plans or sketches, or perform other duties under direction of a draftsman. DRAFTSMAN, LEADER Plans and directs activities of one or more draftsmen in prep aration of working plans and detail drawings from rough or preliminary sketches for engineering, construction, or manufacturing purposes. Duties involve a combination o f the following: Interpreting blueprints, sketches, and written or verbal orders; determining work procedures; assigning duties to subordinates and inspecting their work; performing more dif ficult problems. May a ssist subordinates during emergencies or as a regular assignment, or perform related duties of a supervisory or ad ministrative nature. DRAFTSMAN, SENIOR Prepares working plans and detail drawings from notes, rough or detailed sketches for engineering, construction, or manufacturing pur p oses. Duties involve a combination o f the following: Preparing work ing plans, detail drawings, maps, cro ss-se ctio n s, e tc ., to scale by use of drafting instruments; making engineering computations such as those involved in strength of materials, beams and trusses; verifying com pleted work, checking dimensions, materials to be used, and quantities; DRAFTSMAN, SENIOR— Continued writing specification s; making adjustments or changes in drawings or specification s. May ink in lines and letters on pencil drawings, prepare detail units of complete drawings, or trace drawings. Work is frequently in a specialized field such as architectural, electrical, mechanical, or structural drafting. NURSE, INDUSTRIAL (REGISTERED) A registered nurse who gives nursing service to ill or injured employees or other persons who become ill or suffer an accident on the premises of a factory or other establishment. Duties involve a combina tion o f the following: Giving first aid to the ill or injured; attending to subsequent dressing of em ployees’ injuries; keeping records of patients treated; preparing accident reports for compensation or other purposes; conducting physical examinations and health evaluations of applicants and employees; and planning and carrying out programs involving health education, accident prevention, evaluation of plant environment, or other activities affecting the health, welfare, and safety of all personnel. TRACER Copies plans and drawings prepared by others, by placing trac ing cloth or paper over drawing and tracing with pen or pencil. Uses T-square, compass, and other drafting tools. May prepare simple draw ings and do simple lettering. M A IN T E N A N C E 11 PO W ERPLANT CARPENTER, MAINTENANCE FIREMAN, STATIONARY BOILER Performs the carpentry duties necessary to construct and main tain in good repair building woodwork and equipment such as bins, cribs, counters, benches, partitions, doors, floors, stairs, casings, and trim made of wood in an establishment. Work involves most o f the following: Planning and laying out of work from blueprints, drawings, models, or verbal instructions; using a variety of carpenter’ s handtools, portable power tools, and standard measuring instruments; making standard shop computations relating to dimensions of work; selecting materials n ec essary for the work. In general, the work of the maintenance carpenter requires rounded training and experience usually acquired through a for mal apprenticeship or equivalent training and experience. Fires stationary boilers to furnish the establishment in which employed with heat, power, or steam. Feeds fuels to fire by hand or operates a mechanical stoker, gas, or oil burner; checks water and safety valves. May clean, oil, or a ssist in repairing boilerroom equipment. ELECTRICIAN, MAINTENANCE Performs a variety of electrical trade functions such as the installation, maintenance, or repair of equipment for the generating, d is tribution, or utilization of electric energy in an establishment. Work involves most o f the following: Installing or repairing any of a variety of electrical equipment such as generators, transformers, switchboards, controllers, circuit breakers, motors, heating units, conduit systems, or other transmission equipment; working from blueprints, drawings, lay out, or other specification s; locating and diagnosing trouble in the e le c trical system or equipment; working standard computations relating to load requirements of wiring or electrical equipment; using a variety of electrician’ s handtools and measuring and testing instruments. In gen eral, the work of the maintenance electrician requires rounded training and experience usually acquired through a formal apprenticeship or equivalent training and experience. ENGINEER, STATIONARY Operates and maintains and may a lso supervise the operation of stationary engines and equipment (mechanical or electrical) to sup ply the establishment in which employed with power, heat, refrigera tion, or air-conditioning. Work involves: Operating and maintaining equipment such as steam engines, air com pressors, generators, motors turbines, ventilating and refrigerating equipment, steam boilers and boiler-fed water pumps; making equipment repairs; keeping a record of operation of machinery, temperature, and fuel consumption. May also supervise these operations. Head or ch ief engineers in establishments employing more than one engineer are excluded . HELPER, TRADES, MAINTENANCE A ssists one or more workers in the skilled maintenance trades, by performing sp e cific or general duties of lesser skill, such as keeping a worker supplied with materials and tools; cleaning working area, ma chine, and equipment; assisting worker by holding materials or tools; performing other unskilled tasks as directed by journeyman. The kind of work the helper is permitted to perform varies from trade to trade: In some trades the helper is confined to supplying, lifting, and holding ma terials and tools and cleaning working areas; and in others he is per mitted to perform specialized machine operations, or parts ot a trade that are a lso performed by workers on a full-time basis. MACHINE-TOOL OPERATOR, TOOLROOM Specializes in the operation of one or more types of machine tools, such as jig borers, cylindrical or surface grinders, engine lathes, or milling machines in the construction of machine-shop tools, gauges, jigs, fixtures, or dies. Work involves most o f the following: Planning and performing difficult machining operations; processing items requiring complicated setups or a high degree of accuracy; using a variety of pre cision measuring instruments; selecting feeds, speeds, tooling and op eration sequence; making necessary adjustments during operation to achieve requisite tolerances or dimensions. May be required to recog nize when tools need dressing, to dress tools, and to select proper coolants and cutting and lubricating o ils . For cross-industry wage study purposes, machine-tool operators, toolroom, in tool and die jobbing shops are excluded from this cla ssifica tion . MACHINIST, MAINTENANCE Produces replacement parts and new parts in making repairs of metal parts of mechanical equipment operated in an establishment. Work involves most o f the following: Interpreting written instructions and specification s; planning and laying out of work; using a variety of ma ch in ist’ s handtools and precision measuring instruments; setting up and 12 MACHINIST, MAINTENANCE— Continued MILLWRIGHT— Continued operating standard machine tools; shaping of metal parts to clo se toler ances; making standard shop computations relating to dimensions of work, tooling, feeds and speeds of machining; knowledge of the working prop erties of the common metals; selecting standard materials, parts, and equipment required for his work; fitting and assembling parts into me chanical equipment. In general, the machinist’ s work normally requires a rounded training in machine-shop practice usually acquired through a formal apprenticeship or equivalent training and experience. are required. Work involves most o f the following: Planning and laying out of the work; interpreting blueprints or other specification s; using a variety of handtools and rigging; making standard shop computations re lating to stresses, strength of materials, and centers of gravity; alining and balancing of equipment; selectin g standard tools, equipment, and parts to be used; installing and maintaining in good order power transmission equipment . such as drives and speed reducers. In general, the mill wright’ s work normally requires a rounded training and experience in the trade acquired through a formal apprenticeship or equivalent training and experience. MECHANIC, AUTOMOTIVE (MAINTENANCE) Repairs automobiles, buses, motortrucks, and tractors of an e s tablishment. Work involves most o f the following: Examining automotive equipment to diagnose source of trouble; disassembling equipment and perf Arming repairs that involve the use of such handtools as wrenches, gauges, drills, or specialized equipment in disassembling or fitting parts; replacing broken or defective parts from stock; grinding and adjusting valves; reassembling and installing the various assem blies in the vehicle and making necessary adjustments; alining wheels, adjusting brakes and lights, or tightening body bolts. In general, the work of the automotive mechanic requires rounded training and experience usually acquired through a formal apprenticeship or equivalent training and experience. MECHANIC, MAINTENANCE Repairs machinery or mechanical equipment of an establishment. Work involves most o f the following: Examining machines and mechan ica l equipment to diagnose source of trouble; dismantling or partly d is mantling machines and performing repairs that mainly involve the use of handtools in scraping and fitting parts; replacing broken or defective parts with items obtained from stock; ordering the production of a replace ment part by a machine shop or sending of the machine to a machine shop for major repairs; preparing written specification s for major repairs or for the production of parts ordered from machine shop; reassembling ma chines; and making all necessary adjustments for operation. In general, the work of a maintenance mechanic requires rounded training and ex perience usually acquired through a formal apprenticeship or equivalent training and experience. Excluded from this classification are workers whose primary duties involve setting up or adjusting machines. MILLWRIGHT Installs new machines or heavy equipment and dismantles and installs machines or heavy equipment when changes in the plant layout OILER Lubricates, with oil or grease, the moving parts or wearing sur faces of mechanical equipment of an establishment. PAINTER, MAINTENANCE Paints and redecorates w alls, woodwork, and fixtures of an es tablishment. Work involves the following: Knowledge of surface pecu liarities and types of paint required for different applications; preparing surface for painting by removing old finish or by placing putty or filler in nail holes and interstices; applying paint with spray gun or brush. May mix colors, o ils, white lead, and other paint ingredients to obtain proper color or consisten cy. In general, the work of the maintenance painter requires rounded training and experience usually acquired through a for mal apprenticeship or equivalent training and experience. PIPEFITTER, MAINTENANCE Installs or repairs water, steam, gas, or other types of pipe and pipefittings in an establishment. Work involves most o f the following: Laying out of work and measuring to locate position of pipe from drawings or other written specification s; cutting various sizes of pipe to correct lengths with ch isel and hammer or oxyacetylene torch or pipe-cutting ma chine; threading pipe with stocks and d ies; bending pipe by hand-driven or power-driven machines; assembling pipe with couplings and fastening pipe to hangers; making standard shop computations relating to pressures, flow , and size of pipe required; making standard tests to determine whether finished pipes meet specification s. In general, the work of the maintenance pipefitter requires rounded training and experience usually acquired through a formal apprenticeship or equivalent training and ex perience. Workers primarily engaged in installing and repairing building sanitation or heating systems are excluded . 13 TOOL AND DIE MAKER PLUMBER, MAINTENANCE Keeps the plumbing system of an establishment in good order. Work involves: Knowledge of sanitary codes regarding installation of vents and traps in plumbing system; installing or repairing pipes and fixtures; opening clogged drains with a plunger or plumber’ s snake. In general, the work of the maintenance plumber requires rounded training and experience usually acquired through a formal apprenticeship or equiv alent training and experience. SHEET-METAL WORKER, MAINTENANCE Fabricates, installs, and maintains in good repair the sheetmetal equipment and fixtures (such as machine guards, grease pans, shelves, lockers, tanks, ventilators, chutes, ducts, metal roofing) jpf an establishment. Work involves most o f the following: Planning and lay ing out all types of sheet-metal maintenance work from blueprints, models, or other specification s; setting up and operating all available types of sheet-metal-working machines; using a variety of handtools in cutting, bending, forming, shaping, fitting, and assembling; installing sheetmetal articles as required. In general, the work of the maintenance sheet-metal worker requires rounded training and experience usually acquired through a formal apprenticeship or equivalent training and experience. (Die maker; jig maker; to o l maker; fixture maker; gauge maker) Constructs and repairs machine-shop tools, gauges, jigs, fix tures or dies for forgings, punching and other metal-forming work. Work involves most o f the following: Planning and laying out of work from models, blueprints, drawings, or other oral and written specification s; using a variety of tool and die maker’ s handtools and precision meas uring instruments, understanding of the working properties of common metals and alloys; setting up and operating of machine tools and related equipment; making necessary shop computations relating to dimensions o f work, speeds, feeds, and tooling of machines; heattreating of metal parts during fabrication as well as of finished tools and dies to achieve required qualities; working to clo se tolerances; fitting and assembling o f parts to prescribed tolerances and allow ances; selecting appropriate materials, tools, and p rocesses. In general, the tool and die maker’ s work requires a rounded training in machine-shop and toolroom practice usually acquired through a formal apprenticeship or equivalent training and experience. For cross-industry wage study purposes, tool and die makers in tool and die jobbing shops are excluded from this classification . C U S T O D IA L A N D M A T E R IA L M O V E M E N T ELEVATOR OPERATOR, PASSENGER Transports passengers between floors of an office building, apartment house, department store, hotel or similar establishment. Workers who operate elevators in conjunction with other duties such as those of starters and janitors are excluded. GUARD JA N ITO R , PORTER, OR CLEANER— Continued or other establishment. Duties involve a combination of the following: Sweeping, mopping or scrubbing, and polishing floors; removing chips, trash, and other refuse; dusting equipment, furniture, or fixtures; polish ing metal fixtures or trimmings; providing supplies and minor mainte nance services; cleaning lavatories, showers, and restrooms. Workers who specialize in window washing are excluded. Performs routine police duties, either at fixed post or on tour, maintaining order, using arms or force where necessary. Includes gate- men who are stationed at gate and check on identity o f employees and other persons entering,. JANITOR, PORTER, OR CLEANER (Sweeper; charwoman; janitress) Cleans and keeps in an orderly condition factory working areas and washrooms, or premises of an office , apartment house, or commercial LABORER, MATERIAL HANDLING (Loader and unloader; handler and stacker; shelver; trucker; stockman or stock helper; warehouseman or warehouse helper) A worker employed in a warehouse, manufacturing plant, store, or other establishment whose duties involve one or more o f the follow ing: Loading and unloading various materials and merchandise on or 14 TOOL AND DIE MAKER PLUMBER, MAINTENANCE Keeps the plumbing system of an establishment in good order. Work involves: Knowledge of sanitary codes regarding installation of vents and traps in plumbing system; installing or repairing pipes and fixtures; opening clogged drains with a plunger or plumber’ s snake. In general, the work of the maintenance plumber requires rounded training and experience usually acquired through a formal apprenticeship or equiv alent training and experience. SHEET-METAL WORKER, MAINTENANCE Fabricates, installs, and maintains in good repair the sheetmetal equipment and fixtures (such as machine guards, grease pans, shelves, lockers, tanks, ventilators, chutes, ducts, metal roofing) of an establishment. Work involves most o f the following: Planning and lay ing out all types of sheet-metal maintenance work from blueprints, models, or other specification s; setting up and operating all available types of sheet-metal-working machines; using a variety of handtools in cutting, bending, forming, shaping, fitting, and assembling; installing sheetmetal articles as required. In general, the work of the maintenance sheet-metal worker requires rounded training and experience usually acquired through a formal apprenticeship or equivalent training and experience. (Die maker; jig maker; tool maker; fixture maker; gauge maker) Constructs and repairs machine-shop tools, gauges, jigs, fix tures or dies for forgings, punching and other metal-forming work. Work involves most o f the following: Planning and laying out of work from models, blueprints, drawings, or other oral and written specification s; using a variety of tool and die maker’ s handtools and precision meas uring instruments, understanding of the working properties of common metals and alloys; setting up and operating of machine tools and related equipment; making necessary shop computations relating to dimensions o f work, speeds, feeds, and tooling of machines; heattreating of metal parts during fabrication as well as of finished tools and dies to achieve required qualities; working to clo s e tolerances; fitting and assembling o f parts to prescribed tolerances and allow ances; selecting appropriate materials, tools, and processes. In general, the tool and die maker’ s work requires a rounded training in machine-shop and toolroom practice usually acquired through a formal apprenticeship or equivalent training and experience. For cross-industry wage study purposes, tool and die makers in tool and die jobbing shops are excluded from this cla ssifica tion . C U S T O D IA L A N D M A T E R IA L M O V E M E N T ELEVATOR OPERATOR, PASSENGER Transports passengers between floors of an office building, apartment house, department store, hotel or similar establishment. Workers who operate elevators in conjunction with other duties such as those of starters and janitors are excluded. GUARD JA N ITO R , PORTER, OR CLEANER— Continued or other establishment. Duties involve a combination of the following: Sweeping, mopping or scrubbing, and polishing floors; removing chips, trash, and other refuse; dusting equipment, furniture, or fixtures; polish ing metal fixtures or trimmings; providing supplies and minor mainte nance services; cleaning lavatories, showers, and restrooms. Workers who specialize in window washing are excluded. Performs routine police duties, either at fixed post or on tour, maintaining order, using arms or force where necessary. Includes gate- men who are stationed at gate and check on identity o f employees and other persons entering. JANITOR, PORTER, OR CLEANER (Sweeper; charwoman; janitress) Cleans and keeps in an orderly condition factory working areas and washrooms, or premises of an office , apartment house, or commercial LABORER, MATERIAL HANDLING (Loader and unloader; handler and stacker; shelver; trucker; stockman or stock helper; warehouseman or warehouse helper) A worker employed in a warehouse, manufacturing plant, store, or other establishment whose duties involve one or more o f the follow ing: Loading and unloading various materials and merchandise on or ☆ U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1961 0 — 598622
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