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m COLLEGE LIBRARY
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
BULLETIN OF THE WOMEN’S BUREAU, No. 104
THE OCCUPATIONAL PROGRESS
OF WOMEN, 1910 TO 1930
[Public—No.
259—66th
Congress.]
[H. R. 13229.J
An Act To establish in the Department of Labor a bureau to be known as the
Women’s Bureau
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United
States oj America in Congress assembled, That there shall be established
in the Department of Labor a bureau to be known as the Women’s
Bureau.
Sec. 2. That the said bureau shall be in charge of a director, a
woman, to be appointed by the President, by and with the advice and
consent of the Senate, who shall receive an annual compensation of
$5,000. It shall be the duty of said bureau to formulate standards
and policies which shall promote the welfare of wage-earning women,
improve their working conditions, increase their efficiency, and ad
vance their opportunities for profitable employment. The said
bureau shall have authority to investigate and report to the said de
partment upon all matters pertaining to the welfare of women in
industry. The director of said bureau may from time to time publish
the results of these investigations in such a manner and to such
extent as the Secretary of Labor may prescribe.
Sec. 3. That there shall be in said bureau an assistant director,
to be appointed by the Secretary of Labor, who shall receive an
annual compensation of $3,500 and shall perform such duties as
shall be prescribed by the director and approved by the Secretary
of Labor.
Sec. 4. That there is hereby authorized to be employed by said
bureau a chief clerk and such special agents, assistants, clerks, and
other employees at such rates of compensation and in such numbers
as Congress may from time to time provide by appropriations.
Sec. 5. That the Secretary of Labor is hereby directed to furnish
sufficient quarters, office furniture, and equipment for the work of
this bureau.
Sec. 6. That this act shall take effect and be in force from and
after its passage.
Approved, June 5, 1920.
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
FRANCES PERKINS, SECRETARY
WOMEN’S BUREAU
MARY ANDERSON, Director
BULLETIN
OF
THE WOMEN’S
BUREAU,
No. 104
THE OCCUPATIONAL PROGRESS
OF WOMEN, 1910 TO 1930
By
MARY V. DEMPSEY
UNITED STATES
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
WASHINGTON: 1933
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D.C.
Price 10 cents
4
£
CONTENTS
a
«
Page
Letter of transmittal
v
Introductionj
Summary of findings
3
Changes in number and proportion of women in general divisions of
occupations
g
Manufacturing and mechanical industries__________________________
9
In general_____________________________
9
Unusual trades for women
12
Women in factories
12
Manufacturing industries in which women predominate_________
15
Industries in which women operatives have increased at least
5,000 since 1920
16
Transportation and communication
19
Trade _
20
Public service (not elsewhere classified)
21
Professional service22
Professional women___________________________________________
22
Semiprofessional pursuits
25
Attendants and helpers in professional service__________________
25
Clerical occupations
25
Domestic and personal service
27
Servants and allied occupations
28
Other occupations in domestic and personal service____________
30
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing
31
Changes in women’s status in large groups
33
Occupations with 50,000 or more women
34
Occupations with 1,000 or more women
36
Occupations in which no women were at work______________________
38
Striking changes in occupations for women
39
Comparison with changes in the occupations of men____________________
43
Changes in number of men per 100 women in selected occupations____
46
Women in 10 major occupational groups
50
Appendixes:
A—General tables_______________________________________ __________
56
B—Classification and method; instructions to enumerators__________
84
t
TEXT TABLES
1. Number and per cent distribution of gainfully occupied women 10
years of age and over, by general division of occupations: 1930,
1920, and 1910___________________________________________________
2. Number and per cent of increase or decrease among women engaged
in each general division of occupations from 1920 to 1930, from
1910 to 1920, and from 1910 to 1930
3. Women engaged in manufacturing and mechanical industries, writh
number and per cent of increase or decrease, according to occupa
tion: 1930 and 1920
4. Number of women employed in the clothing industries and in the
textile industries and in their component groups of factories: 1930,
1920, and 1910
5. Men and women employees in those manufacturing industries in
which women predominated in 1930 and in 1920, with correspond
ing figures for 1910
6. Manufacturing industries in each of which the number of women
operatives increased 5,000 or more from 1920 to 1930, writh number
and per cent of increase, and with corresponding increase from 1910
to 1920________________________________
7. Manufacturing industries in each of wrhich the number of women
operatives or laborers decreased 5,000 or more from 1920 to 1930,
with number and per cent of decrease, and with corresponding in
crease from 1910 to 1920
in
7
9
10
14
16
17
18
IV
CONTENTS
Page
8. Number and per cent distribution of women employed as servants,
according to occupation and place of work: 1930, 1920, and 1910__
9. Number and per cent that negro women formed of all women in certain
selected occupations in domestic and personal service: 1930, 1920,
and 1910------------------------------------------------------------------------------------10. Number of occupations in which the specified number of women were
engaged: 1930, 1920, and 1910
11. Occupations in which 50,000 or more women were engaged and number
engaged in each: 1930, 1920, and 1910----------------------------------------12. Number of occupations in which 1,000 or more women were engaged,
according to general division of occupations: 1930, 1920, and 1910_
13. Twelve occupations in each of which the number of women increased
50,000 or more from 1920 to 1930, with number and per cent of in
crease, and with corresponding increase (or decrease) from 1910 to
1920_______________________________________ ________ _____________
14. Occupations in each of which the number of women decreased 25,000 or
more from 1920 to 1930, with number and per cent of decrease, and
with corresponding decreases from 1910 to 1920 and from 1910 to
1930____________________________
15. Occupations with 500 or more women each in 1930 in which the number
of women had doubled since 1920; number of women occupied in
1930 and in 1920, -with the per cent of increase----------------------------16. Occupations with 1,000 or more women each in 1920 in which fewer
than half as many women were engaged in 1930; number of women
occupied in 1930 and in 1920, with the per cent of decrease----------17. Twelve occupations in each of which 50,000 or more women were en
gaged in 1930 and in which the number occupied had more than
doubled since 1910; number of women occupied in 1930 and in 1910,
with the per cent of increase-.-------------------------------------------------------18. Men per 100 women in those selected occupations in which men have
steadily advanced from 1910 to 1930-------------------------------------------19. Men per 100 women in those selected occupations in W'hich men have
steadily lost ground from 1910 to 1930----------------------------------------20. Men per 100 women in each of 10 major occupational groups: 1930,
1920, and 1910______
28
29
33
34
38
39
40
41
42
43
46
48
53
APPENDIX TABLES
I.Gainful workers 10 years old and over, by occupation and sex, for the
United States: 1930, 1920, and 1910______________________ _____ - 56-75
II. Number and per cent of increase or decrease from 1920 to 1930 and
1910 to 1930 among men and women engaged in certain selected
occupations________________________________________
76-79
III. Men per 100 women in selected occupations: 1930, 1920, and 1910-_ 80-81
IV. Number of women in each of 10 major occupational groups and their
component occupations: 1930, 1920, and1910-------------------------------82-83
CHARTS
I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
Occupational distribution of women: 1930, 1920, and 1910-------------Women in selected manufacturing industries: 1030, 1920, and 1910 .
Women in selected professions: 1930, 1920, and 1910---------------------Distribution of 1,415,425 professional women: 1930-------------- - — _ Relative numerical rank in 1930, 1920, and 1910 of occupations in
which 100,000 or more women were employed----------------------------VI. Women in 10 major occupational groups: 1930, 1920, and 1910-------
8
15
23
26
37
51
LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL
United States Department op Labor,
Women’s Bureau,
Washington, January 18, 1933.
I have the honor to submit the second of this bureau’s reports of
the occupational progress of women from one census date to another.
The first such report, published in 1922, analyzed women’s status in
1920 as compared to that in 1910. The present report compares the
figures for 1930 with those for 1920 and shows the still greater contrast
to the findings of the census of 20 years before.
These analyses of changes in women’s occupational distribution, a
subject of profound significance whether from the point of view of
workers, of employers, of students of social trends, or of any one of
a number of other groups, are among the most important of the
bureau’s publications.
The cooperation of the Bureau of the Census in making available
such detailed figures as would contribute to the report is gratefully
acknowledged.
The report is the work of Mary V. Dempsey.
Respectfully submitted.
Mary Anderson, Director.
Secretary op Labor:
THE OCCUPATIONAL PROGRESS OF WOMEN,
1910 to 1930
INTRODUCTION
Working women in the United States now total nearly 11,000,000,
according to 1930 occupation statistics published by the Federal
Bureau of the Census. The announcement of these figures that show
the present-day trend in the occupations of American women has
been eagerly awaited. Throughout the entire country the unusual
conditions brought about by the World War, together with the
phenomenal development and specialization of industry during that
period, were responsible for overwhelming changes in the employment
of women between 1910 and 1920. Since that time considerable
speculation has existed as to the future of women in industry, upon
which the 1930 census figures now throw some light.
American women to the number of 10,752,116 told census enumer
ators in April, 1930, that usually they were at work for a monetary
consideration. These figures represent an advance of 25.8 per cent
m a decade, while the number of all women 10 years of age and over
in the United States increased 20.6 per cent during the same period.
In other words, this signal rise in the number of working women has
far outstripped the growth of the female population.
A 10-year increase of 2,202,605 gainfully occupied women was
scarcely to be expected in view of the fact that, with all the impetus
given the employment of women by the industrial upheaval incident
to w#r activities, the net gain between 1910 and 1920 was less than
half a million, or but 6 per cent.
Two or three reasons may be advanced to account for this unex
pectedly large increase in the number of working women since 1920.
Those men who were killed or incapacitated by the war made per
manent gaps in the ranks of employable males that must ultimately
have been filled by women, since practically all able-bodied men in
the country were already at work prior to the war. The great
influenza epidemic of 1918 caused a further shortage among employ
able persons of both sexes. Then, too, the restriction of immigration
shut off the continuously fresh supply of young adult men that pre
viously had been available year after year throughout the entire
history of the country. Inasmuch as the census of 1920 was taken
on January 1 of that year, before the chaotic industrial conditions
peculiar to war time had even partially subsided, the employment of
women to fill the resultant gap had not yet been effected on a per
manent basis.
At the same time the war succeeded in. breaking down many imagi
nary barriers that had existed since time immemorial in the minds of
people of all classes. Even in parts of the country where the position
of women has always been that of traditional conservatism, women
1
2
THE OCCUPATIONAL PROGRESS OF WOMEN, 1910 TO 1930
recently have been taking up trades, businesses, and professions
formerly held sacred to men. The prevailing attitude of married
women and of women with high social status regarding the subject of
their own employment was not even dreamed of in this country 20
years ago.
No picture of unemployment was intended by these census statistics
on women’s occupations; rather, in conformity with ideas of the Bureau
of the Census, this figure of 10,752,116 working women in the United
States “represents all persons who usually work at a gainful occupa
tion and includes such persons temporarily unemployed at the time
the census was taken.”1 However, the census enumerator was left
to decide what constituted temporary unemployment, and there is
no positive assurance that he took time to explain to each person inter
viewed that the usual occupation was what he wanted to know.
Many women whose factory or mercantile employment had ceased
around Christmas, 1929, and who saw no chance of reemployment in
the immediate future, undoubtedly stated that they had no occupa
tion when interviewed in April. Presumably the enumerator accepted
this statement without question, in some instances at least. Especially
would this be true when the enumerator found the temporarily un
employed married woman busily engaged as a housewife at the time
she was interviewed. In certain cases he no doubt assumed, without
giving the matter serious thought, that she had always been so
engaged, but the number of such instances is problematical. In other
words, the enumerator may have obtained neither the usual occupa
tion nor the fact of unemployment in the case of certain women who
had been out of work for some time and who said off-hand that they
had no occupation.
It is not improbable that more unemployed women than men may
thus have been entirely omitted from the number of gainful workers as
listed by the census, and these omissions may include more married
women than single women. If this be true, then the number of
working women enumerated in 1930, large as it is, may even be a
slight understatement of those usually engaged in gainful occupations,
and the figure may reflect to a slight degree the extent of lessened
industrial activity, though the bureau’s instructions 2 ruled otherwise.
A difficult situation is encountered when one attempts to compare
1930 census occupation statistics with those for 1920. The difficulty
has its root in the fact that the 1920 census was taken on January 1,
less than 14 months after the signing of the armistice. By that time
strenuous efforts were being made to bring the country back to its
pre-war status, yet apparently little had been achieved except in the
case of munitions plants and other factories that made war requisites.
The use of 1920 statistics as a basis of comparison is made doubly
difficult by the fact that progress toward return to a pre-war basis
was by no means comparable in different types of industries, some of
which had accomplished little or nothing while others had made
considerable advance in this direction.
Most of the soldiers had returned to their homes by January, 1920,
but not all of these returned soldiers had found jobs by the census
date, and many were admittedly at work in jobs taken as stop-gaps
1 Fifteenth Census of the United States: 1930. United States Summary. Composition and Characteristics
of the Population. Washington, 1931, p. 11.
2 See Appendix B, p. 86.
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
3
only. Furthermore, in the year 1920 the cost of living (index based
on 1913) as determined by the Bureau of Labor Statistics had reached
its peak.
All these facts combine to make 1920 not only an extremely unusual
year on which to base a comparison of social trends, but possibly one of
the most abnormal years the country has ever known. Nor is this
year representative of any distinct period. If the census had been
taken in 1918, the occupational data would have portrayed employ
ment conditions when war activities were at their peak. In reality,
however, 1920 was a year that typified neither ante-bellum nor postbellum conditions with any degree of fidelity; nor can this year be
considered as illustrative of war activities at their zenith. For these
reasons, comparisons between 1910 and 1930 are to be preferred in
some respects to those made between 1920 and 1930; on the other
hand, the 1930 occupation classification is much more comparable to
that of 1920 than to that of 1910.
The census of 1930 was taken on April 1, and this, too, has been
considered an abnormal time, in that the early stages of the depression
were evident, though at the moment nearly everyone thought the
country would soon be back on the highroad to prosperity. After the
inflated days of 1928 and 1929 the relatively poor spring season of 1930
seemed extremely inauspicious. In retrospect, however, the census
date, now more than two years past, appears in the light of a fairly
prosperous era. At any rate, conditions in the spring of 1930 probably
attained as close an approach to a theoretical normal as is ever the
case when a census is taken. According to the New York Times
weekly business index, industrial activity in this coun try was approxi
mately 96.5 per cent of normal on April 1, 1930, the census date,
though this fact was realized with difficulty at the time because of the
supernormal period of prosperity that immediately preceded it.
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
The really significant deduction to be made from a study of 1930
occupation statistics is that an unexpectedly large increase has taken
place among women usually at work, whether one considers merely
the last decade or the 20-year period from 1910 to 1930. Moreover,
if the comparison is confined to women in nonagricultural pursuits
the increase in the number of gainfully occupied women is even greater.
The numerical gain among women usually at work is accentuated
further by the great reduction in child labor that becomes evident
when one compares 1920 and 1930 occupation statistics. A decline of
40.5 per cent took place among employed girls 10 to 15 years of age,
whereas in the larger group 10 to 17 years of age the decline was
only 24.6 per cent.
It is true that in 1930 only a very small proportion of all women
who work for a monetary consideration were engaged in pursuits not
followed by women for many years. In fact, the proportion of women
in jobs considered unusual for them to pursue was apparently even
smaller in 1930 than it was in 1920, when they had recently had the
incentive to undertake a man’s work in order to release him for war
duty. When the earlier censuses are adjusted to the 1930 classifica
tion those occupations in which no women whatever were employed
4
THE OCCUPATIONAL PROGRESS OF WOMEN, 1910 TO 1930
declined in number from 39 in 1910 to 23 in 1920 and rose again to 30
in the decade following.
To be sure, decided changes have occurred in the distribution of
women among the various gainful pursuits. According to the latest
census, 30 occupations employed each at least 50,000 women; the
same was true of 1920, whereas in 1910 there were but 28 such pursuits.
The census of 1910 listed 165 occupations in which 1,000 or more
women were engaged; 10 years later the number had increased to 191,
and in 1930 it was 208. It is evident that the occupational field for
women has broadened since 1910 instead of concentrating on a few
long-established occupations. Furthermore, this occupational field
was slightly broader in 1920 than seems to have been the case in 1930,
probably because of war conditions.
.
Servants ranked first as a woman-employing occupation both in
1920 and in 1930; in 1910, however, first place was held by farm
laborers, the occupation that ranked sixth in 1930. Servants com
prised the only pursuit to qualify with a million or more women at
each of the last three censuses.
School-teachers advanced from fourth place in 1910 to second place
in 1930, while stenographers and typists, the third occupation in 1930
from a numerical standpoint, ranked eighth in 1910.
Between 1920 and 1930 the greatest increases occurred among
women in professional service, in domestic and personal service, in
trade, and in the clerical occupations. Agricultural pursuits con
tinued to decline, while women in the manufacturing and mechanical
industries decreased somewhat from 1920 to 1930 after malting a
relatively slight advance from 1910 to 1920. Inasmuch as an increase
is recorded for women factory operatives, though not a very large one,
the recent decline in the total number of women in the manufacturing
and mechanical industries must be traced to the diminution among
those women engaged in the various sewing trades. The three major
sewing occupations—dressmaldng, millinery, and tailoring—decreased
by 117,108 women between 1920 and 1930, whereas women operatives
in clothing factories showed a net gain of 81,108. To a large extent
these changes represent the development of factory production at the
expense of home activities.
The decade 1920 to 1930 saw increases of 200,000 or more women in
the occupations of servant, office clerk, school-teacher, and stenog
rapher and typist, while in each of eight other pursuits a gain of 50,000
or more women took place. Probably the greatest change in the past
decade was the reversal in trend among servants, the occupation that
scored an increase of 61.5 per cent from 1920 to 1930 compared with a
22.7 per cent decline during the preceding 10-year period.
Four prominent occupations have waned in importance since 1910,
though their decline was retarded somewhat during the second half
of the period. Two major pursuits—dressmakers and farm laborers—
had decreases of more than 50,000 women since 1920, but milliners
and home laundresses as well suffered considerable losses. If the women
employed as farm laborers, dressmakers, milliners, and home laun
dresses had but held their own in number from 1910 to 1930, the
increase among working women would have been 50.7 per cent instead
of 33.1 per cent. To pursue the idea further, if the women in these
four occupations had shown a gain in number commensurate with that
of the female population from 1910 to 1930, the total number of gain
SUMMARY OP FINDINGS
5
fully occupied women would have advanced 64 per cent during these
two decades, practically double the increase that actually occurred.
Changes in the employment of women in the manufacturing and
mechanical industries were far less striking between 1920 and 1930
than during the preceding decade. Women operatives in factories
of all kinds increased by 115,610 between 1920 and 1930, but even this
small gain of 8.6 per cent was partially offset by a loss of 40,197 women
classed as factory laborers. Only in the production of clothing, food,
automobiles, chemicals (principally rayon), and electrical products did
women operatives in the country’s industrial plants register a gain of
at least 5,000 and a per cent increase commensurate with the growth
of the female population. Inasmuch as the increase among female
factory operatives reached the figure of 298,952, or 28.6 per cent,
between 1910 and 1920, it is obvious that the advance in the employ
ment of women as factory operatives has slowed up considerably since
the war emergency subsided.
With reference to factory operatives, by far the greatest numerical
gains were made by the women in the clothing industries; this group
increased by 81,000, while the second in rank—electrical machinery
and supplies—increased by less than 18,000.
In several industries women experienced appreciable declines
between 1920 and 1930 after making marked gains during the earlier
decade. Conspicuous among these were employees in cigar and to
bacco factories, in candy factories, and in textile industries as a whole,
though not in all their subdivisions.
Many of these changes are indicative of changes within the indus
tries themselves and show similar growth or decline for men. Further
more, some part of these increases and decreases among industrial
employees may hinge on the change in census date from January 1 in
1920 to April 1 in 1930. Ordinarily, January represents a dull point
in industry, followed by a season of high activity in the spring.
The greatest increase in any one occupation of importance, consid
ered over a 20-year period, is shown for office clerks, as distinguished
from stenographers and bookkeepers; since 1910 the number of women
in this pursuit has increased nearly 600,000, or 476 per cent. In 1930
hairdressers and manicurists were five times as numerous as they were
20 years earlier. Trained nurses and stenographers and typists also
made enormous numerical gains between 1910 and 1930, while eight
other occupations, each with 50,000 or more women in 1930, more than
doubled in number during these two decades.
Women operatives and laborers outnumbered men in 12 manu
facturing industries, not only in 1930 but in 1920. Among these
were the clothing industries as a whole and four of their subdivisions,
silk mills, knitting mills, cigar and tobacco factories, and candy
factories.
Although the increase among gainfully occupied women was greater
between 1920 and 1930 than the gain in female population 10 years
of age and over, the opposite is true of men. This decade saw an
increase of 15.2 per cent among gainfully occupied men, compared to
an 18.1 per cent advance in the male population 10 years of age or
more.
In 17 important occupations (exclusive of subtotals) men are
increasing in number more rapidly than are women, whereas in 26
pursuits women are registering greater relative gains. This statement
6
THE OCCUPATIONAL PROGRESS OF WOMEN, 1910 TO 1930
is based on changes occurring between 1910 and 1930 in the number
of men per 100 women in all occupations of numerical importance to
both sexes. For example, men are taking the territory formerly held
by women as compositors, linotypers, and typesetters; to a less degree
they are increasing in number more rapidly than are women as textilemill operatives. In addition, men musicians and music teachers are
now enjoying the numerical supremacy that women maintained in
these professions for decades.
On the other hand, women are registering relative gains as college
presidents and professors, real-estate agents, automobile-factory
operatives, telegraph operators, and barbers, hairdressers, and mani
curists, though in each of these pursuits the number of men still is
greatly in excess of the number of women.
In most of these occupations the number of women, already large,
is increasing with the growth of the pursuit. In the case of real-estate
agents and officials, positions in which women have heretofore been
represented to only a small extent, it is evident that women are enter
ing these commercial pursuits in considerable numbers and are
gaining ground to a marked degree.
As stenographers and typists women are pressing the advantage
they so long have held; as office clerks they have advanced to a
remarkable extent; and as bookkeepers and cashiers they have taken
away from men the superiority in numbers that the male sex had
always held prior to 1920.
American women have advanced by great strides in the clerical
occupations, in the professions, and in the field of business—three
great groups of pursuits that form the backbone of the so-called
“white-collar” occupations. The vast number of women engaged in
such occupations and the increases registered during the past two
decades reflect among other things the extent of the educational
advantages open to the women of this country. It is true that some
of the pursuits discussed require initiative and ability rather than
education, but the woman who succeeds is, after all,, the one who
possesses these characteristics enhanced by education and by
training.
Students of social changes will watch carefully to see how American
women in the higher-class occupations weather the depression. When
the census of 1940 rolls around, will they still be holding their own in
the professions, in clerical positions, and in the realm of business?
CHANGES IN NUMBER AND PROPORTION OF WOMEN
IN GENERAL DIVISIONS OF OCCUPATIONS
In the general divisions of occupations all gainfully employed
women are classified, with a fair degree of accuracy, according to
industry or place of work. These general divisions may be assembled
into three main groups: The extractive industries, wdiich include
agriculture, forestry and fishing, and the extraction of minerals;
industry proper, consisting of the manufacturing and mechanical
industries, transportation and communication, and trade; and the
service groups, in which belong professional service, domestic and
personal service, and the residuary public-service group. In addition,
clerical occupations are considered separately on the ground that
these pursuits are carried on in each general division of occupations.
7
GENERAL DIVISIONS OF OCCUPATIONS
The 10,752,116 women who told census enumerators on April 1,
1930, that usually they had gainful occupations, comprised 22 per cent
of all American women 10 years of age and over. This proportion is
somewhat higher than the corresponding percentage of women at
work in 1920, but it is just as much lower than the proportion of women
who were gainfully employed in 1910. Because of an admitted over
statement in the number of women following agricultural pursuits
in 1910, the extent of the general tendency toward the increasing
employment of women in this country is obscured if women in all
occupations are compared.
In 1930 women engaged in nonagricultural pursuits comprised 20.2
per cent of all women 10 years of age and over, compared with 18.5
per cent in 1920 and 18.1 per cent in 1910. These figures demonstrate
how much greater has been the increase between 1920 and 1930 in
the number of women usually employed than was the case in the
preceding 10-year period.
Table 1 shows the proportion of all gainfully occupied women
engaged in each general division of occupations in 1930, in 1920, and
in 1910.
Table 1.—Number and per cent distribution of gainfully occupied women 10 years
of age and over, by general division of occupations: 1930, 1920f and 1910
Gainfully occupied women
Number
1910
1920
1930
Per
cent
distri
bution
Number
Per
cent
distri
bution
Number
Per
cent
distri
bution
-------------------------- 10,752,116
100.0
8,549,511
100.0
8,075,772
100.0
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing............... ...
910,268
8.5
1,083,819
12.7
1,807,181
22.4
Nonagricultural pursuits....... ............ ...........
9,841,848
91.5
7,465,692
87.3
6,268, 591
Extraction of minerals ___ - - -------Manufacturing and mechanical indus-
759
All occupations
Transportation and communication.......
Public service (not elsewhere classified).
Domestic and personal service.................
Clerical occupations........................ ..........
1,886,307
281,204
962,680
17,583
1, 526,234
3,180,251
1, 986,830
«
17.5
2.6
9.0
.2
14.2
29.6
18.5
2,864
1,930, 352
224,270
671,983
10,586
1,017,030
2,186,682
1,421,925
(■)
22.6
2.6
7.9
.1
11.9
25.6
16.6
1,094
1,820,847
115,347
472, 703
4,836
734, 752
2,530,403
588,609
77.6
«
22.5
1.4
5.9
.1
9.1
31.3
7.3
i Less than 0.05 per cent.
Because the number of women at work in the extraction of minerals
is very small, this general division is not discussed in this report.
The few women engaged in forestry and fishing, a general division
shown separately by the Bureau of the Census, are combined with
those in agriculture throughout this study.
_
Between 1920 and 1930 the number of women increased in all
general divisions of occupations with the exception of agriculture,
forestry and fishing, the extraction of minerals, and the manufacturing
and mechanical industries. (See Table 2.) In each of the other six
general divisions of occupations the percentage of increase in the
number of women outstripped the growth of the female population
Chart I.
OCCUPATIONAL DISTRIBUTION OF WOMEN: 1930, 1920, AND 1910
Agriculture, forestry,
and fishing
Manufacturing and
mechanical industries
8.5
12.7
22.4
17.5
22.6
22.5
Transportation and
communication
2.6
2.6
cent
VATSSSSSSSj
frssss/sj50
I r/vm
1.4
Trade
Public service
(not elsewhere classified)
9.0
7.9
5.9
VSSSSSSS/SSS/SSj
.2
1930
1920
1910
.1
.1
Professional service
14.2
11.9
9.1
v/ssssss/sa
Domestic and personal
servioe
29.6
25.6
31.3
YSS/SSSS/SA
Clerical occupations
18.5
16.6
7.3
THE OCCUPATIONAL PROGRESS OF W OMEN, 1910 TO 1930
Per
00
9
GENERAL DIVISIONS OF OCCUPATIONS
10 years of age and over. In fact, during this decade women, in four
of the general divisions registered a rate of increase more than double
that shown for the female population.
Table 2.—Number and per cent of increase or decrease among women engaged in
each general division of occupations from 1980 to 1980, from 1910 to 1920, and
from 1910 to 1930
Increase or de
Increase or de
Increase or de
crease, 1920 to 1930 crease, 1910 to 1920 crease, 1910 to 1930
General division of occupations
Number
Population 10 years of age and over ----All occupations___ ________ _ - Agriculture, forestry, and fishing
Nonagricultural pursuits-----------------Extraction of minerals -------------------Manufacturing and mechanical indus
tries------- --------------------------------Transportation and communication___
Trade------------------------------------------Public service (not elsewhere classified) Professional service- ______________
Domestic and personal service -------Clerical occupations____
Per
cent
Number
+8,323,903 +20.6 +5,896,634
+473, 739
+2,202,605 +25.8
-173,551 -16.0
Per
cent
Number
+17.1 +14,220,537
+5.9 +2,676,344
Per
cent
+41.2
+33.1
-723,362
-40.0
-896,913
-49.6
+2,376,156 +31.8 +1,197,101
+19.1
+3,573,257
+57.0
-2,105 -73.5
+1,770 +161.8
-335
-30.6
-2.3
+25.4
+43.3
+66.1
+50.1
+45.4
+39.7
+109,505
+6.0
+108,923 +94.4
+199,280 +42.2
+5, 750 + 118.9
+282,278 +38.4
-343,721 -13.6
+833,316 +141.6
+65,460
+165, 857
+489, 977
+12, 747
+791,482
+649,848
+1,398,221
+3.6
+143.8
+103.7
+263.6
+107. 7
+25.7
+237. 5
-44,045
+56,934
+290,697
+6, 997
+509,204
+993,569
+564,905
MANUFACTURING AND MECHANICAL INDUSTRIES
In general.
In 1930 the number of American women usually at work in the
manufacturing and mechanical industries was 1,886,307, or 17.5 per
cent of all gainfully occupied women. According to Table 1, the pro
portion of working women engaged in this general division of occupa
tions has decreased considerably since 1910. To be sure, an increase
of 109,505 women was recorded in the manufacturing and mechanical
industries between 1910 and 1920, but this gain was by no means
commensurate with the growth of the female population 10 years of
age and over. Later, from 1920 to 1930, an actual decline of 44,045,
or 2.3 per cent, was experienced among women in this large industrial
group. These facts are strikingly brought out in Table 2, which
shows the actual increase or decrease in the number of women at
work in each general division of occupations.
A correlation of age and occupation shows that all of this decrease,
and more, was among girls under 16, whose number declined by 47,921,
while the number of women of 16 years and over increased by 3,876.
Manufacturing and mechanical industries include not only all fac
tory operatives and laborers, with their proprietors, officials, managers,
and forewomen, but persons engaged in building and the other hand
trades, together with their apprentices. Clerks in factories are listed
with the clerical pursuits.
It must not be assumed that all occupational groups classed under
manufacturing and mechanical industries registered declines during
the decade 1920 to 1930. In fact, the number of women factory oper
atives increased by 115,610, or 8.6 per cent, during this period, while
much smaller numerical gains were recorded for manufacturers, factory
managers and officials, and women bakers.
10
THE OCCUPATIONAL PROGRESS OF WOMEN, 1910 TO 1930
Although women employed as factory laborers decreased by 40,197,
or 26.1 per cent, the great bulk of the decline in the manufacturing
and mechanical industries is confined to women in the various sewing
trades, almost wholly nonfactory operations. The decrease among
women in these sewing trades corresponds closely to the gain among
women factory operatives, with the result that the decline noted for
factory laborers remains practically a net loss to the manufacturing
and mechanical industries. Table 3 shows in some detail the changes
in the different main groups included in this general division of
occupations.
Table 3.— Women engaged in manufacturing and mechanical industries, with num
ber and per cent of increase or decrease, according to occupation: 1930 and 1920
Women engaged in manufacturing and
mechanical industries
Occupation
1930
1920
Increase or de
crease, 1920 to
1930
Number
All occupations_________________________________
Per
cejit
1,880, 307
1,930,352
-44,045
-2.3
Factory operatives 1___________________________________
Factory laborers 1_______ ______________________________
Forewomen and overseers (manufacturing)
Manufacturers, managers, and officials (manufacturing)
1,458, 776
113,984
28, 467
16,133
1, 343,166
154,181
30,171
13,276
+115,610
-40,197
-1,704
+2,857
+8.6
-26. 1
-5.6
+21.5
Sewing trades............................................................... ............... .
219,837
336, 945
-117,108
-34.8
157, 928
40,102
21,807
235, 519
69, 598
31,828
-77, 591
-29,496
-10,021
-32.9
-42.4
-31.5
10, 269
8, 916
11,306
4,593
-1,037
+4,323
-9.2
+94.1
Dressmakers and seamstresses (not in factory)
Milliners and millinery dealers.___ ________________
Tailoresses.......................... ........ _•___________ _________
Compositors, linotypers, and typesetters_______________ __
Bakers____________ _______ _____
Apprentices (manufacturing and mechanical)
3,897
9,433
-5,536
-58. 7
Dressmakers' and milliners’ apprentices____ ___________
Other apprentices____________ _____________________
2,161
1,736
4,309
5,124
-2,148
-3, 388
-49.8
-66.1
Building operatives and laborers and general and not specified
laborers____________ _______ _____ ______ ____________
All other occupations"IIIIII"
11,558
14,470
15,255
12, 026
-3, 697
+2,444
-24.2
+20.3
1 For definition see p. 12.
In 1930 more than a quarter of a million women in manufacturing
and mechanical pursuits were not classed as factory operatives,
managers and forewomen, or laborers. They constituted 14.3 per
cent of all women in the manufacturing and mechanical industries.
Two hundred and twenty thousand of these were in trades in which
women have been numerically prominent for generations, grouped
for convenience in discussion as the sewing trades. Striking differ
ences may be observed, however, among these occupations.
Only those sewers who are not working in factories are classed as
dressmakers and seamstresses, a group that necessarily includes some
women not especially skilled. It is recognized that a very few of the
milliners and millinery dealers may not even know how to sew, espe
cially since the millinery business has in recent years become more a
GENERAL DIVISIONS OF OCCUPATIONS
11
commercial pursuit than a hand trade. The tailoresses include
skilled women who work in clothing factories as well as those who
carry on their trade in old-fashioned tailor shops. So far as is practi
cable, however, these three groups are confined to women who earn
their living according to old-school methods and not by performing
the repetitious processes common to clothing factoiies. These sew
ing trades reached their heyday in 1910, when 611,020 women were
engaged in them; in 1930 those at work in the same pursuits com
prised only 36 per cent of this number.
The decline in these sewing occupations coincides with certain
changes in the industrial order in this country. Their lessened im
portance gives point to the development of specialized manufactur
ing processes at the expense of the skilled hand trades. Only among
tailoresses may factory sewers be found, and in this group the dec'ine
has been the least, not only in number but in per cent. If accurate
figures covering three censuses were available for tailors outside of
factories, probably a much greater decrease would be shown.
It becomes increasingly evident that the average American woman
prefers ready-made clothing to the product of the home dressmaker;
in fact, the manufacture of ready-to-wear garments has now reached
a stage of efficiency where their purchase represents a saving of time,
energy, and money. The willingness of men to purchase ready-made
clothing seems equally in evidence. It is no mere coincidence that
the decrease of 117,108 among more or less skilled women in the
sewing trades is met by an increase of 81,108 women operatives in
clothing factories.
Certain hand trades that women have followed to some extent in
the past recorded numerical gains during the decade under considera
tion. For example, the 8,916 women bakers almost doubled in num
ber from 1920 to 1930, though a slight decline was recorded among
women in this occupation during the preceding 10-year period. Enamelers, lacquerers, and japanners have evidenced a similar tendency
toward a recent advance after a decline in the earlier decade. The
number of women engravers, on the other hand, increased in both
decades, though to no great extent.
As compositors, linotypers, and typesetters, women are losing
ground. Although their numerical decrease has not been great, the
number of men in this trade has gained so rapidly that at the date of
the last census 17 men were at work in this skilled pursuit for each
woman so employed, whereas hi 1910 the ratio was 8 men per woman.
Declines have been observed among women jewelers and lapidaries
in factories since 1910, but the employment of men has fallen off at
approximately the same rate, so that these figures seem merely to
reflect the lack of advance in the manufacturing jewelry industry.
As jewelers and watchmakers not in factory the employment of
women changes but little.
The hand trades enumerated combine lighter work and less rigid
apprenticeship than do most other trades; no doubt these features
explain their attraction for women. Nevertheless, if the sewing
occupations be excepted, relatively few women are at work in all these
hand trades in the aggregate.
155543°—33---- 2
12
THE OCCUPATIONAL PROGRESS OF WOMEN, 1910 TO 1930
Unusual trades for women.
The building trades and certain of the hand trades constitute one
of the last strongholds of which men have a monopoly. Although a
few women may return their occupations as electricians, carpenters,
or house painters, their numbers are extremely small, and each such
return is challenged by the Bureau of the Census in an effort to elimi
nate all obvious errors, such as entries on the wrong line.
The widow who continues to run her husband’s plumbing or car
penter shop after his death has a tendency to return her occupation as
a plumber or carpenter, though she may never have had the tools of
the trade in her hands. Likewise, the girl who becomes expert in
the operation of a certain machine, may, after long experience in a
factory, decide to return her occupation as a machinist. Largely
because of such returns, the error in the number of women reported in
the building and hand trades is believed to be high, though every
practicable means has been used to insure the accuracy of figures
showing women in unusual occupations.
On April 1, 1930, no women were employed in the following building
and hand trades: Boilermakers; coopers; mechanics in railroads and
car shops; cement finishers; pressmen and plate printers (printing);
rollers and roll hands (metal); roofers and slaters, and structural iron
workers (building). Fewer than 10 women were reported in each of
the following occupations: Blacksmiths, forgemen, and hammermen;
brick and stone masons and tile layers; cabinetmakers; machinists;
millwrights; mechanics in air transportation; brass molders, founders,
and casters; iron molders, founders, and casters; plasterers; plumbers
and gas and steam fitters; stonecutters; and tinsmiths and copper
smiths.
In 1930 women to the number of 2,336 were employed as metal filers,
grinders, buffers, and polishers; this group has declined slightly in
number since 1910. Of these 2,336 women, 1,581 earned their living
as metal buffers and polishers.
Forty-one women were at work as oilers of machinery in factories.
No women were employed in 1930 as metal rollers, fumacemen,
smeltermen, pourers, or puddlers, but one gave her occupation as
metal heater.
Women in factories.
Women factory operatives numbered 1,458,776 in 1930, an increase
of 115,610, or 8.6 per cent, in a decade. Between 1910 and 1920,
however, the increase among female operatives reached the figure of
298,952, or 28.6 per cent. In other words, the advance in the employ
ment of women as factory operatives has slowed up considerably since
the war emergency subsided.
In the parlance of the Bureau of the Census, factory operatives are
those persons engaged in the actual manufacture of the industry’s
product, while the employees who fetch and carry materials to and
from the operatives and who do other heavy, menial work are desig
nated as laborers. Comparatively few women actually do laboring
work in factories, but a number classified as laborers are in reality
sweepers and scrubbers who come in at night to clean during the
absence of the operatives. In fact, employers willing to hire women
for genuine laboring work in factories are not numerous, probably
because they find such employment unprofitable in the end.
GENERAL DIVISIONS OF OCCUPATIONS
13
Though nearly all women who work in factories are operatives with
out question, census enumerators returned 113,984 women as factory
laborers in 1930, compared with 154,181 in 1920. It is impossible to
determine what proportion of this 26 per cent decline actually took
place in the employment of women as factory laborers and what
proportion may he attributed to the superior enumeration and classi
fication of census data that unquestionably existed in 1930. If
operatives and laborers be combined, an increase of but 75,413, or 5
per cent, took place among female factory employees between 1920
and 1930.
In 1930, textile mills, with 452,007 women employed as operatives
and laborers, ranked first among the woman-employing industries of
this country, while clothing industries, with 353,486 women workers,
were second. Food and allied industries were third in numerical
importance, with 106,670 women employees, and the 97,348 women
workers in leather industries caused that group of manufacturing
plants to rank fourth. A number of different kinds of industrial
plants form the component parts of each of these large groups of
industries, however, making the inclusive figures less significant. For
example, 89 per cent of the women in the leather industries are
employed in shoe factories, one of five kinds of plants in this industrial
category.
More than half the women operatives and laborers in factories in
the United States are at work in textile mills or clothing factories.
But the traditions of these two great groups of industries are widely
at variance. As long as women have worked in factories, for that
length of time have vast numbers of them toiled in textile mills; in
fact, even this group of 452,007 textile-mill employees represents a
slight decline from 1920 to 1930 and an increase of but 12 per cent
since 1910. On the other hand, the employment of so many women
in the clothing industries is a development of comparatively recent
origin; in this group women have increased 30 per cent during the past
10 years, though between 1910 and 1920 the gain among women at
work in the clothing industries was but 12 per cent.
Women have always engaged in the making of clothing, but in the
past they sewed at home. It may definitely be said that the increase
among women in the factory production of clothing has taken place
at the expense of women in the various sewing trades. Sixty-one per
cent of all the women hi the clothing industries are at work in factories
making chiefly women’s nontailored garments, and it is in this group
that practically all the recent increase has occurred.
14
THE OCCUPATIONAL PROGRESS OF WOMEN, 1910 TO 1930
Table 4.—Number of women employed in the clothing industries and in the textile
industries and in their component groups of factories: 1930, 1930, and 1910
Number of women em
ployed in—
Number of women em
ployed in—
Occupation and industry
Occupation and industry
1930
1920
Clothing industries-. 353,486 272, 005 242, 086
Operatives______ ______ 346, ?51 265,643 237,270
Laborers.. __________ 6, 735
4,816
6,362
Corset factories
10, 286
12,104
12,246
Operatives
Laborers
10,069
217
11,527
577
11,698
548
___ 14,119
17,631
14,410
Operatives
13, 510
Laborers. ___ _____
609
16,773
858
13,986
424
Glove factories.___
1930
1920
1910
__________ 12,715
10, 959
20,024
12,123
592
10, 384
575
19,692
332
1910
Carpet mills
Operatives
Laborers._
Cotton mills_____
___ 154,763 165,854 146,433
Laborers_______
Knitting mills
145,683 149,185 140,666
9,080 16,669
5, 767
________ 93, 331
Operatives_________
Laborers.
86,022
68,878
89, 803
3,528
80,682
5,340
65, 338
3, 540
8,649
6,626
10, 536
Lace and embroidery mills.
7,321
13, 264
11, 928
Operatives______
.
Laborers. _________
8, 473
176
6,462
164
10, 318
218
Operatives____ _____
Laborers
7,196
125
12,997
267
11,691
237
Shirt, collar, and cuff factories. ..
. ____
75,848
47, 585
43,407
48, 221
75,498
51, 472
Operatives................
Laborers._
45, 763
1,822
42,016
1, 391
46, 858
1, 363
Operatives. . ......... . 73,690
Laborers. ---- ---------- 2,158
72,768
2, 730
50, 360
1,112
Suit, coat, and overall factories ... .............. . .. 57,921
66, 280
63, 867
64, 515
1,765
62, 598
1,269
Other clothing factories. __ 214,926 125,957
92, 806
Operatives_________ 212, 353 124, 350
Laborers__ ._
1,607
2,573
91, 812
994
Hat factories (felt)
Operatives
Laborers. ..
Silk mills
56, 583
1, 338
Textile industries... 452,007 471, 332 401, 986
Operatives
432, 250 438,363 385, 947
19, 757 32,969 16,039
Textile dyeing, finishing,
and printing mills..
5,980
6. 302
5,799
Operatives............... .
Laborers___________
5,666
314
5, 582
720
5,203
596
Woolen and worsted mills. 50,858
65, 704
54,101
49,060
1, 798
61,715
3, 989
52,056
2,045
51,191
47, 729
43,351
Operatives....... ........... 49,029
Laborers_______ ____ 2,162
45, 050
2,679
40,941
2,410
Operatives.
Laborers _ _
Other textile mills 1
_____
____
1 Included in this group are hemp, jute, and linen mills, rope and cordage factories, sail, awning, and
tent factories, and other and not specified textile mills.
Because of their importance as woman-employing industries, textile
mills and clothing industries are shown in Table 4 with the number
of female employees in each subdivision.
It is interesting to observe that, despite changing styles in fabrics
and all the recent vicissitudes of the cotton industry, no other single
type of manufacturing plant employed so many women as did the
cotton mills, with 154,763 female employees in 1930. And even this
number represents a decline of 11,091 since 1920.
Emitting mills, with 93,331 women operatives and laborers, ranked
numerically as the second textile industry of importance, followed by
silk mills with 75,848 women, and woolen and worsted mills with
50,858.
_
Chart II illustrates the change since 1910 in the employment of
women in those branches of industry having 50,000 or more women
operatives and laborers in 1930. Because of their vast numbers,
employees in textile industries as a whole could not be included in
this chart.
15
GENERAL DIVISIONS OF OCCUPATIONS
Manufacturing industries in which women predominate.
Women outnumbered men in 12 manufacturing industries, not only
in 1930 but in 1920. Among these were the clothing industries as a
whole, in addition to four of their six subdivisions; also silk mills,
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knitting mills, cigar and tobacco factories, candy factories, and three
kinds of industrial plants that are of slight importance numerically.
The number of men and women at work in these 12 industries is
shown in Table 5.
16
THE OCCUPATIONAL PROGRESS OF WOMEN, 1910 TO 1930
Table 5.—Men and women employees 1 in those manufacturing industries in which
women predominated in 1980 and in 1980, with corresponding figures for 1910
1920
1930
1910
Industry
Men
Women
Men
Women
Men
Women
Blank-book, envelope, tag, paper-bag, etc.,
factories____
_____ _____
Candy factories. _______
___ ______
Cigar and tobacco factories. _ ____ ____
9, 560
21,484
49,861
11, 493
28, 538
74, 435
7, 763
25,311
82, 557
9,386
33, 554
97,822
4, 518
15, 453
91, 392
7,071
18, 468
76,801
Clothing industries 2 ....... .....................
150, 716
353,486
150,132
272,005
154, 290
242,086
Corset factories
Glove factories __________________
Shirt, collar, and cuff factories
Other clothing factories 3
985
5, 505
12,022
60, 611
10, 286
14,119
47, 585
214,926
1, 309
7, 483
11,678
32,545
12,104
17, 631
43, 407
125,957
1,661
5,799
14,132
31,360
12, 246
14, 410
48, 221
92,806
50,087
4,665
7, 753
61,000
93, 331
7, 321
9,118
75,848
33, 525
6,763
9,478
50, 303
86,022
13, 264
14,358
75,498
26, 792
4, 804
5,653
31, 705
68,878
11,928
13,667
51, 472
Knitting mills
Lace and embroidery mills .... ----Paper-box factories..------- . -------------Silk mills
1 Includes operatives and laborers.
2 Includes felt-bat factories and suit, coat, and overall factories, as well as the four kinds of clothing fac
tories listed.
■
2 Exclusive of felt-hat factories and suit, coat, and overall factories.
Cigar and tobacco factories represent the only instance of an in
dustry where women gained in 1920 and held in 1930 the numerical
supremacy that they lacked in 1910. According to the last census,
74,435 women were employed in this industry, which has experienced
an enormous decline since 1920 in the number both of men and of
women operatives and laborers.
In the textile industries as a whole women operatives have been
more numerous than men at each of the last three censuses, but these
industries employ so many men as laborers that only in 1910 have
women employees as a whole predominated. Women were in the
majority in straw and straw-hat factories, both in 1930 and in 1910,
but not in 1920; at the date of the last census this industry had very
few employees of either sex, straw hats not being worn to any great
extent.
_
Apparently, women are holding their own better than men are in
suit, coat, and overall factories, that branch of the clothing industry
in which most tailoring processes are carried on. Both sexes have
decreased greatly in numbers, but women were more numerous than
men in 1930, though men were enormously in the lead in 1920 and
1910.
Industries in which women operatives have increased at least 5,000
since 1920.
An interesting study is afforded by those manufacturing industries
in which the decade 1920 to 1930 has seen an increase of 5,000 or
more women operatives, though the gain in per cent is not large in
every instance. These changes appear in Table 6.
17
GENERAL DIVISIONS OF OCCUPATIONS
Table 6.—Manufacturing industries in each of which the number of women opera
tives increased 5,000 or more from 1920 to 1930, with number and per cent of
increase, and with corresponding increase from 1910 to 1920
Increase, 1920 to
1930
Increase, 1910 to
1920
Occupation and industry
Number Per cent Number Per cent
Operatives:
Rayon factories 2_____ _______
30.5
65.4
28,373
16,348
12.0
148.1
15,489
21.2
34,658
90.2
7,246
114.9
3,143
99.4
9,734
50.9
5,453
81,108
17,926
_..
10,853
«
«
39.9
(>)
8,956
10.8
17, 287
26.4
8,139
11.1
14,146
23.9
9,121
6,244
11.3
48.8
15, 344
11,940
23.5
1,408.0
1 The number of women operatives in “other clothing factories” increased 88,003 from 1920 to 1930; these
factories produce women’s dresses, blouses, underwear, and other nontailored garments. The increase
among women operatives in clothing industries of other kinds was negligible or else there was an actual
decrease.
2 Inasmuch as rayon factories were not included among the industries listed by the Bureau of the Census
in 1920 and in 1910, the number of women operatives given as the increase between 1920 and 1930 equals
the entire number so employed in 1930.
Except in clothing industries, great numerical increases did not
occur between 1920 and 1930 to the extent that they did during the
preceding decade. On the whole, however, healthy gains were re
corded in 10 classes, not only from 1920 to 1930 but during the earlier
10-year period. Among these are clothing industries as a whole, electri
cal machinery and supply factories, food and allied industries, chemical
and allied industries, knitting mills, leather industries, automobile
factories, and certain subdivisions of these major groups. But only
in the production of electrical supplies, chemicals, automobiles, cloth
ing, and food have women in the country’s industrial plants registered
gains in the last decade at least commensurate with the 20.6 per cent
growth in the female population 10 years of age and over.
The numerical increase among women operatives in clothing in
dustries overshadows all other gains between 1920 and 1930. Con
sidering specific types of manufacturing plants rather than groups
of related industries, it is apparent from Table 6 that during the last
decade women operatives increased most in those clothing factories
other than glove, corset, felt-hat, shirt, suit, coat, and overall facto
ries ; in other words, the greatest increase was found among women in
the plants that manufacture women’s dresses, blouses, underwear,
and similar nontailored garments. Likewise, nearly half the increase
recorded among women operatives in the food industries occurred
among those at work in fruit and vegetable canneries, just as the
major gain among factory hands in the leather industries is attributa
ble to shoe-factory operatives. (Table 6.)
Rayon factories comprise a new industry for which no data were
available in 1920. At that time the Bureau of the Census classed
such artificial silk-mill operatives as were returned with textile mills
not specified. Because of the many chemical processes involved in
18
THE OCCUPATIONAL PROGRESS OF WOMEN, 1910 TO 1930
the manufacture of rayon these factories are classed with chemical
and allied industries. On the other hand, plants that produce rayon
fabrics after the chemical processes have been completed are classed
with knitting mills or with “other textile” mills, according to whether
the rayon yarn is knitted or woven. Were it not for the inclusion
of these rayon-factory operatives, the number of women employed
as operatives in the chemical and allied industries would show a
decline from 1920 to 1930. In the chemical phases of this new rayon
industry the operatives of each sex number approximately 10,000.
Although women employed as knitting-mill operatives and as shoefactory operatives show large numerical increases, the per cent of
advance has been too slight since 1920 to keep pace with the growth
of the female population. During the past two decades the greates’t
percentage increases in industries employing at least 10,000 women
in 1930 have been scored by women operatives in automobile facto
ries, in fruit and vegetable canneries, in slaughtering and meat-packing
plants, and in electrical machinery and supply factories.
A further idea of the changes in the various manufacturing indus
tries is afforded by Table 7, which shows those industrial occupations
in which the number of women has decreased by 5,000 or more since
1920, although in each instance an increase, sometimes a large one,
was recorded between 1910 and 1920. Probably no table shows more
clearly the reversal in industrial trend with regard to certain industries
during the two decades in question.
Evidently women operatives in cigar and tobacco factories have
diminished most in number, though the drop of 16,012, or 19 per
cent, represents a smaller percentage decrease than appears for certain
other industries. As is true of candy and paper-box manufacturing,
for example, this decline has been charged to the increasing installa
tion of labor-saving machinery that has displaced both men and
women operatives during the past decade.
Table 7.—Manufacturing industries in each of which the number of women opera
tives or laborers decreased 5,000 or more from 1920 to 1930, with number and per
cent of decrease, and with corresponding increase from 1910 to 1920
Decrease, 1920 to
1930
Increase, 1910 to
1920
Occupation and industry
Number Per cent Number Per cent
Operatives—cigar and tobacco factories-------------------------------
16,012
19.1
12,115
16.9
Laborers—textile industries --------
13,212
40.1
16,930
105.6
------------
7,689
45.5
10,902
189.0
________
6,113
1.4
52, 416
13.6
Operatives—woolen and worsted mills..................................
Operatives—lace and embroidery mills__________ ____—
12, 655
5, 801
20.5
44.6
9,659
1,306
18.6
11.2
Operatives—suit, coat, anc’ overall factories_______ ______
Laborers—cigar and tobacco factories.......... .
..
--------
7,932
7, 375
12.3
53.2
1,917
8, 906
3.1
179.7
16.4
---- ---------- ----------------
Laborers—cotton mills------------ ------------------Operatives—textile industries________________
5,167
7.0
10, 416
Employees 1—paper-box factories---------- ------- ---------------
5,240
36.5
691
5.1
Operatives—straw factories------------------------------------ ------Employees i—candy factories--------------- ------- --------------------
5,117
5, 016
80.6
14.9
2,381
15,086
60.0
81. 7
Employees 1—paper, printing, and allied industries----- ___
i Includes operatives and laborers.
GENERAL DIVISIONS OF OCCUPATIONS
19
In certain cases the increases and decreases in Table 7 are merely
indicative of changes within the industries themselves and are taking
place among all workers regardless of sex. For example, the per
centage of decline in the number of men operatives was approximately
the same as for women operatives in candy factories, woolen and
worsted mills, and straw factories.
As in every other decade, changing styles have played an important
part in the industrial development between 1920 and 1930, if the
number of factory hands be any criterion. Operatives in felt-hat
factories, for example, have gained in number at the expense of those
in straw-hat factories, where the operatives have been nearly wiped
out, with a decline of 87 per cent. Knitting mills were fairly pros
perous, probably because of the continued popularity of the sweater
and of so-called knitted underwear. On the other hand, women em
ployees registered a decline of more than 10,000 both in cotton and
in woolen mills, while silk mills little more than held their own.
The number of gainful workers reported by the Bureau of the
Census unquestionably reflects in some slight degree the extent of
lessened industrial activity that existed in April, 1930, even though
the bureau's instructions 3 to its enumerators ruled otherwise.
TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATION
In 1930 the number of women engaged in the general division of
occupations known as “transportation and communication” was
281,204, according to the census. Women in this industrial group
showed an increase of 25.4 per cent from 1920 to 1930, compared
with a gain of 94.4 per cent in the preceding decade. (See Table 2.)
Under transportation and communication are listed pursuits con
nected with water transportation; road and street transportation
(including the building, repair, and cleaning of streets); railroad
transportation, as well as its construction, maintenance, and repair;
transportation by air, express, and pipe lines; and communication by
post, radio, telegraph, and telephone.
Although women pioneered in the field of transportation quite ex
tensively during the war days when men had to leave their posts,
there is little or no evidence to indicate that this tendency continued
after the emergency had passed. Few pursuits in this general division
of occupations show an increase in the number of women between
1920 and 1930. Among those that do so are chauffeurs; garage
laborers; garage owners, managers, and officials; owners and managers,
truck, transfer, and cab companies; postmasters; inspectors, tele
graph and telephone; and proprietors, managers, and officials, tele
graph and telephone.
On the other hand, these groups are all very small, and the slight
numerical increases recorded are offset by declines among conductors,
street railway; switchmen and flagmen, steam railroad; laborers,
steam and street railroad; ticket and station agents; mail carriers;
telegraph messengers; telegraph operators; longshoremen and steve
dores; and draymen, teamsters, and carriage drivers.
Some of these declines are due to changing times, though the
gradual elimination of horse-drawn vehicles, for example, has re
sulted in much vaster change among men’s occupations than among
3 See Appendix B, p. 86.
20
THE OCCUPATIONAL PROGRESS OP WOMEN, 1910 TO 1930
those of women. Other decreases, such as that among women railroad
laborers, probably are attributable to improved census enumera
tion. But when it comes to street-car conductors and to switch
men and flagmen on steam railroads, it is evident that, although
women threw themselves into the gap during the war days, they gave
up these activities when the excitement had subsided. For example,
253 women were employed as street-car conductors in 1920, though
not a single one held such a job in 1910, and when 1930 rolled around
only 17 women were at work in this occupation.
Census returns for 1930 indicate that no women were working as
bus conductors; locomotive engineers or firemen; brakemen, steam
railroad; steam-railroad conductors or motormen; foremen and over
seers, air transportation; hostlers or stable hands; baggagemen;
boiler washers and engine hostlers; yardmen, steam railroad; switch
men or flagmen, street railroad. In each of the last five pursuits
mentioned a few women were at work in 1920.
Sixty-six women were earning their living as aviators in 1930, as
against eight in 1920. Apparently, most American girls able to fly
regard this activity as an avocation, inasmuch as 197 women had
been licensed as pitots by the Department of Commerce at the time
of the taking of the census.
Notwithstanding the fact that there were small numbers of women
in many occupations under transportation and communication, the
numerical increase among telephone operators alone is equivalent to
the entire increment in this general division of occupations. In
fact, 84 per cent of all women in transportation and communication
were employed in this one job of telephone operator in 1930, as were
80 per cent in 1920.
TRADE
In 1930 nearly a million women were engaged in trade, whereas 20
years earlier fewer than half that number were so classed. (Table 1.)
In this general division of occupations women are maintaining a
steady rate of progress, inasmuch as their number increased by 43.3
per cent from 1920 to 1930, compared with an advance of 42.2 per
cent during the preceding decade. (Table 2.)
Wholesale and retail dealers, with most of their employees, are
listed under trade. This group of pursuits includes bankers, brokers,
and money lenders; real estate and insurance agents and officials;
undertakers; and those engaged in coal and lumber yards, grain
elevators, stockyards, employment agencies, advertising agencies, and
warehouses. In 1920 and again in 1930 each of the pursuits listed
under trade was followed by some women.
Of the 962,680 women engaged in trade in 1930, the majority
(705,793, or 73 per cent) were employed in two occupations that
women have long pursued: Saleswomen and clerks in stores. More
over, 62 per cent of the increase among women in commercial pursuits
from 1920 to 1930 is attributable to these two occupations.
Though most of these so-called clerks in stores probably are engaged
in selling goods over the counter, just as are the saleswomen, a small
proportion may actually be doing clerical work in the offices of
department stores and other large mercantile establishments. For
this reason the Bureau of the Census tabulates saleswomen and
clerks in stores separately, but in the present report, mainly intended
GENERAL DIVISIONS OF OCCUPATIONS
21
for popular consumption, these two closely allied occupations are
discussed as a single group.
Women who earn their living as retail dealers numbered 110,166
in 1930, a 39.5 per cent increase in the last decade. The 1,688
wholesale dealers, importers, and exporters are more than twice the
number reported in 1920. Women undertakers scored a gain of 72.1
per cent during the decade in question, the number so occupied in
the last census being 1,940.
The 31,787 women real-estate agents and officials are more than
three times the number indicated by the census of 1920, while since
1910 women in this occupation have increased tenfold. Western
women have long been interested in handling the sale and rental of
property, but in the South and East the attraction of this pursuit for
large numbers of women is of comparatively recent date. In fact,
in 1920 Los Angeles, San Francisco, and New York were the only
cities with as many as 600 women real-estate agents.
Likewise, the 14,705 women insurance agents and officials in 1930
had nearly trebled their number in the past decade, and bankers and
brokers had maintained a substantial increase. The country’s stock
brokers include 1,793 feminine representatives, nearly five times the
number so recorded in 1920, while 632 women gave their occupation
in 1930 as pawn or loan broker.
The occupation of advertising agent, shown separately for the
first time in the census of 1930, is followed by 5,656 women, while
768 others stated that they were proprietors or officials of advertising
agencies. Large increases are listed for certain other commercial
pursuits of a proprietary and managerial nature that are included
under “business women” in Table IY, page 82.
The number of women decorators, drapers, and window aressers
has advanced from 1,155 in 1920 to 6,238 in 1930. Some part of
this great increase is due to the fact that many interior decorators in
the employ of mercantile establishments of different kinds are classed
here. No occupation is more difficult to classify than that of interior
decorator.
PUBLIC SERVICE (NOT ELSEWHERE CLASSIFIED)
Only 17,583 women were listed in the general division of occupa
tions known as public service (not elsewhere classified), according to
the census of 1930. Even so, the number of women in this category
increased 66 per cent between 1920 and 1930, compared with a gain
of 119 per cent during the decade just preceding. In fact, among
the general divisions of occupations this service group shows the
greatest increase in percentage over a 20-year period, though very
small numbers are involved.
This general division of occupations is in reality a residuary publicservice group, since persons who work for Federal, State, county, or
municipal governments are classed according to the actual work they
are doing, whenever such a course is possible. For example, all
government clerks, bookkeepers, stenographers, and accountants are
included with clerical occupations; navy-yard machinists are grouped
with other machinists hi the manufacturing and mechanical indus
tries; press feeders in the Bureau of Engraving and Printing and in
the Government Printing Office are classed with printing-office opera
tives, rather than with government employees; and physicians and
22
THE OCCUPATIONAL PROGRESS OF WOMEN, 1910 TO 1930
lawyers in the government service are considered with their respec
tive professions. In other words, the Bureau of the Census groups
under “public service” only those government employees who are
engaged in peculiarly public-service pursuits, such as mayors of cities,
sheriffs, policemen, firemen, and allied occupations, which can not be
classified satisfactorily under any other general division of occupations.
Between 1920 and 1930 women occupied as probation and truant
officers and as city officials and inspectors practically doubled in
number; large increases were noted also among county and State
officials and inspectors and among women detectives. Policewomen
numbered 849, three and one-half times those so reported in 1920.
All these groups are small, however, and since the total number of
women engaged in public-service pursuits as defined by the Bureau
of the Census was but 17,583 in 1930, it is obvious that only a small
number can be at work in each.
Neither in 1930 nor in 1920 were any women at work as firemen
for city fire departments; nor were any enlisted as soldiers, sailors,
or marines.
PROFESSIONAL SERVICE
One and one-half million American women are classed in profes
sional service, according to Table 1. This group, which has more
than doubled in number since 1910, registered the substantial increase
of half a million women in a single decade. (See Table 2.) In fact,
the 1,526,234 women in professional service comprised 14.2 per cent
of all gainfully occupied women in 1930, as against 11.9 per cent in
1920 and 9.1 per cent in 1910. This point is illustrated in Chart I.
Women in professional service are in reality subdivided into three
main classes: Professional women proper; those engaged in semi
professional pursuits; and women employed as attendants and helpers
to professional persons.
Professional women.
American women who have the right to call themselves profes
sional persons numbered 1,415,425 in 1930, or 93 per cent of all
women classed in professional service. These professional women are
approximately as numerous as are professional men,listed at 1,469,526.
Naturally, this groiip of professional women includes all those who
by reason of a superior education are equipped to engage in one of the
recognized professions, such as teaching, nursing, law, or medicine;
in addition, this group includes those women possessing gifts that
enable them to earn their living in some artistic, musical, literary, or
histrionic capacity.
Chart III shows the changes that have occurred since 1910 in those
professions that claimed the attention of 5,000 or more women in
1930. Because of their enormous size, the teaching and nursing
professions have been omitted from this chart.
School-teaching, the dominant profession of American women,
ranks as the second occupation for the female sex, being exceeded
numerically only by servants. In 1920 school-teachers ranked third,
following servants and farm laborers. This group of 853,967 women,
which recorded an increase of 218,760 between 1920 and 1930, repre
sents the rank and file of high-school and grade teachers in public
23
GENERAL DIVISIONS OF OCCUPATIONS
and private schools, but obviously it does not include certain special
ized teachers, such as supervisors of music, art, and physical training,
nor does it include college professors and instructors.
Trained nurses, with 288,737 women in their profession, doubled
in number between 1920 and 1930. The recognition accorded nurses
during the war, together with the prominence recently given the
public-health movement in this country and the development of
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nursing schools, is largely responsible for the fact that the United
States now has almost four times as many professionally trained
nurses as it had in 1910.
Just prior to the census date in 1930, appeals were made to trained
nurses, through their professional magazines and at meetings of their
national associations, requesting them to return their occupations
in such a way as to make their professional status clear. Inasmuch
as infinitely less difficulty was experienced in classifying nursing
24
THE OCCUPATIONAL PROGRESS OP WOMEN, 1910 TO 1930
occupations in 1930 than was the case in 1920, it is believed that
these appeals met with a whole-hearted response.
Since the Bureau of the Census classes in this group only persons
who make it clear that they are registered, graduate, trained, student,
or professional nurses, those whose occupations were reported simply
as “nurse” or as “nurse, private family,” a practice common in the
past, were relegated to the group of practical nurses, among whom
an increase of 6,918, or 5.2 per cent, was recorded for the decade 1920
to 1930. These practical nurses are listed under domestic and per
sonal service.
Other professions in which the number of women practically doubled
between 1920 and 1930 are librarians; authors, editors, and reporters;
college presidents and professors; and lawyers, judges, and justices.
Manifestly, in these pursuits much smaller numbers are involved.
Social and welfare workers, with 24,592 feminine representatives,
are recognized as professional for the first time in the census of 1930;
they are now listed apart from the 19,951 religious workers, who
remain in the semiprofessional category. The number of women in
these two groups combined has increased 65.4 per cent since 1920.
The 79,611 women musicians4 include a 10 per cent increase since
1920, and artists have advanced to the 20,000 class. Although these
groups include teachers of music and art, the number of men per 100
women has increased in each of these professions, especially during
the decade 1920 to 1930. Men so engaged may have relinquished
artistic callings for more essential occupations during the war that
held over until 1920; and the radio may have had something to do
with it.
Nearly half a million women are working in the medical, dental,
and nursing professions, or directly or indirectly connected with the
art of healing. In addition to the 6,825 ethical physicians and sur
geons, 1,287 dentists, 1,563 osteopaths, and the 2,713 chiropractors,
the country has 9,774 women classified as “other healers.” The last
group includes all lands of quasi-medical persons, such as chiropodists,
masseuses, naturopaths, and mechanotherapists, as wTell as herb
doctors, practical bonesetters, and faith healers of all kinds.
The medical and dental professions are aided by 7,700 technicians
and laboratory assistants and by 26,298 assistants and attendants
in physicians’ and dentists’ offices, a group that has more than doubled
in number since 1920. Then, besides the 288,737 trained nurses,
there are 139,576 practical nurses and 3,566 midwives. Moreover,
this entire group is somewhat understated because certain publichealth workers and hospital attendants are classed elsewhere. In
spite of this fact, women in this entire category have more than
doubled in number since 1910.
American women physicians and surgeons have experienced a 6
per cent decline in number since 1920, as have women osteopaths.
The 1920 figures for women physicians may have been swollen slightly
by the inclusion of a few electrotherapists and hydrotherapists, groups
classified with “other healers” in 1930 but with physicians in 1920.
Yet it is an established fact that somewhat more women physicians
are being graduated from medical colleges today than was the case
10 or 20 years ago.
* See p. 34.
GENERAL DIVISIONS OF OCCUPATIONS
25
Architecture still is followed by relatively few women. However,
their number increased from 137 in 1920 to 379 in 1930.
Each of the various professions listed by the Bureau of the Census
was followed by at least a few women in 1930, even to four in mining
engineering, the one professional pursuit without feminine representa
tion in 1920. One may be surprised to learn that 3,276 women gave
their occupation as clergyman and 1,905 as chemist, assayer, or
metallurgist. Among other unusual professions for women are noted
21 inventors and 11 veterinary surgeons.
In spite of the fact that in each of the many professions some
women are engaged, slightly more than four out of five professional
women still are occupied in school-teaching or trained nursing, those
time-honored feminine pursuits. Chart IV illustrates the fact that
60 per cent of all professional women are teachers and 20 per cent
are trained nurses.
Semiprofessional pursuits.
Among the 55,184 women classed in semiprofessional pursuits in
1930 are. those more or less technically trained to assist in the pro
fessions of law, medicine, theology, and social service, together with
a number engaged in theatrical and recreational activities. For
example: Abstracters, notaries, and justices of the peace; technicians
and laboratory assistants; chiropractors and other healers; religious
workers; and keepers of charitable and penal institutions all belong
in this category. Here, too, belong officials of lodges and societies;
owners and managers of theaters and of motion-picture production;
radio announcers, directors, managers and officials; keepers of pleasure
resorts, race tracks, and dance halls; as well as other allied occupations.
Attendants and helpers in professional service.
Women employed as attendants and helpers in professional service
numbered 55,625 in 1930, approximately the same as those engaged
in semiprofessional pursuits. Nearly half of this group were assist
ants in physicians’ and dentists’ offices, while such occupations as
librarians’ assistants and attendants and theater ushers also are
included.
CLERICAL OCCUPATIONS
Clerical occupations now claim the attention of nearly 2,000,000
women, a group three and one-third times as large as it was 20 years
ago, while the gain since 1920 is represented by half a million women.
In 1930, clerical occupations, with 18.5 per cent of all gainfully occu
pied women, displaced manufacturing and mechanical industries as
the second great group of pursuits for women, whereas in 1910 clerical
occupations ranked fifth. (See Table 1.)
Practically all clerical workers are included in this general division
of occupations, regardless of the industry in which they are employed.
Although during the last decade the number of women in clerical
occupations increased by 564,905, or 39.7 per cent, it nevertheless is
a fact that the number reported as engaged in clerical pursuits may
have been slightly understated at each of the three censuses in ques
tion, because of the unfortunate tendency to refer to saleswomen in
stores as “clerks.”5
s See discussion of this occupation, p. 20.
26
THE OCCUPATIONAL PROGRESS OF WOMEN, 1910 TO 1930
The war gave great impetus to the employment of women in clerical
positions, and they seem disposed to hold the advantage that accrued
during that period. In fact, a steady increase has been noted among
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women in these occupations since 1910, when but 7.3 per cent of all
gainfully occupied women were engaged in clerical work, compared
with 16.6 per cent in 1920 and 18.5 per cent in 1930. (See Chart I.)
GENERAL DIVISIONS OF OCCUPATIONS
27
Even so, the 1,986,830 women classed in this group, according to the
census of 1930, were fewer than two-thirds the number in domestic
and personal service.
The largest single group of clerical workers, 775,140, are the ste
nographers and typists, but the occupation of office clerk, which keeps
706,553 women busy, must be considered a close runner-up. Each of
these groups was augmented by more than 200,000 women in the past
decade, while the 465,697 bookkeepers and cashiers include 119,951
new recruits since 1920. Of the 706,553 office clerks listed in the cen
sus of 1930, women to the number of 32,718 stated that they operated
recording or computing machines or other office appliances.
In the field of accountancy women have to some extent lost the
temporary advantage gained during the war when large numbers of
men accountants were absent from their regular posts. Accountancy
is more a profession than a clerical occupation and would be so con
sidered if the Bureau of the Census had any assurance that only bona
fide accountants so returned their occupation.
DOMESTIC AND PERSONAL SERVICE
At each of the last three censuses, domestic and personal service was
the general division of occupations in which the largest number of
women were engaged. Of all gainfully employed women, 29.6 per
cent were at work in this group in 1930, compared with 25.6 per cent
in 1920 and 31.3 per cent in 1910.
This general division of occupations includes not only private and
public housekeeping, charwomen and day workers, and laundry work
in and out of laundries, as one might expect, but all catering directly to
the personal needs of the public except the medical and nursing groups,
naturally classed with professional service. Among the occupations
that one might not anticipate finding under domestic and personal
service are barbers, hairdressers, and manicurists; midwives and
practical nurses; bootblacks; porters; janitors and sextons; and eleva
tor tenders. The Bureau of the Census also includes under domestic
and personal service all employees of steam laundries and of cleaning,
dyemg, and pressing shops, together with their owners and managers’
Although the work carried on in these establishments may closely
resemble factory operations, laundries and dry-cleaning shops are
not classed with manufacturing and mechanical industries because
they create no product.
The designation “domestic and personal service” thus includes a
much larger class than so-called “servants,” though in 1930 the latter
occupation was followed by more than half the women engaged in
this large service group.
Domestic and personal service is the only general division of occu
pations in which an increase in the number of women was recorded
from 1920 to 1930 after a decline had taken place in the preceding
decade. In this group the number of women increased 45.4 per cent
between 1920 and 1930, whereas in the preceding decade there was a
decline of 13.6 per cent. (See Table 2.) This change has largely
been effected by a similar trend in one pursuit—that of servant, the
controlling occupation of this entire group in that it comprises more
than half the women engaged in domestic and personal service.
155543°—33------ 3
28
THE OCCUPATIONAL PROGRESS OF WOMEN, 1910 TO 1930
Servants and allied occupations.
The number of women employed as servants in this country
advanced from 1,012,133 in 1920 to 1,634,959 in 1930. These figures
include chambermaids, cooks, ladies’ maids, nursemaids, and all gen
eral servants, whether employed in private homes, hotels, restaurants,
or boarding houses. They do not, however, include waitresses, home
laundresses, or charwomen.
.
The number of negro servants increased 81 per cent, compared with
a gain of 49 per cent among all others, the majority of whom are
white. The recent migration of negroes toward the cities of the
North and the Middle West, a phenomenon of the 1920’s, tended to
relieve the labor market in rural sections of the South so far as domes
tic service was concerned; at the same time this influx made available
great numbers of household workers in northern cities that previously
had had an insufficient supply to meet the demand, especially since
the curtailment of immigration.
Table 8 indicates that 203,376, or one-eighth, of the 1,634,959
servants were employees of hotels, restaurants,. boarding houses, col
lege dormitories, hospitals, and other kindred institutions, while the
remainder presumably were at work in private homes.. Nearly half
of these employees in hotels, restaurants, etc., gave their occupations
as cooks, a pursuit requiring considerable skill under such conditions.
Table 8.—Number
and per cent distribution of women employed as servants,
according to occupation and place of work: 1930, 1920, and 1910
Per
cent
distri
bution
Number
1,012,133
o)
0)
100.0
1,309,549
268, 618
26.5
333, 436
Number
Per
cent
distri
bution
Number
Servants.-. ---------------------------------- 1,634,959
203, 376
Hotels, restaurants, boarding houses, etc----Other domestic and personal service 2---------- 1, 431, 583
100.0
12.4
87.6
371,095
22.7
Occupation and place of work
Cooks......... ..................... ...........................
94,252
276,843
5.8
16.9
Other servants------------ ----------- ---------- 1,263,864
109,124
Hotels, restaurants, boarding houses, etc-----Other domestic and personal service 2--------- 1,154, 740
77.3
6.7
70.6
Hotels, restaurants, boarding houses, etc.......
Other domestic and personal service 2.............
i
Data not available.
1910
1920
1930
100.0
0)
2575
(')
(9
0)
0)
743,615
(«)
(>)
Per
cent
distri
bution
73.5
976,113
0)
(')
74.5
1 Practically all in this group work in private homes.
This pronounced gain among servants is the more remarkable
because their number decreased 23 per cent between 1910 and 1920, a
decline that has been explained in various ways.
Inasmuch as the wages of servants advanced enormously and more
or less continuously throughout the war era, household employees had
come to be regarded as a distinct luxury by 1920. Furthermore, with
the trend toward urbanization came an increasing preference for
apartment-house life and the rather general adoption of mechanical
household equipment. At the same time higher wages and superior
working conditions, especially hours, attracted large numbers of
domestic workers to other jobs, principally in factories.
The decline in this occupation between 1910 and 1920 has been fur
ther explained by the curtailment of immigration, and the shrinkage
29
GENERAL DIVISIONS OF OCCUPATIONS
in the number of negro servants in the South during that period has
been attributed partially to the fact that during and directly after the
war men of their families found it easy to secure work at good wages,
and, as a result, the women were inclined to remain at home without
seeking employment.
Yet the more recent decade saw an increase of 62 per cent in the
number of women servants. Moreover, with the exception of home
laundresses, all allied occupations, such as waitress, charwoman, and
janitress, also showed large gains. It is evident that many women
who held other jobs during the war must have since returned to the
field of domestic service, while some have sought employment of this
kind who did not find it necessary to work at all during that period.
In view of the practical cessation of immigration since 1914, a rather
thorough adjustment of postwar conditions is indicated with regard
to domestic service.
The second largest occupation among women in domestic and
personal service is that of laundress not in laundry. This kind of
work was carried on in 1930 by 356,468 women, a group that has
been decreasing since 1910, though the rate of decline has been
greatly lessened during the last decade.
This decrease of 163,536 home laundresses since 1910 may be
explained in three ways: (1) The more or less general installation of
electrical washing and ironing machines in private homes; (2) the
supplanting of the old-time laundress by steam laundries and by
dry-cleaning establishments; and (3) drastic changes in the style and
quantity of women’s clothing.
With the aid of electricity many housewives are doing their own
laundry nowadays with an ease not even dreamed of a decade or two
ago; moreover, except in those communities where unskilled domestic
labor is plentiful and cheap, each year sees more and more oldfashioned washerwomen supplanted" by steam-laundry operatives,
one of whom can accomplish as much with the aid of machinery as
several women washing at home by means of the old back-breaking
methods. In 1930 women operatives in steam laundries numbered
149,414, twice as many as in 1920. Women workers in cleaning,
dyeing, and pressing shops to-day number nearly five times the
4,573 so occupied in 1920.
Table 9.—Number and per cent that negro women formed of all women in certain
selected occupations in domestic and personal service: 1930, 1920, and 1910
Occupation
All
women
1930
1920
1910
Negro women
Negro women
Negro women
Per
All
Per
All
Per
women Number cent women Number cent
Number cent
of
of
of
total
total
total
All occupations_______ 10,752,116 1,840,642 17.1 8,549,511 1,571,289
Domestic and personal service _ 3,180,251 1,152,560 36.2 2,186,682 790,592
Servants............................... 1,634,959 727,342 44.5 1,012,133 401,381
Cooks_________
371,095 232,004 62.5 268,618 168, 710
Other servants............. 1, 263,864 495, 338 39.2 743,515 232,671
Laundresses (not in laun
dry) —
356,468 269,098 75.5 385,874 283, 557
Waitresses_____________
231,973
17,628 7.6 116,921
14,155
18.4 8,075, 772 2,013,981 24.9
36.2 2, 530,403
853,302 33.7
39.7 1, 309, 549
62.8 333, 436
31.3 976,113
415,416 31. 7
205,939 61.8
209,477 21.5
73.5
12.1
361,551 69.5
7,434 8.7
520,004
85, 798
30
THE OCCUPATIONAL PROGRESS OF WOMEN, 1910 TO 1930
The growing practice of dining away from home is reflected in the 88
per cent increase between 1920 and 1930 among men and women
restaurant, cafe, and lunch-room keepers. Furthermore, waitresses
almost doubled in number during the past decade, the gain being 98
per cent; 231,973 women were employed in this capacity in 1930, and
it is surprising to learn that only 7.6 per cent of their number were
negroes.
In the final analysis the future prospect of adequate domestic
service in this country is not particularly rosy. By going back 20
years and skipping the war epoch that so upset the traditions of
women’s employment, the gain between 1910 and 1930 in the number
of servants proves to be considerably less than the corresponding
increase in population, to say nothing of the concomitant increase in
wealth. Since immigration is likely to remain at its present low
ebb, the still wider geographical distribution of household workers
from sections of the country oversupplied with such labor seems to
offer the only solution to meet the shortage of household employees
in the future.
Other occupations in domestic and personal service.
Hairdressers and manicurists have increased enormously since
1920, both in number and in percentage. In fact, this group, which
includes all women engaged in any phase of beauty culture, is nearly
three and one-half times as large as it was in 1920. Undoubtedly,
the permanent wave and the various styles of wearing the hair short
have played an important part in the rapid development of this
occupation.
Increases were noted among practical nurses, a group that includes
most attendants in hospitals and other large institutions, and also
among housekeepers 6 and stewardesses; in neither of these occupa
tions, however, has the advance been commensurate with the 21 per
cent growth in the female population since 1920. Boarding and
lodging house keepers registered a gain of 11 per cent between 1920
and 1930; as in the case of servants, this occupation declined between
1910 and 1920 and then reversed its trend in the more recent decade.
Each of these three occupations—housekeepers and stewardesses,
practical nurses, and boarding and lodging house keepers—is followed
by more than 100,000 women.
One prominent outgrowth of war conditions is typified by the
12,359 women at work as elevator operators in 1930; such a change
was undreamed of prior to 1917; in fact, only 25 women in the entire
country held such jobs in 1910.
.
Healthy increases occurred among women in certain proprietary
and managerial pursuits that likewise are included in the category of
domestic and personal service. Among these occupations are hotel
and restaurant keepers and managers, and the owners, managers,
and officials of laundries.
The 40,008 women restaurateurs have much more than doubled in
number during the past 10 years and more than trebled in the past
20 years. Occupations in the field of hotel and restaurant manage
ment are unique in that women of mature age, provided they have
the proper training and equipment, are preferred to those who are
younger.
6 See Appendix B, p. 85,
GENERAL DIVISIONS OF OCCUPATIONS
31
AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY, AND FISHING
American women engaged in agricultural pursuits numbered 910,268
in 1930, a decline of 16 per cent in a decade. According to Table 1,
this group at the date of the last census represented but 8.5 per cent
of all gainfully occupied women, compared with 12.7 per cent in 1920
and 22.4 per cent in 1910.
A sensational decrease among women working on farms occurred
between 1910 and 1920. (Table 2.) Moreover, in 1930 the number
of women m agricultural pursuits was just half what it was in 1910.
Inasmuch as but 329 women were at work in pursuits classed as
forestry and fishing, the only occupations of importance in the entire
agricultural group were those of farmers, farm managers or fore
women, and farm laborers.
As farmers, women have held their own pretty well, the decline
among them bemg but 1.1 per cent since 1920. This group includes
all women who own and operate their farms, as well as those who are
tenant farmers and those who work farms on shares.
The drop among farm managers and forewomen from 14,340 in
1920 to 963 in 1930 appears startling, but much of this decrease may
be attributed to the more rigid scrutiny of census returns and the
resultant superior classification. Unless the woman who owns and
operates her farm actually tills the soil herself, the average census
enumerator has an inclination to refer to her as a farm manager in
stead of as a farmer. Perhaps he has a vague distinction in mind
somewhat like that made between a “gentleman farmer” and a “dirt
farmer.” But the woman who owns her farm, rents it, or works it
on shares, and who herself operates it to the extent of deciding on the
crops and the various steps that shall be taken in their cultivation,
must be considered a farmer, regardless of whether she runs her own
plough and hayrake or has such work done by a farm hand.
The 1930 returns for all farm managers and forewomen were care
fully looked over in an effort to see whether these women owned their
farms, rented them, or worked them on shares, information that is
available on the schedules. As a result, many women eventually
were classed as farmers whom the enumerators had returned as farm
managers or forewomen.
. Women farm laborers numbered 1,525,707 in 1910 and but 646,331
m 1930. This 57.6 per cent decline in a period of 20 years is common
to both wage workers and unpaid family workers on home farms.
The decrease was much greater from 1910 to 1920 than during the
more recent decade.
What has caused this tremendous drop among women in agricul
tural pursuits extending over a 20-year period? In the first place,
the Bureau of the Census has estimated7 that the number of women
farm laborers in 1910 represented an overenumeration of almost half
a million, while the continued decline indicates that the overstatement
at that time may in reality have been even greater. The bureau
suggests that this excessive number may have been largely the result
of an instruction issued to census enumerators, directing them to return
every woman working regularly at outdoor farm work as a farm
laborer. In compliance with this direction many women who regu
' U. S. Bureau of the Census. Thirteenth Census, 1910. Vol. 4, Population, Occupation Statistics, p. 28.
32
THE OCCUPATIONAL PROGRESS OF WOMEN, 1910 TO 1930
larly fed their chickens or who did other farm chores for an hour or
so each morning undoubtedly were returned as farm laborers.
_
To correct this tendency toward overstatement, more explicit
instructions were issued in 1920, requiring that only those women who
worked regularly and most of the time at farm activities should be
considered as farm laborers. This change in directions, which served
to eliminate the woman who worked occasionally or only a short time
each day at outdoor farm or garden work, naturally resulted in the
return of relatively fewer women in agricultural pursuits.
_
Then there has been, likewise, a tremendous drop since 1910 in the
number of children at work on farms, though even at the date of the
last census 126,410, or 14 per cent, of the 910,268 women agricul
turally employed were girls under 16 years of age. Nearly one-third
(31.6 per cent) of the huge decline since 1910 among women working
on farms occurred among girls under 16; as in the case with women at
all ages, however, some of this decline is more apparent than real, due
to the tightening of instructions to enumerators in 1920 and again in
1930.
.
In accounting for the decline between 1910 and 1920 in the number
of women working on farms, considerable importance was attached
to the change in census date from April 15 in 1910 to January 1 in
1920—a change, in other words, from a very busy farming season to a
time of year when all farming activities were at their lowest ebb.
In 1930 the census was taken on April 1, a date comparable with that
of 1910; yet a still further decline has been recorded in the number of
women at work on farms. It seems probable, therefore, that the
change in census date between 1910 and 1920 exerted less influence
in reducing the number of women returned in agricultural pursuits
than appeared to be the case when the decline in that decade was
studied originally.
_
_
Among other influences that may account for an actual diminution
in the number of women working on farms is the practical cessation of
immigration. The census of 1930 was taken 16 years after immigrants
had ceased coming to the United States in large numbers. To-day
there is no annually recurring supply of young Polish and Bohemian
women, accustomed in their homelands to outdoor work on farms.
The older members of these nationality groups are dying off and their
daughters born in this country evince less enthusiasm for the heavier
farm activities.
In the South hundreds of thousands of rural negroes have moved to
cities in their own States or to metropolitan centers of the North and
the Middle West. In fact, between 1920 and 1930 the number of
negroes declined 8.2 per cent in the rural farm districts of the United
States, compared with a shrinkage of 3.8 per cent in the entire rural
farm population. Practically all negro women and children living
on farms work in the fields at cotton-picking time, and in the past
these have helped to swell unduly the numbers of farm laborers.
Therefore, the exodus of nearly half a million negroes from the rural
districts has resulted in a disproportionate decline in the number of
women and children reported as working on farms.
In days gone by the housewife on the farm earned extra money by
keeping chickens, making butter, or raising vegetables, fruit, and
flowrers. As already stated, too many of such part-time workers have
CHANGES IN WOMEN’S STATUS IN LARGE GROUPS
33
been enumerated as farm laborers in the past. To-day, moreover, the
number of those who do such lighter forms of farm work may have
been reduced because certain of them are meeting the same need by
running homes for tourists, an activity classed occupationally with
the keeping of boarding and lodging houses.
Although farms in every State have been abandoned because of
heavy taxes, worn-out soil, or the desire of the younger generation to
live where life is less arduous and where they can go to the movies, it
nevertheless is a fact that among men in all agricultural pursuits the
decline from 1920 to 1930 has been negligible. In fact, the number of
men working as farm laborers for wages increased by nearly half a
million (21.4 per cent) during this decade, though as farmers, farm
managers, and unpaid workers on home farms the number of men
decreased by an even larger number.
From census returns alone it is clear that agricultural activities in
this country are undergoing a radical change. The farming syndicate
that operates a tract of 50,000 acres under a single management still is
a rarity, but with the tractor and other improved farm machinery has
come a definite tendency to carry on the cultivation of the soil on a
very large scale. In 1930 such occupations as presidents, treasurers,
accountants, and stenographers of farming corporations were by no
means unheard of on census schedules from certain sections of the
West. This inclination toward large-scale farming tends of itself to
eliminate the employment of women. So long as there are berries
to pick, onions to weed, and beans to snip, women and children will
be in demand on farms. But the labor of women and children is less
likely to be used in connection with large-scale agricultural operations.
CHANGES IN WOMEN’S STATUS IN LARGE GROUPS
A study of those occupations in which large numbers of women were
engaged in 1930, comparing such numbers with the 1920 and 1910
figures, brings out some of the most striking changes in the occupa
tional status of women. Table 10, for example, shows the number of'
occupations in which feminine groups of specified size were at work
in 1930,in 1920, and in 1910.
Table 10.—Number
of occupations 1 in which the specified number of women were
engaged: 1930, 1920, and 1910
Size of group
500,000 or more women.......................
Number of occupations1
in which the specified
number of women
were engaged in—
1930
1920
1910
1
6
14
21
30
46
86
208
30
1
5
12
18
30
41
76
191
23
2
3
9
16
28
33
60
165
39
’Includes new occupations, listed in the census for the first time in 1920 or in 1930, as the case may be, but
excludes indefinite residuary groups. (See Appendix B, p. 85).) These occupations were counted after
the 1920 and 1910 data had been fitted into the 1930 scheme of occupation classification.
34
THE OCCUPATIONAL PROGRESS OP WOMEN, 1910 TO 1930
In general, it is obvious that the number of occupations in which are
engaged any specific number of persons—whether 1,000 or 100,000—
should grow with each succeeding decade. This finding is to be
expected in a steadily increasing population, even if each pursuit had
merely retained its relative proportion. Furthermore, it does not
seem that the increase from 1920 to 1930 among occupations employ
ing specified numbers of women has been out of proportion to the
growth of the population.
OCCUPATIONS WITH 50,000 OR MORE WOMEN
A study of Table 10 arouses curiosity as to which pursuits fall
within the larger groups. It is interesting to learn, for example, that
the only occupation to qualify with a million women at each of the
last three censuses is that of servant.
Table 11 lists those pursuits in each of which 50,000 or more women
were at work in 1930, in 1920, or in 1910, together with the number
engaged in each such occupation.
Table 11.—Occupations
in which 50,000 or more women were engaged and numhef
engaged in each: 1930, 1920, and 1910
Women occupied inOccupation
Servants.......... ................................. .............................................
School-teachers_______________________ _____ __________
Stenographers and typists______________________________
Clerks (except “clerks” in stores)_______ _____ _______
Saleswomen and “clerks” in stores______________________
Farm laborers-------- ---------- ------------------- ------- --------------Bookkeepers and cashiers....... ........... ........................................
Laundresses (not in laundry)
Operatives—clothing industries__________________________
Trained nurses__________________________ _____________
Farmers (owners and tenants)---------------------------------------Housekeepers and stewardesses____ ___________ _________
Telephone operators----------------------------------------------------Waitresses__ _______ ________________ ______ __________
Dressmakers and seamstresses (not in factory)_____________
Laundry operatives-------------------------- ------ -----------------Cotton-mill operatives...................... ............. ........... ........... ......
Nurses (not trained)___________ __________ ___ _________
Boarding and lodging house keepers--------------------------------Hairdressers and manicurists___________________________
Retail dealers................... ......................... —......................-........
Knitting-mill operatives---- ------ ------------------------------------Operatives—food and allied industries-----------------------------Shoe-factory operatives...................................................... ..........
Musicians and teachers of music-------------------------------------Silk-mill operatives------------------------------------------- ----------Operatives—cigar and tobacco factories.......... ............. ............
Operatives—paper, printing, and allied industries--------------Operatives—iron and steel, machinery, and vehicle industries.
Hotel and restaurant keepers and managers............. ................
Operatives—woolen and worsted mills-----------------------------Milliners and millinery dealers---------------- ------- ---------------
1930
1920
1,634,959
853,967
775,140
706,553
705,793
646,331
465,697
356,468
346, 751
288, 737
262,645
236,363
235,259
231,973
157,928
149,414
145,683
139, 576
127, 278
113,194
110,166
89,803
88, 586
81,551
79,611
73,690
67,948
63,490
60, 763
57,318
49,060
40,102
1,012,133
635, 207
564, 744
472,163
526, 718
803, 229
345, 746
385,874
265,643
143, 664
265, 577
201,350
178,379
116,921
235,519
72,675
149,185
132,658
114,740
33,246
78,980
80,682
73,097
73,412
72,678
72, 768
83,960
67,845
57,819
29, 778
61, 715
69,598
1910
1,309,549
476,864
263,315
122,665
362,081
1, 525, 707
183,569
520,004
237, 270
76,508
273,142
173,333
88, 262
85,798
447, 760
71,604
140, 666
110,912
142,400
22, 298
67,103
65,338
38,439
59,266
84,478
50, 360
71, 845
59, 574
23,557
24, 751
52, 056
122,447
During the past 20 years but little change has taken place in the
number of occupations giving employment to as many as 50,000
women. In fact, such pursuits numbered 30 at the date of the last
census as well as in 1920, though the occupational groups so included
are not identical.
In 1920 milliners and woolen-mill operatives were among the 30
occupations having 50,000 or more women, but the census of 1930
CHANGES IN WOMEN’S STATUS IN LARGE GROUPS
35
indicated that the former occupation, long considered the most fem
inine of pursuits, was followed by but 40,102 women, and that the
number of woolen-mill operatives had declined to 49,060. In numer
ical importance these time-honored occupations for women were
replaced by the following two: Hairdressers and manicurists and
hotel and restaurant keepers and managers, groups in which the 50,000
mark was achieved for the first time in 1930.
In fact, hairdressers and manicurists reached the 100,000 class,
having increased in number from 33,246 in 1920 to 113,194 in 1930.
This numerical gain, more striking than almost any other, may be
attributed largely to the changing attitude of American women
toward the matter of beauty culture. The increase in hotel and
restaurant keeping or management, where women have practically
doubled in number since 1920, is in keeping with the tendency to
enter the field of business that may be observed among women in all
sections of the country.
About half the 30 occupations with as many as 50,000 women are
traditionally feminine callings, such as servants, school-teachers,
stenographers, laundresses, clothing-factory operatives, nurses (both
trained and untrained), housekeepers and stewardesses, telephone
operators, dressmakers, cotton, silk, and knitting mill operatives, and
boarding and lodging house keepers. Certain other pursuits, such as
saleswomen, office clerks, bookkeepers, waitresses, steam-laundry
operatives, and cigar-factory operatives have come to be recognized
as occupations just as suitable for women as for men.
In 1920 it was freely prophesied that iron and steel would no longer
figure as a prominent woman-employing industry after the hangover
from the war had subsided. This forecast is disproved by the
census of 1930. Although the gain since 1920 has not been large
among women operatives in the iron and steel group as a whole
(only 5.1 per cent), in one branch, automobile manufacturing, a
pronounced increase has been recorded in the number of women
employees.
At the date of the last census women operatives in automobile fac
tories numbered 19,032, compared with 12,788 in 1920 and 848 in 1910.
These figures represent an advance of 48-8 per cent during the 10
years from 1920 to 1930. Moreover, women classed as laborers in
automobile factories have scored a similar increase. The production
of automobiles represents one branch of manufacturing in which the
employment of women has outlasted the exceptional conditions that
led to their being taken on in increased numbers during the war. A
general decline has occurred among women at work in other branches
of the iron and steel group, however, such as agricultural-implement
factories, blast furnaces, car and railroad shops, ship and boat build
ing, wagon and carriage factories, machine shops, and iron foundries.
The 28 occupational groups that employed 50,000 or more women
in 1910 comprised 89.7 per cent of all working women 10 years of
age and over. Although the number of such groups increased to 30
in 1920 and was 30 at the latest census, the proportion they formed of
all gainfully occupied women decreased to 86.8 per cent in 1920 and
was practically the same (87 per cent) in 1930. These percentages
indicate that the occupational field for women has broadened since
1910 instead of concentrating in a few long-established occupations.
36
THE OCCUPATIONAL PROGRESS OF WOMEN, 1910 TO 1930
Nine of the 28 occupations in which such large numbers of women
were engaged in 1910 showed decreases in 1930—farm laborers, farm
owners and tenants, musicians and teachers of music, boarding and
lodging house keepers, cigar and tobacco factory operatives, laun
dresses, dressmakers, milliners, and woolen-mill operatives—yet, with
the exception of the last two, all retained in the census of 1930 their
standing as employing 50,000 or more women.
Considering only those occupations that qualified in 1930 with at
least 100,000 women, a net gain of five occurred between 1910 and
1930. There are six new groups in this category, however, as the
122,447 milliners listed in 1910 had declined to only 40,102 by 1930.
The six new groups mentioned are trained nurses, telephone operators,
waitresses, steam-laundry operatives, hairdressers and manicurists,
and retail dealers.
Chart V shows the relative numerical rank of the occupations
having 100,000 or more women in 1930, in 1920, or in 1910.
Occupations that have forged steadily to the front as employers of
women during the past 20 years, so far as numerical prominence is
concerned, are school-teachers, stenographers and typists, sales
women and clerks in stores, bookkeepers and cashiers, telephone
operators, and waitresses. Even more pronounced gains have been
recorded by office clerks, trained nurses, and hairdressers and mani
curists.
Farm labor, the most common occupation for women in 1910,
ranked second in 1920 and sixth in 1930. This indicates a radical
change, though the extent of the decline is considerably minimized
when it is realized that in 1910 the numbers of women and children
employed as farm laborers were grossly overstated, the result of
loose interpretation of the instructions to enumerators.8 Neverthe
less, even if the census data for 20 years ago are definitely discounted
in respect to agricultural employment of women, it still is evident that
farm labor as an occupation for women has experienced a significant
decline.
. Few people are aware that, next to servants, farm labor has con
sistently figured in the past as the occupation in which the largest
numbers of American women have been at work. Census figures
indicate that this condition prevailed in the United States for at least
40 years prior to 1910.
If farm laborers dropped from first to sixth place between 1910 and
1930, an equally significant change is observed in the relative rank of
dressmakers, who were fifth in 1910 and fifteenth in 1930. Likewise,
home laundresses occupied eighth place in 1930 though they were
third in 1910.
J
OCCUPATIONS WITH 1,000 OR MORE WOMEN
The number of pursuits in each of which 1,000 or more women
were engaged in 1930, in 1920, and in 1910 is shown for each general
division of occupations in Table 12.
See pp. 31=32 for explanation.
37
CHANGES IN WOMEN’S STATUS IN LARGE GROUPS
Chart V.
RELATIVE NUMERICAL RANK IN 1930, 1920, AND 1910 OF OCCU
PATIONS IN WHICH 100,000 OR MORE WOMEN WERE EMPLOYED ‘
Occupation
1930
1920
1910
Servants ................................ .......................
School teaohers. . . ...........................
Stenographers and typists.................. «
Clerks (except "clerks" in stores) .
Saleswomen and "clerks" in stores. .
Farm laborers.................. ....
Bookkeepers and cashiers ......
Laundresses (not in laundry) ....
Operatives, clothing industries. . .
Trained nurses ...........
Farmers (owners and tenants) ....
Housekeepers and stewardesses. ...
Telephone operators. ........
Waitresses ........................................ ....
Dressmakers and seamstresses ....
(not in factory)
Laundry operatives ... .................. .
Cotton-mill operatives ...........................
Nurses (not trained) ... ..................
Boarding and lodging house keepers .
Hairdressers
and manicurists. ♦ ♦ •
Retail dealers............................... .... . .
Milliners and millinery dealers. . .
1/
2
!
3
j
Based on data in Table 11.
Fewer than 100,000 but more than 50,000 women were engaged in this
occupation at this census.
Fewer than 50,000 women were engaged in this occupation at this census..
38
THE ‘OCCUPATIONAL PROGRESS OF WOMEN, 1910 TO 1930
Number of occupations 1 in which 1,000 or more women were engaged,
according to general division of occupations: 1980, 1980, and 1910
Table 12.
General division of occupations
Number of occupations1 in
which 1,000 or more women
were engaged
1930
All occupations..
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing________
Extraction of minerals_________________
Manufacturing and mechanical industries _
Transportation and communication_____
Trade_______________________________
Public service (not elsewhere classified)___
Professional service_______________ ____
Domestic and personal service__________
Clerical occupations______ ___________
1920
1910
208
191
3
4
4
90
9
31
6
35
22
12
90
6
26
5
30
20
9
80
7
24
2
22
18
8
165
yiicmues new occupations, listed in tne census lor the first time in 1920 or in 1930, as the case may be.
5 G?n
^^duary^oups. (See Appendix B, p. 85.) These occupations were counted after
the 1920 and 1910 data had been fitted into the 1930 scheme of occupation classification.
Occupations with 1,000 or more women numbered 208 in 1930,
compared with 191 in 1920 and 165 in 1910. The two general groups
in which the pursuits employing 1,000 or more women increased most
in the past decade are trade and professional service, with a gain of
five occupations each in 1930. In the decade 1910 to 1920 the great
est advances in occupations with 1,000 or more women were in the
manufacturing and mechanical industries and professional service. In
the manufacturing and mechanical industries such occupations num
bered 90, both in 1920 and in 1930.
Although the comparison afforded by Table 12 is interesting, it
must be discounted somewhat because of the fact that the scheme of
occupation classification has been improved slightly at each census
and new occupations are added, necessarily, as conditions change.
To illustrate, osteopaths were listed as a separate pursuit for the first
time in the census of 1920, while in 1930 new occupations included
rayon-factory operatives and laborers; chiropractors; technicians
and laboratory assistants; advertising agents; county agents, farm
demonstrators, etc.; and others. It seemed advisable to include in
Table 12 the new pursuits that afforded employment to 1,000 or more
women.9
OCCUPATIONS IN WHICH NO WOMEN WERE AT WORK
Of the 534 separate occupations and occupation groups established
by the census classification for 1930, women were at work in all but
30. Of the 572 such classes in 1920 no women were employed in 35,
and of the 428 in 1910 no women were engaged in 43. From these
figures it would appear that the occupational territory unexplored by
women is narrowing, but if the occupational data for all three censuses
are fitted into the 1930 classification, the number of occupations not
followed by any woman declined from 39 in 1910 to 23 in 1920 and
rose to 30 in 1930. While these figures do not give a strictly ac
curate picture, because of changes in the method of classification
at each census, they afford, nevertheless, the best available basis of
comparison.
The fact that occupations with no women at work were more num
erous in 1930 than in 1920 implies that in the earlier year a few women
! See Appendix B, p, 8S,
CHANGES IN WOMEN’S STATUS IN LARGE GROUPS
39
still were substituting, in unusual lines, for men who had gone to war.
This finding was most noticeable in the field of transportation.
In the last 3 censuses a number of occupations were inviolate so
far as their invasion by women is concerned. These are boilermaker;
puddler; roofer and slater; structural-iron worker; brakeman, steam
railroad; locomotive engineer; locomotive fireman; motorman,
steam railroad; conductor, steam railroad; fireman, fire department;
and soldier, sailor, or marine. With the exception of roofer and slater
it appears that none of these pursuits has been reported at any census
as the occupation of a woman.
STRIKING CHANGES IN OCCUPATIONS FOR WOMEN
During the decade 1920 to 1930 striking changes occurred in the
kind of work that American women have chosen to do. It is not
altogether improbable that the great wave of prosperity that struck
this country in the second half of the period in question may have
been responsible for some of the advances. The acceleration of
business, for example, made numerous openings for clerical workers
and the generally prosperous feeling that prevailed until 1930 led to
the continued employment of more servants than had formerly been
the case.
_
The nature of these changes is brought out by a study of the 12
occupations in each of which the number of women increased by at
least 50,000 during the 10-year period. For purposes of comparison,
Table 13 records as well the increase or decrease in these occupations
between 1910 and 1920.
Table 13.— Twelve occupations in each of which the number of women increased
50,000 or more from 1920 to 1930, with number and per cent of increase, and with
corresponding increase (or decrease) from 1910 to 1920
Occupation
Increase, 1920 to
1930
Increase (or de
crease), 1910 to 1920
Number Per cent
Number
61.5
49.6
34.4
37.3
34.0
101.0
34.7
98.4
30.5
240.5
105.6
31.9
-297, 416
+349, 498
+158, 343
+301, 429
+164, 637
+67,156
+162,177
+31.123
+28, 373
+10,948
+1, 071
+90,117
622,826
234,390
218, 760
210,396
179,075
145,073
119,951
115, 052
81,108
79,948
76, 739
56,880
Per cent
-22.7
+284. 9
+33.2
+114. 5
+45.5
+87.8
+88.3
+36.3
+12.0
+49.1
+1.5
+102.1
The greatest numerical increases in the past decade were among
certain occupations in domestic and personal service, in the various
clerical pursuits, and in the professions. Here are servants, with a
gain of 622,826 women since 1920 after an actual decline of considera
ble extent during the 10 years previous; here are waitresses, with an
increase of 115,052; also hairdressers and manicurists, and steamlaundry operatives, with a gain of nearly 80,000 each. The numeri
cal advance in these four occupations alone is represented by 894,565
women. Yet not a single occupation in domestic and personal service
qualified with an increase of 50,000 women between 1910 and 1920.
Then the ranks of the three great clerical pursuits—office clerks,
stenographers and typists, and bookkeepers and cashiers—were
40
THE OCCUPATIONAL PROGRESS OF WOMEN, 1910 TO 1930
augmented in the aggregate by 564,737 women between 1920 and
1930. Women have been prominent in clerical service for many years,
though to a less overwhelming extent prior to 1920. As fast as war
activities claimed men in clerical occupations, women filled their places,
and from the census of 1930 it seems doubtful that they will ever
relinquish the position they have won in this field.
The third great increase is noted for two professions, teaching and
nursing, in which the number of women has advanced 363,833 in the
past decade. Although the numerical gain among teachers is much
the greater, the expansion among trained nurses is extremely large,
both in number and in percentage.
The only occupation in manufacturing and mechanical industries
to qualify with such a large increase between 1920 and 1930 is that of
operatives in the clothing industries, for whom a numerical advance of
81,108 women was listed. In trade, saleswomen and clerks in stores
have increased steadily, with a gain of 179,075 women from 1920 to
1930; and in transportation, telephone operators increased by 56,880.
Relatively few occupations registered a shrinkage of 25,000 or more
women during the decade 1920 to 1930. Such declines as did occur
are shown in Table 14, with the corresponding change for these occu
pations between 1910 and 1920 and between 1910 and 1930.
Table 14.—Occupations in each of which the number of women decreased 25,000 or
more from 1920 to 1930, with number and per cent of decrease, and with corre
sponding decreases from 1910 to 1920 and from 1910 to 1930
Occupation
Decrease, 1920 to
1930
Decrease, 1910 to
1920
Decrease, 1910 to
1930
Number Per cent Number Per cent Number Per cent
Farm laborers________________
Wage workers___ ___ _ ___
Unpaid family workers__
Sewing trades *_____________
156,898
19.5
722,478
47.4
879,376
57.6
55, 264
101, 634
24.4
17.6
122, 535
599,943
35.1
51.0
177, 799
701, 577
50.9
59.6
117,108
34.8
274,075
44.9
391,183
64.0
Dressmakers and seamstresses (not in
factory)____________ __ _ _
Milliners and millinery dealers
77, 591
29,496
32.9
42.4
212,241
52,849
47.4
43.2
289,832
82,345
64.7
67.2
Laundresses (not in laundry).....................
29,406
7.6
134,130
25.8
163, 536
31.4
1 Includes tailoresses also.
For 20 years the occupations of dressmaker, milliner, and home
laundress have been losing ground in this country, though the decline
has been somewhat retarded since 1920, especially in the case of
laundresses. With reference to these pursuits it has been said that
"women are not leaving the occupation so much as the occupation
is leaving them.” 10
From a sociological standpoint the decline in these three pursuits
is highly significant. Most of the dressmakers and laundresses and
a few of the milliners have worked at home. To a large extent these
have been part-time pursuits that could be combined with the care
of children and of a household. The high cost of living that accom
panied the war, together with the tendency toward specialization in
every line, led many women desiring employment to prefer full-time
1°IF,'1S-,mnrea,f tha Census- Monograph IX. Women in Gainful Occupations, 1870 to 1920, by Joseph
A. Mill, lyj'j, p, oO,
CHANGES IN WOMEN’S STATUS IN LARGE GROUPS
41
occupations, which, though taking them away from home, had the
merit of compensating them far better.
The increasing tendency on the part of women to buy ready-made
clothing, together with the better-paid positions opened to the younger
dressmakers and seamstresses when war activities were at their
height, undoubtedly accounts for a large part of the great reduction
in the number of women engaged in sewing outside of factories.
For several years prior to 1930 a type of small felt hat with a ribbon
band, which with slight variation could be worn both winter and
summer, was popular with women. Inasmuch as these hats were
made and trimmed in felt-hat factories, the employment of milliners
was dispensed with to a great extent. Moreover, fabric hats with a
variety of trimming are now made in factories and bought m large
numbers.
,
, ,
Between 1920 and 1930 a decrease of 156,898 women took place
among farm laborers, the job that held first rank among women s
occupations in 1910 and second place in 1920. This great shrinkage
in the number of women at work on farms has been discussed (page
28), together with some of the probable reasons for the decline. .
From 1920 to 1930 the number of women more than doubled m 32
of the occupations having 500 or more women at the later date.
(Table 15.) In 1920 there were 77 occupations in which the number
of women had increased in 10 years by more than 100 per cent.
Obviously, as the groups increase in size the probability ol doubling
becomes less.
Table 15 —Occupations with BOO or more women each m 1980 m which the number
of women had doubled since 1920; number of women occupied in 1930 and in
1920, with the per cent of increase
Women occupied
in—
Occupation
Managers and officials, insurance companies.............. .............
Inspectors, gaugers, and samplers (trade)----- -----------------Decorators, drapers, and window dressers (tiade)-------Proprietors, managers, and officials, telegraph and telephone.
Keepers of pleasure resorts, race tiacks, etc.-------- -----------Stockbrokers----------- --------------- ------- -------------------------Cleaning, dyeing, and pressing shop workers-------------------Loan brokers and pawnbrokers------------------------------------Laborers—domestic and professional service--------------------Retail dealers, automobiles and accessories------ ---------------Policewomen------------- -------- -------------------------------------Paper hangers---------------- —........... .........................-......... —
Real estate agents and officials-------------------------------------Inspectors, telegraph and telephone--------- ------ ---------------Hairdressers and manicurists---- -------- ----------- ------ -------Canvassers----------------- -------- ----------------------------- ------ Retail dealers, furniture, carpets, and rugs--------- ------------Dentists’ assistants and attendants.-----------------------------Restaurant, caffe, and lunch-room keepers----------------------Insurance agents--------------- -------- ------- ----------------------Guards, watchmen, and doorkeepers---------- ------------- .---Owners and managers, truck, transfer, and cab companies..
Operatives—fruit and vegetable canning, etc------------------Operatives—brick, tile, and terra-cotta factories--------------Wholesale dealers, importers, and exporters...........................
Physicians’ and surgeons’ attendants------------- --------------Editors and reporters............ ........ ........... .............................
Marshals, sheriffs, detectives, etc................................. -........
Laundry operatives------ -------------------- ----------- ------ -----Trained nurses........................—........... ...................................
Librarians... ---------------------- ---------------- ------------------Employment-office keepers------------------------------- ------- -
1930
1920
1,752
5,820
6,238
2,873
977
I,793
21,603
632
6,406
516
849
1,456
31,787
1,133
113,194
II,813
I,865
12, 945
40, 008
12,953
306
1,031
1,155
644
197
376
4, 573
152
1,669
142
236
408
9,208
330
33,246
4,191
692
4,940
15,644
5,083
399
266
6, 306
630
794
6, 410
5, 730
1,246
72,675
143,664
13, 502
669
1,000
576
13, 552
1,349
1,688
13,353
II,924
2, 576
149,414
288, 737
27, 056
1,340
Per cent
of in
crease,
1920 to
1930
472.5
464. 5
440.1
428.1
395.9
376.9
372.4
315.8
283.8
263.4
259. 7
256.9
245.2
243.3
240.5
181.9
169.5
162.0
155.7
154.8
150.6
11C. 5
114.9
114.1
112.6
108 3
108.1
106.7
105.6
101.0
100.4
100.3
42
THE OCCUPATIONAL PROGRESS OF WOMEN, 1910 TO 1930
Except under extraordinary conditions, those pursuits with huge
absolute gains are not the ones that register large percentage increases
Yet four occupations listed in Table 13 (occupations with at least
50,000 increase) advanced enormously both in number and percentage
between 1920 and 1930. These are trained nurses, hairdressers and
manicurists, laundry operatives, and waitresses, the numbers em
ployed having doubled in all but the last named and almost doubled
m that.
After studying those occupations in which the number of women
has doubled in a decade, it is interesting to learn in which activities
the number of women has been reduced by one-half during the same
period. Table 16 lists nine occupations having 1,000 or more women
in 1920 that had fewer than one-half as many in 1930.
Occupations with 1,000 or more women each in 1920 in which fewer than
half as many women were engaged in 1930; number of women occupied in 1930 and
m 1920, with the per cent of decrease
Table 16.
Occupation
Women occupied
in—
1930
Farm managers and forewomen. __ .
Operatives—straw factories. _ _.
Operatives—piano and organ factories___
Sales agents________ _ _
Apprentices (total)________
Laborers—clock and watch factories__
Laborers—woolen and worsted mills. .
Laborers—cigar and tobacco factories.
Laborers—steam railroad...........
1920
Per cent
of de1920 to
1930
963
642
628
1,798
6,487
3,111
6’ 586
52.8
The probable reason for the greatest shrinkage—that among farm
managers and forewomen—has been discussed on page 27. Pre
sumably, the falling off among women sales agents and women
laborers on steam railroads may be attributed to better enumeration
and better occupational classification in the Bureau of the Census; in
other words, the 1920 figures for these two pursuits may have been
overstated.
In the case of each factory occupation listed in Table 16 there was a
decline for both sexes, implying that certain changes have taken place
within the industries themselves. Similarly, the number of appren
tices is falling off at about the same rate among both men and women.
In 12 outstanding occupations, each of which afforded employment
to 50,000 or more women in 1930, the number of women had more
than doubled since 1910; in fact, in three of these it had doubled since
1920, and it had practically doubled in two others. The development
of these large occupational groups, as shown in Table 17, gives a vivid
picture of the changing conditions in the occupational status of women
over a period of two decades. Because of the large numbers of women
in each of the pursuits listed, this table has great significance.
COMPARISON WITH CHANGES IN THE OCCUPATIONS OF MEN
43
Table 17.— Twelve
occupations in each of which 50,000 or more women were engaged
in 1930 and in which the number occupied had more than doubled since 1910;
number of women occupied in 1930 and in 1910, with the per cent of increase
Women occupied
in—
Occupation
Clerks (except “clerks” in stores)___ _____ ______________
Hairdressers and manicurists_______________ __ _______
Trained nurses_______________________________ II””””
Stenographers and typists___________________
Waitresses____________________________ __ ____________
Telephone operators___________________________
Operatives—iron and steel, machinery, and vehicle industries.
Bookkeepers and cashiers______________________________
Hotel and restaurant keepers and managers____________ __
Operatives—food and allied industries____________________
Saleswomen (stores) 1______________________ ___________
Laundry operatives_________________________________
1930
1910
706,553
113,194
288, 737
775, 140
231, 973
235, 259
60. 763
465,697
57, 318
88, 586
542, 646
149,414
122,665
22, 298
76, 508
263, 315
85, 798
88, 262
23, 557
183, 569
24, 751
38, 439
250,487
71,604
Per cent
of in
crease,
1910 to
1930
476.0
407.6
277.4
194.4
170.4
166.5
157.9
153.7
131.6
130.5
116.6
108.7
1 “Clerks” in stores could not be included with saleswomen in this table because saleswomen and “clerks”
in stores together have increased but 94.9 per cent since 1910.
Table 14 (page 40) shows several occupations which, having 100,000
or more women at work in 1910, showed a decline of more than 50 per
cent in number at the census of 1930. In this table point is given
to the enormity of certain reductions over the 20-year period from
1910 to 1930.
COMPARISON WITH CHANGES IN THE OCCUPATIONS
OF MEN
A comparison of changes in the occupations of women with those
observed among men’s pursuits is of interest from many different
angles. The actual numbers at each of three censuses and the
increases or decreases from 1920 to 1930 and from 1910 to 1930 in the
employment of men and women are shown in Tables I and II, pages
56 to 79. Asa rule, only those occupations are listed in Table II which
had 1,000 or more persons of each sex at work at each of the last two
censuses, but for reasons of space not all the component groups are
shown in the case of the manufacturing industries, even when this
numerical prerequisite is met.
In the first place, the female population 10 years of age and over
increased 20.6 per cent from 1920 to 1930, corresponding to an advance
of but 18.1 per cent in the male population. Between the increases in
the numbers of gainfully occupied persons, however, a much greater
difference appears. Among the women usually at work, a gain of
2,202,605, or 25.8 per cent, is in evidence, compared with an increase
of 5,013,067, or 15.2 per cent, among the employed men. This
pronounced expansion in the number of working women during the
recent decade has lowered the ratio of 387 employed men per 100
employed women in 1920 to 354 men per 100 women in 1930.
A study of Table II indicates that in the majority of the occupations
listed the direction of change—increase or decrease—was the same for
both sexes. In all, 121 occupations are shown (exclusive of subtotals),
and only 33 of these indicate a decrease for one sex and an increase
for the other; 17 of the 33 are in the manufacturing and mechanical
155543°—33—4
44
THE OCCUPATIONAL PROGRESS OF WOMEN, 1910 TO 1930
industries. In 20 of the 33 an advance is recorded for men, but not for
women.
No one is surprised to learn that men decreased in number and
women increased as stenographers and typists and as nurses (both
trained and untrained). But why should the number of men inspec
tors, gaugers, and samplers, commercial pursuits, have declined
slightly during these past 10 years, while the number of women so
engaged became nearly six times what it was in 1920?
On the other hand, why did the number of women physicians,
dentists, and osteopaths decrease while men in the same professions
were increasing in number?
It is even more surprising to learn that male milliners and millinery
dealers increased in number when the reduction among women in
this group, as already shown, ran into the tens of thousands. Ap
parently, millinery dealers selling more or less standardized hats are
becoming more numerous, while the milliner who had her own shop
and made, trimmed, and sold hats is passing into the discard, as are
the hat maker, the millinery trimmer, and the apprentice whom she
used to employ. In spite of the numerical loss noted among women
milliners and millinery dealers and the gain among men in this class,
women still outnumber men eight to one.
From Tables II and III it appears that women are definitely sup
planting men as operatives in the clothing industries. The enormous
gain in the number of women employees in clothing factories since
1920 has been discussed, but its significance is not brought out unless
one understands that there was a slight decrease among men in
clothing factories.
<
Numerical advances among women operatives in leather industries,
in rubber factories, and in the iron and steel industries are made
conspicuous by decreases in the number of men employed as operatives
in these factories. In the past the majority of these industrial plants
have offered few or no inducements leading to the employment of
women. Shoe factories monopolize nearly all the increase noted
among women operatives in the leather industries, just as the gain
among women in the iron and steel industries is limited to those in
automobile factories.
Table II lists 69 occupations with additions for both men and
women, but the rates of increase in the various pursuits were by no
means the same for the two sexes. In fact, from 1920 to 1930, 38
occupations had greater percentage gains for women than for men.
With all due allowance for the smaller basic figures usually found in
the case of women workers, it is nevertheless of interest to note that
in each of 17 occupations the percentage of increase among women was
more than 50 points higher than that shown for men.
Conversely, women school-teachers registered a gain of 218,760, or
34.4 per cent, while the men in this profession, whose numbers have
been augmented by 73,201 teachers since 1920, scored an increase of
62.6 per cent. Men school-teachers actually declined in number
between 1910 and 1920, and it is not improbable that some of this
group had not yet returned to their professional duties in 1920 after
participation in war activities.
Although the total number of men in the manufacturing and
mechanical industries registered a gain of 12.1 per cent from 1920
to 1930, compared with a 2.3 per cent decline among women in this
COMPARISON WITH CHANGES IN THE OCCUPATIONS OF MEN
45
general division of occupations, it is evident that additional workers
in the building and hand trades account for most of this increase
among men. At any rate, men factory operatives increased but 6.4
per cent, compared with an 8.6 per cent advance among women.
The percentage of decline among factory laborers was much greater
for women than for men.
Between 1920 and 1930 the production of electrical machinery and
supplies constituted the only manufacturing industry that showed
unusual development common to both sexes; furthermore, the great
enlargement in factories of this type has continued throughout two
decades. On the other hand, the absolute increase from 1920 to 1930
among men and women operatives and laborers in electrical machinery
and supply factories was but 62,582, compared with a net gain of
82,065 employees of both sexes in clothing factories.
Even the chemical and allied industries, with 64,656 additional
employees of both sexes, outstripped the numerical increase in elec
trical machinery and supply factories, though in the case of the latter
group the advance in percentage was much the greater. The inclu
sion of rayon factories is entirely responsible for the gain among
women operatives in chemical industries, but men registered consid
erable increases in petroleum refineries, in gas works, and in paint
and varnish factories. From 1920 to 1930 the numbers of both men
and women operatives were augmented by groups of substantial size
in clay, glass, and stone industries, in food and allied industries, and
in knitting mills.
Cigar and tobacco factories lost a total of 56,083 employees during
the last decade, the decline being considerably the greater for men.
Iron and steel industries as a whole had 106,521 fewer men employees
in 1930 than in 1920, while the net gain among women in all factories
of this type was but 457, inasmuch as the decline among laborers
almost offset the advance among operatives.
Fourteen occupations are listed under “trade” as having at least
1,000 persons of each sex both in 1920 and in 1930. Women recorded
increases in each of these 14 occupations and most of the gains were
fairly large.
It is a matter of common knowledge that the increasing use of
machinery has resulted in the employment of fewer factory opera
tives; in candy, paper box, and cigar and tobacco factories, for
example, where operatives of both sexes have been thrown out of
employment by greater mechanical development
So far as one is able to judge by a comparison of census figures for
1920 and 1930, the employment of women in important manufac
turing pursuits has held its own as compared with the employment
of men, but it has not registered an advance commensurate with the
increase in population.
For 119 of the same occupations as are compared for 1920 and 1930,
the increase or decrease over the 20-year period 1910 to 1930 is shown.
(Table II.)11 During this period the female population 10 years of
age and over increased 41.2 per cent, in contrast to an advance of
34.9 per cent in the male population. Among women usually
ii It must be explained in this connection that in a number of cases such use of the figures is not wholly
justified, owing to the. indefiniteness of reclassifying the 1910 returns to conform to the classification of
1930. The reader is referred to Table I, the detailed footnotes of which (pp. 74 and 75) explain all irregulari
ties in the table.
46
THE OCCUPATIONAL PROGRESS OF WOMEN, 1910 TO 1930
gainfully employed there was a gain of 33.1 per cent, compared to
an increase of 26.5 per cent among employed men.
The number of employed men per 100 employed women is found
to have been 373 in 1910, 387 in 1920, and 354 in 1930.
Of the 119 occupations, only 20 indicate a decrease for one sex
and an increase for the other. Disregarding the relative importance
of these pursuits, the 20 increases were evenly divided, each sex
having 10.
Table II lists 88 occupations that show increases for both men
and women, but the rates of increase differ widely. From 1910
to 1930, 61 occupations had greater percentage gains for women
than for men.
In three of the group totals—professional service, domestic and
personal service, and clerical occupations—women had increases in
actual numbers greater than those of men.
CHANGES IN NUMBER OF MEN PER 100 WOMEN IN SELECTED
OCCUPATIONS
A tabulation showing changes in the ratio of men to women in
certain selected occupations for a 20-year period is of great interest.
In Table III, page 80, changes in the number of men per 100 women
from 1910 to 1930 are shown for those occupations in which 10,000
or more persons of each sex were engaged both in 1930 and in 1920.
This general table indicates that in certain occupations, even among
some of great numerical importance, such as servants and school
teachers, no definite trend can be observed between 1910 and 1930
in the ratio of men to women. In an effort to clarify the extensive
data assembled in this general table, those occupations in which the
number of men per 100 women has increased steadily since 1910 are
listed in Table 18.
Table 18.—Men
per 100 women in those selected occupations 1 in which men have
steadily advanced from 1910 to 1930
Men per 100 women
Occupation
1930
Farm laborers-------------------- ----------------------------------------------Unpaid family workers------------------------ ------------------------------
Operatives:
1920
1910
580
1,495
249
1,688
1,089
676
421
931
221
1,140
921
504
307
729
181
808
792
401
307
159
161
357
133
89
136
108
71
108
165
107
51
764
268
137
129
310
105
81
125
103
59
105
142
79
47
515.
191
124
107
244
100
79
90
99
58
102
121
65
27
427
-
1 This table is limited to those occupations in each of which 10,000 or more persons of each sex
were engaged, both in 1930 and in 1920. (See Table III, general tables, p. 80.)
COMPARISON WITH CHANGES IN THE OCCUPATIONS OF MEN
47
The past two decades have seen unexpected changes in the ratio
of men to women in certain occupations of numerical importance to
both sexes. In a word, men appear to be gaining the ascendancy in
17 occupations (exclusive of subtotals), whereas in 26 pursuits census
figures indicate that women are making greater relative gains than
are men.
As a matter of fact, it rarely happens that a woman directly
replaces a man in any occupation or that a woman is discharged
solely to make place for a man. Rather, conditions in industry
change in such a way as to make the employment of one sex prefer
able to that of the other. The adoption of new types of machinery
in certain factories has led to a preference for women in some cases;
in cigar and tobacco factories, on the other hand, both men and
women employees have lost their jobs because of the introduction
of labor-saving machinery.
During the past two decades the number of men per 100 women
has doubled in but two occupational groups—paid farm laborers,
and compositors, linotypers, and typesetters. One is forcibly struck
by the rapidity with which men are succeeding women in the latter.
Although the decline among women in this group has already been
noted, no other table brings out the change so vividly as does Table
18. Supplementing this information is the accompanying advance
made by men operatives in printing, publishing, and engraving.
Another skilled trade in which women are declining is that of
tailoring. Twenty years ago _ the country had four tailors per
tailoress, but in 1930 the ratio in this occupation was seven men per
woman.
The census of 1930 listed 107 men musicians and music teachers
for every 100 women in this profession, whereas 20 years earlier
only 65 men were enumerated for every 100 women so engaged.
Instructions to census enumerators were rather loose in 1910° as to
the inclusion among the gainfully occupied of women who worked
for a few hours a week. These directions were tightened in 1920,
however, with the result that only women at work regularly and
most of the time were included as having gainful occupations; this
new instruction undoubtedly eliminated many music teachers who
devoted veiy little of their time to their profession. Furthermore,
the demand for music lessons has appreciably lessened since the
victrola, the radio, and the sound-motion pictures reached their
present stage of mechanical development. In other words, this
country had in 1930 many more men than women musicians, though
the opposite condition prevailed 20 years earlier, when more part
time music teachers were included.
As artists, sculptors, and teachers of art, likewise, men appear to
be forging to the front at the expense of women, but the change is
not so great as among musicians and teachers of music.
If one did not foresee that men operatives were gaining more rapidly
than women in the chemical and allied industries and in electrical
machinery and supply factories, at least no one is amazed at these
facts. On the other hand, it is rather a surprise to learn that in
the textile industries as a whole, as well as in carpet, cotton, silk,
and woolen mills, men are slowly but steadily gaining numerical
ascendancy.
48
THE OCCUPATIONAL PROGRESS OF WOMEN, 1910 TO 1930
For 20 years the number of men farm laborers per 100 women so
employed has continued to increase. While this finding was to be
expected by those familiar with conditions in the field of agriculture,
the overstatement in the number of women farm laborers in the census
of 1910 obviously influences this ratio to a considerable degree.
Table 19 assembles those pursuits in which the number of men per
100 women declined during the period 1910 to 1930, provided 10,000
or more persons of each sex were so engaged both in 1930 and in 1920.
Table 19.—Men
per 100 women in those selected occupations 1 in which men have
steadily lost ground from 1910 to 1930
Men per 100 women
Occupation
1930
Manufacturers, managers, and officials (manufacturing) _ Operatives:
Cigar and tobacco factories
....... ........... . ...
______ ____
Clothing industries_________ ________ _
Food and allied industries
Candy factories____ .. ._ _____ __ . ___ ... .. ---- .
Iron and steel, machinery, and vehicle industries ________________
Automobile factories--------- ------ --------------------- ----------------Other metal industries------------- --------------------------------- ------- - .
Shoe factories_____ _____ _______________________________
Laborers—food and allied industries. ...
College presidents and professors .. ---------------------- -------- -- -------- Social and religious workers
Barbers, hairdressers, and manicurists---- --------------- -------------------Hotel keepers and managers------- ------------------------- ----------------------Restaurant, caf6, and lunch-room keepers __________________________
Bookkeepers and cashiers _______________________________
Clerks (except “clerks” in stores)___ ______________ . ----------------Stenographers and typists _______________________ ______ _________
1920
1910
3,127
3,166
5,762
53
513
41
153
64
972
751
198
192
157
756
153
321
6
1,032
1,446
669
97
208
40
231
13
228
313
70
59
183
5
73
549
54
180
67
1,093
847
200
237
181
939
185
371
7
1,846
1, 582
1,035
114
232
53
550
16
293
462
96
78
215
9
111
837
63
256
79
1, 467
2,387
235
287
205
1,365
219
751
11
3,905
1,681
1,113
136
430
80
776
16
353
478
119
144
487
20
i This table is limited to those occupations in each of which 10,000 or more persons of each sex were engaged,
both in 1930 and in 1920. (See Table III, general tables, p. 80.)
To the casual observer it would appear that women are taking the
places of men in certain of the occupations listed in the foregoing
table. Conspicuous among the pursuits indicating this are operatives
in the clothing industries and in candy factories; telephone operators;
social and religious workers; boarding and lodging house keepers;
and stenographers and typists—all occupations in which women have
had a majority for more than 20 years. Nor is one surprised to
learn that in these two decades women have arrived at numerical
supremacy as waiters, as actors, and as bookkeepers and cashiers.
The phenomenal rise among women barbers, hairdressers, and
manicurists has resulted in reducing the number of men per 100
women in this occupational group from 776 in 1910 to 231 in 1930.
Causes of the sensational increase among women in this pursuit have
been discussed. On the other hand, the small gain among men bar
bers, which in reality constitutes a relative decline, may be attributed
to the general adoption of safety razors. To-day few men are shaved
COMPARISON WITH CHANGES IN THE OCCUPATIONS OF MEN
49
by barbers, compared with a generation ago, when that was the cus
tomary procedure for men in comfortable circumstances.
Although men still have a majority as telegraph operators, they
are losing ground at a rapid rate. This statement is true likewise of
college presidents and professors, among whom men have dropped
from 430 per 100 women in 1910 to 208 per 100 women in 1930.
Even as postmasters women are slowly gaining in comparison with
men.
The number of men per 100 women operatives has declined in the
clay, glass, and stone industries, where detailed analysis indicates a
decrease common to operatives in brickyards, in lime, cement, and
artificial stone factories, in glass factories, and in potteries. And
women are gaining ground as automobile-factory operatives at such
a rate as to exert a reducing influence on the number of men per 100
women in the entire group of iron and steel industries. Relative gains
have also been recorded by women in shoe factories and by those in
the nonferrous metal industries, the latter a group of plants that
includes brass mills and factories making tinware and enamelware,
clocks and watches, jewelry, and gold and silver products.
Table 19 depicts the substantial advances made by women in
clerical occupations and in the field of business. In the stenographic
realm women have been numerically preeminent for several decades,
though in 1910 this country had but 5 women stenographers and
typists for each man so occupied. Even during the days of the war
the ratio was but 11 such women per man, -whereas in 1930 women
stenographers numbered 22 for each man so occupied. Another
occupation in which the number of men per 100 women has been
reduced by more than one-half is that of office clerks; in this pursuit
487 men per 100 women were at work in 1910, compared with 183
in 1930. For bookkeepers and cashiers the figure dropped from 144
in 1910 to 59 in 1930.
The census of 1930 showed 10 men to 1 woman at work as realestate and insurance agents and officials, compared with 39 men per
woman in 1910—a striking difference. If this group be subdivided,
the change is found to be much greater among real-estate agents
than among insurance men and women. For example, the ratio of
men insurance agents and officials has dropped from 36 per woman
so engaged in 1910 to 18 in 1930; but among real-estate agents and
officials men numbered 42 per woman in 1910 and only 7 per woman
in 1930. In no other occupation are women advancing so speedily.
Women have made great progress as hotel and restaurant keepers
and managers and as retail dealers, but the change in ratio is not
particularly pronounced. Likewise, as manufacturers, factory man
agers, and officials, the number of men per woman has been almost
cut in two since 1910, though the men in this group still number 31
for each woman so occupied. On the other hand, foremen in factories
have made an appreciable gain at the expense of forewomen during
the past 20 years.
In four occupations, then, it is apparent that women are increasing
much more rapidly in number than are men. Women have long been
in the majority in one of these pursuits—stenographers and typists—
though to a less degree in years gone by. Though the present rate
of advance is high among women real-estate agents and officials;
among barbers, hairdressers, and manicurists; and among office clerks,
50
THE OCCUPATIONAL PROGRESS OF WOMEN, 1910 TO 1930
men so occupied still are much more numerous than women in these
particular occupations.
According to Tables 18 and 19, men are advancing at the expense
of women in 17 occupations (exclusive of subtotals), whereas in 26
pursuits the opposite is true. Since practically every able-bodied
man in this country is at work in normal times, it is of course to be
expected that women would register relative increases in a greater
number of occupations than would be possible for men. Obviously,
the vast numbers of the female sex not gainfully occupied comprise
an almost inexhaustible source of labor supply.
WOMEN IN TEN MAJOR OCCUPATIONAL GROUPS
This report has already described the classification of women’s occu
pations by general divisions, according to industry or place of work.
Yet everyone recognizes the fact that the pursuits comprising any one
general division of occupations are not at all homogeneous. Some
times it is desirable, therefore, to have a brief classification of occu
pations combining pursuits that are fairly similar in character for the
reason that persons who have not mastered the intricacy of occupationclassification schemes are likely to want information regarding
employed women in terms of a few large groups, such as factory
operatives, clerical workers, professional women, or servants.
With this idea in mind the gainfully occupied women have been
assembled in 10 major occupational groups, the total of which forms
more than 95 per cent of all women usually at work. These major
groups of pursuits must not be confused with those occupations that
form the component parts of each group, a point that is carefully
defined by Table IV, page 82. This tabulation shows in detail just
which occupations are included in each of the major groups and how
many women were engaged in each such pursuit in 1930, in 1920, and
in 1910.
Each of these 10 major groups represents a distinct category that is
comparatively homogeneous, not only as to occupation but as to
economic and social status and as to educational qualifications. For
most of the groups the inclusive names assigned are self-explanatory.
Chart VI gives a vivid picture of the changes among women at
work in each of these major occupational groups in 1910, 1920, and
1930. Declines of appreciable size are shown for all women engaged
in sewing occupations, as well as for those in agricultural pursuits.
Although women servants and allied workers increased enormously
from an. absolute standpoint, their relative gain from 1910 to 1930
did not keep pace with the growth of the female population. In this
major group the decline among home laundresses nullified some of the
increase among servants proper. Neither did housekeepers,12 stew
ardesses, and practical nurses—high-class occupations in the field
of domestic service—score a gain commensurate with that of the
population.
The remaining sLx major occupational groups experienced increases
that far surpassed the rise in population. Between 1910 and 1930
the greatest increase, whether considered absolutely or relatively, was
that for women in clerical and kindred pursuits. Table IV demon
strates the fact that this large group includes certain positions, such
I* See Appendix B, p. 85.
51
WOMEN IN TEN MAJOR OCCUPATIONAL GROUPS
as mail carriers, ticket and station agents, technicians and laboratory
assistants, librarians’ assistants, and various allied positions not
usually classified with clerical occupations. In addition, telephone
and telegraph operators, jobs that might also be. considered as clerical
occupations without too much stretch of the imagination, likewise
registered a very large increase.
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o
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Factory and laundry employees, on the other hand, scored a gain
of but 47.7 per cent during this 20-year period, whereas the population
increase among women 10 years of age and over was 41.2 per cent.
Laundry employees and those in cleaning, dyeing, and pressing shops
are included with factory employees in this tabulation of 10 major
occupational groups. Industrially, of course, laundries and cleaning
shops can not be classed as factories'because they turn out no manu
factured product; rather, they render a service.
52
THE OCCUPATIONAL PROGRESS OF WOMEN, 1910 TO 1930
Business women and professional women more than doubled in
number between 1910 and 1930, while among saleswomen, clerks in
stores, commercial travelers, demonstrators, and allied selling occu
pations an increase of 93.3 per cent took place.
The term “business women” is used in this report to connote those
working in proprietary, official, and supervisory pursuits in the field
of business. American women engaged in occupations of this type
may roughly be grouped together as business women in the sense of
being entrepreneurs. Unless narrowly defined, such terms as “busi
ness women” are subject to very loose interpretation.
It is quite true that the census scheme of occupation classification
does not lend itself 100 per cent to the compilation of proprietors,
officials, and supervisors as a group. For example, the millinery
dealers who are classed with milliners and the proprietors of beauty
shops who are lost in the great group of hairdressers and manicurists
would be included with business women if information as to their
numbers were available. Nevertheless, these minor omissions of
women who in reality should be included are offset to a large extent
by the inclusion of a few women who are not bona fide business women
as herein defined. Women pharmacists, for example, are classed with
druggists,_ as are embalmers with undertakers, with the result that
the total includes a certain few who may have no responsibility for
the management of the enterprise with which they are connected. On
the whole, figures for business women represent the group with a
reasonable degree of fidelity.
Among the women operating or managing business concerns in
1930 were 110,166 retail dealers; 57,318 hotel and restaurant keepers
and mangers; 46,492 real-estate and insurance agents and officials;
16,133 manufacturers, factory managers, and officials; 9,192 bankers
and brokers; and 6,424 advertising women. The remainder owned
or managed laundries, dry-cleaning establishments, theaters, small
telephone companies, garages, transfer companies, undertaking estab
lishments, wholesale stores, importing and exporting companies, and
businesses of an allied nature.
Between 1910 and 1930 these business women increased 130.4 per
cent in number, or from 114,133 to 262,950. Numerical gains
occurred in each of the large subdivisions noted just above. Changes
in certain individual occupations included in this category have
already been discussed in considerable detail in the section of the ratio
of men to women. Only by considering the number of men per 100
women can one see the great advance made by women in certain of
these proprietary and supervisory pursuits.
Table 20 lists changes from 1910 to 1930 in the number of men per
100 women in each of these 10 major occupational groups. It is
pertinent to add that in 1930 men in these 10 groups numbered but
65.8 per cent of all gainfully employed men, whereas women so classed
comprised 95.3 per cent of all women at work. This great difference
is due to the fact that five million men are employed in the heavier
skilled building and hand trades—occupations in which women figure
but slightly; in addition, three and one-half million men are at work
on railroads and in other fields of transportation, over a million as
building and general laborers, and almost a million in mining—all
occupations in which few women are employed.
53
WOMEN IN TEN MAJOR OCCUPATIONAL GROUPS
Table 20.—Men per 100 women in each of 10 major occupational groups:1 1980,
1920, and 1910
Men per 100 women
Occupational group 1
1930
1920
1910
All occupations________________________
354
387
373
Servants and allied occupations___ ___________
Clerical and kindred pursuits..... ............................
Factory and laundry employees----------------------Professional pursuits------- ----------------------------Agricultural pursuits-----------------------------------Saleswomen, “clerks” in stores, etc-----------------Housekeepers, stewardesses, and practical nurses^
Telephone and telegraph operators------------------Business men and business women------------------Sewing occupations--------------------------------------All other occupations------------------------------------
36
112
271
104
1,078
270
9
28
1,384
69
2, 576
35
129
294
109
909
232
11
38
1, 773
48
3,183
24
214
282
128
599
296
11
74
2,044
27
3,074
i Table IV, general tables, p. 82, indicates what occupations have been included in each of these major
occupational groups and the number of women in each.
No table illustrates more vividly than the foregoing the com
parative decline of women in agricultural pursuits. The reader may
be surprised to learn that men have scored relative increases even as
servants and in the sewing trades. Professional women have made a
slow but steady advance since 1910, while as clerical workers the
progress of women has been much more marked.
It seems likely that the woman in business is here to stay. The
gradual nature of the change is indicated by the fact that in 1930 this
country had 14 business men for each woman in business, whereas
20 years earlier the ratio was 20 men for each woman in this occupa
tional category.
Changes in the number of men per 100 women are indicative of social
trends operating throughout the country. Such ratios are much more
significant than numerical increases or decreases in certain occupa
tions, but all this information taken together gives a picture of the
occupational progress of women in the United States that can not be
gainsaid.
APPENDIXES
APPENDIX A—GENERAL TABLES
APPENDIX B—CLASSIFICATION AND METHOD;
INSTRUCTIONS TO ENUMERATORS
55
v
Table I.—Gainful workers 10 years old and over, by occupation and sex, for the United States: 1930, 1920, and 1910
Ol
Ci
[Reproduced from Occupation Statistics, United States Summary: Fifteenth Census of the United States, 1930]
1930
1920
1910
Occupation
Population 10 years old and over___
Male
98,723,047
49,949, 798
48,829, 920
38,077,804
Female
Total
Male
Female
Total
Male
Female
82, 739,315
42, 289,969
40,449,346
71, 580, 270
37, 027,558
34,552,712
10,752,116
41,614,248
33,064,737
8,549,511
38,167,336
30,091,564
8, 075,772
909,939
10,665,812
9,582, 666
1,083,146
12, 388,309
10,581,685
1, 806,624
5, 749,367
262,645
6,387, 360
6,121,783
77,984
265, 577
14,340
6,132,380
50,296
5,859, 238
42, 521
273,142
7,775
1,184, 784
646,331
171,323
475,008
4,186,128
2,336, 009
1,850, 119
3, 382,899
2,109,422
1,273,477
803, 229
226, 587
576,642
6,205,633
2,895,099
3,310, 534
4,679,926
2, 545, 977
2,133,949
1,525,707
349,122
1,176, 585
241,249
557
GAINFUL WORKERS
All occupations______ _______
Agriculture^........ .................................
10,471,998
Farmers (owners and tenants)..
Farm managers and foremen........
6, 012,012
67, 222
Farm laborers__________ ...
Wage workers 2 . ...
Unpaid family workers 2_......... .
2, 732,972
1,659, 792
Forestry and fishing.............. .
250,469
270, 214
269,541
673
241,806
73,280
8,057
52,836
3,653
52,457
3,651
379
2
68, 275
4, 332
8,410
2,095
8, 397
6,307
2,090
13
8
7,931
6,206
1,725
7, 927
6,202
1, 725
4
4
205,315
6,090
2,344
17,106
179,775
205, 036
6,090
2,344
17,106
179,496
279
161,191
4,798
2,109
15,038
139,246
77
279
161,268
4, 798
2,110
15,038
139,322
76
Fishermen and oystermen______
_
Foresters, forest rangers, and timber cruisers
Owners and managers of log and timber camps_____
Owners and proprietors____ _
Managers and officials______ ___
Lumbermen, raftsmen, and woodchoppers__
Foremen............. ..........
Inspectors, scalers, and surveyors____
Teamsters and haulers______
Other lumbermen, raftsmen, and woodchoppers. .
Extraction of minerals__________
15
6,899
5,650
1,249
6,889
5,641
162,233
3,910
2,184
9,243
146, 896
162,138
3, 910
2,183
9,242
146,803
1
1
93
1,090,223
1,087,359
2,864
965,169
964,075
1,094
30, 755
141
34, 325
17, 334
16,991
34,143
17, 216
16, 927
182
118
64
25,234
14,287
10,947
25,127
14, 201
10,926
107
86
21
.
36,931
27,945
36,923
27,939
8,984
8
6
2
23,338
22,142
1,196
23,328
22,133
1,195
10
9
1
95
984, 323
Operators,
managers, and officials_____
^ Operators____
_
_______
Managers and officials______
,
Foremen, overseers, and inspectors___
Foremen and overseers___
Inspectors______________
8,042
30,896
15,511
15, 385
34,286
28,132
6,154
-4
67,799 ------------476
4, 332
1
APPENDIX A----GENERAL TABLES
Total
*
Coal-mine operatives.............................................................................
621,661
621, 545
116
733,936
732,441
1,495
613, 924
613, 519
405
Other operatives in extraction of minerals.------------- ----------------Copper-mine operatives------------------------ ------ -----------------Gold and silver mine operatives--------------------------------------Iron-mine operatives--------------------- ------ ------ ------------------Lead and zinc mine operatives_____________________ _____
Other specified mine operatives---------------------------------------Not specified mine operatives............................................... ........
Quarry operat ives_______ ______________________________
Oil and gas well operatives------- -------------------------------------Salt well and works operatives------------------------------- ----------
297,480
30,939
18,157
24,248
16,154
11,788
21,558
65,288
105,224
4,124
296,990
30,936
18,148
24, 245
16,153
11, 771
21,545
65, 263
105,212
3,717
490
3
9
3
1
17
13
25
12
407
285,031
36,054
32,700
38,704
20,798
11,320
9,271
45,162
85,550
5,472
283,852
35,918
32,666
38, 605
20,749
11, 271
'
9,262
45,084
85, 303
4,994
1,179
136
34
99
49
49
9
78
247
478
302,673
39,270
55,436
49,948
19,486
7,945
19,821
80,840
25, 562
4,365
302,101
39, 251
55, 397
49, 909
19,471
7, 891
19, 807
80, 795
25,548
4, 032
572
19
39
39
15
54
14
45
14
333
14,110,652
12,224, 345
40,133
682
631
4,138
4,611
13,606
5,937
1,937
8,591
40,105
682
28
4,133
4,604
13,600
5
7
6
1,937
8,581
Apprentices (except to building and hand trades)?--------------------Dressmakers’ and milliners’ apprentices------- --------------------Jewelers’, watchmakers’, goldsmiths’, and silversmiths’ ap
prentices--------------- ------ ---------- ------- -------------------------Printers’ and bookbinders’ apprentices------- ---------------------Other apprentices in manufacturing?.................................... —
37,319
2,181
(*)
3 2,814
(4)
3 6,061
3 2,660
c)
3 9,899
<*)
6, 565
w
M
(0
11,980
73,897
2,659
2, 005
4, 797
9,557
39,448
7,386
2; 815
5,230
56
2
10
73,953
2,661
2,005
4,805
9,562
39,463
7,386
2,816
5,255
1
25
5 9,903
(*)
6, 582
33,450
20
3,869
2,161
66,447
4,326
57, 070
17
9, 377
4, 309
«
12,011
1,177
10,928
23,033
1,041
10,575
21,814
136
353
1,219
2,633
11,603
47,885
2,247
10,366
44,440
386
1,237
3,445
5 1,839
« 12,395
(*>
Bakers................................ -..........................................................-........
140,800
131,884
8,916
97,940
93, 347
4,593
89, 531
84,752
4,779
Blacksmiths, forgemen, and hammermen-------------------------------Blacksmiths--------------------------- ------------------------------------Forgemen and hammermen__________ ______ ______
147,469
124,373
23,096
147,460
124, 365
23,095
9
8
1
221,421
195,255
26,166
221,416
195,251
26,165
5
4
1
240,174
232,988
7,186
240,143
232, 957
7,186
31
31
Boilermakers........................... .................................................. ...........
Brick and stone masons and tile layers............... ...............................
Builders and building contractors------ ------------------------------------
49,923
170^ 903
167,512
49,923
170; 896
167,310
7
202
74,088
131,264
90,109
74,088
131,257
90,030
7
79
44, 761
s 169,402
174,422
44, 761
8 169,387
173, 573
a 15
849
Cabinetmakers----------------- ----------- ------------------------------------Carpenters................................. ............... .............................................
Compositors, linotypers, and typesetters--------------------------------Coopers___________ ______________ ___________ -........ -...........
Dressmakers and seamstresses (not in factory)------- ------- ----------Dyers------ ------ ---------------- ----------- ------- —-.................-.............
Electricians.............................................................................................
57,897
929,426
183,632
11, 347
158, 380
17, 719
280, 317
57,890
929, 376
173,363
11,347
452
17,425
280,279
45, 511
887, 379
140,165
19, 066
235,855
15,109
212, 964
45,503
887, 208
128, 859
19,081
336
14,978
212, 945
8
171
11, 306
5
235, 519
131
19
41,892
817,120
127, 589
25, 299
449, 342
14, 050
9 120, 241
41, 884
817, 082
113, 538
25, 292
1, 582
13, 396
» 120,155
8
38
14,051
7
447,760
654
B86
For footnotes see pp. 74 and 75.
7
50
10, 269
157, 928
294
38
8
5
15
5 2,816
(4)
3 6,069
5 2,661
0
31
«1,770
s 11,454
(•>
(4)
(0
(<)
(0
52
68
31
34
17
3 69
8 941
APPENDIX A----GENERAL TABLES
1,886,307 3 12,831,879 3 10,901, 527 3 1,930,352 3 10,656, 545 3 8,835,698 s 1,820,847
Manufacturing and mechanical industries-----------------------Apprentices to building and hand trades---------- ----------------------Blacksmiths’ apprentices-----------------------------------------------Boilermakers’ apprentices----------------- ------ --------- -----------Carpenters’ apprentices------ ------------------------------------------Electricians’ apprentices----------------------- ------------------------Machinists’ apprentices 6----------------------------------------------Plumbers’ apprentices_____________ ____ ____ ____-........ —
Tinsmiths’ and coppersmiths’ apprentices-------------------------Apprentices to other building and hand trades--------------------
Or
Table I.—Gainful workers 10 years old and over, by occupation and sex, for the United States: 1930, 1920, and 1910—Continued
1930
1920
Oi
00
1910
Occupation
Total
Male
Female
Total
Male
Female
Total
Male
Female
Manufacturing and mechanical—Continued.
16, 692
7, 824
8,868
16, 448
7,805
8, 643
244
19
225
13,716
5,494
8,222
13,530
5,484
8,046
186
10
176
12,506
4, 368
8,138
11,929
4,268
7,661
Engineers (stationary), cranemen, hoistmen, etc___
Engineers (stationary)______________________
Cranemen, derrickmen, hoistmen, etc_________
316, 964
256, 078
60, 886
316, 942
256, 060
60,882
22
18
4
279,984
242,096
37,888
279, 940
242, 064
37, 876
44
32
12
(10)
231, 041
m
(10)
231, 031
(10)
Engravers..____________ ______________ _______
19, 437
18, 747
690
15,053
14, 492
561
13, 967
13,429
538
Filers, grinders, buffers, and polishers (metal)_____
Buffers and polishers____________________ ...
Filers________________________ ____________
Grinders__________________ ___________ ____
78, 600
35, 206
16, 593
26,801
76, 264
33, 625
16, 358
26,281
2,336
1,581
235
520
59,785
30,511
10,959
18,315
57, 315
28,484
10, 893
17, 938
2,470
2,027
66
377
49,525
30, 496
10,236
8, 793
46, 679
28,191
10, 069
8,419
2,846
2,305
167
374
Firemen (except locomotive and fire department)__
Foremen and overseers (manufacturing) 11_________
127, 294
338,504
127, 293
310, 037
1
28,467
143,875
308,137
143, 862
277, 966
13
30,171
111, 248
175,997
111, 248
156, 256
19, 741
Furnace men, smelter men, heaters, puddlers, etc__
Furnace men, smelter men, and pourers_______
Heaters___________________________________
Puddlers_______ _________ _________________
35,166
18, 627
14, 942
1, 597
35,165
18, 627
14, 941
1, 597
1
40,806
19, 221
16', 470
5,115
40,800
19, 217
16^468
5,115
6
4
2
36,251
36, 226
25
10,120
5, 717
10, 111
5, 717
9
Glass blowers.._____________________ _________
Jewelers, watchmakers, goldsmiths, and silversmiths.
Goldsmiths and silversmiths_________________
Jewelers and lapidaries (factory)_____ ________
Jewelers and watchmakers (not in factory)_____
1
577
100
477
(i°)
(10)
10
3,268
3,209
59
9,144
9,055
89
15, 564
15,474
90
38,662
4,018
7,519
27,125
37,408
3,937
6,898
26, 573
1, 254
81
621
552
39, 592
4,828
8, 757
26,007
37,914
4, 771
7,701
25,442
1,678
57
1,056
565
32, 574
5, 757
10, 631
16,186
30,037
5,553
8,783
15,701
2,537
204
1,848
485
Loom fixers____________________ _____ ________
19,215
19,180
35
15,961
15,958
3
13, 254
13,254
Machinists, millwrights, and toolmakers__________
Machinists___________ _______ ____________
Millwrights________________________________
Toolmakers and die setters and sinkers......... .......
761, 095
640, 289
42, 012
78, 794
761, 075
640, 285
42,006
78, 784
20
4
6
10
894,662 '
801,901
37,669
55,092
894,654
801, 896
37, 669
55, 089
8
5
487,956
461, 271
17,442
9,243
93
73
3
488,049
461,344
17, 442
9^ 263
Managers and officials (manufacturing)11__________
Manufacturers11...................... ........................................
312, 756
207, 901
302, 334
202,190
10,422
5, 711
249, 950
183, 695
241, 619
178, 750
8, 331
4,945
125, 694
235, 618
123, 831
231, 317
1,868
4,301
20
APPENDIX A---- GENERAL TABLES
Electrotypers, stereotypers, and lithographers_____
Electrotypers and stereotypers_______ _______
Lithographers_______ ______ ______ ________
155543°— 33-
40
40,102
23, 272
73,255
23, 265
3, 657
7
69,598
23,152
127, 906
23, 093
5,459
59
122, 447
105,139
6,284
63,287
35,568
19
3
2
14
123, 681
7,238
114,031
2,412
123, 668
7, 238
114,022
2, 408
13
120, 900
6, 512
112, 122
2,266
120, 783
6, 509
112, 070
2,204
117
3
52
62
31,169
41
24, 612
24,568
44
14,013
13, 990
23
319, 697
3,168
248, 394
68,135
3, 335
969
103
2,263
337, 355
2, 999
273, 441
60, 915
334,814
1, 968
273, 060
59, 786
2,541
1, 031
381
1,129
797
553
105
638,190
3,405
394,169
21,847
218,769
63
1
19
Millers (grain, flour, feed, etc.)-—----- ---------------Milliners and millinery dealers--------------------------
15,946
44, 948
15,906
4,846
Molders, founders, and casters (metal)--------------Brass molders, founders, and casters------------Iron molders, founders, and casters--------------Other molders, founders, and casters-------------
105,158
6, 287
63, 289
35,582
31, 210
43
C")
(13)
(13)
9
4
(13)
(13)
(13)
(13)
(JO
(13)
(13)
(IS)
Painters, glaziers, varnishers, enamelers, etc-------Enamelers, lacquerers, and japanners-----------Painters, glaziers, and varnishers (building). _.
Painters, glaziers, and varnishers (factory)-----
528, 931
5, 758
430,105
93,068
524,150
4,622
429,982
89,546
4,781
1, 136
123
3,522
323, 032
4,137
248,497
70,398
Paper hangers_______________________ _______
Pattern and model makers____________________
Piano and organ tuners__________________ _____
28, 328
29, 750
6,823
26,872
29,711
6,799
1,456
39
24
18,746
27,720
7,047
18, 338
27, 663
7, 007
408
57
40
25,577
23, 559
6, 633
24, 780
23,006
6,528
Plasterers and cement finishers________________
Cement finishers_________________________
Plasterers____________*--------- -------------------
85,480
15.427
70,053
85,477
15,427
70,050
3
45,876
7,621
38^ 255
45, 870
7, 621
38, 249
6
“ 47,682
6
47,682
u 47, 676
(“)
47, 676
Plumbers and gas and steam fitters-------------------Pressmen and plate printers (printing)--------------Rollers and roll hands (metal)-------------------------Roofers and slaters___________________ _______
Sawyers____________________________________
Shoemakers and cobblers (not in factory)-----------Skilled occupations (not elsewhere classified)------Stonecutters------------ ------ ------------------------------Structural-iron workers (building)-------------Tailors and tailoresses-------------------
237,814
31,215
30, 765
23,636
36,064
76, 388
12,258
1
21,807
206, 71S
18,683
25, 061
11,378
33,809
78,859
12, 348
22,099
18, 836
192, 232
206, 715
18, 683
25, 061
11, 378
33; 800
78, 599
12, 319
22, 096
18, 836
160; 404
3
28,966
169,283
237,813
31,215
30,765
23,636
35,984
76,127
12, 227
22,887
28,966
147, 476
31,828
148, 304
20, 084
18,407
14,078
43,276
69,570
10,175
35,731
11,427
204,608
148, 304
19, 892
18, 384
14, 078
43, 257
68, 788
10, 032
35, 726
11, 427
163, 795
Tinsmiths and coppersmiths----------------------------Coppersmiths.----------- ----------------------------Tinsmiths and sheet-metal workers_________
83.427
3,027
80, 400
83,421
3, 026
80,395
6
1
5
74,968
5,233
69, 735
74,957
5,232
69, 725
11
1
10
59,833
3,410
56,423
59,809
3,410
56, 399
24
Upholsterers..... ..............
—
51, 452
49,097
2,355
29,605
27,338
2,267
20,221
18,928
1, 293
Operatives (n. 0. s.12):
Building industry____________ _______ ____
18, 442
18, 419
23
7,003
6,983
20
11, 733
10, 212
1,521
22,888
3
80
261
31
1
9
260
29
3
(14)
(u>
»6
6
192
23
19
782
143
5
APPENDIX A— GENEBAL TABLES
01
('•7
(13)
(13)
(13)
(13)
638,253
3,406
394,188
21,847
218,812
Oilers of machinery--------------------------- ----------
(13)
(IS)
(IS)
(IS)
(13)
(13)
(IS)
(18)
(13)
(IS)
(13)
(13)
Mechanics (n. o. s.12)............. .............................. ......
Air transportation---------------- -------------------Automobile factories, garages, and repair shops.
Railroads and car shops----- -----------------------Other industries__________________________
40,813
24
For footnotes see pp. 74 and 75.
Oi
CO
Table I.—Gainful workers 10 years old and over, by occupation and sex, for the United States: 1930, 1920, and 1910—Continued
Os
O
1930
1920
1910
Occupation
Total
Male
Female
Total
Male
Female
is 51, 287
1,692
4,811
1, 352
9,294
4,686
8, 229
(15)
3, 239
17, 984
1519,129
30
2,568
55
168
835
662
(IS)
3, 049
11, 762
39,810
1, 634
5,263
635
5,732
3,920
1,739
(15)
4,443
16,444
26,134
1,618
2,858
622
5,689
3,292
1,669
(15j
2,516
7,870
13,676
16
2,405
13
43
628
70
(IS)
1,927
8, 574
Total
Male
Female
Manufacturing and mechanical—Continued.
Operatives—Continued.
Chemical and allied industries...
Charcoal and coke works___________________
__
Explosives, ammunition, and fireworks factories____ __
Fertilizer factories______ _______________________ ____
Gasworks____ ______________ ___ ____
__ _
Paint and varnish factories._ _________ - ___ _ . _
Petroleum refineries____________
Rayon factories _ .
Soap factories__ ____ _
- ___
_____________
Other chemical factories. __
__ ___ _______
Cigar and tobacco factories. _
_____
_____
117, 467
1, 587
5,904
1, 538
13, 896
8, 297
25, 274
20, 940
5, 289
34, 742
88,604
1, 572
3,322
1,484
13,873
7,266
24; 781
10, 087
3,405
22,814
28,863
15
2,582
54
23
1,031
493
10,853
1,884
11,928
15 70,416
1,722
7,379
1,407
9,462
5,521
8,891
(15)
6, 288
29,746
103, 715
35,767
67,948
145,222
61, 262
83,960
151,801
79, 956
71, 845
Clay, glass, and stone industries.......... ... ........................ ........
Brick, tile, and terra-cotta factories _ ______________
Glass factories___ ...____ _
______ ...
Lime, cement, and artificial-stone factories__
Marble and stone yards
Potteries __________________________________ ___
96, 342
12,884
40,853
11,395
7,963
23,247
80, 630
11, 535
33, 554
11,069
7,953
16, 519
15,712
1,349
7,299
326
10
6,728
85, 434
9, 987
44,831
7,633
5, 546
17,437
72, 269
9, 357
37, 636
7, 426
5, 478
12, 372
13,165
630
7,195
207
68
5,065
88, 691
13. 407
41, 877
8,609
8,539
16,259
79,230
12, 649
37,927
8, 480
8, 389
11, 785
9,461
758
3, 950
129
150
4,474
Clothing industries___ _ _______________ ...
Corset factories. ____ _____ _________ ____
___
Glove factories________ ____ _____ _ ___
Hat factories (felt) __ __ ____ ________ __ ...
Shirt, collar, and cuff factories______ ______ _________
Suit, coat, and overall factories ________________ ____
Other clothing factories_____
___ _____ . _ _ _
488, 909
10, 921
18, 465
26,454
55,471
106, 773
270,825
142,158
852
4,955
17, 981
9, 708
50,190
58, 472
346,751
10,069
13,510
8,473
45, 763
56, 583
212, 353
409,361
12, 642
23, 357
21,178
52, 377
143, 872
155, 935
143, 718
1,115
6, 584
14, 716
10, 361
79, 357
31, 585
265, 643
11, 527
16, 773
6, 462
42,016
64, 515
124, 350
386,136
13,073
19, 339
33, 020
60,169
138, 042
122,493
148, 866
1,375
5,353
22, 702
13, 311
75, 444
30,681
237, 270
11, 698
13, 986
10, 318
46,858
62, 598
91,812
Food and allied industries_______ ____________
_______
Bakeries__ _ __ _
_____ _ _________
Butter, cheese, and condensed-milk factories........................
Candy factories______ ________ ______________________
Fish curing and packing______
_________ . _ _
Flour and grain mills____ ___ _ . .
Fruit and vegetable canning, etc . ______
___
Slaughter and packing houses__ _____ ____ ________
Sugar factories and refineries
Other food factories_____
__________ _________
Liquor and beverage industries,___ ___ ___ _________
224,416
27, 901
25, 707
44,470
6,796
6,872
18, 748
53, 059
3, 778
25, 898
11,187
135, 830
12, 602
21,331
17, 404
3, 699
6, 320
5,196
43, 052
3,070
12, 743
10,413
88, 586
15, 299
4, 376
27, 066
3, 097
552
13, 552
10,007
708
13,155
774
204, 550
20, 441
18, 841
52,281
7, 586
8,112
10, 204
49, 991
3,800
17, 633
15, 655
131,453
8,858
16,096
20,913
4, 363
7, 524
3,898
41, 906
3,144
9,791
14, 960
73, 097
11, 583
2, 745
31, 368
3, 223
588
6, 306
8,085
662
7, 842
695
136, 786
8, 938
11, 598
30, 943
2, 776
3,992
5, 290
25,897
1,871
13,978
31, 503
98, 347
3,008
11, 065
13, 608
1, 786
3, 750
2,127
23,492
1, 655
8,192
29,664
38, 439
5,930
533
17,335
990
242
3,163
2,405
216
5,786
1, 839
4
>
tel
qs
tel
M
►
H
Wt-1
w-
89,526
97, 003
97,175
8, 749
16 209,112
15,084
369,040
4,866
21, 091
(16)
70,273
47,783
14, 530
22, 339
16 154, 720
33, 438
345,483
4, 494
20, 243
(16)
67,889
47, 406
14,464
21, 255
16 138, 677
31,055
1,084
16 16, 043
2,383
91,291
17,482
18, 244
2,986
6,239
15,083
2,464
19, 356
9, 437
60,844
13, 576
10, 043
2,834
4, 432
8,946
2,186
12,167
6,660
30,447
3, 906
8,201
152
1,807
6,137
278
7,189
2, 777
69,815
16,885
15, 628
1, 968
5,831
10, 834
1,915
10, 611
6,143
48, 956
14, 350
9, 252
1, 915
4,141
6,334
1, 652
6, 674
4,638
20,859
2,535
6.376
53
1, 690
4, 500
263
3,937
1,505
91,750
274
5,453
81, 551
3, 598
874
279, 231
18,135
17,189
206, 225
32, 226
5, 456
196, 437
17, 573
12, 809
132, 813
28,598
4,644
82, 794
562
4, 380
73, 412
3, 628
812
253,809
22, 650
11, 553
181, 010
33, 652
4,944
188, 302
21, 958
8,473
121, 744
31, 746
4,381
65,507
692
3,080
59, 266
1,906
563
157,861
66,131
7,535
56, 389
27,806
19, 596
9,104
642
2,597
7,253
168, 719
55, 717
19,852
57, 320
35, 830
150,079
48,906
16,949
54, 016
30, 208
18, 640
6, 811
2, 903
3,304
5,622
168, 271
44,640
18, 953
66,060
38, 618
154,324
40,936
17, 400
63, 684
32, 304
13,947
3, 704
1,553
2.376
6,314
165, 911
17,127
63, 629
14, 284
70, 871
102,421
6, 488
49, 709
5,767
40, 457
63, 490
10, 639
13, 920
8,517
30,414
155, 524
13, 694
54, 669
20, 452
66,709
87, 679
5,117
41, 321
7,077
34,164
67, 845
8, 577
13, 348
13,375
32, 545
123,090
10,032
36, 383
17, 917
58, 758
63, 516
3,422
25,803
4,862
29, 429
59,574
6,610
10, 580
13, 055
29,329
302, 501
134, 006
125, 770
19, 613
101,821 I
156,818
44, 203
52,080
13,947
52,761
145, 683
89,803
73, 690
5, 666
49, 060
302, 454
107, 604
115,721
17, 736
126, 418
153, 269
26, 922
42, 953
12,154
64, 703
149,185
80, 682
72, 768
5,582
61, 715
280,149
87,866
79, 379
16, 371
105,186
139, 483
22, 528
29, 019
11,168
53,130
140, 666
65, 338
, 50, 360
5,203
52, 056
590,635
8,281
142, 925
9,407
103, 575
64, 573
19,904
2,517
213,952
25, 501
60, 763
501
19, 032
45
3, 089
435
65
249
34,959
2,388
689, 980
7, 722
121,164
632,161
7,136
108,
376
(16)
93, 627
97, 979
97,666
9, 430
» 245, 450
16,942
Metal industries (except iron and steel)--------------------Brass mills------------------------ ------ ---------------------Clock and watch factories--------------------------------Copper factories---------------------------------------------Gold and silver factories----------------------------Jewelry factories_________________________ —
Lead and zinc factories------------------------------------Tinware, enamelware, etc., factories-------------------Other metal factories----------------------------------------
91,852
14,834
15, 036
2, 950
5,902
13, 979
2, 014
23, 290
13,847
61,049
11, 606
8,492
2,824
3, 877
7, 766
1,840
15, 250
9,394
30,803
3,228
6,544
126
2,025
6,213
174
8,040
4,453
Leather industries________________________________
Harness and saddle factories____________________
Leather belt, leather goods, etc., factories 19----------Shoe factories------------------------------------------------Tanneries_________________________________
Trunk, suitcase, and bag factories 19--------------------
267,518
7,164
16,533
209,928
28, 993
4, 900
175, 768
6,890
11,080
128, 377
25,395
4,026
Lumber and furniture industries-----------------------------Furniture factories------------------------------------Piano and organ factories---------------------------------Saw and planing mills
------------------------------Other woodworking factories-----------------------------
177,457
75, 235
8,177
58, 986
35, 059
Paper, printing, and allied industries-------- -----------7-
Blank-book, envelope, tag, paper-bag, etc., factories.
Paper and pulp mills___................ ........ ................. .
Paper-box factories----------------------------- -----------Printing, publishing, and engraving. ....... —........
Textile industries—
Cotton mills--------------------------------------------------Knitting mills------------ -----------------------------------Silk mills___________________ : ------- .------------Textile dyeing, finishing, and printing mills---------Woolen and worsted mills...... ............-------- ----------
(19)
(16)
2,384
377
66
>
'-d
u
X
>
-GENERAL TABLES
651,398
8, 782
161,957
9,452
106, 664
65,008
19, 969
2, 766
248, 911
27,889
For footnotes see pp. 74 and 75.
23, 557
372
848
57,819
586
12, 788
(16)
4,101
976
491
681
16 36, 338
1,858
Iron and steel, machinery, and vehicle industries--------Agricultural-implement factories-----------------------Automobile factories------------------------- ---------------Automobile repair shops-----------------------------------Blast furnaces and steel-rolling mills 17----------------Car and railroad shops----------------------- ------- ------Ship and boat building------------------------------------Wagon and carriage factories----------------------------Other iron and steel and machinery factories 18------Not specified metal industries------ ----------------------
Table I.—Gainful workers 10 years old and over, by occupation, and sex, for the United States: 1930, 1920, and 1910—Continued
Cl
to
1930
1920
1910
Occupation
Total
Male
Female
Total
Male
Female
Total
Male
21 122,464
23, 387
6, 742
19,083
8,454
3, 543
21 61,255
21 54,033
13, 003
2,811
6, 086
4,714
2,538
21 24, 881
2i 68,431
10,384
3,931
12, 997
3,740
1, 005
21 36, 374
22 120,602
182, 364
22 536,832
1,899
12, 606
12, 977
3,069
15,949
51
45, 315
64,841
21,289
86, 204
1, 234
14,102
8
1,138
22 121,968
45, 511
63,988 | 207,047
22 344, 568
10, 219
7, 768
15, 610
37, 452
67, 370
7, 751
1,130
22 75, 772
22 192, 264
2, 387
5, 209
339
27, 389
18, 834
6, 351
8
22 46,196
121,496
Female
Manufacturing and mechanical—Continued.
Operatives—Continued.
Textile industries—Continued.
•
Other textile mills____
_____ ____
Carpet mills.- ___ .
________
_
Hemp, jute, and linen mills
Lace and embroidery mills_____ __________ ____
Itope and cordage factories__
___ ______ .
Sail, awning, and tent factories
Other and not specified textile mills_____________ _
65, 312
16, 486
2,074
4, 221
3,067
2, 566
36, 898
536,108
9, 521
7, 565
49, 269
117, 327
80,835
1,818
1, 368
129, 460
138,945
353, 744
7, 622
4, 496
49, 218
72, 012
59, 546
584
1, 360
83, 949
74,957
153,152
123,252
29,900
Laborers (n. o. s.12):
Building, general, and not specified laborers____ . __ . .
Laborers and helpers, building construction
General and not specified laborers ___________________
1,115,667
419,802
695,865
1,104,132
419,675
684,457
11,535
127
11,408
686, 722
(13)
(13)
671,487
(13)
Chemical and allied industries___________________ ______ _
Charcoal and coke works..
Explosives, ammunition, and fireworks factories. ......
Fertilizer factories____________ ___________ _____ ___
Gas works....................................... ................................ ......
Paint and varnish factories _
Petroleum refineries ___________ _______ .... ___ .
Rayon factories___ _ _ . _ .
Soap factories
Other chemical factories............... .......................................
151,918
4,783
5, 047
18, 243
28, 897
6,171
40, 816
4, 962
4,799
38, 200
148,507
4, 772
4,447
18,157
28,884
6, 017
40, 645
4, 451
4, 566
36, 568
3,411
11
600
86
13
154
171
511
233
1,632
23 134,313
9, 384
8,467
12,943
18, 845
4, 841
31,795
(”)
4, 715
43, 323
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries.. .
Broom and brush factories_________ ________ _________
Button factories
Electric light and power plants _____ ________
____
Electrical machinery and supply factories
Rubber factories______ ______________ _______
Straw factories_______
_____
. .
Turpentine farms and distilleries.. ___
_____ ___
Other miscellaneous manufacturing industries
Other not specified manufacturing industries_____ _____
s
Not specified industries
and services
-4
68,348
12,123
2,429
7,196
2,402
1,709
42,489
22 48, 278
17, 655
2,710
4, 336
3, 022
2, 324
22 18, 231
22 72,324
22 259,675
11,163
11,461
8, 880
24, 677
31,593
5,915
1,449
22 71, 050
22 155, 543
9, 037
6, 682
8, 704
13,636
21,170
1, 945
1, 441
22 41, 244
22 104,132
85,551
93,487
51,684
41,803
15,235
(13)
(13)
935,781
(13)
(13)
919,901
(13)
(13)
15,880
(13)
23 130, 699
9, 352
7, 821
12,808
18, 787
4,677
31, 566
(33)
23 3,614
32
646
135
58
164
229
(23)
78,827
11,431
3,947
9, 757
16, 534
2,842
11,151
(23)
2,124
15
330
90
15
117
64
(33)
4, 346
41, 342
369
1,981
80,951
11,446
4, 277
9,847
16, 549
2,959
11,215
(23)
3,433
21,225
*»
4
m
37,347
6,605
16,027
6,517
3, 365
22 50,741
3,173
19, 992
19,692
3,895
11,691
3,495
1,041
22 32, 510
2,126
4, 779
176
11,041
10, 423
3, 970
8
22 29, 806
m
260
1,233
%>-d
B
tel
a
■GENEBAL TA B LES
133,6G0
28, 609
4, 503
11,417
5,469
4, 275
79, 387
x*
20,581
14, 094
6,487
35,157
21,295
13,862
16, 392
11,436
4,956
Clay, glass, and stone industries------------------ ----Brick, tile, and terra-cotta factories--------------Glass factories___________________________
Lime, cement, and artificial stone factories----Marble and stone yards—......... ■->----------------Potteries------------------------------------- -------
145,665
59, 543
28,108
38, 634
11, 278
142, 095
58, 792
26,362
38, 475
8, 097
10, 369
3,570
751
1,746
159
5
909
124, 544
48,636
28,937
30,051
5,084
11,836
120, 215
48, 099
26. 461
29,884
5, 061
10,710
4,329
537
2,476
167
23
1,126
154,826
77, 954
24,634
36,083
6,915
9,240
152, 438
77, 333
23, 686
35, 931
6,847
8, 641
2,388
621
948
152
68
599
Clothing industries----------------------------------------Corset factories___________________________
Glove factories---------- ------- --------- ------------Hat factories (felt)-------------- ------ --------------Shirt, collar, and cuff factories....... ........... ........
Suit, coat, and overall factories-------------------Other clothing factories----- ------------------------
15, 293
350
1,159
1,142
4.136
3,794
4, 712
8,558
133
550
966
2, 314
2,456
2,139
6, 735
217
609
176
1,822
1,338
2,573
12, 776
771
1,757
989
2, 708
3,984
2, 567
6,414
194
899
825
1,317
2, 219
960
6,362
577
858
164
1,391
1, 765
1,607
10,240
834
870
1,759
2,184
2,920
1,673
5, 424
286
446
1,541
821
1,651
679
4,816
548
424
218
1,363
1,269
994
Food and allied industries------------------------------Butter, cheese, and condensed-milk factories- _
Candy factories........ ---------- --------------—---
Fish curing and packing................. -..................
Flour and grain mills--------------------------------Fruit and vegetable canning, etc-----------------Slaughter and packing houses---------------------Sugar factories and refineries----------------------Other food factories------------------ ---------------Liquor and beverage industries-------- -----------
154,886
12,362
17,433
5,552
6,172
15,997
19, 544
43,045
9, 298
16, 968
8, 515
136, 802
10, 786
16, 518
4, 080
4, 596
15, 839
14, 987
39, 384
9, 038
13,281
8, 293
18, 084
1, 576
915
1,472
1,576
158
4,557
3,661
260
3,687
222
170, 065
8, 315
15,190
6, 584
6, 300
18,121
13, 058
59, 548
15, 733
16, 686
10,530
153,692
6,869
14,174
4, 398
5,261
17, 983
9, 743
55, 436
15, 414
14,119
10, 295
16, 373
1,446
1,016
2,186
1,039
138
3, 315
4,112
319
2,567
235
100, 872
4, 510
4,816
2,978
4,870
9,243
4, 670
33, 903
8, 755
8,270
18, 857
93, 985
3, 755
4, 688
1, 845
4, 637
9,152
3, 683
32, 471
8, 647
6,813
18, 294
6,887
755
128
1,133
233
91
987
1,432
108
1,457
563
Iron and steel, machinery, and vehicle industries..
Agricultural-implement factories-----------------Automobile factories---------------------------------Automobile repair shops----------------------------Blast furnaces and steel-rolling mills 17----------Car and railroad shops--------- ------ ------- ------Ship and boat building-----------------------------Wagon and carriage factories----------------------Other iron and steel and machinery factories 18.
Not specified metal industries----------------------
662,131
10,873
123, 717
12, 653
235, 726
37, 789
17, 352
1,419
171,814
50, 788
652,027
10, 735
120,150
12,617
234, 524
37, 542
17, 325
1,406
167, 534
50,194
10,104
138
3, 567
36
1,202
247
27
13
4,280
594
729,613
11, 409
83,341
(16)
258,830
53,643
69,196
9,817
16 179,607
63, 770
717, 022
11,292
80,874
(16)
256, 548
53, 280
68, 917
9, 594
is 173, 734
62, 783
12, 591
117
2,467
(16)
2,282
363
279
223
16 5,873
987
482, 941
11, 067
15, 783
(16)
202, 392
48, 342
11, 983
12, 391
is 138, 059
42, 924
476,801
10, 953
15, 644
(16)
201, 030
48,114
11, 975
12, 232
16 134, 295
42, 558
6,140
114
139
(16)
1,362
228
8
159
is 3,764
366
Metal industries (except iron and steel)...............
Brass mills______________________________
Clock and watch factories--------------------------Copper factories__________________________
Gold and silver factories----------------------------Jewelry factories....... ............. -...........................Lead and zinc factories------------ -----------------Tinware, enamelware, etc., factories-------------Other metal factories............................... -..........
62,398
14, 809
1,546
8, 013
1,199
397
8,116
20,181
8.137
58,913
14, 411
1,018
7,950
1, 098
328
8, 093
18, 313
7, 702
3,485
398
528
63
101
69
23
1, 868
435
67,887
18, 485
3,108
10,963
2, 272
1,421
8, 927
17, 605
5,106
62, 771
17,614
1,929
10,908
2,061
1,255
8,859
15, 436
4, 709
5,116
871
1,179
55
211
166
68
2,169
397
44, 773
10,885
1,879
11,586
1,277
668
7,945
7, 587
2,946
42,134
10, 606
1,262
11, 532
1,101
528
7, 871
6,709
2,525
2,639
279
617
54
176
140
74
878
421
For footnotes see pp. 74 and 75.
8,102
APPENDIX
Cigar and tobacco factories........................................
Otel
tel
Wt
tr*
>
Fwtel
m
O
CO
Table I.—Gainful workers 10 years old and over, by occupation and sex, for the United States: 1930, 1920, and 1910—Continued
1930
1920
O
1910
Occupation
Total
Male
Female
Total
Male
Female
Total
Male
Female
Manufacturing and mechanical—Continued.
38,601
501
1,930
18, 389
16, 809
972
33,003
469
1, 701
13,647
16, 296
890
Lumber and furniture industries____ . ____________
Furniture factories____________________________
Piano and organ factories______________________
Saw and planing mills 20_______________________
Other woodworking factories_____________ ______
333, 539
39, 802
1,664
251, 741
40,332
326,071
38, 321
1, 566
248, 803
37,381
7,468
1,481
98
2,938
2,951
320, 613
35, 272
5, 321
245, 683
34, 337
309, 874
32, 600
4, 596
241, 334
31, 344
10,739
2,672
725
4,349
2,993
317, 244
23,618
4,459
260,142
29,025
313, 228
23, 089
4,099
258, 361
27,679
4,016
529
360
1,781
1,346
Paper, printing, and allied industries_______________
Blank book, envelope, tag, paper bag, etc., factories.
Paper and pulp mills________________ _________
Paper-box factories____ _______________________
Printing, publishing, and engraving_____________
69, 373
3, 926
52, 038
2, 587
10,822
64,175
3, 072
49,677
1,986
9,440
5,198
854
2,361
601
1,382
67, 083
3,455
52, 263
3, 384
7,981
61, 073
2,646
49, 786
2,401
6,240
6,010
. 809
2,477
983
1,741
39,832
1,557
31,388
1,403
5,484
35,967
1,096
29,959
791
4,121
3,865
461
1,429
612
1, 363
Textile industries—
Cotton mills...................... . ____________________
Knitting mills________________________________
Silk mills____________________________________
Textile dyeing, finishing, and printing mills______
Woolen and worsted mills______________________
55, 519
9, 412
11, 078
7, 571
13, 753
46,439
5,884
8, 920
7, 257
11,955
9, 080
3, 528
2,158
314
1,798
76, 315
11, 943
10,080
10,605
22,227
59,646
6,603
7,350
9,885
18, 238
16,669
5, 340
2, 730
720
3,989
37,804
7,804
3, 798
9, 958
12, 290
32, 037
4,264
2,686
9,362
10,245
5,767
3, 540
1,112
596
2,045
Other textile mills............................... .........................
Carpet mills______________________________
Hemp, jute, and linen mills_________________
Lace and embroidery mills_________________
Rope and cordage factories__________________
Sail, awning, and tent factories______________
Other and not specified textile mills__________
23,199
4,828
961
569
2,921
721
13,199
20, 320
4,236
863
444
2,632
661
11,484
2,879
592
98
125
289
60
1,715
25 22,140
3, 953
1,712
944
4, 268
283
w 10,980
23 18, 619
3, 378
1,474
677
3,805
237
25 9,048
25 3,521
575
238
267
463
46
25 1,932
26 15,492
3, 769
2, 200
705
3, 797
264
26 4, 757
2612, 513
3, 437
1, 774
468
3,131
234
26 3, 469
26 2,979
332
426
237
666
30
1,288
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries 27____________
Broom and brush factories_____________________
Button factories_______________________________
322,696
2, 587
1,129
298, 609
2, 370
940
24,087
217
189
26 399, 988
2,800
1, 407
!6 364, 244
2,407
1,093
26 35,744
393
314
211,871
1,565
1,105
26 195,891
1,340
790
26 15,980
225
315
5,598
32
229
4,742
513
82
54,639
1,885
3, 578
19, 210
27, 480
2,486
48,167
1,727
3,274
14,194
26, 703
2,269
6,472
158
304
5,016
777
217
35,266
1,298
1,908
10, 277
20, 798
985
32,319
1,210
1,757
7, 952
20, 491
909
2,947
88
151
2,325
307
76
>
tel
e
I—l
>
■GENERAL TABLES
Laborers (n. o. s.)—Continued.
Leather industries______________ ______ ___________
Harness and saddle factories_______________ ____
Leather belt, leather goods, etc., factories 24_______
Shoe factories__________ _____ ________________
Tanneries_______________________________ ____
Trunk, suitcase, and bag factories 24_____________
Electric light and power plants___________________
Electrical machinery and supply factories__________
Rubber factories-----------------------------------------------Straw factories_________________________________
Turpentine farms and distilleries 27-----------------------Other miscellaneous manufacturing industries______
Other not specified manufacturing industries_______
35,665
36,885
29,123
148
37,620
65,871
113, 668
35,650
33,345
25,980
136
37,313
61, 267
101,608
15
3, 540
3,143
12
307
4, 604
12, 060
15,417
26, 789
51,467
577
25,830
28 84, 337
191, 364
15,255
23, 562
47, 515
513
25, 395
26 77, 583
170, 921
162
3, 227
3,952
64
435
28 6, 754
20,443
8,176
11,434
13, 546
413
33, 962
28 32, 237
109, 433
8,011
10,053
12, 224
319
33, 595
29 29, 836
99, 723
165
1,381
1,322
94
367
28 2,401
9,710
Transportation and communication-------------------------
3,843,147
3, 561,943
281, 204
3,096,829
2, 872, 559
224, 270
2, 665, 269
2, 549, 922
115,347
Water transportation (selected occupations):
Boatmen, canal men, and lock keepers_______________
Captains, masters, mates, and pilots__________________
Longshoremen and stevedores-----------------------------------Sailors and deck hands
5,643
24, 485
73,954
64, 700
5,603
24, 482
73,944
64,692
40
3
10
8
6, 319
26, 320
85,928
54,832
6,286
26,318
85,605
54, 800
33
2
323
32
5,304
24, 242
62, 857
46, 510
5,289
24, 242
62, 813
46, 498
44
12
Road and street transportation (selected occupations):
Bus conductors____________________________________
Chauffeurs and truck and tractor drivers 29____________
Draymen, teamsters, and carriage drivers 29 30--------- ------
1,002
972, 418
111, 224
1,002
970,916
111, 178
(2!)
(28)
1, 502
46
285, 045
420,189
284, 096
419,450
Garage owners, managers, and officials-----------------------Garage owners and proprietors.____ ______________
Garage managers and officials----------------------- ------- -
69, 965
50, 718
19, 247
69, 543
50, 383
19,160
422
335
87
42,151
m
m
41,944
(28)
Garage laborers____________________________________
Hostlers and stable hands___________________________
Laborers, truck, transfer, and cab companies-----------------
66,693
6,654
40,970
66,536
6,654
40,920
157
Laborers, road and street---------------- ------ -------------------Road, street, etc., building and repairing---------------Street cleaning________ _________________________
307,027
290,354
16,673
306,980
290,308
16,672
47
46
1
Owners and managers, truck, transfer, and cab companies.
Owners and proprietors---------------------------------------Managers and officials........................................ ............
41,084
30, 752
10,332
40, 508
30, 326
10,182
576
426
150
Railroad transportation (selected occupations):
Baggagemen and freight agents----------------------------------Baggagemen
Freight agents------------ ------- -------------------------------
16, 377
9, 214
i; i63
16, 361
9, 214
7, 147
Boiler washers and engine hostlers____________________
Brakemen, steam railroad___________________________
Conductors, steam railroad__________________________
Conductors, street railroad____________________ __ ____
18, 300
88^ 197
73, 332
35,697
Foremen and overseers................................... ..................... .
Steam railroad
Street railroad_______ _____________ _
79, 737
73,910
8,827
50
31, 450
18, 976
(31)
127, 032
115, 836
11,196
23, 497
(28)
31, 339
18, 973
(31)
(28)
949
739
(28)
(28)
(31)
126, 865
115,673
11,192
23, 231
5, 279
m
5, 256
(28)
(28)
(28)
111
3
4, 468
63, 388
(31)
167
163
4
190,414
180, 468
9,946
266
15, 598
(28)
.
4,462
63, 382
m
33
110
(28)
(28)
(31)
23
6
6
190,414
180,468
9,946
15, 368
(28)
(28)
16
16,819
11,878
4,941
16, 789
11, 875
4, 914
30
3
27
17,033
12, 273
4,760
17, 028
12, 273
4, 755
18, 300
88,197
73, 332
35; 680
25, 271
114,' 107
74, 539
63, 507
34
17
25, 305
114,107
74, 539
63, 760
253
10, 409
92' 572
65, 604
56, 932
10, 409
92, 572
65,604
56i 932
79,682
73,860
5,822
55
50
5
79, 294
73, 046
6,248
79, 216
72, 980
6,236
78
66
12
69, 933
65, 260
4, 673
69, 693
65, 038
4, 655
(28)
(28)
45, 752
443, 735
(26)
(28)
16
(2!)
(28)
207
45, 785
443, 845
(28)
(28)
(28)
(28)
230
APPENDIX A— GENERAL TABLES
(28)
15
5
5
240
222
18
For footnotes see pp. 74 and 75.
ca
Table I.—Gainful workers 10 years old and over, by occupation and sex, for the United States: 1930, 1920, and 1910—Continued
1930
1920
O
1910
Occupation
Total
Male
Female
Total
Male
Female
Total
Male
Female
Transportation and communication—Continued.
462,474
435,058
27,416
459, 090
431, 947
27,143
101, 201
67,096
101, 201
67,096
Motormen
Steam railroad
Street railroad______________________ ______ ______
60, 723
2,754
57,969
60, 718
2,754
57,964
5
Officials and superintendents
Steam railroad
Street railroad
37,989
34, 380
3, 609
Locomotive engineers 32
Locomotive firemen 32_____ __
Switchmen, flagmen, and yardmen________________ ____...
Switchmen and flagmen, steam railroad________ ______
Switchmen and flagmen, street railroad
Yardmen, steam railroad
Ticket and station agents_____________________________
495, 713
470,199
25, 514
488, 659
463, 613
25,046
109, 899
9li 345
109, 899
91' 345
66, 519
3, 560
62, 959
66, 499
3, 560
62,939
20
5
37, 963
34, 359
3, 604
26
21
5
35, 881
32,426
3,455
102, 773
92, 217
2,608
7,948
102, 484
91,928
2, 608
7,948
289
289
27,160
25, 370
1,790
3,384
3, 111
273
7,054
6,586
468
570,975
543,168
27,807
567,522
539, 920
27, 602
3,453
3,248
205
96, 229
76j 381
96, 229
76', 381
20
58, 705
2, 487
56, 218
58, 705
2, 487
56, 218
35,830
32, 385
3,445
51
41
10
22, 238
19, 805
2,433
22,236
19, 803
2,433
2
2
111,565
101, 917
2, 500
7,148
111,000
101, 359
2,496
7,145
565
558
4
3
85,147
73, 419
2,153
9'575
85, 095
73, 367
2,153
9', 575
52
52
26, 585
24,324
2,261
24,138
22, 930
1,208
Express, post, radio, telegraph, and telephone (selected occupa
tions) :
Agents, express companies________ ______________________
4,176
4,102
74
5,293
5,193
100
5,875
5,804
71
Express messengers and railway mail clerks__________ ____
Express messengers
Railway mail clerks________________________________
25, 608
8, 211
17,397
25, 600
8, 207
17, 393
8
4
4
25,005
9,138
15, 867
24,996
9,129
15,867
9
9
22,021
6, 781
15, 240
22,018
6, 778
15, 240
3
3
Mail carriers_____________________ _________ __________
Postmasters 33............................................... _•
Radio operators_________________ _____________________
Telegraph and telephone linemen.................................. ............
Telegraph messengers______________ _______ ______ _
Telegraph operators_______ _____ ______________________
Telephone operators__________________ ________ _________
121, 333
34, 421
4,955
71. 625
16,176
67, 821
248,884
120, 204
20, 818
4,909
71, 624
15,997
51; 699
13,625
1,129
13, 603
46
1
179
16,122
235,259
91, 451
31,935
(3.)
37,917
9, 403
3< 79,434
190,160
90,131
20, 727
co
37, 905
8,969
34 62, 574
11, 781
1,320
11,208
(i,)
12
434
34 16, 860
178, 379
80, 678
27,849
(3.)
28, 350
9,152
34 69,953
97,893
79,667
19,127
(34)
28.347
9,074
34 61, 734
9,631
1,011
8, 722
(34)
3
78
34 8, 219
88,262
APPENDIX A---- GENERAL TABLES
Railroad transportation (selected occupations)—Continued.
Laborers (includes construction laborers)___ ____________
Steam railroad______________________ .
Street railroad_____________________________ _____ _
Other transportation and communication pursuits:
Apprentices........... .................. .................... .........................
Steam railroad_________________ _______________
Telegraph and telephone-----------------------------------Other transportation and communication_________
6,151
1,323
502
4,326
6,097
1,323
451
4,323
54
51
3
09
Aviators...................................................................................
6,097
6,031
66
361,312
36 1, 304
36 8
Foremen and overseers (n. o. s.12)-----------------------------Air transportation--------------------------------------------Garages, greasing stations, and automobile laundries.
Load, street, etc., building and repairing--------------Telegraph and telephone-----------------------------------Other transportation and communication_________
52,135
181
6, 652
23, 250
11,172
10,880
52,061
181
6,650
23,249
11.112
10,869
74
29, 863
39
2
1
60
11
(37)
9, 558
6, 822
37 13,483
29, 824
m
m
9, 557
6,797
37 13, 470
Inspectors------------ ---------------------------___________ -
Steam railroad._____ ------ _____________________
Street railroad.......................... ...................................
Telegraph and telephone-----------------------------------Other transportation and communication_________
52,120
39,079
3,330
4,173
5,538
50,965
39, 066
3,325
3,040
• 5,534
1,155
13
5
1,133
4
50,233
42, 721
3,451
2,821
1, 240
49, 848
42, 675
3, 445
2,491
1, 237
Laborers (n. o. s.12)-----------------------------------------------Air transportation-------------------------------------------Express companies-------------------------------------------Pipe lines___________ _______ _________________
Telegraph and telephone-------------------- ------- ------Water transportation **-------------------------------------Other transportation and communication--------------
51,063
1,609
7,086
13, 704
12, 674
11,329
4,661
50,998
1,602
7,085
13,700
12,647
11,327
4,637
65
7
1
4
27
2
24
Proprietors, managers, and officials (n. o. s.12)-------------Air transportation_____________________________
Telegraph and telephone-----------------------------------Other transportation and communication..................
37,990
1,090
18, 957
17, 943
34,987
1,085
16,084
17,818
Other occupations_________________________________
Eoad, street, etc., building and repairing.............. .
Steam railroad________________________________
Street railroad------------------------- -----------------------Other transportation and communication.................
85, 717
8, 565
42, 619
13, 375
21,158
Trade.................................................................. .................
6, 081,467
m
(33)
(353
(2!)
33, 432
(2!)
09
09
33, 229
(3!)
9, 067
7, 362
5, Oil
5, 963
5, 826
3,003
5
2,873
125
30,197
(23)
29, 552
(28)
11, 603
18, 594
11, 059
18, 493
83,794
8, 524
42, Oil
13, 242
20, 017
1,923
41
608
133
1,141
48,124
4,435
28, 621
9, 259
5,809
46, 634
4, 331
27, 916
9,088
5,299
5,118,787
962,680
4,257, 684
3, 585,701
(39)
(35)
Advertising agents_______________________________ ____
Apprentices, wholesale and retail trade-------- ------ ------------
49,020
2,444
43,364
2,337
5,656
107
Bankers, brokers, and money lenders____________________
Bankers and bank officials---------------- ------- -----------Commercial brokers and commission men......... ........... .
Loan brokers and pawnbrokers_____________________
Stockbrokers_____________________________________
Brokers not specified and promoters....... ..........................
221, 504
93,356
23, 638
13, 562
70,950
19,998
212,312
87,429
23,352
12,930
69,157
19,444
9,192
5, 927
286
632
1,793
554
161, 613
82,375
27, 552
5, 473
29, 609
16, 604
09
(33)
(33)
9,089
7,369
5,088
5,966
5,920
(»■)
For footnotes see pp. 74 and 75.
09
(3!)
(33)
156,309
78,149
27, 358
5, 321
29, 233
16,248
09
09
09
09
(“)
09
09
09
21, 344
09
09
09
09
09
09
09
20,939
09
07)
1
25
37 13
7,064
3,843
37 10, 437
7,064
3, 439
37 10, 436
385
46
6
330
3
33, 237
27, 661
2, 268
2,619
689
32,962
27, 525
2, 265
2, 485
687
09
203
22
7
77
3
94
645
26, 555
09
3,010
2,605
5, 312
14, 267
1,361
49, 634
26,300
09
2, 979
2, 605
5,251
14,177
1,288
48, 023
09
09
09
09
09
09
09
405
404
37 1
275
136
3
134
2
09
255
31
61
90
73
1,611
09
09
09
1, 490
104
705
171
510
38, 742
5,076
24, 424
5,187
4,055
37, 749
4, 726
24,125
5. 147
3,751
993
350
299
40
304
671,983
3, 633, 265
3,160, 562
472,703
09
09
09
09
105,804
56, 059
24,009
3,343
13, 729
8,664
103,170
54, 387
23, 690
3,180
13, 522
8,391
09
544
101
09
09
5,304
4, 226
194
152
376
356
10,089
39, 545
8, 680
39, 343
>
►dfcd
*
e
1,409
202
©
F
F
“>
F
1-3
>
W
F
F
02
09
09
2,634
1,672
319
163
207
273
05
Table I.—Gainful workers 10 years old and over, by occupation and sex, for the United States: 1930, 1920, and 1910—Continued
CS
GO
1
1930
1920
1910
Occupation
Total
Male
Female
Total
Male
Female
Total
Male
Female
Trade—Continued.
401,991
223, 732
20,149
238,844
219, 790
13,911
163,147
3,942
6,238
413,918
179,320
8,853
243, 521
176, 514
7,698
170,397
2,806
1,155
387,183
163,620
5,341
275, 589
161, 027
4, 902
111, 594
2,593
439
Delivery men 41______________________________
Bakeries_____________________________
Stores________________________________
159, 444
12,835
146, 609
159,328
12,821
146, 507
116
14
102
42 170, 235
42 20,888
149,347
42 170,039
42 20,858
149,181
42 196
42 30
166
42 229, 619
42 24, 030
205, 589
42 229,469
42 24,012
205,457
Floorwalkers, foremen, and overseers____________
Floorwalkers and foremen in stores__________
Foremen, warehouses, stockyards, etc_______
42 150
42 18
132
38,163
32, 564
5,599
33, 368
27,928
5,440
4, 795
4, 636
159
26,437
20,604
5,833
22,367
16, 565
5, 802
4,070
4, 039
31
20, 724
17,946
2,778
17, 649
14,900
2,749
3,075
3,046
29
Inspectors, gaugers, and samplers_______________
16,743
10, 923
5,820
13, 714
12, 683
1,031
13,446
11, 685
Insurance agents, managers, and officials_________
Insurance agents__________________________
Managers and officials, insurance companies__
1, 761
286,235
256,927
29,308
271, 530
243,974
27, 556
14,705
12,953
1, 752
134,978
119,918
15,060
129,589
114, 835
14,754
5,389
5,083
306
97,964
88, 463
9, 501
95,302
85,926
9,376
Laborers in coal and lumber yards, warehouses, etc.
Coal yards and lumber yards_______________
Grain elevators________________________
Stockyards____________________________ ’’
Warehouses______________________________ ’
Other and not specified trade_____________ I”
2,662
2,537
125
113, 669
73, 232
9, 212
8,735
18, 699
3,791
113,027
73, 211
9,141
8,733
18, 205
3,737
642
21
71
2
494
54
125,609
68,543
11,312
22,888
22,
866
(2S)
124, 713
68,454
11,244
22,859
22,156
(28)
896
89
68
29
710
81,123
60,061
6,346
5,998
8,718
(28)
80,450
60,044
6,335
5, 991
8,080
(28)
673
17
11
7
638
Laborers, porters, and helpers in stores_____ _ _
Newsboys_________________________________
208,688
38,993
199, 296
38,576
9, 392
417
125,007
27,961
116,602
27, 635
102,333
29,708
Proprietors, managers, and officials (n. o. s.*2)_____
Employment office keepers_________________
Proprietors, etc., advertising agencies______II”
Proprietors, etc., grain elevators_____________
Proprietors, etc., stockyards________________
Proprietors, etc., warehouses_________
__
Other proprietors, managers, and officials_____
98,169
29,435
45,305
3, 765
10, 539
9, 505
421
7,389
13, 686
42,201
2,425
9, 771
9,484
420
7, 327
12, 774
3,104
1,340
768
21
1
62
912
Real estate agents and officials_________________
Managers and officials, real estate companies ___
Real estate agents____________ ___________
240,030
5,603
234, 427
208, 243
5,124
203,119
31, 787
479
31,308
34, 776
3,026
(43)
8, 858
33, 715
2, 357
(43)
8,836
(43)
(43)
6,353
16, 539
6,310
16,212
149,135
139,927
(28)
m
(28)
m
(28)
8,405
326
1, 061
669
(43)
(43)
22
22,362
2,260
(43)
5,118
(43)
21, 352
1,540
(43)
5,105
(43)
(28)
4,164
273
1,010
720
(43)
(43)
13
43
327
4, 393
10, 591
4,368
10,339
25
252
9,208
125,862
(>8)
(28)
122,
935
(28)
2,927
<“>
(28)
(28)
(28)
m
APPENDIX A----GENERAL TABLES
“ Clerks” in stores 4<>__________________________
Commercial travelers_____________________ ””
Decorators, drapers, and window dressers__ III”"
•
<
1, 703, 522
61, 507
36, 503
41, 784
62, 210
19, 952
29, 876
19, 361
148,837
104, 727
10,464
9,887
239, 436
35,884
89,190
81,187
313,086
52,138
56,610
19,648
23,864
27,478
34,070
14,385
113, 061
58,377
1, 593,356
60.991
32,909
41,684
51,766
19,044
29, 225
17, 751
129,486
100,123
9.035
9,781
233,166
34, 019
87,095
76. Oil
284, Oil
51,216
54,820
19,572
22,976
27,166
33,903
13, 769
101,377
52,460
110, 166
516
3, 594
100
10,444
908
651
1, 610
19,351
4,604
1,429
106
6,270
1,865
2,095
5,176
29,075
922
1, 790
76
888
312
167
616
11, 684
5,917
1,328, 275
28, 768
25,369
48,309
40, 091
19, 141
26, 556
11, 752
133,106
80,157
5,968
9, 309
202,444
27,145
(45)
1, 249,295
28,626
23,028
48,228
32,368
18,031
26.057
10,800
121,379
76,995
4, 899
9, 212
196,838
26,(45)
453
78,980
142
2,341
81
7,723
1,110
499
952
11,727
3,162
1,069
97
5,606
692
(45)
1,195,029
4, 597
21, 238
50,915
29, 538
17,728
24, 466
8,*970
119,902
67, 575
4, 331
9, 469
195, 763
23, 447
1.127,926
4, 545
19,429
50, 606
21, 601
16,375
23, 942
8, 564
110, 020
65, 414
3, 294
9, 363
190, 619
22, 891
80,026
239, 236
48,933
50,402
8, 203
21,433
24, 773
27,687
12,632
« 91,107
65,728
76, 317
216,059
48, 213
48, 493
8,166
20, 652
24, 581
27, 589
11, 743
« 85,085
59,483
3,709
23,177
720
1,909
37
781
192
98
889
« 6,022
6,245
88,059
195, 432
48, 181
80, 415
7, 361
29,962
17,194
27, 250
6, 284
« 71, 331
45, 621
84, 734
176, 993
47, 390
76, 630
7,220
29, 403
16, 884
26, 997
5,954
4® 67, 565
41, 493
67,103
52
1, 809
309
7,937
1,353
524
406
9,882
2,161
1,037
106
5,144
556
(45)
3,325
18, 439
791
3,785
141
559
310
253
330
<5 3, 766
4,128
Salesmen and saleswomen
Auctioneers____________________ _____ _________________
Canvassers «
Demonstrators
Sales agents
Salesmen and saleswomen____ __________________________
2,069,003
4,281
63, 769
7,533
5,088
1,988,332
1, 508, 283
4,277
51, 956
1,793
4, 571
1,445,686
560, 720
4
11,813
5,740
517
542,646
1,192,199
5,048
14, 705
4, 823
41, 841
1,125,782
826,866
5, 045
10, 514
1, 639
40, 207
769, 461
365,333
3
4,191
3,184
1,634
356,321
939, 725
3,990
18, 595
4, 380
35, 522
877, 238
677,390
3,985
13,980
1, 250
31,424
626, 751
262,335
5
4,615
3,130
4,098
250,487
Undertakers,_______________________ _____________________
Wholesale dealers, importers, and exporters
34,132
83, 525
32,192
81,837
1,940
1,688
24,469
73, 574
23,342
72,780
1,127
794
20, 734
51, 048
19,921
50, 123
813
925
Other pursuits in trade
Advertising agencies___________________________ _
Grain elevators.................................................. ..............................
Stockyards
Warehouses and cold-storage plants
Wholesale trade, and retail trade (except automobile) :
Fruit and vegetable graders and packers
Meat cutters
Other occupations___________________ ____ ___________
Other trade industries....................................................................
125,175
5, 853
1, 611
482
5, 248
96,069
5,453
1,202
477
3,520
29,106
400
409
5
1,728
67, 611
(47)
(47)
(47)
(47)
52,106
15,505
(47)
34,068
(47)
(")
(*7)
7, 572
(47)
(47)
(47)
(47)
9,926
45,108
52,367
4,580
3, 784
45,025
32,870
3, 738
6,142
83
19, 497 }
842
8,074
22,884
36,653
4,988
22, 804
24,314
(47)
(45)
41, 640
(46)
(4-)
(47)
(47)
(47)
(47)
(47)
(47)
(47)
(47)
3,086
80
12,339
4,715
15,405
21, 520
2, 677
15,378
16,013
(47)
(47)
APPENDIX A---- GENERAL TABLES
Retail dealers 44__________________ ________ _______ _________
Automobiles and accessories
Books, music, news, and stationery______ ________________
Buyers and shippers of livestock and other farm products
Candy and confectionery
Cigars and tobacco------------ ----------------------------------------Coal and wood
Department stores
Dry goods, clothing, and boots and shoes
Drugs and medicines (including druggists and pharmacists)__
Five and ten cent and variety stores.......................... ........... ......
Flour and feed______ __________________________________
Food (except groceries and hucksters’ goods)
Furniture, carpets, and rugs
Gasoline and oil filling stations_________ _______ ______ ___
General stores
Groceries
Hardware, implements, and wagons_____________________ _
Hucksters and peddlers
Ice__________ _________________________________ _______
Jewelry
Junk and rags
Lumber
Opticians
Other specified dealers__________________________________
Not specified dealers
2,038
27
5,507
For footnotes see pp. 74 and 75.
o>
CO
Table I.—Gainful workers 10 years old and over, by occupation and sex, for the United States: 1930, 1920, and 1910—Continued
O
1920
1930
1910
Occupation
Total
Public service (not elsewhere classified)____ ___________
Male
Female
Total
Male
Female
Total
Male
Female
856,205
838,622
17,583
738,525
727,939
10,586
431,442
426,606
Firemen, fire department_______________
________
Guards, watchmen, and doorkeepers__________ _______________
73,008
148,115
73,008
147,115
1,000
50,771
115; 553
50,771
115,154
399
35,606
78i 271
35,606
78', 168
Laborers, public service
157,010
9,163
147; 847
155,903
9,150
146; 753
1,107
13
1,094
106,915
5, 481
10i; 434
105,385
5, 475
99,910
1,530
6
1,524
67,234
4,227
63,007
66,505
4,227
62, 278
729
Marshals, sheriffs, detectives, etc........... .......................................... .
Detectives_____ ______ ____ ___ _________________ ______
Marshals and constables___ ____
__________ _______
Probation and truant officers____ ____________ _________ _
Sheriffs___________________________ _________________
41,823
12,865
9.350
4,270
15,338
39,247
12,180
9,288
2,715
15,064
2,576
685
62
1,555
274
32,214
11,955
6, 897
2,679
10,683
30,968
11, 562
6,880
1,899
10, 627
1,246
393
17
780
56
23, 599
6,349
9,073
1,043
7,134
23,219
6,162
9,071
855
7,131
380
187
2
188
3
Officials and inspectors (city and county)... ____ ___________
Officials and inspectors (city)___________ ________________
Officials and inspectors (county)...............................................
78,395
48,309
30,086
69,431
45,200
24,231
8,964
3,109
5,855
55,597
33,505
22,092
50, 748
31,918
18,830
4,849
1,587
3, 262
52, 254
33,210
19,044
49,668
32,199
17,469
2,586
1,011
1,575
Officials and inspectors (State and United States)^........ .............. .
Officials and inspectors (State)............... ......................... ......... .
Officials and inspectors (United States)
51,700
15,236
36,464
49,881
14,256
35,625
1,819
980
839
48,399
9,126
39,273
47, 217
8, 596
38,621
1,182
530
652
25,077
7,202
17,875
24,262
6,662
17,600
815
540
275
131,687
132', 830
41,637
130,838
132,830
40,369
849
1,268
82,120
225; 503
2i; 453
81,884
225; 503
20; 309
236
Other public service pursuits________________________________
1,144
61,980
77; 153
10; 268
61,980
77; 153
10; 045
Professional service___ _________ ______________________
Actors and showmen........ ...................................................... ......
Actors. _ _________ ________ ...
Showmen.................................. .......................................................
Architects........................... ........................ ........................................
Artists, sculptors, and teachers of art...... ............................................
Authors, editors, and reporters_______________ _______________
Authors...
_____________ _____ _______ _ _
Editors and reporters ............................ .................................... .
Chemists, assayers, and metallurgists............ ......................... ......... .
Clergymen _________________________ _____
College presidents and professors 50
Dentists...____ __________ _____
3,253,884
75,296
37, 993
37, 303
22,000
57,265
64,293
12,449
51,844
47,068
148, 848
61,905
71,066
1,727, 650
54, 511
18, 703
35, 808
21,621
35, 621
46, 922
7,002
39,920
45,163
145, 572
41, 774
69,768
1,526, 234
20,785
19, 290
1,495
379
21,644
17,371
5,447
11,924
1,905
3, 276
20,131
1,287
2,171,251
48,172
28, 361
19,811
18,185
35,402
40,865
6, 668
34,197
32,941
127,270
33, 407
56,152
1,154, 221
33,818
15,124
18,694
18,048
20,785
32,129
3, 662
28, 467
31,227
125,483
23,332
54,323
1,017,030
14, 354
13, 237
1,117
137
14, 617
8, 736
3,006
5, 730
1, 714
1, 787
10, 075
1,829
1,711,275
48,393
28,297
20,096
16,613
34,104
38; 750
4, 368
34,382
16,273
118,018
15,668
39,997
976, 523
35,293
16,305
18,988
16,311
18,675
32, 511
2,310
30, 201
15,694
117,333
12,710
38,743
*
<
4
103
729
223
734,752
13,100
11,992
1,108
302
15,429
6, 239
2,058
4,181
579
685
2,958
1, 254
APPENDIX A----GENERAL TABLES
Other laborers.____
4,836
to.
r
3, 012
2, 577
391
44
Designers, draftsmen, and inventors--------------------------------------Designers
Draftsmen
Inventors
102,730
20,508
79,922
2,300
93,518
12, 780
78,459
2,279
9,212
7,728
l' 463
21
70, 651
15,410
52,865
2,376
62, 987
9,758
50,880
2,349
7,664
5,652
1,985
27
47,449
11, 788
33,314
2,347
44,437
9, 211
32,923
2, 303
Lawyers, judges, and justices------------------------------ ---------- ------Musicians and teachers of music---- ---------- --------------------- ------Osteopaths............................... -........ ...............-...................................
Photographers........................................ ................................. ...............
Physicians and surgeons51............................... -..........-......................-
160,605
165,128
6,117
39,529
153,803
157,220
85,517
4, 554
31,163
146,978
3,385
79,611
1, 563
8', 366
6,825
122, 519
130, 265
5,030
34,259
144,977
120, 781
57, 587
3, 367
27,140
137, 758
1,738
72,678
1,663
7,119
7,219
114, 704
139,310
114,146
54,832
(5!)
31, 775
151,132
26, 811
142,117
4,964
9,015
Teachers...... ................................................................................ -........Teachers (athletics, dancing, etc.)-............. ........ ........ ................
Teachers (school)___________ ____ ______________________
1,062,615
18,599
1,044,016
202,337
12,288
190,049
860, 278
6i 311
853; 967
761,766
9,711
752,055
122, 525
5, 677
116, 848
639,241
4,034
635,207
599, 237
3, 931
595,306
121, 210
2,768
118,442
478,027
1,163
476,864
Technical engineers.................................... -..........-............................ Civil engineers and surveyors--------------- ---------------- ---------Electrical engineers----------------------------- ------ - ------------........
Mechanical engineers 52----------------- ------ -------------------------Mining engineers 63------------ ---------—-........... ............................
226, 249
102,086
57,837
54,356
11,970
226,136
102,057
57, 775
54, 338
11,966
113
29
62
18
136,121
64,660
27,077
37, 689
136,080
64, 642
27, 065
37, 678
41
18
12
11
88,755
52,033
9 15,278
14,514
6,930
88,744
52,028
9 15,272
14,514
6,930
11
5
96
Trained nurses------------ ---------------------------- ------- -........—........
Veterinary surgeons--------------- ---------- ----------------------------------
294,189
11,863
5,452
11,852
288,737
' 11
149,128
13,494
5,464
13,493
143,664
1
82,327
11,652
5,819
11,652
76,508
Other professional pursuits 39............................ ....................... —........
County agents, farm demonstrators, etc_ -...............................
Librarians................... .............. —................................. -.............
Social and welfare workers----------------- -------- ------------ ------Other occupations_______________ __________ ___________
114,393
5, 597
29, 613
31,241
47,942
43,847
4,500
2, 557
6,649
30,141
70,546
1,097
27,056
24,592
17,801
(«)
(51)
(51)
(54)
(13)
198, 549
11, 756
2, 656
3,935
29,129
11,916
1,923
17, 640
15,020
10, 718
14,515
1,819
31,290
15,988
19,723
10,521
143,365
9,848
2,436
3,861
28,819
9, 203
7, 866
9, 468
9,741
11,513
1,639
11,339
8,288
18,691
8, 765
Attendants and helpers, professional service....................... ...............
Attendants, pool rooms, bowling alleys, golf clubs, etc............
Dentists’ assistants and attendants----------------- ---------------- Helpers, motion-picture production................. ................ -........ -
170,384
16,168
13, 715
2,213
114,759
16,047
770
1,234
55,625
121
12,945
979
For footnotes see pp. 74 and 75.
1,888
15, 297
(«>
18,409
10,071
3,777
(35)
24,897
(57)
(58)
6? 14,774
12,884
3,360
11,736
(59)
99 41,078
(61)
5818,395
4,257
(13)
(82)
6,708
(«3)
(51)
(51)
1,795
(51)
12,646
(13)
8,588
3,479
(35)
24,655
(57)
(Si)
(513
(51)
13,502
(51)
5,763
(18)
1,483
298
(35)
(57)
(55)
242
(54)
(13)
(13)
7,445
1,153
(35)
16, 761
(57)
(53)
6,872
7,953
3,163
9,574
67 7,902
4,931
197
2,162
(59)
67 6,834
7,491
2,929
8,
215
(59)
eo 14,151
99 26,927
5817,138
3,187
58 1, 257
1,070
eo 15,970
(«■)
58 11, 322
4, 720
(5«)
(61)
(13)
(82)
1,768
(63)
(61)
(13)
(6!)
4,940
(63)
5,991
6,660
1,110
15,943
(57)
(58)
57 2,162
5, 246
2, 706
6, 245
(56)
99 7,081
(61)
58 11,027
3,405
(IS)
m2, 048
(6!)
(.3)
5,829
(54)
2,263
(13)
(35)
w
(53)
(5.)
(„4)
1,594
7,423
(*!)
8,254
558
84,478
(5i)
(35)
(57)
(a8)
785
43
818
5* 4,672
2,245
223
1,970
(5P)
99 8,889
(61)
68 295
1,315
(13)
(6!)
544
1, 504
(8!)
APPENDIX A— GENERAL TABLES
Semi professional and recreational pursuits------------------------------Abstracters, notaries, and justices of peace........ -.................. .
Architects’, designers’, and draftsmen’s apprentices «-----------Apprentices to other professional persons.-------------------------Billiard room, dance hall, skating rink, etc., keepers 96............
Chiropractors------ ------------------------ ------------------ ------.----Directors, managers, and officials, motion-picture production..
Healers (not elsewhere classified)................. ...............................
Keepers of charitable and penal institutions--------------- -------Keepers of pleasure resorts, race tracks, etc............................ .
Officials of lodges, societies, etc----------------------------------------Radio announcers, directors, managers, and officials-------------Religious workers............................................................. -.............
Technicians and laboratory assistants.................. .......................
Theatrical owners, managers, and officials............. ....................Other occupations............................................. -............... -...........
55,184
1,908
220
74
310
2,713
35
9, 774
5,552
'977
3,002
180
19,951
7, 700
1,032
1, 756
(M)
(51)
1 able I.
Gainful workers 10 years old and over, by occupation and sex, for the United States: 1930, 1920, and 1910—Continued
1930
1920
1910
Occupation
Total
Male
Female
Total
Male
Female
Total
Male
Female
(«)
(6i)
(“)
Professional service—Continued.
25,383
29,893
1,865
14,042
4, 274
12, 461
50,370
Domestic and personal service 88
Boarding and lodging house keepers
Bootblacks _
Charwomen and cleaners
Cleaning, dyeing, and pressing shop workers..
Owners and proprietors___
Managers and officials___
Foremen and overseers____
Laborers__
Other operatives..... ..........
Elevator tenders__
Hotel keepers and managers___
Housekeepers and stewards___
Hotels, restaurants, boarding houses, etc.......
Other housekeepers and stewards. _
Janitors and sextons .
Laborers, domestic and personal service
Launderers and laundresses (not in laundry)
Laundry owners, managers, and officials M
Owners and proprietors.
Managers and officials__
Laundry operatives 85. ____
Del ivery men 66__
Foremen and overseers__
Laborers_____
Other operatives.......... .............
29,458
502
689
13,353
175
3,153
4,952,451
1, 772, 200
374,290
144, 371
261,096
17, 093
113,194
88,118
66, 515
21,603
819
42,313
12,359
30,626
226,120
71,687
361,033
24, 545
15,440
9,105
6’337
194,’ 501
♦
<
*v, uOu
22, 482
236,363
22,128
214,235
35,820
4,350
(64)
(64)
2,972
w
(»<)
3,299
4,140
6,836
2,278
0)
1,193,313
2,186, 682
216, 211
133, 392
15,175
36,803
21,667
182,965
18,652
15,142
11,848
17,094
33, 246
114, 740
33
24,955
4,573
(28)
(28)
(28)
(28)
(28)
<2
ffl
(28)
(28)
(28)
(28)
«J, oUu
5,221
4,650
40, 713
55,583
221,612
(28)
1,097
160, 475
178, 628
84 32,893
396, 756
13,692
9,027
4,665
120, 715
2, 754
. 8»292
3,611
13,107
2,063
(64)
(®v
1,067
1,212
6,410
426
2,353
1,678
\ )
(67)
o, 3 / /
33, 376
41,449
17, 262
(28)
Q
(28)
7,337
14,134
204,350
(28)
(28)
149,590
84 31,224
10,882
12,239
8,158
4,081
39,968
(67)
29,038
64 1, 669
385,874
1,453
869
584
80, 747
6, 570
31, 322
1, 535
6,537
72, 675
(28)
(67)
(68)
507
689
6,444
2,131
«
2,792
3,451
392
147
3,755,798
1, 225,395
2, 530,403
195,275
165,452
14,020
34,034
14,860
(28)
172,977
23, 052
14,000
7,195
12, 215
22,298
142, 400
20
26,839
2,645
(25)
(28)
(28)
(28)
m
(28)
(28)
(28)
(28)
(28)
(28)
(28)
25,035
64,504
189,273
a
25,010
50, 269
15,940
(28)
h
113,081
64 53,480
533,697
18, 043
15, 441
2,602
112, 264
m
3,071
8, 786
100,407
91,629
50, 265
13, 693
17,057
14,695
2,362
35,909
21, 452
84 3, 215
520,004
986
746
240
76, 355
(67)
1,674
5,432
28,803 1
1,397
3,354
71,604
(28)
(67)
25
14, 235
173,333
(25)
(28)
APPENDIX A----GENERAL TABLES
Attendants and helpers, professional service—Continued
Laborers, professional service.
Laborers, recreation and amusement
.
Librarians’ assistants and attendants
Physicians' and surgeons’ attendants
Stage hands and circus helpers
Theater ushers___
Other attendants and helpers
84,128
54,612
17,298
12, 218
84, 055
54,560
17,297
12,198
73
52
1
20
87,987
72,343
15,644
60,832
50,316
10,516
398,475
129, 857
268,
618
(28)
450,440
(28)
117,004
333,436
(28)
371,095
94, 252
276, 843
1, 433, 741
193, 655
1, 240, 086
‘ 169,877
84,531
85,346
1,263,864
109,124
1,154,740
393, 288
161,315
231,973
Restaurant, caf6, and lunch-room keepers.
165,406
125,398
Hotels, restaurants, boarding houses, etc
Other cooks........ -............. ...... ............—
565,392
243, 670
321, 722
Other servants.................. ................ ..............
Hotels, restaurants, boarding houses, etc
Other domestic and personal service
13,867
143,142
3,566
139,576
52
13 j16
1
22
Other pursuits------ ------ ---------------- ------Cemetery keepers---------- ----------------Hunters, trappers, and guides-----------Other occupations----------------------------
33, 830
9,762
6, 219
17, 849
32,022
9, 705
6,132
16,185
1,808
57
87
1,664
Clerical occupations—...........-...........
4,025,324
2, 038,494
1,986,830
Agents, collectors, and credit men-----------Agents (not elsewhere classified)--------Collectors_________________________
Credit men-------------------------- -------
Purchasing agents (except for railroads)
196,107
101, 551
43,331
22,490
28,735
182,630
94,948
40,395
20,596
26,691
13,477
6,603
2, 936
1,894
2,044
Bookkeepers, cashiers, and accountants—.......
Accountants and auditors-------------------Bookkeepers and cashiers------ --------------
930, 648
191, 571
739, 077
447,937
174,557
273,380
482, 711
17,014
465,697
Clerks (except “clerks” in stores)--------------Office-appliance operators--------------------Shipping clerks---------------------------------Weighers................................. ......................
Other clerks_________________________
Messenger, errand, and office boys and girls 73
Stenographers and typists.
1,997, 000
38, 098
148, 678
14,307
1, 795,917
90,379
811,190
1,290,447
5, 380’
144, 422
12,872
1,127, 773
81,430
36,050
(28)
(28)
(28)
(28)
(28)
(28)
(28)
m
(28)
88 128,956
m
743, 615
1,121, 785
«* 145, 672
«»976,113
228,985
112,064
116, 921
188,293
102,495
85, 798
63,300
5, 540
7,332
50,428
61,381
5, 496
7, 288
48, 597
1,919
44
44
1,831
184, 259
4,842
3,887
175,530
180, 716
4,811
3, 840
172, 065
3,543
31
47
3,465
3, 111, 836 69 1,689,911 69 1, 421,925 69 1, 718, 458 6« 1,129, 849
69 82,-345
69 86, 532
69 11, 640
69 149,427
89161, 067
69 50, 785
69 48, 495
69 8,910
66 121, 428
69 130, 338
33, 850
35,
747
2,730
27,999
30, 729
(70)
(70)
(70)
(70)
(70)
(71)
(71)
(71)
(71)
(71)
69 588,609
«» 872,
471
(28)
(28)
(28)
(28)
(28)
(28)
(28)
(28)
(.8)
(28)
(28)
69 4, 187
69 2,290
1,897
(70)
(71)
734, 688
118, 451
616, 237
375, 564
105, 073
270,491
359,124
13, 378
345, 746
486, 700
39,239
447,461
299, 545
35, 653
263,892
187,155
3,586
183, 569
1,487,905
706,553
(72)
32, 718
123, 684
4, 256
16, 229
1,435
668,144 72 1, 347,992
1,015, 742
472,163
720, 498
597,833
122, 665
118, 944
14, 730
73 882, 068
4,740
1,499
73 465,924
80,353
11, 564
73 628, 581
78,192
10, 984
> ■2 508, 657
2,161
580
73 119,924
113,022
615,154
98, 768
50,410
14, 2.54
564,744
108, 035
316, 693
96, 748
53, 378
11,287
263, 315
8,949
775,140
(72)
(72)
(72)
(72)
APPENDIX A----GENERAL TABLES
485
279
27
179
194,297
149,418
44,879
127,436
57, 599
7,750
27,647
34,440
87,683
42, 929
22, 486
22, 268
40,008
Porters (except in stores)........................ .
Domestic and personal service--------Professional service-----------------------Steam railroad-----------------------------Other porters (except in stores)--------
127,488
57, 612
7,766
27,648
34, 462
For footnotes see pp. 74 and 75.
117,117
6,205
110,912
88,168
43,208
22,513
22,447
13,867
Waiters............—.......... —..........-.................
15, 926
19,338
157,009
3, 566
153, 443
Servants: 68
133, 043
6,205
126, 838
15,926
19,338
137,431
4, 773
132,658
156, 769
4, 773
151, 996
Midwifes and nurses (not trained)-------Midwives-----------------------------------Nurses (not trained)----- -----------------
(72)
CC
Table
l.—Gainful workers 10 years old and over, by occupation and sex, for the United States: 1930, 1920, and 1910—Footnotes
*<I
It isMieved6howe^tCthL^^of thldXSSStUr?hPWSUitS’ itJ?imp?^ibLe t0®r°uP,he 1920an<?the 1910 occupations exactly according to the 1530 classification.
tne ??'ect,of the difference m grouping on the comparability of the figures here presented is negligible. In addition to the changes referred to proprietors
foremen, and iaboreis on turpentine farms, classified in • Agriculture, forestry, etc " in 1920 and in 1910, were transferred to “ Manufacturing and mechanical industries” in 1930.
track-fams noul^rwfrms1 etc wh,
focf 2? B,™eral fa™!/*ere distinguished as working on the “home farm” or “working out,” farm laborers on dairy farms, stock farms,
asheraCmnmM to?imnSldffc Min ThC
S °“the dome farm as unpaid family workers ” were not included in the group “ Farm laborers (home farm).” Hence,
workers”probably is^omewhat too°smaIl
b of farm laborers classified as “Wageworkers” probably is somewhat too large, and the number classified as “Unpaid family
with SorfgSesUde °CCUpation flgures <for 1620: Tota1’ 2S1-7i1’ male' 281.690; female, 51; for 1910: Total, 98,322; male, 95,750; female, 2,572) omitted in detail because not comparable
APPENDIX A---- GENERAL TABLES
‘ Comparable figures for 1910 not available.
5 Figures for 1910 approximate only.
J Many of the machinists’ apprentices probably are machine tenders.
tirm onHmmmnniwiiii”' “a
u“r—-assified m 1930. Apprentices, steam railroad ; Apprentices, telegraph and telephone”; “Apprentices, other transportaco^m!1Plc(f,1Jn », Apprentices, wholesale and retail trade ; Apprentices to other professional persons.” (The group “Architects’, designers’, and draftsmen’s appren
tices, classified m Manufacturing and mechanical industries” in 1920 and in 1910, was transferred to “ Professional service” in 1930 )
8 The 1910 figures include cement finishers; these numbered 7,621 in 1920.
9 Figures for 1910 estimated.
10 In 1910 most of the Cranemen, derrickmen, hoistmen, etc.,” were classified with the semiskilled operatives of the respective industries
Proprietors, managers, and foremen on turpentine farms, classified as proprietors, managers, and foremen, respectively, in ““ Manufacturing
Manufacturing and mechanical industries” in 1930,
were classified m “Agriculture, forestry, etc.,” in 1920 and in 1910.
12 Not otherwise specified.
13 Comparable figures for 1920 and 1910 not available.
14 Cement finishers were included with “Brick and stone masons” in 1910.
J® The few operatives in rayon factories in 1920 were classified with operatives in “Not specified textile mills.” None were returned in 1910
18 In 1920 and in 1910 automobile repair shops were included in the group “Other iron and steel factories.”
17 Includes tin-plate mills.
18 Includes iron foundries.
19 Operatives in leather bag factories, included in the group “Leather belt, leather case, etc., factories” in 1920 and in 1910, were transferred to the group “Trunk, suitcase, and
nag iaciories in lyou.
20 Includes box factories (wood).
21 Includes the few operatives reported in rayon factories in 1920. None were returned in 1910. See, also, footnote 22.
Operatives in bedding and quilt factories, hat and cap materials factories, and millinery factories, all included in the group “Other miscellaneous industries” in 1920 and in
.19;%
operatives m white-goods factory, included in the group “ Other clothing factories” in 1920 and in 1910, were classified in the group “ Other and not specified textile mills”
•n
ln m?tlon-picture production, included m the group Semiskilled operatives, other miscellaneous industries” in “Manufacturing and mechanical industries”
in 1920 and in 1910, were transferred to Professional service” in 1930.
23 The few laborers in rayon factories in 1920 were classified with laborers in “Not specified textile mills.” None were reported in 1910
» Laborers m leather bag factories, included in the group “Leather belt, leather case, etc., factories” in 1920 and in 1910, were transferred to the group “Trunk, suitcase, and
Dag iactones in tyoU.
■
25 Includes the few laborers reported in rayon factories in 1920. See, also, footnote 26.
26 Laborers in bedding and quilt factories, hat and cap materials factories, and millinery factories, all included in the group “ Other miscellaneous industries” in 1920 and in 1910
and laborers m white-goods factories, included in the group “ Other clothing factories” in 1920 and in 1910, were classified in the group “Other and not specified textile mills” in 1930.
Farm laborers (turpentine farm) ” were classified in “Agriculture” in 1920 and in 1910. See, also, footnote 26.
28 Not classified separately in 1920 or in 1910.
!! ™eitheF 1910* m 1920, nor in 1930 was the attempt to distinguish chauffeurs and motor-truck drivers from draymen, teamsters, and carriage drivers very successful
88 teamsters in agriculture, forestry, and the extraction of minerals are classified with the other workers in those industries, respectively; drivers for bakeries and stores are classi
fied as delivery men in trade; and drivers for laundries are classified as delivery men in domestic and personal service. See, also, footnote 31
31 Laborers, trucks, transfer, and cab companies” were included with “Draymen, teamsters, and expressmen” in 1920 and in 1910.
32 Because of indefinite returns by census enumerators, it is probable that at each census some stationary engineers were included with locomotive engineers, and that some firemen
of stationary boilers were included with locomotive firemen.
*
«r
33 Postmasters were classified in “ Public service” in 1920 and in 1910. .
.
2
Radio and wireless operators were included with telegraph operators m 1920 and m 1910.
MS"?, a^Zte^oupunder “Other professional pursuits” in 1920, were transferred to
155543'
..
...
.
1 1
__ _ J___
1
_____
1
VirtlrnTT nAllAflioto rQTlV
82 Includes, also, all technical engineers not elsewhere cJ
S3 Includes, also, chemical and metallurgical engineers
.
^
. _„tQ „
84 In 1920 and in 1910 “ County agents, farm demonstrators, etc.,’ were included m the group Agents, in 4 Clerical occupations,” and “ Social and welfare workers” were included
i the group “ Religious, charity, and welfare workers” in “ Semiprofessional pursuits.
88 Classified under “ Manufacturing and mechanical industries m 1920 and m 1910.
oo *• Billiard room" dance halCskating rink, etc., keepers,” classified in “ Domestic and personal service in 1920 and in 1910, were transferred to “ Professional service” in 1930.
f Chiropractors were included injhe group „ dealers
owners managers, and officials” in 1920 and in 1910.
‘ Directors, managers, and officials, motion-picture production
86 Not shown prior to 1930.
,
,
„
, tt n .. .
,
eo Includes two 1930 groups—“ Social and welfare workers and Religions workers.
‘Semiskilled operatives, other chemical factories”; “Other
61 Most of the “Technicians and laboratory assistants;" in 1920 and in 1910, were distributed among three groupsclerks” under “ Clerical occupations.”
occupations” under “Semiprofessional pursuits”;, and Other
~
groups “Laborers, domestic and professional service.”
. , , ,
„
65 Some owners of hand laundries probably are included with laundry operatives.
88 Some delivery men probably were returned and classifiedas chauffeurs.
.. „
Q_ j i„11T1Hrif»<i»»in “Trade ”
67 « Delivery men. laundries” were included in 1920 and m 1910 in the group Delivery men,
Joon and 1910 group '
6B “Attendants, pool rooms, bowling alleys, golf clubs, etc.” classified m “ Professional service m 1930, formed a part of the 1920 and 1910 group ‘Bell boys, chore boys, etc.,”
in 1930, and “ County agents, farm demonstrators, etc. ” dassifiedta“
mo™” in W3°’ ^ ClaSSifled “ the ^
“Agents” in 1920 and in 1910 “ Canvassers,” classified in “Trad,e” in 1930, were classified in Clerical occupations m 1920 and m 1J 0.
^ ClasSfied in the^oup“AgSts^ta 1920? In 1910, those in stores were classified with “Salesmen and saleswomen (stores).”
n Classified in the group“Agents” in 1920 and in 1910.
. „ .
72 “ Office-appliance operators” were included in the group Other clerks m 1920 and in 1910.
73 Except telegraph messengers.
APPENDIX A— GENERAL TABLES
Tl5tForemen'inagar5S!Igreasiiig0s?ations! and automobile laundries were included in the group “Foremen and overseers, other transportation” in 1920 and in 1910.
ss Most of these are constructing canals, docks, harbors, etc.
_
,,
■a Classified, in 1920 and in 1910, in the group “ Agents in Clerical occupations.
.__
10 This group was more strictly confined in 1930 than in 1920 or in 1910 to persons specifically returned as Clerks m stores.
41 Some delivery men probably were returned and classified as chauffeurs, and others as teamsters or truck drivers.
42 Includes delivery men for laundries, classified in “ Domestic and personal service” in 1930.
<8 Included, in 1920 and in 1910, in the group “ Other proprietors, officials, and managers.
44 Includes, also, managers and superintendents of retail stores.
, , .. , ,
^ mm
<5 “ Retail dealers, gasoline and oil filling stations” were included in the group Other specified retail dealers m 1920 and m 1910.
<« “ Canvassers,” classified in “ Clerical occupations” m 1920 and in 1910, were transferred to Trade in 1930.
47 Included in the group “Other occupations” in 1920 and in 1910.
„ . iOQn
48 In 1920 and in 1910 this group included “ Postmasters,” classified in Transportation and communication m 1930.
49 Includes only those resident in continental United States at date of enumeration.
Cri
Table II.—Number
and per cent of increase or decrease from 1920 to 1980 and 1910 to 1930 among men and women engaged in
certain selected 1 occupations
Increase or decrease, 1920 to 1930
Occupation
Men
Number
+7,659,829
+5,013,067
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing............................................... .
-40,008
Farm laborers___ _______________ _ _
Wageworkers _ _ _ ___________________
Unpaid family workers___ ________________
_
Extraction of minerals ___ ____ ______ _____
Manufacturing and mechanical industries-.
Apprentices. .. ___
_
Bakers.. __ ... . ____________
Buffers and polishers (metal)__________ .
Compositors, linotypers, and typesetters....... ............. ......
Foremen and overseers (manufacturing).
_
Jewelers, watchmakers, goldsmiths, and silversmiths__
Managers and officials (manufacturing)_____________
Manufacturers. ...
_. .............. .............
.
Painters, glaziers, and varnishers (factory)_____________
Tailors and tailoresses_______ _____ ___________
Upholsterers.. .......................... .
Factory operatives......... ..................................... .
Chemical and allied industries..................... ............. .
Cigar and tobacco factories________ ______ .
Clay, glass, and stone industries____ ________
Clothing industries___ _ ______
Electrical machinery and supply factories..................
I*
*
+18.1
+15.2
Number
Men
Per cent
Number
Women
Per cent
Number
Per cent
+8, 323,903
+2, 202, 605
+20.6
+25.8
+12, 922, 240
+7, 986, 240
+34.9
+26.5
+14, 220, 537
+2,676, 344
+41.2
+33.1
-173, 551
-16.0
-1,010, 735
-9.3
-896, 913
-49.6
-372, 416
+363, 534
-6.1
+10.7
-2, 932
-156,898
-1.1
-109,871
-933,493
-1.9
-10, 497
-879, 376
-3.8
-57.6
+452, 227
-88, 693
+21.4
-7.0
-lob 634
+15,672
-949,165
+.6
-177, 799
-701, 577
-50.9
-59.6
-103, 795
-9.5
-2,105
-73.5
+19,489
+2.0
-335
-30.6
+1, 322,818
+12.1
-44,045
-2.3
+38.4
-43.8
-5,536
-58. 7
+60, 715
+23, 440
+18.0
+34.5
+11.5
-1.3
+25.1
+13.1
-446
-1,037
-1,704
-424
+2, 091
+21,411
-12, 928
+21, 759
+31.4
-8.1
+79.6
+1, 259
+55.6
+88
+3.9
+29, 760
-16,319
+30,169
+49.8
-10.0
+159.4
-t-65,460
~)
+4,137
-724
-3, 782
+8, 726
-1,283
+8, 559
+1,410
-82,345
+2,393
-19,006
+1,062
+3.6
-57,412
+38, 537
+5,141
+44,504
+32, 071
+3,388, 647
V)
+47,132
+5,434
+59,825
+153, 781
+7,371
+178, 503
+86.6
-31.4
-26.9
+44.2
-50.6
+459.4
+32.8
—67.2
+212. 0
-46.6
+82.1
+8.6
+740,577
+43.8
+414, 562
+39.7
+19.3
+30.5
+65.4
+62, 470
-44,189
+1,400
-6, 708
+58, 376
+239. 0
-55.3
+1.8
-4.5
+428.1
+15,187
-3, 897
+6, 251
+109, 481
+34, 274
+111.0
-5.4
+66.1
+46.1
+310. 4
+147,049
+6.4
+37,317
-25, 495
+8, 361
—1,560
+34, 560
+72.8
-41.6
+11.6
—1.1
+92.3
+9,734
-16,012
+2,547
+17, 926
-9.2
-5.6
-25.3
+25.1
+15.5
*.
+55.6
+19.3
+52.7
+98.4
+24.5
+144. 2
-12.6
APPENDIX A----GENERAL TABLES
Population 10 years of age and over______
All occupations________ ____________
Increase or decrease, 1910 to 1930
Women
Per cent
Os
Food and allied industries............ ....—
Iron and steel, machinery, and vehicle industries..
Other metal industries------------ ------ ---------------Leather industries----------------------------------------Lumber and furniture industries------------ ------ —
Paper, printing, and allied industries---------------Rubber factories---------------- ----------- -------- ----Textile industries .
Building, general, and not specified laborers..
Factory laborers........ ........... ............................
Textile industries.
Cotton mills____________
Knitting mills---------------Silk mills----------- --------
Woolen and worsted mills..
Transportation and communication.
.
,
.
+38.1
+71.0
+24.7
-6.7
+2.3
+61.3
+181. 3
+50,147
+37,206
+9, 944
+26, 243
+5, 649
+3,916
+10,866
+130. 5
+157.9
+47.7
+40.1
+40.5
+6.6
+104. 3
-6,113
-1.4
+81,515
+26.8
+46, 303
+12.0
-1,169
+17, 335
+21,675
+23, 061
-369
-6.6
+12.4
+96.2
+79.5
-.7
-7, 569
+5,017
+24,465
+23,330
-2,996
+15,489
+2, 944
+356
+8, 956
+956
-4,355
+2,455
+31,087
+8.8
+26.8
+2.3
+64.2
+21.2
-18.5
+1, 739
-3, 502
+9,121
+922
-12,655
+432,645
+64.4
-3,700
-24.3
+184,231
+20.0
-4,345
-27.4
+474,072
+31.4
+51,187
+81.5
+69,680
+2,658
-10,343
+3,134
+23,292
+42,817
+175,226
+16,779
+684
+12,843
+28,208
+13, 756
+88.4
+23.2
-6.8
+57.8
+231. 7
+45.6
+36.8
+39.8
+2.1
+4.1
+78.4
+112. 5
+1,287
+1,531
+1,182
+1,919
+2,159
+11,197
+3, 964
+846
+2,651
+3,452
+1,333
+1,821
+60.6
+30.9
+49.5
+39.8
+156. 3
+162.6
+64.6
+32.1
+90.0
+86.0
+34.5
+137. 7
+41.7
+3,718
+23.2
+57.4
-.3
+94.1
-12.1
+143.8
-132,178
-6.2
-40,197
-26.1
+17,808
-7,201
+21,880
+2,144
+9,783
-16,890
-64,995
—3,858
-15,164
+16,197
+3,102
-21,535
+13.6
-33.8
+18.2
+33.4
+41.5
-11.0
-9.1
-6.1
-31.5
+5.2
+5.1
-45.3
-203
-7,375
-759
+373
+313
+1, 711
-2,487
-1,631
-874
-3,271
-812
-809
-5.6
-53.2
-17.5
+5.9
+9.7
+10.5
-19.8
-31.9
-13.5
-30.5
-13.5
-20.5
-19,566
-16.3
-13,212
+29,668
-40.1
-13,207
-719
+1,570
-6,283
-22.1
-10.9
+21.4
-34.5
-7, 589
-1,812
-572
-2,191
-45.5
-33.9
-21.0
-54.9
+14,402
+1,620
+6,234
+1,710
+45.0
+38.0
+232.1
+16.7
+3,313
-12
-1,046
-247
+689,384
+24.0
+56,934
+25.4
+1,012,021
+39.7
+165,857
-52.8
-3,475
-6.8
_
-31,666
Laborers, steam railroad......................... -...............-......................... -.........
-14.5
-191
+33.4
.
+30,073
Mail carriers_______________________________ ________ ____
+21.4
+2,395
+.4
.
+91
Postmasters----- -----------------------------------------------------------------------4.4
-738
-17.4
.
-10,875
Telegraph operators--------- ----------------------------- --------------------------+31.9
+56,880
+15.7
+1,844
Telephone operators-------------- ----------------------- -----------------------------20.8
-471
+4.3
+1,046
Ticket and station agents-----------------------------------------------------------1 This tnhlp is limited to those occupations in each of which 1,000 or more persons of each sex were engaged both in 1930 and in 1920,
factory groups am\Zwn in “e case of the manufacturing industries, even when Urn numerical prerequisite was met.
21910 figures not available.
-38.4
+3.6
+37.4
+46.3
-5.8
+3,483
+3,549
+17,281
+9,127
-11,942
+16.7
-2.3
+11.3
+1.3
-20.5
A-
Chemical and allied industries------------------------Cigar and tobacco factories-----------------------------Clay, glass, and stone industries................ .............
Clothing industries--------------------------------Electrical machinery and supply factories---------Food and allied industries--------------------
Iron and steel, machinery, and vehicle industries .
Other metal industries----------------------------------Leather industries----------------------------------------Lumber and furniture industries—.-----------------Paper, printing, and allied industries----- ------ —
Rubber factories----------------- -------------------------
+37,483
+245,152
+12,093
-12, 534
+3, 537
+38, 905
+38, 376
+3.3
-6.6
+.3
-10.5
+5.2
+16.8
—11.6
APPENDIX
Carpet mills------------------Cotton mills____________
Knitting mills------ ------Silk mills__________ - —
Woolen and worsted mills..
+21.2
+5.1
+1.2
+10.8
+5.1
-6.4
+13.0
+4,377
-41,526
+205
-20,669
+7,782
+14,742
-7,824
*
S
3
-
ft)
b>
H3
s>
w
FS)
O)
-4.2
-137
-20.0
-107,973
+11.7
+118
+50.9
+40,537
+56.0
+4,881
+8.8
+1,691
+96.2
+7, 903
-16.3
-10,035
+166. 5
+146, 997
+41.5
+3,994
+48.2
+582
+10.6
+2,440
but for reasons of space not all the component
-1
Table
II.—Number and per cent of increase or decrease from 1920 to 1930 and 1910 to 1930 among men and women engaged in
certain selected occupations—Continued
Increase or decrease, 1920 to 1930
Occupation
Men
Number
Number
00
Increase or decrease, 1910 to 1930
Women
Per cent
■vr
Men
Per cent
Number
Women
Per cent
Number
Per cent
+1,533,086
+42.8
+290,697
+43.3
+1,958,225
+62.0
+489,977
+103.7
+56,003
+41,442
+43,276
+6,213
+154
+11, 363
— 1,204
— 1, 760
+141,941
+82, 694
+68,316
+344,061
+671,548
+8,85U
+110,683
+50,518
+8, 279
+13,282
+5,401
+2, 664
+673, 429
+35.8
+394.2
+24.5
+80.7
+9.4
+68.6
-24.1
-13.9
+109.5
+70.9
+48.8
+27.5
+66.3
+37.9
+15.2
+47.9
+26.7
+41.6
+28.7
+5.6
+49.7
+3,888
+7,622
+1,136
+5,083
+2, 556
+697
+3,056
+4,789
+9,316
+987
+22, 579
+31,186
+179,075
+813
+6,997
-423
+1,330
+1,522
+2,593
+637
+509,204
+73.3
+181.9
+40.5
+440.1
+80.3
+14.8
+99.0
+464. 5
+172. 9
+11.7
+245.2
+39.5
+34,0
+72.1
+66.1
-27.6
+106. 7
+95.9
+79.5
+53.9
+50.1
+109,142
+37, 976
+58, 763
+9,009
+543
+13,028
+1,107
-762
+176,228
+101,127
+85,308
+465,430
+782,190
+12,271
+412,016
+89, 398
+16,028
+13,001
+6, 762
+25,619
+751,127
+105.8
+271.6
+36.5
+183.8
+43.4
+87.4
+41.4
-6.5
+184.9
+103. 0
+69.4
+41.3
+86.7
+61.6
+96.6
+134.4
+69.0
+40.4
+38.7
+105.6
+76.9
+6, 558
+7,198
+1,349
+5, 799
+2.610
+1,590
+4,104
+4,059
+12,043
+5,228
+28,860
+43,063
+343, 712
+1,127
+12, 747
+378
+2,196
+2,098
+4,280
+1,004
+791,482
+249.0
+156.0
+52.0
+1,321.0
+83.4
+52.2
+201.4
+230.5
+452.4
+125.6
+986.0
+64.2
+94.9
+138.6
+263.6
+51.9
+577.9
+207.5
+271. 7
+123.2
+107. 7
Professional persons_________________________
Actors and showmen___________ _______ _
Artists, sculptors, and teachers of art_______
Authors, editors, and reporters_____________
Chemists, assayers, and metallurgists______
Clergymen_______ ________ ______________
College presidents and professors___________
Dentists_____________ _______ __________
Designers, draftsmen, and inventors______II’
Lawyers, judges, and justices__________
Librarians.......... ............................
+428, 758
+20.693
+14, 836
+14, W6
+13, 936
+20, 089
+ 18, 442
+15, 445
+30, 531
+36. 439
+762
+41.2
1-61.2
1-71.4
1-46-0
H44.6
(-16- 0
h79.0
- K28. 4
- -48.5
- -30.2
H-42.5
+461, 883
+6,431
+7,027
+8,635
+191
+1,489
+10,056
—542
+1, 548
+1,647
+13, 554
+48.4
+44.8
+48.1
+98.8
+ii.i
+83.3
+99.8
-29.6
+20.2
+94.8
+100.4
+564, 903
+19, 218
+16, 946
+14, 411
+29, 469
+28,239
+29,064
+31,025
+49,081
+43,074
+963
+62.4
+54.5
+90.7
+44.3
+187.8
+24.1
+228.7
+80.1
+110.5
+37.7
+60.4
+ 710, 214
+7,685
+6, 215
+ 11,132
+1, 326
+2, 591
+17,173
+33
+6,200
+2,827
+21,227
+100.7
+58.7
+.40.3
+178.4
+229.0
+378.2
+580.6
+2.6
+205.8
+506.6
+364.2
APPENDIX A--- GENEBAL TABLES
Trade.. ............................................................
Bankers, brokers, and money lenders__________
Canvassers______ _____ __________________
Commercial travelers_____________________
Decorators, drapers, and window dressers______
Demonstrators_____________________________
Floorwalkers and foremen in stores____________
Fruit and vegetable graders and packers_______
Inspectors, gaugers, and samplers_____________
Insurance agents, managers, and officials_______
Laborers, porters, and helpers in stores________
Beal estate agents and officials____________
Retail dealers____________ _________________
Salesmen and “clerks” in stores____ II...'ll”"
Undertakers._____ ________________________
Public service (not elsewhere classified)___
Laborers (public service)_______ _____________
Marshals, sheriffs, detectives, etc_____________
Officials and inspectors (city)________________
Officials and inspectors (county)________IIIIII.
Officials and inspectors (State and United States)
Professional service________________ ____
J
*
+27,930
+1,187
+4,023
+9, 220
+6,611
+73,201
-12
+48.5
+35.3
+14.8
+6.7
+116. 5
+62.6
-.2
+6,933
—100
+1,247
-394
+2,277
+218,760
+145,073
+9.5
—6.0
+17.5
—5. 5
+56. 4
+34. 4
+101. 0
+30, 685
0
+4,352
+4,861
+9,520
+71,607
-367
+56.0
-4,867
-5.8
+16.2
+3.4
+343.9
+60.5
+5,148
+377,103
+79.1
+1,260
+10,197
+1,515
+1,939
+3,837
+1,553
+14.7
+148. 4
+19.0
+20.3
+27.1
+9.1
+425
+4,585
+621
+840
+17,616
-225
+28.7
+58.0
+12.6
+38.9
+65. 4
—17.9
+3,188
+14,907
+4.222
+5,268
+10,907
+7,664
+47.9
+689. 5
+80.5
+84.4
+154.0
+69.5
+1,123
+7,815
+3, 307
+1,032
+35,654
+143.1
+ 167.3
+147. 3
-950
+6,440
-39.4
+224. 5
+14,948
+800
+131. 7
+34.0
+226
+7,177
+18.3
+336. 8
+21, 343
+3,006
+430. 7
+578,887
+48.5
+993, 569
+45.4
+546,805
+44.6
+649,848
+25.7
+88,119
—5,959
+13,748
+54,300
+ 30,245
+50.9
-25.9
+191.1
+444.5
+120.9
+90,896
+407.6
+12. 334 +49, 336! 6
+4,443
+182,176
+70,292
-9,128
+5,425
+16, 284
-2.059
+75,082
+27.9
+198. 8
+139. 8
-66.7
+31.8
+56.5
-12.9
+149. 2
+38.6
+325,410
GENERAL TABLES
+78,131
-1, 559
+9,095
+49, 421
+21,879
-1,911
+3,121
+124,215
+89,333
-6,317
+10,243
+13,765
-5,471
+53,055
+ 105,361
+49, 251
+42.7
-8.4
+76.8
+289.1
+65.6
-4.6
+18.1
+83.0
+286.1
-58.1
+83.7
+43.9
-28.3
+73.3
+40.7
+43.9
+79,948
+12,538
+16,034
+17,030
+5,022
+3,176
+32,013
+6,782
+4, 737
-29,406
+610
+76, 739
+6, 918
+24,364
+622, 826
+115,052
+240.5
+10.9
+64. 3
+372. 4
+68. 4
5
+15. 7
+23.4
+283.8
-7.6
+42.0
+105. b
+5.2
+155. 7
+bl. 5
+98.4
+348,683
+20.6
+564,905
+39.7
+908,645
+80.4
+1, 398, 221
+237.5
+66.1
+22.2
+i.i
+27.0
-17.6
-28.5
+3,636
+1,837
+119,951
+234, 390
-5, 305
+210, 396
+27.2
+15. 8
+34.7
+49.6
-37.2
+37.3
+138,904
+100, 285
+9,488
+692,614
—15, 318
-17, 328
+389.6
+121.8
+3.6
+115.9
-15.8
+13, 428
+9,290
+282,128
+583, 888
-2, 338
+511,825
+374. 5
+69,484
+33, 203
+2.889
+274,705
-17,338
-14,360
+14,150
-163, 536
+1, 077
+77,810
+28,664
-K 4
+25! 8
APPENDIX
Attendants and helpers (professfonal service):
^
A---
Semiprofessional persons:
^
+194. 4
__
In'th?eensus'of PMofsocial and religious workers were combined and were listed among semiprofessional pursuits, Therefore, in computing the increase, these two occupations,
wnicb in 1930 were shown separately, must still be considered as one group.
-I
80
APPENDIX A----GENERAL TABLES
Table III.—Men
per 100 women in selected occupations: ' 19SO, 1920, and 1910
Men per 100 women
Occupation
1930
All occupations...................................................
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing.... .................. .
Farmers (owners and tenants)___ _________________
Farm laborers___________________________________
Wage workers__________ _____________________
Unpaid family woikers________________________
1920
1910
354
387
373
1,078
909
599
2,189
580
1,495
249
2,305
421
931
221
2,145
307
729
181
Manufacturing and mechanical industries______
648
565
485
Compositors, linotypers, and typesetters____________
Foremen and overseers (manufacturing)_____________
Manufacturers, managers, and officials (manufacturing)
Tailors and tailoresses____________________________
1, 688
1,089
3,127
676
1,140
921
3,166
504
808
792
5, 762
401
Factory operatives___ ________________ __ ________
Chemical and allied industries__________________
Cigar and tobacco factories_____ _____ _________
Clay, glass, and stone industiies______________ ....
Clothing industries___________________________
Suit, coat, and overall factories______________
Electrical machinery and supply factories________
Food and allied industries_____________________
Candy factories_____ ______________________
Iron and steel, machinery, and vehicle industriesAutomobile factories_______________________
Other metal industries_________________________
Leather industries_____________________________
Shoe factories_____________________________
Lumber and furniture industries________________
Paper, printing, and allied industries_____________
Paper and pulp mills_________ ____ ________
Printing, publishing, and engraving__________
Rubber factories______________________________
Textile industries_____________________________
Carpet mills______________________________
Cotton mills..____________________________
Knitting mills_________________________
Silk mills_________________________________
Woolen and worsted mills____ ______ _______
167
307
53
513
41
89
159
153
64
972
751
198
192
157
806
161
357
133
280
89
136
108
49
71
108
170
268
73
549
54
123
137
180
67
1, 093
847
200
237
181
805
129
310
105
358
81
125
103
33
59
105
162
191
111
837
63
121
124
256
79
1,467
2,387
235
287
205
1,107
107
244
100
203
79
90
99
34
58
102
Laborers—building, general, or not specified__________
Factory laborers__________________________________
Food and allied industries______________________
Iron and steel, machinery, and vehicle industries___
Textile industries____________ _________________
9,572
1, 740
756
6, 453
510
4, 408
1,372
939
5, 695
365
5, 793
2,404
1, 365
7,765
443
Transportation and communication____________
1,267
1,281
2,211
Postmasters............................................................ ............
Telegraph operators______________________________
Telephone operators_______________________________
153
321
6
185
371
7
219
• 751
11
Trade...... ................................... ...... .................. ........
532
534
669
Real estate and insurance agents and officials_________
Retail dealers___ ______ ___________ ____ __________
Dry goods, clothing, and boots and shoes_________
Groceries_____________________________________
Salesmen and “clerks” in stores___________ _________
1,032
1,446
669
977
239
1,846
1, 582
1,035
932
192
3, 905
1,681
1,113
960
249
Public service (not elsewhere classified)_________
4, 770
6,876
8,821
Professional service__________________________
113
113
133
Actors and showmen______ _______________________
Actors___________________ ___________ "irrrmr
Artists, sculptors, and teachers of art________________
College presidents and professors____________________
Musicians and teachers of music____________________
Social and religious workers____________________ """"
Teachers (school)__________ _________________
""'
262
236
269
97
114
136
165
142
121
208
232
430
107
79
65
40
53
80
22 |
18 1
25
• Manis ta,b!e i,Sr.Snlted to thos0 occuPatioDS in each of which 10,000 persons of each sex were engaged both
m j ydu ana in 1920.
81
APPENDIX A----GENERAL TABLES
Table III.—Men per 100 women in selected occupations: 1930, 1920, am! 1910—■
Continued
Men per 100 women
Occupation
1920
1930
1910
Domestic and personal service-------
56
55
48
Barbers, hairdressers, and manicurists---Boarding and lodging house keepers------Charwomen and cleaners--------------------Hotel keepers and managers----------------Housekeepers and stewards-----------------Janitors and sextons--------------------------Laundry operatives---------------------------Nurses (not trained) ----- ------------------Restaurant, caf6, and lunch-room keepers.
Servants------------------- ----------------------Waiters----------------------- --------------------
231
13
51
228
9
764
30
10
313
22
70
550
16
47
293
8
515
43
15
462
26
96
776
16
27
353
9
427
40
14
478
20
119
Clerical occupations--------------------
103
119
192
Accountants and auditors-------------------Agents, collectors, and credit men---------Bookkeepers and cashiers_____________
Clerks (except “clerks” in stores)---------Stenographers and typists--------------------
1,026
1,355
59
183
5
785
1,284
78
215
9
694
1,967
144
487
20
82
APPENDIX A---- GENERAL TABLES
Table TV.
Number of women in each of 10 major occupational groups and their
component occupations: 1930, 1920, and 1910
Number of women occupied in—
Major occupational groups and component occupations
1930
Servants and allied occupations___
Servants__________________
Laundresses (not in laundry) .
Waitresses___________ __
Charwomen and cleaners___
J an i tresses____ _________
1920
1910
2,300,209
’ 356* 468
385, 874
4oj 989
85,798
Clerical and kindred pursuits______
Clerical occupations (proper)____
Technicians and laboratory assistants
Ticket and station agents____
Librarians’ assistants and attendants _
Mail carriers____
_
Telegraph messengers________
Agents, express companies. ___
Express messengers and railway mail clerks
Factory and laundry employees... _.
Factory operatives ______
Factory laborers__ ___ _
Factory forewomen________
Laundry operatives______
Laundry laborers
____
Laundry forewomen________
Operatives—cleaning, dyeing, and pressing shops
Laborers—cleaning, dyeing, and pressing shops....
Forewomen—cleaning, dyeing, and pressing shops
1,986,830
7, 700
>) ’
1,208
' 74
8
100
9
1,780, 996
1,612,838
1,205, 752
1,343,166
2, 754
18,321 1
639 1
349
1,397
4,573
2,645
1,083,819
1,807,181
Ucnl, I’ll)
1, otHI, 024
557
3,184
1,634
250,487
111, 594
4,615
3,130
2,593
4,098
375,939
337,008
284, 245
236, 363
204, 350
173, 333
110,912
251,427
195, 239
96, 481
Professional women 2_________
Agricultural pursuits__________
910, 268
Agriculture________
Forestry and fishing________
Saleswomen, “clerks” in stores, etc
Saleswomen (stores) ____
“ C lerks ” in stores____
_ _
Canvassers_____ ___
Demonstrators____ _____
Commercial travelers___ ___
Sales agents___ ___ _
Auctioneers ___
_
Housekeepers, stewardesses, and practical nurses
Housekeepers and stewardesses. __
Practical nurses.. ______
Telephone and telegraph operators..
Telephone operators _____
Telegraph operators__ _
Radio operators_______
727,809
5,740
46
o’
o ’
Business women__________
Retail dealers___________
67,103
Restaurant, cafe, and lunch-room keepers
40,008
15,644
10, 516
Real estate agents and officials__
31,
787
2, 927
Hotel keepers and managers___
Manufacturers, managers, and officials (manufacturing)
16,133
13,
276
6,164
Insurance agents, managers, and officials
14, 705
5,389
Bankers, brokers, and money lenders
9,192
5,304
2,634
Advertising agents____
(9
0)
Proprietors, managers, and officials (trade) (n. o. s.3)
3,104
1,061
1,010
Proprietors, managers, and officials (transportation) (n. o. s3)__
3,003
645
1,611
Owners and managers—cleaning, dyeing, and pressing shops....
(9
2,294
0)
Laundry owners, managers, and officials
2,063
1,453
980
Undertakers__ _ _
1,940
1,127
813
W holesale dealers, importers, and exporters
1,688
794
925
Theatrical owners, managers, and officials
1,032
1, 257
295
1 Data not available.
3 S° tal Professional service minus semiprofessional and recreational pursuits and attendants and helpers.
83
APPENDIX A---- GENERAL TABLES
Table IV.—Number
of women in each of 10 major occupational groups and their
component occupations: 1930, 1920, and 1910—Continued
Number of women occupied in—
L Major occupational groups and component occupations
Business women—Continued.
Keepers of pleasure resorts, race tracks, etc----------------Owners and managers—truck, transfer, and cab companies-----Garage owners, managers, and officials— ------------ -Billiard room, dance hall, skating rink, keepers.------------------Builders and building contractors------------------------------------Radio announcers, directors, managers, and officials------Mine operators, managers, and officials----------- -----------------Directors, managers, and officials—motion-picture production. _
Officials and superintendents—steam and street railroads--------
Dressmakers and seamstresses (not in factory)--------------------Dressmakers' and milliners' apprentices----------- -------------------
Boarding and lodging house keepers----------------------------------Hairdressers and manicurists-------------------------- -----------------> Data not available.
1910
1920
1930
977
576
422
310
202
180
141
35
26
223
230
23
818
849
197
266
207
242
79
0)
0)
182
0)
(1)
107
2
51
221,998
341,254
623,000
157,928
40,102
21,807
2,161
235, 519
69, 598
31,828
4, 309
447,760
122, 447
40,813
11,980
506, 022
341, 597
305, 833
127, 278
■ 113,194
265, 550
114, 740
33, 246
193,611
142,400
22,298
141,135
APPENDIX B—CLASSIFICATION AND METHOD; INSTRUC
TIONS TO ENUMERATORS
The Women’s Bureau has based this interpretive report regarding
the occupational progress of women principally on a bulletin of the
Fifteenth Census, taken in 1930, entitled “Occupation Statistics:
Abstract Summary for the United States.’’ This bulletin of 20 pages,
published by the United States Bureau of the Census on June 28, 1932,
has been followed by numerous other census publications that show,
not only for the United States but for each State and large city, occu
pation statistics according to sex, age, color or race, nativity, parentage,
and marital condition.
Changes in occupational classification schemes.
In 1922 the Women’s Bureau published a similar report on the oc
cupational progress of women from 1910 to 1920, known as Bulletin
No. 27. Certain statements in that report are not strictly compara
ble with those in this bulletin because of recent changes in the scheme
of occupation classification of the Bureau of the Census. For ex
ample, Tables 10 and 13 of this report are based on the 1930 classifica
tion plan; hence, the data will not absolutely agree with those in
Bulletin 27. In its abstract summary just published, the Bureau of
the Census has this to say regarding changes in classifications:
_ Comparative figures.—Since the Fifteenth Census occupation classification
differs somewhat from that of the Fourteenth Census, it has been necessary, for
comparison, to assign a few Fourteenth Census occupations to general divisions
of occupations different from those under which they were presented in 1920.
Further, a few of the occupational designations as returned by the enumerators
were assigned, in 1930, to an occupation group different from that under which
they would have been classified in 1920. Wherever sucn changes were made the
figures for the two censuses will not be exactly comparable, tnough the differences
are in most cases negligible.
The. transfer of postmasters from public service in 1920 to trans
portation and communication in 1930 is illustrative of numerous
minor changes that slightly affect the number of persons in each gen
eral division of occupations, as shown in 1920 census statistics or in
reports based on these data.
Certain methods of procedure.
In assembling the number of occupations in which any given number
of women are engaged, several difficulties are encountered because of
the many groups that serve as subtotals, the residuary groups, and
new occupations. The method used in counting the number of oc
cupations in which 1,000 women are at work at each census is as fol
lows: All such single occupations not comprising any group or sub
group are counted; groups of occupations forming subtotals are not
included among the pursuits with 1,000 women in each unless none of
their component parts meets the numerical requirement. No occu
pation group serving as a subtotal is omitted from this category
unless it has at least one component occupation with 1,000 women
84
APPENDIX B—CLASSIFICATION AND METHOD
85
workers at each census. To illustrate, operatives in chemical in
dustries and in clothing industries as a whole are omitted from the
number of occupations with 1,000 or more women in each, but opera
tives in several of their subdivisions are included.
Residuary groups whose entity is indefinite have not been included
in Tables 10 and 13 on the ground that they do not possess sufficient
distinction to be considered as separate occupations. This decision
has not been interpreted too literally, however. For example, “other
healers,” “other laundry operatives,” and “other clerks” have been
included among those occupations with 1,000 women in each, but such
groups as “other occupations in professional service” or “other
pursuits in public service” have been omitted.
New occupations that afford employment to a given number of
women have been included in Tables 10 and 13, but their inclusion or
exclusion was a difficult matter to decide. For example, in 1920 social
and religious workers were combined as one group, though each of
these two occupations obviously was followed by more than 1,000
women. Inasmuch as these pursuits are shown separately in 1930,
Table 13 includes two occupations in 1930 for what was necessarily
but one occupation in 1920. On the other hand, it is probable that
the country did not have 1,000 women rayon factory operatives in
1920; to omit this new occupation from such a table in 1930 would
not represent conditions as they really arc. After considering these
conflicting points, it was decided to include all the new occupations,
but the 1930 figures should be discounted somewhat for the reason
that the data for 14 occupations included among them were not so
tabulated in 1920.
It may seem inconsistent to show all factory operatives and all
factory laborers as occupational groups in certain tables and not in
others. Similarly, all textile-mill operatives are sometimes considered
as an occupational group, while at other times operatives are shown
only for those plants comprising the subdivisions of this industry.
The usual criterion as to inclusion has been to list such total groups
when it was not possible to include their component parts.
Such decisions are admittedly arbitrary and constitute by no means
the only method of procedure; yet some definite plan must be adopted,
and the original data on which tins report is based do not lend them
selves to simpler methods.
Persons 10 years of age and over.
Inasmuch as the Bureau of the Census excludes from tabulation the
occupations of persons under 10 years of age, the bureau’s abstract
summary on which this report is based confines its occupation sta
tistics to persons 10 years of age and over. For reasons of ease and
convenience this limitation is not mentioned in every table heading;
nor is it constantly reverted to throughout the discussion, though the
fact has always been borne in mind.
Housekeepers and housewives.
The Bureau of the Census has made every effort to include as house
keepers only those who are in reality intrusted with the responsibility
of a household, the supervision of servants, or the upbringing of chil
dren. Inasmuch as housewives living at home have a tendency to
return their occupations as housekeepers, the error in the statistics for
86
APPENDIX B—CLASSIFICATION AND METHOD
this pursuit is thought to be large; moreover, it is not possible to
eliminate this error entirely, though a careful and sustained effort
in this direction has been made. Housewives are considered apart
from gainful workers for the reason that they are not undertaking
their positions with the idea of monetary gain; nor do they compete
for their positions in the open labor market.
Instructions to census enumerators.
Certain sections of the instructions to enumerators, issued by the
bureau in connection with the Fifteenth Census, have a bearing on
this report and for this reason are reproduced here.
* * * A “gainful occupation” in census usage is an occupation by which
the person who pursues it earns money or a money equivalent, or in which he
assists in the production of marketable goods. The term “gainful worker,” as
interpreted for census purposes, does not include women doing housework in their
own homes, without wages, and having no other employment, nor children work
ing at home, merely on general household work, on chores, or at odd times on
other work.
Occasionally there will be doubt as to whether an occupation should be re
turned for a person who works only a small part of the time at the occupation.
In such cases the rule may generally be followed that, unless the person spends
at least the equivalent of one day per week at the occupation, he or she should
not be returned as a gainful worker.
Occupation of persons unemployed.—* * * persons out of employment when
visited by the enumerator may state that they have no occupation, when the
fact is that they usually have an occupation but happen to be idle or unemployed
at the time of the visit. In such cases the return should be the occupation
followed when the person is employed or the occupation in which last regularly
employed, and the fact that the person was not at work should be recorded * * *.
Women doing housework.—In the case of a woman doing housework in her
own home and having no other employment, the entry in column 25 [occupation]
should be none. But a woman doing housework for wages should be returned
* * * as housekeeper, servant, cook, or chambermaid, as the case may be; and
the entry in column 26 [industry or place of work] should state the kind of place
where she works, as private family, hotel, or boarding house.
Where a woman not only looks after her own home but also has employment
outside or does work at home for which she receives payment, the outside work
or gainful employment should ordinarily be reported as her occupation, unless
this takes only a very small fraction of the woman’s time. For instance, a
woman who regularly takes in washing should be reported as laundress or washer
woman, followed * * * by at home.
Farm workers— Return a person in charge of a farm as a farmer, whether he
[or she] owns it or operates it as a tenant, renter, or cropper; but a person who
manages a farm for some one else for wages or a salary should be reported as
a farm manager. A man who directs farm labor under the supervision of the
owner or of a manager should be reported as a farm foreman or a, farm overseer;
and a person who works on a farm for some one else, but not as a manager or
foreman should be reported as a farm laborer.
Women doing farm work.—A woman who works only occasionally, or only a
short time each day at outdoor farm or garden work, or in the dairy, or in caring
for livestock or poultry should not be returned as a farm laborer; but for a woman
who works regularly and most of the time at such work, the return * * *
should be farm laborer. Of course, a woman who herself operates or runs a
farm or plantation should be reported as a farmer and not as a farm laborer.
Unusual occupations for women.—There are many occupations, such as car
penter and blacksmith, which women usually do not follow. Therefore, if you
are told that a woman follows an occupation which is very peculiar or unusual
for a woman, verify the statement.
Children working for parents.—Children who work for their parents at home
merely on general household work, at chores, or at odd times on other work,
should be reported as having no occupation,. Those, however, who somewhat
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APPENDIX B—CLASSIFICATION AND METHOD
87
regularly assist their parents in the performance of work other than household
work or chores should be reported as having the occupation represented by this
work.
Unusual occupations for children.—It is very unusual for a child to be a farm
or other proprietor of any kind; to be an official, a manager, or a foreman; to
follow a professional pursuit; or to pursue any of the skilled trades, such as black
smith, carpenter, machinist, etc. Therefore, whenever you are told that a child
is following an occupation usually followed only by adults, ask whether the
child is not merely a helper or an apprentice in the occupation, and make the
entry accordingly.
Nurses.—In the case of a nurse, always specify whether she is a trained nurse,
a practical nurse, or a child’s nurse.
Cooks and general houseworkers.—Distinguish carefully between cooks and
general houseworkers. Return a person who does general housework as a servant
and not as a cook.
Keeping hoarders.—Keeping boarders or lodgers should be returned as an
occupation if the person engaged in it relies upon it as his [or her] principal
means of support or principal source of income. In that case the return should
be boarding-house keeper or lodging-house keeper. If, however, a family keeps
a few boarders or roomers merely as a means of supplementing the earnings or
income obtained from other occupations or from other sources, no one in the
family should be returned as a boarding or lodging house keeper.
PUBLICATIONS OF THE WOMEN’S BUREAU
[Any of these bulletins still available will be sent free of charge upon request]
*No.
1. Proposed Employment of Women During the War in the Industries of
Niagara Falls, N. Y. 16 pp. 1918.
*No. 2. Labor Laws for Women in Industry in Indiana. 29 pp. 1919.
No. 3. Standards for the Employment of Women in Industry. 8 pp. Fourth
ed., 1928.
No. 4. Wages of Candy Makers in Philadelphia in 1919. 46 pp. 1919.
*No. 5. The Eight-Hour Day in Federal and State Legislation. 19 pp. 1919.
No. 6. The Employment of Women in Hazardous Industries in the United
States. 8 pp. 1921.
*No. 7. Night-Work Laws in the United States. (1919) 4 pp. 1920.
*No. 8. Women in the Government Service. 37 pp. 1920.
*No. 9. Home Work in Bridgeport, Conn. 35 pp. 1920.
*No. 10. Hours and Conditions of Work for Women in Industry in Virginia. 32
pp. 1920.
No. 11. Women Street Car Conductors and Ticket Agents. 90 pp. 1921.
*No. 12. The New Position of Women in American Industry. 158 pp. 1920.
*No. 13. Industrial Opportunities and Training for Women and Girls. 48 pp.
1921.
*No. 14. A Physiological Basis for the Shorter Working Day for Women. 20 pp.
1921.
No. 15. Some Effects of Legislation Limiting Hours of Work for Women. 26 pp.
1921.
No. 16. (See Bulletin 98.)
No. 17. Women’s Wages in Kansas. 104 pp. 1921.
No. 18. Health Problems of Women in Industry. 6 pp. Revised, 1931.
No. 19. Iowa Women in Industry. 73 pp. 1922.
*No. 20. Negro Women in Industry. 65 pp. 1922.
No. 21. Women in Rhode Island Industries. 73 pp. 1922.
*No. 22. Women in Georgia Industries. 89 p"J>. 1922.
No. 23. The Family Status of Breadwinning Women. 43 pp. 1922.
No. 24. Women in Maryland Industries. 96 pp. 1922.
No. 25. Women in the Candy Industry in Chicago and St. Louis. 72 pp. 1923.
No. 26. Women in Arkansas Industries. 86 pp. 1923.
*No. 27. The Occupational Progress of Women. 37 pp. 1922.
No. 28. Women’s Contributions in the Field of Invention. 51 pp. 1923.
No. 29. Women in Kentucky Industries. 114 pp. 1923.
No. 30. The Share of Wage-Earning Women in Family Support . 170 pp. 1923.
No. 31. What Industry Means to Women Workers. 10 pp. 1923.
No. 32. Women in South Carolina Industries. 128 pp. 1923.
*No. 33. Proceedings of the Women’s Industrial Conference. 190 pp. 1923.
No. 34. Women in Alabama Industries. 86 pp. 1924.
No. 35. Women in Missouri Industries. 1?7 pp. 1924.
No. 36. Radio Talks on Women in Industry. 34 pp. 1924.
No. 37. Women in New Jersey Industries. 99 pp. 1924.
No. 38. Married Women in Industry. 8 pp. 1924.
No. 39. Domestic Workers and Their Employment Relations. 87 pp. 1924.
No. 40. (See Bulletin 98.)
_
No. 41. Family Status of Breadwinning Women in Four Selected Cities. 145
pp. 1925.
_
No. 42. List of References on Minimum Wage for Women in the United States
and Canada. 42 pp. 1925.
No. 43. Standard and Scheduled Hours of Work for Women in Industry. 68
pp. 1925.
No. 44. Women in Ohio Industries. 137 pp. 1925.
No. 45. Home Environment and Employment Opportunities of Women in
Coal-Mine Workers’ Families. 61 pp. 1925.
( No. 46. Facts about Working Women—A Graphic Presentation Based on Census
Statistics. 64 pp. 1925.
* Supply exhausted.
88
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*
LIST OF PUBLICATIONS
89
No. 47. Women in the Fruit-Growing and Canning Industries in the State of
Washington. 223 pp. 1926.
*No. 48. Women in Oklahoma Industries. 118 pp. 1926.
No. 49. Women Workers and Family Support. 10 pp. 1925.
No. 50. Effects of Applied Research Upon the Employment Opportunities of
American Women. 54 pp. 1926.
No. 51. Women in Illinois Industries. 108 pp. 1926.
No. 52. Lost Time and Labor Turnover in Cotton Mills. 203 pp. 1926.
No. 53. The Status of Women in the Government Service in 1925. 103 pp.
1926.
1
*No. 54. Changing Jobs. 12 pp. 1926.
No. 55. Women in Mississippi Industries. 89 pp. 1926.
No. 56. Women in Tennessee Industries. 120 pp. 1927.
No. 57. Women Workers and Industrial Poisons. 5 pp. 1926.
No. 58. Women in Delaware Industries. 156 pp. 1927.
No. 59. Short Talks About Working Women. 24 pp. 1927.
No. 60. Industrial Accidents to Women in New Jersey. Ohio, and Wisconsin.
316 pp. 1927.
No. 61. The Development of Minimum-Wage Laws in the United States, 1912
to 1927. 635 pp. 1928.
No. 62. Women’s Employment in Vegetable Canneries in Delaware. 47 pp.
1927.
No. 63. (See Bulletin 98.)
No. 64. The Employment of Wromen at Night. 86 pp. 1928.
*No. 65. The Effects of Labor Legislation on the Employment Opportunities of
Women. 498 pp. 1928.
No. 66-1. History of Labor Legislation for Women in Three States. 133 pp.
1929. (Separated from No. 66-11 in reprint, 1932.)
No. 66—11; Chronological Development of Labor Legislation for Women in the
United States. 145 pp. 1929. (Revised and separated from No.
66-1 in 1932.)
No. 67. Women Workers in Flint, Mich. 80 pp. 1929.
No. 68. Summary: The Effects of Labor Legislation on the Employment Oppor
tunities of Women. (Reprint of Chapter II of Bulletin 65.) 22 pp
1928.
No. 69. .Causes of Absence for Men and for Women in Four Cotton Mills. 24
pp. 1929.
No. 70. Negro Women in Industry in 15 States. 74 pp. 1929.
No. 71. Selected References on the Health of Women in Industry. 8 pp
1929.
No. 72. Conditions of Work in Spin Rooms. 41 pp. 1929.
No. 73. Variations in Employment Trends of Women and Men. 143 pp.
1930.
y
No. 74. The Immigrant Woman and Her Job. 179 pp. 1930.
No. 75. What the Wage-Earning Woman Contributes to Family Support. 21
pp. 1929.
No. 76. Women in 5-and-10-cent Stores and Limited-Price Chain Department
Stores. 58 pp. 1930.
No. 77. A Study of Two Groups of Denver Married Women Applying for Jobs
11 pp. 1929.
No. 78. A Survey of Laundries and Their Women Workers in 23 Cities. 166
pp. 1930.
No. 79. Industrial Home Work. 20 pp. 1930.
No. 80. Women in Florida Industries. 115 pp. 1930.
No. 81. Industrial Accidents to Men and Women. 48 pp. 1930.
No. 82. The Employment of Women in the Pineapple Canneries of Hawaii.
30 pp. 1930.
No. 83. Fluctuation of Employment in the Radio Industry. 66 pp. 1931.
No. 84. Fact Finding with the Women’s Bureau. 37 pp/ 1931.
No. 85. Wages of Women in 13 States. 213 pp. 1931.
No. 86. Activities of the Women’s Bureau of the United States. 15 pp. 1931.
No. 87. Sanitary Drinking Facilities, with Special Reference to Drinking
Fountains. 28 pp. 1931.
Supply exhausted.
LIST OF PUBLICATIONS
90
No. 88. The Employment of Women in Slaughtering and Meat Packing. 211
pp. 1932.
nil
No. 89. The Industrial Experience of Women Workers at the Summer Schools,
1928 to 1930. 62 pp. 1931.
No. 90. Oregon Legislation for Women in Industry. 40 pp. 1931.
No. 91. Women in Industry. A Series of Papers to Aid Study Groups. 79
No. 92. Wage-Earning Women and the Industrial Conditions of 1930 A
Survey of South Bend. 84 pp. 1932. ,
No. 93. Household Employment in Philadelphia. 88 pp. 1932.
No. 94. State Requirements for Industrial Lighting. _ A Handbook for the
Protection of Women Workers, Showing Lighting Standards and
Practices. 65 pp. 1932.
No. 95. Bookkeepers, Stenographers, and Office Clerks in Ohio, 1914 to 1929.
34 pp. 1932.
No. 96. Women Office Workers in Philadelphia. 17 pp. 1932.
No. 97. The Employment of Women in the Sewing Trades of Connecticut—
Preliminary Report. 13 pp. 1932.
. .
,
No. 98. Labor Laws'for Women in the States and Territories. Revision ot
Bui. 63. 71 pp. 1932.
^
,
No. 99. The Installation and Maintenance of Toilet Facilities in Places of
Employment. 89 pp. 1932.
No. 100. The Effects on Women of Changing Conditions in the Cigar and
Cigarette Industries. 187 pp. 1932.
No. 101. The Employment of Women in Vitreous Enameling. 64 pp. 1932.
No 102 Industrial Injuries to Women in 1928 and 1929 Compared with Injuries
to Men. 36 pp. 1933.
No. 103. Women Workers in the Third Year of the Depression. 16 pp. 1933.
No. 104. The Occupational Progress of Women, 1910 to 1930. 90 pp. 1933.
Pamphlet—Women’s Place in Industry in 10 Southern States. 14 pp. 11931.
Annual Reports of the Director, 1919*, 1920*, 1921*, 1922, 1923*, 1924*, 1925,
1926, 1927*, 1928*, 1929*, 1930*, 1931, 1932.
_____
Supply exhausted.
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